From 42126a8ae087f10a4d62772cda08575c9a5b992b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Tue, 14 Apr 2026 16:07:56 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 001/471] Add app management features with install and
 uninstall functionality

---
 src/App.tsx                              |  6 ++
 src/components/Nav.tsx                   |  9 ++-
 src/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx   | 86 ++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/components/apps/InstalledAppCard.tsx | 82 ++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/hooks/useApps.ts                     | 73 ++++++++++++++++++++
 src/lib/apps/registry.ts                 | 25 +++++++
 src/lib/apps/types.ts                    | 28 ++++++++
 src/pages/AppHost.tsx                    | 65 ++++++++++++++++++
 src/pages/Apps.tsx                       | 43 ++++++++++++
 9 files changed, 416 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 create mode 100644 src/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx
 create mode 100644 src/components/apps/InstalledAppCard.tsx
 create mode 100644 src/hooks/useApps.ts
 create mode 100644 src/lib/apps/registry.ts
 create mode 100644 src/lib/apps/types.ts
 create mode 100644 src/pages/AppHost.tsx
 create mode 100644 src/pages/Apps.tsx

diff --git a/src/App.tsx b/src/App.tsx
index 6fefeeff2..8779bf034 100644
--- a/src/App.tsx
+++ b/src/App.tsx
@@ -57,6 +57,8 @@ import { TokenList } from './pages/TokenList';
 import Transaction from './pages/Transaction';
 import { Transactions } from './pages/Transactions';
 import Wallet from './pages/Wallet';
+import { Apps } from '@/pages/Apps.tsx';
+import { AppHost } from '@/pages/AppHost.tsx';
 
 // Theme-aware toast container component
 function ThemeAwareToastContainer() {
@@ -136,6 +138,10 @@ const router = createHashRouter(
       <Route path='/swap' element={<Wallet />}>
         <Route path='' element={<Swap />} />
       </Route>
+      <Route path='/apps' element={<Wallet />}>
+        <Route path='' element={<Apps />} />
+        <Route path=':appId' element={<AppHost />} />
+      </Route>
       <Route path='/settings' element={<Settings />} />
       <Route path='/scan' element={<QRScanner />} />
       <Route path='/peers' element={<PeerList />} />
diff --git a/src/components/Nav.tsx b/src/components/Nav.tsx
index 03d9e8a39..880c3823b 100644
--- a/src/components/Nav.tsx
+++ b/src/components/Nav.tsx
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import { platform } from '@tauri-apps/plugin-os';
 import {
   ArrowDownUp,
   ArrowLeftRight,
+  Blocks,
   BookUser,
   Cog,
   FilePenLine,
@@ -103,7 +104,13 @@ export function TopNav({ isCollapsed }: NavProps) {
       >
         <BookUser className={className} aria-hidden='true' />
       </NavLink>
-
+      <NavLink
+        url={'/apps'}
+        isCollapsed={isCollapsed}
+        message={<Trans>Apps</Trans>}
+      >
+        <Blocks className={className} aria-hidden='true' />
+      </NavLink>
       <NavLink
         url={'/transactions'}
         isCollapsed={isCollapsed}
diff --git a/src/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx b/src/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7aa6ce0a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
+import { Card, CardContent, CardHeader, CardTitle } from '@/components/ui/card';
+import { Input } from '@/components/ui/input';
+import { SageAppManifest, SageAppPermission } from '@/lib/apps/types';
+import { useState } from 'react';
+
+interface Props {
+  onInstall: (manifest: SageAppManifest) => void;
+}
+
+const DEFAULT_PERMISSIONS: SageAppPermission[] = [
+  'wallet.read.addresses',
+  'wallet.read.balance',
+  'wallet.tx.create',
+  'wallet.tx.submit',
+  'storage.readwrite',
+];
+
+export function InstallAppForm({ onInstall }: Props) {
+  const [id, setId] = useState('chia.vanity');
+  const [name, setName] = useState('Vanity Address Generator');
+  const [version, setVersion] = useState('0.1.0');
+  const [description, setDescription] = useState(
+    'External wallet app installed manually for development.',
+  );
+  const [entry, setEntry] = useState('http://localhost:1421');
+
+  function handleInstall() {
+    const manifest: SageAppManifest = {
+      id: id.trim(),
+      name: name.trim(),
+      version: version.trim(),
+      description: description.trim(),
+      entry: entry.trim(),
+      permissions: DEFAULT_PERMISSIONS,
+      verified: false,
+      publisher: 'manual',
+      source: 'manual',
+      installDir: null,
+      icon: null,
+    };
+
+    if (!manifest.id || !manifest.name || !manifest.entry) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    onInstall(manifest);
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <Card>
+      <CardHeader>
+        <CardTitle>Install App</CardTitle>
+      </CardHeader>
+      <CardContent className='space-y-4'>
+        <Input
+          value={id}
+          onChange={(e) => setId(e.target.value)}
+          placeholder='App ID'
+        />
+        <Input
+          value={name}
+          onChange={(e) => setName(e.target.value)}
+          placeholder='App name'
+        />
+        <Input
+          value={version}
+          onChange={(e) => setVersion(e.target.value)}
+          placeholder='Version'
+        />
+        <Input
+          value={entry}
+          onChange={(e) => setEntry(e.target.value)}
+          placeholder='Entry URL or installed file path'
+        />
+        <Input
+          value={description}
+          onChange={(e) => setDescription(e.target.value)}
+          placeholder='Description'
+        />
+        <Button onClick={handleInstall}>Install / Update</Button>
+      </CardContent>
+    </Card>
+  );
+}
+
diff --git a/src/components/apps/InstalledAppCard.tsx b/src/components/apps/InstalledAppCard.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f6ec66002
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/components/apps/InstalledAppCard.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+import { Badge } from '@/components/ui/badge';
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
+import { Card, CardContent, CardHeader, CardTitle } from '@/components/ui/card';
+import { SageAppManifest } from '@/lib/apps/types';
+import { ShieldCheck, Trash2 } from 'lucide-react';
+import { useNavigate } from 'react-router-dom';
+
+interface Props {
+  manifest: SageAppManifest;
+  onUninstall: () => void;
+}
+
+function permissionLabel(permission: string) {
+  switch (permission) {
+    case 'wallet.read.addresses':
+      return 'Read addresses';
+    case 'wallet.read.balance':
+      return 'Read balances';
+    case 'wallet.tx.create':
+      return 'Create transactions';
+    case 'wallet.tx.submit':
+      return 'Submit transactions';
+    case 'storage.readwrite':
+      return 'Store app data';
+    default:
+      return permission;
+  }
+}
+
+export function InstalledAppCard({ manifest, onUninstall }: Props) {
+  const navigate = useNavigate();
+
+  return (
+    <Card>
+      <CardHeader className='flex flex-row items-start justify-between space-y-0 gap-4'>
+        <div className='space-y-2'>
+          <CardTitle className='flex items-center gap-2'>
+            <span>{manifest.name}</span>
+            {manifest.verified && (
+              <Badge variant='secondary' className='gap-1'>
+                <ShieldCheck className='h-3.5 w-3.5' />
+                Verified
+              </Badge>
+            )}
+            {manifest.source && (
+              <Badge variant='outline'>{manifest.source}</Badge>
+            )}
+          </CardTitle>
+          <div className='text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
+            v{manifest.version}
+            {manifest.publisher ? ` • ${manifest.publisher}` : ''}
+          </div>
+          <p className='text-sm text-muted-foreground max-w-2xl'>
+            {manifest.description}
+          </p>
+          <div className='text-xs text-muted-foreground break-all'>
+            Entry: {manifest.entry}
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div className='flex items-center gap-2 shrink-0'>
+          <Button onClick={() => navigate(`/apps/${manifest.id}`)}>Open</Button>
+          <Button variant='outline' onClick={onUninstall}>
+            <Trash2 className='h-4 w-4 mr-2' />
+            Remove
+          </Button>
+        </div>
+      </CardHeader>
+
+      <CardContent className='space-y-3'>
+        <div className='flex flex-wrap gap-2'>
+          {manifest.permissions.map((permission) => (
+            <Badge key={permission} variant='outline'>
+              {permissionLabel(permission)}
+            </Badge>
+          ))}
+        </div>
+      </CardContent>
+    </Card>
+  );
+}
+
diff --git a/src/hooks/useApps.ts b/src/hooks/useApps.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7029fc26b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/hooks/useApps.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+import { InstalledAppsState, SageAppManifest } from '@/lib/apps/types';
+import { useMemo } from 'react';
+import { useLocalStorage } from 'usehooks-ts';
+
+const INSTALLED_APPS_STORAGE_KEY = 'sage-wallet-installed-apps';
+
+const DEFAULT_INSTALLED_APPS: InstalledAppsState = {
+  'chia.vanity': {
+    id: 'chia.vanity',
+    name: 'Vanity Address Generator',
+    version: '0.1.0',
+    description:
+      'Brute-force Chia receive address prefixes and later sweep matching derivation indexes.',
+    entry: 'http://localhost:1421',
+    permissions: [
+      'wallet.read.addresses',
+      'wallet.read.balance',
+      'wallet.tx.create',
+      'wallet.tx.submit',
+      'storage.readwrite',
+    ],
+    verified: false,
+    publisher: 'manual',
+    source: 'manual',
+    installDir: null,
+    icon: null,
+  },
+};
+
+export function useApps() {
+  const [installedApps, setInstalledApps] = useLocalStorage<InstalledAppsState>(
+    INSTALLED_APPS_STORAGE_KEY,
+    DEFAULT_INSTALLED_APPS,
+  );
+
+  const apps = useMemo(() => {
+    return Object.values(installedApps).sort((a, b) =>
+      a.name.localeCompare(b.name),
+    );
+  }, [installedApps]);
+
+  function installApp(manifest: SageAppManifest) {
+    setInstalledApps((prev) => ({
+      ...prev,
+      [manifest.id]: manifest,
+    }));
+  }
+
+  function uninstallApp(appId: string) {
+    setInstalledApps((prev) => {
+      const next = { ...prev };
+      delete next[appId];
+      return next;
+    });
+  }
+
+  function isInstalled(appId: string) {
+    return !!installedApps[appId];
+  }
+
+  function getApp(appId: string): SageAppManifest | undefined {
+    return installedApps[appId];
+  }
+
+  return {
+    apps,
+    installApp,
+    uninstallApp,
+    isInstalled,
+    getApp,
+  };
+}
+
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/registry.ts b/src/lib/apps/registry.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..49198b7a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/apps/registry.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+import { SageAppManifest } from './types';
+
+export const BUILTIN_APPS: SageAppManifest[] = [
+  {
+    id: 'chia.vanity',
+    name: 'Vanity Address Generator',
+    version: '0.1.0',
+    description:
+      'Brute-force Chia receive address prefixes, save results, and later sweep coins from matching derivation indexes.',
+    permissions: [
+      'wallet.read.addresses',
+      'wallet.read.balance',
+      'wallet.tx.create',
+      'wallet.tx.submit',
+      'storage.readwrite',
+    ],
+    verified: true,
+    builtIn: true,
+  },
+];
+
+export function getBuiltinApp(appId: string): SageAppManifest | undefined {
+  return BUILTIN_APPS.find((app) => app.id === appId);
+}
+
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/types.ts b/src/lib/apps/types.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..57b52491e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/apps/types.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+export interface SageAppPermissionMap {
+  'wallet.read.addresses': true;
+  'wallet.read.balance': true;
+  'wallet.tx.create': true;
+  'wallet.tx.submit': true;
+  'storage.readwrite': true;
+}
+
+export type SageAppPermission = keyof SageAppPermissionMap;
+
+export interface SageAppManifest {
+  id: string;
+  name: string;
+  version: string;
+  description: string;
+  entry: string;
+  permissions: SageAppPermission[];
+  verified?: boolean;
+  publisher?: string | null;
+  source?: 'local' | 'marketplace' | 'manual';
+  installDir?: string | null;
+  icon?: string | null;
+}
+
+export interface InstalledAppsState {
+  [appId: string]: SageAppManifest;
+}
+
diff --git a/src/pages/AppHost.tsx b/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..05d9554bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+import { Alert, AlertDescription, AlertTitle } from '@/components/ui/alert';
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
+import { useApps } from '@/hooks/useApps';
+import { ArrowLeft, ExternalLink } from 'lucide-react';
+import { Link, useParams } from 'react-router-dom';
+
+function AppNotFound() {
+  return (
+    <div className='mx-auto w-full max-w-4xl p-4 md:p-6'>
+      <Alert>
+        <AlertTitle>App not found</AlertTitle>
+        <AlertDescription>This app is not installed.</AlertDescription>
+      </Alert>
+    </div>
+  );
+}
+
+export function AppHost() {
+  const { appId = '' } = useParams();
+  const { getApp } = useApps();
+
+  const app = getApp(appId);
+
+  if (!app) {
+    return <AppNotFound />;
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <div className='flex-1 overflow-auto'>
+      <div className='mx-auto w-full max-w-7xl p-4 md:p-6 space-y-4 h-full'>
+        <div className='flex items-center justify-between gap-4'>
+          <Button asChild variant='ghost' className='pl-0'>
+            <Link to='/apps'>
+              <ArrowLeft className='h-4 w-4 mr-2' />
+              Back to Apps
+            </Link>
+          </Button>
+
+          <Button asChild variant='outline'>
+            <a href={app.entry} target='_blank' rel='noreferrer'>
+              <ExternalLink className='h-4 w-4 mr-2' />
+              Open externally
+            </a>
+          </Button>
+        </div>
+
+        <div className='space-y-1'>
+          <h1 className='text-2xl font-semibold tracking-tight'>{app.name}</h1>
+          <p className='text-sm text-muted-foreground'>{app.description}</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div className='rounded-xl border overflow-hidden bg-background h-[calc(100vh-220px)] min-h-[500px]'>
+          <iframe
+            key={app.id}
+            src={app.entry}
+            title={app.name}
+            className='w-full h-full border-0'
+            sandbox='allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-forms allow-popups allow-downloads'
+          />
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  );
+}
+
diff --git a/src/pages/Apps.tsx b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6b254de70
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+import { InstallAppForm } from '@/components/apps/InstallAppForm';
+import { InstalledAppCard } from '@/components/apps/InstalledAppCard';
+import { useApps } from '@/hooks/useApps';
+
+export function Apps() {
+  const { apps, installApp, uninstallApp } = useApps();
+
+  return (
+    <div className='flex-1 overflow-auto'>
+      <div className='mx-auto w-full max-w-6xl p-4 md:p-6 space-y-8'>
+        <div className='space-y-2'>
+          <h1 className='text-2xl font-semibold tracking-tight'>Apps</h1>
+          <p className='text-muted-foreground'>
+            Manage installed wallet apps. Later this page can also host a
+            verified Sage marketplace.
+          </p>
+        </div>
+
+        <InstallAppForm onInstall={installApp} />
+
+        <section className='space-y-4'>
+          <h2 className='text-lg font-semibold'>Installed</h2>
+          {apps.length > 0 ? (
+            <div className='grid gap-4'>
+              {apps.map((manifest) => (
+                <InstalledAppCard
+                  key={manifest.id}
+                  manifest={manifest}
+                  onUninstall={() => uninstallApp(manifest.id)}
+                />
+              ))}
+            </div>
+          ) : (
+            <div className='rounded-lg border p-6 text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
+              No apps installed.
+            </div>
+          )}
+        </section>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  );
+}
+

From 9e6d818da8770329d03313e224d71242cab04159 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Tue, 14 Apr 2026 23:40:56 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 002/471] Add app management and protocol handling for
 installed Sage apps

---
 Cargo.lock                               | 340 ++++++++++++++++-
 src-tauri/Cargo.toml                     |   2 +
 src-tauri/src/apps.rs                    | 461 +++++++++++++++++++++++
 src-tauri/src/lib.rs                     |  22 +-
 src/bindings.ts                          |  11 +
 src/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx   | 103 ++---
 src/components/apps/InstalledAppCard.tsx |  88 +++--
 src/hooks/useApps.ts                     | 111 +++---
 src/lib/apps/bridge.ts                   |  50 +++
 src/lib/apps/registry.ts                 |  23 +-
 src/lib/apps/types.ts                    |  29 +-
 src/pages/AppHost.tsx                    |  63 +++-
 src/pages/Apps.tsx                       |  24 +-
 13 files changed, 1080 insertions(+), 247 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/src/apps.rs
 create mode 100644 src/lib/apps/bridge.ts

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index badb16b27..152ab57be 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -914,6 +914,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "serde",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "bzip2"
+version = "0.6.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f3a53fac24f34a81bc9954b5d6cfce0c21e18ec6959f44f56e8e90e4bb7c346c"
+dependencies = [
+ "libbz2-rs-sys",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "cairo-rs"
 version = "0.18.5"
@@ -1743,6 +1752,12 @@ version = "0.9.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "c2459377285ad874054d797f3ccebf984978aa39129f6eafde5cdc8315b612f8"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "constant_time_eq"
+version = "0.4.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "3d52eff69cd5e647efe296129160853a42795992097e8af39800e1060caeea9b"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "convert_case"
 version = "0.4.0"
@@ -2045,6 +2060,12 @@ version = "2.9.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "2a2330da5de22e8a3cb63252ce2abb30116bf5265e89c0e01bc17015ce30a476"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "deflate64"
+version = "0.1.12"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ac6b926516df9c60bfa16e107b21086399f8285a44ca9711344b9e553c5146e2"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "der"
 version = "0.7.10"
@@ -2622,6 +2643,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "bfe33edd8e85a12a67454e37f8c75e730830d83e313556ab9ebf9ee7fbeb3bfb"
 dependencies = [
  "crc32fast",
+ "libz-rs-sys",
  "libz-sys",
  "miniz_oxide",
 ]
@@ -2982,11 +3004,26 @@ dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "js-sys",
  "libc",
- "r-efi",
+ "r-efi 5.3.0",
  "wasip2",
  "wasm-bindgen",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "getrandom"
+version = "0.4.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "0de51e6874e94e7bf76d726fc5d13ba782deca734ff60d5bb2fb2607c7406555"
+dependencies = [
+ "cfg-if",
+ "js-sys",
+ "libc",
+ "r-efi 6.0.0",
+ "wasip2",
+ "wasip3",
+ "wasm-bindgen",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "ghash"
 version = "0.5.1"
@@ -3888,6 +3925,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "spin",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "leb128fmt"
+version = "0.1.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "09edd9e8b54e49e587e4f6295a7d29c3ea94d469cb40ab8ca70b288248a81db2"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "lebe"
 version = "0.5.3"
@@ -3918,6 +3961,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "once_cell",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "libbz2-rs-sys"
+version = "0.2.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "2c4a545a15244c7d945065b5d392b2d2d7f21526fba56ce51467b06ed445e8f7"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "libc"
 version = "0.2.178"
@@ -3992,6 +4041,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "glob",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "libz-rs-sys"
+version = "0.5.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "c10501e7805cee23da17c7790e59df2870c0d4043ec6d03f67d31e2b53e77415"
+dependencies = [
+ "zlib-rs",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "libz-sys"
 version = "1.1.23"
@@ -4059,6 +4117,15 @@ version = "0.1.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "112b39cec0b298b6c1999fee3e31427f74f676e4cb9879ed1a121b43661a4154"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "lzma-rust2"
+version = "0.16.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "47bb1e988e6fb779cf720ad431242d3f03167c1b3f2b1aae7f1a94b2495b36ae"
+dependencies = [
+ "sha2",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "mac"
 version = "0.1.1"
@@ -4162,6 +4229,16 @@ dependencies = [
  "url",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "mime_guess"
+version = "2.0.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f7c44f8e672c00fe5308fa235f821cb4198414e1c77935c1ab6948d3fd78550e"
+dependencies = [
+ "mime",
+ "unicase",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "minimal-lexical"
 version = "0.2.1"
@@ -4361,9 +4438,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "num-conv"
-version = "0.1.0"
+version = "0.2.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "51d515d32fb182ee37cda2ccdcb92950d6a3c2893aa280e540671c2cd0f3b1d9"
+checksum = "c6673768db2d862beb9b39a78fdcb1a69439615d5794a1be50caa9bc92c81967"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "num-derive"
@@ -4919,6 +4996,16 @@ version = "0.2.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "df94ce210e5bc13cb6651479fa48d14f601d9858cfe0467f43ae157023b938d3"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "pbkdf2"
+version = "0.12.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f8ed6a7761f76e3b9f92dfb0a60a6a6477c61024b775147ff0973a02653abaf2"
+dependencies = [
+ "digest",
+ "hmac",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "pem"
 version = "3.0.6"
@@ -5219,6 +5306,12 @@ version = "0.2.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "439ee305def115ba05938db6eb1644ff94165c5ab5e9420d1c1bcedbba909391"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "ppmd-rust"
+version = "1.4.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "efca4c95a19a79d1c98f791f10aebd5c1363b473244630bb7dbde1dc98455a24"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "ppv-lite86"
 version = "0.2.21"
@@ -5475,6 +5568,12 @@ version = "5.3.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "69cdb34c158ceb288df11e18b4bd39de994f6657d83847bdffdbd7f346754b0f"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "r-efi"
+version = "6.0.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f8dcc9c7d52a811697d2151c701e0d08956f92b0e24136cf4cf27b57a6a0d9bf"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "radium"
 version = "0.7.0"
@@ -6391,6 +6490,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "aws-lc-rs",
  "chia-wallet-sdk",
  "glob",
+ "mime_guess",
  "reqwest 0.12.24",
  "rustls",
  "sage",
@@ -6419,6 +6519,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "tauri-specta",
  "tokio",
  "tracing",
+ "zip",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -7949,30 +8050,31 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "time"
-version = "0.3.44"
+version = "0.3.47"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "91e7d9e3bb61134e77bde20dd4825b97c010155709965fedf0f49bb138e52a9d"
+checksum = "743bd48c283afc0388f9b8827b976905fb217ad9e647fae3a379a9283c4def2c"
 dependencies = [
  "deranged",
  "itoa",
+ "js-sys",
  "num-conv",
  "powerfmt",
- "serde",
+ "serde_core",
  "time-core",
  "time-macros",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "time-core"
-version = "0.1.6"
+version = "0.1.8"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "40868e7c1d2f0b8d73e4a8c7f0ff63af4f6d19be117e90bd73eb1d62cf831c6b"
+checksum = "7694e1cfe791f8d31026952abf09c69ca6f6fa4e1a1229e18988f06a04a12dca"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "time-macros"
-version = "0.2.24"
+version = "0.2.27"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "30cfb0125f12d9c277f35663a0a33f8c30190f4e4574868a330595412d34ebf3"
+checksum = "2e70e4c5a0e0a8a4823ad65dfe1a6930e4f4d756dcd9dd7939022b5e8c501215"
 dependencies = [
  "num-conv",
  "time-core",
@@ -8376,6 +8478,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "utf-8",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "typed-path"
+version = "0.12.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "8e28f89b80c87b8fb0cf04ab448d5dd0dd0ade2f8891bae878de66a75a28600e"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "typeid"
 version = "1.0.3"
@@ -8440,6 +8548,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "unic-common",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "unicase"
+version = "2.9.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "dbc4bc3a9f746d862c45cb89d705aa10f187bb96c76001afab07a0d35ce60142"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "unicode-bidi"
 version = "0.3.18"
@@ -8688,7 +8802,16 @@ version = "1.0.1+wasi-0.2.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "0562428422c63773dad2c345a1882263bbf4d65cf3f42e90921f787ef5ad58e7"
 dependencies = [
- "wit-bindgen",
+ "wit-bindgen 0.46.0",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "wasip3"
+version = "0.4.0+wasi-0.3.0-rc-2026-01-06"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "5428f8bf88ea5ddc08faddef2ac4a67e390b88186c703ce6dbd955e1c145aca5"
+dependencies = [
+ "wit-bindgen 0.51.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -8758,6 +8881,28 @@ dependencies = [
  "unicode-ident",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "wasm-encoder"
+version = "0.244.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "990065f2fe63003fe337b932cfb5e3b80e0b4d0f5ff650e6985b1048f62c8319"
+dependencies = [
+ "leb128fmt",
+ "wasmparser",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "wasm-metadata"
+version = "0.244.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "bb0e353e6a2fbdc176932bbaab493762eb1255a7900fe0fea1a2f96c296cc909"
+dependencies = [
+ "anyhow",
+ "indexmap 2.12.1",
+ "wasm-encoder",
+ "wasmparser",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-streams"
 version = "0.5.0"
@@ -8771,6 +8916,18 @@ dependencies = [
  "web-sys",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "wasmparser"
+version = "0.244.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "47b807c72e1bac69382b3a6fb3dbe8ea4c0ed87ff5629b8685ae6b9a611028fe"
+dependencies = [
+ "bitflags 2.10.0",
+ "hashbrown 0.15.5",
+ "indexmap 2.12.1",
+ "semver",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "wayland-backend"
 version = "0.3.11"
@@ -9522,6 +9679,94 @@ version = "0.46.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "f17a85883d4e6d00e8a97c586de764dabcc06133f7f1d55dce5cdc070ad7fe59"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "wit-bindgen"
+version = "0.51.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d7249219f66ced02969388cf2bb044a09756a083d0fab1e566056b04d9fbcaa5"
+dependencies = [
+ "wit-bindgen-rust-macro",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "wit-bindgen-core"
+version = "0.51.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ea61de684c3ea68cb082b7a88508a8b27fcc8b797d738bfc99a82facf1d752dc"
+dependencies = [
+ "anyhow",
+ "heck 0.5.0",
+ "wit-parser",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "wit-bindgen-rust"
+version = "0.51.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "b7c566e0f4b284dd6561c786d9cb0142da491f46a9fbed79ea69cdad5db17f21"
+dependencies = [
+ "anyhow",
+ "heck 0.5.0",
+ "indexmap 2.12.1",
+ "prettyplease",
+ "syn 2.0.111",
+ "wasm-metadata",
+ "wit-bindgen-core",
+ "wit-component",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "wit-bindgen-rust-macro"
+version = "0.51.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "0c0f9bfd77e6a48eccf51359e3ae77140a7f50b1e2ebfe62422d8afdaffab17a"
+dependencies = [
+ "anyhow",
+ "prettyplease",
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn 2.0.111",
+ "wit-bindgen-core",
+ "wit-bindgen-rust",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "wit-component"
+version = "0.244.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "9d66ea20e9553b30172b5e831994e35fbde2d165325bec84fc43dbf6f4eb9cb2"
+dependencies = [
+ "anyhow",
+ "bitflags 2.10.0",
+ "indexmap 2.12.1",
+ "log",
+ "serde",
+ "serde_derive",
+ "serde_json",
+ "wasm-encoder",
+ "wasm-metadata",
+ "wasmparser",
+ "wit-parser",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "wit-parser"
+version = "0.244.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ecc8ac4bc1dc3381b7f59c34f00b67e18f910c2c0f50015669dde7def656a736"
+dependencies = [
+ "anyhow",
+ "id-arena",
+ "indexmap 2.12.1",
+ "log",
+ "semver",
+ "serde",
+ "serde_derive",
+ "serde_json",
+ "unicode-xid",
+ "wasmparser",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "wl-clipboard-rs"
 version = "0.9.2"
@@ -9862,6 +10107,79 @@ dependencies = [
  "syn 2.0.111",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "zip"
+version = "8.5.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "dcab981e19633ebcf0b001ddd37dd802996098bc1864f90b7c5d970ce76c1d59"
+dependencies = [
+ "aes",
+ "bzip2",
+ "constant_time_eq",
+ "crc32fast",
+ "deflate64",
+ "flate2",
+ "getrandom 0.4.2",
+ "hmac",
+ "indexmap 2.12.1",
+ "lzma-rust2",
+ "memchr",
+ "pbkdf2",
+ "ppmd-rust",
+ "sha1",
+ "time",
+ "typed-path",
+ "zeroize",
+ "zopfli",
+ "zstd",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "zlib-rs"
+version = "0.5.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "40990edd51aae2c2b6907af74ffb635029d5788228222c4bb811e9351c0caad3"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "zopfli"
+version = "0.8.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f05cd8797d63865425ff89b5c4a48804f35ba0ce8d125800027ad6017d2b5249"
+dependencies = [
+ "bumpalo",
+ "crc32fast",
+ "log",
+ "simd-adler32",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "zstd"
+version = "0.13.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "e91ee311a569c327171651566e07972200e76fcfe2242a4fa446149a3881c08a"
+dependencies = [
+ "zstd-safe",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "zstd-safe"
+version = "7.2.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "8f49c4d5f0abb602a93fb8736af2a4f4dd9512e36f7f570d66e65ff867ed3b9d"
+dependencies = [
+ "zstd-sys",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "zstd-sys"
+version = "2.0.16+zstd.1.5.7"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "91e19ebc2adc8f83e43039e79776e3fda8ca919132d68a1fed6a5faca2683748"
+dependencies = [
+ "cc",
+ "pkg-config",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "zune-core"
 version = "0.4.12"
diff --git a/src-tauri/Cargo.toml b/src-tauri/Cargo.toml
index 349d0028b..7c4d82418 100644
--- a/src-tauri/Cargo.toml
+++ b/src-tauri/Cargo.toml
@@ -36,6 +36,8 @@ tracing = { workspace = true }
 anyhow = { workspace = true }
 rustls = { workspace = true }
 reqwest = { workspace = true }
+zip = "8.5.1"
+mime_guess = "2"
 
 # This is to ensure that the bindgen feature is enabled for the aws-lc-rs crate.
 # https://aws.github.io/aws-lc-rs/platform_support.html#tested-platforms
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8da9c5d8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,461 @@
+use std::{
+    fs,
+    io,
+    path::{Path, PathBuf},
+    time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH},
+};
+
+use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use specta::Type;
+use tauri::{State, command};
+use zip::ZipArchive;
+use tauri::http::{Response, StatusCode};
+
+use crate::{app_state::AppState, error::Result};
+
+const INSTALLED_METADATA_FILE: &str = ".sage-installed.json";
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+pub struct SageAppPermissions {
+    pub network: bool,
+    #[serde(rename = "persistentStorage", alias = "persistent_storage")]
+    pub persistent_storage: bool,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+pub struct SageAppPackageManifest {
+    pub name: String,
+    pub version: String,
+    pub permissions: SageAppPermissions,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+pub struct InstalledSageApp {
+    pub id: String,
+    pub name: String,
+    pub version: String,
+
+    #[serde(rename = "installDir", alias = "install_dir")]
+    pub install_dir: String,
+
+    #[serde(rename = "entryFile", alias = "entry_file")]
+    pub entry_file: String,
+
+    #[serde(rename = "iconFile", alias = "icon_file")]
+    pub icon_file: String,
+
+    pub permissions: SageAppPermissions,
+}
+
+fn apps_root(base_path: &Path) -> PathBuf {
+    base_path.join("apps")
+}
+
+fn current_millis() -> u128 {
+    SystemTime::now()
+        .duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)
+        .expect("time went backwards")
+        .as_millis()
+}
+
+fn slugify_name(name: &str) -> String {
+    let mut out = String::new();
+    let mut last_dash = false;
+
+    for ch in name.chars() {
+        if ch.is_ascii_alphanumeric() {
+            out.push(ch.to_ascii_lowercase());
+            last_dash = false;
+        } else if !last_dash {
+            out.push('-');
+            last_dash = true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    let out = out.trim_matches('-').to_string();
+    if out.is_empty() {
+        "app".to_string()
+    } else {
+        out
+    }
+}
+
+fn generate_app_id(name: &str) -> String {
+    format!("{}-{}", slugify_name(name), current_millis())
+}
+
+fn should_ignore_root_entry(path: &Path) -> bool {
+    let Some(name) = path.file_name().and_then(|s| s.to_str()) else {
+        return false;
+    };
+
+    name == "__MACOSX" || name == ".DS_Store"
+}
+
+fn copy_dir_all(src: &Path, dst: &Path) -> AnyResult<()> {
+    fs::create_dir_all(dst)?;
+
+    for entry in fs::read_dir(src)? {
+        let entry = entry?;
+        let file_type = entry.file_type()?;
+        let from = entry.path();
+        let to = dst.join(entry.file_name());
+
+        if file_type.is_dir() {
+            copy_dir_all(&from, &to)?;
+        } else if file_type.is_file() {
+            if let Some(parent) = to.parent() {
+                fs::create_dir_all(parent)?;
+            }
+            fs::copy(&from, &to)?;
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn unzip_to_dir(zip_path: &Path, out_dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<()> {
+    let file = fs::File::open(zip_path)
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to open zip file {}", zip_path.display()))?;
+    let mut archive = ZipArchive::new(file).context("failed to read zip archive")?;
+
+    fs::create_dir_all(out_dir)?;
+
+    for i in 0..archive.len() {
+        let mut entry = archive.by_index(i)?;
+        let enclosed = entry
+            .enclosed_name()
+            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("zip contains invalid path"))?
+            .to_path_buf();
+
+        let out_path = out_dir.join(enclosed);
+
+        if entry.name().ends_with('/') {
+            fs::create_dir_all(&out_path)?;
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        if let Some(parent) = out_path.parent() {
+            fs::create_dir_all(parent)?;
+        }
+
+        let mut outfile = fs::File::create(&out_path)?;
+        io::copy(&mut entry, &mut outfile)?;
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn detect_package_root(unpack_dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<PathBuf> {
+    if unpack_dir.join("manifest.json").exists() {
+        return Ok(unpack_dir.to_path_buf());
+    }
+
+    let mut candidates = Vec::new();
+
+    for entry in fs::read_dir(unpack_dir)? {
+        let entry = entry?;
+        let path = entry.path();
+
+        if should_ignore_root_entry(&path) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        candidates.push(path);
+    }
+
+    if candidates.len() == 1 && candidates[0].is_dir() {
+        let candidate = &candidates[0];
+        if candidate.join("manifest.json").exists() {
+            return Ok(candidate.clone());
+        }
+    }
+
+    Err(anyhow!(
+        "zip must contain manifest.json at root or inside a single top-level folder"
+    ))
+}
+
+fn read_manifest(package_root: &Path) -> AnyResult<SageAppPackageManifest> {
+    let manifest_path = package_root.join("manifest.json");
+    let text = fs::read_to_string(&manifest_path)
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to read {}", manifest_path.display()))?;
+
+    let manifest: SageAppPackageManifest =
+        serde_json::from_str(&text).context("failed to parse manifest.json")?;
+
+    if manifest.name.trim().is_empty() {
+        return Err(anyhow!("manifest name cannot be empty"));
+    }
+
+    if manifest.version.trim().is_empty() {
+        return Err(anyhow!("manifest version cannot be empty"));
+    }
+
+    Ok(manifest)
+}
+
+fn validate_package_structure(package_root: &Path) -> AnyResult<()> {
+    let icon = package_root.join("icon.png");
+    let entry = package_root.join("dist").join("index.html");
+
+    if !icon.is_file() {
+        return Err(anyhow!("package is missing icon.png"));
+    }
+
+    if !entry.is_file() {
+        return Err(anyhow!("package is missing dist/index.html"));
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn installed_metadata_path(install_dir: &Path) -> PathBuf {
+    install_dir.join(INSTALLED_METADATA_FILE)
+}
+
+fn read_installed_app_from_dir(dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<InstalledSageApp> {
+    let path = installed_metadata_path(dir);
+    let text = fs::read_to_string(&path)
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to read {}", path.display()))?;
+    let app: InstalledSageApp =
+        serde_json::from_str(&text).context("failed to parse installed app metadata")?;
+    Ok(app)
+}
+
+fn write_installed_app_metadata(app: &InstalledSageApp, install_dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<()> {
+    let path = installed_metadata_path(install_dir);
+    let text = serde_json::to_string_pretty(app)
+        .map_err(|err| anyhow!("failed to serialize installed app metadata: {err}"))?;
+    fs::write(path, format!("{text}\n"))?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn list_installed_apps_internal(root: &Path) -> AnyResult<Vec<InstalledSageApp>> {
+    if !root.exists() {
+        return Ok(Vec::new());
+    }
+
+    let mut apps = Vec::new();
+
+    for entry in fs::read_dir(root)? {
+        let entry = entry?;
+        let path = entry.path();
+
+        if !entry.file_type()?.is_dir() {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        if path
+            .file_name()
+            .and_then(|s| s.to_str())
+            .map(|s| s.starts_with(".tmp-"))
+            .unwrap_or(false)
+        {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        let metadata_path = installed_metadata_path(&path);
+        if !metadata_path.is_file() {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        apps.push(read_installed_app_from_dir(&path)?);
+    }
+
+    apps.sort_by(|a, b| a.name.to_lowercase().cmp(&b.name.to_lowercase()));
+    Ok(apps)
+}
+
+#[command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn list_installed_apps(state: State<'_, AppState>) -> Result<Vec<InstalledSageApp>> {
+    let base_path = {
+        let state = state.lock().await;
+        state.path.clone()
+    };
+
+    let root = apps_root(&base_path);
+
+    fs::create_dir_all(&root).map_err(|err| {
+        io::Error::other(format!(
+            "failed to create apps directory {}: {err}",
+            root.display()
+        ))
+    })?;
+
+    list_installed_apps_internal(&root).map_err(|err| {
+        io::Error::other(format!("failed to list installed apps: {err}")).into()
+    })
+}
+
+#[command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn install_app_zip(
+    state: State<'_, AppState>,
+    zip_path: String,
+) -> Result<InstalledSageApp> {
+    let base_path = {
+        let state = state.lock().await;
+        state.path.clone()
+    };
+
+    let root = apps_root(&base_path);
+
+    fs::create_dir_all(&root).map_err(|err| {
+        io::Error::other(format!(
+            "failed to create apps directory {}: {err}",
+            root.display()
+        ))
+    })?;
+
+    let unpack_dir = root.join(format!(".tmp-{}", current_millis()));
+    if unpack_dir.exists() {
+        fs::remove_dir_all(&unpack_dir).map_err(|err| {
+            io::Error::other(format!(
+                "failed to remove temporary unpack directory {}: {err}",
+                unpack_dir.display()
+            ))
+        })?;
+    }
+
+    let result = (|| -> AnyResult<InstalledSageApp> {
+        unzip_to_dir(Path::new(&zip_path), &unpack_dir)?;
+        let package_root = detect_package_root(&unpack_dir)?;
+        let manifest = read_manifest(&package_root)?;
+        validate_package_structure(&package_root)?;
+
+        let existing = list_installed_apps_internal(&root)?
+            .into_iter()
+            .find(|app| app.name == manifest.name);
+
+        let app_id = existing
+            .map(|app| app.id)
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| generate_app_id(&manifest.name));
+
+        let install_dir = root.join(&app_id);
+        if install_dir.exists() {
+            fs::remove_dir_all(&install_dir).with_context(|| {
+                format!("failed to remove existing install dir {}", install_dir.display())
+            })?;
+        }
+
+        copy_dir_all(&package_root, &install_dir)?;
+
+        let installed = InstalledSageApp {
+            id: app_id,
+            name: manifest.name,
+            version: manifest.version,
+            install_dir: install_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+            entry_file: install_dir
+                .join("dist")
+                .join("index.html")
+                .to_string_lossy()
+                .to_string(),
+            icon_file: install_dir.join("icon.png").to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+            permissions: manifest.permissions,
+        };
+
+        write_installed_app_metadata(&installed, &install_dir)?;
+        Ok(installed)
+    })();
+
+    if unpack_dir.exists() {
+        let _ = fs::remove_dir_all(&unpack_dir);
+    }
+
+    result.map_err(|err| {
+        io::Error::other(format!("failed to install app zip {}: {err}", zip_path)).into()
+    })
+}
+
+#[command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn uninstall_app(state: State<'_, AppState>, app_id: String) -> Result<()> {
+    let base_path = {
+        let state = state.lock().await;
+        state.path.clone()
+    };
+
+    let install_dir = apps_root(&base_path).join(&app_id);
+    if install_dir.exists() {
+        fs::remove_dir_all(&install_dir).map_err(|err| {
+            io::Error::other(format!(
+                "failed to remove installed app {} at {}: {err}",
+                app_id,
+                install_dir.display()
+            ))
+        })?;
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn app_install_dir(base_path: &Path, app_id: &str) -> PathBuf {
+    apps_root(base_path).join(app_id)
+}
+
+fn resolve_protocol_file(base_path: &Path, app_id: &str, request_path: &str) -> AnyResult<PathBuf> {
+    let install_dir = app_install_dir(base_path, app_id);
+
+    let path = if request_path.is_empty() || request_path == "/" || request_path == "/index.html" {
+        install_dir.join("dist").join("index.html")
+    } else if request_path == "/icon.png" {
+        install_dir.join("icon.png")
+    } else {
+        let trimmed = request_path.trim_start_matches('/');
+
+        if trimmed.contains("..") {
+            return Err(anyhow!("invalid app path"));
+        }
+
+        install_dir.join("dist").join(trimmed)
+    };
+
+    let canonical_install_dir = install_dir
+        .canonicalize()
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to canonicalize install dir {}", install_dir.display()))?;
+
+    let canonical_path = path
+        .canonicalize()
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to canonicalize requested path {}", path.display()))?;
+
+    if !canonical_path.starts_with(&canonical_install_dir) {
+        return Err(anyhow!("requested path escapes app directory"));
+    }
+
+    if !canonical_path.is_file() {
+        return Err(anyhow!("requested file does not exist"));
+    }
+
+    Ok(canonical_path)
+}
+
+pub fn handle_app_protocol_request(
+    base_path: &Path,
+    request: &tauri::http::Request<Vec<u8>>,
+) -> AnyResult<Response<Vec<u8>>> {
+    let uri = request.uri();
+
+    let app_id = uri
+        .host()
+        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("missing app id in sage-app URL"))?;
+
+    let request_path = uri.path();
+
+    let file_path = resolve_protocol_file(base_path, app_id, request_path)?;
+    let bytes = fs::read(&file_path)
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to read {}", file_path.display()))?;
+
+    let mime = mime_guess::from_path(&file_path)
+        .first_or_octet_stream()
+        .essence_str()
+        .to_string();
+
+    Response::builder()
+        .status(StatusCode::OK)
+        .header("Content-Type", mime)
+        .body(bytes)
+        .map_err(|err| anyhow!("failed to build protocol response: {err}"))
+}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
index a4f2bd12a..bc22d5837 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+use std::path::PathBuf;
 use app_state::{AppState, Initialized, RpcTask};
 use rustls::crypto::aws_lc_rs::default_provider;
 use sage::Sage;
@@ -6,6 +7,7 @@ use tauri::Manager;
 use tauri_specta::{Builder, ErrorHandlingMode, collect_commands, collect_events};
 use tokio::sync::Mutex;
 
+mod apps;
 mod app_state;
 mod commands;
 mod error;
@@ -141,6 +143,9 @@ pub fn run() {
             commands::download_cni_offercode,
             commands::get_logs,
             commands::is_asset_owned,
+            apps::list_installed_apps,
+            apps::install_app_zip,
+            apps::uninstall_app,
         ])
         .events(collect_events![SyncEvent]);
 
@@ -176,8 +181,21 @@ pub fn run() {
             .plugin(tauri_plugin_sage::init());
     }
 
-    tauri_builder
-        .invoke_handler(builder.invoke_handler())
+        tauri_builder
+            .register_uri_scheme_protocol("sage-app", move |ctx, request| {
+                    let base_path: PathBuf = ctx
+                        .app_handle()
+                        .path()
+                        .app_data_dir()
+                        .expect("failed to resolve app data dir");
+
+                    apps::handle_app_protocol_request(&base_path, &request).unwrap_or_else(|err| tauri::http::Response::builder()
+                        .status(404)
+                        .header("Content-Type", "text/plain; charset=utf-8")
+                        .body(format!("sage-app error: {err}").into_bytes())
+                        .expect("failed to build error response"))
+                })
+            .invoke_handler(builder.invoke_handler())
         .setup(move |app| {
             builder.mount_events(app);
             let path = app.path().app_data_dir()?;
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index 45ad7bbf5..d195c5c2c 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -358,6 +358,15 @@ async getLogs() : Promise<LogFile[]> {
 },
 async isAssetOwned(req: IsAssetOwned) : Promise<IsAssetOwnedResponse> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("is_asset_owned", { req });
+},
+async listInstalledApps() : Promise<InstalledSageApp[]> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("list_installed_apps");
+},
+async installAppZip(zipPath: string) : Promise<InstalledSageApp> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("install_app_zip", { zipPath });
+},
+async uninstallApp(appId: string) : Promise<null> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("uninstall_app", { appId });
 }
 }
 
@@ -1694,6 +1703,7 @@ index: number }
  */
 export type IncreaseDerivationIndexResponse = Record<string, never>
 export type InheritedNetwork = "mainnet" | "testnet11"
+export type InstalledSageApp = { id: string; name: string; version: string; installDir: string; entryFile: string; iconFile: string; permissions: SageAppPermissions }
 /**
  * Check if an asset is owned
  */
@@ -2155,6 +2165,7 @@ export type ResyncCatResponse = Record<string, never>
  * Response from resynchronizing the wallet
  */
 export type ResyncResponse = Record<string, never>
+export type SageAppPermissions = { network: boolean; persistentStorage: boolean }
 /**
  * Save a theme NFT to the wallet
  */
diff --git a/src/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx b/src/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx
index 7aa6ce0a2..9e7186b25 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx
@@ -1,50 +1,42 @@
 import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
 import { Card, CardContent, CardHeader, CardTitle } from '@/components/ui/card';
-import { Input } from '@/components/ui/input';
-import { SageAppManifest, SageAppPermission } from '@/lib/apps/types';
+import { open } from '@tauri-apps/plugin-dialog';
 import { useState } from 'react';
 
 interface Props {
-  onInstall: (manifest: SageAppManifest) => void;
+  onInstall: (zipPath: string) => Promise<void>;
 }
 
-const DEFAULT_PERMISSIONS: SageAppPermission[] = [
-  'wallet.read.addresses',
-  'wallet.read.balance',
-  'wallet.tx.create',
-  'wallet.tx.submit',
-  'storage.readwrite',
-];
-
 export function InstallAppForm({ onInstall }: Props) {
-  const [id, setId] = useState('chia.vanity');
-  const [name, setName] = useState('Vanity Address Generator');
-  const [version, setVersion] = useState('0.1.0');
-  const [description, setDescription] = useState(
-    'External wallet app installed manually for development.',
-  );
-  const [entry, setEntry] = useState('http://localhost:1421');
-
-  function handleInstall() {
-    const manifest: SageAppManifest = {
-      id: id.trim(),
-      name: name.trim(),
-      version: version.trim(),
-      description: description.trim(),
-      entry: entry.trim(),
-      permissions: DEFAULT_PERMISSIONS,
-      verified: false,
-      publisher: 'manual',
-      source: 'manual',
-      installDir: null,
-      icon: null,
-    };
-
-    if (!manifest.id || !manifest.name || !manifest.entry) {
-      return;
+  const [installing, setInstalling] = useState(false);
+  const [error, setError] = useState<string | null>(null);
+
+  async function handleInstall() {
+    try {
+      setError(null);
+
+      const selected = await open({
+        multiple: false,
+        directory: false,
+        filters: [
+          {
+            name: 'Zip Archive',
+            extensions: ['zip'],
+          },
+        ],
+      });
+
+      if (!selected || Array.isArray(selected)) {
+        return;
+      }
+
+      setInstalling(true);
+      await onInstall(selected);
+    } catch (err) {
+      setError(err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err));
+    } finally {
+      setInstalling(false);
     }
-
-    onInstall(manifest);
   }
 
   return (
@@ -53,32 +45,15 @@ export function InstallAppForm({ onInstall }: Props) {
         <CardTitle>Install App</CardTitle>
       </CardHeader>
       <CardContent className='space-y-4'>
-        <Input
-          value={id}
-          onChange={(e) => setId(e.target.value)}
-          placeholder='App ID'
-        />
-        <Input
-          value={name}
-          onChange={(e) => setName(e.target.value)}
-          placeholder='App name'
-        />
-        <Input
-          value={version}
-          onChange={(e) => setVersion(e.target.value)}
-          placeholder='Version'
-        />
-        <Input
-          value={entry}
-          onChange={(e) => setEntry(e.target.value)}
-          placeholder='Entry URL or installed file path'
-        />
-        <Input
-          value={description}
-          onChange={(e) => setDescription(e.target.value)}
-          placeholder='Description'
-        />
-        <Button onClick={handleInstall}>Install / Update</Button>
+        <p className='text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
+          Install a Sage app package from a zip file.
+        </p>
+
+        <Button onClick={handleInstall} disabled={installing}>
+          {installing ? 'Installing...' : 'Choose .zip'}
+        </Button>
+
+        {error ? <div className='text-sm text-destructive'>{error}</div> : null}
       </CardContent>
     </Card>
   );
diff --git a/src/components/apps/InstalledAppCard.tsx b/src/components/apps/InstalledAppCard.tsx
index f6ec66002..b853ac411 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/InstalledAppCard.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/InstalledAppCard.tsx
@@ -1,66 +1,58 @@
 import { Badge } from '@/components/ui/badge';
 import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
 import { Card, CardContent, CardHeader, CardTitle } from '@/components/ui/card';
-import { SageAppManifest } from '@/lib/apps/types';
-import { ShieldCheck, Trash2 } from 'lucide-react';
+import { InstalledSageApp } from '@/lib/apps/types';
+import { Trash2 } from 'lucide-react';
+import { useMemo } from 'react';
 import { useNavigate } from 'react-router-dom';
 
 interface Props {
-  manifest: SageAppManifest;
-  onUninstall: () => void;
+  app: InstalledSageApp;
+  onUninstall: () => Promise<void>;
 }
 
-function permissionLabel(permission: string) {
-  switch (permission) {
-    case 'wallet.read.addresses':
-      return 'Read addresses';
-    case 'wallet.read.balance':
-      return 'Read balances';
-    case 'wallet.tx.create':
-      return 'Create transactions';
-    case 'wallet.tx.submit':
-      return 'Submit transactions';
-    case 'storage.readwrite':
-      return 'Store app data';
+function permissionLabel(key: keyof InstalledSageApp['permissions']) {
+  switch (key) {
+    case 'network':
+      return 'Network';
+    case 'persistent_storage':
+      return 'Persistent storage';
     default:
-      return permission;
+      return key;
   }
 }
 
-export function InstalledAppCard({ manifest, onUninstall }: Props) {
+export function InstalledAppCard({ app, onUninstall }: Props) {
   const navigate = useNavigate();
 
+  const iconSrc = useMemo(() => {
+    return `sage-app://${app.id}/icon.png`;
+  }, [app.id]);
+
   return (
     <Card>
       <CardHeader className='flex flex-row items-start justify-between space-y-0 gap-4'>
-        <div className='space-y-2'>
-          <CardTitle className='flex items-center gap-2'>
-            <span>{manifest.name}</span>
-            {manifest.verified && (
-              <Badge variant='secondary' className='gap-1'>
-                <ShieldCheck className='h-3.5 w-3.5' />
-                Verified
-              </Badge>
-            )}
-            {manifest.source && (
-              <Badge variant='outline'>{manifest.source}</Badge>
-            )}
+        <div className='space-y-2 min-w-0'>
+          <CardTitle className='flex items-center gap-3'>
+            <img
+              src={iconSrc}
+              alt=''
+              className='h-8 w-8 rounded-md border object-cover'
+            />
+            <span>{app.name}</span>
+            <Badge variant='outline'>installed</Badge>
           </CardTitle>
-          <div className='text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
-            v{manifest.version}
-            {manifest.publisher ? ` • ${manifest.publisher}` : ''}
-          </div>
-          <p className='text-sm text-muted-foreground max-w-2xl'>
-            {manifest.description}
-          </p>
+
+          <div className='text-sm text-muted-foreground'>v{app.version}</div>
+
           <div className='text-xs text-muted-foreground break-all'>
-            Entry: {manifest.entry}
+            Install dir: {app.installDir}
           </div>
         </div>
 
         <div className='flex items-center gap-2 shrink-0'>
-          <Button onClick={() => navigate(`/apps/${manifest.id}`)}>Open</Button>
-          <Button variant='outline' onClick={onUninstall}>
+          <Button onClick={() => navigate(`/apps/${app.id}`)}>Open</Button>
+          <Button variant='outline' onClick={() => void onUninstall()}>
             <Trash2 className='h-4 w-4 mr-2' />
             Remove
           </Button>
@@ -69,11 +61,17 @@ export function InstalledAppCard({ manifest, onUninstall }: Props) {
 
       <CardContent className='space-y-3'>
         <div className='flex flex-wrap gap-2'>
-          {manifest.permissions.map((permission) => (
-            <Badge key={permission} variant='outline'>
-              {permissionLabel(permission)}
-            </Badge>
-          ))}
+          {(
+            Object.entries(app.permissions) as Array<
+              [keyof InstalledSageApp['permissions'], boolean]
+            >
+          )
+            .filter(([, allowed]) => allowed)
+            .map(([permission]) => (
+              <Badge key={permission} variant='outline'>
+                {permissionLabel(permission)}
+              </Badge>
+            ))}
         </div>
       </CardContent>
     </Card>
diff --git a/src/hooks/useApps.ts b/src/hooks/useApps.ts
index 7029fc26b..91f43fb3d 100644
--- a/src/hooks/useApps.ts
+++ b/src/hooks/useApps.ts
@@ -1,69 +1,68 @@
-import { InstalledAppsState, SageAppManifest } from '@/lib/apps/types';
-import { useMemo } from 'react';
-import { useLocalStorage } from 'usehooks-ts';
+import { InstalledSageApp } from '@/lib/apps/types';
+import { invoke } from '@tauri-apps/api/core';
+import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react';
 
-const INSTALLED_APPS_STORAGE_KEY = 'sage-wallet-installed-apps';
+export function useApps() {
+  const [apps, setApps] = useState<InstalledSageApp[]>([]);
+  const [loading, setLoading] = useState(true);
+  const [error, setError] = useState<string | null>(null);
 
-const DEFAULT_INSTALLED_APPS: InstalledAppsState = {
-  'chia.vanity': {
-    id: 'chia.vanity',
-    name: 'Vanity Address Generator',
-    version: '0.1.0',
-    description:
-      'Brute-force Chia receive address prefixes and later sweep matching derivation indexes.',
-    entry: 'http://localhost:1421',
-    permissions: [
-      'wallet.read.addresses',
-      'wallet.read.balance',
-      'wallet.tx.create',
-      'wallet.tx.submit',
-      'storage.readwrite',
-    ],
-    verified: false,
-    publisher: 'manual',
-    source: 'manual',
-    installDir: null,
-    icon: null,
-  },
-};
+  const refresh = useCallback(async () => {
+    try {
+      setLoading(true);
+      setError(null);
+      const result = await invoke<InstalledSageApp[]>('list_installed_apps');
+      setApps(result);
+    } catch (err) {
+      setError(err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err));
+    } finally {
+      setLoading(false);
+    }
+  }, []);
 
-export function useApps() {
-  const [installedApps, setInstalledApps] = useLocalStorage<InstalledAppsState>(
-    INSTALLED_APPS_STORAGE_KEY,
-    DEFAULT_INSTALLED_APPS,
-  );
+  useEffect(() => {
+    void refresh();
+  }, [refresh]);
 
-  const apps = useMemo(() => {
-    return Object.values(installedApps).sort((a, b) =>
-      a.name.localeCompare(b.name),
-    );
-  }, [installedApps]);
+  const installApp = useCallback(
+    async (zipPath: string) => {
+      await invoke<InstalledSageApp>('install_app_zip', { zipPath });
+      await refresh();
+    },
+    [refresh],
+  );
 
-  function installApp(manifest: SageAppManifest) {
-    setInstalledApps((prev) => ({
-      ...prev,
-      [manifest.id]: manifest,
-    }));
-  }
+  const uninstallApp = useCallback(
+    async (appId: string) => {
+      await invoke('uninstall_app', { appId });
+      await refresh();
+    },
+    [refresh],
+  );
 
-  function uninstallApp(appId: string) {
-    setInstalledApps((prev) => {
-      const next = { ...prev };
-      delete next[appId];
-      return next;
-    });
-  }
+  const getApp = useCallback(
+    (appId: string): InstalledSageApp | undefined => {
+      return apps.find((app) => app.id === appId);
+    },
+    [apps],
+  );
 
-  function isInstalled(appId: string) {
-    return !!installedApps[appId];
-  }
+  const isInstalled = useCallback(
+    (appId: string): boolean => {
+      return apps.some((app) => app.id === appId);
+    },
+    [apps],
+  );
 
-  function getApp(appId: string): SageAppManifest | undefined {
-    return installedApps[appId];
-  }
+  const sortedApps = useMemo(() => {
+    return [...apps].sort((a, b) => a.name.localeCompare(b.name));
+  }, [apps]);
 
   return {
-    apps,
+    apps: sortedApps,
+    loading,
+    error,
+    refresh,
     installApp,
     uninstallApp,
     isInstalled,
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/bridge.ts b/src/lib/apps/bridge.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a2b7282f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/apps/bridge.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+export interface SageBridgeRequest {
+  channel: 'sage-bridge';
+  id: string;
+  method: string;
+  params?: unknown;
+}
+
+export interface SageBridgeSuccessResponse {
+  channel: 'sage-bridge';
+  id: string;
+  ok: true;
+  result: unknown;
+}
+
+export interface SageBridgeErrorResponse {
+  channel: 'sage-bridge';
+  id: string;
+  ok: false;
+  error: {
+    code: string;
+    message: string;
+  };
+}
+
+export function isBridgeRequest(_value: unknown): _value is SageBridgeRequest {
+  return false;
+}
+
+export function getAppOrigin(entry: string): string | null {
+  try {
+    return new URL(entry).origin;
+  } catch {
+    return null;
+  }
+}
+
+export async function handleBridgeRequest(): Promise<
+  SageBridgeSuccessResponse | SageBridgeErrorResponse
+> {
+  return {
+    channel: 'sage-bridge',
+    id: 'unsupported',
+    ok: false,
+    error: {
+      code: 'unsupported',
+      message: 'Bridge is not enabled for installed zip apps yet.',
+    },
+  };
+}
+
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/registry.ts b/src/lib/apps/registry.ts
index 49198b7a2..5ef298690 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/registry.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/registry.ts
@@ -1,25 +1,8 @@
-import { SageAppManifest } from './types';
+import { InstalledSageApp } from './types';
 
-export const BUILTIN_APPS: SageAppManifest[] = [
-  {
-    id: 'chia.vanity',
-    name: 'Vanity Address Generator',
-    version: '0.1.0',
-    description:
-      'Brute-force Chia receive address prefixes, save results, and later sweep coins from matching derivation indexes.',
-    permissions: [
-      'wallet.read.addresses',
-      'wallet.read.balance',
-      'wallet.tx.create',
-      'wallet.tx.submit',
-      'storage.readwrite',
-    ],
-    verified: true,
-    builtIn: true,
-  },
-];
+export const BUILTIN_APPS: InstalledSageApp[] = [];
 
-export function getBuiltinApp(appId: string): SageAppManifest | undefined {
+export function getBuiltinApp(appId: string): InstalledSageApp | undefined {
   return BUILTIN_APPS.find((app) => app.id === appId);
 }
 
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/types.ts b/src/lib/apps/types.ts
index 57b52491e..8b7d929bb 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/types.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/types.ts
@@ -1,28 +1,15 @@
-export interface SageAppPermissionMap {
-  'wallet.read.addresses': true;
-  'wallet.read.balance': true;
-  'wallet.tx.create': true;
-  'wallet.tx.submit': true;
-  'storage.readwrite': true;
+export interface SageAppPermissions {
+  network: boolean;
+  persistent_storage: boolean;
 }
 
-export type SageAppPermission = keyof SageAppPermissionMap;
-
-export interface SageAppManifest {
+export interface InstalledSageApp {
   id: string;
   name: string;
   version: string;
-  description: string;
-  entry: string;
-  permissions: SageAppPermission[];
-  verified?: boolean;
-  publisher?: string | null;
-  source?: 'local' | 'marketplace' | 'manual';
-  installDir?: string | null;
-  icon?: string | null;
-}
-
-export interface InstalledAppsState {
-  [appId: string]: SageAppManifest;
+  installDir: string;
+  entryFile: string;
+  iconFile: string;
+  permissions: SageAppPermissions;
 }
 
diff --git a/src/pages/AppHost.tsx b/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
index 05d9554bd..6e8c7147a 100644
--- a/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 import { Alert, AlertDescription, AlertTitle } from '@/components/ui/alert';
 import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
 import { useApps } from '@/hooks/useApps';
-import { ArrowLeft, ExternalLink } from 'lucide-react';
+import { ArrowLeft } from 'lucide-react';
+import { useMemo } from 'react';
 import { Link, useParams } from 'react-router-dom';
 
 function AppNotFound() {
@@ -17,10 +18,29 @@ function AppNotFound() {
 
 export function AppHost() {
   const { appId = '' } = useParams();
-  const { getApp } = useApps();
+  const { getApp, loading } = useApps();
 
   const app = getApp(appId);
 
+  const entrySrc = useMemo(() => {
+    if (!app) {
+      return null;
+    }
+
+    return `sage-app://${app.id}/index.html`;
+  }, [app]);
+
+  if (loading) {
+    return (
+      <div className='mx-auto w-full max-w-4xl p-4 md:p-6'>
+        <Alert>
+          <AlertTitle>Loading app...</AlertTitle>
+          <AlertDescription>Please wait.</AlertDescription>
+        </Alert>
+      </div>
+    );
+  }
+
   if (!app) {
     return <AppNotFound />;
   }
@@ -35,31 +55,34 @@ export function AppHost() {
               Back to Apps
             </Link>
           </Button>
-
-          <Button asChild variant='outline'>
-            <a href={app.entry} target='_blank' rel='noreferrer'>
-              <ExternalLink className='h-4 w-4 mr-2' />
-              Open externally
-            </a>
-          </Button>
         </div>
 
         <div className='space-y-1'>
           <h1 className='text-2xl font-semibold tracking-tight'>{app.name}</h1>
-          <p className='text-sm text-muted-foreground'>{app.description}</p>
+          <p className='text-xs text-muted-foreground break-all'>
+            App URL: {entrySrc}
+          </p>
         </div>
 
-        <div className='rounded-xl border overflow-hidden bg-background h-[calc(100vh-220px)] min-h-[500px]'>
-          <iframe
-            key={app.id}
-            src={app.entry}
-            title={app.name}
-            className='w-full h-full border-0'
-            sandbox='allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-forms allow-popups allow-downloads'
-          />
-        </div>
+        {!entrySrc ? (
+          <Alert>
+            <AlertTitle>Invalid app entry</AlertTitle>
+            <AlertDescription>
+              Sage could not resolve the installed app entry.
+            </AlertDescription>
+          </Alert>
+        ) : (
+          <div className='rounded-xl border overflow-hidden bg-background h-[calc(100vh-220px)] min-h-[500px]'>
+            <iframe
+              key={app.id}
+              src={entrySrc}
+              title={app.name}
+              className='w-full h-full border-0'
+              sandbox='allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-forms allow-popups allow-downloads'
+            />
+          </div>
+        )}
       </div>
     </div>
   );
 }
-
diff --git a/src/pages/Apps.tsx b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
index 6b254de70..1ec08e207 100644
--- a/src/pages/Apps.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import { InstalledAppCard } from '@/components/apps/InstalledAppCard';
 import { useApps } from '@/hooks/useApps';
 
 export function Apps() {
-  const { apps, installApp, uninstallApp } = useApps();
+  const { apps, loading, error, installApp, uninstallApp } = useApps();
 
   return (
     <div className='flex-1 overflow-auto'>
@@ -11,8 +11,7 @@ export function Apps() {
         <div className='space-y-2'>
           <h1 className='text-2xl font-semibold tracking-tight'>Apps</h1>
           <p className='text-muted-foreground'>
-            Manage installed wallet apps. Later this page can also host a
-            verified Sage marketplace.
+            Install and manage Sage app packages.
           </p>
         </div>
 
@@ -20,13 +19,22 @@ export function Apps() {
 
         <section className='space-y-4'>
           <h2 className='text-lg font-semibold'>Installed</h2>
-          {apps.length > 0 ? (
+
+          {loading ? (
+            <div className='rounded-lg border p-6 text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
+              Loading apps...
+            </div>
+          ) : error ? (
+            <div className='rounded-lg border border-destructive/30 p-6 text-sm text-destructive'>
+              {error}
+            </div>
+          ) : apps.length > 0 ? (
             <div className='grid gap-4'>
-              {apps.map((manifest) => (
+              {apps.map((app) => (
                 <InstalledAppCard
-                  key={manifest.id}
-                  manifest={manifest}
-                  onUninstall={() => uninstallApp(manifest.id)}
+                  key={app.id}
+                  app={app}
+                  onUninstall={() => uninstallApp(app.id)}
                 />
               ))}
             </div>

From d94916e6739be18f4a2485a72a3ab90bd97472af Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Wed, 15 Apr 2026 00:38:04 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 003/471] Add bridge support and HTML injection for Sage app
 protocol

---
 src-tauri/src/apps.rs  | 102 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/lib/apps/bridge.ts |  89 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------
 src/pages/AppHost.tsx  |  36 ++++++++++++++-
 3 files changed, 212 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps.rs
index 8da9c5d8e..49f9cd549 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps.rs
@@ -445,6 +445,21 @@ pub fn handle_app_protocol_request(
     let request_path = uri.path();
 
     let file_path = resolve_protocol_file(base_path, app_id, request_path)?;
+    let app = read_installed_app_by_id(base_path, app_id)?;
+
+    if request_path.is_empty() || request_path == "/" || request_path == "/index.html" {
+        let html = fs::read_to_string(&file_path)
+            .with_context(|| format!("failed to read {}", file_path.display()))?;
+
+        let injected = inject_bootstrap_into_index_html(&html, &app);
+
+        return Response::builder()
+            .status(StatusCode::OK)
+            .header("Content-Type", "text/html; charset=utf-8")
+            .body(injected.into_bytes())
+            .map_err(|err| anyhow!("failed to build protocol response: {err}"));
+    }
+
     let bytes = fs::read(&file_path)
         .with_context(|| format!("failed to read {}", file_path.display()))?;
 
@@ -459,3 +474,90 @@ pub fn handle_app_protocol_request(
         .body(bytes)
         .map_err(|err| anyhow!("failed to build protocol response: {err}"))
 }
+
+fn html_escape_json_string(value: &str) -> String {
+    serde_json::to_string(value).unwrap_or_else(|_| "\"\"".to_string())
+}
+
+fn build_sage_bootstrap(app: &InstalledSageApp) -> String {
+    let app_id = html_escape_json_string(&app.id);
+    let app_name = html_escape_json_string(&app.name);
+    let app_version = html_escape_json_string(&app.version);
+    let permissions = serde_json::to_string(&app.permissions).unwrap_or_else(|_| "{}".to_string());
+
+    format!(
+        r#"<script>
+(function () {{
+  const __sageAppInfo = {{
+    id: {app_id},
+    name: {app_name},
+    version: {app_version},
+    permissions: {permissions},
+  }};
+
+  function callHost(method, params) {{
+    return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {{
+      const id = `sage-${{Date.now()}}-${{Math.random().toString(36).slice(2)}}`;
+
+      function onMessage(event) {{
+        const data = event.data;
+        if (!data || data.channel !== 'sage-bridge' || data.id !== id) {{
+          return;
+        }}
+
+        window.removeEventListener('message', onMessage);
+
+        if (data.ok) {{
+          resolve(data.result);
+        }} else {{
+          reject(new Error(data.error?.message || 'Unknown Sage bridge error'));
+        }}
+      }}
+
+      window.addEventListener('message', onMessage);
+
+      window.parent.postMessage({{
+        channel: 'sage-bridge',
+        id,
+        method,
+        params,
+      }}, '*');
+    }});
+  }}
+
+  window.__SAGE__ = {{
+    async bridgePing() {{
+      return callHost('bridge.ping');
+    }},
+    async getAppInfo() {{
+      return callHost('app.getInfo');
+    }},
+    async getPermissions() {{
+      return callHost('sage.getPermissions');
+    }},
+    appInfo: __sageAppInfo,
+  }};
+}})();
+</script>"#
+    )
+}
+
+fn inject_bootstrap_into_index_html(html: &str, app: &InstalledSageApp) -> String {
+    let bootstrap = build_sage_bootstrap(app);
+
+    if let Some(idx) = html.find("<head>") {
+        let insert_at = idx + "<head>".len();
+        let mut out = String::with_capacity(html.len() + bootstrap.len());
+        out.push_str(&html[..insert_at]);
+        out.push_str(&bootstrap);
+        out.push_str(&html[insert_at..]);
+        out
+    } else {
+        format!("{bootstrap}{html}")
+    }
+}
+
+fn read_installed_app_by_id(base_path: &Path, app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<InstalledSageApp> {
+    let install_dir = app_install_dir(base_path, app_id);
+    read_installed_app_from_dir(&install_dir)
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/bridge.ts b/src/lib/apps/bridge.ts
index a2b7282f4..90d64910b 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/bridge.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/bridge.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+import { InstalledSageApp } from '@/lib/apps/types';
+
 export interface SageBridgeRequest {
   channel: 'sage-bridge';
   id: string;
@@ -22,29 +24,88 @@ export interface SageBridgeErrorResponse {
   };
 }
 
-export function isBridgeRequest(_value: unknown): _value is SageBridgeRequest {
-  return false;
+export type SageBridgeResponse =
+  | SageBridgeSuccessResponse
+  | SageBridgeErrorResponse;
+
+export interface SageBridgeContext {
+  app: InstalledSageApp;
 }
 
-export function getAppOrigin(entry: string): string | null {
-  try {
-    return new URL(entry).origin;
-  } catch {
-    return null;
-  }
+function success(id: string, result: unknown): SageBridgeSuccessResponse {
+  return {
+    channel: 'sage-bridge',
+    id,
+    ok: true,
+    result,
+  };
 }
 
-export async function handleBridgeRequest(): Promise<
-  SageBridgeSuccessResponse | SageBridgeErrorResponse
-> {
+function failure(
+  id: string,
+  code: string,
+  message: string,
+): SageBridgeErrorResponse {
   return {
     channel: 'sage-bridge',
-    id: 'unsupported',
+    id,
     ok: false,
     error: {
-      code: 'unsupported',
-      message: 'Bridge is not enabled for installed zip apps yet.',
+      code,
+      message,
     },
   };
 }
 
+export function isBridgeRequest(value: unknown): value is SageBridgeRequest {
+  if (!value || typeof value !== 'object') {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  const maybe = value as Partial<SageBridgeRequest>;
+
+  return (
+    maybe.channel === 'sage-bridge' &&
+    typeof maybe.id === 'string' &&
+    typeof maybe.method === 'string'
+  );
+}
+
+export async function handleBridgeRequest(
+  ctx: SageBridgeContext,
+  request: SageBridgeRequest,
+): Promise<SageBridgeResponse> {
+  try {
+    switch (request.method) {
+      case 'bridge.ping':
+        return success(request.id, {
+          ok: true,
+          appId: ctx.app.id,
+          appName: ctx.app.name,
+        });
+
+      case 'app.getInfo':
+        return success(request.id, {
+          id: ctx.app.id,
+          name: ctx.app.name,
+          version: ctx.app.version,
+        });
+
+      case 'sage.getPermissions':
+        return success(request.id, ctx.app.permissions);
+
+      default:
+        return failure(
+          request.id,
+          'method_not_found',
+          `Unknown bridge method: ${request.method}`,
+        );
+    }
+  } catch (error) {
+    const message =
+      error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Unknown bridge error';
+
+    return failure(request.id, 'internal_error', message);
+  }
+}
+
diff --git a/src/pages/AppHost.tsx b/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
index 6e8c7147a..e2a652f5a 100644
--- a/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 import { Alert, AlertDescription, AlertTitle } from '@/components/ui/alert';
 import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
 import { useApps } from '@/hooks/useApps';
+import { handleBridgeRequest, isBridgeRequest } from '@/lib/apps/bridge';
 import { ArrowLeft } from 'lucide-react';
-import { useMemo } from 'react';
+import { useEffect, useMemo, useRef } from 'react';
 import { Link, useParams } from 'react-router-dom';
 
 function AppNotFound() {
@@ -19,6 +20,7 @@ function AppNotFound() {
 export function AppHost() {
   const { appId = '' } = useParams();
   const { getApp, loading } = useApps();
+  const iframeRef = useRef<HTMLIFrameElement | null>(null);
 
   const app = getApp(appId);
 
@@ -30,6 +32,36 @@ export function AppHost() {
     return `sage-app://${app.id}/index.html`;
   }, [app]);
 
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!app) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    function onMessage(event: MessageEvent) {
+      const iframeWindow = iframeRef.current?.contentWindow;
+      if (!iframeWindow) {
+        return;
+      }
+
+      if (event.source !== iframeWindow) {
+        return;
+      }
+
+      if (!isBridgeRequest(event.data)) {
+        return;
+      }
+
+      void handleBridgeRequest({ app }, event.data).then((response) => {
+        iframeWindow.postMessage(response, '*');
+      });
+    }
+
+    window.addEventListener('message', onMessage);
+    return () => {
+      window.removeEventListener('message', onMessage);
+    };
+  }, [app]);
+
   if (loading) {
     return (
       <div className='mx-auto w-full max-w-4xl p-4 md:p-6'>
@@ -74,6 +106,7 @@ export function AppHost() {
         ) : (
           <div className='rounded-xl border overflow-hidden bg-background h-[calc(100vh-220px)] min-h-[500px]'>
             <iframe
+              ref={iframeRef}
               key={app.id}
               src={entrySrc}
               title={app.name}
@@ -86,3 +119,4 @@ export function AppHost() {
     </div>
   );
 }
+

From e79d70e10af1a981a59f968d245883983c34db65 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Wed, 15 Apr 2026 00:59:12 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 004/471] Add support to open installed Sage apps in a new
 window

---
 src-tauri/capabilities/default.json |  1 +
 src/lib/apps/openAppWindow.ts       | 24 ++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/pages/AppHost.tsx               | 21 ++++++++++++++++++---
 3 files changed, 43 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/lib/apps/openAppWindow.ts

diff --git a/src-tauri/capabilities/default.json b/src-tauri/capabilities/default.json
index 67c5e4fe7..97ad48af1 100644
--- a/src-tauri/capabilities/default.json
+++ b/src-tauri/capabilities/default.json
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
     "core:event:default",
     "core:window:default",
     "core:webview:default",
+    "core:webview:allow-create-webview-window",
     "core:app:default",
     "core:resources:default",
     "core:image:default",
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/openAppWindow.ts b/src/lib/apps/openAppWindow.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..143d7db9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/apps/openAppWindow.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+import { WebviewWindow } from '@tauri-apps/api/webviewWindow';
+
+export async function openAppWindow(appId: string, appName: string) {
+  const label = `app-${appId}`;
+
+  const existing = await WebviewWindow.getByLabel(label);
+  if (existing) {
+    await existing.setFocus();
+    return;
+  }
+
+  const win = new WebviewWindow(label, {
+    url: `sage-app://${appId}/index.html`,
+    title: appName,
+    width: 1000,
+    height: 700,
+    resizable: true,
+  });
+
+  await win.once('tauri://created', async () => {
+    await win.setFocus();
+  });
+}
+
diff --git a/src/pages/AppHost.tsx b/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
index e2a652f5a..b11c8150b 100644
--- a/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import { handleBridgeRequest, isBridgeRequest } from '@/lib/apps/bridge';
 import { ArrowLeft } from 'lucide-react';
 import { useEffect, useMemo, useRef } from 'react';
 import { Link, useParams } from 'react-router-dom';
+import { openAppWindow } from '@/lib/apps/openAppWindow.ts';
 
 function AppNotFound() {
   return (
@@ -37,6 +38,8 @@ export function AppHost() {
       return;
     }
 
+    const installedApp = app;
+
     function onMessage(event: MessageEvent) {
       const iframeWindow = iframeRef.current?.contentWindow;
       if (!iframeWindow) {
@@ -51,9 +54,11 @@ export function AppHost() {
         return;
       }
 
-      void handleBridgeRequest({ app }, event.data).then((response) => {
-        iframeWindow.postMessage(response, '*');
-      });
+      void handleBridgeRequest({ app: installedApp }, event.data).then(
+        (response) => {
+          iframeWindow.postMessage(response, '*');
+        },
+      );
     }
 
     window.addEventListener('message', onMessage);
@@ -95,6 +100,16 @@ export function AppHost() {
             App URL: {entrySrc}
           </p>
         </div>
+        <Button
+          variant='outline'
+          onClick={() => {
+            void openAppWindow(app.id, app.name).catch((err) => {
+              console.error('Failed to open app window:', err);
+            });
+          }}
+        >
+          Open in window
+        </Button>
 
         {!entrySrc ? (
           <Alert>

From ccf1fc8d05ca77b402cd6145e10bb4bf9e0d1a83 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Wed, 15 Apr 2026 02:30:25 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 005/471] Add support for multiwebview handling and enhanced
 embedded app webview management

---
 Cargo.toml                             |   2 +-
 src-tauri/capabilities/app-window.json |   9 +
 src-tauri/capabilities/default.json    |   4 +
 src-tauri/src/apps.rs                  |  42 +++--
 src-tauri/tauri.conf.json              |   1 +
 src/pages/AppHost.tsx                  | 230 +++++++++++++++++++------
 6 files changed, 221 insertions(+), 67 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/capabilities/app-window.json

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 8479a1a63..868dfaddf 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ hex = "0.4.3"
 base64 = "0.22.1"
 
 # Tauri
-tauri = "2.10.2"
+tauri = { version = "2.10.2", features = ["unstable"] } # Unstable reason: Multiwebview support
 tauri-plugin-clipboard-manager = "2.3.2"
 tauri-plugin-opener = "2.5.3"
 tauri-plugin-os = "2.3.2"
diff --git a/src-tauri/capabilities/app-window.json b/src-tauri/capabilities/app-window.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a5ae64635
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/capabilities/app-window.json
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+{
+  "$schema": "../gen/schemas/desktop-schema.json",
+  "identifier": "app-webview",
+  "description": "Minimal IPC for installed app windows and embedded app webviews",
+  "windows": ["app-*"],
+  "webviews": ["app-*", "app-inline-*"],
+  "permissions": ["core:event:default", "core:webview:default"]
+}
+
diff --git a/src-tauri/capabilities/default.json b/src-tauri/capabilities/default.json
index 97ad48af1..0b6a02330 100644
--- a/src-tauri/capabilities/default.json
+++ b/src-tauri/capabilities/default.json
@@ -8,7 +8,11 @@
     "core:event:default",
     "core:window:default",
     "core:webview:default",
+    "core:webview:allow-create-webview",
     "core:webview:allow-create-webview-window",
+    "core:webview:allow-set-webview-position",
+    "core:webview:allow-set-webview-size",
+    "core:webview:allow-webview-close",
     "core:app:default",
     "core:resources:default",
     "core:image:default",
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps.rs
index 49f9cd549..c1fa6096b 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps.rs
@@ -483,7 +483,8 @@ fn build_sage_bootstrap(app: &InstalledSageApp) -> String {
     let app_id = html_escape_json_string(&app.id);
     let app_name = html_escape_json_string(&app.name);
     let app_version = html_escape_json_string(&app.version);
-    let permissions = serde_json::to_string(&app.permissions).unwrap_or_else(|_| "{}".to_string());
+    let permissions =
+        serde_json::to_string(&app.permissions).unwrap_or_else(|_| "{}".to_string());
 
     format!(
         r#"<script>
@@ -495,33 +496,44 @@ fn build_sage_bootstrap(app: &InstalledSageApp) -> String {
     permissions: {permissions},
   }};
 
+  const tauri = window.__TAURI__;
+  if (!tauri || !tauri.event || !tauri.webview) {{
+    console.warn("Sage bootstrap: Tauri global API is unavailable");
+    return;
+  }}
+
+  const currentWebview = tauri.webview.getCurrentWebview();
+  const sourceLabel = currentWebview.label;
+
   function callHost(method, params) {{
-    return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {{
+    return new Promise(async (resolve, reject) => {{
       const id = `sage-${{Date.now()}}-${{Math.random().toString(36).slice(2)}}`;
 
-      function onMessage(event) {{
-        const data = event.data;
+      const unlisten = await currentWebview.listen('sage-bridge:response', (event) => {{
+        const data = event.payload;
         if (!data || data.channel !== 'sage-bridge' || data.id !== id) {{
           return;
         }}
 
-        window.removeEventListener('message', onMessage);
+        unlisten();
 
         if (data.ok) {{
           resolve(data.result);
         }} else {{
           reject(new Error(data.error?.message || 'Unknown Sage bridge error'));
         }}
-      }}
-
-      window.addEventListener('message', onMessage);
-
-      window.parent.postMessage({{
-        channel: 'sage-bridge',
-        id,
-        method,
-        params,
-      }}, '*');
+      }});
+
+      await currentWebview.emitTo('main', 'sage-bridge:request', {{
+        sourceLabel,
+        appId: __sageAppInfo.id,
+        request: {{
+          channel: 'sage-bridge',
+          id,
+          method,
+          params
+        }}
+      }});
     }});
   }}
 
diff --git a/src-tauri/tauri.conf.json b/src-tauri/tauri.conf.json
index a165b5e91..4626f248f 100644
--- a/src-tauri/tauri.conf.json
+++ b/src-tauri/tauri.conf.json
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
     "beforeBuildCommand": "pnpm run build"
   },
   "app": {
+    "withGlobalTauri": true,
     "windows": [
       {
         "title": "Sage",
diff --git a/src/pages/AppHost.tsx b/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
index b11c8150b..639657624 100644
--- a/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
@@ -1,11 +1,24 @@
 import { Alert, AlertDescription, AlertTitle } from '@/components/ui/alert';
 import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
 import { useApps } from '@/hooks/useApps';
-import { handleBridgeRequest, isBridgeRequest } from '@/lib/apps/bridge';
+import {
+  handleBridgeRequest,
+  isBridgeRequest,
+  type SageBridgeRequest,
+} from '@/lib/apps/bridge';
+import { openAppWindow } from '@/lib/apps/openAppWindow';
+import { LogicalPosition, LogicalSize } from '@tauri-apps/api/dpi';
+import { getCurrentWebview, Webview } from '@tauri-apps/api/webview';
+import { getCurrentWindow } from '@tauri-apps/api/window';
 import { ArrowLeft } from 'lucide-react';
 import { useEffect, useMemo, useRef } from 'react';
 import { Link, useParams } from 'react-router-dom';
-import { openAppWindow } from '@/lib/apps/openAppWindow.ts';
+
+interface SageBridgeEventPayload {
+  sourceLabel: string;
+  appId: string;
+  request: SageBridgeRequest;
+}
 
 function AppNotFound() {
   return (
@@ -21,7 +34,7 @@ function AppNotFound() {
 export function AppHost() {
   const { appId = '' } = useParams();
   const { getApp, loading } = useApps();
-  const iframeRef = useRef<HTMLIFrameElement | null>(null);
+  const containerRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement | null>(null);
 
   const app = getApp(appId);
 
@@ -34,38 +47,165 @@ export function AppHost() {
   }, [app]);
 
   useEffect(() => {
-    if (!app) {
+    if (!app || !entrySrc || !containerRef.current) {
       return;
     }
 
     const installedApp = app;
+    const inlineLabel = `app-inline-${installedApp.id}`;
+    const hostWindow = getCurrentWindow();
+    const hostWebview = getCurrentWebview();
+
+    let disposed = false;
+    let embeddedWebview: Webview | null = null;
+    let resizeObserver: ResizeObserver | null = null;
+    let unlistenBridge: (() => void) | null = null;
+    let removeWindowResize: (() => void) | null = null;
+    let delayedSyncTimers: number[] = [];
+
+    const clearDelayedSyncTimers = () => {
+      delayedSyncTimers.forEach((id) => {
+        window.clearTimeout(id);
+      });
+      delayedSyncTimers = [];
+    };
+
+    const syncBounds = async () => {
+      const currentWebview = embeddedWebview;
+      const container = containerRef.current;
 
-    function onMessage(event: MessageEvent) {
-      const iframeWindow = iframeRef.current?.contentWindow;
-      if (!iframeWindow) {
+      if (disposed || !currentWebview || !container) {
         return;
       }
 
-      if (event.source !== iframeWindow) {
+      const rect = container.getBoundingClientRect();
+
+      const width = Math.max(1, Math.round(rect.width));
+      const height = Math.max(1, Math.round(rect.height));
+      const x = Math.round(rect.left);
+      const y = Math.round(rect.top);
+
+      await currentWebview.setPosition(new LogicalPosition(x, y));
+      await currentWebview.setSize(new LogicalSize(width, height));
+    };
+
+    const scheduleSyncBounds = () => {
+      requestAnimationFrame(() => {
+        void syncBounds().catch((err) => {
+          console.error('Failed to sync embedded app webview bounds:', err);
+        });
+      });
+    };
+
+    const mount = async () => {
+      const existing = await Webview.getByLabel(inlineLabel);
+
+      if (disposed) {
         return;
       }
 
-      if (!isBridgeRequest(event.data)) {
+      if (existing) {
+        embeddedWebview = existing;
+      } else {
+        embeddedWebview = new Webview(hostWindow, inlineLabel, {
+          url: entrySrc,
+          x: 0,
+          y: 0,
+          width: 1,
+          height: 1,
+          focus: true,
+        });
+
+        const createdWebview = embeddedWebview;
+
+        await new Promise<void>((resolve, reject) => {
+          const createdPromise = createdWebview.once('tauri://created', () => {
+            resolve();
+          });
+
+          const errorPromise = createdWebview.once('tauri://error', (event) => {
+            const payload =
+              typeof event.payload === 'string'
+                ? event.payload
+                : JSON.stringify(event.payload);
+            reject(new Error(payload));
+          });
+
+          void Promise.all([createdPromise, errorPromise]);
+        });
+      }
+
+      scheduleSyncBounds();
+
+      delayedSyncTimers = [0, 50, 150, 300].map((delay) =>
+        window.setTimeout(() => {
+          scheduleSyncBounds();
+        }, delay),
+      );
+
+      resizeObserver = new ResizeObserver(() => {
+        scheduleSyncBounds();
+      });
+
+      const container = containerRef.current;
+      if (!container) {
         return;
       }
 
-      void handleBridgeRequest({ app: installedApp }, event.data).then(
-        (response) => {
-          iframeWindow.postMessage(response, '*');
+      resizeObserver.observe(container);
+
+      const handleWindowResize = () => {
+        scheduleSyncBounds();
+      };
+
+      window.addEventListener('resize', handleWindowResize);
+      removeWindowResize = () => {
+        window.removeEventListener('resize', handleWindowResize);
+      };
+
+      unlistenBridge = await hostWebview.listen<SageBridgeEventPayload>(
+        'sage-bridge:request',
+        ({ payload }) => {
+          if (
+            !payload ||
+            payload.appId !== installedApp.id ||
+            !isBridgeRequest(payload.request)
+          ) {
+            return;
+          }
+
+          void handleBridgeRequest({ app: installedApp }, payload.request).then(
+            (response) => {
+              void hostWebview.emitTo(
+                payload.sourceLabel,
+                'sage-bridge:response',
+                response,
+              );
+            },
+          );
         },
       );
-    }
+    };
+
+    void mount().catch((err) => {
+      console.error('Failed to mount embedded app webview:', err);
+    });
 
-    window.addEventListener('message', onMessage);
     return () => {
-      window.removeEventListener('message', onMessage);
+      disposed = true;
+
+      resizeObserver?.disconnect();
+      unlistenBridge?.();
+      removeWindowResize?.();
+      clearDelayedSyncTimers();
+
+      if (embeddedWebview) {
+        void embeddedWebview.close().catch((err) => {
+          console.error('Failed to close embedded app webview:', err);
+        });
+      }
     };
-  }, [app]);
+  }, [app, entrySrc]);
 
   if (loading) {
     return (
@@ -83,53 +223,41 @@ export function AppHost() {
   }
 
   return (
-    <div className='flex-1 overflow-auto'>
-      <div className='mx-auto w-full max-w-7xl p-4 md:p-6 space-y-4 h-full'>
+    <div className='flex h-full min-h-0 flex-col'>
+      <div className='mx-auto flex h-full min-h-0 w-full max-w-7xl flex-col gap-4 p-4 md:p-6'>
         <div className='flex items-center justify-between gap-4'>
           <Button asChild variant='ghost' className='pl-0'>
             <Link to='/apps'>
-              <ArrowLeft className='h-4 w-4 mr-2' />
+              <ArrowLeft className='mr-2 h-4 w-4' />
               Back to Apps
             </Link>
           </Button>
+
+          <Button
+            variant='outline'
+            onClick={() => {
+              void openAppWindow(app.id, app.name).catch((err) => {
+                console.error('Failed to open app window:', err);
+              });
+            }}
+          >
+            Open in window
+          </Button>
         </div>
 
-        <div className='space-y-1'>
+        <div className='space-y-1 shrink-0'>
           <h1 className='text-2xl font-semibold tracking-tight'>{app.name}</h1>
-          <p className='text-xs text-muted-foreground break-all'>
+          <p className='text-xs break-all text-muted-foreground'>
             App URL: {entrySrc}
           </p>
         </div>
-        <Button
-          variant='outline'
-          onClick={() => {
-            void openAppWindow(app.id, app.name).catch((err) => {
-              console.error('Failed to open app window:', err);
-            });
-          }}
-        >
-          Open in window
-        </Button>
-
-        {!entrySrc ? (
-          <Alert>
-            <AlertTitle>Invalid app entry</AlertTitle>
-            <AlertDescription>
-              Sage could not resolve the installed app entry.
-            </AlertDescription>
-          </Alert>
-        ) : (
-          <div className='rounded-xl border overflow-hidden bg-background h-[calc(100vh-220px)] min-h-[500px]'>
-            <iframe
-              ref={iframeRef}
-              key={app.id}
-              src={entrySrc}
-              title={app.name}
-              className='w-full h-full border-0'
-              sandbox='allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-forms allow-popups allow-downloads'
-            />
-          </div>
-        )}
+
+        <div className='flex-1 min-h-0'>
+          <div
+            ref={containerRef}
+            className='h-full w-full overflow-hidden rounded-xl bg-background'
+          />
+        </div>
       </div>
     </div>
   );

From 2d1e1f0e32e2149047d7ea24232b480863a3364c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Wed, 15 Apr 2026 02:49:20 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 006/471] Enhance Sage bridge with timeout handling, error
 management, and response validation

---
 src-tauri/capabilities/app-window.json |  1 -
 src-tauri/src/apps.rs                  | 55 ++++++++++++++++++++------
 src/lib/apps/bridge.ts                 | 22 ++++++++++-
 src/pages/AppHost.tsx                  | 12 ++----
 4 files changed, 65 insertions(+), 25 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src-tauri/capabilities/app-window.json b/src-tauri/capabilities/app-window.json
index a5ae64635..1f8402376 100644
--- a/src-tauri/capabilities/app-window.json
+++ b/src-tauri/capabilities/app-window.json
@@ -6,4 +6,3 @@
   "webviews": ["app-*", "app-inline-*"],
   "permissions": ["core:event:default", "core:webview:default"]
 }
-
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps.rs
index c1fa6096b..5f7e6dfd7 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps.rs
@@ -505,17 +505,35 @@ fn build_sage_bootstrap(app: &InstalledSageApp) -> String {
   const currentWebview = tauri.webview.getCurrentWebview();
   const sourceLabel = currentWebview.label;
 
-  function callHost(method, params) {{
+  async function callHost(method, params) {{
+    const id = `sage-${{Date.now()}}-${{Math.random().toString(36).slice(2)}}`;
+
     return new Promise(async (resolve, reject) => {{
-      const id = `sage-${{Date.now()}}-${{Math.random().toString(36).slice(2)}}`;
+      let settled = false;
+
+      const timeoutId = window.setTimeout(() => {{
+        if (settled) {{
+          return;
+        }}
+        settled = true;
+        unlistenPromise.then((unlisten) => unlisten()).catch(() => {{}});
+        reject(new Error(`Sage bridge timeout for ${{method}}`));
+      }}, 15000);
 
-      const unlisten = await currentWebview.listen('sage-bridge:response', (event) => {{
+      const unlistenPromise = currentWebview.listen('sage-bridge:response', (event) => {{
         const data = event.payload;
         if (!data || data.channel !== 'sage-bridge' || data.id !== id) {{
           return;
         }}
 
-        unlisten();
+        if (settled) {{
+          return;
+        }}
+
+        settled = true;
+        window.clearTimeout(timeoutId);
+
+        unlistenPromise.then((unlisten) => unlisten()).catch(() => {{}});
 
         if (data.ok) {{
           resolve(data.result);
@@ -524,16 +542,27 @@ fn build_sage_bootstrap(app: &InstalledSageApp) -> String {
         }}
       }});
 
-      await currentWebview.emitTo('main', 'sage-bridge:request', {{
-        sourceLabel,
-        appId: __sageAppInfo.id,
-        request: {{
-          channel: 'sage-bridge',
-          id,
-          method,
-          params
+      try {{
+        await currentWebview.emitTo('main', 'sage-bridge:request', {{
+          sourceLabel,
+          appId: __sageAppInfo.id,
+          request: {{
+            channel: 'sage-bridge',
+            id,
+            method,
+            params
+          }}
+        }});
+      }} catch (error) {{
+        if (settled) {{
+          return;
         }}
-      }});
+
+        settled = true;
+        window.clearTimeout(timeoutId);
+        unlistenPromise.then((unlisten) => unlisten()).catch(() => {{}});
+        reject(error instanceof Error ? error : new Error(String(error)));
+      }}
     }});
   }}
 
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/bridge.ts b/src/lib/apps/bridge.ts
index 90d64910b..913e3a3de 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/bridge.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/bridge.ts
@@ -32,6 +32,12 @@ export interface SageBridgeContext {
   app: InstalledSageApp;
 }
 
+export interface SageBridgeEventPayload {
+  sourceLabel: string;
+  appId: string;
+  request: SageBridgeRequest;
+}
+
 function success(id: string, result: unknown): SageBridgeSuccessResponse {
   return {
     channel: 'sage-bridge',
@@ -71,6 +77,19 @@ export function isBridgeRequest(value: unknown): value is SageBridgeRequest {
   );
 }
 
+export function isBridgeResponse(value: unknown): value is SageBridgeResponse {
+  if (!value || typeof value !== 'object') {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  const maybe = value as Partial<SageBridgeResponse>;
+  return (
+    maybe.channel === 'sage-bridge' &&
+    typeof maybe.id === 'string' &&
+    typeof maybe.ok === 'boolean'
+  );
+}
+
 export async function handleBridgeRequest(
   ctx: SageBridgeContext,
   request: SageBridgeRequest,
@@ -103,9 +122,8 @@ export async function handleBridgeRequest(
     }
   } catch (error) {
     const message =
-      error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Unknown bridge error';
+      error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Unknown Sage bridge error';
 
     return failure(request.id, 'internal_error', message);
   }
 }
-
diff --git a/src/pages/AppHost.tsx b/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
index 639657624..7edfc9a89 100644
--- a/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import { useApps } from '@/hooks/useApps';
 import {
   handleBridgeRequest,
   isBridgeRequest,
-  type SageBridgeRequest,
+  type SageBridgeEventPayload,
 } from '@/lib/apps/bridge';
 import { openAppWindow } from '@/lib/apps/openAppWindow';
 import { LogicalPosition, LogicalSize } from '@tauri-apps/api/dpi';
@@ -14,12 +14,6 @@ import { ArrowLeft } from 'lucide-react';
 import { useEffect, useMemo, useRef } from 'react';
 import { Link, useParams } from 'react-router-dom';
 
-interface SageBridgeEventPayload {
-  sourceLabel: string;
-  appId: string;
-  request: SageBridgeRequest;
-}
-
 function AppNotFound() {
   return (
     <div className='mx-auto w-full max-w-4xl p-4 md:p-6'>
@@ -245,9 +239,9 @@ export function AppHost() {
           </Button>
         </div>
 
-        <div className='space-y-1 shrink-0'>
+        <div className='shrink-0 space-y-1'>
           <h1 className='text-2xl font-semibold tracking-tight'>{app.name}</h1>
-          <p className='text-xs break-all text-muted-foreground'>
+          <p className='break-all text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
             App URL: {entrySrc}
           </p>
         </div>

From c0a9da7fcc3b87203056f3aa02c38295743b5046 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Wed, 15 Apr 2026 03:18:15 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 007/471] Add app permission management and support for app
 preview during installation

---
 src-tauri/src/apps.rs                    |  28 +++-
 src-tauri/src/lib.rs                     |   1 +
 src/bindings.ts                          |   8 +-
 src/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx   | 167 +++++++++++++++++++----
 src/components/apps/InstalledAppCard.tsx |  11 +-
 src/hooks/useApps.ts                     |   9 +-
 src/lib/apps/bridge.ts                   |   2 +-
 src/lib/apps/registry.ts                 |   2 +-
 src/lib/apps/types.ts                    |  15 --
 src/pages/Apps.tsx                       |   7 +-
 10 files changed, 192 insertions(+), 58 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 src/lib/apps/types.ts

diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps.rs
index 5f7e6dfd7..7e6d4716b 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps.rs
@@ -28,6 +28,9 @@ pub struct SageAppPackageManifest {
     pub name: String,
     pub version: String,
     pub permissions: SageAppPermissions,
+
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub required_permissions: Vec<String>,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
@@ -268,6 +271,28 @@ fn list_installed_apps_internal(root: &Path) -> AnyResult<Vec<InstalledSageApp>>
     Ok(apps)
 }
 
+#[command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn preview_app_zip(
+    zip_path: String,
+) -> Result<SageAppPackageManifest> {
+    let unpack_dir = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!(".sage-preview-{}", current_millis()));
+
+    let result = (|| -> AnyResult<SageAppPackageManifest> {
+        unzip_to_dir(Path::new(&zip_path), &unpack_dir)?;
+        let package_root = detect_package_root(&unpack_dir)?;
+        let manifest = read_manifest(&package_root)?;
+        validate_package_structure(&package_root)?;
+        Ok(manifest)
+    })();
+
+    let _ = fs::remove_dir_all(&unpack_dir);
+
+    result.map_err(|err| {
+        io::Error::other(format!("failed to preview app zip {}: {err}", zip_path)).into()
+    })
+}
+
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
 pub async fn list_installed_apps(state: State<'_, AppState>) -> Result<Vec<InstalledSageApp>> {
@@ -295,6 +320,7 @@ pub async fn list_installed_apps(state: State<'_, AppState>) -> Result<Vec<Insta
 pub async fn install_app_zip(
     state: State<'_, AppState>,
     zip_path: String,
+    granted_permissions: SageAppPermissions,
 ) -> Result<InstalledSageApp> {
     let base_path = {
         let state = state.lock().await;
@@ -354,7 +380,7 @@ pub async fn install_app_zip(
                 .to_string_lossy()
                 .to_string(),
             icon_file: install_dir.join("icon.png").to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-            permissions: manifest.permissions,
+            permissions: granted_permissions,
         };
 
         write_installed_app_metadata(&installed, &install_dir)?;
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
index bc22d5837..88c0cd4cb 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
@@ -144,6 +144,7 @@ pub fn run() {
             commands::get_logs,
             commands::is_asset_owned,
             apps::list_installed_apps,
+            apps::preview_app_zip,
             apps::install_app_zip,
             apps::uninstall_app,
         ])
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index d195c5c2c..92e842c78 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -362,8 +362,11 @@ async isAssetOwned(req: IsAssetOwned) : Promise<IsAssetOwnedResponse> {
 async listInstalledApps() : Promise<InstalledSageApp[]> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("list_installed_apps");
 },
-async installAppZip(zipPath: string) : Promise<InstalledSageApp> {
-    return await TAURI_INVOKE("install_app_zip", { zipPath });
+async previewAppZip(zipPath: string) : Promise<SageAppPackageManifest> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("preview_app_zip", { zipPath });
+},
+async installAppZip(zipPath: string, grantedPermissions: SageAppPermissions) : Promise<InstalledSageApp> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("install_app_zip", { zipPath, grantedPermissions });
 },
 async uninstallApp(appId: string) : Promise<null> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("uninstall_app", { appId });
@@ -2165,6 +2168,7 @@ export type ResyncCatResponse = Record<string, never>
  * Response from resynchronizing the wallet
  */
 export type ResyncResponse = Record<string, never>
+export type SageAppPackageManifest = { name: string; version: string; permissions: SageAppPermissions; required_permissions?: string[] }
 export type SageAppPermissions = { network: boolean; persistentStorage: boolean }
 /**
  * Save a theme NFT to the wallet
diff --git a/src/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx b/src/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx
index 9e7186b25..91425bac0 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx
@@ -1,37 +1,78 @@
 import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
 import { Card, CardContent, CardHeader, CardTitle } from '@/components/ui/card';
+import {
+  Dialog,
+  DialogContent,
+  DialogFooter,
+  DialogHeader,
+  DialogTitle,
+} from '@/components/ui/dialog';
+import { Checkbox } from '@/components/ui/checkbox';
 import { open } from '@tauri-apps/plugin-dialog';
+import { invoke } from '@tauri-apps/api/core';
 import { useState } from 'react';
+import type { SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPermissions } from '@/bindings';
 
 interface Props {
-  onInstall: (zipPath: string) => Promise<void>;
+  onInstall: (
+    zipPath: string,
+    permissions: SageAppPermissions,
+  ) => Promise<void>;
 }
 
 export function InstallAppForm({ onInstall }: Props) {
   const [installing, setInstalling] = useState(false);
   const [error, setError] = useState<string | null>(null);
 
-  async function handleInstall() {
+  const [manifest, setManifest] = useState<SageAppPackageManifest | null>(null);
+  const [zipPath, setZipPath] = useState<string | null>(null);
+  const [permissions, setPermissions] = useState<SageAppPermissions>({
+    network: false,
+    persistentStorage: false,
+  });
+
+  async function handleSelect() {
     try {
       setError(null);
 
       const selected = await open({
         multiple: false,
         directory: false,
-        filters: [
-          {
-            name: 'Zip Archive',
-            extensions: ['zip'],
-          },
-        ],
+        filters: [{ name: 'Zip Archive', extensions: ['zip'] }],
+      });
+
+      if (!selected || Array.isArray(selected)) return;
+
+      const manifest = await invoke<SageAppPackageManifest>('preview_app_zip', {
+        zipPath: selected,
+      });
+
+      setManifest(manifest);
+      setZipPath(selected);
+
+      setPermissions({
+        network: !!manifest.permissions.network,
+        persistentStorage: !!manifest.permissions.persistentStorage,
       });
+    } catch (err) {
+      setError(err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err));
+    }
+  }
 
-      if (!selected || Array.isArray(selected)) {
-        return;
-      }
+  async function confirmInstall() {
+    if (!zipPath || !manifest) return;
 
+    try {
       setInstalling(true);
-      await onInstall(selected);
+
+      await onInstall(zipPath, permissions);
+
+      setManifest(null);
+      setZipPath(null);
+      setPermissions({
+        network: false,
+        persistentStorage: false,
+      });
     } catch (err) {
       setError(err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err));
     } finally {
@@ -39,23 +80,91 @@ export function InstallAppForm({ onInstall }: Props) {
     }
   }
 
+  const required = new Set(manifest?.required_permissions ?? []);
+
   return (
-    <Card>
-      <CardHeader>
-        <CardTitle>Install App</CardTitle>
-      </CardHeader>
-      <CardContent className='space-y-4'>
-        <p className='text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
-          Install a Sage app package from a zip file.
-        </p>
-
-        <Button onClick={handleInstall} disabled={installing}>
-          {installing ? 'Installing...' : 'Choose .zip'}
-        </Button>
-
-        {error ? <div className='text-sm text-destructive'>{error}</div> : null}
-      </CardContent>
-    </Card>
+    <>
+      <Card>
+        <CardHeader>
+          <CardTitle>Install App</CardTitle>
+        </CardHeader>
+        <CardContent className='space-y-4'>
+          <p className='text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
+            Install a Sage app package from a zip file.
+          </p>
+
+          <Button onClick={handleSelect} disabled={installing}>
+            Choose .zip
+          </Button>
+
+          {error ? (
+            <div className='text-sm text-destructive'>{error}</div>
+          ) : null}
+        </CardContent>
+      </Card>
+
+      <Dialog open={!!manifest} onOpenChange={() => setManifest(null)}>
+        <DialogContent>
+          <DialogHeader>
+            <DialogTitle>Install {manifest?.name}</DialogTitle>
+          </DialogHeader>
+
+          <div className='space-y-4'>
+            <div className='text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
+              v{manifest?.version}
+            </div>
+
+            <div className='space-y-2'>
+              {manifest &&
+                (
+                  Object.entries(manifest.permissions) as [
+                    keyof SageAppPermissions,
+                    boolean,
+                  ][]
+                ).map(([key, value]) => {
+                  if (!value) return null;
+
+                  const isRequired = required.has(key);
+
+                  return (
+                    <label
+                      key={key}
+                      className='flex items-center gap-3 text-sm'
+                    >
+                      <Checkbox
+                        checked={permissions[key]}
+                        disabled={isRequired}
+                        onCheckedChange={(checked) => {
+                          setPermissions((prev) => ({
+                            ...prev,
+                            [key]: Boolean(checked),
+                          }));
+                        }}
+                      />
+
+                      <span>
+                        {key === 'persistentStorage'
+                          ? 'persistent storage'
+                          : key}
+                        {isRequired ? ' (required)' : ''}
+                      </span>
+                    </label>
+                  );
+                })}
+            </div>
+          </div>
+
+          <DialogFooter>
+            <Button variant='outline' onClick={() => setManifest(null)}>
+              Cancel
+            </Button>
+
+            <Button onClick={confirmInstall} disabled={installing}>
+              {installing ? 'Installing...' : 'Install'}
+            </Button>
+          </DialogFooter>
+        </DialogContent>
+      </Dialog>
+    </>
   );
 }
-
diff --git a/src/components/apps/InstalledAppCard.tsx b/src/components/apps/InstalledAppCard.tsx
index b853ac411..ea765a4dd 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/InstalledAppCard.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/InstalledAppCard.tsx
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 import { Badge } from '@/components/ui/badge';
 import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
 import { Card, CardContent, CardHeader, CardTitle } from '@/components/ui/card';
-import { InstalledSageApp } from '@/lib/apps/types';
 import { Trash2 } from 'lucide-react';
 import { useMemo } from 'react';
 import { useNavigate } from 'react-router-dom';
+import { InstalledSageApp } from '@/bindings.ts';
 
 interface Props {
   app: InstalledSageApp;
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ function permissionLabel(key: keyof InstalledSageApp['permissions']) {
   switch (key) {
     case 'network':
       return 'Network';
-    case 'persistent_storage':
+    case 'persistentStorage':
       return 'Persistent storage';
     default:
       return key;
@@ -62,9 +62,10 @@ export function InstalledAppCard({ app, onUninstall }: Props) {
       <CardContent className='space-y-3'>
         <div className='flex flex-wrap gap-2'>
           {(
-            Object.entries(app.permissions) as Array<
-              [keyof InstalledSageApp['permissions'], boolean]
-            >
+            Object.entries(app.permissions) as [
+              keyof InstalledSageApp['permissions'],
+              boolean,
+            ][]
           )
             .filter(([, allowed]) => allowed)
             .map(([permission]) => (
diff --git a/src/hooks/useApps.ts b/src/hooks/useApps.ts
index 91f43fb3d..7c23fb4a2 100644
--- a/src/hooks/useApps.ts
+++ b/src/hooks/useApps.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-import { InstalledSageApp } from '@/lib/apps/types';
 import { invoke } from '@tauri-apps/api/core';
 import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react';
+import { InstalledSageApp, SageAppPermissions } from '@/bindings.ts';
 
 export function useApps() {
   const [apps, setApps] = useState<InstalledSageApp[]>([]);
@@ -25,8 +25,11 @@ export function useApps() {
   }, [refresh]);
 
   const installApp = useCallback(
-    async (zipPath: string) => {
-      await invoke<InstalledSageApp>('install_app_zip', { zipPath });
+    async (zipPath: string, permissions: SageAppPermissions) => {
+      await invoke<InstalledSageApp>('install_app_zip', {
+        zipPath,
+        grantedPermissions: permissions,
+      });
       await refresh();
     },
     [refresh],
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/bridge.ts b/src/lib/apps/bridge.ts
index 913e3a3de..b328e4aaf 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/bridge.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/bridge.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { InstalledSageApp } from '@/lib/apps/types';
+import { InstalledSageApp } from '@/bindings.ts';
 
 export interface SageBridgeRequest {
   channel: 'sage-bridge';
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/registry.ts b/src/lib/apps/registry.ts
index 5ef298690..a14ba08d4 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/registry.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/registry.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { InstalledSageApp } from './types';
+import { InstalledSageApp } from '@/bindings.ts';
 
 export const BUILTIN_APPS: InstalledSageApp[] = [];
 
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/types.ts b/src/lib/apps/types.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 8b7d929bb..000000000
--- a/src/lib/apps/types.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-export interface SageAppPermissions {
-  network: boolean;
-  persistent_storage: boolean;
-}
-
-export interface InstalledSageApp {
-  id: string;
-  name: string;
-  version: string;
-  installDir: string;
-  entryFile: string;
-  iconFile: string;
-  permissions: SageAppPermissions;
-}
-
diff --git a/src/pages/Apps.tsx b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
index 1ec08e207..45e7dfef1 100644
--- a/src/pages/Apps.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import { InstallAppForm } from '@/components/apps/InstallAppForm';
 import { InstalledAppCard } from '@/components/apps/InstalledAppCard';
 import { useApps } from '@/hooks/useApps';
+import { SageAppPermissions } from '@/bindings.ts';
 
 export function Apps() {
   const { apps, loading, error, installApp, uninstallApp } = useApps();
@@ -15,7 +16,11 @@ export function Apps() {
           </p>
         </div>
 
-        <InstallAppForm onInstall={installApp} />
+        <InstallAppForm
+          onInstall={(zipPath: string, permissions: SageAppPermissions) =>
+            installApp(zipPath, permissions)
+          }
+        />
 
         <section className='space-y-4'>
           <h2 className='text-lg font-semibold'>Installed</h2>

From 5e97cd6a9a826a80aea295aeabf44d06b2f7b3bf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Wed, 15 Apr 2026 03:25:55 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 008/471] Add Content Security Policy (CSP) generation and
 injection for app HTML responses

---
 src-tauri/src/apps.rs | 40 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 40 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps.rs
index 7e6d4716b..2ec2b0e44 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps.rs
@@ -479,9 +479,12 @@ pub fn handle_app_protocol_request(
 
         let injected = inject_bootstrap_into_index_html(&html, &app);
 
+        let csp = build_app_csp(&app);
+
         return Response::builder()
             .status(StatusCode::OK)
             .header("Content-Type", "text/html; charset=utf-8")
+            .header("Content-Security-Policy", csp)
             .body(injected.into_bytes())
             .map_err(|err| anyhow!("failed to build protocol response: {err}"));
     }
@@ -628,3 +631,40 @@ fn read_installed_app_by_id(base_path: &Path, app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Install
     let install_dir = app_install_dir(base_path, app_id);
     read_installed_app_from_dir(&install_dir)
 }
+
+fn csp_source_list(items: &[&str]) -> String {
+    items.join(" ")
+}
+
+fn build_app_csp(app: &InstalledSageApp) -> String {
+    let default_src = csp_source_list(&["'self'"]);
+    let script_src = csp_source_list(&["'self'", "'unsafe-inline'", "'wasm-unsafe-eval'"]);
+    let style_src = csp_source_list(&["'self'", "'unsafe-inline'"]);
+    let img_src = csp_source_list(&["'self'", "data:", "blob:"]);
+    let font_src = csp_source_list(&["'self'", "data:"]);
+    let media_src = csp_source_list(&["'self'", "data:", "blob:"]);
+    let object_src = csp_source_list(&["'none'"]);
+    let frame_ancestors = csp_source_list(&["'self'"]);
+    let base_uri = csp_source_list(&["'none'"]);
+    let form_action = csp_source_list(&["'none'"]);
+
+    let connect_src = if app.permissions.network {
+        csp_source_list(&["'self'", "https:", "wss:"])
+    } else {
+        csp_source_list(&["'none'"])
+    };
+
+    format!(
+        "default-src {default_src}; \
+         script-src {script_src}; \
+         style-src {style_src}; \
+         img-src {img_src}; \
+         font-src {font_src}; \
+         media-src {media_src}; \
+         object-src {object_src}; \
+         base-uri {base_uri}; \
+         form-action {form_action}; \
+         frame-ancestors {frame_ancestors}; \
+         connect-src {connect_src}"
+    )
+}

From e5adc2856ae7e38c59823de43430140fe4f69557 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Wed, 15 Apr 2026 04:11:20 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 009/471] Add `bridge_fetch_http` support for network requests
 and enhance HTML injection logic

---
 src-tauri/src/apps.rs  | 175 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-------
 src-tauri/src/lib.rs   |   1 +
 src/bindings.ts        |   5 ++
 src/lib/apps/bridge.ts |  26 +++++-
 4 files changed, 176 insertions(+), 31 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps.rs
index 2ec2b0e44..77f582113 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps.rs
@@ -4,8 +4,9 @@ use std::{
     path::{Path, PathBuf},
     time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH},
 };
-
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
+use reqwest::Method;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 use tauri::{State, command};
@@ -51,6 +52,26 @@ pub struct InstalledSageApp {
     pub permissions: SageAppPermissions,
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+pub struct SageBridgeFetchRequest {
+    pub url: String,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub method: Option<String>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub headers: BTreeMap<String, String>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub body: Option<String>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+pub struct SageBridgeFetchResponse {
+    pub ok: bool,
+    pub status: u16,
+    pub status_text: String,
+    pub headers: BTreeMap<String, String>,
+    pub body_text: String,
+}
+
 fn apps_root(base_path: &Path) -> PathBuf {
     base_path.join("apps")
 }
@@ -418,34 +439,111 @@ pub async fn uninstall_app(state: State<'_, AppState>, app_id: String) -> Result
     Ok(())
 }
 
+#[command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn bridge_fetch_http(
+    req: SageBridgeFetchRequest,
+) -> Result<SageBridgeFetchResponse> {
+    let method = req
+        .method
+        .as_deref()
+        .unwrap_or("GET")
+        .parse::<Method>()
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("invalid HTTP method: {err}")))?;
+
+    let parsed_url = reqwest::Url::parse(&req.url)
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("invalid URL: {err}")))?;
+
+    match parsed_url.scheme() {
+        "http" | "https" => {}
+        other => {
+            return Err(io::Error::other(format!(
+                "unsupported URL scheme: {other}"
+            ))
+                .into());
+        }
+    }
+
+    let client = reqwest::Client::new();
+    let mut request_builder = client.request(method, parsed_url);
+
+    for (key, value) in req.headers {
+        request_builder = request_builder.header(&key, &value);
+    }
+
+    if let Some(body) = req.body {
+        request_builder = request_builder.body(body);
+    }
+
+    let response = request_builder.send().await?;
+    let status = response.status();
+    let status_text = status
+        .canonical_reason()
+        .unwrap_or("unknown")
+        .to_string();
+
+    let mut headers = BTreeMap::new();
+    for (key, value) in response.headers() {
+        headers.insert(
+            key.to_string(),
+            value.to_str().unwrap_or_default().to_string(),
+        );
+    }
+
+    let body_text = response.text().await?;
+
+    Ok(SageBridgeFetchResponse {
+        ok: status.is_success(),
+        status: status.as_u16(),
+        status_text,
+        headers,
+        body_text,
+    })
+}
+
 fn app_install_dir(base_path: &Path, app_id: &str) -> PathBuf {
     apps_root(base_path).join(app_id)
 }
 
-fn resolve_protocol_file(base_path: &Path, app_id: &str, request_path: &str) -> AnyResult<PathBuf> {
+fn resolve_protocol_file(
+    base_path: &Path,
+    app_id: &str,
+    request_path: &str,
+) -> AnyResult<PathBuf> {
     let install_dir = app_install_dir(base_path, app_id);
 
-    let path = if request_path.is_empty() || request_path == "/" || request_path == "/index.html" {
-        install_dir.join("dist").join("index.html")
-    } else if request_path == "/icon.png" {
-        install_dir.join("icon.png")
-    } else {
-        let trimmed = request_path.trim_start_matches('/');
+    if request_path == "/__sage_bootstrap__.js" {
+        return Ok(install_dir.join("__virtual_sage_bootstrap__.js"));
+    }
 
-        if trimmed.contains("..") {
-            return Err(anyhow!("invalid app path"));
-        }
+    let path =
+        if request_path.is_empty() || request_path == "/" || request_path == "/index.html" {
+            install_dir.join("dist").join("index.html")
+        } else if request_path == "/icon.png" {
+            install_dir.join("icon.png")
+        } else {
+            let trimmed = request_path.trim_start_matches('/');
 
-        install_dir.join("dist").join(trimmed)
-    };
+            if trimmed.contains("..") {
+                return Err(anyhow!("invalid app path"));
+            }
 
-    let canonical_install_dir = install_dir
-        .canonicalize()
-        .with_context(|| format!("failed to canonicalize install dir {}", install_dir.display()))?;
+            install_dir.join("dist").join(trimmed)
+        };
 
-    let canonical_path = path
-        .canonicalize()
-        .with_context(|| format!("failed to canonicalize requested path {}", path.display()))?;
+    let canonical_install_dir = install_dir.canonicalize().with_context(|| {
+        format!(
+            "failed to canonicalize install dir {}",
+            install_dir.display()
+        )
+    })?;
+
+    let canonical_path = path.canonicalize().with_context(|| {
+        format!(
+            "failed to canonicalize requested path {}",
+            path.display()
+        )
+    })?;
 
     if !canonical_path.starts_with(&canonical_install_dir) {
         return Err(anyhow!("requested path escapes app directory"));
@@ -473,12 +571,21 @@ pub fn handle_app_protocol_request(
     let file_path = resolve_protocol_file(base_path, app_id, request_path)?;
     let app = read_installed_app_by_id(base_path, app_id)?;
 
+    if request_path == "/__sage_bootstrap__.js" {
+        let js = build_sage_bootstrap(&app);
+
+        return Response::builder()
+            .status(StatusCode::OK)
+            .header("Content-Type", "application/javascript; charset=utf-8")
+            .body(js.into_bytes())
+            .map_err(|err| anyhow!("failed to build protocol response: {err}"));
+    }
+
     if request_path.is_empty() || request_path == "/" || request_path == "/index.html" {
         let html = fs::read_to_string(&file_path)
             .with_context(|| format!("failed to read {}", file_path.display()))?;
 
-        let injected = inject_bootstrap_into_index_html(&html, &app);
-
+        let injected = inject_bootstrap_into_index_html(&html);
         let csp = build_app_csp(&app);
 
         return Response::builder()
@@ -516,8 +623,7 @@ fn build_sage_bootstrap(app: &InstalledSageApp) -> String {
         serde_json::to_string(&app.permissions).unwrap_or_else(|_| "{}".to_string());
 
     format!(
-        r#"<script>
-(function () {{
+        r#"(function () {{
   const __sageAppInfo = {{
     id: {app_id},
     name: {app_name},
@@ -605,25 +711,34 @@ fn build_sage_bootstrap(app: &InstalledSageApp) -> String {
     async getPermissions() {{
       return callHost('sage.getPermissions');
     }},
+    async fetch(input) {{
+      const params = {{
+        url: input?.url,
+        method: input?.method ?? 'GET',
+        headers: input?.headers ?? {{}},
+        body: input?.body ?? null,
+      }};
+      return callHost('network.fetch', params);
+    }},
     appInfo: __sageAppInfo,
   }};
 }})();
-</script>"#
+"#
     )
 }
 
-fn inject_bootstrap_into_index_html(html: &str, app: &InstalledSageApp) -> String {
-    let bootstrap = build_sage_bootstrap(app);
+fn inject_bootstrap_into_index_html(html: &str) -> String {
+    let bootstrap_tag = r#"<script src="/__sage_bootstrap__.js"></script>"#;
 
     if let Some(idx) = html.find("<head>") {
         let insert_at = idx + "<head>".len();
-        let mut out = String::with_capacity(html.len() + bootstrap.len());
+        let mut out = String::with_capacity(html.len() + bootstrap_tag.len());
         out.push_str(&html[..insert_at]);
-        out.push_str(&bootstrap);
+        out.push_str(bootstrap_tag);
         out.push_str(&html[insert_at..]);
         out
     } else {
-        format!("{bootstrap}{html}")
+        format!("{bootstrap_tag}{html}")
     }
 }
 
@@ -638,7 +753,7 @@ fn csp_source_list(items: &[&str]) -> String {
 
 fn build_app_csp(app: &InstalledSageApp) -> String {
     let default_src = csp_source_list(&["'self'"]);
-    let script_src = csp_source_list(&["'self'", "'unsafe-inline'", "'wasm-unsafe-eval'"]);
+    let script_src = csp_source_list(&["'self'", "'wasm-unsafe-eval'"]);
     let style_src = csp_source_list(&["'self'", "'unsafe-inline'"]);
     let img_src = csp_source_list(&["'self'", "data:", "blob:"]);
     let font_src = csp_source_list(&["'self'", "data:"]);
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
index 88c0cd4cb..750af4ef8 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
@@ -147,6 +147,7 @@ pub fn run() {
             apps::preview_app_zip,
             apps::install_app_zip,
             apps::uninstall_app,
+            apps::bridge_fetch_http,
         ])
         .events(collect_events![SyncEvent]);
 
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index 92e842c78..a020b043b 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -370,6 +370,9 @@ async installAppZip(zipPath: string, grantedPermissions: SageAppPermissions) : P
 },
 async uninstallApp(appId: string) : Promise<null> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("uninstall_app", { appId });
+},
+async bridgeFetchHttp(req: SageBridgeFetchRequest) : Promise<SageBridgeFetchResponse> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("bridge_fetch_http", { req });
 }
 }
 
@@ -2170,6 +2173,8 @@ export type ResyncCatResponse = Record<string, never>
 export type ResyncResponse = Record<string, never>
 export type SageAppPackageManifest = { name: string; version: string; permissions: SageAppPermissions; required_permissions?: string[] }
 export type SageAppPermissions = { network: boolean; persistentStorage: boolean }
+export type SageBridgeFetchRequest = { url: string; method?: string | null; headers?: Partial<{ [key in string]: string }>; body?: string | null }
+export type SageBridgeFetchResponse = { ok: boolean; status: number; status_text: string; headers: Partial<{ [key in string]: string }>; body_text: string }
 /**
  * Save a theme NFT to the wallet
  */
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/bridge.ts b/src/lib/apps/bridge.ts
index b328e4aaf..cfa032e2d 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/bridge.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/bridge.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-import { InstalledSageApp } from '@/bindings.ts';
+import { invoke } from '@tauri-apps/api/core';
+import type {
+  InstalledSageApp,
+  SageBridgeFetchRequest,
+  SageBridgeFetchResponse,
+} from '@/bindings';
 
 export interface SageBridgeRequest {
   channel: 'sage-bridge';
@@ -113,6 +118,24 @@ export async function handleBridgeRequest(
       case 'sage.getPermissions':
         return success(request.id, ctx.app.permissions);
 
+      case 'network.fetch': {
+        if (!ctx.app.permissions.network) {
+          return failure(
+            request.id,
+            'forbidden',
+            'Network access denied by Sage',
+          );
+        }
+
+        const params = request.params as SageBridgeFetchRequest;
+        const response = await invoke<SageBridgeFetchResponse>(
+          'bridge_fetch_http',
+          { req: params },
+        );
+
+        return success(request.id, response);
+      }
+
       default:
         return failure(
           request.id,
@@ -127,3 +150,4 @@ export async function handleBridgeRequest(
     return failure(request.id, 'internal_error', message);
   }
 }
+

From 41f1bbd33da841b3eba280134ef3300142918075 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Wed, 15 Apr 2026 11:22:44 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 010/471] Add support for handling corrupted apps and refine
 app permission management

---
 src-tauri/src/apps.rs                    | 365 +++++++++++++++++++++--
 src-tauri/src/lib.rs                     |   1 +
 src/bindings.ts                          |  24 +-
 src/components/apps/CorruptedAppCard.tsx |  42 +++
 src/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx   | 237 +++++++++++----
 src/components/apps/InstalledAppCard.tsx |  63 ++--
 src/hooks/useApps.ts                     |  31 +-
 src/lib/apps/bridge.ts                   |  44 ++-
 src/pages/Apps.tsx                       |  27 +-
 9 files changed, 665 insertions(+), 169 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/components/apps/CorruptedAppCard.tsx

diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps.rs
index 77f582113..4da19066f 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use std::{
     path::{Path, PathBuf},
     time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH},
 };
-use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+use std::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet};
 use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
 use reqwest::Method;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
@@ -24,14 +24,49 @@ pub struct SageAppPermissions {
     pub persistent_storage: bool,
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
+pub struct SageNetworkPermissionEntry {
+    pub scheme: String,
+    pub host: String,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub required: bool,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+pub struct SagePersistentStoragePermission {
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub required: bool,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default)]
+pub struct SageRequestedPermissions {
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub network: Vec<SageNetworkPermissionEntry>,
+
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub persistent_storage: Option<SagePersistentStoragePermission>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default)]
+pub struct SageGrantedPermissions {
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub network: Vec<SageGrantedNetworkPermissionEntry>,
+
+    #[serde(rename = "persistentStorage", alias = "persistent_storage", default)]
+    pub persistent_storage: bool,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
+pub struct SageGrantedNetworkPermissionEntry {
+    pub scheme: String,
+    pub host: String,
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
 pub struct SageAppPackageManifest {
     pub name: String,
     pub version: String,
-    pub permissions: SageAppPermissions,
-
-    #[serde(default)]
-    pub required_permissions: Vec<String>,
+    pub permissions: SageRequestedPermissions,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
@@ -49,7 +84,25 @@ pub struct InstalledSageApp {
     #[serde(rename = "iconFile", alias = "icon_file")]
     pub icon_file: String,
 
-    pub permissions: SageAppPermissions,
+    #[serde(rename = "requestedPermissions", alias = "requested_permissions")]
+    pub requested_permissions: SageRequestedPermissions,
+
+    #[serde(rename = "grantedPermissions", alias = "granted_permissions")]
+    pub granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+pub struct CorruptedInstalledSageApp {
+    pub id: String,
+    pub install_dir: String,
+    pub error: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub enum ListedSageApp {
+    Installed(InstalledSageApp),
+    Corrupted(CorruptedInstalledSageApp),
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
@@ -72,6 +125,13 @@ pub struct SageBridgeFetchResponse {
     pub body_text: String,
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+pub struct SageBridgeFetchBatchRequest {
+    pub requests: Vec<SageBridgeFetchRequest>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub max_concurrency: Option<usize>,
+}
+
 fn apps_root(base_path: &Path) -> PathBuf {
     base_path.join("apps")
 }
@@ -217,9 +277,134 @@ fn read_manifest(package_root: &Path) -> AnyResult<SageAppPackageManifest> {
         return Err(anyhow!("manifest version cannot be empty"));
     }
 
+    validate_requested_permissions(&manifest.permissions)?;
+
     Ok(manifest)
 }
 
+fn normalize_scheme(scheme: &str) -> String {
+    scheme.trim().to_ascii_lowercase()
+}
+
+fn normalize_host(host: &str) -> String {
+    host.trim().to_ascii_lowercase()
+}
+
+fn validate_network_permission_entry(entry: &SageNetworkPermissionEntry) -> AnyResult<()> {
+    let scheme = normalize_scheme(&entry.scheme);
+    let host = normalize_host(&entry.host);
+
+    match scheme.as_str() {
+        "http" | "https" | "ws" | "wss" => {}
+        _ => return Err(anyhow!("unsupported network scheme: {}", entry.scheme)),
+    }
+
+    if host.is_empty() {
+        return Err(anyhow!("network host cannot be empty"));
+    }
+
+    if host == "*" {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+
+    if host.starts_with("*.") {
+        if host.len() <= 2 || host[2..].contains('*') {
+            return Err(anyhow!("invalid wildcard host pattern: {}", entry.host));
+        }
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+
+    if host.contains('*') {
+        return Err(anyhow!("only leading wildcard hosts are supported: {}", entry.host));
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn validate_requested_permissions(permissions: &SageRequestedPermissions) -> AnyResult<()> {
+    let mut seen = BTreeSet::new();
+
+    for entry in &permissions.network {
+        validate_network_permission_entry(entry)?;
+
+        let key = (normalize_scheme(&entry.scheme), normalize_host(&entry.host));
+        if !seen.insert(key) {
+            return Err(anyhow!(
+                "duplicate network permission entry: {} {}",
+                entry.scheme,
+                entry.host
+            ));
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn validate_granted_permissions_against_requested(
+    requested: &SageRequestedPermissions,
+    granted: &SageGrantedPermissions,
+) -> AnyResult<()> {
+    let requested_set: BTreeSet<(String, String)> = requested
+        .network
+        .iter()
+        .map(|entry| (normalize_scheme(&entry.scheme), normalize_host(&entry.host)))
+        .collect();
+
+    let required_set: BTreeSet<(String, String)> = requested
+        .network
+        .iter()
+        .filter(|entry| entry.required)
+        .map(|entry| (normalize_scheme(&entry.scheme), normalize_host(&entry.host)))
+        .collect();
+
+    let granted_set: BTreeSet<(String, String)> = granted
+        .network
+        .iter()
+        .map(|entry| (normalize_scheme(&entry.scheme), normalize_host(&entry.host)))
+        .collect();
+
+    for key in &granted_set {
+        if !requested_set.contains(key) {
+            return Err(anyhow!(
+                "granted network permission not present in manifest request: {} {}",
+                key.0,
+                key.1
+            ));
+        }
+    }
+
+    for key in &required_set {
+        if !granted_set.contains(key) {
+            return Err(anyhow!(
+                "missing required network permission grant: {} {}",
+                key.0,
+                key.1
+            ));
+        }
+    }
+
+    let requested_storage = requested.persistent_storage.is_some();
+    let required_storage = requested
+        .persistent_storage
+        .as_ref()
+        .map(|p| p.required)
+        .unwrap_or(false);
+
+    if granted.persistent_storage && !requested_storage {
+        return Err(anyhow!(
+            "persistent storage granted but not requested by manifest"
+        ));
+    }
+
+    if required_storage && !granted.persistent_storage {
+        return Err(anyhow!(
+            "missing required persistent storage permission"
+        ));
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
 fn validate_package_structure(package_root: &Path) -> AnyResult<()> {
     let icon = package_root.join("icon.png");
     let entry = package_root.join("dist").join("index.html");
@@ -256,7 +441,7 @@ fn write_installed_app_metadata(app: &InstalledSageApp, install_dir: &Path) -> A
     Ok(())
 }
 
-fn list_installed_apps_internal(root: &Path) -> AnyResult<Vec<InstalledSageApp>> {
+fn list_installed_apps_internal(root: &Path) -> AnyResult<Vec<ListedSageApp>> {
     if !root.exists() {
         return Ok(Vec::new());
     }
@@ -280,15 +465,43 @@ fn list_installed_apps_internal(root: &Path) -> AnyResult<Vec<InstalledSageApp>>
             continue;
         }
 
+        let Some(id) = path
+            .file_name()
+            .and_then(|s| s.to_str())
+            .map(|s| s.to_string())
+        else {
+            continue;
+        };
+
         let metadata_path = installed_metadata_path(&path);
         if !metadata_path.is_file() {
             continue;
         }
 
-        apps.push(read_installed_app_from_dir(&path)?);
+        match read_installed_app_from_dir(&path) {
+            Ok(app) => apps.push(ListedSageApp::Installed(app)),
+            Err(err) => apps.push(ListedSageApp::Corrupted(CorruptedInstalledSageApp {
+                id,
+                install_dir: path.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+                error: err.to_string(),
+            })),
+        }
     }
 
-    apps.sort_by(|a, b| a.name.to_lowercase().cmp(&b.name.to_lowercase()));
+    apps.sort_by(|a, b| {
+        let a_key = match a {
+            ListedSageApp::Installed(app) => app.name.to_lowercase(),
+            ListedSageApp::Corrupted(app) => app.id.to_lowercase(),
+        };
+
+        let b_key = match b {
+            ListedSageApp::Installed(app) => app.name.to_lowercase(),
+            ListedSageApp::Corrupted(app) => app.id.to_lowercase(),
+        };
+
+        a_key.cmp(&b_key)
+    });
+
     Ok(apps)
 }
 
@@ -316,7 +529,7 @@ pub async fn preview_app_zip(
 
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
-pub async fn list_installed_apps(state: State<'_, AppState>) -> Result<Vec<InstalledSageApp>> {
+pub async fn list_installed_apps(state: State<'_, AppState>) -> Result<Vec<ListedSageApp>> {
     let base_path = {
         let state = state.lock().await;
         state.path.clone()
@@ -341,7 +554,7 @@ pub async fn list_installed_apps(state: State<'_, AppState>) -> Result<Vec<Insta
 pub async fn install_app_zip(
     state: State<'_, AppState>,
     zip_path: String,
-    granted_permissions: SageAppPermissions,
+    granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
 ) -> Result<InstalledSageApp> {
     let base_path = {
         let state = state.lock().await;
@@ -370,12 +583,18 @@ pub async fn install_app_zip(
     let result = (|| -> AnyResult<InstalledSageApp> {
         unzip_to_dir(Path::new(&zip_path), &unpack_dir)?;
         let package_root = detect_package_root(&unpack_dir)?;
-        let manifest = read_manifest(&package_root)?;
         validate_package_structure(&package_root)?;
+        let manifest = read_manifest(&package_root)?;
+        validate_granted_permissions_against_requested(&manifest.permissions, &granted_permissions)?;
 
         let existing = list_installed_apps_internal(&root)?
             .into_iter()
-            .find(|app| app.name == manifest.name);
+            .find_map(|app| match app {
+                ListedSageApp::Installed(installed) if installed.name == manifest.name => {
+                    Some(installed)
+                }
+                _ => None,
+            });
 
         let app_id = existing
             .map(|app| app.id)
@@ -401,7 +620,8 @@ pub async fn install_app_zip(
                 .to_string_lossy()
                 .to_string(),
             icon_file: install_dir.join("icon.png").to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-            permissions: granted_permissions,
+            requested_permissions: manifest.permissions,
+            granted_permissions,
         };
 
         write_installed_app_metadata(&installed, &install_dir)?;
@@ -442,8 +662,19 @@ pub async fn uninstall_app(state: State<'_, AppState>, app_id: String) -> Result
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
 pub async fn bridge_fetch_http(
+    state: State<'_, AppState>,
+    app_id: String,
     req: SageBridgeFetchRequest,
 ) -> Result<SageBridgeFetchResponse> {
+    let base_path = {
+        let state = state.lock().await;
+        state.path.clone()
+    };
+
+    let app = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id).map_err(|err| {
+        io::Error::other(format!("failed to read installed app {app_id}: {err}"))
+    })?;
+
     let method = req
         .method
         .as_deref()
@@ -454,17 +685,30 @@ pub async fn bridge_fetch_http(
     let parsed_url = reqwest::Url::parse(&req.url)
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("invalid URL: {err}")))?;
 
-    match parsed_url.scheme() {
-        "http" | "https" => {}
-        other => {
-            return Err(io::Error::other(format!(
-                "unsupported URL scheme: {other}"
-            ))
-                .into());
-        }
+    let scheme = parsed_url.scheme().to_string();
+    let host = parsed_url
+        .host_str()
+        .ok_or_else(|| io::Error::other("URL is missing host"))?
+        .to_string();
+
+    if !matches!(scheme.as_str(), "http" | "https") {
+        return Err(io::Error::other(format!(
+            "unsupported fetch scheme: {scheme}"
+        ))
+            .into());
+    }
+
+    if !is_network_allowed_for_app(&app, &scheme, &host) {
+        return Err(io::Error::other(format!(
+            "network access denied for {scheme}://{host}"
+        ))
+            .into());
     }
 
-    let client = reqwest::Client::new();
+    let client = reqwest::Client::builder()
+        .redirect(reqwest::redirect::Policy::limited(5))
+        .build()?;
+
     let mut request_builder = client.request(method, parsed_url);
 
     for (key, value) in req.headers {
@@ -501,6 +745,29 @@ pub async fn bridge_fetch_http(
     })
 }
 
+#[command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn bridge_fetch_http_batch(
+    state: State<'_, AppState>,
+    app_id: String,
+    req: SageBridgeFetchBatchRequest,
+) -> Result<Vec<SageBridgeFetchResponse>> {
+    let mut results = Vec::with_capacity(req.requests.len());
+
+    for request in req.requests {
+        let response = bridge_fetch_http(
+            state.clone(),
+            app_id.clone(),
+            request,
+        )
+            .await?;
+
+        results.push(response);
+    }
+
+    Ok(results)
+}
+
 fn app_install_dir(base_path: &Path, app_id: &str) -> PathBuf {
     apps_root(base_path).join(app_id)
 }
@@ -619,8 +886,8 @@ fn build_sage_bootstrap(app: &InstalledSageApp) -> String {
     let app_id = html_escape_json_string(&app.id);
     let app_name = html_escape_json_string(&app.name);
     let app_version = html_escape_json_string(&app.version);
-    let permissions =
-        serde_json::to_string(&app.permissions).unwrap_or_else(|_| "{}".to_string());
+    let permissions = serde_json::to_string(&app.granted_permissions)
+        .unwrap_or_else(|_| "{}".to_string());
 
     format!(
         r#"(function () {{
@@ -720,6 +987,13 @@ fn build_sage_bootstrap(app: &InstalledSageApp) -> String {
       }};
       return callHost('network.fetch', params);
     }},
+    async fetchBatch(input) {{
+      const params = {{
+        requests: input?.requests ?? [],
+        max_concurrency: input?.max_concurrency ?? null,
+      }};
+      return callHost('network.fetchBatch', params);
+    }},
     appInfo: __sageAppInfo,
   }};
 }})();
@@ -763,10 +1037,16 @@ fn build_app_csp(app: &InstalledSageApp) -> String {
     let base_uri = csp_source_list(&["'none'"]);
     let form_action = csp_source_list(&["'none'"]);
 
-    let connect_src = if app.permissions.network {
-        csp_source_list(&["'self'", "https:", "wss:"])
+    let connect_src = if app.granted_permissions.network.is_empty() {
+        csp_source_list(&["'self'", "ipc:", "ipc://localhost", "http://ipc.localhost", "https://ipc.localhost"])
     } else {
-        csp_source_list(&["'none'"])
+        csp_source_list(&[
+            "'self'",
+            "ipc:",
+            "ipc://localhost",
+            "http://ipc.localhost",
+            "https://ipc.localhost",
+        ])
     };
 
     format!(
@@ -783,3 +1063,32 @@ fn build_app_csp(app: &InstalledSageApp) -> String {
          connect-src {connect_src}"
     )
 }
+
+fn host_matches_pattern(host: &str, pattern: &str) -> bool {
+    let host = normalize_host(host);
+    let pattern = normalize_host(pattern);
+
+    if pattern == "*" {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    if let Some(suffix) = pattern.strip_prefix("*.") {
+        return host.ends_with(&format!(".{suffix}"));
+    }
+
+    host == pattern
+}
+
+fn is_network_allowed_for_app(
+    app: &InstalledSageApp,
+    scheme: &str,
+    host: &str,
+) -> bool {
+    let scheme = normalize_scheme(scheme);
+    let host = normalize_host(host);
+
+    app.granted_permissions.network.iter().any(|entry| {
+        normalize_scheme(&entry.scheme) == scheme
+            && host_matches_pattern(&host, &entry.host)
+    })
+}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
index 750af4ef8..fdd1d8383 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
@@ -148,6 +148,7 @@ pub fn run() {
             apps::install_app_zip,
             apps::uninstall_app,
             apps::bridge_fetch_http,
+            apps::bridge_fetch_http_batch,
         ])
         .events(collect_events![SyncEvent]);
 
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index a020b043b..7a6ad3562 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -359,20 +359,23 @@ async getLogs() : Promise<LogFile[]> {
 async isAssetOwned(req: IsAssetOwned) : Promise<IsAssetOwnedResponse> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("is_asset_owned", { req });
 },
-async listInstalledApps() : Promise<InstalledSageApp[]> {
+async listInstalledApps() : Promise<ListedSageApp[]> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("list_installed_apps");
 },
 async previewAppZip(zipPath: string) : Promise<SageAppPackageManifest> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("preview_app_zip", { zipPath });
 },
-async installAppZip(zipPath: string, grantedPermissions: SageAppPermissions) : Promise<InstalledSageApp> {
+async installAppZip(zipPath: string, grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions) : Promise<InstalledSageApp> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("install_app_zip", { zipPath, grantedPermissions });
 },
 async uninstallApp(appId: string) : Promise<null> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("uninstall_app", { appId });
 },
-async bridgeFetchHttp(req: SageBridgeFetchRequest) : Promise<SageBridgeFetchResponse> {
-    return await TAURI_INVOKE("bridge_fetch_http", { req });
+async bridgeFetchHttp(appId: string, req: SageBridgeFetchRequest) : Promise<SageBridgeFetchResponse> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("bridge_fetch_http", { appId, req });
+},
+async bridgeFetchHttpBatch(appId: string, req: SageBridgeFetchBatchRequest) : Promise<SageBridgeFetchResponse[]> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("bridge_fetch_http_batch", { appId, req });
 }
 }
 
@@ -737,6 +740,7 @@ export type CombineOffersResponse = {
  * Combined offer string
  */
 offer: string }
+export type CorruptedInstalledSageApp = { id: string; install_dir: string; error: string }
 /**
  * Create a new DID
  */
@@ -1709,7 +1713,7 @@ index: number }
  */
 export type IncreaseDerivationIndexResponse = Record<string, never>
 export type InheritedNetwork = "mainnet" | "testnet11"
-export type InstalledSageApp = { id: string; name: string; version: string; installDir: string; entryFile: string; iconFile: string; permissions: SageAppPermissions }
+export type InstalledSageApp = { id: string; name: string; version: string; installDir: string; entryFile: string; iconFile: string; requestedPermissions: SageRequestedPermissions; grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions }
 /**
  * Check if an asset is owned
  */
@@ -1768,6 +1772,7 @@ innerPuzzleHash: string | null;
  * Amount
  */
 amount: number | null }
+export type ListedSageApp = ({ kind: "installed" } & InstalledSageApp) | ({ kind: "corrupted" } & CorruptedInstalledSageApp)
 export type LogFile = { name: string; text: string }
 /**
  * Login to a wallet using a fingerprint
@@ -2171,10 +2176,15 @@ export type ResyncCatResponse = Record<string, never>
  * Response from resynchronizing the wallet
  */
 export type ResyncResponse = Record<string, never>
-export type SageAppPackageManifest = { name: string; version: string; permissions: SageAppPermissions; required_permissions?: string[] }
-export type SageAppPermissions = { network: boolean; persistentStorage: boolean }
+export type SageAppPackageManifest = { name: string; version: string; permissions: SageRequestedPermissions }
+export type SageBridgeFetchBatchRequest = { requests: SageBridgeFetchRequest[]; max_concurrency?: number | null }
 export type SageBridgeFetchRequest = { url: string; method?: string | null; headers?: Partial<{ [key in string]: string }>; body?: string | null }
 export type SageBridgeFetchResponse = { ok: boolean; status: number; status_text: string; headers: Partial<{ [key in string]: string }>; body_text: string }
+export type SageGrantedNetworkPermissionEntry = { scheme: string; host: string }
+export type SageGrantedPermissions = { network?: SageGrantedNetworkPermissionEntry[]; persistentStorage?: boolean }
+export type SageNetworkPermissionEntry = { scheme: string; host: string; required?: boolean }
+export type SagePersistentStoragePermission = { required?: boolean }
+export type SageRequestedPermissions = { network?: SageNetworkPermissionEntry[]; persistent_storage?: SagePersistentStoragePermission | null }
 /**
  * Save a theme NFT to the wallet
  */
diff --git a/src/components/apps/CorruptedAppCard.tsx b/src/components/apps/CorruptedAppCard.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cc583c510
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/components/apps/CorruptedAppCard.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+import { Badge } from '@/components/ui/badge';
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
+import { Card, CardContent, CardHeader, CardTitle } from '@/components/ui/card';
+import { CorruptedInstalledSageApp } from '@/bindings';
+import { Trash2, TriangleAlert } from 'lucide-react';
+
+interface Props {
+  app: CorruptedInstalledSageApp;
+  onRemove: () => Promise<void>;
+}
+
+export function CorruptedAppCard({ app, onRemove }: Props) {
+  return (
+    <Card>
+      <CardHeader className='flex flex-row items-start justify-between space-y-0 gap-4'>
+        <div className='space-y-2 min-w-0'>
+          <CardTitle className='flex items-center gap-3'>
+            <TriangleAlert className='h-5 w-5 text-destructive' />
+            <span>{app.id}</span>
+            <Badge variant='destructive'>corrupted</Badge>
+          </CardTitle>
+
+          <div className='text-xs text-muted-foreground break-all'>
+            Install dir: {app.install_dir}
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div className='flex items-center gap-2 shrink-0'>
+          <Button variant='outline' onClick={() => void onRemove()}>
+            <Trash2 className='h-4 w-4 mr-2' />
+            Remove
+          </Button>
+        </div>
+      </CardHeader>
+
+      <CardContent>
+        <div className='text-sm text-destructive break-words'>{app.error}</div>
+      </CardContent>
+    </Card>
+  );
+}
+
diff --git a/src/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx b/src/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx
index 91425bac0..f10798f98 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
 import { Card, CardContent, CardHeader, CardTitle } from '@/components/ui/card';
+import { Checkbox } from '@/components/ui/checkbox';
 import {
   Dialog,
   DialogContent,
@@ -7,29 +8,51 @@ import {
   DialogHeader,
   DialogTitle,
 } from '@/components/ui/dialog';
-import { Checkbox } from '@/components/ui/checkbox';
-import { open } from '@tauri-apps/plugin-dialog';
 import { invoke } from '@tauri-apps/api/core';
-import { useState } from 'react';
-import type { SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPermissions } from '@/bindings';
+import { open } from '@tauri-apps/plugin-dialog';
+import { useMemo, useState } from 'react';
+import type {
+  SageAppPackageManifest,
+  SageGrantedNetworkPermissionEntry,
+  SageGrantedPermissions,
+  SageNetworkPermissionEntry,
+} from '@/bindings';
 
 interface Props {
   onInstall: (
     zipPath: string,
-    permissions: SageAppPermissions,
+    permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
   ) => Promise<void>;
 }
 
+function networkEntryKey(entry: { scheme: string; host: string }): string {
+  return `${entry.scheme}://${entry.host}`;
+}
+
+function sortNetworkEntries(entries: SageNetworkPermissionEntry[]) {
+  return [...entries].sort((a, b) => {
+    const aKey = `${a.scheme}://${a.host}`;
+    const bKey = `${b.scheme}://${b.host}`;
+    return aKey.localeCompare(bKey);
+  });
+}
+
 export function InstallAppForm({ onInstall }: Props) {
   const [installing, setInstalling] = useState(false);
   const [error, setError] = useState<string | null>(null);
 
   const [manifest, setManifest] = useState<SageAppPackageManifest | null>(null);
   const [zipPath, setZipPath] = useState<string | null>(null);
-  const [permissions, setPermissions] = useState<SageAppPermissions>({
-    network: false,
-    persistentStorage: false,
-  });
+
+  const [grantedNetworkKeys, setGrantedNetworkKeys] = useState<string[]>([]);
+  const [persistentStorageGranted, setPersistentStorageGranted] =
+    useState(false);
+
+  const sortedNetworkEntries = useMemo(() => {
+    return manifest
+      ? sortNetworkEntries(manifest.permissions.network ?? [])
+      : [];
+  }, [manifest]);
 
   async function handleSelect() {
     try {
@@ -41,38 +64,69 @@ export function InstallAppForm({ onInstall }: Props) {
         filters: [{ name: 'Zip Archive', extensions: ['zip'] }],
       });
 
-      if (!selected || Array.isArray(selected)) return;
+      if (!selected || Array.isArray(selected)) {
+        return;
+      }
 
-      const manifest = await invoke<SageAppPackageManifest>('preview_app_zip', {
-        zipPath: selected,
-      });
+      const nextManifest = await invoke<SageAppPackageManifest>(
+        'preview_app_zip',
+        {
+          zipPath: selected,
+        },
+      );
 
-      setManifest(manifest);
-      setZipPath(selected);
+      const network = nextManifest.permissions.network ?? [];
+      const persistentStorage =
+        nextManifest.permissions.persistent_storage ?? null;
 
-      setPermissions({
-        network: !!manifest.permissions.network,
-        persistentStorage: !!manifest.permissions.persistentStorage,
+      setManifest({
+        ...nextManifest,
+        permissions: {
+          ...nextManifest.permissions,
+          network,
+          persistent_storage: persistentStorage,
+        },
       });
+      setZipPath(selected);
+
+      setGrantedNetworkKeys(network.map((entry) => networkEntryKey(entry)));
+
+      setPersistentStorageGranted(!!nextManifest.permissions.persistent_storage);
     } catch (err) {
       setError(err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err));
     }
   }
 
+  function buildGrantedPermissions(): SageGrantedPermissions {
+    const grantedNetwork: SageGrantedNetworkPermissionEntry[] =
+      sortedNetworkEntries
+        .filter((entry) => grantedNetworkKeys.includes(networkEntryKey(entry)))
+        .map((entry) => ({
+          scheme: entry.scheme,
+          host: entry.host,
+        }));
+
+    return {
+      network: grantedNetwork,
+      persistentStorage: persistentStorageGranted,
+    };
+  }
+
   async function confirmInstall() {
-    if (!zipPath || !manifest) return;
+    if (!zipPath || !manifest) {
+      return;
+    }
 
     try {
       setInstalling(true);
+      setError(null);
 
-      await onInstall(zipPath, permissions);
+      await onInstall(zipPath, buildGrantedPermissions());
 
       setManifest(null);
       setZipPath(null);
-      setPermissions({
-        network: false,
-        persistentStorage: false,
-      });
+      setGrantedNetworkKeys([]);
+      setPersistentStorageGranted(false);
     } catch (err) {
       setError(err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err));
     } finally {
@@ -80,8 +134,6 @@ export function InstallAppForm({ onInstall }: Props) {
     }
   }
 
-  const required = new Set(manifest?.required_permissions ?? []);
-
   return (
     <>
       <Card>
@@ -103,59 +155,112 @@ export function InstallAppForm({ onInstall }: Props) {
         </CardContent>
       </Card>
 
-      <Dialog open={!!manifest} onOpenChange={() => setManifest(null)}>
+      <Dialog
+        open={!!manifest}
+        onOpenChange={(open) => {
+          if (!open) {
+            setManifest(null);
+            setZipPath(null);
+            setGrantedNetworkKeys([]);
+            setPersistentStorageGranted(false);
+          }
+        }}
+      >
         <DialogContent>
           <DialogHeader>
             <DialogTitle>Install {manifest?.name}</DialogTitle>
           </DialogHeader>
 
-          <div className='space-y-4'>
+          <div className='space-y-5'>
             <div className='text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
               v{manifest?.version}
             </div>
 
-            <div className='space-y-2'>
-              {manifest &&
-                (
-                  Object.entries(manifest.permissions) as [
-                    keyof SageAppPermissions,
-                    boolean,
-                  ][]
-                ).map(([key, value]) => {
-                  if (!value) return null;
-
-                  const isRequired = required.has(key);
-
-                  return (
-                    <label
-                      key={key}
-                      className='flex items-center gap-3 text-sm'
-                    >
-                      <Checkbox
-                        checked={permissions[key]}
-                        disabled={isRequired}
-                        onCheckedChange={(checked) => {
-                          setPermissions((prev) => ({
-                            ...prev,
-                            [key]: Boolean(checked),
-                          }));
-                        }}
-                      />
-
-                      <span>
-                        {key === 'persistentStorage'
-                          ? 'persistent storage'
-                          : key}
-                        {isRequired ? ' (required)' : ''}
-                      </span>
-                    </label>
-                  );
-                })}
+            <div className='space-y-3'>
+              <h3 className='text-sm font-medium'>Permissions</h3>
+
+              {manifest?.permissions.persistent_storage ? (
+                <label className='flex items-center gap-3 text-sm'>
+                  <Checkbox
+                    checked={persistentStorageGranted}
+                    disabled={manifest.permissions.persistent_storage.required}
+                    onCheckedChange={(checked) => {
+                      setPersistentStorageGranted(Boolean(checked));
+                    }}
+                  />
+                  <span>
+                    Persistent storage
+                    {manifest.permissions.persistent_storage.required
+                      ? ' (required)'
+                      : ''}
+                  </span>
+                </label>
+              ) : null}
+
+              {sortedNetworkEntries.length > 0 ? (
+                <div className='space-y-2'>
+                  <div className='text-sm font-medium'>Network allowlist</div>
+
+                  <div className='space-y-2 rounded-md border p-3'>
+                    {sortedNetworkEntries.map((entry) => {
+                      const key = networkEntryKey(entry);
+                      const checked = grantedNetworkKeys.includes(key);
+
+                      return (
+                        <label
+                          key={key}
+                          className='flex items-center gap-3 text-sm'
+                        >
+                          <Checkbox
+                            checked={checked}
+                            disabled={entry.required}
+                            onCheckedChange={(nextChecked) => {
+                              setGrantedNetworkKeys((prev) => {
+                                if (nextChecked) {
+                                  if (prev.includes(key)) {
+                                    return prev;
+                                  }
+                                  return [...prev, key];
+                                }
+
+                                return prev.filter((value) => value !== key);
+                              });
+                            }}
+                          />
+                          <span className='font-mono text-xs'>
+                            {entry.scheme}://{entry.host}
+                            {entry.required ? ' (required)' : ''}
+                          </span>
+                        </label>
+                      );
+                    })}
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              ) : null}
+
+              {!manifest?.permissions.persistent_storage &&
+              sortedNetworkEntries.length === 0 ? (
+                <div className='text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
+                  This app does not request any permissions.
+                </div>
+              ) : null}
             </div>
+
+            {error ? (
+              <div className='text-sm text-destructive'>{error}</div>
+            ) : null}
           </div>
 
           <DialogFooter>
-            <Button variant='outline' onClick={() => setManifest(null)}>
+            <Button
+              variant='outline'
+              onClick={() => {
+                setManifest(null);
+                setZipPath(null);
+                setGrantedNetworkKeys([]);
+                setPersistentStorageGranted(false);
+              }}
+            >
               Cancel
             </Button>
 
diff --git a/src/components/apps/InstalledAppCard.tsx b/src/components/apps/InstalledAppCard.tsx
index ea765a4dd..64f8a4bf3 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/InstalledAppCard.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/InstalledAppCard.tsx
@@ -1,27 +1,16 @@
 import { Badge } from '@/components/ui/badge';
 import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
 import { Card, CardContent, CardHeader, CardTitle } from '@/components/ui/card';
+import type { InstalledSageApp } from '@/bindings';
 import { Trash2 } from 'lucide-react';
 import { useMemo } from 'react';
 import { useNavigate } from 'react-router-dom';
-import { InstalledSageApp } from '@/bindings.ts';
 
 interface Props {
   app: InstalledSageApp;
   onUninstall: () => Promise<void>;
 }
 
-function permissionLabel(key: keyof InstalledSageApp['permissions']) {
-  switch (key) {
-    case 'network':
-      return 'Network';
-    case 'persistentStorage':
-      return 'Persistent storage';
-    default:
-      return key;
-  }
-}
-
 export function InstalledAppCard({ app, onUninstall }: Props) {
   const navigate = useNavigate();
 
@@ -29,10 +18,20 @@ export function InstalledAppCard({ app, onUninstall }: Props) {
     return `sage-app://${app.id}/icon.png`;
   }, [app.id]);
 
+  const networkBadges = useMemo(() => {
+    return [...(app.grantedPermissions.network ?? [])].sort((a, b) => {
+      const aKey = `${a.scheme}://${a.host}`;
+      const bKey = `${b.scheme}://${b.host}`;
+      return aKey.localeCompare(bKey);
+    });
+  }, [app.grantedPermissions.network]);
+
+  const hasPersistentStorage = app.grantedPermissions.persistentStorage;
+
   return (
     <Card>
-      <CardHeader className='flex flex-row items-start justify-between space-y-0 gap-4'>
-        <div className='space-y-2 min-w-0'>
+      <CardHeader className='flex flex-row items-start justify-between gap-4 space-y-0'>
+        <div className='min-w-0 space-y-2'>
           <CardTitle className='flex items-center gap-3'>
             <img
               src={iconSrc}
@@ -45,15 +44,15 @@ export function InstalledAppCard({ app, onUninstall }: Props) {
 
           <div className='text-sm text-muted-foreground'>v{app.version}</div>
 
-          <div className='text-xs text-muted-foreground break-all'>
+          <div className='break-all text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
             Install dir: {app.installDir}
           </div>
         </div>
 
-        <div className='flex items-center gap-2 shrink-0'>
+        <div className='flex shrink-0 items-center gap-2'>
           <Button onClick={() => navigate(`/apps/${app.id}`)}>Open</Button>
           <Button variant='outline' onClick={() => void onUninstall()}>
-            <Trash2 className='h-4 w-4 mr-2' />
+            <Trash2 className='mr-2 h-4 w-4' />
             Remove
           </Button>
         </div>
@@ -61,21 +60,25 @@ export function InstalledAppCard({ app, onUninstall }: Props) {
 
       <CardContent className='space-y-3'>
         <div className='flex flex-wrap gap-2'>
-          {(
-            Object.entries(app.permissions) as [
-              keyof InstalledSageApp['permissions'],
-              boolean,
-            ][]
-          )
-            .filter(([, allowed]) => allowed)
-            .map(([permission]) => (
-              <Badge key={permission} variant='outline'>
-                {permissionLabel(permission)}
-              </Badge>
-            ))}
+          {hasPersistentStorage ? (
+            <Badge variant='outline'>Persistent storage</Badge>
+          ) : null}
+
+          {networkBadges.map((entry) => (
+            <Badge
+              key={`${entry.scheme}://${entry.host}`}
+              variant='outline'
+              className='font-mono text-xs'
+            >
+              {entry.scheme}://{entry.host}
+            </Badge>
+          ))}
+
+          {!hasPersistentStorage && networkBadges.length === 0 ? (
+            <Badge variant='outline'>No permissions</Badge>
+          ) : null}
         </div>
       </CardContent>
     </Card>
   );
 }
-
diff --git a/src/hooks/useApps.ts b/src/hooks/useApps.ts
index 7c23fb4a2..834e2147f 100644
--- a/src/hooks/useApps.ts
+++ b/src/hooks/useApps.ts
@@ -1,9 +1,13 @@
 import { invoke } from '@tauri-apps/api/core';
 import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react';
-import { InstalledSageApp, SageAppPermissions } from '@/bindings.ts';
+import {
+  InstalledSageApp,
+  ListedSageApp,
+  SageGrantedPermissions,
+} from '@/bindings.ts';
 
 export function useApps() {
-  const [apps, setApps] = useState<InstalledSageApp[]>([]);
+  const [apps, setApps] = useState<ListedSageApp[]>([]);
   const [loading, setLoading] = useState(true);
   const [error, setError] = useState<string | null>(null);
 
@@ -11,7 +15,7 @@ export function useApps() {
     try {
       setLoading(true);
       setError(null);
-      const result = await invoke<InstalledSageApp[]>('list_installed_apps');
+      const result = await invoke<ListedSageApp[]>('list_installed_apps');
       setApps(result);
     } catch (err) {
       setError(err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err));
@@ -25,7 +29,7 @@ export function useApps() {
   }, [refresh]);
 
   const installApp = useCallback(
-    async (zipPath: string, permissions: SageAppPermissions) => {
+    async (zipPath: string, permissions: SageGrantedPermissions) => {
       await invoke<InstalledSageApp>('install_app_zip', {
         zipPath,
         grantedPermissions: permissions,
@@ -45,7 +49,14 @@ export function useApps() {
 
   const getApp = useCallback(
     (appId: string): InstalledSageApp | undefined => {
-      return apps.find((app) => app.id === appId);
+      const app = apps.find((app) => {
+        if (app.kind === 'installed') {
+          return app.id === appId;
+        }
+        return app.id === appId;
+      });
+
+      return app?.kind === 'installed' ? app : undefined;
     },
     [apps],
   );
@@ -58,7 +69,15 @@ export function useApps() {
   );
 
   const sortedApps = useMemo(() => {
-    return [...apps].sort((a, b) => a.name.localeCompare(b.name));
+    return [...apps].sort((a, b) => {
+      const aKey =
+        a.kind === 'installed' ? a.name.toLowerCase() : a.id.toLowerCase();
+
+      const bKey =
+        b.kind === 'installed' ? b.name.toLowerCase() : b.id.toLowerCase();
+
+      return aKey.localeCompare(bKey);
+    });
   }, [apps]);
 
   return {
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/bridge.ts b/src/lib/apps/bridge.ts
index cfa032e2d..4e80bd434 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/bridge.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/bridge.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import { invoke } from '@tauri-apps/api/core';
 import type {
   InstalledSageApp,
+  SageBridgeFetchBatchRequest,
   SageBridgeFetchRequest,
   SageBridgeFetchResponse,
 } from '@/bindings';
@@ -82,19 +83,6 @@ export function isBridgeRequest(value: unknown): value is SageBridgeRequest {
   );
 }
 
-export function isBridgeResponse(value: unknown): value is SageBridgeResponse {
-  if (!value || typeof value !== 'object') {
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  const maybe = value as Partial<SageBridgeResponse>;
-  return (
-    maybe.channel === 'sage-bridge' &&
-    typeof maybe.id === 'string' &&
-    typeof maybe.ok === 'boolean'
-  );
-}
-
 export async function handleBridgeRequest(
   ctx: SageBridgeContext,
   request: SageBridgeRequest,
@@ -116,21 +104,31 @@ export async function handleBridgeRequest(
         });
 
       case 'sage.getPermissions':
-        return success(request.id, ctx.app.permissions);
+        return success(request.id, ctx.app.grantedPermissions);
 
       case 'network.fetch': {
-        if (!ctx.app.permissions.network) {
-          return failure(
-            request.id,
-            'forbidden',
-            'Network access denied by Sage',
-          );
-        }
-
         const params = request.params as SageBridgeFetchRequest;
+
         const response = await invoke<SageBridgeFetchResponse>(
           'bridge_fetch_http',
-          { req: params },
+          {
+            appId: ctx.app.id,
+            req: params,
+          },
+        );
+
+        return success(request.id, response);
+      }
+
+      case 'network.fetchBatch': {
+        const params = request.params as SageBridgeFetchBatchRequest;
+
+        const response = await invoke<SageBridgeFetchResponse[]>(
+          'bridge_fetch_http_batch',
+          {
+            appId: ctx.app.id,
+            req: params,
+          },
         );
 
         return success(request.id, response);
diff --git a/src/pages/Apps.tsx b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
index 45e7dfef1..b0d75b5d3 100644
--- a/src/pages/Apps.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 import { InstallAppForm } from '@/components/apps/InstallAppForm';
 import { InstalledAppCard } from '@/components/apps/InstalledAppCard';
 import { useApps } from '@/hooks/useApps';
-import { SageAppPermissions } from '@/bindings.ts';
+import { CorruptedAppCard } from '@/components/apps/CorruptedAppCard.tsx';
+import { SageGrantedPermissions } from '@/bindings.ts';
 
 export function Apps() {
   const { apps, loading, error, installApp, uninstallApp } = useApps();
@@ -17,7 +18,7 @@ export function Apps() {
         </div>
 
         <InstallAppForm
-          onInstall={(zipPath: string, permissions: SageAppPermissions) =>
+          onInstall={(zipPath: string, permissions: SageGrantedPermissions) =>
             installApp(zipPath, permissions)
           }
         />
@@ -35,13 +36,21 @@ export function Apps() {
             </div>
           ) : apps.length > 0 ? (
             <div className='grid gap-4'>
-              {apps.map((app) => (
-                <InstalledAppCard
-                  key={app.id}
-                  app={app}
-                  onUninstall={() => uninstallApp(app.id)}
-                />
-              ))}
+              {apps.map((app) =>
+                app.kind === 'installed' ? (
+                  <InstalledAppCard
+                    key={app.id}
+                    app={app}
+                    onUninstall={() => uninstallApp(app.id)}
+                  />
+                ) : (
+                  <CorruptedAppCard
+                    key={app.id}
+                    app={app}
+                    onRemove={() => uninstallApp(app.id)}
+                  />
+                ),
+              )}
             </div>
           ) : (
             <div className='rounded-lg border p-6 text-sm text-muted-foreground'>

From 21a02b6d4d4513b0ab8cc6c679101b6e5aba7561 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Wed, 15 Apr 2026 12:09:57 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 011/471] Add WebSocket support to Sage bridge, including open,
 send, close, and event handling

---
 src-tauri/src/apps.rs  |  70 +++++--
 src/lib/apps/bridge.ts | 411 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/pages/AppHost.tsx  |  29 ++-
 3 files changed, 488 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps.rs
index 4da19066f..a4da37a4b 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps.rs
@@ -906,6 +906,24 @@ fn build_sage_bootstrap(app: &InstalledSageApp) -> String {
 
   const currentWebview = tauri.webview.getCurrentWebview();
   const sourceLabel = currentWebview.label;
+  const bridgeListeners = new Set();
+
+  currentWebview.listen('sage-bridge:event', (event) => {{
+    const data = event.payload;
+    if (!data || data.channel !== 'sage-bridge') {{
+      return;
+    }}
+
+    for (const listener of bridgeListeners) {{
+      try {{
+        listener(data);
+      }} catch (error) {{
+        console.error('Sage bridge event listener failed:', error);
+      }}
+    }}
+  }}).catch((error) => {{
+    console.error('Failed to subscribe to sage-bridge:event:', error);
+  }});
 
   async function callHost(method, params) {{
     const id = `sage-${{Date.now()}}-${{Math.random().toString(36).slice(2)}}`;
@@ -994,6 +1012,38 @@ fn build_sage_bootstrap(app: &InstalledSageApp) -> String {
       }};
       return callHost('network.fetchBatch', params);
     }},
+    async openWebSocket(input) {{
+      const params = {{
+        url: input?.url,
+        protocols: Array.isArray(input?.protocols) ? input.protocols : [],
+      }};
+      return callHost('network.wsOpen', params);
+    }},
+    async sendWebSocket(input) {{
+      const params = {{
+        socketId: input?.socketId,
+        text: input?.text,
+        base64: input?.base64,
+      }};
+      return callHost('network.wsSend', params);
+    }},
+    async closeWebSocket(input) {{
+      const params = {{
+        socketId: input?.socketId,
+        code: input?.code,
+        reason: input?.reason,
+      }};
+      return callHost('network.wsClose', params);
+    }},
+    addEventListener(listener) {{
+      bridgeListeners.add(listener);
+      return () => {{
+        bridgeListeners.delete(listener);
+      }};
+    }},
+    removeEventListener(listener) {{
+      bridgeListeners.delete(listener);
+    }},
     appInfo: __sageAppInfo,
   }};
 }})();
@@ -1025,7 +1075,7 @@ fn csp_source_list(items: &[&str]) -> String {
     items.join(" ")
 }
 
-fn build_app_csp(app: &InstalledSageApp) -> String {
+fn build_app_csp(_app: &InstalledSageApp) -> String {
     let default_src = csp_source_list(&["'self'"]);
     let script_src = csp_source_list(&["'self'", "'wasm-unsafe-eval'"]);
     let style_src = csp_source_list(&["'self'", "'unsafe-inline'"]);
@@ -1037,17 +1087,13 @@ fn build_app_csp(app: &InstalledSageApp) -> String {
     let base_uri = csp_source_list(&["'none'"]);
     let form_action = csp_source_list(&["'none'"]);
 
-    let connect_src = if app.granted_permissions.network.is_empty() {
-        csp_source_list(&["'self'", "ipc:", "ipc://localhost", "http://ipc.localhost", "https://ipc.localhost"])
-    } else {
-        csp_source_list(&[
-            "'self'",
-            "ipc:",
-            "ipc://localhost",
-            "http://ipc.localhost",
-            "https://ipc.localhost",
-        ])
-    };
+    let connect_src = csp_source_list(&[
+        "'self'",
+        "ipc:",
+        "ipc://localhost",
+        "http://ipc.localhost",
+        "https://ipc.localhost",
+    ]);
 
     format!(
         "default-src {default_src}; \
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/bridge.ts b/src/lib/apps/bridge.ts
index 4e80bd434..50569c6c4 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/bridge.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/bridge.ts
@@ -34,8 +34,50 @@ export type SageBridgeResponse =
   | SageBridgeSuccessResponse
   | SageBridgeErrorResponse;
 
+export interface SageBridgeWebSocketOpenRequest {
+  url: string;
+  protocols?: string[];
+}
+
+export interface SageBridgeWebSocketSendRequest {
+  socketId: string;
+  text?: string;
+  base64?: string;
+}
+
+export interface SageBridgeWebSocketCloseRequest {
+  socketId: string;
+  code?: number;
+  reason?: string;
+}
+
+export interface SageBridgeWebSocketEvent {
+  socketId: string;
+  type: 'open' | 'message' | 'close' | 'error';
+  data?:
+    | {
+        kind: 'text';
+        text: string;
+      }
+    | {
+        kind: 'binaryBase64';
+        base64: string;
+      };
+  code?: number;
+  reason?: string;
+  wasClean?: boolean;
+  message?: string;
+}
+
+export interface SageBridgeEventEnvelope {
+  channel: 'sage-bridge';
+  event: 'network.websocket';
+  payload: SageBridgeWebSocketEvent;
+}
+
 export interface SageBridgeContext {
   app: InstalledSageApp;
+  emitEvent?: (event: SageBridgeEventEnvelope) => Promise<void> | void;
 }
 
 export interface SageBridgeEventPayload {
@@ -83,6 +125,353 @@ export function isBridgeRequest(value: unknown): value is SageBridgeRequest {
   );
 }
 
+const appSockets = new Map<string, Map<string, WebSocket>>();
+
+function randomId(prefix: string): string {
+  return `${prefix}-${Date.now()}-${Math.random().toString(36).slice(2)}`;
+}
+
+function normalizeScheme(value: string): string {
+  return value.trim().toLowerCase();
+}
+
+function normalizeHost(value: string): string {
+  return value.trim().toLowerCase();
+}
+
+function hostMatchesPattern(host: string, pattern: string): boolean {
+  const normalizedHost = normalizeHost(host);
+  const normalizedPattern = normalizeHost(pattern);
+
+  if (normalizedPattern === '*') {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  if (normalizedPattern.startsWith('*.')) {
+    const suffix = normalizedPattern.slice(2);
+    return normalizedHost.endsWith(`.${suffix}`);
+  }
+
+  return normalizedHost === normalizedPattern;
+}
+
+function isNetworkAllowedForApp(
+  app: InstalledSageApp,
+  scheme: string,
+  host: string,
+): boolean {
+  const normalizedScheme = normalizeScheme(scheme);
+  const normalizedHost = normalizeHost(host);
+
+  return (app.grantedPermissions.network ?? []).some((entry) => {
+    return (
+      normalizeScheme(entry.scheme) === normalizedScheme &&
+      hostMatchesPattern(normalizedHost, entry.host)
+    );
+  });
+}
+
+function getSocketMap(appId: string): Map<string, WebSocket> {
+  let sockets = appSockets.get(appId);
+
+  if (!sockets) {
+    sockets = new Map<string, WebSocket>();
+    appSockets.set(appId, sockets);
+  }
+
+  return sockets;
+}
+
+function getSocket(appId: string, socketId: string): WebSocket | undefined {
+  return appSockets.get(appId)?.get(socketId);
+}
+
+function deleteSocket(appId: string, socketId: string) {
+  const sockets = appSockets.get(appId);
+  if (!sockets) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  sockets.delete(socketId);
+
+  if (sockets.size === 0) {
+    appSockets.delete(appId);
+  }
+}
+
+function arrayBufferToBase64(buffer: ArrayBuffer): string {
+  const bytes = new Uint8Array(buffer);
+  let binary = '';
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < bytes.length; i += 1) {
+    binary += String.fromCharCode(bytes[i]);
+  }
+
+  return btoa(binary);
+}
+
+function base64ToUint8Array(base64: string): Uint8Array {
+  const binary = atob(base64);
+  const out = new Uint8Array(binary.length);
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < binary.length; i += 1) {
+    out[i] = binary.charCodeAt(i);
+  }
+
+  return out;
+}
+
+async function emitWebSocketEvent(
+  ctx: SageBridgeContext,
+  event: SageBridgeWebSocketEvent,
+) {
+  await ctx.emitEvent?.({
+    channel: 'sage-bridge',
+    event: 'network.websocket',
+    payload: event,
+  });
+}
+
+function cleanupSocketMap(appId: string) {
+  const sockets = appSockets.get(appId);
+  if (!sockets) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  for (const [, socket] of sockets) {
+    try {
+      socket.close();
+    } catch {
+      // ignore
+    }
+  }
+
+  appSockets.delete(appId);
+}
+
+export function cleanupBridgeResources(appId: string) {
+  cleanupSocketMap(appId);
+}
+
+async function handleWebSocketOpen(
+  ctx: SageBridgeContext,
+  requestId: string,
+  params: SageBridgeWebSocketOpenRequest,
+): Promise<SageBridgeResponse> {
+  if (!params || typeof params.url !== 'string' || params.url.trim() === '') {
+    return failure(requestId, 'invalid_params', 'Missing WebSocket URL');
+  }
+
+  let parsedUrl: URL;
+
+  try {
+    parsedUrl = new URL(params.url);
+  } catch {
+    return failure(requestId, 'invalid_params', 'Invalid WebSocket URL');
+  }
+
+  const scheme = normalizeScheme(parsedUrl.protocol.replace(/:$/, ''));
+  const host = normalizeHost(parsedUrl.hostname);
+
+  if (scheme !== 'ws' && scheme !== 'wss') {
+    return failure(
+      requestId,
+      'invalid_params',
+      `Unsupported WebSocket scheme: ${scheme}`,
+    );
+  }
+
+  if (!isNetworkAllowedForApp(ctx.app, scheme, host)) {
+    return failure(
+      requestId,
+      'network_access_denied',
+      `Network access denied for ${scheme}://${host}`,
+    );
+  }
+
+  const socketId = randomId('ws');
+  const socketMap = getSocketMap(ctx.app.id);
+
+  try {
+    const socket =
+      Array.isArray(params.protocols) && params.protocols.length > 0
+        ? new WebSocket(parsedUrl.toString(), params.protocols)
+        : new WebSocket(parsedUrl.toString());
+
+    socket.binaryType = 'arraybuffer';
+    socketMap.set(socketId, socket);
+
+    socket.addEventListener('open', () => {
+      void emitWebSocketEvent(ctx, {
+        socketId,
+        type: 'open',
+      });
+    });
+
+    socket.addEventListener('message', (event) => {
+      const data = event.data;
+
+      if (typeof data === 'string') {
+        void emitWebSocketEvent(ctx, {
+          socketId,
+          type: 'message',
+          data: {
+            kind: 'text',
+            text: data,
+          },
+        });
+        return;
+      }
+
+      if (data instanceof ArrayBuffer) {
+        void emitWebSocketEvent(ctx, {
+          socketId,
+          type: 'message',
+          data: {
+            kind: 'binaryBase64',
+            base64: arrayBufferToBase64(data),
+          },
+        });
+        return;
+      }
+
+      if (data instanceof Blob) {
+        void data.arrayBuffer().then((buffer) => {
+          void emitWebSocketEvent(ctx, {
+            socketId,
+            type: 'message',
+            data: {
+              kind: 'binaryBase64',
+              base64: arrayBufferToBase64(buffer),
+            },
+          });
+        });
+        return;
+      }
+
+      void emitWebSocketEvent(ctx, {
+        socketId,
+        type: 'error',
+        message: 'Received unsupported WebSocket message type',
+      });
+    });
+
+    socket.addEventListener('close', (event) => {
+      deleteSocket(ctx.app.id, socketId);
+
+      void emitWebSocketEvent(ctx, {
+        socketId,
+        type: 'close',
+        code: event.code,
+        reason: event.reason,
+        wasClean: event.wasClean,
+      });
+    });
+
+    socket.addEventListener('error', () => {
+      void emitWebSocketEvent(ctx, {
+        socketId,
+        type: 'error',
+        message: 'WebSocket error',
+      });
+    });
+
+    return success(requestId, {
+      socketId,
+      readyState: socket.readyState,
+    });
+  } catch (error) {
+    deleteSocket(ctx.app.id, socketId);
+
+    return failure(
+      requestId,
+      'internal_error',
+      error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Failed to open WebSocket',
+    );
+  }
+}
+
+async function handleWebSocketSend(
+  ctx: SageBridgeContext,
+  requestId: string,
+  params: SageBridgeWebSocketSendRequest,
+): Promise<SageBridgeResponse> {
+  if (
+    !params ||
+    typeof params.socketId !== 'string' ||
+    params.socketId === ''
+  ) {
+    return failure(requestId, 'invalid_params', 'Missing socketId');
+  }
+
+  const socket = getSocket(ctx.app.id, params.socketId);
+
+  if (!socket) {
+    return failure(requestId, 'not_found', 'WebSocket not found');
+  }
+
+  if (socket.readyState !== WebSocket.OPEN) {
+    return failure(
+      requestId,
+      'invalid_state',
+      `WebSocket is not open (state ${socket.readyState})`,
+    );
+  }
+
+  try {
+    if (typeof params.text === 'string') {
+      socket.send(params.text);
+    } else if (typeof params.base64 === 'string') {
+      socket.send(base64ToUint8Array(params.base64));
+    } else {
+      return failure(
+        requestId,
+        'invalid_params',
+        'Provide either text or base64 payload',
+      );
+    }
+
+    return success(requestId, { ok: true });
+  } catch (error) {
+    return failure(
+      requestId,
+      'internal_error',
+      error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Failed to send WebSocket data',
+    );
+  }
+}
+
+async function handleWebSocketClose(
+  ctx: SageBridgeContext,
+  requestId: string,
+  params: SageBridgeWebSocketCloseRequest,
+): Promise<SageBridgeResponse> {
+  if (
+    !params ||
+    typeof params.socketId !== 'string' ||
+    params.socketId === ''
+  ) {
+    return failure(requestId, 'invalid_params', 'Missing socketId');
+  }
+
+  const socket = getSocket(ctx.app.id, params.socketId);
+
+  if (!socket) {
+    return failure(requestId, 'not_found', 'WebSocket not found');
+  }
+
+  try {
+    socket.close(params.code, params.reason);
+    return success(requestId, { ok: true });
+  } catch (error) {
+    return failure(
+      requestId,
+      'internal_error',
+      error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Failed to close WebSocket',
+    );
+  }
+}
+
 export async function handleBridgeRequest(
   ctx: SageBridgeContext,
   request: SageBridgeRequest,
@@ -134,6 +523,27 @@ export async function handleBridgeRequest(
         return success(request.id, response);
       }
 
+      case 'network.wsOpen':
+        return handleWebSocketOpen(
+          ctx,
+          request.id,
+          request.params as SageBridgeWebSocketOpenRequest,
+        );
+
+      case 'network.wsSend':
+        return handleWebSocketSend(
+          ctx,
+          request.id,
+          request.params as SageBridgeWebSocketSendRequest,
+        );
+
+      case 'network.wsClose':
+        return handleWebSocketClose(
+          ctx,
+          request.id,
+          request.params as SageBridgeWebSocketCloseRequest,
+        );
+
       default:
         return failure(
           request.id,
@@ -148,4 +558,3 @@ export async function handleBridgeRequest(
     return failure(request.id, 'internal_error', message);
   }
 }
-
diff --git a/src/pages/AppHost.tsx b/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
index 7edfc9a89..6712b097b 100644
--- a/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import { Alert, AlertDescription, AlertTitle } from '@/components/ui/alert';
 import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
 import { useApps } from '@/hooks/useApps';
 import {
+  cleanupBridgeResources,
   handleBridgeRequest,
   isBridgeRequest,
   type SageBridgeEventPayload,
@@ -168,15 +169,25 @@ export function AppHost() {
             return;
           }
 
-          void handleBridgeRequest({ app: installedApp }, payload.request).then(
-            (response) => {
-              void hostWebview.emitTo(
-                payload.sourceLabel,
-                'sage-bridge:response',
-                response,
-              );
+          void handleBridgeRequest(
+            {
+              app: installedApp,
+              emitEvent: async (event) => {
+                await hostWebview.emitTo(
+                  payload.sourceLabel,
+                  'sage-bridge:event',
+                  event,
+                );
+              },
             },
-          );
+            payload.request,
+          ).then((response) => {
+            void hostWebview.emitTo(
+              payload.sourceLabel,
+              'sage-bridge:response',
+              response,
+            );
+          });
         },
       );
     };
@@ -192,6 +203,7 @@ export function AppHost() {
       unlistenBridge?.();
       removeWindowResize?.();
       clearDelayedSyncTimers();
+      cleanupBridgeResources(installedApp.id);
 
       if (embeddedWebview) {
         void embeddedWebview.close().catch((err) => {
@@ -256,4 +268,3 @@ export function AppHost() {
     </div>
   );
 }
-

From 4a31a42a6e35e371d23d446e13e2e9a2f19ab915 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Wed, 15 Apr 2026 12:42:14 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 012/471] Add `bridge_fetch_http_batch_stream` support for
 streaming batch network requests and integrate `futures` and `uuid`
 dependencies

---
 Cargo.lock             |  53 ++++++++-----
 src-tauri/Cargo.toml   |   2 +
 src-tauri/src/apps.rs  | 165 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 src-tauri/src/lib.rs   |   1 +
 src/bindings.ts        |   3 +
 src/lib/apps/bridge.ts |  12 +++
 6 files changed, 211 insertions(+), 25 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 152ab57be..4db671868 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -2739,11 +2739,26 @@ dependencies = [
  "new_debug_unreachable",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "futures"
+version = "0.3.32"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "8b147ee9d1f6d097cef9ce628cd2ee62288d963e16fb287bd9286455b241382d"
+dependencies = [
+ "futures-channel",
+ "futures-core",
+ "futures-executor",
+ "futures-io",
+ "futures-sink",
+ "futures-task",
+ "futures-util",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "futures-channel"
-version = "0.3.31"
+version = "0.3.32"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2dff15bf788c671c1934e366d07e30c1814a8ef514e1af724a602e8a2fbe1b10"
+checksum = "07bbe89c50d7a535e539b8c17bc0b49bdb77747034daa8087407d655f3f7cc1d"
 dependencies = [
  "futures-core",
  "futures-sink",
@@ -2751,15 +2766,15 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "futures-core"
-version = "0.3.31"
+version = "0.3.32"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "05f29059c0c2090612e8d742178b0580d2dc940c837851ad723096f87af6663e"
+checksum = "7e3450815272ef58cec6d564423f6e755e25379b217b0bc688e295ba24df6b1d"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "futures-executor"
-version = "0.3.31"
+version = "0.3.32"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1e28d1d997f585e54aebc3f97d39e72338912123a67330d723fdbb564d646c9f"
+checksum = "baf29c38818342a3b26b5b923639e7b1f4a61fc5e76102d4b1981c6dc7a7579d"
 dependencies = [
  "futures-core",
  "futures-task",
@@ -2779,9 +2794,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "futures-io"
-version = "0.3.31"
+version = "0.3.32"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9e5c1b78ca4aae1ac06c48a526a655760685149f0d465d21f37abfe57ce075c6"
+checksum = "cecba35d7ad927e23624b22ad55235f2239cfa44fd10428eecbeba6d6a717718"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "futures-lite"
@@ -2798,9 +2813,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "futures-macro"
-version = "0.3.31"
+version = "0.3.32"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "162ee34ebcb7c64a8abebc059ce0fee27c2262618d7b60ed8faf72fef13c3650"
+checksum = "e835b70203e41293343137df5c0664546da5745f82ec9b84d40be8336958447b"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -2809,15 +2824,15 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "futures-sink"
-version = "0.3.31"
+version = "0.3.32"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e575fab7d1e0dcb8d0c7bcf9a63ee213816ab51902e6d244a95819acacf1d4f7"
+checksum = "c39754e157331b013978ec91992bde1ac089843443c49cbc7f46150b0fad0893"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "futures-task"
-version = "0.3.31"
+version = "0.3.32"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f90f7dce0722e95104fcb095585910c0977252f286e354b5e3bd38902cd99988"
+checksum = "037711b3d59c33004d3856fbdc83b99d4ff37a24768fa1be9ce3538a1cde4393"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "futures-timer"
@@ -2827,10 +2842,11 @@ checksum = "f288b0a4f20f9a56b5d1da57e2227c661b7b16168e2f72365f57b63326e29b24"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "futures-util"
-version = "0.3.31"
+version = "0.3.32"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9fa08315bb612088cc391249efdc3bc77536f16c91f6cf495e6fbe85b20a4a81"
+checksum = "389ca41296e6190b48053de0321d02a77f32f8a5d2461dd38762c0593805c6d6"
 dependencies = [
+ "futures-channel",
  "futures-core",
  "futures-io",
  "futures-macro",
@@ -2838,7 +2854,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "futures-task",
  "memchr",
  "pin-project-lite",
- "pin-utils",
  "slab",
 ]
 
@@ -6489,6 +6504,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "aws-lc-rs",
  "chia-wallet-sdk",
+ "futures",
  "glob",
  "mime_guess",
  "reqwest 0.12.24",
@@ -6519,6 +6535,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "tauri-specta",
  "tokio",
  "tracing",
+ "uuid",
  "zip",
 ]
 
@@ -7920,7 +7937,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "0136791f7c95b1f6dd99f9cc786b91bb81c3800b639b3478e561ddb7be95e5f1"
 dependencies = [
  "fastrand",
- "getrandom 0.3.4",
+ "getrandom 0.4.2",
  "once_cell",
  "rustix 1.1.3",
  "windows-sys 0.61.2",
diff --git a/src-tauri/Cargo.toml b/src-tauri/Cargo.toml
index 7c4d82418..546da6da8 100644
--- a/src-tauri/Cargo.toml
+++ b/src-tauri/Cargo.toml
@@ -43,6 +43,8 @@ mime_guess = "2"
 # https://aws.github.io/aws-lc-rs/platform_support.html#tested-platforms
 aws-lc-rs = { version = "1", features = ["bindgen"] }
 tauri-plugin-sharesheet = "0.0.1"
+futures = "0.3.32"
+uuid = { version = "1.19.0", features = ["v4"] }
 
 [target.'cfg(not(any(target_os = "android", target_os = "ios")))'.dependencies]
 tauri-plugin-window-state = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps.rs
index a4da37a4b..38680b604 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps.rs
@@ -5,14 +5,18 @@ use std::{
     time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH},
 };
 use std::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet};
+use std::sync::Arc;
 use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
+use futures::stream::FuturesUnordered;
+use futures::StreamExt;
 use reqwest::Method;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
-use tauri::{State, command};
+use tauri::{State, command, Emitter};
 use zip::ZipArchive;
 use tauri::http::{Response, StatusCode};
-
+use tokio::sync::Semaphore;
+use uuid::Uuid;
 use crate::{app_state::AppState, error::Result};
 
 const INSTALLED_METADATA_FILE: &str = ".sage-installed.json";
@@ -659,15 +663,13 @@ pub async fn uninstall_app(state: State<'_, AppState>, app_id: String) -> Result
     Ok(())
 }
 
-#[command]
-#[specta::specta]
-pub async fn bridge_fetch_http(
-    state: State<'_, AppState>,
+async fn bridge_fetch_http_inner(
+    app_state: AppState,
     app_id: String,
     req: SageBridgeFetchRequest,
 ) -> Result<SageBridgeFetchResponse> {
     let base_path = {
-        let state = state.lock().await;
+        let state = app_state.lock().await;
         state.path.clone()
     };
 
@@ -745,6 +747,16 @@ pub async fn bridge_fetch_http(
     })
 }
 
+#[command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn bridge_fetch_http(
+    state: State<'_, AppState>,
+    app_id: String,
+    req: SageBridgeFetchRequest,
+) -> Result<SageBridgeFetchResponse> {
+    bridge_fetch_http_inner(state.inner().clone(), app_id, req).await
+}
+
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
 pub async fn bridge_fetch_http_batch(
@@ -768,6 +780,83 @@ pub async fn bridge_fetch_http_batch(
     Ok(results)
 }
 
+#[command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn bridge_fetch_http_batch_stream(
+    app_handle: tauri::AppHandle,
+    state: State<'_, AppState>,
+    app_id: String,
+    source_label: String,
+    req: SageBridgeFetchBatchRequest,
+) -> Result<String> {
+    let batch_id = format!("batch-{}", Uuid::new_v4());
+    let batch_id_for_task = batch_id.clone(); // ✅ fix move
+
+    let max = req.max_concurrency.unwrap_or(8);
+    let semaphore = Arc::new(Semaphore::new(max));
+
+    // ✅ clone inner state (important)
+    let app_state = state.inner().clone();
+
+    tauri::async_runtime::spawn(async move {
+        let mut futures = FuturesUnordered::new();
+
+        for (index, request) in req.requests.into_iter().enumerate() {
+            let permit = semaphore.clone().acquire_owned().await.unwrap();
+
+            let app_handle = app_handle.clone();
+            let app_id = app_id.clone();
+            let source_label = source_label.clone();
+            let batch_id = batch_id_for_task.clone();
+            let app_state = app_state.clone();
+
+            futures.push(async move {
+                let _permit = permit;
+
+                let result = bridge_fetch_http_inner(
+                    app_state.clone(),
+                    app_id,
+                    request,
+                )
+                    .await;
+
+                let payload = match result {
+                    Ok(res) => serde_json::json!({
+                        "batchId": batch_id,
+                        "index": index,
+                        "ok": true,
+                        "result": res
+                    }),
+                    Err(err) => serde_json::json!({
+                        "batchId": batch_id,
+                        "index": index,
+                        "ok": false,
+                        "error": err.to_string()
+                    }),
+                };
+
+                let _ = app_handle.emit_to(
+                    &source_label,
+                    "sage-bridge:batch:result",
+                    payload,
+                );
+            });
+        }
+
+        while futures.next().await.is_some() {}
+
+        let _ = app_handle.emit_to(
+            &source_label,
+            "sage-bridge:batch:done",
+            serde_json::json!({
+                "batchId": batch_id_for_task
+            }),
+        );
+    });
+
+    Ok(batch_id)
+}
+
 fn app_install_dir(base_path: &Path, app_id: &str) -> PathBuf {
     apps_root(base_path).join(app_id)
 }
@@ -1012,6 +1101,68 @@ fn build_sage_bootstrap(app: &InstalledSageApp) -> String {
       }};
       return callHost('network.fetchBatch', params);
     }},
+    async fetchBatchStream(input) {{
+      const params = {{
+        requests: input?.requests ?? [],
+        max_concurrency: input?.max_concurrency ?? null,
+      }};
+
+      const batchId = await callHost('network.fetchBatchStream', params);
+
+      const listeners = {{
+        result: [],
+        done: [],
+      }};
+
+      let closed = false;
+
+      const unlisten = await currentWebview.listen(
+        'sage-bridge:batch:result',
+        (event) => {{
+          const data = event.payload;
+          if (!data || data.batchId !== batchId) return;
+
+          listeners.result.forEach((fn) => fn(data));
+        }}
+      );
+
+      const unlistenDone = await currentWebview.listen(
+        'sage-bridge:batch:done',
+        (event) => {{
+          const data = event.payload;
+          if (!data || data.batchId !== batchId) return;
+
+          listeners.done.forEach((fn) => fn());
+
+          cleanup();
+        }}
+      );
+
+      function cleanup() {{
+        if (closed) return;
+        closed = true;
+        unlisten();
+        unlistenDone();
+      }}
+
+      return {{
+        batchId,
+
+        onResult(fn) {{
+          listeners.result.push(fn);
+          return this;
+        }},
+
+        onDone(fn) {{
+          listeners.done.push(fn);
+          return this;
+        }},
+
+        dispose() {{
+          cleanup();
+        }},
+      }};
+    }},
     async openWebSocket(input) {{
       const params = {{
         url: input?.url,
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
index fdd1d8383..e4f6d6cfe 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
@@ -149,6 +149,7 @@ pub fn run() {
             apps::uninstall_app,
             apps::bridge_fetch_http,
             apps::bridge_fetch_http_batch,
+            apps::bridge_fetch_http_batch_stream,
         ])
         .events(collect_events![SyncEvent]);
 
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index 7a6ad3562..ff92512a7 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -376,6 +376,9 @@ async bridgeFetchHttp(appId: string, req: SageBridgeFetchRequest) : Promise<Sage
 },
 async bridgeFetchHttpBatch(appId: string, req: SageBridgeFetchBatchRequest) : Promise<SageBridgeFetchResponse[]> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("bridge_fetch_http_batch", { appId, req });
+},
+async bridgeFetchHttpBatchStream(appId: string, sourceLabel: string, req: SageBridgeFetchBatchRequest) : Promise<string> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("bridge_fetch_http_batch_stream", { appId, sourceLabel, req });
 }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/bridge.ts b/src/lib/apps/bridge.ts
index 50569c6c4..058e153d3 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/bridge.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/bridge.ts
@@ -523,6 +523,18 @@ export async function handleBridgeRequest(
         return success(request.id, response);
       }
 
+      case 'network.fetchBatchStream': {
+        const params = request.params as SageBridgeFetchBatchRequest;
+
+        const batchId = await invoke<string>('bridge_fetch_http_batch_stream', {
+          appId: ctx.app.id,
+          sourceLabel: request.id,
+          req: params,
+        });
+
+        return success(request.id, { batchId });
+      }
+
       case 'network.wsOpen':
         return handleWebSocketOpen(
           ctx,

From 3ea015356ee71cf7bdbb19b691ed02bba972b418 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Wed, 15 Apr 2026 12:54:39 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 013/471] Remove `apps.rs` and all associated app management,
 protocol handling, and Sage bridge features from the codebase

---
 src-tauri/src/apps.rs                  | 1291 ------------------------
 src-tauri/src/apps/bootstrap.rs        |  129 +++
 src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/batch.rs     |  184 ++++
 src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/core.rs      |   15 +
 src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/fetch.rs     |  113 +++
 src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/mod.rs       |   13 +
 src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/types.rs     |    0
 src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/websocket.rs |   29 +
 src-tauri/src/apps/csp.rs              |   40 +
 src-tauri/src/apps/install.rs          |  439 ++++++++
 src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs              |   10 +
 src-tauri/src/apps/permissions.rs      |  157 +++
 src-tauri/src/apps/protocol.rs         |  126 +++
 src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs            |  119 +++
 src-tauri/src/lib.rs                   |   14 +-
 15 files changed, 1381 insertions(+), 1298 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 src-tauri/src/apps.rs
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/src/apps/bootstrap.rs
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/batch.rs
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/core.rs
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/fetch.rs
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/mod.rs
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/types.rs
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/websocket.rs
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/src/apps/csp.rs
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/src/apps/install.rs
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/src/apps/permissions.rs
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/src/apps/protocol.rs
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs

diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 38680b604..000000000
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1291 +0,0 @@
-use std::{
-    fs,
-    io,
-    path::{Path, PathBuf},
-    time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH},
-};
-use std::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet};
-use std::sync::Arc;
-use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
-use futures::stream::FuturesUnordered;
-use futures::StreamExt;
-use reqwest::Method;
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use specta::Type;
-use tauri::{State, command, Emitter};
-use zip::ZipArchive;
-use tauri::http::{Response, StatusCode};
-use tokio::sync::Semaphore;
-use uuid::Uuid;
-use crate::{app_state::AppState, error::Result};
-
-const INSTALLED_METADATA_FILE: &str = ".sage-installed.json";
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-pub struct SageAppPermissions {
-    pub network: bool,
-    #[serde(rename = "persistentStorage", alias = "persistent_storage")]
-    pub persistent_storage: bool,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
-pub struct SageNetworkPermissionEntry {
-    pub scheme: String,
-    pub host: String,
-    #[serde(default)]
-    pub required: bool,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-pub struct SagePersistentStoragePermission {
-    #[serde(default)]
-    pub required: bool,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default)]
-pub struct SageRequestedPermissions {
-    #[serde(default)]
-    pub network: Vec<SageNetworkPermissionEntry>,
-
-    #[serde(default)]
-    pub persistent_storage: Option<SagePersistentStoragePermission>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default)]
-pub struct SageGrantedPermissions {
-    #[serde(default)]
-    pub network: Vec<SageGrantedNetworkPermissionEntry>,
-
-    #[serde(rename = "persistentStorage", alias = "persistent_storage", default)]
-    pub persistent_storage: bool,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
-pub struct SageGrantedNetworkPermissionEntry {
-    pub scheme: String,
-    pub host: String,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-pub struct SageAppPackageManifest {
-    pub name: String,
-    pub version: String,
-    pub permissions: SageRequestedPermissions,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-pub struct InstalledSageApp {
-    pub id: String,
-    pub name: String,
-    pub version: String,
-
-    #[serde(rename = "installDir", alias = "install_dir")]
-    pub install_dir: String,
-
-    #[serde(rename = "entryFile", alias = "entry_file")]
-    pub entry_file: String,
-
-    #[serde(rename = "iconFile", alias = "icon_file")]
-    pub icon_file: String,
-
-    #[serde(rename = "requestedPermissions", alias = "requested_permissions")]
-    pub requested_permissions: SageRequestedPermissions,
-
-    #[serde(rename = "grantedPermissions", alias = "granted_permissions")]
-    pub granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-pub struct CorruptedInstalledSageApp {
-    pub id: String,
-    pub install_dir: String,
-    pub error: String,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-#[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub enum ListedSageApp {
-    Installed(InstalledSageApp),
-    Corrupted(CorruptedInstalledSageApp),
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-pub struct SageBridgeFetchRequest {
-    pub url: String,
-    #[serde(default)]
-    pub method: Option<String>,
-    #[serde(default)]
-    pub headers: BTreeMap<String, String>,
-    #[serde(default)]
-    pub body: Option<String>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-pub struct SageBridgeFetchResponse {
-    pub ok: bool,
-    pub status: u16,
-    pub status_text: String,
-    pub headers: BTreeMap<String, String>,
-    pub body_text: String,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-pub struct SageBridgeFetchBatchRequest {
-    pub requests: Vec<SageBridgeFetchRequest>,
-    #[serde(default)]
-    pub max_concurrency: Option<usize>,
-}
-
-fn apps_root(base_path: &Path) -> PathBuf {
-    base_path.join("apps")
-}
-
-fn current_millis() -> u128 {
-    SystemTime::now()
-        .duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)
-        .expect("time went backwards")
-        .as_millis()
-}
-
-fn slugify_name(name: &str) -> String {
-    let mut out = String::new();
-    let mut last_dash = false;
-
-    for ch in name.chars() {
-        if ch.is_ascii_alphanumeric() {
-            out.push(ch.to_ascii_lowercase());
-            last_dash = false;
-        } else if !last_dash {
-            out.push('-');
-            last_dash = true;
-        }
-    }
-
-    let out = out.trim_matches('-').to_string();
-    if out.is_empty() {
-        "app".to_string()
-    } else {
-        out
-    }
-}
-
-fn generate_app_id(name: &str) -> String {
-    format!("{}-{}", slugify_name(name), current_millis())
-}
-
-fn should_ignore_root_entry(path: &Path) -> bool {
-    let Some(name) = path.file_name().and_then(|s| s.to_str()) else {
-        return false;
-    };
-
-    name == "__MACOSX" || name == ".DS_Store"
-}
-
-fn copy_dir_all(src: &Path, dst: &Path) -> AnyResult<()> {
-    fs::create_dir_all(dst)?;
-
-    for entry in fs::read_dir(src)? {
-        let entry = entry?;
-        let file_type = entry.file_type()?;
-        let from = entry.path();
-        let to = dst.join(entry.file_name());
-
-        if file_type.is_dir() {
-            copy_dir_all(&from, &to)?;
-        } else if file_type.is_file() {
-            if let Some(parent) = to.parent() {
-                fs::create_dir_all(parent)?;
-            }
-            fs::copy(&from, &to)?;
-        }
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn unzip_to_dir(zip_path: &Path, out_dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<()> {
-    let file = fs::File::open(zip_path)
-        .with_context(|| format!("failed to open zip file {}", zip_path.display()))?;
-    let mut archive = ZipArchive::new(file).context("failed to read zip archive")?;
-
-    fs::create_dir_all(out_dir)?;
-
-    for i in 0..archive.len() {
-        let mut entry = archive.by_index(i)?;
-        let enclosed = entry
-            .enclosed_name()
-            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("zip contains invalid path"))?
-            .to_path_buf();
-
-        let out_path = out_dir.join(enclosed);
-
-        if entry.name().ends_with('/') {
-            fs::create_dir_all(&out_path)?;
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        if let Some(parent) = out_path.parent() {
-            fs::create_dir_all(parent)?;
-        }
-
-        let mut outfile = fs::File::create(&out_path)?;
-        io::copy(&mut entry, &mut outfile)?;
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn detect_package_root(unpack_dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<PathBuf> {
-    if unpack_dir.join("manifest.json").exists() {
-        return Ok(unpack_dir.to_path_buf());
-    }
-
-    let mut candidates = Vec::new();
-
-    for entry in fs::read_dir(unpack_dir)? {
-        let entry = entry?;
-        let path = entry.path();
-
-        if should_ignore_root_entry(&path) {
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        candidates.push(path);
-    }
-
-    if candidates.len() == 1 && candidates[0].is_dir() {
-        let candidate = &candidates[0];
-        if candidate.join("manifest.json").exists() {
-            return Ok(candidate.clone());
-        }
-    }
-
-    Err(anyhow!(
-        "zip must contain manifest.json at root or inside a single top-level folder"
-    ))
-}
-
-fn read_manifest(package_root: &Path) -> AnyResult<SageAppPackageManifest> {
-    let manifest_path = package_root.join("manifest.json");
-    let text = fs::read_to_string(&manifest_path)
-        .with_context(|| format!("failed to read {}", manifest_path.display()))?;
-
-    let manifest: SageAppPackageManifest =
-        serde_json::from_str(&text).context("failed to parse manifest.json")?;
-
-    if manifest.name.trim().is_empty() {
-        return Err(anyhow!("manifest name cannot be empty"));
-    }
-
-    if manifest.version.trim().is_empty() {
-        return Err(anyhow!("manifest version cannot be empty"));
-    }
-
-    validate_requested_permissions(&manifest.permissions)?;
-
-    Ok(manifest)
-}
-
-fn normalize_scheme(scheme: &str) -> String {
-    scheme.trim().to_ascii_lowercase()
-}
-
-fn normalize_host(host: &str) -> String {
-    host.trim().to_ascii_lowercase()
-}
-
-fn validate_network_permission_entry(entry: &SageNetworkPermissionEntry) -> AnyResult<()> {
-    let scheme = normalize_scheme(&entry.scheme);
-    let host = normalize_host(&entry.host);
-
-    match scheme.as_str() {
-        "http" | "https" | "ws" | "wss" => {}
-        _ => return Err(anyhow!("unsupported network scheme: {}", entry.scheme)),
-    }
-
-    if host.is_empty() {
-        return Err(anyhow!("network host cannot be empty"));
-    }
-
-    if host == "*" {
-        return Ok(());
-    }
-
-    if host.starts_with("*.") {
-        if host.len() <= 2 || host[2..].contains('*') {
-            return Err(anyhow!("invalid wildcard host pattern: {}", entry.host));
-        }
-        return Ok(());
-    }
-
-    if host.contains('*') {
-        return Err(anyhow!("only leading wildcard hosts are supported: {}", entry.host));
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn validate_requested_permissions(permissions: &SageRequestedPermissions) -> AnyResult<()> {
-    let mut seen = BTreeSet::new();
-
-    for entry in &permissions.network {
-        validate_network_permission_entry(entry)?;
-
-        let key = (normalize_scheme(&entry.scheme), normalize_host(&entry.host));
-        if !seen.insert(key) {
-            return Err(anyhow!(
-                "duplicate network permission entry: {} {}",
-                entry.scheme,
-                entry.host
-            ));
-        }
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn validate_granted_permissions_against_requested(
-    requested: &SageRequestedPermissions,
-    granted: &SageGrantedPermissions,
-) -> AnyResult<()> {
-    let requested_set: BTreeSet<(String, String)> = requested
-        .network
-        .iter()
-        .map(|entry| (normalize_scheme(&entry.scheme), normalize_host(&entry.host)))
-        .collect();
-
-    let required_set: BTreeSet<(String, String)> = requested
-        .network
-        .iter()
-        .filter(|entry| entry.required)
-        .map(|entry| (normalize_scheme(&entry.scheme), normalize_host(&entry.host)))
-        .collect();
-
-    let granted_set: BTreeSet<(String, String)> = granted
-        .network
-        .iter()
-        .map(|entry| (normalize_scheme(&entry.scheme), normalize_host(&entry.host)))
-        .collect();
-
-    for key in &granted_set {
-        if !requested_set.contains(key) {
-            return Err(anyhow!(
-                "granted network permission not present in manifest request: {} {}",
-                key.0,
-                key.1
-            ));
-        }
-    }
-
-    for key in &required_set {
-        if !granted_set.contains(key) {
-            return Err(anyhow!(
-                "missing required network permission grant: {} {}",
-                key.0,
-                key.1
-            ));
-        }
-    }
-
-    let requested_storage = requested.persistent_storage.is_some();
-    let required_storage = requested
-        .persistent_storage
-        .as_ref()
-        .map(|p| p.required)
-        .unwrap_or(false);
-
-    if granted.persistent_storage && !requested_storage {
-        return Err(anyhow!(
-            "persistent storage granted but not requested by manifest"
-        ));
-    }
-
-    if required_storage && !granted.persistent_storage {
-        return Err(anyhow!(
-            "missing required persistent storage permission"
-        ));
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn validate_package_structure(package_root: &Path) -> AnyResult<()> {
-    let icon = package_root.join("icon.png");
-    let entry = package_root.join("dist").join("index.html");
-
-    if !icon.is_file() {
-        return Err(anyhow!("package is missing icon.png"));
-    }
-
-    if !entry.is_file() {
-        return Err(anyhow!("package is missing dist/index.html"));
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn installed_metadata_path(install_dir: &Path) -> PathBuf {
-    install_dir.join(INSTALLED_METADATA_FILE)
-}
-
-fn read_installed_app_from_dir(dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<InstalledSageApp> {
-    let path = installed_metadata_path(dir);
-    let text = fs::read_to_string(&path)
-        .with_context(|| format!("failed to read {}", path.display()))?;
-    let app: InstalledSageApp =
-        serde_json::from_str(&text).context("failed to parse installed app metadata")?;
-    Ok(app)
-}
-
-fn write_installed_app_metadata(app: &InstalledSageApp, install_dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<()> {
-    let path = installed_metadata_path(install_dir);
-    let text = serde_json::to_string_pretty(app)
-        .map_err(|err| anyhow!("failed to serialize installed app metadata: {err}"))?;
-    fs::write(path, format!("{text}\n"))?;
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn list_installed_apps_internal(root: &Path) -> AnyResult<Vec<ListedSageApp>> {
-    if !root.exists() {
-        return Ok(Vec::new());
-    }
-
-    let mut apps = Vec::new();
-
-    for entry in fs::read_dir(root)? {
-        let entry = entry?;
-        let path = entry.path();
-
-        if !entry.file_type()?.is_dir() {
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        if path
-            .file_name()
-            .and_then(|s| s.to_str())
-            .map(|s| s.starts_with(".tmp-"))
-            .unwrap_or(false)
-        {
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        let Some(id) = path
-            .file_name()
-            .and_then(|s| s.to_str())
-            .map(|s| s.to_string())
-        else {
-            continue;
-        };
-
-        let metadata_path = installed_metadata_path(&path);
-        if !metadata_path.is_file() {
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        match read_installed_app_from_dir(&path) {
-            Ok(app) => apps.push(ListedSageApp::Installed(app)),
-            Err(err) => apps.push(ListedSageApp::Corrupted(CorruptedInstalledSageApp {
-                id,
-                install_dir: path.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-                error: err.to_string(),
-            })),
-        }
-    }
-
-    apps.sort_by(|a, b| {
-        let a_key = match a {
-            ListedSageApp::Installed(app) => app.name.to_lowercase(),
-            ListedSageApp::Corrupted(app) => app.id.to_lowercase(),
-        };
-
-        let b_key = match b {
-            ListedSageApp::Installed(app) => app.name.to_lowercase(),
-            ListedSageApp::Corrupted(app) => app.id.to_lowercase(),
-        };
-
-        a_key.cmp(&b_key)
-    });
-
-    Ok(apps)
-}
-
-#[command]
-#[specta::specta]
-pub async fn preview_app_zip(
-    zip_path: String,
-) -> Result<SageAppPackageManifest> {
-    let unpack_dir = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!(".sage-preview-{}", current_millis()));
-
-    let result = (|| -> AnyResult<SageAppPackageManifest> {
-        unzip_to_dir(Path::new(&zip_path), &unpack_dir)?;
-        let package_root = detect_package_root(&unpack_dir)?;
-        let manifest = read_manifest(&package_root)?;
-        validate_package_structure(&package_root)?;
-        Ok(manifest)
-    })();
-
-    let _ = fs::remove_dir_all(&unpack_dir);
-
-    result.map_err(|err| {
-        io::Error::other(format!("failed to preview app zip {}: {err}", zip_path)).into()
-    })
-}
-
-#[command]
-#[specta::specta]
-pub async fn list_installed_apps(state: State<'_, AppState>) -> Result<Vec<ListedSageApp>> {
-    let base_path = {
-        let state = state.lock().await;
-        state.path.clone()
-    };
-
-    let root = apps_root(&base_path);
-
-    fs::create_dir_all(&root).map_err(|err| {
-        io::Error::other(format!(
-            "failed to create apps directory {}: {err}",
-            root.display()
-        ))
-    })?;
-
-    list_installed_apps_internal(&root).map_err(|err| {
-        io::Error::other(format!("failed to list installed apps: {err}")).into()
-    })
-}
-
-#[command]
-#[specta::specta]
-pub async fn install_app_zip(
-    state: State<'_, AppState>,
-    zip_path: String,
-    granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
-) -> Result<InstalledSageApp> {
-    let base_path = {
-        let state = state.lock().await;
-        state.path.clone()
-    };
-
-    let root = apps_root(&base_path);
-
-    fs::create_dir_all(&root).map_err(|err| {
-        io::Error::other(format!(
-            "failed to create apps directory {}: {err}",
-            root.display()
-        ))
-    })?;
-
-    let unpack_dir = root.join(format!(".tmp-{}", current_millis()));
-    if unpack_dir.exists() {
-        fs::remove_dir_all(&unpack_dir).map_err(|err| {
-            io::Error::other(format!(
-                "failed to remove temporary unpack directory {}: {err}",
-                unpack_dir.display()
-            ))
-        })?;
-    }
-
-    let result = (|| -> AnyResult<InstalledSageApp> {
-        unzip_to_dir(Path::new(&zip_path), &unpack_dir)?;
-        let package_root = detect_package_root(&unpack_dir)?;
-        validate_package_structure(&package_root)?;
-        let manifest = read_manifest(&package_root)?;
-        validate_granted_permissions_against_requested(&manifest.permissions, &granted_permissions)?;
-
-        let existing = list_installed_apps_internal(&root)?
-            .into_iter()
-            .find_map(|app| match app {
-                ListedSageApp::Installed(installed) if installed.name == manifest.name => {
-                    Some(installed)
-                }
-                _ => None,
-            });
-
-        let app_id = existing
-            .map(|app| app.id)
-            .unwrap_or_else(|| generate_app_id(&manifest.name));
-
-        let install_dir = root.join(&app_id);
-        if install_dir.exists() {
-            fs::remove_dir_all(&install_dir).with_context(|| {
-                format!("failed to remove existing install dir {}", install_dir.display())
-            })?;
-        }
-
-        copy_dir_all(&package_root, &install_dir)?;
-
-        let installed = InstalledSageApp {
-            id: app_id,
-            name: manifest.name,
-            version: manifest.version,
-            install_dir: install_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-            entry_file: install_dir
-                .join("dist")
-                .join("index.html")
-                .to_string_lossy()
-                .to_string(),
-            icon_file: install_dir.join("icon.png").to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-            requested_permissions: manifest.permissions,
-            granted_permissions,
-        };
-
-        write_installed_app_metadata(&installed, &install_dir)?;
-        Ok(installed)
-    })();
-
-    if unpack_dir.exists() {
-        let _ = fs::remove_dir_all(&unpack_dir);
-    }
-
-    result.map_err(|err| {
-        io::Error::other(format!("failed to install app zip {}: {err}", zip_path)).into()
-    })
-}
-
-#[command]
-#[specta::specta]
-pub async fn uninstall_app(state: State<'_, AppState>, app_id: String) -> Result<()> {
-    let base_path = {
-        let state = state.lock().await;
-        state.path.clone()
-    };
-
-    let install_dir = apps_root(&base_path).join(&app_id);
-    if install_dir.exists() {
-        fs::remove_dir_all(&install_dir).map_err(|err| {
-            io::Error::other(format!(
-                "failed to remove installed app {} at {}: {err}",
-                app_id,
-                install_dir.display()
-            ))
-        })?;
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-async fn bridge_fetch_http_inner(
-    app_state: AppState,
-    app_id: String,
-    req: SageBridgeFetchRequest,
-) -> Result<SageBridgeFetchResponse> {
-    let base_path = {
-        let state = app_state.lock().await;
-        state.path.clone()
-    };
-
-    let app = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id).map_err(|err| {
-        io::Error::other(format!("failed to read installed app {app_id}: {err}"))
-    })?;
-
-    let method = req
-        .method
-        .as_deref()
-        .unwrap_or("GET")
-        .parse::<Method>()
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("invalid HTTP method: {err}")))?;
-
-    let parsed_url = reqwest::Url::parse(&req.url)
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("invalid URL: {err}")))?;
-
-    let scheme = parsed_url.scheme().to_string();
-    let host = parsed_url
-        .host_str()
-        .ok_or_else(|| io::Error::other("URL is missing host"))?
-        .to_string();
-
-    if !matches!(scheme.as_str(), "http" | "https") {
-        return Err(io::Error::other(format!(
-            "unsupported fetch scheme: {scheme}"
-        ))
-            .into());
-    }
-
-    if !is_network_allowed_for_app(&app, &scheme, &host) {
-        return Err(io::Error::other(format!(
-            "network access denied for {scheme}://{host}"
-        ))
-            .into());
-    }
-
-    let client = reqwest::Client::builder()
-        .redirect(reqwest::redirect::Policy::limited(5))
-        .build()?;
-
-    let mut request_builder = client.request(method, parsed_url);
-
-    for (key, value) in req.headers {
-        request_builder = request_builder.header(&key, &value);
-    }
-
-    if let Some(body) = req.body {
-        request_builder = request_builder.body(body);
-    }
-
-    let response = request_builder.send().await?;
-    let status = response.status();
-    let status_text = status
-        .canonical_reason()
-        .unwrap_or("unknown")
-        .to_string();
-
-    let mut headers = BTreeMap::new();
-    for (key, value) in response.headers() {
-        headers.insert(
-            key.to_string(),
-            value.to_str().unwrap_or_default().to_string(),
-        );
-    }
-
-    let body_text = response.text().await?;
-
-    Ok(SageBridgeFetchResponse {
-        ok: status.is_success(),
-        status: status.as_u16(),
-        status_text,
-        headers,
-        body_text,
-    })
-}
-
-#[command]
-#[specta::specta]
-pub async fn bridge_fetch_http(
-    state: State<'_, AppState>,
-    app_id: String,
-    req: SageBridgeFetchRequest,
-) -> Result<SageBridgeFetchResponse> {
-    bridge_fetch_http_inner(state.inner().clone(), app_id, req).await
-}
-
-#[command]
-#[specta::specta]
-pub async fn bridge_fetch_http_batch(
-    state: State<'_, AppState>,
-    app_id: String,
-    req: SageBridgeFetchBatchRequest,
-) -> Result<Vec<SageBridgeFetchResponse>> {
-    let mut results = Vec::with_capacity(req.requests.len());
-
-    for request in req.requests {
-        let response = bridge_fetch_http(
-            state.clone(),
-            app_id.clone(),
-            request,
-        )
-            .await?;
-
-        results.push(response);
-    }
-
-    Ok(results)
-}
-
-#[command]
-#[specta::specta]
-pub async fn bridge_fetch_http_batch_stream(
-    app_handle: tauri::AppHandle,
-    state: State<'_, AppState>,
-    app_id: String,
-    source_label: String,
-    req: SageBridgeFetchBatchRequest,
-) -> Result<String> {
-    let batch_id = format!("batch-{}", Uuid::new_v4());
-    let batch_id_for_task = batch_id.clone(); // ✅ fix move
-
-    let max = req.max_concurrency.unwrap_or(8);
-    let semaphore = Arc::new(Semaphore::new(max));
-
-    // ✅ clone inner state (important)
-    let app_state = state.inner().clone();
-
-    tauri::async_runtime::spawn(async move {
-        let mut futures = FuturesUnordered::new();
-
-        for (index, request) in req.requests.into_iter().enumerate() {
-            let permit = semaphore.clone().acquire_owned().await.unwrap();
-
-            let app_handle = app_handle.clone();
-            let app_id = app_id.clone();
-            let source_label = source_label.clone();
-            let batch_id = batch_id_for_task.clone();
-            let app_state = app_state.clone();
-
-            futures.push(async move {
-                let _permit = permit;
-
-                let result = bridge_fetch_http_inner(
-                    app_state.clone(),
-                    app_id,
-                    request,
-                )
-                    .await;
-
-                let payload = match result {
-                    Ok(res) => serde_json::json!({
-                        "batchId": batch_id,
-                        "index": index,
-                        "ok": true,
-                        "result": res
-                    }),
-                    Err(err) => serde_json::json!({
-                        "batchId": batch_id,
-                        "index": index,
-                        "ok": false,
-                        "error": err.to_string()
-                    }),
-                };
-
-                let _ = app_handle.emit_to(
-                    &source_label,
-                    "sage-bridge:batch:result",
-                    payload,
-                );
-            });
-        }
-
-        while futures.next().await.is_some() {}
-
-        let _ = app_handle.emit_to(
-            &source_label,
-            "sage-bridge:batch:done",
-            serde_json::json!({
-                "batchId": batch_id_for_task
-            }),
-        );
-    });
-
-    Ok(batch_id)
-}
-
-fn app_install_dir(base_path: &Path, app_id: &str) -> PathBuf {
-    apps_root(base_path).join(app_id)
-}
-
-fn resolve_protocol_file(
-    base_path: &Path,
-    app_id: &str,
-    request_path: &str,
-) -> AnyResult<PathBuf> {
-    let install_dir = app_install_dir(base_path, app_id);
-
-    if request_path == "/__sage_bootstrap__.js" {
-        return Ok(install_dir.join("__virtual_sage_bootstrap__.js"));
-    }
-
-    let path =
-        if request_path.is_empty() || request_path == "/" || request_path == "/index.html" {
-            install_dir.join("dist").join("index.html")
-        } else if request_path == "/icon.png" {
-            install_dir.join("icon.png")
-        } else {
-            let trimmed = request_path.trim_start_matches('/');
-
-            if trimmed.contains("..") {
-                return Err(anyhow!("invalid app path"));
-            }
-
-            install_dir.join("dist").join(trimmed)
-        };
-
-    let canonical_install_dir = install_dir.canonicalize().with_context(|| {
-        format!(
-            "failed to canonicalize install dir {}",
-            install_dir.display()
-        )
-    })?;
-
-    let canonical_path = path.canonicalize().with_context(|| {
-        format!(
-            "failed to canonicalize requested path {}",
-            path.display()
-        )
-    })?;
-
-    if !canonical_path.starts_with(&canonical_install_dir) {
-        return Err(anyhow!("requested path escapes app directory"));
-    }
-
-    if !canonical_path.is_file() {
-        return Err(anyhow!("requested file does not exist"));
-    }
-
-    Ok(canonical_path)
-}
-
-pub fn handle_app_protocol_request(
-    base_path: &Path,
-    request: &tauri::http::Request<Vec<u8>>,
-) -> AnyResult<Response<Vec<u8>>> {
-    let uri = request.uri();
-
-    let app_id = uri
-        .host()
-        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("missing app id in sage-app URL"))?;
-
-    let request_path = uri.path();
-
-    let file_path = resolve_protocol_file(base_path, app_id, request_path)?;
-    let app = read_installed_app_by_id(base_path, app_id)?;
-
-    if request_path == "/__sage_bootstrap__.js" {
-        let js = build_sage_bootstrap(&app);
-
-        return Response::builder()
-            .status(StatusCode::OK)
-            .header("Content-Type", "application/javascript; charset=utf-8")
-            .body(js.into_bytes())
-            .map_err(|err| anyhow!("failed to build protocol response: {err}"));
-    }
-
-    if request_path.is_empty() || request_path == "/" || request_path == "/index.html" {
-        let html = fs::read_to_string(&file_path)
-            .with_context(|| format!("failed to read {}", file_path.display()))?;
-
-        let injected = inject_bootstrap_into_index_html(&html);
-        let csp = build_app_csp(&app);
-
-        return Response::builder()
-            .status(StatusCode::OK)
-            .header("Content-Type", "text/html; charset=utf-8")
-            .header("Content-Security-Policy", csp)
-            .body(injected.into_bytes())
-            .map_err(|err| anyhow!("failed to build protocol response: {err}"));
-    }
-
-    let bytes = fs::read(&file_path)
-        .with_context(|| format!("failed to read {}", file_path.display()))?;
-
-    let mime = mime_guess::from_path(&file_path)
-        .first_or_octet_stream()
-        .essence_str()
-        .to_string();
-
-    Response::builder()
-        .status(StatusCode::OK)
-        .header("Content-Type", mime)
-        .body(bytes)
-        .map_err(|err| anyhow!("failed to build protocol response: {err}"))
-}
-
-fn html_escape_json_string(value: &str) -> String {
-    serde_json::to_string(value).unwrap_or_else(|_| "\"\"".to_string())
-}
-
-fn build_sage_bootstrap(app: &InstalledSageApp) -> String {
-    let app_id = html_escape_json_string(&app.id);
-    let app_name = html_escape_json_string(&app.name);
-    let app_version = html_escape_json_string(&app.version);
-    let permissions = serde_json::to_string(&app.granted_permissions)
-        .unwrap_or_else(|_| "{}".to_string());
-
-    format!(
-        r#"(function () {{
-  const __sageAppInfo = {{
-    id: {app_id},
-    name: {app_name},
-    version: {app_version},
-    permissions: {permissions},
-  }};
-
-  const tauri = window.__TAURI__;
-  if (!tauri || !tauri.event || !tauri.webview) {{
-    console.warn("Sage bootstrap: Tauri global API is unavailable");
-    return;
-  }}
-
-  const currentWebview = tauri.webview.getCurrentWebview();
-  const sourceLabel = currentWebview.label;
-  const bridgeListeners = new Set();
-
-  currentWebview.listen('sage-bridge:event', (event) => {{
-    const data = event.payload;
-    if (!data || data.channel !== 'sage-bridge') {{
-      return;
-    }}
-
-    for (const listener of bridgeListeners) {{
-      try {{
-        listener(data);
-      }} catch (error) {{
-        console.error('Sage bridge event listener failed:', error);
-      }}
-    }}
-  }}).catch((error) => {{
-    console.error('Failed to subscribe to sage-bridge:event:', error);
-  }});
-
-  async function callHost(method, params) {{
-    const id = `sage-${{Date.now()}}-${{Math.random().toString(36).slice(2)}}`;
-
-    return new Promise(async (resolve, reject) => {{
-      let settled = false;
-
-      const timeoutId = window.setTimeout(() => {{
-        if (settled) {{
-          return;
-        }}
-        settled = true;
-        unlistenPromise.then((unlisten) => unlisten()).catch(() => {{}});
-        reject(new Error(`Sage bridge timeout for ${{method}}`));
-      }}, 15000);
-
-      const unlistenPromise = currentWebview.listen('sage-bridge:response', (event) => {{
-        const data = event.payload;
-        if (!data || data.channel !== 'sage-bridge' || data.id !== id) {{
-          return;
-        }}
-
-        if (settled) {{
-          return;
-        }}
-
-        settled = true;
-        window.clearTimeout(timeoutId);
-
-        unlistenPromise.then((unlisten) => unlisten()).catch(() => {{}});
-
-        if (data.ok) {{
-          resolve(data.result);
-        }} else {{
-          reject(new Error(data.error?.message || 'Unknown Sage bridge error'));
-        }}
-      }});
-
-      try {{
-        await currentWebview.emitTo('main', 'sage-bridge:request', {{
-          sourceLabel,
-          appId: __sageAppInfo.id,
-          request: {{
-            channel: 'sage-bridge',
-            id,
-            method,
-            params
-          }}
-        }});
-      }} catch (error) {{
-        if (settled) {{
-          return;
-        }}
-
-        settled = true;
-        window.clearTimeout(timeoutId);
-        unlistenPromise.then((unlisten) => unlisten()).catch(() => {{}});
-        reject(error instanceof Error ? error : new Error(String(error)));
-      }}
-    }});
-  }}
-
-  window.__SAGE__ = {{
-    async bridgePing() {{
-      return callHost('bridge.ping');
-    }},
-    async getAppInfo() {{
-      return callHost('app.getInfo');
-    }},
-    async getPermissions() {{
-      return callHost('sage.getPermissions');
-    }},
-    async fetch(input) {{
-      const params = {{
-        url: input?.url,
-        method: input?.method ?? 'GET',
-        headers: input?.headers ?? {{}},
-        body: input?.body ?? null,
-      }};
-      return callHost('network.fetch', params);
-    }},
-    async fetchBatch(input) {{
-      const params = {{
-        requests: input?.requests ?? [],
-        max_concurrency: input?.max_concurrency ?? null,
-      }};
-      return callHost('network.fetchBatch', params);
-    }},
-    async fetchBatchStream(input) {{
-      const params = {{
-        requests: input?.requests ?? [],
-        max_concurrency: input?.max_concurrency ?? null,
-      }};
-
-      const batchId = await callHost('network.fetchBatchStream', params);
-
-      const listeners = {{
-        result: [],
-        done: [],
-      }};
-
-      let closed = false;
-
-      const unlisten = await currentWebview.listen(
-        'sage-bridge:batch:result',
-        (event) => {{
-          const data = event.payload;
-          if (!data || data.batchId !== batchId) return;
-
-          listeners.result.forEach((fn) => fn(data));
-        }}
-      );
-
-      const unlistenDone = await currentWebview.listen(
-        'sage-bridge:batch:done',
-        (event) => {{
-          const data = event.payload;
-          if (!data || data.batchId !== batchId) return;
-
-          listeners.done.forEach((fn) => fn());
-
-          cleanup();
-        }}
-      );
-
-      function cleanup() {{
-        if (closed) return;
-        closed = true;
-        unlisten();
-        unlistenDone();
-      }}
-
-      return {{
-        batchId,
-
-        onResult(fn) {{
-          listeners.result.push(fn);
-          return this;
-        }},
-
-        onDone(fn) {{
-          listeners.done.push(fn);
-          return this;
-        }},
-
-        dispose() {{
-          cleanup();
-        }},
-      }};
-    }},
-    async openWebSocket(input) {{
-      const params = {{
-        url: input?.url,
-        protocols: Array.isArray(input?.protocols) ? input.protocols : [],
-      }};
-      return callHost('network.wsOpen', params);
-    }},
-    async sendWebSocket(input) {{
-      const params = {{
-        socketId: input?.socketId,
-        text: input?.text,
-        base64: input?.base64,
-      }};
-      return callHost('network.wsSend', params);
-    }},
-    async closeWebSocket(input) {{
-      const params = {{
-        socketId: input?.socketId,
-        code: input?.code,
-        reason: input?.reason,
-      }};
-      return callHost('network.wsClose', params);
-    }},
-    addEventListener(listener) {{
-      bridgeListeners.add(listener);
-      return () => {{
-        bridgeListeners.delete(listener);
-      }};
-    }},
-    removeEventListener(listener) {{
-      bridgeListeners.delete(listener);
-    }},
-    appInfo: __sageAppInfo,
-  }};
-}})();
-"#
-    )
-}
-
-fn inject_bootstrap_into_index_html(html: &str) -> String {
-    let bootstrap_tag = r#"<script src="/__sage_bootstrap__.js"></script>"#;
-
-    if let Some(idx) = html.find("<head>") {
-        let insert_at = idx + "<head>".len();
-        let mut out = String::with_capacity(html.len() + bootstrap_tag.len());
-        out.push_str(&html[..insert_at]);
-        out.push_str(bootstrap_tag);
-        out.push_str(&html[insert_at..]);
-        out
-    } else {
-        format!("{bootstrap_tag}{html}")
-    }
-}
-
-fn read_installed_app_by_id(base_path: &Path, app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<InstalledSageApp> {
-    let install_dir = app_install_dir(base_path, app_id);
-    read_installed_app_from_dir(&install_dir)
-}
-
-fn csp_source_list(items: &[&str]) -> String {
-    items.join(" ")
-}
-
-fn build_app_csp(_app: &InstalledSageApp) -> String {
-    let default_src = csp_source_list(&["'self'"]);
-    let script_src = csp_source_list(&["'self'", "'wasm-unsafe-eval'"]);
-    let style_src = csp_source_list(&["'self'", "'unsafe-inline'"]);
-    let img_src = csp_source_list(&["'self'", "data:", "blob:"]);
-    let font_src = csp_source_list(&["'self'", "data:"]);
-    let media_src = csp_source_list(&["'self'", "data:", "blob:"]);
-    let object_src = csp_source_list(&["'none'"]);
-    let frame_ancestors = csp_source_list(&["'self'"]);
-    let base_uri = csp_source_list(&["'none'"]);
-    let form_action = csp_source_list(&["'none'"]);
-
-    let connect_src = csp_source_list(&[
-        "'self'",
-        "ipc:",
-        "ipc://localhost",
-        "http://ipc.localhost",
-        "https://ipc.localhost",
-    ]);
-
-    format!(
-        "default-src {default_src}; \
-         script-src {script_src}; \
-         style-src {style_src}; \
-         img-src {img_src}; \
-         font-src {font_src}; \
-         media-src {media_src}; \
-         object-src {object_src}; \
-         base-uri {base_uri}; \
-         form-action {form_action}; \
-         frame-ancestors {frame_ancestors}; \
-         connect-src {connect_src}"
-    )
-}
-
-fn host_matches_pattern(host: &str, pattern: &str) -> bool {
-    let host = normalize_host(host);
-    let pattern = normalize_host(pattern);
-
-    if pattern == "*" {
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    if let Some(suffix) = pattern.strip_prefix("*.") {
-        return host.ends_with(&format!(".{suffix}"));
-    }
-
-    host == pattern
-}
-
-fn is_network_allowed_for_app(
-    app: &InstalledSageApp,
-    scheme: &str,
-    host: &str,
-) -> bool {
-    let scheme = normalize_scheme(scheme);
-    let host = normalize_host(host);
-
-    app.granted_permissions.network.iter().any(|entry| {
-        normalize_scheme(&entry.scheme) == scheme
-            && host_matches_pattern(&host, &entry.host)
-    })
-}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/bootstrap.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/bootstrap.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..11181925b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/bootstrap.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+use crate::apps::{bridge, types::InstalledSageApp};
+
+fn html_escape_json_string(value: &str) -> String {
+    serde_json::to_string(value).unwrap_or_else(|_| "\"\"".to_string())
+}
+
+pub fn build_sage_bootstrap(app: &InstalledSageApp) -> String {
+    let app_id = html_escape_json_string(&app.id);
+    let app_name = html_escape_json_string(&app.name);
+    let app_version = html_escape_json_string(&app.version);
+    let permissions =
+        serde_json::to_string(&app.granted_permissions).unwrap_or_else(|_| "{}".to_string());
+
+    let fragments = bridge::bootstrap_fragments().join("\n");
+
+    format!(
+        r#"(function () {{
+  const __sageAppInfo = {{
+    id: {app_id},
+    name: {app_name},
+    version: {app_version},
+    permissions: {permissions},
+  }};
+
+  const tauri = window.__TAURI__;
+  if (!tauri || !tauri.event || !tauri.webview) {{
+    console.warn("Sage bootstrap: Tauri global API is unavailable");
+    return;
+  }}
+
+  const currentWebview = tauri.webview.getCurrentWebview();
+  const sourceLabel = currentWebview.label;
+  const bridgeListeners = new Set();
+
+  currentWebview.listen('sage-bridge:event', (event) => {{
+    const data = event.payload;
+    if (!data || data.channel !== 'sage-bridge') {{
+      return;
+    }}
+
+    for (const listener of bridgeListeners) {{
+      try {{
+        listener(data);
+      }} catch (error) {{
+        console.error('Sage bridge event listener failed:', error);
+      }}
+    }}
+  }}).catch((error) => {{
+    console.error('Failed to subscribe to sage-bridge:event:', error);
+  }});
+
+  async function callHost(method, params) {{
+    const id = `sage-${{Date.now()}}-${{Math.random().toString(36).slice(2)}}`;
+
+    return new Promise(async (resolve, reject) => {{
+      let settled = false;
+
+      const timeoutId = window.setTimeout(() => {{
+        if (settled) {{
+          return;
+        }}
+        settled = true;
+        unlistenPromise.then((unlisten) => unlisten()).catch(() => {{}});
+        reject(new Error(`Sage bridge timeout for ${{method}}`));
+      }}, 15000);
+
+      const unlistenPromise = currentWebview.listen('sage-bridge:response', (event) => {{
+        const data = event.payload;
+        if (!data || data.channel !== 'sage-bridge' || data.id !== id) {{
+          return;
+        }}
+
+        if (settled) {{
+          return;
+        }}
+
+        settled = true;
+        window.clearTimeout(timeoutId);
+        unlistenPromise.then((unlisten) => unlisten()).catch(() => {{}});
+
+        if (data.ok) {{
+          resolve(data.result);
+        }} else {{
+          reject(new Error(data.error?.message || 'Unknown Sage bridge error'));
+        }}
+      }});
+
+      try {{
+        await currentWebview.emitTo('main', 'sage-bridge:request', {{
+          sourceLabel,
+          appId: __sageAppInfo.id,
+          request: {{
+            channel: 'sage-bridge',
+            id,
+            method,
+            params
+          }}
+        }});
+      }} catch (error) {{
+        if (settled) {{
+          return;
+        }}
+
+        settled = true;
+        window.clearTimeout(timeoutId);
+        unlistenPromise.then((unlisten) => unlisten()).catch(() => {{}});
+        reject(error instanceof Error ? error : new Error(String(error)));
+      }}
+    }});
+  }}
+
+  window.__SAGE__ = {{
+    appInfo: __sageAppInfo,
+    addEventListener(listener) {{
+      bridgeListeners.add(listener);
+      return () => {{
+        bridgeListeners.delete(listener);
+      }};
+    }},
+    removeEventListener(listener) {{
+      bridgeListeners.delete(listener);
+    }},
+  }};
+
+{fragments}
+}})();
+"#
+    )
+}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/batch.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/batch.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4247b16c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/batch.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,184 @@
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use futures::{stream::FuturesUnordered, StreamExt};
+use tauri::{command, Emitter, State};
+use tokio::sync::Semaphore;
+use uuid::Uuid;
+
+use crate::{
+    app_state::AppState,
+    apps::{
+        bridge::fetch::bridge_fetch_http_inner,
+        types::{SageBridgeFetchBatchRequest, SageBridgeFetchResponse},
+    },
+    error::Result,
+};
+
+pub fn bootstrap_js() -> &'static str {
+    r#"
+  window.__SAGE__.fetchBatch = async function (input) {
+    const params = {
+      requests: input?.requests ?? [],
+      max_concurrency: input?.max_concurrency ?? null,
+    };
+    return callHost('network.fetchBatch', params);
+  };
+
+  window.__SAGE__.fetchBatchStream = async function (input) {
+    const params = {
+      requests: input?.requests ?? [],
+      max_concurrency: input?.max_concurrency ?? null,
+    };
+
+    const batchId = await callHost('network.fetchBatchStream', params);
+
+    const listeners = {
+      result: [],
+      done: [],
+    };
+
+    let closed = false;
+
+    const unlistenResult = await currentWebview.listen('sage-bridge:batch:result', (event) => {
+      const data = event.payload;
+      if (!data || data.batchId !== batchId) return;
+      listeners.result.forEach((fn) => fn(data));
+    });
+
+    const unlistenDone = await currentWebview.listen('sage-bridge:batch:done', (event) => {
+      const data = event.payload;
+      if (!data || data.batchId !== batchId) return;
+      listeners.done.forEach((fn) => fn());
+      cleanup();
+    });
+
+    function cleanup() {
+      if (closed) return;
+      closed = true;
+      unlistenResult();
+      unlistenDone();
+    }
+
+    return {
+      batchId,
+      onResult(fn) {
+        listeners.result.push(fn);
+        return this;
+      },
+      onDone(fn) {
+        listeners.done.push(fn);
+        return this;
+      },
+      dispose() {
+        cleanup();
+      },
+    };
+  };
+"#
+}
+
+#[command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn bridge_fetch_http_batch(
+    state: State<'_, AppState>,
+    app_id: String,
+    req: SageBridgeFetchBatchRequest,
+) -> Result<Vec<SageBridgeFetchResponse>> {
+    let app_state = state.inner().clone();
+    let max = req.max_concurrency.unwrap_or(8).max(1);
+    let semaphore = Arc::new(Semaphore::new(max));
+    let request_count = req.requests.len();
+    let mut futures = FuturesUnordered::new();
+
+    for (index, request) in req.requests.into_iter().enumerate() {
+        let permit = semaphore.clone().acquire_owned().await.unwrap();
+        let app_state = app_state.clone();
+        let app_id = app_id.clone();
+
+        futures.push(async move {
+            let _permit = permit;
+            let result = bridge_fetch_http_inner(app_state, app_id, request).await;
+            (index, result)
+        });
+    }
+
+    let mut ordered: Vec<Option<SageBridgeFetchResponse>> = vec![None; request_count];
+
+    while let Some((index, result)) = futures.next().await {
+        ordered[index] = Some(result?);
+    }
+
+    Ok(ordered
+        .into_iter()
+        .map(|item| item.expect("missing batch result"))
+        .collect())
+}
+
+#[command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn bridge_fetch_http_batch_stream(
+    app_handle: tauri::AppHandle,
+    state: State<'_, AppState>,
+    app_id: String,
+    source_label: String,
+    req: SageBridgeFetchBatchRequest,
+) -> Result<String> {
+    let batch_id = format!("batch-{}", Uuid::new_v4());
+    let batch_id_for_spawn = batch_id.clone();
+    let batch_id_done = batch_id.clone();
+    let app_state = state.inner().clone();
+    let max = req.max_concurrency.unwrap_or(8).max(1);
+    let semaphore = Arc::new(Semaphore::new(max));
+
+    tauri::async_runtime::spawn(async move {
+        let mut futures = FuturesUnordered::new();
+
+        for (index, request) in req.requests.into_iter().enumerate() {
+            let permit = match semaphore.clone().acquire_owned().await {
+                Ok(permit) => permit,
+                Err(_) => break,
+            };
+
+            let app_handle = app_handle.clone();
+            let app_state = app_state.clone();
+            let app_id = app_id.clone();
+            let source_label = source_label.clone();
+            let batch_id = batch_id_for_spawn.clone();
+
+            futures.push(async move {
+                let _permit = permit;
+
+                let result = bridge_fetch_http_inner(app_state, app_id, request).await;
+
+                let payload = match result {
+                    Ok(res) => serde_json::json!({
+                        "batchId": batch_id,
+                        "index": index,
+                        "ok": true,
+                        "result": res
+                    }),
+                    Err(err) => serde_json::json!({
+                        "batchId": batch_id,
+                        "index": index,
+                        "ok": false,
+                        "error": err.to_string()
+                    }),
+                };
+
+                let _ = app_handle.emit_to(&source_label, "sage-bridge:batch:result", payload);
+            });
+        }
+
+        while futures.next().await.is_some() {}
+
+        let _ = app_handle.emit_to(
+            &source_label,
+            "sage-bridge:batch:done",
+            serde_json::json!({
+                "batchId": batch_id_done
+            }),
+        );
+    });
+
+    Ok(batch_id)
+}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/core.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/core.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6243f9f67
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/core.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+pub fn bootstrap_js() -> &'static str {
+    r#"
+  window.__SAGE__.bridgePing = async function () {
+    return callHost('bridge.ping');
+  };
+
+  window.__SAGE__.getAppInfo = async function () {
+    return callHost('app.getInfo');
+  };
+
+  window.__SAGE__.getPermissions = async function () {
+    return callHost('sage.getPermissions');
+  };
+"#
+}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/fetch.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/fetch.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2a91cdca1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/fetch.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+use std::{collections::BTreeMap, io};
+
+use reqwest::Method;
+use tauri::{command, State};
+
+use crate::{
+    app_state::AppState,
+    apps::{
+        install::read_installed_app_by_id,
+        permissions::is_network_allowed_for_app,
+        types::{SageBridgeFetchRequest, SageBridgeFetchResponse},
+    },
+    error::Result,
+};
+
+pub fn bootstrap_js() -> &'static str {
+    r#"
+  window.__SAGE__.fetch = async function (input) {
+    const params = {
+      url: input?.url,
+      method: input?.method ?? 'GET',
+      headers: input?.headers ?? {},
+      body: input?.body ?? null,
+    };
+    return callHost('network.fetch', params);
+  };
+"#
+}
+
+pub async fn bridge_fetch_http_inner(
+    app_state: AppState,
+    app_id: String,
+    req: SageBridgeFetchRequest,
+) -> Result<SageBridgeFetchResponse> {
+    let base_path = {
+        let state = app_state.lock().await;
+        state.path.clone()
+    };
+
+    let app = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id).map_err(|err| {
+        io::Error::other(format!("failed to read installed app {app_id}: {err}"))
+    })?;
+
+    let method = req
+        .method
+        .as_deref()
+        .unwrap_or("GET")
+        .parse::<Method>()
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("invalid HTTP method: {err}")))?;
+
+    let parsed_url =
+        reqwest::Url::parse(&req.url).map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("invalid URL: {err}")))?;
+
+    let scheme = parsed_url.scheme().to_string();
+    let host = parsed_url
+        .host_str()
+        .ok_or_else(|| io::Error::other("URL is missing host"))?
+        .to_string();
+
+    if !matches!(scheme.as_str(), "http" | "https") {
+        return Err(io::Error::other(format!("unsupported fetch scheme: {scheme}")).into());
+    }
+
+    if !is_network_allowed_for_app(&app, &scheme, &host) {
+        return Err(io::Error::other(format!(
+            "network access denied for {scheme}://{host}"
+        ))
+            .into());
+    }
+
+    let client = reqwest::Client::builder()
+        .redirect(reqwest::redirect::Policy::limited(5))
+        .build()?;
+
+    let mut request_builder = client.request(method, parsed_url);
+
+    for (key, value) in req.headers {
+        request_builder = request_builder.header(&key, &value);
+    }
+
+    if let Some(body) = req.body {
+        request_builder = request_builder.body(body);
+    }
+
+    let response = request_builder.send().await?;
+    let status = response.status();
+    let status_text = status.canonical_reason().unwrap_or("unknown").to_string();
+
+    let mut headers = BTreeMap::new();
+    for (key, value) in response.headers() {
+        headers.insert(key.to_string(), value.to_str().unwrap_or_default().to_string());
+    }
+
+    let body_text = response.text().await?;
+
+    Ok(SageBridgeFetchResponse {
+        ok: status.is_success(),
+        status: status.as_u16(),
+        status_text,
+        headers,
+        body_text,
+    })
+}
+
+#[command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn bridge_fetch_http(
+    state: State<'_, AppState>,
+    app_id: String,
+    req: SageBridgeFetchRequest,
+) -> Result<SageBridgeFetchResponse> {
+    bridge_fetch_http_inner(state.inner().clone(), app_id, req).await
+}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/mod.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..467d4daba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+pub mod batch;
+pub mod core;
+pub mod fetch;
+pub mod websocket;
+
+pub fn bootstrap_fragments() -> Vec<&'static str> {
+    vec![
+        core::bootstrap_js(),
+        fetch::bootstrap_js(),
+        batch::bootstrap_js(),
+        websocket::bootstrap_js(),
+    ]
+}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/types.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/types.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/websocket.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/websocket.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..97066f138
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/websocket.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+pub fn bootstrap_js() -> &'static str {
+    r#"
+  window.__SAGE__.openWebSocket = async function (input) {
+    const params = {
+      url: input?.url,
+      protocols: Array.isArray(input?.protocols) ? input.protocols : [],
+    };
+    return callHost('network.wsOpen', params);
+  };
+
+  window.__SAGE__.sendWebSocket = async function (input) {
+    const params = {
+      socketId: input?.socketId,
+      text: input?.text,
+      base64: input?.base64,
+    };
+    return callHost('network.wsSend', params);
+  };
+
+  window.__SAGE__.closeWebSocket = async function (input) {
+    const params = {
+      socketId: input?.socketId,
+      code: input?.code,
+      reason: input?.reason,
+    };
+    return callHost('network.wsClose', params);
+  };
+"#
+}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/csp.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/csp.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..70a7d2b5f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/csp.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+use crate::apps::types::InstalledSageApp;
+
+fn csp_source_list(items: &[&str]) -> String {
+    items.join(" ")
+}
+
+pub fn build_app_csp(_app: &InstalledSageApp) -> String {
+    let default_src = csp_source_list(&["'self'"]);
+    let script_src = csp_source_list(&["'self'", "'wasm-unsafe-eval'"]);
+    let style_src = csp_source_list(&["'self'", "'unsafe-inline'"]);
+    let img_src = csp_source_list(&["'self'", "data:", "blob:"]);
+    let font_src = csp_source_list(&["'self'", "data:"]);
+    let media_src = csp_source_list(&["'self'", "data:", "blob:"]);
+    let object_src = csp_source_list(&["'none'"]);
+    let frame_ancestors = csp_source_list(&["'self'"]);
+    let base_uri = csp_source_list(&["'none'"]);
+    let form_action = csp_source_list(&["'none'"]);
+
+    let connect_src = csp_source_list(&[
+        "'self'",
+        "ipc:",
+        "ipc://localhost",
+        "http://ipc.localhost",
+        "https://ipc.localhost",
+    ]);
+
+    format!(
+        "default-src {default_src}; \
+         script-src {script_src}; \
+         style-src {style_src}; \
+         img-src {img_src}; \
+         font-src {font_src}; \
+         media-src {media_src}; \
+         object-src {object_src}; \
+         base-uri {base_uri}; \
+         form-action {form_action}; \
+         frame-ancestors {frame_ancestors}; \
+         connect-src {connect_src}"
+    )
+}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/install.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/install.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f4c72d661
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/install.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,439 @@
+use std::{
+    fs, io,
+    path::{Path, PathBuf},
+    time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH},
+};
+
+use anyhow::{anyhow, Context, Result as AnyResult};
+use tauri::{command, State};
+use zip::ZipArchive;
+
+use crate::{
+    app_state::AppState,
+    apps::{
+        permissions::{
+            validate_granted_permissions_against_requested, validate_requested_permissions,
+        },
+        types::{
+            CorruptedInstalledSageApp, InstalledSageApp, ListedSageApp, SageAppPackageManifest,
+            SageGrantedPermissions,
+        },
+    },
+    error::Result,
+};
+
+const INSTALLED_METADATA_FILE: &str = ".sage-installed.json";
+
+pub fn apps_root(base_path: &Path) -> PathBuf {
+    base_path.join("apps")
+}
+
+pub fn current_millis() -> u128 {
+    SystemTime::now()
+        .duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)
+        .expect("time went backwards")
+        .as_millis()
+}
+
+fn slugify_name(name: &str) -> String {
+    let mut out = String::new();
+    let mut last_dash = false;
+
+    for ch in name.chars() {
+        if ch.is_ascii_alphanumeric() {
+            out.push(ch.to_ascii_lowercase());
+            last_dash = false;
+        } else if !last_dash {
+            out.push('-');
+            last_dash = true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    let out = out.trim_matches('-').to_string();
+    if out.is_empty() {
+        "app".to_string()
+    } else {
+        out
+    }
+}
+
+fn generate_app_id(name: &str) -> String {
+    format!("{}-{}", slugify_name(name), current_millis())
+}
+
+fn should_ignore_root_entry(path: &Path) -> bool {
+    let Some(name) = path.file_name().and_then(|s| s.to_str()) else {
+        return false;
+    };
+
+    name == "__MACOSX" || name == ".DS_Store"
+}
+
+fn copy_dir_all(src: &Path, dst: &Path) -> AnyResult<()> {
+    fs::create_dir_all(dst)?;
+
+    for entry in fs::read_dir(src)? {
+        let entry = entry?;
+        let file_type = entry.file_type()?;
+        let from = entry.path();
+        let to = dst.join(entry.file_name());
+
+        if file_type.is_dir() {
+            copy_dir_all(&from, &to)?;
+        } else if file_type.is_file() {
+            if let Some(parent) = to.parent() {
+                fs::create_dir_all(parent)?;
+            }
+            fs::copy(&from, &to)?;
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn unzip_to_dir(zip_path: &Path, out_dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<()> {
+    let file = fs::File::open(zip_path)
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to open zip file {}", zip_path.display()))?;
+    let mut archive = ZipArchive::new(file).context("failed to read zip archive")?;
+
+    fs::create_dir_all(out_dir)?;
+
+    for i in 0..archive.len() {
+        let mut entry = archive.by_index(i)?;
+        let enclosed = entry
+            .enclosed_name()
+            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("zip contains invalid path"))?
+            .to_path_buf();
+
+        let out_path = out_dir.join(enclosed);
+
+        if entry.name().ends_with('/') {
+            fs::create_dir_all(&out_path)?;
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        if let Some(parent) = out_path.parent() {
+            fs::create_dir_all(parent)?;
+        }
+
+        let mut outfile = fs::File::create(&out_path)?;
+        io::copy(&mut entry, &mut outfile)?;
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn detect_package_root(unpack_dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<PathBuf> {
+    if unpack_dir.join("manifest.json").exists() {
+        return Ok(unpack_dir.to_path_buf());
+    }
+
+    let mut candidates = Vec::new();
+
+    for entry in fs::read_dir(unpack_dir)? {
+        let entry = entry?;
+        let path = entry.path();
+
+        if should_ignore_root_entry(&path) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        candidates.push(path);
+    }
+
+    if candidates.len() == 1 && candidates[0].is_dir() {
+        let candidate = &candidates[0];
+        if candidate.join("manifest.json").exists() {
+            return Ok(candidate.clone());
+        }
+    }
+
+    Err(anyhow!(
+        "zip must contain manifest.json at root or inside a single top-level folder"
+    ))
+}
+
+fn read_manifest(package_root: &Path) -> AnyResult<SageAppPackageManifest> {
+    let manifest_path = package_root.join("manifest.json");
+    let text = fs::read_to_string(&manifest_path)
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to read {}", manifest_path.display()))?;
+
+    let manifest: SageAppPackageManifest =
+        serde_json::from_str(&text).context("failed to parse manifest.json")?;
+
+    if manifest.name.trim().is_empty() {
+        return Err(anyhow!("manifest name cannot be empty"));
+    }
+
+    if manifest.version.trim().is_empty() {
+        return Err(anyhow!("manifest version cannot be empty"));
+    }
+
+    validate_requested_permissions(&manifest.permissions)?;
+
+    Ok(manifest)
+}
+
+fn validate_package_structure(package_root: &Path) -> AnyResult<()> {
+    let icon = package_root.join("icon.png");
+    let entry = package_root.join("dist").join("index.html");
+
+    if !icon.is_file() {
+        return Err(anyhow!("package is missing icon.png"));
+    }
+
+    if !entry.is_file() {
+        return Err(anyhow!("package is missing dist/index.html"));
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn installed_metadata_path(install_dir: &Path) -> PathBuf {
+    install_dir.join(INSTALLED_METADATA_FILE)
+}
+
+fn read_installed_app_from_dir(dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<InstalledSageApp> {
+    let path = installed_metadata_path(dir);
+    let text =
+        fs::read_to_string(&path).with_context(|| format!("failed to read {}", path.display()))?;
+    let app: InstalledSageApp =
+        serde_json::from_str(&text).context("failed to parse installed app metadata")?;
+    Ok(app)
+}
+
+fn write_installed_app_metadata(app: &InstalledSageApp, install_dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<()> {
+    let path = installed_metadata_path(install_dir);
+    let text = serde_json::to_string_pretty(app)
+        .map_err(|err| anyhow!("failed to serialize installed app metadata: {err}"))?;
+    fs::write(path, format!("{text}\n"))?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub fn list_installed_apps_internal(root: &Path) -> AnyResult<Vec<ListedSageApp>> {
+    if !root.exists() {
+        return Ok(Vec::new());
+    }
+
+    let mut apps = Vec::new();
+
+    for entry in fs::read_dir(root)? {
+        let entry = entry?;
+        let path = entry.path();
+
+        if !entry.file_type()?.is_dir() {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        if path
+            .file_name()
+            .and_then(|s| s.to_str())
+            .map(|s| s.starts_with(".tmp-"))
+            .unwrap_or(false)
+        {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        let Some(id) = path
+            .file_name()
+            .and_then(|s| s.to_str())
+            .map(|s| s.to_string())
+        else {
+            continue;
+        };
+
+        let metadata_path = installed_metadata_path(&path);
+        if !metadata_path.is_file() {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        match read_installed_app_from_dir(&path) {
+            Ok(app) => apps.push(ListedSageApp::Installed(app)),
+            Err(err) => apps.push(ListedSageApp::Corrupted(CorruptedInstalledSageApp {
+                id,
+                install_dir: path.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+                error: err.to_string(),
+            })),
+        }
+    }
+
+    apps.sort_by(|a, b| {
+        let a_key = match a {
+            ListedSageApp::Installed(app) => app.name.to_lowercase(),
+            ListedSageApp::Corrupted(app) => app.id.to_lowercase(),
+        };
+
+        let b_key = match b {
+            ListedSageApp::Installed(app) => app.name.to_lowercase(),
+            ListedSageApp::Corrupted(app) => app.id.to_lowercase(),
+        };
+
+        a_key.cmp(&b_key)
+    });
+
+    Ok(apps)
+}
+
+pub fn app_install_dir(base_path: &Path, app_id: &str) -> PathBuf {
+    apps_root(base_path).join(app_id)
+}
+
+pub fn read_installed_app_by_id(base_path: &Path, app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<InstalledSageApp> {
+    let install_dir = app_install_dir(base_path, app_id);
+    read_installed_app_from_dir(&install_dir)
+}
+
+#[command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn preview_app_zip(zip_path: String) -> Result<SageAppPackageManifest> {
+    let unpack_dir = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!(".sage-preview-{}", current_millis()));
+
+    let result = (|| -> AnyResult<SageAppPackageManifest> {
+        unzip_to_dir(Path::new(&zip_path), &unpack_dir)?;
+        let package_root = detect_package_root(&unpack_dir)?;
+        let manifest = read_manifest(&package_root)?;
+        validate_package_structure(&package_root)?;
+        Ok(manifest)
+    })();
+
+    let _ = fs::remove_dir_all(&unpack_dir);
+
+    result.map_err(|err| {
+        io::Error::other(format!("failed to preview app zip {}: {err}", zip_path)).into()
+    })
+}
+
+#[command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn list_installed_apps(state: State<'_, AppState>) -> Result<Vec<ListedSageApp>> {
+    let base_path = {
+        let state = state.lock().await;
+        state.path.clone()
+    };
+
+    let root = apps_root(&base_path);
+
+    fs::create_dir_all(&root).map_err(|err| {
+        io::Error::other(format!(
+            "failed to create apps directory {}: {err}",
+            root.display()
+        ))
+    })?;
+
+    list_installed_apps_internal(&root).map_err(|err| {
+        io::Error::other(format!("failed to list installed apps: {err}")).into()
+    })
+}
+
+#[command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn install_app_zip(
+    state: State<'_, AppState>,
+    zip_path: String,
+    granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
+) -> Result<InstalledSageApp> {
+    let base_path = {
+        let state = state.lock().await;
+        state.path.clone()
+    };
+
+    let root = apps_root(&base_path);
+
+    fs::create_dir_all(&root).map_err(|err| {
+        io::Error::other(format!(
+            "failed to create apps directory {}: {err}",
+            root.display()
+        ))
+    })?;
+
+    let unpack_dir = root.join(format!(".tmp-{}", current_millis()));
+    if unpack_dir.exists() {
+        fs::remove_dir_all(&unpack_dir).map_err(|err| {
+            io::Error::other(format!(
+                "failed to remove temporary unpack directory {}: {err}",
+                unpack_dir.display()
+            ))
+        })?;
+    }
+
+    let result = (|| -> AnyResult<InstalledSageApp> {
+        unzip_to_dir(Path::new(&zip_path), &unpack_dir)?;
+        let package_root = detect_package_root(&unpack_dir)?;
+        validate_package_structure(&package_root)?;
+        let manifest = read_manifest(&package_root)?;
+        validate_granted_permissions_against_requested(&manifest.permissions, &granted_permissions)?;
+
+        let existing = list_installed_apps_internal(&root)?
+            .into_iter()
+            .find_map(|app| match app {
+                ListedSageApp::Installed(installed) if installed.name == manifest.name => {
+                    Some(installed)
+                }
+                _ => None,
+            });
+
+        let app_id = existing
+            .map(|app| app.id)
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| generate_app_id(&manifest.name));
+
+        let install_dir = root.join(&app_id);
+        if install_dir.exists() {
+            fs::remove_dir_all(&install_dir).with_context(|| {
+                format!(
+                    "failed to remove existing install dir {}",
+                    install_dir.display()
+                )
+            })?;
+        }
+
+        copy_dir_all(&package_root, &install_dir)?;
+
+        let installed = InstalledSageApp {
+            id: app_id,
+            name: manifest.name,
+            version: manifest.version,
+            install_dir: install_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+            entry_file: install_dir
+                .join("dist")
+                .join("index.html")
+                .to_string_lossy()
+                .to_string(),
+            icon_file: install_dir.join("icon.png").to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+            requested_permissions: manifest.permissions,
+            granted_permissions,
+        };
+
+        write_installed_app_metadata(&installed, &install_dir)?;
+        Ok(installed)
+    })();
+
+    if unpack_dir.exists() {
+        let _ = fs::remove_dir_all(&unpack_dir);
+    }
+
+    result.map_err(|err| {
+        io::Error::other(format!("failed to install app zip {}: {err}", zip_path)).into()
+    })
+}
+
+#[command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn uninstall_app(state: State<'_, AppState>, app_id: String) -> Result<()> {
+    let base_path = {
+        let state = state.lock().await;
+        state.path.clone()
+    };
+
+    let install_dir = apps_root(&base_path).join(&app_id);
+    if install_dir.exists() {
+        fs::remove_dir_all(&install_dir).map_err(|err| {
+            io::Error::other(format!(
+                "failed to remove installed app {} at {}: {err}",
+                app_id,
+                install_dir.display()
+            ))
+        })?;
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..494fd13f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+pub mod bootstrap;
+pub mod csp;
+pub mod install;
+pub mod permissions;
+pub mod protocol;
+pub mod types;
+
+pub mod bridge;
+
+pub use protocol::handle_app_protocol_request;
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/permissions.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/permissions.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8f8106c19
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/permissions.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+use std::collections::BTreeSet;
+
+use anyhow::{anyhow, Result as AnyResult};
+
+use crate::apps::types::{
+    InstalledSageApp, SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions, SageNetworkPermissionEntry,
+};
+
+pub fn normalize_scheme(scheme: &str) -> String {
+    scheme.trim().to_ascii_lowercase()
+}
+
+pub fn normalize_host(host: &str) -> String {
+    host.trim().to_ascii_lowercase()
+}
+
+pub fn validate_network_permission_entry(entry: &SageNetworkPermissionEntry) -> AnyResult<()> {
+    let scheme = normalize_scheme(&entry.scheme);
+    let host = normalize_host(&entry.host);
+
+    match scheme.as_str() {
+        "http" | "https" | "ws" | "wss" => {}
+        _ => return Err(anyhow!("unsupported network scheme: {}", entry.scheme)),
+    }
+
+    if host.is_empty() {
+        return Err(anyhow!("network host cannot be empty"));
+    }
+
+    if host == "*" {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+
+    if host.starts_with("*.") {
+        if host.len() <= 2 || host[2..].contains('*') {
+            return Err(anyhow!("invalid wildcard host pattern: {}", entry.host));
+        }
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+
+    if host.contains('*') {
+        return Err(anyhow!(
+            "only leading wildcard hosts are supported: {}",
+            entry.host
+        ));
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub fn validate_requested_permissions(permissions: &SageRequestedPermissions) -> AnyResult<()> {
+    let mut seen = BTreeSet::new();
+
+    for entry in &permissions.network {
+        validate_network_permission_entry(entry)?;
+
+        let key = (normalize_scheme(&entry.scheme), normalize_host(&entry.host));
+        if !seen.insert(key) {
+            return Err(anyhow!(
+                "duplicate network permission entry: {} {}",
+                entry.scheme,
+                entry.host
+            ));
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub fn validate_granted_permissions_against_requested(
+    requested: &SageRequestedPermissions,
+    granted: &SageGrantedPermissions,
+) -> AnyResult<()> {
+    let requested_set: BTreeSet<(String, String)> = requested
+        .network
+        .iter()
+        .map(|entry| (normalize_scheme(&entry.scheme), normalize_host(&entry.host)))
+        .collect();
+
+    let required_set: BTreeSet<(String, String)> = requested
+        .network
+        .iter()
+        .filter(|entry| entry.required)
+        .map(|entry| (normalize_scheme(&entry.scheme), normalize_host(&entry.host)))
+        .collect();
+
+    let granted_set: BTreeSet<(String, String)> = granted
+        .network
+        .iter()
+        .map(|entry| (normalize_scheme(&entry.scheme), normalize_host(&entry.host)))
+        .collect();
+
+    for key in &granted_set {
+        if !requested_set.contains(key) {
+            return Err(anyhow!(
+                "granted network permission not present in manifest request: {} {}",
+                key.0,
+                key.1
+            ));
+        }
+    }
+
+    for key in &required_set {
+        if !granted_set.contains(key) {
+            return Err(anyhow!(
+                "missing required network permission grant: {} {}",
+                key.0,
+                key.1
+            ));
+        }
+    }
+
+    let requested_storage = requested.persistent_storage.is_some();
+    let required_storage = requested
+        .persistent_storage
+        .as_ref()
+        .map(|p| p.required)
+        .unwrap_or(false);
+
+    if granted.persistent_storage && !requested_storage {
+        return Err(anyhow!(
+            "persistent storage granted but not requested by manifest"
+        ));
+    }
+
+    if required_storage && !granted.persistent_storage {
+        return Err(anyhow!(
+            "missing required persistent storage permission"
+        ));
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub fn host_matches_pattern(host: &str, pattern: &str) -> bool {
+    let host = normalize_host(host);
+    let pattern = normalize_host(pattern);
+
+    if pattern == "*" {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    if let Some(suffix) = pattern.strip_prefix("*.") {
+        return host.ends_with(&format!(".{suffix}"));
+    }
+
+    host == pattern
+}
+
+pub fn is_network_allowed_for_app(app: &InstalledSageApp, scheme: &str, host: &str) -> bool {
+    let scheme = normalize_scheme(scheme);
+    let host = normalize_host(host);
+
+    app.granted_permissions.network.iter().any(|entry| {
+        normalize_scheme(&entry.scheme) == scheme && host_matches_pattern(&host, &entry.host)
+    })
+}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/protocol.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/protocol.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f7cdf22bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/protocol.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+use std::{fs, path::{Path, PathBuf}};
+
+use anyhow::{anyhow, Context, Result as AnyResult};
+use tauri::http::{Response, StatusCode};
+
+use crate::apps::{
+    bootstrap::build_sage_bootstrap,
+    csp::build_app_csp,
+    install::{app_install_dir, read_installed_app_by_id},
+};
+
+fn resolve_protocol_file(base_path: &Path, app_id: &str, request_path: &str) -> AnyResult<PathBuf> {
+    let install_dir = app_install_dir(base_path, app_id);
+
+    if request_path == "/__sage_bootstrap__.js" {
+        return Ok(install_dir.join("__virtual_sage_bootstrap__.js"));
+    }
+
+    let path = if request_path.is_empty() || request_path == "/" || request_path == "/index.html" {
+        install_dir.join("dist").join("index.html")
+    } else if request_path == "/icon.png" {
+        install_dir.join("icon.png")
+    } else {
+        let trimmed = request_path.trim_start_matches('/');
+
+        if trimmed.contains("..") {
+            return Err(anyhow!("invalid app path"));
+        }
+
+        install_dir.join("dist").join(trimmed)
+    };
+
+    let canonical_install_dir = install_dir.canonicalize().with_context(|| {
+        format!(
+            "failed to canonicalize install dir {}",
+            install_dir.display()
+        )
+    })?;
+
+    let canonical_path = path.canonicalize().with_context(|| {
+        format!(
+            "failed to canonicalize requested path {}",
+            path.display()
+        )
+    })?;
+
+    if !canonical_path.starts_with(&canonical_install_dir) {
+        return Err(anyhow!("requested path escapes app directory"));
+    }
+
+    if !canonical_path.is_file() {
+        return Err(anyhow!("requested file does not exist"));
+    }
+
+    Ok(canonical_path)
+}
+
+fn inject_bootstrap_into_index_html(html: &str) -> String {
+    let bootstrap_tag = r#"<script src="/__sage_bootstrap__.js"></script>"#;
+
+    if let Some(idx) = html.find("<head>") {
+        let insert_at = idx + "<head>".len();
+        let mut out = String::with_capacity(html.len() + bootstrap_tag.len());
+        out.push_str(&html[..insert_at]);
+        out.push_str(bootstrap_tag);
+        out.push_str(&html[insert_at..]);
+        out
+    } else {
+        format!("{bootstrap_tag}{html}")
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn handle_app_protocol_request(
+    base_path: &Path,
+    request: &tauri::http::Request<Vec<u8>>,
+) -> AnyResult<Response<Vec<u8>>> {
+    let uri = request.uri();
+
+    let app_id = uri
+        .host()
+        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("missing app id in sage-app URL"))?;
+
+    let request_path = uri.path();
+
+    let file_path = resolve_protocol_file(base_path, app_id, request_path)?;
+    let app = read_installed_app_by_id(base_path, app_id)?;
+
+    if request_path == "/__sage_bootstrap__.js" {
+        let js = build_sage_bootstrap(&app);
+
+        return Response::builder()
+            .status(StatusCode::OK)
+            .header("Content-Type", "application/javascript; charset=utf-8")
+            .body(js.into_bytes())
+            .map_err(|err| anyhow!("failed to build protocol response: {err}"));
+    }
+
+    if request_path.is_empty() || request_path == "/" || request_path == "/index.html" {
+        let html = fs::read_to_string(&file_path)
+            .with_context(|| format!("failed to read {}", file_path.display()))?;
+
+        let injected = inject_bootstrap_into_index_html(&html);
+        let csp = build_app_csp(&app);
+
+        return Response::builder()
+            .status(StatusCode::OK)
+            .header("Content-Type", "text/html; charset=utf-8")
+            .header("Content-Security-Policy", csp)
+            .body(injected.into_bytes())
+            .map_err(|err| anyhow!("failed to build protocol response: {err}"));
+    }
+
+    let bytes =
+        fs::read(&file_path).with_context(|| format!("failed to read {}", file_path.display()))?;
+
+    let mime = mime_guess::from_path(&file_path)
+        .first_or_octet_stream()
+        .essence_str()
+        .to_string();
+
+    Response::builder()
+        .status(StatusCode::OK)
+        .header("Content-Type", mime)
+        .body(bytes)
+        .map_err(|err| anyhow!("failed to build protocol response: {err}"))
+}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f3fdefe34
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use specta::Type;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+pub struct SageAppPermissions {
+    pub network: bool,
+    #[serde(rename = "persistentStorage", alias = "persistent_storage")]
+    pub persistent_storage: bool,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
+pub struct SageNetworkPermissionEntry {
+    pub scheme: String,
+    pub host: String,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub required: bool,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+pub struct SagePersistentStoragePermission {
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub required: bool,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default)]
+pub struct SageRequestedPermissions {
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub network: Vec<SageNetworkPermissionEntry>,
+
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub persistent_storage: Option<SagePersistentStoragePermission>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default)]
+pub struct SageGrantedPermissions {
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub network: Vec<SageGrantedNetworkPermissionEntry>,
+
+    #[serde(rename = "persistentStorage", alias = "persistent_storage", default)]
+    pub persistent_storage: bool,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
+pub struct SageGrantedNetworkPermissionEntry {
+    pub scheme: String,
+    pub host: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+pub struct SageAppPackageManifest {
+    pub name: String,
+    pub version: String,
+    pub permissions: SageRequestedPermissions,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+pub struct InstalledSageApp {
+    pub id: String,
+    pub name: String,
+    pub version: String,
+
+    #[serde(rename = "installDir", alias = "install_dir")]
+    pub install_dir: String,
+
+    #[serde(rename = "entryFile", alias = "entry_file")]
+    pub entry_file: String,
+
+    #[serde(rename = "iconFile", alias = "icon_file")]
+    pub icon_file: String,
+
+    #[serde(rename = "requestedPermissions", alias = "requested_permissions")]
+    pub requested_permissions: SageRequestedPermissions,
+
+    #[serde(rename = "grantedPermissions", alias = "granted_permissions")]
+    pub granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+pub struct CorruptedInstalledSageApp {
+    pub id: String,
+    pub install_dir: String,
+    pub error: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub enum ListedSageApp {
+    Installed(InstalledSageApp),
+    Corrupted(CorruptedInstalledSageApp),
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+pub struct SageBridgeFetchRequest {
+    pub url: String,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub method: Option<String>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub headers: BTreeMap<String, String>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub body: Option<String>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+pub struct SageBridgeFetchResponse {
+    pub ok: bool,
+    pub status: u16,
+    pub status_text: String,
+    pub headers: BTreeMap<String, String>,
+    pub body_text: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+pub struct SageBridgeFetchBatchRequest {
+    pub requests: Vec<SageBridgeFetchRequest>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub max_concurrency: Option<usize>,
+}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
index e4f6d6cfe..87c4f68c5 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
@@ -143,13 +143,13 @@ pub fn run() {
             commands::download_cni_offercode,
             commands::get_logs,
             commands::is_asset_owned,
-            apps::list_installed_apps,
-            apps::preview_app_zip,
-            apps::install_app_zip,
-            apps::uninstall_app,
-            apps::bridge_fetch_http,
-            apps::bridge_fetch_http_batch,
-            apps::bridge_fetch_http_batch_stream,
+            apps::install::list_installed_apps,
+            apps::install::preview_app_zip,
+            apps::install::install_app_zip,
+            apps::install::uninstall_app,
+            apps::bridge::fetch::bridge_fetch_http,
+            apps::bridge::batch::bridge_fetch_http_batch,
+            apps::bridge::batch::bridge_fetch_http_batch_stream,
         ])
         .events(collect_events![SyncEvent]);
 

From bdc55de6ea09a890c10abf9f391659ded7d48a3f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Wed, 15 Apr 2026 13:08:13 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 014/471] Add `sourceLabel` support to Sage bridge for enhanced
 event handling and batch processing

---
 src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/batch.rs | 2 --
 src/lib/apps/bridge.ts             | 5 +++--
 src/pages/AppHost.tsx              | 1 +
 3 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/batch.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/batch.rs
index 4247b16c8..d080c07be 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/batch.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/batch.rs
@@ -164,13 +164,11 @@ pub async fn bridge_fetch_http_batch_stream(
                         "error": err.to_string()
                     }),
                 };
-
                 let _ = app_handle.emit_to(&source_label, "sage-bridge:batch:result", payload);
             });
         }
 
         while futures.next().await.is_some() {}
-
         let _ = app_handle.emit_to(
             &source_label,
             "sage-bridge:batch:done",
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/bridge.ts b/src/lib/apps/bridge.ts
index 058e153d3..eda6c176a 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/bridge.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/bridge.ts
@@ -77,6 +77,7 @@ export interface SageBridgeEventEnvelope {
 
 export interface SageBridgeContext {
   app: InstalledSageApp;
+  sourceLabel: string;
   emitEvent?: (event: SageBridgeEventEnvelope) => Promise<void> | void;
 }
 
@@ -528,11 +529,11 @@ export async function handleBridgeRequest(
 
         const batchId = await invoke<string>('bridge_fetch_http_batch_stream', {
           appId: ctx.app.id,
-          sourceLabel: request.id,
+          sourceLabel: ctx.sourceLabel,
           req: params,
         });
 
-        return success(request.id, { batchId });
+        return success(request.id, batchId);
       }
 
       case 'network.wsOpen':
diff --git a/src/pages/AppHost.tsx b/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
index 6712b097b..3e03c4bc7 100644
--- a/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
@@ -172,6 +172,7 @@ export function AppHost() {
           void handleBridgeRequest(
             {
               app: installedApp,
+              sourceLabel: payload.sourceLabel,
               emitEvent: async (event) => {
                 await hostWebview.emitTo(
                   payload.sourceLabel,

From 0b42cd00c3c12c5268898c23733345072160513e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Wed, 15 Apr 2026 13:33:39 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 015/471] Add runtime management system for inline apps,
 including Task Manager, webview lifecycle handling, and runtime stats
 tracking

---
 src-tauri/src/apps/bootstrap.rs |  13 ++
 src/App.tsx                     |   2 +
 src/hooks/useAppRuntimes.ts     |  19 ++
 src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts | 316 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/pages/AppHost.tsx           |  82 ++-------
 src/pages/Apps.tsx              |   7 +
 src/pages/TaskManager.tsx       | 118 ++++++++++++
 7 files changed, 489 insertions(+), 68 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/hooks/useAppRuntimes.ts
 create mode 100644 src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
 create mode 100644 src/pages/TaskManager.tsx

diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/bootstrap.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/bootstrap.rs
index 11181925b..b7be3fe9a 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/bootstrap.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/bootstrap.rs
@@ -109,6 +109,19 @@ pub fn build_sage_bootstrap(app: &InstalledSageApp) -> String {
     }});
   }}
 
+  currentWebview.listen('sage-lifecycle:before-stop', async (event) => {{
+    try {{
+      window.dispatchEvent(
+        new CustomEvent('sage:lifecycle:before-stop', {{
+          detail: event.payload,
+        }})
+      );
+    }} catch (error) {{
+      console.error('Failed to dispatch before-stop lifecycle event', error);
+    }}
+  }}).catch((error) => {{
+    console.error('Failed to subscribe to sage-lifecycle:before-stop:', error);
+  }});
   window.__SAGE__ = {{
     appInfo: __sageAppInfo,
     addEventListener(listener) {{
diff --git a/src/App.tsx b/src/App.tsx
index 8779bf034..978e2bb3a 100644
--- a/src/App.tsx
+++ b/src/App.tsx
@@ -59,6 +59,7 @@ import { Transactions } from './pages/Transactions';
 import Wallet from './pages/Wallet';
 import { Apps } from '@/pages/Apps.tsx';
 import { AppHost } from '@/pages/AppHost.tsx';
+import { TaskManager } from '@/pages/TaskManager.tsx';
 
 // Theme-aware toast container component
 function ThemeAwareToastContainer() {
@@ -140,6 +141,7 @@ const router = createHashRouter(
       </Route>
       <Route path='/apps' element={<Wallet />}>
         <Route path='' element={<Apps />} />
+        <Route path='task-manager' element={<TaskManager />} />
         <Route path=':appId' element={<AppHost />} />
       </Route>
       <Route path='/settings' element={<Settings />} />
diff --git a/src/hooks/useAppRuntimes.ts b/src/hooks/useAppRuntimes.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..809d0aeef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/hooks/useAppRuntimes.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+import { useEffect, useState } from 'react';
+import {
+  listAppRuntimes,
+  subscribeAppRuntimes,
+  type SageAppRuntimeRecord,
+} from '@/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry';
+
+export function useAppRuntimes() {
+  const [runtimes, setRuntimes] = useState<SageAppRuntimeRecord[]>(() =>
+    listAppRuntimes(),
+  );
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    return subscribeAppRuntimes(setRuntimes);
+  }, []);
+
+  return runtimes;
+}
+
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts b/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d12be0366
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,316 @@
+import { getCurrentWebview, Webview } from '@tauri-apps/api/webview';
+import { getCurrentWindow } from '@tauri-apps/api/window';
+import { LogicalPosition, LogicalSize } from '@tauri-apps/api/dpi';
+
+export type SageAppRuntimeState =
+  | 'starting'
+  | 'running'
+  | 'hidden'
+  | 'stopping'
+  | 'stopped'
+  | 'crashed';
+
+export type SageAppRuntimeMode = 'inline';
+
+export interface SageAppRuntimeRecord {
+  runtimeId: string;
+  appId: string;
+  appName: string;
+  entrySrc: string;
+  webviewLabel: string;
+  hostWindowLabel: string;
+  mode: SageAppRuntimeMode;
+  state: SageAppRuntimeState;
+  startedAt: number;
+  lastActiveAt: number;
+  visible: boolean;
+  activeBatchCount: number;
+  activeSocketCount: number;
+  inFlightRequestCount: number;
+}
+
+type RuntimeListener = (records: SageAppRuntimeRecord[]) => void;
+
+type RuntimeInternalRecord = SageAppRuntimeRecord & {
+  webview: Webview;
+};
+
+const runtimes = new Map<string, RuntimeInternalRecord>();
+const runtimeByAppId = new Map<string, string>();
+const listeners = new Set<RuntimeListener>();
+
+function emitChange() {
+  const snapshot = Array.from(runtimes.values()).map(stripInternal);
+  for (const listener of listeners) {
+    listener(snapshot);
+  }
+}
+
+function stripInternal(record: RuntimeInternalRecord): SageAppRuntimeRecord {
+  return {
+    runtimeId: record.runtimeId,
+    appId: record.appId,
+    appName: record.appName,
+    entrySrc: record.entrySrc,
+    webviewLabel: record.webviewLabel,
+    hostWindowLabel: record.hostWindowLabel,
+    mode: record.mode,
+    state: record.state,
+    startedAt: record.startedAt,
+    lastActiveAt: record.lastActiveAt,
+    visible: record.visible,
+    activeBatchCount: record.activeBatchCount,
+    activeSocketCount: record.activeSocketCount,
+    inFlightRequestCount: record.inFlightRequestCount,
+  };
+}
+
+function runtimeIdFor(appId: string) {
+  return `runtime-${appId}`;
+}
+
+function inlineLabelFor(appId: string) {
+  return `app-inline-${appId}`;
+}
+
+export function subscribeAppRuntimes(listener: RuntimeListener): () => void {
+  listeners.add(listener);
+  listener(Array.from(runtimes.values()).map(stripInternal));
+  return () => {
+    listeners.delete(listener);
+  };
+}
+
+export function listAppRuntimes(): SageAppRuntimeRecord[] {
+  return Array.from(runtimes.values()).map(stripInternal);
+}
+
+export function getRuntimeByAppId(
+  appId: string,
+): SageAppRuntimeRecord | undefined {
+  const runtimeId = runtimeByAppId.get(appId);
+  if (!runtimeId) {
+    return undefined;
+  }
+
+  const record = runtimes.get(runtimeId);
+  return record ? stripInternal(record) : undefined;
+}
+
+export async function ensureInlineRuntime(app: {
+  id: string;
+  name: string;
+}): Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecord> {
+  const existingRuntimeId = runtimeByAppId.get(app.id);
+  if (existingRuntimeId) {
+    const existing = runtimes.get(existingRuntimeId);
+    if (existing) {
+      existing.lastActiveAt = Date.now();
+      existing.visible = true;
+      if (existing.state === 'hidden') {
+        existing.state = 'running';
+      }
+      emitChange();
+      return stripInternal(existing);
+    }
+  }
+
+  const hostWindow = getCurrentWindow();
+  const hostWebview = getCurrentWebview();
+
+  const runtimeId = runtimeIdFor(app.id);
+  const webviewLabel = inlineLabelFor(app.id);
+  const entrySrc = `sage-app://${app.id}/index.html`;
+
+  let webview = await Webview.getByLabel(webviewLabel);
+  if (!webview) {
+    const createdWebview = new Webview(hostWindow, webviewLabel, {
+      url: entrySrc,
+      x: 0,
+      y: 0,
+      width: 1,
+      height: 1,
+      focus: true,
+    });
+
+    await new Promise<void>((resolve, reject) => {
+      const createdPromise = createdWebview.once('tauri://created', () => {
+        resolve();
+      });
+
+      const errorPromise = createdWebview.once('tauri://error', (event) => {
+        const payload =
+          typeof event.payload === 'string'
+            ? event.payload
+            : JSON.stringify(event.payload);
+        reject(new Error(payload));
+      });
+
+      void Promise.all([createdPromise, errorPromise]);
+    });
+
+    webview = createdWebview;
+  }
+
+  const record: RuntimeInternalRecord = {
+    runtimeId,
+    appId: app.id,
+    appName: app.name,
+    entrySrc,
+    webviewLabel,
+    hostWindowLabel: hostWebview.label,
+    mode: 'inline',
+    state: 'running',
+    startedAt: Date.now(),
+    lastActiveAt: Date.now(),
+    visible: true,
+    activeBatchCount: 0,
+    activeSocketCount: 0,
+    inFlightRequestCount: 0,
+    webview,
+  };
+
+  runtimes.set(runtimeId, record);
+  runtimeByAppId.set(app.id, runtimeId);
+  emitChange();
+
+  return stripInternal(record);
+}
+
+export async function getRuntimeWebview(
+  appId: string,
+): Promise<Webview | null> {
+  const runtimeId = runtimeByAppId.get(appId);
+  if (!runtimeId) {
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  const record = runtimes.get(runtimeId);
+  return record?.webview ?? null;
+}
+
+export async function markRuntimeVisible(appId: string, visible: boolean) {
+  const runtimeId = runtimeByAppId.get(appId);
+  if (!runtimeId) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  const record = runtimes.get(runtimeId);
+  if (!record) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  record.visible = visible;
+  record.lastActiveAt = Date.now();
+
+  if (record.state !== 'stopping' && record.state !== 'stopped') {
+    record.state = visible ? 'running' : 'hidden';
+  }
+
+  try {
+    if (visible) {
+      // AppHost will place it correctly right after this.
+      await record.webview.setSize(new LogicalSize(1, 1));
+    } else {
+      await record.webview.setPosition(new LogicalPosition(-10000, -10000));
+      await record.webview.setSize(new LogicalSize(1, 1));
+    }
+  } catch (err) {
+    console.error('Failed to update runtime visibility:', err);
+  }
+
+  emitChange();
+}
+
+export function patchRuntimeStats(
+  appId: string,
+  patch: Partial<
+    Pick<
+      SageAppRuntimeRecord,
+      | 'activeBatchCount'
+      | 'activeSocketCount'
+      | 'inFlightRequestCount'
+      | 'lastActiveAt'
+    >
+  >,
+) {
+  const runtimeId = runtimeByAppId.get(appId);
+  if (!runtimeId) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  const record = runtimes.get(runtimeId);
+  if (!record) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  Object.assign(record, patch);
+  emitChange();
+}
+
+export async function focusRuntime(appId: string) {
+  const runtimeId = runtimeByAppId.get(appId);
+  if (!runtimeId) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  const record = runtimes.get(runtimeId);
+  if (!record) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  record.visible = true;
+  record.state = 'running';
+  record.lastActiveAt = Date.now();
+
+  try {
+    await record.webview.setFocus();
+  } catch (err) {
+    console.error('Failed to focus runtime:', err);
+  }
+
+  emitChange();
+}
+
+export async function hideRuntime(appId: string) {
+  await markRuntimeVisible(appId, false);
+}
+
+export async function killRuntime(appId: string) {
+  const runtimeId = runtimeByAppId.get(appId);
+  if (!runtimeId) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  const record = runtimes.get(runtimeId);
+  if (!record) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  record.state = 'stopping';
+  emitChange();
+
+  try {
+    await record.webview.emit('sage-lifecycle:before-stop', {
+      reason: 'user_kill',
+      appId,
+      runtimeId,
+    });
+
+    await new Promise((resolve) => window.setTimeout(resolve, 1200));
+  } catch {
+    // ignore
+  }
+
+  try {
+    await record.webview.close();
+  } catch {
+    // ignore
+  }
+
+  record.state = 'stopped';
+  runtimes.delete(runtimeId);
+  runtimeByAppId.delete(appId);
+  emitChange();
+}
+
diff --git a/src/pages/AppHost.tsx b/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
index 3e03c4bc7..cd9b0ef1a 100644
--- a/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
@@ -2,15 +2,17 @@ import { Alert, AlertDescription, AlertTitle } from '@/components/ui/alert';
 import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
 import { useApps } from '@/hooks/useApps';
 import {
-  cleanupBridgeResources,
   handleBridgeRequest,
   isBridgeRequest,
   type SageBridgeEventPayload,
 } from '@/lib/apps/bridge';
-import { openAppWindow } from '@/lib/apps/openAppWindow';
+import {
+  ensureInlineRuntime,
+  getRuntimeWebview,
+  markRuntimeVisible,
+} from '@/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry';
 import { LogicalPosition, LogicalSize } from '@tauri-apps/api/dpi';
-import { getCurrentWebview, Webview } from '@tauri-apps/api/webview';
-import { getCurrentWindow } from '@tauri-apps/api/window';
+import { getCurrentWebview } from '@tauri-apps/api/webview';
 import { ArrowLeft } from 'lucide-react';
 import { useEffect, useMemo, useRef } from 'react';
 import { Link, useParams } from 'react-router-dom';
@@ -47,12 +49,9 @@ export function AppHost() {
     }
 
     const installedApp = app;
-    const inlineLabel = `app-inline-${installedApp.id}`;
-    const hostWindow = getCurrentWindow();
     const hostWebview = getCurrentWebview();
 
     let disposed = false;
-    let embeddedWebview: Webview | null = null;
     let resizeObserver: ResizeObserver | null = null;
     let unlistenBridge: (() => void) | null = null;
     let removeWindowResize: (() => void) | null = null;
@@ -66,22 +65,21 @@ export function AppHost() {
     };
 
     const syncBounds = async () => {
-      const currentWebview = embeddedWebview;
+      const webview = await getRuntimeWebview(installedApp.id);
       const container = containerRef.current;
 
-      if (disposed || !currentWebview || !container) {
+      if (disposed || !webview || !container) {
         return;
       }
 
       const rect = container.getBoundingClientRect();
-
       const width = Math.max(1, Math.round(rect.width));
       const height = Math.max(1, Math.round(rect.height));
       const x = Math.round(rect.left);
       const y = Math.round(rect.top);
 
-      await currentWebview.setPosition(new LogicalPosition(x, y));
-      await currentWebview.setSize(new LogicalSize(width, height));
+      await webview.setPosition(new LogicalPosition(x, y));
+      await webview.setSize(new LogicalSize(width, height));
     };
 
     const scheduleSyncBounds = () => {
@@ -93,42 +91,8 @@ export function AppHost() {
     };
 
     const mount = async () => {
-      const existing = await Webview.getByLabel(inlineLabel);
-
-      if (disposed) {
-        return;
-      }
-
-      if (existing) {
-        embeddedWebview = existing;
-      } else {
-        embeddedWebview = new Webview(hostWindow, inlineLabel, {
-          url: entrySrc,
-          x: 0,
-          y: 0,
-          width: 1,
-          height: 1,
-          focus: true,
-        });
-
-        const createdWebview = embeddedWebview;
-
-        await new Promise<void>((resolve, reject) => {
-          const createdPromise = createdWebview.once('tauri://created', () => {
-            resolve();
-          });
-
-          const errorPromise = createdWebview.once('tauri://error', (event) => {
-            const payload =
-              typeof event.payload === 'string'
-                ? event.payload
-                : JSON.stringify(event.payload);
-            reject(new Error(payload));
-          });
-
-          void Promise.all([createdPromise, errorPromise]);
-        });
-      }
+      const runtime = await ensureInlineRuntime(installedApp);
+      await markRuntimeVisible(installedApp.id, true);
 
       scheduleSyncBounds();
 
@@ -194,23 +158,16 @@ export function AppHost() {
     };
 
     void mount().catch((err) => {
-      console.error('Failed to mount embedded app webview:', err);
+      console.error('Failed to attach app runtime:', err);
     });
 
     return () => {
       disposed = true;
-
+      void markRuntimeVisible(installedApp.id, false);
       resizeObserver?.disconnect();
       unlistenBridge?.();
       removeWindowResize?.();
       clearDelayedSyncTimers();
-      cleanupBridgeResources(installedApp.id);
-
-      if (embeddedWebview) {
-        void embeddedWebview.close().catch((err) => {
-          console.error('Failed to close embedded app webview:', err);
-        });
-      }
     };
   }, [app, entrySrc]);
 
@@ -239,17 +196,6 @@ export function AppHost() {
               Back to Apps
             </Link>
           </Button>
-
-          <Button
-            variant='outline'
-            onClick={() => {
-              void openAppWindow(app.id, app.name).catch((err) => {
-                console.error('Failed to open app window:', err);
-              });
-            }}
-          >
-            Open in window
-          </Button>
         </div>
 
         <div className='shrink-0 space-y-1'>
diff --git a/src/pages/Apps.tsx b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
index b0d75b5d3..8318ee6aa 100644
--- a/src/pages/Apps.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
@@ -3,9 +3,13 @@ import { InstalledAppCard } from '@/components/apps/InstalledAppCard';
 import { useApps } from '@/hooks/useApps';
 import { CorruptedAppCard } from '@/components/apps/CorruptedAppCard.tsx';
 import { SageGrantedPermissions } from '@/bindings.ts';
+import { useAppRuntimes } from '@/hooks/useAppRuntimes.ts';
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button.tsx';
+import { Link } from 'react-router-dom';
 
 export function Apps() {
   const { apps, loading, error, installApp, uninstallApp } = useApps();
+  const runtimes = useAppRuntimes();
 
   return (
     <div className='flex-1 overflow-auto'>
@@ -15,6 +19,9 @@ export function Apps() {
           <p className='text-muted-foreground'>
             Install and manage Sage app packages.
           </p>
+          <Button asChild variant='outline'>
+            <Link to='/apps/task-manager'>Task Manager ({runtimes.length})</Link>
+          </Button>
         </div>
 
         <InstallAppForm
diff --git a/src/pages/TaskManager.tsx b/src/pages/TaskManager.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1d46d465f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/pages/TaskManager.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
+import { Card, CardContent, CardHeader, CardTitle } from '@/components/ui/card';
+import { useAppRuntimes } from '@/hooks/useAppRuntimes';
+import {
+  focusRuntime,
+  hideRuntime,
+  killRuntime,
+} from '@/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry';
+import { ArrowLeft } from 'lucide-react';
+import { Link, useLocation, useNavigate } from 'react-router-dom';
+
+function formatDuration(ms: number) {
+  const s = Math.floor(ms / 1000);
+  const h = Math.floor(s / 3600);
+  const m = Math.floor((s % 3600) / 60);
+  const sec = s % 60;
+  return [h, m, sec].map((v) => String(v).padStart(2, '0')).join(':');
+}
+
+export function TaskManager() {
+  const runtimes = useAppRuntimes();
+  const navigate = useNavigate();
+  const location = useLocation();
+
+  return (
+    <div className='mx-auto w-full max-w-6xl p-4 md:p-6'>
+      <Card>
+        <CardHeader className='flex flex-row items-center justify-between gap-4 space-y-0'>
+          <div>
+            <CardTitle>Task Manager</CardTitle>
+          </div>
+
+          <Button asChild variant='ghost' className='pl-0'>
+            <Link to='/apps'>
+              <ArrowLeft className='mr-2 h-4 w-4' />
+              Back to Apps
+            </Link>
+          </Button>
+        </CardHeader>
+
+        <CardContent className='space-y-4'>
+          {runtimes.length === 0 ? (
+            <div className='text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
+              No running apps.
+            </div>
+          ) : (
+            <div className='space-y-3'>
+              {runtimes.map((runtime) => (
+                <div key={runtime.runtimeId} className='rounded-xl border p-4'>
+                  <div className='flex items-start justify-between gap-4'>
+                    <div className='min-w-0 space-y-1'>
+                      <div className='font-medium'>{runtime.appName}</div>
+                      <div className='break-all text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
+                        {runtime.appId}
+                      </div>
+                      <div className='text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
+                        state={runtime.state} · mode={runtime.mode} · uptime=
+                        {formatDuration(Date.now() - runtime.startedAt)}
+                      </div>
+                      <div className='text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
+                        requests={runtime.inFlightRequestCount} · batches=
+                        {runtime.activeBatchCount} · sockets=
+                        {runtime.activeSocketCount}
+                      </div>
+                    </div>
+
+                    <div className='flex shrink-0 gap-2'>
+                      <Button
+                        variant='outline'
+                        onClick={() => {
+                          void focusRuntime(runtime.appId).then(() => {
+                            navigate(`/apps/${runtime.appId}`);
+                          });
+                        }}
+                      >
+                        Focus
+                      </Button>
+
+                      <Button
+                        variant='outline'
+                        onClick={() => {
+                          void hideRuntime(runtime.appId).then(() => {
+                            if (
+                              location.pathname === `/apps/${runtime.appId}`
+                            ) {
+                              navigate('/apps');
+                            }
+                          });
+                        }}
+                      >
+                        Hide
+                      </Button>
+
+                      <Button
+                        variant='destructive'
+                        onClick={() => {
+                          void killRuntime(runtime.appId).then(() => {
+                            if (
+                              location.pathname === `/apps/${runtime.appId}`
+                            ) {
+                              navigate('/apps');
+                            }
+                          });
+                        }}
+                      >
+                        Kill
+                      </Button>
+                    </div>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              ))}
+            </div>
+          )}
+        </CardContent>
+      </Card>
+    </div>
+  );
+}

From 6978cf9492eecf8a26cdffcbf2393def2dee6694 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Wed, 15 Apr 2026 14:32:51 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 016/471] Add "Exit App" button to AppHost for killing runtimes
 and navigating to the apps list

---
 src/pages/AppHost.tsx | 16 +++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/pages/AppHost.tsx b/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
index cd9b0ef1a..75f56a7ad 100644
--- a/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
@@ -9,13 +9,14 @@ import {
 import {
   ensureInlineRuntime,
   getRuntimeWebview,
+  killRuntime,
   markRuntimeVisible,
 } from '@/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry';
 import { LogicalPosition, LogicalSize } from '@tauri-apps/api/dpi';
 import { getCurrentWebview } from '@tauri-apps/api/webview';
 import { ArrowLeft } from 'lucide-react';
 import { useEffect, useMemo, useRef } from 'react';
-import { Link, useParams } from 'react-router-dom';
+import { Link, useNavigate, useParams } from 'react-router-dom';
 
 function AppNotFound() {
   return (
@@ -32,6 +33,7 @@ export function AppHost() {
   const { appId = '' } = useParams();
   const { getApp, loading } = useApps();
   const containerRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement | null>(null);
+  const navigate = useNavigate();
 
   const app = getApp(appId);
 
@@ -197,6 +199,18 @@ export function AppHost() {
             </Link>
           </Button>
         </div>
+        <div className='flex items-center gap-2'>
+          <Button
+            variant='destructive'
+            onClick={() => {
+              void killRuntime(app.id).then(() => {
+                navigate('/apps');
+              });
+            }}
+          >
+            Exit App
+          </Button>
+        </div>
 
         <div className='shrink-0 space-y-1'>
           <h1 className='text-2xl font-semibold tracking-tight'>{app.name}</h1>

From e888a68fc38645d8a0eff1f29fa5e6d0d705911d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Wed, 15 Apr 2026 15:17:59 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 017/471] Add URL-based app installation support, including
 manifest validation, source tracking, and permission handling.

---
 Cargo.lock                             |   2 +
 src-tauri/Cargo.toml                   |   2 +
 src-tauri/src/apps/install.rs          | 183 ++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs            |  32 +++++
 src-tauri/src/lib.rs                   |   2 +
 src/bindings.ts                        |  12 +-
 src/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx | 167 +++++++++++++++++-----
 src/hooks/useApps.ts                   |  37 +++--
 src/lib/apps/formatAppError.ts         |  36 +++++
 src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts        |  13 +-
 src/pages/AppHost.tsx                  |   6 +-
 src/pages/Apps.tsx                     |  22 ++-
 12 files changed, 452 insertions(+), 62 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/lib/apps/formatAppError.ts

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 4db671868..b2a09fa6a 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -6506,6 +6506,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "chia-wallet-sdk",
  "futures",
  "glob",
+ "hex",
  "mime_guess",
  "reqwest 0.12.24",
  "rustls",
@@ -6517,6 +6518,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "sage-wallet",
  "serde",
  "serde_json",
+ "sha2",
  "specta",
  "specta-typescript",
  "tauri",
diff --git a/src-tauri/Cargo.toml b/src-tauri/Cargo.toml
index 546da6da8..7f1fb4500 100644
--- a/src-tauri/Cargo.toml
+++ b/src-tauri/Cargo.toml
@@ -45,6 +45,8 @@ aws-lc-rs = { version = "1", features = ["bindgen"] }
 tauri-plugin-sharesheet = "0.0.1"
 futures = "0.3.32"
 uuid = { version = "1.19.0", features = ["v4"] }
+sha2 = "0.10.9"
+hex = "0.4.3"
 
 [target.'cfg(not(any(target_os = "android", target_os = "ios")))'.dependencies]
 tauri-plugin-window-state = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/install.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/install.rs
index f4c72d661..77fcb9fbd 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/install.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/install.rs
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ use std::{
 };
 
 use anyhow::{anyhow, Context, Result as AnyResult};
+use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
 use tauri::{command, State};
 use zip::ZipArchive;
 
@@ -12,11 +13,12 @@ use crate::{
     app_state::AppState,
     apps::{
         permissions::{
-            validate_granted_permissions_against_requested, validate_requested_permissions,
+            validate_granted_permissions_against_requested,
+            validate_requested_permissions,
         },
         types::{
             CorruptedInstalledSageApp, InstalledSageApp, ListedSageApp, SageAppPackageManifest,
-            SageGrantedPermissions,
+            SageAppUrlPreview, SageGrantedPermissions, SageInstalledAppSource,
         },
     },
     error::Result,
@@ -61,6 +63,14 @@ fn generate_app_id(name: &str) -> String {
     format!("{}-{}", slugify_name(name), current_millis())
 }
 
+fn generate_url_app_id(name: &str, manifest_url: &str) -> String {
+    let mut hasher = Sha256::new();
+    hasher.update(manifest_url.as_bytes());
+    let digest = hasher.finalize();
+    let short = hex::encode(&digest[..6]);
+    format!("{}-{}", slugify_name(name), short)
+}
+
 fn should_ignore_root_entry(path: &Path) -> bool {
     let Some(name) = path.file_name().and_then(|s| s.to_str()) else {
         return false;
@@ -161,6 +171,11 @@ fn read_manifest(package_root: &Path) -> AnyResult<SageAppPackageManifest> {
     let manifest: SageAppPackageManifest =
         serde_json::from_str(&text).context("failed to parse manifest.json")?;
 
+    validate_manifest(&manifest)?;
+    Ok(manifest)
+}
+
+fn validate_manifest(manifest: &SageAppPackageManifest) -> AnyResult<()> {
     if manifest.name.trim().is_empty() {
         return Err(anyhow!("manifest name cannot be empty"));
     }
@@ -170,8 +185,7 @@ fn read_manifest(package_root: &Path) -> AnyResult<SageAppPackageManifest> {
     }
 
     validate_requested_permissions(&manifest.permissions)?;
-
-    Ok(manifest)
+    Ok(())
 }
 
 fn validate_package_structure(package_root: &Path) -> AnyResult<()> {
@@ -283,6 +297,90 @@ pub fn read_installed_app_by_id(base_path: &Path, app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Ins
     read_installed_app_from_dir(&install_dir)
 }
 
+fn normalize_app_url(url: &str) -> AnyResult<String> {
+    let mut parsed = reqwest::Url::parse(url).context("invalid app URL")?;
+
+    let scheme = parsed.scheme();
+    let host = parsed
+        .host_str()
+        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("app URL is missing host"))?
+        .to_ascii_lowercase();
+
+    let is_local_dev_host = host == "localhost" || host == "127.0.0.1" || host == "::1";
+
+    match scheme {
+        "https" => {}
+        "http" if is_local_dev_host => {}
+        "http" => {
+            return Err(anyhow!(
+                "URL app install requires HTTPS, except for localhost/127.0.0.1 development URLs"
+            ));
+        }
+        other => {
+            return Err(anyhow!("unsupported app URL scheme: {other}"));
+        }
+    }
+
+    let path = parsed.path();
+    if !path.ends_with('/') {
+        parsed.set_path(&format!("{path}/"));
+    }
+
+    Ok(parsed.to_string())
+}
+
+fn derive_manifest_url(app_url: &str) -> AnyResult<String> {
+    let parsed = reqwest::Url::parse(app_url).context("invalid normalized app URL")?;
+    let manifest = parsed
+        .join("sage-manifest.json")
+        .context("failed to derive manifest URL")?;
+    Ok(manifest.to_string())
+}
+
+fn hash_string(input: &str) -> String {
+    let mut hasher = Sha256::new();
+    hasher.update(input.as_bytes());
+    hex::encode(hasher.finalize())
+}
+
+async fn fetch_url_manifest(app_url: &str) -> AnyResult<SageAppUrlPreview> {
+    let app_url = normalize_app_url(app_url)?;
+    let manifest_url = derive_manifest_url(&app_url)?;
+
+    let response = reqwest::Client::new()
+        .get(&manifest_url)
+        .send()
+        .await
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to fetch {}", manifest_url))?;
+
+    if !response.status().is_success() {
+        return Err(anyhow!(
+            "failed to fetch Sage manifest at {}: HTTP {}",
+            manifest_url,
+            response.status()
+        ));
+    }
+
+    let manifest_text = response
+        .text()
+        .await
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to read {}", manifest_url))?;
+
+    let manifest: SageAppPackageManifest =
+        serde_json::from_str(&manifest_text).context("failed to parse sage-manifest.json")?;
+
+    validate_manifest(&manifest)?;
+
+    let manifest_hash = hash_string(&manifest_text);
+
+    Ok(SageAppUrlPreview {
+        app_url,
+        manifest_url,
+        manifest_hash,
+        manifest,
+    })
+}
+
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
 pub async fn preview_app_zip(zip_path: String) -> Result<SageAppPackageManifest> {
@@ -303,6 +401,14 @@ pub async fn preview_app_zip(zip_path: String) -> Result<SageAppPackageManifest>
     })
 }
 
+#[command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn preview_app_url(app_url: String) -> Result<SageAppUrlPreview> {
+    fetch_url_manifest(&app_url)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to preview app URL {}: {err}", app_url)).into())
+}
+
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
 pub async fn list_installed_apps(state: State<'_, AppState>) -> Result<Vec<ListedSageApp>> {
@@ -401,6 +507,9 @@ pub async fn install_app_zip(
             icon_file: install_dir.join("icon.png").to_string_lossy().to_string(),
             requested_permissions: manifest.permissions,
             granted_permissions,
+            source: SageInstalledAppSource::Zip {
+                install_dir: install_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+            },
         };
 
         write_installed_app_metadata(&installed, &install_dir)?;
@@ -416,6 +525,72 @@ pub async fn install_app_zip(
     })
 }
 
+#[command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn install_app_url(
+    state: State<'_, AppState>,
+    app_url: String,
+    granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
+) -> Result<InstalledSageApp> {
+    let base_path = {
+        let state = state.lock().await;
+        state.path.clone()
+    };
+
+    let root = apps_root(&base_path);
+
+    fs::create_dir_all(&root).map_err(|err| {
+        io::Error::other(format!(
+            "failed to create apps directory {}: {err}",
+            root.display()
+        ))
+    })?;
+
+    let preview = fetch_url_manifest(&app_url)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to install app URL {}: {err}", app_url)))?;
+
+    validate_granted_permissions_against_requested(
+        &preview.manifest.permissions,
+        &granted_permissions,
+    )
+        .map_err(|err| {
+            io::Error::other(format!(
+                "invalid granted permissions for URL app {}: {err}",
+                app_url
+            ))
+        })?;
+
+    let app_id = generate_url_app_id(&preview.manifest.name, &preview.manifest_url);
+    let install_dir = root.join(&app_id);
+    fs::create_dir_all(&install_dir).map_err(|err| {
+        io::Error::other(format!(
+            "failed to create install dir {}: {err}",
+            install_dir.display()
+        ))
+    })?;
+
+    let installed = InstalledSageApp {
+        id: app_id,
+        name: preview.manifest.name,
+        version: preview.manifest.version,
+        install_dir: install_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+        entry_file: preview.app_url.clone(),
+        icon_file: String::new(),
+        requested_permissions: preview.manifest.permissions,
+        granted_permissions,
+        source: SageInstalledAppSource::Url {
+            app_url: preview.app_url,
+            manifest_url: preview.manifest_url,
+            last_seen_manifest_hash: preview.manifest_hash,
+        },
+    };
+
+    write_installed_app_metadata(&installed, &install_dir)
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to persist URL app metadata: {err}")))?;
+
+    Ok(installed)
+}
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
 pub async fn uninstall_app(state: State<'_, AppState>, app_id: String) -> Result<()> {
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs
index f3fdefe34..f7c217f79 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs
@@ -52,9 +52,28 @@ pub struct SageGrantedNetworkPermissionEntry {
 pub struct SageAppPackageManifest {
     pub name: String,
     pub version: String,
+
+    #[serde(default)]
     pub permissions: SageRequestedPermissions,
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "snake_case")]
+pub enum SageInstalledAppSource {
+    Zip {
+        #[serde(rename = "installDir", alias = "install_dir")]
+        install_dir: String,
+    },
+    Url {
+        #[serde(rename = "appUrl", alias = "app_url")]
+        app_url: String,
+        #[serde(rename = "manifestUrl", alias = "manifest_url")]
+        manifest_url: String,
+        #[serde(rename = "lastSeenManifestHash", alias = "last_seen_manifest_hash")]
+        last_seen_manifest_hash: String,
+    },
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
 pub struct InstalledSageApp {
     pub id: String,
@@ -75,6 +94,8 @@ pub struct InstalledSageApp {
 
     #[serde(rename = "grantedPermissions", alias = "granted_permissions")]
     pub granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
+
+    pub source: SageInstalledAppSource,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
@@ -117,3 +138,14 @@ pub struct SageBridgeFetchBatchRequest {
     #[serde(default)]
     pub max_concurrency: Option<usize>,
 }
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+pub struct SageAppUrlPreview {
+    #[serde(rename = "appUrl", alias = "app_url")]
+    pub app_url: String,
+    #[serde(rename = "manifestUrl", alias = "manifest_url")]
+    pub manifest_url: String,
+    #[serde(rename = "manifestHash", alias = "manifest_hash")]
+    pub manifest_hash: String,
+    pub manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
+}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
index 87c4f68c5..15c74915c 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
@@ -145,7 +145,9 @@ pub fn run() {
             commands::is_asset_owned,
             apps::install::list_installed_apps,
             apps::install::preview_app_zip,
+            apps::install::preview_app_url,
             apps::install::install_app_zip,
+            apps::install::install_app_url,
             apps::install::uninstall_app,
             apps::bridge::fetch::bridge_fetch_http,
             apps::bridge::batch::bridge_fetch_http_batch,
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index ff92512a7..24d2a1751 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -365,9 +365,15 @@ async listInstalledApps() : Promise<ListedSageApp[]> {
 async previewAppZip(zipPath: string) : Promise<SageAppPackageManifest> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("preview_app_zip", { zipPath });
 },
+async previewAppUrl(appUrl: string) : Promise<SageAppUrlPreview> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("preview_app_url", { appUrl });
+},
 async installAppZip(zipPath: string, grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions) : Promise<InstalledSageApp> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("install_app_zip", { zipPath, grantedPermissions });
 },
+async installAppUrl(appUrl: string, grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions) : Promise<InstalledSageApp> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("install_app_url", { appUrl, grantedPermissions });
+},
 async uninstallApp(appId: string) : Promise<null> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("uninstall_app", { appId });
 },
@@ -1716,7 +1722,7 @@ index: number }
  */
 export type IncreaseDerivationIndexResponse = Record<string, never>
 export type InheritedNetwork = "mainnet" | "testnet11"
-export type InstalledSageApp = { id: string; name: string; version: string; installDir: string; entryFile: string; iconFile: string; requestedPermissions: SageRequestedPermissions; grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions }
+export type InstalledSageApp = { id: string; name: string; version: string; installDir: string; entryFile: string; iconFile: string; requestedPermissions: SageRequestedPermissions; grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions; source: SageInstalledAppSource }
 /**
  * Check if an asset is owned
  */
@@ -2179,12 +2185,14 @@ export type ResyncCatResponse = Record<string, never>
  * Response from resynchronizing the wallet
  */
 export type ResyncResponse = Record<string, never>
-export type SageAppPackageManifest = { name: string; version: string; permissions: SageRequestedPermissions }
+export type SageAppPackageManifest = { name: string; version: string; permissions?: SageRequestedPermissions }
+export type SageAppUrlPreview = { appUrl: string; manifestUrl: string; manifestHash: string; manifest: SageAppPackageManifest }
 export type SageBridgeFetchBatchRequest = { requests: SageBridgeFetchRequest[]; max_concurrency?: number | null }
 export type SageBridgeFetchRequest = { url: string; method?: string | null; headers?: Partial<{ [key in string]: string }>; body?: string | null }
 export type SageBridgeFetchResponse = { ok: boolean; status: number; status_text: string; headers: Partial<{ [key in string]: string }>; body_text: string }
 export type SageGrantedNetworkPermissionEntry = { scheme: string; host: string }
 export type SageGrantedPermissions = { network?: SageGrantedNetworkPermissionEntry[]; persistentStorage?: boolean }
+export type SageInstalledAppSource = { kind: "zip"; installDir: string } | { kind: "url"; appUrl: string; manifestUrl: string; lastSeenManifestHash: string }
 export type SageNetworkPermissionEntry = { scheme: string; host: string; required?: boolean }
 export type SagePersistentStoragePermission = { required?: boolean }
 export type SageRequestedPermissions = { network?: SageNetworkPermissionEntry[]; persistent_storage?: SagePersistentStoragePermission | null }
diff --git a/src/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx b/src/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx
index f10798f98..84cb7a541 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx
@@ -8,21 +8,29 @@ import {
   DialogHeader,
   DialogTitle,
 } from '@/components/ui/dialog';
-import { invoke } from '@tauri-apps/api/core';
+import { Input } from '@/components/ui/input';
 import { open } from '@tauri-apps/plugin-dialog';
 import { useMemo, useState } from 'react';
 import type {
   SageAppPackageManifest,
+  SageAppUrlPreview,
   SageGrantedNetworkPermissionEntry,
   SageGrantedPermissions,
   SageNetworkPermissionEntry,
 } from '@/bindings';
+import { formatAppError } from '@/lib/apps/formatAppError.ts';
 
 interface Props {
-  onInstall: (
+  onPreviewZip: (zipPath: string) => Promise<SageAppPackageManifest>;
+  onPreviewUrl: (appUrl: string) => Promise<SageAppUrlPreview>;
+  onInstallZip: (
     zipPath: string,
     permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
   ) => Promise<void>;
+  onInstallUrl: (
+    appUrl: string,
+    permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
+  ) => Promise<void>;
 }
 
 function networkEntryKey(entry: { scheme: string; host: string }): string {
@@ -37,12 +45,34 @@ function sortNetworkEntries(entries: SageNetworkPermissionEntry[]) {
   });
 }
 
-export function InstallAppForm({ onInstall }: Props) {
+type InstallSource =
+  | {
+      kind: 'zip';
+      zipPath: string;
+      manifest: SageAppPackageManifest;
+    }
+  | {
+      kind: 'url';
+      appUrl: string;
+      preview: SageAppUrlPreview;
+    };
+
+export function InstallAppForm({
+  onPreviewZip,
+  onPreviewUrl,
+  onInstallZip,
+  onInstallUrl,
+}: Props) {
   const [installing, setInstalling] = useState(false);
   const [error, setError] = useState<string | null>(null);
+  const [urlInput, setUrlInput] = useState('');
+
+  const [source, setSource] = useState<InstallSource | null>(null);
 
-  const [manifest, setManifest] = useState<SageAppPackageManifest | null>(null);
-  const [zipPath, setZipPath] = useState<string | null>(null);
+  const manifest = useMemo(() => {
+    if (!source) return null;
+    return source.kind === 'zip' ? source.manifest : source.preview.manifest;
+  }, [source]);
 
   const [grantedNetworkKeys, setGrantedNetworkKeys] = useState<string[]>([]);
   const [persistentStorageGranted, setPersistentStorageGranted] =
@@ -54,7 +84,7 @@ export function InstallAppForm({ onInstall }: Props) {
       : [];
   }, [manifest]);
 
-  async function handleSelect() {
+  async function handleSelectZip() {
     try {
       setError(null);
 
@@ -68,32 +98,65 @@ export function InstallAppForm({ onInstall }: Props) {
         return;
       }
 
-      const nextManifest = await invoke<SageAppPackageManifest>(
-        'preview_app_zip',
-        {
-          zipPath: selected,
-        },
-      );
+      const nextManifest = await onPreviewZip(selected);
 
       const network = nextManifest.permissions.network ?? [];
       const persistentStorage =
         nextManifest.permissions.persistent_storage ?? null;
 
-      setManifest({
-        ...nextManifest,
-        permissions: {
-          ...nextManifest.permissions,
-          network,
-          persistent_storage: persistentStorage,
+      setSource({
+        kind: 'zip',
+        zipPath: selected,
+        manifest: {
+          ...nextManifest,
+          permissions: {
+            ...nextManifest.permissions,
+            network,
+            persistent_storage: persistentStorage,
+          },
         },
       });
-      setZipPath(selected);
 
       setGrantedNetworkKeys(network.map((entry) => networkEntryKey(entry)));
+      setPersistentStorageGranted(
+        !!nextManifest.permissions.persistent_storage,
+      );
+    } catch (err) {
+      setError(formatAppError(err));
+    }
+  }
+
+  async function handlePreviewUrl() {
+    try {
+      setError(null);
 
-      setPersistentStorageGranted(!!nextManifest.permissions.persistent_storage);
+      const preview = await onPreviewUrl(urlInput.trim());
+      const network = preview.manifest.permissions.network ?? [];
+      const persistentStorage =
+        preview.manifest.permissions.persistent_storage ?? null;
+
+      setSource({
+        kind: 'url',
+        appUrl: preview.appUrl,
+        preview: {
+          ...preview,
+          manifest: {
+            ...preview.manifest,
+            permissions: {
+              ...preview.manifest.permissions,
+              network,
+              persistent_storage: persistentStorage,
+            },
+          },
+        },
+      });
+
+      setGrantedNetworkKeys(network.map((entry) => networkEntryKey(entry)));
+      setPersistentStorageGranted(
+        !!preview.manifest.permissions.persistent_storage,
+      );
     } catch (err) {
-      setError(err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err));
+      setError(formatAppError(err));
     }
   }
 
@@ -113,7 +176,7 @@ export function InstallAppForm({ onInstall }: Props) {
   }
 
   async function confirmInstall() {
-    if (!zipPath || !manifest) {
+    if (!source || !manifest) {
       return;
     }
 
@@ -121,14 +184,20 @@ export function InstallAppForm({ onInstall }: Props) {
       setInstalling(true);
       setError(null);
 
-      await onInstall(zipPath, buildGrantedPermissions());
+      const permissions = buildGrantedPermissions();
+
+      if (source.kind === 'zip') {
+        await onInstallZip(source.zipPath, permissions);
+      } else {
+        await onInstallUrl(source.appUrl, permissions);
+      }
 
-      setManifest(null);
-      setZipPath(null);
+      setSource(null);
       setGrantedNetworkKeys([]);
       setPersistentStorageGranted(false);
+      setUrlInput('');
     } catch (err) {
-      setError(err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err));
+      setError(formatAppError(err));
     } finally {
       setInstalling(false);
     }
@@ -142,12 +211,32 @@ export function InstallAppForm({ onInstall }: Props) {
         </CardHeader>
         <CardContent className='space-y-4'>
           <p className='text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
-            Install a Sage app package from a zip file.
+            Install a Sage app package from a zip file or URL.
           </p>
 
-          <Button onClick={handleSelect} disabled={installing}>
-            Choose .zip
-          </Button>
+          <div className='flex flex-wrap gap-2'>
+            <Button onClick={handleSelectZip} disabled={installing}>
+              Install from .zip
+            </Button>
+          </div>
+
+          <div className='space-y-2 rounded-md border p-3'>
+            <div className='text-sm font-medium'>Install from URL</div>
+            <div className='flex gap-2'>
+              <Input
+                value={urlInput}
+                onChange={(e) => setUrlInput(e.target.value)}
+                placeholder='https://example.com/my-app/'
+                disabled={installing}
+              />
+              <Button
+                onClick={handlePreviewUrl}
+                disabled={installing || urlInput.trim().length === 0}
+              >
+                Preview URL
+              </Button>
+            </div>
+          </div>
 
           {error ? (
             <div className='text-sm text-destructive'>{error}</div>
@@ -159,8 +248,7 @@ export function InstallAppForm({ onInstall }: Props) {
         open={!!manifest}
         onOpenChange={(open) => {
           if (!open) {
-            setManifest(null);
-            setZipPath(null);
+            setSource(null);
             setGrantedNetworkKeys([]);
             setPersistentStorageGranted(false);
           }
@@ -172,8 +260,16 @@ export function InstallAppForm({ onInstall }: Props) {
           </DialogHeader>
 
           <div className='space-y-5'>
-            <div className='text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
-              v{manifest?.version}
+            <div className='space-y-1 text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
+              <div>v{manifest?.version}</div>
+              {source?.kind === 'url' ? (
+                <>
+                  <div className='break-all'>URL: {source.preview.appUrl}</div>
+                  <div className='break-all'>
+                    Manifest: {source.preview.manifestUrl}
+                  </div>
+                </>
+              ) : null}
             </div>
 
             <div className='space-y-3'>
@@ -255,8 +351,7 @@ export function InstallAppForm({ onInstall }: Props) {
             <Button
               variant='outline'
               onClick={() => {
-                setManifest(null);
-                setZipPath(null);
+                setSource(null);
                 setGrantedNetworkKeys([]);
                 setPersistentStorageGranted(false);
               }}
diff --git a/src/hooks/useApps.ts b/src/hooks/useApps.ts
index 834e2147f..7be12900f 100644
--- a/src/hooks/useApps.ts
+++ b/src/hooks/useApps.ts
@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@ import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react';
 import {
   InstalledSageApp,
   ListedSageApp,
+  SageAppPackageManifest,
+  SageAppUrlPreview,
   SageGrantedPermissions,
 } from '@/bindings.ts';
 
@@ -28,6 +30,18 @@ export function useApps() {
     void refresh();
   }, [refresh]);
 
+  const previewAppZip = useCallback(async (zipPath: string) => {
+    return await invoke<SageAppPackageManifest>('preview_app_zip', {
+      zipPath,
+    });
+  }, []);
+
+  const previewAppUrl = useCallback(async (appUrl: string) => {
+    return await invoke<SageAppUrlPreview>('preview_app_url', {
+      appUrl,
+    });
+  }, []);
+
   const installApp = useCallback(
     async (zipPath: string, permissions: SageGrantedPermissions) => {
       await invoke<InstalledSageApp>('install_app_zip', {
@@ -39,6 +53,17 @@ export function useApps() {
     [refresh],
   );
 
+  const installAppUrl = useCallback(
+    async (appUrl: string, permissions: SageGrantedPermissions) => {
+      await invoke<InstalledSageApp>('install_app_url', {
+        appUrl,
+        grantedPermissions: permissions,
+      });
+      await refresh();
+    },
+    [refresh],
+  );
+
   const uninstallApp = useCallback(
     async (appId: string) => {
       await invoke('uninstall_app', { appId });
@@ -49,13 +74,7 @@ export function useApps() {
 
   const getApp = useCallback(
     (appId: string): InstalledSageApp | undefined => {
-      const app = apps.find((app) => {
-        if (app.kind === 'installed') {
-          return app.id === appId;
-        }
-        return app.id === appId;
-      });
-
+      const app = apps.find((app) => app.id === appId);
       return app?.kind === 'installed' ? app : undefined;
     },
     [apps],
@@ -85,10 +104,12 @@ export function useApps() {
     loading,
     error,
     refresh,
+    previewAppZip,
+    previewAppUrl,
     installApp,
+    installAppUrl,
     uninstallApp,
     isInstalled,
     getApp,
   };
 }
-
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/formatAppError.ts b/src/lib/apps/formatAppError.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b7aa75abc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/apps/formatAppError.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+export function formatAppError(err: unknown): string {
+  if (err instanceof Error) {
+    return err.message;
+  }
+
+  if (typeof err === 'string') {
+    return err;
+  }
+
+  if (err && typeof err === 'object') {
+    const maybe = err as Record<string, unknown>;
+
+    if (typeof maybe.message === 'string') {
+      return maybe.message;
+    }
+
+    if (typeof maybe.error === 'string') {
+      return maybe.error;
+    }
+
+    if (maybe.error && typeof maybe.error === 'object') {
+      const nested = maybe.error as Record<string, unknown>;
+      if (typeof nested.message === 'string') {
+        return nested.message;
+      }
+    }
+
+    try {
+      return JSON.stringify(err, null, 2);
+    } catch {
+      return 'Unknown error';
+    }
+  }
+
+  return String(err);
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts b/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
index d12be0366..473cd4ccf 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import { getCurrentWebview, Webview } from '@tauri-apps/api/webview';
 import { getCurrentWindow } from '@tauri-apps/api/window';
 import { LogicalPosition, LogicalSize } from '@tauri-apps/api/dpi';
+import { InstalledSageApp } from '@/bindings.ts';
 
 export type SageAppRuntimeState =
   | 'starting'
@@ -97,10 +98,9 @@ export function getRuntimeByAppId(
   return record ? stripInternal(record) : undefined;
 }
 
-export async function ensureInlineRuntime(app: {
-  id: string;
-  name: string;
-}): Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecord> {
+export async function ensureInlineRuntime(
+  app: InstalledSageApp,
+): Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecord> {
   const existingRuntimeId = runtimeByAppId.get(app.id);
   if (existingRuntimeId) {
     const existing = runtimes.get(existingRuntimeId);
@@ -120,7 +120,10 @@ export async function ensureInlineRuntime(app: {
 
   const runtimeId = runtimeIdFor(app.id);
   const webviewLabel = inlineLabelFor(app.id);
-  const entrySrc = `sage-app://${app.id}/index.html`;
+  const entrySrc =
+    app.source.kind === 'url'
+      ? app.source.appUrl
+      : `sage-app://${app.id}/index.html`;
 
   let webview = await Webview.getByLabel(webviewLabel);
   if (!webview) {
diff --git a/src/pages/AppHost.tsx b/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
index 75f56a7ad..a9c879250 100644
--- a/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
@@ -42,7 +42,9 @@ export function AppHost() {
       return null;
     }
 
-    return `sage-app://${app.id}/index.html`;
+    return app.source.kind === 'url'
+      ? app.source.appUrl
+      : `sage-app://${app.id}/index.html`;
   }, [app]);
 
   useEffect(() => {
@@ -93,7 +95,7 @@ export function AppHost() {
     };
 
     const mount = async () => {
-      const runtime = await ensureInlineRuntime(installedApp);
+      await ensureInlineRuntime(installedApp);
       await markRuntimeVisible(installedApp.id, true);
 
       scheduleSyncBounds();
diff --git a/src/pages/Apps.tsx b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
index 8318ee6aa..9aeb2a154 100644
--- a/src/pages/Apps.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
@@ -8,7 +8,16 @@ import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button.tsx';
 import { Link } from 'react-router-dom';
 
 export function Apps() {
-  const { apps, loading, error, installApp, uninstallApp } = useApps();
+  const {
+    apps,
+    loading,
+    error,
+    previewAppZip,
+    previewAppUrl,
+    installApp,
+    installAppUrl,
+    uninstallApp,
+  } = useApps();
   const runtimes = useAppRuntimes();
 
   return (
@@ -20,14 +29,17 @@ export function Apps() {
             Install and manage Sage app packages.
           </p>
           <Button asChild variant='outline'>
-            <Link to='/apps/task-manager'>Task Manager ({runtimes.length})</Link>
+            <Link to='/apps/task-manager'>
+              Task Manager ({runtimes.length})
+            </Link>
           </Button>
         </div>
 
         <InstallAppForm
-          onInstall={(zipPath: string, permissions: SageGrantedPermissions) =>
-            installApp(zipPath, permissions)
-          }
+          onPreviewZip={previewAppZip}
+          onPreviewUrl={previewAppUrl}
+          onInstallZip={installApp}
+          onInstallUrl={installAppUrl}
         />
 
         <section className='space-y-4'>

From 9ea9e99bcbbdc3ed76257d2b7331c583f7630a0f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Wed, 15 Apr 2026 18:18:25 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 018/471] Remove Sage bridge-related features and runtime
 bootstrap logic, including WebSocket, fetch, and batch processing.

---
 src-tauri/src/apps/bootstrap.rs        | 142 -------------------------
 src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/batch.rs     |  63 -----------
 src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/core.rs      |  15 ---
 src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/fetch.rs     |  14 ---
 src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/mod.rs       |  11 --
 src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/types.rs     |   0
 src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/websocket.rs |  29 -----
 src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs              |   1 -
 src-tauri/src/apps/protocol.rs         |  43 ++------
 src/lib/apps/bridge.ts                 |   1 -
 src/pages/AppHost.tsx                  |   3 +-
 11 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 313 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 src-tauri/src/apps/bootstrap.rs
 delete mode 100644 src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/core.rs
 delete mode 100644 src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/types.rs
 delete mode 100644 src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/websocket.rs

diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/bootstrap.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/bootstrap.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index b7be3fe9a..000000000
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/bootstrap.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,142 +0,0 @@
-use crate::apps::{bridge, types::InstalledSageApp};
-
-fn html_escape_json_string(value: &str) -> String {
-    serde_json::to_string(value).unwrap_or_else(|_| "\"\"".to_string())
-}
-
-pub fn build_sage_bootstrap(app: &InstalledSageApp) -> String {
-    let app_id = html_escape_json_string(&app.id);
-    let app_name = html_escape_json_string(&app.name);
-    let app_version = html_escape_json_string(&app.version);
-    let permissions =
-        serde_json::to_string(&app.granted_permissions).unwrap_or_else(|_| "{}".to_string());
-
-    let fragments = bridge::bootstrap_fragments().join("\n");
-
-    format!(
-        r#"(function () {{
-  const __sageAppInfo = {{
-    id: {app_id},
-    name: {app_name},
-    version: {app_version},
-    permissions: {permissions},
-  }};
-
-  const tauri = window.__TAURI__;
-  if (!tauri || !tauri.event || !tauri.webview) {{
-    console.warn("Sage bootstrap: Tauri global API is unavailable");
-    return;
-  }}
-
-  const currentWebview = tauri.webview.getCurrentWebview();
-  const sourceLabel = currentWebview.label;
-  const bridgeListeners = new Set();
-
-  currentWebview.listen('sage-bridge:event', (event) => {{
-    const data = event.payload;
-    if (!data || data.channel !== 'sage-bridge') {{
-      return;
-    }}
-
-    for (const listener of bridgeListeners) {{
-      try {{
-        listener(data);
-      }} catch (error) {{
-        console.error('Sage bridge event listener failed:', error);
-      }}
-    }}
-  }}).catch((error) => {{
-    console.error('Failed to subscribe to sage-bridge:event:', error);
-  }});
-
-  async function callHost(method, params) {{
-    const id = `sage-${{Date.now()}}-${{Math.random().toString(36).slice(2)}}`;
-
-    return new Promise(async (resolve, reject) => {{
-      let settled = false;
-
-      const timeoutId = window.setTimeout(() => {{
-        if (settled) {{
-          return;
-        }}
-        settled = true;
-        unlistenPromise.then((unlisten) => unlisten()).catch(() => {{}});
-        reject(new Error(`Sage bridge timeout for ${{method}}`));
-      }}, 15000);
-
-      const unlistenPromise = currentWebview.listen('sage-bridge:response', (event) => {{
-        const data = event.payload;
-        if (!data || data.channel !== 'sage-bridge' || data.id !== id) {{
-          return;
-        }}
-
-        if (settled) {{
-          return;
-        }}
-
-        settled = true;
-        window.clearTimeout(timeoutId);
-        unlistenPromise.then((unlisten) => unlisten()).catch(() => {{}});
-
-        if (data.ok) {{
-          resolve(data.result);
-        }} else {{
-          reject(new Error(data.error?.message || 'Unknown Sage bridge error'));
-        }}
-      }});
-
-      try {{
-        await currentWebview.emitTo('main', 'sage-bridge:request', {{
-          sourceLabel,
-          appId: __sageAppInfo.id,
-          request: {{
-            channel: 'sage-bridge',
-            id,
-            method,
-            params
-          }}
-        }});
-      }} catch (error) {{
-        if (settled) {{
-          return;
-        }}
-
-        settled = true;
-        window.clearTimeout(timeoutId);
-        unlistenPromise.then((unlisten) => unlisten()).catch(() => {{}});
-        reject(error instanceof Error ? error : new Error(String(error)));
-      }}
-    }});
-  }}
-
-  currentWebview.listen('sage-lifecycle:before-stop', async (event) => {{
-    try {{
-      window.dispatchEvent(
-        new CustomEvent('sage:lifecycle:before-stop', {{
-          detail: event.payload,
-        }})
-      );
-    }} catch (error) {{
-      console.error('Failed to dispatch before-stop lifecycle event', error);
-    }}
-  }}).catch((error) => {{
-    console.error('Failed to subscribe to sage-lifecycle:before-stop:', error);
-  }});
-  window.__SAGE__ = {{
-    appInfo: __sageAppInfo,
-    addEventListener(listener) {{
-      bridgeListeners.add(listener);
-      return () => {{
-        bridgeListeners.delete(listener);
-      }};
-    }},
-    removeEventListener(listener) {{
-      bridgeListeners.delete(listener);
-    }},
-  }};
-
-{fragments}
-}})();
-"#
-    )
-}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/batch.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/batch.rs
index d080c07be..699616466 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/batch.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/batch.rs
@@ -14,69 +14,6 @@ use crate::{
     error::Result,
 };
 
-pub fn bootstrap_js() -> &'static str {
-    r#"
-  window.__SAGE__.fetchBatch = async function (input) {
-    const params = {
-      requests: input?.requests ?? [],
-      max_concurrency: input?.max_concurrency ?? null,
-    };
-    return callHost('network.fetchBatch', params);
-  };
-
-  window.__SAGE__.fetchBatchStream = async function (input) {
-    const params = {
-      requests: input?.requests ?? [],
-      max_concurrency: input?.max_concurrency ?? null,
-    };
-
-    const batchId = await callHost('network.fetchBatchStream', params);
-
-    const listeners = {
-      result: [],
-      done: [],
-    };
-
-    let closed = false;
-
-    const unlistenResult = await currentWebview.listen('sage-bridge:batch:result', (event) => {
-      const data = event.payload;
-      if (!data || data.batchId !== batchId) return;
-      listeners.result.forEach((fn) => fn(data));
-    });
-
-    const unlistenDone = await currentWebview.listen('sage-bridge:batch:done', (event) => {
-      const data = event.payload;
-      if (!data || data.batchId !== batchId) return;
-      listeners.done.forEach((fn) => fn());
-      cleanup();
-    });
-
-    function cleanup() {
-      if (closed) return;
-      closed = true;
-      unlistenResult();
-      unlistenDone();
-    }
-
-    return {
-      batchId,
-      onResult(fn) {
-        listeners.result.push(fn);
-        return this;
-      },
-      onDone(fn) {
-        listeners.done.push(fn);
-        return this;
-      },
-      dispose() {
-        cleanup();
-      },
-    };
-  };
-"#
-}
-
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
 pub async fn bridge_fetch_http_batch(
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/core.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/core.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 6243f9f67..000000000
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/core.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-pub fn bootstrap_js() -> &'static str {
-    r#"
-  window.__SAGE__.bridgePing = async function () {
-    return callHost('bridge.ping');
-  };
-
-  window.__SAGE__.getAppInfo = async function () {
-    return callHost('app.getInfo');
-  };
-
-  window.__SAGE__.getPermissions = async function () {
-    return callHost('sage.getPermissions');
-  };
-"#
-}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/fetch.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/fetch.rs
index 2a91cdca1..a17817bd2 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/fetch.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/fetch.rs
@@ -13,20 +13,6 @@ use crate::{
     error::Result,
 };
 
-pub fn bootstrap_js() -> &'static str {
-    r#"
-  window.__SAGE__.fetch = async function (input) {
-    const params = {
-      url: input?.url,
-      method: input?.method ?? 'GET',
-      headers: input?.headers ?? {},
-      body: input?.body ?? null,
-    };
-    return callHost('network.fetch', params);
-  };
-"#
-}
-
 pub async fn bridge_fetch_http_inner(
     app_state: AppState,
     app_id: String,
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/mod.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/mod.rs
index 467d4daba..740a99dbe 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/mod.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/mod.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,2 @@
 pub mod batch;
-pub mod core;
 pub mod fetch;
-pub mod websocket;
-
-pub fn bootstrap_fragments() -> Vec<&'static str> {
-    vec![
-        core::bootstrap_js(),
-        fetch::bootstrap_js(),
-        batch::bootstrap_js(),
-        websocket::bootstrap_js(),
-    ]
-}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/types.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/types.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index e69de29bb..000000000
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/websocket.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/websocket.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 97066f138..000000000
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/websocket.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
-pub fn bootstrap_js() -> &'static str {
-    r#"
-  window.__SAGE__.openWebSocket = async function (input) {
-    const params = {
-      url: input?.url,
-      protocols: Array.isArray(input?.protocols) ? input.protocols : [],
-    };
-    return callHost('network.wsOpen', params);
-  };
-
-  window.__SAGE__.sendWebSocket = async function (input) {
-    const params = {
-      socketId: input?.socketId,
-      text: input?.text,
-      base64: input?.base64,
-    };
-    return callHost('network.wsSend', params);
-  };
-
-  window.__SAGE__.closeWebSocket = async function (input) {
-    const params = {
-      socketId: input?.socketId,
-      code: input?.code,
-      reason: input?.reason,
-    };
-    return callHost('network.wsClose', params);
-  };
-"#
-}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs
index 494fd13f0..ca6c42f60 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-pub mod bootstrap;
 pub mod csp;
 pub mod install;
 pub mod permissions;
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/protocol.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/protocol.rs
index f7cdf22bb..60683ed70 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/protocol.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/protocol.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
-use std::{fs, path::{Path, PathBuf}};
+use std::{
+    fs,
+    path::{Path, PathBuf},
+};
 
 use anyhow::{anyhow, Context, Result as AnyResult};
 use tauri::http::{Response, StatusCode};
 
 use crate::apps::{
-    bootstrap::build_sage_bootstrap,
     csp::build_app_csp,
     install::{app_install_dir, read_installed_app_by_id},
 };
@@ -12,10 +14,6 @@ use crate::apps::{
 fn resolve_protocol_file(base_path: &Path, app_id: &str, request_path: &str) -> AnyResult<PathBuf> {
     let install_dir = app_install_dir(base_path, app_id);
 
-    if request_path == "/__sage_bootstrap__.js" {
-        return Ok(install_dir.join("__virtual_sage_bootstrap__.js"));
-    }
-
     let path = if request_path.is_empty() || request_path == "/" || request_path == "/index.html" {
         install_dir.join("dist").join("index.html")
     } else if request_path == "/icon.png" {
@@ -55,21 +53,6 @@ fn resolve_protocol_file(base_path: &Path, app_id: &str, request_path: &str) ->
     Ok(canonical_path)
 }
 
-fn inject_bootstrap_into_index_html(html: &str) -> String {
-    let bootstrap_tag = r#"<script src="/__sage_bootstrap__.js"></script>"#;
-
-    if let Some(idx) = html.find("<head>") {
-        let insert_at = idx + "<head>".len();
-        let mut out = String::with_capacity(html.len() + bootstrap_tag.len());
-        out.push_str(&html[..insert_at]);
-        out.push_str(bootstrap_tag);
-        out.push_str(&html[insert_at..]);
-        out
-    } else {
-        format!("{bootstrap_tag}{html}")
-    }
-}
-
 pub fn handle_app_protocol_request(
     base_path: &Path,
     request: &tauri::http::Request<Vec<u8>>,
@@ -85,33 +68,21 @@ pub fn handle_app_protocol_request(
     let file_path = resolve_protocol_file(base_path, app_id, request_path)?;
     let app = read_installed_app_by_id(base_path, app_id)?;
 
-    if request_path == "/__sage_bootstrap__.js" {
-        let js = build_sage_bootstrap(&app);
-
-        return Response::builder()
-            .status(StatusCode::OK)
-            .header("Content-Type", "application/javascript; charset=utf-8")
-            .body(js.into_bytes())
-            .map_err(|err| anyhow!("failed to build protocol response: {err}"));
-    }
-
     if request_path.is_empty() || request_path == "/" || request_path == "/index.html" {
         let html = fs::read_to_string(&file_path)
             .with_context(|| format!("failed to read {}", file_path.display()))?;
-
-        let injected = inject_bootstrap_into_index_html(&html);
         let csp = build_app_csp(&app);
 
         return Response::builder()
             .status(StatusCode::OK)
             .header("Content-Type", "text/html; charset=utf-8")
             .header("Content-Security-Policy", csp)
-            .body(injected.into_bytes())
+            .body(html.into_bytes())
             .map_err(|err| anyhow!("failed to build protocol response: {err}"));
     }
 
-    let bytes =
-        fs::read(&file_path).with_context(|| format!("failed to read {}", file_path.display()))?;
+    let bytes = fs::read(&file_path)
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to read {}", file_path.display()))?;
 
     let mime = mime_guess::from_path(&file_path)
         .first_or_octet_stream()
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/bridge.ts b/src/lib/apps/bridge.ts
index eda6c176a..731b9533d 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/bridge.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/bridge.ts
@@ -83,7 +83,6 @@ export interface SageBridgeContext {
 
 export interface SageBridgeEventPayload {
   sourceLabel: string;
-  appId: string;
   request: SageBridgeRequest;
 }
 
diff --git a/src/pages/AppHost.tsx b/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
index a9c879250..c4732403e 100644
--- a/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
@@ -125,13 +125,14 @@ export function AppHost() {
       removeWindowResize = () => {
         window.removeEventListener('resize', handleWindowResize);
       };
+      const expectedSourceLabel = `app-inline-${installedApp.id}`;
 
       unlistenBridge = await hostWebview.listen<SageBridgeEventPayload>(
         'sage-bridge:request',
         ({ payload }) => {
           if (
             !payload ||
-            payload.appId !== installedApp.id ||
+            payload.sourceLabel !== expectedSourceLabel ||
             !isBridgeRequest(payload.request)
           ) {
             return;

From 23cb48836624e20aaf891b408a6893c0de11c98f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Wed, 15 Apr 2026 18:43:32 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 019/471] Introduce snapshot-based app installation and
 validation for improved integrity, size limits, and path handling

---
 src-tauri/src/apps/install.rs   | 227 ++++++++++++++++++--------------
 src-tauri/src/apps/limits.rs    |   4 +
 src-tauri/src/apps/manifest.rs  | 100 ++++++++++++++
 src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs       |   3 +
 src-tauri/src/apps/protocol.rs  |  64 ++-------
 src-tauri/src/apps/snapshot.rs  | 223 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs     |  71 ++++++----
 src/bindings.ts                 |   8 +-
 src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts |   5 +-
 9 files changed, 520 insertions(+), 185 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/src/apps/limits.rs
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/src/apps/manifest.rs
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/src/apps/snapshot.rs

diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/install.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/install.rs
index 77fcb9fbd..f350a75ca 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/install.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/install.rs
@@ -14,15 +14,16 @@ use crate::{
     apps::{
         permissions::{
             validate_granted_permissions_against_requested,
-            validate_requested_permissions,
         },
         types::{
-            CorruptedInstalledSageApp, InstalledSageApp, ListedSageApp, SageAppPackageManifest,
-            SageAppUrlPreview, SageGrantedPermissions, SageInstalledAppSource,
+            CorruptedInstalledSageApp, InstalledSageApp, ListedSageApp, SageAppPackageManifest, SageGrantedPermissions,
         },
     },
     error::Result,
 };
+use crate::apps::manifest::validate_package_manifest;
+use crate::apps::snapshot::{derive_manifest_url, download_url_snapshot, fetch_url_manifest};
+use crate::apps::types::{InstalledSageAppSource, SageAppUrlPreview};
 
 const INSTALLED_METADATA_FILE: &str = ".sage-installed.json";
 
@@ -63,14 +64,6 @@ fn generate_app_id(name: &str) -> String {
     format!("{}-{}", slugify_name(name), current_millis())
 }
 
-fn generate_url_app_id(name: &str, manifest_url: &str) -> String {
-    let mut hasher = Sha256::new();
-    hasher.update(manifest_url.as_bytes());
-    let digest = hasher.finalize();
-    let short = hex::encode(&digest[..6]);
-    format!("{}-{}", slugify_name(name), short)
-}
-
 fn should_ignore_root_entry(path: &Path) -> bool {
     let Some(name) = path.file_name().and_then(|s| s.to_str()) else {
         return false;
@@ -101,6 +94,48 @@ fn copy_dir_all(src: &Path, dst: &Path) -> AnyResult<()> {
     Ok(())
 }
 
+fn prepare_zip_snapshot(
+    package_root: &Path,
+    install_dir: &Path,
+    manifest: &SageAppPackageManifest,
+) -> AnyResult<crate::apps::types::InstalledSageAppSnapshot> {
+    let manifest_json = serde_json::to_string_pretty(manifest)
+        .map_err(|err| anyhow!("failed to serialize manifest: {err}"))?;
+    let manifest_hash = hash_string(&manifest_json);
+
+    let snapshot_dir = install_dir.join("snapshots").join(&manifest_hash);
+    if snapshot_dir.exists() {
+        fs::remove_dir_all(&snapshot_dir)?;
+    }
+    fs::create_dir_all(&snapshot_dir)?;
+
+    let dist_dir = package_root.join("dist");
+    if !dist_dir.is_dir() {
+        return Err(anyhow!("package is missing dist directory"));
+    }
+
+    copy_dir_all(&dist_dir, &snapshot_dir)?;
+
+    let icon_src = package_root.join("icon.png");
+    if icon_src.is_file() {
+        fs::copy(&icon_src, snapshot_dir.join("icon.png"))?;
+    }
+
+    fs::write(
+        snapshot_dir.join("sage-manifest.json"),
+        format!("{manifest_json}\n"),
+    )?;
+
+    let total_bytes = manifest.files.iter().map(|f| f.size).sum();
+
+    Ok(crate::apps::types::InstalledSageAppSnapshot {
+        manifest_hash,
+        snapshot_dir: snapshot_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+        total_bytes,
+        manifest: manifest.clone(),
+    })
+}
+
 fn unzip_to_dir(zip_path: &Path, out_dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<()> {
     let file = fs::File::open(zip_path)
         .with_context(|| format!("failed to open zip file {}", zip_path.display()))?;
@@ -176,16 +211,7 @@ fn read_manifest(package_root: &Path) -> AnyResult<SageAppPackageManifest> {
 }
 
 fn validate_manifest(manifest: &SageAppPackageManifest) -> AnyResult<()> {
-    if manifest.name.trim().is_empty() {
-        return Err(anyhow!("manifest name cannot be empty"));
-    }
-
-    if manifest.version.trim().is_empty() {
-        return Err(anyhow!("manifest version cannot be empty"));
-    }
-
-    validate_requested_permissions(&manifest.permissions)?;
-    Ok(())
+    validate_package_manifest(manifest).map(|_| ())
 }
 
 fn validate_package_structure(package_root: &Path) -> AnyResult<()> {
@@ -329,58 +355,12 @@ fn normalize_app_url(url: &str) -> AnyResult<String> {
     Ok(parsed.to_string())
 }
 
-fn derive_manifest_url(app_url: &str) -> AnyResult<String> {
-    let parsed = reqwest::Url::parse(app_url).context("invalid normalized app URL")?;
-    let manifest = parsed
-        .join("sage-manifest.json")
-        .context("failed to derive manifest URL")?;
-    Ok(manifest.to_string())
-}
-
 fn hash_string(input: &str) -> String {
     let mut hasher = Sha256::new();
     hasher.update(input.as_bytes());
     hex::encode(hasher.finalize())
 }
 
-async fn fetch_url_manifest(app_url: &str) -> AnyResult<SageAppUrlPreview> {
-    let app_url = normalize_app_url(app_url)?;
-    let manifest_url = derive_manifest_url(&app_url)?;
-
-    let response = reqwest::Client::new()
-        .get(&manifest_url)
-        .send()
-        .await
-        .with_context(|| format!("failed to fetch {}", manifest_url))?;
-
-    if !response.status().is_success() {
-        return Err(anyhow!(
-            "failed to fetch Sage manifest at {}: HTTP {}",
-            manifest_url,
-            response.status()
-        ));
-    }
-
-    let manifest_text = response
-        .text()
-        .await
-        .with_context(|| format!("failed to read {}", manifest_url))?;
-
-    let manifest: SageAppPackageManifest =
-        serde_json::from_str(&manifest_text).context("failed to parse sage-manifest.json")?;
-
-    validate_manifest(&manifest)?;
-
-    let manifest_hash = hash_string(&manifest_text);
-
-    Ok(SageAppUrlPreview {
-        app_url,
-        manifest_url,
-        manifest_hash,
-        manifest,
-    })
-}
-
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
 pub async fn preview_app_zip(zip_path: String) -> Result<SageAppPackageManifest> {
@@ -404,9 +384,24 @@ pub async fn preview_app_zip(zip_path: String) -> Result<SageAppPackageManifest>
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
 pub async fn preview_app_url(app_url: String) -> Result<SageAppUrlPreview> {
-    fetch_url_manifest(&app_url)
+    let app_url = normalize_app_url(&app_url).map_err(|err| {
+        io::Error::other(format!("failed to normalize app URL {}: {err}", app_url))
+    })?;
+
+    let manifest_url = derive_manifest_url(&app_url).map_err(|err| {
+        io::Error::other(format!("failed to derive manifest URL for {}: {err}", app_url))
+    })?;
+
+    let (manifest, manifest_hash) = fetch_url_manifest(&manifest_url)
         .await
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to preview app URL {}: {err}", app_url)).into())
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to preview app URL {}: {err}", app_url)))?;
+
+    Ok(SageAppUrlPreview {
+        app_url,
+        manifest_url,
+        manifest_hash,
+        manifest,
+    })
 }
 
 #[command]
@@ -494,22 +489,25 @@ pub async fn install_app_zip(
 
         copy_dir_all(&package_root, &install_dir)?;
 
+        let snapshot = prepare_zip_snapshot(&package_root, &install_dir, &manifest)?;
+
         let installed = InstalledSageApp {
             id: app_id,
-            name: manifest.name,
-            version: manifest.version,
+            name: manifest.name.clone(),
+            version: manifest.version.clone(),
             install_dir: install_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-            entry_file: install_dir
-                .join("dist")
+            entry_file: Path::new(&snapshot.snapshot_dir)
                 .join("index.html")
                 .to_string_lossy()
                 .to_string(),
-            icon_file: install_dir.join("icon.png").to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-            requested_permissions: manifest.permissions,
+            icon_file: Path::new(&snapshot.snapshot_dir)
+                .join("icon.png")
+                .to_string_lossy()
+                .to_string(),
+            requested_permissions: manifest.permissions.clone(),
             granted_permissions,
-            source: SageInstalledAppSource::Zip {
-                install_dir: install_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-            },
+            source: InstalledSageAppSource::Zip,
+            active_snapshot: snapshot,
         };
 
         write_installed_app_metadata(&installed, &install_dir)?;
@@ -525,19 +523,19 @@ pub async fn install_app_zip(
     })
 }
 
-#[command]
+#[tauri::command]
 #[specta::specta]
 pub async fn install_app_url(
-    state: State<'_, AppState>,
+    state: tauri::State<'_, crate::app_state::AppState>,
     app_url: String,
     granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
-) -> Result<InstalledSageApp> {
+) -> crate::error::Result<InstalledSageApp> {
     let base_path = {
         let state = state.lock().await;
         state.path.clone()
     };
 
-    let root = apps_root(&base_path);
+    let root = super::install::apps_root(&base_path);
 
     fs::create_dir_all(&root).map_err(|err| {
         io::Error::other(format!(
@@ -546,11 +544,9 @@ pub async fn install_app_url(
         ))
     })?;
 
-    let preview = fetch_url_manifest(&app_url)
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to install app URL {}: {err}", app_url)))?;
+    let preview = preview_app_url(app_url.clone()).await?;
 
-    validate_granted_permissions_against_requested(
+    super::install::validate_granted_permissions_against_requested(
         &preview.manifest.permissions,
         &granted_permissions,
     )
@@ -561,7 +557,20 @@ pub async fn install_app_url(
             ))
         })?;
 
-    let app_id = generate_url_app_id(&preview.manifest.name, &preview.manifest_url);
+    let existing = super::install::list_installed_apps_internal(&root)
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to list installed apps: {err}")))?
+        .into_iter()
+        .find_map(|app| match app {
+            ListedSageApp::Installed(installed) if installed.name == preview.manifest.name => {
+                Some(installed)
+            }
+            _ => None,
+        });
+
+    let app_id = existing
+        .map(|app| app.id)
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| super::install::generate_app_id(&preview.manifest.name));
+
     let install_dir = root.join(&app_id);
     fs::create_dir_all(&install_dir).map_err(|err| {
         io::Error::other(format!(
@@ -570,27 +579,47 @@ pub async fn install_app_url(
         ))
     })?;
 
+    let snapshot = download_url_snapshot(
+        &install_dir,
+        &preview.app_url,
+        &preview.manifest,
+        &preview.manifest_hash,
+    )
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to download URL app snapshot: {err}")))?;
+
     let installed = InstalledSageApp {
-        id: app_id,
-        name: preview.manifest.name,
-        version: preview.manifest.version,
+        id: app_id.clone(),
+        name: preview.manifest.name.clone(),
+        version: preview.manifest.version.clone(),
         install_dir: install_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-        entry_file: preview.app_url.clone(),
-        icon_file: String::new(),
-        requested_permissions: preview.manifest.permissions,
+        entry_file: Path::new(&snapshot.snapshot_dir)
+            .join("index.html")
+            .to_string_lossy()
+            .to_string(),
+        icon_file: Path::new(&snapshot.snapshot_dir)
+            .join("icon.png")
+            .to_string_lossy()
+            .to_string(),
+        requested_permissions: preview.manifest.permissions.clone(),
         granted_permissions,
-        source: SageInstalledAppSource::Url {
-            app_url: preview.app_url,
-            manifest_url: preview.manifest_url,
-            last_seen_manifest_hash: preview.manifest_hash,
+        source: InstalledSageAppSource::Url {
+            app_url: preview.app_url.clone(),
+            manifest_url: preview.manifest_url.clone(),
         },
+        active_snapshot: snapshot,
     };
 
-    write_installed_app_metadata(&installed, &install_dir)
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to persist URL app metadata: {err}")))?;
+    super::install::write_installed_app_metadata(&installed, &install_dir).map_err(|err| {
+        io::Error::other(format!(
+            "failed to write installed app metadata for {}: {err}",
+            app_id
+        ))
+    })?;
 
     Ok(installed)
 }
+
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
 pub async fn uninstall_app(state: State<'_, AppState>, app_id: String) -> Result<()> {
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/limits.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/limits.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7ed6e7345
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/limits.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+pub const MAX_MANIFEST_SIZE_BYTES: u64 = 1024 * 1024;
+pub const MAX_APP_FILE_COUNT: usize = 2000;
+pub const MAX_APP_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES: u64 = 50 * 1024 * 1024;
+pub const MAX_APP_PATH_LENGTH: usize = 512;
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/manifest.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/manifest.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bdf578f28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/manifest.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+use std::collections::BTreeSet;
+
+use anyhow::{anyhow, Result as AnyResult};
+
+use crate::apps::{
+    limits::{
+        MAX_APP_FILE_COUNT, MAX_APP_PATH_LENGTH, MAX_APP_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES,
+    },
+    types::{SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest},
+};
+use crate::apps::permissions::validate_requested_permissions;
+
+pub fn validate_manifest_file_path(path: &str) -> AnyResult<()> {
+    if path.is_empty() {
+        return Err(anyhow!("manifest file path cannot be empty"));
+    }
+
+    if path.len() > MAX_APP_PATH_LENGTH {
+        return Err(anyhow!(
+            "manifest file path exceeds max length {}: {}",
+            MAX_APP_PATH_LENGTH,
+            path
+        ));
+    }
+
+    if path.starts_with('/') || path.starts_with('\\') {
+        return Err(anyhow!("manifest file path must be relative: {}", path));
+    }
+
+    if path.contains('\\') {
+        return Err(anyhow!("manifest file path must use forward slashes: {}", path));
+    }
+
+    if path.split('/').any(|part| part == ".." || part.is_empty()) {
+        return Err(anyhow!("manifest file path is invalid: {}", path));
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub fn validate_sha256_hex(value: &str) -> AnyResult<()> {
+    if value.len() != 64 || !value.chars().all(|c| c.is_ascii_hexdigit()) {
+        return Err(anyhow!("invalid sha256 hex: {}", value));
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub fn validate_manifest_files(files: &[SageAppManifestFile]) -> AnyResult<u64> {
+    if files.is_empty() {
+        return Err(anyhow!("manifest files cannot be empty"));
+    }
+
+    if files.len() > MAX_APP_FILE_COUNT {
+        return Err(anyhow!(
+            "manifest file count {} exceeds limit {}",
+            files.len(),
+            MAX_APP_FILE_COUNT
+        ));
+    }
+
+    let mut seen = BTreeSet::new();
+    let mut total: u64 = 0;
+
+    for file in files {
+        validate_manifest_file_path(&file.path)?;
+        validate_sha256_hex(&file.sha256)?;
+
+        if !seen.insert(file.path.clone()) {
+            return Err(anyhow!("duplicate manifest file path: {}", file.path));
+        }
+
+        total = total
+            .checked_add(file.size)
+            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("manifest total size overflow"))?;
+    }
+
+    if total > MAX_APP_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES {
+        return Err(anyhow!(
+            "manifest total size {} exceeds limit {}",
+            total,
+            MAX_APP_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES
+        ));
+    }
+
+    Ok(total)
+}
+
+pub fn validate_package_manifest(manifest: &SageAppPackageManifest) -> AnyResult<u64> {
+    if manifest.name.trim().is_empty() {
+        return Err(anyhow!("manifest name cannot be empty"));
+    }
+
+    if manifest.version.trim().is_empty() {
+        return Err(anyhow!("manifest version cannot be empty"));
+    }
+
+    validate_requested_permissions(&manifest.permissions)?;
+    validate_manifest_files(&manifest.files)
+}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs
index ca6c42f60..1fd2778e9 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs
@@ -5,5 +5,8 @@ pub mod protocol;
 pub mod types;
 
 pub mod bridge;
+pub mod limits;
+pub mod manifest;
+pub mod snapshot;
 
 pub use protocol::handle_app_protocol_request;
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/protocol.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/protocol.rs
index 60683ed70..c8c92c59e 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/protocol.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/protocol.rs
@@ -1,58 +1,14 @@
-use std::{
-    fs,
-    path::{Path, PathBuf},
-};
+use std::{fs, path::Path};
 
-use anyhow::{anyhow, Context, Result as AnyResult};
+use anyhow::{anyhow, Result as AnyResult};
 use tauri::http::{Response, StatusCode};
 
 use crate::apps::{
     csp::build_app_csp,
-    install::{app_install_dir, read_installed_app_by_id},
+    install::read_installed_app_by_id,
+    snapshot::read_snapshot_file,
 };
 
-fn resolve_protocol_file(base_path: &Path, app_id: &str, request_path: &str) -> AnyResult<PathBuf> {
-    let install_dir = app_install_dir(base_path, app_id);
-
-    let path = if request_path.is_empty() || request_path == "/" || request_path == "/index.html" {
-        install_dir.join("dist").join("index.html")
-    } else if request_path == "/icon.png" {
-        install_dir.join("icon.png")
-    } else {
-        let trimmed = request_path.trim_start_matches('/');
-
-        if trimmed.contains("..") {
-            return Err(anyhow!("invalid app path"));
-        }
-
-        install_dir.join("dist").join(trimmed)
-    };
-
-    let canonical_install_dir = install_dir.canonicalize().with_context(|| {
-        format!(
-            "failed to canonicalize install dir {}",
-            install_dir.display()
-        )
-    })?;
-
-    let canonical_path = path.canonicalize().with_context(|| {
-        format!(
-            "failed to canonicalize requested path {}",
-            path.display()
-        )
-    })?;
-
-    if !canonical_path.starts_with(&canonical_install_dir) {
-        return Err(anyhow!("requested path escapes app directory"));
-    }
-
-    if !canonical_path.is_file() {
-        return Err(anyhow!("requested file does not exist"));
-    }
-
-    Ok(canonical_path)
-}
-
 pub fn handle_app_protocol_request(
     base_path: &Path,
     request: &tauri::http::Request<Vec<u8>>,
@@ -64,13 +20,13 @@ pub fn handle_app_protocol_request(
         .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("missing app id in sage-app URL"))?;
 
     let request_path = uri.path();
-
-    let file_path = resolve_protocol_file(base_path, app_id, request_path)?;
     let app = read_installed_app_by_id(base_path, app_id)?;
 
+    let snapshot_dir = Path::new(&app.active_snapshot.snapshot_dir);
+    let file_path = read_snapshot_file(snapshot_dir, request_path)?;
+
     if request_path.is_empty() || request_path == "/" || request_path == "/index.html" {
-        let html = fs::read_to_string(&file_path)
-            .with_context(|| format!("failed to read {}", file_path.display()))?;
+        let html = fs::read_to_string(&file_path)?;
         let csp = build_app_csp(&app);
 
         return Response::builder()
@@ -81,9 +37,7 @@ pub fn handle_app_protocol_request(
             .map_err(|err| anyhow!("failed to build protocol response: {err}"));
     }
 
-    let bytes = fs::read(&file_path)
-        .with_context(|| format!("failed to read {}", file_path.display()))?;
-
+    let bytes = fs::read(&file_path)?;
     let mime = mime_guess::from_path(&file_path)
         .first_or_octet_stream()
         .essence_str()
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/snapshot.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/snapshot.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d2d328d29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/snapshot.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,223 @@
+use std::{
+    fs,
+    path::{Path, PathBuf},
+};
+
+use anyhow::{anyhow, Context, Result as AnyResult};
+use reqwest::Url;
+use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
+
+use crate::apps::{
+    limits::{MAX_APP_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES, MAX_MANIFEST_SIZE_BYTES},
+    manifest::validate_package_manifest,
+    types::{InstalledSageAppSnapshot, SageAppPackageManifest},
+};
+
+fn sha256_hex(bytes: &[u8]) -> String {
+    let mut hasher = Sha256::new();
+    hasher.update(bytes);
+    hex::encode(hasher.finalize())
+}
+
+pub fn snapshots_root(install_dir: &Path) -> PathBuf {
+    install_dir.join("snapshots")
+}
+
+pub fn snapshot_dir_for_hash(install_dir: &Path, manifest_hash: &str) -> PathBuf {
+    snapshots_root(install_dir).join(manifest_hash)
+}
+
+pub async fn fetch_url_bytes(url: &str, max_size: u64) -> AnyResult<Vec<u8>> {
+    let response = reqwest::Client::new()
+        .get(url)
+        .send()
+        .await
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to GET {}", url))?;
+
+    if !response.status().is_success() {
+        return Err(anyhow!("GET {} returned HTTP {}", url, response.status()));
+    }
+
+    let bytes = response.bytes().await?;
+    let len = bytes.len() as u64;
+
+    if len > max_size {
+        return Err(anyhow!(
+            "response from {} exceeds size limit {}",
+            url,
+            max_size
+        ));
+    }
+
+    Ok(bytes.to_vec())
+}
+
+pub async fn fetch_url_manifest(
+    manifest_url: &str,
+) -> AnyResult<(SageAppPackageManifest, String)> {
+    let bytes = fetch_url_bytes(manifest_url, MAX_MANIFEST_SIZE_BYTES).await?;
+    let manifest_hash = sha256_hex(&bytes);
+
+    let manifest: SageAppPackageManifest =
+        serde_json::from_slice(&bytes).context("failed to parse sage-manifest.json")?;
+
+    validate_package_manifest(&manifest)?;
+
+    Ok((manifest, manifest_hash))
+}
+
+pub fn derive_manifest_url(app_url: &str) -> AnyResult<String> {
+    let parsed = Url::parse(app_url).context("invalid normalized app URL")?;
+    let manifest = parsed
+        .join("sage-manifest.json")
+        .context("failed to derive manifest URL")?;
+    Ok(manifest.to_string())
+}
+
+pub fn build_file_url(app_url: &str, relative_path: &str) -> AnyResult<String> {
+    let base = Url::parse(app_url).context("invalid normalized app URL")?;
+    let file = base
+        .join(relative_path)
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to build file URL for {}", relative_path))?;
+    Ok(file.to_string())
+}
+
+pub async fn download_url_snapshot(
+    install_dir: &Path,
+    app_url: &str,
+    manifest: &SageAppPackageManifest,
+    manifest_hash: &str,
+) -> AnyResult<InstalledSageAppSnapshot> {
+    let total_bytes = validate_package_manifest(manifest)?;
+
+    let snapshots_root = snapshots_root(install_dir);
+    fs::create_dir_all(&snapshots_root)?;
+
+    let final_dir = snapshot_dir_for_hash(install_dir, manifest_hash);
+    if final_dir.exists() {
+        return Ok(InstalledSageAppSnapshot {
+            manifest_hash: manifest_hash.to_string(),
+            snapshot_dir: final_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+            total_bytes,
+            manifest: manifest.clone(),
+        });
+    }
+
+    let temp_dir = snapshots_root.join(format!(".tmp-{}", manifest_hash));
+    if temp_dir.exists() {
+        fs::remove_dir_all(&temp_dir)?;
+    }
+    fs::create_dir_all(&temp_dir)?;
+
+    let result = async {
+        let mut actual_total: u64 = 0;
+
+        for file in &manifest.files {
+            let file_url = build_file_url(app_url, &file.path)?;
+            let bytes = fetch_url_bytes(&file_url, MAX_APP_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES).await?;
+
+            let actual_size = bytes.len() as u64;
+            if actual_size != file.size {
+                return Err(anyhow!(
+                    "size mismatch for {}: expected {}, got {}",
+                    file.path,
+                    file.size,
+                    actual_size
+                ));
+            }
+
+            let actual_sha256 = sha256_hex(&bytes);
+            if actual_sha256 != file.sha256.to_ascii_lowercase() {
+                return Err(anyhow!(
+                    "sha256 mismatch for {}: expected {}, got {}",
+                    file.path,
+                    file.sha256,
+                    actual_sha256
+                ));
+            }
+
+            actual_total = actual_total
+                .checked_add(actual_size)
+                .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("snapshot total size overflow"))?;
+
+            if actual_total > MAX_APP_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES {
+                return Err(anyhow!(
+                    "snapshot total size {} exceeds limit {}",
+                    actual_total,
+                    MAX_APP_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES
+                ));
+            }
+
+            let out_path = temp_dir.join(&file.path);
+            if let Some(parent) = out_path.parent() {
+                fs::create_dir_all(parent)?;
+            }
+            fs::write(&out_path, &bytes)?;
+        }
+
+        if temp_dir.join("index.html").is_file() == false {
+            return Err(anyhow!("snapshot is missing root index.html"));
+        }
+
+        let manifest_path = temp_dir.join("sage-manifest.json");
+        fs::write(
+            &manifest_path,
+            serde_json::to_string_pretty(manifest)
+                .map_err(|err| anyhow!("failed to serialize manifest: {err}"))?
+                + "\n",
+        )?;
+
+        fs::rename(&temp_dir, &final_dir).with_context(|| {
+            format!(
+                "failed to move snapshot {} to {}",
+                temp_dir.display(),
+                final_dir.display()
+            )
+        })?;
+
+        Ok::<(), anyhow::Error>(())
+    }
+        .await;
+
+    if result.is_err() && temp_dir.exists() {
+        let _ = fs::remove_dir_all(&temp_dir);
+    }
+
+    result?;
+
+    Ok(InstalledSageAppSnapshot {
+        manifest_hash: manifest_hash.to_string(),
+        snapshot_dir: final_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+        total_bytes,
+        manifest: manifest.clone(),
+    })
+}
+
+pub fn read_snapshot_file(snapshot_dir: &Path, request_path: &str) -> AnyResult<PathBuf> {
+    let target = if request_path.is_empty() || request_path == "/" || request_path == "/index.html" {
+        snapshot_dir.join("index.html")
+    } else {
+        let trimmed = request_path.trim_start_matches('/');
+
+        if trimmed.contains("..") {
+            return Err(anyhow!("invalid snapshot path"));
+        }
+
+        snapshot_dir.join(trimmed)
+    };
+
+    let canonical_snapshot_dir = snapshot_dir.canonicalize()?;
+    let canonical_target = target
+        .canonicalize()
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to resolve {}", target.display()))?;
+
+    if !canonical_target.starts_with(&canonical_snapshot_dir) {
+        return Err(anyhow!("requested snapshot path escapes snapshot dir"));
+    }
+
+    if !canonical_target.is_file() {
+        return Err(anyhow!("requested snapshot file does not exist"));
+    }
+
+    Ok(canonical_target)
+}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs
index f7c217f79..c04bcc295 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-use std::collections::BTreeMap;
-
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
@@ -24,6 +22,20 @@ pub struct SagePersistentStoragePermission {
     pub required: bool,
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, specta::Type)]
+pub struct SageAppUrlPreview {
+    #[serde(rename = "appUrl", alias = "app_url")]
+    pub app_url: String,
+
+    #[serde(rename = "manifestUrl", alias = "manifest_url")]
+    pub manifest_url: String,
+
+    #[serde(rename = "manifestHash", alias = "manifest_hash")]
+    pub manifest_hash: String,
+
+    pub manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default)]
 pub struct SageRequestedPermissions {
     #[serde(default)]
@@ -48,6 +60,13 @@ pub struct SageGrantedNetworkPermissionEntry {
     pub host: String,
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+pub struct SageAppManifestFile {
+    pub path: String,
+    pub sha256: String,
+    pub size: u64,
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
 pub struct SageAppPackageManifest {
     pub name: String,
@@ -55,22 +74,34 @@ pub struct SageAppPackageManifest {
 
     #[serde(default)]
     pub permissions: SageRequestedPermissions,
+
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub files: Vec<SageAppManifestFile>,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-#[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "snake_case")]
-pub enum SageInstalledAppSource {
-    Zip {
-        #[serde(rename = "installDir", alias = "install_dir")]
-        install_dir: String,
-    },
+pub struct InstalledSageAppSnapshot {
+    #[serde(rename = "manifestHash", alias = "manifest_hash")]
+    pub manifest_hash: String,
+
+    #[serde(rename = "snapshotDir", alias = "snapshot_dir")]
+    pub snapshot_dir: String,
+
+    #[serde(rename = "totalBytes", alias = "total_bytes")]
+    pub total_bytes: u64,
+
+    pub manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub enum InstalledSageAppSource {
+    Zip,
     Url {
         #[serde(rename = "appUrl", alias = "app_url")]
         app_url: String,
         #[serde(rename = "manifestUrl", alias = "manifest_url")]
         manifest_url: String,
-        #[serde(rename = "lastSeenManifestHash", alias = "last_seen_manifest_hash")]
-        last_seen_manifest_hash: String,
     },
 }
 
@@ -95,7 +126,10 @@ pub struct InstalledSageApp {
     #[serde(rename = "grantedPermissions", alias = "granted_permissions")]
     pub granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
 
-    pub source: SageInstalledAppSource,
+    pub source: InstalledSageAppSource,
+
+    #[serde(rename = "activeSnapshot", alias = "active_snapshot")]
+    pub active_snapshot: InstalledSageAppSnapshot,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
@@ -118,7 +152,7 @@ pub struct SageBridgeFetchRequest {
     #[serde(default)]
     pub method: Option<String>,
     #[serde(default)]
-    pub headers: BTreeMap<String, String>,
+    pub headers: std::collections::BTreeMap<String, String>,
     #[serde(default)]
     pub body: Option<String>,
 }
@@ -128,7 +162,7 @@ pub struct SageBridgeFetchResponse {
     pub ok: bool,
     pub status: u16,
     pub status_text: String,
-    pub headers: BTreeMap<String, String>,
+    pub headers: std::collections::BTreeMap<String, String>,
     pub body_text: String,
 }
 
@@ -138,14 +172,3 @@ pub struct SageBridgeFetchBatchRequest {
     #[serde(default)]
     pub max_concurrency: Option<usize>,
 }
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-pub struct SageAppUrlPreview {
-    #[serde(rename = "appUrl", alias = "app_url")]
-    pub app_url: String,
-    #[serde(rename = "manifestUrl", alias = "manifest_url")]
-    pub manifest_url: String,
-    #[serde(rename = "manifestHash", alias = "manifest_hash")]
-    pub manifest_hash: String,
-    pub manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
-}
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index 24d2a1751..9d9d140ba 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -1722,7 +1722,9 @@ index: number }
  */
 export type IncreaseDerivationIndexResponse = Record<string, never>
 export type InheritedNetwork = "mainnet" | "testnet11"
-export type InstalledSageApp = { id: string; name: string; version: string; installDir: string; entryFile: string; iconFile: string; requestedPermissions: SageRequestedPermissions; grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions; source: SageInstalledAppSource }
+export type InstalledSageApp = { id: string; name: string; version: string; installDir: string; entryFile: string; iconFile: string; requestedPermissions: SageRequestedPermissions; grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions; source: InstalledSageAppSource; activeSnapshot: InstalledSageAppSnapshot }
+export type InstalledSageAppSnapshot = { manifestHash: string; snapshotDir: string; totalBytes: number; manifest: SageAppPackageManifest }
+export type InstalledSageAppSource = { kind: "zip" } | { kind: "url"; appUrl: string; manifestUrl: string }
 /**
  * Check if an asset is owned
  */
@@ -2185,14 +2187,14 @@ export type ResyncCatResponse = Record<string, never>
  * Response from resynchronizing the wallet
  */
 export type ResyncResponse = Record<string, never>
-export type SageAppPackageManifest = { name: string; version: string; permissions?: SageRequestedPermissions }
+export type SageAppManifestFile = { path: string; sha256: string; size: number }
+export type SageAppPackageManifest = { name: string; version: string; permissions?: SageRequestedPermissions; files?: SageAppManifestFile[] }
 export type SageAppUrlPreview = { appUrl: string; manifestUrl: string; manifestHash: string; manifest: SageAppPackageManifest }
 export type SageBridgeFetchBatchRequest = { requests: SageBridgeFetchRequest[]; max_concurrency?: number | null }
 export type SageBridgeFetchRequest = { url: string; method?: string | null; headers?: Partial<{ [key in string]: string }>; body?: string | null }
 export type SageBridgeFetchResponse = { ok: boolean; status: number; status_text: string; headers: Partial<{ [key in string]: string }>; body_text: string }
 export type SageGrantedNetworkPermissionEntry = { scheme: string; host: string }
 export type SageGrantedPermissions = { network?: SageGrantedNetworkPermissionEntry[]; persistentStorage?: boolean }
-export type SageInstalledAppSource = { kind: "zip"; installDir: string } | { kind: "url"; appUrl: string; manifestUrl: string; lastSeenManifestHash: string }
 export type SageNetworkPermissionEntry = { scheme: string; host: string; required?: boolean }
 export type SagePersistentStoragePermission = { required?: boolean }
 export type SageRequestedPermissions = { network?: SageNetworkPermissionEntry[]; persistent_storage?: SagePersistentStoragePermission | null }
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts b/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
index 473cd4ccf..6ec6335d0 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
@@ -120,10 +120,7 @@ export async function ensureInlineRuntime(
 
   const runtimeId = runtimeIdFor(app.id);
   const webviewLabel = inlineLabelFor(app.id);
-  const entrySrc =
-    app.source.kind === 'url'
-      ? app.source.appUrl
-      : `sage-app://${app.id}/index.html`;
+  const entrySrc = `sage-app://${app.id}/index.html`;
 
   let webview = await Webview.getByLabel(webviewLabel);
   if (!webview) {

From 235cd6dcc5dc9437bb2224e428d70e191eb33e63 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Wed, 15 Apr 2026 19:21:19 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 020/471] Add update management for URL-based apps, including
 update checks, downloads, application, and runtime state tracking

---
 src-tauri/src/apps/install.rs            | 183 ++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs              |  19 +++
 src-tauri/src/lib.rs                     |   3 +
 src/bindings.ts                          |  12 +-
 src/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx   |  81 ++++++----
 src/components/apps/InstalledAppCard.tsx |  91 ++++++++++-
 src/hooks/useAppRuntimePresence.ts       |  39 +++++
 src/hooks/useApps.ts                     | 170 +++++++++++++++++----
 src/pages/AppHost.tsx                    | 109 +++++++++++++-
 src/pages/Apps.tsx                       | 153 +++++++++++--------
 10 files changed, 734 insertions(+), 126 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/hooks/useAppRuntimePresence.ts

diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/install.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/install.rs
index f350a75ca..29fb48c83 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/install.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/install.rs
@@ -314,6 +314,47 @@ pub fn list_installed_apps_internal(root: &Path) -> AnyResult<Vec<ListedSageApp>
     Ok(apps)
 }
 
+fn merge_granted_permissions_for_update(
+    old_granted: &SageGrantedPermissions,
+    new_requested: &crate::apps::types::SageRequestedPermissions,
+    user_selected: &SageGrantedPermissions,
+) -> SageGrantedPermissions {
+    let requested_network: std::collections::BTreeSet<(String, String)> = new_requested
+        .network
+        .iter()
+        .map(|entry| (entry.scheme.to_ascii_lowercase(), entry.host.to_ascii_lowercase()))
+        .collect();
+
+    let old_network: Vec<crate::apps::types::SageGrantedNetworkPermissionEntry> = old_granted
+        .network
+        .iter()
+        .filter(|entry| {
+            requested_network.contains(&(entry.scheme.to_ascii_lowercase(), entry.host.to_ascii_lowercase()))
+        })
+        .cloned()
+        .collect();
+
+    let mut merged_network = old_network;
+
+    for entry in &user_selected.network {
+        let key = (entry.scheme.to_ascii_lowercase(), entry.host.to_ascii_lowercase());
+        let already = merged_network.iter().any(|existing| {
+            existing.scheme.eq_ignore_ascii_case(&entry.scheme)
+                && existing.host.eq_ignore_ascii_case(&entry.host)
+        });
+
+        if requested_network.contains(&key) && !already {
+            merged_network.push(entry.clone());
+        }
+    }
+
+    SageGrantedPermissions {
+        network: merged_network,
+        persistent_storage: new_requested.persistent_storage.is_some()
+            && (old_granted.persistent_storage || user_selected.persistent_storage),
+    }
+}
+
 pub fn app_install_dir(base_path: &Path, app_id: &str) -> PathBuf {
     apps_root(base_path).join(app_id)
 }
@@ -361,6 +402,144 @@ fn hash_string(input: &str) -> String {
     hex::encode(hasher.finalize())
 }
 
+#[command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn check_app_update(
+    state: State<'_, AppState>,
+    app_id: String,
+) -> Result<Option<SageAppUrlPreview>> {
+    let base_path = {
+        let state = state.lock().await;
+        state.path.clone()
+    };
+
+    let app = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id)
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to read installed app {}: {err}", app_id)))?;
+
+    let (app_url, _manifest_url) = match &app.source {
+        InstalledSageAppSource::Url { app_url, manifest_url } => (app_url.clone(), manifest_url.clone()),
+        InstalledSageAppSource::Zip => return Ok(None),
+    };
+
+    let preview = preview_app_url(app_url).await?;
+
+    if preview.manifest_hash == app.active_snapshot.manifest_hash {
+        return Ok(None);
+    }
+
+    if let Some(pending) = &app.pending_update {
+        if pending.manifest_hash == preview.manifest_hash {
+            return Ok(None);
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(Some(preview))
+}
+
+#[command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn download_app_update(
+    state: State<'_, AppState>,
+    app_id: String,
+) -> Result<InstalledSageApp> {
+    let base_path = {
+        let state = state.lock().await;
+        state.path.clone()
+    };
+
+    let mut app = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id)
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to read installed app {}: {err}", app_id)))?;
+
+    let (app_url, manifest_url) = match &app.source {
+        InstalledSageAppSource::Url { app_url, manifest_url } => (app_url.clone(), manifest_url.clone()),
+        InstalledSageAppSource::Zip => {
+            return Err(io::Error::other("zip apps do not support URL update download").into());
+        }
+    };
+
+    let preview = match check_app_update(state, app_id.clone()).await? {
+        Some(preview) => preview,
+        None => return Ok(app),
+    };
+
+    let install_dir = PathBuf::from(&app.install_dir);
+
+    let snapshot = download_url_snapshot(
+        &install_dir,
+        &preview.app_url,
+        &preview.manifest,
+        &preview.manifest_hash,
+    )
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to download update snapshot: {err}")))?;
+
+    app.pending_update = Some(crate::apps::types::InstalledSageAppPendingUpdate {
+        app_url,
+        manifest_url,
+        manifest_hash: preview.manifest_hash,
+        manifest: preview.manifest,
+        snapshot,
+    });
+
+    write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &install_dir)
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to write app metadata: {err}")))?;
+
+    Ok(app)
+}
+
+#[command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn apply_app_update(
+    state: State<'_, AppState>,
+    app_id: String,
+    granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
+) -> Result<InstalledSageApp> {
+    let base_path = {
+        let state = state.lock().await;
+        state.path.clone()
+    };
+
+    let mut app = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id)
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to read installed app {}: {err}", app_id)))?;
+
+    let pending = app.pending_update.clone().ok_or_else(|| {
+        io::Error::other(format!("app {} has no pending update", app_id))
+    })?;
+
+    let merged_permissions = merge_granted_permissions_for_update(
+        &app.granted_permissions,
+        &pending.manifest.permissions,
+        &granted_permissions,
+    );
+
+    validate_granted_permissions_against_requested(
+        &pending.manifest.permissions,
+        &merged_permissions,
+    )
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("invalid granted permissions for update: {err}")))?;
+
+    app.name = pending.manifest.name.clone();
+    app.version = pending.manifest.version.clone();
+    app.requested_permissions = pending.manifest.permissions.clone();
+    app.granted_permissions = merged_permissions;
+    app.active_snapshot = pending.snapshot.clone();
+    app.entry_file = Path::new(&app.active_snapshot.snapshot_dir)
+        .join("index.html")
+        .to_string_lossy()
+        .to_string();
+    app.icon_file = Path::new(&app.active_snapshot.snapshot_dir)
+        .join("icon.png")
+        .to_string_lossy()
+        .to_string();
+    app.pending_update = None;
+
+    let install_dir = PathBuf::from(&app.install_dir);
+    write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &install_dir)
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to write app metadata: {err}")))?;
+
+    Ok(app)
+}
+
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
 pub async fn preview_app_zip(zip_path: String) -> Result<SageAppPackageManifest> {
@@ -508,6 +687,7 @@ pub async fn install_app_zip(
             granted_permissions,
             source: InstalledSageAppSource::Zip,
             active_snapshot: snapshot,
+            pending_update: None,
         };
 
         write_installed_app_metadata(&installed, &install_dir)?;
@@ -608,9 +788,10 @@ pub async fn install_app_url(
             manifest_url: preview.manifest_url.clone(),
         },
         active_snapshot: snapshot,
+        pending_update: None,
     };
 
-    super::install::write_installed_app_metadata(&installed, &install_dir).map_err(|err| {
+    write_installed_app_metadata(&installed, &install_dir).map_err(|err| {
         io::Error::other(format!(
             "failed to write installed app metadata for {}: {err}",
             app_id
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs
index c04bcc295..df59eb3bd 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs
@@ -93,6 +93,22 @@ pub struct InstalledSageAppSnapshot {
     pub manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+pub struct InstalledSageAppPendingUpdate {
+    #[serde(rename = "appUrl", alias = "app_url")]
+    pub app_url: String,
+
+    #[serde(rename = "manifestUrl", alias = "manifest_url")]
+    pub manifest_url: String,
+
+    #[serde(rename = "manifestHash", alias = "manifest_hash")]
+    pub manifest_hash: String,
+
+    pub manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
+
+    pub snapshot: InstalledSageAppSnapshot,
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
 #[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub enum InstalledSageAppSource {
@@ -130,6 +146,9 @@ pub struct InstalledSageApp {
 
     #[serde(rename = "activeSnapshot", alias = "active_snapshot")]
     pub active_snapshot: InstalledSageAppSnapshot,
+
+    #[serde(rename = "pendingUpdate", alias = "pending_update")]
+    pub pending_update: Option<InstalledSageAppPendingUpdate>,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
index 15c74915c..b152de169 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
@@ -148,6 +148,9 @@ pub fn run() {
             apps::install::preview_app_url,
             apps::install::install_app_zip,
             apps::install::install_app_url,
+            apps::install::check_app_update,
+            apps::install::download_app_update,
+            apps::install::apply_app_update,
             apps::install::uninstall_app,
             apps::bridge::fetch::bridge_fetch_http,
             apps::bridge::batch::bridge_fetch_http_batch,
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index 9d9d140ba..d05571400 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -374,6 +374,15 @@ async installAppZip(zipPath: string, grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions)
 async installAppUrl(appUrl: string, grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions) : Promise<InstalledSageApp> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("install_app_url", { appUrl, grantedPermissions });
 },
+async checkAppUpdate(appId: string) : Promise<SageAppUrlPreview | null> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("check_app_update", { appId });
+},
+async downloadAppUpdate(appId: string) : Promise<InstalledSageApp> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("download_app_update", { appId });
+},
+async applyAppUpdate(appId: string, grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions) : Promise<InstalledSageApp> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("apply_app_update", { appId, grantedPermissions });
+},
 async uninstallApp(appId: string) : Promise<null> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("uninstall_app", { appId });
 },
@@ -1722,7 +1731,8 @@ index: number }
  */
 export type IncreaseDerivationIndexResponse = Record<string, never>
 export type InheritedNetwork = "mainnet" | "testnet11"
-export type InstalledSageApp = { id: string; name: string; version: string; installDir: string; entryFile: string; iconFile: string; requestedPermissions: SageRequestedPermissions; grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions; source: InstalledSageAppSource; activeSnapshot: InstalledSageAppSnapshot }
+export type InstalledSageApp = { id: string; name: string; version: string; installDir: string; entryFile: string; iconFile: string; requestedPermissions: SageRequestedPermissions; grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions; source: InstalledSageAppSource; activeSnapshot: InstalledSageAppSnapshot; pendingUpdate: InstalledSageAppPendingUpdate | null }
+export type InstalledSageAppPendingUpdate = { appUrl: string; manifestUrl: string; manifestHash: string; manifest: SageAppPackageManifest; snapshot: InstalledSageAppSnapshot }
 export type InstalledSageAppSnapshot = { manifestHash: string; snapshotDir: string; totalBytes: number; manifest: SageAppPackageManifest }
 export type InstalledSageAppSource = { kind: "zip" } | { kind: "url"; appUrl: string; manifestUrl: string }
 /**
diff --git a/src/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx b/src/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx
index 84cb7a541..00d18660b 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx
@@ -33,6 +33,33 @@ interface Props {
   ) => Promise<void>;
 }
 
+interface NormalizedPermissions {
+  network: SageNetworkPermissionEntry[];
+  persistent_storage: { required?: boolean } | null;
+}
+
+interface NormalizedManifest extends Omit<
+  SageAppPackageManifest,
+  'permissions'
+> {
+  permissions: NormalizedPermissions;
+}
+
+function normalizeManifestPermissions(
+  manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
+): NormalizedManifest {
+  const permissions = manifest.permissions ?? {};
+
+  return {
+    ...manifest,
+    permissions: {
+      ...permissions,
+      network: permissions.network ?? [],
+      persistent_storage: permissions.persistent_storage ?? null,
+    },
+  };
+}
+
 function networkEntryKey(entry: { scheme: string; host: string }): string {
   return `${entry.scheme}://${entry.host}`;
 }
@@ -71,7 +98,11 @@ export function InstallAppForm({
 
   const manifest = useMemo(() => {
     if (!source) return null;
-    return source.kind === 'zip' ? source.manifest : source.preview.manifest;
+
+    const raw =
+      source.kind === 'zip' ? source.manifest : source.preview.manifest;
+
+    return normalizeManifestPermissions(raw);
   }, [source]);
 
   const [grantedNetworkKeys, setGrantedNetworkKeys] = useState<string[]>([]);
@@ -80,7 +111,7 @@ export function InstallAppForm({
 
   const sortedNetworkEntries = useMemo(() => {
     return manifest
-      ? sortNetworkEntries(manifest.permissions.network ?? [])
+      ? sortNetworkEntries(manifest.permissions?.network ?? [])
       : [];
   }, [manifest]);
 
@@ -98,7 +129,9 @@ export function InstallAppForm({
         return;
       }
 
-      const nextManifest = await onPreviewZip(selected);
+      const nextManifest = normalizeManifestPermissions(
+        await onPreviewZip(selected),
+      );
 
       const network = nextManifest.permissions.network ?? [];
       const persistentStorage =
@@ -107,20 +140,11 @@ export function InstallAppForm({
       setSource({
         kind: 'zip',
         zipPath: selected,
-        manifest: {
-          ...nextManifest,
-          permissions: {
-            ...nextManifest.permissions,
-            network,
-            persistent_storage: persistentStorage,
-          },
-        },
+        manifest: nextManifest,
       });
 
       setGrantedNetworkKeys(network.map((entry) => networkEntryKey(entry)));
-      setPersistentStorageGranted(
-        !!nextManifest.permissions.persistent_storage,
-      );
+      setPersistentStorageGranted(!!persistentStorage);
     } catch (err) {
       setError(formatAppError(err));
     }
@@ -131,30 +155,22 @@ export function InstallAppForm({
       setError(null);
 
       const preview = await onPreviewUrl(urlInput.trim());
-      const network = preview.manifest.permissions.network ?? [];
+      const normalizedManifest = normalizeManifestPermissions(preview.manifest);
+      const network = normalizedManifest.permissions.network ?? [];
       const persistentStorage =
-        preview.manifest.permissions.persistent_storage ?? null;
+        normalizedManifest.permissions.persistent_storage ?? null;
 
       setSource({
         kind: 'url',
         appUrl: preview.appUrl,
         preview: {
           ...preview,
-          manifest: {
-            ...preview.manifest,
-            permissions: {
-              ...preview.manifest.permissions,
-              network,
-              persistent_storage: persistentStorage,
-            },
-          },
+          manifest: normalizedManifest,
         },
       });
 
       setGrantedNetworkKeys(network.map((entry) => networkEntryKey(entry)));
-      setPersistentStorageGranted(
-        !!preview.manifest.permissions.persistent_storage,
-      );
+      setPersistentStorageGranted(!!persistentStorage);
     } catch (err) {
       setError(formatAppError(err));
     }
@@ -275,18 +291,21 @@ export function InstallAppForm({
             <div className='space-y-3'>
               <h3 className='text-sm font-medium'>Permissions</h3>
 
-              {manifest?.permissions.persistent_storage ? (
+              {manifest?.permissions?.persistent_storage ? (
                 <label className='flex items-center gap-3 text-sm'>
                   <Checkbox
                     checked={persistentStorageGranted}
-                    disabled={manifest.permissions.persistent_storage.required}
+                    disabled={
+                      manifest.permissions?.persistent_storage?.required ??
+                      false
+                    }
                     onCheckedChange={(checked) => {
                       setPersistentStorageGranted(Boolean(checked));
                     }}
                   />
                   <span>
                     Persistent storage
-                    {manifest.permissions.persistent_storage.required
+                    {manifest.permissions?.persistent_storage?.required
                       ? ' (required)'
                       : ''}
                   </span>
@@ -334,7 +353,7 @@ export function InstallAppForm({
                 </div>
               ) : null}
 
-              {!manifest?.permissions.persistent_storage &&
+              {!manifest?.permissions?.persistent_storage &&
               sortedNetworkEntries.length === 0 ? (
                 <div className='text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
                   This app does not request any permissions.
diff --git a/src/components/apps/InstalledAppCard.tsx b/src/components/apps/InstalledAppCard.tsx
index 64f8a4bf3..a2907a721 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/InstalledAppCard.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/InstalledAppCard.tsx
@@ -1,18 +1,34 @@
 import { Badge } from '@/components/ui/badge';
 import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
 import { Card, CardContent, CardHeader, CardTitle } from '@/components/ui/card';
-import type { InstalledSageApp } from '@/bindings';
+import type { InstalledSageApp, SageAppUrlPreview } from '@/bindings';
 import { Trash2 } from 'lucide-react';
-import { useMemo } from 'react';
+import { useMemo, useState } from 'react';
 import { useNavigate } from 'react-router-dom';
+import { useAppRuntimePresence } from '@/hooks/useAppRuntimePresence';
 
 interface Props {
   app: InstalledSageApp;
+  updatePreview: SageAppUrlPreview | null | undefined;
+  busy: boolean;
   onUninstall: () => Promise<void>;
+  onCheckForUpdate: () => Promise<void>;
+  onDownloadUpdate: () => Promise<void>;
+  onApplyUpdate: () => Promise<void>;
 }
 
-export function InstalledAppCard({ app, onUninstall }: Props) {
+export function InstalledAppCard({
+  app,
+  updatePreview,
+  busy,
+  onUninstall,
+  onCheckForUpdate,
+  onDownloadUpdate,
+  onApplyUpdate,
+}: Props) {
   const navigate = useNavigate();
+  const isRunning = useAppRuntimePresence(app.id);
+  const [removing, setRemoving] = useState(false);
 
   const iconSrc = useMemo(() => {
     return `sage-app://${app.id}/icon.png`;
@@ -27,6 +43,10 @@ export function InstalledAppCard({ app, onUninstall }: Props) {
   }, [app.grantedPermissions.network]);
 
   const hasPersistentStorage = app.grantedPermissions.persistentStorage;
+  const isUrlApp = app.source?.kind === 'url';
+  const hasPendingUpdate = !!app.pendingUpdate;
+  const showUpdateButton = hasPendingUpdate || !!updatePreview;
+  const updateLabel = isRunning ? 'Update and reopen' : 'Update';
 
   return (
     <Card>
@@ -40,6 +60,13 @@ export function InstalledAppCard({ app, onUninstall }: Props) {
             />
             <span>{app.name}</span>
             <Badge variant='outline'>installed</Badge>
+            {isRunning ? <Badge variant='outline'>running</Badge> : null}
+            {hasPendingUpdate ? (
+              <Badge variant='outline'>update ready</Badge>
+            ) : null}
+            {!hasPendingUpdate && updatePreview ? (
+              <Badge variant='outline'>update available</Badge>
+            ) : null}
           </CardTitle>
 
           <div className='text-sm text-muted-foreground'>v{app.version}</div>
@@ -47,11 +74,67 @@ export function InstalledAppCard({ app, onUninstall }: Props) {
           <div className='break-all text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
             Install dir: {app.installDir}
           </div>
+
+          {isUrlApp && updatePreview ? (
+            <div className='text-xs text-amber-600'>
+              New version available: v{updatePreview.manifest.version}
+            </div>
+          ) : null}
+
+          {isUrlApp && hasPendingUpdate ? (
+            <div className='text-xs text-amber-600'>
+              Downloaded update ready: v{app.pendingUpdate?.manifest.version}
+            </div>
+          ) : null}
         </div>
 
         <div className='flex shrink-0 items-center gap-2'>
           <Button onClick={() => navigate(`/apps/${app.id}`)}>Open</Button>
-          <Button variant='outline' onClick={() => void onUninstall()}>
+
+          {isUrlApp ? (
+            <>
+              {showUpdateButton ? (
+                <Button
+                  variant='outline'
+                  disabled={busy}
+                  onClick={() => void onApplyUpdate()}
+                >
+                  {busy ? 'Working...' : updateLabel}
+                </Button>
+              ) : (
+                <Button
+                  variant='outline'
+                  disabled={busy}
+                  onClick={() =>
+                    void (async () => {
+                      const preview = await onCheckForUpdate();
+                      if (preview == null) {
+                        return;
+                      }
+                      await onDownloadUpdate();
+                    })()
+                  }
+                >
+                  {busy ? 'Checking...' : 'Check for update'}
+                </Button>
+              )}
+            </>
+          ) : null}
+
+          <Button
+            variant='outline'
+            disabled={removing || busy}
+            onClick={() =>
+              void (async () => {
+                try {
+                  setRemoving(true);
+                  await onUninstall();
+                } finally {
+                  setRemoving(false);
+                }
+              })()
+            }
+          >
             <Trash2 className='mr-2 h-4 w-4' />
             Remove
           </Button>
diff --git a/src/hooks/useAppRuntimePresence.ts b/src/hooks/useAppRuntimePresence.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b7c581e73
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/hooks/useAppRuntimePresence.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+import { useEffect, useState } from 'react';
+import { getRuntimeWebview } from '@/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry';
+
+export function useAppRuntimePresence(appId: string, intervalMs = 1000) {
+  const [isRunning, setIsRunning] = useState(false);
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    let cancelled = false;
+    let timer: number | null = null;
+
+    const check = async () => {
+      try {
+        const webview = await getRuntimeWebview(appId);
+        if (!cancelled) {
+          setIsRunning(!!webview);
+        }
+      } catch {
+        if (!cancelled) {
+          setIsRunning(false);
+        }
+      }
+    };
+
+    void check();
+
+    timer = window.setInterval(() => {
+      void check();
+    }, intervalMs);
+
+    return () => {
+      cancelled = true;
+      if (timer != null) {
+        window.clearInterval(timer);
+      }
+    };
+  }, [appId, intervalMs]);
+
+  return isRunning;
+}
diff --git a/src/hooks/useApps.ts b/src/hooks/useApps.ts
index 7be12900f..9706b0e12 100644
--- a/src/hooks/useApps.ts
+++ b/src/hooks/useApps.ts
@@ -1,17 +1,33 @@
 import { invoke } from '@tauri-apps/api/core';
 import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react';
-import {
+import type {
   InstalledSageApp,
   ListedSageApp,
-  SageAppPackageManifest,
   SageAppUrlPreview,
   SageGrantedPermissions,
 } from '@/bindings.ts';
 
+type UpdateAvailabilityMap = Record<string, SageAppUrlPreview | null>;
+
 export function useApps() {
   const [apps, setApps] = useState<ListedSageApp[]>([]);
   const [loading, setLoading] = useState(true);
   const [error, setError] = useState<string | null>(null);
+  const [updateAvailability, setUpdateAvailability] =
+    useState<UpdateAvailabilityMap>({});
+  const [busyAppIds, setBusyAppIds] = useState<Record<string, boolean>>({});
+
+  const setBusy = useCallback((appId: string, busy: boolean) => {
+    setBusyAppIds((prev) => {
+      if (busy) {
+        return { ...prev, [appId]: true };
+      }
+
+      return Object.fromEntries(
+        Object.entries(prev).filter(([key]) => key !== appId),
+      );
+    });
+  }, []);
 
   const refresh = useCallback(async () => {
     try {
@@ -30,18 +46,6 @@ export function useApps() {
     void refresh();
   }, [refresh]);
 
-  const previewAppZip = useCallback(async (zipPath: string) => {
-    return await invoke<SageAppPackageManifest>('preview_app_zip', {
-      zipPath,
-    });
-  }, []);
-
-  const previewAppUrl = useCallback(async (appUrl: string) => {
-    return await invoke<SageAppUrlPreview>('preview_app_url', {
-      appUrl,
-    });
-  }, []);
-
   const installApp = useCallback(
     async (zipPath: string, permissions: SageGrantedPermissions) => {
       await invoke<InstalledSageApp>('install_app_zip', {
@@ -53,20 +57,14 @@ export function useApps() {
     [refresh],
   );
 
-  const installAppUrl = useCallback(
-    async (appUrl: string, permissions: SageGrantedPermissions) => {
-      await invoke<InstalledSageApp>('install_app_url', {
-        appUrl,
-        grantedPermissions: permissions,
-      });
-      await refresh();
-    },
-    [refresh],
-  );
-
   const uninstallApp = useCallback(
     async (appId: string) => {
       await invoke('uninstall_app', { appId });
+      setUpdateAvailability((prev) => {
+        return Object.fromEntries(
+          Object.entries(prev).filter(([key]) => key !== appId),
+        );
+      });
       await refresh();
     },
     [refresh],
@@ -74,7 +72,7 @@ export function useApps() {
 
   const getApp = useCallback(
     (appId: string): InstalledSageApp | undefined => {
-      const app = apps.find((app) => app.id === appId);
+      const app = apps.find((entry) => entry.id === appId);
       return app?.kind === 'installed' ? app : undefined;
     },
     [apps],
@@ -99,17 +97,131 @@ export function useApps() {
     });
   }, [apps]);
 
+  const checkForUpdate = useCallback(
+    async (appId: string, forceRefresh = true) => {
+      try {
+        setBusy(appId, true);
+        const preview = await invoke<SageAppUrlPreview | null>(
+          'check_app_update',
+          { appId },
+        );
+
+        setUpdateAvailability((prev) => ({
+          ...prev,
+          [appId]: preview,
+        }));
+
+        if (forceRefresh) {
+          await refresh();
+        }
+
+        return preview;
+      } finally {
+        setBusy(appId, false);
+      }
+    },
+    [refresh, setBusy],
+  );
+
+  const downloadUpdate = useCallback(
+    async (appId: string) => {
+      try {
+        setBusy(appId, true);
+        const installed = await invoke<InstalledSageApp>(
+          'download_app_update',
+          {
+            appId,
+          },
+        );
+
+        setUpdateAvailability((prev) => ({
+          ...prev,
+          [appId]: null,
+        }));
+
+        await refresh();
+        return installed;
+      } finally {
+        setBusy(appId, false);
+      }
+    },
+    [refresh, setBusy],
+  );
+
+  const applyUpdate = useCallback(
+    async (appId: string, grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions) => {
+      try {
+        setBusy(appId, true);
+        const installed = await invoke<InstalledSageApp>('apply_app_update', {
+          appId,
+          grantedPermissions,
+        });
+
+        setUpdateAvailability((prev) => ({
+          ...prev,
+          [appId]: null,
+        }));
+
+        await refresh();
+        return installed;
+      } finally {
+        setBusy(appId, false);
+      }
+    },
+    [refresh, setBusy],
+  );
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const urlApps = apps.filter(
+      (entry) => entry.kind === 'installed' && entry.source?.kind === 'url',
+    );
+
+    if (urlApps.length === 0) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    const intervalId = window.setInterval(
+      () => {
+        urlApps.forEach((entry) => {
+          if (busyAppIds[entry.id]) {
+            return;
+          }
+
+          void invoke<SageAppUrlPreview | null>('check_app_update', {
+            appId: entry.id,
+          })
+            .then((preview) => {
+              setUpdateAvailability((prev) => ({
+                ...prev,
+                [entry.id]: preview,
+              }));
+            })
+            .catch(() => {
+              // intentionally quiet
+            });
+        });
+      },
+      10 * 60 * 1000,
+    );
+
+    return () => {
+      window.clearInterval(intervalId);
+    };
+  }, [apps, busyAppIds]);
+
   return {
     apps: sortedApps,
     loading,
     error,
     refresh,
-    previewAppZip,
-    previewAppUrl,
     installApp,
-    installAppUrl,
     uninstallApp,
     isInstalled,
     getApp,
+    checkForUpdate,
+    downloadUpdate,
+    applyUpdate,
+    updateAvailability,
+    busyAppIds,
   };
 }
diff --git a/src/pages/AppHost.tsx b/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
index c4732403e..dc07ab19b 100644
--- a/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
@@ -15,8 +15,11 @@ import {
 import { LogicalPosition, LogicalSize } from '@tauri-apps/api/dpi';
 import { getCurrentWebview } from '@tauri-apps/api/webview';
 import { ArrowLeft } from 'lucide-react';
-import { useEffect, useMemo, useRef } from 'react';
+import { useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react';
 import { Link, useNavigate, useParams } from 'react-router-dom';
+import { useAppRuntimePresence } from '@/hooks/useAppRuntimePresence.ts';
+import { invoke } from '@tauri-apps/api/core';
+import { SageAppUrlPreview } from '@/bindings.ts';
 
 function AppNotFound() {
   return (
@@ -36,6 +39,42 @@ export function AppHost() {
   const navigate = useNavigate();
 
   const app = getApp(appId);
+  const isRunning = useAppRuntimePresence(appId);
+  const [updatePreview, setUpdatePreview] = useState<null | {
+    manifest: { version: string };
+  }>(null);
+  const [checkingUpdate, setCheckingUpdate] = useState(false);
+  const [applyingUpdate, setApplyingUpdate] = useState(false);
+
+  const handleUpdateAndReopen = async () => {
+    if (!app) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    try {
+      setApplyingUpdate(true);
+
+      const refreshedPreview = await invoke<SageAppUrlPreview | null>(
+        'check_app_update',
+        {
+          appId: app.id,
+        },
+      );
+
+      if (refreshedPreview) {
+        await invoke('download_app_update', { appId: app.id });
+      }
+
+      await invoke('apply_app_update', {
+        appId: app.id,
+        grantedPermissions: app.grantedPermissions,
+      });
+
+      window.location.reload();
+    } finally {
+      setApplyingUpdate(false);
+    }
+  };
 
   const entrySrc = useMemo(() => {
     if (!app) {
@@ -47,6 +86,52 @@ export function AppHost() {
       : `sage-app://${app.id}/index.html`;
   }, [app]);
 
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!app || app.source?.kind !== 'url') {
+      setUpdatePreview(null);
+      return;
+    }
+
+    let cancelled = false;
+
+    const check = async () => {
+      try {
+        setCheckingUpdate(true);
+        const preview = await invoke<SageAppUrlPreview | null>(
+          'check_app_update',
+          {
+            appId: app.id,
+          },
+        );
+
+        if (!cancelled) {
+          setUpdatePreview(preview);
+        }
+      } catch {
+        if (!cancelled) {
+          setUpdatePreview(null);
+        }
+      } finally {
+        if (!cancelled) {
+          setCheckingUpdate(false);
+        }
+      }
+    };
+
+    void check();
+
+    const intervalId = window.setInterval(
+      () => {
+        void check();
+      },
+      10 * 60 * 1000,
+    );
+
+    return () => {
+      cancelled = true;
+      window.clearInterval(intervalId);
+    };
+  }, [app]);
   useEffect(() => {
     if (!app || !entrySrc || !containerRef.current) {
       return;
@@ -215,6 +300,28 @@ export function AppHost() {
           </Button>
         </div>
 
+        {app.source?.kind === 'url' && updatePreview ? (
+          <Alert>
+            <AlertTitle>New version available</AlertTitle>
+            <AlertDescription className='flex items-center justify-between gap-4'>
+              <span>
+                Version {updatePreview.manifest.version} is available for this
+                app.
+              </span>
+
+              <Button
+                variant='outline'
+                disabled={checkingUpdate || applyingUpdate || !isRunning}
+                onClick={() => {
+                  void handleUpdateAndReopen();
+                }}
+              >
+                {applyingUpdate ? 'Updating...' : 'Update and reopen'}
+              </Button>
+            </AlertDescription>
+          </Alert>
+        ) : null}
+
         <div className='shrink-0 space-y-1'>
           <h1 className='text-2xl font-semibold tracking-tight'>{app.name}</h1>
           <p className='break-all text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
diff --git a/src/pages/Apps.tsx b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
index 9aeb2a154..8a408e64d 100644
--- a/src/pages/Apps.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
@@ -1,84 +1,119 @@
+import { Alert, AlertDescription, AlertTitle } from '@/components/ui/alert';
 import { InstallAppForm } from '@/components/apps/InstallAppForm';
 import { InstalledAppCard } from '@/components/apps/InstalledAppCard';
+import { CorruptedAppCard } from '@/components/apps/CorruptedAppCard';
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
 import { useApps } from '@/hooks/useApps';
-import { CorruptedAppCard } from '@/components/apps/CorruptedAppCard.tsx';
-import { SageGrantedPermissions } from '@/bindings.ts';
-import { useAppRuntimes } from '@/hooks/useAppRuntimes.ts';
-import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button.tsx';
 import { Link } from 'react-router-dom';
+import { SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppUrlPreview } from '@/bindings.ts';
+import { invoke } from '@tauri-apps/api/core';
 
 export function Apps() {
   const {
     apps,
     loading,
     error,
-    previewAppZip,
-    previewAppUrl,
+    refresh,
     installApp,
-    installAppUrl,
     uninstallApp,
+    checkForUpdate,
+    downloadUpdate,
+    applyUpdate,
+    updateAvailability,
+    busyAppIds,
   } = useApps();
-  const runtimes = useAppRuntimes();
+
+  if (loading) {
+    return (
+      <div className='mx-auto w-full max-w-6xl p-4 md:p-6'>
+        <Alert>
+          <AlertTitle>Loading apps...</AlertTitle>
+          <AlertDescription>Please wait.</AlertDescription>
+        </Alert>
+      </div>
+    );
+  }
 
   return (
-    <div className='flex-1 overflow-auto'>
-      <div className='mx-auto w-full max-w-6xl p-4 md:p-6 space-y-8'>
-        <div className='space-y-2'>
+    <div className='mx-auto w-full max-w-6xl space-y-6 p-4 md:p-6'>
+      <div className='flex items-center justify-between gap-4'>
+        <div>
           <h1 className='text-2xl font-semibold tracking-tight'>Apps</h1>
-          <p className='text-muted-foreground'>
-            Install and manage Sage app packages.
+          <p className='text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
+            Install and manage Sage apps.
           </p>
-          <Button asChild variant='outline'>
-            <Link to='/apps/task-manager'>
-              Task Manager ({runtimes.length})
-            </Link>
-          </Button>
         </div>
 
-        <InstallAppForm
-          onPreviewZip={previewAppZip}
-          onPreviewUrl={previewAppUrl}
-          onInstallZip={installApp}
-          onInstallUrl={installAppUrl}
-        />
+        <Button asChild variant='outline'>
+          <Link to='/task-manager'>Task Manager</Link>
+        </Button>
+      </div>
+
+      <InstallAppForm
+        onPreviewZip={(zipPath: string) =>
+          invoke<SageAppPackageManifest>('preview_app_zip', { zipPath })
+        }
+        onPreviewUrl={(appUrl: string) =>
+          invoke<SageAppUrlPreview>('preview_app_url', { appUrl })
+        }
+        onInstallZip={installApp}
+        onInstallUrl={async (appUrl, permissions) => {
+          await invoke('install_app_url', {
+            appUrl,
+            grantedPermissions: permissions,
+          });
+          await refresh();
+        }}
+      />
 
-        <section className='space-y-4'>
-          <h2 className='text-lg font-semibold'>Installed</h2>
+      {error ? (
+        <Alert>
+          <AlertTitle>Apps error</AlertTitle>
+          <AlertDescription>{error}</AlertDescription>
+        </Alert>
+      ) : null}
 
-          {loading ? (
-            <div className='rounded-lg border p-6 text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
-              Loading apps...
-            </div>
-          ) : error ? (
-            <div className='rounded-lg border border-destructive/30 p-6 text-sm text-destructive'>
-              {error}
-            </div>
-          ) : apps.length > 0 ? (
-            <div className='grid gap-4'>
-              {apps.map((app) =>
-                app.kind === 'installed' ? (
-                  <InstalledAppCard
-                    key={app.id}
-                    app={app}
-                    onUninstall={() => uninstallApp(app.id)}
-                  />
-                ) : (
-                  <CorruptedAppCard
-                    key={app.id}
-                    app={app}
-                    onRemove={() => uninstallApp(app.id)}
-                  />
-                ),
-              )}
-            </div>
-          ) : (
-            <div className='rounded-lg border p-6 text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
-              No apps installed.
-            </div>
-          )}
-        </section>
+      <div className='space-y-4'>
+        {apps.length === 0 ? (
+          <Alert>
+            <AlertTitle>No apps installed</AlertTitle>
+            <AlertDescription>
+              Install a Sage app package to get started.
+            </AlertDescription>
+          </Alert>
+        ) : null}
+
+        {apps.map((entry) => {
+          if (entry.kind === 'installed') {
+            return (
+              <InstalledAppCard
+                key={entry.id}
+                app={entry}
+                updatePreview={updateAvailability[entry.id]}
+                busy={busyAppIds[entry.id]}
+                onUninstall={() => uninstallApp(entry.id)}
+                onCheckForUpdate={async () => {
+                  await checkForUpdate(entry.id);
+                }}
+                onDownloadUpdate={async () => {
+                  await downloadUpdate(entry.id);
+                }}
+                onApplyUpdate={async () => {
+                  await applyUpdate(entry.id, entry.grantedPermissions);
+                }}
+              />
+            );
+          }
+
+          return (
+            <CorruptedAppCard
+              key={entry.id}
+              app={entry}
+              onRemove={() => uninstallApp(entry.id)}
+            />
+          );
+        })}
       </div>
     </div>
   );
 }
-

From 580adb2e4f4e1c2203a118462d5c4d6c13b1675b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Wed, 15 Apr 2026 20:34:36 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 021/471] Refactor app update and runtime management: -
 Introduced `AppsContext` for centralized state and logic. - Added
 `restartAppRuntime` for runtime restarts with improved lifecycle handling. -
 Enhanced runtime registry with timeout-based closing and webview sync
 improvements. - Replaced direct `useApps` imports with `AppsContext` in pages
 and components. - Updated `App.tsx` to provide `AppsContext` globally.

---
 src/App.tsx                       |  13 ++-
 src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx      |  20 ++++
 src/hooks/useApps.ts              |  48 +++++++-
 src/lib/apps/restartAppRuntime.ts |  18 +++
 src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts   | 187 ++++++++++++++++++++----------
 src/pages/AppHost.tsx             | 185 +++++++++++++++--------------
 src/pages/Apps.tsx                |  11 +-
 7 files changed, 323 insertions(+), 159 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
 create mode 100644 src/lib/apps/restartAppRuntime.ts

diff --git a/src/App.tsx b/src/App.tsx
index 978e2bb3a..75a26edc6 100644
--- a/src/App.tsx
+++ b/src/App.tsx
@@ -60,6 +60,7 @@ import Wallet from './pages/Wallet';
 import { Apps } from '@/pages/Apps.tsx';
 import { AppHost } from '@/pages/AppHost.tsx';
 import { TaskManager } from '@/pages/TaskManager.tsx';
+import { AppsProvider } from '@/contexts/AppsContext.tsx';
 
 // Theme-aware toast container component
 function ThemeAwareToastContainer() {
@@ -199,11 +200,13 @@ function AppInner() {
       <I18nProvider i18n={i18n}>
         <WalletProvider>
           <PeerProvider>
-            <WalletConnectProvider>
-              <PriceProvider>
-                <RouterProvider router={router} />
-              </PriceProvider>
-            </WalletConnectProvider>
+            <AppsProvider>
+              <WalletConnectProvider>
+                <PriceProvider>
+                  <RouterProvider router={router} />
+                </PriceProvider>
+              </WalletConnectProvider>
+            </AppsProvider>
           </PeerProvider>
         </WalletProvider>
       </I18nProvider>
diff --git a/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx b/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..320452ea9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+import { createContext, useContext } from 'react';
+import { useAppsInternal } from '@/hooks/useApps';
+
+const AppsContext = createContext<ReturnType<typeof useAppsInternal> | null>(
+  null,
+);
+
+export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
+  const value = useAppsInternal();
+  return <AppsContext.Provider value={value}>{children}</AppsContext.Provider>;
+}
+
+export function useApps() {
+  const value = useContext(AppsContext);
+  if (!value) {
+    throw new Error('useApps must be used within AppsProvider');
+  }
+  return value;
+}
+
diff --git a/src/hooks/useApps.ts b/src/hooks/useApps.ts
index 9706b0e12..f1ecff090 100644
--- a/src/hooks/useApps.ts
+++ b/src/hooks/useApps.ts
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ import type {
 
 type UpdateAvailabilityMap = Record<string, SageAppUrlPreview | null>;
 
-export function useApps() {
+export function useAppsInternal() {
   const [apps, setApps] = useState<ListedSageApp[]>([]);
   const [loading, setLoading] = useState(true);
   const [error, setError] = useState<string | null>(null);
@@ -171,6 +171,51 @@ export function useApps() {
     [refresh, setBusy],
   );
 
+  const performAppUpdate = useCallback(
+    async (
+      appId: string,
+      options?: { restartIfRunning?: boolean; visibleAfterRestart?: boolean },
+    ) => {
+      const restartIfRunning = options?.restartIfRunning ?? false;
+      const visibleAfterRestart = options?.visibleAfterRestart ?? false;
+
+      const { getRuntimeWebview } = await import('@/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry');
+      const { restartAppRuntime } =
+        await import('@/lib/apps/restartAppRuntime');
+
+      const wasRunning = restartIfRunning
+        ? !!(await getRuntimeWebview(appId))
+        : false;
+
+      const preview = await checkForUpdate(appId, false);
+
+      if (preview) {
+        await downloadUpdate(appId);
+        await refresh();
+      }
+
+      const latestApp = getApp(appId);
+      if (!latestApp) {
+        throw new Error(`App ${appId} no longer exists after refresh`);
+      }
+
+      const updatedApp = await applyUpdate(
+        latestApp.id,
+        latestApp.grantedPermissions,
+      );
+
+      if (wasRunning) {
+        await restartAppRuntime(updatedApp, {
+          visible: visibleAfterRestart,
+        });
+      }
+
+      await refresh();
+      return updatedApp;
+    },
+    [applyUpdate, checkForUpdate, downloadUpdate, getApp, refresh],
+  );
+
   useEffect(() => {
     const urlApps = apps.filter(
       (entry) => entry.kind === 'installed' && entry.source?.kind === 'url',
@@ -221,6 +266,7 @@ export function useApps() {
     checkForUpdate,
     downloadUpdate,
     applyUpdate,
+    performAppUpdate,
     updateAvailability,
     busyAppIds,
   };
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/restartAppRuntime.ts b/src/lib/apps/restartAppRuntime.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b0329dd61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/apps/restartAppRuntime.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+import type { InstalledSageApp } from '@/bindings';
+import {
+  closeAppRuntime,
+  ensureInlineRuntime,
+  markRuntimeVisible,
+} from '@/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry';
+
+export async function restartAppRuntime(
+  app: InstalledSageApp,
+  options?: { visible?: boolean },
+) {
+  const visible = options?.visible ?? false;
+
+  await closeAppRuntime(app.id, { timeoutMs: 8000 });
+  const runtime = await ensureInlineRuntime(app);
+  await markRuntimeVisible(app.id, visible);
+  return runtime;
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts b/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
index 6ec6335d0..68edbf6c2 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
@@ -47,6 +47,24 @@ function emitChange() {
   }
 }
 
+async function emitRuntimeBeforeStop(appId: string) {
+  const runtimeId = runtimeByAppId.get(appId);
+  if (!runtimeId) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  const record = runtimes.get(runtimeId);
+  if (!record) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  await record.webview.emit('sage-lifecycle:before-stop', {
+    appId: record.appId,
+    runtimeId: record.runtimeId,
+    reason: 'restart',
+  });
+}
+
 function stripInternal(record: RuntimeInternalRecord): SageAppRuntimeRecord {
   return {
     runtimeId: record.runtimeId,
@@ -86,16 +104,60 @@ export function listAppRuntimes(): SageAppRuntimeRecord[] {
   return Array.from(runtimes.values()).map(stripInternal);
 }
 
-export function getRuntimeByAppId(
+export async function closeAppRuntime(
   appId: string,
-): SageAppRuntimeRecord | undefined {
+  options?: { timeoutMs?: number },
+): Promise<void> {
   const runtimeId = runtimeByAppId.get(appId);
   if (!runtimeId) {
-    return undefined;
+    return;
   }
 
   const record = runtimes.get(runtimeId);
-  return record ? stripInternal(record) : undefined;
+  if (!record) {
+    runtimeByAppId.delete(appId);
+    return;
+  }
+
+  const timeoutMs = options?.timeoutMs ?? 8000;
+  record.state = 'stopping';
+  emitChange();
+
+  try {
+    await emitRuntimeBeforeStop(appId);
+  } catch (err) {
+    console.warn('Failed to emit before-stop lifecycle event:', err);
+  }
+
+  try {
+    await record.webview.close();
+  } catch (err) {
+    console.warn('Failed to request webview close:', err);
+  }
+
+  const startedAt = Date.now();
+
+  let closed = false;
+
+  while (!closed) {
+    const existing = await Webview.getByLabel(record.webviewLabel).catch(
+      () => null,
+    );
+
+    if (!existing) {
+      runtimes.delete(runtimeId);
+      runtimeByAppId.delete(appId);
+      emitChange();
+      closed = true;
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    if (Date.now() - startedAt >= timeoutMs) {
+      throw new Error(`Timed out closing runtime for ${appId}`);
+    }
+
+    await new Promise((resolve) => window.setTimeout(resolve, 100));
+  }
 }
 
 export async function ensureInlineRuntime(
@@ -104,14 +166,28 @@ export async function ensureInlineRuntime(
   const existingRuntimeId = runtimeByAppId.get(app.id);
   if (existingRuntimeId) {
     const existing = runtimes.get(existingRuntimeId);
+
     if (existing) {
-      existing.lastActiveAt = Date.now();
-      existing.visible = true;
-      if (existing.state === 'hidden') {
-        existing.state = 'running';
+      const liveWebview = await Webview.getByLabel(existing.webviewLabel).catch(
+        () => null,
+      );
+
+      if (liveWebview) {
+        existing.webview = liveWebview;
+        existing.lastActiveAt = Date.now();
+        existing.visible = true;
+        if (existing.state === 'hidden') {
+          existing.state = 'running';
+        }
+        emitChange();
+        return stripInternal(existing);
       }
+
+      runtimes.delete(existingRuntimeId);
+      runtimeByAppId.delete(app.id);
       emitChange();
-      return stripInternal(existing);
+    } else {
+      runtimeByAppId.delete(app.id);
     }
   }
 
@@ -134,19 +210,47 @@ export async function ensureInlineRuntime(
     });
 
     await new Promise<void>((resolve, reject) => {
-      const createdPromise = createdWebview.once('tauri://created', () => {
-        resolve();
-      });
-
-      const errorPromise = createdWebview.once('tauri://error', (event) => {
-        const payload =
-          typeof event.payload === 'string'
-            ? event.payload
-            : JSON.stringify(event.payload);
-        reject(new Error(payload));
-      });
-
-      void Promise.all([createdPromise, errorPromise]);
+      let unlistenCreated: (() => void) | null = null;
+      let unlistenError: (() => void) | null = null;
+
+      const cleanupListeners = () => {
+        try {
+          unlistenCreated?.();
+        } catch (err) {
+          console.warn('Failed to unlisten created:', err);
+        }
+
+        try {
+          unlistenError?.();
+        } catch (err) {
+          console.warn('Failed to unlisten error:', err);
+        }
+      };
+
+      void (async () => {
+        try {
+          unlistenCreated = await createdWebview.once('tauri://created', () => {
+            cleanupListeners();
+            resolve();
+          });
+
+          unlistenError = await createdWebview.once(
+            'tauri://error',
+            (event) => {
+              cleanupListeners();
+
+              const payload =
+                typeof event.payload === 'string'
+                  ? event.payload
+                  : JSON.stringify(event.payload);
+              reject(new Error(payload));
+            },
+          );
+        } catch (err) {
+          cleanupListeners();
+          reject(err instanceof Error ? err : new Error(String(err)));
+        }
+      })();
     });
 
     webview = createdWebview;
@@ -222,32 +326,6 @@ export async function markRuntimeVisible(appId: string, visible: boolean) {
   emitChange();
 }
 
-export function patchRuntimeStats(
-  appId: string,
-  patch: Partial<
-    Pick<
-      SageAppRuntimeRecord,
-      | 'activeBatchCount'
-      | 'activeSocketCount'
-      | 'inFlightRequestCount'
-      | 'lastActiveAt'
-    >
-  >,
-) {
-  const runtimeId = runtimeByAppId.get(appId);
-  if (!runtimeId) {
-    return;
-  }
-
-  const record = runtimes.get(runtimeId);
-  if (!record) {
-    return;
-  }
-
-  Object.assign(record, patch);
-  emitChange();
-}
-
 export async function focusRuntime(appId: string) {
   const runtimeId = runtimeByAppId.get(appId);
   if (!runtimeId) {
@@ -284,33 +362,24 @@ export async function killRuntime(appId: string) {
 
   const record = runtimes.get(runtimeId);
   if (!record) {
+    runtimeByAppId.delete(appId);
     return;
   }
 
-  record.state = 'stopping';
-  emitChange();
-
   try {
     await record.webview.emit('sage-lifecycle:before-stop', {
       reason: 'user_kill',
       appId,
       runtimeId,
     });
-
-    await new Promise((resolve) => window.setTimeout(resolve, 1200));
   } catch {
     // ignore
   }
 
   try {
-    await record.webview.close();
+    await closeAppRuntime(appId, { timeoutMs: 8000 });
   } catch {
     // ignore
   }
-
-  record.state = 'stopped';
-  runtimes.delete(runtimeId);
-  runtimeByAppId.delete(appId);
-  emitChange();
 }
 
diff --git a/src/pages/AppHost.tsx b/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
index dc07ab19b..9da6b6cde 100644
--- a/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 import { Alert, AlertDescription, AlertTitle } from '@/components/ui/alert';
 import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
-import { useApps } from '@/hooks/useApps';
 import {
   handleBridgeRequest,
   isBridgeRequest,
@@ -15,11 +14,10 @@ import {
 import { LogicalPosition, LogicalSize } from '@tauri-apps/api/dpi';
 import { getCurrentWebview } from '@tauri-apps/api/webview';
 import { ArrowLeft } from 'lucide-react';
-import { useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react';
+import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react';
 import { Link, useNavigate, useParams } from 'react-router-dom';
-import { useAppRuntimePresence } from '@/hooks/useAppRuntimePresence.ts';
-import { invoke } from '@tauri-apps/api/core';
-import { SageAppUrlPreview } from '@/bindings.ts';
+import { useAppRuntimePresence } from '@/hooks/useAppRuntimePresence';
+import { useApps } from '@/contexts/AppsContext';
 
 function AppNotFound() {
   return (
@@ -34,49 +32,34 @@ function AppNotFound() {
 
 export function AppHost() {
   const { appId = '' } = useParams();
-  const { getApp, loading } = useApps();
   const containerRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement | null>(null);
   const navigate = useNavigate();
 
+  const {
+    getApp,
+    loading,
+    checkForUpdate,
+    performAppUpdate,
+    updateAvailability,
+    busyAppIds,
+  } = useApps();
+
   const app = getApp(appId);
   const isRunning = useAppRuntimePresence(appId);
-  const [updatePreview, setUpdatePreview] = useState<null | {
-    manifest: { version: string };
-  }>(null);
-  const [checkingUpdate, setCheckingUpdate] = useState(false);
   const [applyingUpdate, setApplyingUpdate] = useState(false);
 
-  const handleUpdateAndReopen = async () => {
+  const checkingUpdate = busyAppIds[appId] ?? false;
+  const updatePreview = updateAvailability[appId] ?? null;
+
+  const entrySrc = useMemo(() => {
     if (!app) {
-      return;
+      return null;
     }
 
-    try {
-      setApplyingUpdate(true);
-
-      const refreshedPreview = await invoke<SageAppUrlPreview | null>(
-        'check_app_update',
-        {
-          appId: app.id,
-        },
-      );
-
-      if (refreshedPreview) {
-        await invoke('download_app_update', { appId: app.id });
-      }
-
-      await invoke('apply_app_update', {
-        appId: app.id,
-        grantedPermissions: app.grantedPermissions,
-      });
-
-      window.location.reload();
-    } finally {
-      setApplyingUpdate(false);
-    }
-  };
+    return `sage-app://${app.id}/index.html`;
+  }, [app]);
 
-  const entrySrc = useMemo(() => {
+  const sourceDisplayUrl = useMemo(() => {
     if (!app) {
       return null;
     }
@@ -86,9 +69,62 @@ export function AppHost() {
       : `sage-app://${app.id}/index.html`;
   }, [app]);
 
+  const syncBounds = useCallback(async (installedAppId: string) => {
+    const webview = await getRuntimeWebview(installedAppId);
+    const container = containerRef.current;
+
+    if (!webview || !container) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    const rect = container.getBoundingClientRect();
+    const width = Math.max(1, Math.round(rect.width));
+    const height = Math.max(1, Math.round(rect.height));
+    const x = Math.round(rect.left);
+    const y = Math.round(rect.top);
+
+    await webview.setPosition(new LogicalPosition(x, y));
+    await webview.setSize(new LogicalSize(width, height));
+  }, []);
+
+  const scheduleSyncBounds = useCallback(
+    (installedAppId: string) => {
+      requestAnimationFrame(() => {
+        void syncBounds(installedAppId).catch((err) => {
+          const message = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err);
+
+          if (message.includes('webview not found')) {
+            return;
+          }
+
+          console.error('Failed to sync embedded app webview bounds:', err);
+        });
+      });
+    },
+    [syncBounds],
+  );
+
+  const handleUpdateAndReopen = useCallback(async () => {
+    if (!app) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    try {
+      setApplyingUpdate(true);
+
+      await performAppUpdate(app.id, {
+        restartIfRunning: true,
+        visibleAfterRestart: true,
+      });
+
+      scheduleSyncBounds(app.id);
+    } finally {
+      setApplyingUpdate(false);
+    }
+  }, [app, performAppUpdate, scheduleSyncBounds]);
+
   useEffect(() => {
     if (!app || app.source?.kind !== 'url') {
-      setUpdatePreview(null);
       return;
     }
 
@@ -96,25 +132,9 @@ export function AppHost() {
 
     const check = async () => {
       try {
-        setCheckingUpdate(true);
-        const preview = await invoke<SageAppUrlPreview | null>(
-          'check_app_update',
-          {
-            appId: app.id,
-          },
-        );
-
-        if (!cancelled) {
-          setUpdatePreview(preview);
-        }
+        await checkForUpdate(app.id, false);
       } catch {
-        if (!cancelled) {
-          setUpdatePreview(null);
-        }
-      } finally {
-        if (!cancelled) {
-          setCheckingUpdate(false);
-        }
+        // keep quiet
       }
     };
 
@@ -122,7 +142,9 @@ export function AppHost() {
 
     const intervalId = window.setInterval(
       () => {
-        void check();
+        if (!cancelled) {
+          void check();
+        }
       },
       10 * 60 * 1000,
     );
@@ -131,7 +153,8 @@ export function AppHost() {
       cancelled = true;
       window.clearInterval(intervalId);
     };
-  }, [app]);
+  }, [app, checkForUpdate]);
+
   useEffect(() => {
     if (!app || !entrySrc || !containerRef.current) {
       return;
@@ -153,46 +176,24 @@ export function AppHost() {
       delayedSyncTimers = [];
     };
 
-    const syncBounds = async () => {
-      const webview = await getRuntimeWebview(installedApp.id);
-      const container = containerRef.current;
-
-      if (disposed || !webview || !container) {
-        return;
-      }
-
-      const rect = container.getBoundingClientRect();
-      const width = Math.max(1, Math.round(rect.width));
-      const height = Math.max(1, Math.round(rect.height));
-      const x = Math.round(rect.left);
-      const y = Math.round(rect.top);
-
-      await webview.setPosition(new LogicalPosition(x, y));
-      await webview.setSize(new LogicalSize(width, height));
-    };
-
-    const scheduleSyncBounds = () => {
-      requestAnimationFrame(() => {
-        void syncBounds().catch((err) => {
-          console.error('Failed to sync embedded app webview bounds:', err);
-        });
-      });
-    };
-
     const mount = async () => {
       await ensureInlineRuntime(installedApp);
       await markRuntimeVisible(installedApp.id, true);
 
-      scheduleSyncBounds();
+      scheduleSyncBounds(installedApp.id);
 
       delayedSyncTimers = [0, 50, 150, 300].map((delay) =>
         window.setTimeout(() => {
-          scheduleSyncBounds();
+          if (!disposed) {
+            scheduleSyncBounds(installedApp.id);
+          }
         }, delay),
       );
 
       resizeObserver = new ResizeObserver(() => {
-        scheduleSyncBounds();
+        if (!disposed) {
+          scheduleSyncBounds(installedApp.id);
+        }
       });
 
       const container = containerRef.current;
@@ -203,13 +204,16 @@ export function AppHost() {
       resizeObserver.observe(container);
 
       const handleWindowResize = () => {
-        scheduleSyncBounds();
+        if (!disposed) {
+          scheduleSyncBounds(installedApp.id);
+        }
       };
 
       window.addEventListener('resize', handleWindowResize);
       removeWindowResize = () => {
         window.removeEventListener('resize', handleWindowResize);
       };
+
       const expectedSourceLabel = `app-inline-${installedApp.id}`;
 
       unlistenBridge = await hostWebview.listen<SageBridgeEventPayload>(
@@ -259,7 +263,7 @@ export function AppHost() {
       removeWindowResize?.();
       clearDelayedSyncTimers();
     };
-  }, [app, entrySrc]);
+  }, [app, entrySrc, scheduleSyncBounds]);
 
   if (loading) {
     return (
@@ -287,6 +291,7 @@ export function AppHost() {
             </Link>
           </Button>
         </div>
+
         <div className='flex items-center gap-2'>
           <Button
             variant='destructive'
@@ -325,7 +330,7 @@ export function AppHost() {
         <div className='shrink-0 space-y-1'>
           <h1 className='text-2xl font-semibold tracking-tight'>{app.name}</h1>
           <p className='break-all text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
-            App URL: {entrySrc}
+            App URL: {sourceDisplayUrl}
           </p>
         </div>
 
diff --git a/src/pages/Apps.tsx b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
index 8a408e64d..8ebb9761e 100644
--- a/src/pages/Apps.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
@@ -3,10 +3,10 @@ import { InstallAppForm } from '@/components/apps/InstallAppForm';
 import { InstalledAppCard } from '@/components/apps/InstalledAppCard';
 import { CorruptedAppCard } from '@/components/apps/CorruptedAppCard';
 import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
-import { useApps } from '@/hooks/useApps';
 import { Link } from 'react-router-dom';
 import { SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppUrlPreview } from '@/bindings.ts';
 import { invoke } from '@tauri-apps/api/core';
+import { useApps } from '@/contexts/AppsContext.tsx';
 
 export function Apps() {
   const {
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ export function Apps() {
     uninstallApp,
     checkForUpdate,
     downloadUpdate,
-    applyUpdate,
+    performAppUpdate,
     updateAvailability,
     busyAppIds,
   } = useApps();
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ export function Apps() {
         </div>
 
         <Button asChild variant='outline'>
-          <Link to='/task-manager'>Task Manager</Link>
+          <Link to='/apps/task-manager'>Task Manager</Link>
         </Button>
       </div>
 
@@ -99,7 +99,10 @@ export function Apps() {
                   await downloadUpdate(entry.id);
                 }}
                 onApplyUpdate={async () => {
-                  await applyUpdate(entry.id, entry.grantedPermissions);
+                  await performAppUpdate(entry.id, {
+                    restartIfRunning: true,
+                    visibleAfterRestart: false,
+                  });
                 }}
               />
             );

From b4d8f3c61aca6f43897c9bdc274a4be44e604908 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Wed, 15 Apr 2026 21:26:28 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 022/471] Refactor snapshot HTTP client: add support for
 invalid cert handling on local dev hosts and enforce content length checks.

---
 src-tauri/src/apps/snapshot.rs | 35 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 33 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/snapshot.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/snapshot.rs
index d2d328d29..55b772e97 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/snapshot.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/snapshot.rs
@@ -13,6 +13,24 @@ use crate::apps::{
     types::{InstalledSageAppSnapshot, SageAppPackageManifest},
 };
 
+fn is_local_dev_host(host: &str) -> bool {
+    matches!(host.to_ascii_lowercase().as_str(), "localhost" | "127.0.0.1" | "::1")
+}
+
+fn should_allow_invalid_certs(url: &Url) -> bool {
+    matches!(url.scheme(), "https") && url.host_str().map(is_local_dev_host).unwrap_or(false)
+}
+
+fn client_for_url(url: &Url) -> AnyResult<reqwest::Client> {
+    let mut builder = reqwest::Client::builder();
+
+    if should_allow_invalid_certs(url) {
+        builder = builder.danger_accept_invalid_certs(true);
+    }
+
+    builder.build().context("failed to build HTTP client")
+}
+
 fn sha256_hex(bytes: &[u8]) -> String {
     let mut hasher = Sha256::new();
     hasher.update(bytes);
@@ -28,8 +46,11 @@ pub fn snapshot_dir_for_hash(install_dir: &Path, manifest_hash: &str) -> PathBuf
 }
 
 pub async fn fetch_url_bytes(url: &str, max_size: u64) -> AnyResult<Vec<u8>> {
-    let response = reqwest::Client::new()
-        .get(url)
+    let parsed = Url::parse(url).with_context(|| format!("invalid URL {}", url))?;
+    let client = client_for_url(&parsed)?;
+
+    let response = client
+        .get(parsed.clone())
         .send()
         .await
         .with_context(|| format!("failed to GET {}", url))?;
@@ -38,6 +59,16 @@ pub async fn fetch_url_bytes(url: &str, max_size: u64) -> AnyResult<Vec<u8>> {
         return Err(anyhow!("GET {} returned HTTP {}", url, response.status()));
     }
 
+    if let Some(content_length) = response.content_length() {
+        if content_length > max_size {
+            return Err(anyhow!(
+                "response from {} exceeds size limit {}",
+                url,
+                max_size
+            ));
+        }
+    }
+
     let bytes = response.bytes().await?;
     let len = bytes.len() as u64;
 

From 70be1a2da8de63d91e5b397bcebc1f606eed36fc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Wed, 15 Apr 2026 22:30:39 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 023/471] Restrict `connect-src` CSP directive to `'none'` for
 enhanced security.

---
 src-tauri/src/apps/csp.rs | 8 +-------
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/csp.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/csp.rs
index 70a7d2b5f..183eb7764 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/csp.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/csp.rs
@@ -16,13 +16,7 @@ pub fn build_app_csp(_app: &InstalledSageApp) -> String {
     let base_uri = csp_source_list(&["'none'"]);
     let form_action = csp_source_list(&["'none'"]);
 
-    let connect_src = csp_source_list(&[
-        "'self'",
-        "ipc:",
-        "ipc://localhost",
-        "http://ipc.localhost",
-        "https://ipc.localhost",
-    ]);
+    let connect_src = csp_source_list(&["'none'"]);
 
     format!(
         "default-src {default_src}; \

From 236cf4b09d655b4d1b5f857b9a057d626d65ac58 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Thu, 16 Apr 2026 00:28:08 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 024/471] Add storage module with commands, database
 operations, and type definitions to support app-specific persistent storage
 functionality.

---
 Cargo.lock                             |   2 +
 src-tauri/Cargo.toml                   |   2 +
 src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs              |   1 +
 src-tauri/src/apps/storage/commands.rs | 569 +++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src-tauri/src/apps/storage/db.rs       | 159 +++++++
 src-tauri/src/apps/storage/mod.rs      |   4 +
 src-tauri/src/apps/storage/types.rs    | 137 ++++++
 src-tauri/src/apps/storage/validate.rs |  40 ++
 src-tauri/src/lib.rs                   |  40 +-
 src/bindings.ts                        |  52 +++
 src/lib/apps/bridge.ts                 | 127 ++++++
 11 files changed, 1119 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/src/apps/storage/commands.rs
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/src/apps/storage/db.rs
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/src/apps/storage/mod.rs
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/src/apps/storage/types.rs
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/src/apps/storage/validate.rs

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index b2a09fa6a..1d08d044d 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -6503,6 +6503,7 @@ version = "0.12.10"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "aws-lc-rs",
+ "base64 0.22.1",
  "chia-wallet-sdk",
  "futures",
  "glob",
@@ -6521,6 +6522,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "sha2",
  "specta",
  "specta-typescript",
+ "sqlx",
  "tauri",
  "tauri-build",
  "tauri-plugin-barcode-scanner",
diff --git a/src-tauri/Cargo.toml b/src-tauri/Cargo.toml
index 7f1fb4500..9c6832303 100644
--- a/src-tauri/Cargo.toml
+++ b/src-tauri/Cargo.toml
@@ -47,6 +47,8 @@ futures = "0.3.32"
 uuid = { version = "1.19.0", features = ["v4"] }
 sha2 = "0.10.9"
 hex = "0.4.3"
+base64 = "0.22.1"
+sqlx = { workspace = true }
 
 [target.'cfg(not(any(target_os = "android", target_os = "ios")))'.dependencies]
 tauri-plugin-window-state = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs
index 1fd2778e9..1f5853a6c 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs
@@ -8,5 +8,6 @@ pub mod bridge;
 pub mod limits;
 pub mod manifest;
 pub mod snapshot;
+pub mod storage;
 
 pub use protocol::handle_app_protocol_request;
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/storage/commands.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/storage/commands.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..becf09488
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/storage/commands.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,569 @@
+use std::fs;
+
+use sqlx::{Connection, Row};
+use tauri::{State, command};
+
+use crate::{
+    app_state::AppState,
+    apps::install::read_installed_app_by_id,
+    error::Result,
+};
+
+use super::{
+    db::{
+        database_path, ensure_store_exists, get_current_version, open_connection,
+        set_current_version,
+    },
+    types::*,
+    validate::{decode_b64, encode_b64, ensure_storage_permission, validate_name},
+};
+
+#[command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn storage_open_database(
+    state: State<'_, AppState>,
+    app_id: String,
+    req: SageStorageOpenDatabaseRequest,
+) -> Result<SageStorageDatabaseInfo> {
+    let base_path = {
+        let state = state.lock().await;
+        state.path.clone()
+    };
+
+    validate_name(&req.name, "database name")
+        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
+
+    let app = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id)
+        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to read app {}: {err}", app_id)))?;
+
+    let mut conn = open_connection(&app, &req.name)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to open database: {err}")))?;
+
+    let current = get_current_version(&mut conn)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to read version: {err}")))?;
+
+    if req.version < current {
+        return Err(std::io::Error::other(format!(
+            "requested version {} is older than current version {}",
+            req.version, current
+        ))
+            .into());
+    }
+
+    if req.version > current {
+        set_current_version(&mut conn, req.version)
+            .await
+            .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to set version: {err}")))?;
+    }
+
+    Ok(SageStorageDatabaseInfo {
+        name: req.name,
+        version: req.version.max(current),
+    })
+}
+
+#[command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn storage_delete_database(
+    state: State<'_, AppState>,
+    app_id: String,
+    db_name: String,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    let base_path = {
+        let state = state.lock().await;
+        state.path.clone()
+    };
+
+    let app = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id)
+        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to read app {}: {err}", app_id)))?;
+
+    ensure_storage_permission(&app)
+        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
+
+    let path = database_path(&app, &db_name)
+        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
+
+    if path.exists() {
+        fs::remove_file(&path).map_err(|err| {
+            std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to remove {}: {err}", path.display()))
+        })?;
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn storage_describe_database(
+    state: State<'_, AppState>,
+    app_id: String,
+    db_name: String,
+) -> Result<SageStorageDatabaseDescription> {
+    let base_path = {
+        let state = state.lock().await;
+        state.path.clone()
+    };
+
+    let app = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id)
+        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to read app {}: {err}", app_id)))?;
+
+    let mut conn = open_connection(&app, &db_name)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to open database: {err}")))?;
+
+    let version = get_current_version(&mut conn)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to read version: {err}")))?;
+
+    let store_rows = sqlx::query("SELECT store_name FROM sage_object_stores ORDER BY store_name ASC")
+        .fetch_all(&mut conn)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to query stores: {err}")))?;
+
+    let stores = store_rows
+        .into_iter()
+        .map(|row| SageStorageObjectStoreInfo {
+            name: row.try_get::<String, _>(0).unwrap_or_default(),
+        })
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+    let index_rows = sqlx::query(
+        "SELECT store_name, index_name FROM sage_indexes ORDER BY store_name ASC, index_name ASC",
+    )
+        .fetch_all(&mut conn)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to query indexes: {err}")))?;
+
+    let indexes = index_rows
+        .into_iter()
+        .map(|row| SageStorageIndexInfo {
+            store: row.try_get::<String, _>(0).unwrap_or_default(),
+            name: row.try_get::<String, _>(1).unwrap_or_default(),
+        })
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+    Ok(SageStorageDatabaseDescription {
+        name: db_name,
+        version,
+        stores,
+        indexes,
+    })
+}
+
+#[command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn storage_create_object_store(
+    state: State<'_, AppState>,
+    app_id: String,
+    req: SageStorageCreateObjectStoreRequest,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    let base_path = {
+        let state = state.lock().await;
+        state.path.clone()
+    };
+
+    validate_name(&req.db_name, "database name")
+        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
+    validate_name(&req.store_name, "store name")
+        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
+
+    let app = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id)
+        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to read app {}: {err}", app_id)))?;
+
+    let mut conn = open_connection(&app, &req.db_name)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to open database: {err}")))?;
+
+    sqlx::query("INSERT OR IGNORE INTO sage_object_stores (store_name) VALUES (?1)")
+        .bind(req.store_name)
+        .execute(&mut conn)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to create store: {err}")))?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn storage_create_index(
+    state: State<'_, AppState>,
+    app_id: String,
+    req: SageStorageCreateIndexRequest,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    let base_path = {
+        let state = state.lock().await;
+        state.path.clone()
+    };
+
+    validate_name(&req.db_name, "database name")
+        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
+    validate_name(&req.store_name, "store name")
+        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
+    validate_name(&req.index_name, "index name")
+        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
+
+    let app = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id)
+        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to read app {}: {err}", app_id)))?;
+
+    let mut conn = open_connection(&app, &req.db_name)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to open database: {err}")))?;
+
+    ensure_store_exists(&mut conn, &req.store_name)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
+
+    sqlx::query("INSERT OR IGNORE INTO sage_indexes (store_name, index_name) VALUES (?1, ?2)")
+        .bind(req.store_name)
+        .bind(req.index_name)
+        .execute(&mut conn)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to create index: {err}")))?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn storage_get(
+    state: State<'_, AppState>,
+    app_id: String,
+    req: SageStorageGetRequest,
+) -> Result<Option<String>> {
+    let base_path = {
+        let state = state.lock().await;
+        state.path.clone()
+    };
+
+    let app = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id)
+        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to read app {}: {err}", app_id)))?;
+
+    let mut conn = open_connection(&app, &req.db_name)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to open database: {err}")))?;
+
+    ensure_store_exists(&mut conn, &req.store_name)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
+
+    let key = decode_b64(&req.key_base64, "key")
+        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
+
+    let row = sqlx::query(
+        "SELECT value_blob FROM sage_records WHERE store_name = ?1 AND primary_key = ?2",
+    )
+        .bind(req.store_name)
+        .bind(key)
+        .fetch_optional(&mut conn)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to read value: {err}")))?;
+
+    let value = row
+        .map(|row| row.try_get::<Vec<u8>, _>(0))
+        .transpose()
+        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to decode value: {err}")))?;
+
+    Ok(value.map(|bytes| encode_b64(&bytes)))
+}
+
+#[command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn storage_put(
+    state: State<'_, AppState>,
+    app_id: String,
+    req: SageStoragePutRequest,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    let base_path = {
+        let state = state.lock().await;
+        state.path.clone()
+    };
+
+    let app = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id)
+        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to read app {}: {err}", app_id)))?;
+
+    let mut conn = open_connection(&app, &req.db_name)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to open database: {err}")))?;
+
+    ensure_store_exists(&mut conn, &req.store_name)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
+
+    let key = decode_b64(&req.key_base64, "key")
+        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
+    let value = decode_b64(&req.value_base64, "value")
+        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
+
+    let mut tx = conn
+        .begin()
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to start tx: {err}")))?;
+
+    sqlx::query(
+        r#"
+        INSERT INTO sage_records (store_name, primary_key, value_blob)
+        VALUES (?1, ?2, ?3)
+        ON CONFLICT(store_name, primary_key) DO UPDATE SET value_blob = excluded.value_blob
+        "#,
+    )
+        .bind(&req.store_name)
+        .bind(&key)
+        .bind(&value)
+        .execute(&mut *tx)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to write record: {err}")))?;
+
+    sqlx::query("DELETE FROM sage_index_entries WHERE store_name = ?1 AND primary_key = ?2")
+        .bind(&req.store_name)
+        .bind(&key)
+        .execute(&mut *tx)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to clear old index entries: {err}")))?;
+
+    for index_value in &req.index_values {
+        validate_name(&index_value.index_name, "index name")
+            .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
+
+        let index_key = decode_b64(&index_value.key_base64, "index key")
+            .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
+
+        sqlx::query(
+            r#"
+            INSERT INTO sage_index_entries (store_name, index_name, index_key, primary_key)
+            VALUES (?1, ?2, ?3, ?4)
+            "#,
+        )
+            .bind(&req.store_name)
+            .bind(&index_value.index_name)
+            .bind(index_key)
+            .bind(&key)
+            .execute(&mut *tx)
+            .await
+            .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to write index entry: {err}")))?;
+    }
+
+    tx.commit()
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to commit tx: {err}")))?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn storage_delete(
+    state: State<'_, AppState>,
+    app_id: String,
+    req: SageStorageDeleteRequest,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    let base_path = {
+        let state = state.lock().await;
+        state.path.clone()
+    };
+
+    let app = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id)
+        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to read app {}: {err}", app_id)))?;
+
+    let mut conn = open_connection(&app, &req.db_name)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to open database: {err}")))?;
+
+    ensure_store_exists(&mut conn, &req.store_name)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
+
+    let key = decode_b64(&req.key_base64, "key")
+        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
+
+    sqlx::query("DELETE FROM sage_records WHERE store_name = ?1 AND primary_key = ?2")
+        .bind(req.store_name)
+        .bind(key)
+        .execute(&mut conn)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to delete record: {err}")))?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn storage_clear(
+    state: State<'_, AppState>,
+    app_id: String,
+    req: SageStorageClearRequest,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    let base_path = {
+        let state = state.lock().await;
+        state.path.clone()
+    };
+
+    let app = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id)
+        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to read app {}: {err}", app_id)))?;
+
+    let mut conn = open_connection(&app, &req.db_name)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to open database: {err}")))?;
+
+    ensure_store_exists(&mut conn, &req.store_name)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
+
+    sqlx::query("DELETE FROM sage_records WHERE store_name = ?1")
+        .bind(req.store_name)
+        .execute(&mut conn)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to clear store: {err}")))?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn storage_count(
+    state: State<'_, AppState>,
+    app_id: String,
+    req: SageStorageCountRequest,
+) -> Result<i64> {
+    let base_path = {
+        let state = state.lock().await;
+        state.path.clone()
+    };
+
+    let app = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id)
+        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to read app {}: {err}", app_id)))?;
+
+    let mut conn = open_connection(&app, &req.db_name)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to open database: {err}")))?;
+
+    ensure_store_exists(&mut conn, &req.store_name)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
+
+    let count = sqlx::query_scalar::<_, i64>(
+        "SELECT COUNT(*) FROM sage_records WHERE store_name = ?1",
+    )
+        .bind(req.store_name)
+        .fetch_one(&mut conn)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to count records: {err}")))?;
+
+    Ok(count)
+}
+
+#[command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn storage_get_all(
+    state: State<'_, AppState>,
+    app_id: String,
+    req: SageStorageGetAllRequest,
+) -> Result<Vec<SageStorageValueRecord>> {
+    let base_path = {
+        let state = state.lock().await;
+        state.path.clone()
+    };
+
+    let app = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id)
+        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to read app {}: {err}", app_id)))?;
+
+    let mut conn = open_connection(&app, &req.db_name)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to open database: {err}")))?;
+
+    ensure_store_exists(&mut conn, &req.store_name)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
+
+    let rows = sqlx::query(
+        "SELECT primary_key, value_blob FROM sage_records WHERE store_name = ?1 ORDER BY primary_key ASC",
+    )
+        .bind(req.store_name)
+        .fetch_all(&mut conn)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to query records: {err}")))?;
+
+    let out = rows
+        .into_iter()
+        .map(|row| -> std::io::Result<SageStorageValueRecord> {
+            let key: Vec<u8> = row
+                .try_get(0)
+                .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
+            let value: Vec<u8> = row
+                .try_get(1)
+                .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
+            Ok(SageStorageValueRecord {
+                key_base64: encode_b64(&key),
+                value_base64: encode_b64(&value),
+            })
+        })
+        .collect::<std::io::Result<Vec<_>>>()?;
+
+    Ok(out)
+}
+
+#[command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn storage_get_all_from_index(
+    state: State<'_, AppState>,
+    app_id: String,
+    req: SageStorageGetAllFromIndexRequest,
+) -> Result<Vec<SageStorageValueRecord>> {
+    let base_path = {
+        let state = state.lock().await;
+        state.path.clone()
+    };
+
+    let app = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id)
+        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to read app {}: {err}", app_id)))?;
+
+    let mut conn = open_connection(&app, &req.db_name)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to open database: {err}")))?;
+
+    ensure_store_exists(&mut conn, &req.store_name)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
+
+    let index_key = decode_b64(&req.key_base64, "index key")
+        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
+
+    let rows = sqlx::query(
+        r#"
+        SELECT r.primary_key, r.value_blob
+        FROM sage_index_entries i
+        JOIN sage_records r
+          ON r.store_name = i.store_name
+         AND r.primary_key = i.primary_key
+        WHERE i.store_name = ?1
+          AND i.index_name = ?2
+          AND i.index_key = ?3
+        ORDER BY r.primary_key ASC
+        "#,
+    )
+        .bind(req.store_name)
+        .bind(req.index_name)
+        .bind(index_key)
+        .fetch_all(&mut conn)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to query index: {err}")))?;
+
+    let out = rows
+        .into_iter()
+        .map(|row| -> std::io::Result<SageStorageValueRecord> {
+            let key: Vec<u8> = row
+                .try_get(0)
+                .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
+            let value: Vec<u8> = row
+                .try_get(1)
+                .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
+            Ok(SageStorageValueRecord {
+                key_base64: encode_b64(&key),
+                value_base64: encode_b64(&value),
+            })
+        })
+        .collect::<std::io::Result<Vec<_>>>()?;
+
+    Ok(out)
+}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/storage/db.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/storage/db.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b3d39b897
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/storage/db.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+use std::{
+    fs,
+    path::{Path, PathBuf},
+};
+
+use anyhow::{anyhow, Result as AnyResult};
+use sqlx::{
+    Connection, Executor, Row, SqliteConnection,
+    sqlite::{SqliteConnectOptions, SqliteJournalMode},
+};
+
+use crate::apps::types::InstalledSageApp;
+
+use super::validate::{ensure_storage_permission, validate_name};
+
+pub const STORAGE_DIR_NAME: &str = "storage";
+
+pub fn app_storage_root(install_dir: &Path) -> PathBuf {
+    install_dir.join(STORAGE_DIR_NAME)
+}
+
+pub fn database_path(app: &InstalledSageApp, db_name: &str) -> AnyResult<PathBuf> {
+    validate_name(db_name, "database name")?;
+    let install_dir = PathBuf::from(&app.install_dir);
+    let root = app_storage_root(&install_dir);
+    Ok(root.join(format!("{db_name}.sqlite3")))
+}
+
+pub async fn open_connection(
+    app: &InstalledSageApp,
+    db_name: &str,
+) -> AnyResult<SqliteConnection> {
+    ensure_storage_permission(app)?;
+
+    let db_path = database_path(app, db_name)?;
+    if let Some(parent) = db_path.parent() {
+        fs::create_dir_all(parent)?;
+    }
+
+    let options = SqliteConnectOptions::new()
+        .filename(&db_path)
+        .create_if_missing(true)
+        .journal_mode(SqliteJournalMode::Wal)
+        .foreign_keys(true);
+
+    let mut conn = SqliteConnection::connect_with(&options).await?;
+    initialize_schema(&mut conn).await?;
+    Ok(conn)
+}
+
+pub async fn initialize_schema(conn: &mut SqliteConnection) -> AnyResult<()> {
+    conn.execute(
+        r#"
+        CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS sage_meta (
+          key TEXT PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL,
+          value_text TEXT
+        )
+        "#,
+    )
+        .await?;
+
+    conn.execute(
+        r#"
+        CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS sage_object_stores (
+          store_name TEXT PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL
+        )
+        "#,
+    )
+        .await?;
+
+    conn.execute(
+        r#"
+        CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS sage_indexes (
+          store_name TEXT NOT NULL,
+          index_name TEXT NOT NULL,
+          PRIMARY KEY (store_name, index_name),
+          FOREIGN KEY (store_name) REFERENCES sage_object_stores(store_name) ON DELETE CASCADE
+        )
+        "#,
+    )
+        .await?;
+
+    conn.execute(
+        r#"
+        CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS sage_records (
+          store_name TEXT NOT NULL,
+          primary_key BLOB NOT NULL,
+          value_blob BLOB NOT NULL,
+          PRIMARY KEY (store_name, primary_key),
+          FOREIGN KEY (store_name) REFERENCES sage_object_stores(store_name) ON DELETE CASCADE
+        )
+        "#,
+    )
+        .await?;
+
+    conn.execute(
+        r#"
+        CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS sage_index_entries (
+          store_name TEXT NOT NULL,
+          index_name TEXT NOT NULL,
+          index_key BLOB NOT NULL,
+          primary_key BLOB NOT NULL,
+          PRIMARY KEY (store_name, index_name, index_key, primary_key),
+          FOREIGN KEY (store_name, index_name) REFERENCES sage_indexes(store_name, index_name) ON DELETE CASCADE,
+          FOREIGN KEY (store_name, primary_key) REFERENCES sage_records(store_name, primary_key) ON DELETE CASCADE
+        )
+        "#,
+    )
+        .await?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub async fn get_current_version(conn: &mut SqliteConnection) -> AnyResult<i64> {
+    let row = sqlx::query("SELECT value_text FROM sage_meta WHERE key = 'db_version'")
+        .fetch_optional(&mut *conn)
+        .await?;
+
+    let version = row
+        .and_then(|row| row.try_get::<String, _>(0).ok())
+        .and_then(|s| s.parse::<i64>().ok())
+        .unwrap_or(0);
+
+    Ok(version)
+}
+
+pub async fn set_current_version(
+    conn: &mut SqliteConnection,
+    version: i64,
+) -> AnyResult<()> {
+    sqlx::query(
+        r#"
+        INSERT INTO sage_meta (key, value_text)
+        VALUES ('db_version', ?1)
+        ON CONFLICT(key) DO UPDATE SET value_text = excluded.value_text
+        "#,
+    )
+        .bind(version.to_string())
+        .execute(&mut *conn)
+        .await?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub async fn ensure_store_exists(
+    conn: &mut SqliteConnection,
+    store_name: &str,
+) -> AnyResult<()> {
+    let exists = sqlx::query("SELECT 1 FROM sage_object_stores WHERE store_name = ?1")
+        .bind(store_name)
+        .fetch_optional(&mut *conn)
+        .await?
+        .is_some();
+
+    if !exists {
+        return Err(anyhow!("object store does not exist: {}", store_name));
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/storage/mod.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/storage/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1437b8502
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/storage/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+pub mod commands;
+pub mod db;
+pub mod types;
+pub mod validate;
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/storage/types.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/storage/types.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..98029de66
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/storage/types.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use specta::Type;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+pub struct SageStorageDatabaseInfo {
+    pub name: String,
+    pub version: i64,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+pub struct SageStorageObjectStoreInfo {
+    pub name: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+pub struct SageStorageIndexInfo {
+    pub store: String,
+    pub name: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+pub struct SageStorageDatabaseDescription {
+    pub name: String,
+    pub version: i64,
+    pub stores: Vec<SageStorageObjectStoreInfo>,
+    pub indexes: Vec<SageStorageIndexInfo>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+pub struct SageStorageOpenDatabaseRequest {
+    pub name: String,
+    pub version: i64,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+pub struct SageStorageCreateObjectStoreRequest {
+    #[serde(rename = "dbName", alias = "db_name")]
+    pub db_name: String,
+    #[serde(rename = "storeName", alias = "store_name")]
+    pub store_name: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+pub struct SageStorageCreateIndexRequest {
+    #[serde(rename = "dbName", alias = "db_name")]
+    pub db_name: String,
+    #[serde(rename = "storeName", alias = "store_name")]
+    pub store_name: String,
+    #[serde(rename = "indexName", alias = "index_name")]
+    pub index_name: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+pub struct SageStorageGetRequest {
+    #[serde(rename = "dbName", alias = "db_name")]
+    pub db_name: String,
+    #[serde(rename = "storeName", alias = "store_name")]
+    pub store_name: String,
+    #[serde(rename = "keyBase64", alias = "key_base64")]
+    pub key_base64: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+pub struct SageStoragePutRequest {
+    #[serde(rename = "dbName", alias = "db_name")]
+    pub db_name: String,
+    #[serde(rename = "storeName", alias = "store_name")]
+    pub store_name: String,
+    #[serde(rename = "keyBase64", alias = "key_base64")]
+    pub key_base64: String,
+    #[serde(rename = "valueBase64", alias = "value_base64")]
+    pub value_base64: String,
+    #[serde(rename = "indexValues", alias = "index_values", default)]
+    pub index_values: Vec<SageStorageIndexValue>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+pub struct SageStorageIndexValue {
+    #[serde(rename = "indexName", alias = "index_name")]
+    pub index_name: String,
+    #[serde(rename = "keyBase64", alias = "key_base64")]
+    pub key_base64: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+pub struct SageStorageDeleteRequest {
+    #[serde(rename = "dbName", alias = "db_name")]
+    pub db_name: String,
+    #[serde(rename = "storeName", alias = "store_name")]
+    pub store_name: String,
+    #[serde(rename = "keyBase64", alias = "key_base64")]
+    pub key_base64: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+pub struct SageStorageClearRequest {
+    #[serde(rename = "dbName", alias = "db_name")]
+    pub db_name: String,
+    #[serde(rename = "storeName", alias = "store_name")]
+    pub store_name: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+pub struct SageStorageCountRequest {
+    #[serde(rename = "dbName", alias = "db_name")]
+    pub db_name: String,
+    #[serde(rename = "storeName", alias = "store_name")]
+    pub store_name: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+pub struct SageStorageGetAllRequest {
+    #[serde(rename = "dbName", alias = "db_name")]
+    pub db_name: String,
+    #[serde(rename = "storeName", alias = "store_name")]
+    pub store_name: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+pub struct SageStorageGetAllFromIndexRequest {
+    #[serde(rename = "dbName", alias = "db_name")]
+    pub db_name: String,
+    #[serde(rename = "storeName", alias = "store_name")]
+    pub store_name: String,
+    #[serde(rename = "indexName", alias = "index_name")]
+    pub index_name: String,
+    #[serde(rename = "keyBase64", alias = "key_base64")]
+    pub key_base64: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+pub struct SageStorageValueRecord {
+    #[serde(rename = "keyBase64", alias = "key_base64")]
+    pub key_base64: String,
+    #[serde(rename = "valueBase64", alias = "value_base64")]
+    pub value_base64: String,
+}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/storage/validate.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/storage/validate.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1f8fb1ee1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/storage/validate.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+use anyhow::{anyhow, Context, Result as AnyResult};
+use base64::Engine;
+use base64::engine::general_purpose::STANDARD as BASE64;
+
+use crate::apps::types::InstalledSageApp;
+
+pub fn ensure_storage_permission(app: &InstalledSageApp) -> AnyResult<()> {
+    if !app.granted_permissions.persistent_storage {
+        return Err(anyhow!("persistent storage permission is not granted"));
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub fn validate_name(name: &str, what: &str) -> AnyResult<()> {
+    if name.trim().is_empty() {
+        return Err(anyhow!("{what} cannot be empty"));
+    }
+
+    if !name
+        .chars()
+        .all(|c| c.is_ascii_alphanumeric() || c == '_' || c == '-')
+    {
+        return Err(anyhow!(
+            "{what} contains invalid characters; use [A-Za-z0-9_-]"
+        ));
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub fn decode_b64(input: &str, what: &str) -> AnyResult<Vec<u8>> {
+    BASE64
+        .decode(input)
+        .with_context(|| format!("invalid base64 for {what}"))
+}
+
+pub fn encode_b64(bytes: &[u8]) -> String {
+    BASE64.encode(bytes)
+}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
index b152de169..7e5eccfd6 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
@@ -155,6 +155,18 @@ pub fn run() {
             apps::bridge::fetch::bridge_fetch_http,
             apps::bridge::batch::bridge_fetch_http_batch,
             apps::bridge::batch::bridge_fetch_http_batch_stream,
+            apps::storage::commands::storage_open_database,
+            apps::storage::commands::storage_delete_database,
+            apps::storage::commands::storage_describe_database,
+            apps::storage::commands::storage_create_object_store,
+            apps::storage::commands::storage_create_index,
+            apps::storage::commands::storage_get,
+            apps::storage::commands::storage_put,
+            apps::storage::commands::storage_delete,
+            apps::storage::commands::storage_clear,
+            apps::storage::commands::storage_count,
+            apps::storage::commands::storage_get_all,
+            apps::storage::commands::storage_get_all_from_index,
         ])
         .events(collect_events![SyncEvent]);
 
@@ -190,21 +202,21 @@ pub fn run() {
             .plugin(tauri_plugin_sage::init());
     }
 
-        tauri_builder
-            .register_uri_scheme_protocol("sage-app", move |ctx, request| {
-                    let base_path: PathBuf = ctx
-                        .app_handle()
-                        .path()
-                        .app_data_dir()
-                        .expect("failed to resolve app data dir");
+    tauri_builder
+        .register_uri_scheme_protocol("sage-app", move |ctx, request| {
+            let base_path: PathBuf = ctx
+                .app_handle()
+                .path()
+                .app_data_dir()
+                .expect("failed to resolve app data dir");
 
-                    apps::handle_app_protocol_request(&base_path, &request).unwrap_or_else(|err| tauri::http::Response::builder()
-                        .status(404)
-                        .header("Content-Type", "text/plain; charset=utf-8")
-                        .body(format!("sage-app error: {err}").into_bytes())
-                        .expect("failed to build error response"))
-                })
-            .invoke_handler(builder.invoke_handler())
+            apps::handle_app_protocol_request(&base_path, &request).unwrap_or_else(|err| tauri::http::Response::builder()
+                .status(404)
+                .header("Content-Type", "text/plain; charset=utf-8")
+                .body(format!("sage-app error: {err}").into_bytes())
+                .expect("failed to build error response"))
+        })
+        .invoke_handler(builder.invoke_handler())
         .setup(move |app| {
             builder.mount_events(app);
             let path = app.path().app_data_dir()?;
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index d05571400..81ea13073 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -394,6 +394,42 @@ async bridgeFetchHttpBatch(appId: string, req: SageBridgeFetchBatchRequest) : Pr
 },
 async bridgeFetchHttpBatchStream(appId: string, sourceLabel: string, req: SageBridgeFetchBatchRequest) : Promise<string> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("bridge_fetch_http_batch_stream", { appId, sourceLabel, req });
+},
+async storageOpenDatabase(appId: string, req: SageStorageOpenDatabaseRequest) : Promise<SageStorageDatabaseInfo> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("storage_open_database", { appId, req });
+},
+async storageDeleteDatabase(appId: string, dbName: string) : Promise<null> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("storage_delete_database", { appId, dbName });
+},
+async storageDescribeDatabase(appId: string, dbName: string) : Promise<SageStorageDatabaseDescription> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("storage_describe_database", { appId, dbName });
+},
+async storageCreateObjectStore(appId: string, req: SageStorageCreateObjectStoreRequest) : Promise<null> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("storage_create_object_store", { appId, req });
+},
+async storageCreateIndex(appId: string, req: SageStorageCreateIndexRequest) : Promise<null> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("storage_create_index", { appId, req });
+},
+async storageGet(appId: string, req: SageStorageGetRequest) : Promise<string | null> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("storage_get", { appId, req });
+},
+async storagePut(appId: string, req: SageStoragePutRequest) : Promise<null> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("storage_put", { appId, req });
+},
+async storageDelete(appId: string, req: SageStorageDeleteRequest) : Promise<null> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("storage_delete", { appId, req });
+},
+async storageClear(appId: string, req: SageStorageClearRequest) : Promise<null> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("storage_clear", { appId, req });
+},
+async storageCount(appId: string, req: SageStorageCountRequest) : Promise<number> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("storage_count", { appId, req });
+},
+async storageGetAll(appId: string, req: SageStorageGetAllRequest) : Promise<SageStorageValueRecord[]> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("storage_get_all", { appId, req });
+},
+async storageGetAllFromIndex(appId: string, req: SageStorageGetAllFromIndexRequest) : Promise<SageStorageValueRecord[]> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("storage_get_all_from_index", { appId, req });
 }
 }
 
@@ -2208,6 +2244,22 @@ export type SageGrantedPermissions = { network?: SageGrantedNetworkPermissionEnt
 export type SageNetworkPermissionEntry = { scheme: string; host: string; required?: boolean }
 export type SagePersistentStoragePermission = { required?: boolean }
 export type SageRequestedPermissions = { network?: SageNetworkPermissionEntry[]; persistent_storage?: SagePersistentStoragePermission | null }
+export type SageStorageClearRequest = { dbName: string; storeName: string }
+export type SageStorageCountRequest = { dbName: string; storeName: string }
+export type SageStorageCreateIndexRequest = { dbName: string; storeName: string; indexName: string }
+export type SageStorageCreateObjectStoreRequest = { dbName: string; storeName: string }
+export type SageStorageDatabaseDescription = { name: string; version: number; stores: SageStorageObjectStoreInfo[]; indexes: SageStorageIndexInfo[] }
+export type SageStorageDatabaseInfo = { name: string; version: number }
+export type SageStorageDeleteRequest = { dbName: string; storeName: string; keyBase64: string }
+export type SageStorageGetAllFromIndexRequest = { dbName: string; storeName: string; indexName: string; keyBase64: string }
+export type SageStorageGetAllRequest = { dbName: string; storeName: string }
+export type SageStorageGetRequest = { dbName: string; storeName: string; keyBase64: string }
+export type SageStorageIndexInfo = { store: string; name: string }
+export type SageStorageIndexValue = { indexName: string; keyBase64: string }
+export type SageStorageObjectStoreInfo = { name: string }
+export type SageStorageOpenDatabaseRequest = { name: string; version: number }
+export type SageStoragePutRequest = { dbName: string; storeName: string; keyBase64: string; valueBase64: string; indexValues?: SageStorageIndexValue[] }
+export type SageStorageValueRecord = { keyBase64: string; valueBase64: string }
 /**
  * Save a theme NFT to the wallet
  */
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/bridge.ts b/src/lib/apps/bridge.ts
index 731b9533d..526ebdd5f 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/bridge.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/bridge.ts
@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@ import type {
   SageBridgeFetchBatchRequest,
   SageBridgeFetchRequest,
   SageBridgeFetchResponse,
+  SageStorageDatabaseDescription,
+  SageStorageValueRecord,
 } from '@/bindings';
 
 export interface SageBridgeRequest {
@@ -490,6 +492,7 @@ export async function handleBridgeRequest(
           id: ctx.app.id,
           name: ctx.app.name,
           version: ctx.app.version,
+          permissions: ctx.app.grantedPermissions,
         });
 
       case 'sage.getPermissions':
@@ -556,6 +559,130 @@ export async function handleBridgeRequest(
           request.params as SageBridgeWebSocketCloseRequest,
         );
 
+      case 'storage.openDatabase': {
+        const response = await invoke<{ name: string; version: number }>(
+          'storage_open_database',
+          {
+            appId: ctx.app.id,
+            req: request.params,
+          },
+        );
+
+        return success(request.id, response);
+      }
+
+      case 'storage.deleteDatabase': {
+        const dbName = request.params as string;
+
+        await invoke('storage_delete_database', {
+          appId: ctx.app.id,
+          dbName,
+        });
+
+        return success(request.id, undefined);
+      }
+
+      case 'storage.describeDatabase': {
+        const dbName = request.params as string;
+
+        const response = await invoke<SageStorageDatabaseDescription>(
+          'storage_describe_database',
+          {
+            appId: ctx.app.id,
+            dbName,
+          },
+        );
+
+        return success(request.id, response);
+      }
+
+      case 'storage.createObjectStore': {
+        await invoke('storage_create_object_store', {
+          appId: ctx.app.id,
+          req: request.params,
+        });
+
+        return success(request.id, undefined);
+      }
+
+      case 'storage.createIndex': {
+        await invoke('storage_create_index', {
+          appId: ctx.app.id,
+          req: request.params,
+        });
+
+        return success(request.id, undefined);
+      }
+
+      case 'storage.get': {
+        const response = await invoke<string | null>('storage_get', {
+          appId: ctx.app.id,
+          req: request.params,
+        });
+
+        return success(request.id, response);
+      }
+
+      case 'storage.put': {
+        await invoke('storage_put', {
+          appId: ctx.app.id,
+          req: request.params,
+        });
+
+        return success(request.id, undefined);
+      }
+
+      case 'storage.delete': {
+        await invoke('storage_delete', {
+          appId: ctx.app.id,
+          req: request.params,
+        });
+
+        return success(request.id, undefined);
+      }
+
+      case 'storage.clear': {
+        await invoke('storage_clear', {
+          appId: ctx.app.id,
+          req: request.params,
+        });
+
+        return success(request.id, undefined);
+      }
+
+      case 'storage.count': {
+        const response = await invoke<number>('storage_count', {
+          appId: ctx.app.id,
+          req: request.params,
+        });
+
+        return success(request.id, response);
+      }
+
+      case 'storage.getAll': {
+        const response = await invoke<SageStorageValueRecord[]>(
+          'storage_get_all',
+          {
+            appId: ctx.app.id,
+            req: request.params,
+          },
+        );
+
+        return success(request.id, response);
+      }
+
+      case 'storage.getAllFromIndex': {
+        const response = await invoke<SageStorageValueRecord[]>(
+          'storage_get_all_from_index',
+          {
+            appId: ctx.app.id,
+            req: request.params,
+          },
+        );
+
+        return success(request.id, response);
+      }
+
       default:
         return failure(
           request.id,

From ae1f773ef4cbe2898e343b8205bb2483e04eb200 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Thu, 16 Apr 2026 00:49:58 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 025/471] Update dependencies and adjust workspace
 configurations:

- Bump `sha2` to 0.11.0 and `digest` to 0.11.2.
- Set `hex` and `base64` as workspace dependencies.
- Add new crates including `cpufeatures`, `block-buffer`, and `crypto-common`.
- Remove `core:webview:allow-create-webview-window` from default capabilities.
---
 Cargo.lock                          | 154 ++++++++++++++++++++--------
 src-tauri/Cargo.toml                |   6 +-
 src-tauri/capabilities/default.json |   1 -
 3 files changed, 112 insertions(+), 49 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 1d08d044d..8de634d62 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ version = "0.5.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "d122413f284cf2d62fb1b7db97e02edb8cda96d769b16e443a4f6195e35662b0"
 dependencies = [
- "crypto-common",
+ "crypto-common 0.1.7",
  "generic-array",
 ]
 
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ checksum = "b169f7a6d4742236a0a00c541b845991d0ac43e546831af1249753ab4c3aa3a0"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "cipher",
- "cpufeatures",
+ "cpufeatures 0.2.17",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ checksum = "3c3610892ee6e0cbce8ae2700349fcf8f98adb0dbfbee85aec3c9179d29cc072"
 dependencies = [
  "base64ct",
  "blake2",
- "cpufeatures",
+ "cpufeatures 0.2.17",
  "password-hash",
 ]
 
@@ -799,7 +799,7 @@ version = "0.10.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "46502ad458c9a52b69d4d4d32775c788b7a1b85e8bc9d482d92250fc0e3f8efe"
 dependencies = [
- "digest",
+ "digest 0.10.7",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -811,6 +811,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "generic-array",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "block-buffer"
+version = "0.12.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "cdd35008169921d80bc60d3d0ab416eecb028c4cd653352907921d95084790be"
+dependencies = [
+ "hybrid-array",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "block2"
 version = "0.5.1"
@@ -1062,7 +1071,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "hex",
  "hkdf",
  "linked-hash-map",
- "sha2",
+ "sha2 0.10.9",
  "thiserror 1.0.69",
 ]
 
@@ -1078,7 +1087,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "hex",
  "hkdf",
  "linked-hash-map",
- "sha2",
+ "sha2 0.10.9",
  "thiserror 1.0.69",
 ]
 
@@ -1096,7 +1105,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "hkdf",
  "linked-hash-map",
  "serde",
- "sha2",
+ "sha2 0.10.9",
  "thiserror 1.0.69",
 ]
 
@@ -1372,7 +1381,7 @@ version = "0.28.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "d2f03c71bc63599a711caad15dafca1d2a948c26b4c8a021709a338149632769"
 dependencies = [
- "sha2",
+ "sha2 0.10.9",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1381,7 +1390,7 @@ version = "0.30.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "4114775b95f24b296047dc9c91e43834aa651c7c25bb2bbae05d23d79c9c777b"
 dependencies = [
- "sha2",
+ "sha2 0.10.9",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1390,7 +1399,7 @@ version = "0.34.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "f06500dc809a916fa0c70f5219b8b79a598462382a4ddca91ef1a3cb32b826ce"
 dependencies = [
- "sha2",
+ "sha2 0.10.9",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1399,7 +1408,7 @@ version = "0.36.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "0934b0d6b878f29ba6c958e56e4b7158f9e687c200ffdca141dbc408a5cce42e"
 dependencies = [
- "sha2",
+ "sha2 0.10.9",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1535,7 +1544,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "regex",
  "serde",
  "serde_json",
- "sha2",
+ "sha2 0.10.9",
  "tempfile",
  "unicode-segmentation",
  "wasm-bindgen",
@@ -1560,7 +1569,7 @@ version = "0.4.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "773f3b9af64447d2ce9850330c473515014aa235e6a783b02db81ff39e4a3dad"
 dependencies = [
- "crypto-common",
+ "crypto-common 0.1.7",
  "inout",
 ]
 
@@ -1752,6 +1761,12 @@ version = "0.9.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "c2459377285ad874054d797f3ccebf984978aa39129f6eafde5cdc8315b612f8"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "const-oid"
+version = "0.10.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "a6ef517f0926dd24a1582492c791b6a4818a4d94e789a334894aa15b0d12f55c"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "constant_time_eq"
 version = "0.4.2"
@@ -1856,6 +1871,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "libc",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "cpufeatures"
+version = "0.3.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "8b2a41393f66f16b0823bb79094d54ac5fbd34ab292ddafb9a0456ac9f87d201"
+dependencies = [
+ "libc",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "crc"
 version = "3.4.0"
@@ -1952,6 +1976,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "typenum",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "crypto-common"
+version = "0.2.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "77727bb15fa921304124b128af125e7e3b968275d1b108b379190264f4423710"
+dependencies = [
+ "hybrid-array",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "cssparser"
 version = "0.29.6"
@@ -2072,7 +2105,7 @@ version = "0.7.10"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "e7c1832837b905bbfb5101e07cc24c8deddf52f93225eee6ead5f4d63d53ddcb"
 dependencies = [
- "const-oid",
+ "const-oid 0.9.6",
  "pem-rfc7468",
  "zeroize",
 ]
@@ -2143,12 +2176,23 @@ version = "0.10.7"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "9ed9a281f7bc9b7576e61468ba615a66a5c8cfdff42420a70aa82701a3b1e292"
 dependencies = [
- "block-buffer",
- "const-oid",
- "crypto-common",
+ "block-buffer 0.10.4",
+ "const-oid 0.9.6",
+ "crypto-common 0.1.7",
  "subtle",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "digest"
+version = "0.11.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "4850db49bf08e663084f7fb5c87d202ef91a3907271aff24a94eb97ff039153c"
+dependencies = [
+ "block-buffer 0.12.0",
+ "const-oid 0.10.2",
+ "crypto-common 0.2.1",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "dirs"
 version = "5.0.1"
@@ -2340,7 +2384,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "ee27f32b5c5292967d2d4a9d7f1e0b0aed2c15daded5a60300e4abb9d8020bca"
 dependencies = [
  "der",
- "digest",
+ "digest 0.10.7",
  "elliptic-curve",
  "rfc6979",
  "signature",
@@ -2364,7 +2408,7 @@ checksum = "b5e6043086bf7973472e0c7dff2142ea0b680d30e18d9cc40f267efbf222bd47"
 dependencies = [
  "base16ct",
  "crypto-bigint",
- "digest",
+ "digest 0.10.7",
  "ff",
  "generic-array",
  "group",
@@ -3340,7 +3384,7 @@ version = "0.12.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "6c49c37c09c17a53d937dfbb742eb3a961d65a994e6bcdcf37e7399d0cc8ab5e"
 dependencies = [
- "digest",
+ "digest 0.10.7",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3409,6 +3453,15 @@ version = "1.0.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "df3b46402a9d5adb4c86a0cf463f42e19994e3ee891101b1841f30a545cb49a9"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "hybrid-array"
+version = "0.4.10"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "3944cf8cf766b40e2a1a333ee5e9b563f854d5fa49d6a8ca2764e97c6eddb214"
+dependencies = [
+ "typenum",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "hyper"
 version = "1.8.1"
@@ -3895,7 +3948,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "ecdsa",
  "elliptic-curve",
  "once_cell",
- "sha2",
+ "sha2 0.10.9",
  "signature",
 ]
 
@@ -3905,7 +3958,7 @@ version = "0.1.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "ecc2af9a1119c51f12a14607e783cb977bde58bc069ff0c3da1095e635d70654"
 dependencies = [
- "cpufeatures",
+ "cpufeatures 0.2.17",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -4138,7 +4191,7 @@ version = "0.16.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "47bb1e988e6fb779cf720ad431242d3f03167c1b3f2b1aae7f1a94b2495b36ae"
 dependencies = [
- "sha2",
+ "sha2 0.10.9",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -4210,7 +4263,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "d89e7ee0cfbedfc4da3340218492196241d89eefb6dab27de5df917a6d2e78cf"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
- "digest",
+ "digest 0.10.7",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -4925,7 +4978,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "ecdsa",
  "elliptic-curve",
  "primeorder",
- "sha2",
+ "sha2 0.10.9",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -5017,7 +5070,7 @@ version = "0.12.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "f8ed6a7761f76e3b9f92dfb0a60a6a6477c61024b775147ff0973a02653abaf2"
 dependencies = [
- "digest",
+ "digest 0.10.7",
  "hmac",
 ]
 
@@ -5301,7 +5354,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "9d1fe60d06143b2430aa532c94cfe9e29783047f06c0d7fd359a9a51b729fa25"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
- "cpufeatures",
+ "cpufeatures 0.2.17",
  "opaque-debug",
  "universal-hash",
 ]
@@ -6030,8 +6083,8 @@ version = "0.9.9"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "40a0376c50d0358279d9d643e4bf7b7be212f1f4ff1da9070a7b54d22ef75c88"
 dependencies = [
- "const-oid",
- "digest",
+ "const-oid 0.9.6",
+ "digest 0.10.7",
  "num-bigint-dig",
  "num-integer",
  "num-traits",
@@ -6155,7 +6208,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "id-arena",
  "num-bigint",
  "num-integer",
- "sha2",
+ "sha2 0.10.9",
  "sha3",
  "thiserror 2.0.17",
 ]
@@ -6519,7 +6572,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "sage-wallet",
  "serde",
  "serde_json",
- "sha2",
+ "sha2 0.11.0",
  "specta",
  "specta-typescript",
  "sqlx",
@@ -6881,8 +6934,8 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "e3bf829a2d51ab4a5ddf1352d8470c140cadc8301b2ae1789db023f01cedd6ba"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
- "cpufeatures",
- "digest",
+ "cpufeatures 0.2.17",
+ "digest 0.10.7",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -6892,8 +6945,19 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "a7507d819769d01a365ab707794a4084392c824f54a7a6a7862f8c3d0892b283"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
- "cpufeatures",
- "digest",
+ "cpufeatures 0.2.17",
+ "digest 0.10.7",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "sha2"
+version = "0.11.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "446ba717509524cb3f22f17ecc096f10f4822d76ab5c0b9822c5f9c284e825f4"
+dependencies = [
+ "cfg-if",
+ "cpufeatures 0.3.0",
+ "digest 0.11.2",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -6902,7 +6966,7 @@ version = "0.10.8"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "75872d278a8f37ef87fa0ddbda7802605cb18344497949862c0d4dcb291eba60"
 dependencies = [
- "digest",
+ "digest 0.10.7",
  "keccak",
 ]
 
@@ -6936,7 +7000,7 @@ version = "2.2.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "77549399552de45a898a580c1b41d445bf730df867cc44e6c0233bbc4b8329de"
 dependencies = [
- "digest",
+ "digest 0.10.7",
  "rand_core 0.6.4",
 ]
 
@@ -7143,7 +7207,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "percent-encoding",
  "serde",
  "serde_json",
- "sha2",
+ "sha2 0.10.9",
  "smallvec",
  "thiserror 2.0.17",
  "tokio",
@@ -7180,7 +7244,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "quote",
  "serde",
  "serde_json",
- "sha2",
+ "sha2 0.10.9",
  "sqlx-core",
  "sqlx-mysql",
  "sqlx-postgres",
@@ -7202,7 +7266,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "byteorder",
  "bytes",
  "crc",
- "digest",
+ "digest 0.10.7",
  "dotenvy",
  "either",
  "futures-channel",
@@ -7223,7 +7287,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "rsa",
  "serde",
  "sha1",
- "sha2",
+ "sha2 0.10.9",
  "smallvec",
  "sqlx-core",
  "stringprep",
@@ -7260,7 +7324,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "rand 0.8.5",
  "serde",
  "serde_json",
- "sha2",
+ "sha2 0.10.9",
  "smallvec",
  "sqlx-core",
  "stringprep",
@@ -7588,7 +7652,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "semver",
  "serde",
  "serde_json",
- "sha2",
+ "sha2 0.10.9",
  "syn 2.0.111",
  "tauri-utils",
  "thiserror 2.0.17",
@@ -8626,7 +8690,7 @@ version = "0.5.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "fc1de2c688dc15305988b563c3854064043356019f97a4b46276fe734c4f07ea"
 dependencies = [
- "crypto-common",
+ "crypto-common 0.1.7",
  "subtle",
 ]
 
@@ -9844,7 +9908,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "once_cell",
  "percent-encoding",
  "raw-window-handle",
- "sha2",
+ "sha2 0.10.9",
  "soup3",
  "tao-macros",
  "thiserror 2.0.17",
diff --git a/src-tauri/Cargo.toml b/src-tauri/Cargo.toml
index 9c6832303..70b3b771a 100644
--- a/src-tauri/Cargo.toml
+++ b/src-tauri/Cargo.toml
@@ -45,9 +45,9 @@ aws-lc-rs = { version = "1", features = ["bindgen"] }
 tauri-plugin-sharesheet = "0.0.1"
 futures = "0.3.32"
 uuid = { version = "1.19.0", features = ["v4"] }
-sha2 = "0.10.9"
-hex = "0.4.3"
-base64 = "0.22.1"
+sha2 = "0.11.0"
+hex = { workspace = true }
+base64 = { workspace = true }
 sqlx = { workspace = true }
 
 [target.'cfg(not(any(target_os = "android", target_os = "ios")))'.dependencies]
diff --git a/src-tauri/capabilities/default.json b/src-tauri/capabilities/default.json
index 0b6a02330..3490ea1e3 100644
--- a/src-tauri/capabilities/default.json
+++ b/src-tauri/capabilities/default.json
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@
     "core:window:default",
     "core:webview:default",
     "core:webview:allow-create-webview",
-    "core:webview:allow-create-webview-window",
     "core:webview:allow-set-webview-position",
     "core:webview:allow-set-webview-size",
     "core:webview:allow-webview-close",

From 91f832b5ce306db1d983199e735a32e9a7ce23dc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Thu, 16 Apr 2026 01:01:10 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 026/471] Restructure `apps` module and adjust type
 definitions: - Reorganize exports in `mod.rs` for better readability. -
 Remove unused `SageAppPermissions`. - Add alias for `install_dir` in
 `CorruptedInstalledSageApp`.

---
 src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs   | 9 ++++-----
 src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs | 9 ++-------
 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs
index 1f5853a6c..bd8b4a9ce 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,12 @@
+pub mod bridge;
 pub mod csp;
 pub mod install;
-pub mod permissions;
-pub mod protocol;
-pub mod types;
-
-pub mod bridge;
 pub mod limits;
 pub mod manifest;
+pub mod permissions;
+pub mod protocol;
 pub mod snapshot;
 pub mod storage;
+pub mod types;
 
 pub use protocol::handle_app_protocol_request;
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs
index df59eb3bd..1c0f457d6 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,6 @@
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-pub struct SageAppPermissions {
-    pub network: bool,
-    #[serde(rename = "persistentStorage", alias = "persistent_storage")]
-    pub persistent_storage: bool,
-}
-
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
 pub struct SageNetworkPermissionEntry {
     pub scheme: String,
@@ -154,6 +147,8 @@ pub struct InstalledSageApp {
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
 pub struct CorruptedInstalledSageApp {
     pub id: String,
+
+    #[serde(rename = "installDir", alias = "install_dir")]
     pub install_dir: String,
     pub error: String,
 }

From f17253098b34373bd6c482f59f795e0eab00dd9f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Thu, 16 Apr 2026 01:18:34 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 027/471] Validate "." in manifest file path to prevent invalid
 entries.

---
 src-tauri/src/apps/manifest.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/manifest.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/manifest.rs
index bdf578f28..778cdfe5c 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/manifest.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/manifest.rs
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ pub fn validate_manifest_file_path(path: &str) -> AnyResult<()> {
         return Err(anyhow!("manifest file path must use forward slashes: {}", path));
     }
 
-    if path.split('/').any(|part| part == ".." || part.is_empty()) {
+    if path.split('/').any(|part| part == "." || part == ".." || part.is_empty()) {
         return Err(anyhow!("manifest file path is invalid: {}", path));
     }
 

From 5b86cd94f9b0e8d4a6aa1bcc444fed5c7c4bffb6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Thu, 16 Apr 2026 01:45:09 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 028/471] Add `apps` module enhancements for packaging,
 registry, and update management

- Extracted `package.rs` for app package handling (e.g., zip unpacking, structure validation).
- Introduced `registry.rs` to handle app metadata storage, installation dirs, and listing.
- Added `update.rs` for managing app updates, including checks, downloads, and application.
- Refactored `install.rs` to delegate functionality to new submodules.Refactor `uninstallApp` definition and adjust type field casing in `CorruptedInstalledSageApp`.
---
 src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/fetch.rs     |   2 +-
 src-tauri/src/apps/install.rs          | 488 ++-----------------------
 src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs              |   3 +
 src-tauri/src/apps/package.rs          | 178 +++++++++
 src-tauri/src/apps/protocol.rs         |   2 +-
 src-tauri/src/apps/registry.rs         | 116 ++++++
 src-tauri/src/apps/snapshot.rs         |   4 +-
 src-tauri/src/apps/storage/commands.rs |   3 +-
 src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs           | 203 ++++++++++
 src-tauri/src/lib.rs                   |   6 +-
 src/bindings.ts                        |   8 +-
 11 files changed, 537 insertions(+), 476 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/src/apps/package.rs
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/src/apps/registry.rs
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs

diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/fetch.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/fetch.rs
index a17817bd2..7cf3d43d2 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/fetch.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/fetch.rs
@@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ use tauri::{command, State};
 use crate::{
     app_state::AppState,
     apps::{
-        install::read_installed_app_by_id,
         permissions::is_network_allowed_for_app,
         types::{SageBridgeFetchRequest, SageBridgeFetchResponse},
     },
     error::Result,
 };
+use crate::apps::registry::read_installed_app_by_id;
 
 pub async fn bridge_fetch_http_inner(
     app_state: AppState,
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/install.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/install.rs
index 29fb48c83..4a613f96d 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/install.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/install.rs
@@ -1,35 +1,32 @@
 use std::{
     fs, io,
-    path::{Path, PathBuf},
+    path::{Path},
     time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH},
 };
 
 use anyhow::{anyhow, Context, Result as AnyResult};
 use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
 use tauri::{command, State};
-use zip::ZipArchive;
 
 use crate::{
     app_state::AppState,
     apps::{
-        permissions::{
-            validate_granted_permissions_against_requested,
+        package::{
+            detect_package_root, prepare_zip_snapshot, read_manifest, unzip_to_dir,
+            validate_package_structure,
         },
+        permissions::validate_granted_permissions_against_requested,
+        registry::{
+            apps_root, list_installed_apps_internal, write_installed_app_metadata,
+        },
+        snapshot::{derive_manifest_url, download_url_snapshot, fetch_url_manifest},
         types::{
-            CorruptedInstalledSageApp, InstalledSageApp, ListedSageApp, SageAppPackageManifest, SageGrantedPermissions,
+            InstalledSageApp, InstalledSageAppSource, ListedSageApp,
+            SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppUrlPreview, SageGrantedPermissions,
         },
     },
     error::Result,
 };
-use crate::apps::manifest::validate_package_manifest;
-use crate::apps::snapshot::{derive_manifest_url, download_url_snapshot, fetch_url_manifest};
-use crate::apps::types::{InstalledSageAppSource, SageAppUrlPreview};
-
-const INSTALLED_METADATA_FILE: &str = ".sage-installed.json";
-
-pub fn apps_root(base_path: &Path) -> PathBuf {
-    base_path.join("apps")
-}
 
 pub fn current_millis() -> u128 {
     SystemTime::now()
@@ -64,307 +61,7 @@ fn generate_app_id(name: &str) -> String {
     format!("{}-{}", slugify_name(name), current_millis())
 }
 
-fn should_ignore_root_entry(path: &Path) -> bool {
-    let Some(name) = path.file_name().and_then(|s| s.to_str()) else {
-        return false;
-    };
-
-    name == "__MACOSX" || name == ".DS_Store"
-}
-
-fn copy_dir_all(src: &Path, dst: &Path) -> AnyResult<()> {
-    fs::create_dir_all(dst)?;
-
-    for entry in fs::read_dir(src)? {
-        let entry = entry?;
-        let file_type = entry.file_type()?;
-        let from = entry.path();
-        let to = dst.join(entry.file_name());
-
-        if file_type.is_dir() {
-            copy_dir_all(&from, &to)?;
-        } else if file_type.is_file() {
-            if let Some(parent) = to.parent() {
-                fs::create_dir_all(parent)?;
-            }
-            fs::copy(&from, &to)?;
-        }
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn prepare_zip_snapshot(
-    package_root: &Path,
-    install_dir: &Path,
-    manifest: &SageAppPackageManifest,
-) -> AnyResult<crate::apps::types::InstalledSageAppSnapshot> {
-    let manifest_json = serde_json::to_string_pretty(manifest)
-        .map_err(|err| anyhow!("failed to serialize manifest: {err}"))?;
-    let manifest_hash = hash_string(&manifest_json);
-
-    let snapshot_dir = install_dir.join("snapshots").join(&manifest_hash);
-    if snapshot_dir.exists() {
-        fs::remove_dir_all(&snapshot_dir)?;
-    }
-    fs::create_dir_all(&snapshot_dir)?;
-
-    let dist_dir = package_root.join("dist");
-    if !dist_dir.is_dir() {
-        return Err(anyhow!("package is missing dist directory"));
-    }
-
-    copy_dir_all(&dist_dir, &snapshot_dir)?;
-
-    let icon_src = package_root.join("icon.png");
-    if icon_src.is_file() {
-        fs::copy(&icon_src, snapshot_dir.join("icon.png"))?;
-    }
-
-    fs::write(
-        snapshot_dir.join("sage-manifest.json"),
-        format!("{manifest_json}\n"),
-    )?;
-
-    let total_bytes = manifest.files.iter().map(|f| f.size).sum();
-
-    Ok(crate::apps::types::InstalledSageAppSnapshot {
-        manifest_hash,
-        snapshot_dir: snapshot_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-        total_bytes,
-        manifest: manifest.clone(),
-    })
-}
-
-fn unzip_to_dir(zip_path: &Path, out_dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<()> {
-    let file = fs::File::open(zip_path)
-        .with_context(|| format!("failed to open zip file {}", zip_path.display()))?;
-    let mut archive = ZipArchive::new(file).context("failed to read zip archive")?;
-
-    fs::create_dir_all(out_dir)?;
-
-    for i in 0..archive.len() {
-        let mut entry = archive.by_index(i)?;
-        let enclosed = entry
-            .enclosed_name()
-            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("zip contains invalid path"))?
-            .to_path_buf();
-
-        let out_path = out_dir.join(enclosed);
-
-        if entry.name().ends_with('/') {
-            fs::create_dir_all(&out_path)?;
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        if let Some(parent) = out_path.parent() {
-            fs::create_dir_all(parent)?;
-        }
-
-        let mut outfile = fs::File::create(&out_path)?;
-        io::copy(&mut entry, &mut outfile)?;
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn detect_package_root(unpack_dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<PathBuf> {
-    if unpack_dir.join("manifest.json").exists() {
-        return Ok(unpack_dir.to_path_buf());
-    }
-
-    let mut candidates = Vec::new();
-
-    for entry in fs::read_dir(unpack_dir)? {
-        let entry = entry?;
-        let path = entry.path();
-
-        if should_ignore_root_entry(&path) {
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        candidates.push(path);
-    }
-
-    if candidates.len() == 1 && candidates[0].is_dir() {
-        let candidate = &candidates[0];
-        if candidate.join("manifest.json").exists() {
-            return Ok(candidate.clone());
-        }
-    }
-
-    Err(anyhow!(
-        "zip must contain manifest.json at root or inside a single top-level folder"
-    ))
-}
-
-fn read_manifest(package_root: &Path) -> AnyResult<SageAppPackageManifest> {
-    let manifest_path = package_root.join("manifest.json");
-    let text = fs::read_to_string(&manifest_path)
-        .with_context(|| format!("failed to read {}", manifest_path.display()))?;
-
-    let manifest: SageAppPackageManifest =
-        serde_json::from_str(&text).context("failed to parse manifest.json")?;
-
-    validate_manifest(&manifest)?;
-    Ok(manifest)
-}
-
-fn validate_manifest(manifest: &SageAppPackageManifest) -> AnyResult<()> {
-    validate_package_manifest(manifest).map(|_| ())
-}
-
-fn validate_package_structure(package_root: &Path) -> AnyResult<()> {
-    let icon = package_root.join("icon.png");
-    let entry = package_root.join("dist").join("index.html");
-
-    if !icon.is_file() {
-        return Err(anyhow!("package is missing icon.png"));
-    }
-
-    if !entry.is_file() {
-        return Err(anyhow!("package is missing dist/index.html"));
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn installed_metadata_path(install_dir: &Path) -> PathBuf {
-    install_dir.join(INSTALLED_METADATA_FILE)
-}
-
-fn read_installed_app_from_dir(dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<InstalledSageApp> {
-    let path = installed_metadata_path(dir);
-    let text =
-        fs::read_to_string(&path).with_context(|| format!("failed to read {}", path.display()))?;
-    let app: InstalledSageApp =
-        serde_json::from_str(&text).context("failed to parse installed app metadata")?;
-    Ok(app)
-}
-
-fn write_installed_app_metadata(app: &InstalledSageApp, install_dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<()> {
-    let path = installed_metadata_path(install_dir);
-    let text = serde_json::to_string_pretty(app)
-        .map_err(|err| anyhow!("failed to serialize installed app metadata: {err}"))?;
-    fs::write(path, format!("{text}\n"))?;
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-pub fn list_installed_apps_internal(root: &Path) -> AnyResult<Vec<ListedSageApp>> {
-    if !root.exists() {
-        return Ok(Vec::new());
-    }
-
-    let mut apps = Vec::new();
-
-    for entry in fs::read_dir(root)? {
-        let entry = entry?;
-        let path = entry.path();
-
-        if !entry.file_type()?.is_dir() {
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        if path
-            .file_name()
-            .and_then(|s| s.to_str())
-            .map(|s| s.starts_with(".tmp-"))
-            .unwrap_or(false)
-        {
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        let Some(id) = path
-            .file_name()
-            .and_then(|s| s.to_str())
-            .map(|s| s.to_string())
-        else {
-            continue;
-        };
-
-        let metadata_path = installed_metadata_path(&path);
-        if !metadata_path.is_file() {
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        match read_installed_app_from_dir(&path) {
-            Ok(app) => apps.push(ListedSageApp::Installed(app)),
-            Err(err) => apps.push(ListedSageApp::Corrupted(CorruptedInstalledSageApp {
-                id,
-                install_dir: path.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-                error: err.to_string(),
-            })),
-        }
-    }
-
-    apps.sort_by(|a, b| {
-        let a_key = match a {
-            ListedSageApp::Installed(app) => app.name.to_lowercase(),
-            ListedSageApp::Corrupted(app) => app.id.to_lowercase(),
-        };
-
-        let b_key = match b {
-            ListedSageApp::Installed(app) => app.name.to_lowercase(),
-            ListedSageApp::Corrupted(app) => app.id.to_lowercase(),
-        };
-
-        a_key.cmp(&b_key)
-    });
-
-    Ok(apps)
-}
-
-fn merge_granted_permissions_for_update(
-    old_granted: &SageGrantedPermissions,
-    new_requested: &crate::apps::types::SageRequestedPermissions,
-    user_selected: &SageGrantedPermissions,
-) -> SageGrantedPermissions {
-    let requested_network: std::collections::BTreeSet<(String, String)> = new_requested
-        .network
-        .iter()
-        .map(|entry| (entry.scheme.to_ascii_lowercase(), entry.host.to_ascii_lowercase()))
-        .collect();
-
-    let old_network: Vec<crate::apps::types::SageGrantedNetworkPermissionEntry> = old_granted
-        .network
-        .iter()
-        .filter(|entry| {
-            requested_network.contains(&(entry.scheme.to_ascii_lowercase(), entry.host.to_ascii_lowercase()))
-        })
-        .cloned()
-        .collect();
-
-    let mut merged_network = old_network;
-
-    for entry in &user_selected.network {
-        let key = (entry.scheme.to_ascii_lowercase(), entry.host.to_ascii_lowercase());
-        let already = merged_network.iter().any(|existing| {
-            existing.scheme.eq_ignore_ascii_case(&entry.scheme)
-                && existing.host.eq_ignore_ascii_case(&entry.host)
-        });
-
-        if requested_network.contains(&key) && !already {
-            merged_network.push(entry.clone());
-        }
-    }
-
-    SageGrantedPermissions {
-        network: merged_network,
-        persistent_storage: new_requested.persistent_storage.is_some()
-            && (old_granted.persistent_storage || user_selected.persistent_storage),
-    }
-}
-
-pub fn app_install_dir(base_path: &Path, app_id: &str) -> PathBuf {
-    apps_root(base_path).join(app_id)
-}
-
-pub fn read_installed_app_by_id(base_path: &Path, app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<InstalledSageApp> {
-    let install_dir = app_install_dir(base_path, app_id);
-    read_installed_app_from_dir(&install_dir)
-}
-
-fn normalize_app_url(url: &str) -> AnyResult<String> {
+pub fn normalize_app_url(url: &str) -> AnyResult<String> {
     let mut parsed = reqwest::Url::parse(url).context("invalid app URL")?;
 
     let scheme = parsed.scheme();
@@ -396,150 +93,12 @@ fn normalize_app_url(url: &str) -> AnyResult<String> {
     Ok(parsed.to_string())
 }
 
-fn hash_string(input: &str) -> String {
+pub fn hash_string(input: &str) -> String {
     let mut hasher = Sha256::new();
     hasher.update(input.as_bytes());
     hex::encode(hasher.finalize())
 }
 
-#[command]
-#[specta::specta]
-pub async fn check_app_update(
-    state: State<'_, AppState>,
-    app_id: String,
-) -> Result<Option<SageAppUrlPreview>> {
-    let base_path = {
-        let state = state.lock().await;
-        state.path.clone()
-    };
-
-    let app = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id)
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to read installed app {}: {err}", app_id)))?;
-
-    let (app_url, _manifest_url) = match &app.source {
-        InstalledSageAppSource::Url { app_url, manifest_url } => (app_url.clone(), manifest_url.clone()),
-        InstalledSageAppSource::Zip => return Ok(None),
-    };
-
-    let preview = preview_app_url(app_url).await?;
-
-    if preview.manifest_hash == app.active_snapshot.manifest_hash {
-        return Ok(None);
-    }
-
-    if let Some(pending) = &app.pending_update {
-        if pending.manifest_hash == preview.manifest_hash {
-            return Ok(None);
-        }
-    }
-
-    Ok(Some(preview))
-}
-
-#[command]
-#[specta::specta]
-pub async fn download_app_update(
-    state: State<'_, AppState>,
-    app_id: String,
-) -> Result<InstalledSageApp> {
-    let base_path = {
-        let state = state.lock().await;
-        state.path.clone()
-    };
-
-    let mut app = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id)
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to read installed app {}: {err}", app_id)))?;
-
-    let (app_url, manifest_url) = match &app.source {
-        InstalledSageAppSource::Url { app_url, manifest_url } => (app_url.clone(), manifest_url.clone()),
-        InstalledSageAppSource::Zip => {
-            return Err(io::Error::other("zip apps do not support URL update download").into());
-        }
-    };
-
-    let preview = match check_app_update(state, app_id.clone()).await? {
-        Some(preview) => preview,
-        None => return Ok(app),
-    };
-
-    let install_dir = PathBuf::from(&app.install_dir);
-
-    let snapshot = download_url_snapshot(
-        &install_dir,
-        &preview.app_url,
-        &preview.manifest,
-        &preview.manifest_hash,
-    )
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to download update snapshot: {err}")))?;
-
-    app.pending_update = Some(crate::apps::types::InstalledSageAppPendingUpdate {
-        app_url,
-        manifest_url,
-        manifest_hash: preview.manifest_hash,
-        manifest: preview.manifest,
-        snapshot,
-    });
-
-    write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &install_dir)
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to write app metadata: {err}")))?;
-
-    Ok(app)
-}
-
-#[command]
-#[specta::specta]
-pub async fn apply_app_update(
-    state: State<'_, AppState>,
-    app_id: String,
-    granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
-) -> Result<InstalledSageApp> {
-    let base_path = {
-        let state = state.lock().await;
-        state.path.clone()
-    };
-
-    let mut app = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id)
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to read installed app {}: {err}", app_id)))?;
-
-    let pending = app.pending_update.clone().ok_or_else(|| {
-        io::Error::other(format!("app {} has no pending update", app_id))
-    })?;
-
-    let merged_permissions = merge_granted_permissions_for_update(
-        &app.granted_permissions,
-        &pending.manifest.permissions,
-        &granted_permissions,
-    );
-
-    validate_granted_permissions_against_requested(
-        &pending.manifest.permissions,
-        &merged_permissions,
-    )
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("invalid granted permissions for update: {err}")))?;
-
-    app.name = pending.manifest.name.clone();
-    app.version = pending.manifest.version.clone();
-    app.requested_permissions = pending.manifest.permissions.clone();
-    app.granted_permissions = merged_permissions;
-    app.active_snapshot = pending.snapshot.clone();
-    app.entry_file = Path::new(&app.active_snapshot.snapshot_dir)
-        .join("index.html")
-        .to_string_lossy()
-        .to_string();
-    app.icon_file = Path::new(&app.active_snapshot.snapshot_dir)
-        .join("icon.png")
-        .to_string_lossy()
-        .to_string();
-    app.pending_update = None;
-
-    let install_dir = PathBuf::from(&app.install_dir);
-    write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &install_dir)
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to write app metadata: {err}")))?;
-
-    Ok(app)
-}
-
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
 pub async fn preview_app_zip(zip_path: String) -> Result<SageAppPackageManifest> {
@@ -641,7 +200,10 @@ pub async fn install_app_zip(
         let package_root = detect_package_root(&unpack_dir)?;
         validate_package_structure(&package_root)?;
         let manifest = read_manifest(&package_root)?;
-        validate_granted_permissions_against_requested(&manifest.permissions, &granted_permissions)?;
+        validate_granted_permissions_against_requested(
+            &manifest.permissions,
+            &granted_permissions,
+        )?;
 
         let existing = list_installed_apps_internal(&root)?
             .into_iter()
@@ -666,7 +228,7 @@ pub async fn install_app_zip(
             })?;
         }
 
-        copy_dir_all(&package_root, &install_dir)?;
+        fs::create_dir_all(&install_dir)?;
 
         let snapshot = prepare_zip_snapshot(&package_root, &install_dir, &manifest)?;
 
@@ -703,19 +265,19 @@ pub async fn install_app_zip(
     })
 }
 
-#[tauri::command]
+#[command]
 #[specta::specta]
 pub async fn install_app_url(
-    state: tauri::State<'_, crate::app_state::AppState>,
+    state: State<'_, AppState>,
     app_url: String,
     granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
-) -> crate::error::Result<InstalledSageApp> {
+) -> Result<InstalledSageApp> {
     let base_path = {
         let state = state.lock().await;
         state.path.clone()
     };
 
-    let root = super::install::apps_root(&base_path);
+    let root = apps_root(&base_path);
 
     fs::create_dir_all(&root).map_err(|err| {
         io::Error::other(format!(
@@ -726,7 +288,7 @@ pub async fn install_app_url(
 
     let preview = preview_app_url(app_url.clone()).await?;
 
-    super::install::validate_granted_permissions_against_requested(
+    validate_granted_permissions_against_requested(
         &preview.manifest.permissions,
         &granted_permissions,
     )
@@ -737,7 +299,7 @@ pub async fn install_app_url(
             ))
         })?;
 
-    let existing = super::install::list_installed_apps_internal(&root)
+    let existing = list_installed_apps_internal(&root)
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to list installed apps: {err}")))?
         .into_iter()
         .find_map(|app| match app {
@@ -749,7 +311,7 @@ pub async fn install_app_url(
 
     let app_id = existing
         .map(|app| app.id)
-        .unwrap_or_else(|| super::install::generate_app_id(&preview.manifest.name));
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| generate_app_id(&preview.manifest.name));
 
     let install_dir = root.join(&app_id);
     fs::create_dir_all(&install_dir).map_err(|err| {
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs
index bd8b4a9ce..9129d2c23 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs
@@ -3,10 +3,13 @@ pub mod csp;
 pub mod install;
 pub mod limits;
 pub mod manifest;
+pub mod package;
 pub mod permissions;
 pub mod protocol;
+pub mod registry;
 pub mod snapshot;
 pub mod storage;
 pub mod types;
+pub mod update;
 
 pub use protocol::handle_app_protocol_request;
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/package.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/package.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cd8a38f5f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/package.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+use std::{
+    fs, io,
+    path::{Path, PathBuf},
+};
+
+use anyhow::{anyhow, Context, Result as AnyResult};
+use zip::ZipArchive;
+
+use crate::apps::{
+    install::hash_string,
+    manifest::validate_package_manifest,
+    types::{InstalledSageAppSnapshot, SageAppPackageManifest},
+};
+
+pub fn should_ignore_root_entry(path: &Path) -> bool {
+    let Some(name) = path.file_name().and_then(|s| s.to_str()) else {
+        return false;
+    };
+
+    name == "__MACOSX" || name == ".DS_Store"
+}
+
+pub fn copy_dir_all(src: &Path, dst: &Path) -> AnyResult<()> {
+    fs::create_dir_all(dst)?;
+
+    for entry in fs::read_dir(src)? {
+        let entry = entry?;
+        let file_type = entry.file_type()?;
+        let from = entry.path();
+        let to = dst.join(entry.file_name());
+
+        if file_type.is_dir() {
+            copy_dir_all(&from, &to)?;
+        } else if file_type.is_file() {
+            if let Some(parent) = to.parent() {
+                fs::create_dir_all(parent)?;
+            }
+            fs::copy(&from, &to)?;
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub fn unzip_to_dir(zip_path: &Path, out_dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<()> {
+    let file = fs::File::open(zip_path)
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to open zip file {}", zip_path.display()))?;
+    let mut archive = ZipArchive::new(file).context("failed to read zip archive")?;
+
+    fs::create_dir_all(out_dir)?;
+
+    for i in 0..archive.len() {
+        let mut entry = archive.by_index(i)?;
+        let enclosed = entry
+            .enclosed_name()
+            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("zip contains invalid path"))?
+            .to_path_buf();
+
+        let out_path = out_dir.join(enclosed);
+
+        if entry.name().ends_with('/') {
+            fs::create_dir_all(&out_path)?;
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        if let Some(parent) = out_path.parent() {
+            fs::create_dir_all(parent)?;
+        }
+
+        let mut outfile = fs::File::create(&out_path)?;
+        io::copy(&mut entry, &mut outfile)?;
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub fn detect_package_root(unpack_dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<PathBuf> {
+    if unpack_dir.join("manifest.json").exists() {
+        return Ok(unpack_dir.to_path_buf());
+    }
+
+    let mut candidates = Vec::new();
+
+    for entry in fs::read_dir(unpack_dir)? {
+        let entry = entry?;
+        let path = entry.path();
+
+        if should_ignore_root_entry(&path) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        candidates.push(path);
+    }
+
+    if candidates.len() == 1 && candidates[0].is_dir() {
+        let candidate = &candidates[0];
+        if candidate.join("manifest.json").exists() {
+            return Ok(candidate.clone());
+        }
+    }
+
+    Err(anyhow!(
+        "zip must contain manifest.json at root or inside a single top-level folder"
+    ))
+}
+
+pub fn read_manifest(package_root: &Path) -> AnyResult<SageAppPackageManifest> {
+    let manifest_path = package_root.join("manifest.json");
+    let text = fs::read_to_string(&manifest_path)
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to read {}", manifest_path.display()))?;
+
+    let manifest: SageAppPackageManifest =
+        serde_json::from_str(&text).context("failed to parse manifest.json")?;
+
+    validate_manifest(&manifest)?;
+    Ok(manifest)
+}
+
+pub fn validate_manifest(manifest: &SageAppPackageManifest) -> AnyResult<()> {
+    validate_package_manifest(manifest).map(|_| ())
+}
+
+pub fn validate_package_structure(package_root: &Path) -> AnyResult<()> {
+    let icon = package_root.join("icon.png");
+    let entry = package_root.join("dist").join("index.html");
+
+    if !icon.is_file() {
+        return Err(anyhow!("package is missing icon.png"));
+    }
+
+    if !entry.is_file() {
+        return Err(anyhow!("package is missing dist/index.html"));
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub fn prepare_zip_snapshot(
+    package_root: &Path,
+    install_dir: &Path,
+    manifest: &SageAppPackageManifest,
+) -> AnyResult<InstalledSageAppSnapshot> {
+    let manifest_json = serde_json::to_string_pretty(manifest)
+        .map_err(|err| anyhow!("failed to serialize manifest: {err}"))?;
+    let manifest_hash = hash_string(&manifest_json);
+
+    let snapshot_dir = install_dir.join("snapshots").join(&manifest_hash);
+    if snapshot_dir.exists() {
+        fs::remove_dir_all(&snapshot_dir)?;
+    }
+    fs::create_dir_all(&snapshot_dir)?;
+
+    let dist_dir = package_root.join("dist");
+    if !dist_dir.is_dir() {
+        return Err(anyhow!("package is missing dist directory"));
+    }
+
+    copy_dir_all(&dist_dir, &snapshot_dir)?;
+
+    let icon_src = package_root.join("icon.png");
+    if icon_src.is_file() {
+        fs::copy(&icon_src, snapshot_dir.join("icon.png"))?;
+    }
+
+    fs::write(
+        snapshot_dir.join("sage-manifest.json"),
+        format!("{manifest_json}\n"),
+    )?;
+
+    let total_bytes = manifest.files.iter().map(|f| f.size).sum();
+
+    Ok(InstalledSageAppSnapshot {
+        manifest_hash,
+        snapshot_dir: snapshot_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+        total_bytes,
+        manifest: manifest.clone(),
+    })
+}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/protocol.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/protocol.rs
index c8c92c59e..057d5fb97 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/protocol.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/protocol.rs
@@ -5,9 +5,9 @@ use tauri::http::{Response, StatusCode};
 
 use crate::apps::{
     csp::build_app_csp,
-    install::read_installed_app_by_id,
     snapshot::read_snapshot_file,
 };
+use crate::apps::registry::read_installed_app_by_id;
 
 pub fn handle_app_protocol_request(
     base_path: &Path,
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/registry.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/registry.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b9b4ed490
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/registry.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+use std::{
+    fs,
+    path::{Path, PathBuf},
+};
+
+use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult};
+
+use crate::apps::types::{
+    CorruptedInstalledSageApp, InstalledSageApp, ListedSageApp,
+};
+
+const INSTALLED_METADATA_FILE: &str = ".sage-installed.json";
+
+pub fn apps_root(base_path: &Path) -> PathBuf {
+    base_path.join("apps")
+}
+
+pub fn app_install_dir(base_path: &Path, app_id: &str) -> PathBuf {
+    apps_root(base_path).join(app_id)
+}
+
+pub fn installed_metadata_path(install_dir: &Path) -> PathBuf {
+    install_dir.join(INSTALLED_METADATA_FILE)
+}
+
+pub fn read_installed_app_from_dir(dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<InstalledSageApp> {
+    let path = installed_metadata_path(dir);
+    let text =
+        fs::read_to_string(&path).with_context(|| format!("failed to read {}", path.display()))?;
+    let app: InstalledSageApp =
+        serde_json::from_str(&text).context("failed to parse installed app metadata")?;
+    Ok(app)
+}
+
+pub fn write_installed_app_metadata(
+    app: &InstalledSageApp,
+    install_dir: &Path,
+) -> AnyResult<()> {
+    let path = installed_metadata_path(install_dir);
+    let text = serde_json::to_string_pretty(app)
+        .map_err(|err| anyhow::anyhow!("failed to serialize installed app metadata: {err}"))?;
+    fs::write(path, format!("{text}\n"))?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub fn read_installed_app_by_id(
+    base_path: &Path,
+    app_id: &str,
+) -> AnyResult<InstalledSageApp> {
+    let install_dir = app_install_dir(base_path, app_id);
+    read_installed_app_from_dir(&install_dir)
+}
+
+pub fn list_installed_apps_internal(root: &Path) -> AnyResult<Vec<ListedSageApp>> {
+    if !root.exists() {
+        return Ok(Vec::new());
+    }
+
+    let mut apps = Vec::new();
+
+    for entry in fs::read_dir(root)? {
+        let entry = entry?;
+        let path = entry.path();
+
+        if !entry.file_type()?.is_dir() {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        if path
+            .file_name()
+            .and_then(|s| s.to_str())
+            .map(|s| s.starts_with(".tmp-"))
+            .unwrap_or(false)
+        {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        let Some(id) = path
+            .file_name()
+            .and_then(|s| s.to_str())
+            .map(|s| s.to_string())
+        else {
+            continue;
+        };
+
+        let metadata_path = installed_metadata_path(&path);
+        if !metadata_path.is_file() {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        match read_installed_app_from_dir(&path) {
+            Ok(app) => apps.push(ListedSageApp::Installed(app)),
+            Err(err) => apps.push(ListedSageApp::Corrupted(CorruptedInstalledSageApp {
+                id,
+                install_dir: path.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+                error: err.to_string(),
+            })),
+        }
+    }
+
+    apps.sort_by(|a, b| {
+        let a_key = match a {
+            ListedSageApp::Installed(app) => app.name.to_lowercase(),
+            ListedSageApp::Corrupted(app) => app.id.to_lowercase(),
+        };
+
+        let b_key = match b {
+            ListedSageApp::Installed(app) => app.name.to_lowercase(),
+            ListedSageApp::Corrupted(app) => app.id.to_lowercase(),
+        };
+
+        a_key.cmp(&b_key)
+    });
+
+    Ok(apps)
+}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/snapshot.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/snapshot.rs
index 55b772e97..d7903f999 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/snapshot.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/snapshot.rs
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ pub async fn download_url_snapshot(
 
         for file in &manifest.files {
             let file_url = build_file_url(app_url, &file.path)?;
-            let bytes = fetch_url_bytes(&file_url, MAX_APP_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES).await?;
+            let bytes = fetch_url_bytes(&file_url, file.size).await?;
 
             let actual_size = bytes.len() as u64;
             if actual_size != file.size {
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ pub async fn download_url_snapshot(
             fs::write(&out_path, &bytes)?;
         }
 
-        if temp_dir.join("index.html").is_file() == false {
+        if !temp_dir.join("index.html").is_file() {
             return Err(anyhow!("snapshot is missing root index.html"));
         }
 
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/storage/commands.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/storage/commands.rs
index becf09488..00a1a3dec 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/storage/commands.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/storage/commands.rs
@@ -5,10 +5,9 @@ use tauri::{State, command};
 
 use crate::{
     app_state::AppState,
-    apps::install::read_installed_app_by_id,
     error::Result,
 };
-
+use crate::apps::registry::read_installed_app_by_id;
 use super::{
     db::{
         database_path, ensure_store_exists, get_current_version, open_connection,
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b19b1e62a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,203 @@
+use std::{io, path::{Path, PathBuf}};
+
+use tauri::{command, State};
+
+use crate::{
+    app_state::AppState,
+    apps::{
+        permissions::validate_granted_permissions_against_requested,
+        registry::{read_installed_app_by_id, write_installed_app_metadata},
+        snapshot::download_url_snapshot,
+        types::{
+            InstalledSageApp, InstalledSageAppPendingUpdate, InstalledSageAppSource,
+            SageAppUrlPreview, SageGrantedPermissions, SageGrantedNetworkPermissionEntry,
+            SageRequestedPermissions,
+        },
+    },
+    error::Result,
+};
+
+use super::install::preview_app_url;
+
+fn merge_granted_permissions_for_update(
+    old_granted: &SageGrantedPermissions,
+    new_requested: &SageRequestedPermissions,
+    user_selected: &SageGrantedPermissions,
+) -> SageGrantedPermissions {
+    let requested_network: std::collections::BTreeSet<(String, String)> = new_requested
+        .network
+        .iter()
+        .map(|entry| (entry.scheme.to_ascii_lowercase(), entry.host.to_ascii_lowercase()))
+        .collect();
+
+    let old_network: Vec<SageGrantedNetworkPermissionEntry> = old_granted
+        .network
+        .iter()
+        .filter(|entry| {
+            requested_network.contains(&(entry.scheme.to_ascii_lowercase(), entry.host.to_ascii_lowercase()))
+        })
+        .cloned()
+        .collect();
+
+    let mut merged_network = old_network;
+
+    for entry in &user_selected.network {
+        let key = (entry.scheme.to_ascii_lowercase(), entry.host.to_ascii_lowercase());
+        let already = merged_network.iter().any(|existing| {
+            existing.scheme.eq_ignore_ascii_case(&entry.scheme)
+                && existing.host.eq_ignore_ascii_case(&entry.host)
+        });
+
+        if requested_network.contains(&key) && !already {
+            merged_network.push(entry.clone());
+        }
+    }
+
+    SageGrantedPermissions {
+        network: merged_network,
+        persistent_storage: new_requested.persistent_storage.is_some()
+            && (old_granted.persistent_storage || user_selected.persistent_storage),
+    }
+}
+
+#[command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn check_app_update(
+    state: State<'_, AppState>,
+    app_id: String,
+) -> Result<Option<SageAppUrlPreview>> {
+    let base_path = {
+        let state = state.lock().await;
+        state.path.clone()
+    };
+
+    let app = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id)
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to read installed app {}: {err}", app_id)))?;
+
+    let (app_url, _manifest_url) = match &app.source {
+        InstalledSageAppSource::Url { app_url, manifest_url } => {
+            (app_url.clone(), manifest_url.clone())
+        }
+        InstalledSageAppSource::Zip => return Ok(None),
+    };
+
+    let preview = preview_app_url(app_url).await?;
+
+    if preview.manifest_hash == app.active_snapshot.manifest_hash {
+        return Ok(None);
+    }
+
+    if let Some(pending) = &app.pending_update {
+        if pending.manifest_hash == preview.manifest_hash {
+            return Ok(None);
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(Some(preview))
+}
+
+#[command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn download_app_update(
+    state: State<'_, AppState>,
+    app_id: String,
+) -> Result<InstalledSageApp> {
+    let base_path = {
+        let state = state.lock().await;
+        state.path.clone()
+    };
+
+    let mut app = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id)
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to read installed app {}: {err}", app_id)))?;
+
+    let (app_url, manifest_url) = match &app.source {
+        InstalledSageAppSource::Url { app_url, manifest_url } => {
+            (app_url.clone(), manifest_url.clone())
+        }
+        InstalledSageAppSource::Zip => {
+            return Err(io::Error::other("zip apps do not support URL update download").into());
+        }
+    };
+
+    let preview = match check_app_update(state, app_id.clone()).await? {
+        Some(preview) => preview,
+        None => return Ok(app),
+    };
+
+    let install_dir = PathBuf::from(&app.install_dir);
+
+    let snapshot = download_url_snapshot(
+        &install_dir,
+        &preview.app_url,
+        &preview.manifest,
+        &preview.manifest_hash,
+    )
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to download update snapshot: {err}")))?;
+
+    app.pending_update = Some(InstalledSageAppPendingUpdate {
+        app_url,
+        manifest_url,
+        manifest_hash: preview.manifest_hash,
+        manifest: preview.manifest,
+        snapshot,
+    });
+
+    write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &install_dir)
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to write app metadata: {err}")))?;
+
+    Ok(app)
+}
+
+#[command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn apply_app_update(
+    state: State<'_, AppState>,
+    app_id: String,
+    granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
+) -> Result<InstalledSageApp> {
+    let base_path = {
+        let state = state.lock().await;
+        state.path.clone()
+    };
+
+    let mut app = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id)
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to read installed app {}: {err}", app_id)))?;
+
+    let pending = app.pending_update.clone().ok_or_else(|| {
+        io::Error::other(format!("app {} has no pending update", app_id))
+    })?;
+
+    let merged_permissions = merge_granted_permissions_for_update(
+        &app.granted_permissions,
+        &pending.manifest.permissions,
+        &granted_permissions,
+    );
+
+    validate_granted_permissions_against_requested(
+        &pending.manifest.permissions,
+        &merged_permissions,
+    )
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("invalid granted permissions for update: {err}")))?;
+
+    app.name = pending.manifest.name.clone();
+    app.version = pending.manifest.version.clone();
+    app.requested_permissions = pending.manifest.permissions.clone();
+    app.granted_permissions = merged_permissions;
+    app.active_snapshot = pending.snapshot.clone();
+    app.entry_file = Path::new(&app.active_snapshot.snapshot_dir)
+        .join("index.html")
+        .to_string_lossy()
+        .to_string();
+    app.icon_file = Path::new(&app.active_snapshot.snapshot_dir)
+        .join("icon.png")
+        .to_string_lossy()
+        .to_string();
+    app.pending_update = None;
+
+    let install_dir = PathBuf::from(&app.install_dir);
+    write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &install_dir)
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to write app metadata: {err}")))?;
+
+    Ok(app)
+}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
index 7e5eccfd6..8aff24fe1 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
@@ -148,10 +148,10 @@ pub fn run() {
             apps::install::preview_app_url,
             apps::install::install_app_zip,
             apps::install::install_app_url,
-            apps::install::check_app_update,
-            apps::install::download_app_update,
-            apps::install::apply_app_update,
             apps::install::uninstall_app,
+            apps::update::check_app_update,
+            apps::update::download_app_update,
+            apps::update::apply_app_update,
             apps::bridge::fetch::bridge_fetch_http,
             apps::bridge::batch::bridge_fetch_http_batch,
             apps::bridge::batch::bridge_fetch_http_batch_stream,
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index 81ea13073..7db6b696e 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -374,6 +374,9 @@ async installAppZip(zipPath: string, grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions)
 async installAppUrl(appUrl: string, grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions) : Promise<InstalledSageApp> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("install_app_url", { appUrl, grantedPermissions });
 },
+async uninstallApp(appId: string) : Promise<null> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("uninstall_app", { appId });
+},
 async checkAppUpdate(appId: string) : Promise<SageAppUrlPreview | null> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("check_app_update", { appId });
 },
@@ -383,9 +386,6 @@ async downloadAppUpdate(appId: string) : Promise<InstalledSageApp> {
 async applyAppUpdate(appId: string, grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions) : Promise<InstalledSageApp> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("apply_app_update", { appId, grantedPermissions });
 },
-async uninstallApp(appId: string) : Promise<null> {
-    return await TAURI_INVOKE("uninstall_app", { appId });
-},
 async bridgeFetchHttp(appId: string, req: SageBridgeFetchRequest) : Promise<SageBridgeFetchResponse> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("bridge_fetch_http", { appId, req });
 },
@@ -794,7 +794,7 @@ export type CombineOffersResponse = {
  * Combined offer string
  */
 offer: string }
-export type CorruptedInstalledSageApp = { id: string; install_dir: string; error: string }
+export type CorruptedInstalledSageApp = { id: string; installDir: string; error: string }
 /**
  * Create a new DID
  */

From e2e1abcd950923221c87bfde6ea5c6c21b0314b8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Thu, 16 Apr 2026 02:15:47 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 029/471] Document rationale for blocking direct network access
 in `build_app_csp`.

---
 src-tauri/src/apps/csp.rs | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/csp.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/csp.rs
index 183eb7764..7833d150b 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/csp.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/csp.rs
@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@ fn csp_source_list(items: &[&str]) -> String {
 }
 
 pub fn build_app_csp(_app: &InstalledSageApp) -> String {
+    // Installed apps are intentionally blocked from direct browser-level network access.
+    // Network access must go through the Sage bridge, where permission enforcement lives.
     let default_src = csp_source_list(&["'self'"]);
     let script_src = csp_source_list(&["'self'", "'wasm-unsafe-eval'"]);
     let style_src = csp_source_list(&["'self'", "'unsafe-inline'"]);

From 768bf6b579625e20b902d18814d9c0f8e531e0d1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Thu, 16 Apr 2026 02:25:59 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 030/471] Enforce batch request limit with
 `MAX_BRIDGE_BATCH_REQUESTS` and improve error handling in `batch.rs`.

---
 src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/batch.rs | 32 +++++++++++++++++++++++++-----
 src-tauri/src/apps/limits.rs       |  1 +
 2 files changed, 28 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/batch.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/batch.rs
index 699616466..59ed58351 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/batch.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/batch.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+use std::io;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use futures::{stream::FuturesUnordered, StreamExt};
@@ -13,6 +14,7 @@ use crate::{
     },
     error::Result,
 };
+use crate::apps::limits::MAX_BRIDGE_BATCH_REQUESTS;
 
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
@@ -21,6 +23,13 @@ pub async fn bridge_fetch_http_batch(
     app_id: String,
     req: SageBridgeFetchBatchRequest,
 ) -> Result<Vec<SageBridgeFetchResponse>> {
+    if req.requests.len() > MAX_BRIDGE_BATCH_REQUESTS {
+        return Err(io::Error::other(format!(
+            "batch request count {} exceeds limit {}",
+            req.requests.len(),
+            MAX_BRIDGE_BATCH_REQUESTS
+        )).into());
+    }
     let app_state = state.inner().clone();
     let max = req.max_concurrency.unwrap_or(8).max(1);
     let semaphore = Arc::new(Semaphore::new(max));
@@ -28,7 +37,11 @@ pub async fn bridge_fetch_http_batch(
     let mut futures = FuturesUnordered::new();
 
     for (index, request) in req.requests.into_iter().enumerate() {
-        let permit = semaphore.clone().acquire_owned().await.unwrap();
+        let permit = semaphore
+            .clone()
+            .acquire_owned()
+            .await
+            .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to acquire batch semaphore: {err}")))?;
         let app_state = app_state.clone();
         let app_id = app_id.clone();
 
@@ -45,10 +58,12 @@ pub async fn bridge_fetch_http_batch(
         ordered[index] = Some(result?);
     }
 
-    Ok(ordered
-        .into_iter()
-        .map(|item| item.expect("missing batch result"))
-        .collect())
+    let mut out = Vec::with_capacity(request_count);
+    for item in ordered {
+        let value = item.ok_or_else(|| io::Error::other("missing batch result"))?;
+        out.push(value);
+    }
+    Ok(out)
 }
 
 #[command]
@@ -60,6 +75,13 @@ pub async fn bridge_fetch_http_batch_stream(
     source_label: String,
     req: SageBridgeFetchBatchRequest,
 ) -> Result<String> {
+    if req.requests.len() > MAX_BRIDGE_BATCH_REQUESTS {
+        return Err(io::Error::other(format!(
+            "batch request count {} exceeds limit {}",
+            req.requests.len(),
+            MAX_BRIDGE_BATCH_REQUESTS
+        )).into());
+    }
     let batch_id = format!("batch-{}", Uuid::new_v4());
     let batch_id_for_spawn = batch_id.clone();
     let batch_id_done = batch_id.clone();
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/limits.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/limits.rs
index 7ed6e7345..705814e94 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/limits.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/limits.rs
@@ -2,3 +2,4 @@ pub const MAX_MANIFEST_SIZE_BYTES: u64 = 1024 * 1024;
 pub const MAX_APP_FILE_COUNT: usize = 2000;
 pub const MAX_APP_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES: u64 = 50 * 1024 * 1024;
 pub const MAX_APP_PATH_LENGTH: usize = 512;
+pub const MAX_BRIDGE_BATCH_REQUESTS: usize = 256;

From 6dd9d8021fd446cd58be14480bc69953c72674a2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Thu, 16 Apr 2026 03:02:59 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 031/471] Relax `connect-src` CSP and add `worker-src`
 directive; include `X-Content-Type-Options` header for improved security.

---
 src-tauri/src/apps/csp.rs      | 11 +++++++----
 src-tauri/src/apps/protocol.rs |  8 ++++++--
 2 files changed, 13 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/csp.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/csp.rs
index 7833d150b..80005a9c4 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/csp.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/csp.rs
@@ -5,8 +5,9 @@ fn csp_source_list(items: &[&str]) -> String {
 }
 
 pub fn build_app_csp(_app: &InstalledSageApp) -> String {
-    // Installed apps are intentionally blocked from direct browser-level network access.
-    // Network access must go through the Sage bridge, where permission enforcement lives.
+    // Installed apps are intentionally blocked from direct external browser-level
+    // network access. External network access must go through the Sage bridge,
+    // where permission enforcement lives. Local app-origin access remains allowed.
     let default_src = csp_source_list(&["'self'"]);
     let script_src = csp_source_list(&["'self'", "'wasm-unsafe-eval'"]);
     let style_src = csp_source_list(&["'self'", "'unsafe-inline'"]);
@@ -18,7 +19,8 @@ pub fn build_app_csp(_app: &InstalledSageApp) -> String {
     let base_uri = csp_source_list(&["'none'"]);
     let form_action = csp_source_list(&["'none'"]);
 
-    let connect_src = csp_source_list(&["'none'"]);
+    let connect_src = csp_source_list(&["'self'", "sage-app:"]);
+    let worker_src = csp_source_list(&["'self'"]);
 
     format!(
         "default-src {default_src}; \
@@ -31,6 +33,7 @@ pub fn build_app_csp(_app: &InstalledSageApp) -> String {
          base-uri {base_uri}; \
          form-action {form_action}; \
          frame-ancestors {frame_ancestors}; \
-         connect-src {connect_src}"
+         connect-src {connect_src}; \
+         worker-src {worker_src};"
     )
 }
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/protocol.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/protocol.rs
index 057d5fb97..c7cfcfe35 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/protocol.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/protocol.rs
@@ -25,14 +25,16 @@ pub fn handle_app_protocol_request(
     let snapshot_dir = Path::new(&app.active_snapshot.snapshot_dir);
     let file_path = read_snapshot_file(snapshot_dir, request_path)?;
 
+    let csp = build_app_csp(&app);
+
     if request_path.is_empty() || request_path == "/" || request_path == "/index.html" {
         let html = fs::read_to_string(&file_path)?;
-        let csp = build_app_csp(&app);
 
         return Response::builder()
             .status(StatusCode::OK)
             .header("Content-Type", "text/html; charset=utf-8")
-            .header("Content-Security-Policy", csp)
+            .header("Content-Security-Policy", &csp)
+            .header("X-Content-Type-Options", "nosniff")
             .body(html.into_bytes())
             .map_err(|err| anyhow!("failed to build protocol response: {err}"));
     }
@@ -46,6 +48,8 @@ pub fn handle_app_protocol_request(
     Response::builder()
         .status(StatusCode::OK)
         .header("Content-Type", mime)
+        .header("Content-Security-Policy", csp)
+        .header("X-Content-Type-Options", "nosniff")
         .body(bytes)
         .map_err(|err| anyhow!("failed to build protocol response: {err}"))
 }

From d3c5b85b446f4a186617ca7dfb3de77c3bf77201 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Thu, 16 Apr 2026 03:11:55 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 032/471] Refactor storage module to improve maintainability
 and error handling:

- Extract shared helper functions for database initialization and validation.
- Centralize app loading and database connection logic.
- Simplify repetitive error handling transitions from `std::io::Error` to `io::Error`.
- Enhance cleanup logic to handle related database files (e.g., WAL, SHM).
---
 src-tauri/src/apps/storage/commands.rs | 406 ++++++++++---------------
 1 file changed, 164 insertions(+), 242 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/storage/commands.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/storage/commands.rs
index 00a1a3dec..7159db8ba 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/storage/commands.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/storage/commands.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,18 @@
-use std::fs;
+use std::{
+    fs,
+    io,
+    path::PathBuf,
+};
 
-use sqlx::{Connection, Row};
+use sqlx::{Connection, Row, SqliteConnection, sqlite::SqliteRow};
 use tauri::{State, command};
 
 use crate::{
     app_state::AppState,
+    apps::registry::read_installed_app_by_id,
     error::Result,
 };
-use crate::apps::registry::read_installed_app_by_id;
+
 use super::{
     db::{
         database_path, ensure_store_exists, get_current_version, open_connection,
@@ -17,6 +22,77 @@ use super::{
     validate::{decode_b64, encode_b64, ensure_storage_permission, validate_name},
 };
 
+async fn base_path_from_state(state: &State<'_, AppState>) -> PathBuf {
+    let state = state.lock().await;
+    state.path.clone()
+}
+
+async fn load_app(
+    state: &State<'_, AppState>,
+    app_id: &str,
+) -> io::Result<crate::apps::types::InstalledSageApp> {
+    let base_path = base_path_from_state(state).await;
+
+    read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, app_id)
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to read app {}: {err}", app_id)))
+}
+
+async fn open_app_db(
+    state: &State<'_, AppState>,
+    app_id: &str,
+    db_name: &str,
+) -> io::Result<SqliteConnection> {
+    let app = load_app(state, app_id).await?;
+
+    open_connection(&app, db_name)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to open database: {err}")))
+}
+
+async fn open_app_db_with_store(
+    state: &State<'_, AppState>,
+    app_id: &str,
+    db_name: &str,
+    store_name: &str,
+) -> io::Result<SqliteConnection> {
+    let mut conn = open_app_db(state, app_id, db_name).await?;
+
+    ensure_store_exists(&mut conn, store_name)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
+
+    Ok(conn)
+}
+
+fn row_to_value_record(row: SqliteRow) -> io::Result<SageStorageValueRecord> {
+    let key: Vec<u8> = row
+        .try_get(0)
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
+    let value: Vec<u8> = row
+        .try_get(1)
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
+
+    Ok(SageStorageValueRecord {
+        key_base64: encode_b64(&key),
+        value_base64: encode_b64(&value),
+    })
+}
+
+fn validate_db_name(db_name: &str) -> io::Result<()> {
+    validate_name(db_name, "database name")
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(err.to_string()))
+}
+
+fn validate_store_name(store_name: &str) -> io::Result<()> {
+    validate_name(store_name, "store name")
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(err.to_string()))
+}
+
+fn validate_index_name(index_name: &str) -> io::Result<()> {
+    validate_name(index_name, "index name")
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(err.to_string()))
+}
+
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
 pub async fn storage_open_database(
@@ -24,27 +100,16 @@ pub async fn storage_open_database(
     app_id: String,
     req: SageStorageOpenDatabaseRequest,
 ) -> Result<SageStorageDatabaseInfo> {
-    let base_path = {
-        let state = state.lock().await;
-        state.path.clone()
-    };
-
-    validate_name(&req.name, "database name")
-        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
+    validate_db_name(&req.name)?;
 
-    let app = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id)
-        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to read app {}: {err}", app_id)))?;
-
-    let mut conn = open_connection(&app, &req.name)
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to open database: {err}")))?;
+    let mut conn = open_app_db(&state, &app_id, &req.name).await?;
 
     let current = get_current_version(&mut conn)
         .await
-        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to read version: {err}")))?;
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to read version: {err}")))?;
 
     if req.version < current {
-        return Err(std::io::Error::other(format!(
+        return Err(io::Error::other(format!(
             "requested version {} is older than current version {}",
             req.version, current
         ))
@@ -54,7 +119,7 @@ pub async fn storage_open_database(
     if req.version > current {
         set_current_version(&mut conn, req.version)
             .await
-            .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to set version: {err}")))?;
+            .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to set version: {err}")))?;
     }
 
     Ok(SageStorageDatabaseInfo {
@@ -70,24 +135,28 @@ pub async fn storage_delete_database(
     app_id: String,
     db_name: String,
 ) -> Result<()> {
-    let base_path = {
-        let state = state.lock().await;
-        state.path.clone()
-    };
+    validate_db_name(&db_name)?;
 
-    let app = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id)
-        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to read app {}: {err}", app_id)))?;
+    let app = load_app(&state, &app_id).await?;
 
     ensure_storage_permission(&app)
-        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
 
     let path = database_path(&app, &db_name)
-        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
-
-    if path.exists() {
-        fs::remove_file(&path).map_err(|err| {
-            std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to remove {}: {err}", path.display()))
-        })?;
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
+
+    let wal_path = PathBuf::from(format!("{}-wal", path.display()));
+    let shm_path = PathBuf::from(format!("{}-shm", path.display()));
+
+    for candidate in [&path, &wal_path, &shm_path] {
+        if candidate.exists() {
+            fs::remove_file(candidate).map_err(|err| {
+                io::Error::other(format!(
+                    "failed to remove {}: {err}",
+                    candidate.display()
+                ))
+            })?;
+        }
     }
 
     Ok(())
@@ -100,48 +169,51 @@ pub async fn storage_describe_database(
     app_id: String,
     db_name: String,
 ) -> Result<SageStorageDatabaseDescription> {
-    let base_path = {
-        let state = state.lock().await;
-        state.path.clone()
-    };
+    validate_db_name(&db_name)?;
 
-    let app = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id)
-        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to read app {}: {err}", app_id)))?;
-
-    let mut conn = open_connection(&app, &db_name)
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to open database: {err}")))?;
+    let mut conn = open_app_db(&state, &app_id, &db_name).await?;
 
     let version = get_current_version(&mut conn)
         .await
-        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to read version: {err}")))?;
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to read version: {err}")))?;
 
-    let store_rows = sqlx::query("SELECT store_name FROM sage_object_stores ORDER BY store_name ASC")
+    let store_rows = sqlx::query(
+        "SELECT store_name FROM sage_object_stores ORDER BY store_name ASC",
+    )
         .fetch_all(&mut conn)
         .await
-        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to query stores: {err}")))?;
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to query stores: {err}")))?;
 
     let stores = store_rows
         .into_iter()
-        .map(|row| SageStorageObjectStoreInfo {
-            name: row.try_get::<String, _>(0).unwrap_or_default(),
+        .map(|row| -> io::Result<SageStorageObjectStoreInfo> {
+            let name: String = row
+                .try_get(0)
+                .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
+            Ok(SageStorageObjectStoreInfo { name })
         })
-        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        .collect::<io::Result<Vec<_>>>()?;
 
     let index_rows = sqlx::query(
         "SELECT store_name, index_name FROM sage_indexes ORDER BY store_name ASC, index_name ASC",
     )
         .fetch_all(&mut conn)
         .await
-        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to query indexes: {err}")))?;
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to query indexes: {err}")))?;
 
     let indexes = index_rows
         .into_iter()
-        .map(|row| SageStorageIndexInfo {
-            store: row.try_get::<String, _>(0).unwrap_or_default(),
-            name: row.try_get::<String, _>(1).unwrap_or_default(),
+        .map(|row| -> io::Result<SageStorageIndexInfo> {
+            let store: String = row
+                .try_get(0)
+                .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
+            let name: String = row
+                .try_get(1)
+                .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
+
+            Ok(SageStorageIndexInfo { store, name })
         })
-        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        .collect::<io::Result<Vec<_>>>()?;
 
     Ok(SageStorageDatabaseDescription {
         name: db_name,
@@ -158,28 +230,16 @@ pub async fn storage_create_object_store(
     app_id: String,
     req: SageStorageCreateObjectStoreRequest,
 ) -> Result<()> {
-    let base_path = {
-        let state = state.lock().await;
-        state.path.clone()
-    };
+    validate_db_name(&req.db_name)?;
+    validate_store_name(&req.store_name)?;
 
-    validate_name(&req.db_name, "database name")
-        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
-    validate_name(&req.store_name, "store name")
-        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
-
-    let app = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id)
-        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to read app {}: {err}", app_id)))?;
-
-    let mut conn = open_connection(&app, &req.db_name)
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to open database: {err}")))?;
+    let mut conn = open_app_db(&state, &app_id, &req.db_name).await?;
 
     sqlx::query("INSERT OR IGNORE INTO sage_object_stores (store_name) VALUES (?1)")
         .bind(req.store_name)
         .execute(&mut conn)
         .await
-        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to create store: {err}")))?;
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to create store: {err}")))?;
 
     Ok(())
 }
@@ -191,35 +251,18 @@ pub async fn storage_create_index(
     app_id: String,
     req: SageStorageCreateIndexRequest,
 ) -> Result<()> {
-    let base_path = {
-        let state = state.lock().await;
-        state.path.clone()
-    };
-
-    validate_name(&req.db_name, "database name")
-        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
-    validate_name(&req.store_name, "store name")
-        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
-    validate_name(&req.index_name, "index name")
-        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
-
-    let app = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id)
-        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to read app {}: {err}", app_id)))?;
-
-    let mut conn = open_connection(&app, &req.db_name)
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to open database: {err}")))?;
+    validate_db_name(&req.db_name)?;
+    validate_store_name(&req.store_name)?;
+    validate_index_name(&req.index_name)?;
 
-    ensure_store_exists(&mut conn, &req.store_name)
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
+    let mut conn = open_app_db_with_store(&state, &app_id, &req.db_name, &req.store_name).await?;
 
     sqlx::query("INSERT OR IGNORE INTO sage_indexes (store_name, index_name) VALUES (?1, ?2)")
         .bind(req.store_name)
         .bind(req.index_name)
         .execute(&mut conn)
         .await
-        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to create index: {err}")))?;
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to create index: {err}")))?;
 
     Ok(())
 }
@@ -231,24 +274,10 @@ pub async fn storage_get(
     app_id: String,
     req: SageStorageGetRequest,
 ) -> Result<Option<String>> {
-    let base_path = {
-        let state = state.lock().await;
-        state.path.clone()
-    };
-
-    let app = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id)
-        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to read app {}: {err}", app_id)))?;
-
-    let mut conn = open_connection(&app, &req.db_name)
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to open database: {err}")))?;
-
-    ensure_store_exists(&mut conn, &req.store_name)
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
+    let mut conn = open_app_db_with_store(&state, &app_id, &req.db_name, &req.store_name).await?;
 
     let key = decode_b64(&req.key_base64, "key")
-        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
 
     let row = sqlx::query(
         "SELECT value_blob FROM sage_records WHERE store_name = ?1 AND primary_key = ?2",
@@ -257,12 +286,12 @@ pub async fn storage_get(
         .bind(key)
         .fetch_optional(&mut conn)
         .await
-        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to read value: {err}")))?;
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to read value: {err}")))?;
 
     let value = row
         .map(|row| row.try_get::<Vec<u8>, _>(0))
         .transpose()
-        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to decode value: {err}")))?;
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to decode value: {err}")))?;
 
     Ok(value.map(|bytes| encode_b64(&bytes)))
 }
@@ -274,31 +303,17 @@ pub async fn storage_put(
     app_id: String,
     req: SageStoragePutRequest,
 ) -> Result<()> {
-    let base_path = {
-        let state = state.lock().await;
-        state.path.clone()
-    };
-
-    let app = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id)
-        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to read app {}: {err}", app_id)))?;
-
-    let mut conn = open_connection(&app, &req.db_name)
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to open database: {err}")))?;
-
-    ensure_store_exists(&mut conn, &req.store_name)
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
+    let mut conn = open_app_db_with_store(&state, &app_id, &req.db_name, &req.store_name).await?;
 
     let key = decode_b64(&req.key_base64, "key")
-        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
     let value = decode_b64(&req.value_base64, "value")
-        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
 
     let mut tx = conn
         .begin()
         .await
-        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to start tx: {err}")))?;
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to start tx: {err}")))?;
 
     sqlx::query(
         r#"
@@ -312,21 +327,20 @@ pub async fn storage_put(
         .bind(&value)
         .execute(&mut *tx)
         .await
-        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to write record: {err}")))?;
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to write record: {err}")))?;
 
     sqlx::query("DELETE FROM sage_index_entries WHERE store_name = ?1 AND primary_key = ?2")
         .bind(&req.store_name)
         .bind(&key)
         .execute(&mut *tx)
         .await
-        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to clear old index entries: {err}")))?;
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to clear old index entries: {err}")))?;
 
     for index_value in &req.index_values {
-        validate_name(&index_value.index_name, "index name")
-            .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
+        validate_index_name(&index_value.index_name)?;
 
         let index_key = decode_b64(&index_value.key_base64, "index key")
-            .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
+            .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
 
         sqlx::query(
             r#"
@@ -340,12 +354,12 @@ pub async fn storage_put(
             .bind(&key)
             .execute(&mut *tx)
             .await
-            .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to write index entry: {err}")))?;
+            .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to write index entry: {err}")))?;
     }
 
     tx.commit()
         .await
-        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to commit tx: {err}")))?;
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to commit tx: {err}")))?;
 
     Ok(())
 }
@@ -357,31 +371,17 @@ pub async fn storage_delete(
     app_id: String,
     req: SageStorageDeleteRequest,
 ) -> Result<()> {
-    let base_path = {
-        let state = state.lock().await;
-        state.path.clone()
-    };
-
-    let app = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id)
-        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to read app {}: {err}", app_id)))?;
-
-    let mut conn = open_connection(&app, &req.db_name)
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to open database: {err}")))?;
-
-    ensure_store_exists(&mut conn, &req.store_name)
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
+    let mut conn = open_app_db_with_store(&state, &app_id, &req.db_name, &req.store_name).await?;
 
     let key = decode_b64(&req.key_base64, "key")
-        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
 
     sqlx::query("DELETE FROM sage_records WHERE store_name = ?1 AND primary_key = ?2")
         .bind(req.store_name)
         .bind(key)
         .execute(&mut conn)
         .await
-        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to delete record: {err}")))?;
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to delete record: {err}")))?;
 
     Ok(())
 }
@@ -393,27 +393,13 @@ pub async fn storage_clear(
     app_id: String,
     req: SageStorageClearRequest,
 ) -> Result<()> {
-    let base_path = {
-        let state = state.lock().await;
-        state.path.clone()
-    };
-
-    let app = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id)
-        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to read app {}: {err}", app_id)))?;
-
-    let mut conn = open_connection(&app, &req.db_name)
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to open database: {err}")))?;
-
-    ensure_store_exists(&mut conn, &req.store_name)
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
+    let mut conn = open_app_db_with_store(&state, &app_id, &req.db_name, &req.store_name).await?;
 
     sqlx::query("DELETE FROM sage_records WHERE store_name = ?1")
         .bind(req.store_name)
         .execute(&mut conn)
         .await
-        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to clear store: {err}")))?;
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to clear store: {err}")))?;
 
     Ok(())
 }
@@ -425,21 +411,7 @@ pub async fn storage_count(
     app_id: String,
     req: SageStorageCountRequest,
 ) -> Result<i64> {
-    let base_path = {
-        let state = state.lock().await;
-        state.path.clone()
-    };
-
-    let app = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id)
-        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to read app {}: {err}", app_id)))?;
-
-    let mut conn = open_connection(&app, &req.db_name)
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to open database: {err}")))?;
-
-    ensure_store_exists(&mut conn, &req.store_name)
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
+    let mut conn = open_app_db_with_store(&state, &app_id, &req.db_name, &req.store_name).await?;
 
     let count = sqlx::query_scalar::<_, i64>(
         "SELECT COUNT(*) FROM sage_records WHERE store_name = ?1",
@@ -447,7 +419,7 @@ pub async fn storage_count(
         .bind(req.store_name)
         .fetch_one(&mut conn)
         .await
-        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to count records: {err}")))?;
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to count records: {err}")))?;
 
     Ok(count)
 }
@@ -459,21 +431,7 @@ pub async fn storage_get_all(
     app_id: String,
     req: SageStorageGetAllRequest,
 ) -> Result<Vec<SageStorageValueRecord>> {
-    let base_path = {
-        let state = state.lock().await;
-        state.path.clone()
-    };
-
-    let app = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id)
-        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to read app {}: {err}", app_id)))?;
-
-    let mut conn = open_connection(&app, &req.db_name)
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to open database: {err}")))?;
-
-    ensure_store_exists(&mut conn, &req.store_name)
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
+    let mut conn = open_app_db_with_store(&state, &app_id, &req.db_name, &req.store_name).await?;
 
     let rows = sqlx::query(
         "SELECT primary_key, value_blob FROM sage_records WHERE store_name = ?1 ORDER BY primary_key ASC",
@@ -481,23 +439,12 @@ pub async fn storage_get_all(
         .bind(req.store_name)
         .fetch_all(&mut conn)
         .await
-        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to query records: {err}")))?;
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to query records: {err}")))?;
 
     let out = rows
         .into_iter()
-        .map(|row| -> std::io::Result<SageStorageValueRecord> {
-            let key: Vec<u8> = row
-                .try_get(0)
-                .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
-            let value: Vec<u8> = row
-                .try_get(1)
-                .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
-            Ok(SageStorageValueRecord {
-                key_base64: encode_b64(&key),
-                value_base64: encode_b64(&value),
-            })
-        })
-        .collect::<std::io::Result<Vec<_>>>()?;
+        .map(row_to_value_record)
+        .collect::<io::Result<Vec<_>>>()?;
 
     Ok(out)
 }
@@ -509,24 +456,10 @@ pub async fn storage_get_all_from_index(
     app_id: String,
     req: SageStorageGetAllFromIndexRequest,
 ) -> Result<Vec<SageStorageValueRecord>> {
-    let base_path = {
-        let state = state.lock().await;
-        state.path.clone()
-    };
-
-    let app = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id)
-        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to read app {}: {err}", app_id)))?;
-
-    let mut conn = open_connection(&app, &req.db_name)
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to open database: {err}")))?;
-
-    ensure_store_exists(&mut conn, &req.store_name)
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
+    let mut conn = open_app_db_with_store(&state, &app_id, &req.db_name, &req.store_name).await?;
 
     let index_key = decode_b64(&req.key_base64, "index key")
-        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
 
     let rows = sqlx::query(
         r#"
@@ -546,23 +479,12 @@ pub async fn storage_get_all_from_index(
         .bind(index_key)
         .fetch_all(&mut conn)
         .await
-        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to query index: {err}")))?;
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to query index: {err}")))?;
 
     let out = rows
         .into_iter()
-        .map(|row| -> std::io::Result<SageStorageValueRecord> {
-            let key: Vec<u8> = row
-                .try_get(0)
-                .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
-            let value: Vec<u8> = row
-                .try_get(1)
-                .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
-            Ok(SageStorageValueRecord {
-                key_base64: encode_b64(&key),
-                value_base64: encode_b64(&value),
-            })
-        })
-        .collect::<std::io::Result<Vec<_>>>()?;
+        .map(row_to_value_record)
+        .collect::<io::Result<Vec<_>>>()?;
 
     Ok(out)
 }

From 263a40144e1a322aa3e309f272514f33856b0f35 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Thu, 16 Apr 2026 15:47:55 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 033/471] Expand `connect-src` CSP logic to include granted
 network permissions and validate sources for security.

---
 src-tauri/src/apps/csp.rs | 101 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-------
 1 file changed, 82 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/csp.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/csp.rs
index 80005a9c4..d07c3a4e7 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/csp.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/csp.rs
@@ -1,26 +1,89 @@
-use crate::apps::types::InstalledSageApp;
+use std::collections::BTreeSet;
 
-fn csp_source_list(items: &[&str]) -> String {
+use crate::apps::types::{
+    InstalledSageApp, SageGrantedNetworkPermissionEntry,
+};
+
+fn csp_source_list(items: &[String]) -> String {
     items.join(" ")
 }
 
-pub fn build_app_csp(_app: &InstalledSageApp) -> String {
-    // Installed apps are intentionally blocked from direct external browser-level
-    // network access. External network access must go through the Sage bridge,
-    // where permission enforcement lives. Local app-origin access remains allowed.
-    let default_src = csp_source_list(&["'self'"]);
-    let script_src = csp_source_list(&["'self'", "'wasm-unsafe-eval'"]);
-    let style_src = csp_source_list(&["'self'", "'unsafe-inline'"]);
-    let img_src = csp_source_list(&["'self'", "data:", "blob:"]);
-    let font_src = csp_source_list(&["'self'", "data:"]);
-    let media_src = csp_source_list(&["'self'", "data:", "blob:"]);
-    let object_src = csp_source_list(&["'none'"]);
-    let frame_ancestors = csp_source_list(&["'self'"]);
-    let base_uri = csp_source_list(&["'none'"]);
-    let form_action = csp_source_list(&["'none'"]);
-
-    let connect_src = csp_source_list(&["'self'", "sage-app:"]);
-    let worker_src = csp_source_list(&["'self'"]);
+fn network_permission_to_csp_source(
+    permission: &SageGrantedNetworkPermissionEntry,
+) -> Option<String> {
+    let scheme = permission.scheme.trim().to_ascii_lowercase();
+    let host = permission.host.trim().to_ascii_lowercase();
+
+    if host.is_empty() {
+        return None;
+    }
+
+    // Keep this strict. Expand only if you intentionally support more.
+    match scheme.as_str() {
+        "https" | "wss" => {}
+        _ => return None,
+    }
+
+    // CSP source expressions should be origins / host-source patterns, not paths.
+    // Examples:
+    //   https://api.coinset.org
+    //   https://*.google.com
+    //   wss://relay.walletconnect.com
+    //
+    // Reject obviously dangerous / malformed host values.
+    if host.contains('/') || host.contains('?') || host.contains('#') || host.contains(' ') {
+        return None;
+    }
+
+    Some(format!("{scheme}://{host}"))
+}
+
+pub fn build_app_csp(app: &InstalledSageApp) -> String {
+    let default_src = csp_source_list(&vec!["'self'".to_string()]);
+    let script_src = csp_source_list(&vec![
+        "'self'".to_string(),
+        "'wasm-unsafe-eval'".to_string(),
+    ]);
+    let style_src = csp_source_list(&vec![
+        "'self'".to_string(),
+        "'unsafe-inline'".to_string(),
+    ]);
+    let img_src = csp_source_list(&vec![
+        "'self'".to_string(),
+        "data:".to_string(),
+        "blob:".to_string(),
+    ]);
+    let font_src = csp_source_list(&vec![
+        "'self'".to_string(),
+        "data:".to_string(),
+    ]);
+    let media_src = csp_source_list(&vec![
+        "'self'".to_string(),
+        "data:".to_string(),
+        "blob:".to_string(),
+    ]);
+    let object_src = csp_source_list(&vec!["'none'".to_string()]);
+    let frame_ancestors = csp_source_list(&vec!["'self'".to_string()]);
+    let base_uri = csp_source_list(&vec!["'none'".to_string()]);
+    let form_action = csp_source_list(&vec!["'none'".to_string()]);
+    let worker_src = csp_source_list(&vec!["'self'".to_string()]);
+
+    let mut connect_sources = BTreeSet::from([
+        "'self'".to_string(),
+        "ipc:".to_string(),
+        "ipc://localhost".to_string(),
+        "http://ipc.localhost".to_string(),
+    ]);
+
+    for permission in &app.granted_permissions.network {
+        if let Some(source) = network_permission_to_csp_source(permission) {
+            connect_sources.insert(source);
+        }
+    }
+
+    let connect_src = csp_source_list(
+        &connect_sources.into_iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+    );
 
     format!(
         "default-src {default_src}; \

From 6134f28929c14d403cbc6a802304ab0c5a431140 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Thu, 16 Apr 2026 15:56:46 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 034/471] Remove unused `connect-src` CSP entries for
 `ipc://localhost` and `http://ipc.localhost` to simplify CSP logic.

---
 src-tauri/src/apps/csp.rs | 2 --
 1 file changed, 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/csp.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/csp.rs
index d07c3a4e7..7093e73e8 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/csp.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/csp.rs
@@ -71,8 +71,6 @@ pub fn build_app_csp(app: &InstalledSageApp) -> String {
     let mut connect_sources = BTreeSet::from([
         "'self'".to_string(),
         "ipc:".to_string(),
-        "ipc://localhost".to_string(),
-        "http://ipc.localhost".to_string(),
     ]);
 
     for permission in &app.granted_permissions.network {

From 641c4296ebefffb9caec256c6f549b20d1b79c89 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Thu, 16 Apr 2026 16:00:34 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 035/471] Remove unused `ipc:` from `connect-src` CSP entries.

---
 src-tauri/src/apps/csp.rs | 1 -
 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/csp.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/csp.rs
index 7093e73e8..5a558dd13 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/csp.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/csp.rs
@@ -70,7 +70,6 @@ pub fn build_app_csp(app: &InstalledSageApp) -> String {
 
     let mut connect_sources = BTreeSet::from([
         "'self'".to_string(),
-        "ipc:".to_string(),
     ]);
 
     for permission in &app.granted_permissions.network {

From f6d4f5fbbd74a899dfda1da5ff37548ebfe3d595 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Thu, 16 Apr 2026 16:18:29 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 036/471] Remove network bridge commands and related resources
 from `apps` module to streamline API surface.

---
 src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/batch.rs | 141 ---------
 src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/fetch.rs |  99 -------
 src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/mod.rs   |   2 -
 src-tauri/src/apps/csp.rs          |   8 +-
 src-tauri/src/apps/limits.rs       |   1 -
 src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs          |   1 -
 src-tauri/src/apps/permissions.rs  |  38 +--
 src-tauri/src/lib.rs               |   3 -
 src/bindings.ts                    |  12 -
 src/lib/apps/bridge.ts             | 453 -----------------------------
 src/pages/AppHost.tsx              |   7 -
 11 files changed, 13 insertions(+), 752 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/batch.rs
 delete mode 100644 src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/fetch.rs
 delete mode 100644 src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/mod.rs

diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/batch.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/batch.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 59ed58351..000000000
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/batch.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,141 +0,0 @@
-use std::io;
-use std::sync::Arc;
-
-use futures::{stream::FuturesUnordered, StreamExt};
-use tauri::{command, Emitter, State};
-use tokio::sync::Semaphore;
-use uuid::Uuid;
-
-use crate::{
-    app_state::AppState,
-    apps::{
-        bridge::fetch::bridge_fetch_http_inner,
-        types::{SageBridgeFetchBatchRequest, SageBridgeFetchResponse},
-    },
-    error::Result,
-};
-use crate::apps::limits::MAX_BRIDGE_BATCH_REQUESTS;
-
-#[command]
-#[specta::specta]
-pub async fn bridge_fetch_http_batch(
-    state: State<'_, AppState>,
-    app_id: String,
-    req: SageBridgeFetchBatchRequest,
-) -> Result<Vec<SageBridgeFetchResponse>> {
-    if req.requests.len() > MAX_BRIDGE_BATCH_REQUESTS {
-        return Err(io::Error::other(format!(
-            "batch request count {} exceeds limit {}",
-            req.requests.len(),
-            MAX_BRIDGE_BATCH_REQUESTS
-        )).into());
-    }
-    let app_state = state.inner().clone();
-    let max = req.max_concurrency.unwrap_or(8).max(1);
-    let semaphore = Arc::new(Semaphore::new(max));
-    let request_count = req.requests.len();
-    let mut futures = FuturesUnordered::new();
-
-    for (index, request) in req.requests.into_iter().enumerate() {
-        let permit = semaphore
-            .clone()
-            .acquire_owned()
-            .await
-            .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to acquire batch semaphore: {err}")))?;
-        let app_state = app_state.clone();
-        let app_id = app_id.clone();
-
-        futures.push(async move {
-            let _permit = permit;
-            let result = bridge_fetch_http_inner(app_state, app_id, request).await;
-            (index, result)
-        });
-    }
-
-    let mut ordered: Vec<Option<SageBridgeFetchResponse>> = vec![None; request_count];
-
-    while let Some((index, result)) = futures.next().await {
-        ordered[index] = Some(result?);
-    }
-
-    let mut out = Vec::with_capacity(request_count);
-    for item in ordered {
-        let value = item.ok_or_else(|| io::Error::other("missing batch result"))?;
-        out.push(value);
-    }
-    Ok(out)
-}
-
-#[command]
-#[specta::specta]
-pub async fn bridge_fetch_http_batch_stream(
-    app_handle: tauri::AppHandle,
-    state: State<'_, AppState>,
-    app_id: String,
-    source_label: String,
-    req: SageBridgeFetchBatchRequest,
-) -> Result<String> {
-    if req.requests.len() > MAX_BRIDGE_BATCH_REQUESTS {
-        return Err(io::Error::other(format!(
-            "batch request count {} exceeds limit {}",
-            req.requests.len(),
-            MAX_BRIDGE_BATCH_REQUESTS
-        )).into());
-    }
-    let batch_id = format!("batch-{}", Uuid::new_v4());
-    let batch_id_for_spawn = batch_id.clone();
-    let batch_id_done = batch_id.clone();
-    let app_state = state.inner().clone();
-    let max = req.max_concurrency.unwrap_or(8).max(1);
-    let semaphore = Arc::new(Semaphore::new(max));
-
-    tauri::async_runtime::spawn(async move {
-        let mut futures = FuturesUnordered::new();
-
-        for (index, request) in req.requests.into_iter().enumerate() {
-            let permit = match semaphore.clone().acquire_owned().await {
-                Ok(permit) => permit,
-                Err(_) => break,
-            };
-
-            let app_handle = app_handle.clone();
-            let app_state = app_state.clone();
-            let app_id = app_id.clone();
-            let source_label = source_label.clone();
-            let batch_id = batch_id_for_spawn.clone();
-
-            futures.push(async move {
-                let _permit = permit;
-
-                let result = bridge_fetch_http_inner(app_state, app_id, request).await;
-
-                let payload = match result {
-                    Ok(res) => serde_json::json!({
-                        "batchId": batch_id,
-                        "index": index,
-                        "ok": true,
-                        "result": res
-                    }),
-                    Err(err) => serde_json::json!({
-                        "batchId": batch_id,
-                        "index": index,
-                        "ok": false,
-                        "error": err.to_string()
-                    }),
-                };
-                let _ = app_handle.emit_to(&source_label, "sage-bridge:batch:result", payload);
-            });
-        }
-
-        while futures.next().await.is_some() {}
-        let _ = app_handle.emit_to(
-            &source_label,
-            "sage-bridge:batch:done",
-            serde_json::json!({
-                "batchId": batch_id_done
-            }),
-        );
-    });
-
-    Ok(batch_id)
-}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/fetch.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/fetch.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 7cf3d43d2..000000000
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/fetch.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,99 +0,0 @@
-use std::{collections::BTreeMap, io};
-
-use reqwest::Method;
-use tauri::{command, State};
-
-use crate::{
-    app_state::AppState,
-    apps::{
-        permissions::is_network_allowed_for_app,
-        types::{SageBridgeFetchRequest, SageBridgeFetchResponse},
-    },
-    error::Result,
-};
-use crate::apps::registry::read_installed_app_by_id;
-
-pub async fn bridge_fetch_http_inner(
-    app_state: AppState,
-    app_id: String,
-    req: SageBridgeFetchRequest,
-) -> Result<SageBridgeFetchResponse> {
-    let base_path = {
-        let state = app_state.lock().await;
-        state.path.clone()
-    };
-
-    let app = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id).map_err(|err| {
-        io::Error::other(format!("failed to read installed app {app_id}: {err}"))
-    })?;
-
-    let method = req
-        .method
-        .as_deref()
-        .unwrap_or("GET")
-        .parse::<Method>()
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("invalid HTTP method: {err}")))?;
-
-    let parsed_url =
-        reqwest::Url::parse(&req.url).map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("invalid URL: {err}")))?;
-
-    let scheme = parsed_url.scheme().to_string();
-    let host = parsed_url
-        .host_str()
-        .ok_or_else(|| io::Error::other("URL is missing host"))?
-        .to_string();
-
-    if !matches!(scheme.as_str(), "http" | "https") {
-        return Err(io::Error::other(format!("unsupported fetch scheme: {scheme}")).into());
-    }
-
-    if !is_network_allowed_for_app(&app, &scheme, &host) {
-        return Err(io::Error::other(format!(
-            "network access denied for {scheme}://{host}"
-        ))
-            .into());
-    }
-
-    let client = reqwest::Client::builder()
-        .redirect(reqwest::redirect::Policy::limited(5))
-        .build()?;
-
-    let mut request_builder = client.request(method, parsed_url);
-
-    for (key, value) in req.headers {
-        request_builder = request_builder.header(&key, &value);
-    }
-
-    if let Some(body) = req.body {
-        request_builder = request_builder.body(body);
-    }
-
-    let response = request_builder.send().await?;
-    let status = response.status();
-    let status_text = status.canonical_reason().unwrap_or("unknown").to_string();
-
-    let mut headers = BTreeMap::new();
-    for (key, value) in response.headers() {
-        headers.insert(key.to_string(), value.to_str().unwrap_or_default().to_string());
-    }
-
-    let body_text = response.text().await?;
-
-    Ok(SageBridgeFetchResponse {
-        ok: status.is_success(),
-        status: status.as_u16(),
-        status_text,
-        headers,
-        body_text,
-    })
-}
-
-#[command]
-#[specta::specta]
-pub async fn bridge_fetch_http(
-    state: State<'_, AppState>,
-    app_id: String,
-    req: SageBridgeFetchRequest,
-) -> Result<SageBridgeFetchResponse> {
-    bridge_fetch_http_inner(state.inner().clone(), app_id, req).await
-}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/mod.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/mod.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 740a99dbe..000000000
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/mod.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-pub mod batch;
-pub mod fetch;
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/csp.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/csp.rs
index 5a558dd13..8eac9287c 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/csp.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/csp.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use std::collections::BTreeSet;
-
+use crate::apps::permissions::is_allowed_scheme;
 use crate::apps::types::{
     InstalledSageApp, SageGrantedNetworkPermissionEntry,
 };
@@ -18,10 +18,8 @@ fn network_permission_to_csp_source(
         return None;
     }
 
-    // Keep this strict. Expand only if you intentionally support more.
-    match scheme.as_str() {
-        "https" | "wss" => {}
-        _ => return None,
+    if !is_allowed_scheme(scheme.as_str()) {
+        return None;
     }
 
     // CSP source expressions should be origins / host-source patterns, not paths.
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/limits.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/limits.rs
index 705814e94..7ed6e7345 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/limits.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/limits.rs
@@ -2,4 +2,3 @@ pub const MAX_MANIFEST_SIZE_BYTES: u64 = 1024 * 1024;
 pub const MAX_APP_FILE_COUNT: usize = 2000;
 pub const MAX_APP_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES: u64 = 50 * 1024 * 1024;
 pub const MAX_APP_PATH_LENGTH: usize = 512;
-pub const MAX_BRIDGE_BATCH_REQUESTS: usize = 256;
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs
index 9129d2c23..7463200b2 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-pub mod bridge;
 pub mod csp;
 pub mod install;
 pub mod limits;
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/permissions.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/permissions.rs
index 8f8106c19..e7ef9ce5c 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/permissions.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/permissions.rs
@@ -3,9 +3,16 @@ use std::collections::BTreeSet;
 use anyhow::{anyhow, Result as AnyResult};
 
 use crate::apps::types::{
-    InstalledSageApp, SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions, SageNetworkPermissionEntry,
+    SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions, SageNetworkPermissionEntry,
 };
 
+pub fn is_allowed_scheme(scheme: &str) -> bool {
+    match scheme {
+        "https" | "wss" => true,
+        _ => false,
+    }
+}
+
 pub fn normalize_scheme(scheme: &str) -> String {
     scheme.trim().to_ascii_lowercase()
 }
@@ -18,9 +25,8 @@ pub fn validate_network_permission_entry(entry: &SageNetworkPermissionEntry) ->
     let scheme = normalize_scheme(&entry.scheme);
     let host = normalize_host(&entry.host);
 
-    match scheme.as_str() {
-        "http" | "https" | "ws" | "wss" => {}
-        _ => return Err(anyhow!("unsupported network scheme: {}", entry.scheme)),
+    if !is_allowed_scheme(scheme.as_str()) {
+        return Err(anyhow!("unsupported network scheme: {}", scheme));
     }
 
     if host.is_empty() {
@@ -131,27 +137,3 @@ pub fn validate_granted_permissions_against_requested(
 
     Ok(())
 }
-
-pub fn host_matches_pattern(host: &str, pattern: &str) -> bool {
-    let host = normalize_host(host);
-    let pattern = normalize_host(pattern);
-
-    if pattern == "*" {
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    if let Some(suffix) = pattern.strip_prefix("*.") {
-        return host.ends_with(&format!(".{suffix}"));
-    }
-
-    host == pattern
-}
-
-pub fn is_network_allowed_for_app(app: &InstalledSageApp, scheme: &str, host: &str) -> bool {
-    let scheme = normalize_scheme(scheme);
-    let host = normalize_host(host);
-
-    app.granted_permissions.network.iter().any(|entry| {
-        normalize_scheme(&entry.scheme) == scheme && host_matches_pattern(&host, &entry.host)
-    })
-}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
index 8aff24fe1..e0c4c7c19 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
@@ -152,9 +152,6 @@ pub fn run() {
             apps::update::check_app_update,
             apps::update::download_app_update,
             apps::update::apply_app_update,
-            apps::bridge::fetch::bridge_fetch_http,
-            apps::bridge::batch::bridge_fetch_http_batch,
-            apps::bridge::batch::bridge_fetch_http_batch_stream,
             apps::storage::commands::storage_open_database,
             apps::storage::commands::storage_delete_database,
             apps::storage::commands::storage_describe_database,
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index 7db6b696e..6d599efcc 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -386,15 +386,6 @@ async downloadAppUpdate(appId: string) : Promise<InstalledSageApp> {
 async applyAppUpdate(appId: string, grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions) : Promise<InstalledSageApp> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("apply_app_update", { appId, grantedPermissions });
 },
-async bridgeFetchHttp(appId: string, req: SageBridgeFetchRequest) : Promise<SageBridgeFetchResponse> {
-    return await TAURI_INVOKE("bridge_fetch_http", { appId, req });
-},
-async bridgeFetchHttpBatch(appId: string, req: SageBridgeFetchBatchRequest) : Promise<SageBridgeFetchResponse[]> {
-    return await TAURI_INVOKE("bridge_fetch_http_batch", { appId, req });
-},
-async bridgeFetchHttpBatchStream(appId: string, sourceLabel: string, req: SageBridgeFetchBatchRequest) : Promise<string> {
-    return await TAURI_INVOKE("bridge_fetch_http_batch_stream", { appId, sourceLabel, req });
-},
 async storageOpenDatabase(appId: string, req: SageStorageOpenDatabaseRequest) : Promise<SageStorageDatabaseInfo> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("storage_open_database", { appId, req });
 },
@@ -2236,9 +2227,6 @@ export type ResyncResponse = Record<string, never>
 export type SageAppManifestFile = { path: string; sha256: string; size: number }
 export type SageAppPackageManifest = { name: string; version: string; permissions?: SageRequestedPermissions; files?: SageAppManifestFile[] }
 export type SageAppUrlPreview = { appUrl: string; manifestUrl: string; manifestHash: string; manifest: SageAppPackageManifest }
-export type SageBridgeFetchBatchRequest = { requests: SageBridgeFetchRequest[]; max_concurrency?: number | null }
-export type SageBridgeFetchRequest = { url: string; method?: string | null; headers?: Partial<{ [key in string]: string }>; body?: string | null }
-export type SageBridgeFetchResponse = { ok: boolean; status: number; status_text: string; headers: Partial<{ [key in string]: string }>; body_text: string }
 export type SageGrantedNetworkPermissionEntry = { scheme: string; host: string }
 export type SageGrantedPermissions = { network?: SageGrantedNetworkPermissionEntry[]; persistentStorage?: boolean }
 export type SageNetworkPermissionEntry = { scheme: string; host: string; required?: boolean }
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/bridge.ts b/src/lib/apps/bridge.ts
index 526ebdd5f..6406895dc 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/bridge.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/bridge.ts
@@ -1,9 +1,6 @@
 import { invoke } from '@tauri-apps/api/core';
 import type {
   InstalledSageApp,
-  SageBridgeFetchBatchRequest,
-  SageBridgeFetchRequest,
-  SageBridgeFetchResponse,
   SageStorageDatabaseDescription,
   SageStorageValueRecord,
 } from '@/bindings';
@@ -36,51 +33,9 @@ export type SageBridgeResponse =
   | SageBridgeSuccessResponse
   | SageBridgeErrorResponse;
 
-export interface SageBridgeWebSocketOpenRequest {
-  url: string;
-  protocols?: string[];
-}
-
-export interface SageBridgeWebSocketSendRequest {
-  socketId: string;
-  text?: string;
-  base64?: string;
-}
-
-export interface SageBridgeWebSocketCloseRequest {
-  socketId: string;
-  code?: number;
-  reason?: string;
-}
-
-export interface SageBridgeWebSocketEvent {
-  socketId: string;
-  type: 'open' | 'message' | 'close' | 'error';
-  data?:
-    | {
-        kind: 'text';
-        text: string;
-      }
-    | {
-        kind: 'binaryBase64';
-        base64: string;
-      };
-  code?: number;
-  reason?: string;
-  wasClean?: boolean;
-  message?: string;
-}
-
-export interface SageBridgeEventEnvelope {
-  channel: 'sage-bridge';
-  event: 'network.websocket';
-  payload: SageBridgeWebSocketEvent;
-}
-
 export interface SageBridgeContext {
   app: InstalledSageApp;
   sourceLabel: string;
-  emitEvent?: (event: SageBridgeEventEnvelope) => Promise<void> | void;
 }
 
 export interface SageBridgeEventPayload {
@@ -127,353 +82,6 @@ export function isBridgeRequest(value: unknown): value is SageBridgeRequest {
   );
 }
 
-const appSockets = new Map<string, Map<string, WebSocket>>();
-
-function randomId(prefix: string): string {
-  return `${prefix}-${Date.now()}-${Math.random().toString(36).slice(2)}`;
-}
-
-function normalizeScheme(value: string): string {
-  return value.trim().toLowerCase();
-}
-
-function normalizeHost(value: string): string {
-  return value.trim().toLowerCase();
-}
-
-function hostMatchesPattern(host: string, pattern: string): boolean {
-  const normalizedHost = normalizeHost(host);
-  const normalizedPattern = normalizeHost(pattern);
-
-  if (normalizedPattern === '*') {
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  if (normalizedPattern.startsWith('*.')) {
-    const suffix = normalizedPattern.slice(2);
-    return normalizedHost.endsWith(`.${suffix}`);
-  }
-
-  return normalizedHost === normalizedPattern;
-}
-
-function isNetworkAllowedForApp(
-  app: InstalledSageApp,
-  scheme: string,
-  host: string,
-): boolean {
-  const normalizedScheme = normalizeScheme(scheme);
-  const normalizedHost = normalizeHost(host);
-
-  return (app.grantedPermissions.network ?? []).some((entry) => {
-    return (
-      normalizeScheme(entry.scheme) === normalizedScheme &&
-      hostMatchesPattern(normalizedHost, entry.host)
-    );
-  });
-}
-
-function getSocketMap(appId: string): Map<string, WebSocket> {
-  let sockets = appSockets.get(appId);
-
-  if (!sockets) {
-    sockets = new Map<string, WebSocket>();
-    appSockets.set(appId, sockets);
-  }
-
-  return sockets;
-}
-
-function getSocket(appId: string, socketId: string): WebSocket | undefined {
-  return appSockets.get(appId)?.get(socketId);
-}
-
-function deleteSocket(appId: string, socketId: string) {
-  const sockets = appSockets.get(appId);
-  if (!sockets) {
-    return;
-  }
-
-  sockets.delete(socketId);
-
-  if (sockets.size === 0) {
-    appSockets.delete(appId);
-  }
-}
-
-function arrayBufferToBase64(buffer: ArrayBuffer): string {
-  const bytes = new Uint8Array(buffer);
-  let binary = '';
-
-  for (let i = 0; i < bytes.length; i += 1) {
-    binary += String.fromCharCode(bytes[i]);
-  }
-
-  return btoa(binary);
-}
-
-function base64ToUint8Array(base64: string): Uint8Array {
-  const binary = atob(base64);
-  const out = new Uint8Array(binary.length);
-
-  for (let i = 0; i < binary.length; i += 1) {
-    out[i] = binary.charCodeAt(i);
-  }
-
-  return out;
-}
-
-async function emitWebSocketEvent(
-  ctx: SageBridgeContext,
-  event: SageBridgeWebSocketEvent,
-) {
-  await ctx.emitEvent?.({
-    channel: 'sage-bridge',
-    event: 'network.websocket',
-    payload: event,
-  });
-}
-
-function cleanupSocketMap(appId: string) {
-  const sockets = appSockets.get(appId);
-  if (!sockets) {
-    return;
-  }
-
-  for (const [, socket] of sockets) {
-    try {
-      socket.close();
-    } catch {
-      // ignore
-    }
-  }
-
-  appSockets.delete(appId);
-}
-
-export function cleanupBridgeResources(appId: string) {
-  cleanupSocketMap(appId);
-}
-
-async function handleWebSocketOpen(
-  ctx: SageBridgeContext,
-  requestId: string,
-  params: SageBridgeWebSocketOpenRequest,
-): Promise<SageBridgeResponse> {
-  if (!params || typeof params.url !== 'string' || params.url.trim() === '') {
-    return failure(requestId, 'invalid_params', 'Missing WebSocket URL');
-  }
-
-  let parsedUrl: URL;
-
-  try {
-    parsedUrl = new URL(params.url);
-  } catch {
-    return failure(requestId, 'invalid_params', 'Invalid WebSocket URL');
-  }
-
-  const scheme = normalizeScheme(parsedUrl.protocol.replace(/:$/, ''));
-  const host = normalizeHost(parsedUrl.hostname);
-
-  if (scheme !== 'ws' && scheme !== 'wss') {
-    return failure(
-      requestId,
-      'invalid_params',
-      `Unsupported WebSocket scheme: ${scheme}`,
-    );
-  }
-
-  if (!isNetworkAllowedForApp(ctx.app, scheme, host)) {
-    return failure(
-      requestId,
-      'network_access_denied',
-      `Network access denied for ${scheme}://${host}`,
-    );
-  }
-
-  const socketId = randomId('ws');
-  const socketMap = getSocketMap(ctx.app.id);
-
-  try {
-    const socket =
-      Array.isArray(params.protocols) && params.protocols.length > 0
-        ? new WebSocket(parsedUrl.toString(), params.protocols)
-        : new WebSocket(parsedUrl.toString());
-
-    socket.binaryType = 'arraybuffer';
-    socketMap.set(socketId, socket);
-
-    socket.addEventListener('open', () => {
-      void emitWebSocketEvent(ctx, {
-        socketId,
-        type: 'open',
-      });
-    });
-
-    socket.addEventListener('message', (event) => {
-      const data = event.data;
-
-      if (typeof data === 'string') {
-        void emitWebSocketEvent(ctx, {
-          socketId,
-          type: 'message',
-          data: {
-            kind: 'text',
-            text: data,
-          },
-        });
-        return;
-      }
-
-      if (data instanceof ArrayBuffer) {
-        void emitWebSocketEvent(ctx, {
-          socketId,
-          type: 'message',
-          data: {
-            kind: 'binaryBase64',
-            base64: arrayBufferToBase64(data),
-          },
-        });
-        return;
-      }
-
-      if (data instanceof Blob) {
-        void data.arrayBuffer().then((buffer) => {
-          void emitWebSocketEvent(ctx, {
-            socketId,
-            type: 'message',
-            data: {
-              kind: 'binaryBase64',
-              base64: arrayBufferToBase64(buffer),
-            },
-          });
-        });
-        return;
-      }
-
-      void emitWebSocketEvent(ctx, {
-        socketId,
-        type: 'error',
-        message: 'Received unsupported WebSocket message type',
-      });
-    });
-
-    socket.addEventListener('close', (event) => {
-      deleteSocket(ctx.app.id, socketId);
-
-      void emitWebSocketEvent(ctx, {
-        socketId,
-        type: 'close',
-        code: event.code,
-        reason: event.reason,
-        wasClean: event.wasClean,
-      });
-    });
-
-    socket.addEventListener('error', () => {
-      void emitWebSocketEvent(ctx, {
-        socketId,
-        type: 'error',
-        message: 'WebSocket error',
-      });
-    });
-
-    return success(requestId, {
-      socketId,
-      readyState: socket.readyState,
-    });
-  } catch (error) {
-    deleteSocket(ctx.app.id, socketId);
-
-    return failure(
-      requestId,
-      'internal_error',
-      error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Failed to open WebSocket',
-    );
-  }
-}
-
-async function handleWebSocketSend(
-  ctx: SageBridgeContext,
-  requestId: string,
-  params: SageBridgeWebSocketSendRequest,
-): Promise<SageBridgeResponse> {
-  if (
-    !params ||
-    typeof params.socketId !== 'string' ||
-    params.socketId === ''
-  ) {
-    return failure(requestId, 'invalid_params', 'Missing socketId');
-  }
-
-  const socket = getSocket(ctx.app.id, params.socketId);
-
-  if (!socket) {
-    return failure(requestId, 'not_found', 'WebSocket not found');
-  }
-
-  if (socket.readyState !== WebSocket.OPEN) {
-    return failure(
-      requestId,
-      'invalid_state',
-      `WebSocket is not open (state ${socket.readyState})`,
-    );
-  }
-
-  try {
-    if (typeof params.text === 'string') {
-      socket.send(params.text);
-    } else if (typeof params.base64 === 'string') {
-      socket.send(base64ToUint8Array(params.base64));
-    } else {
-      return failure(
-        requestId,
-        'invalid_params',
-        'Provide either text or base64 payload',
-      );
-    }
-
-    return success(requestId, { ok: true });
-  } catch (error) {
-    return failure(
-      requestId,
-      'internal_error',
-      error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Failed to send WebSocket data',
-    );
-  }
-}
-
-async function handleWebSocketClose(
-  ctx: SageBridgeContext,
-  requestId: string,
-  params: SageBridgeWebSocketCloseRequest,
-): Promise<SageBridgeResponse> {
-  if (
-    !params ||
-    typeof params.socketId !== 'string' ||
-    params.socketId === ''
-  ) {
-    return failure(requestId, 'invalid_params', 'Missing socketId');
-  }
-
-  const socket = getSocket(ctx.app.id, params.socketId);
-
-  if (!socket) {
-    return failure(requestId, 'not_found', 'WebSocket not found');
-  }
-
-  try {
-    socket.close(params.code, params.reason);
-    return success(requestId, { ok: true });
-  } catch (error) {
-    return failure(
-      requestId,
-      'internal_error',
-      error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Failed to close WebSocket',
-    );
-  }
-}
-
 export async function handleBridgeRequest(
   ctx: SageBridgeContext,
   request: SageBridgeRequest,
@@ -498,67 +106,6 @@ export async function handleBridgeRequest(
       case 'sage.getPermissions':
         return success(request.id, ctx.app.grantedPermissions);
 
-      case 'network.fetch': {
-        const params = request.params as SageBridgeFetchRequest;
-
-        const response = await invoke<SageBridgeFetchResponse>(
-          'bridge_fetch_http',
-          {
-            appId: ctx.app.id,
-            req: params,
-          },
-        );
-
-        return success(request.id, response);
-      }
-
-      case 'network.fetchBatch': {
-        const params = request.params as SageBridgeFetchBatchRequest;
-
-        const response = await invoke<SageBridgeFetchResponse[]>(
-          'bridge_fetch_http_batch',
-          {
-            appId: ctx.app.id,
-            req: params,
-          },
-        );
-
-        return success(request.id, response);
-      }
-
-      case 'network.fetchBatchStream': {
-        const params = request.params as SageBridgeFetchBatchRequest;
-
-        const batchId = await invoke<string>('bridge_fetch_http_batch_stream', {
-          appId: ctx.app.id,
-          sourceLabel: ctx.sourceLabel,
-          req: params,
-        });
-
-        return success(request.id, batchId);
-      }
-
-      case 'network.wsOpen':
-        return handleWebSocketOpen(
-          ctx,
-          request.id,
-          request.params as SageBridgeWebSocketOpenRequest,
-        );
-
-      case 'network.wsSend':
-        return handleWebSocketSend(
-          ctx,
-          request.id,
-          request.params as SageBridgeWebSocketSendRequest,
-        );
-
-      case 'network.wsClose':
-        return handleWebSocketClose(
-          ctx,
-          request.id,
-          request.params as SageBridgeWebSocketCloseRequest,
-        );
-
       case 'storage.openDatabase': {
         const response = await invoke<{ name: string; version: number }>(
           'storage_open_database',
diff --git a/src/pages/AppHost.tsx b/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
index 9da6b6cde..ef1bb54c0 100644
--- a/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
@@ -231,13 +231,6 @@ export function AppHost() {
             {
               app: installedApp,
               sourceLabel: payload.sourceLabel,
-              emitEvent: async (event) => {
-                await hostWebview.emitTo(
-                  payload.sourceLabel,
-                  'sage-bridge:event',
-                  event,
-                );
-              },
             },
             payload.request,
           ).then((response) => {

From 6965ca4c0e819fa3ecdfcbd06cdebbfafed58d47 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Thu, 16 Apr 2026 19:19:03 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 037/471] Add permissions management for app installation:

- Introduced `InstallPermissionsDialog` to handle visualization and modification of app permissions during installation.
- Added `InstallSourceCard` to support multiple install sources (zip and URL) with error handling.
- Implemented granular permission sections: `NetworkPermissionsSection`, `PersistentStoragePermissionSection`, and `WalletPermissionSection`.
- Enhanced `permissionUtils` with utility functions to manage and initialize permissions.
- Updated bindings and bridge logic to account for wallet permissions and refined storage-related structures.
---
 src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs                   |  29 +-
 src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs                  |   1 +
 src/bindings.ts                               |   8 +-
 src/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx        | 331 +++---------------
 src/components/apps/InstallSourceCard.tsx     |  76 ++++
 .../apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx        | 136 +++++++
 .../permissions/NetworkPermissionsSection.tsx |  89 +++++
 .../PersistentStoragePermissionSection.tsx    |  45 +++
 .../permissions/WalletPermissionSection.tsx   |  73 ++++
 .../apps/permissions/permissionUtils.ts       |  43 +++
 src/lib/apps/bridge.ts                        |  93 +++--
 11 files changed, 606 insertions(+), 318 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/components/apps/InstallSourceCard.tsx
 create mode 100644 src/components/apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx
 create mode 100644 src/components/apps/permissions/NetworkPermissionsSection.tsx
 create mode 100644 src/components/apps/permissions/PersistentStoragePermissionSection.tsx
 create mode 100644 src/components/apps/permissions/WalletPermissionSection.tsx
 create mode 100644 src/components/apps/permissions/permissionUtils.ts

diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs
index 1c0f457d6..60ce16793 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs
@@ -10,11 +10,20 @@ pub struct SageNetworkPermissionEntry {
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-pub struct SagePersistentStoragePermission {
+pub struct SagePermissionRequired {
     #[serde(default)]
     pub required: bool,
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+pub struct SageWalletPermissions {
+    #[serde(rename = "sendXch", alias = "send_xch")]
+    pub send_xch: Option<SagePermissionRequired>,
+
+    #[serde(rename = "sendXchAutoSubmit", alias = "send_xch_auto_submit")]
+    pub send_xch_auto_submit: Option<SagePermissionRequired>,
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, specta::Type)]
 pub struct SageAppUrlPreview {
     #[serde(rename = "appUrl", alias = "app_url")]
@@ -35,16 +44,28 @@ pub struct SageRequestedPermissions {
     pub network: Vec<SageNetworkPermissionEntry>,
 
     #[serde(default)]
-    pub persistent_storage: Option<SagePersistentStoragePermission>,
+    pub persistent_storage: Option<SagePermissionRequired>,
+
+    pub wallet: Option<SageWalletPermissions>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default)]
+pub struct SageGrantedWalletPermissions {
+    #[serde(rename = "sendXch", alias = "send_xch")]
+    pub send_xch: bool,
+
+    #[serde(rename = "sendXchAutoSubmit", alias = "send_xch_auto_submit")]
+    pub send_xch_auto_submit: bool,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default)]
 pub struct SageGrantedPermissions {
-    #[serde(default)]
     pub network: Vec<SageGrantedNetworkPermissionEntry>,
 
-    #[serde(rename = "persistentStorage", alias = "persistent_storage", default)]
+    #[serde(rename = "persistentStorage", alias = "persistent_storage")]
     pub persistent_storage: bool,
+
+    pub wallet: SageGrantedWalletPermissions,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs
index b19b1e62a..eee2a9041 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs
@@ -57,6 +57,7 @@ fn merge_granted_permissions_for_update(
         network: merged_network,
         persistent_storage: new_requested.persistent_storage.is_some()
             && (old_granted.persistent_storage || user_selected.persistent_storage),
+        wallet: old_granted.wallet.clone(),
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index 6d599efcc..7d538a392 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -2228,10 +2228,11 @@ export type SageAppManifestFile = { path: string; sha256: string; size: number }
 export type SageAppPackageManifest = { name: string; version: string; permissions?: SageRequestedPermissions; files?: SageAppManifestFile[] }
 export type SageAppUrlPreview = { appUrl: string; manifestUrl: string; manifestHash: string; manifest: SageAppPackageManifest }
 export type SageGrantedNetworkPermissionEntry = { scheme: string; host: string }
-export type SageGrantedPermissions = { network?: SageGrantedNetworkPermissionEntry[]; persistentStorage?: boolean }
+export type SageGrantedPermissions = { network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissionEntry[]; persistentStorage: boolean; wallet: SageGrantedWalletPermissions }
+export type SageGrantedWalletPermissions = { sendXch: boolean; sendXchAutoSubmit: boolean }
 export type SageNetworkPermissionEntry = { scheme: string; host: string; required?: boolean }
-export type SagePersistentStoragePermission = { required?: boolean }
-export type SageRequestedPermissions = { network?: SageNetworkPermissionEntry[]; persistent_storage?: SagePersistentStoragePermission | null }
+export type SagePermissionRequired = { required?: boolean }
+export type SageRequestedPermissions = { network?: SageNetworkPermissionEntry[]; persistent_storage?: SagePermissionRequired | null; wallet: SageWalletPermissions | null }
 export type SageStorageClearRequest = { dbName: string; storeName: string }
 export type SageStorageCountRequest = { dbName: string; storeName: string }
 export type SageStorageCreateIndexRequest = { dbName: string; storeName: string; indexName: string }
@@ -2248,6 +2249,7 @@ export type SageStorageObjectStoreInfo = { name: string }
 export type SageStorageOpenDatabaseRequest = { name: string; version: number }
 export type SageStoragePutRequest = { dbName: string; storeName: string; keyBase64: string; valueBase64: string; indexValues?: SageStorageIndexValue[] }
 export type SageStorageValueRecord = { keyBase64: string; valueBase64: string }
+export type SageWalletPermissions = { sendXch: SagePermissionRequired | null; sendXchAutoSubmit: SagePermissionRequired | null }
 /**
  * Save a theme NFT to the wallet
  */
diff --git a/src/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx b/src/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx
index 00d18660b..779f18734 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx
@@ -1,24 +1,15 @@
-import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
-import { Card, CardContent, CardHeader, CardTitle } from '@/components/ui/card';
-import { Checkbox } from '@/components/ui/checkbox';
-import {
-  Dialog,
-  DialogContent,
-  DialogFooter,
-  DialogHeader,
-  DialogTitle,
-} from '@/components/ui/dialog';
-import { Input } from '@/components/ui/input';
-import { open } from '@tauri-apps/plugin-dialog';
-import { useMemo, useState } from 'react';
+import { useState } from 'react';
 import type {
   SageAppPackageManifest,
   SageAppUrlPreview,
-  SageGrantedNetworkPermissionEntry,
   SageGrantedPermissions,
-  SageNetworkPermissionEntry,
 } from '@/bindings';
 import { formatAppError } from '@/lib/apps/formatAppError.ts';
+import { InstallSourceCard } from './InstallSourceCard';
+import {
+  buildFullyForbiddenPermissions, buildInitialGrantedPermissions,
+} from '@/components/apps/permissions/permissionUtils.ts';
+import { InstallPermissionsDialog } from '@/components/apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx';
 
 interface Props {
   onPreviewZip: (zipPath: string) => Promise<SageAppPackageManifest>;
@@ -33,45 +24,6 @@ interface Props {
   ) => Promise<void>;
 }
 
-interface NormalizedPermissions {
-  network: SageNetworkPermissionEntry[];
-  persistent_storage: { required?: boolean } | null;
-}
-
-interface NormalizedManifest extends Omit<
-  SageAppPackageManifest,
-  'permissions'
-> {
-  permissions: NormalizedPermissions;
-}
-
-function normalizeManifestPermissions(
-  manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
-): NormalizedManifest {
-  const permissions = manifest.permissions ?? {};
-
-  return {
-    ...manifest,
-    permissions: {
-      ...permissions,
-      network: permissions.network ?? [],
-      persistent_storage: permissions.persistent_storage ?? null,
-    },
-  };
-}
-
-function networkEntryKey(entry: { scheme: string; host: string }): string {
-  return `${entry.scheme}://${entry.host}`;
-}
-
-function sortNetworkEntries(entries: SageNetworkPermissionEntry[]) {
-  return [...entries].sort((a, b) => {
-    const aKey = `${a.scheme}://${a.host}`;
-    const bKey = `${b.scheme}://${b.host}`;
-    return aKey.localeCompare(bKey);
-  });
-}
-
 type InstallSource =
   | {
       kind: 'zip';
@@ -93,58 +45,22 @@ export function InstallAppForm({
   const [installing, setInstalling] = useState(false);
   const [error, setError] = useState<string | null>(null);
   const [urlInput, setUrlInput] = useState('');
-
   const [source, setSource] = useState<InstallSource | null>(null);
+  const [grantedPermissions, setGrantedPermissions] = useState<SageGrantedPermissions>(buildFullyForbiddenPermissions());
 
-  const manifest = useMemo(() => {
-    if (!source) return null;
-
-    const raw =
-      source.kind === 'zip' ? source.manifest : source.preview.manifest;
-
-    return normalizeManifestPermissions(raw);
-  }, [source]);
-
-  const [grantedNetworkKeys, setGrantedNetworkKeys] = useState<string[]>([]);
-  const [persistentStorageGranted, setPersistentStorageGranted] =
-    useState(false);
-
-  const sortedNetworkEntries = useMemo(() => {
-    return manifest
-      ? sortNetworkEntries(manifest.permissions?.network ?? [])
-      : [];
-  }, [manifest]);
-
-  async function handleSelectZip() {
+  async function handleSelectZipPath(zipPath: string) {
     try {
       setError(null);
 
-      const selected = await open({
-        multiple: false,
-        directory: false,
-        filters: [{ name: 'Zip Archive', extensions: ['zip'] }],
-      });
-
-      if (!selected || Array.isArray(selected)) {
-        return;
-      }
-
-      const nextManifest = normalizeManifestPermissions(
-        await onPreviewZip(selected),
-      );
-
-      const network = nextManifest.permissions.network ?? [];
-      const persistentStorage =
-        nextManifest.permissions.persistent_storage ?? null;
+      const nextManifest = await onPreviewZip(zipPath);
 
       setSource({
         kind: 'zip',
-        zipPath: selected,
+        zipPath,
         manifest: nextManifest,
       });
 
-      setGrantedNetworkKeys(network.map((entry) => networkEntryKey(entry)));
-      setPersistentStorageGranted(!!persistentStorage);
+      setGrantedPermissions(buildInitialGrantedPermissions(nextManifest));
     } catch (err) {
       setError(formatAppError(err));
     }
@@ -155,44 +71,21 @@ export function InstallAppForm({
       setError(null);
 
       const preview = await onPreviewUrl(urlInput.trim());
-      const normalizedManifest = normalizeManifestPermissions(preview.manifest);
-      const network = normalizedManifest.permissions.network ?? [];
-      const persistentStorage =
-        normalizedManifest.permissions.persistent_storage ?? null;
 
       setSource({
         kind: 'url',
         appUrl: preview.appUrl,
-        preview: {
-          ...preview,
-          manifest: normalizedManifest,
-        },
+        preview,
       });
 
-      setGrantedNetworkKeys(network.map((entry) => networkEntryKey(entry)));
-      setPersistentStorageGranted(!!persistentStorage);
+      setGrantedPermissions(buildInitialGrantedPermissions(preview.manifest));
     } catch (err) {
       setError(formatAppError(err));
     }
   }
 
-  function buildGrantedPermissions(): SageGrantedPermissions {
-    const grantedNetwork: SageGrantedNetworkPermissionEntry[] =
-      sortedNetworkEntries
-        .filter((entry) => grantedNetworkKeys.includes(networkEntryKey(entry)))
-        .map((entry) => ({
-          scheme: entry.scheme,
-          host: entry.host,
-        }));
-
-    return {
-      network: grantedNetwork,
-      persistentStorage: persistentStorageGranted,
-    };
-  }
-
   async function confirmInstall() {
-    if (!source || !manifest) {
+    if (!source) {
       return;
     }
 
@@ -200,17 +93,14 @@ export function InstallAppForm({
       setInstalling(true);
       setError(null);
 
-      const permissions = buildGrantedPermissions();
-
       if (source.kind === 'zip') {
-        await onInstallZip(source.zipPath, permissions);
+        await onInstallZip(source.zipPath, grantedPermissions);
       } else {
-        await onInstallUrl(source.appUrl, permissions);
+        await onInstallUrl(source.appUrl, grantedPermissions);
       }
 
       setSource(null);
-      setGrantedNetworkKeys([]);
-      setPersistentStorageGranted(false);
+      setGrantedPermissions(buildFullyForbiddenPermissions());
       setUrlInput('');
     } catch (err) {
       setError(formatAppError(err));
@@ -219,171 +109,32 @@ export function InstallAppForm({
     }
   }
 
+  function resetDialog() {
+    setSource(null);
+    setGrantedPermissions(buildFullyForbiddenPermissions());
+    setError(null);
+  }
+
   return (
     <>
-      <Card>
-        <CardHeader>
-          <CardTitle>Install App</CardTitle>
-        </CardHeader>
-        <CardContent className='space-y-4'>
-          <p className='text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
-            Install a Sage app package from a zip file or URL.
-          </p>
-
-          <div className='flex flex-wrap gap-2'>
-            <Button onClick={handleSelectZip} disabled={installing}>
-              Install from .zip
-            </Button>
-          </div>
-
-          <div className='space-y-2 rounded-md border p-3'>
-            <div className='text-sm font-medium'>Install from URL</div>
-            <div className='flex gap-2'>
-              <Input
-                value={urlInput}
-                onChange={(e) => setUrlInput(e.target.value)}
-                placeholder='https://example.com/my-app/'
-                disabled={installing}
-              />
-              <Button
-                onClick={handlePreviewUrl}
-                disabled={installing || urlInput.trim().length === 0}
-              >
-                Preview URL
-              </Button>
-            </div>
-          </div>
-
-          {error ? (
-            <div className='text-sm text-destructive'>{error}</div>
-          ) : null}
-        </CardContent>
-      </Card>
-
-      <Dialog
-        open={!!manifest}
-        onOpenChange={(open) => {
-          if (!open) {
-            setSource(null);
-            setGrantedNetworkKeys([]);
-            setPersistentStorageGranted(false);
-          }
-        }}
-      >
-        <DialogContent>
-          <DialogHeader>
-            <DialogTitle>Install {manifest?.name}</DialogTitle>
-          </DialogHeader>
-
-          <div className='space-y-5'>
-            <div className='space-y-1 text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
-              <div>v{manifest?.version}</div>
-              {source?.kind === 'url' ? (
-                <>
-                  <div className='break-all'>URL: {source.preview.appUrl}</div>
-                  <div className='break-all'>
-                    Manifest: {source.preview.manifestUrl}
-                  </div>
-                </>
-              ) : null}
-            </div>
-
-            <div className='space-y-3'>
-              <h3 className='text-sm font-medium'>Permissions</h3>
-
-              {manifest?.permissions?.persistent_storage ? (
-                <label className='flex items-center gap-3 text-sm'>
-                  <Checkbox
-                    checked={persistentStorageGranted}
-                    disabled={
-                      manifest.permissions?.persistent_storage?.required ??
-                      false
-                    }
-                    onCheckedChange={(checked) => {
-                      setPersistentStorageGranted(Boolean(checked));
-                    }}
-                  />
-                  <span>
-                    Persistent storage
-                    {manifest.permissions?.persistent_storage?.required
-                      ? ' (required)'
-                      : ''}
-                  </span>
-                </label>
-              ) : null}
-
-              {sortedNetworkEntries.length > 0 ? (
-                <div className='space-y-2'>
-                  <div className='text-sm font-medium'>Network allowlist</div>
-
-                  <div className='space-y-2 rounded-md border p-3'>
-                    {sortedNetworkEntries.map((entry) => {
-                      const key = networkEntryKey(entry);
-                      const checked = grantedNetworkKeys.includes(key);
-
-                      return (
-                        <label
-                          key={key}
-                          className='flex items-center gap-3 text-sm'
-                        >
-                          <Checkbox
-                            checked={checked}
-                            disabled={entry.required}
-                            onCheckedChange={(nextChecked) => {
-                              setGrantedNetworkKeys((prev) => {
-                                if (nextChecked) {
-                                  if (prev.includes(key)) {
-                                    return prev;
-                                  }
-                                  return [...prev, key];
-                                }
-
-                                return prev.filter((value) => value !== key);
-                              });
-                            }}
-                          />
-                          <span className='font-mono text-xs'>
-                            {entry.scheme}://{entry.host}
-                            {entry.required ? ' (required)' : ''}
-                          </span>
-                        </label>
-                      );
-                    })}
-                  </div>
-                </div>
-              ) : null}
-
-              {!manifest?.permissions?.persistent_storage &&
-              sortedNetworkEntries.length === 0 ? (
-                <div className='text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
-                  This app does not request any permissions.
-                </div>
-              ) : null}
-            </div>
-
-            {error ? (
-              <div className='text-sm text-destructive'>{error}</div>
-            ) : null}
-          </div>
-
-          <DialogFooter>
-            <Button
-              variant='outline'
-              onClick={() => {
-                setSource(null);
-                setGrantedNetworkKeys([]);
-                setPersistentStorageGranted(false);
-              }}
-            >
-              Cancel
-            </Button>
-
-            <Button onClick={confirmInstall} disabled={installing}>
-              {installing ? 'Installing...' : 'Install'}
-            </Button>
-          </DialogFooter>
-        </DialogContent>
-      </Dialog>
+      <InstallSourceCard
+        installing={installing}
+        urlInput={urlInput}
+        onUrlInputChange={setUrlInput}
+        onSelectZipPath={handleSelectZipPath}
+        onPreviewUrl={handlePreviewUrl}
+        error={error}
+      />
+
+      <InstallPermissionsDialog
+        source={source}
+        error={error}
+        installing={installing}
+        grantedPermissions={grantedPermissions}
+        onGrantedPermissionsChange={setGrantedPermissions}
+        onCancel={resetDialog}
+        onConfirm={confirmInstall}
+      />
     </>
   );
 }
diff --git a/src/components/apps/InstallSourceCard.tsx b/src/components/apps/InstallSourceCard.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0490bc352
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/components/apps/InstallSourceCard.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
+import { Card, CardContent, CardHeader, CardTitle } from '@/components/ui/card';
+import { Input } from '@/components/ui/input';
+import { open } from '@tauri-apps/plugin-dialog';
+
+interface Props {
+  installing: boolean;
+  urlInput: string;
+  onUrlInputChange: (value: string) => void;
+  onSelectZipPath: (zipPath: string) => Promise<void>;
+  onPreviewUrl: () => Promise<void>;
+  error: string | null;
+}
+
+export function InstallSourceCard({
+  installing,
+  urlInput,
+  onUrlInputChange,
+  onSelectZipPath,
+  onPreviewUrl,
+  error,
+}: Props) {
+  async function handleSelectZip() {
+    const selected = await open({
+      multiple: false,
+      directory: false,
+      filters: [{ name: 'Zip Archive', extensions: ['zip'] }],
+    });
+
+    if (!selected || Array.isArray(selected)) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    await onSelectZipPath(selected);
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <Card>
+      <CardHeader>
+        <CardTitle>Install App</CardTitle>
+      </CardHeader>
+      <CardContent className='space-y-4'>
+        <p className='text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
+          Install a Sage app package from a zip file or URL.
+        </p>
+
+        <div className='flex flex-wrap gap-2'>
+          <Button onClick={handleSelectZip} disabled={installing}>
+            Install from .zip
+          </Button>
+        </div>
+
+        <div className='space-y-2 rounded-md border p-3'>
+          <div className='text-sm font-medium'>Install from URL</div>
+          <div className='flex gap-2'>
+            <Input
+              value={urlInput}
+              onChange={(e) => onUrlInputChange(e.target.value)}
+              placeholder='https://example.com/my-app/'
+              disabled={installing}
+            />
+            <Button
+              onClick={() => void onPreviewUrl()}
+              disabled={installing || urlInput.trim().length === 0}
+            >
+              Preview URL
+            </Button>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        {error ? <div className='text-sm text-destructive'>{error}</div> : null}
+      </CardContent>
+    </Card>
+  );
+}
+
diff --git a/src/components/apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx b/src/components/apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..65284a806
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/components/apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
+import {
+  Dialog,
+  DialogContent,
+  DialogFooter,
+  DialogHeader,
+  DialogTitle,
+} from '@/components/ui/dialog';
+import type {
+  SageAppPackageManifest,
+  SageAppUrlPreview,
+  SageGrantedPermissions,
+} from '@/bindings';
+import {
+  NetworkPermissionsSection,
+} from '@/components/apps/permissions/NetworkPermissionsSection.tsx';
+import {
+  PersistentStoragePermissionSection
+} from '@/components/apps/permissions/PersistentStoragePermissionSection.tsx';
+import React from 'react';
+import { WalletPermissionSection } from '@/components/apps/permissions/WalletPermissionSection.tsx';
+
+type InstallSource =
+  | {
+      kind: 'zip';
+      zipPath: string;
+      manifest: SageAppPackageManifest;
+    }
+  | {
+      kind: 'url';
+      appUrl: string;
+      preview: SageAppUrlPreview;
+    };
+
+interface Props {
+  source: InstallSource | null;
+  error: string | null;
+  installing: boolean;
+  grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions;
+  onGrantedPermissionsChange: React.Dispatch<
+    React.SetStateAction<SageGrantedPermissions>
+  >;
+  onCancel: () => void;
+  onConfirm: () => void;
+}
+
+export function InstallPermissionsDialog({
+  source,
+  error,
+  installing,
+  grantedPermissions,
+  onGrantedPermissionsChange,
+  onCancel,
+  onConfirm,
+}: Props) {
+  const manifest =
+    source?.kind === 'zip'
+      ? source.manifest
+      : (source?.preview.manifest ?? null);
+
+  return (
+    <Dialog open={!!manifest} onOpenChange={(open) => !open && onCancel()}>
+      <DialogContent>
+        <DialogHeader>
+          <DialogTitle>Install {manifest?.name}</DialogTitle>
+        </DialogHeader>
+
+        {manifest ? (
+          <div className='space-y-5'>
+            <div className='space-y-1 text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
+              <div>v{manifest.version}</div>
+              {source?.kind === 'url' ? (
+                <>
+                  <div className='break-all'>URL: {source.preview.appUrl}</div>
+                  <div className='break-all'>
+                    Manifest: {source.preview.manifestUrl}
+                  </div>
+                </>
+              ) : null}
+            </div>
+
+            <div className='space-y-3'>
+              <h3 className='text-sm font-medium'>Permissions</h3>
+
+              {manifest.permissions ? (
+                <>
+                  {manifest.permissions.network && (
+                    <NetworkPermissionsSection
+                      wanted={manifest.permissions.network}
+                      granted={grantedPermissions.network}
+                      onGrantedPermissionsChange={onGrantedPermissionsChange}
+                    />
+                  )}
+
+                  {manifest.permissions.persistent_storage && (
+                    <PersistentStoragePermissionSection
+                      wanted={manifest.permissions.persistent_storage}
+                      granted={grantedPermissions.persistentStorage}
+                      onGrantedPermissionsChange={onGrantedPermissionsChange}
+                    />
+                  )}
+
+                  {manifest.permissions.wallet && (
+                    <WalletPermissionSection
+                      wanted={manifest.permissions.wallet}
+                      granted={grantedPermissions.wallet}
+                      onGrantedPermissionsChange={onGrantedPermissionsChange}
+                    />
+                  )}
+                </>
+              ) : (
+                <div className='text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
+                  This app does not request any permissions.
+                </div>
+              )}
+            </div>
+
+            {error ? (
+              <div className='text-sm text-destructive'>{error}</div>
+            ) : null}
+          </div>
+        ) : null}
+
+        <DialogFooter>
+          <Button variant='outline' onClick={onCancel}>
+            Cancel
+          </Button>
+
+          <Button onClick={onConfirm} disabled={installing}>
+            {installing ? 'Installing...' : 'Install'}
+          </Button>
+        </DialogFooter>
+      </DialogContent>
+    </Dialog>
+  );
+}
diff --git a/src/components/apps/permissions/NetworkPermissionsSection.tsx b/src/components/apps/permissions/NetworkPermissionsSection.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7098191fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/components/apps/permissions/NetworkPermissionsSection.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+import { Checkbox } from '@/components/ui/checkbox';
+import type {
+  SageGrantedNetworkPermissionEntry,
+  SageGrantedPermissions,
+  SageNetworkPermissionEntry,
+} from '@/bindings';
+import { isNetworkGranted } from './permissionUtils';
+import React from 'react';
+
+interface Props {
+  wanted: SageNetworkPermissionEntry[];
+  granted: SageGrantedNetworkPermissionEntry[];
+  onGrantedPermissionsChange: React.Dispatch<
+    React.SetStateAction<SageGrantedPermissions>
+  >;
+}
+
+export function NetworkPermissionsSection({
+  wanted,
+  granted,
+  onGrantedPermissionsChange,
+}: Props) {
+  if (wanted.length === 0) {
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  function grantNetworkPermission(entry: SageNetworkPermissionEntry) {
+    onGrantedPermissionsChange((prev) => {
+      const alreadyGranted = prev.network.some(
+        (g) => g.scheme === entry.scheme && g.host === entry.host,
+      );
+
+      if (alreadyGranted) {
+        return prev;
+      }
+
+      return {
+        ...prev,
+        network: [
+          ...prev.network,
+          {
+            scheme: entry.scheme,
+            host: entry.host,
+          },
+        ],
+      };
+    });
+  }
+
+  function revokeNetworkPermission(entry: SageNetworkPermissionEntry) {
+    onGrantedPermissionsChange((prev) => ({
+      ...prev,
+      network: prev.network.filter(
+        (g) => !(g.scheme === entry.scheme && g.host === entry.host),
+      ),
+    }));
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <div className='space-y-2'>
+      <div className='text-sm font-medium'>Network allowlist</div>
+
+      <div className='space-y-2 rounded-md border p-3'>
+        {wanted.map((entry) => {
+          const url = `${entry.scheme}://${entry.host}`;
+          const isGranted = isNetworkGranted(entry, granted);
+
+          return (
+            <label key={url} className='flex items-center gap-3 text-sm'>
+              <Checkbox
+                checked={isGranted}
+                disabled={entry.required}
+                onCheckedChange={(nextChecked) =>
+                  nextChecked
+                    ? grantNetworkPermission(entry)
+                    : revokeNetworkPermission(entry)
+                }
+              />
+              <span className='font-mono text-xs'>
+                {url}
+                {entry.required ? ' (required)' : ''}
+              </span>
+            </label>
+          );
+        })}
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  );
+}
diff --git a/src/components/apps/permissions/PersistentStoragePermissionSection.tsx b/src/components/apps/permissions/PersistentStoragePermissionSection.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9139760c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/components/apps/permissions/PersistentStoragePermissionSection.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+import { Checkbox } from '@/components/ui/checkbox';
+import type {
+  SageGrantedPermissions,
+  SagePermissionRequired,
+} from '@/bindings';
+import React from 'react';
+
+interface Props {
+  wanted: SagePermissionRequired;
+  granted: boolean;
+  onGrantedPermissionsChange: React.Dispatch<
+    React.SetStateAction<SageGrantedPermissions>
+  >;
+}
+
+export function PersistentStoragePermissionSection({
+  wanted,
+  granted,
+  onGrantedPermissionsChange,
+}: Props) {
+  function setGranted(granted: boolean) {
+    onGrantedPermissionsChange((prev) => {
+      return {
+        ...prev,
+        persistentStorage: granted,
+      };
+    });
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <label className='flex items-center gap-3 text-sm'>
+      <Checkbox
+        checked={granted}
+        disabled={wanted.required ?? false}
+        onCheckedChange={(checked) => {
+          setGranted(Boolean(checked));
+        }}
+      />
+      <span>
+        Persistent storage
+        {wanted.required ? ' (required)' : ''}
+      </span>
+    </label>
+  );
+}
diff --git a/src/components/apps/permissions/WalletPermissionSection.tsx b/src/components/apps/permissions/WalletPermissionSection.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..889107013
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/components/apps/permissions/WalletPermissionSection.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+import { Checkbox } from '@/components/ui/checkbox';
+import type {
+  SageGrantedPermissions,
+  SageGrantedWalletPermissions,
+  SageWalletPermissions,
+} from '@/bindings';
+import React from 'react';
+
+interface Props {
+  wanted: SageWalletPermissions;
+  granted: SageGrantedWalletPermissions;
+  onGrantedPermissionsChange: React.Dispatch<
+    React.SetStateAction<SageGrantedPermissions>
+  >;
+}
+
+export function WalletPermissionSection({
+  wanted,
+  granted,
+  onGrantedPermissionsChange,
+}: Props) {
+  return (
+    <div className='space-y-2'>
+      <div className='text-sm font-medium'>Wallet</div>
+
+      <div className='space-y-2 rounded-md border p-3'>
+        <label className='flex items-center gap-3 text-sm'>
+          <Checkbox
+            checked={granted.sendXch}
+            disabled={wanted.sendXch?.required ?? false}
+            onCheckedChange={(checked) => {
+              onGrantedPermissionsChange((prev) => {
+                return {
+                  ...prev,
+                  wallet: {
+                    ...prev.wallet,
+                    sendXch: Boolean(checked),
+                  },
+                };
+              });
+            }}
+          />
+          <span>
+            Send XCH
+            {wanted.sendXch?.required ? ' (required)' : ''}
+          </span>
+        </label>
+
+        <label className='flex items-center gap-3 text-sm'>
+          <Checkbox
+            checked={granted.sendXchAutoSubmit}
+            disabled={wanted.sendXchAutoSubmit?.required ?? false}
+            onCheckedChange={(checked) => {
+              onGrantedPermissionsChange((prev) => {
+                return {
+                  ...prev,
+                  wallet: {
+                    ...prev.wallet,
+                    sendXchAutoSubmit: Boolean(checked),
+                  },
+                };
+              });
+            }}
+          />
+          <span>
+            Automatic XCH send
+            {wanted.sendXchAutoSubmit?.required ? ' (required)' : ''}
+          </span>
+        </label>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  );
+}
diff --git a/src/components/apps/permissions/permissionUtils.ts b/src/components/apps/permissions/permissionUtils.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..243aedbe5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/components/apps/permissions/permissionUtils.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+import type {
+  SageAppPackageManifest,
+  SageGrantedNetworkPermissionEntry,
+  SageGrantedPermissions,
+  SageNetworkPermissionEntry,
+} from '@/bindings';
+
+export function buildFullyForbiddenPermissions(): SageGrantedPermissions {
+  return {
+    network: [],
+    persistentStorage: false,
+    wallet: {
+      sendXch: false,
+      sendXchAutoSubmit: false,
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+export function buildInitialGrantedPermissions(
+  manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
+): SageGrantedPermissions {
+  return {
+    network: (manifest.permissions?.network ?? []).map((entry) => ({
+      scheme: entry.scheme,
+      host: entry.host,
+    })),
+    persistentStorage: !!manifest.permissions?.persistent_storage,
+    wallet: {
+      sendXch: !!manifest.permissions?.wallet?.sendXch,
+      sendXchAutoSubmit: !!manifest.permissions?.wallet?.sendXchAutoSubmit,
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+export function isNetworkGranted(
+  entry: SageNetworkPermissionEntry,
+  granted: SageGrantedNetworkPermissionEntry[],
+): boolean {
+  return granted.some(
+    (g) => g.scheme === entry.scheme && g.host === entry.host,
+  );
+}
+
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/bridge.ts b/src/lib/apps/bridge.ts
index 6406895dc..d1a46382a 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/bridge.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/bridge.ts
@@ -1,17 +1,21 @@
 import { invoke } from '@tauri-apps/api/core';
 import type {
   InstalledSageApp,
+  SageStorageClearRequest,
+  SageStorageCountRequest,
+  SageStorageCreateIndexRequest,
+  SageStorageCreateObjectStoreRequest,
   SageStorageDatabaseDescription,
+  SageStorageDeleteRequest,
+  SageStorageGetAllFromIndexRequest,
+  SageStorageGetAllRequest,
+  SageStorageGetRequest,
+  SageStorageOpenDatabaseRequest,
+  SageStoragePutRequest,
   SageStorageValueRecord,
+  SendXch,
 } from '@/bindings';
 
-export interface SageBridgeRequest {
-  channel: 'sage-bridge';
-  id: string;
-  method: string;
-  params?: unknown;
-}
-
 export interface SageBridgeSuccessResponse {
   channel: 'sage-bridge';
   id: string;
@@ -43,6 +47,45 @@ export interface SageBridgeEventPayload {
   request: SageBridgeRequest;
 }
 
+interface SageBridgeRequestParamsMap {
+  'bridge.ping': undefined;
+  'app.getInfo': undefined;
+  'sage.getPermissions': undefined;
+  'storage.openDatabase': SageStorageOpenDatabaseRequest;
+  'storage.deleteDatabase': string;
+  'storage.describeDatabase': string;
+  'storage.createObjectStore': SageStorageCreateObjectStoreRequest;
+  'storage.createIndex': SageStorageCreateIndexRequest;
+  'storage.get': SageStorageGetRequest;
+  'storage.put': SageStoragePutRequest;
+  'storage.delete': SageStorageDeleteRequest;
+  'storage.clear': SageStorageClearRequest;
+  'storage.count': SageStorageCountRequest;
+  'storage.getAll': SageStorageGetAllRequest;
+  'storage.getAllFromIndex': SageStorageGetAllFromIndexRequest;
+  'wallet.sendXch': SendXch;
+}
+
+type SageBridgeMethod = keyof SageBridgeRequestParamsMap;
+
+type SageBridgeRequestForMethod<M extends SageBridgeMethod> =
+  SageBridgeRequestParamsMap[M] extends undefined
+    ? {
+        channel: 'sage-bridge';
+        id: string;
+        method: M;
+      }
+    : {
+        channel: 'sage-bridge';
+        id: string;
+        method: M;
+        params: SageBridgeRequestParamsMap[M];
+      };
+
+export type SageBridgeRequest = {
+  [M in SageBridgeMethod]: SageBridgeRequestForMethod<M>;
+}[SageBridgeMethod];
+
 function success(id: string, result: unknown): SageBridgeSuccessResponse {
   return {
     channel: 'sage-bridge',
@@ -119,24 +162,20 @@ export async function handleBridgeRequest(
       }
 
       case 'storage.deleteDatabase': {
-        const dbName = request.params as string;
-
-        await invoke('storage_delete_database', {
+        const response = await invoke('storage_delete_database', {
           appId: ctx.app.id,
-          dbName,
+          dbName: request.params,
         });
 
-        return success(request.id, undefined);
+        return success(request.id, response);
       }
 
       case 'storage.describeDatabase': {
-        const dbName = request.params as string;
-
         const response = await invoke<SageStorageDatabaseDescription>(
           'storage_describe_database',
           {
             appId: ctx.app.id,
-            dbName,
+            dbName: request.params,
           },
         );
 
@@ -230,12 +269,24 @@ export async function handleBridgeRequest(
         return success(request.id, response);
       }
 
-      default:
-        return failure(
-          request.id,
-          'method_not_found',
-          `Unknown bridge method: ${request.method}`,
-        );
+      case 'wallet.sendXch': {
+        const effectiveParams: SendXch = {
+          ...request.params,
+          auto_submit: ctx.app.grantedPermissions.wallet?.sendXchAutoSubmit
+            ? request.params.auto_submit
+            : false,
+        };
+
+        const response = await invoke<unknown>('send_xch', {
+          req: effectiveParams,
+        });
+
+        return success(request.id, response);
+      }
+
+      default: {
+        throw new Error(`Unhandled bridge request: ${String(request)}`);
+      }
     }
   } catch (error) {
     const message =

From 9f842bc8e979855504d3a23fa0054b69dbd1869e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Thu, 16 Apr 2026 21:29:20 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 038/471] Modularize and simplify bridge implementation:

- Removed old `bridge.ts` and restructured bridge logic into modular, maintainable components (`index.ts`, `approval.ts`, `permissions.ts`, `registry.ts`, etc.).
- Added `AppApprovalBanner` and `AppApprovalStrip` components for handling app approval UX.
- Introduced `useAppEmbeddedRuntime` hook for managing app embedding and runtime lifecycle.
- Enhanced storage-related bridge commands with granular permission checks and type refinements.
---
 src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs               |   1 +
 src/components/apps/AppApprovalBanner.tsx |  57 +++++
 src/components/apps/AppApprovalStrip.tsx  |  67 +++++
 src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx        |  32 +++
 src/hooks/useAppEmbeddedRuntime.ts        | 174 +++++++++++++
 src/hooks/useAppPendingApprovals.ts       | 152 +++++++++++
 src/lib/apps/bridge.ts                    | 297 ----------------------
 src/lib/apps/bridge/approval.ts           |  27 ++
 src/lib/apps/bridge/index.ts              | 111 ++++++++
 src/lib/apps/bridge/methods/storage.ts    | 160 ++++++++++++
 src/lib/apps/bridge/methods/system.ts     |  33 +++
 src/lib/apps/bridge/methods/wallet.ts     |  30 +++
 src/lib/apps/bridge/permissions.ts        |  79 ++++++
 src/lib/apps/bridge/registry.ts           |  10 +
 src/lib/apps/bridge/responses.ts          |  32 +++
 src/lib/apps/bridge/types.ts              | 152 +++++++++++
 src/pages/AppHost.tsx                     | 188 ++------------
 17 files changed, 1145 insertions(+), 457 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/components/apps/AppApprovalBanner.tsx
 create mode 100644 src/components/apps/AppApprovalStrip.tsx
 create mode 100644 src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx
 create mode 100644 src/hooks/useAppEmbeddedRuntime.ts
 create mode 100644 src/hooks/useAppPendingApprovals.ts
 delete mode 100644 src/lib/apps/bridge.ts
 create mode 100644 src/lib/apps/bridge/approval.ts
 create mode 100644 src/lib/apps/bridge/index.ts
 create mode 100644 src/lib/apps/bridge/methods/storage.ts
 create mode 100644 src/lib/apps/bridge/methods/system.ts
 create mode 100644 src/lib/apps/bridge/methods/wallet.ts
 create mode 100644 src/lib/apps/bridge/permissions.ts
 create mode 100644 src/lib/apps/bridge/registry.ts
 create mode 100644 src/lib/apps/bridge/responses.ts
 create mode 100644 src/lib/apps/bridge/types.ts

diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs
index 60ce16793..aafafdb61 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
+use sage_api::Amount;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
 pub struct SageNetworkPermissionEntry {
diff --git a/src/components/apps/AppApprovalBanner.tsx b/src/components/apps/AppApprovalBanner.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e5e6849a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/components/apps/AppApprovalBanner.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+import { Alert, AlertDescription, AlertTitle } from '@/components/ui/alert';
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
+import { PendingApprovalItem } from '@/hooks/useAppPendingApprovals.ts';
+
+interface Props {
+  currentApproval: PendingApprovalItem | null;
+  queuedApprovalCount: number;
+  currentApprovalSecondsLeft: number;
+  onApprove: () => void;
+  onReject: () => void;
+}
+
+export function AppApprovalBanner({
+  currentApproval,
+  queuedApprovalCount,
+  currentApprovalSecondsLeft,
+  onApprove,
+  onReject,
+}: Props) {
+  if (!currentApproval) {
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <Alert>
+      <AlertTitle>Approval required</AlertTitle>
+      <AlertDescription className='space-y-3'>
+        <div className='text-sm'>
+          App <strong>{currentApproval.request.app.name}</strong> wants to
+          perform{' '}
+          <span className='font-mono'>{currentApproval.request.kind}</span>.
+        </div>
+
+        <div className='text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
+          Expires in {currentApprovalSecondsLeft}s
+          {queuedApprovalCount > 0
+            ? ` · ${queuedApprovalCount} more approval${queuedApprovalCount === 1 ? '' : 's'} pending`
+            : ''}
+        </div>
+
+        {currentApproval.request.kind === 'send_xch' ? (
+          <div className='rounded-md border p-3 text-xs font-mono whitespace-pre-wrap break-all'>
+            {JSON.stringify(currentApproval.request.params, null, 2)}
+          </div>
+        ) : null}
+
+        <div className='flex gap-2'>
+          <Button variant='outline' onClick={onReject}>
+            Reject
+          </Button>
+
+          <Button onClick={onApprove}>Approve</Button>
+        </div>
+      </AlertDescription>
+    </Alert>
+  );
+}
diff --git a/src/components/apps/AppApprovalStrip.tsx b/src/components/apps/AppApprovalStrip.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e5f03e063
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/components/apps/AppApprovalStrip.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button.tsx';
+
+export type PendingApproval = {
+  kind: 'send_xch';
+  appId: string;
+  requestId: string;
+  summary: {
+    address: string;
+    amount: string;
+    fee: string;
+    memos: string[];
+    autoSubmit: boolean;
+  };
+} | null;
+
+export function AppApprovalStrip({
+  approval,
+  expanded,
+  onToggleExpanded,
+  onApprove,
+  onReject,
+}: {
+  approval: PendingApproval;
+  expanded: boolean;
+  onToggleExpanded: () => void;
+  onApprove: () => void;
+  onReject: () => void;
+}) {
+  if (!approval) {
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <div className='shrink-0 border-b bg-muted/40'>
+      <div className='flex items-center justify-between gap-4 px-4 py-3'>
+        <div className='min-w-0'>
+          <div className='text-sm font-medium'>
+            Transaction approval required
+          </div>
+          <div className='truncate text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
+            Send {approval.summary.amount} to {approval.summary.address}
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div className='flex items-center gap-2'>
+          <Button variant='outline' size='sm' onClick={onToggleExpanded}>
+            {expanded ? 'Hide details' : 'Inspect'}
+          </Button>
+          <Button variant='outline' size='sm' onClick={onReject}>
+            Reject
+          </Button>
+          <Button size='sm' onClick={onApprove}>
+            Approve
+          </Button>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+      {expanded ? (
+        <div className='border-t px-4 py-3'>
+          <pre className='overflow-auto rounded-md bg-background p-3 text-xs'>
+            {JSON.stringify(approval.summary, null, 2)}
+          </pre>
+        </div>
+      ) : null}
+    </div>
+  );
+}
diff --git a/src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx b/src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3a0f51ee0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button.tsx';
+import { Link } from 'react-router-dom';
+import { ArrowLeft } from 'lucide-react';
+
+export function AppTaskBar({
+  appName,
+  onExit,
+}: {
+  appName: string;
+  onExit: () => void;
+}) {
+  return (
+    <div className='flex h-12 shrink-0 items-center justify-between border-b bg-background px-3'>
+      <div className='flex items-center gap-3'>
+        <div className='text-sm font-medium'>{appName}</div>
+      </div>
+
+      <div className='flex items-center gap-2'>
+        <Button variant='ghost' size='sm' asChild>
+          <Link to='/apps'>
+            <ArrowLeft className='mr-2 h-4 w-4' />
+            Apps
+          </Link>
+        </Button>
+
+        <Button variant='destructive' size='sm' onClick={onExit}>
+          Exit App
+        </Button>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  );
+}
diff --git a/src/hooks/useAppEmbeddedRuntime.ts b/src/hooks/useAppEmbeddedRuntime.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f9e552fdd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/hooks/useAppEmbeddedRuntime.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+import React, { useCallback, useEffect } from 'react';
+import { LogicalPosition, LogicalSize } from '@tauri-apps/api/dpi';
+import { getCurrentWebview } from '@tauri-apps/api/webview';
+import {
+  handleBridgeRequest,
+  isBridgeRequest,
+  type SageBridgeEventPayload,
+} from '@/lib/apps/bridge';
+import {
+  ensureInlineRuntime,
+  getRuntimeWebview,
+  markRuntimeVisible,
+} from '@/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry';
+import type { InstalledSageApp } from '@/bindings';
+
+interface Args {
+  app: InstalledSageApp | null | undefined;
+  containerRef: React.RefObject<HTMLDivElement | null>;
+  requestApproval: Parameters<typeof handleBridgeRequest>[2]['requestApproval'];
+}
+
+export function useAppEmbeddedRuntime({
+  app,
+  containerRef,
+  requestApproval,
+}: Args) {
+  const syncBounds = useCallback(
+    async (installedAppId: string) => {
+      const webview = await getRuntimeWebview(installedAppId);
+      const container = containerRef.current;
+
+      if (!webview || !container) {
+        return;
+      }
+
+      const rect = container.getBoundingClientRect();
+      const width = Math.max(1, Math.round(rect.width));
+      const height = Math.max(1, Math.round(rect.height));
+      const x = Math.round(rect.left);
+      const y = Math.round(rect.top);
+
+      await webview.setPosition(new LogicalPosition(x, y));
+      await webview.setSize(new LogicalSize(width, height));
+    },
+    [containerRef],
+  );
+
+  const scheduleSyncBounds = useCallback(
+    (installedAppId: string) => {
+      requestAnimationFrame(() => {
+        void syncBounds(installedAppId).catch((err) => {
+          const message = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err);
+
+          if (message.includes('webview not found')) {
+            return;
+          }
+
+          console.error('Failed to sync embedded app webview bounds:', err);
+        });
+      });
+    },
+    [syncBounds],
+  );
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!app || !containerRef.current) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    const installedApp = app;
+    const hostWebview = getCurrentWebview();
+
+    let disposed = false;
+    let resizeObserver: ResizeObserver | null = null;
+    let unlistenBridge: (() => void) | null = null;
+    let removeWindowResize: (() => void) | null = null;
+    let delayedSyncTimers: number[] = [];
+
+    const clearDelayedSyncTimers = () => {
+      delayedSyncTimers.forEach((id) => {
+        window.clearTimeout(id);
+      });
+      delayedSyncTimers = [];
+    };
+
+    const mount = async () => {
+      await ensureInlineRuntime(installedApp);
+      await markRuntimeVisible(installedApp.id, true);
+
+      scheduleSyncBounds(installedApp.id);
+
+      delayedSyncTimers = [0, 50, 150, 300].map((delay) =>
+        window.setTimeout(() => {
+          if (!disposed) {
+            scheduleSyncBounds(installedApp.id);
+          }
+        }, delay),
+      );
+
+      resizeObserver = new ResizeObserver(() => {
+        if (!disposed) {
+          scheduleSyncBounds(installedApp.id);
+        }
+      });
+
+      const container = containerRef.current;
+      if (!container) {
+        return;
+      }
+
+      resizeObserver.observe(container);
+
+      const handleWindowResize = () => {
+        if (!disposed) {
+          scheduleSyncBounds(installedApp.id);
+        }
+      };
+
+      window.addEventListener('resize', handleWindowResize);
+      removeWindowResize = () => {
+        window.removeEventListener('resize', handleWindowResize);
+      };
+
+      const expectedSourceLabel = `app-inline-${installedApp.id}`;
+
+      unlistenBridge = await hostWebview.listen<SageBridgeEventPayload>(
+        'sage-bridge:request',
+        ({ payload }) => {
+          if (
+            !payload ||
+            payload.sourceLabel !== expectedSourceLabel ||
+            !isBridgeRequest(payload.request)
+          ) {
+            return;
+          }
+
+          void handleBridgeRequest(
+            {
+              app: installedApp,
+              sourceLabel: payload.sourceLabel,
+            },
+            payload.request,
+            {
+              requestApproval,
+            },
+          ).then((response) => {
+            void hostWebview.emitTo(
+              payload.sourceLabel,
+              'sage-bridge:response',
+              response,
+            );
+          });
+        },
+      );
+    };
+
+    void mount().catch((err) => {
+      console.error('Failed to attach app runtime:', err);
+    });
+
+    return () => {
+      disposed = true;
+      void markRuntimeVisible(installedApp.id, false);
+      resizeObserver?.disconnect();
+      unlistenBridge?.();
+      removeWindowResize?.();
+      clearDelayedSyncTimers();
+    };
+  }, [app, containerRef, requestApproval, scheduleSyncBounds]);
+
+  return {
+    scheduleSyncBounds,
+  };
+}
diff --git a/src/hooks/useAppPendingApprovals.ts b/src/hooks/useAppPendingApprovals.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..37d8c7837
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/hooks/useAppPendingApprovals.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react';
+import type { BridgeApprovalRequest } from '@/lib/apps/bridge';
+
+const APPROVAL_TIMEOUT_MS = 30_000;
+
+export interface PendingApprovalItem {
+  id: string;
+  createdAt: number;
+  expiresAt: number;
+  request: BridgeApprovalRequest;
+}
+
+interface ApprovalResult {
+  approved: boolean;
+  reason?: string;
+}
+
+export function useAppPendingApprovals() {
+  const [pendingApprovals, setPendingApprovals] = useState<
+    PendingApprovalItem[]
+  >([]);
+  const [currentTimestampMs, setCurrentTimestampMs] = useState(() =>
+    Date.now(),
+  );
+
+  const approvalResolversRef = useRef<
+    Map<string, (result: ApprovalResult) => void>
+  >(new Map());
+
+  const currentApproval = pendingApprovals[0] ?? null;
+  const queuedApprovalCount = Math.max(0, pendingApprovals.length - 1);
+
+  const currentApprovalSecondsLeft = useMemo(() => {
+    if (!currentApproval) {
+      return 0;
+    }
+
+    return Math.max(
+      0,
+      Math.ceil((currentApproval.expiresAt - currentTimestampMs) / 1000),
+    );
+  }, [currentApproval, currentTimestampMs]);
+
+  const requestApproval = useCallback(
+    async (approval: BridgeApprovalRequest): Promise<ApprovalResult> => {
+      const now = Date.now();
+
+      const item: PendingApprovalItem = {
+        id: approval.requestId,
+        createdAt: now,
+        expiresAt: now + APPROVAL_TIMEOUT_MS,
+        request: approval,
+      };
+
+      setPendingApprovals((prev) => [...prev, item]);
+
+      return await new Promise((resolve) => {
+        approvalResolversRef.current.set(item.id, resolve);
+      });
+    },
+    [],
+  );
+
+  const resolveApprovalById = useCallback(
+    (id: string, result: ApprovalResult) => {
+      const resolver = approvalResolversRef.current.get(id);
+
+      if (resolver) {
+        approvalResolversRef.current.delete(id);
+        resolver(result);
+      }
+
+      setPendingApprovals((prev) => prev.filter((item) => item.id !== id));
+    },
+    [],
+  );
+
+  const approveCurrentApproval = useCallback(() => {
+    if (!currentApproval) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    resolveApprovalById(currentApproval.id, {
+      approved: true,
+    });
+  }, [currentApproval, resolveApprovalById]);
+
+  const rejectCurrentApproval = useCallback(() => {
+    if (!currentApproval) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    resolveApprovalById(currentApproval.id, {
+      approved: false,
+      reason: 'User denied the request',
+    });
+  }, [currentApproval, resolveApprovalById]);
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!currentApproval) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    const intervalId = window.setInterval(() => {
+      setCurrentTimestampMs(Date.now());
+    }, 250);
+
+    return () => {
+      window.clearInterval(intervalId);
+    };
+  }, [currentApproval]);
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!currentApproval) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    const remainingMs = Math.max(0, currentApproval.expiresAt - Date.now());
+
+    const timeoutId = window.setTimeout(() => {
+      resolveApprovalById(currentApproval.id, {
+        approved: false,
+        reason: 'Approval request timed out',
+      });
+    }, remainingMs);
+
+    return () => {
+      window.clearTimeout(timeoutId);
+    };
+  }, [currentApproval, resolveApprovalById]);
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    return () => {
+      for (const [id, resolve] of approvalResolversRef.current.entries()) {
+        resolve({
+          approved: false,
+          reason: 'App host unmounted',
+        });
+        approvalResolversRef.current.delete(id);
+      }
+    };
+  }, []);
+
+  return {
+    currentApproval,
+    queuedApprovalCount,
+    currentApprovalSecondsLeft,
+    requestApproval,
+    approveCurrentApproval,
+    rejectCurrentApproval,
+  };
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/bridge.ts b/src/lib/apps/bridge.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index d1a46382a..000000000
--- a/src/lib/apps/bridge.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,297 +0,0 @@
-import { invoke } from '@tauri-apps/api/core';
-import type {
-  InstalledSageApp,
-  SageStorageClearRequest,
-  SageStorageCountRequest,
-  SageStorageCreateIndexRequest,
-  SageStorageCreateObjectStoreRequest,
-  SageStorageDatabaseDescription,
-  SageStorageDeleteRequest,
-  SageStorageGetAllFromIndexRequest,
-  SageStorageGetAllRequest,
-  SageStorageGetRequest,
-  SageStorageOpenDatabaseRequest,
-  SageStoragePutRequest,
-  SageStorageValueRecord,
-  SendXch,
-} from '@/bindings';
-
-export interface SageBridgeSuccessResponse {
-  channel: 'sage-bridge';
-  id: string;
-  ok: true;
-  result: unknown;
-}
-
-export interface SageBridgeErrorResponse {
-  channel: 'sage-bridge';
-  id: string;
-  ok: false;
-  error: {
-    code: string;
-    message: string;
-  };
-}
-
-export type SageBridgeResponse =
-  | SageBridgeSuccessResponse
-  | SageBridgeErrorResponse;
-
-export interface SageBridgeContext {
-  app: InstalledSageApp;
-  sourceLabel: string;
-}
-
-export interface SageBridgeEventPayload {
-  sourceLabel: string;
-  request: SageBridgeRequest;
-}
-
-interface SageBridgeRequestParamsMap {
-  'bridge.ping': undefined;
-  'app.getInfo': undefined;
-  'sage.getPermissions': undefined;
-  'storage.openDatabase': SageStorageOpenDatabaseRequest;
-  'storage.deleteDatabase': string;
-  'storage.describeDatabase': string;
-  'storage.createObjectStore': SageStorageCreateObjectStoreRequest;
-  'storage.createIndex': SageStorageCreateIndexRequest;
-  'storage.get': SageStorageGetRequest;
-  'storage.put': SageStoragePutRequest;
-  'storage.delete': SageStorageDeleteRequest;
-  'storage.clear': SageStorageClearRequest;
-  'storage.count': SageStorageCountRequest;
-  'storage.getAll': SageStorageGetAllRequest;
-  'storage.getAllFromIndex': SageStorageGetAllFromIndexRequest;
-  'wallet.sendXch': SendXch;
-}
-
-type SageBridgeMethod = keyof SageBridgeRequestParamsMap;
-
-type SageBridgeRequestForMethod<M extends SageBridgeMethod> =
-  SageBridgeRequestParamsMap[M] extends undefined
-    ? {
-        channel: 'sage-bridge';
-        id: string;
-        method: M;
-      }
-    : {
-        channel: 'sage-bridge';
-        id: string;
-        method: M;
-        params: SageBridgeRequestParamsMap[M];
-      };
-
-export type SageBridgeRequest = {
-  [M in SageBridgeMethod]: SageBridgeRequestForMethod<M>;
-}[SageBridgeMethod];
-
-function success(id: string, result: unknown): SageBridgeSuccessResponse {
-  return {
-    channel: 'sage-bridge',
-    id,
-    ok: true,
-    result,
-  };
-}
-
-function failure(
-  id: string,
-  code: string,
-  message: string,
-): SageBridgeErrorResponse {
-  return {
-    channel: 'sage-bridge',
-    id,
-    ok: false,
-    error: {
-      code,
-      message,
-    },
-  };
-}
-
-export function isBridgeRequest(value: unknown): value is SageBridgeRequest {
-  if (!value || typeof value !== 'object') {
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  const maybe = value as Partial<SageBridgeRequest>;
-
-  return (
-    maybe.channel === 'sage-bridge' &&
-    typeof maybe.id === 'string' &&
-    typeof maybe.method === 'string'
-  );
-}
-
-export async function handleBridgeRequest(
-  ctx: SageBridgeContext,
-  request: SageBridgeRequest,
-): Promise<SageBridgeResponse> {
-  try {
-    switch (request.method) {
-      case 'bridge.ping':
-        return success(request.id, {
-          ok: true,
-          appId: ctx.app.id,
-          appName: ctx.app.name,
-        });
-
-      case 'app.getInfo':
-        return success(request.id, {
-          id: ctx.app.id,
-          name: ctx.app.name,
-          version: ctx.app.version,
-          permissions: ctx.app.grantedPermissions,
-        });
-
-      case 'sage.getPermissions':
-        return success(request.id, ctx.app.grantedPermissions);
-
-      case 'storage.openDatabase': {
-        const response = await invoke<{ name: string; version: number }>(
-          'storage_open_database',
-          {
-            appId: ctx.app.id,
-            req: request.params,
-          },
-        );
-
-        return success(request.id, response);
-      }
-
-      case 'storage.deleteDatabase': {
-        const response = await invoke('storage_delete_database', {
-          appId: ctx.app.id,
-          dbName: request.params,
-        });
-
-        return success(request.id, response);
-      }
-
-      case 'storage.describeDatabase': {
-        const response = await invoke<SageStorageDatabaseDescription>(
-          'storage_describe_database',
-          {
-            appId: ctx.app.id,
-            dbName: request.params,
-          },
-        );
-
-        return success(request.id, response);
-      }
-
-      case 'storage.createObjectStore': {
-        await invoke('storage_create_object_store', {
-          appId: ctx.app.id,
-          req: request.params,
-        });
-
-        return success(request.id, undefined);
-      }
-
-      case 'storage.createIndex': {
-        await invoke('storage_create_index', {
-          appId: ctx.app.id,
-          req: request.params,
-        });
-
-        return success(request.id, undefined);
-      }
-
-      case 'storage.get': {
-        const response = await invoke<string | null>('storage_get', {
-          appId: ctx.app.id,
-          req: request.params,
-        });
-
-        return success(request.id, response);
-      }
-
-      case 'storage.put': {
-        await invoke('storage_put', {
-          appId: ctx.app.id,
-          req: request.params,
-        });
-
-        return success(request.id, undefined);
-      }
-
-      case 'storage.delete': {
-        await invoke('storage_delete', {
-          appId: ctx.app.id,
-          req: request.params,
-        });
-
-        return success(request.id, undefined);
-      }
-
-      case 'storage.clear': {
-        await invoke('storage_clear', {
-          appId: ctx.app.id,
-          req: request.params,
-        });
-
-        return success(request.id, undefined);
-      }
-
-      case 'storage.count': {
-        const response = await invoke<number>('storage_count', {
-          appId: ctx.app.id,
-          req: request.params,
-        });
-
-        return success(request.id, response);
-      }
-
-      case 'storage.getAll': {
-        const response = await invoke<SageStorageValueRecord[]>(
-          'storage_get_all',
-          {
-            appId: ctx.app.id,
-            req: request.params,
-          },
-        );
-
-        return success(request.id, response);
-      }
-
-      case 'storage.getAllFromIndex': {
-        const response = await invoke<SageStorageValueRecord[]>(
-          'storage_get_all_from_index',
-          {
-            appId: ctx.app.id,
-            req: request.params,
-          },
-        );
-
-        return success(request.id, response);
-      }
-
-      case 'wallet.sendXch': {
-        const effectiveParams: SendXch = {
-          ...request.params,
-          auto_submit: ctx.app.grantedPermissions.wallet?.sendXchAutoSubmit
-            ? request.params.auto_submit
-            : false,
-        };
-
-        const response = await invoke<unknown>('send_xch', {
-          req: effectiveParams,
-        });
-
-        return success(request.id, response);
-      }
-
-      default: {
-        throw new Error(`Unhandled bridge request: ${String(request)}`);
-      }
-    }
-  } catch (error) {
-    const message =
-      error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Unknown Sage bridge error';
-
-    return failure(request.id, 'internal_error', message);
-  }
-}
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/bridge/approval.ts b/src/lib/apps/bridge/approval.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ae6a2bed6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/apps/bridge/approval.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+import type { BridgeApprovalRequest, SageBridgeHostTools } from './types';
+
+export class BridgeApprovalDeniedError extends Error {
+  constructor(message: string) {
+    super(message);
+    this.name = 'BridgeApprovalDeniedError';
+  }
+}
+
+export async function runApprovalIfNeeded(args: {
+  approvalRequest: BridgeApprovalRequest | null;
+  tools: SageBridgeHostTools;
+}): Promise<void> {
+  const { approvalRequest, tools } = args;
+
+  if (!approvalRequest) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  const result = await tools.requestApproval(approvalRequest);
+
+  if (!result.approved) {
+    throw new BridgeApprovalDeniedError(
+      result.reason || 'User denied the request',
+    );
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/bridge/index.ts b/src/lib/apps/bridge/index.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c8c91ed66
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/apps/bridge/index.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+import { runApprovalIfNeeded, BridgeApprovalDeniedError } from './approval';
+import { enforcePermissionPolicy, BridgePermissionError } from './permissions';
+import { bridgeMethods } from './registry';
+import { failure, success } from './responses';
+import type {
+  BridgeMethodDefinition,
+  SageBridgeContext,
+  SageBridgeHostTools,
+  SageBridgeMethod,
+  SageBridgeRequest,
+  SageBridgeResponse,
+} from './types';
+
+export type {
+  BridgeApprovalRequest,
+  BridgeApprovalResult,
+  BridgeMethodDefinition,
+  BridgeMethodRegistry,
+  BridgePermissionPolicy,
+  SageBridgeContext,
+  SageBridgeErrorResponse,
+  SageBridgeEventPayload,
+  SageBridgeHostTools,
+  SageBridgeMethod,
+  SageBridgeRequest,
+  SageBridgeRequestForMethod,
+  SageBridgeRequestParamsMap,
+  SageBridgeResponse,
+  SageBridgeSuccessResponse,
+  SageWalletSendXchRequest,
+} from './types';
+
+const KNOWN_BRIDGE_METHODS = new Set<string>(Object.keys(bridgeMethods));
+
+export function isBridgeRequest(value: unknown): value is SageBridgeRequest {
+  if (!value || typeof value !== 'object') {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  const maybe = value as {
+    channel?: unknown;
+    id?: unknown;
+    method?: unknown;
+  };
+
+  return (
+    maybe.channel === 'sage-bridge' &&
+    typeof maybe.id === 'string' &&
+    typeof maybe.method === 'string' &&
+    KNOWN_BRIDGE_METHODS.has(maybe.method)
+  );
+}
+
+export async function handleBridgeRequest(
+  ctx: SageBridgeContext,
+  request: SageBridgeRequest,
+  tools: SageBridgeHostTools,
+): Promise<SageBridgeResponse> {
+  try {
+    const definition = bridgeMethods[request.method as SageBridgeMethod] as
+      | BridgeMethodDefinition<SageBridgeMethod>
+      | undefined;
+
+    if (!definition) {
+      return failure(
+        request.id,
+        'method_not_found',
+        `Unknown bridge method: ${request.method}`,
+      );
+    }
+
+    await enforcePermissionPolicy({
+      ctx,
+      request,
+      policy: definition.permission,
+    });
+
+    const approvalRequest = definition.approval
+      ? await definition.approval({
+          ctx,
+          request: request as never,
+        })
+      : null;
+
+    await runApprovalIfNeeded({
+      approvalRequest,
+      tools,
+    });
+
+    const result = await definition.handle({
+      ctx,
+      request: request as never,
+      tools,
+    });
+
+    return success(request.id, result);
+  } catch (error) {
+    if (error instanceof BridgePermissionError) {
+      return failure(request.id, 'permission_denied', error.message);
+    }
+
+    if (error instanceof BridgeApprovalDeniedError) {
+      return failure(request.id, 'user_denied', error.message);
+    }
+
+    const message =
+      error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Unknown Sage bridge error';
+
+    return failure(request.id, 'internal_error', message);
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/bridge/methods/storage.ts b/src/lib/apps/bridge/methods/storage.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..aabc6c056
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/apps/bridge/methods/storage.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+import { invoke } from '@tauri-apps/api/core';
+import type {
+  SageStorageDatabaseDescription,
+  SageStorageValueRecord,
+} from '@/bindings';
+import { BridgePermissionError } from '../permissions';
+import type { BridgeMethodRegistry } from '../types';
+
+async function ensureStoragePermission({
+  ctx,
+}: {
+  ctx: { app: { grantedPermissions: { persistentStorage: boolean } } };
+}) {
+  if (!ctx.app.grantedPermissions.persistentStorage) {
+    throw new BridgePermissionError(
+      'App does not have persistentStorage permission',
+    );
+  }
+}
+
+const storagePermission = {
+  kind: 'custom' as const,
+  check: ensureStoragePermission,
+};
+
+export const storageBridgeMethods = {
+  'storage.openDatabase': {
+    permission: storagePermission,
+    async handle({ ctx, request }) {
+      return await invoke<{ name: string; version: number }>(
+        'storage_open_database',
+        {
+          appId: ctx.app.id,
+          req: request.params,
+        },
+      );
+    },
+  },
+
+  'storage.deleteDatabase': {
+    permission: storagePermission,
+    async handle({ ctx, request }) {
+      return await invoke('storage_delete_database', {
+        appId: ctx.app.id,
+        dbName: request.params,
+      });
+    },
+  },
+
+  'storage.describeDatabase': {
+    permission: storagePermission,
+    async handle({ ctx, request }) {
+      return await invoke<SageStorageDatabaseDescription>(
+        'storage_describe_database',
+        {
+          appId: ctx.app.id,
+          dbName: request.params,
+        },
+      );
+    },
+  },
+
+  'storage.createObjectStore': {
+    permission: storagePermission,
+    async handle({ ctx, request }) {
+      await invoke('storage_create_object_store', {
+        appId: ctx.app.id,
+        req: request.params,
+      });
+      return undefined;
+    },
+  },
+
+  'storage.createIndex': {
+    permission: storagePermission,
+    async handle({ ctx, request }) {
+      await invoke('storage_create_index', {
+        appId: ctx.app.id,
+        req: request.params,
+      });
+      return undefined;
+    },
+  },
+
+  'storage.get': {
+    permission: storagePermission,
+    async handle({ ctx, request }) {
+      return await invoke<string | null>('storage_get', {
+        appId: ctx.app.id,
+        req: request.params,
+      });
+    },
+  },
+
+  'storage.put': {
+    permission: storagePermission,
+    async handle({ ctx, request }) {
+      await invoke('storage_put', {
+        appId: ctx.app.id,
+        req: request.params,
+      });
+      return undefined;
+    },
+  },
+
+  'storage.delete': {
+    permission: storagePermission,
+    async handle({ ctx, request }) {
+      await invoke('storage_delete', {
+        appId: ctx.app.id,
+        req: request.params,
+      });
+      return undefined;
+    },
+  },
+
+  'storage.clear': {
+    permission: storagePermission,
+    async handle({ ctx, request }) {
+      await invoke('storage_clear', {
+        appId: ctx.app.id,
+        req: request.params,
+      });
+      return undefined;
+    },
+  },
+
+  'storage.count': {
+    permission: storagePermission,
+    async handle({ ctx, request }) {
+      return await invoke<number>('storage_count', {
+        appId: ctx.app.id,
+        req: request.params,
+      });
+    },
+  },
+
+  'storage.getAll': {
+    permission: storagePermission,
+    async handle({ ctx, request }) {
+      return await invoke<SageStorageValueRecord[]>('storage_get_all', {
+        appId: ctx.app.id,
+        req: request.params,
+      });
+    },
+  },
+
+  'storage.getAllFromIndex': {
+    permission: storagePermission,
+    async handle({ ctx, request }) {
+      return await invoke<SageStorageValueRecord[]>(
+        'storage_get_all_from_index',
+        {
+          appId: ctx.app.id,
+          req: request.params,
+        },
+      );
+    },
+  },
+} satisfies BridgeMethodRegistry;
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/bridge/methods/system.ts b/src/lib/apps/bridge/methods/system.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3b80b5cab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/apps/bridge/methods/system.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+import type { BridgeMethodRegistry } from '../types';
+
+export const systemBridgeMethods = {
+  'bridge.ping': {
+    permission: { kind: 'none' },
+    async handle({ ctx }) {
+      return {
+        ok: true,
+        appId: ctx.app.id,
+        appName: ctx.app.name,
+      };
+    },
+  },
+
+  'app.getInfo': {
+    permission: { kind: 'none' },
+    async handle({ ctx }) {
+      return {
+        id: ctx.app.id,
+        name: ctx.app.name,
+        version: ctx.app.version,
+        permissions: ctx.app.grantedPermissions,
+      };
+    },
+  },
+
+  'sage.getPermissions': {
+    permission: { kind: 'none' },
+    async handle({ ctx }) {
+      return ctx.app.grantedPermissions;
+    },
+  },
+} satisfies BridgeMethodRegistry;
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/bridge/methods/wallet.ts b/src/lib/apps/bridge/methods/wallet.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6c84c4539
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/apps/bridge/methods/wallet.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+import { invoke } from '@tauri-apps/api/core';
+import type { TransactionResponse } from '@/bindings';
+import type { BridgeMethodRegistry } from '../types';
+
+export const walletBridgeMethods = {
+  'wallet.sendXch': {
+    approval: async ({ ctx, request }) => {
+      if (ctx.app.grantedPermissions.wallet.sendXchAutoSubmit) {
+        return null;
+      }
+
+      return {
+        kind: 'send_xch',
+        app: ctx.app,
+        sourceLabel: ctx.sourceLabel,
+        requestId: request.id,
+        params: request.params,
+      };
+    },
+
+    async handle({ request }) {
+      return await invoke<TransactionResponse>('send_xch', {
+        req: {
+          ...request.params,
+          auto_submit: true,
+        },
+      });
+    },
+  },
+} satisfies BridgeMethodRegistry;
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/bridge/permissions.ts b/src/lib/apps/bridge/permissions.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..55088065c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/apps/bridge/permissions.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+import type {
+  BridgePermissionPolicy,
+  SageBridgeContext,
+  SageBridgeMethod,
+  SageBridgeRequest,
+} from './types';
+
+export class BridgePermissionError extends Error {
+  constructor(message: string) {
+    super(message);
+    this.name = 'BridgePermissionError';
+  }
+}
+
+function getNestedValue(obj: unknown, path: string[]): unknown {
+  let current: unknown = obj;
+
+  for (const segment of path) {
+    if (!current || typeof current !== 'object') {
+      return undefined;
+    }
+
+    current = (current as Record<string, unknown>)[segment];
+  }
+
+  return current;
+}
+
+function methodToPermissionPath(method: SageBridgeMethod): string[] {
+  const [group, action] = method.split('.');
+
+  if (!group || !action) {
+    throw new BridgePermissionError(
+      `Cannot derive permission path from method: ${method}`,
+    );
+  }
+
+  return [group, action];
+}
+
+async function enforceBooleanPermissionByMethod(
+  ctx: SageBridgeContext,
+  method: SageBridgeMethod,
+): Promise<void> {
+  const path = methodToPermissionPath(method);
+  const value = getNestedValue(ctx.app.grantedPermissions, path);
+
+  if (typeof value !== 'boolean') {
+    throw new BridgePermissionError(
+      `Permission ${path.join('.')} is not a boolean granted permission`,
+    );
+  }
+
+  if (!value) {
+    throw new BridgePermissionError(`Permission denied for ${path.join('.')}`);
+  }
+}
+
+export async function enforcePermissionPolicy(args: {
+  ctx: SageBridgeContext;
+  request: SageBridgeRequest;
+  policy?: BridgePermissionPolicy;
+}): Promise<void> {
+  const { ctx, request, policy } = args;
+
+  if (!policy) {
+    await enforceBooleanPermissionByMethod(ctx, request.method);
+    return;
+  }
+
+  switch (policy.kind) {
+    case 'none':
+      return;
+
+    case 'custom':
+      await policy.check({ ctx, request });
+      return;
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/bridge/registry.ts b/src/lib/apps/bridge/registry.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..821c58d7f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/apps/bridge/registry.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+import type { BridgeMethodRegistry } from './types';
+import { systemBridgeMethods } from './methods/system';
+import { storageBridgeMethods } from './methods/storage';
+import { walletBridgeMethods } from './methods/wallet';
+
+export const bridgeMethods = {
+  ...systemBridgeMethods,
+  ...storageBridgeMethods,
+  ...walletBridgeMethods,
+} satisfies BridgeMethodRegistry;
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/bridge/responses.ts b/src/lib/apps/bridge/responses.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5b8b586de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/apps/bridge/responses.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+import type {
+  SageBridgeErrorResponse,
+  SageBridgeSuccessResponse,
+} from './types';
+
+export function success(
+  id: string,
+  result: unknown,
+): SageBridgeSuccessResponse {
+  return {
+    channel: 'sage-bridge',
+    id,
+    ok: true,
+    result,
+  };
+}
+
+export function failure(
+  id: string,
+  code: string,
+  message: string,
+): SageBridgeErrorResponse {
+  return {
+    channel: 'sage-bridge',
+    id,
+    ok: false,
+    error: {
+      code,
+      message,
+    },
+  };
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/bridge/types.ts b/src/lib/apps/bridge/types.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c5bb95b62
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/apps/bridge/types.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+import type {
+  Amount,
+  InstalledSageApp,
+  SageStorageClearRequest,
+  SageStorageCountRequest,
+  SageStorageCreateIndexRequest,
+  SageStorageCreateObjectStoreRequest,
+  SageStorageDeleteRequest,
+  SageStorageGetAllFromIndexRequest,
+  SageStorageGetAllRequest,
+  SageStorageGetRequest,
+  SageStorageOpenDatabaseRequest,
+  SageStoragePutRequest,
+} from '@/bindings';
+
+export interface SageBridgeSuccessResponse {
+  channel: 'sage-bridge';
+  id: string;
+  ok: true;
+  result: unknown;
+}
+
+export interface SageBridgeErrorResponse {
+  channel: 'sage-bridge';
+  id: string;
+  ok: false;
+  error: {
+    code: string;
+    message: string;
+  };
+}
+
+export type SageBridgeResponse =
+  | SageBridgeSuccessResponse
+  | SageBridgeErrorResponse;
+
+export interface SageBridgeContext {
+  app: InstalledSageApp;
+  sourceLabel: string;
+}
+
+export interface SageBridgeEventPayload {
+  sourceLabel: string;
+  request: SageBridgeRequest;
+}
+
+export interface SageWalletSendXchRequest {
+  address: string;
+  amount: Amount;
+  fee: Amount;
+  memos?: string[];
+  clawback?: number | null;
+}
+
+export interface SageBridgeRequestParamsMap {
+  'bridge.ping': undefined;
+  'app.getInfo': undefined;
+  'sage.getPermissions': undefined;
+
+  'storage.openDatabase': SageStorageOpenDatabaseRequest;
+  'storage.deleteDatabase': string;
+  'storage.describeDatabase': string;
+  'storage.createObjectStore': SageStorageCreateObjectStoreRequest;
+  'storage.createIndex': SageStorageCreateIndexRequest;
+  'storage.get': SageStorageGetRequest;
+  'storage.put': SageStoragePutRequest;
+  'storage.delete': SageStorageDeleteRequest;
+  'storage.clear': SageStorageClearRequest;
+  'storage.count': SageStorageCountRequest;
+  'storage.getAll': SageStorageGetAllRequest;
+  'storage.getAllFromIndex': SageStorageGetAllFromIndexRequest;
+
+  'wallet.sendXch': SageWalletSendXchRequest;
+}
+
+export type SageBridgeMethod = keyof SageBridgeRequestParamsMap;
+
+export type SageBridgeRequestForMethod<M extends SageBridgeMethod> =
+  SageBridgeRequestParamsMap[M] extends undefined
+    ? {
+        channel: 'sage-bridge';
+        id: string;
+        method: M;
+      }
+    : {
+        channel: 'sage-bridge';
+        id: string;
+        method: M;
+        params: SageBridgeRequestParamsMap[M];
+      };
+
+export type SageBridgeRequest = {
+  [M in SageBridgeMethod]: SageBridgeRequestForMethod<M>;
+}[SageBridgeMethod];
+
+export type BridgePermissionPolicy =
+  | { kind: 'none' }
+  | {
+      kind: 'custom';
+      check: (args: {
+        ctx: SageBridgeContext;
+        request: SageBridgeRequest;
+      }) => void | Promise<void>;
+    };
+
+export interface BridgeApprovalRequest {
+  kind: 'send_xch';
+  app: InstalledSageApp;
+  sourceLabel: string;
+  requestId: string;
+  params: SageWalletSendXchRequest;
+}
+
+export type BridgeApprovalResult =
+  | { approved: true }
+  | { approved: false; reason?: string };
+
+export interface SageBridgeHostTools {
+  requestApproval: (
+    request: BridgeApprovalRequest,
+  ) => Promise<BridgeApprovalResult>;
+}
+
+export type BridgeMethodRequest<M extends SageBridgeMethod> =
+  SageBridgeRequestForMethod<M>;
+
+export interface BridgeMethodHandlerArgs<M extends SageBridgeMethod> {
+  ctx: SageBridgeContext;
+  request: BridgeMethodRequest<M>;
+  tools: SageBridgeHostTools;
+}
+
+export type BridgeApprovalPolicy<M extends SageBridgeMethod> = (args: {
+  ctx: SageBridgeContext;
+  request: SageBridgeRequestForMethod<M>;
+}) => BridgeApprovalRequest | null | Promise<BridgeApprovalRequest | null>;
+
+export interface BridgeMethodHandlerArgs<M extends SageBridgeMethod> {
+  ctx: SageBridgeContext;
+  request: SageBridgeRequestForMethod<M>;
+  tools: SageBridgeHostTools;
+}
+
+export interface BridgeMethodDefinition<M extends SageBridgeMethod> {
+  permission?: BridgePermissionPolicy;
+  approval?: BridgeApprovalPolicy<M>;
+  handle: (args: BridgeMethodHandlerArgs<M>) => Promise<unknown>;
+}
+
+export type BridgeMethodRegistry = Partial<{
+  [M in SageBridgeMethod]: BridgeMethodDefinition<M>;
+}>;
diff --git a/src/pages/AppHost.tsx b/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
index ef1bb54c0..077723f8b 100644
--- a/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
@@ -1,23 +1,14 @@
 import { Alert, AlertDescription, AlertTitle } from '@/components/ui/alert';
 import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
-import {
-  handleBridgeRequest,
-  isBridgeRequest,
-  type SageBridgeEventPayload,
-} from '@/lib/apps/bridge';
-import {
-  ensureInlineRuntime,
-  getRuntimeWebview,
-  killRuntime,
-  markRuntimeVisible,
-} from '@/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry';
-import { LogicalPosition, LogicalSize } from '@tauri-apps/api/dpi';
-import { getCurrentWebview } from '@tauri-apps/api/webview';
+import { killRuntime } from '@/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry';
 import { ArrowLeft } from 'lucide-react';
 import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react';
 import { Link, useNavigate, useParams } from 'react-router-dom';
 import { useAppRuntimePresence } from '@/hooks/useAppRuntimePresence';
 import { useApps } from '@/contexts/AppsContext';
+import { useAppPendingApprovals } from '@/hooks/useAppPendingApprovals.ts';
+import { useAppEmbeddedRuntime } from '@/hooks/useAppEmbeddedRuntime.ts';
+import { AppApprovalBanner } from '@/components/apps/AppApprovalBanner.tsx';
 
 function AppNotFound() {
   return (
@@ -48,17 +39,18 @@ export function AppHost() {
   const isRunning = useAppRuntimePresence(appId);
   const [applyingUpdate, setApplyingUpdate] = useState(false);
 
+  const {
+    currentApproval,
+    queuedApprovalCount,
+    currentApprovalSecondsLeft,
+    requestApproval,
+    approveCurrentApproval,
+    rejectCurrentApproval,
+  } = useAppPendingApprovals();
+
   const checkingUpdate = busyAppIds[appId] ?? false;
   const updatePreview = updateAvailability[appId] ?? null;
 
-  const entrySrc = useMemo(() => {
-    if (!app) {
-      return null;
-    }
-
-    return `sage-app://${app.id}/index.html`;
-  }, [app]);
-
   const sourceDisplayUrl = useMemo(() => {
     if (!app) {
       return null;
@@ -66,43 +58,14 @@ export function AppHost() {
 
     return app.source.kind === 'url'
       ? app.source.appUrl
-      : `sage-app://${app.id}/index.html`;
+      : `sage-app://${app.id}`;
   }, [app]);
 
-  const syncBounds = useCallback(async (installedAppId: string) => {
-    const webview = await getRuntimeWebview(installedAppId);
-    const container = containerRef.current;
-
-    if (!webview || !container) {
-      return;
-    }
-
-    const rect = container.getBoundingClientRect();
-    const width = Math.max(1, Math.round(rect.width));
-    const height = Math.max(1, Math.round(rect.height));
-    const x = Math.round(rect.left);
-    const y = Math.round(rect.top);
-
-    await webview.setPosition(new LogicalPosition(x, y));
-    await webview.setSize(new LogicalSize(width, height));
-  }, []);
-
-  const scheduleSyncBounds = useCallback(
-    (installedAppId: string) => {
-      requestAnimationFrame(() => {
-        void syncBounds(installedAppId).catch((err) => {
-          const message = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err);
-
-          if (message.includes('webview not found')) {
-            return;
-          }
-
-          console.error('Failed to sync embedded app webview bounds:', err);
-        });
-      });
-    },
-    [syncBounds],
-  );
+  const { scheduleSyncBounds } = useAppEmbeddedRuntime({
+    app,
+    containerRef,
+    requestApproval,
+  });
 
   const handleUpdateAndReopen = useCallback(async () => {
     if (!app) {
@@ -155,109 +118,6 @@ export function AppHost() {
     };
   }, [app, checkForUpdate]);
 
-  useEffect(() => {
-    if (!app || !entrySrc || !containerRef.current) {
-      return;
-    }
-
-    const installedApp = app;
-    const hostWebview = getCurrentWebview();
-
-    let disposed = false;
-    let resizeObserver: ResizeObserver | null = null;
-    let unlistenBridge: (() => void) | null = null;
-    let removeWindowResize: (() => void) | null = null;
-    let delayedSyncTimers: number[] = [];
-
-    const clearDelayedSyncTimers = () => {
-      delayedSyncTimers.forEach((id) => {
-        window.clearTimeout(id);
-      });
-      delayedSyncTimers = [];
-    };
-
-    const mount = async () => {
-      await ensureInlineRuntime(installedApp);
-      await markRuntimeVisible(installedApp.id, true);
-
-      scheduleSyncBounds(installedApp.id);
-
-      delayedSyncTimers = [0, 50, 150, 300].map((delay) =>
-        window.setTimeout(() => {
-          if (!disposed) {
-            scheduleSyncBounds(installedApp.id);
-          }
-        }, delay),
-      );
-
-      resizeObserver = new ResizeObserver(() => {
-        if (!disposed) {
-          scheduleSyncBounds(installedApp.id);
-        }
-      });
-
-      const container = containerRef.current;
-      if (!container) {
-        return;
-      }
-
-      resizeObserver.observe(container);
-
-      const handleWindowResize = () => {
-        if (!disposed) {
-          scheduleSyncBounds(installedApp.id);
-        }
-      };
-
-      window.addEventListener('resize', handleWindowResize);
-      removeWindowResize = () => {
-        window.removeEventListener('resize', handleWindowResize);
-      };
-
-      const expectedSourceLabel = `app-inline-${installedApp.id}`;
-
-      unlistenBridge = await hostWebview.listen<SageBridgeEventPayload>(
-        'sage-bridge:request',
-        ({ payload }) => {
-          if (
-            !payload ||
-            payload.sourceLabel !== expectedSourceLabel ||
-            !isBridgeRequest(payload.request)
-          ) {
-            return;
-          }
-
-          void handleBridgeRequest(
-            {
-              app: installedApp,
-              sourceLabel: payload.sourceLabel,
-            },
-            payload.request,
-          ).then((response) => {
-            void hostWebview.emitTo(
-              payload.sourceLabel,
-              'sage-bridge:response',
-              response,
-            );
-          });
-        },
-      );
-    };
-
-    void mount().catch((err) => {
-      console.error('Failed to attach app runtime:', err);
-    });
-
-    return () => {
-      disposed = true;
-      void markRuntimeVisible(installedApp.id, false);
-      resizeObserver?.disconnect();
-      unlistenBridge?.();
-      removeWindowResize?.();
-      clearDelayedSyncTimers();
-    };
-  }, [app, entrySrc, scheduleSyncBounds]);
-
   if (loading) {
     return (
       <div className='mx-auto w-full max-w-4xl p-4 md:p-6'>
@@ -275,7 +135,7 @@ export function AppHost() {
 
   return (
     <div className='flex h-full min-h-0 flex-col'>
-      <div className='mx-auto flex h-full min-h-0 w-full max-w-7xl flex-col gap-4 p-4 md:p-6'>
+      <div className='flex h-full min-h-0 w-full flex-col'>
         <div className='flex items-center justify-between gap-4'>
           <Button asChild variant='ghost' className='pl-0'>
             <Link to='/apps'>
@@ -298,6 +158,14 @@ export function AppHost() {
           </Button>
         </div>
 
+        <AppApprovalBanner
+          currentApproval={currentApproval}
+          queuedApprovalCount={queuedApprovalCount}
+          currentApprovalSecondsLeft={currentApprovalSecondsLeft}
+          onApprove={approveCurrentApproval}
+          onReject={rejectCurrentApproval}
+        />
+
         {app.source?.kind === 'url' && updatePreview ? (
           <Alert>
             <AlertTitle>New version available</AlertTitle>

From 9c347dc4227be38e7145219ad550f5ec493b5985 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Thu, 16 Apr 2026 22:47:53 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 039/471] Replace `AppApprovalBanner` with streamlined
 `AppApprovalStrip` and integrate `AppTaskBar`:

- Replaced `AppApprovalBanner` with the more flexible `AppApprovalStrip` for improved app approval handling.
- Introduced `AppTaskBar` for cleaner app navigation and task management.
- Refactored approval logic with `useMemo` to support dynamic approval data and expand/collapse functionality.
- Simplified layout by removing redundant elements and updating styles.
---
 src/pages/AppHost.tsx | 87 ++++++++++++++++++++++---------------------
 1 file changed, 45 insertions(+), 42 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/pages/AppHost.tsx b/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
index 077723f8b..4fc5ecb3e 100644
--- a/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
@@ -1,14 +1,17 @@
 import { Alert, AlertDescription, AlertTitle } from '@/components/ui/alert';
 import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
 import { killRuntime } from '@/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry';
-import { ArrowLeft } from 'lucide-react';
 import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react';
-import { Link, useNavigate, useParams } from 'react-router-dom';
+import { useNavigate, useParams } from 'react-router-dom';
 import { useAppRuntimePresence } from '@/hooks/useAppRuntimePresence';
 import { useApps } from '@/contexts/AppsContext';
 import { useAppPendingApprovals } from '@/hooks/useAppPendingApprovals.ts';
 import { useAppEmbeddedRuntime } from '@/hooks/useAppEmbeddedRuntime.ts';
-import { AppApprovalBanner } from '@/components/apps/AppApprovalBanner.tsx';
+import { AppTaskBar } from '@/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx';
+import {
+  AppApprovalStrip,
+  type PendingApproval,
+} from '@/components/apps/AppApprovalStrip.tsx';
 
 function AppNotFound() {
   return (
@@ -38,6 +41,7 @@ export function AppHost() {
   const app = getApp(appId);
   const isRunning = useAppRuntimePresence(appId);
   const [applyingUpdate, setApplyingUpdate] = useState(false);
+  const [approvalExpanded, setApprovalExpanded] = useState(false);
 
   const {
     currentApproval,
@@ -51,15 +55,32 @@ export function AppHost() {
   const checkingUpdate = busyAppIds[appId] ?? false;
   const updatePreview = updateAvailability[appId] ?? null;
 
-  const sourceDisplayUrl = useMemo(() => {
-    if (!app) {
+  const approvalStripData = useMemo<PendingApproval>(() => {
+    if (!currentApproval) {
       return null;
     }
 
-    return app.source.kind === 'url'
-      ? app.source.appUrl
-      : `sage-app://${app.id}`;
-  }, [app]);
+    if (currentApproval.request.kind === 'send_xch') {
+      return {
+        kind: 'send_xch',
+        appId: currentApproval.request.app.id,
+        requestId: currentApproval.request.requestId,
+        summary: {
+          address: currentApproval.request.params.address,
+          amount: String(currentApproval.request.params.amount),
+          fee: String(currentApproval.request.params.fee),
+          memos: currentApproval.request.params.memos ?? [],
+          autoSubmit: false,
+        },
+      };
+    }
+
+    return null;
+  }, [currentApproval]);
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    setApprovalExpanded(false);
+  }, [currentApproval?.id]);
 
   const { scheduleSyncBounds } = useAppEmbeddedRuntime({
     app,
@@ -136,32 +157,21 @@ export function AppHost() {
   return (
     <div className='flex h-full min-h-0 flex-col'>
       <div className='flex h-full min-h-0 w-full flex-col'>
-        <div className='flex items-center justify-between gap-4'>
-          <Button asChild variant='ghost' className='pl-0'>
-            <Link to='/apps'>
-              <ArrowLeft className='mr-2 h-4 w-4' />
-              Back to Apps
-            </Link>
-          </Button>
-        </div>
-
-        <div className='flex items-center gap-2'>
-          <Button
-            variant='destructive'
-            onClick={() => {
-              void killRuntime(app.id).then(() => {
-                navigate('/apps');
-              });
-            }}
-          >
-            Exit App
-          </Button>
-        </div>
+        <AppTaskBar
+          appName={app.name}
+          onExit={() => {
+            void killRuntime(app.id).then(() => {
+              navigate('/apps');
+            });
+          }}
+        />
 
-        <AppApprovalBanner
-          currentApproval={currentApproval}
-          queuedApprovalCount={queuedApprovalCount}
-          currentApprovalSecondsLeft={currentApprovalSecondsLeft}
+        <AppApprovalStrip
+          approval={approvalStripData}
+          expanded={approvalExpanded}
+          onToggleExpanded={() => {
+            setApprovalExpanded((prev) => !prev);
+          }}
           onApprove={approveCurrentApproval}
           onReject={rejectCurrentApproval}
         />
@@ -188,17 +198,10 @@ export function AppHost() {
           </Alert>
         ) : null}
 
-        <div className='shrink-0 space-y-1'>
-          <h1 className='text-2xl font-semibold tracking-tight'>{app.name}</h1>
-          <p className='break-all text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
-            App URL: {sourceDisplayUrl}
-          </p>
-        </div>
-
         <div className='flex-1 min-h-0'>
           <div
             ref={containerRef}
-            className='h-full w-full overflow-hidden rounded-xl bg-background'
+            className='h-full w-full overflow-hidden bg-background'
           />
         </div>
       </div>

From dad697038557769632bae775241f6c2e46134b32 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Thu, 16 Apr 2026 23:29:57 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 040/471] Handle macOS window inset for non-maximized windows
 in `useAppEmbeddedRuntime`:

- Introduced `getMacWindowedTopInsetPx` to adjust window positioning for macOS when not maximized.
- Updated webview positioning logic to include calculated top inset.
---
 src/hooks/useAppEmbeddedRuntime.ts | 11 ++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/hooks/useAppEmbeddedRuntime.ts b/src/hooks/useAppEmbeddedRuntime.ts
index f9e552fdd..50a39b902 100644
--- a/src/hooks/useAppEmbeddedRuntime.ts
+++ b/src/hooks/useAppEmbeddedRuntime.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import React, { useCallback, useEffect } from 'react';
+import { platform } from '@tauri-apps/plugin-os';
 import { LogicalPosition, LogicalSize } from '@tauri-apps/api/dpi';
 import { getCurrentWebview } from '@tauri-apps/api/webview';
 import {
@@ -12,6 +13,14 @@ import {
   markRuntimeVisible,
 } from '@/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry';
 import type { InstalledSageApp } from '@/bindings';
+import { getCurrentWindow } from '@tauri-apps/api/window';
+
+async function getMacWindowedTopInsetPx(): Promise<number> {
+  const isMac = platform() === 'macos';
+  const isMaximized = await getCurrentWindow().isMaximized();
+
+  return isMac && !isMaximized ? 30 : 0;
+}
 
 interface Args {
   app: InstalledSageApp | null | undefined;
@@ -37,7 +46,7 @@ export function useAppEmbeddedRuntime({
       const width = Math.max(1, Math.round(rect.width));
       const height = Math.max(1, Math.round(rect.height));
       const x = Math.round(rect.left);
-      const y = Math.round(rect.top);
+      const y = Math.round(rect.top + await getMacWindowedTopInsetPx());
 
       await webview.setPosition(new LogicalPosition(x, y));
       await webview.setSize(new LogicalSize(width, height));

From a84f2ea9574568e6b754e0b322d7b5eeceaaa355 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 17 Apr 2026 00:11:36 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 041/471] Add `AppsWorkspace` to enhance app navigation and
 approval flow:

- Introduced `AppsWorkspace` component to unify app navigation and task management.
- Replaced `AppHost` taskbar and approval handling with `AppsWorkspace`-managed `AppTaskBar` and `AppApprovalStrip`.
- Refactored routing to nest `Apps`, `AppHost`, and `TaskManager` under `AppsWorkspace`.
- Streamlined `AppTaskBar` and `AppApprovalStrip` props and state management for improved modularity and clarity.
---
 src/App.tsx                              |   9 +-
 src/components/apps/AppApprovalStrip.tsx |  30 +++-
 src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx       | 103 ++++++++++---
 src/pages/AppHost.tsx                    | 174 ++--------------------
 src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx              | 179 +++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/pages/TaskManager.tsx                |  16 +-
 6 files changed, 302 insertions(+), 209 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx

diff --git a/src/App.tsx b/src/App.tsx
index 75a26edc6..95fab7a62 100644
--- a/src/App.tsx
+++ b/src/App.tsx
@@ -61,6 +61,7 @@ import { Apps } from '@/pages/Apps.tsx';
 import { AppHost } from '@/pages/AppHost.tsx';
 import { TaskManager } from '@/pages/TaskManager.tsx';
 import { AppsProvider } from '@/contexts/AppsContext.tsx';
+import { AppsWorkspace } from '@/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx';
 
 // Theme-aware toast container component
 function ThemeAwareToastContainer() {
@@ -141,9 +142,11 @@ const router = createHashRouter(
         <Route path='' element={<Swap />} />
       </Route>
       <Route path='/apps' element={<Wallet />}>
-        <Route path='' element={<Apps />} />
-        <Route path='task-manager' element={<TaskManager />} />
-        <Route path=':appId' element={<AppHost />} />
+        <Route element={<AppsWorkspace />}>
+          <Route path='' element={<Apps />} />
+          <Route path='task-manager' element={<TaskManager />} />
+          <Route path=':appId' element={<AppHost />} />
+        </Route>
       </Route>
       <Route path='/settings' element={<Settings />} />
       <Route path='/scan' element={<QRScanner />} />
diff --git a/src/components/apps/AppApprovalStrip.tsx b/src/components/apps/AppApprovalStrip.tsx
index e5f03e063..f14e03f52 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/AppApprovalStrip.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/AppApprovalStrip.tsx
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button.tsx';
 export type PendingApproval = {
   kind: 'send_xch';
   appId: string;
+  appName: string;
   requestId: string;
   summary: {
     address: string;
@@ -13,19 +14,25 @@ export type PendingApproval = {
   };
 } | null;
 
+interface Props {
+  approval: PendingApproval;
+  expanded: boolean;
+  queuedApprovalCount: number;
+  secondsLeft: number;
+  onToggleExpanded: () => void;
+  onApprove: () => void;
+  onReject: () => void;
+}
+
 export function AppApprovalStrip({
   approval,
   expanded,
+  queuedApprovalCount,
+  secondsLeft,
   onToggleExpanded,
   onApprove,
   onReject,
-}: {
-  approval: PendingApproval;
-  expanded: boolean;
-  onToggleExpanded: () => void;
-  onApprove: () => void;
-  onReject: () => void;
-}) {
+}: Props) {
   if (!approval) {
     return null;
   }
@@ -38,7 +45,14 @@ export function AppApprovalStrip({
             Transaction approval required
           </div>
           <div className='truncate text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
-            Send {approval.summary.amount} to {approval.summary.address}
+            {approval.appName}: send {approval.summary.amount} to{' '}
+            {approval.summary.address}
+          </div>
+          <div className='text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
+            Expires in {secondsLeft}s
+            {queuedApprovalCount > 0
+              ? ` · ${queuedApprovalCount} more approval${queuedApprovalCount === 1 ? '' : 's'} pending`
+              : ''}
           </div>
         </div>
 
diff --git a/src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx b/src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx
index 3a0f51ee0..cf706fee1 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx
@@ -1,31 +1,90 @@
 import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button.tsx';
-import { Link } from 'react-router-dom';
-import { ArrowLeft } from 'lucide-react';
+import { LayoutGrid, X } from 'lucide-react';
+import clsx from 'clsx';
+
+export interface AppTaskBarTab {
+  appId: string;
+  name: string;
+  iconSrc: string | null;
+  isActive: boolean;
+}
+
+interface Props {
+  tabs: AppTaskBarTab[];
+  onOpenApps: () => void;
+  onSelectApp: (appId: string) => void;
+  onCloseApp: (appId: string) => void;
+}
 
 export function AppTaskBar({
-  appName,
-  onExit,
-}: {
-  appName: string;
-  onExit: () => void;
-}) {
+  tabs,
+  onOpenApps,
+  onSelectApp,
+  onCloseApp,
+}: Props) {
   return (
-    <div className='flex h-12 shrink-0 items-center justify-between border-b bg-background px-3'>
-      <div className='flex items-center gap-3'>
-        <div className='text-sm font-medium'>{appName}</div>
-      </div>
+    <div className='flex h-12 shrink-0 items-end gap-2 border-b bg-muted/30 px-3 pt-2'>
+      <Button
+        variant='ghost'
+        className='h-9 shrink-0 px-3'
+        onClick={onOpenApps}
+      >
+        <LayoutGrid className='mr-2 h-4 w-4' />
+        Apps
+      </Button>
+
+      <div className='flex min-w-0 flex-1 items-end gap-1 overflow-hidden'>
+        {tabs.map((tab) => (
+          <button
+            key={tab.appId}
+            type='button'
+            onClick={() => onSelectApp(tab.appId)}
+            className={clsx(
+              'group flex h-9 min-w-[120px] max-w-[220px] flex-1 items-center gap-2 rounded-t-md border border-b-0 px-3 text-left transition-colors',
+              tab.isActive
+                ? 'bg-background'
+                : 'bg-muted text-muted-foreground hover:bg-muted/80',
+            )}
+          >
+            {tab.iconSrc ? (
+              <img
+                src={tab.iconSrc}
+                alt=''
+                className='h-4 w-4 shrink-0 rounded-sm'
+              />
+            ) : (
+              <div className='flex h-4 w-4 shrink-0 items-center justify-center rounded-sm bg-border text-[10px] font-semibold'>
+                {tab.name.slice(0, 1).toUpperCase()}
+              </div>
+            )}
 
-      <div className='flex items-center gap-2'>
-        <Button variant='ghost' size='sm' asChild>
-          <Link to='/apps'>
-            <ArrowLeft className='mr-2 h-4 w-4' />
-            Apps
-          </Link>
-        </Button>
+            <span className='min-w-0 flex-1 truncate text-sm font-medium'>
+              {tab.name}
+            </span>
 
-        <Button variant='destructive' size='sm' onClick={onExit}>
-          Exit App
-        </Button>
+            <span
+              className={clsx(
+                'shrink-0',
+                tab.isActive
+                  ? 'opacity-100'
+                  : 'opacity-0 transition-opacity group-hover:opacity-100',
+              )}
+            >
+              <Button
+                type='button'
+                variant='ghost'
+                size='icon'
+                className='h-6 w-6'
+                onClick={(event) => {
+                  event.stopPropagation();
+                  onCloseApp(tab.appId);
+                }}
+              >
+                <X className='h-3.5 w-3.5' />
+              </Button>
+            </span>
+          </button>
+        ))}
       </div>
     </div>
   );
diff --git a/src/pages/AppHost.tsx b/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
index 4fc5ecb3e..79b5ee9a4 100644
--- a/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
@@ -1,17 +1,9 @@
 import { Alert, AlertDescription, AlertTitle } from '@/components/ui/alert';
-import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
-import { killRuntime } from '@/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry';
-import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react';
-import { useNavigate, useParams } from 'react-router-dom';
-import { useAppRuntimePresence } from '@/hooks/useAppRuntimePresence';
+import { useRef } from 'react';
+import { useParams } from 'react-router-dom';
 import { useApps } from '@/contexts/AppsContext';
-import { useAppPendingApprovals } from '@/hooks/useAppPendingApprovals.ts';
 import { useAppEmbeddedRuntime } from '@/hooks/useAppEmbeddedRuntime.ts';
-import { AppTaskBar } from '@/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx';
-import {
-  AppApprovalStrip,
-  type PendingApproval,
-} from '@/components/apps/AppApprovalStrip.tsx';
+import { useAppsWorkspaceOutletContext } from '@/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx';
 
 function AppNotFound() {
   return (
@@ -27,118 +19,17 @@ function AppNotFound() {
 export function AppHost() {
   const { appId = '' } = useParams();
   const containerRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement | null>(null);
-  const navigate = useNavigate();
-
-  const {
-    getApp,
-    loading,
-    checkForUpdate,
-    performAppUpdate,
-    updateAvailability,
-    busyAppIds,
-  } = useApps();
+  const { getApp, loading } = useApps();
+  const { requestApproval } = useAppsWorkspaceOutletContext();
 
   const app = getApp(appId);
-  const isRunning = useAppRuntimePresence(appId);
-  const [applyingUpdate, setApplyingUpdate] = useState(false);
-  const [approvalExpanded, setApprovalExpanded] = useState(false);
-
-  const {
-    currentApproval,
-    queuedApprovalCount,
-    currentApprovalSecondsLeft,
-    requestApproval,
-    approveCurrentApproval,
-    rejectCurrentApproval,
-  } = useAppPendingApprovals();
-
-  const checkingUpdate = busyAppIds[appId] ?? false;
-  const updatePreview = updateAvailability[appId] ?? null;
-
-  const approvalStripData = useMemo<PendingApproval>(() => {
-    if (!currentApproval) {
-      return null;
-    }
-
-    if (currentApproval.request.kind === 'send_xch') {
-      return {
-        kind: 'send_xch',
-        appId: currentApproval.request.app.id,
-        requestId: currentApproval.request.requestId,
-        summary: {
-          address: currentApproval.request.params.address,
-          amount: String(currentApproval.request.params.amount),
-          fee: String(currentApproval.request.params.fee),
-          memos: currentApproval.request.params.memos ?? [],
-          autoSubmit: false,
-        },
-      };
-    }
 
-    return null;
-  }, [currentApproval]);
-
-  useEffect(() => {
-    setApprovalExpanded(false);
-  }, [currentApproval?.id]);
-
-  const { scheduleSyncBounds } = useAppEmbeddedRuntime({
+  useAppEmbeddedRuntime({
     app,
     containerRef,
     requestApproval,
   });
 
-  const handleUpdateAndReopen = useCallback(async () => {
-    if (!app) {
-      return;
-    }
-
-    try {
-      setApplyingUpdate(true);
-
-      await performAppUpdate(app.id, {
-        restartIfRunning: true,
-        visibleAfterRestart: true,
-      });
-
-      scheduleSyncBounds(app.id);
-    } finally {
-      setApplyingUpdate(false);
-    }
-  }, [app, performAppUpdate, scheduleSyncBounds]);
-
-  useEffect(() => {
-    if (!app || app.source?.kind !== 'url') {
-      return;
-    }
-
-    let cancelled = false;
-
-    const check = async () => {
-      try {
-        await checkForUpdate(app.id, false);
-      } catch {
-        // keep quiet
-      }
-    };
-
-    void check();
-
-    const intervalId = window.setInterval(
-      () => {
-        if (!cancelled) {
-          void check();
-        }
-      },
-      10 * 60 * 1000,
-    );
-
-    return () => {
-      cancelled = true;
-      window.clearInterval(intervalId);
-    };
-  }, [app, checkForUpdate]);
-
   if (loading) {
     return (
       <div className='mx-auto w-full max-w-4xl p-4 md:p-6'>
@@ -155,55 +46,12 @@ export function AppHost() {
   }
 
   return (
-    <div className='flex h-full min-h-0 flex-col'>
-      <div className='flex h-full min-h-0 w-full flex-col'>
-        <AppTaskBar
-          appName={app.name}
-          onExit={() => {
-            void killRuntime(app.id).then(() => {
-              navigate('/apps');
-            });
-          }}
-        />
-
-        <AppApprovalStrip
-          approval={approvalStripData}
-          expanded={approvalExpanded}
-          onToggleExpanded={() => {
-            setApprovalExpanded((prev) => !prev);
-          }}
-          onApprove={approveCurrentApproval}
-          onReject={rejectCurrentApproval}
+    <div className='flex h-full min-h-0 w-full flex-col overflow-hidden'>
+      <div className='flex-1 min-h-0'>
+        <div
+          ref={containerRef}
+          className='h-full w-full overflow-hidden bg-background'
         />
-
-        {app.source?.kind === 'url' && updatePreview ? (
-          <Alert>
-            <AlertTitle>New version available</AlertTitle>
-            <AlertDescription className='flex items-center justify-between gap-4'>
-              <span>
-                Version {updatePreview.manifest.version} is available for this
-                app.
-              </span>
-
-              <Button
-                variant='outline'
-                disabled={checkingUpdate || applyingUpdate || !isRunning}
-                onClick={() => {
-                  void handleUpdateAndReopen();
-                }}
-              >
-                {applyingUpdate ? 'Updating...' : 'Update and reopen'}
-              </Button>
-            </AlertDescription>
-          </Alert>
-        ) : null}
-
-        <div className='flex-1 min-h-0'>
-          <div
-            ref={containerRef}
-            className='h-full w-full overflow-hidden bg-background'
-          />
-        </div>
       </div>
     </div>
   );
diff --git a/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx b/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..54647323c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+import { Alert, AlertDescription, AlertTitle } from '@/components/ui/alert';
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
+import {
+  AppApprovalStrip,
+  type PendingApproval,
+} from '@/components/apps/AppApprovalStrip.tsx';
+import {
+  AppTaskBar,
+  type AppTaskBarTab,
+} from '@/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx';
+import { useApps } from '@/contexts/AppsContext.tsx';
+import { useAppPendingApprovals } from '@/hooks/useAppPendingApprovals.ts';
+import { useAppRuntimes } from '@/hooks/useAppRuntimes';
+import { focusRuntime, killRuntime } from '@/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry';
+import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react';
+import {
+  Outlet,
+  useNavigate,
+  useOutletContext,
+  useParams,
+} from 'react-router-dom';
+
+export interface AppsWorkspaceOutletContext {
+  requestApproval: ReturnType<typeof useAppPendingApprovals>['requestApproval'];
+}
+
+export function useAppsWorkspaceOutletContext() {
+  return useOutletContext<AppsWorkspaceOutletContext>();
+}
+
+export function AppsWorkspace() {
+  const { appId } = useParams();
+  const navigate = useNavigate();
+  const runtimes = useAppRuntimes();
+
+  const { getApp, updateAvailability, busyAppIds, performAppUpdate } =
+    useApps();
+
+  const {
+    currentApproval,
+    queuedApprovalCount,
+    currentApprovalSecondsLeft,
+    requestApproval,
+    approveCurrentApproval,
+    rejectCurrentApproval,
+  } = useAppPendingApprovals();
+
+  const [approvalExpanded, setApprovalExpanded] = useState(false);
+  const [applyingUpdate, setApplyingUpdate] = useState(false);
+
+  const activeApp = appId ? getApp(appId) : null;
+  const activeUpdatePreview = activeApp
+    ? updateAvailability[activeApp.id]
+    : null;
+  const activeBusy = activeApp ? (busyAppIds[activeApp.id] ?? false) : false;
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    setApprovalExpanded(false);
+  }, [currentApproval?.id]);
+
+  const tabs = useMemo<AppTaskBarTab[]>(() => {
+    return runtimes.map((runtime) => {
+      const installedApp = getApp(runtime.appId);
+
+      return {
+        appId: runtime.appId,
+        name: installedApp?.name ?? runtime.appName,
+        iconSrc: installedApp
+          ? `sage-app://${installedApp.id}/${installedApp.iconFile}`
+          : null,
+        isActive: runtime.appId === activeApp?.id,
+      };
+    });
+  }, [runtimes, getApp, activeApp?.id]);
+
+  const approvalStripData = useMemo<PendingApproval>(() => {
+    if (!currentApproval) {
+      return null;
+    }
+
+    if (currentApproval.request.kind === 'send_xch') {
+      return {
+        kind: 'send_xch',
+        appId: currentApproval.request.app.id,
+        appName: currentApproval.request.app.name,
+        requestId: currentApproval.request.requestId,
+        summary: {
+          address: currentApproval.request.params.address,
+          amount: String(currentApproval.request.params.amount),
+          fee: String(currentApproval.request.params.fee),
+          memos: currentApproval.request.params.memos ?? [],
+          autoSubmit: false,
+        },
+      };
+    }
+
+    return null;
+  }, [currentApproval]);
+
+  const handleApplyUpdate = useCallback(async () => {
+    if (!activeApp) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    try {
+      setApplyingUpdate(true);
+
+      await performAppUpdate(activeApp.id, {
+        restartIfRunning: true,
+        visibleAfterRestart: true,
+      });
+    } finally {
+      setApplyingUpdate(false);
+    }
+  }, [activeApp, performAppUpdate]);
+
+  return (
+    <div className='flex h-full min-h-0 w-full flex-col overflow-hidden'>
+      <AppTaskBar
+        tabs={tabs}
+        onOpenApps={() => {
+          navigate('/apps');
+        }}
+        onSelectApp={(targetAppId) => {
+          void focusRuntime(targetAppId).then(() => {
+            navigate(`/apps/${targetAppId}`);
+          });
+        }}
+        onCloseApp={(targetAppId) => {
+          void killRuntime(targetAppId).then(() => {
+            if (targetAppId === activeApp?.id) {
+              navigate('/apps');
+            }
+          });
+        }}
+      />
+
+      {activeApp ? (
+        <AppApprovalStrip
+          approval={approvalStripData}
+          expanded={approvalExpanded}
+          queuedApprovalCount={queuedApprovalCount}
+          secondsLeft={currentApprovalSecondsLeft}
+          onToggleExpanded={() => {
+            setApprovalExpanded((prev) => !prev);
+          }}
+          onApprove={approveCurrentApproval}
+          onReject={rejectCurrentApproval}
+        />
+      ) : null}
+
+      {activeApp?.source?.kind === 'url' && activeUpdatePreview ? (
+        <Alert className='shrink-0 rounded-none border-x-0 border-t-0'>
+          <AlertTitle>New version available</AlertTitle>
+          <AlertDescription className='flex items-center justify-between gap-4'>
+            <span>
+              Version {activeUpdatePreview.manifest.version} is available for{' '}
+              {activeApp.name}.
+            </span>
+
+            <Button
+              variant='outline'
+              disabled={activeBusy || applyingUpdate}
+              onClick={() => {
+                void handleApplyUpdate();
+              }}
+            >
+              {applyingUpdate ? 'Updating...' : 'Update and reopen'}
+            </Button>
+          </AlertDescription>
+        </Alert>
+      ) : null}
+
+      <div className='flex-1 min-h-0 overflow-hidden'>
+        <Outlet context={{ requestApproval }} />
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  );
+}
diff --git a/src/pages/TaskManager.tsx b/src/pages/TaskManager.tsx
index 1d46d465f..9948fa54c 100644
--- a/src/pages/TaskManager.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/TaskManager.tsx
@@ -6,8 +6,7 @@ import {
   hideRuntime,
   killRuntime,
 } from '@/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry';
-import { ArrowLeft } from 'lucide-react';
-import { Link, useLocation, useNavigate } from 'react-router-dom';
+import { useLocation, useNavigate } from 'react-router-dom';
 
 function formatDuration(ms: number) {
   const s = Math.floor(ms / 1000);
@@ -25,17 +24,8 @@ export function TaskManager() {
   return (
     <div className='mx-auto w-full max-w-6xl p-4 md:p-6'>
       <Card>
-        <CardHeader className='flex flex-row items-center justify-between gap-4 space-y-0'>
-          <div>
-            <CardTitle>Task Manager</CardTitle>
-          </div>
-
-          <Button asChild variant='ghost' className='pl-0'>
-            <Link to='/apps'>
-              <ArrowLeft className='mr-2 h-4 w-4' />
-              Back to Apps
-            </Link>
-          </Button>
+        <CardHeader>
+          <CardTitle>Task Manager</CardTitle>
         </CardHeader>
 
         <CardContent className='space-y-4'>

From b17f47eafab1934f26b800f9b2de319bd0c9f869 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 17 Apr 2026 00:41:58 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 042/471] Implement drag-and-drop reorder functionality for
 `AppTaskBar`:

- Added drag-and-drop support to `AppTaskBar` for dynamic tab reordering with visual feedback.
- Introduced `reorderIds` utility function for managing tab order state.
- Updated `AppsWorkspace` to manage and persist custom tab orders based on runtime updates.
---
 src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx | 346 +++++++++++++++++++++++++----
 src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx        |  50 +++--
 2 files changed, 335 insertions(+), 61 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx b/src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx
index cf706fee1..5410e031b 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button.tsx';
 import { LayoutGrid, X } from 'lucide-react';
 import clsx from 'clsx';
+import { useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react';
 
 export interface AppTaskBarTab {
   appId: string;
@@ -14,6 +15,33 @@ interface Props {
   onOpenApps: () => void;
   onSelectApp: (appId: string) => void;
   onCloseApp: (appId: string) => void;
+  onReorderTabs: (nextAppIds: string[]) => void;
+}
+
+interface DragState {
+  draggedAppId: string;
+  pointerOffsetWithinTab: number;
+  currentPointerX: number;
+  overlayLeftPx: number;
+}
+
+function reorderIds(
+  ids: string[],
+  fromIndex: number,
+  toIndex: number,
+): string[] {
+  if (fromIndex === toIndex) {
+    return ids;
+  }
+
+  const next = [...ids];
+  const [moved] = next.splice(fromIndex, 1);
+  next.splice(toIndex, 0, moved);
+  return next;
+}
+
+function clamp(value: number, min: number, max: number): number {
+  return Math.min(max, Math.max(min, value));
 }
 
 export function AppTaskBar({
@@ -21,7 +49,131 @@ export function AppTaskBar({
   onOpenApps,
   onSelectApp,
   onCloseApp,
+  onReorderTabs,
 }: Props) {
+  const tabsContainerRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement | null>(null);
+
+  const [dragState, setDragState] = useState<DragState | null>(null);
+  const [previewOrder, setPreviewOrder] = useState<string[] | null>(null);
+
+  const baseOrder = useMemo(() => tabs.map((tab) => tab.appId), [tabs]);
+  const activeOrder = previewOrder ?? baseOrder;
+
+  const tabsById = useMemo(() => {
+    return new Map(tabs.map((tab) => [tab.appId, tab]));
+  }, [tabs]);
+
+  const orderedTabs = useMemo(() => {
+    return activeOrder
+      .map((appId) => tabsById.get(appId))
+      .filter((tab): tab is AppTaskBarTab => tab != null);
+  }, [activeOrder, tabsById]);
+
+  const draggedIndex = dragState
+    ? activeOrder.indexOf(dragState.draggedAppId)
+    : -1;
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!dragState) {
+      setPreviewOrder(null);
+    }
+  }, [dragState]);
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!dragState) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    const handlePointerMove = (event: PointerEvent) => {
+      setDragState((prev) =>
+        prev
+          ? {
+              ...prev,
+              currentPointerX: event.clientX,
+            }
+          : null,
+      );
+    };
+
+    const handlePointerUp = () => {
+      setDragState((prev) => {
+        if (!prev) {
+          return null;
+        }
+
+        if (previewOrder) {
+          onReorderTabs(previewOrder);
+        }
+
+        return null;
+      });
+    };
+
+    window.addEventListener('pointermove', handlePointerMove);
+    window.addEventListener('pointerup', handlePointerUp);
+
+    return () => {
+      window.removeEventListener('pointermove', handlePointerMove);
+      window.removeEventListener('pointerup', handlePointerUp);
+    };
+  }, [dragState, previewOrder, onReorderTabs]);
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!dragState) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    const containerEl = tabsContainerRef.current;
+    if (!containerEl) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    const tabCount = activeOrder.length;
+    if (tabCount === 0) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    const containerRect = containerEl.getBoundingClientRect();
+    const slotWidth = containerRect.width / tabCount;
+
+    const minOverlayLeft = 0;
+    const maxOverlayLeft = Math.max(0, containerRect.width - slotWidth);
+
+    const rawOverlayLeft =
+      dragState.currentPointerX -
+      containerRect.left -
+      dragState.pointerOffsetWithinTab;
+
+    const clampedOverlayLeft = clamp(
+      rawOverlayLeft,
+      minOverlayLeft,
+      maxOverlayLeft,
+    );
+
+    const draggedCenterX = clampedOverlayLeft + slotWidth / 2;
+    const nextIndex = clamp(
+      Math.floor(draggedCenterX / slotWidth),
+      0,
+      tabCount - 1,
+    );
+
+    setDragState((prev) =>
+      prev
+        ? {
+            ...prev,
+            overlayLeftPx: clampedOverlayLeft,
+          }
+        : null,
+    );
+
+    const currentIndex = activeOrder.indexOf(dragState.draggedAppId);
+    if (currentIndex === -1 || nextIndex === currentIndex) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    setPreviewOrder(reorderIds(activeOrder, currentIndex, nextIndex));
+  }, [dragState, activeOrder]);
+
   return (
     <div className='flex h-12 shrink-0 items-end gap-2 border-b bg-muted/30 px-3 pt-2'>
       <Button
@@ -33,58 +185,156 @@ export function AppTaskBar({
         Apps
       </Button>
 
-      <div className='flex min-w-0 flex-1 items-end gap-1 overflow-hidden'>
-        {tabs.map((tab) => (
-          <button
-            key={tab.appId}
-            type='button'
-            onClick={() => onSelectApp(tab.appId)}
-            className={clsx(
-              'group flex h-9 min-w-[120px] max-w-[220px] flex-1 items-center gap-2 rounded-t-md border border-b-0 px-3 text-left transition-colors',
-              tab.isActive
-                ? 'bg-background'
-                : 'bg-muted text-muted-foreground hover:bg-muted/80',
-            )}
-          >
-            {tab.iconSrc ? (
-              <img
-                src={tab.iconSrc}
-                alt=''
-                className='h-4 w-4 shrink-0 rounded-sm'
-              />
-            ) : (
-              <div className='flex h-4 w-4 shrink-0 items-center justify-center rounded-sm bg-border text-[10px] font-semibold'>
-                {tab.name.slice(0, 1).toUpperCase()}
-              </div>
-            )}
-
-            <span className='min-w-0 flex-1 truncate text-sm font-medium'>
-              {tab.name}
-            </span>
-
-            <span
-              className={clsx(
-                'shrink-0',
-                tab.isActive
-                  ? 'opacity-100'
-                  : 'opacity-0 transition-opacity group-hover:opacity-100',
-              )}
+      <div
+        ref={tabsContainerRef}
+        className='relative flex min-w-0 flex-1 items-end gap-1 overflow-hidden'
+      >
+        {orderedTabs.map((tab) => {
+          const isDragged = dragState?.draggedAppId === tab.appId;
+
+          return (
+            <div
+              key={tab.appId}
+              className={clsx('min-w-0 flex-1', isDragged && 'opacity-0')}
             >
-              <Button
+              <button
                 type='button'
-                variant='ghost'
-                size='icon'
-                className='h-6 w-6'
-                onClick={(event) => {
-                  event.stopPropagation();
-                  onCloseApp(tab.appId);
+                onClick={() => {
+                  if (!dragState) {
+                    onSelectApp(tab.appId);
+                  }
                 }}
+                onPointerDown={(event) => {
+                  if (event.button !== 0) {
+                    return;
+                  }
+
+                  const containerEl = tabsContainerRef.current;
+                  if (!containerEl) {
+                    return;
+                  }
+
+                  const containerRect = containerEl.getBoundingClientRect();
+                  const tabCount = baseOrder.length;
+                  if (tabCount === 0) {
+                    return;
+                  }
+
+                  const slotWidth = containerRect.width / tabCount;
+                  const currentIndex = activeOrder.indexOf(tab.appId);
+                  const slotLeft = currentIndex * slotWidth;
+                  const pointerXWithinContainer =
+                    event.clientX - containerRect.left;
+                  const pointerOffsetWithinTab = clamp(
+                    pointerXWithinContainer - slotLeft,
+                    0,
+                    slotWidth,
+                  );
+
+                  setPreviewOrder((prev) => prev ?? baseOrder);
+                  setDragState({
+                    draggedAppId: tab.appId,
+                    pointerOffsetWithinTab,
+                    currentPointerX: event.clientX,
+                    overlayLeftPx: slotLeft,
+                  });
+                }}
+                className={clsx(
+                  'group flex h-9 w-full items-center gap-2 rounded-t-md border border-b-0 px-3 text-left transition-[background-color,color] duration-150 select-none',
+                  tab.isActive
+                    ? 'bg-background'
+                    : 'bg-muted text-muted-foreground hover:bg-muted/80',
+                )}
               >
-                <X className='h-3.5 w-3.5' />
-              </Button>
-            </span>
-          </button>
-        ))}
+                {tab.iconSrc ? (
+                  <img
+                    src={tab.iconSrc}
+                    alt=''
+                    className='h-4 w-4 shrink-0 rounded-sm'
+                  />
+                ) : (
+                  <div className='flex h-4 w-4 shrink-0 items-center justify-center rounded-sm bg-border text-[10px] font-semibold'>
+                    {tab.name.slice(0, 1).toUpperCase()}
+                  </div>
+                )}
+
+                <span className='min-w-0 flex-1 truncate text-sm font-medium'>
+                  {tab.name}
+                </span>
+
+                <span
+                  className={clsx(
+                    'shrink-0',
+                    tab.isActive
+                      ? 'opacity-100'
+                      : 'opacity-0 transition-opacity group-hover:opacity-100',
+                  )}
+                >
+                  <Button
+                    type='button'
+                    variant='ghost'
+                    size='icon'
+                    className='h-6 w-6'
+                    onClick={(event) => {
+                      event.stopPropagation();
+                      onCloseApp(tab.appId);
+                    }}
+                  >
+                    <X className='h-3.5 w-3.5' />
+                  </Button>
+                </span>
+              </button>
+            </div>
+          );
+        })}
+
+        {dragState && draggedIndex !== -1
+          ? (() => {
+              const draggedTab = tabsById.get(dragState.draggedAppId);
+              if (!draggedTab) {
+                return null;
+              }
+
+              return (
+                <div
+                  className='pointer-events-none absolute bottom-0 z-20'
+                  style={{
+                    left: `${dragState.overlayLeftPx}px`,
+                    width: `${100 / activeOrder.length}%`,
+                  }}
+                >
+                  <div
+                    className={clsx(
+                      'flex h-9 w-full items-center gap-2 rounded-t-md border border-b-0 px-3 text-left shadow-sm',
+                      draggedTab.isActive
+                        ? 'bg-background'
+                        : 'bg-muted text-muted-foreground',
+                    )}
+                  >
+                    {draggedTab.iconSrc ? (
+                      <img
+                        src={draggedTab.iconSrc}
+                        alt=''
+                        className='h-4 w-4 shrink-0 rounded-sm'
+                      />
+                    ) : (
+                      <div className='flex h-4 w-4 shrink-0 items-center justify-center rounded-sm bg-border text-[10px] font-semibold'>
+                        {draggedTab.name.slice(0, 1).toUpperCase()}
+                      </div>
+                    )}
+
+                    <span className='min-w-0 flex-1 truncate text-sm font-medium'>
+                      {draggedTab.name}
+                    </span>
+
+                    <span className='shrink-0 opacity-100'>
+                      <div className='h-6 w-6' />
+                    </span>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              );
+            })()
+          : null}
       </div>
     </div>
   );
diff --git a/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx b/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
index 54647323c..7c1d7b5b8 100644
--- a/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
@@ -47,6 +47,18 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
 
   const [approvalExpanded, setApprovalExpanded] = useState(false);
   const [applyingUpdate, setApplyingUpdate] = useState(false);
+  const [tabOrder, setTabOrder] = useState<string[]>([]);
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    setTabOrder((prev) => {
+      const runtimeIds = runtimes.map((runtime) => runtime.appId);
+
+      const kept = prev.filter((appId) => runtimeIds.includes(appId));
+      const added = runtimeIds.filter((appId) => !kept.includes(appId));
+
+      return [...kept, ...added];
+    });
+  }, [runtimes]);
 
   const activeApp = appId ? getApp(appId) : null;
   const activeUpdatePreview = activeApp
@@ -59,19 +71,30 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
   }, [currentApproval?.id]);
 
   const tabs = useMemo<AppTaskBarTab[]>(() => {
-    return runtimes.map((runtime) => {
-      const installedApp = getApp(runtime.appId);
-
-      return {
-        appId: runtime.appId,
-        name: installedApp?.name ?? runtime.appName,
-        iconSrc: installedApp
-          ? `sage-app://${installedApp.id}/${installedApp.iconFile}`
-          : null,
-        isActive: runtime.appId === activeApp?.id,
-      };
-    });
-  }, [runtimes, getApp, activeApp?.id]);
+    const runtimeByAppId = new Map(
+      runtimes.map((runtime) => [runtime.appId, runtime]),
+    );
+
+    return tabOrder
+      .map((appId) => {
+        const runtime = runtimeByAppId.get(appId);
+        if (!runtime) {
+          return null;
+        }
+
+        const installedApp = getApp(runtime.appId);
+
+        return {
+          appId: runtime.appId,
+          name: installedApp?.name ?? runtime.appName,
+          iconSrc: installedApp
+            ? `sage-app://${installedApp.id}/${installedApp.iconFile}`
+            : null,
+          isActive: runtime.appId === activeApp?.id,
+        };
+      })
+      .filter((tab): tab is AppTaskBarTab => tab !== null);
+  }, [runtimes, tabOrder, getApp, activeApp?.id]);
 
   const approvalStripData = useMemo<PendingApproval>(() => {
     if (!currentApproval) {
@@ -133,6 +156,7 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
             }
           });
         }}
+        onReorderTabs={setTabOrder}
       />
 
       {activeApp ? (

From 8e597bc0e1c86a7a63e13aab69e56dd2727636cc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 17 Apr 2026 00:45:01 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 043/471] Add dynamic tab width calculation in `AppTaskBar`:

- Introduced adaptive tab width based on container size, with min/max constraints.
- Added `ResizeObserver` to update tab container width on resize.
- Updated drag-and-drop logic to account for dynamic tab dimensions.
---
 src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx | 98 ++++++++++++++++++++----------
 1 file changed, 66 insertions(+), 32 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx b/src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx
index 5410e031b..2c98786e5 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx
@@ -25,6 +25,9 @@ interface DragState {
   overlayLeftPx: number;
 }
 
+const MAX_TAB_WIDTH_PX = 200;
+const MIN_TAB_WIDTH_PX = 120;
+
 function reorderIds(
   ids: string[],
   fromIndex: number,
@@ -55,6 +58,7 @@ export function AppTaskBar({
 
   const [dragState, setDragState] = useState<DragState | null>(null);
   const [previewOrder, setPreviewOrder] = useState<string[] | null>(null);
+  const [tabsContainerWidthPx, setTabsContainerWidthPx] = useState(0);
 
   const baseOrder = useMemo(() => tabs.map((tab) => tab.appId), [tabs]);
   const activeOrder = previewOrder ?? baseOrder;
@@ -69,9 +73,43 @@ export function AppTaskBar({
       .filter((tab): tab is AppTaskBarTab => tab != null);
   }, [activeOrder, tabsById]);
 
-  const draggedIndex = dragState
-    ? activeOrder.indexOf(dragState.draggedAppId)
-    : -1;
+  const tabWidthPx = useMemo(() => {
+    const count = Math.max(1, tabs.length);
+
+    if (tabsContainerWidthPx <= 0) {
+      return MAX_TAB_WIDTH_PX;
+    }
+
+    return Math.max(
+      MIN_TAB_WIDTH_PX,
+      Math.min(MAX_TAB_WIDTH_PX, Math.floor(tabsContainerWidthPx / count)),
+    );
+  }, [tabs.length, tabsContainerWidthPx]);
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const container = tabsContainerRef.current;
+    if (!container) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    const updateWidth = () => {
+      setTabsContainerWidthPx(container.getBoundingClientRect().width);
+    };
+
+    updateWidth();
+
+    const resizeObserver = new ResizeObserver(() => {
+      updateWidth();
+    });
+
+    resizeObserver.observe(container);
+    window.addEventListener('resize', updateWidth);
+
+    return () => {
+      resizeObserver.disconnect();
+      window.removeEventListener('resize', updateWidth);
+    };
+  }, []);
 
   useEffect(() => {
     if (!dragState) {
@@ -134,25 +172,25 @@ export function AppTaskBar({
     }
 
     const containerRect = containerEl.getBoundingClientRect();
-    const slotWidth = containerRect.width / tabCount;
+    const slotWidthPx = tabWidthPx;
 
-    const minOverlayLeft = 0;
-    const maxOverlayLeft = Math.max(0, containerRect.width - slotWidth);
+    const minOverlayLeftPx = 0;
+    const maxOverlayLeftPx = Math.max(0, tabCount * slotWidthPx - slotWidthPx);
 
-    const rawOverlayLeft =
+    const rawOverlayLeftPx =
       dragState.currentPointerX -
       containerRect.left -
       dragState.pointerOffsetWithinTab;
 
-    const clampedOverlayLeft = clamp(
-      rawOverlayLeft,
-      minOverlayLeft,
-      maxOverlayLeft,
+    const clampedOverlayLeftPx = clamp(
+      rawOverlayLeftPx,
+      minOverlayLeftPx,
+      maxOverlayLeftPx,
     );
 
-    const draggedCenterX = clampedOverlayLeft + slotWidth / 2;
+    const draggedCenterX = clampedOverlayLeftPx + slotWidthPx / 2;
     const nextIndex = clamp(
-      Math.floor(draggedCenterX / slotWidth),
+      Math.floor(draggedCenterX / slotWidthPx),
       0,
       tabCount - 1,
     );
@@ -161,7 +199,7 @@ export function AppTaskBar({
       prev
         ? {
             ...prev,
-            overlayLeftPx: clampedOverlayLeft,
+            overlayLeftPx: clampedOverlayLeftPx,
           }
         : null,
     );
@@ -172,7 +210,7 @@ export function AppTaskBar({
     }
 
     setPreviewOrder(reorderIds(activeOrder, currentIndex, nextIndex));
-  }, [dragState, activeOrder]);
+  }, [dragState, activeOrder, tabWidthPx]);
 
   return (
     <div className='flex h-12 shrink-0 items-end gap-2 border-b bg-muted/30 px-3 pt-2'>
@@ -187,7 +225,7 @@ export function AppTaskBar({
 
       <div
         ref={tabsContainerRef}
-        className='relative flex min-w-0 flex-1 items-end gap-1 overflow-hidden'
+        className='relative flex min-w-0 flex-1 items-end justify-start gap-1 overflow-hidden'
       >
         {orderedTabs.map((tab) => {
           const isDragged = dragState?.draggedAppId === tab.appId;
@@ -195,7 +233,8 @@ export function AppTaskBar({
           return (
             <div
               key={tab.appId}
-              className={clsx('min-w-0 flex-1', isDragged && 'opacity-0')}
+              className={clsx('shrink-0', isDragged && 'opacity-0')}
+              style={{ width: `${tabWidthPx}px` }}
             >
               <button
                 type='button'
@@ -215,28 +254,23 @@ export function AppTaskBar({
                   }
 
                   const containerRect = containerEl.getBoundingClientRect();
-                  const tabCount = baseOrder.length;
-                  if (tabCount === 0) {
-                    return;
-                  }
-
-                  const slotWidth = containerRect.width / tabCount;
+                  const slotWidthPx = tabWidthPx;
                   const currentIndex = activeOrder.indexOf(tab.appId);
-                  const slotLeft = currentIndex * slotWidth;
-                  const pointerXWithinContainer =
+                  const slotLeftPx = currentIndex * slotWidthPx;
+                  const pointerXWithinContainerPx =
                     event.clientX - containerRect.left;
-                  const pointerOffsetWithinTab = clamp(
-                    pointerXWithinContainer - slotLeft,
+                  const pointerOffsetWithinTabPx = clamp(
+                    pointerXWithinContainerPx - slotLeftPx,
                     0,
-                    slotWidth,
+                    slotWidthPx,
                   );
 
                   setPreviewOrder((prev) => prev ?? baseOrder);
                   setDragState({
                     draggedAppId: tab.appId,
-                    pointerOffsetWithinTab,
+                    pointerOffsetWithinTab: pointerOffsetWithinTabPx,
                     currentPointerX: event.clientX,
-                    overlayLeftPx: slotLeft,
+                    overlayLeftPx: slotLeftPx,
                   });
                 }}
                 className={clsx(
@@ -288,7 +322,7 @@ export function AppTaskBar({
           );
         })}
 
-        {dragState && draggedIndex !== -1
+        {dragState
           ? (() => {
               const draggedTab = tabsById.get(dragState.draggedAppId);
               if (!draggedTab) {
@@ -300,7 +334,7 @@ export function AppTaskBar({
                   className='pointer-events-none absolute bottom-0 z-20'
                   style={{
                     left: `${dragState.overlayLeftPx}px`,
-                    width: `${100 / activeOrder.length}%`,
+                    width: `${tabWidthPx}px`,
                   }}
                 >
                   <div

From c299e69f8bc32a3662883e6814cdc4c7a822d4a3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 17 Apr 2026 00:57:33 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 044/471] Adjust height and vertical positioning in
 `useAppEmbeddedRuntime` for macOS window insets:

- Updated height calculation to account for `getMacWindowedTopInsetPx`.
- Refined vertical positioning logic to include top inset adjustments.
---
 src/hooks/useAppEmbeddedRuntime.ts | 5 ++++-
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/hooks/useAppEmbeddedRuntime.ts b/src/hooks/useAppEmbeddedRuntime.ts
index 50a39b902..c2e9b1743 100644
--- a/src/hooks/useAppEmbeddedRuntime.ts
+++ b/src/hooks/useAppEmbeddedRuntime.ts
@@ -44,7 +44,10 @@ export function useAppEmbeddedRuntime({
 
       const rect = container.getBoundingClientRect();
       const width = Math.max(1, Math.round(rect.width));
-      const height = Math.max(1, Math.round(rect.height));
+      const height = Math.max(
+        1,
+        Math.round(rect.height - (await getMacWindowedTopInsetPx())),
+      );
       const x = Math.round(rect.left);
       const y = Math.round(rect.top + await getMacWindowedTopInsetPx());
 

From 30a3c513c1889023f3cdba33bb1f7e916bae169d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 17 Apr 2026 01:01:11 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 045/471] Refactor tab width calculation and improve
 drag-and-drop logic in `AppTaskBar`:

- Reduced `MIN_TAB_WIDTH_PX` to 80 and introduced `TAB_GAP_PX` for consistent spacing.
- Replaced `tabsContainerRef` with `tabsViewportRef` and `tabsStripRef` for better viewport management.
- Refined dynamic tab width logic to account for gaps and viewport size.
- Improved drag-and-drop calculations with updated positioning and clamping based on new `slotSpanPx` and `totalStripWidthPx`.
- Adjusted styles and structure for improved overflow handling and responsiveness.
---
 src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx | 331 +++++++++++++++--------------
 1 file changed, 177 insertions(+), 154 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx b/src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx
index 2c98786e5..7f88e45f8 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx
@@ -26,7 +26,8 @@ interface DragState {
 }
 
 const MAX_TAB_WIDTH_PX = 200;
-const MIN_TAB_WIDTH_PX = 120;
+const MIN_TAB_WIDTH_PX = 80;
+const TAB_GAP_PX = 4; // tailwind gap-1
 
 function reorderIds(
   ids: string[],
@@ -54,11 +55,12 @@ export function AppTaskBar({
   onCloseApp,
   onReorderTabs,
 }: Props) {
-  const tabsContainerRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement | null>(null);
+  const tabsViewportRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement | null>(null);
+  const tabsStripRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement | null>(null);
 
   const [dragState, setDragState] = useState<DragState | null>(null);
   const [previewOrder, setPreviewOrder] = useState<string[] | null>(null);
-  const [tabsContainerWidthPx, setTabsContainerWidthPx] = useState(0);
+  const [tabsViewportWidthPx, setTabsViewportWidthPx] = useState(0);
 
   const baseOrder = useMemo(() => tabs.map((tab) => tab.appId), [tabs]);
   const activeOrder = previewOrder ?? baseOrder;
@@ -76,24 +78,38 @@ export function AppTaskBar({
   const tabWidthPx = useMemo(() => {
     const count = Math.max(1, tabs.length);
 
-    if (tabsContainerWidthPx <= 0) {
+    if (tabsViewportWidthPx <= 0) {
       return MAX_TAB_WIDTH_PX;
     }
 
+    const totalGapPx = Math.max(0, count - 1) * TAB_GAP_PX;
+    const availableForTabsPx = Math.max(0, tabsViewportWidthPx - totalGapPx);
+    const fittedWidthPx = Math.floor(availableForTabsPx / count);
+
     return Math.max(
       MIN_TAB_WIDTH_PX,
-      Math.min(MAX_TAB_WIDTH_PX, Math.floor(tabsContainerWidthPx / count)),
+      Math.min(MAX_TAB_WIDTH_PX, fittedWidthPx),
     );
-  }, [tabs.length, tabsContainerWidthPx]);
+  }, [tabs.length, tabsViewportWidthPx]);
+
+  const totalStripWidthPx = useMemo(() => {
+    if (tabs.length === 0) {
+      return 0;
+    }
+
+    return tabs.length * tabWidthPx + (tabs.length - 1) * TAB_GAP_PX;
+  }, [tabs.length, tabWidthPx]);
+
+  const slotSpanPx = tabWidthPx + TAB_GAP_PX;
 
   useEffect(() => {
-    const container = tabsContainerRef.current;
-    if (!container) {
+    const viewport = tabsViewportRef.current;
+    if (!viewport) {
       return;
     }
 
     const updateWidth = () => {
-      setTabsContainerWidthPx(container.getBoundingClientRect().width);
+      setTabsViewportWidthPx(viewport.getBoundingClientRect().width);
     };
 
     updateWidth();
@@ -102,7 +118,7 @@ export function AppTaskBar({
       updateWidth();
     });
 
-    resizeObserver.observe(container);
+    resizeObserver.observe(viewport);
     window.addEventListener('resize', updateWidth);
 
     return () => {
@@ -161,8 +177,8 @@ export function AppTaskBar({
       return;
     }
 
-    const containerEl = tabsContainerRef.current;
-    if (!containerEl) {
+    const viewportEl = tabsViewportRef.current;
+    if (!viewportEl) {
       return;
     }
 
@@ -171,15 +187,15 @@ export function AppTaskBar({
       return;
     }
 
-    const containerRect = containerEl.getBoundingClientRect();
-    const slotWidthPx = tabWidthPx;
+    const viewportRect = viewportEl.getBoundingClientRect();
 
     const minOverlayLeftPx = 0;
-    const maxOverlayLeftPx = Math.max(0, tabCount * slotWidthPx - slotWidthPx);
+    const maxOverlayLeftPx = Math.max(0, totalStripWidthPx - tabWidthPx);
 
     const rawOverlayLeftPx =
       dragState.currentPointerX -
-      containerRect.left -
+      viewportRect.left +
+      viewportEl.scrollLeft -
       dragState.pointerOffsetWithinTab;
 
     const clampedOverlayLeftPx = clamp(
@@ -188,9 +204,9 @@ export function AppTaskBar({
       maxOverlayLeftPx,
     );
 
-    const draggedCenterX = clampedOverlayLeftPx + slotWidthPx / 2;
+    const draggedCenterX = clampedOverlayLeftPx + tabWidthPx / 2;
     const nextIndex = clamp(
-      Math.floor(draggedCenterX / slotWidthPx),
+      Math.floor((draggedCenterX + TAB_GAP_PX / 2) / slotSpanPx),
       0,
       tabCount - 1,
     );
@@ -210,7 +226,7 @@ export function AppTaskBar({
     }
 
     setPreviewOrder(reorderIds(activeOrder, currentIndex, nextIndex));
-  }, [dragState, activeOrder, tabWidthPx]);
+  }, [dragState, activeOrder, tabWidthPx, slotSpanPx, totalStripWidthPx]);
 
   return (
     <div className='flex h-12 shrink-0 items-end gap-2 border-b bg-muted/30 px-3 pt-2'>
@@ -224,151 +240,158 @@ export function AppTaskBar({
       </Button>
 
       <div
-        ref={tabsContainerRef}
-        className='relative flex min-w-0 flex-1 items-end justify-start gap-1 overflow-hidden'
+        ref={tabsViewportRef}
+        className='min-w-0 flex-1 overflow-x-auto overflow-y-hidden'
       >
-        {orderedTabs.map((tab) => {
-          const isDragged = dragState?.draggedAppId === tab.appId;
-
-          return (
-            <div
-              key={tab.appId}
-              className={clsx('shrink-0', isDragged && 'opacity-0')}
-              style={{ width: `${tabWidthPx}px` }}
-            >
-              <button
-                type='button'
-                onClick={() => {
-                  if (!dragState) {
-                    onSelectApp(tab.appId);
-                  }
-                }}
-                onPointerDown={(event) => {
-                  if (event.button !== 0) {
-                    return;
-                  }
-
-                  const containerEl = tabsContainerRef.current;
-                  if (!containerEl) {
-                    return;
-                  }
-
-                  const containerRect = containerEl.getBoundingClientRect();
-                  const slotWidthPx = tabWidthPx;
-                  const currentIndex = activeOrder.indexOf(tab.appId);
-                  const slotLeftPx = currentIndex * slotWidthPx;
-                  const pointerXWithinContainerPx =
-                    event.clientX - containerRect.left;
-                  const pointerOffsetWithinTabPx = clamp(
-                    pointerXWithinContainerPx - slotLeftPx,
-                    0,
-                    slotWidthPx,
-                  );
-
-                  setPreviewOrder((prev) => prev ?? baseOrder);
-                  setDragState({
-                    draggedAppId: tab.appId,
-                    pointerOffsetWithinTab: pointerOffsetWithinTabPx,
-                    currentPointerX: event.clientX,
-                    overlayLeftPx: slotLeftPx,
-                  });
-                }}
-                className={clsx(
-                  'group flex h-9 w-full items-center gap-2 rounded-t-md border border-b-0 px-3 text-left transition-[background-color,color] duration-150 select-none',
-                  tab.isActive
-                    ? 'bg-background'
-                    : 'bg-muted text-muted-foreground hover:bg-muted/80',
-                )}
+        <div
+          ref={tabsStripRef}
+          className='relative flex h-full items-end gap-1'
+          style={{
+            width: `${Math.max(totalStripWidthPx, tabsViewportWidthPx)}px`,
+          }}
+        >
+          {orderedTabs.map((tab) => {
+            const isDragged = dragState?.draggedAppId === tab.appId;
+
+            return (
+              <div
+                key={tab.appId}
+                className={clsx('shrink-0', isDragged && 'opacity-0')}
+                style={{ width: `${tabWidthPx}px` }}
               >
-                {tab.iconSrc ? (
-                  <img
-                    src={tab.iconSrc}
-                    alt=''
-                    className='h-4 w-4 shrink-0 rounded-sm'
-                  />
-                ) : (
-                  <div className='flex h-4 w-4 shrink-0 items-center justify-center rounded-sm bg-border text-[10px] font-semibold'>
-                    {tab.name.slice(0, 1).toUpperCase()}
-                  </div>
-                )}
-
-                <span className='min-w-0 flex-1 truncate text-sm font-medium'>
-                  {tab.name}
-                </span>
-
-                <span
+                <button
+                  type='button'
+                  onClick={() => {
+                    if (!dragState) {
+                      onSelectApp(tab.appId);
+                    }
+                  }}
+                  onPointerDown={(event) => {
+                    if (event.button !== 0) {
+                      return;
+                    }
+
+                    const viewportEl = tabsViewportRef.current;
+                    if (!viewportEl) {
+                      return;
+                    }
+
+                    const viewportRect = viewportEl.getBoundingClientRect();
+                    const currentIndex = activeOrder.indexOf(tab.appId);
+                    const slotLeftPx = currentIndex * slotSpanPx;
+                    const pointerXWithinStripPx =
+                      event.clientX - viewportRect.left + viewportEl.scrollLeft;
+                    const pointerOffsetWithinTabPx = clamp(
+                      pointerXWithinStripPx - slotLeftPx,
+                      0,
+                      tabWidthPx,
+                    );
+
+                    setPreviewOrder((prev) => prev ?? baseOrder);
+                    setDragState({
+                      draggedAppId: tab.appId,
+                      pointerOffsetWithinTab: pointerOffsetWithinTabPx,
+                      currentPointerX: event.clientX,
+                      overlayLeftPx: slotLeftPx,
+                    });
+                  }}
                   className={clsx(
-                    'shrink-0',
+                    'group flex h-9 w-full items-center gap-2 rounded-t-md border border-b-0 px-3 text-left transition-[background-color,color] duration-150 select-none',
                     tab.isActive
-                      ? 'opacity-100'
-                      : 'opacity-0 transition-opacity group-hover:opacity-100',
+                      ? 'bg-background'
+                      : 'bg-muted text-muted-foreground hover:bg-muted/80',
                   )}
                 >
-                  <Button
-                    type='button'
-                    variant='ghost'
-                    size='icon'
-                    className='h-6 w-6'
-                    onClick={(event) => {
-                      event.stopPropagation();
-                      onCloseApp(tab.appId);
-                    }}
-                  >
-                    <X className='h-3.5 w-3.5' />
-                  </Button>
-                </span>
-              </button>
-            </div>
-          );
-        })}
-
-        {dragState
-          ? (() => {
-              const draggedTab = tabsById.get(dragState.draggedAppId);
-              if (!draggedTab) {
-                return null;
-              }
-
-              return (
-                <div
-                  className='pointer-events-none absolute bottom-0 z-20'
-                  style={{
-                    left: `${dragState.overlayLeftPx}px`,
-                    width: `${tabWidthPx}px`,
-                  }}
-                >
-                  <div
+                  {tab.iconSrc ? (
+                    <img
+                      src={tab.iconSrc}
+                      alt=''
+                      className='h-4 w-4 shrink-0 rounded-sm'
+                    />
+                  ) : (
+                    <div className='flex h-4 w-4 shrink-0 items-center justify-center rounded-sm bg-border text-[10px] font-semibold'>
+                      {tab.name.slice(0, 1).toUpperCase()}
+                    </div>
+                  )}
+
+                  <span className='min-w-0 flex-1 truncate text-sm font-medium'>
+                    {tab.name}
+                  </span>
+
+                  <span
                     className={clsx(
-                      'flex h-9 w-full items-center gap-2 rounded-t-md border border-b-0 px-3 text-left shadow-sm',
-                      draggedTab.isActive
-                        ? 'bg-background'
-                        : 'bg-muted text-muted-foreground',
+                      'shrink-0',
+                      tab.isActive
+                        ? 'opacity-100'
+                        : 'opacity-0 transition-opacity group-hover:opacity-100',
                     )}
                   >
-                    {draggedTab.iconSrc ? (
-                      <img
-                        src={draggedTab.iconSrc}
-                        alt=''
-                        className='h-4 w-4 shrink-0 rounded-sm'
-                      />
-                    ) : (
-                      <div className='flex h-4 w-4 shrink-0 items-center justify-center rounded-sm bg-border text-[10px] font-semibold'>
-                        {draggedTab.name.slice(0, 1).toUpperCase()}
-                      </div>
-                    )}
-
-                    <span className='min-w-0 flex-1 truncate text-sm font-medium'>
-                      {draggedTab.name}
-                    </span>
-
-                    <span className='shrink-0 opacity-100'>
-                      <div className='h-6 w-6' />
-                    </span>
+                    <Button
+                      type='button'
+                      variant='ghost'
+                      size='icon'
+                      className='h-6 w-6'
+                      onClick={(event) => {
+                        event.stopPropagation();
+                        onCloseApp(tab.appId);
+                      }}
+                    >
+                      <X className='h-3.5 w-3.5' />
+                    </Button>
+                  </span>
+                </button>
+              </div>
+            );
+          })}
+
+          {dragState
+            ? (() => {
+                const draggedTab = tabsById.get(dragState.draggedAppId);
+                if (!draggedTab) {
+                  return null;
+                }
+
+                return (
+                  <div
+                    className='pointer-events-none absolute bottom-0 z-20'
+                    style={{
+                      left: `${dragState.overlayLeftPx}px`,
+                      width: `${tabWidthPx}px`,
+                    }}
+                  >
+                    <div
+                      className={clsx(
+                        'flex h-9 w-full items-center gap-2 rounded-t-md border border-b-0 px-3 text-left shadow-sm',
+                        draggedTab.isActive
+                          ? 'bg-background'
+                          : 'bg-muted text-muted-foreground',
+                      )}
+                    >
+                      {draggedTab.iconSrc ? (
+                        <img
+                          src={draggedTab.iconSrc}
+                          alt=''
+                          className='h-4 w-4 shrink-0 rounded-sm'
+                        />
+                      ) : (
+                        <div className='flex h-4 w-4 shrink-0 items-center justify-center rounded-sm bg-border text-[10px] font-semibold'>
+                          {draggedTab.name.slice(0, 1).toUpperCase()}
+                        </div>
+                      )}
+
+                      <span className='min-w-0 flex-1 truncate text-sm font-medium'>
+                        {draggedTab.name}
+                      </span>
+
+                      <span className='shrink-0 opacity-100'>
+                        <div className='h-6 w-6' />
+                      </span>
+                    </div>
                   </div>
-                </div>
-              );
-            })()
-          : null}
+                );
+              })()
+            : null}
+        </div>
       </div>
     </div>
   );

From e3d827e5548aa85ec8d85e717ae5cc918348fbc2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 17 Apr 2026 01:02:46 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 046/471] Fix `onClick` handler in `AppTaskBar` to prevent
 redundant app selection when tab is active.

---
 src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx | 4 +++-
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx b/src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx
index 7f88e45f8..32953e9b6 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx
@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@ export function AppTaskBar({
                 <button
                   type='button'
                   onClick={() => {
-                    if (!dragState) {
+                    if (!dragState && !tab.isActive) {
                       onSelectApp(tab.appId);
                     }
                   }}
@@ -271,6 +271,8 @@ export function AppTaskBar({
                       return;
                     }
 
+                    onSelectApp(tab.appId);
+
                     const viewportEl = tabsViewportRef.current;
                     if (!viewportEl) {
                       return;

From 5b05fc0175389dfc88315fdb2a6422494ec9de98 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 17 Apr 2026 01:14:02 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 047/471] Update runtime visibility handling and webview
 capabilities:

- Replace size/position adjustments with `show()` and `hide()` methods for runtime visibility.
- Add `setFocus()` call to ensure webview focus on activation.
- Extend capabilities to include webview visibility and focus management.
---
 src-tauri/capabilities/default.json | 3 +++
 src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts     | 8 +++-----
 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src-tauri/capabilities/default.json b/src-tauri/capabilities/default.json
index 3490ea1e3..aba38c2af 100644
--- a/src-tauri/capabilities/default.json
+++ b/src-tauri/capabilities/default.json
@@ -9,6 +9,9 @@
     "core:window:default",
     "core:webview:default",
     "core:webview:allow-create-webview",
+    "core:webview:allow-webview-hide",
+    "core:webview:allow-webview-show",
+    "core:webview:allow-set-webview-focus",
     "core:webview:allow-set-webview-position",
     "core:webview:allow-set-webview-size",
     "core:webview:allow-webview-close",
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts b/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
index 68edbf6c2..e766cac25 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 import { getCurrentWebview, Webview } from '@tauri-apps/api/webview';
 import { getCurrentWindow } from '@tauri-apps/api/window';
-import { LogicalPosition, LogicalSize } from '@tauri-apps/api/dpi';
 import { InstalledSageApp } from '@/bindings.ts';
 
 export type SageAppRuntimeState =
@@ -313,11 +312,9 @@ export async function markRuntimeVisible(appId: string, visible: boolean) {
 
   try {
     if (visible) {
-      // AppHost will place it correctly right after this.
-      await record.webview.setSize(new LogicalSize(1, 1));
+      await record.webview.show();
     } else {
-      await record.webview.setPosition(new LogicalPosition(-10000, -10000));
-      await record.webview.setSize(new LogicalSize(1, 1));
+      await record.webview.hide();
     }
   } catch (err) {
     console.error('Failed to update runtime visibility:', err);
@@ -342,6 +339,7 @@ export async function focusRuntime(appId: string) {
   record.lastActiveAt = Date.now();
 
   try {
+    await record.webview.show();
     await record.webview.setFocus();
   } catch (err) {
     console.error('Failed to focus runtime:', err);

From 4837088546efe93a25457b76a9e7148004750464 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 17 Apr 2026 02:00:39 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 048/471] Redesign `Apps` page layout and functionality:

- Introduced grid-based layout for installed apps with contextual actions.
- Added context menu for installed apps with update, uninstall, and navigation options.
- Replaced inline install form with modal-based `InstallAppForm` dialog.
- Streamlined error handling and improved corrupted apps display.
- Refactored state and UI logic for better modularity and responsiveness.
---
 src/pages/Apps.tsx | 440 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------
 1 file changed, 362 insertions(+), 78 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/pages/Apps.tsx b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
index 8ebb9761e..9087d38d3 100644
--- a/src/pages/Apps.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
@@ -1,14 +1,58 @@
 import { Alert, AlertDescription, AlertTitle } from '@/components/ui/alert';
 import { InstallAppForm } from '@/components/apps/InstallAppForm';
-import { InstalledAppCard } from '@/components/apps/InstalledAppCard';
 import { CorruptedAppCard } from '@/components/apps/CorruptedAppCard';
 import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
-import { Link } from 'react-router-dom';
+import {
+  Dialog,
+  DialogContent,
+  DialogHeader,
+  DialogTitle,
+} from '@/components/ui/dialog';
 import { SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppUrlPreview } from '@/bindings.ts';
 import { invoke } from '@tauri-apps/api/core';
 import { useApps } from '@/contexts/AppsContext.tsx';
+import { LayoutGrid, Plus } from 'lucide-react';
+import { useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react';
+import { useNavigate } from 'react-router-dom';
+
+type InstalledEntry = ReturnType<typeof useApps>['apps'][number] & {
+  kind: 'installed';
+};
+
+type AppContextMenuState = {
+  app: InstalledEntry;
+  x: number;
+  y: number;
+} | null;
+
+function clampContextMenuPosition(args: {
+  x: number;
+  y: number;
+  containerWidth: number;
+  containerHeight: number;
+}) {
+  const menuWidth = 220;
+  const menuHeight = 220;
+  const padding = 8;
+
+  return {
+    x: Math.max(
+      padding,
+      Math.min(args.x, args.containerWidth - menuWidth - padding),
+    ),
+    y: Math.max(
+      padding,
+      Math.min(args.y, args.containerHeight - menuHeight - padding),
+    ),
+  };
+}
 
 export function Apps() {
+  const navigate = useNavigate();
+  const [installOpen, setInstallOpen] = useState(false);
+  const [contextMenu, setContextMenu] = useState<AppContextMenuState>(null);
+  const pageRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement | null>(null);
+
   const {
     apps,
     loading,
@@ -23,6 +67,47 @@ export function Apps() {
     busyAppIds,
   } = useApps();
 
+  const installedApps = useMemo(
+    () =>
+      apps.filter(
+        (entry): entry is InstalledEntry => entry.kind === 'installed',
+      ),
+    [apps],
+  );
+
+  const corruptedApps = useMemo(
+    () => apps.filter((entry) => entry.kind === 'corrupted'),
+    [apps],
+  );
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!contextMenu) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    const handleClose = () => {
+      setContextMenu(null);
+    };
+
+    const handleKeyDown = (event: KeyboardEvent) => {
+      if (event.key === 'Escape') {
+        setContextMenu(null);
+      }
+    };
+
+    window.addEventListener('click', handleClose);
+    window.addEventListener('resize', handleClose);
+    window.addEventListener('scroll', handleClose, true);
+    window.addEventListener('keydown', handleKeyDown);
+
+    return () => {
+      window.removeEventListener('click', handleClose);
+      window.removeEventListener('resize', handleClose);
+      window.removeEventListener('scroll', handleClose, true);
+      window.removeEventListener('keydown', handleKeyDown);
+    };
+  }, [contextMenu]);
+
   if (loading) {
     return (
       <div className='mx-auto w-full max-w-6xl p-4 md:p-6'>
@@ -34,89 +119,288 @@ export function Apps() {
     );
   }
 
+  const contextMenuPreview = contextMenu
+    ? updateAvailability[contextMenu.app.id]
+    : null;
+  const contextMenuBusy = contextMenu
+    ? (busyAppIds[contextMenu.app.id] ?? false)
+    : false;
+
   return (
-    <div className='mx-auto w-full max-w-6xl space-y-6 p-4 md:p-6'>
-      <div className='flex items-center justify-between gap-4'>
-        <div>
-          <h1 className='text-2xl font-semibold tracking-tight'>Apps</h1>
-          <p className='text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
-            Install and manage Sage apps.
-          </p>
+    <>
+      <div
+        ref={pageRef}
+        className='relative flex h-full min-h-0 flex-col overflow-hidden'
+      >
+        <div className='mx-auto flex w-full max-w-7xl shrink-0 items-center justify-between gap-4 p-4 md:p-6'>
+          <div>
+            <h1 className='text-2xl font-semibold tracking-tight'>Apps</h1>
+            <p className='text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
+              Launch and manage installed Sage apps.
+            </p>
+          </div>
+
+          <div className='flex items-center gap-2'>
+            <Button
+              variant='outline'
+              onClick={() => {
+                setInstallOpen(true);
+              }}
+            >
+              <Plus className='mr-2 h-4 w-4' />
+              Install App
+            </Button>
+
+            <Button
+              variant='outline'
+              onClick={() => {
+                navigate('/apps/task-manager');
+              }}
+            >
+              <LayoutGrid className='mr-2 h-4 w-4' />
+              Task Manager
+            </Button>
+          </div>
         </div>
 
-        <Button asChild variant='outline'>
-          <Link to='/apps/task-manager'>Task Manager</Link>
-        </Button>
+        <div className='mx-auto w-full max-w-7xl flex-1 min-h-0 overflow-auto px-4 pb-4 md:px-6 md:pb-6'>
+          {error ? (
+            <Alert className='mb-6'>
+              <AlertTitle>Apps error</AlertTitle>
+              <AlertDescription>{error}</AlertDescription>
+            </Alert>
+          ) : null}
+
+          {installedApps.length === 0 ? (
+            <Alert className='mb-6'>
+              <AlertTitle>No apps installed</AlertTitle>
+              <AlertDescription>
+                Install a Sage app package to get started.
+              </AlertDescription>
+            </Alert>
+          ) : null}
+
+          {installedApps.length > 0 ? (
+            <div className='grid grid-cols-2 gap-4 sm:grid-cols-3 md:grid-cols-4 lg:grid-cols-5 xl:grid-cols-6'>
+              {installedApps.map((app) => {
+                const iconSrc = `sage-app://${app.id}/${app.iconFile}`;
+
+                return (
+                  <button
+                    key={app.id}
+                    type='button'
+                    onClick={() => {
+                      navigate(`/apps/${app.id}`);
+                    }}
+                    onContextMenu={(event) => {
+                      event.preventDefault();
+
+                      const pageEl = pageRef.current;
+                      if (!pageEl) {
+                        return;
+                      }
+
+                      const pageRect = pageEl.getBoundingClientRect();
+
+                      const localX = event.clientX - pageRect.left;
+                      const localY = event.clientY - pageRect.top;
+
+                      const position = clampContextMenuPosition({
+                        x: localX,
+                        y: localY,
+                        containerWidth: pageRect.width,
+                        containerHeight: pageRect.height,
+                      });
+
+                      setContextMenu({
+                        app,
+                        x: position.x,
+                        y: position.y,
+                      });
+                    }}
+                    className='group flex flex-col items-center gap-3 rounded-2xl p-4 text-center transition-colors hover:bg-muted/50'
+                  >
+                    <div className='flex h-20 w-20 items-center justify-center overflow-hidden rounded-2xl border bg-background shadow-sm'>
+                      <img
+                        src={iconSrc}
+                        alt=''
+                        className='h-full w-full object-cover'
+                      />
+                    </div>
+
+                    <div className='min-w-0 w-full'>
+                      <div className='truncate text-sm font-medium'>
+                        {app.name}
+                      </div>
+                      <div className='truncate text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
+                        v{app.version}
+                      </div>
+                    </div>
+                  </button>
+                );
+              })}
+            </div>
+          ) : null}
+
+          {corruptedApps.length > 0 ? (
+            <div className='mt-8 space-y-4'>
+              <div>
+                <h2 className='text-lg font-semibold tracking-tight'>
+                  Corrupted apps
+                </h2>
+                <p className='text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
+                  These app installations could not be loaded correctly.
+                </p>
+              </div>
+
+              <div className='space-y-4'>
+                {corruptedApps.map((entry) => (
+                  <CorruptedAppCard
+                    key={entry.id}
+                    app={entry}
+                    onRemove={() => uninstallApp(entry.id)}
+                  />
+                ))}
+              </div>
+            </div>
+          ) : null}
+        </div>
       </div>
 
-      <InstallAppForm
-        onPreviewZip={(zipPath: string) =>
-          invoke<SageAppPackageManifest>('preview_app_zip', { zipPath })
-        }
-        onPreviewUrl={(appUrl: string) =>
-          invoke<SageAppUrlPreview>('preview_app_url', { appUrl })
-        }
-        onInstallZip={installApp}
-        onInstallUrl={async (appUrl, permissions) => {
-          await invoke('install_app_url', {
-            appUrl,
-            grantedPermissions: permissions,
-          });
-          await refresh();
+      <Dialog
+        open={installOpen}
+        onOpenChange={(open) => {
+          setInstallOpen(open);
         }}
-      />
+      >
+        <DialogContent className='max-w-2xl'>
+          <DialogHeader>
+            <DialogTitle>Install App</DialogTitle>
+          </DialogHeader>
 
-      {error ? (
-        <Alert>
-          <AlertTitle>Apps error</AlertTitle>
-          <AlertDescription>{error}</AlertDescription>
-        </Alert>
-      ) : null}
+          <InstallAppForm
+            onPreviewZip={(zipPath: string) =>
+              invoke<SageAppPackageManifest>('preview_app_zip', { zipPath })
+            }
+            onPreviewUrl={(appUrl: string) =>
+              invoke<SageAppUrlPreview>('preview_app_url', { appUrl })
+            }
+            onInstallZip={async (zipPath, permissions) => {
+              await installApp(zipPath, permissions);
+              setInstallOpen(false);
+            }}
+            onInstallUrl={async (appUrl, permissions) => {
+              await invoke('install_app_url', {
+                appUrl,
+                grantedPermissions: permissions,
+              });
+              await refresh();
+              setInstallOpen(false);
+            }}
+          />
+        </DialogContent>
+      </Dialog>
 
-      <div className='space-y-4'>
-        {apps.length === 0 ? (
-          <Alert>
-            <AlertTitle>No apps installed</AlertTitle>
-            <AlertDescription>
-              Install a Sage app package to get started.
-            </AlertDescription>
-          </Alert>
-        ) : null}
-
-        {apps.map((entry) => {
-          if (entry.kind === 'installed') {
-            return (
-              <InstalledAppCard
-                key={entry.id}
-                app={entry}
-                updatePreview={updateAvailability[entry.id]}
-                busy={busyAppIds[entry.id]}
-                onUninstall={() => uninstallApp(entry.id)}
-                onCheckForUpdate={async () => {
-                  await checkForUpdate(entry.id);
-                }}
-                onDownloadUpdate={async () => {
-                  await downloadUpdate(entry.id);
-                }}
-                onApplyUpdate={async () => {
-                  await performAppUpdate(entry.id, {
-                    restartIfRunning: true,
-                    visibleAfterRestart: false,
-                  });
-                }}
-              />
-            );
-          }
-
-          return (
-            <CorruptedAppCard
-              key={entry.id}
-              app={entry}
-              onRemove={() => uninstallApp(entry.id)}
-            />
-          );
-        })}
-      </div>
-    </div>
+      {contextMenu ? (
+        <>
+          <div
+            className='absolute inset-0 z-40'
+            onClick={() => {
+              setContextMenu(null);
+            }}
+          />
+
+          <div
+            className='absolute z-50 w-[220px] rounded-xl border bg-popover p-1 shadow-lg'
+            style={{
+              left: `${contextMenu.x}px`,
+              top: `${contextMenu.y}px`,
+            }}
+            onClick={(event) => {
+              event.stopPropagation();
+            }}
+          >
+            <button
+              type='button'
+              className='flex w-full rounded-lg px-3 py-2 text-left text-sm hover:bg-muted'
+              onClick={() => {
+                navigate(`/apps/${contextMenu.app.id}`);
+                setContextMenu(null);
+              }}
+            >
+              Open
+            </button>
+
+            <button
+              type='button'
+              className='flex w-full rounded-lg px-3 py-2 text-left text-sm hover:bg-muted disabled:opacity-50'
+              disabled={contextMenuBusy}
+              onClick={() => {
+                void checkForUpdate(contextMenu.app.id).finally(() => {
+                  setContextMenu(null);
+                });
+              }}
+            >
+              Check for update
+            </button>
+
+            {contextMenuPreview ? (
+              <>
+                <button
+                  type='button'
+                  className='flex w-full rounded-lg px-3 py-2 text-left text-sm hover:bg-muted disabled:opacity-50'
+                  disabled={contextMenuBusy}
+                  onClick={() => {
+                    void downloadUpdate(contextMenu.app.id).finally(() => {
+                      setContextMenu(null);
+                    });
+                  }}
+                >
+                  Download update
+                </button>
+
+                <button
+                  type='button'
+                  className='flex w-full rounded-lg px-3 py-2 text-left text-sm hover:bg-muted disabled:opacity-50'
+                  disabled={contextMenuBusy}
+                  onClick={() => {
+                    void performAppUpdate(contextMenu.app.id, {
+                      restartIfRunning: true,
+                      visibleAfterRestart: false,
+                    }).finally(() => {
+                      setContextMenu(null);
+                    });
+                  }}
+                >
+                  Apply update
+                </button>
+              </>
+            ) : null}
+
+            <div className='my-1 h-px bg-border' />
+
+            <button
+              type='button'
+              className='flex w-full rounded-lg px-3 py-2 text-left text-sm text-muted-foreground opacity-60'
+              disabled
+            >
+              Change permissions
+            </button>
+
+            <button
+              type='button'
+              className='flex w-full rounded-lg px-3 py-2 text-left text-sm text-destructive hover:bg-muted'
+              onClick={() => {
+                void uninstallApp(contextMenu.app.id).finally(() => {
+                  setContextMenu(null);
+                });
+              }}
+            >
+              Uninstall
+            </button>
+          </div>
+        </>
+      ) : null}
+    </>
   );
 }

From 5feda3991b2001e7b23f1a0dbcc71eb5fb845a14 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 17 Apr 2026 02:16:03 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 049/471] Refactor context menu and update handling on `Apps`
 page:

- Added runtime-based app status tracking with `useAppRuntimes`.
- Introduced `handleCheckForUpdate` and `closeContextMenu` for streamlined update and menu management.
- Updated context menu behavior to include real-time update status and dynamic button states.
- Removed unused `downloadUpdate` functionality for updates.
---
 src/pages/Apps.tsx | 184 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------------
 1 file changed, 127 insertions(+), 57 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/pages/Apps.tsx b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
index 9087d38d3..d1f6daeeb 100644
--- a/src/pages/Apps.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ import { useApps } from '@/contexts/AppsContext.tsx';
 import { LayoutGrid, Plus } from 'lucide-react';
 import { useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react';
 import { useNavigate } from 'react-router-dom';
+import { useAppRuntimes } from '@/hooks/useAppRuntimes.ts';
 
 type InstalledEntry = ReturnType<typeof useApps>['apps'][number] & {
   kind: 'installed';
@@ -52,6 +53,10 @@ export function Apps() {
   const [installOpen, setInstallOpen] = useState(false);
   const [contextMenu, setContextMenu] = useState<AppContextMenuState>(null);
   const pageRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement | null>(null);
+  const runtimes = useAppRuntimes();
+  const [updateCheckStateByAppId, setUpdateCheckStateByAppId] = useState<
+    Record<string, 'idle' | 'checking' | 'up_to_date'>
+  >({});
 
   const {
     apps,
@@ -61,12 +66,15 @@ export function Apps() {
     installApp,
     uninstallApp,
     checkForUpdate,
-    downloadUpdate,
     performAppUpdate,
     updateAvailability,
     busyAppIds,
   } = useApps();
 
+  const runningAppIds = useMemo(() => {
+    return new Set(runtimes.map((runtime) => runtime.appId));
+  }, [runtimes]);
+
   const installedApps = useMemo(
     () =>
       apps.filter(
@@ -80,18 +88,54 @@ export function Apps() {
     [apps],
   );
 
+  const contextMenuPreview = contextMenu
+    ? updateAvailability[contextMenu.app.id]
+    : null;
+  const contextMenuBusy = contextMenu
+    ? (busyAppIds[contextMenu.app.id] ?? false)
+    : false;
+  const contextMenuCheckState = contextMenu
+    ? (updateCheckStateByAppId[contextMenu.app.id] ?? 'idle')
+    : 'idle';
+  const contextMenuAppIsRunning = contextMenu
+    ? runningAppIds.has(contextMenu.app.id)
+    : false;
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!contextMenu || contextMenuCheckState !== 'up_to_date') {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    const timeoutId = window.setTimeout(() => {
+      setUpdateCheckStateByAppId((prev) => {
+        if (prev[contextMenu.app.id] !== 'up_to_date') {
+          return prev;
+        }
+
+        return {
+          ...prev,
+          [contextMenu.app.id]: 'idle',
+        };
+      });
+    }, 3000);
+
+    return () => {
+      window.clearTimeout(timeoutId);
+    };
+  }, [contextMenu, contextMenuCheckState]);
+
   useEffect(() => {
     if (!contextMenu) {
       return;
     }
 
     const handleClose = () => {
-      setContextMenu(null);
+      closeContextMenu();
     };
 
     const handleKeyDown = (event: KeyboardEvent) => {
       if (event.key === 'Escape') {
-        setContextMenu(null);
+        closeContextMenu();
       }
     };
 
@@ -119,12 +163,40 @@ export function Apps() {
     );
   }
 
-  const contextMenuPreview = contextMenu
-    ? updateAvailability[contextMenu.app.id]
-    : null;
-  const contextMenuBusy = contextMenu
-    ? (busyAppIds[contextMenu.app.id] ?? false)
-    : false;
+  function closeContextMenu() {
+    setUpdateCheckStateByAppId((prev) => {
+      if (!contextMenu) {
+        return prev;
+      }
+
+      if (prev[contextMenu.app.id] !== 'up_to_date') {
+        return prev;
+      }
+
+      return {
+        ...prev,
+        [contextMenu.app.id]: 'idle',
+      };
+    });
+
+    setContextMenu(null);
+  }
+
+  async function handleCheckForUpdate(appId: string) {
+    setUpdateCheckStateByAppId((prev) => ({
+      ...prev,
+      [appId]: 'checking',
+    }));
+
+    try {
+      await checkForUpdate(appId);
+    } finally {
+      setUpdateCheckStateByAppId((prev) => ({
+        ...prev,
+        [appId]: 'up_to_date',
+      }));
+    }
+  }
 
   return (
     <>
@@ -306,7 +378,7 @@ export function Apps() {
           <div
             className='absolute inset-0 z-40'
             onClick={() => {
-              setContextMenu(null);
+              closeContextMenu();
             }}
           />
 
@@ -324,58 +396,51 @@ export function Apps() {
               type='button'
               className='flex w-full rounded-lg px-3 py-2 text-left text-sm hover:bg-muted'
               onClick={() => {
+                setUpdateCheckStateByAppId((prev) => ({
+                  ...prev,
+                  [contextMenu.app.id]: 'idle',
+                }));
                 navigate(`/apps/${contextMenu.app.id}`);
-                setContextMenu(null);
+                closeContextMenu();
               }}
             >
               Open
             </button>
 
-            <button
-              type='button'
-              className='flex w-full rounded-lg px-3 py-2 text-left text-sm hover:bg-muted disabled:opacity-50'
-              disabled={contextMenuBusy}
-              onClick={() => {
-                void checkForUpdate(contextMenu.app.id).finally(() => {
-                  setContextMenu(null);
-                });
-              }}
-            >
-              Check for update
-            </button>
-
-            {contextMenuPreview ? (
-              <>
-                <button
-                  type='button'
-                  className='flex w-full rounded-lg px-3 py-2 text-left text-sm hover:bg-muted disabled:opacity-50'
-                  disabled={contextMenuBusy}
-                  onClick={() => {
-                    void downloadUpdate(contextMenu.app.id).finally(() => {
-                      setContextMenu(null);
-                    });
-                  }}
-                >
-                  Download update
-                </button>
-
-                <button
-                  type='button'
-                  className='flex w-full rounded-lg px-3 py-2 text-left text-sm hover:bg-muted disabled:opacity-50'
-                  disabled={contextMenuBusy}
-                  onClick={() => {
-                    void performAppUpdate(contextMenu.app.id, {
-                      restartIfRunning: true,
-                      visibleAfterRestart: false,
-                    }).finally(() => {
-                      setContextMenu(null);
-                    });
-                  }}
-                >
-                  Apply update
-                </button>
-              </>
-            ) : null}
+            {!contextMenuPreview ? (
+              <button
+                type='button'
+                className='flex w-full rounded-lg px-3 py-2 text-left text-sm hover:bg-muted disabled:opacity-50'
+                disabled={
+                  contextMenuBusy ||
+                  contextMenuCheckState === 'checking' ||
+                  contextMenuCheckState === 'up_to_date'
+                }
+                onClick={() => {
+                  void handleCheckForUpdate(contextMenu.app.id);
+                }}
+              >
+                {contextMenuCheckState === 'checking'
+                  ? 'Checking…'
+                  : contextMenuCheckState === 'up_to_date'
+                    ? 'Up to date'
+                    : 'Check for update'}
+              </button>
+            ) : (
+              <button
+                type='button'
+                className='flex w-full rounded-lg px-3 py-2 text-left text-sm hover:bg-muted disabled:opacity-50'
+                disabled={contextMenuBusy}
+                onClick={() => {
+                  void performAppUpdate(contextMenu.app.id, {
+                    restartIfRunning: true,
+                    visibleAfterRestart: contextMenuAppIsRunning,
+                  });
+                }}
+              >
+                {contextMenuAppIsRunning ? 'Update and reopen' : 'Update'}
+              </button>
+            )}
 
             <div className='my-1 h-px bg-border' />
 
@@ -391,8 +456,13 @@ export function Apps() {
               type='button'
               className='flex w-full rounded-lg px-3 py-2 text-left text-sm text-destructive hover:bg-muted'
               onClick={() => {
+                setUpdateCheckStateByAppId((prev) => ({
+                  ...prev,
+                  [contextMenu.app.id]: 'idle',
+                }));
+
                 void uninstallApp(contextMenu.app.id).finally(() => {
-                  setContextMenu(null);
+                  closeContextMenu();
                 });
               }}
             >

From 3118066f5317a6fe5cd320a8707b2772603c2d53 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 17 Apr 2026 02:26:47 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 050/471] Add `AppsLaunchpadContextMenu` component and
 integrate into `Apps` page context menu logic:

- Replaced inline context menu implementation with the new `AppsLaunchpadContextMenu` component for modularity.
- Centralized update and uninstall actions with dynamic state management.
- Refactored `Apps` page logic for cleaner context menu state handling.
---
 .../apps/AppsLaunchpadContextMenu.tsx         | 114 +++++++++
 src/pages/Apps.tsx                            | 227 +++++++-----------
 2 files changed, 206 insertions(+), 135 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/components/apps/AppsLaunchpadContextMenu.tsx

diff --git a/src/components/apps/AppsLaunchpadContextMenu.tsx b/src/components/apps/AppsLaunchpadContextMenu.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..62e6b1b0e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/components/apps/AppsLaunchpadContextMenu.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
+
+export type AppsLaunchpadContextMenuUpdateState =
+  | 'idle'
+  | 'checking'
+  | 'up_to_date';
+
+interface Props {
+  open: boolean;
+  x: number;
+  y: number;
+  busy: boolean;
+  hasUpdate: boolean;
+  isRunning: boolean;
+  updateCheckState: AppsLaunchpadContextMenuUpdateState;
+  onClose: () => void;
+  onOpen: () => void;
+  onCheckForUpdate: () => void;
+  onUpdate: () => void;
+  onChangePermissions: () => void;
+  onUninstall: () => void;
+}
+
+export function AppsLaunchpadContextMenu({
+  open,
+  x,
+  y,
+  busy,
+  hasUpdate,
+  isRunning,
+  updateCheckState,
+  onClose,
+  onOpen,
+  onCheckForUpdate,
+  onUpdate,
+  onChangePermissions,
+  onUninstall,
+}: Props) {
+  if (!open) {
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <>
+      <div className='absolute inset-0 z-40' onClick={onClose} />
+
+      <div
+        className='absolute z-50 w-[220px] rounded-xl border bg-popover p-1 shadow-lg'
+        style={{
+          left: `${x}px`,
+          top: `${y}px`,
+        }}
+        onClick={(event) => {
+          event.stopPropagation();
+        }}
+      >
+        <button
+          type='button'
+          className='flex w-full rounded-lg px-3 py-2 text-left text-sm hover:bg-muted'
+          onClick={onOpen}
+        >
+          Open
+        </button>
+
+        {!hasUpdate ? (
+          <button
+            type='button'
+            className='flex w-full rounded-lg px-3 py-2 text-left text-sm hover:bg-muted disabled:opacity-50'
+            disabled={
+              busy ||
+              updateCheckState === 'checking' ||
+              updateCheckState === 'up_to_date'
+            }
+            onClick={onCheckForUpdate}
+          >
+            {updateCheckState === 'checking'
+              ? 'Checking…'
+              : updateCheckState === 'up_to_date'
+                ? 'Up to date'
+                : 'Check for update'}
+          </button>
+        ) : (
+          <button
+            type='button'
+            className='flex w-full rounded-lg px-3 py-2 text-left text-sm hover:bg-muted disabled:opacity-50'
+            disabled={busy}
+            onClick={onUpdate}
+          >
+            {isRunning ? 'Update and reopen' : 'Update'}
+          </button>
+        )}
+
+        <div className='my-1 h-px bg-border' />
+
+        <Button
+          variant='ghost'
+          className='h-auto w-full justify-start rounded-lg px-3 py-2 text-sm text-muted-foreground opacity-60'
+          disabled
+          onClick={onChangePermissions}
+        >
+          Change permissions
+        </Button>
+
+        <button
+          type='button'
+          className='flex w-full rounded-lg px-3 py-2 text-left text-sm text-destructive hover:bg-muted'
+          onClick={onUninstall}
+        >
+          Uninstall
+        </button>
+      </div>
+    </>
+  );
+}
diff --git a/src/pages/Apps.tsx b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
index d1f6daeeb..8c3760016 100644
--- a/src/pages/Apps.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import { Alert, AlertDescription, AlertTitle } from '@/components/ui/alert';
 import { InstallAppForm } from '@/components/apps/InstallAppForm';
 import { CorruptedAppCard } from '@/components/apps/CorruptedAppCard';
+import { AppsLaunchpadContextMenu } from '@/components/apps/AppsLaunchpadContextMenu';
 import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
 import {
   Dialog,
@@ -11,10 +12,10 @@ import {
 import { SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppUrlPreview } from '@/bindings.ts';
 import { invoke } from '@tauri-apps/api/core';
 import { useApps } from '@/contexts/AppsContext.tsx';
+import { useAppRuntimes } from '@/hooks/useAppRuntimes.ts';
 import { LayoutGrid, Plus } from 'lucide-react';
 import { useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react';
 import { useNavigate } from 'react-router-dom';
-import { useAppRuntimes } from '@/hooks/useAppRuntimes.ts';
 
 type InstalledEntry = ReturnType<typeof useApps>['apps'][number] & {
   kind: 'installed';
@@ -101,6 +102,41 @@ export function Apps() {
     ? runningAppIds.has(contextMenu.app.id)
     : false;
 
+  function closeContextMenu() {
+    setUpdateCheckStateByAppId((prev) => {
+      if (!contextMenu) {
+        return prev;
+      }
+
+      if (prev[contextMenu.app.id] !== 'up_to_date') {
+        return prev;
+      }
+
+      return {
+        ...prev,
+        [contextMenu.app.id]: 'idle',
+      };
+    });
+
+    setContextMenu(null);
+  }
+
+  async function handleCheckForUpdate(appId: string) {
+    setUpdateCheckStateByAppId((prev) => ({
+      ...prev,
+      [appId]: 'checking',
+    }));
+
+    try {
+      await checkForUpdate(appId);
+    } finally {
+      setUpdateCheckStateByAppId((prev) => ({
+        ...prev,
+        [appId]: 'up_to_date',
+      }));
+    }
+  }
+
   useEffect(() => {
     if (!contextMenu || contextMenuCheckState !== 'up_to_date') {
       return;
@@ -163,41 +199,6 @@ export function Apps() {
     );
   }
 
-  function closeContextMenu() {
-    setUpdateCheckStateByAppId((prev) => {
-      if (!contextMenu) {
-        return prev;
-      }
-
-      if (prev[contextMenu.app.id] !== 'up_to_date') {
-        return prev;
-      }
-
-      return {
-        ...prev,
-        [contextMenu.app.id]: 'idle',
-      };
-    });
-
-    setContextMenu(null);
-  }
-
-  async function handleCheckForUpdate(appId: string) {
-    setUpdateCheckStateByAppId((prev) => ({
-      ...prev,
-      [appId]: 'checking',
-    }));
-
-    try {
-      await checkForUpdate(appId);
-    } finally {
-      setUpdateCheckStateByAppId((prev) => ({
-        ...prev,
-        [appId]: 'up_to_date',
-      }));
-    }
-  }
-
   return (
     <>
       <div
@@ -337,6 +338,61 @@ export function Apps() {
             </div>
           ) : null}
         </div>
+
+        <AppsLaunchpadContextMenu
+          open={!!contextMenu}
+          x={contextMenu?.x ?? 0}
+          y={contextMenu?.y ?? 0}
+          busy={contextMenuBusy}
+          hasUpdate={!!contextMenuPreview}
+          isRunning={contextMenuAppIsRunning}
+          updateCheckState={contextMenuCheckState}
+          onClose={closeContextMenu}
+          onOpen={() => {
+            if (!contextMenu) {
+              return;
+            }
+
+            setUpdateCheckStateByAppId((prev) => ({
+              ...prev,
+              [contextMenu.app.id]: 'idle',
+            }));
+            navigate(`/apps/${contextMenu.app.id}`);
+            closeContextMenu();
+          }}
+          onCheckForUpdate={() => {
+            if (!contextMenu) {
+              return;
+            }
+
+            void handleCheckForUpdate(contextMenu.app.id);
+          }}
+          onUpdate={() => {
+            if (!contextMenu) {
+              return;
+            }
+
+            void performAppUpdate(contextMenu.app.id, {
+              restartIfRunning: true,
+              visibleAfterRestart: contextMenuAppIsRunning,
+            });
+          }}
+          onChangePermissions={() => {}}
+          onUninstall={() => {
+            if (!contextMenu) {
+              return;
+            }
+
+            setUpdateCheckStateByAppId((prev) => ({
+              ...prev,
+              [contextMenu.app.id]: 'idle',
+            }));
+
+            void uninstallApp(contextMenu.app.id).finally(() => {
+              closeContextMenu();
+            });
+          }}
+        />
       </div>
 
       <Dialog
@@ -372,105 +428,6 @@ export function Apps() {
           />
         </DialogContent>
       </Dialog>
-
-      {contextMenu ? (
-        <>
-          <div
-            className='absolute inset-0 z-40'
-            onClick={() => {
-              closeContextMenu();
-            }}
-          />
-
-          <div
-            className='absolute z-50 w-[220px] rounded-xl border bg-popover p-1 shadow-lg'
-            style={{
-              left: `${contextMenu.x}px`,
-              top: `${contextMenu.y}px`,
-            }}
-            onClick={(event) => {
-              event.stopPropagation();
-            }}
-          >
-            <button
-              type='button'
-              className='flex w-full rounded-lg px-3 py-2 text-left text-sm hover:bg-muted'
-              onClick={() => {
-                setUpdateCheckStateByAppId((prev) => ({
-                  ...prev,
-                  [contextMenu.app.id]: 'idle',
-                }));
-                navigate(`/apps/${contextMenu.app.id}`);
-                closeContextMenu();
-              }}
-            >
-              Open
-            </button>
-
-            {!contextMenuPreview ? (
-              <button
-                type='button'
-                className='flex w-full rounded-lg px-3 py-2 text-left text-sm hover:bg-muted disabled:opacity-50'
-                disabled={
-                  contextMenuBusy ||
-                  contextMenuCheckState === 'checking' ||
-                  contextMenuCheckState === 'up_to_date'
-                }
-                onClick={() => {
-                  void handleCheckForUpdate(contextMenu.app.id);
-                }}
-              >
-                {contextMenuCheckState === 'checking'
-                  ? 'Checking…'
-                  : contextMenuCheckState === 'up_to_date'
-                    ? 'Up to date'
-                    : 'Check for update'}
-              </button>
-            ) : (
-              <button
-                type='button'
-                className='flex w-full rounded-lg px-3 py-2 text-left text-sm hover:bg-muted disabled:opacity-50'
-                disabled={contextMenuBusy}
-                onClick={() => {
-                  void performAppUpdate(contextMenu.app.id, {
-                    restartIfRunning: true,
-                    visibleAfterRestart: contextMenuAppIsRunning,
-                  });
-                }}
-              >
-                {contextMenuAppIsRunning ? 'Update and reopen' : 'Update'}
-              </button>
-            )}
-
-            <div className='my-1 h-px bg-border' />
-
-            <button
-              type='button'
-              className='flex w-full rounded-lg px-3 py-2 text-left text-sm text-muted-foreground opacity-60'
-              disabled
-            >
-              Change permissions
-            </button>
-
-            <button
-              type='button'
-              className='flex w-full rounded-lg px-3 py-2 text-left text-sm text-destructive hover:bg-muted'
-              onClick={() => {
-                setUpdateCheckStateByAppId((prev) => ({
-                  ...prev,
-                  [contextMenu.app.id]: 'idle',
-                }));
-
-                void uninstallApp(contextMenu.app.id).finally(() => {
-                  closeContextMenu();
-                });
-              }}
-            >
-              Uninstall
-            </button>
-          </div>
-        </>
-      ) : null}
     </>
   );
 }

From 58dba9a3d86cb98c120cb55fbb0cba2af4127c20 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 17 Apr 2026 15:37:24 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 051/471] Refactor permissions system:

- Consolidated `NetworkPermissionsSection`, `PersistentStoragePermissionSection`, and `WalletPermissionSection` into a modular structure.
- Introduced `AppPermissions`, `AppPermissionGroup`, and `AppPermissionItem` components for structured permissions hierarchy with editing support.
- Simplified Rust permission handling by replacing `SageGrantedPermissions` with a string-based representation.
- Updated manifest validation and permission reconciliation for improved consistency.
---
 Cargo.lock                                    | 154 +++++-----------
 src-tauri/Cargo.toml                          |   2 +-
 src-tauri/src/apps/csp.rs                     |  16 +-
 src-tauri/src/apps/install.rs                 |  49 +++--
 src-tauri/src/apps/manifest.rs                |   4 +-
 src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs                     |   1 +
 src-tauri/src/apps/permission_registry.rs     |  56 ++++++
 src-tauri/src/apps/permissions.rs             | 130 +++----------
 src-tauri/src/apps/storage/validate.rs        |   2 +-
 src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs                   |  82 ++++-----
 src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs                  |  73 +++-----
 src/bindings.ts                               |  20 +-
 src/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx        |  23 +--
 src/components/apps/InstalledAppCard.tsx      |  44 +++--
 .../apps/permissions/AppPermissionGroup.tsx   |  75 ++++++++
 .../apps/permissions/AppPermissionItem.tsx    |  48 +++++
 .../apps/permissions/AppPermissions.tsx       | 174 ++++++++++++++++++
 .../apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx        |  74 +++-----
 .../permissions/NetworkPermissionsSection.tsx |  89 ---------
 .../PersistentStoragePermissionSection.tsx    |  45 -----
 .../permissions/WalletPermissionSection.tsx   |  73 --------
 .../apps/permissions/permissionUtils.ts       |  42 +----
 src/hooks/useApps.ts                          |   5 +-
 src/lib/apps/bridge/methods/storage.ts        |   6 +-
 src/lib/apps/bridge/methods/wallet.ts         |   2 +-
 src/lib/apps/bridge/permissions.ts            |  45 ++---
 26 files changed, 627 insertions(+), 707 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/src/apps/permission_registry.rs
 create mode 100644 src/components/apps/permissions/AppPermissionGroup.tsx
 create mode 100644 src/components/apps/permissions/AppPermissionItem.tsx
 create mode 100644 src/components/apps/permissions/AppPermissions.tsx
 delete mode 100644 src/components/apps/permissions/NetworkPermissionsSection.tsx
 delete mode 100644 src/components/apps/permissions/PersistentStoragePermissionSection.tsx
 delete mode 100644 src/components/apps/permissions/WalletPermissionSection.tsx

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 8de634d62..1d08d044d 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ version = "0.5.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "d122413f284cf2d62fb1b7db97e02edb8cda96d769b16e443a4f6195e35662b0"
 dependencies = [
- "crypto-common 0.1.7",
+ "crypto-common",
  "generic-array",
 ]
 
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ checksum = "b169f7a6d4742236a0a00c541b845991d0ac43e546831af1249753ab4c3aa3a0"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "cipher",
- "cpufeatures 0.2.17",
+ "cpufeatures",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ checksum = "3c3610892ee6e0cbce8ae2700349fcf8f98adb0dbfbee85aec3c9179d29cc072"
 dependencies = [
  "base64ct",
  "blake2",
- "cpufeatures 0.2.17",
+ "cpufeatures",
  "password-hash",
 ]
 
@@ -799,7 +799,7 @@ version = "0.10.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "46502ad458c9a52b69d4d4d32775c788b7a1b85e8bc9d482d92250fc0e3f8efe"
 dependencies = [
- "digest 0.10.7",
+ "digest",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -811,15 +811,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "generic-array",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "block-buffer"
-version = "0.12.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "cdd35008169921d80bc60d3d0ab416eecb028c4cd653352907921d95084790be"
-dependencies = [
- "hybrid-array",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "block2"
 version = "0.5.1"
@@ -1071,7 +1062,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "hex",
  "hkdf",
  "linked-hash-map",
- "sha2 0.10.9",
+ "sha2",
  "thiserror 1.0.69",
 ]
 
@@ -1087,7 +1078,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "hex",
  "hkdf",
  "linked-hash-map",
- "sha2 0.10.9",
+ "sha2",
  "thiserror 1.0.69",
 ]
 
@@ -1105,7 +1096,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "hkdf",
  "linked-hash-map",
  "serde",
- "sha2 0.10.9",
+ "sha2",
  "thiserror 1.0.69",
 ]
 
@@ -1381,7 +1372,7 @@ version = "0.28.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "d2f03c71bc63599a711caad15dafca1d2a948c26b4c8a021709a338149632769"
 dependencies = [
- "sha2 0.10.9",
+ "sha2",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1390,7 +1381,7 @@ version = "0.30.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "4114775b95f24b296047dc9c91e43834aa651c7c25bb2bbae05d23d79c9c777b"
 dependencies = [
- "sha2 0.10.9",
+ "sha2",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1399,7 +1390,7 @@ version = "0.34.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "f06500dc809a916fa0c70f5219b8b79a598462382a4ddca91ef1a3cb32b826ce"
 dependencies = [
- "sha2 0.10.9",
+ "sha2",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1408,7 +1399,7 @@ version = "0.36.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "0934b0d6b878f29ba6c958e56e4b7158f9e687c200ffdca141dbc408a5cce42e"
 dependencies = [
- "sha2 0.10.9",
+ "sha2",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1544,7 +1535,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "regex",
  "serde",
  "serde_json",
- "sha2 0.10.9",
+ "sha2",
  "tempfile",
  "unicode-segmentation",
  "wasm-bindgen",
@@ -1569,7 +1560,7 @@ version = "0.4.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "773f3b9af64447d2ce9850330c473515014aa235e6a783b02db81ff39e4a3dad"
 dependencies = [
- "crypto-common 0.1.7",
+ "crypto-common",
  "inout",
 ]
 
@@ -1761,12 +1752,6 @@ version = "0.9.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "c2459377285ad874054d797f3ccebf984978aa39129f6eafde5cdc8315b612f8"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "const-oid"
-version = "0.10.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a6ef517f0926dd24a1582492c791b6a4818a4d94e789a334894aa15b0d12f55c"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "constant_time_eq"
 version = "0.4.2"
@@ -1871,15 +1856,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "libc",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "cpufeatures"
-version = "0.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8b2a41393f66f16b0823bb79094d54ac5fbd34ab292ddafb9a0456ac9f87d201"
-dependencies = [
- "libc",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "crc"
 version = "3.4.0"
@@ -1976,15 +1952,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "typenum",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "crypto-common"
-version = "0.2.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "77727bb15fa921304124b128af125e7e3b968275d1b108b379190264f4423710"
-dependencies = [
- "hybrid-array",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "cssparser"
 version = "0.29.6"
@@ -2105,7 +2072,7 @@ version = "0.7.10"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "e7c1832837b905bbfb5101e07cc24c8deddf52f93225eee6ead5f4d63d53ddcb"
 dependencies = [
- "const-oid 0.9.6",
+ "const-oid",
  "pem-rfc7468",
  "zeroize",
 ]
@@ -2176,23 +2143,12 @@ version = "0.10.7"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "9ed9a281f7bc9b7576e61468ba615a66a5c8cfdff42420a70aa82701a3b1e292"
 dependencies = [
- "block-buffer 0.10.4",
- "const-oid 0.9.6",
- "crypto-common 0.1.7",
+ "block-buffer",
+ "const-oid",
+ "crypto-common",
  "subtle",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "digest"
-version = "0.11.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "4850db49bf08e663084f7fb5c87d202ef91a3907271aff24a94eb97ff039153c"
-dependencies = [
- "block-buffer 0.12.0",
- "const-oid 0.10.2",
- "crypto-common 0.2.1",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "dirs"
 version = "5.0.1"
@@ -2384,7 +2340,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "ee27f32b5c5292967d2d4a9d7f1e0b0aed2c15daded5a60300e4abb9d8020bca"
 dependencies = [
  "der",
- "digest 0.10.7",
+ "digest",
  "elliptic-curve",
  "rfc6979",
  "signature",
@@ -2408,7 +2364,7 @@ checksum = "b5e6043086bf7973472e0c7dff2142ea0b680d30e18d9cc40f267efbf222bd47"
 dependencies = [
  "base16ct",
  "crypto-bigint",
- "digest 0.10.7",
+ "digest",
  "ff",
  "generic-array",
  "group",
@@ -3384,7 +3340,7 @@ version = "0.12.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "6c49c37c09c17a53d937dfbb742eb3a961d65a994e6bcdcf37e7399d0cc8ab5e"
 dependencies = [
- "digest 0.10.7",
+ "digest",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3453,15 +3409,6 @@ version = "1.0.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "df3b46402a9d5adb4c86a0cf463f42e19994e3ee891101b1841f30a545cb49a9"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "hybrid-array"
-version = "0.4.10"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "3944cf8cf766b40e2a1a333ee5e9b563f854d5fa49d6a8ca2764e97c6eddb214"
-dependencies = [
- "typenum",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "hyper"
 version = "1.8.1"
@@ -3948,7 +3895,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "ecdsa",
  "elliptic-curve",
  "once_cell",
- "sha2 0.10.9",
+ "sha2",
  "signature",
 ]
 
@@ -3958,7 +3905,7 @@ version = "0.1.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "ecc2af9a1119c51f12a14607e783cb977bde58bc069ff0c3da1095e635d70654"
 dependencies = [
- "cpufeatures 0.2.17",
+ "cpufeatures",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -4191,7 +4138,7 @@ version = "0.16.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "47bb1e988e6fb779cf720ad431242d3f03167c1b3f2b1aae7f1a94b2495b36ae"
 dependencies = [
- "sha2 0.10.9",
+ "sha2",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -4263,7 +4210,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "d89e7ee0cfbedfc4da3340218492196241d89eefb6dab27de5df917a6d2e78cf"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
- "digest 0.10.7",
+ "digest",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -4978,7 +4925,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "ecdsa",
  "elliptic-curve",
  "primeorder",
- "sha2 0.10.9",
+ "sha2",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -5070,7 +5017,7 @@ version = "0.12.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "f8ed6a7761f76e3b9f92dfb0a60a6a6477c61024b775147ff0973a02653abaf2"
 dependencies = [
- "digest 0.10.7",
+ "digest",
  "hmac",
 ]
 
@@ -5354,7 +5301,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "9d1fe60d06143b2430aa532c94cfe9e29783047f06c0d7fd359a9a51b729fa25"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
- "cpufeatures 0.2.17",
+ "cpufeatures",
  "opaque-debug",
  "universal-hash",
 ]
@@ -6083,8 +6030,8 @@ version = "0.9.9"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "40a0376c50d0358279d9d643e4bf7b7be212f1f4ff1da9070a7b54d22ef75c88"
 dependencies = [
- "const-oid 0.9.6",
- "digest 0.10.7",
+ "const-oid",
+ "digest",
  "num-bigint-dig",
  "num-integer",
  "num-traits",
@@ -6208,7 +6155,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "id-arena",
  "num-bigint",
  "num-integer",
- "sha2 0.10.9",
+ "sha2",
  "sha3",
  "thiserror 2.0.17",
 ]
@@ -6572,7 +6519,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "sage-wallet",
  "serde",
  "serde_json",
- "sha2 0.11.0",
+ "sha2",
  "specta",
  "specta-typescript",
  "sqlx",
@@ -6934,8 +6881,8 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "e3bf829a2d51ab4a5ddf1352d8470c140cadc8301b2ae1789db023f01cedd6ba"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
- "cpufeatures 0.2.17",
- "digest 0.10.7",
+ "cpufeatures",
+ "digest",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -6945,19 +6892,8 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "a7507d819769d01a365ab707794a4084392c824f54a7a6a7862f8c3d0892b283"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
- "cpufeatures 0.2.17",
- "digest 0.10.7",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "sha2"
-version = "0.11.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "446ba717509524cb3f22f17ecc096f10f4822d76ab5c0b9822c5f9c284e825f4"
-dependencies = [
- "cfg-if",
- "cpufeatures 0.3.0",
- "digest 0.11.2",
+ "cpufeatures",
+ "digest",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -6966,7 +6902,7 @@ version = "0.10.8"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "75872d278a8f37ef87fa0ddbda7802605cb18344497949862c0d4dcb291eba60"
 dependencies = [
- "digest 0.10.7",
+ "digest",
  "keccak",
 ]
 
@@ -7000,7 +6936,7 @@ version = "2.2.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "77549399552de45a898a580c1b41d445bf730df867cc44e6c0233bbc4b8329de"
 dependencies = [
- "digest 0.10.7",
+ "digest",
  "rand_core 0.6.4",
 ]
 
@@ -7207,7 +7143,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "percent-encoding",
  "serde",
  "serde_json",
- "sha2 0.10.9",
+ "sha2",
  "smallvec",
  "thiserror 2.0.17",
  "tokio",
@@ -7244,7 +7180,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "quote",
  "serde",
  "serde_json",
- "sha2 0.10.9",
+ "sha2",
  "sqlx-core",
  "sqlx-mysql",
  "sqlx-postgres",
@@ -7266,7 +7202,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "byteorder",
  "bytes",
  "crc",
- "digest 0.10.7",
+ "digest",
  "dotenvy",
  "either",
  "futures-channel",
@@ -7287,7 +7223,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "rsa",
  "serde",
  "sha1",
- "sha2 0.10.9",
+ "sha2",
  "smallvec",
  "sqlx-core",
  "stringprep",
@@ -7324,7 +7260,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "rand 0.8.5",
  "serde",
  "serde_json",
- "sha2 0.10.9",
+ "sha2",
  "smallvec",
  "sqlx-core",
  "stringprep",
@@ -7652,7 +7588,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "semver",
  "serde",
  "serde_json",
- "sha2 0.10.9",
+ "sha2",
  "syn 2.0.111",
  "tauri-utils",
  "thiserror 2.0.17",
@@ -8690,7 +8626,7 @@ version = "0.5.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "fc1de2c688dc15305988b563c3854064043356019f97a4b46276fe734c4f07ea"
 dependencies = [
- "crypto-common 0.1.7",
+ "crypto-common",
  "subtle",
 ]
 
@@ -9908,7 +9844,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "once_cell",
  "percent-encoding",
  "raw-window-handle",
- "sha2 0.10.9",
+ "sha2",
  "soup3",
  "tao-macros",
  "thiserror 2.0.17",
diff --git a/src-tauri/Cargo.toml b/src-tauri/Cargo.toml
index 70b3b771a..4bfcb3d41 100644
--- a/src-tauri/Cargo.toml
+++ b/src-tauri/Cargo.toml
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ aws-lc-rs = { version = "1", features = ["bindgen"] }
 tauri-plugin-sharesheet = "0.0.1"
 futures = "0.3.32"
 uuid = { version = "1.19.0", features = ["v4"] }
-sha2 = "0.11.0"
+sha2 = "0.10.9"
 hex = { workspace = true }
 base64 = { workspace = true }
 sqlx = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/csp.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/csp.rs
index 8eac9287c..a0ddb8ee4 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/csp.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/csp.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 use std::collections::BTreeSet;
-use crate::apps::permissions::is_allowed_scheme;
 use crate::apps::types::{
     InstalledSageApp, SageGrantedNetworkPermissionEntry,
 };
@@ -8,6 +7,10 @@ fn csp_source_list(items: &[String]) -> String {
     items.join(" ")
 }
 
+fn is_allowed_scheme(s: &str) -> bool {
+    matches!(s, "https" | "wss")
+}
+
 fn network_permission_to_csp_source(
     permission: &SageGrantedNetworkPermissionEntry,
 ) -> Option<String> {
@@ -70,9 +73,14 @@ pub fn build_app_csp(app: &InstalledSageApp) -> String {
         "'self'".to_string(),
     ]);
 
-    for permission in &app.granted_permissions.network {
-        if let Some(source) = network_permission_to_csp_source(permission) {
-            connect_sources.insert(source);
+    if let Some(network) = &app.active_snapshot.manifest.network {
+        for entry in &network.whitelist {
+            if let Some(source) = network_permission_to_csp_source(&SageGrantedNetworkPermissionEntry {
+                scheme: entry.scheme.clone(),
+                host: entry.host.clone(),
+            }) {
+                connect_sources.insert(source);
+            }
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/install.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/install.rs
index 4a613f96d..7201b3beb 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/install.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/install.rs
@@ -15,14 +15,14 @@ use crate::{
             detect_package_root, prepare_zip_snapshot, read_manifest, unzip_to_dir,
             validate_package_structure,
         },
-        permissions::validate_granted_permissions_against_requested,
+        permissions::validate_granted_permissions,
         registry::{
             apps_root, list_installed_apps_internal, write_installed_app_metadata,
         },
         snapshot::{derive_manifest_url, download_url_snapshot, fetch_url_manifest},
         types::{
             InstalledSageApp, InstalledSageAppSource, ListedSageApp,
-            SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppUrlPreview, SageGrantedPermissions,
+            SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppUrlPreview,
         },
     },
     error::Result,
@@ -99,6 +99,21 @@ pub fn hash_string(input: &str) -> String {
     hex::encode(hasher.finalize())
 }
 
+pub async fn preview_app_url_internal(app_url: String) -> AnyResult<SageAppUrlPreview> {
+    let app_url = normalize_app_url(&app_url)?;
+
+    let manifest_url = derive_manifest_url(&app_url)?;
+
+    let (manifest, manifest_hash) = fetch_url_manifest(&manifest_url).await?;
+
+    Ok(SageAppUrlPreview {
+        app_url,
+        manifest_url,
+        manifest_hash,
+        manifest,
+    })
+}
+
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
 pub async fn preview_app_zip(zip_path: String) -> Result<SageAppPackageManifest> {
@@ -122,23 +137,8 @@ pub async fn preview_app_zip(zip_path: String) -> Result<SageAppPackageManifest>
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
 pub async fn preview_app_url(app_url: String) -> Result<SageAppUrlPreview> {
-    let app_url = normalize_app_url(&app_url).map_err(|err| {
-        io::Error::other(format!("failed to normalize app URL {}: {err}", app_url))
-    })?;
-
-    let manifest_url = derive_manifest_url(&app_url).map_err(|err| {
-        io::Error::other(format!("failed to derive manifest URL for {}: {err}", app_url))
-    })?;
-
-    let (manifest, manifest_hash) = fetch_url_manifest(&manifest_url)
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to preview app URL {}: {err}", app_url)))?;
-
-    Ok(SageAppUrlPreview {
-        app_url,
-        manifest_url,
-        manifest_hash,
-        manifest,
+    preview_app_url_internal(app_url).await.map_err(|err| {
+        io::Error::other(format!("failed to preview app URL: {err}")).into()
     })
 }
 
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ pub async fn list_installed_apps(state: State<'_, AppState>) -> Result<Vec<Liste
 pub async fn install_app_zip(
     state: State<'_, AppState>,
     zip_path: String,
-    granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
+    granted_permissions: Vec<String>,
 ) -> Result<InstalledSageApp> {
     let base_path = {
         let state = state.lock().await;
@@ -200,10 +200,7 @@ pub async fn install_app_zip(
         let package_root = detect_package_root(&unpack_dir)?;
         validate_package_structure(&package_root)?;
         let manifest = read_manifest(&package_root)?;
-        validate_granted_permissions_against_requested(
-            &manifest.permissions,
-            &granted_permissions,
-        )?;
+        validate_granted_permissions(&manifest.permissions, &granted_permissions)?;
 
         let existing = list_installed_apps_internal(&root)?
             .into_iter()
@@ -270,7 +267,7 @@ pub async fn install_app_zip(
 pub async fn install_app_url(
     state: State<'_, AppState>,
     app_url: String,
-    granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
+    granted_permissions: Vec<String>,
 ) -> Result<InstalledSageApp> {
     let base_path = {
         let state = state.lock().await;
@@ -288,7 +285,7 @@ pub async fn install_app_url(
 
     let preview = preview_app_url(app_url.clone()).await?;
 
-    validate_granted_permissions_against_requested(
+    validate_granted_permissions(
         &preview.manifest.permissions,
         &granted_permissions,
     )
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/manifest.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/manifest.rs
index 778cdfe5c..9ac532a9f 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/manifest.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/manifest.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use crate::apps::{
     },
     types::{SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest},
 };
-use crate::apps::permissions::validate_requested_permissions;
+use crate::apps::permissions::validate_permissions;
 
 pub fn validate_manifest_file_path(path: &str) -> AnyResult<()> {
     if path.is_empty() {
@@ -95,6 +95,6 @@ pub fn validate_package_manifest(manifest: &SageAppPackageManifest) -> AnyResult
         return Err(anyhow!("manifest version cannot be empty"));
     }
 
-    validate_requested_permissions(&manifest.permissions)?;
+    validate_permissions(&manifest.permissions)?;
     validate_manifest_files(&manifest.files)
 }
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs
index 7463200b2..b229e630a 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs
@@ -10,5 +10,6 @@ pub mod snapshot;
 pub mod storage;
 pub mod types;
 pub mod update;
+pub mod permission_registry;
 
 pub use protocol::handle_app_protocol_request;
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/permission_registry.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/permission_registry.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2c78bfd19
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/permission_registry.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct PermissionFlags {
+    pub externally_observable: bool,
+    pub accesses_sensitive_secret: bool,
+    pub persistent_storage: bool,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct PermissionDefinition {
+    pub key: &'static str,
+    pub flags: PermissionFlags,
+}
+
+pub fn registry() -> BTreeMap<&'static str, PermissionDefinition> {
+    let mut map = BTreeMap::new();
+
+    map.insert(
+        "persistent_storage",
+        PermissionDefinition {
+            key: "persistent_storage",
+            flags: PermissionFlags {
+                externally_observable: false,
+                accesses_sensitive_secret: false,
+                persistent_storage: true,
+            },
+        },
+    );
+
+    map.insert(
+        "wallet.send_xch",
+        PermissionDefinition {
+            key: "wallet.send_xch",
+            flags: PermissionFlags {
+                externally_observable: true,
+                accesses_sensitive_secret: true,
+                persistent_storage: false,
+            },
+        },
+    );
+
+    map.insert(
+        "wallet.send_xch_auto_submit",
+        PermissionDefinition {
+            key: "wallet.send_xch_auto_submit",
+            flags: PermissionFlags {
+                externally_observable: true,
+                accesses_sensitive_secret: true,
+                persistent_storage: false,
+            },
+        },
+    );
+
+    map
+}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/permissions.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/permissions.rs
index e7ef9ce5c..026d26d5e 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/permissions.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/permissions.rs
@@ -1,71 +1,22 @@
-use std::collections::BTreeSet;
-
 use anyhow::{anyhow, Result as AnyResult};
+use std::collections::BTreeSet;
 
-use crate::apps::types::{
-    SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions, SageNetworkPermissionEntry,
-};
-
-pub fn is_allowed_scheme(scheme: &str) -> bool {
-    match scheme {
-        "https" | "wss" => true,
-        _ => false,
-    }
-}
-
-pub fn normalize_scheme(scheme: &str) -> String {
-    scheme.trim().to_ascii_lowercase()
-}
-
-pub fn normalize_host(host: &str) -> String {
-    host.trim().to_ascii_lowercase()
-}
-
-pub fn validate_network_permission_entry(entry: &SageNetworkPermissionEntry) -> AnyResult<()> {
-    let scheme = normalize_scheme(&entry.scheme);
-    let host = normalize_host(&entry.host);
-
-    if !is_allowed_scheme(scheme.as_str()) {
-        return Err(anyhow!("unsupported network scheme: {}", scheme));
-    }
-
-    if host.is_empty() {
-        return Err(anyhow!("network host cannot be empty"));
-    }
+use crate::apps::types::SageAppPermissions;
 
-    if host == "*" {
-        return Ok(());
-    }
+pub fn validate_permissions(permissions: &SageAppPermissions) -> AnyResult<()> {
+    let mut seen = BTreeSet::new();
 
-    if host.starts_with("*.") {
-        if host.len() <= 2 || host[2..].contains('*') {
-            return Err(anyhow!("invalid wildcard host pattern: {}", entry.host));
+    for key in &permissions.required {
+        if !seen.insert(key) {
+            return Err(anyhow!("duplicate permission: {}", key));
         }
-        return Ok(());
-    }
-
-    if host.contains('*') {
-        return Err(anyhow!(
-            "only leading wildcard hosts are supported: {}",
-            entry.host
-        ));
     }
 
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-pub fn validate_requested_permissions(permissions: &SageRequestedPermissions) -> AnyResult<()> {
-    let mut seen = BTreeSet::new();
-
-    for entry in &permissions.network {
-        validate_network_permission_entry(entry)?;
-
-        let key = (normalize_scheme(&entry.scheme), normalize_host(&entry.host));
+    for key in &permissions.optional {
         if !seen.insert(key) {
             return Err(anyhow!(
-                "duplicate network permission entry: {} {}",
-                entry.scheme,
-                entry.host
+                "permission cannot be both required and optional: {}",
+                key
             ));
         }
     }
@@ -73,67 +24,30 @@ pub fn validate_requested_permissions(permissions: &SageRequestedPermissions) ->
     Ok(())
 }
 
-pub fn validate_granted_permissions_against_requested(
-    requested: &SageRequestedPermissions,
-    granted: &SageGrantedPermissions,
+pub fn validate_granted_permissions(
+    permissions: &SageAppPermissions,
+    granted: &[String],
 ) -> AnyResult<()> {
-    let requested_set: BTreeSet<(String, String)> = requested
-        .network
-        .iter()
-        .map(|entry| (normalize_scheme(&entry.scheme), normalize_host(&entry.host)))
-        .collect();
+    let mut allowed = BTreeSet::new();
+    allowed.extend(permissions.required.iter().cloned());
+    allowed.extend(permissions.optional.iter().cloned());
 
-    let required_set: BTreeSet<(String, String)> = requested
-        .network
-        .iter()
-        .filter(|entry| entry.required)
-        .map(|entry| (normalize_scheme(&entry.scheme), normalize_host(&entry.host)))
-        .collect();
-
-    let granted_set: BTreeSet<(String, String)> = granted
-        .network
-        .iter()
-        .map(|entry| (normalize_scheme(&entry.scheme), normalize_host(&entry.host)))
-        .collect();
+    let granted_set: BTreeSet<_> = granted.iter().cloned().collect();
 
     for key in &granted_set {
-        if !requested_set.contains(key) {
+        if !allowed.contains(key) {
             return Err(anyhow!(
-                "granted network permission not present in manifest request: {} {}",
-                key.0,
-                key.1
+                "granted permission not requested in manifest: {}",
+                key
             ));
         }
     }
 
-    for key in &required_set {
+    for key in &permissions.required {
         if !granted_set.contains(key) {
-            return Err(anyhow!(
-                "missing required network permission grant: {} {}",
-                key.0,
-                key.1
-            ));
+            return Err(anyhow!("missing required permission: {}", key));
         }
     }
 
-    let requested_storage = requested.persistent_storage.is_some();
-    let required_storage = requested
-        .persistent_storage
-        .as_ref()
-        .map(|p| p.required)
-        .unwrap_or(false);
-
-    if granted.persistent_storage && !requested_storage {
-        return Err(anyhow!(
-            "persistent storage granted but not requested by manifest"
-        ));
-    }
-
-    if required_storage && !granted.persistent_storage {
-        return Err(anyhow!(
-            "missing required persistent storage permission"
-        ));
-    }
-
     Ok(())
 }
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/storage/validate.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/storage/validate.rs
index 1f8fb1ee1..06811d644 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/storage/validate.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/storage/validate.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use base64::engine::general_purpose::STANDARD as BASE64;
 use crate::apps::types::InstalledSageApp;
 
 pub fn ensure_storage_permission(app: &InstalledSageApp) -> AnyResult<()> {
-    if !app.granted_permissions.persistent_storage {
+    if !app.granted_permissions.contains(&"persistent_storage".to_string()) {
         return Err(anyhow!("persistent storage permission is not granted"));
     }
 
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs
index aafafdb61..0f5f3c204 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,41 @@
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
-use sage_api::Amount;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default)]
+pub struct SageAppPermissions {
+    pub required: Vec<String>,
+    pub optional: Vec<String>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
+pub struct SageNetworkWhitelistEntry {
+    pub scheme: String,
+    pub host: String,
+
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub required: bool,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default)]
+pub struct SageNetworkPermissions {
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub whitelist: Vec<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+pub struct SageAppPackageManifest {
+    pub name: String,
+    pub version: String,
+
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub permissions: SageAppPermissions,
+
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub network: Option<SageNetworkPermissions>,
+
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub files: Vec<SageAppManifestFile>,
+}
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
 pub struct SageNetworkPermissionEntry {
@@ -44,7 +79,7 @@ pub struct SageRequestedPermissions {
     #[serde(default)]
     pub network: Vec<SageNetworkPermissionEntry>,
 
-    #[serde(default)]
+    #[serde(default, rename = "persistentStorage", alias = "persistent_storage")]
     pub persistent_storage: Option<SagePermissionRequired>,
 
     pub wallet: Option<SageWalletPermissions>,
@@ -82,18 +117,6 @@ pub struct SageAppManifestFile {
     pub size: u64,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-pub struct SageAppPackageManifest {
-    pub name: String,
-    pub version: String,
-
-    #[serde(default)]
-    pub permissions: SageRequestedPermissions,
-
-    #[serde(default)]
-    pub files: Vec<SageAppManifestFile>,
-}
-
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
 pub struct InstalledSageAppSnapshot {
     #[serde(rename = "manifestHash", alias = "manifest_hash")]
@@ -152,10 +175,10 @@ pub struct InstalledSageApp {
     pub icon_file: String,
 
     #[serde(rename = "requestedPermissions", alias = "requested_permissions")]
-    pub requested_permissions: SageRequestedPermissions,
+    pub requested_permissions: SageAppPermissions,
 
     #[serde(rename = "grantedPermissions", alias = "granted_permissions")]
-    pub granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
+    pub granted_permissions: Vec<String>,
 
     pub source: InstalledSageAppSource,
 
@@ -181,30 +204,3 @@ pub enum ListedSageApp {
     Installed(InstalledSageApp),
     Corrupted(CorruptedInstalledSageApp),
 }
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-pub struct SageBridgeFetchRequest {
-    pub url: String,
-    #[serde(default)]
-    pub method: Option<String>,
-    #[serde(default)]
-    pub headers: std::collections::BTreeMap<String, String>,
-    #[serde(default)]
-    pub body: Option<String>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-pub struct SageBridgeFetchResponse {
-    pub ok: bool,
-    pub status: u16,
-    pub status_text: String,
-    pub headers: std::collections::BTreeMap<String, String>,
-    pub body_text: String,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-pub struct SageBridgeFetchBatchRequest {
-    pub requests: Vec<SageBridgeFetchRequest>,
-    #[serde(default)]
-    pub max_concurrency: Option<usize>,
-}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs
index eee2a9041..561309396 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs
@@ -1,64 +1,47 @@
 use std::{io, path::{Path, PathBuf}};
 
 use tauri::{command, State};
+use crate::apps::install::preview_app_url_internal;
 
 use crate::{
     app_state::AppState,
     apps::{
-        permissions::validate_granted_permissions_against_requested,
         registry::{read_installed_app_by_id, write_installed_app_metadata},
         snapshot::download_url_snapshot,
         types::{
             InstalledSageApp, InstalledSageAppPendingUpdate, InstalledSageAppSource,
-            SageAppUrlPreview, SageGrantedPermissions, SageGrantedNetworkPermissionEntry,
-            SageRequestedPermissions,
+            SageAppUrlPreview,
         },
     },
     error::Result,
 };
-
-use super::install::preview_app_url;
+use crate::apps::permissions::validate_granted_permissions;
 
 fn merge_granted_permissions_for_update(
-    old_granted: &SageGrantedPermissions,
-    new_requested: &SageRequestedPermissions,
-    user_selected: &SageGrantedPermissions,
-) -> SageGrantedPermissions {
-    let requested_network: std::collections::BTreeSet<(String, String)> = new_requested
-        .network
-        .iter()
-        .map(|entry| (entry.scheme.to_ascii_lowercase(), entry.host.to_ascii_lowercase()))
-        .collect();
-
-    let old_network: Vec<SageGrantedNetworkPermissionEntry> = old_granted
-        .network
-        .iter()
-        .filter(|entry| {
-            requested_network.contains(&(entry.scheme.to_ascii_lowercase(), entry.host.to_ascii_lowercase()))
-        })
-        .cloned()
-        .collect();
-
-    let mut merged_network = old_network;
-
-    for entry in &user_selected.network {
-        let key = (entry.scheme.to_ascii_lowercase(), entry.host.to_ascii_lowercase());
-        let already = merged_network.iter().any(|existing| {
-            existing.scheme.eq_ignore_ascii_case(&entry.scheme)
-                && existing.host.eq_ignore_ascii_case(&entry.host)
-        });
-
-        if requested_network.contains(&key) && !already {
-            merged_network.push(entry.clone());
-        }
+    old_granted: &[String],
+    new_permissions: &crate::apps::types::SageAppPermissions,
+) -> Vec<String> {
+    let old_granted_set: std::collections::BTreeSet<_> =
+        old_granted.iter().cloned().collect();
+
+    let optional_set: std::collections::BTreeSet<_> =
+        new_permissions.optional.iter().cloned().collect();
+
+    let mut result = Vec::new();
+
+    for key in &new_permissions.required {
+        result.push(key.clone());
     }
 
-    SageGrantedPermissions {
-        network: merged_network,
-        persistent_storage: new_requested.persistent_storage.is_some()
-            && (old_granted.persistent_storage || user_selected.persistent_storage),
-        wallet: old_granted.wallet.clone(),
+    for key in old_granted_set {
+        if optional_set.contains(&key) {
+            result.push(key);
+        }
     }
+
+    result.sort();
+    result.dedup();
+    result
 }
 
 #[command]
@@ -82,7 +65,8 @@ pub async fn check_app_update(
         InstalledSageAppSource::Zip => return Ok(None),
     };
 
-    let preview = preview_app_url(app_url).await?;
+    let preview = preview_app_url_internal(app_url).await
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to preview app URL: {err}")))?;
 
     if preview.manifest_hash == app.active_snapshot.manifest_hash {
         return Ok(None);
@@ -155,7 +139,7 @@ pub async fn download_app_update(
 pub async fn apply_app_update(
     state: State<'_, AppState>,
     app_id: String,
-    granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
+    granted_permissions: Vec<String>,
 ) -> Result<InstalledSageApp> {
     let base_path = {
         let state = state.lock().await;
@@ -172,10 +156,9 @@ pub async fn apply_app_update(
     let merged_permissions = merge_granted_permissions_for_update(
         &app.granted_permissions,
         &pending.manifest.permissions,
-        &granted_permissions,
     );
 
-    validate_granted_permissions_against_requested(
+    validate_granted_permissions(
         &pending.manifest.permissions,
         &merged_permissions,
     )
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index 7d538a392..66a98dbcc 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -368,10 +368,10 @@ async previewAppZip(zipPath: string) : Promise<SageAppPackageManifest> {
 async previewAppUrl(appUrl: string) : Promise<SageAppUrlPreview> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("preview_app_url", { appUrl });
 },
-async installAppZip(zipPath: string, grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions) : Promise<InstalledSageApp> {
+async installAppZip(zipPath: string, grantedPermissions: string[]) : Promise<InstalledSageApp> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("install_app_zip", { zipPath, grantedPermissions });
 },
-async installAppUrl(appUrl: string, grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions) : Promise<InstalledSageApp> {
+async installAppUrl(appUrl: string, grantedPermissions: string[]) : Promise<InstalledSageApp> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("install_app_url", { appUrl, grantedPermissions });
 },
 async uninstallApp(appId: string) : Promise<null> {
@@ -383,7 +383,7 @@ async checkAppUpdate(appId: string) : Promise<SageAppUrlPreview | null> {
 async downloadAppUpdate(appId: string) : Promise<InstalledSageApp> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("download_app_update", { appId });
 },
-async applyAppUpdate(appId: string, grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions) : Promise<InstalledSageApp> {
+async applyAppUpdate(appId: string, grantedPermissions: string[]) : Promise<InstalledSageApp> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("apply_app_update", { appId, grantedPermissions });
 },
 async storageOpenDatabase(appId: string, req: SageStorageOpenDatabaseRequest) : Promise<SageStorageDatabaseInfo> {
@@ -1758,7 +1758,7 @@ index: number }
  */
 export type IncreaseDerivationIndexResponse = Record<string, never>
 export type InheritedNetwork = "mainnet" | "testnet11"
-export type InstalledSageApp = { id: string; name: string; version: string; installDir: string; entryFile: string; iconFile: string; requestedPermissions: SageRequestedPermissions; grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions; source: InstalledSageAppSource; activeSnapshot: InstalledSageAppSnapshot; pendingUpdate: InstalledSageAppPendingUpdate | null }
+export type InstalledSageApp = { id: string; name: string; version: string; installDir: string; entryFile: string; iconFile: string; requestedPermissions: SageAppPermissions; grantedPermissions: string[]; source: InstalledSageAppSource; activeSnapshot: InstalledSageAppSnapshot; pendingUpdate: InstalledSageAppPendingUpdate | null }
 export type InstalledSageAppPendingUpdate = { appUrl: string; manifestUrl: string; manifestHash: string; manifest: SageAppPackageManifest; snapshot: InstalledSageAppSnapshot }
 export type InstalledSageAppSnapshot = { manifestHash: string; snapshotDir: string; totalBytes: number; manifest: SageAppPackageManifest }
 export type InstalledSageAppSource = { kind: "zip" } | { kind: "url"; appUrl: string; manifestUrl: string }
@@ -2225,14 +2225,11 @@ export type ResyncCatResponse = Record<string, never>
  */
 export type ResyncResponse = Record<string, never>
 export type SageAppManifestFile = { path: string; sha256: string; size: number }
-export type SageAppPackageManifest = { name: string; version: string; permissions?: SageRequestedPermissions; files?: SageAppManifestFile[] }
+export type SageAppPackageManifest = { name: string; version: string; permissions?: SageAppPermissions; network?: SageNetworkPermissions | null; files?: SageAppManifestFile[] }
+export type SageAppPermissions = { required: string[]; optional: string[] }
 export type SageAppUrlPreview = { appUrl: string; manifestUrl: string; manifestHash: string; manifest: SageAppPackageManifest }
-export type SageGrantedNetworkPermissionEntry = { scheme: string; host: string }
-export type SageGrantedPermissions = { network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissionEntry[]; persistentStorage: boolean; wallet: SageGrantedWalletPermissions }
-export type SageGrantedWalletPermissions = { sendXch: boolean; sendXchAutoSubmit: boolean }
-export type SageNetworkPermissionEntry = { scheme: string; host: string; required?: boolean }
-export type SagePermissionRequired = { required?: boolean }
-export type SageRequestedPermissions = { network?: SageNetworkPermissionEntry[]; persistent_storage?: SagePermissionRequired | null; wallet: SageWalletPermissions | null }
+export type SageNetworkPermissions = { whitelist?: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[] }
+export type SageNetworkWhitelistEntry = { scheme: string; host: string; required?: boolean }
 export type SageStorageClearRequest = { dbName: string; storeName: string }
 export type SageStorageCountRequest = { dbName: string; storeName: string }
 export type SageStorageCreateIndexRequest = { dbName: string; storeName: string; indexName: string }
@@ -2249,7 +2246,6 @@ export type SageStorageObjectStoreInfo = { name: string }
 export type SageStorageOpenDatabaseRequest = { name: string; version: number }
 export type SageStoragePutRequest = { dbName: string; storeName: string; keyBase64: string; valueBase64: string; indexValues?: SageStorageIndexValue[] }
 export type SageStorageValueRecord = { keyBase64: string; valueBase64: string }
-export type SageWalletPermissions = { sendXch: SagePermissionRequired | null; sendXchAutoSubmit: SagePermissionRequired | null }
 /**
  * Save a theme NFT to the wallet
  */
diff --git a/src/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx b/src/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx
index 779f18734..095a0ca2b 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx
@@ -1,27 +1,18 @@
 import { useState } from 'react';
-import type {
-  SageAppPackageManifest,
-  SageAppUrlPreview,
-  SageGrantedPermissions,
-} from '@/bindings';
+import type { SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppUrlPreview } from '@/bindings';
 import { formatAppError } from '@/lib/apps/formatAppError.ts';
 import { InstallSourceCard } from './InstallSourceCard';
 import {
-  buildFullyForbiddenPermissions, buildInitialGrantedPermissions,
+  buildFullyForbiddenPermissions,
+  buildInitialGrantedPermissions,
 } from '@/components/apps/permissions/permissionUtils.ts';
 import { InstallPermissionsDialog } from '@/components/apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx';
 
 interface Props {
   onPreviewZip: (zipPath: string) => Promise<SageAppPackageManifest>;
   onPreviewUrl: (appUrl: string) => Promise<SageAppUrlPreview>;
-  onInstallZip: (
-    zipPath: string,
-    permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
-  ) => Promise<void>;
-  onInstallUrl: (
-    appUrl: string,
-    permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
-  ) => Promise<void>;
+  onInstallZip: (zipPath: string, permissions: string[]) => Promise<void>;
+  onInstallUrl: (appUrl: string, permissions: string[]) => Promise<void>;
 }
 
 type InstallSource =
@@ -46,7 +37,9 @@ export function InstallAppForm({
   const [error, setError] = useState<string | null>(null);
   const [urlInput, setUrlInput] = useState('');
   const [source, setSource] = useState<InstallSource | null>(null);
-  const [grantedPermissions, setGrantedPermissions] = useState<SageGrantedPermissions>(buildFullyForbiddenPermissions());
+  const [grantedPermissions, setGrantedPermissions] = useState<string[]>(
+    buildFullyForbiddenPermissions(),
+  );
 
   async function handleSelectZipPath(zipPath: string) {
     try {
diff --git a/src/components/apps/InstalledAppCard.tsx b/src/components/apps/InstalledAppCard.tsx
index a2907a721..d451936ae 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/InstalledAppCard.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/InstalledAppCard.tsx
@@ -17,6 +17,19 @@ interface Props {
   onApplyUpdate: () => Promise<void>;
 }
 
+function formatPermissionLabel(key: string): string {
+  return key
+    .split('.')
+    .map((segment) =>
+      segment
+        .split('_')
+        .filter(Boolean)
+        .map((part) => part.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + part.slice(1))
+        .join(' '),
+    )
+    .join(' / ');
+}
+
 export function InstalledAppCard({
   app,
   updatePreview,
@@ -34,15 +47,19 @@ export function InstalledAppCard({
     return `sage-app://${app.id}/icon.png`;
   }, [app.id]);
 
+  const grantedPermissionBadges = useMemo(() => {
+    return [...(app.grantedPermissions ?? [])].sort((a, b) =>
+      a.localeCompare(b),
+    );
+  }, [app.grantedPermissions]);
+
   const networkBadges = useMemo(() => {
-    return [...(app.grantedPermissions.network ?? [])].sort((a, b) => {
-      const aKey = `${a.scheme}://${a.host}`;
-      const bKey = `${b.scheme}://${b.host}`;
-      return aKey.localeCompare(bKey);
-    });
-  }, [app.grantedPermissions.network]);
-
-  const hasPersistentStorage = app.grantedPermissions.persistentStorage;
+    return [...(app.activeSnapshot.manifest.network?.whitelist ?? [])].sort(
+      (a, b) =>
+        `${a.scheme}://${a.host}`.localeCompare(`${b.scheme}://${b.host}`),
+    );
+  }, [app.activeSnapshot.manifest.network]);
+
   const isUrlApp = app.source?.kind === 'url';
   const hasPendingUpdate = !!app.pendingUpdate;
   const showUpdateButton = hasPendingUpdate || !!updatePreview;
@@ -143,9 +160,11 @@ export function InstalledAppCard({
 
       <CardContent className='space-y-3'>
         <div className='flex flex-wrap gap-2'>
-          {hasPersistentStorage ? (
-            <Badge variant='outline'>Persistent storage</Badge>
-          ) : null}
+          {grantedPermissionBadges.map((key) => (
+            <Badge key={key} variant='outline'>
+              {formatPermissionLabel(key)}
+            </Badge>
+          ))}
 
           {networkBadges.map((entry) => (
             <Badge
@@ -157,7 +176,8 @@ export function InstalledAppCard({
             </Badge>
           ))}
 
-          {!hasPersistentStorage && networkBadges.length === 0 ? (
+          {grantedPermissionBadges.length === 0 &&
+          networkBadges.length === 0 ? (
             <Badge variant='outline'>No permissions</Badge>
           ) : null}
         </div>
diff --git a/src/components/apps/permissions/AppPermissionGroup.tsx b/src/components/apps/permissions/AppPermissionGroup.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d365cbeb7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/components/apps/permissions/AppPermissionGroup.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+import React from 'react';
+import { AppPermissionItem } from './AppPermissionItem';
+
+export interface AppPermissionTreeNode {
+  segment: string;
+  fullPath: string;
+  children: AppPermissionTreeNode[];
+  item?: {
+    key: string;
+    required: boolean;
+    granted: boolean;
+  };
+}
+
+interface Props {
+  node: AppPermissionTreeNode;
+  editable?: boolean;
+  tone?: 'default' | 'added' | 'removed' | 'warning';
+  onToggle?: (fullKey: string, nextGranted: boolean) => void;
+}
+
+function segmentLabel(segment: string): string {
+  return segment
+    .split('_')
+    .filter(Boolean)
+    .map((part) => part.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + part.slice(1))
+    .join(' ');
+}
+
+export function AppPermissionGroup({
+  node,
+  editable = false,
+  tone = 'default',
+  onToggle,
+}: Props) {
+  if (node.item) {
+    return (
+      <AppPermissionItem
+        label={segmentLabel(node.segment)}
+        fullKey={node.item.key}
+        required={node.item.required}
+        granted={node.item.granted}
+        editable={editable}
+        tone={tone}
+        onToggle={onToggle}
+      />
+    );
+  }
+
+  const label = node.fullPath ? segmentLabel(node.segment) : 'Permissions';
+
+  return (
+    <div className='space-y-2'>
+      {node.fullPath ? (
+        <div className='text-sm font-medium'>{label}</div>
+      ) : null}
+
+      <div
+        className={
+          node.fullPath ? 'space-y-2 rounded-md border p-3' : 'space-y-4'
+        }
+      >
+        {node.children.map((child) => (
+          <AppPermissionGroup
+            key={child.fullPath}
+            node={child}
+            editable={editable}
+            tone={tone}
+            onToggle={onToggle}
+          />
+        ))}
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  );
+}
diff --git a/src/components/apps/permissions/AppPermissionItem.tsx b/src/components/apps/permissions/AppPermissionItem.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f230f8b24
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/components/apps/permissions/AppPermissionItem.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+import { Checkbox } from '@/components/ui/checkbox';
+import React from 'react';
+
+interface Props {
+  label: string;
+  fullKey: string;
+  required: boolean;
+  granted: boolean;
+  editable?: boolean;
+  tone?: 'default' | 'added' | 'removed' | 'warning';
+  onToggle?: (fullKey: string, nextGranted: boolean) => void;
+}
+
+export function AppPermissionItem({
+  label,
+  fullKey,
+  required,
+  granted,
+  editable = false,
+  tone = 'default',
+  onToggle,
+}: Props) {
+  const textClassName =
+    tone === 'removed'
+      ? 'text-destructive line-through'
+      : tone === 'warning'
+        ? 'text-amber-600'
+        : tone === 'added'
+          ? 'text-emerald-600'
+          : '';
+
+  return (
+    <label className='flex items-center gap-3 text-sm'>
+      <Checkbox
+        checked={granted}
+        disabled={!editable || required}
+        onCheckedChange={(checked) => {
+          onToggle?.(fullKey, Boolean(checked));
+        }}
+      />
+
+      <span className={textClassName}>
+        {label}
+        {required ? ' (required)' : ''}
+      </span>
+    </label>
+  );
+}
diff --git a/src/components/apps/permissions/AppPermissions.tsx b/src/components/apps/permissions/AppPermissions.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..731ca76fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/components/apps/permissions/AppPermissions.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+import type { SageAppPermissions } from '@/bindings';
+import React, { useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react';
+import {
+  AppPermissionGroup,
+  type AppPermissionTreeNode,
+} from './AppPermissionGroup';
+
+type Tone = 'default' | 'added' | 'removed' | 'warning';
+
+interface PermissionEntry {
+  key: string;
+  required: boolean;
+  granted: boolean;
+}
+
+interface Props {
+  permissions: SageAppPermissions | null | undefined;
+  grantedPermissions?: string[];
+  editable?: boolean;
+  tone?: Tone;
+  onGrantedPermissionsChange?: React.Dispatch<React.SetStateAction<string[]>>;
+}
+
+function buildEntries(
+  permissions: SageAppPermissions | null | undefined,
+  grantedPermissions: string[],
+): PermissionEntry[] {
+  const grantedSet = new Set(grantedPermissions);
+
+  const requiredEntries = (permissions?.required ?? []).map((key) => ({
+    key,
+    required: true,
+    granted: grantedSet.has(key),
+  }));
+
+  const optionalEntries = (permissions?.optional ?? []).map((key) => ({
+    key,
+    required: false,
+    granted: grantedSet.has(key),
+  }));
+
+  return [...requiredEntries, ...optionalEntries].sort((a, b) =>
+    a.key.localeCompare(b.key),
+  );
+}
+
+function buildTree(entries: PermissionEntry[]): AppPermissionTreeNode {
+  const root: AppPermissionTreeNode = {
+    segment: '',
+    fullPath: '',
+    children: [],
+  };
+
+  for (const entry of entries) {
+    const parts = entry.key.split('.');
+    let current = root;
+
+    for (let index = 0; index < parts.length; index += 1) {
+      const segment = parts[index];
+      const fullPath = parts.slice(0, index + 1).join('.');
+      const isLeaf = index === parts.length - 1;
+
+      let child = current.children.find((node) => node.segment === segment);
+
+      if (!child) {
+        child = {
+          segment,
+          fullPath,
+          children: [],
+        };
+        current.children.push(child);
+      }
+
+      if (isLeaf) {
+        child.item = {
+          key: entry.key,
+          required: entry.required,
+          granted: entry.granted,
+        };
+      }
+
+      current = child;
+    }
+  }
+
+  currentSort(root);
+  return root;
+}
+
+function currentSort(node: AppPermissionTreeNode) {
+  node.children.sort((a, b) => {
+    const aIsGroup = !a.item;
+    const bIsGroup = !b.item;
+
+    if (aIsGroup !== bIsGroup) {
+      return aIsGroup ? -1 : 1;
+    }
+
+    return a.segment.localeCompare(b.segment);
+  });
+
+  for (const child of node.children) {
+    currentSort(child);
+  }
+}
+
+export function AppPermissions({
+  permissions,
+  grantedPermissions = [],
+  editable = false,
+  tone = 'default',
+  onGrantedPermissionsChange,
+}: Props) {
+  const [localGrantedPermissions, setLocalGrantedPermissions] =
+    useState<string[]>(grantedPermissions);
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    setLocalGrantedPermissions(grantedPermissions);
+  }, [grantedPermissions]);
+
+  const entries = useMemo(() => {
+    return buildEntries(permissions, localGrantedPermissions);
+  }, [permissions, localGrantedPermissions]);
+
+  const tree = useMemo(() => buildTree(entries), [entries]);
+
+  const hasEntries = entries.length > 0;
+
+  function handleToggle(fullKey: string, nextGranted: boolean) {
+    if (!editable) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    setLocalGrantedPermissions((prev) => {
+      const prevSet = new Set(prev);
+
+      if (nextGranted) {
+        prevSet.add(fullKey);
+      } else {
+        prevSet.delete(fullKey);
+      }
+
+      const requiredKeys = new Set(
+        Object.keys(permissions?.required ?? {}),
+      );
+
+      for (const key of requiredKeys) {
+        prevSet.add(key);
+      }
+
+      const next = [...prevSet].sort((a, b) => a.localeCompare(b));
+
+      onGrantedPermissionsChange?.(next);
+      return next;
+    });
+  }
+
+  if (!hasEntries) {
+    return (
+      <div className='text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
+        This app does not request any permissions.
+      </div>
+    );
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <AppPermissionGroup
+      node={tree}
+      editable={editable}
+      tone={tone}
+      onToggle={handleToggle}
+    />
+  );
+}
diff --git a/src/components/apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx b/src/components/apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx
index 65284a806..606634573 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx
@@ -6,19 +6,9 @@ import {
   DialogHeader,
   DialogTitle,
 } from '@/components/ui/dialog';
-import type {
-  SageAppPackageManifest,
-  SageAppUrlPreview,
-  SageGrantedPermissions,
-} from '@/bindings';
-import {
-  NetworkPermissionsSection,
-} from '@/components/apps/permissions/NetworkPermissionsSection.tsx';
-import {
-  PersistentStoragePermissionSection
-} from '@/components/apps/permissions/PersistentStoragePermissionSection.tsx';
+import type { SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppUrlPreview } from '@/bindings';
 import React from 'react';
-import { WalletPermissionSection } from '@/components/apps/permissions/WalletPermissionSection.tsx';
+import { AppPermissions } from '@/components/apps/permissions/AppPermissions';
 
 type InstallSource =
   | {
@@ -36,10 +26,8 @@ interface Props {
   source: InstallSource | null;
   error: string | null;
   installing: boolean;
-  grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions;
-  onGrantedPermissionsChange: React.Dispatch<
-    React.SetStateAction<SageGrantedPermissions>
-  >;
+  grantedPermissions: string[];
+  onGrantedPermissionsChange: React.Dispatch<React.SetStateAction<string[]>>;
   onCancel: () => void;
   onConfirm: () => void;
 }
@@ -58,6 +46,8 @@ export function InstallPermissionsDialog({
       ? source.manifest
       : (source?.preview.manifest ?? null);
 
+  const networkEntries = manifest?.network?.whitelist ?? [];
+
   return (
     <Dialog open={!!manifest} onOpenChange={(open) => !open && onCancel()}>
       <DialogContent>
@@ -69,6 +59,7 @@ export function InstallPermissionsDialog({
           <div className='space-y-5'>
             <div className='space-y-1 text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
               <div>v{manifest.version}</div>
+
               {source?.kind === 'url' ? (
                 <>
                   <div className='break-all'>URL: {source.preview.appUrl}</div>
@@ -82,38 +73,31 @@ export function InstallPermissionsDialog({
             <div className='space-y-3'>
               <h3 className='text-sm font-medium'>Permissions</h3>
 
-              {manifest.permissions ? (
-                <>
-                  {manifest.permissions.network && (
-                    <NetworkPermissionsSection
-                      wanted={manifest.permissions.network}
-                      granted={grantedPermissions.network}
-                      onGrantedPermissionsChange={onGrantedPermissionsChange}
-                    />
-                  )}
+              <AppPermissions
+                permissions={manifest.permissions}
+                grantedPermissions={grantedPermissions}
+                editable
+                onGrantedPermissionsChange={onGrantedPermissionsChange}
+              />
+            </div>
 
-                  {manifest.permissions.persistent_storage && (
-                    <PersistentStoragePermissionSection
-                      wanted={manifest.permissions.persistent_storage}
-                      granted={grantedPermissions.persistentStorage}
-                      onGrantedPermissionsChange={onGrantedPermissionsChange}
-                    />
-                  )}
+            {networkEntries.length > 0 ? (
+              <div className='space-y-2'>
+                <div className='text-sm font-medium'>Network allowlist</div>
 
-                  {manifest.permissions.wallet && (
-                    <WalletPermissionSection
-                      wanted={manifest.permissions.wallet}
-                      granted={grantedPermissions.wallet}
-                      onGrantedPermissionsChange={onGrantedPermissionsChange}
-                    />
-                  )}
-                </>
-              ) : (
-                <div className='text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
-                  This app does not request any permissions.
+                <div className='space-y-2 rounded-md border p-3'>
+                  {networkEntries.map((entry) => (
+                    <div
+                      key={`${entry.scheme}://${entry.host}`}
+                      className='text-xs font-mono'
+                    >
+                      {entry.scheme}://{entry.host}
+                      {entry.required ? ' (required)' : ''}
+                    </div>
+                  ))}
                 </div>
-              )}
-            </div>
+              </div>
+            ) : null}
 
             {error ? (
               <div className='text-sm text-destructive'>{error}</div>
diff --git a/src/components/apps/permissions/NetworkPermissionsSection.tsx b/src/components/apps/permissions/NetworkPermissionsSection.tsx
deleted file mode 100644
index 7098191fe..000000000
--- a/src/components/apps/permissions/NetworkPermissionsSection.tsx
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,89 +0,0 @@
-import { Checkbox } from '@/components/ui/checkbox';
-import type {
-  SageGrantedNetworkPermissionEntry,
-  SageGrantedPermissions,
-  SageNetworkPermissionEntry,
-} from '@/bindings';
-import { isNetworkGranted } from './permissionUtils';
-import React from 'react';
-
-interface Props {
-  wanted: SageNetworkPermissionEntry[];
-  granted: SageGrantedNetworkPermissionEntry[];
-  onGrantedPermissionsChange: React.Dispatch<
-    React.SetStateAction<SageGrantedPermissions>
-  >;
-}
-
-export function NetworkPermissionsSection({
-  wanted,
-  granted,
-  onGrantedPermissionsChange,
-}: Props) {
-  if (wanted.length === 0) {
-    return null;
-  }
-
-  function grantNetworkPermission(entry: SageNetworkPermissionEntry) {
-    onGrantedPermissionsChange((prev) => {
-      const alreadyGranted = prev.network.some(
-        (g) => g.scheme === entry.scheme && g.host === entry.host,
-      );
-
-      if (alreadyGranted) {
-        return prev;
-      }
-
-      return {
-        ...prev,
-        network: [
-          ...prev.network,
-          {
-            scheme: entry.scheme,
-            host: entry.host,
-          },
-        ],
-      };
-    });
-  }
-
-  function revokeNetworkPermission(entry: SageNetworkPermissionEntry) {
-    onGrantedPermissionsChange((prev) => ({
-      ...prev,
-      network: prev.network.filter(
-        (g) => !(g.scheme === entry.scheme && g.host === entry.host),
-      ),
-    }));
-  }
-
-  return (
-    <div className='space-y-2'>
-      <div className='text-sm font-medium'>Network allowlist</div>
-
-      <div className='space-y-2 rounded-md border p-3'>
-        {wanted.map((entry) => {
-          const url = `${entry.scheme}://${entry.host}`;
-          const isGranted = isNetworkGranted(entry, granted);
-
-          return (
-            <label key={url} className='flex items-center gap-3 text-sm'>
-              <Checkbox
-                checked={isGranted}
-                disabled={entry.required}
-                onCheckedChange={(nextChecked) =>
-                  nextChecked
-                    ? grantNetworkPermission(entry)
-                    : revokeNetworkPermission(entry)
-                }
-              />
-              <span className='font-mono text-xs'>
-                {url}
-                {entry.required ? ' (required)' : ''}
-              </span>
-            </label>
-          );
-        })}
-      </div>
-    </div>
-  );
-}
diff --git a/src/components/apps/permissions/PersistentStoragePermissionSection.tsx b/src/components/apps/permissions/PersistentStoragePermissionSection.tsx
deleted file mode 100644
index 9139760c2..000000000
--- a/src/components/apps/permissions/PersistentStoragePermissionSection.tsx
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,45 +0,0 @@
-import { Checkbox } from '@/components/ui/checkbox';
-import type {
-  SageGrantedPermissions,
-  SagePermissionRequired,
-} from '@/bindings';
-import React from 'react';
-
-interface Props {
-  wanted: SagePermissionRequired;
-  granted: boolean;
-  onGrantedPermissionsChange: React.Dispatch<
-    React.SetStateAction<SageGrantedPermissions>
-  >;
-}
-
-export function PersistentStoragePermissionSection({
-  wanted,
-  granted,
-  onGrantedPermissionsChange,
-}: Props) {
-  function setGranted(granted: boolean) {
-    onGrantedPermissionsChange((prev) => {
-      return {
-        ...prev,
-        persistentStorage: granted,
-      };
-    });
-  }
-
-  return (
-    <label className='flex items-center gap-3 text-sm'>
-      <Checkbox
-        checked={granted}
-        disabled={wanted.required ?? false}
-        onCheckedChange={(checked) => {
-          setGranted(Boolean(checked));
-        }}
-      />
-      <span>
-        Persistent storage
-        {wanted.required ? ' (required)' : ''}
-      </span>
-    </label>
-  );
-}
diff --git a/src/components/apps/permissions/WalletPermissionSection.tsx b/src/components/apps/permissions/WalletPermissionSection.tsx
deleted file mode 100644
index 889107013..000000000
--- a/src/components/apps/permissions/WalletPermissionSection.tsx
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,73 +0,0 @@
-import { Checkbox } from '@/components/ui/checkbox';
-import type {
-  SageGrantedPermissions,
-  SageGrantedWalletPermissions,
-  SageWalletPermissions,
-} from '@/bindings';
-import React from 'react';
-
-interface Props {
-  wanted: SageWalletPermissions;
-  granted: SageGrantedWalletPermissions;
-  onGrantedPermissionsChange: React.Dispatch<
-    React.SetStateAction<SageGrantedPermissions>
-  >;
-}
-
-export function WalletPermissionSection({
-  wanted,
-  granted,
-  onGrantedPermissionsChange,
-}: Props) {
-  return (
-    <div className='space-y-2'>
-      <div className='text-sm font-medium'>Wallet</div>
-
-      <div className='space-y-2 rounded-md border p-3'>
-        <label className='flex items-center gap-3 text-sm'>
-          <Checkbox
-            checked={granted.sendXch}
-            disabled={wanted.sendXch?.required ?? false}
-            onCheckedChange={(checked) => {
-              onGrantedPermissionsChange((prev) => {
-                return {
-                  ...prev,
-                  wallet: {
-                    ...prev.wallet,
-                    sendXch: Boolean(checked),
-                  },
-                };
-              });
-            }}
-          />
-          <span>
-            Send XCH
-            {wanted.sendXch?.required ? ' (required)' : ''}
-          </span>
-        </label>
-
-        <label className='flex items-center gap-3 text-sm'>
-          <Checkbox
-            checked={granted.sendXchAutoSubmit}
-            disabled={wanted.sendXchAutoSubmit?.required ?? false}
-            onCheckedChange={(checked) => {
-              onGrantedPermissionsChange((prev) => {
-                return {
-                  ...prev,
-                  wallet: {
-                    ...prev.wallet,
-                    sendXchAutoSubmit: Boolean(checked),
-                  },
-                };
-              });
-            }}
-          />
-          <span>
-            Automatic XCH send
-            {wanted.sendXchAutoSubmit?.required ? ' (required)' : ''}
-          </span>
-        </label>
-      </div>
-    </div>
-  );
-}
diff --git a/src/components/apps/permissions/permissionUtils.ts b/src/components/apps/permissions/permissionUtils.ts
index 243aedbe5..d0fe29ef9 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/permissions/permissionUtils.ts
+++ b/src/components/apps/permissions/permissionUtils.ts
@@ -1,43 +1,13 @@
-import type {
-  SageAppPackageManifest,
-  SageGrantedNetworkPermissionEntry,
-  SageGrantedPermissions,
-  SageNetworkPermissionEntry,
-} from '@/bindings';
+import type { SageAppPackageManifest } from '@/bindings';
 
-export function buildFullyForbiddenPermissions(): SageGrantedPermissions {
-  return {
-    network: [],
-    persistentStorage: false,
-    wallet: {
-      sendXch: false,
-      sendXchAutoSubmit: false,
-    },
-  };
+export function buildFullyForbiddenPermissions(): string[] {
+  return [];
 }
 
 export function buildInitialGrantedPermissions(
   manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
-): SageGrantedPermissions {
-  return {
-    network: (manifest.permissions?.network ?? []).map((entry) => ({
-      scheme: entry.scheme,
-      host: entry.host,
-    })),
-    persistentStorage: !!manifest.permissions?.persistent_storage,
-    wallet: {
-      sendXch: !!manifest.permissions?.wallet?.sendXch,
-      sendXchAutoSubmit: !!manifest.permissions?.wallet?.sendXchAutoSubmit,
-    },
-  };
-}
-
-export function isNetworkGranted(
-  entry: SageNetworkPermissionEntry,
-  granted: SageGrantedNetworkPermissionEntry[],
-): boolean {
-  return granted.some(
-    (g) => g.scheme === entry.scheme && g.host === entry.host,
+): string[] {
+  return [...(manifest.permissions?.required ?? [])].sort((a, b) =>
+    a.localeCompare(b),
   );
 }
-
diff --git a/src/hooks/useApps.ts b/src/hooks/useApps.ts
index f1ecff090..2742ccd5b 100644
--- a/src/hooks/useApps.ts
+++ b/src/hooks/useApps.ts
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ import type {
   InstalledSageApp,
   ListedSageApp,
   SageAppUrlPreview,
-  SageGrantedPermissions,
 } from '@/bindings.ts';
 
 type UpdateAvailabilityMap = Record<string, SageAppUrlPreview | null>;
@@ -47,7 +46,7 @@ export function useAppsInternal() {
   }, [refresh]);
 
   const installApp = useCallback(
-    async (zipPath: string, permissions: SageGrantedPermissions) => {
+    async (zipPath: string, permissions: string[]) => {
       await invoke<InstalledSageApp>('install_app_zip', {
         zipPath,
         grantedPermissions: permissions,
@@ -149,7 +148,7 @@ export function useAppsInternal() {
   );
 
   const applyUpdate = useCallback(
-    async (appId: string, grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions) => {
+    async (appId: string, grantedPermissions: string[]) => {
       try {
         setBusy(appId, true);
         const installed = await invoke<InstalledSageApp>('apply_app_update', {
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/bridge/methods/storage.ts b/src/lib/apps/bridge/methods/storage.ts
index aabc6c056..21a2fc778 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/bridge/methods/storage.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/bridge/methods/storage.ts
@@ -9,11 +9,11 @@ import type { BridgeMethodRegistry } from '../types';
 async function ensureStoragePermission({
   ctx,
 }: {
-  ctx: { app: { grantedPermissions: { persistentStorage: boolean } } };
+  ctx: { app: { grantedPermissions: string[] } };
 }) {
-  if (!ctx.app.grantedPermissions.persistentStorage) {
+  if (!ctx.app.grantedPermissions.includes('persistent_storage')) {
     throw new BridgePermissionError(
-      'App does not have persistentStorage permission',
+      'App does not have persistent_storage permission',
     );
   }
 }
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/bridge/methods/wallet.ts b/src/lib/apps/bridge/methods/wallet.ts
index 6c84c4539..96af182b8 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/bridge/methods/wallet.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/bridge/methods/wallet.ts
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import type { BridgeMethodRegistry } from '../types';
 export const walletBridgeMethods = {
   'wallet.sendXch': {
     approval: async ({ ctx, request }) => {
-      if (ctx.app.grantedPermissions.wallet.sendXchAutoSubmit) {
+      if (ctx.app.grantedPermissions.includes('wallet.send_xch_auto_submit')) {
         return null;
       }
 
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/bridge/permissions.ts b/src/lib/apps/bridge/permissions.ts
index 55088065c..01ecdf270 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/bridge/permissions.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/bridge/permissions.ts
@@ -12,47 +12,24 @@ export class BridgePermissionError extends Error {
   }
 }
 
-function getNestedValue(obj: unknown, path: string[]): unknown {
-  let current: unknown = obj;
+function permissionKeyForMethod(method: SageBridgeMethod): string {
+  switch (method) {
+    case 'wallet.sendXch':
+      return 'wallet.send_xch';
 
-  for (const segment of path) {
-    if (!current || typeof current !== 'object') {
-      return undefined;
-    }
-
-    current = (current as Record<string, unknown>)[segment];
+    default:
+      return method;
   }
-
-  return current;
 }
 
-function methodToPermissionPath(method: SageBridgeMethod): string[] {
-  const [group, action] = method.split('.');
-
-  if (!group || !action) {
-    throw new BridgePermissionError(
-      `Cannot derive permission path from method: ${method}`,
-    );
-  }
-
-  return [group, action];
-}
-
-async function enforceBooleanPermissionByMethod(
+async function enforcePermissionByMethod(
   ctx: SageBridgeContext,
   method: SageBridgeMethod,
 ): Promise<void> {
-  const path = methodToPermissionPath(method);
-  const value = getNestedValue(ctx.app.grantedPermissions, path);
-
-  if (typeof value !== 'boolean') {
-    throw new BridgePermissionError(
-      `Permission ${path.join('.')} is not a boolean granted permission`,
-    );
-  }
+  const permissionKey = permissionKeyForMethod(method);
 
-  if (!value) {
-    throw new BridgePermissionError(`Permission denied for ${path.join('.')}`);
+  if (!ctx.app.grantedPermissions.includes(permissionKey)) {
+    throw new BridgePermissionError(`Permission denied for ${permissionKey}`);
   }
 }
 
@@ -64,7 +41,7 @@ export async function enforcePermissionPolicy(args: {
   const { ctx, request, policy } = args;
 
   if (!policy) {
-    await enforceBooleanPermissionByMethod(ctx, request.method);
+    await enforcePermissionByMethod(ctx, request.method);
     return;
   }
 

From abedb63e28f582b8081cf434776a487c519be239 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 17 Apr 2026 15:53:42 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 052/471] Enhance permissions handling:

- Introduced `snakeToCamelSegment` and `camelToSnakeSegment` utilities for method-to-permission key conversions.
- Added `permissionKeyToBridgeMethod` and `bridgeMethodToPermissionKey` for standardized bidirectional mapping.
- Improved validation with descriptions and labels in `PermissionDefinition`.
- Implemented `summarize_granted_permissions` and `validate_permission_policy` for comprehensive policy validation and enforcement.
---
 src-tauri/src/apps/permission_registry.rs | 17 ++++++++
 src-tauri/src/apps/permissions.rs         | 48 ++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/lib/apps/bridge/permissions.ts        | 30 ++++++++++----
 3 files changed, 87 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/permission_registry.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/permission_registry.rs
index 2c78bfd19..6beb3c36d 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/permission_registry.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/permission_registry.rs
@@ -10,9 +10,20 @@ pub struct PermissionFlags {
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct PermissionDefinition {
     pub key: &'static str,
+    pub label: &'static str,
+    pub description: &'static str,
     pub flags: PermissionFlags,
 }
 
+pub fn get_permission_definition(key: &str) -> Option<PermissionDefinition> {
+    registry().get(key).copied()
+}
+
+pub fn require_permission_definition(key: &str) -> anyhow::Result<PermissionDefinition> {
+    get_permission_definition(key)
+        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("unknown permission: {}", key))
+}
+
 pub fn registry() -> BTreeMap<&'static str, PermissionDefinition> {
     let mut map = BTreeMap::new();
 
@@ -20,6 +31,8 @@ pub fn registry() -> BTreeMap<&'static str, PermissionDefinition> {
         "persistent_storage",
         PermissionDefinition {
             key: "persistent_storage",
+            label: "Persistent storage",
+            description: "Allows the app to store data on this device between sessions.",
             flags: PermissionFlags {
                 externally_observable: false,
                 accesses_sensitive_secret: false,
@@ -32,6 +45,8 @@ pub fn registry() -> BTreeMap<&'static str, PermissionDefinition> {
         "wallet.send_xch",
         PermissionDefinition {
             key: "wallet.send_xch",
+            label: "Send XCH",
+            description: "Allows the app to request XCH transactions from your wallet.",
             flags: PermissionFlags {
                 externally_observable: true,
                 accesses_sensitive_secret: true,
@@ -44,6 +59,8 @@ pub fn registry() -> BTreeMap<&'static str, PermissionDefinition> {
         "wallet.send_xch_auto_submit",
         PermissionDefinition {
             key: "wallet.send_xch_auto_submit",
+            label: "Automatic XCH send",
+            description: "Allows the app to submit XCH transactions without asking for per-transaction approval.",
             flags: PermissionFlags {
                 externally_observable: true,
                 accesses_sensitive_secret: true,
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/permissions.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/permissions.rs
index 026d26d5e..68fe74756 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/permissions.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/permissions.rs
@@ -1,18 +1,37 @@
 use anyhow::{anyhow, Result as AnyResult};
 use std::collections::BTreeSet;
 
-use crate::apps::types::SageAppPermissions;
+use crate::apps::{
+    permission_registry::get_permission_definition,
+    types::SageAppPermissions,
+};
+use crate::apps::permission_registry::require_permission_definition;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Default)]
+pub struct GrantedPermissionSummary {
+    pub externally_observable: bool,
+    pub accesses_sensitive_secret: bool,
+    pub persistent_storage: bool,
+}
 
 pub fn validate_permissions(permissions: &SageAppPermissions) -> AnyResult<()> {
     let mut seen = BTreeSet::new();
 
     for key in &permissions.required {
+        if get_permission_definition(key).is_none() {
+            return Err(anyhow!("unknown required permission: {}", key));
+        }
+
         if !seen.insert(key) {
             return Err(anyhow!("duplicate permission: {}", key));
         }
     }
 
     for key in &permissions.optional {
+        if get_permission_definition(key).is_none() {
+            return Err(anyhow!("unknown optional permission: {}", key));
+        }
+
         if !seen.insert(key) {
             return Err(anyhow!(
                 "permission cannot be both required and optional: {}",
@@ -51,3 +70,30 @@ pub fn validate_granted_permissions(
 
     Ok(())
 }
+
+pub fn validate_permission_policy(granted: &[String]) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let summary = summarize_granted_permissions(granted)?;
+
+    if summary.externally_observable && summary.accesses_sensitive_secret {
+        return Err(anyhow::anyhow!(
+            "cannot grant externally observable permissions together with sensitive secret access permissions"
+        ));
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub fn summarize_granted_permissions(granted: &[String]) -> anyhow::Result<GrantedPermissionSummary> {
+    let mut summary = GrantedPermissionSummary::default();
+
+    for key in granted {
+        let def = require_permission_definition(key)?;
+
+        summary.externally_observable |= def.flags.externally_observable;
+        summary.accesses_sensitive_secret |= def.flags.accesses_sensitive_secret;
+        summary.persistent_storage |= def.flags.persistent_storage;
+    }
+
+    Ok(summary)
+
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/bridge/permissions.ts b/src/lib/apps/bridge/permissions.ts
index 01ecdf270..c1ebe6166 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/bridge/permissions.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/bridge/permissions.ts
@@ -12,21 +12,37 @@ export class BridgePermissionError extends Error {
   }
 }
 
-function permissionKeyForMethod(method: SageBridgeMethod): string {
-  switch (method) {
-    case 'wallet.sendXch':
-      return 'wallet.send_xch';
+function snakeToCamelSegment(segment: string): string {
+  return segment.replace(/_([a-z])/g, (_, ch: string) => ch.toUpperCase());
+}
+
+function camelToSnakeSegment(segment: string): string {
+  return segment.replace(/[A-Z]/g, (ch) => `_${ch.toLowerCase()}`);
+}
+
+export function permissionKeyToBridgeMethod(permissionKey: string): string {
+  const [group, action] = permissionKey.split('.');
+  if (!group || !action) {
+    throw new Error(`Invalid permission key: ${permissionKey}`);
+  }
+
+  return `${group}.${snakeToCamelSegment(action)}`;
+}
 
-    default:
-      return method;
+export function bridgeMethodToPermissionKey(method: string): string {
+  const [group, action] = method.split('.');
+  if (!group || !action) {
+    throw new Error(`Invalid bridge method: ${method}`);
   }
+
+  return `${group}.${camelToSnakeSegment(action)}`;
 }
 
 async function enforcePermissionByMethod(
   ctx: SageBridgeContext,
   method: SageBridgeMethod,
 ): Promise<void> {
-  const permissionKey = permissionKeyForMethod(method);
+  const permissionKey = bridgeMethodToPermissionKey(method);
 
   if (!ctx.app.grantedPermissions.includes(permissionKey)) {
     throw new BridgePermissionError(`Permission denied for ${permissionKey}`);

From bf0c3ea63665d46fe70c34fbcecb9d17d8fd66a2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 17 Apr 2026 16:19:52 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 053/471] Refactor network permissions system:

- Replaced `SageGrantedNetworkPermissionEntry` with `SageNetworkWhitelistEntry` for simplified permission handling.
- Removed unused `SageNetworkPermissionEntry`, `SageRequestedPermissions`, and related types.
- Simplified `requiredKeys` initialization in `AppPermissions`.
---
 src-tauri/src/apps/csp.rs                     | 11 ++--
 src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs                   | 53 -------------------
 .../apps/permissions/AppPermissions.tsx       |  4 +-
 3 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 64 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/csp.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/csp.rs
index a0ddb8ee4..558ca75ab 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/csp.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/csp.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 use std::collections::BTreeSet;
-use crate::apps::types::{
-    InstalledSageApp, SageGrantedNetworkPermissionEntry,
-};
+use crate::apps::types::{InstalledSageApp, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry};
 
 fn csp_source_list(items: &[String]) -> String {
     items.join(" ")
@@ -12,7 +10,7 @@ fn is_allowed_scheme(s: &str) -> bool {
 }
 
 fn network_permission_to_csp_source(
-    permission: &SageGrantedNetworkPermissionEntry,
+    permission: &SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
 ) -> Option<String> {
     let scheme = permission.scheme.trim().to_ascii_lowercase();
     let host = permission.host.trim().to_ascii_lowercase();
@@ -75,10 +73,7 @@ pub fn build_app_csp(app: &InstalledSageApp) -> String {
 
     if let Some(network) = &app.active_snapshot.manifest.network {
         for entry in &network.whitelist {
-            if let Some(source) = network_permission_to_csp_source(&SageGrantedNetworkPermissionEntry {
-                scheme: entry.scheme.clone(),
-                host: entry.host.clone(),
-            }) {
+            if let Some(source) = network_permission_to_csp_source(entry) {
                 connect_sources.insert(source);
             }
         }
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs
index 0f5f3c204..c9790e889 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs
@@ -37,29 +37,6 @@ pub struct SageAppPackageManifest {
     pub files: Vec<SageAppManifestFile>,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
-pub struct SageNetworkPermissionEntry {
-    pub scheme: String,
-    pub host: String,
-    #[serde(default)]
-    pub required: bool,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-pub struct SagePermissionRequired {
-    #[serde(default)]
-    pub required: bool,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-pub struct SageWalletPermissions {
-    #[serde(rename = "sendXch", alias = "send_xch")]
-    pub send_xch: Option<SagePermissionRequired>,
-
-    #[serde(rename = "sendXchAutoSubmit", alias = "send_xch_auto_submit")]
-    pub send_xch_auto_submit: Option<SagePermissionRequired>,
-}
-
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, specta::Type)]
 pub struct SageAppUrlPreview {
     #[serde(rename = "appUrl", alias = "app_url")]
@@ -74,36 +51,6 @@ pub struct SageAppUrlPreview {
     pub manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default)]
-pub struct SageRequestedPermissions {
-    #[serde(default)]
-    pub network: Vec<SageNetworkPermissionEntry>,
-
-    #[serde(default, rename = "persistentStorage", alias = "persistent_storage")]
-    pub persistent_storage: Option<SagePermissionRequired>,
-
-    pub wallet: Option<SageWalletPermissions>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default)]
-pub struct SageGrantedWalletPermissions {
-    #[serde(rename = "sendXch", alias = "send_xch")]
-    pub send_xch: bool,
-
-    #[serde(rename = "sendXchAutoSubmit", alias = "send_xch_auto_submit")]
-    pub send_xch_auto_submit: bool,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default)]
-pub struct SageGrantedPermissions {
-    pub network: Vec<SageGrantedNetworkPermissionEntry>,
-
-    #[serde(rename = "persistentStorage", alias = "persistent_storage")]
-    pub persistent_storage: bool,
-
-    pub wallet: SageGrantedWalletPermissions,
-}
-
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
 pub struct SageGrantedNetworkPermissionEntry {
     pub scheme: String,
diff --git a/src/components/apps/permissions/AppPermissions.tsx b/src/components/apps/permissions/AppPermissions.tsx
index 731ca76fe..30c5ad59c 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/permissions/AppPermissions.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/permissions/AppPermissions.tsx
@@ -140,9 +140,7 @@ export function AppPermissions({
         prevSet.delete(fullKey);
       }
 
-      const requiredKeys = new Set(
-        Object.keys(permissions?.required ?? {}),
-      );
+      const requiredKeys = new Set(permissions?.required ?? []);
 
       for (const key of requiredKeys) {
         prevSet.add(key);

From 2227081f8868d803b19ebf69a404f1413ad9e337 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 17 Apr 2026 16:38:46 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 054/471] Add `PermissionsDialog` component and enhance
 permissions management system:

- Introduced a new `PermissionsDialog` component for managing app permissions interactively.
- Refactored permissions logic in both frontend and backend for consistency, including new permission validation and reconciliation methods.
- Added `storage_clear_all_for_app` API for clearing app
---
 src-tauri/src/apps/install.rs                 | 106 +++++++++---
 src-tauri/src/apps/manifest.rs                |   4 +-
 src-tauri/src/apps/permissions.rs             | 113 ++++++++----
 src-tauri/src/apps/storage/commands.rs        |  40 ++++-
 src-tauri/src/apps/storage/validate.rs        |   8 +-
 src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs                   |  31 +++-
 src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs                  | 162 ++++++++++--------
 src/bindings.ts                               |   7 +-
 .../apps/AppsLaunchpadContextMenu.tsx         |  19 +-
 .../apps/permissions/PermissionsDialog.tsx    | 107 ++++++++++++
 src/hooks/useApps.ts                          |  32 +++-
 src/pages/Apps.tsx                            | 130 ++++++++++++--
 12 files changed, 586 insertions(+), 173 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsDialog.tsx

diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/install.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/install.rs
index 7201b3beb..446dfeef3 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/install.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/install.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use std::{
     fs, io,
-    path::{Path},
+    path::Path,
     time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH},
 };
 
@@ -15,7 +15,10 @@ use crate::{
             detect_package_root, prepare_zip_snapshot, read_manifest, unzip_to_dir,
             validate_package_structure,
         },
-        permissions::validate_granted_permissions,
+        permissions::{
+            normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions,
+            resolve_granted_permission_flags, validate_granted_permissions,
+        },
         registry::{
             apps_root, list_installed_apps_internal, write_installed_app_metadata,
         },
@@ -70,7 +73,8 @@ pub fn normalize_app_url(url: &str) -> AnyResult<String> {
         .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("app URL is missing host"))?
         .to_ascii_lowercase();
 
-    let is_local_dev_host = host == "localhost" || host == "127.0.0.1" || host == "::1";
+    let is_local_dev_host =
+        host == "localhost" || host == "127.0.0.1" || host == "::1";
 
     match scheme {
         "https" => {}
@@ -99,12 +103,22 @@ pub fn hash_string(input: &str) -> String {
     hex::encode(hasher.finalize())
 }
 
-pub async fn preview_app_url_internal(app_url: String) -> AnyResult<SageAppUrlPreview> {
+fn normalize_manifest_permissions(
+    mut manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
+) -> AnyResult<SageAppPackageManifest> {
+    manifest.permissions =
+        normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions(&manifest.permissions)?;
+    Ok(manifest)
+}
+
+pub async fn preview_app_url_internal(
+    app_url: String,
+) -> AnyResult<SageAppUrlPreview> {
     let app_url = normalize_app_url(&app_url)?;
 
     let manifest_url = derive_manifest_url(&app_url)?;
-
     let (manifest, manifest_hash) = fetch_url_manifest(&manifest_url).await?;
+    let manifest = normalize_manifest_permissions(manifest)?;
 
     Ok(SageAppUrlPreview {
         app_url,
@@ -117,20 +131,25 @@ pub async fn preview_app_url_internal(app_url: String) -> AnyResult<SageAppUrlPr
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
 pub async fn preview_app_zip(zip_path: String) -> Result<SageAppPackageManifest> {
-    let unpack_dir = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!(".sage-preview-{}", current_millis()));
+    let unpack_dir =
+        std::env::temp_dir().join(format!(".sage-preview-{}", current_millis()));
 
     let result = (|| -> AnyResult<SageAppPackageManifest> {
         unzip_to_dir(Path::new(&zip_path), &unpack_dir)?;
         let package_root = detect_package_root(&unpack_dir)?;
         let manifest = read_manifest(&package_root)?;
         validate_package_structure(&package_root)?;
-        Ok(manifest)
+        normalize_manifest_permissions(manifest)
     })();
 
     let _ = fs::remove_dir_all(&unpack_dir);
 
     result.map_err(|err| {
-        io::Error::other(format!("failed to preview app zip {}: {err}", zip_path)).into()
+        io::Error::other(format!(
+            "failed to preview app zip {}: {err}",
+            zip_path
+        ))
+            .into()
     })
 }
 
@@ -144,7 +163,9 @@ pub async fn preview_app_url(app_url: String) -> Result<SageAppUrlPreview> {
 
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
-pub async fn list_installed_apps(state: State<'_, AppState>) -> Result<Vec<ListedSageApp>> {
+pub async fn list_installed_apps(
+    state: State<'_, AppState>,
+) -> Result<Vec<ListedSageApp>> {
     let base_path = {
         let state = state.lock().await;
         state.path.clone()
@@ -199,15 +220,21 @@ pub async fn install_app_zip(
         unzip_to_dir(Path::new(&zip_path), &unpack_dir)?;
         let package_root = detect_package_root(&unpack_dir)?;
         validate_package_structure(&package_root)?;
-        let manifest = read_manifest(&package_root)?;
+
+        let manifest = normalize_manifest_permissions(read_manifest(&package_root)?)?;
+
         validate_granted_permissions(&manifest.permissions, &granted_permissions)?;
+        let permission_flags =
+            resolve_granted_permission_flags(&granted_permissions, None)?;
 
         let existing = list_installed_apps_internal(&root)?
             .into_iter()
             .find_map(|app| match app {
-                ListedSageApp::Installed(installed) if installed.name == manifest.name => {
-                    Some(installed)
-                }
+                ListedSageApp::Installed(installed)
+                if installed.name == manifest.name =>
+                    {
+                        Some(installed)
+                    }
                 _ => None,
             });
 
@@ -226,8 +253,8 @@ pub async fn install_app_zip(
         }
 
         fs::create_dir_all(&install_dir)?;
-
-        let snapshot = prepare_zip_snapshot(&package_root, &install_dir, &manifest)?;
+        let snapshot =
+            prepare_zip_snapshot(&package_root, &install_dir, &manifest)?;
 
         let installed = InstalledSageApp {
             id: app_id,
@@ -244,6 +271,7 @@ pub async fn install_app_zip(
                 .to_string(),
             requested_permissions: manifest.permissions.clone(),
             granted_permissions,
+            permission_flags,
             source: InstalledSageAppSource::Zip,
             active_snapshot: snapshot,
             pending_update: None,
@@ -258,7 +286,11 @@ pub async fn install_app_zip(
     }
 
     result.map_err(|err| {
-        io::Error::other(format!("failed to install app zip {}: {err}", zip_path)).into()
+        io::Error::other(format!(
+            "failed to install app zip {}: {err}",
+            zip_path
+        ))
+            .into()
     })
 }
 
@@ -283,7 +315,14 @@ pub async fn install_app_url(
         ))
     })?;
 
-    let preview = preview_app_url(app_url.clone()).await?;
+    let preview = preview_app_url_internal(app_url.clone())
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| {
+            io::Error::other(format!(
+                "failed to preview app URL {}: {err}",
+                app_url
+            ))
+        })?;
 
     validate_granted_permissions(
         &preview.manifest.permissions,
@@ -296,13 +335,26 @@ pub async fn install_app_url(
             ))
         })?;
 
+    let permission_flags =
+        resolve_granted_permission_flags(&granted_permissions, None)
+            .map_err(|err| {
+                io::Error::other(format!(
+                    "invalid granted permission policy for URL app {}: {err}",
+                    app_url
+                ))
+            })?;
+
     let existing = list_installed_apps_internal(&root)
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to list installed apps: {err}")))?
+        .map_err(|err| {
+            io::Error::other(format!("failed to list installed apps: {err}"))
+        })?
         .into_iter()
         .find_map(|app| match app {
-            ListedSageApp::Installed(installed) if installed.name == preview.manifest.name => {
-                Some(installed)
-            }
+            ListedSageApp::Installed(installed)
+            if installed.name == preview.manifest.name =>
+                {
+                    Some(installed)
+                }
             _ => None,
         });
 
@@ -325,7 +377,11 @@ pub async fn install_app_url(
         &preview.manifest_hash,
     )
         .await
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to download URL app snapshot: {err}")))?;
+        .map_err(|err| {
+            io::Error::other(format!(
+                "failed to download URL app snapshot: {err}"
+            ))
+        })?;
 
     let installed = InstalledSageApp {
         id: app_id.clone(),
@@ -342,6 +398,7 @@ pub async fn install_app_url(
             .to_string(),
         requested_permissions: preview.manifest.permissions.clone(),
         granted_permissions,
+        permission_flags,
         source: InstalledSageAppSource::Url {
             app_url: preview.app_url.clone(),
             manifest_url: preview.manifest_url.clone(),
@@ -362,7 +419,10 @@ pub async fn install_app_url(
 
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
-pub async fn uninstall_app(state: State<'_, AppState>, app_id: String) -> Result<()> {
+pub async fn uninstall_app(
+    state: State<'_, AppState>,
+    app_id: String,
+) -> Result<()> {
     let base_path = {
         let state = state.lock().await;
         state.path.clone()
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/manifest.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/manifest.rs
index 9ac532a9f..e3c36b7f5 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/manifest.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/manifest.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use crate::apps::{
     },
     types::{SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest},
 };
-use crate::apps::permissions::validate_permissions;
+use crate::apps::permissions::normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions;
 
 pub fn validate_manifest_file_path(path: &str) -> AnyResult<()> {
     if path.is_empty() {
@@ -95,6 +95,6 @@ pub fn validate_package_manifest(manifest: &SageAppPackageManifest) -> AnyResult
         return Err(anyhow!("manifest version cannot be empty"));
     }
 
-    validate_permissions(&manifest.permissions)?;
+    normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions(&manifest.permissions)?;
     validate_manifest_files(&manifest.files)
 }
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/permissions.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/permissions.rs
index 68fe74756..8fc71e85c 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/permissions.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/permissions.rs
@@ -3,44 +3,41 @@ use std::collections::BTreeSet;
 
 use crate::apps::{
     permission_registry::get_permission_definition,
-    types::SageAppPermissions,
+    types::{InstalledSageAppPermissionFlags, SageAppPermissions},
 };
-use crate::apps::permission_registry::require_permission_definition;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Default)]
-pub struct GrantedPermissionSummary {
+pub struct PermissionSummary {
     pub externally_observable: bool,
     pub accesses_sensitive_secret: bool,
     pub persistent_storage: bool,
 }
 
-pub fn validate_permissions(permissions: &SageAppPermissions) -> AnyResult<()> {
-    let mut seen = BTreeSet::new();
+pub fn normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions(
+    permissions: &SageAppPermissions,
+) -> AnyResult<SageAppPermissions> {
+    let mut required = BTreeSet::new();
+    let mut optional = BTreeSet::new();
 
     for key in &permissions.required {
-        if get_permission_definition(key).is_none() {
-            return Err(anyhow!("unknown required permission: {}", key));
-        }
-
-        if !seen.insert(key) {
-            return Err(anyhow!("duplicate permission: {}", key));
+        if get_permission_definition(key).is_some() {
+            required.insert(key.clone());
         }
     }
 
     for key in &permissions.optional {
-        if get_permission_definition(key).is_none() {
-            return Err(anyhow!("unknown optional permission: {}", key));
-        }
-
-        if !seen.insert(key) {
-            return Err(anyhow!(
-                "permission cannot be both required and optional: {}",
-                key
-            ));
+        if get_permission_definition(key).is_some() && !required.contains(key) {
+            optional.insert(key.clone());
         }
     }
 
-    Ok(())
+    let normalized = SageAppPermissions {
+        required: required.into_iter().collect(),
+        optional: optional.into_iter().collect(),
+    };
+
+    validate_requested_permission_policy(&normalized)?;
+    Ok(normalized)
 }
 
 pub fn validate_granted_permissions(
@@ -71,29 +68,75 @@ pub fn validate_granted_permissions(
     Ok(())
 }
 
-pub fn validate_permission_policy(granted: &[String]) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-    let summary = summarize_granted_permissions(granted)?;
+pub fn summarize_permissions(keys: &[String]) -> AnyResult<PermissionSummary> {
+    let mut summary = PermissionSummary::default();
+
+    for key in keys {
+        let def = get_permission_definition(key)
+            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("unknown permission: {}", key))?;
+
+        summary.externally_observable |= def.flags.externally_observable;
+        summary.accesses_sensitive_secret |= def.flags.accesses_sensitive_secret;
+        summary.persistent_storage |= def.flags.persistent_storage;
+    }
+
+    Ok(summary)
+}
+
+pub fn validate_requested_permission_policy(
+    permissions: &SageAppPermissions,
+) -> AnyResult<()> {
+    let mut requested = Vec::new();
+    requested.extend(permissions.required.iter().cloned());
+    requested.extend(permissions.optional.iter().cloned());
+
+    let summary = summarize_permissions(&requested)?;
 
     if summary.externally_observable && summary.accesses_sensitive_secret {
-        return Err(anyhow::anyhow!(
-            "cannot grant externally observable permissions together with sensitive secret access permissions"
+        return Err(anyhow!(
+            "requested permissions cannot include both externally observable and sensitive secret access permissions"
         ));
     }
 
     Ok(())
 }
 
-pub fn summarize_granted_permissions(granted: &[String]) -> anyhow::Result<GrantedPermissionSummary> {
-    let mut summary = GrantedPermissionSummary::default();
-
-    for key in granted {
-        let def = require_permission_definition(key)?;
-
-        summary.externally_observable |= def.flags.externally_observable;
-        summary.accesses_sensitive_secret |= def.flags.accesses_sensitive_secret;
-        summary.persistent_storage |= def.flags.persistent_storage;
+pub fn resolve_granted_permission_flags(
+    granted: &[String],
+    previous_flags: Option<&InstalledSageAppPermissionFlags>,
+) -> AnyResult<InstalledSageAppPermissionFlags> {
+    let summary = summarize_permissions(granted)?;
+
+    let previous_storage_may_contain_secrets = previous_flags
+        .map(|flags| flags.storage_may_contain_secrets)
+        .unwrap_or(false);
+
+    let storage_may_contain_secrets = if summary.persistent_storage {
+        previous_storage_may_contain_secrets || summary.accesses_sensitive_secret
+    } else {
+        false
+    };
+
+    let has_secret_access =
+        summary.accesses_sensitive_secret || storage_may_contain_secrets;
+    let has_external_access = summary.externally_observable;
+
+    if has_external_access && summary.accesses_sensitive_secret {
+        return Err(anyhow!(
+            "cannot grant externally observable permissions together with sensitive secret access permissions"
+        ));
     }
 
-    Ok(summary)
+    if has_external_access && !summary.accesses_sensitive_secret && storage_may_contain_secrets {
+        return Err(anyhow!(
+            "before you can grant externally observable permissions, you need to clear storage that may contain cached secrets"
+        ));
+    }
 
+    Ok(InstalledSageAppPermissionFlags {
+        has_secret_access,
+        has_external_access,
+        storage_may_contain_secrets,
+        isolated: has_secret_access,
+    })
 }
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/storage/commands.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/storage/commands.rs
index 7159db8ba..20bc11d23 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/storage/commands.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/storage/commands.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,8 @@ use crate::{
     apps::registry::read_installed_app_by_id,
     error::Result,
 };
-
+use crate::apps::permissions::resolve_granted_permission_flags;
+use crate::apps::registry::write_installed_app_metadata;
 use super::{
     db::{
         database_path, ensure_store_exists, get_current_version, open_connection,
@@ -488,3 +489,40 @@ pub async fn storage_get_all_from_index(
 
     Ok(out)
 }
+
+#[command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn storage_clear_all_for_app(
+    state: State<'_, AppState>,
+    app_id: String,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    let base_path = base_path_from_state(&state).await;
+
+    let mut app = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id).map_err(|err| {
+        io::Error::other(format!("failed to read app {}: {err}", app_id))
+    })?;
+
+    let install_dir = PathBuf::from(&app.install_dir);
+    let storage_root = super::db::app_storage_root(&install_dir);
+
+    if storage_root.exists() {
+        fs::remove_dir_all(&storage_root).map_err(|err| {
+            io::Error::other(format!(
+                "failed to clear app storage {}: {err}",
+                storage_root.display()
+            ))
+        })?;
+    }
+
+    app.permission_flags.storage_may_contain_secrets = false;
+    app.permission_flags = resolve_granted_permission_flags(
+        &app.granted_permissions,
+        Some(&app.permission_flags),
+    )
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
+
+    write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &install_dir)
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to write app metadata: {err}")))?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/storage/validate.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/storage/validate.rs
index 06811d644..9c8e32f82 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/storage/validate.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/storage/validate.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,15 @@
-use anyhow::{anyhow, Context, Result as AnyResult};
+use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
 use base64::Engine;
 use base64::engine::general_purpose::STANDARD as BASE64;
 
 use crate::apps::types::InstalledSageApp;
 
 pub fn ensure_storage_permission(app: &InstalledSageApp) -> AnyResult<()> {
-    if !app.granted_permissions.contains(&"persistent_storage".to_string()) {
+    if !app
+        .granted_permissions
+        .iter()
+        .any(|key| key == "persistent_storage")
+    {
         return Err(anyhow!("persistent storage permission is not granted"));
     }
 
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs
index c9790e889..cb919ccf0 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,10 @@ use specta::Type;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default)]
 pub struct SageAppPermissions {
+    #[serde(default)]
     pub required: Vec<String>,
+
+    #[serde(default)]
     pub optional: Vec<String>,
 }
 
@@ -51,12 +54,6 @@ pub struct SageAppUrlPreview {
     pub manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
-pub struct SageGrantedNetworkPermissionEntry {
-    pub scheme: String,
-    pub host: String,
-}
-
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
 pub struct SageAppManifestFile {
     pub path: String,
@@ -78,6 +75,23 @@ pub struct InstalledSageAppSnapshot {
     pub manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default)]
+pub struct InstalledSageAppPermissionFlags {
+    #[serde(rename = "hasSecretAccess", alias = "has_secret_access")]
+    pub has_secret_access: bool,
+
+    #[serde(rename = "hasExternalAccess", alias = "has_external_access")]
+    pub has_external_access: bool,
+
+    #[serde(
+        rename = "storageMayContainSecrets",
+        alias = "storage_may_contain_secrets"
+    )]
+    pub storage_may_contain_secrets: bool,
+
+    pub isolated: bool,
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
 pub struct InstalledSageAppPendingUpdate {
     #[serde(rename = "appUrl", alias = "app_url")]
@@ -90,8 +104,6 @@ pub struct InstalledSageAppPendingUpdate {
     pub manifest_hash: String,
 
     pub manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
-
-    pub snapshot: InstalledSageAppSnapshot,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
@@ -127,6 +139,9 @@ pub struct InstalledSageApp {
     #[serde(rename = "grantedPermissions", alias = "granted_permissions")]
     pub granted_permissions: Vec<String>,
 
+    #[serde(rename = "permissionFlags", alias = "permission_flags")]
+    pub permission_flags: InstalledSageAppPermissionFlags,
+
     pub source: InstalledSageAppSource,
 
     #[serde(rename = "activeSnapshot", alias = "active_snapshot")]
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs
index 561309396..9ea6a1b78 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs
@@ -1,48 +1,27 @@
-use std::{io, path::{Path, PathBuf}};
+use std::{
+    io,
+    path::{Path, PathBuf},
+};
 
 use tauri::{command, State};
+
 use crate::apps::install::preview_app_url_internal;
 
 use crate::{
     app_state::AppState,
     apps::{
+        permissions::{
+            resolve_granted_permission_flags, validate_granted_permissions,
+        },
         registry::{read_installed_app_by_id, write_installed_app_metadata},
         snapshot::download_url_snapshot,
         types::{
-            InstalledSageApp, InstalledSageAppPendingUpdate, InstalledSageAppSource,
-            SageAppUrlPreview,
+            InstalledSageApp, InstalledSageAppPendingUpdate,
+            InstalledSageAppSource, SageAppUrlPreview,
         },
     },
     error::Result,
 };
-use crate::apps::permissions::validate_granted_permissions;
-
-fn merge_granted_permissions_for_update(
-    old_granted: &[String],
-    new_permissions: &crate::apps::types::SageAppPermissions,
-) -> Vec<String> {
-    let old_granted_set: std::collections::BTreeSet<_> =
-        old_granted.iter().cloned().collect();
-
-    let optional_set: std::collections::BTreeSet<_> =
-        new_permissions.optional.iter().cloned().collect();
-
-    let mut result = Vec::new();
-
-    for key in &new_permissions.required {
-        result.push(key.clone());
-    }
-
-    for key in old_granted_set {
-        if optional_set.contains(&key) {
-            result.push(key);
-        }
-    }
-
-    result.sort();
-    result.dedup();
-    result
-}
 
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
@@ -55,18 +34,26 @@ pub async fn check_app_update(
         state.path.clone()
     };
 
-    let app = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id)
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to read installed app {}: {err}", app_id)))?;
+    let app = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id).map_err(|err| {
+        io::Error::other(format!(
+            "failed to read installed app {}: {err}",
+            app_id
+        ))
+    })?;
 
-    let (app_url, _manifest_url) = match &app.source {
-        InstalledSageAppSource::Url { app_url, manifest_url } => {
-            (app_url.clone(), manifest_url.clone())
-        }
+    let (app_url, _) = match &app.source {
+        InstalledSageAppSource::Url {
+            app_url,
+            manifest_url: _,
+        } => (app_url.clone(), true),
         InstalledSageAppSource::Zip => return Ok(None),
     };
 
-    let preview = preview_app_url_internal(app_url).await
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to preview app URL: {err}")))?;
+    let preview = preview_app_url_internal(app_url)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| {
+            io::Error::other(format!("failed to preview app URL: {err}"))
+        })?;
 
     if preview.manifest_hash == app.active_snapshot.manifest_hash {
         return Ok(None);
@@ -92,15 +79,23 @@ pub async fn download_app_update(
         state.path.clone()
     };
 
-    let mut app = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id)
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to read installed app {}: {err}", app_id)))?;
+    let mut app = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id).map_err(|err| {
+        io::Error::other(format!(
+            "failed to read installed app {}: {err}",
+            app_id
+        ))
+    })?;
 
     let (app_url, manifest_url) = match &app.source {
-        InstalledSageAppSource::Url { app_url, manifest_url } => {
-            (app_url.clone(), manifest_url.clone())
-        }
+        InstalledSageAppSource::Url {
+            app_url,
+            manifest_url,
+        } => (app_url.clone(), manifest_url.clone()),
         InstalledSageAppSource::Zip => {
-            return Err(io::Error::other("zip apps do not support URL update download").into());
+            return Err(io::Error::other(
+                "zip apps do not support URL update download",
+            )
+                .into());
         }
     };
 
@@ -109,27 +104,20 @@ pub async fn download_app_update(
         None => return Ok(app),
     };
 
-    let install_dir = PathBuf::from(&app.install_dir);
-
-    let snapshot = download_url_snapshot(
-        &install_dir,
-        &preview.app_url,
-        &preview.manifest,
-        &preview.manifest_hash,
-    )
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to download update snapshot: {err}")))?;
-
     app.pending_update = Some(InstalledSageAppPendingUpdate {
         app_url,
         manifest_url,
         manifest_hash: preview.manifest_hash,
         manifest: preview.manifest,
-        snapshot,
     });
 
+    let install_dir = PathBuf::from(&app.install_dir);
     write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &install_dir)
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to write app metadata: {err}")))?;
+        .map_err(|err| {
+            io::Error::other(format!(
+                "failed to write app metadata: {err}"
+            ))
+        })?;
 
     Ok(app)
 }
@@ -146,29 +134,58 @@ pub async fn apply_app_update(
         state.path.clone()
     };
 
-    let mut app = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id)
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to read installed app {}: {err}", app_id)))?;
+    let mut app = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id).map_err(|err| {
+        io::Error::other(format!(
+            "failed to read installed app {}: {err}",
+            app_id
+        ))
+    })?;
 
     let pending = app.pending_update.clone().ok_or_else(|| {
         io::Error::other(format!("app {} has no pending update", app_id))
     })?;
 
-    let merged_permissions = merge_granted_permissions_for_update(
-        &app.granted_permissions,
-        &pending.manifest.permissions,
-    );
-
     validate_granted_permissions(
         &pending.manifest.permissions,
-        &merged_permissions,
+        &granted_permissions,
     )
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("invalid granted permissions for update: {err}")))?;
+        .map_err(|err| {
+            io::Error::other(format!(
+                "invalid granted permissions for update: {err}"
+            ))
+        })?;
+
+    let permission_flags = resolve_granted_permission_flags(
+        &granted_permissions,
+        Some(&app.permission_flags),
+    )
+        .map_err(|err| {
+            io::Error::other(format!(
+                "invalid granted permission policy for update: {err}"
+            ))
+        })?;
+
+    let install_dir = PathBuf::from(&app.install_dir);
+
+    let snapshot = download_url_snapshot(
+        &install_dir,
+        &pending.app_url,
+        &pending.manifest,
+        &pending.manifest_hash,
+    )
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| {
+            io::Error::other(format!(
+                "failed to download update snapshot: {err}"
+            ))
+        })?;
 
     app.name = pending.manifest.name.clone();
     app.version = pending.manifest.version.clone();
     app.requested_permissions = pending.manifest.permissions.clone();
-    app.granted_permissions = merged_permissions;
-    app.active_snapshot = pending.snapshot.clone();
+    app.granted_permissions = granted_permissions;
+    app.permission_flags = permission_flags;
+    app.active_snapshot = snapshot;
     app.entry_file = Path::new(&app.active_snapshot.snapshot_dir)
         .join("index.html")
         .to_string_lossy()
@@ -179,9 +196,12 @@ pub async fn apply_app_update(
         .to_string();
     app.pending_update = None;
 
-    let install_dir = PathBuf::from(&app.install_dir);
     write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &install_dir)
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to write app metadata: {err}")))?;
+        .map_err(|err| {
+            io::Error::other(format!(
+                "failed to write app metadata: {err}"
+            ))
+        })?;
 
     Ok(app)
 }
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index 66a98dbcc..d1edea671 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -1758,8 +1758,9 @@ index: number }
  */
 export type IncreaseDerivationIndexResponse = Record<string, never>
 export type InheritedNetwork = "mainnet" | "testnet11"
-export type InstalledSageApp = { id: string; name: string; version: string; installDir: string; entryFile: string; iconFile: string; requestedPermissions: SageAppPermissions; grantedPermissions: string[]; source: InstalledSageAppSource; activeSnapshot: InstalledSageAppSnapshot; pendingUpdate: InstalledSageAppPendingUpdate | null }
-export type InstalledSageAppPendingUpdate = { appUrl: string; manifestUrl: string; manifestHash: string; manifest: SageAppPackageManifest; snapshot: InstalledSageAppSnapshot }
+export type InstalledSageApp = { id: string; name: string; version: string; installDir: string; entryFile: string; iconFile: string; requestedPermissions: SageAppPermissions; grantedPermissions: string[]; permissionFlags: InstalledSageAppPermissionFlags; source: InstalledSageAppSource; activeSnapshot: InstalledSageAppSnapshot; pendingUpdate: InstalledSageAppPendingUpdate | null }
+export type InstalledSageAppPendingUpdate = { appUrl: string; manifestUrl: string; manifestHash: string; manifest: SageAppPackageManifest }
+export type InstalledSageAppPermissionFlags = { hasSecretAccess: boolean; hasExternalAccess: boolean; storageMayContainSecrets: boolean; isolated: boolean }
 export type InstalledSageAppSnapshot = { manifestHash: string; snapshotDir: string; totalBytes: number; manifest: SageAppPackageManifest }
 export type InstalledSageAppSource = { kind: "zip" } | { kind: "url"; appUrl: string; manifestUrl: string }
 /**
@@ -2226,7 +2227,7 @@ export type ResyncCatResponse = Record<string, never>
 export type ResyncResponse = Record<string, never>
 export type SageAppManifestFile = { path: string; sha256: string; size: number }
 export type SageAppPackageManifest = { name: string; version: string; permissions?: SageAppPermissions; network?: SageNetworkPermissions | null; files?: SageAppManifestFile[] }
-export type SageAppPermissions = { required: string[]; optional: string[] }
+export type SageAppPermissions = { required?: string[]; optional?: string[] }
 export type SageAppUrlPreview = { appUrl: string; manifestUrl: string; manifestHash: string; manifest: SageAppPackageManifest }
 export type SageNetworkPermissions = { whitelist?: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[] }
 export type SageNetworkWhitelistEntry = { scheme: string; host: string; required?: boolean }
diff --git a/src/components/apps/AppsLaunchpadContextMenu.tsx b/src/components/apps/AppsLaunchpadContextMenu.tsx
index 62e6b1b0e..8e18f3aea 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/AppsLaunchpadContextMenu.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/AppsLaunchpadContextMenu.tsx
@@ -1,10 +1,3 @@
-import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
-
-export type AppsLaunchpadContextMenuUpdateState =
-  | 'idle'
-  | 'checking'
-  | 'up_to_date';
-
 interface Props {
   open: boolean;
   x: number;
@@ -12,7 +5,7 @@ interface Props {
   busy: boolean;
   hasUpdate: boolean;
   isRunning: boolean;
-  updateCheckState: AppsLaunchpadContextMenuUpdateState;
+  updateCheckState: 'idle' | 'checking' | 'up_to_date';
   onClose: () => void;
   onOpen: () => void;
   onCheckForUpdate: () => void;
@@ -92,14 +85,14 @@ export function AppsLaunchpadContextMenu({
 
         <div className='my-1 h-px bg-border' />
 
-        <Button
-          variant='ghost'
-          className='h-auto w-full justify-start rounded-lg px-3 py-2 text-sm text-muted-foreground opacity-60'
-          disabled
+        <button
+          type='button'
+          className='flex w-full rounded-lg px-3 py-2 text-left text-sm hover:bg-muted disabled:opacity-50'
+          disabled={busy}
           onClick={onChangePermissions}
         >
           Change permissions
-        </Button>
+        </button>
 
         <button
           type='button'
diff --git a/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsDialog.tsx b/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsDialog.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..48bd279b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsDialog.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
+import {
+  Dialog,
+  DialogContent,
+  DialogFooter,
+  DialogHeader,
+  DialogTitle,
+} from '@/components/ui/dialog';
+import type { InstalledSageApp } from '@/bindings';
+import React from 'react';
+import { AppPermissions } from '@/components/apps/permissions/AppPermissions';
+
+interface Props {
+  app: InstalledSageApp | null;
+  open: boolean;
+  title: string;
+  description?: string | null;
+  error: string | null;
+  submitting: boolean;
+  grantedPermissions: string[];
+  onGrantedPermissionsChange: React.Dispatch<React.SetStateAction<string[]>>;
+  onCancel: () => void;
+  onConfirm: () => void;
+}
+
+export function PermissionsDialog({
+  app,
+  open,
+  title,
+  description,
+  error,
+  submitting,
+  grantedPermissions,
+  onGrantedPermissionsChange,
+  onCancel,
+  onConfirm,
+}: Props) {
+  const manifest =
+    app?.pendingUpdate?.manifest ?? app?.activeSnapshot.manifest ?? null;
+  const requestedPermissions =
+    app?.pendingUpdate?.manifest.permissions ??
+    app?.requestedPermissions ??
+    null;
+
+  return (
+    <Dialog open={open} onOpenChange={(nextOpen) => !nextOpen && onCancel()}>
+      <DialogContent>
+        <DialogHeader>
+          <DialogTitle>{title}</DialogTitle>
+        </DialogHeader>
+
+        {app && manifest ? (
+          <div className='space-y-5'>
+            <div className='space-y-1 text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
+              <div>{app.name}</div>
+              <div>v{manifest.version}</div>
+              {description ? <div>{description}</div> : null}
+            </div>
+
+            <div className='space-y-3'>
+              <h3 className='text-sm font-medium'>Permissions</h3>
+
+              <AppPermissions
+                permissions={requestedPermissions}
+                grantedPermissions={grantedPermissions}
+                editable
+                onGrantedPermissionsChange={onGrantedPermissionsChange}
+              />
+            </div>
+
+            {manifest.network && manifest.network.whitelist && manifest.network.whitelist.length > 0 ? (
+              <div className='space-y-2'>
+                <div className='text-sm font-medium'>Network allowlist</div>
+
+                <div className='space-y-2 rounded-md border p-3'>
+                  {manifest.network.whitelist.map((entry) => (
+                    <div
+                      key={`${entry.scheme}://${entry.host}`}
+                      className='text-xs font-mono'
+                    >
+                      {entry.scheme}://{entry.host}
+                      {entry.required ? ' (required)' : ''}
+                    </div>
+                  ))}
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            ) : null}
+
+            {error ? (
+              <div className='text-sm text-destructive'>{error}</div>
+            ) : null}
+          </div>
+        ) : null}
+
+        <DialogFooter>
+          <Button variant='outline' onClick={onCancel}>
+            Cancel
+          </Button>
+
+          <Button onClick={onConfirm} disabled={submitting}>
+            {submitting ? 'Saving...' : 'Save'}
+          </Button>
+        </DialogFooter>
+      </DialogContent>
+    </Dialog>
+  );
+}
diff --git a/src/hooks/useApps.ts b/src/hooks/useApps.ts
index 2742ccd5b..2e6c3c89c 100644
--- a/src/hooks/useApps.ts
+++ b/src/hooks/useApps.ts
@@ -56,6 +56,17 @@ export function useAppsInternal() {
     [refresh],
   );
 
+  const installUrlApp = useCallback(
+    async (appUrl: string, permissions: string[]) => {
+      await invoke<InstalledSageApp>('install_app_url', {
+        appUrl,
+        grantedPermissions: permissions,
+      });
+      await refresh();
+    },
+    [refresh],
+  );
+
   const uninstallApp = useCallback(
     async (appId: string) => {
       await invoke('uninstall_app', { appId });
@@ -173,6 +184,7 @@ export function useAppsInternal() {
   const performAppUpdate = useCallback(
     async (
       appId: string,
+      grantedPermissions: string[],
       options?: { restartIfRunning?: boolean; visibleAfterRestart?: boolean },
     ) => {
       const restartIfRunning = options?.restartIfRunning ?? false;
@@ -198,10 +210,7 @@ export function useAppsInternal() {
         throw new Error(`App ${appId} no longer exists after refresh`);
       }
 
-      const updatedApp = await applyUpdate(
-        latestApp.id,
-        latestApp.grantedPermissions,
-      );
+      const updatedApp = await applyUpdate(latestApp.id, grantedPermissions);
 
       if (wasRunning) {
         await restartAppRuntime(updatedApp, {
@@ -215,6 +224,19 @@ export function useAppsInternal() {
     [applyUpdate, checkForUpdate, downloadUpdate, getApp, refresh],
   );
 
+  const clearAppStorage = useCallback(
+    async (appId: string) => {
+      try {
+        setBusy(appId, true);
+        await invoke('storage_clear_all_for_app', { appId });
+        await refresh();
+      } finally {
+        setBusy(appId, false);
+      }
+    },
+    [refresh, setBusy],
+  );
+
   useEffect(() => {
     const urlApps = apps.filter(
       (entry) => entry.kind === 'installed' && entry.source?.kind === 'url',
@@ -259,6 +281,7 @@ export function useAppsInternal() {
     error,
     refresh,
     installApp,
+    installUrlApp,
     uninstallApp,
     isInstalled,
     getApp,
@@ -266,6 +289,7 @@ export function useAppsInternal() {
     downloadUpdate,
     applyUpdate,
     performAppUpdate,
+    clearAppStorage,
     updateAvailability,
     busyAppIds,
   };
diff --git a/src/pages/Apps.tsx b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
index 8c3760016..ea7ec44a6 100644
--- a/src/pages/Apps.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import { Alert, AlertDescription, AlertTitle } from '@/components/ui/alert';
 import { InstallAppForm } from '@/components/apps/InstallAppForm';
 import { CorruptedAppCard } from '@/components/apps/CorruptedAppCard';
 import { AppsLaunchpadContextMenu } from '@/components/apps/AppsLaunchpadContextMenu';
+import { PermissionsDialog } from '@/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsDialog';
 import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
 import {
   Dialog,
@@ -13,6 +14,7 @@ import { SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppUrlPreview } from '@/bindings.ts';
 import { invoke } from '@tauri-apps/api/core';
 import { useApps } from '@/contexts/AppsContext.tsx';
 import { useAppRuntimes } from '@/hooks/useAppRuntimes.ts';
+import { formatAppError } from '@/lib/apps/formatAppError.ts';
 import { LayoutGrid, Plus } from 'lucide-react';
 import { useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react';
 import { useNavigate } from 'react-router-dom';
@@ -52,7 +54,21 @@ function clampContextMenuPosition(args: {
 export function Apps() {
   const navigate = useNavigate();
   const [installOpen, setInstallOpen] = useState(false);
-  const [contextMenu, setContextMenu] = useState<AppContextMenuState>(null);
+  const [contextMenu, setContextMenu] = useState<AppContextMenuState | null>(
+    null,
+  );
+  const [permissionsDialogAppId, setPermissionsDialogAppId] = useState<
+    string | null
+  >(null);
+  const [permissionsDialogError, setPermissionsDialogError] = useState<
+    string | null
+  >(null);
+  const [permissionsDialogSubmitting, setPermissionsDialogSubmitting] =
+    useState(false);
+  const [
+    permissionsDialogGrantedPermissions,
+    setPermissionsDialogGrantedPermissions,
+  ] = useState<string[]>([]);
   const pageRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement | null>(null);
   const runtimes = useAppRuntimes();
   const [updateCheckStateByAppId, setUpdateCheckStateByAppId] = useState<
@@ -65,11 +81,14 @@ export function Apps() {
     error,
     refresh,
     installApp,
+    installUrlApp,
     uninstallApp,
     checkForUpdate,
     performAppUpdate,
+    clearAppStorage,
     updateAvailability,
     busyAppIds,
+    getApp,
   } = useApps();
 
   const runningAppIds = useMemo(() => {
@@ -102,6 +121,10 @@ export function Apps() {
     ? runningAppIds.has(contextMenu.app.id)
     : false;
 
+  const permissionsDialogApp = permissionsDialogAppId
+    ? (getApp(permissionsDialogAppId) ?? null)
+    : null;
+
   function closeContextMenu() {
     setUpdateCheckStateByAppId((prev) => {
       if (!contextMenu) {
@@ -121,6 +144,24 @@ export function Apps() {
     setContextMenu(null);
   }
 
+  function openPermissionsDialog(appId: string) {
+    const app = getApp(appId);
+    if (!app) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    setPermissionsDialogAppId(appId);
+    setPermissionsDialogError(null);
+    setPermissionsDialogGrantedPermissions(app.grantedPermissions ?? []);
+  }
+
+  function closePermissionsDialog() {
+    setPermissionsDialogAppId(null);
+    setPermissionsDialogError(null);
+    setPermissionsDialogSubmitting(false);
+    setPermissionsDialogGrantedPermissions([]);
+  }
+
   async function handleCheckForUpdate(appId: string) {
     setUpdateCheckStateByAppId((prev) => ({
       ...prev,
@@ -137,6 +178,57 @@ export function Apps() {
     }
   }
 
+  async function handleSavePermissions() {
+    if (!permissionsDialogApp) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    try {
+      setPermissionsDialogSubmitting(true);
+      setPermissionsDialogError(null);
+
+      await performAppUpdate(
+        permissionsDialogApp.id,
+        permissionsDialogGrantedPermissions,
+        {
+          restartIfRunning: true,
+          visibleAfterRestart: runningAppIds.has(permissionsDialogApp.id),
+        },
+      );
+
+      closePermissionsDialog();
+    } catch (err) {
+      const message = formatAppError(err);
+      if (
+        message.includes('clear storage') ||
+        message.includes('cached secrets')
+      ) {
+        try {
+          await clearAppStorage(permissionsDialogApp.id);
+
+          await performAppUpdate(
+            permissionsDialogApp.id,
+            permissionsDialogGrantedPermissions,
+            {
+              restartIfRunning: true,
+              visibleAfterRestart: runningAppIds.has(permissionsDialogApp.id),
+            },
+          );
+
+          closePermissionsDialog();
+          return;
+        } catch (retryErr) {
+          setPermissionsDialogError(formatAppError(retryErr));
+          return;
+        }
+      }
+
+      setPermissionsDialogError(message);
+    } finally {
+      setPermissionsDialogSubmitting(false);
+    }
+  }
+
   useEffect(() => {
     if (!contextMenu || contextMenuCheckState !== 'up_to_date') {
       return;
@@ -372,12 +464,17 @@ export function Apps() {
               return;
             }
 
-            void performAppUpdate(contextMenu.app.id, {
-              restartIfRunning: true,
-              visibleAfterRestart: contextMenuAppIsRunning,
-            });
+            openPermissionsDialog(contextMenu.app.id);
+            closeContextMenu();
+          }}
+          onChangePermissions={() => {
+            if (!contextMenu) {
+              return;
+            }
+
+            openPermissionsDialog(contextMenu.app.id);
+            closeContextMenu();
           }}
-          onChangePermissions={() => {}}
           onUninstall={() => {
             if (!contextMenu) {
               return;
@@ -418,16 +515,27 @@ export function Apps() {
               setInstallOpen(false);
             }}
             onInstallUrl={async (appUrl, permissions) => {
-              await invoke('install_app_url', {
-                appUrl,
-                grantedPermissions: permissions,
-              });
-              await refresh();
+              await installUrlApp(appUrl, permissions);
               setInstallOpen(false);
             }}
           />
         </DialogContent>
       </Dialog>
+
+      <PermissionsDialog
+        app={permissionsDialogApp}
+        open={!!permissionsDialogApp}
+        title='Change permissions'
+        description='Review and update the currently granted permissions for this app.'
+        error={permissionsDialogError}
+        submitting={permissionsDialogSubmitting}
+        grantedPermissions={permissionsDialogGrantedPermissions}
+        onGrantedPermissionsChange={setPermissionsDialogGrantedPermissions}
+        onCancel={closePermissionsDialog}
+        onConfirm={() => {
+          void handleSavePermissions();
+        }}
+      />
     </>
   );
 }

From e77f5f8d67a8b2c47059f820f4346891b6d2baa8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 17 Apr 2026 17:02:17 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 055/471] Remove `storage` API and related dependencies:

- Deleted the Tauri and TypeScript APIs for `storage`, including all related methods, commands, and validation logic.
- Removed unused `storage` types, bindings, and bridge method registry entries.
- Refactored runtime logic by introducing incognito mode for apps without `persistent_storage` permission.
---
 src-tauri/src/apps/storage/commands.rs | 528 -------------------------
 src-tauri/src/apps/storage/db.rs       | 159 --------
 src-tauri/src/apps/storage/mod.rs      |   2 -
 src-tauri/src/lib.rs                   |  12 -
 src/bindings.ts                        |  52 ---
 src/lib/apps/bridge/methods/storage.ts | 160 --------
 src/lib/apps/bridge/registry.ts        |   2 -
 src/lib/apps/bridge/types.ts           |  34 +-
 src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts        |   6 +-
 9 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 949 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 src-tauri/src/apps/storage/commands.rs
 delete mode 100644 src-tauri/src/apps/storage/db.rs
 delete mode 100644 src/lib/apps/bridge/methods/storage.ts

diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/storage/commands.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/storage/commands.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 20bc11d23..000000000
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/storage/commands.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,528 +0,0 @@
-use std::{
-    fs,
-    io,
-    path::PathBuf,
-};
-
-use sqlx::{Connection, Row, SqliteConnection, sqlite::SqliteRow};
-use tauri::{State, command};
-
-use crate::{
-    app_state::AppState,
-    apps::registry::read_installed_app_by_id,
-    error::Result,
-};
-use crate::apps::permissions::resolve_granted_permission_flags;
-use crate::apps::registry::write_installed_app_metadata;
-use super::{
-    db::{
-        database_path, ensure_store_exists, get_current_version, open_connection,
-        set_current_version,
-    },
-    types::*,
-    validate::{decode_b64, encode_b64, ensure_storage_permission, validate_name},
-};
-
-async fn base_path_from_state(state: &State<'_, AppState>) -> PathBuf {
-    let state = state.lock().await;
-    state.path.clone()
-}
-
-async fn load_app(
-    state: &State<'_, AppState>,
-    app_id: &str,
-) -> io::Result<crate::apps::types::InstalledSageApp> {
-    let base_path = base_path_from_state(state).await;
-
-    read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, app_id)
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to read app {}: {err}", app_id)))
-}
-
-async fn open_app_db(
-    state: &State<'_, AppState>,
-    app_id: &str,
-    db_name: &str,
-) -> io::Result<SqliteConnection> {
-    let app = load_app(state, app_id).await?;
-
-    open_connection(&app, db_name)
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to open database: {err}")))
-}
-
-async fn open_app_db_with_store(
-    state: &State<'_, AppState>,
-    app_id: &str,
-    db_name: &str,
-    store_name: &str,
-) -> io::Result<SqliteConnection> {
-    let mut conn = open_app_db(state, app_id, db_name).await?;
-
-    ensure_store_exists(&mut conn, store_name)
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
-
-    Ok(conn)
-}
-
-fn row_to_value_record(row: SqliteRow) -> io::Result<SageStorageValueRecord> {
-    let key: Vec<u8> = row
-        .try_get(0)
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
-    let value: Vec<u8> = row
-        .try_get(1)
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
-
-    Ok(SageStorageValueRecord {
-        key_base64: encode_b64(&key),
-        value_base64: encode_b64(&value),
-    })
-}
-
-fn validate_db_name(db_name: &str) -> io::Result<()> {
-    validate_name(db_name, "database name")
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(err.to_string()))
-}
-
-fn validate_store_name(store_name: &str) -> io::Result<()> {
-    validate_name(store_name, "store name")
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(err.to_string()))
-}
-
-fn validate_index_name(index_name: &str) -> io::Result<()> {
-    validate_name(index_name, "index name")
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(err.to_string()))
-}
-
-#[command]
-#[specta::specta]
-pub async fn storage_open_database(
-    state: State<'_, AppState>,
-    app_id: String,
-    req: SageStorageOpenDatabaseRequest,
-) -> Result<SageStorageDatabaseInfo> {
-    validate_db_name(&req.name)?;
-
-    let mut conn = open_app_db(&state, &app_id, &req.name).await?;
-
-    let current = get_current_version(&mut conn)
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to read version: {err}")))?;
-
-    if req.version < current {
-        return Err(io::Error::other(format!(
-            "requested version {} is older than current version {}",
-            req.version, current
-        ))
-            .into());
-    }
-
-    if req.version > current {
-        set_current_version(&mut conn, req.version)
-            .await
-            .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to set version: {err}")))?;
-    }
-
-    Ok(SageStorageDatabaseInfo {
-        name: req.name,
-        version: req.version.max(current),
-    })
-}
-
-#[command]
-#[specta::specta]
-pub async fn storage_delete_database(
-    state: State<'_, AppState>,
-    app_id: String,
-    db_name: String,
-) -> Result<()> {
-    validate_db_name(&db_name)?;
-
-    let app = load_app(&state, &app_id).await?;
-
-    ensure_storage_permission(&app)
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
-
-    let path = database_path(&app, &db_name)
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
-
-    let wal_path = PathBuf::from(format!("{}-wal", path.display()));
-    let shm_path = PathBuf::from(format!("{}-shm", path.display()));
-
-    for candidate in [&path, &wal_path, &shm_path] {
-        if candidate.exists() {
-            fs::remove_file(candidate).map_err(|err| {
-                io::Error::other(format!(
-                    "failed to remove {}: {err}",
-                    candidate.display()
-                ))
-            })?;
-        }
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-#[command]
-#[specta::specta]
-pub async fn storage_describe_database(
-    state: State<'_, AppState>,
-    app_id: String,
-    db_name: String,
-) -> Result<SageStorageDatabaseDescription> {
-    validate_db_name(&db_name)?;
-
-    let mut conn = open_app_db(&state, &app_id, &db_name).await?;
-
-    let version = get_current_version(&mut conn)
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to read version: {err}")))?;
-
-    let store_rows = sqlx::query(
-        "SELECT store_name FROM sage_object_stores ORDER BY store_name ASC",
-    )
-        .fetch_all(&mut conn)
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to query stores: {err}")))?;
-
-    let stores = store_rows
-        .into_iter()
-        .map(|row| -> io::Result<SageStorageObjectStoreInfo> {
-            let name: String = row
-                .try_get(0)
-                .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
-            Ok(SageStorageObjectStoreInfo { name })
-        })
-        .collect::<io::Result<Vec<_>>>()?;
-
-    let index_rows = sqlx::query(
-        "SELECT store_name, index_name FROM sage_indexes ORDER BY store_name ASC, index_name ASC",
-    )
-        .fetch_all(&mut conn)
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to query indexes: {err}")))?;
-
-    let indexes = index_rows
-        .into_iter()
-        .map(|row| -> io::Result<SageStorageIndexInfo> {
-            let store: String = row
-                .try_get(0)
-                .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
-            let name: String = row
-                .try_get(1)
-                .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
-
-            Ok(SageStorageIndexInfo { store, name })
-        })
-        .collect::<io::Result<Vec<_>>>()?;
-
-    Ok(SageStorageDatabaseDescription {
-        name: db_name,
-        version,
-        stores,
-        indexes,
-    })
-}
-
-#[command]
-#[specta::specta]
-pub async fn storage_create_object_store(
-    state: State<'_, AppState>,
-    app_id: String,
-    req: SageStorageCreateObjectStoreRequest,
-) -> Result<()> {
-    validate_db_name(&req.db_name)?;
-    validate_store_name(&req.store_name)?;
-
-    let mut conn = open_app_db(&state, &app_id, &req.db_name).await?;
-
-    sqlx::query("INSERT OR IGNORE INTO sage_object_stores (store_name) VALUES (?1)")
-        .bind(req.store_name)
-        .execute(&mut conn)
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to create store: {err}")))?;
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-#[command]
-#[specta::specta]
-pub async fn storage_create_index(
-    state: State<'_, AppState>,
-    app_id: String,
-    req: SageStorageCreateIndexRequest,
-) -> Result<()> {
-    validate_db_name(&req.db_name)?;
-    validate_store_name(&req.store_name)?;
-    validate_index_name(&req.index_name)?;
-
-    let mut conn = open_app_db_with_store(&state, &app_id, &req.db_name, &req.store_name).await?;
-
-    sqlx::query("INSERT OR IGNORE INTO sage_indexes (store_name, index_name) VALUES (?1, ?2)")
-        .bind(req.store_name)
-        .bind(req.index_name)
-        .execute(&mut conn)
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to create index: {err}")))?;
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-#[command]
-#[specta::specta]
-pub async fn storage_get(
-    state: State<'_, AppState>,
-    app_id: String,
-    req: SageStorageGetRequest,
-) -> Result<Option<String>> {
-    let mut conn = open_app_db_with_store(&state, &app_id, &req.db_name, &req.store_name).await?;
-
-    let key = decode_b64(&req.key_base64, "key")
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
-
-    let row = sqlx::query(
-        "SELECT value_blob FROM sage_records WHERE store_name = ?1 AND primary_key = ?2",
-    )
-        .bind(req.store_name)
-        .bind(key)
-        .fetch_optional(&mut conn)
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to read value: {err}")))?;
-
-    let value = row
-        .map(|row| row.try_get::<Vec<u8>, _>(0))
-        .transpose()
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to decode value: {err}")))?;
-
-    Ok(value.map(|bytes| encode_b64(&bytes)))
-}
-
-#[command]
-#[specta::specta]
-pub async fn storage_put(
-    state: State<'_, AppState>,
-    app_id: String,
-    req: SageStoragePutRequest,
-) -> Result<()> {
-    let mut conn = open_app_db_with_store(&state, &app_id, &req.db_name, &req.store_name).await?;
-
-    let key = decode_b64(&req.key_base64, "key")
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
-    let value = decode_b64(&req.value_base64, "value")
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
-
-    let mut tx = conn
-        .begin()
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to start tx: {err}")))?;
-
-    sqlx::query(
-        r#"
-        INSERT INTO sage_records (store_name, primary_key, value_blob)
-        VALUES (?1, ?2, ?3)
-        ON CONFLICT(store_name, primary_key) DO UPDATE SET value_blob = excluded.value_blob
-        "#,
-    )
-        .bind(&req.store_name)
-        .bind(&key)
-        .bind(&value)
-        .execute(&mut *tx)
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to write record: {err}")))?;
-
-    sqlx::query("DELETE FROM sage_index_entries WHERE store_name = ?1 AND primary_key = ?2")
-        .bind(&req.store_name)
-        .bind(&key)
-        .execute(&mut *tx)
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to clear old index entries: {err}")))?;
-
-    for index_value in &req.index_values {
-        validate_index_name(&index_value.index_name)?;
-
-        let index_key = decode_b64(&index_value.key_base64, "index key")
-            .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
-
-        sqlx::query(
-            r#"
-            INSERT INTO sage_index_entries (store_name, index_name, index_key, primary_key)
-            VALUES (?1, ?2, ?3, ?4)
-            "#,
-        )
-            .bind(&req.store_name)
-            .bind(&index_value.index_name)
-            .bind(index_key)
-            .bind(&key)
-            .execute(&mut *tx)
-            .await
-            .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to write index entry: {err}")))?;
-    }
-
-    tx.commit()
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to commit tx: {err}")))?;
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-#[command]
-#[specta::specta]
-pub async fn storage_delete(
-    state: State<'_, AppState>,
-    app_id: String,
-    req: SageStorageDeleteRequest,
-) -> Result<()> {
-    let mut conn = open_app_db_with_store(&state, &app_id, &req.db_name, &req.store_name).await?;
-
-    let key = decode_b64(&req.key_base64, "key")
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
-
-    sqlx::query("DELETE FROM sage_records WHERE store_name = ?1 AND primary_key = ?2")
-        .bind(req.store_name)
-        .bind(key)
-        .execute(&mut conn)
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to delete record: {err}")))?;
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-#[command]
-#[specta::specta]
-pub async fn storage_clear(
-    state: State<'_, AppState>,
-    app_id: String,
-    req: SageStorageClearRequest,
-) -> Result<()> {
-    let mut conn = open_app_db_with_store(&state, &app_id, &req.db_name, &req.store_name).await?;
-
-    sqlx::query("DELETE FROM sage_records WHERE store_name = ?1")
-        .bind(req.store_name)
-        .execute(&mut conn)
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to clear store: {err}")))?;
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-#[command]
-#[specta::specta]
-pub async fn storage_count(
-    state: State<'_, AppState>,
-    app_id: String,
-    req: SageStorageCountRequest,
-) -> Result<i64> {
-    let mut conn = open_app_db_with_store(&state, &app_id, &req.db_name, &req.store_name).await?;
-
-    let count = sqlx::query_scalar::<_, i64>(
-        "SELECT COUNT(*) FROM sage_records WHERE store_name = ?1",
-    )
-        .bind(req.store_name)
-        .fetch_one(&mut conn)
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to count records: {err}")))?;
-
-    Ok(count)
-}
-
-#[command]
-#[specta::specta]
-pub async fn storage_get_all(
-    state: State<'_, AppState>,
-    app_id: String,
-    req: SageStorageGetAllRequest,
-) -> Result<Vec<SageStorageValueRecord>> {
-    let mut conn = open_app_db_with_store(&state, &app_id, &req.db_name, &req.store_name).await?;
-
-    let rows = sqlx::query(
-        "SELECT primary_key, value_blob FROM sage_records WHERE store_name = ?1 ORDER BY primary_key ASC",
-    )
-        .bind(req.store_name)
-        .fetch_all(&mut conn)
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to query records: {err}")))?;
-
-    let out = rows
-        .into_iter()
-        .map(row_to_value_record)
-        .collect::<io::Result<Vec<_>>>()?;
-
-    Ok(out)
-}
-
-#[command]
-#[specta::specta]
-pub async fn storage_get_all_from_index(
-    state: State<'_, AppState>,
-    app_id: String,
-    req: SageStorageGetAllFromIndexRequest,
-) -> Result<Vec<SageStorageValueRecord>> {
-    let mut conn = open_app_db_with_store(&state, &app_id, &req.db_name, &req.store_name).await?;
-
-    let index_key = decode_b64(&req.key_base64, "index key")
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
-
-    let rows = sqlx::query(
-        r#"
-        SELECT r.primary_key, r.value_blob
-        FROM sage_index_entries i
-        JOIN sage_records r
-          ON r.store_name = i.store_name
-         AND r.primary_key = i.primary_key
-        WHERE i.store_name = ?1
-          AND i.index_name = ?2
-          AND i.index_key = ?3
-        ORDER BY r.primary_key ASC
-        "#,
-    )
-        .bind(req.store_name)
-        .bind(req.index_name)
-        .bind(index_key)
-        .fetch_all(&mut conn)
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to query index: {err}")))?;
-
-    let out = rows
-        .into_iter()
-        .map(row_to_value_record)
-        .collect::<io::Result<Vec<_>>>()?;
-
-    Ok(out)
-}
-
-#[command]
-#[specta::specta]
-pub async fn storage_clear_all_for_app(
-    state: State<'_, AppState>,
-    app_id: String,
-) -> Result<()> {
-    let base_path = base_path_from_state(&state).await;
-
-    let mut app = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id).map_err(|err| {
-        io::Error::other(format!("failed to read app {}: {err}", app_id))
-    })?;
-
-    let install_dir = PathBuf::from(&app.install_dir);
-    let storage_root = super::db::app_storage_root(&install_dir);
-
-    if storage_root.exists() {
-        fs::remove_dir_all(&storage_root).map_err(|err| {
-            io::Error::other(format!(
-                "failed to clear app storage {}: {err}",
-                storage_root.display()
-            ))
-        })?;
-    }
-
-    app.permission_flags.storage_may_contain_secrets = false;
-    app.permission_flags = resolve_granted_permission_flags(
-        &app.granted_permissions,
-        Some(&app.permission_flags),
-    )
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
-
-    write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &install_dir)
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to write app metadata: {err}")))?;
-
-    Ok(())
-}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/storage/db.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/storage/db.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index b3d39b897..000000000
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/storage/db.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,159 +0,0 @@
-use std::{
-    fs,
-    path::{Path, PathBuf},
-};
-
-use anyhow::{anyhow, Result as AnyResult};
-use sqlx::{
-    Connection, Executor, Row, SqliteConnection,
-    sqlite::{SqliteConnectOptions, SqliteJournalMode},
-};
-
-use crate::apps::types::InstalledSageApp;
-
-use super::validate::{ensure_storage_permission, validate_name};
-
-pub const STORAGE_DIR_NAME: &str = "storage";
-
-pub fn app_storage_root(install_dir: &Path) -> PathBuf {
-    install_dir.join(STORAGE_DIR_NAME)
-}
-
-pub fn database_path(app: &InstalledSageApp, db_name: &str) -> AnyResult<PathBuf> {
-    validate_name(db_name, "database name")?;
-    let install_dir = PathBuf::from(&app.install_dir);
-    let root = app_storage_root(&install_dir);
-    Ok(root.join(format!("{db_name}.sqlite3")))
-}
-
-pub async fn open_connection(
-    app: &InstalledSageApp,
-    db_name: &str,
-) -> AnyResult<SqliteConnection> {
-    ensure_storage_permission(app)?;
-
-    let db_path = database_path(app, db_name)?;
-    if let Some(parent) = db_path.parent() {
-        fs::create_dir_all(parent)?;
-    }
-
-    let options = SqliteConnectOptions::new()
-        .filename(&db_path)
-        .create_if_missing(true)
-        .journal_mode(SqliteJournalMode::Wal)
-        .foreign_keys(true);
-
-    let mut conn = SqliteConnection::connect_with(&options).await?;
-    initialize_schema(&mut conn).await?;
-    Ok(conn)
-}
-
-pub async fn initialize_schema(conn: &mut SqliteConnection) -> AnyResult<()> {
-    conn.execute(
-        r#"
-        CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS sage_meta (
-          key TEXT PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL,
-          value_text TEXT
-        )
-        "#,
-    )
-        .await?;
-
-    conn.execute(
-        r#"
-        CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS sage_object_stores (
-          store_name TEXT PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL
-        )
-        "#,
-    )
-        .await?;
-
-    conn.execute(
-        r#"
-        CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS sage_indexes (
-          store_name TEXT NOT NULL,
-          index_name TEXT NOT NULL,
-          PRIMARY KEY (store_name, index_name),
-          FOREIGN KEY (store_name) REFERENCES sage_object_stores(store_name) ON DELETE CASCADE
-        )
-        "#,
-    )
-        .await?;
-
-    conn.execute(
-        r#"
-        CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS sage_records (
-          store_name TEXT NOT NULL,
-          primary_key BLOB NOT NULL,
-          value_blob BLOB NOT NULL,
-          PRIMARY KEY (store_name, primary_key),
-          FOREIGN KEY (store_name) REFERENCES sage_object_stores(store_name) ON DELETE CASCADE
-        )
-        "#,
-    )
-        .await?;
-
-    conn.execute(
-        r#"
-        CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS sage_index_entries (
-          store_name TEXT NOT NULL,
-          index_name TEXT NOT NULL,
-          index_key BLOB NOT NULL,
-          primary_key BLOB NOT NULL,
-          PRIMARY KEY (store_name, index_name, index_key, primary_key),
-          FOREIGN KEY (store_name, index_name) REFERENCES sage_indexes(store_name, index_name) ON DELETE CASCADE,
-          FOREIGN KEY (store_name, primary_key) REFERENCES sage_records(store_name, primary_key) ON DELETE CASCADE
-        )
-        "#,
-    )
-        .await?;
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-pub async fn get_current_version(conn: &mut SqliteConnection) -> AnyResult<i64> {
-    let row = sqlx::query("SELECT value_text FROM sage_meta WHERE key = 'db_version'")
-        .fetch_optional(&mut *conn)
-        .await?;
-
-    let version = row
-        .and_then(|row| row.try_get::<String, _>(0).ok())
-        .and_then(|s| s.parse::<i64>().ok())
-        .unwrap_or(0);
-
-    Ok(version)
-}
-
-pub async fn set_current_version(
-    conn: &mut SqliteConnection,
-    version: i64,
-) -> AnyResult<()> {
-    sqlx::query(
-        r#"
-        INSERT INTO sage_meta (key, value_text)
-        VALUES ('db_version', ?1)
-        ON CONFLICT(key) DO UPDATE SET value_text = excluded.value_text
-        "#,
-    )
-        .bind(version.to_string())
-        .execute(&mut *conn)
-        .await?;
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-pub async fn ensure_store_exists(
-    conn: &mut SqliteConnection,
-    store_name: &str,
-) -> AnyResult<()> {
-    let exists = sqlx::query("SELECT 1 FROM sage_object_stores WHERE store_name = ?1")
-        .bind(store_name)
-        .fetch_optional(&mut *conn)
-        .await?
-        .is_some();
-
-    if !exists {
-        return Err(anyhow!("object store does not exist: {}", store_name));
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/storage/mod.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/storage/mod.rs
index 1437b8502..d0b6ad04a 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/storage/mod.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/storage/mod.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,2 @@
-pub mod commands;
-pub mod db;
 pub mod types;
 pub mod validate;
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
index e0c4c7c19..a13a6424a 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
@@ -152,18 +152,6 @@ pub fn run() {
             apps::update::check_app_update,
             apps::update::download_app_update,
             apps::update::apply_app_update,
-            apps::storage::commands::storage_open_database,
-            apps::storage::commands::storage_delete_database,
-            apps::storage::commands::storage_describe_database,
-            apps::storage::commands::storage_create_object_store,
-            apps::storage::commands::storage_create_index,
-            apps::storage::commands::storage_get,
-            apps::storage::commands::storage_put,
-            apps::storage::commands::storage_delete,
-            apps::storage::commands::storage_clear,
-            apps::storage::commands::storage_count,
-            apps::storage::commands::storage_get_all,
-            apps::storage::commands::storage_get_all_from_index,
         ])
         .events(collect_events![SyncEvent]);
 
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index d1edea671..2062f3eb4 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -385,42 +385,6 @@ async downloadAppUpdate(appId: string) : Promise<InstalledSageApp> {
 },
 async applyAppUpdate(appId: string, grantedPermissions: string[]) : Promise<InstalledSageApp> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("apply_app_update", { appId, grantedPermissions });
-},
-async storageOpenDatabase(appId: string, req: SageStorageOpenDatabaseRequest) : Promise<SageStorageDatabaseInfo> {
-    return await TAURI_INVOKE("storage_open_database", { appId, req });
-},
-async storageDeleteDatabase(appId: string, dbName: string) : Promise<null> {
-    return await TAURI_INVOKE("storage_delete_database", { appId, dbName });
-},
-async storageDescribeDatabase(appId: string, dbName: string) : Promise<SageStorageDatabaseDescription> {
-    return await TAURI_INVOKE("storage_describe_database", { appId, dbName });
-},
-async storageCreateObjectStore(appId: string, req: SageStorageCreateObjectStoreRequest) : Promise<null> {
-    return await TAURI_INVOKE("storage_create_object_store", { appId, req });
-},
-async storageCreateIndex(appId: string, req: SageStorageCreateIndexRequest) : Promise<null> {
-    return await TAURI_INVOKE("storage_create_index", { appId, req });
-},
-async storageGet(appId: string, req: SageStorageGetRequest) : Promise<string | null> {
-    return await TAURI_INVOKE("storage_get", { appId, req });
-},
-async storagePut(appId: string, req: SageStoragePutRequest) : Promise<null> {
-    return await TAURI_INVOKE("storage_put", { appId, req });
-},
-async storageDelete(appId: string, req: SageStorageDeleteRequest) : Promise<null> {
-    return await TAURI_INVOKE("storage_delete", { appId, req });
-},
-async storageClear(appId: string, req: SageStorageClearRequest) : Promise<null> {
-    return await TAURI_INVOKE("storage_clear", { appId, req });
-},
-async storageCount(appId: string, req: SageStorageCountRequest) : Promise<number> {
-    return await TAURI_INVOKE("storage_count", { appId, req });
-},
-async storageGetAll(appId: string, req: SageStorageGetAllRequest) : Promise<SageStorageValueRecord[]> {
-    return await TAURI_INVOKE("storage_get_all", { appId, req });
-},
-async storageGetAllFromIndex(appId: string, req: SageStorageGetAllFromIndexRequest) : Promise<SageStorageValueRecord[]> {
-    return await TAURI_INVOKE("storage_get_all_from_index", { appId, req });
 }
 }
 
@@ -2231,22 +2195,6 @@ export type SageAppPermissions = { required?: string[]; optional?: string[] }
 export type SageAppUrlPreview = { appUrl: string; manifestUrl: string; manifestHash: string; manifest: SageAppPackageManifest }
 export type SageNetworkPermissions = { whitelist?: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[] }
 export type SageNetworkWhitelistEntry = { scheme: string; host: string; required?: boolean }
-export type SageStorageClearRequest = { dbName: string; storeName: string }
-export type SageStorageCountRequest = { dbName: string; storeName: string }
-export type SageStorageCreateIndexRequest = { dbName: string; storeName: string; indexName: string }
-export type SageStorageCreateObjectStoreRequest = { dbName: string; storeName: string }
-export type SageStorageDatabaseDescription = { name: string; version: number; stores: SageStorageObjectStoreInfo[]; indexes: SageStorageIndexInfo[] }
-export type SageStorageDatabaseInfo = { name: string; version: number }
-export type SageStorageDeleteRequest = { dbName: string; storeName: string; keyBase64: string }
-export type SageStorageGetAllFromIndexRequest = { dbName: string; storeName: string; indexName: string; keyBase64: string }
-export type SageStorageGetAllRequest = { dbName: string; storeName: string }
-export type SageStorageGetRequest = { dbName: string; storeName: string; keyBase64: string }
-export type SageStorageIndexInfo = { store: string; name: string }
-export type SageStorageIndexValue = { indexName: string; keyBase64: string }
-export type SageStorageObjectStoreInfo = { name: string }
-export type SageStorageOpenDatabaseRequest = { name: string; version: number }
-export type SageStoragePutRequest = { dbName: string; storeName: string; keyBase64: string; valueBase64: string; indexValues?: SageStorageIndexValue[] }
-export type SageStorageValueRecord = { keyBase64: string; valueBase64: string }
 /**
  * Save a theme NFT to the wallet
  */
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/bridge/methods/storage.ts b/src/lib/apps/bridge/methods/storage.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 21a2fc778..000000000
--- a/src/lib/apps/bridge/methods/storage.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,160 +0,0 @@
-import { invoke } from '@tauri-apps/api/core';
-import type {
-  SageStorageDatabaseDescription,
-  SageStorageValueRecord,
-} from '@/bindings';
-import { BridgePermissionError } from '../permissions';
-import type { BridgeMethodRegistry } from '../types';
-
-async function ensureStoragePermission({
-  ctx,
-}: {
-  ctx: { app: { grantedPermissions: string[] } };
-}) {
-  if (!ctx.app.grantedPermissions.includes('persistent_storage')) {
-    throw new BridgePermissionError(
-      'App does not have persistent_storage permission',
-    );
-  }
-}
-
-const storagePermission = {
-  kind: 'custom' as const,
-  check: ensureStoragePermission,
-};
-
-export const storageBridgeMethods = {
-  'storage.openDatabase': {
-    permission: storagePermission,
-    async handle({ ctx, request }) {
-      return await invoke<{ name: string; version: number }>(
-        'storage_open_database',
-        {
-          appId: ctx.app.id,
-          req: request.params,
-        },
-      );
-    },
-  },
-
-  'storage.deleteDatabase': {
-    permission: storagePermission,
-    async handle({ ctx, request }) {
-      return await invoke('storage_delete_database', {
-        appId: ctx.app.id,
-        dbName: request.params,
-      });
-    },
-  },
-
-  'storage.describeDatabase': {
-    permission: storagePermission,
-    async handle({ ctx, request }) {
-      return await invoke<SageStorageDatabaseDescription>(
-        'storage_describe_database',
-        {
-          appId: ctx.app.id,
-          dbName: request.params,
-        },
-      );
-    },
-  },
-
-  'storage.createObjectStore': {
-    permission: storagePermission,
-    async handle({ ctx, request }) {
-      await invoke('storage_create_object_store', {
-        appId: ctx.app.id,
-        req: request.params,
-      });
-      return undefined;
-    },
-  },
-
-  'storage.createIndex': {
-    permission: storagePermission,
-    async handle({ ctx, request }) {
-      await invoke('storage_create_index', {
-        appId: ctx.app.id,
-        req: request.params,
-      });
-      return undefined;
-    },
-  },
-
-  'storage.get': {
-    permission: storagePermission,
-    async handle({ ctx, request }) {
-      return await invoke<string | null>('storage_get', {
-        appId: ctx.app.id,
-        req: request.params,
-      });
-    },
-  },
-
-  'storage.put': {
-    permission: storagePermission,
-    async handle({ ctx, request }) {
-      await invoke('storage_put', {
-        appId: ctx.app.id,
-        req: request.params,
-      });
-      return undefined;
-    },
-  },
-
-  'storage.delete': {
-    permission: storagePermission,
-    async handle({ ctx, request }) {
-      await invoke('storage_delete', {
-        appId: ctx.app.id,
-        req: request.params,
-      });
-      return undefined;
-    },
-  },
-
-  'storage.clear': {
-    permission: storagePermission,
-    async handle({ ctx, request }) {
-      await invoke('storage_clear', {
-        appId: ctx.app.id,
-        req: request.params,
-      });
-      return undefined;
-    },
-  },
-
-  'storage.count': {
-    permission: storagePermission,
-    async handle({ ctx, request }) {
-      return await invoke<number>('storage_count', {
-        appId: ctx.app.id,
-        req: request.params,
-      });
-    },
-  },
-
-  'storage.getAll': {
-    permission: storagePermission,
-    async handle({ ctx, request }) {
-      return await invoke<SageStorageValueRecord[]>('storage_get_all', {
-        appId: ctx.app.id,
-        req: request.params,
-      });
-    },
-  },
-
-  'storage.getAllFromIndex': {
-    permission: storagePermission,
-    async handle({ ctx, request }) {
-      return await invoke<SageStorageValueRecord[]>(
-        'storage_get_all_from_index',
-        {
-          appId: ctx.app.id,
-          req: request.params,
-        },
-      );
-    },
-  },
-} satisfies BridgeMethodRegistry;
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/bridge/registry.ts b/src/lib/apps/bridge/registry.ts
index 821c58d7f..4b1239169 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/bridge/registry.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/bridge/registry.ts
@@ -1,10 +1,8 @@
 import type { BridgeMethodRegistry } from './types';
 import { systemBridgeMethods } from './methods/system';
-import { storageBridgeMethods } from './methods/storage';
 import { walletBridgeMethods } from './methods/wallet';
 
 export const bridgeMethods = {
   ...systemBridgeMethods,
-  ...storageBridgeMethods,
   ...walletBridgeMethods,
 } satisfies BridgeMethodRegistry;
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/bridge/types.ts b/src/lib/apps/bridge/types.ts
index c5bb95b62..68a4ad2a6 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/bridge/types.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/bridge/types.ts
@@ -1,17 +1,4 @@
-import type {
-  Amount,
-  InstalledSageApp,
-  SageStorageClearRequest,
-  SageStorageCountRequest,
-  SageStorageCreateIndexRequest,
-  SageStorageCreateObjectStoreRequest,
-  SageStorageDeleteRequest,
-  SageStorageGetAllFromIndexRequest,
-  SageStorageGetAllRequest,
-  SageStorageGetRequest,
-  SageStorageOpenDatabaseRequest,
-  SageStoragePutRequest,
-} from '@/bindings';
+import type { Amount, InstalledSageApp } from '@/bindings';
 
 export interface SageBridgeSuccessResponse {
   channel: 'sage-bridge';
@@ -57,19 +44,6 @@ export interface SageBridgeRequestParamsMap {
   'app.getInfo': undefined;
   'sage.getPermissions': undefined;
 
-  'storage.openDatabase': SageStorageOpenDatabaseRequest;
-  'storage.deleteDatabase': string;
-  'storage.describeDatabase': string;
-  'storage.createObjectStore': SageStorageCreateObjectStoreRequest;
-  'storage.createIndex': SageStorageCreateIndexRequest;
-  'storage.get': SageStorageGetRequest;
-  'storage.put': SageStoragePutRequest;
-  'storage.delete': SageStorageDeleteRequest;
-  'storage.clear': SageStorageClearRequest;
-  'storage.count': SageStorageCountRequest;
-  'storage.getAll': SageStorageGetAllRequest;
-  'storage.getAllFromIndex': SageStorageGetAllFromIndexRequest;
-
   'wallet.sendXch': SageWalletSendXchRequest;
 }
 
@@ -135,12 +109,6 @@ export type BridgeApprovalPolicy<M extends SageBridgeMethod> = (args: {
   request: SageBridgeRequestForMethod<M>;
 }) => BridgeApprovalRequest | null | Promise<BridgeApprovalRequest | null>;
 
-export interface BridgeMethodHandlerArgs<M extends SageBridgeMethod> {
-  ctx: SageBridgeContext;
-  request: SageBridgeRequestForMethod<M>;
-  tools: SageBridgeHostTools;
-}
-
 export interface BridgeMethodDefinition<M extends SageBridgeMethod> {
   permission?: BridgePermissionPolicy;
   approval?: BridgeApprovalPolicy<M>;
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts b/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
index e766cac25..3886bb2ae 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
@@ -91,6 +91,10 @@ function inlineLabelFor(appId: string) {
   return `app-inline-${appId}`;
 }
 
+function shouldUseIncognito(app: InstalledSageApp): boolean {
+  return !app.grantedPermissions.includes('persistent_storage');
+}
+
 export function subscribeAppRuntimes(listener: RuntimeListener): () => void {
   listeners.add(listener);
   listener(Array.from(runtimes.values()).map(stripInternal));
@@ -206,6 +210,7 @@ export async function ensureInlineRuntime(
       width: 1,
       height: 1,
       focus: true,
+      incognito: shouldUseIncognito(app),
     });
 
     await new Promise<void>((resolve, reject) => {
@@ -380,4 +385,3 @@ export async function killRuntime(appId: string) {
     // ignore
   }
 }
-

From d4b77259a71ba6161177d4c012ee10f3605d83c5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 17 Apr 2026 17:10:09 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 056/471] Update permission flags for XCH transaction-related
 permissions:

- Set `accesses_sensitive_secret` to `false` for both "Request XCH send" and "Automatic XCH send" permissions.
- Set `externally_observable` to `false` for "Automatic XCH send" permission.
---
 src-tauri/src/apps/permission_registry.rs | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/permission_registry.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/permission_registry.rs
index 6beb3c36d..721c0d1fb 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/permission_registry.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/permission_registry.rs
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ pub fn registry() -> BTreeMap<&'static str, PermissionDefinition> {
             description: "Allows the app to request XCH transactions from your wallet.",
             flags: PermissionFlags {
                 externally_observable: true,
-                accesses_sensitive_secret: true,
+                accesses_sensitive_secret: false,
                 persistent_storage: false,
             },
         },
@@ -62,8 +62,8 @@ pub fn registry() -> BTreeMap<&'static str, PermissionDefinition> {
             label: "Automatic XCH send",
             description: "Allows the app to submit XCH transactions without asking for per-transaction approval.",
             flags: PermissionFlags {
-                externally_observable: true,
-                accesses_sensitive_secret: true,
+                externally_observable: false,
+                accesses_sensitive_secret: false,
                 persistent_storage: false,
             },
         },

From 9ffd89530ea6b1df7064a92c5cd3ef334b63de5d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 17 Apr 2026 17:13:23 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 057/471] Add `clearBrowsingDataWithStub` method and enhance
 webview management:

- Introduced `clearBrowsingDataWithStub` for clearing app browsing data using a temporary webview stub.
- Added helper functions for webview creation, closure, and lifecycle management (`waitForWebviewCreated`, `waitForWebviewClosed`, `closeLooseWebviewByLabel`).
- Defined `CLEAR_STUB_PATH` and implemented corresponding HTML/CSP response in the app protocol handler.
---
 src-tauri/src/apps/protocol.rs  |  60 ++++++++++
 src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts | 188 ++++++++++++++++++++++++--------
 2 files changed, 203 insertions(+), 45 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/protocol.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/protocol.rs
index c7cfcfe35..ad4ee854f 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/protocol.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/protocol.rs
@@ -9,6 +9,54 @@ use crate::apps::{
 };
 use crate::apps::registry::read_installed_app_by_id;
 
+const CLEAR_STUB_PATH: &str = "/__sage_clear__.html";
+
+fn build_clear_stub_html() -> String {
+    r#"<!doctype html>
+<html lang="en">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8" />
+    <title>Sage Clear</title>
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
+    <style>
+      html, body {
+        margin: 0;
+        padding: 0;
+        background: #0a0a0a;
+        color: #cfcfcf;
+        font: 12px system-ui, sans-serif;
+      }
+      body {
+        display: flex;
+        align-items: center;
+        justify-content: center;
+        min-height: 100vh;
+      }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    Clearing app browsing data…
+  </body>
+</html>
+"#.to_string()
+}
+
+fn build_clear_stub_csp() -> &'static str {
+    "default-src 'none'; \
+     script-src 'none'; \
+     style-src 'unsafe-inline'; \
+     img-src 'none'; \
+     font-src 'none'; \
+     media-src 'none'; \
+     connect-src 'none'; \
+     frame-src 'none'; \
+     child-src 'none'; \
+     worker-src 'none'; \
+     object-src 'none'; \
+     base-uri 'none'; \
+     form-action 'none';"
+}
+
 pub fn handle_app_protocol_request(
     base_path: &Path,
     request: &tauri::http::Request<Vec<u8>>,
@@ -22,6 +70,18 @@ pub fn handle_app_protocol_request(
     let request_path = uri.path();
     let app = read_installed_app_by_id(base_path, app_id)?;
 
+    if request_path == CLEAR_STUB_PATH {
+        let html = build_clear_stub_html();
+
+        return Response::builder()
+            .status(StatusCode::OK)
+            .header("Content-Type", "text/html; charset=utf-8")
+            .header("Content-Security-Policy", build_clear_stub_csp())
+            .header("X-Content-Type-Options", "nosniff")
+            .body(html.into_bytes())
+            .map_err(|err| anyhow!("failed to build clear stub response: {err}"));
+    }
+
     let snapshot_dir = Path::new(&app.active_snapshot.snapshot_dir);
     let file_path = read_snapshot_file(snapshot_dir, request_path)?;
 
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts b/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
index 3886bb2ae..04a078e63 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
@@ -39,6 +39,8 @@ const runtimes = new Map<string, RuntimeInternalRecord>();
 const runtimeByAppId = new Map<string, string>();
 const listeners = new Set<RuntimeListener>();
 
+const CLEAR_STUB_PATH = '/__sage_clear__.html';
+
 function emitChange() {
   const snapshot = Array.from(runtimes.values()).map(stripInternal);
   for (const listener of listeners) {
@@ -91,10 +93,105 @@ function inlineLabelFor(appId: string) {
   return `app-inline-${appId}`;
 }
 
+function clearLabelFor(appId: string) {
+  return `app-clear-${appId}`;
+}
+
 function shouldUseIncognito(app: InstalledSageApp): boolean {
   return !app.grantedPermissions.includes('persistent_storage');
 }
 
+function appEntrySrc(appId: string): string {
+  return `sage-app://${appId}/index.html`;
+}
+
+function clearStubSrc(appId: string): string {
+  return `sage-app://${appId}${CLEAR_STUB_PATH}`;
+}
+
+async function waitForWebviewCreated(webview: Webview): Promise<void> {
+  await new Promise<void>((resolve, reject) => {
+    let unlistenCreated: (() => void) | null = null;
+    let unlistenError: (() => void) | null = null;
+
+    const cleanupListeners = () => {
+      try {
+        unlistenCreated?.();
+      } catch (err) {
+        console.warn('Failed to unlisten created:', err);
+      }
+
+      try {
+        unlistenError?.();
+      } catch (err) {
+        console.warn('Failed to unlisten error:', err);
+      }
+    };
+
+    void (async () => {
+      try {
+        unlistenCreated = await webview.once('tauri://created', () => {
+          cleanupListeners();
+          resolve();
+        });
+
+        unlistenError = await webview.once('tauri://error', (event) => {
+          cleanupListeners();
+
+          const payload =
+            typeof event.payload === 'string'
+              ? event.payload
+              : JSON.stringify(event.payload);
+
+          reject(new Error(payload));
+        });
+      } catch (err) {
+        cleanupListeners();
+        reject(err instanceof Error ? err : new Error(String(err)));
+      }
+    })();
+  });
+}
+
+async function waitForWebviewClosed(
+  label: string,
+  timeoutMs = 8000,
+): Promise<void> {
+  const startedAt = Date.now();
+
+  while (true) {
+    const existing = await Webview.getByLabel(label).catch(() => null);
+
+    if (!existing) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    if (Date.now() - startedAt >= timeoutMs) {
+      throw new Error(`Timed out closing webview ${label}`);
+    }
+
+    await new Promise((resolve) => window.setTimeout(resolve, 100));
+  }
+}
+
+async function closeLooseWebviewByLabel(
+  label: string,
+  timeoutMs = 8000,
+): Promise<void> {
+  const webview = await Webview.getByLabel(label).catch(() => null);
+  if (!webview) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  try {
+    await webview.close();
+  } catch (err) {
+    console.warn(`Failed to request close for webview ${label}:`, err);
+  }
+
+  await waitForWebviewClosed(label, timeoutMs);
+}
+
 export function subscribeAppRuntimes(listener: RuntimeListener): () => void {
   listeners.add(listener);
   listener(Array.from(runtimes.values()).map(stripInternal));
@@ -163,6 +260,50 @@ export async function closeAppRuntime(
   }
 }
 
+export async function clearBrowsingDataWithStub(
+  app: InstalledSageApp,
+): Promise<void> {
+  const runtimeId = runtimeByAppId.get(app.id);
+  if (runtimeId) {
+    await closeAppRuntime(app.id, { timeoutMs: 8000 });
+  }
+
+  await closeLooseWebviewByLabel(clearLabelFor(app.id), 8000);
+
+  const hostWindow = getCurrentWindow();
+  const clearLabel = clearLabelFor(app.id);
+
+  const clearWebview = new Webview(hostWindow, clearLabel, {
+    url: clearStubSrc(app.id),
+    x: 0,
+    y: 0,
+    width: 1,
+    height: 1,
+    focus: false,
+    incognito: false,
+  });
+
+  await waitForWebviewCreated(clearWebview);
+
+  try {
+    await clearWebview.hide();
+  } catch {
+    // ignore
+  }
+
+  await new Promise((resolve) => window.setTimeout(resolve, 50));
+
+  await clearWebview.clearAllBrowsingData();
+
+  try {
+    await clearWebview.close();
+  } catch (err) {
+    console.warn('Failed to request clear stub webview close:', err);
+  }
+
+  await waitForWebviewClosed(clearLabel, 8000);
+}
+
 export async function ensureInlineRuntime(
   app: InstalledSageApp,
 ): Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecord> {
@@ -199,7 +340,7 @@ export async function ensureInlineRuntime(
 
   const runtimeId = runtimeIdFor(app.id);
   const webviewLabel = inlineLabelFor(app.id);
-  const entrySrc = `sage-app://${app.id}/index.html`;
+  const entrySrc = appEntrySrc(app.id);
 
   let webview = await Webview.getByLabel(webviewLabel);
   if (!webview) {
@@ -213,50 +354,7 @@ export async function ensureInlineRuntime(
       incognito: shouldUseIncognito(app),
     });
 
-    await new Promise<void>((resolve, reject) => {
-      let unlistenCreated: (() => void) | null = null;
-      let unlistenError: (() => void) | null = null;
-
-      const cleanupListeners = () => {
-        try {
-          unlistenCreated?.();
-        } catch (err) {
-          console.warn('Failed to unlisten created:', err);
-        }
-
-        try {
-          unlistenError?.();
-        } catch (err) {
-          console.warn('Failed to unlisten error:', err);
-        }
-      };
-
-      void (async () => {
-        try {
-          unlistenCreated = await createdWebview.once('tauri://created', () => {
-            cleanupListeners();
-            resolve();
-          });
-
-          unlistenError = await createdWebview.once(
-            'tauri://error',
-            (event) => {
-              cleanupListeners();
-
-              const payload =
-                typeof event.payload === 'string'
-                  ? event.payload
-                  : JSON.stringify(event.payload);
-              reject(new Error(payload));
-            },
-          );
-        } catch (err) {
-          cleanupListeners();
-          reject(err instanceof Error ? err : new Error(String(err)));
-        }
-      })();
-    });
-
+    await waitForWebviewCreated(createdWebview);
     webview = createdWebview;
   }
 

From 7a534dad971fdac7d958abc5c4ba0dd181a6fc13 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 17 Apr 2026 18:28:19 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 058/471] Add `onClearData` support to
 `AppsLaunchpadContextMenu` and enhance runtime data clearing:

- Implemented `clearAppRuntimeBrowsingData` for streamlined browsing data clearing across app runtimes.
- Updated `AppsLaunchpadContextMenu` with a "Clear Data" button, dynamic states, and error handling.
- Removed legacy `clearBrowsingDataWithStub` and related stub logic in favor of direct inline runtime handling.
- Adjusted context menu dimensions and improved busy state checks for actions.
- Refactored `Apps` page logic by introducing `clearingDataByAppId` and `clearDataErrorByAppId` state management.
---
 src-tauri/capabilities/default.json           |   1 +
 src-tauri/src/apps/protocol.rs                |  66 +----
 .../apps/AppsLaunchpadContextMenu.tsx         |  50 +++-
 src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts               | 225 +++++++++---------
 src/pages/Apps.tsx                            | 206 ++++++++--------
 5 files changed, 253 insertions(+), 295 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src-tauri/capabilities/default.json b/src-tauri/capabilities/default.json
index aba38c2af..e8294a126 100644
--- a/src-tauri/capabilities/default.json
+++ b/src-tauri/capabilities/default.json
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
     "core:event:default",
     "core:window:default",
     "core:webview:default",
+    "core:webview:allow-clear-all-browsing-data",
     "core:webview:allow-create-webview",
     "core:webview:allow-webview-hide",
     "core:webview:allow-webview-show",
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/protocol.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/protocol.rs
index ad4ee854f..e3e343073 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/protocol.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/protocol.rs
@@ -9,52 +9,14 @@ use crate::apps::{
 };
 use crate::apps::registry::read_installed_app_by_id;
 
-const CLEAR_STUB_PATH: &str = "/__sage_clear__.html";
-
-fn build_clear_stub_html() -> String {
-    r#"<!doctype html>
-<html lang="en">
-  <head>
-    <meta charset="utf-8" />
-    <title>Sage Clear</title>
-    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
-    <style>
-      html, body {
-        margin: 0;
-        padding: 0;
-        background: #0a0a0a;
-        color: #cfcfcf;
-        font: 12px system-ui, sans-serif;
-      }
-      body {
-        display: flex;
-        align-items: center;
-        justify-content: center;
-        min-height: 100vh;
-      }
-    </style>
-  </head>
-  <body>
-    Clearing app browsing data…
-  </body>
-</html>
-"#.to_string()
-}
-
-fn build_clear_stub_csp() -> &'static str {
-    "default-src 'none'; \
-     script-src 'none'; \
-     style-src 'unsafe-inline'; \
-     img-src 'none'; \
-     font-src 'none'; \
-     media-src 'none'; \
-     connect-src 'none'; \
-     frame-src 'none'; \
-     child-src 'none'; \
-     worker-src 'none'; \
-     object-src 'none'; \
-     base-uri 'none'; \
-     form-action 'none';"
+fn build_blank_internal_response() -> AnyResult<Response<Vec<u8>>> {
+    Response::builder()
+        .status(StatusCode::OK)
+        .header("Content-Type", "text/html; charset=utf-8")
+        .header("Cache-Control", "no-store")
+        .header("X-Content-Type-Options", "nosniff")
+        .body(b"<!doctype html><html><head><meta charset=\"utf-8\"></head><body></body></html>".to_vec())
+        .map_err(|err| anyhow!("failed to build blank internal response: {err}"))
 }
 
 pub fn handle_app_protocol_request(
@@ -70,16 +32,8 @@ pub fn handle_app_protocol_request(
     let request_path = uri.path();
     let app = read_installed_app_by_id(base_path, app_id)?;
 
-    if request_path == CLEAR_STUB_PATH {
-        let html = build_clear_stub_html();
-
-        return Response::builder()
-            .status(StatusCode::OK)
-            .header("Content-Type", "text/html; charset=utf-8")
-            .header("Content-Security-Policy", build_clear_stub_csp())
-            .header("X-Content-Type-Options", "nosniff")
-            .body(html.into_bytes())
-            .map_err(|err| anyhow!("failed to build clear stub response: {err}"));
+    if request_path == "/__sage/blank" {
+        return build_blank_internal_response();
     }
 
     let snapshot_dir = Path::new(&app.active_snapshot.snapshot_dir);
diff --git a/src/components/apps/AppsLaunchpadContextMenu.tsx b/src/components/apps/AppsLaunchpadContextMenu.tsx
index 8e18f3aea..4c37cf162 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/AppsLaunchpadContextMenu.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/AppsLaunchpadContextMenu.tsx
@@ -1,3 +1,10 @@
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
+
+export type AppsLaunchpadContextMenuUpdateState =
+  | 'idle'
+  | 'checking'
+  | 'up_to_date';
+
 interface Props {
   open: boolean;
   x: number;
@@ -5,12 +12,15 @@ interface Props {
   busy: boolean;
   hasUpdate: boolean;
   isRunning: boolean;
-  updateCheckState: 'idle' | 'checking' | 'up_to_date';
+  updateCheckState: AppsLaunchpadContextMenuUpdateState;
+  clearDataBusy?: boolean;
+  clearDataError?: string | null;
   onClose: () => void;
   onOpen: () => void;
   onCheckForUpdate: () => void;
   onUpdate: () => void;
   onChangePermissions: () => void;
+  onClearData: () => void;
   onUninstall: () => void;
 }
 
@@ -22,11 +32,14 @@ export function AppsLaunchpadContextMenu({
   hasUpdate,
   isRunning,
   updateCheckState,
+  clearDataBusy = false,
+  clearDataError = null,
   onClose,
   onOpen,
   onCheckForUpdate,
   onUpdate,
   onChangePermissions,
+  onClearData,
   onUninstall,
 }: Props) {
   if (!open) {
@@ -38,7 +51,7 @@ export function AppsLaunchpadContextMenu({
       <div className='absolute inset-0 z-40' onClick={onClose} />
 
       <div
-        className='absolute z-50 w-[220px] rounded-xl border bg-popover p-1 shadow-lg'
+        className='absolute z-50 w-[260px] rounded-xl border bg-popover p-1 shadow-lg'
         style={{
           left: `${x}px`,
           top: `${y}px`,
@@ -61,6 +74,7 @@ export function AppsLaunchpadContextMenu({
             className='flex w-full rounded-lg px-3 py-2 text-left text-sm hover:bg-muted disabled:opacity-50'
             disabled={
               busy ||
+              clearDataBusy ||
               updateCheckState === 'checking' ||
               updateCheckState === 'up_to_date'
             }
@@ -76,7 +90,7 @@ export function AppsLaunchpadContextMenu({
           <button
             type='button'
             className='flex w-full rounded-lg px-3 py-2 text-left text-sm hover:bg-muted disabled:opacity-50'
-            disabled={busy}
+            disabled={busy || clearDataBusy}
             onClick={onUpdate}
           >
             {isRunning ? 'Update and reopen' : 'Update'}
@@ -85,18 +99,40 @@ export function AppsLaunchpadContextMenu({
 
         <div className='my-1 h-px bg-border' />
 
+        <Button
+          variant='ghost'
+          className='h-auto w-full justify-start rounded-lg px-3 py-2 text-sm text-muted-foreground opacity-60'
+          disabled
+          onClick={onChangePermissions}
+        >
+          Change permissions
+        </Button>
+
         <button
           type='button'
           className='flex w-full rounded-lg px-3 py-2 text-left text-sm hover:bg-muted disabled:opacity-50'
-          disabled={busy}
-          onClick={onChangePermissions}
+          disabled={busy || clearDataBusy}
+          onClick={onClearData}
         >
-          Change permissions
+          {clearDataBusy
+            ? isRunning
+              ? 'Clearing data and reopening...'
+              : 'Clearing data...'
+            : isRunning
+              ? 'Clear data and reopen'
+              : 'Clear data'}
         </button>
 
+        {clearDataError ? (
+          <div className='px-3 py-2 text-xs text-destructive break-words'>
+            {clearDataError}
+          </div>
+        ) : null}
+
         <button
           type='button'
-          className='flex w-full rounded-lg px-3 py-2 text-left text-sm text-destructive hover:bg-muted'
+          className='flex w-full rounded-lg px-3 py-2 text-left text-sm text-destructive hover:bg-muted disabled:opacity-50'
+          disabled={busy || clearDataBusy}
           onClick={onUninstall}
         >
           Uninstall
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts b/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
index 04a078e63..005e082e4 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
@@ -39,8 +39,6 @@ const runtimes = new Map<string, RuntimeInternalRecord>();
 const runtimeByAppId = new Map<string, string>();
 const listeners = new Set<RuntimeListener>();
 
-const CLEAR_STUB_PATH = '/__sage_clear__.html';
-
 function emitChange() {
   const snapshot = Array.from(runtimes.values()).map(stripInternal);
   for (const listener of listeners) {
@@ -93,22 +91,10 @@ function inlineLabelFor(appId: string) {
   return `app-inline-${appId}`;
 }
 
-function clearLabelFor(appId: string) {
-  return `app-clear-${appId}`;
-}
-
 function shouldUseIncognito(app: InstalledSageApp): boolean {
   return !app.grantedPermissions.includes('persistent_storage');
 }
 
-function appEntrySrc(appId: string): string {
-  return `sage-app://${appId}/index.html`;
-}
-
-function clearStubSrc(appId: string): string {
-  return `sage-app://${appId}${CLEAR_STUB_PATH}`;
-}
-
 async function waitForWebviewCreated(webview: Webview): Promise<void> {
   await new Promise<void>((resolve, reject) => {
     let unlistenCreated: (() => void) | null = null;
@@ -142,7 +128,6 @@ async function waitForWebviewCreated(webview: Webview): Promise<void> {
             typeof event.payload === 'string'
               ? event.payload
               : JSON.stringify(event.payload);
-
           reject(new Error(payload));
         });
       } catch (err) {
@@ -160,9 +145,8 @@ async function waitForWebviewClosed(
   const startedAt = Date.now();
 
   while (true) {
-    const existing = await Webview.getByLabel(label).catch(() => null);
-
-    if (!existing) {
+    const live = await Webview.getByLabel(label).catch(() => null);
+    if (!live) {
       return;
     }
 
@@ -174,24 +158,6 @@ async function waitForWebviewClosed(
   }
 }
 
-async function closeLooseWebviewByLabel(
-  label: string,
-  timeoutMs = 8000,
-): Promise<void> {
-  const webview = await Webview.getByLabel(label).catch(() => null);
-  if (!webview) {
-    return;
-  }
-
-  try {
-    await webview.close();
-  } catch (err) {
-    console.warn(`Failed to request close for webview ${label}:`, err);
-  }
-
-  await waitForWebviewClosed(label, timeoutMs);
-}
-
 export function subscribeAppRuntimes(listener: RuntimeListener): () => void {
   listeners.add(listener);
   listener(Array.from(runtimes.values()).map(stripInternal));
@@ -235,73 +201,11 @@ export async function closeAppRuntime(
     console.warn('Failed to request webview close:', err);
   }
 
-  const startedAt = Date.now();
-
-  let closed = false;
-
-  while (!closed) {
-    const existing = await Webview.getByLabel(record.webviewLabel).catch(
-      () => null,
-    );
-
-    if (!existing) {
-      runtimes.delete(runtimeId);
-      runtimeByAppId.delete(appId);
-      emitChange();
-      closed = true;
-      continue;
-    }
-
-    if (Date.now() - startedAt >= timeoutMs) {
-      throw new Error(`Timed out closing runtime for ${appId}`);
-    }
-
-    await new Promise((resolve) => window.setTimeout(resolve, 100));
-  }
-}
-
-export async function clearBrowsingDataWithStub(
-  app: InstalledSageApp,
-): Promise<void> {
-  const runtimeId = runtimeByAppId.get(app.id);
-  if (runtimeId) {
-    await closeAppRuntime(app.id, { timeoutMs: 8000 });
-  }
-
-  await closeLooseWebviewByLabel(clearLabelFor(app.id), 8000);
-
-  const hostWindow = getCurrentWindow();
-  const clearLabel = clearLabelFor(app.id);
-
-  const clearWebview = new Webview(hostWindow, clearLabel, {
-    url: clearStubSrc(app.id),
-    x: 0,
-    y: 0,
-    width: 1,
-    height: 1,
-    focus: false,
-    incognito: false,
-  });
-
-  await waitForWebviewCreated(clearWebview);
-
-  try {
-    await clearWebview.hide();
-  } catch {
-    // ignore
-  }
-
-  await new Promise((resolve) => window.setTimeout(resolve, 50));
-
-  await clearWebview.clearAllBrowsingData();
-
-  try {
-    await clearWebview.close();
-  } catch (err) {
-    console.warn('Failed to request clear stub webview close:', err);
-  }
+  await waitForWebviewClosed(record.webviewLabel, timeoutMs);
 
-  await waitForWebviewClosed(clearLabel, 8000);
+  runtimes.delete(runtimeId);
+  runtimeByAppId.delete(appId);
+  emitChange();
 }
 
 export async function ensureInlineRuntime(
@@ -338,26 +242,32 @@ export async function ensureInlineRuntime(
   const hostWindow = getCurrentWindow();
   const hostWebview = getCurrentWebview();
 
-  const runtimeId = runtimeIdFor(app.id);
   const webviewLabel = inlineLabelFor(app.id);
-  const entrySrc = appEntrySrc(app.id);
-
-  let webview = await Webview.getByLabel(webviewLabel);
-  if (!webview) {
-    const createdWebview = new Webview(hostWindow, webviewLabel, {
-      url: entrySrc,
-      x: 0,
-      y: 0,
-      width: 1,
-      height: 1,
-      focus: true,
-      incognito: shouldUseIncognito(app),
-    });
-
-    await waitForWebviewCreated(createdWebview);
-    webview = createdWebview;
+  const entrySrc = `sage-app://${app.id}/index.html`;
+
+  const staleWebview = await Webview.getByLabel(webviewLabel).catch(() => null);
+  if (staleWebview) {
+    try {
+      await staleWebview.close();
+    } catch {
+      // ignore
+    }
+    await waitForWebviewClosed(webviewLabel, 8000);
   }
 
+  const webview = new Webview(hostWindow, webviewLabel, {
+    url: entrySrc,
+    x: 0,
+    y: 0,
+    width: 1,
+    height: 1,
+    focus: true,
+    incognito: shouldUseIncognito(app),
+  });
+
+  await waitForWebviewCreated(webview);
+
+  const runtimeId = runtimeIdFor(app.id);
   const record: RuntimeInternalRecord = {
     runtimeId,
     appId: app.id,
@@ -383,6 +293,83 @@ export async function ensureInlineRuntime(
   return stripInternal(record);
 }
 
+export async function clearAppRuntimeBrowsingData(
+  app: InstalledSageApp,
+): Promise<void> {
+  const webviewLabel = inlineLabelFor(app.id);
+  const hostWindow = getCurrentWindow();
+
+  const existingRuntimeId = runtimeByAppId.get(app.id);
+  if (existingRuntimeId) {
+    await closeAppRuntime(app.id, { timeoutMs: 8000 });
+  } else {
+    const staleWebview = await Webview.getByLabel(webviewLabel).catch(
+      (err: unknown) => {
+        throw new Error(
+          `Failed to query existing webview ${webviewLabel}: ${String(err)}`,
+        );
+      },
+    );
+
+    if (staleWebview) {
+      await staleWebview.close();
+      await waitForWebviewClosed(webviewLabel, 8000);
+    }
+  }
+
+  const clearingWebview = new Webview(hostWindow, webviewLabel, {
+    url: `sage-app://${app.id}/__sage/blank`,
+    x: 0,
+    y: 0,
+    width: 1,
+    height: 1,
+    focus: false,
+    incognito: false,
+  });
+
+  let created = false;
+  let cleared = false;
+  let closed = false;
+
+  try {
+    await waitForWebviewCreated(clearingWebview);
+    created = true;
+
+    await new Promise((resolve) => window.setTimeout(resolve, 150));
+
+    await clearingWebview.clearAllBrowsingData();
+    cleared = true;
+
+    await clearingWebview.close();
+    await waitForWebviewClosed(webviewLabel, 8000);
+    closed = true;
+  } catch (err) {
+    const parts = [
+      `Failed to clear browsing data for app ${app.id}.`,
+      `created=${created}`,
+      `cleared=${cleared}`,
+      `closed=${closed}`,
+      `error=${err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err)}`,
+    ];
+
+    try {
+      const live = await Webview.getByLabel(webviewLabel);
+      if (live) {
+        await live.close();
+        await waitForWebviewClosed(webviewLabel, 8000);
+      }
+    } catch (closeErr) {
+      parts.push(
+        `cleanup_error=${
+          closeErr instanceof Error ? closeErr.message : String(closeErr)
+        }`,
+      );
+    }
+
+    throw new Error(parts.join(' '));
+  }
+}
+
 export async function getRuntimeWebview(
   appId: string,
 ): Promise<Webview | null> {
diff --git a/src/pages/Apps.tsx b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
index ea7ec44a6..be9d11ea0 100644
--- a/src/pages/Apps.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ import { Alert, AlertDescription, AlertTitle } from '@/components/ui/alert';
 import { InstallAppForm } from '@/components/apps/InstallAppForm';
 import { CorruptedAppCard } from '@/components/apps/CorruptedAppCard';
 import { AppsLaunchpadContextMenu } from '@/components/apps/AppsLaunchpadContextMenu';
-import { PermissionsDialog } from '@/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsDialog';
 import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
 import {
   Dialog,
@@ -14,9 +13,9 @@ import { SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppUrlPreview } from '@/bindings.ts';
 import { invoke } from '@tauri-apps/api/core';
 import { useApps } from '@/contexts/AppsContext.tsx';
 import { useAppRuntimes } from '@/hooks/useAppRuntimes.ts';
-import { formatAppError } from '@/lib/apps/formatAppError.ts';
+import { clearAppRuntimeBrowsingData } from '@/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry';
 import { LayoutGrid, Plus } from 'lucide-react';
-import { useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react';
+import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react';
 import { useNavigate } from 'react-router-dom';
 
 type InstalledEntry = ReturnType<typeof useApps>['apps'][number] & {
@@ -35,8 +34,8 @@ function clampContextMenuPosition(args: {
   containerWidth: number;
   containerHeight: number;
 }) {
-  const menuWidth = 220;
-  const menuHeight = 220;
+  const menuWidth = 260;
+  const menuHeight = 260;
   const padding = 8;
 
   return {
@@ -54,26 +53,18 @@ function clampContextMenuPosition(args: {
 export function Apps() {
   const navigate = useNavigate();
   const [installOpen, setInstallOpen] = useState(false);
-  const [contextMenu, setContextMenu] = useState<AppContextMenuState | null>(
-    null,
-  );
-  const [permissionsDialogAppId, setPermissionsDialogAppId] = useState<
-    string | null
-  >(null);
-  const [permissionsDialogError, setPermissionsDialogError] = useState<
-    string | null
-  >(null);
-  const [permissionsDialogSubmitting, setPermissionsDialogSubmitting] =
-    useState(false);
-  const [
-    permissionsDialogGrantedPermissions,
-    setPermissionsDialogGrantedPermissions,
-  ] = useState<string[]>([]);
+  const [contextMenu, setContextMenu] = useState<AppContextMenuState>(null);
   const pageRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement | null>(null);
   const runtimes = useAppRuntimes();
   const [updateCheckStateByAppId, setUpdateCheckStateByAppId] = useState<
     Record<string, 'idle' | 'checking' | 'up_to_date'>
   >({});
+  const [clearingDataByAppId, setClearingDataByAppId] = useState<
+    Record<string, boolean>
+  >({});
+  const [clearDataErrorByAppId, setClearDataErrorByAppId] = useState<
+    Record<string, string | null>
+  >({});
 
   const {
     apps,
@@ -81,14 +72,11 @@ export function Apps() {
     error,
     refresh,
     installApp,
-    installUrlApp,
     uninstallApp,
     checkForUpdate,
     performAppUpdate,
-    clearAppStorage,
     updateAvailability,
     busyAppIds,
-    getApp,
   } = useApps();
 
   const runningAppIds = useMemo(() => {
@@ -120,9 +108,11 @@ export function Apps() {
   const contextMenuAppIsRunning = contextMenu
     ? runningAppIds.has(contextMenu.app.id)
     : false;
-
-  const permissionsDialogApp = permissionsDialogAppId
-    ? (getApp(permissionsDialogAppId) ?? null)
+  const contextMenuClearDataBusy = contextMenu
+    ? (clearingDataByAppId[contextMenu.app.id] ?? false)
+    : false;
+  const contextMenuClearDataError = contextMenu
+    ? (clearDataErrorByAppId[contextMenu.app.id] ?? null)
     : null;
 
   function closeContextMenu() {
@@ -144,24 +134,6 @@ export function Apps() {
     setContextMenu(null);
   }
 
-  function openPermissionsDialog(appId: string) {
-    const app = getApp(appId);
-    if (!app) {
-      return;
-    }
-
-    setPermissionsDialogAppId(appId);
-    setPermissionsDialogError(null);
-    setPermissionsDialogGrantedPermissions(app.grantedPermissions ?? []);
-  }
-
-  function closePermissionsDialog() {
-    setPermissionsDialogAppId(null);
-    setPermissionsDialogError(null);
-    setPermissionsDialogSubmitting(false);
-    setPermissionsDialogGrantedPermissions([]);
-  }
-
   async function handleCheckForUpdate(appId: string) {
     setUpdateCheckStateByAppId((prev) => ({
       ...prev,
@@ -178,56 +150,51 @@ export function Apps() {
     }
   }
 
-  async function handleSavePermissions() {
-    if (!permissionsDialogApp) {
-      return;
-    }
+  const handleClearData = useCallback(
+    async (app: InstalledEntry, reopen: boolean) => {
+      setClearingDataByAppId((prev) => ({
+        ...prev,
+        [app.id]: true,
+      }));
+      setClearDataErrorByAppId((prev) => ({
+        ...prev,
+        [app.id]: null,
+      }));
 
-    try {
-      setPermissionsDialogSubmitting(true);
-      setPermissionsDialogError(null);
-
-      await performAppUpdate(
-        permissionsDialogApp.id,
-        permissionsDialogGrantedPermissions,
-        {
-          restartIfRunning: true,
-          visibleAfterRestart: runningAppIds.has(permissionsDialogApp.id),
-        },
-      );
-
-      closePermissionsDialog();
-    } catch (err) {
-      const message = formatAppError(err);
-      if (
-        message.includes('clear storage') ||
-        message.includes('cached secrets')
-      ) {
-        try {
-          await clearAppStorage(permissionsDialogApp.id);
-
-          await performAppUpdate(
-            permissionsDialogApp.id,
-            permissionsDialogGrantedPermissions,
-            {
-              restartIfRunning: true,
-              visibleAfterRestart: runningAppIds.has(permissionsDialogApp.id),
-            },
-          );
-
-          closePermissionsDialog();
-          return;
-        } catch (retryErr) {
-          setPermissionsDialogError(formatAppError(retryErr));
-          return;
+      try {
+        await clearAppRuntimeBrowsingData(app);
+
+        if (reopen) {
+          closeContextMenu();
+
+          const { restartAppRuntime } =
+            await import('@/lib/apps/restartAppRuntime');
+
+          await restartAppRuntime(app, {
+            visible: true,
+          });
+
+          navigate(`/apps/${app.id}`);
         }
-      }
 
-      setPermissionsDialogError(message);
-    } finally {
-      setPermissionsDialogSubmitting(false);
-    }
-  }
+        await refresh();
+      } catch (err) {
+        const message = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err);
+
+        setClearDataErrorByAppId((prev) => ({
+          ...prev,
+          [app.id]: message,
+        }));
+      } finally {
+        setClearingDataByAppId((prev) =>
+          Object.fromEntries(
+            Object.entries(prev).filter(([key]) => key !== app.id),
+          ),
+        );
+      }
+    },
+    [navigate, refresh],
+  );
 
   useEffect(() => {
     if (!contextMenu || contextMenuCheckState !== 'up_to_date') {
@@ -258,11 +225,19 @@ export function Apps() {
     }
 
     const handleClose = () => {
+      if (clearingDataByAppId[contextMenu.app.id]) {
+        return;
+      }
+
       closeContextMenu();
     };
 
     const handleKeyDown = (event: KeyboardEvent) => {
       if (event.key === 'Escape') {
+        if (clearingDataByAppId[contextMenu.app.id]) {
+          return;
+        }
+
         closeContextMenu();
       }
     };
@@ -278,7 +253,7 @@ export function Apps() {
       window.removeEventListener('scroll', handleClose, true);
       window.removeEventListener('keydown', handleKeyDown);
     };
-  }, [contextMenu]);
+  }, [contextMenu, clearingDataByAppId]);
 
   if (loading) {
     return (
@@ -377,6 +352,11 @@ export function Apps() {
                         containerHeight: pageRect.height,
                       });
 
+                      setClearDataErrorByAppId((prev) => ({
+                        ...prev,
+                        [app.id]: null,
+                      }));
+
                       setContextMenu({
                         app,
                         x: position.x,
@@ -439,6 +419,8 @@ export function Apps() {
           hasUpdate={!!contextMenuPreview}
           isRunning={contextMenuAppIsRunning}
           updateCheckState={contextMenuCheckState}
+          clearDataBusy={contextMenuClearDataBusy}
+          clearDataError={contextMenuClearDataError}
           onClose={closeContextMenu}
           onOpen={() => {
             if (!contextMenu) {
@@ -464,16 +446,25 @@ export function Apps() {
               return;
             }
 
-            openPermissionsDialog(contextMenu.app.id);
-            closeContextMenu();
+            void performAppUpdate(
+              contextMenu.app.id,
+              contextMenu.app.grantedPermissions,
+              {
+                restartIfRunning: true,
+                visibleAfterRestart: contextMenuAppIsRunning,
+              },
+            );
           }}
-          onChangePermissions={() => {
+          onChangePermissions={() => {}}
+          onClearData={() => {
             if (!contextMenu) {
               return;
             }
 
-            openPermissionsDialog(contextMenu.app.id);
-            closeContextMenu();
+            const targetApp = contextMenu.app;
+            const shouldReopen = runningAppIds.has(targetApp.id);
+
+            void handleClearData(targetApp, shouldReopen);
           }}
           onUninstall={() => {
             if (!contextMenu) {
@@ -515,27 +506,16 @@ export function Apps() {
               setInstallOpen(false);
             }}
             onInstallUrl={async (appUrl, permissions) => {
-              await installUrlApp(appUrl, permissions);
+              await invoke('install_app_url', {
+                appUrl,
+                grantedPermissions: permissions,
+              });
+              await refresh();
               setInstallOpen(false);
             }}
           />
         </DialogContent>
       </Dialog>
-
-      <PermissionsDialog
-        app={permissionsDialogApp}
-        open={!!permissionsDialogApp}
-        title='Change permissions'
-        description='Review and update the currently granted permissions for this app.'
-        error={permissionsDialogError}
-        submitting={permissionsDialogSubmitting}
-        grantedPermissions={permissionsDialogGrantedPermissions}
-        onGrantedPermissionsChange={setPermissionsDialogGrantedPermissions}
-        onCancel={closePermissionsDialog}
-        onConfirm={() => {
-          void handleSavePermissions();
-        }}
-      />
     </>
   );
 }

From eeb14a9d2bf2b906cd08d8da9a88d51770cf1dd4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 17 Apr 2026 18:29:23 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 059/471] Replace `while (true)` with `for (;;)` for
 consistency with existing code style.

---
 src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts b/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
index 005e082e4..2ca013ff9 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ async function waitForWebviewClosed(
 ): Promise<void> {
   const startedAt = Date.now();
 
-  while (true) {
+  for (;;) {
     const live = await Webview.getByLabel(label).catch(() => null);
     if (!live) {
       return;

From 41c8ec5cbcd800793c67894b7ee5731a9fbc84d3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 17 Apr 2026 18:40:48 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 060/471] Add `PermissionsEditor` component and backend support
 for editing app permissions:

- Introduced `PermissionsEditor` for managing app permissions interactively.
- Added `apps_update_permissions` backend command for updating granted permissions and handling related metadata changes.
- Updated `AppsLaunchpadContextMenu` and `Apps` page to integrate permissions editing functionality.
- Implemented runtime data clearing and restart handling for permission changes affecting `persistent_storage`.
---
 src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs                  |  32 +++++
 src-tauri/src/lib.rs                          |   1 +
 src/bindings.ts                               |   3 +
 .../apps/AppsLaunchpadContextMenu.tsx         |   2 +-
 .../apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx    |  66 +++++++++++
 src/pages/Apps.tsx                            | 110 +++++++++++++++---
 6 files changed, 195 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx

diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs
index 9ea6a1b78..16d6b18b7 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs
@@ -205,3 +205,35 @@ pub async fn apply_app_update(
 
     Ok(app)
 }
+
+#[command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn apps_update_permissions(
+    state: State<'_, AppState>,
+    app_id: String,
+    granted_permissions: Vec<String>,
+) -> Result<()> {
+
+    let base_path = {
+        let state = state.lock().await;
+        state.path.clone()
+    };
+
+    let mut app = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id)
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to read app {app_id}: {err}")))?;
+
+    // overwrite granted permissions
+    app.granted_permissions = granted_permissions;
+    // recompute derived flags
+    app.permission_flags = resolve_granted_permission_flags(
+        &app.granted_permissions,
+        Some(&app.permission_flags),
+    )
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
+
+    let install_dir = PathBuf::from(&app.install_dir);
+    write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &install_dir)
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to write metadata: {err}")))?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
index a13a6424a..116796b7d 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
@@ -152,6 +152,7 @@ pub fn run() {
             apps::update::check_app_update,
             apps::update::download_app_update,
             apps::update::apply_app_update,
+            apps::update::apps_update_permissions,
         ])
         .events(collect_events![SyncEvent]);
 
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index 2062f3eb4..d845d1a04 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -385,6 +385,9 @@ async downloadAppUpdate(appId: string) : Promise<InstalledSageApp> {
 },
 async applyAppUpdate(appId: string, grantedPermissions: string[]) : Promise<InstalledSageApp> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("apply_app_update", { appId, grantedPermissions });
+},
+async appsUpdatePermissions(appId: string, grantedPermissions: string[]) : Promise<null> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_update_permissions", { appId, grantedPermissions });
 }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/components/apps/AppsLaunchpadContextMenu.tsx b/src/components/apps/AppsLaunchpadContextMenu.tsx
index 4c37cf162..f01e04b7f 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/AppsLaunchpadContextMenu.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/AppsLaunchpadContextMenu.tsx
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ export function AppsLaunchpadContextMenu({
         <Button
           variant='ghost'
           className='h-auto w-full justify-start rounded-lg px-3 py-2 text-sm text-muted-foreground opacity-60'
-          disabled
+          disabled={busy || clearDataBusy}
           onClick={onChangePermissions}
         >
           Change permissions
diff --git a/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx b/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6787cca5b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+import { useState } from 'react';
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
+
+interface Props {
+  app: {
+    grantedPermissions: string[];
+  };
+  onCancel: () => void;
+  onApply: (permissions: string[]) => void;
+}
+
+const ALL_PERMISSIONS = [
+  'persistent_storage',
+  // add more later
+];
+
+export function PermissionsEditor({ app, onCancel, onApply }: Props) {
+  const [selected, setSelected] = useState<Set<string>>(
+    new Set(app.grantedPermissions),
+  );
+
+  function toggle(p: string) {
+    setSelected((prev) => {
+      const next = new Set(prev);
+      if (next.has(p)) {
+        next.delete(p);
+      } else {
+        next.add(p);
+      }
+      return next;
+    });
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <div className='space-y-4'>
+      <div className='space-y-2'>
+        {ALL_PERMISSIONS.map((p) => (
+          <label
+            key={p}
+            className='flex items-center gap-2 text-sm cursor-pointer'
+          >
+            <input
+              type='checkbox'
+              checked={selected.has(p)}
+              onChange={() => toggle(p)}
+            />
+            {p}
+          </label>
+        ))}
+      </div>
+
+      <div className='flex justify-end gap-2'>
+        <Button variant='outline' onClick={onCancel}>
+          Cancel
+        </Button>
+        <Button
+          onClick={() => {
+            onApply(Array.from(selected));
+          }}
+        >
+          Apply
+        </Button>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  );
+}
diff --git a/src/pages/Apps.tsx b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
index be9d11ea0..35205d7be 100644
--- a/src/pages/Apps.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ import { clearAppRuntimeBrowsingData } from '@/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry';
 import { LayoutGrid, Plus } from 'lucide-react';
 import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react';
 import { useNavigate } from 'react-router-dom';
+import { PermissionsEditor } from '@/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx';
 
 type InstalledEntry = ReturnType<typeof useApps>['apps'][number] & {
   kind: 'installed';
@@ -65,6 +66,8 @@ export function Apps() {
   const [clearDataErrorByAppId, setClearDataErrorByAppId] = useState<
     Record<string, string | null>
   >({});
+  const [permissionsDialogApp, setPermissionsDialogApp] =
+    useState<InstalledEntry | null>(null);
 
   const {
     apps,
@@ -115,24 +118,24 @@ export function Apps() {
     ? (clearDataErrorByAppId[contextMenu.app.id] ?? null)
     : null;
 
-  function closeContextMenu() {
-    setUpdateCheckStateByAppId((prev) => {
-      if (!contextMenu) {
-        return prev;
+  const closeContextMenu = useCallback(() => {
+    setContextMenu((prevContextMenu) => {
+      if (prevContextMenu) {
+        setUpdateCheckStateByAppId((prev) => {
+          if (prev[prevContextMenu.app.id] !== 'up_to_date') {
+            return prev;
+          }
+
+          return {
+            ...prev,
+            [prevContextMenu.app.id]: 'idle',
+          };
+        });
       }
 
-      if (prev[contextMenu.app.id] !== 'up_to_date') {
-        return prev;
-      }
-
-      return {
-        ...prev,
-        [contextMenu.app.id]: 'idle',
-      };
+      return null;
     });
-
-    setContextMenu(null);
-  }
+  }, []);
 
   async function handleCheckForUpdate(appId: string) {
     setUpdateCheckStateByAppId((prev) => ({
@@ -150,6 +153,14 @@ export function Apps() {
     }
   }
 
+  function openPermissionsDialog(app: InstalledEntry) {
+    setPermissionsDialogApp(app);
+  }
+
+  function closePermissionsDialog() {
+    setPermissionsDialogApp(null);
+  }
+
   const handleClearData = useCallback(
     async (app: InstalledEntry, reopen: boolean) => {
       setClearingDataByAppId((prev) => ({
@@ -193,7 +204,42 @@ export function Apps() {
         );
       }
     },
-    [navigate, refresh],
+    [navigate, refresh, closeContextMenu],
+  );
+
+  const handleApplyPermissions = useCallback(
+    async (app: InstalledEntry, nextPermissions: string[]) => {
+      const prev = new Set(app.grantedPermissions);
+      const next = new Set(nextPermissions);
+
+      const storageChanged =
+        prev.has('persistent_storage') !== next.has('persistent_storage');
+
+      // update permissions in backend
+      await invoke('apps_update_permissions', {
+        appId: app.id,
+        grantedPermissions: nextPermissions,
+      });
+
+      // critical: if storage permission changed → wipe
+      if (storageChanged) {
+        await clearAppRuntimeBrowsingData(app);
+      }
+
+      // restart if running
+      const isRunning = runningAppIds.has(app.id);
+      if (isRunning) {
+        const { restartAppRuntime } =
+          await import('@/lib/apps/restartAppRuntime');
+
+        await restartAppRuntime(app, { visible: true });
+        navigate(`/apps/${app.id}`);
+      }
+
+      await refresh();
+      closePermissionsDialog();
+    },
+    [runningAppIds, navigate, refresh],
   );
 
   useEffect(() => {
@@ -253,7 +299,7 @@ export function Apps() {
       window.removeEventListener('scroll', handleClose, true);
       window.removeEventListener('keydown', handleKeyDown);
     };
-  }, [contextMenu, clearingDataByAppId]);
+  }, [contextMenu, clearingDataByAppId, closeContextMenu]);
 
   if (loading) {
     return (
@@ -455,7 +501,13 @@ export function Apps() {
               },
             );
           }}
-          onChangePermissions={() => {}}
+          onChangePermissions={() => {
+            if (!contextMenu) {
+              return;
+            }
+
+            openPermissionsDialog(contextMenu.app);
+          }}
           onClearData={() => {
             if (!contextMenu) {
               return;
@@ -516,6 +568,28 @@ export function Apps() {
           />
         </DialogContent>
       </Dialog>
+      <Dialog
+        open={!!permissionsDialogApp}
+        onOpenChange={(open) => {
+          if (!open) closePermissionsDialog();
+        }}
+      >
+        <DialogContent className='max-w-md'>
+          <DialogHeader>
+            <DialogTitle>Change permissions</DialogTitle>
+          </DialogHeader>
+
+          {permissionsDialogApp ? (
+            <PermissionsEditor
+              app={permissionsDialogApp}
+              onCancel={closePermissionsDialog}
+              onApply={(next) =>
+                handleApplyPermissions(permissionsDialogApp, next)
+              }
+            />
+          ) : null}
+        </DialogContent>
+      </Dialog>
     </>
   );
 }

From a26906a4cddc7621d7a2dd916bd1e36e10e58c84 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 17 Apr 2026 18:44:01 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 061/471] Refactor `PermissionsEditor` and update
 `AppsLaunchpadContextMenu`:

- Replaced custom checkbox handling in `PermissionsEditor` with the reusable `AppPermissions` component for better modularity.
- Added `useEffect` to handle dynamic updates to granted permissions.
- Removed unnecessary opacity styling from context menu buttons.
---
 .../apps/AppsLaunchpadContextMenu.tsx         |  2 +-
 .../apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx    | 55 ++++++-------------
 2 files changed, 18 insertions(+), 39 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/components/apps/AppsLaunchpadContextMenu.tsx b/src/components/apps/AppsLaunchpadContextMenu.tsx
index f01e04b7f..e55daf552 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/AppsLaunchpadContextMenu.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/AppsLaunchpadContextMenu.tsx
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ export function AppsLaunchpadContextMenu({
 
         <Button
           variant='ghost'
-          className='h-auto w-full justify-start rounded-lg px-3 py-2 text-sm text-muted-foreground opacity-60'
+          className='h-auto w-full justify-start rounded-lg px-3 py-2 text-sm'
           disabled={busy || clearDataBusy}
           onClick={onChangePermissions}
         >
diff --git a/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx b/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx
index 6787cca5b..484fa04ca 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx
@@ -1,61 +1,40 @@
-import { useState } from 'react';
+import { useEffect, useState } from 'react';
+import type { InstalledSageApp } from '@/bindings';
 import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
+import { AppPermissions } from './AppPermissions';
 
 interface Props {
-  app: {
-    grantedPermissions: string[];
-  };
+  app: InstalledSageApp;
   onCancel: () => void;
   onApply: (permissions: string[]) => void;
 }
 
-const ALL_PERMISSIONS = [
-  'persistent_storage',
-  // add more later
-];
-
 export function PermissionsEditor({ app, onCancel, onApply }: Props) {
-  const [selected, setSelected] = useState<Set<string>>(
-    new Set(app.grantedPermissions),
+  const [grantedPermissions, setGrantedPermissions] = useState<string[]>(
+    app.grantedPermissions ?? [],
   );
 
-  function toggle(p: string) {
-    setSelected((prev) => {
-      const next = new Set(prev);
-      if (next.has(p)) {
-        next.delete(p);
-      } else {
-        next.add(p);
-      }
-      return next;
-    });
-  }
+  useEffect(() => {
+    setGrantedPermissions(app.grantedPermissions ?? []);
+  }, [app]);
 
   return (
     <div className='space-y-4'>
-      <div className='space-y-2'>
-        {ALL_PERMISSIONS.map((p) => (
-          <label
-            key={p}
-            className='flex items-center gap-2 text-sm cursor-pointer'
-          >
-            <input
-              type='checkbox'
-              checked={selected.has(p)}
-              onChange={() => toggle(p)}
-            />
-            {p}
-          </label>
-        ))}
-      </div>
+      <AppPermissions
+        permissions={app.requestedPermissions}
+        grantedPermissions={grantedPermissions}
+        editable
+        onGrantedPermissionsChange={setGrantedPermissions}
+      />
 
       <div className='flex justify-end gap-2'>
         <Button variant='outline' onClick={onCancel}>
           Cancel
         </Button>
+
         <Button
           onClick={() => {
-            onApply(Array.from(selected));
+            onApply(grantedPermissions);
           }}
         >
           Apply

From e42aa5a63a430aadae9f646a36057c60ffaed8d4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 17 Apr 2026 19:04:15 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 062/471] Add `dataStoreIdFor` method and enhance webview
 creation options:

- Introduced `dataStoreIdFor` function for generating unique data store identifiers based on app IDs.
- Updated webview creation logic to include `dataStoreIdentifier` in options for better runtime data isolation.
- Refactored `shouldUseIncognito` usage to improve code readability.
---
 src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts | 21 ++++++++++++++++++---
 1 file changed, 18 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts b/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
index 2ca013ff9..1fd1c13db 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
@@ -91,6 +91,17 @@ function inlineLabelFor(appId: string) {
   return `app-inline-${appId}`;
 }
 
+function dataStoreIdFor(appId: string): number[] {
+  const bytes = new TextEncoder().encode(appId);
+  const out = new Uint8Array(16);
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < bytes.length; i += 1) {
+    out[i % 16] = (out[i % 16] + bytes[i] + i) & 0xff;
+  }
+
+  return Array.from(out);
+}
+
 function shouldUseIncognito(app: InstalledSageApp): boolean {
   return !app.grantedPermissions.includes('persistent_storage');
 }
@@ -254,16 +265,19 @@ export async function ensureInlineRuntime(
     }
     await waitForWebviewClosed(webviewLabel, 8000);
   }
+  const isIncognito = shouldUseIncognito(app);
 
-  const webview = new Webview(hostWindow, webviewLabel, {
+  const webviewOptions = {
     url: entrySrc,
     x: 0,
     y: 0,
     width: 1,
     height: 1,
     focus: true,
-    incognito: shouldUseIncognito(app),
-  });
+    incognito: isIncognito,
+    dataStoreIdentifier: dataStoreIdFor(app.id),
+  };
+  const webview = new Webview(hostWindow, webviewLabel, webviewOptions);
 
   await waitForWebviewCreated(webview);
 
@@ -325,6 +339,7 @@ export async function clearAppRuntimeBrowsingData(
     height: 1,
     focus: false,
     incognito: false,
+    dataStoreIdentifier: dataStoreIdFor(app.id),
   });
 
   let created = false;

From a988a93db161ab7432edde68139ff69323627b20 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 17 Apr 2026 19:52:28 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 063/471] Add sandbox probe testing framework:

- Introduced a comprehensive sandbox probe testing framework to evaluate app sandbox isolation capabilities.
- Added new Tauri backend commands (`sandbox_reset_run`, `sandbox_get_run_results`) and `SandboxProbeStore` for managing probe results.
- Implemented `runSandboxTests` in TypeScript for running storage isolation probes (localStorage, cookies, IndexedDB).
- Integrated sandbox state management into the frontend with dynamic status reporting and re-run functionality.
- Updated app launch behavior to conditionally block based on sandbox test results.
---
 src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs       |   3 +-
 src-tauri/src/apps/protocol.rs  | 230 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox.rs   |  69 +++++++++
 src-tauri/src/lib.rs            |  27 ++--
 src/bindings.ts                 |   7 +
 src/hooks/useApps.ts            |  35 +++++
 src/lib/apps/runSandboxTests.ts | 266 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/lib/apps/sandbox.ts         | 186 ++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/pages/AppHost.tsx           |  38 ++++-
 src/pages/Apps.tsx              |  67 +++++++-
 10 files changed, 902 insertions(+), 26 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox.rs
 create mode 100644 src/lib/apps/runSandboxTests.ts
 create mode 100644 src/lib/apps/sandbox.ts

diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs
index b229e630a..181303996 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs
@@ -3,13 +3,14 @@ pub mod install;
 pub mod limits;
 pub mod manifest;
 pub mod package;
+pub mod permission_registry;
 pub mod permissions;
 pub mod protocol;
 pub mod registry;
+pub mod sandbox;
 pub mod snapshot;
 pub mod storage;
 pub mod types;
 pub mod update;
-pub mod permission_registry;
 
 pub use protocol::handle_app_protocol_request;
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/protocol.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/protocol.rs
index e3e343073..6b5f4433b 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/protocol.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/protocol.rs
@@ -1,36 +1,256 @@
 use std::{fs, path::Path};
 
 use anyhow::{anyhow, Result as AnyResult};
-use tauri::http::{Response, StatusCode};
+use tauri::{
+    http::{Response, StatusCode},
+    AppHandle, Manager,
+};
 
 use crate::apps::{
     csp::build_app_csp,
+    sandbox::{store_isolation_probe_result, SandboxIsolationProbeResult, SandboxProbeStore},
     snapshot::read_snapshot_file,
 };
 use crate::apps::registry::read_installed_app_by_id;
 
+const SAGE_PROBE_LOCAL_STORAGE_KEY: &str = "sage_probe_local_storage";
+const SAGE_PROBE_COOKIE_KEY: &str = "sage_probe_cookie";
+const SAGE_PROBE_INDEXED_DB_NAME: &str = "sage_probe_db";
+const SAGE_PROBE_INDEXED_DB_STORE: &str = "probe_store";
+const SAGE_PROBE_INDEXED_DB_KEY: &str = "sage_probe_key";
+
 fn build_blank_internal_response() -> AnyResult<Response<Vec<u8>>> {
     Response::builder()
         .status(StatusCode::OK)
         .header("Content-Type", "text/html; charset=utf-8")
         .header("Cache-Control", "no-store")
         .header("X-Content-Type-Options", "nosniff")
-        .body(b"<!doctype html><html><head><meta charset=\"utf-8\"></head><body></body></html>".to_vec())
+        .body(
+            b"<!doctype html><html><head><meta charset=\"utf-8\"></head><body></body></html>"
+                .to_vec(),
+        )
         .map_err(|err| anyhow!("failed to build blank internal response: {err}"))
 }
 
+fn build_sandbox_isolation_probe_response(
+    run_id: &str,
+    mode: &str,
+    persistent_storage: bool,
+) -> AnyResult<Response<Vec<u8>>> {
+    let html = format!(
+        r#"<!doctype html>
+<html>
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8">
+    <title>Sandbox Isolation Probe</title>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <script>
+      const RUN_ID = {run_id:?};
+      const MODE = {mode:?};
+      const PERSISTENT_STORAGE = {persistent_storage};
+
+      const LOCAL_STORAGE_KEY = {local_storage_key:?};
+      const COOKIE_KEY = {cookie_key:?};
+      const DB_NAME = {db_name:?};
+      const STORE_NAME = {store_name:?};
+      const DB_KEY = {db_key:?};
+
+      async function readIndexedDbProbe() {{
+        try {{
+          return await new Promise((resolve) => {{
+            const open = indexedDB.open(DB_NAME);
+            open.onerror = () => resolve(false);
+            open.onupgradeneeded = () => {{
+              try {{
+                const db = open.result;
+                if (!db.objectStoreNames.contains(STORE_NAME)) {{
+                  db.createObjectStore(STORE_NAME);
+                }}
+              }} catch {{
+                // ignore
+              }}
+            }};
+            open.onsuccess = () => {{
+              try {{
+                const db = open.result;
+                if (!db.objectStoreNames.contains(STORE_NAME)) {{
+                  resolve(false);
+                  db.close();
+                  return;
+                }}
+
+                const tx = db.transaction(STORE_NAME, 'readonly');
+                const store = tx.objectStore(STORE_NAME);
+                const req = store.get(DB_KEY);
+
+                req.onerror = () => {{
+                  resolve(false);
+                  db.close();
+                }};
+
+                req.onsuccess = () => {{
+                  resolve(typeof req.result === 'string' && req.result.length > 0);
+                  db.close();
+                }};
+              }} catch {{
+                resolve(false);
+              }}
+            }};
+          }});
+        }} catch {{
+          return false;
+        }}
+      }}
+
+      async function report(result) {{
+        await fetch('sage-app://__sandbox/report', {{
+          method: 'POST',
+          headers: {{
+            'Content-Type': 'application/json',
+          }},
+          body: JSON.stringify(result),
+        }});
+      }}
+
+      async function main() {{
+        let localStorageVisible = false;
+        let cookieVisible = false;
+        let indexedDbVisible = false;
+        let error = null;
+
+        try {{
+          try {{
+            const value = localStorage.getItem(LOCAL_STORAGE_KEY);
+            localStorageVisible = typeof value === 'string' && value.length > 0;
+          }} catch {{
+            localStorageVisible = false;
+          }}
+
+          try {{
+            cookieVisible = document.cookie
+              .split(';')
+              .map((part) => part.trim())
+              .some((part) => part.startsWith(COOKIE_KEY + '='));
+          }} catch {{
+            cookieVisible = false;
+          }}
+
+          indexedDbVisible = await readIndexedDbProbe();
+        }} catch (err) {{
+          error = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err);
+        }}
+
+        await report({{
+          runId: RUN_ID,
+          mode: MODE,
+          persistentStorage: PERSISTENT_STORAGE,
+          localStorageVisible,
+          cookieVisible,
+          indexedDbVisible,
+          error,
+        }});
+      }}
+
+      void main();
+    </script>
+  </body>
+</html>
+"#,
+        run_id = run_id,
+        mode = mode,
+        persistent_storage = if persistent_storage { "true" } else { "false" },
+        local_storage_key = SAGE_PROBE_LOCAL_STORAGE_KEY,
+        cookie_key = SAGE_PROBE_COOKIE_KEY,
+        db_name = SAGE_PROBE_INDEXED_DB_NAME,
+        store_name = SAGE_PROBE_INDEXED_DB_STORE,
+        db_key = SAGE_PROBE_INDEXED_DB_KEY,
+    );
+
+    Response::builder()
+        .status(StatusCode::OK)
+        .header("Content-Type", "text/html; charset=utf-8")
+        .header("Cache-Control", "no-store")
+        .header("X-Content-Type-Options", "nosniff")
+        .body(html.into_bytes())
+        .map_err(|err| anyhow!("failed to build sandbox isolation probe response: {err}"))
+}
+
+fn build_sandbox_ok_response() -> AnyResult<Response<Vec<u8>>> {
+    Response::builder()
+        .status(StatusCode::OK)
+        .header("Content-Type", "application/json; charset=utf-8")
+        .header("Cache-Control", "no-store")
+        .header("X-Content-Type-Options", "nosniff")
+        .body(br#"{"ok":true}"#.to_vec())
+        .map_err(|err| anyhow!("failed to build sandbox ok response: {err}"))
+}
+
+fn parse_query_param(query: &str, key: &str) -> Option<String> {
+    query.split('&').find_map(|pair| {
+        let mut parts = pair.splitn(2, '=');
+        let k = parts.next()?;
+        let v = parts.next().unwrap_or_default();
+        if k == key {
+            Some(v.to_string())
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    })
+}
+
+fn handle_sandbox_protocol_request(
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
+    request: &tauri::http::Request<Vec<u8>>,
+) -> AnyResult<Response<Vec<u8>>> {
+    let uri = request.uri();
+    let path = uri.path();
+
+    match (request.method().as_str(), path) {
+        ("GET", "/isolation-check") => {
+            let query = uri.query().unwrap_or_default();
+            let run_id = parse_query_param(query, "runId")
+                .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("missing runId in sandbox isolation probe request"))?;
+            let mode = parse_query_param(query, "mode")
+                .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("missing mode in sandbox isolation probe request"))?;
+            let persistent_storage = parse_query_param(query, "persistentStorage")
+                .map(|v| v == "1" || v.eq_ignore_ascii_case("true"))
+                .unwrap_or(false);
+
+            build_sandbox_isolation_probe_response(&run_id, &mode, persistent_storage)
+        }
+
+        ("POST", "/report") => {
+            let result: SandboxIsolationProbeResult = serde_json::from_slice(request.body())
+                .map_err(|err| anyhow!("failed to parse sandbox probe result body: {err}"))?;
+
+            let store = app_handle.state::<SandboxProbeStore>();
+            store_isolation_probe_result(&store, result);
+
+            build_sandbox_ok_response()
+        }
+
+        _ => Err(anyhow!("unknown sandbox protocol path: {}", path)),
+    }
+}
+
 pub fn handle_app_protocol_request(
     base_path: &Path,
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
     request: &tauri::http::Request<Vec<u8>>,
 ) -> AnyResult<Response<Vec<u8>>> {
     let uri = request.uri();
 
-    let app_id = uri
+    let host = uri
         .host()
-        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("missing app id in sage-app URL"))?;
+        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("missing host in sage-app URL"))?;
+
+    if host == "__sandbox" {
+        return handle_sandbox_protocol_request(app_handle, request);
+    }
 
+    let app = read_installed_app_by_id(base_path, host)?;
     let request_path = uri.path();
-    let app = read_installed_app_by_id(base_path, app_id)?;
 
     if request_path == "/__sage/blank" {
         return build_blank_internal_response();
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..14484198e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+use std::{
+    collections::HashMap,
+    sync::Mutex,
+};
+
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use specta::Type;
+use tauri::command;
+
+use crate::error::Result;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+pub struct SandboxIsolationProbeResult {
+    #[serde(rename = "runId", alias = "run_id")]
+    pub run_id: String,
+
+    pub mode: String,
+
+    #[serde(rename = "persistentStorage", alias = "persistent_storage")]
+    pub persistent_storage: bool,
+
+    #[serde(rename = "localStorageVisible", alias = "local_storage_visible")]
+    pub local_storage_visible: bool,
+
+    #[serde(rename = "cookieVisible", alias = "cookie_visible")]
+    pub cookie_visible: bool,
+
+    #[serde(rename = "indexedDbVisible", alias = "indexed_db_visible")]
+    pub indexed_db_visible: bool,
+
+    pub error: Option<String>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub struct SandboxProbeStore(
+    pub Mutex<HashMap<String, Vec<SandboxIsolationProbeResult>>>,
+);
+
+pub fn store_isolation_probe_result(
+    store: &SandboxProbeStore,
+    result: SandboxIsolationProbeResult,
+) {
+    let mut guard = store.0.lock().expect("sandbox probe store poisoned");
+    guard
+        .entry(result.run_id.clone())
+        .or_default()
+        .push(result);
+}
+
+#[command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn sandbox_reset_run(
+    run_id: String,
+    store: tauri::State<'_, SandboxProbeStore>,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    let mut guard = store.0.lock().expect("sandbox probe store poisoned");
+    guard.remove(&run_id);
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn sandbox_get_run_results(
+    run_id: String,
+    store: tauri::State<'_, SandboxProbeStore>,
+) -> Result<Vec<SandboxIsolationProbeResult>> {
+    let guard = store.0.lock().expect("sandbox probe store poisoned");
+    Ok(guard.get(&run_id).cloned().unwrap_or_default())
+}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
index 116796b7d..1016f866f 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
@@ -153,6 +153,8 @@ pub fn run() {
             apps::update::download_app_update,
             apps::update::apply_app_update,
             apps::update::apps_update_permissions,
+            apps::sandbox::sandbox_reset_run,
+            apps::sandbox::sandbox_get_run_results,
         ])
         .events(collect_events![SyncEvent]);
 
@@ -190,17 +192,21 @@ pub fn run() {
 
     tauri_builder
         .register_uri_scheme_protocol("sage-app", move |ctx, request| {
-            let base_path: PathBuf = ctx
-                .app_handle()
-                .path()
-                .app_data_dir()
-                .expect("failed to resolve app data dir");
+                let app_handle = ctx.app_handle();
 
-            apps::handle_app_protocol_request(&base_path, &request).unwrap_or_else(|err| tauri::http::Response::builder()
-                .status(404)
-                .header("Content-Type", "text/plain; charset=utf-8")
-                .body(format!("sage-app error: {err}").into_bytes())
-                .expect("failed to build error response"))
+                let base_path: PathBuf = app_handle
+                    .path()
+                    .app_data_dir()
+                    .expect("failed to resolve app data dir");
+
+                apps::handle_app_protocol_request(&base_path, &app_handle, &request)
+                    .unwrap_or_else(|err| {
+                            tauri::http::Response::builder()
+                                .status(404)
+                                .header("Content-Type", "text/plain; charset=utf-8")
+                                .body(format!("sage-app error: {err}").into_bytes())
+                                .expect("failed to build error response")
+                    })
         })
         .invoke_handler(builder.invoke_handler())
         .setup(move |app| {
@@ -210,6 +216,7 @@ pub fn run() {
             app.manage(Initialized(Mutex::new(false)));
             app.manage(RpcTask(Mutex::new(None)));
             app.manage(app_state);
+            app.manage(apps::sandbox::SandboxProbeStore::default());
             Ok(())
         })
         .run(tauri::generate_context!())
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index d845d1a04..0d019c441 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -388,6 +388,12 @@ async applyAppUpdate(appId: string, grantedPermissions: string[]) : Promise<Inst
 },
 async appsUpdatePermissions(appId: string, grantedPermissions: string[]) : Promise<null> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_update_permissions", { appId, grantedPermissions });
+},
+async sandboxResetRun(runId: string) : Promise<null> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("sandbox_reset_run", { runId });
+},
+async sandboxGetRunResults(runId: string) : Promise<SandboxIsolationProbeResult[]> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("sandbox_get_run_results", { runId });
 }
 }
 
@@ -2198,6 +2204,7 @@ export type SageAppPermissions = { required?: string[]; optional?: string[] }
 export type SageAppUrlPreview = { appUrl: string; manifestUrl: string; manifestHash: string; manifest: SageAppPackageManifest }
 export type SageNetworkPermissions = { whitelist?: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[] }
 export type SageNetworkWhitelistEntry = { scheme: string; host: string; required?: boolean }
+export type SandboxIsolationProbeResult = { runId: string; mode: string; persistentStorage: boolean; localStorageVisible: boolean; cookieVisible: boolean; indexedDbVisible: boolean; error: string | null }
 /**
  * Save a theme NFT to the wallet
  */
diff --git a/src/hooks/useApps.ts b/src/hooks/useApps.ts
index 2e6c3c89c..52a4fddee 100644
--- a/src/hooks/useApps.ts
+++ b/src/hooks/useApps.ts
@@ -5,6 +5,13 @@ import type {
   ListedSageApp,
   SageAppUrlPreview,
 } from '@/bindings.ts';
+import {
+  buildInitialSandboxState,
+  buildRunningSandboxState,
+  evaluateAppLaunchGate,
+  type SandboxState,
+} from '@/lib/apps/sandbox';
+import { runSandboxTests } from '@/lib/apps/runSandboxTests';
 
 type UpdateAvailabilityMap = Record<string, SageAppUrlPreview | null>;
 
@@ -15,6 +22,9 @@ export function useAppsInternal() {
   const [updateAvailability, setUpdateAvailability] =
     useState<UpdateAvailabilityMap>({});
   const [busyAppIds, setBusyAppIds] = useState<Record<string, boolean>>({});
+  const [sandboxState, setSandboxState] = useState<SandboxState>(
+    buildInitialSandboxState(),
+  );
 
   const setBusy = useCallback((appId: string, busy: boolean) => {
     setBusyAppIds((prev) => {
@@ -41,10 +51,20 @@ export function useAppsInternal() {
     }
   }, []);
 
+  const rerunSandboxTests = useCallback(async () => {
+    setSandboxState(buildRunningSandboxState());
+    const next = await runSandboxTests();
+    setSandboxState(next);
+  }, []);
+
   useEffect(() => {
     void refresh();
   }, [refresh]);
 
+  useEffect(() => {
+    void rerunSandboxTests();
+  }, [rerunSandboxTests]);
+
   const installApp = useCallback(
     async (zipPath: string, permissions: string[]) => {
       await invoke<InstalledSageApp>('install_app_zip', {
@@ -237,6 +257,18 @@ export function useAppsInternal() {
     [refresh, setBusy],
   );
 
+  const getAppLaunchGate = useCallback(
+    (appId: string) => {
+      const app = getApp(appId);
+      if (!app) {
+        return null;
+      }
+
+      return evaluateAppLaunchGate(app, sandboxState);
+    },
+    [getApp, sandboxState],
+  );
+
   useEffect(() => {
     const urlApps = apps.filter(
       (entry) => entry.kind === 'installed' && entry.source?.kind === 'url',
@@ -285,11 +317,14 @@ export function useAppsInternal() {
     uninstallApp,
     isInstalled,
     getApp,
+    getAppLaunchGate,
     checkForUpdate,
     downloadUpdate,
     applyUpdate,
     performAppUpdate,
     clearAppStorage,
+    sandboxState,
+    rerunSandboxTests,
     updateAvailability,
     busyAppIds,
   };
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/runSandboxTests.ts b/src/lib/apps/runSandboxTests.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ec650e573
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/apps/runSandboxTests.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,266 @@
+import { invoke } from '@tauri-apps/api/core';
+import { Webview } from '@tauri-apps/api/webview';
+import { getCurrentWindow } from '@tauri-apps/api/window';
+import {
+  buildIsolationOnlySandboxState,
+  type SandboxIsolationProbeResult,
+  type SandboxState,
+} from '@/lib/apps/sandbox';
+
+const PROBE_LOCAL_STORAGE_KEY = 'sage_probe_local_storage';
+const PROBE_COOKIE_KEY = 'sage_probe_cookie';
+const PROBE_INDEXED_DB_NAME = 'sage_probe_db';
+const PROBE_INDEXED_DB_STORE = 'probe_store';
+const PROBE_INDEXED_DB_KEY = 'sage_probe_key';
+
+function uniqueRunId(): string {
+  return `sandbox-run-${Date.now()}-${Math.random().toString(36).slice(2)}`;
+}
+
+async function writeSageProbeIndexedDb(runId: string): Promise<void> {
+  await new Promise<void>((resolve, reject) => {
+    const open = indexedDB.open(PROBE_INDEXED_DB_NAME);
+
+    open.onerror = () => {
+      reject(new Error('Failed to open Sage probe IndexedDB.'));
+    };
+
+    open.onupgradeneeded = () => {
+      const db = open.result;
+      if (!db.objectStoreNames.contains(PROBE_INDEXED_DB_STORE)) {
+        db.createObjectStore(PROBE_INDEXED_DB_STORE);
+      }
+    };
+
+    open.onsuccess = () => {
+      try {
+        const db = open.result;
+        const tx = db.transaction(PROBE_INDEXED_DB_STORE, 'readwrite');
+        const store = tx.objectStore(PROBE_INDEXED_DB_STORE);
+
+        const put = store.put(runId, PROBE_INDEXED_DB_KEY);
+
+        put.onerror = () => {
+          db.close();
+          reject(new Error('Failed to write Sage probe IndexedDB record.'));
+        };
+
+        put.onsuccess = () => {
+          tx.oncomplete = () => {
+            db.close();
+            resolve();
+          };
+
+          tx.onerror = () => {
+            db.close();
+            reject(
+              new Error('Failed to commit Sage probe IndexedDB transaction.'),
+            );
+          };
+        };
+      } catch (err) {
+        reject(err instanceof Error ? err : new Error(String(err)));
+      }
+    };
+  });
+}
+
+async function writeSageProbes(runId: string): Promise<void> {
+  localStorage.setItem(PROBE_LOCAL_STORAGE_KEY, runId);
+  document.cookie = `${PROBE_COOKIE_KEY}=${encodeURIComponent(runId)}; path=/`;
+  await writeSageProbeIndexedDb(runId);
+}
+
+async function waitForWebviewCreated(webview: Webview): Promise<void> {
+  await new Promise<void>((resolve, reject) => {
+    let unlistenCreated: (() => void) | null = null;
+    let unlistenError: (() => void) | null = null;
+
+    const cleanup = () => {
+      try {
+        unlistenCreated?.();
+      } catch {
+        // ignore
+      }
+
+      try {
+        unlistenError?.();
+      } catch {
+        // ignore
+      }
+    };
+
+    void (async () => {
+      try {
+        unlistenCreated = await webview.once('tauri://created', () => {
+          cleanup();
+          resolve();
+        });
+
+        unlistenError = await webview.once('tauri://error', (event) => {
+          cleanup();
+          const payload =
+            typeof event.payload === 'string'
+              ? event.payload
+              : JSON.stringify(event.payload);
+          reject(new Error(payload));
+        });
+      } catch (err) {
+        cleanup();
+        reject(err instanceof Error ? err : new Error(String(err)));
+      }
+    })();
+  });
+}
+
+async function waitForWebviewClosed(
+  label: string,
+  timeoutMs = 8000,
+): Promise<void> {
+  const startedAt = Date.now();
+
+  for (;;) {
+    const live = await Webview.getByLabel(label).catch(() => null);
+    if (!live) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    if (Date.now() - startedAt >= timeoutMs) {
+      throw new Error(`Timed out closing sandbox probe webview ${label}`);
+    }
+
+    await new Promise((resolve) => window.setTimeout(resolve, 100));
+  }
+}
+
+async function openProbeWebview(args: {
+  label: string;
+  runId: string;
+  mode: 'incognito' | 'persistent';
+  persistentStorage: boolean;
+}): Promise<Webview> {
+  const hostWindow = getCurrentWindow();
+
+  const stale = await Webview.getByLabel(args.label).catch(() => null);
+  if (stale) {
+    try {
+      await stale.close();
+    } catch {
+      // ignore
+    }
+    await waitForWebviewClosed(args.label);
+  }
+
+  const url = `sage-app://__sandbox/isolation-check?runId=${encodeURIComponent(
+    args.runId,
+  )}&mode=${encodeURIComponent(args.mode)}&persistentStorage=${
+    args.persistentStorage ? '1' : '0'
+  }`;
+
+  const webview = new Webview(hostWindow, args.label, {
+    url,
+    x: 0,
+    y: 0,
+    width: 1,
+    height: 1,
+    focus: false,
+    incognito: !args.persistentStorage,
+  });
+
+  await waitForWebviewCreated(webview);
+  return webview;
+}
+
+async function pollIsolationResults(
+  runId: string,
+  timeoutMs = 10000,
+): Promise<SandboxIsolationProbeResult[]> {
+  const startedAt = Date.now();
+
+  for (;;) {
+    const results = await invoke<SandboxIsolationProbeResult[]>(
+      'sandbox_get_run_results',
+      { runId },
+    );
+
+    if (results.length >= 2) {
+      return results;
+    }
+
+    if (Date.now() - startedAt >= timeoutMs) {
+      throw new Error('Timed out waiting for sandbox isolation probe results.');
+    }
+
+    await new Promise((resolve) => window.setTimeout(resolve, 100));
+  }
+}
+
+export async function runSandboxTests(): Promise<SandboxState> {
+  const runId = uniqueRunId();
+
+  await writeSageProbes(runId);
+  await invoke('sandbox_reset_run', { runId });
+
+  const incognitoLabel = `sandbox-probe-incognito-${runId}`;
+  const persistentLabel = `sandbox-probe-persistent-${runId}`;
+
+  let incognitoWebview: Webview | null = null;
+  let persistentWebview: Webview | null = null;
+
+  try {
+    [incognitoWebview, persistentWebview] = await Promise.all([
+      openProbeWebview({
+        label: incognitoLabel,
+        runId,
+        mode: 'incognito',
+        persistentStorage: false,
+      }),
+      openProbeWebview({
+        label: persistentLabel,
+        runId,
+        mode: 'persistent',
+        persistentStorage: true,
+      }),
+    ]);
+
+    const results = await pollIsolationResults(runId);
+
+    const failed = results.find(
+      (result) =>
+        result.localStorageVisible ||
+        result.cookieVisible ||
+        result.indexedDbVisible ||
+        !!result.error,
+    );
+
+    if (failed) {
+      return buildIsolationOnlySandboxState(
+        false,
+        `Mode ${failed.mode} was able to observe Sage probe data or reported an error.`,
+      );
+    }
+
+    return buildIsolationOnlySandboxState(
+      true,
+      'Both sandbox probe modes were unable to observe Sage probe data.',
+    );
+  } catch (err) {
+    return buildIsolationOnlySandboxState(
+      false,
+      err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
+    );
+  } finally {
+    for (const entry of [incognitoWebview, persistentWebview]) {
+      if (!entry) {
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      try {
+        await entry.close();
+        await waitForWebviewClosed(entry.label, 8000);
+      } catch {
+        // ignore
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/sandbox.ts b/src/lib/apps/sandbox.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4975932ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/apps/sandbox.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
+import type { InstalledSageApp } from '@/bindings';
+
+export type SandboxCapability =
+  | 'storage_isolation_from_sage'
+  | 'storage_persistence_normal'
+  | 'storage_non_persistence_incognito'
+  | 'network_allowlist_enforced';
+
+export type SandboxCapabilityStatus =
+  | 'pending'
+  | 'running'
+  | 'passed'
+  | 'failed';
+
+export interface SandboxCapabilityResult {
+  status: SandboxCapabilityStatus;
+  checkedAt: number | null;
+  details: string | null;
+}
+
+export interface SandboxState {
+  overallCriticalStatus: SandboxCapabilityStatus;
+  capabilities: Record<SandboxCapability, SandboxCapabilityResult>;
+  startedAt: number | null;
+  finishedAt: number | null;
+}
+
+export interface AppLaunchGateResult {
+  allowed: boolean;
+  kind: 'allowed' | 'running' | 'failed';
+  capability: SandboxCapability | null;
+  message: string | null;
+}
+
+export interface SandboxIsolationProbeResult {
+  runId: string;
+  mode: string;
+  persistentStorage: boolean;
+  localStorageVisible: boolean;
+  cookieVisible: boolean;
+  indexedDbVisible: boolean;
+  error: string | null;
+}
+
+function makeCapabilityResult(
+  status: SandboxCapabilityStatus,
+  details: string | null = null,
+): SandboxCapabilityResult {
+  return {
+    status,
+    checkedAt: null,
+    details,
+  };
+}
+
+export function buildInitialSandboxState(): SandboxState {
+  return {
+    overallCriticalStatus: 'pending',
+    startedAt: null,
+    finishedAt: null,
+    capabilities: {
+      storage_isolation_from_sage: makeCapabilityResult('pending'),
+      storage_persistence_normal: makeCapabilityResult('pending'),
+      storage_non_persistence_incognito: makeCapabilityResult('pending'),
+      network_allowlist_enforced: makeCapabilityResult('pending'),
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+export function buildRunningSandboxState(): SandboxState {
+  return {
+    overallCriticalStatus: 'running',
+    startedAt: Date.now(),
+    finishedAt: null,
+    capabilities: {
+      storage_isolation_from_sage: makeCapabilityResult('running'),
+      storage_persistence_normal: makeCapabilityResult('pending'),
+      storage_non_persistence_incognito: makeCapabilityResult('pending'),
+      network_allowlist_enforced: makeCapabilityResult('pending'),
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+export function buildIsolationOnlySandboxState(
+  passed: boolean,
+  details: string | null,
+): SandboxState {
+  const checkedAt = Date.now();
+
+  return {
+    overallCriticalStatus: passed ? 'passed' : 'failed',
+    startedAt: checkedAt,
+    finishedAt: checkedAt,
+    capabilities: {
+      storage_isolation_from_sage: {
+        status: passed ? 'passed' : 'failed',
+        checkedAt,
+        details,
+      },
+      storage_persistence_normal: {
+        status: 'pending',
+        checkedAt: null,
+        details: 'Not implemented yet.',
+      },
+      storage_non_persistence_incognito: {
+        status: 'pending',
+        checkedAt: null,
+        details: 'Not implemented yet.',
+      },
+      network_allowlist_enforced: {
+        status: 'pending',
+        checkedAt: null,
+        details: 'Not implemented yet.',
+      },
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+export function getRequiredSandboxCapabilities(
+  _app: InstalledSageApp,
+): SandboxCapability[] {
+  return ['storage_isolation_from_sage'];
+}
+
+export function evaluateAppLaunchGate(
+  app: InstalledSageApp,
+  sandbox: SandboxState,
+): AppLaunchGateResult {
+  if (
+    sandbox.overallCriticalStatus === 'pending' ||
+    sandbox.overallCriticalStatus === 'running'
+  ) {
+    return {
+      allowed: false,
+      kind: 'running',
+      capability: null,
+      message: 'Sandbox tests are still running.',
+    };
+  }
+
+  const required = getRequiredSandboxCapabilities(app);
+
+  for (const capability of required) {
+    const result = sandbox.capabilities[capability];
+
+    if (result.status === 'pending' || result.status === 'running') {
+      return {
+        allowed: false,
+        kind: 'running',
+        capability,
+        message: `Sandbox tests are still running for ${formatCapabilityLabel(capability)}.`,
+      };
+    }
+
+    if (result.status === 'failed') {
+      return {
+        allowed: false,
+        kind: 'failed',
+        capability,
+        message:
+          result.details ??
+          `Sandbox test failed for ${formatCapabilityLabel(capability)}.`,
+      };
+    }
+  }
+
+  return {
+    allowed: true,
+    kind: 'allowed',
+    capability: null,
+    message: null,
+  };
+}
+
+export function formatCapabilityLabel(capability: SandboxCapability): string {
+  switch (capability) {
+    case 'storage_isolation_from_sage':
+      return 'storage isolation from Sage';
+    case 'storage_persistence_normal':
+      return 'persistent storage behavior';
+    case 'storage_non_persistence_incognito':
+      return 'incognito storage behavior';
+    case 'network_allowlist_enforced':
+      return 'network allowlist enforcement';
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/pages/AppHost.tsx b/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
index 79b5ee9a4..9ed73a45d 100644
--- a/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { Alert, AlertDescription, AlertTitle } from '@/components/ui/alert';
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
 import { useRef } from 'react';
 import { useParams } from 'react-router-dom';
 import { useApps } from '@/contexts/AppsContext';
@@ -19,13 +20,14 @@ function AppNotFound() {
 export function AppHost() {
   const { appId = '' } = useParams();
   const containerRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement | null>(null);
-  const { getApp, loading } = useApps();
+  const { getApp, getAppLaunchGate, rerunSandboxTests, loading } = useApps();
   const { requestApproval } = useAppsWorkspaceOutletContext();
 
   const app = getApp(appId);
+  const gate = app ? getAppLaunchGate(app.id) : null;
 
   useAppEmbeddedRuntime({
-    app,
+    app: gate?.allowed ? app : null,
     containerRef,
     requestApproval,
   });
@@ -45,6 +47,38 @@ export function AppHost() {
     return <AppNotFound />;
   }
 
+  if (gate && !gate.allowed) {
+    return (
+      <div className='mx-auto w-full max-w-4xl p-4 md:p-6'>
+        <Alert>
+          <AlertTitle>
+            {gate.kind === 'running'
+              ? 'Sandbox tests are still running'
+              : 'App launch is blocked'}
+          </AlertTitle>
+
+          <AlertDescription className='space-y-3'>
+            <div>
+              {gate.message ??
+                'This app cannot be launched until required sandbox tests pass.'}
+            </div>
+
+            <div>
+              <Button
+                variant='outline'
+                onClick={() => {
+                  void rerunSandboxTests();
+                }}
+              >
+                Re-run tests
+              </Button>
+            </div>
+          </AlertDescription>
+        </Alert>
+      </div>
+    );
+  }
+
   return (
     <div className='flex h-full min-h-0 w-full flex-col overflow-hidden'>
       <div className='flex-1 min-h-0'>
diff --git a/src/pages/Apps.tsx b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
index 35205d7be..5ac765e4d 100644
--- a/src/pages/Apps.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ import { invoke } from '@tauri-apps/api/core';
 import { useApps } from '@/contexts/AppsContext.tsx';
 import { useAppRuntimes } from '@/hooks/useAppRuntimes.ts';
 import { clearAppRuntimeBrowsingData } from '@/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry';
+import { formatCapabilityLabel } from '@/lib/apps/sandbox';
 import { LayoutGrid, Plus } from 'lucide-react';
 import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react';
 import { useNavigate } from 'react-router-dom';
@@ -75,9 +76,13 @@ export function Apps() {
     error,
     refresh,
     installApp,
+    installUrlApp,
     uninstallApp,
     checkForUpdate,
     performAppUpdate,
+    getAppLaunchGate,
+    sandboxState,
+    rerunSandboxTests,
     updateAvailability,
     busyAppIds,
   } = useApps();
@@ -215,18 +220,15 @@ export function Apps() {
       const storageChanged =
         prev.has('persistent_storage') !== next.has('persistent_storage');
 
-      // update permissions in backend
       await invoke('apps_update_permissions', {
         appId: app.id,
         grantedPermissions: nextPermissions,
       });
 
-      // critical: if storage permission changed → wipe
       if (storageChanged) {
         await clearAppRuntimeBrowsingData(app);
       }
 
-      // restart if running
       const isRunning = runningAppIds.has(app.id);
       if (isRunning) {
         const { restartAppRuntime } =
@@ -350,6 +352,48 @@ export function Apps() {
         </div>
 
         <div className='mx-auto w-full max-w-7xl flex-1 min-h-0 overflow-auto px-4 pb-4 md:px-6 md:pb-6'>
+          <Alert className='mb-6'>
+            <AlertTitle>
+              {sandboxState.overallCriticalStatus === 'running'
+                ? 'Sandbox tests are running'
+                : sandboxState.overallCriticalStatus === 'passed'
+                  ? 'Sandbox tests passed'
+                  : sandboxState.overallCriticalStatus === 'failed'
+                    ? 'Sandbox tests failed'
+                    : 'Sandbox tests are pending'}
+            </AlertTitle>
+
+            <AlertDescription className='space-y-3'>
+              <div>
+                Apps are allowed to launch only when all required sandbox
+                capabilities have passed.
+              </div>
+
+              <div className='space-y-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
+                {Object.entries(sandboxState.capabilities).map(
+                  ([capability, result]) => (
+                    <div key={capability}>
+                      {formatCapabilityLabel(capability as never)} —{' '}
+                      {result.status}
+                      {result.details ? ` — ${result.details}` : ''}
+                    </div>
+                  ),
+                )}
+              </div>
+
+              <div>
+                <Button
+                  variant='outline'
+                  onClick={() => {
+                    void rerunSandboxTests();
+                  }}
+                >
+                  Re-run tests
+                </Button>
+              </div>
+            </AlertDescription>
+          </Alert>
+
           {error ? (
             <Alert className='mb-6'>
               <AlertTitle>Apps error</AlertTitle>
@@ -370,6 +414,7 @@ export function Apps() {
             <div className='grid grid-cols-2 gap-4 sm:grid-cols-3 md:grid-cols-4 lg:grid-cols-5 xl:grid-cols-6'>
               {installedApps.map((app) => {
                 const iconSrc = `sage-app://${app.id}/${app.iconFile}`;
+                const launchGate = getAppLaunchGate(app.id);
 
                 return (
                   <button
@@ -423,9 +468,18 @@ export function Apps() {
                       <div className='truncate text-sm font-medium'>
                         {app.name}
                       </div>
+
                       <div className='truncate text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
                         v{app.version}
                       </div>
+
+                      {launchGate && !launchGate.allowed ? (
+                        <div className='mt-1 text-xs text-amber-600'>
+                          {launchGate.kind === 'running'
+                            ? 'Tests running'
+                            : 'Launch blocked'}
+                        </div>
+                      ) : null}
                     </div>
                   </button>
                 );
@@ -558,16 +612,13 @@ export function Apps() {
               setInstallOpen(false);
             }}
             onInstallUrl={async (appUrl, permissions) => {
-              await invoke('install_app_url', {
-                appUrl,
-                grantedPermissions: permissions,
-              });
-              await refresh();
+              await installUrlApp(appUrl, permissions);
               setInstallOpen(false);
             }}
           />
         </DialogContent>
       </Dialog>
+
       <Dialog
         open={!!permissionsDialogApp}
         onOpenChange={(open) => {

From d1e3028c3617061d70e6828df54f5688c7232dbe Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 17 Apr 2026 21:08:41 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 064/471] Add built-in test apps for sandbox isolation and
 network permissions:

- Removed `openAppWindow.ts` helper as part of legacy cleanup.
- Added implementation for built-in test apps in Rust (`builtin_apps.rs`) for managing storage isolation, persistence, and network tests.
- Introduced test apps for incognito and persistent modes of storage, as well as network whitelisting (Allow-A and Allow-B scenarios).
- Created corresponding JavaScript files for testing localStorage, cookies, IndexedDB behavior, and network requests.
- Integrated capabilities for test app discovery and manifest validation.
---
 src-tauri/src/apps/builtin_apps.rs            | 213 +++++++
 src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs                     |   1 +
 src-tauri/src/apps/protocol.rs                | 276 +++------
 src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox.rs                 | 185 +++++-
 src-tauri/src/lib.rs                          |   6 +-
 src-tauri/test-apps/network-allow-a/app.js    |  83 +++
 .../test-apps/network-allow-a/index.html      |  11 +
 .../network-allow-a/sage-manifest.json        |  18 +
 src-tauri/test-apps/network-allow-b/app.js    |  83 +++
 .../test-apps/network-allow-b/index.html      |  11 +
 .../network-allow-b/sage-manifest.json        |  18 +
 .../sage-storage-isolation-incognito/app.js   | 133 ++++
 .../index.html                                |  11 +
 .../sage-manifest.json                        |  10 +
 .../sage-storage-isolation-persistent/app.js  | 133 ++++
 .../index.html                                |  11 +
 .../sage-manifest.json                        |  10 +
 .../storage-persistence-incognito/app.js      | 251 ++++++++
 .../storage-persistence-incognito/index.html  |  11 +
 .../sage-manifest.json                        |   9 +
 .../storage-persistence-persistent/app.js     | 251 ++++++++
 .../storage-persistence-persistent/index.html |  11 +
 .../sage-manifest.json                        |   9 +
 src/bindings.ts                               |  19 +-
 src/hooks/useAppRuntimes.ts                   |  20 +-
 src/lib/apps/openAppWindow.ts                 |  24 -
 src/lib/apps/registry.ts                      |  28 +-
 src/lib/apps/runSandboxTests.ts               | 582 +++++++++++++-----
 src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts               | 147 +++--
 src/lib/apps/sandbox.ts                       |  87 ++-
 src/lib/apps/testApps.ts                      |   8 +
 31 files changed, 2219 insertions(+), 451 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/src/apps/builtin_apps.rs
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/test-apps/network-allow-a/app.js
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/test-apps/network-allow-a/index.html
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/test-apps/network-allow-a/sage-manifest.json
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/test-apps/network-allow-b/app.js
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/test-apps/network-allow-b/index.html
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/test-apps/network-allow-b/sage-manifest.json
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/test-apps/sage-storage-isolation-incognito/app.js
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/test-apps/sage-storage-isolation-incognito/index.html
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/test-apps/sage-storage-isolation-incognito/sage-manifest.json
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/test-apps/sage-storage-isolation-persistent/app.js
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/test-apps/sage-storage-isolation-persistent/index.html
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/test-apps/sage-storage-isolation-persistent/sage-manifest.json
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/test-apps/storage-persistence-incognito/app.js
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/test-apps/storage-persistence-incognito/index.html
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/test-apps/storage-persistence-incognito/sage-manifest.json
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/test-apps/storage-persistence-persistent/app.js
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/test-apps/storage-persistence-persistent/index.html
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/test-apps/storage-persistence-persistent/sage-manifest.json
 delete mode 100644 src/lib/apps/openAppWindow.ts
 create mode 100644 src/lib/apps/testApps.ts

diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/builtin_apps.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/builtin_apps.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..77f9c7632
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/builtin_apps.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,213 @@
+use std::{fs, path::PathBuf};
+
+use anyhow::{anyhow, Context, Result as AnyResult};
+use tauri::command;
+
+use crate::apps::{
+    permissions::{
+        normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions, resolve_granted_permission_flags,
+        validate_granted_permissions,
+    },
+    types::{
+        InstalledSageApp, InstalledSageAppSnapshot, InstalledSageAppSource,
+        SageAppPackageManifest,
+    },
+};
+use crate::error::Result;
+
+pub const BUILTIN_STORAGE_ISOLATION_PERSISTENT_ID: &str =
+    "__sage_test_storage_isolation_persistent";
+pub const BUILTIN_STORAGE_ISOLATION_INCOGNITO_ID: &str =
+    "__sage_test_storage_isolation_incognito";
+pub const BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_PERSISTENT_ID: &str =
+    "__sage_test_persistence_persistent";
+pub const BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_INCOGNITO_ID: &str =
+    "__sage_test_persistence_incognito";
+pub const BUILTIN_NETWORK_ALLOW_A_ID: &str = "__sage_test_network_allow_a";
+pub const BUILTIN_NETWORK_ALLOW_B_ID: &str = "__sage_test_network_allow_b";
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct BuiltinTestAppSpec {
+    pub app_id: &'static str,
+    pub dir_name: &'static str,
+}
+
+const BUILTIN_TEST_APPS: &[BuiltinTestAppSpec] = &[
+    BuiltinTestAppSpec {
+        app_id: BUILTIN_STORAGE_ISOLATION_PERSISTENT_ID,
+        dir_name: "sage-storage-isolation-persistent",
+    },
+    BuiltinTestAppSpec {
+        app_id: BUILTIN_STORAGE_ISOLATION_INCOGNITO_ID,
+        dir_name: "sage-storage-isolation-incognito",
+    },
+    BuiltinTestAppSpec {
+        app_id: BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_PERSISTENT_ID,
+        dir_name: "storage-persistence-persistent",
+    },
+    BuiltinTestAppSpec {
+        app_id: BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_INCOGNITO_ID,
+        dir_name: "storage-persistence-incognito",
+    },
+    BuiltinTestAppSpec {
+        app_id: BUILTIN_NETWORK_ALLOW_A_ID,
+        dir_name: "network-allow-a",
+    },
+    BuiltinTestAppSpec {
+        app_id: BUILTIN_NETWORK_ALLOW_B_ID,
+        dir_name: "network-allow-b",
+    },
+];
+
+pub fn builtin_test_app_spec(app_id: &str) -> Option<&'static BuiltinTestAppSpec> {
+    BUILTIN_TEST_APPS.iter().find(|spec| spec.app_id == app_id)
+}
+
+pub fn builtin_test_apps_root() -> PathBuf {
+    PathBuf::from(env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR")).join("test-apps")
+}
+
+pub fn builtin_test_app_dir(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<PathBuf>> {
+    let Some(spec) = builtin_test_app_spec(app_id) else {
+        return Ok(None);
+    };
+
+    Ok(Some(builtin_test_apps_root().join(spec.dir_name)))
+}
+
+fn read_builtin_manifest(app_dir: &PathBuf) -> AnyResult<SageAppPackageManifest> {
+    let manifest_path = app_dir.join("sage-manifest.json");
+
+    let manifest_text = fs::read_to_string(&manifest_path).with_context(|| {
+        format!(
+            "failed to read builtin test app manifest {}",
+            manifest_path.display()
+        )
+    })?;
+
+    let manifest: SageAppPackageManifest =
+        serde_json::from_str(&manifest_text).with_context(|| {
+            format!(
+                "failed to parse builtin test app manifest {}",
+                manifest_path.display()
+            )
+        })?;
+
+    Ok(manifest)
+}
+
+fn compute_total_bytes(app_dir: &PathBuf) -> AnyResult<u64> {
+    let mut total_bytes = 0_u64;
+
+    for entry in fs::read_dir(app_dir)
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to read builtin test app dir {}", app_dir.display()))?
+    {
+        let entry = entry.with_context(|| {
+            format!(
+                "failed to read entry in builtin test app dir {}",
+                app_dir.display()
+            )
+        })?;
+
+        let metadata = entry.metadata().with_context(|| {
+            format!(
+                "failed to read metadata for builtin test app file {}",
+                entry.path().display()
+            )
+        })?;
+
+        if metadata.is_file() {
+            total_bytes = total_bytes
+                .checked_add(metadata.len())
+                .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("builtin test app total size overflow"))?;
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(total_bytes)
+}
+
+pub fn build_builtin_test_app(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<InstalledSageApp>> {
+    let Some(spec) = builtin_test_app_spec(app_id) else {
+        return Ok(None);
+    };
+
+    let app_dir = builtin_test_apps_root().join(spec.dir_name);
+
+    if !app_dir.is_dir() {
+        return Err(anyhow!(
+            "builtin test app directory does not exist: {}",
+            app_dir.display()
+        ));
+    }
+
+    let mut manifest = read_builtin_manifest(&app_dir)?;
+    manifest.permissions =
+        normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions(&manifest.permissions)?;
+
+    let mut granted_permissions = manifest.permissions.required.clone();
+    granted_permissions.extend(manifest.permissions.optional.clone());
+    granted_permissions.sort();
+    granted_permissions.dedup();
+
+    validate_granted_permissions(&manifest.permissions, &granted_permissions)?;
+    let permission_flags =
+        resolve_granted_permission_flags(&granted_permissions, None)?;
+
+    let entry_file = app_dir.join("index.html");
+    if !entry_file.is_file() {
+        return Err(anyhow!(
+            "builtin test app is missing index.html: {}",
+            entry_file.display()
+        ));
+    }
+
+    let icon_svg = app_dir.join("icon.svg");
+    let icon_png = app_dir.join("icon.png");
+
+    let icon_file = if icon_svg.is_file() {
+        icon_svg
+    } else if icon_png.is_file() {
+        icon_png
+    } else {
+        return Err(anyhow!(
+            "builtin test app is missing icon.svg or icon.png in {}",
+            app_dir.display()
+        ));
+    };
+
+    let total_bytes = compute_total_bytes(&app_dir)?;
+
+    let app = InstalledSageApp {
+        id: spec.app_id.to_string(),
+        name: manifest.name.clone(),
+        version: manifest.version.clone(),
+        install_dir: app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+        entry_file: entry_file.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+        icon_file: icon_file.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+        requested_permissions: manifest.permissions.clone(),
+        granted_permissions,
+        permission_flags,
+        source: InstalledSageAppSource::Zip,
+        active_snapshot: InstalledSageAppSnapshot {
+            manifest_hash: format!("builtin:{}", spec.app_id),
+            snapshot_dir: app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+            total_bytes,
+            manifest,
+        },
+        pending_update: None,
+    };
+
+    Ok(Some(app))
+}
+
+pub fn require_builtin_test_app(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<InstalledSageApp> {
+    build_builtin_test_app(app_id)?
+        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("unknown builtin test app id {}", app_id))
+}
+
+#[command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn get_builtin_test_app(app_id: String) -> Result<Option<InstalledSageApp>> {
+    build_builtin_test_app(&app_id)
+        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to load builtin test app: {err}")).into())
+}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs
index 181303996..0c7f30ff6 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+pub mod builtin_apps;
 pub mod csp;
 pub mod install;
 pub mod limits;
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/protocol.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/protocol.rs
index 6b5f4433b..1816deb9b 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/protocol.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/protocol.rs
@@ -7,17 +7,17 @@ use tauri::{
 };
 
 use crate::apps::{
+    builtin_apps::{build_builtin_test_app, builtin_test_app_dir},
     csp::build_app_csp,
-    sandbox::{store_isolation_probe_result, SandboxIsolationProbeResult, SandboxProbeStore},
+    registry::read_installed_app_by_id,
+    sandbox::{
+        store_isolation_probe_result, store_network_probe_result,
+        store_persistence_read_probe_result, store_persistence_write_probe_result,
+        SandboxIsolationProbeResult, SandboxNetworkProbeResult, SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult,
+        SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult, SandboxProbeStore,
+    },
     snapshot::read_snapshot_file,
 };
-use crate::apps::registry::read_installed_app_by_id;
-
-const SAGE_PROBE_LOCAL_STORAGE_KEY: &str = "sage_probe_local_storage";
-const SAGE_PROBE_COOKIE_KEY: &str = "sage_probe_cookie";
-const SAGE_PROBE_INDEXED_DB_NAME: &str = "sage_probe_db";
-const SAGE_PROBE_INDEXED_DB_STORE: &str = "probe_store";
-const SAGE_PROBE_INDEXED_DB_KEY: &str = "sage_probe_key";
 
 fn build_blank_internal_response() -> AnyResult<Response<Vec<u8>>> {
     Response::builder()
@@ -32,150 +32,6 @@ fn build_blank_internal_response() -> AnyResult<Response<Vec<u8>>> {
         .map_err(|err| anyhow!("failed to build blank internal response: {err}"))
 }
 
-fn build_sandbox_isolation_probe_response(
-    run_id: &str,
-    mode: &str,
-    persistent_storage: bool,
-) -> AnyResult<Response<Vec<u8>>> {
-    let html = format!(
-        r#"<!doctype html>
-<html>
-  <head>
-    <meta charset="utf-8">
-    <title>Sandbox Isolation Probe</title>
-  </head>
-  <body>
-    <script>
-      const RUN_ID = {run_id:?};
-      const MODE = {mode:?};
-      const PERSISTENT_STORAGE = {persistent_storage};
-
-      const LOCAL_STORAGE_KEY = {local_storage_key:?};
-      const COOKIE_KEY = {cookie_key:?};
-      const DB_NAME = {db_name:?};
-      const STORE_NAME = {store_name:?};
-      const DB_KEY = {db_key:?};
-
-      async function readIndexedDbProbe() {{
-        try {{
-          return await new Promise((resolve) => {{
-            const open = indexedDB.open(DB_NAME);
-            open.onerror = () => resolve(false);
-            open.onupgradeneeded = () => {{
-              try {{
-                const db = open.result;
-                if (!db.objectStoreNames.contains(STORE_NAME)) {{
-                  db.createObjectStore(STORE_NAME);
-                }}
-              }} catch {{
-                // ignore
-              }}
-            }};
-            open.onsuccess = () => {{
-              try {{
-                const db = open.result;
-                if (!db.objectStoreNames.contains(STORE_NAME)) {{
-                  resolve(false);
-                  db.close();
-                  return;
-                }}
-
-                const tx = db.transaction(STORE_NAME, 'readonly');
-                const store = tx.objectStore(STORE_NAME);
-                const req = store.get(DB_KEY);
-
-                req.onerror = () => {{
-                  resolve(false);
-                  db.close();
-                }};
-
-                req.onsuccess = () => {{
-                  resolve(typeof req.result === 'string' && req.result.length > 0);
-                  db.close();
-                }};
-              }} catch {{
-                resolve(false);
-              }}
-            }};
-          }});
-        }} catch {{
-          return false;
-        }}
-      }}
-
-      async function report(result) {{
-        await fetch('sage-app://__sandbox/report', {{
-          method: 'POST',
-          headers: {{
-            'Content-Type': 'application/json',
-          }},
-          body: JSON.stringify(result),
-        }});
-      }}
-
-      async function main() {{
-        let localStorageVisible = false;
-        let cookieVisible = false;
-        let indexedDbVisible = false;
-        let error = null;
-
-        try {{
-          try {{
-            const value = localStorage.getItem(LOCAL_STORAGE_KEY);
-            localStorageVisible = typeof value === 'string' && value.length > 0;
-          }} catch {{
-            localStorageVisible = false;
-          }}
-
-          try {{
-            cookieVisible = document.cookie
-              .split(';')
-              .map((part) => part.trim())
-              .some((part) => part.startsWith(COOKIE_KEY + '='));
-          }} catch {{
-            cookieVisible = false;
-          }}
-
-          indexedDbVisible = await readIndexedDbProbe();
-        }} catch (err) {{
-          error = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err);
-        }}
-
-        await report({{
-          runId: RUN_ID,
-          mode: MODE,
-          persistentStorage: PERSISTENT_STORAGE,
-          localStorageVisible,
-          cookieVisible,
-          indexedDbVisible,
-          error,
-        }});
-      }}
-
-      void main();
-    </script>
-  </body>
-</html>
-"#,
-        run_id = run_id,
-        mode = mode,
-        persistent_storage = if persistent_storage { "true" } else { "false" },
-        local_storage_key = SAGE_PROBE_LOCAL_STORAGE_KEY,
-        cookie_key = SAGE_PROBE_COOKIE_KEY,
-        db_name = SAGE_PROBE_INDEXED_DB_NAME,
-        store_name = SAGE_PROBE_INDEXED_DB_STORE,
-        db_key = SAGE_PROBE_INDEXED_DB_KEY,
-    );
-
-    Response::builder()
-        .status(StatusCode::OK)
-        .header("Content-Type", "text/html; charset=utf-8")
-        .header("Cache-Control", "no-store")
-        .header("X-Content-Type-Options", "nosniff")
-        .body(html.into_bytes())
-        .map_err(|err| anyhow!("failed to build sandbox isolation probe response: {err}"))
-}
-
 fn build_sandbox_ok_response() -> AnyResult<Response<Vec<u8>>> {
     Response::builder()
         .status(StatusCode::OK)
@@ -186,19 +42,6 @@ fn build_sandbox_ok_response() -> AnyResult<Response<Vec<u8>>> {
         .map_err(|err| anyhow!("failed to build sandbox ok response: {err}"))
 }
 
-fn parse_query_param(query: &str, key: &str) -> Option<String> {
-    query.split('&').find_map(|pair| {
-        let mut parts = pair.splitn(2, '=');
-        let k = parts.next()?;
-        let v = parts.next().unwrap_or_default();
-        if k == key {
-            Some(v.to_string())
-        } else {
-            None
-        }
-    })
-}
-
 fn handle_sandbox_protocol_request(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
     request: &tauri::http::Request<Vec<u8>>,
@@ -207,22 +50,9 @@ fn handle_sandbox_protocol_request(
     let path = uri.path();
 
     match (request.method().as_str(), path) {
-        ("GET", "/isolation-check") => {
-            let query = uri.query().unwrap_or_default();
-            let run_id = parse_query_param(query, "runId")
-                .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("missing runId in sandbox isolation probe request"))?;
-            let mode = parse_query_param(query, "mode")
-                .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("missing mode in sandbox isolation probe request"))?;
-            let persistent_storage = parse_query_param(query, "persistentStorage")
-                .map(|v| v == "1" || v.eq_ignore_ascii_case("true"))
-                .unwrap_or(false);
-
-            build_sandbox_isolation_probe_response(&run_id, &mode, persistent_storage)
-        }
-
-        ("POST", "/report") => {
+        ("POST", "/report/isolation") => {
             let result: SandboxIsolationProbeResult = serde_json::from_slice(request.body())
-                .map_err(|err| anyhow!("failed to parse sandbox probe result body: {err}"))?;
+                .map_err(|err| anyhow!("failed to parse sandbox isolation result body: {err}"))?;
 
             let store = app_handle.state::<SandboxProbeStore>();
             store_isolation_probe_result(&store, result);
@@ -230,10 +60,92 @@ fn handle_sandbox_protocol_request(
             build_sandbox_ok_response()
         }
 
+        ("POST", "/report/persistence-write") => {
+            let result: SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult =
+                serde_json::from_slice(request.body()).map_err(|err| {
+                    anyhow!("failed to parse sandbox persistence write result body: {err}")
+                })?;
+
+            let store = app_handle.state::<SandboxProbeStore>();
+            store_persistence_write_probe_result(&store, result);
+
+            build_sandbox_ok_response()
+        }
+
+        ("POST", "/report/persistence-read") => {
+            let result: SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult =
+                serde_json::from_slice(request.body()).map_err(|err| {
+                    anyhow!("failed to parse sandbox persistence read result body: {err}")
+                })?;
+
+            let store = app_handle.state::<SandboxProbeStore>();
+            store_persistence_read_probe_result(&store, result);
+
+            build_sandbox_ok_response()
+        }
+
+        ("POST", "/report/network") => {
+            let result: SandboxNetworkProbeResult = serde_json::from_slice(request.body())
+                .map_err(|err| anyhow!("failed to parse sandbox network result body: {err}"))?;
+
+            let store = app_handle.state::<SandboxProbeStore>();
+            store_network_probe_result(&store, result);
+
+            build_sandbox_ok_response()
+        }
+
         _ => Err(anyhow!("unknown sandbox protocol path: {}", path)),
     }
 }
 
+fn handle_builtin_test_app_request(
+    app_id: &str,
+    request: &tauri::http::Request<Vec<u8>>,
+) -> AnyResult<Response<Vec<u8>>> {
+    let app = build_builtin_test_app(app_id)?
+        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("unknown builtin test app {}", app_id))?;
+
+    let request_path = request.uri().path();
+
+    if request_path == "/__sage/blank" {
+        return build_blank_internal_response();
+    }
+
+    let app_dir = builtin_test_app_dir(app_id)?
+        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("missing builtin test app dir for {}", app_id))?;
+
+    let file_path = read_snapshot_file(&app_dir, request_path)?;
+    let csp = build_app_csp(&app);
+
+    if request_path.is_empty() || request_path == "/" || request_path == "/index.html" {
+        let html = fs::read_to_string(&file_path)?;
+
+        return Response::builder()
+            .status(StatusCode::OK)
+            .header("Content-Type", "text/html; charset=utf-8")
+            .header("Cache-Control", "no-store")
+            .header("Content-Security-Policy", &csp)
+            .header("X-Content-Type-Options", "nosniff")
+            .body(html.into_bytes())
+            .map_err(|err| anyhow!("failed to build builtin test app HTML response: {err}"));
+    }
+
+    let bytes = fs::read(&file_path)?;
+    let mime = mime_guess::from_path(&file_path)
+        .first_or_octet_stream()
+        .essence_str()
+        .to_string();
+
+    Response::builder()
+        .status(StatusCode::OK)
+        .header("Content-Type", mime)
+        .header("Cache-Control", "no-store")
+        .header("Content-Security-Policy", csp)
+        .header("X-Content-Type-Options", "nosniff")
+        .body(bytes)
+        .map_err(|err| anyhow!("failed to build builtin test app response: {err}"))
+}
+
 pub fn handle_app_protocol_request(
     base_path: &Path,
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
@@ -249,6 +161,10 @@ pub fn handle_app_protocol_request(
         return handle_sandbox_protocol_request(app_handle, request);
     }
 
+    if build_builtin_test_app(host)?.is_some() {
+        return handle_builtin_test_app_request(host, request);
+    }
+
     let app = read_installed_app_by_id(base_path, host)?;
     let request_path = uri.path();
 
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox.rs
index 14484198e..338802ae8 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox.rs
@@ -31,16 +31,124 @@ pub struct SandboxIsolationProbeResult {
     pub error: Option<String>,
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+pub struct SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult {
+    #[serde(rename = "runId", alias = "run_id")]
+    pub run_id: String,
+
+    pub mode: String,
+
+    #[serde(rename = "persistentStorage", alias = "persistent_storage")]
+    pub persistent_storage: bool,
+
+    #[serde(rename = "localStorageWrote", alias = "local_storage_wrote")]
+    pub local_storage_wrote: bool,
+
+    #[serde(rename = "cookieWrote", alias = "cookie_wrote")]
+    pub cookie_wrote: bool,
+
+    #[serde(rename = "indexedDbWrote", alias = "indexed_db_wrote")]
+    pub indexed_db_wrote: bool,
+
+    pub error: Option<String>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+pub struct SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult {
+    #[serde(rename = "runId", alias = "run_id")]
+    pub run_id: String,
+
+    pub mode: String,
+
+    #[serde(rename = "persistentStorage", alias = "persistent_storage")]
+    pub persistent_storage: bool,
+
+    #[serde(rename = "localStoragePresent", alias = "local_storage_present")]
+    pub local_storage_present: bool,
+
+    #[serde(rename = "cookiePresent", alias = "cookie_present")]
+    pub cookie_present: bool,
+
+    #[serde(rename = "indexedDbPresent", alias = "indexed_db_present")]
+    pub indexed_db_present: bool,
+
+    pub error: Option<String>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+pub struct SandboxNetworkProbeResult {
+    #[serde(rename = "runId", alias = "run_id")]
+    pub run_id: String,
+
+    pub mode: String,
+
+    #[serde(rename = "allowedUrl", alias = "allowed_url")]
+    pub allowed_url: String,
+
+    #[serde(rename = "blockedUrl", alias = "blocked_url")]
+    pub blocked_url: String,
+
+    #[serde(rename = "allowedOk", alias = "allowed_ok")]
+    pub allowed_ok: bool,
+
+    #[serde(rename = "blockedOk", alias = "blocked_ok")]
+    pub blocked_ok: bool,
+
+    pub error: Option<String>,
+}
+
 #[derive(Default)]
-pub struct SandboxProbeStore(
-    pub Mutex<HashMap<String, Vec<SandboxIsolationProbeResult>>>,
-);
+pub struct SandboxProbeStore {
+    pub isolation: Mutex<HashMap<String, Vec<SandboxIsolationProbeResult>>>,
+    pub persistence_write: Mutex<HashMap<String, Vec<SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult>>>,
+    pub persistence_read: Mutex<HashMap<String, Vec<SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult>>>,
+    pub network: Mutex<HashMap<String, Vec<SandboxNetworkProbeResult>>>,
+}
 
 pub fn store_isolation_probe_result(
     store: &SandboxProbeStore,
     result: SandboxIsolationProbeResult,
 ) {
-    let mut guard = store.0.lock().expect("sandbox probe store poisoned");
+    let mut guard = store.isolation.lock().expect("sandbox isolation store poisoned");
+    guard
+        .entry(result.run_id.clone())
+        .or_default()
+        .push(result);
+}
+
+pub fn store_persistence_write_probe_result(
+    store: &SandboxProbeStore,
+    result: SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult,
+) {
+    let mut guard = store
+        .persistence_write
+        .lock()
+        .expect("sandbox persistence write store poisoned");
+    guard
+        .entry(result.run_id.clone())
+        .or_default()
+        .push(result);
+}
+
+pub fn store_persistence_read_probe_result(
+    store: &SandboxProbeStore,
+    result: SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult,
+) {
+    let mut guard = store
+        .persistence_read
+        .lock()
+        .expect("sandbox persistence read store poisoned");
+    guard
+        .entry(result.run_id.clone())
+        .or_default()
+        .push(result);
+}
+
+pub fn store_network_probe_result(
+    store: &SandboxProbeStore,
+    result: SandboxNetworkProbeResult,
+) {
+    let mut guard = store.network.lock().expect("sandbox network store poisoned");
     guard
         .entry(result.run_id.clone())
         .or_default()
@@ -53,17 +161,78 @@ pub async fn sandbox_reset_run(
     run_id: String,
     store: tauri::State<'_, SandboxProbeStore>,
 ) -> Result<()> {
-    let mut guard = store.0.lock().expect("sandbox probe store poisoned");
-    guard.remove(&run_id);
+    store
+        .isolation
+        .lock()
+        .expect("sandbox isolation store poisoned")
+        .remove(&run_id);
+
+    store
+        .persistence_write
+        .lock()
+        .expect("sandbox persistence write store poisoned")
+        .remove(&run_id);
+
+    store
+        .persistence_read
+        .lock()
+        .expect("sandbox persistence read store poisoned")
+        .remove(&run_id);
+
+    store
+        .network
+        .lock()
+        .expect("sandbox network store poisoned")
+        .remove(&run_id);
+
     Ok(())
 }
 
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
-pub async fn sandbox_get_run_results(
+pub async fn sandbox_get_isolation_results(
     run_id: String,
     store: tauri::State<'_, SandboxProbeStore>,
 ) -> Result<Vec<SandboxIsolationProbeResult>> {
-    let guard = store.0.lock().expect("sandbox probe store poisoned");
+    let guard = store
+        .isolation
+        .lock()
+        .expect("sandbox isolation store poisoned");
+    Ok(guard.get(&run_id).cloned().unwrap_or_default())
+}
+
+#[command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn sandbox_get_persistence_write_results(
+    run_id: String,
+    store: tauri::State<'_, SandboxProbeStore>,
+) -> Result<Vec<SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult>> {
+    let guard = store
+        .persistence_write
+        .lock()
+        .expect("sandbox persistence write store poisoned");
+    Ok(guard.get(&run_id).cloned().unwrap_or_default())
+}
+
+#[command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn sandbox_get_persistence_read_results(
+    run_id: String,
+    store: tauri::State<'_, SandboxProbeStore>,
+) -> Result<Vec<SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult>> {
+    let guard = store
+        .persistence_read
+        .lock()
+        .expect("sandbox persistence read store poisoned");
+    Ok(guard.get(&run_id).cloned().unwrap_or_default())
+}
+
+#[command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn sandbox_get_network_results(
+    run_id: String,
+    store: tauri::State<'_, SandboxProbeStore>,
+) -> Result<Vec<SandboxNetworkProbeResult>> {
+    let guard = store.network.lock().expect("sandbox network store poisoned");
     Ok(guard.get(&run_id).cloned().unwrap_or_default())
 }
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
index 1016f866f..42ed0b63b 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
@@ -149,12 +149,16 @@ pub fn run() {
             apps::install::install_app_zip,
             apps::install::install_app_url,
             apps::install::uninstall_app,
+            apps::builtin_apps::get_builtin_test_app,
             apps::update::check_app_update,
             apps::update::download_app_update,
             apps::update::apply_app_update,
             apps::update::apps_update_permissions,
             apps::sandbox::sandbox_reset_run,
-            apps::sandbox::sandbox_get_run_results,
+            apps::sandbox::sandbox_get_isolation_results,
+            apps::sandbox::sandbox_get_persistence_write_results,
+            apps::sandbox::sandbox_get_persistence_read_results,
+            apps::sandbox::sandbox_get_network_results,
         ])
         .events(collect_events![SyncEvent]);
 
diff --git a/src-tauri/test-apps/network-allow-a/app.js b/src-tauri/test-apps/network-allow-a/app.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..64fdfbd69
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/test-apps/network-allow-a/app.js
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+(async () => {
+  const params = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);
+  const runId = params.get('runId');
+
+  if (!runId) {
+    throw new Error('missing runId');
+  }
+
+  async function tryFetch(url) {
+    const controller = new AbortController();
+    const timeout = window.setTimeout(() => controller.abort(), 5000);
+
+    try {
+      await fetch(url, {
+        method: 'GET',
+        mode: 'no-cors',
+        cache: 'no-store',
+        signal: controller.signal,
+      });
+
+      window.clearTimeout(timeout);
+      return true;
+    } catch {
+      window.clearTimeout(timeout);
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  async function report(body) {
+    const response = await fetch('sage-app://__sandbox/report/network', {
+      method: 'POST',
+      headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+      body: JSON.stringify(body),
+    });
+
+    if (!response.ok) {
+      throw new Error(`report failed with status ${response.status}`);
+    }
+  }
+
+  const allowedUrl = 'https://example.com/';
+  const blockedUrl = 'https://example.org/';
+
+  let allowedOk = false;
+  let blockedOk = false;
+  let error = null;
+
+  try {
+    allowedOk = await tryFetch(allowedUrl);
+    blockedOk = await tryFetch(blockedUrl);
+  } catch (err) {
+    error = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err);
+  }
+
+  await report({
+    runId,
+    mode: 'allow-a',
+    allowedUrl,
+    blockedUrl,
+    allowedOk,
+    blockedOk,
+    error,
+  });
+})().catch(async (err) => {
+  try {
+    const params = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);
+    await fetch('sage-app://__sandbox/report/network', {
+      method: 'POST',
+      headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+      body: JSON.stringify({
+        runId: params.get('runId'),
+        mode: 'allow-a',
+        allowedUrl: 'https://example.com/',
+        blockedUrl: 'https://example.org/',
+        allowedOk: false,
+        blockedOk: false,
+        error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
+      }),
+    });
+  } catch {
+    //
+  }
+});
diff --git a/src-tauri/test-apps/network-allow-a/index.html b/src-tauri/test-apps/network-allow-a/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dd241793f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/test-apps/network-allow-a/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<html>
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8" />
+  <title>Network Allow A</title>
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
+</head>
+<body>
+<script src="./app.js"></script>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/src-tauri/test-apps/network-allow-a/sage-manifest.json b/src-tauri/test-apps/network-allow-a/sage-manifest.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fbbedeff3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/test-apps/network-allow-a/sage-manifest.json
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+{
+  "name": "Network Allow A",
+  "version": "1.0.0",
+  "permissions": {
+    "required": [],
+    "optional": []
+  },
+  "network": {
+    "whitelist": [
+      {
+        "scheme": "https",
+        "host": "example.com",
+        "required": true
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "files": []
+}
diff --git a/src-tauri/test-apps/network-allow-b/app.js b/src-tauri/test-apps/network-allow-b/app.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..42186a111
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/test-apps/network-allow-b/app.js
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+(async () => {
+  const params = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);
+  const runId = params.get('runId');
+
+  if (!runId) {
+    throw new Error('missing runId');
+  }
+
+  async function tryFetch(url) {
+    const controller = new AbortController();
+    const timeout = window.setTimeout(() => controller.abort(), 5000);
+
+    try {
+      await fetch(url, {
+        method: 'GET',
+        mode: 'no-cors',
+        cache: 'no-store',
+        signal: controller.signal,
+      });
+
+      window.clearTimeout(timeout);
+      return true;
+    } catch {
+      window.clearTimeout(timeout);
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  async function report(body) {
+    const response = await fetch('sage-app://__sandbox/report/network', {
+      method: 'POST',
+      headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+      body: JSON.stringify(body),
+    });
+
+    if (!response.ok) {
+      throw new Error(`report failed with status ${response.status}`);
+    }
+  }
+
+  const allowedUrl = 'https://example.org/';
+  const blockedUrl = 'https://example.com/';
+
+  let allowedOk = false;
+  let blockedOk = false;
+  let error = null;
+
+  try {
+    allowedOk = await tryFetch(allowedUrl);
+    blockedOk = await tryFetch(blockedUrl);
+  } catch (err) {
+    error = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err);
+  }
+
+  await report({
+    runId,
+    mode: 'allow-b',
+    allowedUrl,
+    blockedUrl,
+    allowedOk,
+    blockedOk,
+    error,
+  });
+})().catch(async (err) => {
+  try {
+    const params = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);
+    await fetch('sage-app://__sandbox/report/network', {
+      method: 'POST',
+      headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+      body: JSON.stringify({
+        runId: params.get('runId'),
+        mode: 'allow-b',
+        allowedUrl: 'https://example.org/',
+        blockedUrl: 'https://example.com/',
+        allowedOk: false,
+        blockedOk: false,
+        error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
+      }),
+    });
+  } catch {
+    //
+  }
+});
diff --git a/src-tauri/test-apps/network-allow-b/index.html b/src-tauri/test-apps/network-allow-b/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e486fbc7c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/test-apps/network-allow-b/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<html>
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8" />
+  <title>Network Allow B</title>
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
+</head>
+<body>
+<script src="./app.js"></script>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/src-tauri/test-apps/network-allow-b/sage-manifest.json b/src-tauri/test-apps/network-allow-b/sage-manifest.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8a5de21c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/test-apps/network-allow-b/sage-manifest.json
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+{
+  "name": "Network Allow B",
+  "version": "1.0.0",
+  "permissions": {
+    "required": [],
+    "optional": []
+  },
+  "network": {
+    "whitelist": [
+      {
+        "scheme": "https",
+        "host": "example.org",
+        "required": true
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "files": []
+}
diff --git a/src-tauri/test-apps/sage-storage-isolation-incognito/app.js b/src-tauri/test-apps/sage-storage-isolation-incognito/app.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e886524ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/test-apps/sage-storage-isolation-incognito/app.js
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+(async () => {
+  const params = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);
+  const runId = params.get('runId');
+
+  if (!runId) {
+    throw new Error('missing runId');
+  }
+
+  const LOCAL_STORAGE_KEY = 'sage_probe_local_storage';
+  const COOKIE_KEY = 'sage_probe_cookie';
+  const DB_NAME = 'sage_probe_db';
+  const STORE_NAME = 'probe_store';
+  const DB_KEY = 'sage_probe_key';
+
+  async function readIndexedDbProbe() {
+    try {
+      return await new Promise((resolve) => {
+        const open = indexedDB.open(DB_NAME);
+
+        open.onerror = () => resolve(false);
+
+        open.onupgradeneeded = () => {
+          try {
+            const db = open.result;
+            if (!db.objectStoreNames.contains(STORE_NAME)) {
+              db.createObjectStore(STORE_NAME);
+            }
+          } catch {
+            //
+          }
+        };
+
+        open.onsuccess = () => {
+          try {
+            const db = open.result;
+
+            if (!db.objectStoreNames.contains(STORE_NAME)) {
+              db.close();
+              resolve(false);
+              return;
+            }
+
+            const tx = db.transaction(STORE_NAME, 'readonly');
+            const store = tx.objectStore(STORE_NAME);
+            const req = store.get(DB_KEY);
+
+            req.onerror = () => {
+              db.close();
+              resolve(false);
+            };
+
+            req.onsuccess = () => {
+              db.close();
+              resolve(typeof req.result === 'string' && req.result.length > 0);
+            };
+          } catch {
+            resolve(false);
+          }
+        };
+      });
+    } catch {
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  async function report(body) {
+    const response = await fetch('sage-app://__sandbox/report/isolation', {
+      method: 'POST',
+      headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+      body: JSON.stringify(body),
+    });
+
+    if (!response.ok) {
+      throw new Error(`report failed with status ${response.status}`);
+    }
+  }
+
+  let localStorageVisible = false;
+  let cookieVisible = false;
+  let indexedDbVisible = false;
+  let error = null;
+
+  try {
+    try {
+      const value = localStorage.getItem(LOCAL_STORAGE_KEY);
+      localStorageVisible = typeof value === 'string' && value.length > 0;
+    } catch {
+      localStorageVisible = false;
+    }
+
+    try {
+      cookieVisible = document.cookie
+        .split(';')
+        .map((part) => part.trim())
+        .some((part) => part.startsWith(`${COOKIE_KEY}=`));
+    } catch {
+      cookieVisible = false;
+    }
+
+    indexedDbVisible = await readIndexedDbProbe();
+  } catch (err) {
+    error = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err);
+  }
+
+  await report({
+    runId,
+    mode: 'incognito',
+    persistentStorage: false,
+    localStorageVisible,
+    cookieVisible,
+    indexedDbVisible,
+    error,
+  });
+})().catch(async (err) => {
+  try {
+    const params = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);
+    await fetch('sage-app://__sandbox/report/isolation', {
+      method: 'POST',
+      headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+      body: JSON.stringify({
+        runId: params.get('runId'),
+        mode: 'incognito',
+        persistentStorage: false,
+        localStorageVisible: false,
+        cookieVisible: false,
+        indexedDbVisible: false,
+        error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
+      }),
+    });
+  } catch {
+    //
+  }
+});
diff --git a/src-tauri/test-apps/sage-storage-isolation-incognito/index.html b/src-tauri/test-apps/sage-storage-isolation-incognito/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d319f3964
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/test-apps/sage-storage-isolation-incognito/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<html>
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8" />
+  <title>Sage Storage Isolation Incognito</title>
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
+</head>
+<body>
+<script src="./app.js"></script>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/src-tauri/test-apps/sage-storage-isolation-incognito/sage-manifest.json b/src-tauri/test-apps/sage-storage-isolation-incognito/sage-manifest.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5028c2c2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/test-apps/sage-storage-isolation-incognito/sage-manifest.json
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+{
+  "name": "Sage Storage Isolation Incognito",
+  "version": "1.0.0",
+  "permissions": {
+    "required": [],
+    "optional": []
+  },
+  "files": []
+}
+
diff --git a/src-tauri/test-apps/sage-storage-isolation-persistent/app.js b/src-tauri/test-apps/sage-storage-isolation-persistent/app.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fffe644a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/test-apps/sage-storage-isolation-persistent/app.js
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+(async () => {
+  const params = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);
+  const runId = params.get('runId');
+
+  if (!runId) {
+    throw new Error('missing runId');
+  }
+
+  const LOCAL_STORAGE_KEY = 'sage_probe_local_storage';
+  const COOKIE_KEY = 'sage_probe_cookie';
+  const DB_NAME = 'sage_probe_db';
+  const STORE_NAME = 'probe_store';
+  const DB_KEY = 'sage_probe_key';
+
+  async function readIndexedDbProbe() {
+    try {
+      return await new Promise((resolve) => {
+        const open = indexedDB.open(DB_NAME);
+
+        open.onerror = () => resolve(false);
+
+        open.onupgradeneeded = () => {
+          try {
+            const db = open.result;
+            if (!db.objectStoreNames.contains(STORE_NAME)) {
+              db.createObjectStore(STORE_NAME);
+            }
+          } catch {
+            //
+          }
+        };
+
+        open.onsuccess = () => {
+          try {
+            const db = open.result;
+
+            if (!db.objectStoreNames.contains(STORE_NAME)) {
+              db.close();
+              resolve(false);
+              return;
+            }
+
+            const tx = db.transaction(STORE_NAME, 'readonly');
+            const store = tx.objectStore(STORE_NAME);
+            const req = store.get(DB_KEY);
+
+            req.onerror = () => {
+              db.close();
+              resolve(false);
+            };
+
+            req.onsuccess = () => {
+              db.close();
+              resolve(typeof req.result === 'string' && req.result.length > 0);
+            };
+          } catch {
+            resolve(false);
+          }
+        };
+      });
+    } catch {
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  async function report(body) {
+    const response = await fetch('sage-app://__sandbox/report/isolation', {
+      method: 'POST',
+      headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+      body: JSON.stringify(body),
+    });
+
+    if (!response.ok) {
+      throw new Error(`report failed with status ${response.status}`);
+    }
+  }
+
+  let localStorageVisible = false;
+  let cookieVisible = false;
+  let indexedDbVisible = false;
+  let error = null;
+
+  try {
+    try {
+      const value = localStorage.getItem(LOCAL_STORAGE_KEY);
+      localStorageVisible = typeof value === 'string' && value.length > 0;
+    } catch {
+      localStorageVisible = false;
+    }
+
+    try {
+      cookieVisible = document.cookie
+        .split(';')
+        .map((part) => part.trim())
+        .some((part) => part.startsWith(`${COOKIE_KEY}=`));
+    } catch {
+      cookieVisible = false;
+    }
+
+    indexedDbVisible = await readIndexedDbProbe();
+  } catch (err) {
+    error = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err);
+  }
+
+  await report({
+    runId,
+    mode: 'persistent',
+    persistentStorage: true,
+    localStorageVisible,
+    cookieVisible,
+    indexedDbVisible,
+    error,
+  });
+})().catch(async (err) => {
+  try {
+    const params = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);
+    await fetch('sage-app://__sandbox/report/isolation', {
+      method: 'POST',
+      headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+      body: JSON.stringify({
+        runId: params.get('runId'),
+        mode: 'persistent',
+        persistentStorage: true,
+        localStorageVisible: false,
+        cookieVisible: false,
+        indexedDbVisible: false,
+        error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
+      }),
+    });
+  } catch {
+    //
+  }
+});
diff --git a/src-tauri/test-apps/sage-storage-isolation-persistent/index.html b/src-tauri/test-apps/sage-storage-isolation-persistent/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c5b5866b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/test-apps/sage-storage-isolation-persistent/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<html>
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8" />
+  <title>Sage Storage Isolation Persistent</title>
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
+</head>
+<body>
+<script src="./app.js"></script>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/src-tauri/test-apps/sage-storage-isolation-persistent/sage-manifest.json b/src-tauri/test-apps/sage-storage-isolation-persistent/sage-manifest.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4f605c685
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/test-apps/sage-storage-isolation-persistent/sage-manifest.json
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+{
+  "name": "Sage Storage Isolation Persistent",
+  "version": "1.0.0",
+  "permissions": {
+    "required": ["persistent_storage"],
+    "optional": []
+  },
+  "files": []
+}
+
diff --git a/src-tauri/test-apps/storage-persistence-incognito/app.js b/src-tauri/test-apps/storage-persistence-incognito/app.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..43687a314
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/test-apps/storage-persistence-incognito/app.js
@@ -0,0 +1,251 @@
+(async () => {
+  const params = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);
+  const runId = params.get('runId');
+  const phase = params.get('phase');
+
+  if (!runId) {
+    throw new Error('missing runId');
+  }
+
+  if (phase !== 'write' && phase !== 'read') {
+    throw new Error('missing or invalid phase');
+  }
+
+  const LOCAL_STORAGE_KEY = `sandbox_persistence_local_storage:${runId}:incognito`;
+  const COOKIE_KEY = `sandbox_persistence_cookie_${runId}_incognito`;
+  const DB_NAME = `sandbox_persistence_db_${runId}_incognito`;
+  const STORE_NAME = 'probe_store';
+  const DB_KEY = 'probe_key';
+
+  async function writeIndexedDbValue() {
+    try {
+      return await new Promise((resolve) => {
+        const open = indexedDB.open(DB_NAME);
+
+        open.onerror = () => resolve(false);
+
+        open.onupgradeneeded = () => {
+          try {
+            const db = open.result;
+            if (!db.objectStoreNames.contains(STORE_NAME)) {
+              db.createObjectStore(STORE_NAME);
+            }
+          } catch {
+            //
+          }
+        };
+
+        open.onsuccess = () => {
+          try {
+            const db = open.result;
+            const tx = db.transaction(STORE_NAME, 'readwrite');
+            const store = tx.objectStore(STORE_NAME);
+            const req = store.put('present', DB_KEY);
+
+            req.onerror = () => {
+              db.close();
+              resolve(false);
+            };
+
+            req.onsuccess = () => {
+              tx.oncomplete = () => {
+                db.close();
+                resolve(true);
+              };
+
+              tx.onerror = () => {
+                db.close();
+                resolve(false);
+              };
+            };
+          } catch {
+            resolve(false);
+          }
+        };
+      });
+    } catch {
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  async function readIndexedDbValue() {
+    try {
+      return await new Promise((resolve) => {
+        const open = indexedDB.open(DB_NAME);
+
+        open.onerror = () => resolve(false);
+
+        open.onupgradeneeded = () => {
+          try {
+            const db = open.result;
+            if (!db.objectStoreNames.contains(STORE_NAME)) {
+              db.createObjectStore(STORE_NAME);
+            }
+          } catch {
+            //
+          }
+        };
+
+        open.onsuccess = () => {
+          try {
+            const db = open.result;
+
+            if (!db.objectStoreNames.contains(STORE_NAME)) {
+              db.close();
+              resolve(false);
+              return;
+            }
+
+            const tx = db.transaction(STORE_NAME, 'readonly');
+            const store = tx.objectStore(STORE_NAME);
+            const req = store.get(DB_KEY);
+
+            req.onerror = () => {
+              db.close();
+              resolve(false);
+            };
+
+            req.onsuccess = () => {
+              db.close();
+              resolve(req.result === 'present');
+            };
+          } catch {
+            resolve(false);
+          }
+        };
+      });
+    } catch {
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  async function report(path, body) {
+    const response = await fetch(path, {
+      method: 'POST',
+      headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+      body: JSON.stringify(body),
+    });
+
+    if (!response.ok) {
+      throw new Error(`report failed with status ${response.status}`);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (phase === 'write') {
+    let localStorageWrote = false;
+    let cookieWrote = false;
+    let indexedDbWrote = false;
+    let error = null;
+
+    try {
+      try {
+        localStorage.setItem(LOCAL_STORAGE_KEY, 'present');
+        localStorageWrote =
+          localStorage.getItem(LOCAL_STORAGE_KEY) === 'present';
+      } catch {
+        localStorageWrote = false;
+      }
+
+      try {
+        document.cookie = `${COOKIE_KEY}=present; path=/`;
+        cookieWrote = document.cookie
+          .split(';')
+          .map((part) => part.trim())
+          .some((part) => part === `${COOKIE_KEY}=present`);
+      } catch {
+        cookieWrote = false;
+      }
+
+      indexedDbWrote = await writeIndexedDbValue();
+    } catch (err) {
+      error = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err);
+    }
+
+    await report('sage-app://__sandbox/report/persistence-write', {
+      runId,
+      mode: 'incognito',
+      persistentStorage: false,
+      localStorageWrote,
+      cookieWrote,
+      indexedDbWrote,
+      error,
+    });
+
+    return;
+  }
+
+  let localStoragePresent = false;
+  let cookiePresent = false;
+  let indexedDbPresent = false;
+  let error = null;
+
+  try {
+    try {
+      localStoragePresent =
+        localStorage.getItem(LOCAL_STORAGE_KEY) === 'present';
+    } catch {
+      localStoragePresent = false;
+    }
+
+    try {
+      cookiePresent = document.cookie
+        .split(';')
+        .map((part) => part.trim())
+        .some((part) => part === `${COOKIE_KEY}=present`);
+    } catch {
+      cookiePresent = false;
+    }
+
+    indexedDbPresent = await readIndexedDbValue();
+  } catch (err) {
+    error = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err);
+  }
+
+  await report('sage-app://__sandbox/report/persistence-read', {
+    runId,
+    mode: 'incognito',
+    persistentStorage: false,
+    localStoragePresent,
+    cookiePresent,
+    indexedDbPresent,
+    error,
+  });
+})().catch(async (err) => {
+  try {
+    const params = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);
+    const phase = params.get('phase');
+
+    if (phase === 'write') {
+      await fetch('sage-app://__sandbox/report/persistence-write', {
+        method: 'POST',
+        headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+        body: JSON.stringify({
+          runId: params.get('runId'),
+          mode: 'incognito',
+          persistentStorage: false,
+          localStorageWrote: false,
+          cookieWrote: false,
+          indexedDbWrote: false,
+          error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
+        }),
+      });
+      return;
+    }
+
+    await fetch('sage-app://__sandbox/report/persistence-read', {
+      method: 'POST',
+      headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+      body: JSON.stringify({
+        runId: params.get('runId'),
+        mode: 'incognito',
+        persistentStorage: false,
+        localStoragePresent: false,
+        cookiePresent: false,
+        indexedDbPresent: false,
+        error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
+      }),
+    });
+  } catch {
+    //
+  }
+});
diff --git a/src-tauri/test-apps/storage-persistence-incognito/index.html b/src-tauri/test-apps/storage-persistence-incognito/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0889fcfeb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/test-apps/storage-persistence-incognito/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<html>
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8" />
+  <title>Storage Persistence Incognito</title>
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
+</head>
+<body>
+<script src="./app.js"></script>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/src-tauri/test-apps/storage-persistence-incognito/sage-manifest.json b/src-tauri/test-apps/storage-persistence-incognito/sage-manifest.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..05c2fc04b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/test-apps/storage-persistence-incognito/sage-manifest.json
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+{
+  "name": "Storage Persistence Incognito",
+  "version": "1.0.0",
+  "permissions": {
+    "required": [],
+    "optional": []
+  },
+  "files": []
+}
diff --git a/src-tauri/test-apps/storage-persistence-persistent/app.js b/src-tauri/test-apps/storage-persistence-persistent/app.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..72da8dd6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/test-apps/storage-persistence-persistent/app.js
@@ -0,0 +1,251 @@
+(async () => {
+  const params = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);
+  const runId = params.get('runId');
+  const phase = params.get('phase');
+
+  if (!runId) {
+    throw new Error('missing runId');
+  }
+
+  if (phase !== 'write' && phase !== 'read') {
+    throw new Error('missing or invalid phase');
+  }
+
+  const LOCAL_STORAGE_KEY = `sandbox_persistence_local_storage:${runId}:persistent`;
+  const COOKIE_KEY = `sandbox_persistence_cookie_${runId}_persistent`;
+  const DB_NAME = `sandbox_persistence_db_${runId}_persistent`;
+  const STORE_NAME = 'probe_store';
+  const DB_KEY = 'probe_key';
+
+  async function writeIndexedDbValue() {
+    try {
+      return await new Promise((resolve) => {
+        const open = indexedDB.open(DB_NAME);
+
+        open.onerror = () => resolve(false);
+
+        open.onupgradeneeded = () => {
+          try {
+            const db = open.result;
+            if (!db.objectStoreNames.contains(STORE_NAME)) {
+              db.createObjectStore(STORE_NAME);
+            }
+          } catch {
+            //
+          }
+        };
+
+        open.onsuccess = () => {
+          try {
+            const db = open.result;
+            const tx = db.transaction(STORE_NAME, 'readwrite');
+            const store = tx.objectStore(STORE_NAME);
+            const req = store.put('present', DB_KEY);
+
+            req.onerror = () => {
+              db.close();
+              resolve(false);
+            };
+
+            req.onsuccess = () => {
+              tx.oncomplete = () => {
+                db.close();
+                resolve(true);
+              };
+
+              tx.onerror = () => {
+                db.close();
+                resolve(false);
+              };
+            };
+          } catch {
+            resolve(false);
+          }
+        };
+      });
+    } catch {
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  async function readIndexedDbValue() {
+    try {
+      return await new Promise((resolve) => {
+        const open = indexedDB.open(DB_NAME);
+
+        open.onerror = () => resolve(false);
+
+        open.onupgradeneeded = () => {
+          try {
+            const db = open.result;
+            if (!db.objectStoreNames.contains(STORE_NAME)) {
+              db.createObjectStore(STORE_NAME);
+            }
+          } catch {
+            //
+          }
+        };
+
+        open.onsuccess = () => {
+          try {
+            const db = open.result;
+
+            if (!db.objectStoreNames.contains(STORE_NAME)) {
+              db.close();
+              resolve(false);
+              return;
+            }
+
+            const tx = db.transaction(STORE_NAME, 'readonly');
+            const store = tx.objectStore(STORE_NAME);
+            const req = store.get(DB_KEY);
+
+            req.onerror = () => {
+              db.close();
+              resolve(false);
+            };
+
+            req.onsuccess = () => {
+              db.close();
+              resolve(req.result === 'present');
+            };
+          } catch {
+            resolve(false);
+          }
+        };
+      });
+    } catch {
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  async function report(path, body) {
+    const response = await fetch(path, {
+      method: 'POST',
+      headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+      body: JSON.stringify(body),
+    });
+
+    if (!response.ok) {
+      throw new Error(`report failed with status ${response.status}`);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (phase === 'write') {
+    let localStorageWrote = false;
+    let cookieWrote = false;
+    let indexedDbWrote = false;
+    let error = null;
+
+    try {
+      try {
+        localStorage.setItem(LOCAL_STORAGE_KEY, 'present');
+        localStorageWrote =
+          localStorage.getItem(LOCAL_STORAGE_KEY) === 'present';
+      } catch {
+        localStorageWrote = false;
+      }
+
+      try {
+        document.cookie = `${COOKIE_KEY}=present; path=/`;
+        cookieWrote = document.cookie
+          .split(';')
+          .map((part) => part.trim())
+          .some((part) => part === `${COOKIE_KEY}=present`);
+      } catch {
+        cookieWrote = false;
+      }
+
+      indexedDbWrote = await writeIndexedDbValue();
+    } catch (err) {
+      error = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err);
+    }
+
+    await report('sage-app://__sandbox/report/persistence-write', {
+      runId,
+      mode: 'persistent',
+      persistentStorage: true,
+      localStorageWrote,
+      cookieWrote,
+      indexedDbWrote,
+      error,
+    });
+
+    return;
+  }
+
+  let localStoragePresent = false;
+  let cookiePresent = false;
+  let indexedDbPresent = false;
+  let error = null;
+
+  try {
+    try {
+      localStoragePresent =
+        localStorage.getItem(LOCAL_STORAGE_KEY) === 'present';
+    } catch {
+      localStoragePresent = false;
+    }
+
+    try {
+      cookiePresent = document.cookie
+        .split(';')
+        .map((part) => part.trim())
+        .some((part) => part === `${COOKIE_KEY}=present`);
+    } catch {
+      cookiePresent = false;
+    }
+
+    indexedDbPresent = await readIndexedDbValue();
+  } catch (err) {
+    error = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err);
+  }
+
+  await report('sage-app://__sandbox/report/persistence-read', {
+    runId,
+    mode: 'persistent',
+    persistentStorage: true,
+    localStoragePresent,
+    cookiePresent,
+    indexedDbPresent,
+    error,
+  });
+})().catch(async (err) => {
+  try {
+    const params = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);
+    const phase = params.get('phase');
+
+    if (phase === 'write') {
+      await fetch('sage-app://__sandbox/report/persistence-write', {
+        method: 'POST',
+        headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+        body: JSON.stringify({
+          runId: params.get('runId'),
+          mode: 'persistent',
+          persistentStorage: true,
+          localStorageWrote: false,
+          cookieWrote: false,
+          indexedDbWrote: false,
+          error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
+        }),
+      });
+      return;
+    }
+
+    await fetch('sage-app://__sandbox/report/persistence-read', {
+      method: 'POST',
+      headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+      body: JSON.stringify({
+        runId: params.get('runId'),
+        mode: 'persistent',
+        persistentStorage: true,
+        localStoragePresent: false,
+        cookiePresent: false,
+        indexedDbPresent: false,
+        error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
+      }),
+    });
+  } catch {
+    //
+  }
+});
diff --git a/src-tauri/test-apps/storage-persistence-persistent/index.html b/src-tauri/test-apps/storage-persistence-persistent/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..badde9615
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/test-apps/storage-persistence-persistent/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<html>
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8" />
+  <title>Storage Persistence Persistent</title>
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
+</head>
+<body>
+<script src="./app.js"></script>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/src-tauri/test-apps/storage-persistence-persistent/sage-manifest.json b/src-tauri/test-apps/storage-persistence-persistent/sage-manifest.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5604b6e82
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/test-apps/storage-persistence-persistent/sage-manifest.json
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+{
+  "name": "Storage Persistence Persistent",
+  "version": "1.0.0",
+  "permissions": {
+    "required": ["persistent_storage"],
+    "optional": []
+  },
+  "files": []
+}
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index 0d019c441..f55032f11 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -377,6 +377,9 @@ async installAppUrl(appUrl: string, grantedPermissions: string[]) : Promise<Inst
 async uninstallApp(appId: string) : Promise<null> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("uninstall_app", { appId });
 },
+async getBuiltinTestApp(appId: string) : Promise<InstalledSageApp | null> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("get_builtin_test_app", { appId });
+},
 async checkAppUpdate(appId: string) : Promise<SageAppUrlPreview | null> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("check_app_update", { appId });
 },
@@ -392,8 +395,17 @@ async appsUpdatePermissions(appId: string, grantedPermissions: string[]) : Promi
 async sandboxResetRun(runId: string) : Promise<null> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("sandbox_reset_run", { runId });
 },
-async sandboxGetRunResults(runId: string) : Promise<SandboxIsolationProbeResult[]> {
-    return await TAURI_INVOKE("sandbox_get_run_results", { runId });
+async sandboxGetIsolationResults(runId: string) : Promise<SandboxIsolationProbeResult[]> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("sandbox_get_isolation_results", { runId });
+},
+async sandboxGetPersistenceWriteResults(runId: string) : Promise<SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult[]> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("sandbox_get_persistence_write_results", { runId });
+},
+async sandboxGetPersistenceReadResults(runId: string) : Promise<SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult[]> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("sandbox_get_persistence_read_results", { runId });
+},
+async sandboxGetNetworkResults(runId: string) : Promise<SandboxNetworkProbeResult[]> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("sandbox_get_network_results", { runId });
 }
 }
 
@@ -2205,6 +2217,9 @@ export type SageAppUrlPreview = { appUrl: string; manifestUrl: string; manifestH
 export type SageNetworkPermissions = { whitelist?: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[] }
 export type SageNetworkWhitelistEntry = { scheme: string; host: string; required?: boolean }
 export type SandboxIsolationProbeResult = { runId: string; mode: string; persistentStorage: boolean; localStorageVisible: boolean; cookieVisible: boolean; indexedDbVisible: boolean; error: string | null }
+export type SandboxNetworkProbeResult = { runId: string; mode: string; allowedUrl: string; blockedUrl: string; allowedOk: boolean; blockedOk: boolean; error: string | null }
+export type SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult = { runId: string; mode: string; persistentStorage: boolean; localStoragePresent: boolean; cookiePresent: boolean; indexedDbPresent: boolean; error: string | null }
+export type SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult = { runId: string; mode: string; persistentStorage: boolean; localStorageWrote: boolean; cookieWrote: boolean; indexedDbWrote: boolean; error: string | null }
 /**
  * Save a theme NFT to the wallet
  */
diff --git a/src/hooks/useAppRuntimes.ts b/src/hooks/useAppRuntimes.ts
index 809d0aeef..64e2d8242 100644
--- a/src/hooks/useAppRuntimes.ts
+++ b/src/hooks/useAppRuntimes.ts
@@ -5,15 +5,21 @@ import {
   type SageAppRuntimeRecord,
 } from '@/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry';
 
-export function useAppRuntimes() {
-  const [runtimes, setRuntimes] = useState<SageAppRuntimeRecord[]>(() =>
-    listAppRuntimes(),
-  );
+export function useAppRuntimes(options?: { includeInternal?: boolean }) {
+  const includeInternal = options?.includeInternal ?? false;
+
+  const [runtimes, setRuntimes] = useState<SageAppRuntimeRecord[]>(() => {
+    const all = listAppRuntimes();
+    return includeInternal ? all : all.filter((runtime) => !runtime.internal);
+  });
 
   useEffect(() => {
-    return subscribeAppRuntimes(setRuntimes);
-  }, []);
+    return subscribeAppRuntimes((next) => {
+      setRuntimes(
+        includeInternal ? next : next.filter((runtime) => !runtime.internal),
+      );
+    });
+  }, [includeInternal]);
 
   return runtimes;
 }
-
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/openAppWindow.ts b/src/lib/apps/openAppWindow.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 143d7db9b..000000000
--- a/src/lib/apps/openAppWindow.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
-import { WebviewWindow } from '@tauri-apps/api/webviewWindow';
-
-export async function openAppWindow(appId: string, appName: string) {
-  const label = `app-${appId}`;
-
-  const existing = await WebviewWindow.getByLabel(label);
-  if (existing) {
-    await existing.setFocus();
-    return;
-  }
-
-  const win = new WebviewWindow(label, {
-    url: `sage-app://${appId}/index.html`,
-    title: appName,
-    width: 1000,
-    height: 700,
-    resizable: true,
-  });
-
-  await win.once('tauri://created', async () => {
-    await win.setFocus();
-  });
-}
-
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/registry.ts b/src/lib/apps/registry.ts
index a14ba08d4..bf0210c4b 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/registry.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/registry.ts
@@ -1,8 +1,28 @@
-import { InstalledSageApp } from '@/bindings.ts';
+import { invoke } from '@tauri-apps/api/core';
+import type { InstalledSageApp } from '@/bindings.ts';
 
-export const BUILTIN_APPS: InstalledSageApp[] = [];
+const builtinAppCache = new Map<string, InstalledSageApp | null>();
 
-export function getBuiltinApp(appId: string): InstalledSageApp | undefined {
-  return BUILTIN_APPS.find((app) => app.id === appId);
+export async function getBuiltinApp(
+  appId: string,
+): Promise<InstalledSageApp | undefined> {
+  if (builtinAppCache.has(appId)) {
+    return builtinAppCache.get(appId) ?? undefined;
+  }
+
+  const app = await invoke<InstalledSageApp | null>('get_builtin_test_app', {
+    appId,
+  });
+
+  builtinAppCache.set(appId, app);
+  return app ?? undefined;
 }
 
+export function clearBuiltinAppCache(appId?: string) {
+  if (appId) {
+    builtinAppCache.delete(appId);
+    return;
+  }
+
+  builtinAppCache.clear();
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/runSandboxTests.ts b/src/lib/apps/runSandboxTests.ts
index ec650e573..0a64a8590 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/runSandboxTests.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/runSandboxTests.ts
@@ -1,11 +1,18 @@
 import { invoke } from '@tauri-apps/api/core';
-import { Webview } from '@tauri-apps/api/webview';
-import { getCurrentWindow } from '@tauri-apps/api/window';
+import { TEST_APP_IDS } from '@/lib/apps/testApps';
 import {
-  buildIsolationOnlySandboxState,
-  type SandboxIsolationProbeResult,
-  type SandboxState,
+  startInternalInlineRuntime,
+  closeAppRuntime,
+} from '@/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry';
+import { getBuiltinApp } from '@/lib/apps/registry';
+import type {
+  SandboxIsolationProbeResult,
+  SandboxNetworkProbeResult,
+  SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult,
+  SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult,
+  SandboxState,
 } from '@/lib/apps/sandbox';
+import { buildCompletedSandboxState } from '@/lib/apps/sandbox';
 
 const PROBE_LOCAL_STORAGE_KEY = 'sage_probe_local_storage';
 const PROBE_COOKIE_KEY = 'sage_probe_cookie';
@@ -13,8 +20,8 @@ const PROBE_INDEXED_DB_NAME = 'sage_probe_db';
 const PROBE_INDEXED_DB_STORE = 'probe_store';
 const PROBE_INDEXED_DB_KEY = 'sage_probe_key';
 
-function uniqueRunId(): string {
-  return `sandbox-run-${Date.now()}-${Math.random().toString(36).slice(2)}`;
+function uniqueRunId(prefix: string): string {
+  return `${prefix}-${Date.now()}-${Math.random().toString(36).slice(2)}`;
 }
 
 async function writeSageProbeIndexedDb(runId: string): Promise<void> {
@@ -37,7 +44,6 @@ async function writeSageProbeIndexedDb(runId: string): Promise<void> {
         const db = open.result;
         const tx = db.transaction(PROBE_INDEXED_DB_STORE, 'readwrite');
         const store = tx.objectStore(PROBE_INDEXED_DB_STORE);
-
         const put = store.put(runId, PROBE_INDEXED_DB_KEY);
 
         put.onerror = () => {
@@ -71,196 +77,472 @@ async function writeSageProbes(runId: string): Promise<void> {
   await writeSageProbeIndexedDb(runId);
 }
 
-async function waitForWebviewCreated(webview: Webview): Promise<void> {
-  await new Promise<void>((resolve, reject) => {
-    let unlistenCreated: (() => void) | null = null;
-    let unlistenError: (() => void) | null = null;
-
-    const cleanup = () => {
-      try {
-        unlistenCreated?.();
-      } catch {
-        // ignore
-      }
+async function startTestApp(
+  appId: string,
+  query?: Record<string, string>,
+): Promise<void> {
+  const app = await getBuiltinApp(appId);
+  if (!app) {
+    throw new Error(`Missing builtin test app ${appId}`);
+  }
 
-      try {
-        unlistenError?.();
-      } catch {
-        // ignore
-      }
-    };
+  await startInternalInlineRuntime(app, { query });
+}
 
-    void (async () => {
-      try {
-        unlistenCreated = await webview.once('tauri://created', () => {
-          cleanup();
-          resolve();
-        });
-
-        unlistenError = await webview.once('tauri://error', (event) => {
-          cleanup();
-          const payload =
-            typeof event.payload === 'string'
-              ? event.payload
-              : JSON.stringify(event.payload);
-          reject(new Error(payload));
-        });
-      } catch (err) {
-        cleanup();
-        reject(err instanceof Error ? err : new Error(String(err)));
-      }
-    })();
-  });
+async function stopTestApps(appIds: string[]): Promise<void> {
+  await Promise.allSettled(appIds.map((appId) => closeAppRuntime(appId)));
 }
 
-async function waitForWebviewClosed(
-  label: string,
-  timeoutMs = 8000,
-): Promise<void> {
+async function pollResults<T>(
+  command: string,
+  runId: string,
+  expectedCount: number,
+  timeoutMs: number,
+): Promise<T[]> {
   const startedAt = Date.now();
 
   for (;;) {
-    const live = await Webview.getByLabel(label).catch(() => null);
-    if (!live) {
-      return;
+    const results = await invoke<T[]>(command, { runId });
+
+    if (results.length >= expectedCount) {
+      return results;
     }
 
     if (Date.now() - startedAt >= timeoutMs) {
-      throw new Error(`Timed out closing sandbox probe webview ${label}`);
+      throw new Error(`Timed out waiting for ${command} results.`);
     }
 
     await new Promise((resolve) => window.setTimeout(resolve, 100));
   }
 }
 
-async function openProbeWebview(args: {
-  label: string;
-  runId: string;
-  mode: 'incognito' | 'persistent';
-  persistentStorage: boolean;
-}): Promise<Webview> {
-  const hostWindow = getCurrentWindow();
-
-  const stale = await Webview.getByLabel(args.label).catch(() => null);
-  if (stale) {
-    try {
-      await stale.close();
-    } catch {
-      // ignore
-    }
-    await waitForWebviewClosed(args.label);
-  }
-
-  const url = `sage-app://__sandbox/isolation-check?runId=${encodeURIComponent(
-    args.runId,
-  )}&mode=${encodeURIComponent(args.mode)}&persistentStorage=${
-    args.persistentStorage ? '1' : '0'
-  }`;
-
-  const webview = new Webview(hostWindow, args.label, {
-    url,
-    x: 0,
-    y: 0,
-    width: 1,
-    height: 1,
-    focus: false,
-    incognito: !args.persistentStorage,
-  });
+async function runIsolationTest(): Promise<{
+  passed: boolean;
+  details: string | null;
+}> {
+  const runId = uniqueRunId('sandbox-isolation');
+  const appIds = [
+    TEST_APP_IDS.storageIsolationPersistent,
+    TEST_APP_IDS.storageIsolationIncognito,
+  ];
 
-  await waitForWebviewCreated(webview);
-  return webview;
-}
+  await invoke('sandbox_reset_run', { runId });
+  await stopTestApps(appIds);
+  await writeSageProbes(runId);
 
-async function pollIsolationResults(
-  runId: string,
-  timeoutMs = 10000,
-): Promise<SandboxIsolationProbeResult[]> {
-  const startedAt = Date.now();
+  try {
+    await Promise.all([
+      startTestApp(TEST_APP_IDS.storageIsolationPersistent, { runId }),
+      startTestApp(TEST_APP_IDS.storageIsolationIncognito, { runId }),
+    ]);
 
-  for (;;) {
-    const results = await invoke<SandboxIsolationProbeResult[]>(
-      'sandbox_get_run_results',
-      { runId },
+    const results = await pollResults<SandboxIsolationProbeResult>(
+      'sandbox_get_isolation_results',
+      runId,
+      2,
+      10000,
     );
 
-    if (results.length >= 2) {
-      return results;
+    if (results.length !== 2) {
+      return {
+        passed: false,
+        details: `Expected 2 isolation probe results, got ${results.length}.`,
+      };
     }
 
-    if (Date.now() - startedAt >= timeoutMs) {
-      throw new Error('Timed out waiting for sandbox isolation probe results.');
+    const modes = new Set(results.map((result) => result.mode));
+    if (!modes.has('persistent') || !modes.has('incognito')) {
+      return {
+        passed: false,
+        details: 'Isolation probe returned incomplete or malformed mode set.',
+      };
     }
 
-    await new Promise((resolve) => window.setTimeout(resolve, 100));
+    for (const result of results) {
+      if (result.runId !== runId) {
+        return {
+          passed: false,
+          details: `Isolation probe ${result.mode} reported mismatched run id.`,
+        };
+      }
+
+      if (result.error) {
+        return {
+          passed: false,
+          details: `Isolation probe ${result.mode} reported error: ${result.error}`,
+        };
+      }
+
+      if (
+        result.localStorageVisible ||
+        result.cookieVisible ||
+        result.indexedDbVisible
+      ) {
+        return {
+          passed: false,
+          details: `Isolation probe ${result.mode} was able to observe Sage probe data.`,
+        };
+      }
+    }
+
+    return {
+      passed: true,
+      details:
+        'Both sandbox probe modes were unable to observe Sage probe data.',
+    };
+  } catch (err) {
+    return {
+      passed: false,
+      details: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
+    };
+  } finally {
+    await stopTestApps(appIds);
   }
 }
 
-export async function runSandboxTests(): Promise<SandboxState> {
-  const runId = uniqueRunId();
+async function runPersistenceTest(): Promise<{
+  persistentNormal: { passed: boolean; details: string | null };
+  persistenceIncognito: { passed: boolean; details: string | null };
+}> {
+  const runId = uniqueRunId('sandbox-persistence');
+  const appIds = [
+    TEST_APP_IDS.persistencePersistent,
+    TEST_APP_IDS.persistenceIncognito,
+  ];
 
-  await writeSageProbes(runId);
   await invoke('sandbox_reset_run', { runId });
-
-  const incognitoLabel = `sandbox-probe-incognito-${runId}`;
-  const persistentLabel = `sandbox-probe-persistent-${runId}`;
-
-  let incognitoWebview: Webview | null = null;
-  let persistentWebview: Webview | null = null;
+  await stopTestApps(appIds);
 
   try {
-    [incognitoWebview, persistentWebview] = await Promise.all([
-      openProbeWebview({
-        label: incognitoLabel,
+    await Promise.all([
+      startTestApp(TEST_APP_IDS.persistencePersistent, {
         runId,
-        mode: 'incognito',
-        persistentStorage: false,
+        phase: 'write',
       }),
-      openProbeWebview({
-        label: persistentLabel,
+      startTestApp(TEST_APP_IDS.persistenceIncognito, {
         runId,
-        mode: 'persistent',
-        persistentStorage: true,
+        phase: 'write',
       }),
     ]);
 
-    const results = await pollIsolationResults(runId);
-
-    const failed = results.find(
-      (result) =>
-        result.localStorageVisible ||
-        result.cookieVisible ||
-        result.indexedDbVisible ||
-        !!result.error,
+    const writeResults = await pollResults<SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult>(
+      'sandbox_get_persistence_write_results',
+      runId,
+      2,
+      10000,
     );
 
-    if (failed) {
-      return buildIsolationOnlySandboxState(
-        false,
-        `Mode ${failed.mode} was able to observe Sage probe data or reported an error.`,
-      );
+    if (writeResults.length !== 2) {
+      const details = `Expected 2 persistence write results, got ${writeResults.length}.`;
+      return {
+        persistentNormal: { passed: false, details },
+        persistenceIncognito: { passed: false, details },
+      };
+    }
+
+    const persistentWrite = writeResults.find((r) => r.mode === 'persistent');
+    const incognitoWrite = writeResults.find((r) => r.mode === 'incognito');
+
+    if (!persistentWrite || !incognitoWrite) {
+      return {
+        persistentNormal: {
+          passed: false,
+          details: 'Missing persistent or incognito persistence write result.',
+        },
+        persistenceIncognito: {
+          passed: false,
+          details: 'Missing persistent or incognito persistence write result.',
+        },
+      };
+    }
+
+    if (persistentWrite.runId !== runId || incognitoWrite.runId !== runId) {
+      return {
+        persistentNormal: {
+          passed: false,
+          details: 'Persistence write probe reported mismatched run id.',
+        },
+        persistenceIncognito: {
+          passed: false,
+          details: 'Persistence write probe reported mismatched run id.',
+        },
+      };
     }
 
-    return buildIsolationOnlySandboxState(
-      true,
-      'Both sandbox probe modes were unable to observe Sage probe data.',
+    if (persistentWrite.error) {
+      return {
+        persistentNormal: {
+          passed: false,
+          details: `Persistent write probe reported error: ${persistentWrite.error}`,
+        },
+        persistenceIncognito: {
+          passed: false,
+          details: `Persistent write probe reported error: ${persistentWrite.error}`,
+        },
+      };
+    }
+
+    if (
+      !persistentWrite.localStorageWrote ||
+      !persistentWrite.cookieWrote ||
+      !persistentWrite.indexedDbWrote
+    ) {
+      return {
+        persistentNormal: {
+          passed: false,
+          details:
+            'Persistent write probe could not write all persistence surfaces.',
+        },
+        persistenceIncognito: {
+          passed: false,
+          details:
+            'Persistent write probe could not write all persistence surfaces.',
+        },
+      };
+    }
+
+    if (incognitoWrite.error) {
+      return {
+        persistentNormal: {
+          passed: false,
+          details: `Incognito write probe reported error: ${incognitoWrite.error}`,
+        },
+        persistenceIncognito: {
+          passed: false,
+          details: `Incognito write probe reported error: ${incognitoWrite.error}`,
+        },
+      };
+    }
+
+    if (
+      !incognitoWrite.localStorageWrote ||
+      !incognitoWrite.cookieWrote ||
+      !incognitoWrite.indexedDbWrote
+    ) {
+      return {
+        persistentNormal: {
+          passed: false,
+          details:
+            'Incognito write probe could not write all persistence surfaces.',
+        },
+        persistenceIncognito: {
+          passed: false,
+          details:
+            'Incognito write probe could not write all persistence surfaces.',
+        },
+      };
+    }
+
+    await stopTestApps(appIds);
+
+    await Promise.all([
+      startTestApp(TEST_APP_IDS.persistencePersistent, {
+        runId,
+        phase: 'read',
+      }),
+      startTestApp(TEST_APP_IDS.persistenceIncognito, {
+        runId,
+        phase: 'read',
+      }),
+    ]);
+
+    const readResults = await pollResults<SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult>(
+      'sandbox_get_persistence_read_results',
+      runId,
+      2,
+      10000,
     );
+
+    if (readResults.length !== 2) {
+      const details = `Expected 2 persistence read results, got ${readResults.length}.`;
+      return {
+        persistentNormal: { passed: false, details },
+        persistenceIncognito: { passed: false, details },
+      };
+    }
+
+    const persistentRead = readResults.find((r) => r.mode === 'persistent');
+    const incognitoRead = readResults.find((r) => r.mode === 'incognito');
+
+    if (!persistentRead || !incognitoRead) {
+      return {
+        persistentNormal: {
+          passed: false,
+          details: 'Missing persistent or incognito persistence read result.',
+        },
+        persistenceIncognito: {
+          passed: false,
+          details: 'Missing persistent or incognito persistence read result.',
+        },
+      };
+    }
+
+    if (persistentRead.runId !== runId || incognitoRead.runId !== runId) {
+      return {
+        persistentNormal: {
+          passed: false,
+          details: 'Persistence read probe reported mismatched run id.',
+        },
+        persistenceIncognito: {
+          passed: false,
+          details: 'Persistence read probe reported mismatched run id.',
+        },
+      };
+    }
+
+    const persistentPassed =
+      !persistentRead.error &&
+      persistentRead.localStoragePresent &&
+      persistentRead.cookiePresent &&
+      persistentRead.indexedDbPresent;
+
+    const incognitoPassed =
+      !incognitoRead.error &&
+      !incognitoRead.localStoragePresent &&
+      !incognitoRead.cookiePresent &&
+      !incognitoRead.indexedDbPresent;
+
+    return {
+      persistentNormal: {
+        passed: persistentPassed,
+        details: persistentPassed
+          ? 'Persistent mode retained localStorage, cookies, and IndexedDB across reopen.'
+          : persistentRead.error
+            ? `Persistent read probe reported error: ${persistentRead.error}`
+            : 'Persistent mode did not retain all persistence surfaces across reopen.',
+      },
+      persistenceIncognito: {
+        passed: incognitoPassed,
+        details: incognitoPassed
+          ? 'Incognito mode did not retain localStorage, cookies, or IndexedDB across reopen.'
+          : incognitoRead.error
+            ? `Incognito read probe reported error: ${incognitoRead.error}`
+            : 'Incognito mode retained browser data across reopen when it should not have.',
+      },
+    };
   } catch (err) {
-    return buildIsolationOnlySandboxState(
-      false,
-      err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
-    );
+    const message = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err);
+
+    return {
+      persistentNormal: { passed: false, details: message },
+      persistenceIncognito: { passed: false, details: message },
+    };
   } finally {
-    for (const entry of [incognitoWebview, persistentWebview]) {
-      if (!entry) {
-        continue;
+    await stopTestApps(appIds);
+  }
+}
+
+async function runNetworkTest(): Promise<{
+  passed: boolean;
+  details: string | null;
+}> {
+  const runId = uniqueRunId('sandbox-network');
+  const appIds = [TEST_APP_IDS.networkAllowA, TEST_APP_IDS.networkAllowB];
+
+  await invoke('sandbox_reset_run', { runId });
+  await stopTestApps(appIds);
+
+  try {
+    await Promise.all([
+      startTestApp(TEST_APP_IDS.networkAllowA, { runId }),
+      startTestApp(TEST_APP_IDS.networkAllowB, { runId }),
+    ]);
+
+    const results = await pollResults<SandboxNetworkProbeResult>(
+      'sandbox_get_network_results',
+      runId,
+      2,
+      12000,
+    );
+
+    if (results.length !== 2) {
+      return {
+        passed: false,
+        details: `Expected 2 network probe results, got ${results.length}.`,
+      };
+    }
+
+    const modes = new Set(results.map((result) => result.mode));
+    if (!modes.has('allow-a') || !modes.has('allow-b')) {
+      return {
+        passed: false,
+        details: 'Network probe returned incomplete or malformed mode set.',
+      };
+    }
+
+    for (const result of results) {
+      if (result.runId !== runId) {
+        return {
+          passed: false,
+          details: `Network probe ${result.mode} reported mismatched run id.`,
+        };
       }
 
-      try {
-        await entry.close();
-        await waitForWebviewClosed(entry.label, 8000);
-      } catch {
-        // ignore
+      if (result.error) {
+        return {
+          passed: false,
+          details: `Network probe ${result.mode} reported error: ${result.error}`,
+        };
+      }
+
+      if (!result.allowedOk) {
+        return {
+          passed: false,
+          details: `Network probe ${result.mode} could not reach its allowed URL ${result.allowedUrl}.`,
+        };
+      }
+
+      if (result.blockedOk) {
+        return {
+          passed: false,
+          details: `Network probe ${result.mode} was able to reach blocked URL ${result.blockedUrl}.`,
+        };
       }
     }
+
+    return {
+      passed: true,
+      details:
+        'Network allowlist probes succeeded for allowed URLs and failed for blocked URLs in both flipped configurations.',
+    };
+  } catch (err) {
+    return {
+      passed: false,
+      details: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
+    };
+  } finally {
+    await stopTestApps(appIds);
   }
 }
+
+export async function runSandboxTests(): Promise<SandboxState> {
+  const isolation = await runIsolationTest();
+
+  if (!isolation.passed) {
+    return buildCompletedSandboxState({
+      isolation,
+      persistenceNormal: {
+        passed: false,
+        details: 'Skipped because critical storage isolation baseline failed.',
+      },
+      persistenceIncognito: {
+        passed: false,
+        details: 'Skipped because critical storage isolation baseline failed.',
+      },
+      network: {
+        passed: false,
+        details: 'Skipped because critical storage isolation baseline failed.',
+      },
+    });
+  }
+
+  const persistence = await runPersistenceTest();
+  const network = await runNetworkTest();
+
+  return buildCompletedSandboxState({
+    isolation,
+    persistenceNormal: persistence.persistentNormal,
+    persistenceIncognito: persistence.persistenceIncognito,
+    network,
+  });
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts b/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
index 1fd1c13db..33d90ac7f 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ export interface SageAppRuntimeRecord {
   startedAt: number;
   lastActiveAt: number;
   visible: boolean;
+  internal: boolean;
   activeBatchCount: number;
   activeSocketCount: number;
   inFlightRequestCount: number;
@@ -77,6 +78,7 @@ function stripInternal(record: RuntimeInternalRecord): SageAppRuntimeRecord {
     startedAt: record.startedAt,
     lastActiveAt: record.lastActiveAt,
     visible: record.visible,
+    internal: record.internal,
     activeBatchCount: record.activeBatchCount,
     activeSocketCount: record.activeSocketCount,
     inFlightRequestCount: record.inFlightRequestCount,
@@ -169,6 +171,81 @@ async function waitForWebviewClosed(
   }
 }
 
+async function createInlineRuntime(
+  app: InstalledSageApp,
+  options?: {
+    visible?: boolean;
+    internal?: boolean;
+    query?: Record<string, string>;
+  },
+): Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecord> {
+  const hostWindow = getCurrentWindow();
+  const hostWebview = getCurrentWebview();
+
+  const webviewLabel = inlineLabelFor(app.id);
+
+  const url = new URL(`sage-app://${app.id}/index.html`);
+  for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(options?.query ?? {})) {
+    url.searchParams.set(key, value);
+  }
+  const entrySrc = url.toString();
+
+  const staleWebview = await Webview.getByLabel(webviewLabel).catch(() => null);
+  if (staleWebview) {
+    try {
+      await staleWebview.close();
+    } catch {
+      //
+    }
+    await waitForWebviewClosed(webviewLabel, 8000);
+  }
+
+  const isIncognito = shouldUseIncognito(app);
+
+  const webview = new Webview(hostWindow, webviewLabel, {
+    url: entrySrc,
+    x: 0,
+    y: 0,
+    width: 1,
+    height: 1,
+    focus: !!options?.visible,
+    incognito: isIncognito,
+    dataStoreIdentifier: dataStoreIdFor(app.id),
+  });
+
+  await waitForWebviewCreated(webview);
+
+  if (!options?.visible) {
+    await webview.hide();
+  }
+
+  const runtimeId = runtimeIdFor(app.id);
+  const record: RuntimeInternalRecord = {
+    runtimeId,
+    appId: app.id,
+    appName: app.name,
+    entrySrc,
+    webviewLabel,
+    hostWindowLabel: hostWebview.label,
+    mode: 'inline',
+    state: options?.visible === false ? 'hidden' : 'running',
+    startedAt: Date.now(),
+    lastActiveAt: Date.now(),
+    visible: options?.visible ?? true,
+    internal: options?.internal ?? false,
+    activeBatchCount: 0,
+    activeSocketCount: 0,
+    inFlightRequestCount: 0,
+    webview,
+  };
+
+  runtimes.set(runtimeId, record);
+  runtimeByAppId.set(app.id, runtimeId);
+  emitChange();
+
+  return stripInternal(record);
+}
+
 export function subscribeAppRuntimes(listener: RuntimeListener): () => void {
   listeners.add(listener);
   listener(Array.from(runtimes.values()).map(stripInternal));
@@ -250,61 +327,23 @@ export async function ensureInlineRuntime(
     }
   }
 
-  const hostWindow = getCurrentWindow();
-  const hostWebview = getCurrentWebview();
-
-  const webviewLabel = inlineLabelFor(app.id);
-  const entrySrc = `sage-app://${app.id}/index.html`;
+  return createInlineRuntime(app, { visible: true, internal: false });
+}
 
-  const staleWebview = await Webview.getByLabel(webviewLabel).catch(() => null);
-  if (staleWebview) {
-    try {
-      await staleWebview.close();
-    } catch {
-      // ignore
-    }
-    await waitForWebviewClosed(webviewLabel, 8000);
+export async function startInternalInlineRuntime(
+  app: InstalledSageApp,
+  options?: { query?: Record<string, string> },
+): Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecord> {
+  const existingRuntimeId = runtimeByAppId.get(app.id);
+  if (existingRuntimeId) {
+    await closeAppRuntime(app.id, { timeoutMs: 8000 });
   }
-  const isIncognito = shouldUseIncognito(app);
-
-  const webviewOptions = {
-    url: entrySrc,
-    x: 0,
-    y: 0,
-    width: 1,
-    height: 1,
-    focus: true,
-    incognito: isIncognito,
-    dataStoreIdentifier: dataStoreIdFor(app.id),
-  };
-  const webview = new Webview(hostWindow, webviewLabel, webviewOptions);
-
-  await waitForWebviewCreated(webview);
 
-  const runtimeId = runtimeIdFor(app.id);
-  const record: RuntimeInternalRecord = {
-    runtimeId,
-    appId: app.id,
-    appName: app.name,
-    entrySrc,
-    webviewLabel,
-    hostWindowLabel: hostWebview.label,
-    mode: 'inline',
-    state: 'running',
-    startedAt: Date.now(),
-    lastActiveAt: Date.now(),
-    visible: true,
-    activeBatchCount: 0,
-    activeSocketCount: 0,
-    inFlightRequestCount: 0,
-    webview,
-  };
-
-  runtimes.set(runtimeId, record);
-  runtimeByAppId.set(app.id, runtimeId);
-  emitChange();
-
-  return stripInternal(record);
+  return createInlineRuntime(app, {
+    visible: false,
+    internal: true,
+    query: options?.query,
+  });
 }
 
 export async function clearAppRuntimeBrowsingData(
@@ -476,12 +515,12 @@ export async function killRuntime(appId: string) {
       runtimeId,
     });
   } catch {
-    // ignore
+    //
   }
 
   try {
     await closeAppRuntime(appId, { timeoutMs: 8000 });
   } catch {
-    // ignore
+    //
   }
 }
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/sandbox.ts b/src/lib/apps/sandbox.ts
index 4975932ac..fcf82bb3d 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/sandbox.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/sandbox.ts
@@ -42,6 +42,36 @@ export interface SandboxIsolationProbeResult {
   error: string | null;
 }
 
+export interface SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult {
+  runId: string;
+  mode: string;
+  persistentStorage: boolean;
+  localStorageWrote: boolean;
+  cookieWrote: boolean;
+  indexedDbWrote: boolean;
+  error: string | null;
+}
+
+export interface SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult {
+  runId: string;
+  mode: string;
+  persistentStorage: boolean;
+  localStoragePresent: boolean;
+  cookiePresent: boolean;
+  indexedDbPresent: boolean;
+  error: string | null;
+}
+
+export interface SandboxNetworkProbeResult {
+  runId: string;
+  mode: string;
+  allowedUrl: string;
+  blockedUrl: string;
+  allowedOk: boolean;
+  blockedOk: boolean;
+  error: string | null;
+}
+
 function makeCapabilityResult(
   status: SandboxCapabilityStatus,
   details: string | null = null,
@@ -74,52 +104,66 @@ export function buildRunningSandboxState(): SandboxState {
     finishedAt: null,
     capabilities: {
       storage_isolation_from_sage: makeCapabilityResult('running'),
-      storage_persistence_normal: makeCapabilityResult('pending'),
-      storage_non_persistence_incognito: makeCapabilityResult('pending'),
-      network_allowlist_enforced: makeCapabilityResult('pending'),
+      storage_persistence_normal: makeCapabilityResult('running'),
+      storage_non_persistence_incognito: makeCapabilityResult('running'),
+      network_allowlist_enforced: makeCapabilityResult('running'),
     },
   };
 }
 
-export function buildIsolationOnlySandboxState(
-  passed: boolean,
-  details: string | null,
-): SandboxState {
+export function buildCompletedSandboxState(args: {
+  isolation: { passed: boolean; details: string | null };
+  persistenceNormal: { passed: boolean; details: string | null };
+  persistenceIncognito: { passed: boolean; details: string | null };
+  network: { passed: boolean; details: string | null };
+}): SandboxState {
   const checkedAt = Date.now();
 
   return {
-    overallCriticalStatus: passed ? 'passed' : 'failed',
+    overallCriticalStatus: args.isolation.passed ? 'passed' : 'failed',
     startedAt: checkedAt,
     finishedAt: checkedAt,
     capabilities: {
       storage_isolation_from_sage: {
-        status: passed ? 'passed' : 'failed',
+        status: args.isolation.passed ? 'passed' : 'failed',
         checkedAt,
-        details,
+        details: args.isolation.details,
       },
       storage_persistence_normal: {
-        status: 'pending',
-        checkedAt: null,
-        details: 'Not implemented yet.',
+        status: args.persistenceNormal.passed ? 'passed' : 'failed',
+        checkedAt,
+        details: args.persistenceNormal.details,
       },
       storage_non_persistence_incognito: {
-        status: 'pending',
-        checkedAt: null,
-        details: 'Not implemented yet.',
+        status: args.persistenceIncognito.passed ? 'passed' : 'failed',
+        checkedAt,
+        details: args.persistenceIncognito.details,
       },
       network_allowlist_enforced: {
-        status: 'pending',
-        checkedAt: null,
-        details: 'Not implemented yet.',
+        status: args.network.passed ? 'passed' : 'failed',
+        checkedAt,
+        details: args.network.details,
       },
     },
   };
 }
 
 export function getRequiredSandboxCapabilities(
-  _app: InstalledSageApp,
+  app: InstalledSageApp,
 ): SandboxCapability[] {
-  return ['storage_isolation_from_sage'];
+  const required: SandboxCapability[] = ['storage_isolation_from_sage'];
+
+  if (app.grantedPermissions.includes('persistent_storage')) {
+    required.push('storage_persistence_normal');
+  } else {
+    required.push('storage_non_persistence_incognito');
+  }
+
+  if ((app.activeSnapshot.manifest.network?.whitelist?.length ?? 0) > 0) {
+    required.push('network_allowlist_enforced');
+  }
+
+  return required;
 }
 
 export function evaluateAppLaunchGate(
@@ -184,3 +228,4 @@ export function formatCapabilityLabel(capability: SandboxCapability): string {
       return 'network allowlist enforcement';
   }
 }
+
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/testApps.ts b/src/lib/apps/testApps.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..43d8c3b8f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/apps/testApps.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+export const TEST_APP_IDS = {
+  storageIsolationPersistent: '__sage_test_storage_isolation_persistent',
+  storageIsolationIncognito: '__sage_test_storage_isolation_incognito',
+  persistencePersistent: '__sage_test_persistence_persistent',
+  persistenceIncognito: '__sage_test_persistence_incognito',
+  networkAllowA: '__sage_test_network_allow_a',
+  networkAllowB: '__sage_test_network_allow_b',
+} as const;

From e42dafdeffb99731f1453f7660b10ef30af8062e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 17 Apr 2026 21:26:51 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 065/471] Integrate sandbox state management and enhance app
 launch gating:

- Added `SandboxContext` and `SandboxProvider` for state management.
- Introduced `useSandbox` and `useSandboxInternal` hooks for sandbox test handling.
- Implemented `getSandboxLaunchDecision` for app launch gating based on sandbox results.
- Updated `Apps` and `AppHost` pages to use new sandbox APIs and enforce launch restrictions.
- Refactored app-specific sandbox actions to dynamically re-run tests.
- Integrated `SandboxProvider` into application root for scoped sandbox state access.
---
 src-tauri/src/apps/protocol.rs  |  3 +-
 src/App.tsx                     | 13 +++++---
 src/contexts/SandboxContext.tsx | 21 +++++++++++++
 src/hooks/useSandbox.ts         | 55 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/lib/apps/sandboxPolicy.ts   | 52 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/pages/AppHost.tsx           | 41 ++++++++++--------------
 src/pages/Apps.tsx              | 37 +++++++++++++++++-----
 7 files changed, 183 insertions(+), 39 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/contexts/SandboxContext.tsx
 create mode 100644 src/hooks/useSandbox.ts
 create mode 100644 src/lib/apps/sandboxPolicy.ts

diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/protocol.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/protocol.rs
index 1816deb9b..dc456214a 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/protocol.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/protocol.rs
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ use crate::apps::{
     },
     snapshot::read_snapshot_file,
 };
+use crate::apps::builtin_apps::builtin_test_app_spec;
 
 fn build_blank_internal_response() -> AnyResult<Response<Vec<u8>>> {
     Response::builder()
@@ -161,7 +162,7 @@ pub fn handle_app_protocol_request(
         return handle_sandbox_protocol_request(app_handle, request);
     }
 
-    if build_builtin_test_app(host)?.is_some() {
+    if builtin_test_app_spec(host).is_some() {
         return handle_builtin_test_app_request(host, request);
     }
 
diff --git a/src/App.tsx b/src/App.tsx
index 95fab7a62..cd8a8da3d 100644
--- a/src/App.tsx
+++ b/src/App.tsx
@@ -62,6 +62,7 @@ import { AppHost } from '@/pages/AppHost.tsx';
 import { TaskManager } from '@/pages/TaskManager.tsx';
 import { AppsProvider } from '@/contexts/AppsContext.tsx';
 import { AppsWorkspace } from '@/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx';
+import { SandboxProvider } from '@/contexts/SandboxContext.tsx';
 
 // Theme-aware toast container component
 function ThemeAwareToastContainer() {
@@ -204,11 +205,13 @@ function AppInner() {
         <WalletProvider>
           <PeerProvider>
             <AppsProvider>
-              <WalletConnectProvider>
-                <PriceProvider>
-                  <RouterProvider router={router} />
-                </PriceProvider>
-              </WalletConnectProvider>
+              <SandboxProvider>
+                <WalletConnectProvider>
+                  <PriceProvider>
+                    <RouterProvider router={router} />
+                  </PriceProvider>
+                </WalletConnectProvider>
+              </SandboxProvider>
             </AppsProvider>
           </PeerProvider>
         </WalletProvider>
diff --git a/src/contexts/SandboxContext.tsx b/src/contexts/SandboxContext.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..496e98681
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/contexts/SandboxContext.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+import { createContext, useContext } from 'react';
+import { useSandboxInternal } from '@/hooks/useSandbox';
+
+const SandboxContext = createContext<ReturnType<
+  typeof useSandboxInternal
+> | null>(null);
+
+export function SandboxProvider({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
+  const value = useSandboxInternal();
+  return (
+    <SandboxContext.Provider value={value}>{children}</SandboxContext.Provider>
+  );
+}
+
+export function useSandbox() {
+  const value = useContext(SandboxContext);
+  if (!value) {
+    throw new Error('useSandbox must be used within SandboxProvider');
+  }
+  return value;
+}
diff --git a/src/hooks/useSandbox.ts b/src/hooks/useSandbox.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..632a619bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/hooks/useSandbox.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+import { useCallback, useEffect, useState } from 'react';
+import {
+  buildCompletedSandboxState,
+  buildInitialSandboxState,
+  buildRunningSandboxState,
+  type SandboxState,
+} from '@/lib/apps/sandbox';
+import { runSandboxTests } from '@/lib/apps/runSandboxTests';
+
+export function useSandboxInternal() {
+  const [sandboxState, setSandboxState] = useState<SandboxState>(
+    buildInitialSandboxState(),
+  );
+
+  const rerunSandboxTests = useCallback(async () => {
+    setSandboxState(buildRunningSandboxState());
+
+    try {
+      const result = await runSandboxTests();
+      setSandboxState(result);
+    } catch (err) {
+      const message = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err);
+
+      setSandboxState(
+        buildCompletedSandboxState({
+          isolation: {
+            passed: false,
+            details: message,
+          },
+          persistenceNormal: {
+            passed: false,
+            details: 'Skipped because sandbox run failed before completion.',
+          },
+          persistenceIncognito: {
+            passed: false,
+            details: 'Skipped because sandbox run failed before completion.',
+          },
+          network: {
+            passed: false,
+            details: 'Skipped because sandbox run failed before completion.',
+          },
+        }),
+      );
+    }
+  }, []);
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    void rerunSandboxTests();
+  }, [rerunSandboxTests]);
+
+  return {
+    sandboxState,
+    rerunSandboxTests,
+  };
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/sandboxPolicy.ts b/src/lib/apps/sandboxPolicy.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9282c33b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/apps/sandboxPolicy.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+import type { InstalledSageApp } from '@/bindings';
+import { evaluateAppLaunchGate, type SandboxState } from '@/lib/apps/sandbox';
+
+export interface SandboxLaunchDecision {
+  allowed: boolean;
+  title: string;
+  description: string;
+}
+
+export function getSandboxLaunchDecision(args: {
+  app: InstalledSageApp;
+  sandboxState: SandboxState | null | undefined;
+}): SandboxLaunchDecision {
+  const { app, sandboxState } = args;
+
+  if (!sandboxState) {
+    return {
+      allowed: false,
+      title: 'Sandbox tests are still running',
+      description:
+        'Apps are allowed to launch only when all required sandbox capabilities have passed.',
+    };
+  }
+
+  const gate = evaluateAppLaunchGate(app, sandboxState);
+
+  if (gate.allowed) {
+    return {
+      allowed: true,
+      title: 'Sandbox checks passed',
+      description: 'This app is allowed to launch.',
+    };
+  }
+
+  if (gate.kind === 'running') {
+    return {
+      allowed: false,
+      title: 'Sandbox tests are still running',
+      description:
+        gate.message ||
+        'Apps are allowed to launch only when all required sandbox capabilities have passed.',
+    };
+  }
+
+  return {
+    allowed: false,
+    title: 'Sandbox test failed',
+    description:
+      gate.message ||
+      'This app cannot be launched because a required sandbox capability failed.',
+  };
+}
diff --git a/src/pages/AppHost.tsx b/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
index 9ed73a45d..a82e54926 100644
--- a/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
 import { Alert, AlertDescription, AlertTitle } from '@/components/ui/alert';
-import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
 import { useRef } from 'react';
 import { useParams } from 'react-router-dom';
 import { useApps } from '@/contexts/AppsContext';
 import { useAppEmbeddedRuntime } from '@/hooks/useAppEmbeddedRuntime.ts';
 import { useAppsWorkspaceOutletContext } from '@/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx';
+import { useSandbox } from '@/contexts/SandboxContext';
+import { getSandboxLaunchDecision } from '@/lib/apps/sandboxPolicy';
 
 function AppNotFound() {
   return (
@@ -20,14 +21,20 @@ function AppNotFound() {
 export function AppHost() {
   const { appId = '' } = useParams();
   const containerRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement | null>(null);
-  const { getApp, getAppLaunchGate, rerunSandboxTests, loading } = useApps();
+  const { getApp, loading } = useApps();
   const { requestApproval } = useAppsWorkspaceOutletContext();
+  const { sandboxState } = useSandbox();
 
   const app = getApp(appId);
-  const gate = app ? getAppLaunchGate(app.id) : null;
+  const launchDecision = app
+    ? getSandboxLaunchDecision({
+        app,
+        sandboxState,
+      })
+    : null;
 
   useAppEmbeddedRuntime({
-    app: gate?.allowed ? app : null,
+    app: app && launchDecision?.allowed ? app : null,
     containerRef,
     requestApproval,
   });
@@ -47,32 +54,16 @@ export function AppHost() {
     return <AppNotFound />;
   }
 
-  if (gate && !gate.allowed) {
+  if (!launchDecision?.allowed) {
     return (
       <div className='mx-auto w-full max-w-4xl p-4 md:p-6'>
         <Alert>
           <AlertTitle>
-            {gate.kind === 'running'
-              ? 'Sandbox tests are still running'
-              : 'App launch is blocked'}
+            {launchDecision?.title ?? 'App launch blocked'}
           </AlertTitle>
-
-          <AlertDescription className='space-y-3'>
-            <div>
-              {gate.message ??
-                'This app cannot be launched until required sandbox tests pass.'}
-            </div>
-
-            <div>
-              <Button
-                variant='outline'
-                onClick={() => {
-                  void rerunSandboxTests();
-                }}
-              >
-                Re-run tests
-              </Button>
-            </div>
+          <AlertDescription>
+            {launchDecision?.description ??
+              'This app cannot be launched until required sandbox checks pass.'}
           </AlertDescription>
         </Alert>
       </div>
diff --git a/src/pages/Apps.tsx b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
index 5ac765e4d..3abf21c79 100644
--- a/src/pages/Apps.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@ import { LayoutGrid, Plus } from 'lucide-react';
 import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react';
 import { useNavigate } from 'react-router-dom';
 import { PermissionsEditor } from '@/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx';
+import { getSandboxLaunchDecision } from '@/lib/apps/sandboxPolicy.ts';
+import { useSandbox } from '@/contexts/SandboxContext.tsx';
 
 type InstalledEntry = ReturnType<typeof useApps>['apps'][number] & {
   kind: 'installed';
@@ -80,9 +82,6 @@ export function Apps() {
     uninstallApp,
     checkForUpdate,
     performAppUpdate,
-    getAppLaunchGate,
-    sandboxState,
-    rerunSandboxTests,
     updateAvailability,
     busyAppIds,
   } = useApps();
@@ -103,6 +102,7 @@ export function Apps() {
     () => apps.filter((entry) => entry.kind === 'corrupted'),
     [apps],
   );
+  const { sandboxState, rerunSandboxTests } = useSandbox();
 
   const contextMenuPreview = contextMenu
     ? updateAvailability[contextMenu.app.id]
@@ -348,6 +348,17 @@ export function Apps() {
               <LayoutGrid className='mr-2 h-4 w-4' />
               Task Manager
             </Button>
+            <Button
+              variant='outline'
+              disabled={sandboxState.overallCriticalStatus === 'running'}
+              onClick={() => {
+                void rerunSandboxTests();
+              }}
+            >
+              {sandboxState.overallCriticalStatus === 'running'
+                ? 'Running sandbox tests...'
+                : 'Re-run sandbox tests'}
+            </Button>
           </div>
         </div>
 
@@ -414,13 +425,25 @@ export function Apps() {
             <div className='grid grid-cols-2 gap-4 sm:grid-cols-3 md:grid-cols-4 lg:grid-cols-5 xl:grid-cols-6'>
               {installedApps.map((app) => {
                 const iconSrc = `sage-app://${app.id}/${app.iconFile}`;
-                const launchGate = getAppLaunchGate(app.id);
+                const launchGate = getSandboxLaunchDecision({
+                  app,
+                  sandboxState,
+                });
 
                 return (
                   <button
                     key={app.id}
                     type='button'
                     onClick={() => {
+                      const decision = getSandboxLaunchDecision({
+                        app,
+                        sandboxState,
+                      });
+
+                      if (!decision.allowed) {
+                        return;
+                      }
+
                       navigate(`/apps/${app.id}`);
                     }}
                     onContextMenu={(event) => {
@@ -473,11 +496,9 @@ export function Apps() {
                         v{app.version}
                       </div>
 
-                      {launchGate && !launchGate.allowed ? (
+                      {!launchGate.allowed ? (
                         <div className='mt-1 text-xs text-amber-600'>
-                          {launchGate.kind === 'running'
-                            ? 'Tests running'
-                            : 'Launch blocked'}
+                          {launchGate.title}
                         </div>
                       ) : null}
                     </div>

From 2876e004965d99cdb3fb79e447817feb69f6a96b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 17 Apr 2026 21:30:00 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 066/471] Improve error handling and reuse with
 `formatUnknownError` utility:

- Added `formatUnknownError` function for consistent and detailed error formatting.
- Updated error handling in `registry.ts`, `useSandbox.ts`, and `runSandboxTests.ts` to use the new utility.
- Enhanced readability and robustness of error-related code paths.
---
 src/hooks/useSandbox.ts         | 11 ++++++++++-
 src/lib/apps/registry.ts        | 23 ++++++++++++++++++++---
 src/lib/apps/runSandboxTests.ts | 20 ++++++++++++++++++--
 3 files changed, 48 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/hooks/useSandbox.ts b/src/hooks/useSandbox.ts
index 632a619bf..3942a8f49 100644
--- a/src/hooks/useSandbox.ts
+++ b/src/hooks/useSandbox.ts
@@ -19,7 +19,16 @@ export function useSandboxInternal() {
       const result = await runSandboxTests();
       setSandboxState(result);
     } catch (err) {
-      const message = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err);
+      const message =
+        err instanceof Error
+          ? err.message
+          : (() => {
+              try {
+                return JSON.stringify(err, null, 2);
+              } catch {
+                return String(err);
+              }
+            })();
 
       setSandboxState(
         buildCompletedSandboxState({
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/registry.ts b/src/lib/apps/registry.ts
index bf0210c4b..520ffe1c1 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/registry.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/registry.ts
@@ -10,9 +10,26 @@ export async function getBuiltinApp(
     return builtinAppCache.get(appId) ?? undefined;
   }
 
-  const app = await invoke<InstalledSageApp | null>('get_builtin_test_app', {
-    appId,
-  });
+  let app: InstalledSageApp | null;
+
+  try {
+    app = await invoke<InstalledSageApp | null>('get_builtin_test_app', {
+      appId,
+    });
+  } catch (err) {
+    const message =
+      err instanceof Error
+        ? err.message
+        : (() => {
+            try {
+              return JSON.stringify(err, null, 2);
+            } catch {
+              return String(err);
+            }
+          })();
+
+    throw new Error(`Failed to load builtin test app ${appId}: ${message}`);
+  }
 
   builtinAppCache.set(appId, app);
   return app ?? undefined;
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/runSandboxTests.ts b/src/lib/apps/runSandboxTests.ts
index 0a64a8590..09b87c888 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/runSandboxTests.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/runSandboxTests.ts
@@ -24,6 +24,22 @@ function uniqueRunId(prefix: string): string {
   return `${prefix}-${Date.now()}-${Math.random().toString(36).slice(2)}`;
 }
 
+function formatUnknownError(err: unknown): string {
+  if (err instanceof Error) {
+    return err.message;
+  }
+
+  if (typeof err === 'string') {
+    return err;
+  }
+
+  try {
+    return JSON.stringify(err, null, 2);
+  } catch {
+    return String(err);
+  }
+}
+
 async function writeSageProbeIndexedDb(runId: string): Promise<void> {
   await new Promise<void>((resolve, reject) => {
     const open = indexedDB.open(PROBE_INDEXED_DB_NAME);
@@ -193,7 +209,7 @@ async function runIsolationTest(): Promise<{
   } catch (err) {
     return {
       passed: false,
-      details: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
+      details: formatUnknownError(err),
     };
   } finally {
     await stopTestApps(appIds);
@@ -421,7 +437,7 @@ async function runPersistenceTest(): Promise<{
       },
     };
   } catch (err) {
-    const message = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err);
+    const message = formatUnknownError(err);
 
     return {
       persistentNormal: { passed: false, details: message },

From a74a9169cb10f24c7cf4fd031d6c30b548ebe8e0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 17 Apr 2026 21:31:48 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 067/471] Add placeholder icons for built-in test apps:

- Added `icon.svg` files for test apps: network allow scenarios (Allow-A, Allow-B), storage isolation (incognito, persistent), and persistence configurations.
---
 src-tauri/test-apps/network-allow-a/icon.svg                  | 4 ++++
 src-tauri/test-apps/network-allow-b/icon.svg                  | 4 ++++
 src-tauri/test-apps/sage-storage-isolation-incognito/icon.svg | 4 ++++
 .../test-apps/sage-storage-isolation-persistent/icon.svg      | 4 ++++
 src-tauri/test-apps/storage-persistence-incognito/icon.svg    | 4 ++++
 src-tauri/test-apps/storage-persistence-persistent/icon.svg   | 4 ++++
 6 files changed, 24 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/test-apps/network-allow-a/icon.svg
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/test-apps/network-allow-b/icon.svg
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/test-apps/sage-storage-isolation-incognito/icon.svg
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/test-apps/sage-storage-isolation-persistent/icon.svg
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/test-apps/storage-persistence-incognito/icon.svg
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/test-apps/storage-persistence-persistent/icon.svg

diff --git a/src-tauri/test-apps/network-allow-a/icon.svg b/src-tauri/test-apps/network-allow-a/icon.svg
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1f0dd22f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/test-apps/network-allow-a/icon.svg
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="64" height="64">
+    <rect width="64" height="64" fill="#111"/>
+    <text x="32" y="36" font-size="20" text-anchor="middle" fill="#fff">T</text>
+</svg>
diff --git a/src-tauri/test-apps/network-allow-b/icon.svg b/src-tauri/test-apps/network-allow-b/icon.svg
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1f0dd22f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/test-apps/network-allow-b/icon.svg
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="64" height="64">
+    <rect width="64" height="64" fill="#111"/>
+    <text x="32" y="36" font-size="20" text-anchor="middle" fill="#fff">T</text>
+</svg>
diff --git a/src-tauri/test-apps/sage-storage-isolation-incognito/icon.svg b/src-tauri/test-apps/sage-storage-isolation-incognito/icon.svg
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1f0dd22f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/test-apps/sage-storage-isolation-incognito/icon.svg
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="64" height="64">
+    <rect width="64" height="64" fill="#111"/>
+    <text x="32" y="36" font-size="20" text-anchor="middle" fill="#fff">T</text>
+</svg>
diff --git a/src-tauri/test-apps/sage-storage-isolation-persistent/icon.svg b/src-tauri/test-apps/sage-storage-isolation-persistent/icon.svg
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1f0dd22f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/test-apps/sage-storage-isolation-persistent/icon.svg
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="64" height="64">
+    <rect width="64" height="64" fill="#111"/>
+    <text x="32" y="36" font-size="20" text-anchor="middle" fill="#fff">T</text>
+</svg>
diff --git a/src-tauri/test-apps/storage-persistence-incognito/icon.svg b/src-tauri/test-apps/storage-persistence-incognito/icon.svg
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1f0dd22f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/test-apps/storage-persistence-incognito/icon.svg
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="64" height="64">
+    <rect width="64" height="64" fill="#111"/>
+    <text x="32" y="36" font-size="20" text-anchor="middle" fill="#fff">T</text>
+</svg>
diff --git a/src-tauri/test-apps/storage-persistence-persistent/icon.svg b/src-tauri/test-apps/storage-persistence-persistent/icon.svg
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1f0dd22f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/test-apps/storage-persistence-persistent/icon.svg
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="64" height="64">
+    <rect width="64" height="64" fill="#111"/>
+    <text x="32" y="36" font-size="20" text-anchor="middle" fill="#fff">T</text>
+</svg>

From 96487c50928028cdb1039ee9072558299b951250 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 17 Apr 2026 22:12:51 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 068/471] Migrate test apps to shared source structure and
 integrate bridge-based reporting:

- Consolidated test apps under a shared source directory (`test-apps-src`) for maintenance simplification.
- Replaced direct `fetch` calls with a unified `bridge.send` reporting mechanism for sandbox probes (storage, network, isolation).
- Introduced new Rust backend commands (`sandbox_bridge_send`) to handle bridge communication and probe data storage.
- Updated `build.rs` to materialize test apps dynamically from the shared source and ensure up-to-date builds.
- Removed unused legacy `sandbox_get_*results` commands and related bindings for cleaner backend code.
- Refactored frontend bindings to support bridge integration and maintain compatibility with the updated reporting structure.
---
 .gitignore                                    |   1 +
 src-tauri/build.rs                            | 137 +++++++++++++++++-
 src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox.rs                 | 114 ++++++++-------
 src-tauri/src/lib.rs                          |   5 +-
 src-tauri/test-apps-src/_shared/bridge.js     |   0
 .../_shared}/icon.svg                         |   0
 .../_shared}/index.html                       |   0
 .../network-allow-a/app.js                    |  47 +++---
 .../network-allow-a/sage-manifest.json        |   0
 .../network-allow-b/app.js                    |  47 +++---
 .../network-allow-b/sage-manifest.json        |   0
 .../sage-storage-isolation-incognito/app.js   |  47 +++---
 .../sage-manifest.json                        |   0
 .../sage-storage-isolation-persistent/app.js  |  47 +++---
 .../sage-manifest.json                        |   0
 .../storage-persistence-incognito/app.js      |  84 ++++++-----
 .../sage-manifest.json                        |   0
 .../storage-persistence-persistent/app.js     |  84 ++++++-----
 .../sage-manifest.json                        |   0
 src-tauri/test-apps/network-allow-b/icon.svg  |   4 -
 .../test-apps/network-allow-b/index.html      |  11 --
 .../sage-storage-isolation-incognito/icon.svg |   4 -
 .../index.html                                |  11 --
 .../icon.svg                                  |   4 -
 .../index.html                                |  11 --
 .../storage-persistence-incognito/icon.svg    |   4 -
 .../storage-persistence-incognito/index.html  |  11 --
 .../storage-persistence-persistent/icon.svg   |   4 -
 .../storage-persistence-persistent/index.html |  11 --
 src/bindings.ts                               |  15 +-
 src/lib/apps/bridge/index.ts                  |   1 +
 src/lib/apps/bridge/methods/system.ts         |  15 ++
 src/lib/apps/bridge/types.ts                  |  29 +++-
 33 files changed, 454 insertions(+), 294 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/test-apps-src/_shared/bridge.js
 rename src-tauri/{test-apps/network-allow-a => test-apps-src/_shared}/icon.svg (100%)
 rename src-tauri/{test-apps/network-allow-a => test-apps-src/_shared}/index.html (100%)
 rename src-tauri/{test-apps => test-apps-src}/network-allow-a/app.js (62%)
 rename src-tauri/{test-apps => test-apps-src}/network-allow-a/sage-manifest.json (100%)
 rename src-tauri/{test-apps => test-apps-src}/network-allow-b/app.js (62%)
 rename src-tauri/{test-apps => test-apps-src}/network-allow-b/sage-manifest.json (100%)
 rename src-tauri/{test-apps => test-apps-src}/sage-storage-isolation-incognito/app.js (77%)
 rename src-tauri/{test-apps => test-apps-src}/sage-storage-isolation-incognito/sage-manifest.json (100%)
 rename src-tauri/{test-apps => test-apps-src}/sage-storage-isolation-persistent/app.js (77%)
 rename src-tauri/{test-apps => test-apps-src}/sage-storage-isolation-persistent/sage-manifest.json (100%)
 rename src-tauri/{test-apps => test-apps-src}/storage-persistence-incognito/app.js (81%)
 rename src-tauri/{test-apps => test-apps-src}/storage-persistence-incognito/sage-manifest.json (100%)
 rename src-tauri/{test-apps => test-apps-src}/storage-persistence-persistent/app.js (81%)
 rename src-tauri/{test-apps => test-apps-src}/storage-persistence-persistent/sage-manifest.json (100%)
 delete mode 100644 src-tauri/test-apps/network-allow-b/icon.svg
 delete mode 100644 src-tauri/test-apps/network-allow-b/index.html
 delete mode 100644 src-tauri/test-apps/sage-storage-isolation-incognito/icon.svg
 delete mode 100644 src-tauri/test-apps/sage-storage-isolation-incognito/index.html
 delete mode 100644 src-tauri/test-apps/sage-storage-isolation-persistent/icon.svg
 delete mode 100644 src-tauri/test-apps/sage-storage-isolation-persistent/index.html
 delete mode 100644 src-tauri/test-apps/storage-persistence-incognito/icon.svg
 delete mode 100644 src-tauri/test-apps/storage-persistence-incognito/index.html
 delete mode 100644 src-tauri/test-apps/storage-persistence-persistent/icon.svg
 delete mode 100644 src-tauri/test-apps/storage-persistence-persistent/index.html

diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 13ee7f29c..f05450f63 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -28,3 +28,4 @@ target
 .env
 /test.sqlite*
 
+src-tauri/test-apps
diff --git a/src-tauri/build.rs b/src-tauri/build.rs
index 6ce22e224..2c800570a 100644
--- a/src-tauri/build.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/build.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 use glob::glob;
-use std::env;
+use std::{
+    env, fs, io,
+    path::{Path, PathBuf},
+};
 
 /// Adds a temporary workaround for an issue with the Rust compiler and Android
 /// in `x86_64` devices: <https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/109717>.
@@ -32,7 +35,139 @@ fn setup_x86_64_android_workaround() {
     }
 }
 
+fn copy_dir_recursive(src: &Path, dst: &Path) -> io::Result<()> {
+    if !src.exists() {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+
+    fs::create_dir_all(dst)?;
+
+    for entry in fs::read_dir(src)? {
+        let entry = entry?;
+        let file_type = entry.file_type()?;
+        let from = entry.path();
+        let to = dst.join(entry.file_name());
+
+        if file_type.is_dir() {
+            copy_dir_recursive(&from, &to)?;
+        } else if file_type.is_file() {
+            if let Some(parent) = to.parent() {
+                fs::create_dir_all(parent)?;
+            }
+            fs::copy(&from, &to)?;
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn remove_dir_if_exists(path: &Path) -> io::Result<()> {
+    if path.exists() {
+        fs::remove_dir_all(path)?;
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn list_subdirs(path: &Path) -> io::Result<Vec<PathBuf>> {
+    if !path.exists() {
+        return Ok(Vec::new());
+    }
+
+    let mut dirs = Vec::new();
+
+    for entry in fs::read_dir(path)? {
+        let entry = entry?;
+        if entry.file_type()?.is_dir() {
+            dirs.push(entry.path());
+        }
+    }
+
+    dirs.sort();
+    Ok(dirs)
+}
+
+fn print_rerun_if_changed_recursive(path: &Path) -> io::Result<()> {
+    if !path.exists() {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+
+    println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed={}", path.display());
+
+    if path.is_dir() {
+        for entry in fs::read_dir(path)? {
+            let entry = entry?;
+            print_rerun_if_changed_recursive(&entry.path())?;
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn build_test_apps() -> io::Result<()> {
+    let manifest_dir =
+        PathBuf::from(env::var("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR").expect("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR not set"));
+
+    let src_root = manifest_dir.join("test-apps-src");
+    let shared_dir = src_root.join("_shared");
+    let out_root = manifest_dir.join("test-apps");
+
+    print_rerun_if_changed_recursive(&src_root)?;
+
+    if !src_root.exists() {
+        // No source tree yet; nothing to build.
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+
+    fs::create_dir_all(&out_root)?;
+
+    let source_app_dirs = list_subdirs(&src_root)?;
+    let mut expected_output_names = Vec::new();
+
+    for app_src_dir in source_app_dirs {
+        let app_name = app_src_dir
+            .file_name()
+            .and_then(|s| s.to_str())
+            .expect("invalid test app source directory name")
+            .to_string();
+
+        if app_name == "_shared" {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        expected_output_names.push(app_name.clone());
+
+        let app_out_dir = out_root.join(&app_name);
+
+        remove_dir_if_exists(&app_out_dir)?;
+        fs::create_dir_all(&app_out_dir)?;
+
+        // First copy shared files.
+        copy_dir_recursive(&shared_dir, &app_out_dir)?;
+
+        // Then copy app-specific files on top so they override shared ones.
+        copy_dir_recursive(&app_src_dir, &app_out_dir)?;
+    }
+
+    // Remove stale generated app directories that no longer exist in source.
+    for existing_out_dir in list_subdirs(&out_root)? {
+        let out_name = existing_out_dir
+            .file_name()
+            .and_then(|s| s.to_str())
+            .expect("invalid generated test app directory name")
+            .to_string();
+
+        if !expected_output_names.iter().any(|name| name == &out_name) {
+            fs::remove_dir_all(&existing_out_dir)?;
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
 fn main() {
     setup_x86_64_android_workaround();
+
+    build_test_apps().expect("failed to build materialized test apps");
+
     tauri_build::build();
 }
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox.rs
index 338802ae8..1fefc4aab 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use std::{
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 use tauri::command;
-
+use crate::apps::builtin_apps::builtin_test_app_spec;
 use crate::error::Result;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
@@ -105,6 +105,69 @@ pub struct SandboxProbeStore {
     pub network: Mutex<HashMap<String, Vec<SandboxNetworkProbeResult>>>,
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize, specta::Type)]
+#[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "snake_case")]
+pub enum SandboxBridgeSendPayload {
+    SandboxReport {
+        report: SandboxBridgeReport,
+    },
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize, specta::Type)]
+#[serde(tag = "type", rename_all = "snake_case")]
+pub enum SandboxBridgeReport {
+    Isolation {
+        data: SandboxIsolationProbeResult,
+    },
+    PersistenceWrite {
+        data: SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult,
+    },
+    PersistenceRead {
+        data: SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult,
+    },
+    Network {
+        data: SandboxNetworkProbeResult,
+    },
+}
+
+#[command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn sandbox_bridge_send(
+    app_id: String,
+    payload: SandboxBridgeSendPayload,
+    store: tauri::State<'_, SandboxProbeStore>,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    if builtin_test_app_spec(&app_id).is_none() {
+        return Err(std::io::Error::other(format!(
+            "sandbox bridge send is allowed only for builtin test apps, got {}",
+            app_id
+        ))
+            .into());
+    }
+
+    match payload {
+        SandboxBridgeSendPayload::SandboxReport { report } => match report {
+            SandboxBridgeReport::Isolation { data } => {
+                store_isolation_probe_result(&store, data);
+            }
+
+            SandboxBridgeReport::PersistenceWrite { data } => {
+                store_persistence_write_probe_result(&store, data);
+            }
+
+            SandboxBridgeReport::PersistenceRead { data } => {
+                store_persistence_read_probe_result(&store, data);
+            }
+
+            SandboxBridgeReport::Network { data } => {
+                store_network_probe_result(&store, data);
+            }
+        },
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
 pub fn store_isolation_probe_result(
     store: &SandboxProbeStore,
     result: SandboxIsolationProbeResult,
@@ -187,52 +250,3 @@ pub async fn sandbox_reset_run(
 
     Ok(())
 }
-
-#[command]
-#[specta::specta]
-pub async fn sandbox_get_isolation_results(
-    run_id: String,
-    store: tauri::State<'_, SandboxProbeStore>,
-) -> Result<Vec<SandboxIsolationProbeResult>> {
-    let guard = store
-        .isolation
-        .lock()
-        .expect("sandbox isolation store poisoned");
-    Ok(guard.get(&run_id).cloned().unwrap_or_default())
-}
-
-#[command]
-#[specta::specta]
-pub async fn sandbox_get_persistence_write_results(
-    run_id: String,
-    store: tauri::State<'_, SandboxProbeStore>,
-) -> Result<Vec<SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult>> {
-    let guard = store
-        .persistence_write
-        .lock()
-        .expect("sandbox persistence write store poisoned");
-    Ok(guard.get(&run_id).cloned().unwrap_or_default())
-}
-
-#[command]
-#[specta::specta]
-pub async fn sandbox_get_persistence_read_results(
-    run_id: String,
-    store: tauri::State<'_, SandboxProbeStore>,
-) -> Result<Vec<SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult>> {
-    let guard = store
-        .persistence_read
-        .lock()
-        .expect("sandbox persistence read store poisoned");
-    Ok(guard.get(&run_id).cloned().unwrap_or_default())
-}
-
-#[command]
-#[specta::specta]
-pub async fn sandbox_get_network_results(
-    run_id: String,
-    store: tauri::State<'_, SandboxProbeStore>,
-) -> Result<Vec<SandboxNetworkProbeResult>> {
-    let guard = store.network.lock().expect("sandbox network store poisoned");
-    Ok(guard.get(&run_id).cloned().unwrap_or_default())
-}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
index 42ed0b63b..9f191781f 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
@@ -155,10 +155,7 @@ pub fn run() {
             apps::update::apply_app_update,
             apps::update::apps_update_permissions,
             apps::sandbox::sandbox_reset_run,
-            apps::sandbox::sandbox_get_isolation_results,
-            apps::sandbox::sandbox_get_persistence_write_results,
-            apps::sandbox::sandbox_get_persistence_read_results,
-            apps::sandbox::sandbox_get_network_results,
+            apps::sandbox::sandbox_bridge_send,
         ])
         .events(collect_events![SyncEvent]);
 
diff --git a/src-tauri/test-apps-src/_shared/bridge.js b/src-tauri/test-apps-src/_shared/bridge.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
diff --git a/src-tauri/test-apps/network-allow-a/icon.svg b/src-tauri/test-apps-src/_shared/icon.svg
similarity index 100%
rename from src-tauri/test-apps/network-allow-a/icon.svg
rename to src-tauri/test-apps-src/_shared/icon.svg
diff --git a/src-tauri/test-apps/network-allow-a/index.html b/src-tauri/test-apps-src/_shared/index.html
similarity index 100%
rename from src-tauri/test-apps/network-allow-a/index.html
rename to src-tauri/test-apps-src/_shared/index.html
diff --git a/src-tauri/test-apps/network-allow-a/app.js b/src-tauri/test-apps-src/network-allow-a/app.js
similarity index 62%
rename from src-tauri/test-apps/network-allow-a/app.js
rename to src-tauri/test-apps-src/network-allow-a/app.js
index 64fdfbd69..9e5dbe7e6 100644
--- a/src-tauri/test-apps/network-allow-a/app.js
+++ b/src-tauri/test-apps-src/network-allow-a/app.js
@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
+import { createBridgeClient } from './bridge.js';
+
 (async () => {
+  const bridge = createBridgeClient();
   const params = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);
   const runId = params.get('runId');
 
@@ -26,16 +29,14 @@
     }
   }
 
-  async function report(body) {
-    const response = await fetch('sage-app://__sandbox/report/network', {
-      method: 'POST',
-      headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
-      body: JSON.stringify(body),
+  async function report(result) {
+    await bridge.send({
+      kind: 'sandbox_report',
+      report: {
+        type: 'network',
+        data: result,
+      },
     });
-
-    if (!response.ok) {
-      throw new Error(`report failed with status ${response.status}`);
-    }
   }
 
   const allowedUrl = 'https://example.com/';
@@ -63,19 +64,23 @@
   });
 })().catch(async (err) => {
   try {
+    const bridge = createBridgeClient();
     const params = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);
-    await fetch('sage-app://__sandbox/report/network', {
-      method: 'POST',
-      headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
-      body: JSON.stringify({
-        runId: params.get('runId'),
-        mode: 'allow-a',
-        allowedUrl: 'https://example.com/',
-        blockedUrl: 'https://example.org/',
-        allowedOk: false,
-        blockedOk: false,
-        error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
-      }),
+
+    await bridge.send({
+      kind: 'sandbox_report',
+      report: {
+        type: 'network',
+        data: {
+          runId: params.get('runId'),
+          mode: 'allow-a',
+          allowedUrl: 'https://example.com/',
+          blockedUrl: 'https://example.org/',
+          allowedOk: false,
+          blockedOk: false,
+          error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
+        },
+      },
     });
   } catch {
     //
diff --git a/src-tauri/test-apps/network-allow-a/sage-manifest.json b/src-tauri/test-apps-src/network-allow-a/sage-manifest.json
similarity index 100%
rename from src-tauri/test-apps/network-allow-a/sage-manifest.json
rename to src-tauri/test-apps-src/network-allow-a/sage-manifest.json
diff --git a/src-tauri/test-apps/network-allow-b/app.js b/src-tauri/test-apps-src/network-allow-b/app.js
similarity index 62%
rename from src-tauri/test-apps/network-allow-b/app.js
rename to src-tauri/test-apps-src/network-allow-b/app.js
index 42186a111..371ccb550 100644
--- a/src-tauri/test-apps/network-allow-b/app.js
+++ b/src-tauri/test-apps-src/network-allow-b/app.js
@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
+import { createBridgeClient } from './bridge.js';
+
 (async () => {
+  const bridge = createBridgeClient();
   const params = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);
   const runId = params.get('runId');
 
@@ -26,16 +29,14 @@
     }
   }
 
-  async function report(body) {
-    const response = await fetch('sage-app://__sandbox/report/network', {
-      method: 'POST',
-      headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
-      body: JSON.stringify(body),
+  async function report(result) {
+    await bridge.send({
+      kind: 'sandbox_report',
+      report: {
+        type: 'network',
+        data: result,
+      },
     });
-
-    if (!response.ok) {
-      throw new Error(`report failed with status ${response.status}`);
-    }
   }
 
   const allowedUrl = 'https://example.org/';
@@ -63,19 +64,23 @@
   });
 })().catch(async (err) => {
   try {
+    const bridge = createBridgeClient();
     const params = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);
-    await fetch('sage-app://__sandbox/report/network', {
-      method: 'POST',
-      headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
-      body: JSON.stringify({
-        runId: params.get('runId'),
-        mode: 'allow-b',
-        allowedUrl: 'https://example.org/',
-        blockedUrl: 'https://example.com/',
-        allowedOk: false,
-        blockedOk: false,
-        error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
-      }),
+
+    await bridge.send({
+      kind: 'sandbox_report',
+      report: {
+        type: 'network',
+        data: {
+          runId: params.get('runId'),
+          mode: 'allow-b',
+          allowedUrl: 'https://example.org/',
+          blockedUrl: 'https://example.com/',
+          allowedOk: false,
+          blockedOk: false,
+          error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
+        },
+      },
     });
   } catch {
     //
diff --git a/src-tauri/test-apps/network-allow-b/sage-manifest.json b/src-tauri/test-apps-src/network-allow-b/sage-manifest.json
similarity index 100%
rename from src-tauri/test-apps/network-allow-b/sage-manifest.json
rename to src-tauri/test-apps-src/network-allow-b/sage-manifest.json
diff --git a/src-tauri/test-apps/sage-storage-isolation-incognito/app.js b/src-tauri/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation-incognito/app.js
similarity index 77%
rename from src-tauri/test-apps/sage-storage-isolation-incognito/app.js
rename to src-tauri/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation-incognito/app.js
index e886524ea..4e38d0b30 100644
--- a/src-tauri/test-apps/sage-storage-isolation-incognito/app.js
+++ b/src-tauri/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation-incognito/app.js
@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
+import { createBridgeClient } from './bridge.js';
+
 (async () => {
+  const bridge = createBridgeClient();
   const params = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);
   const runId = params.get('runId');
 
@@ -63,16 +66,14 @@
     }
   }
 
-  async function report(body) {
-    const response = await fetch('sage-app://__sandbox/report/isolation', {
-      method: 'POST',
-      headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
-      body: JSON.stringify(body),
+  async function report(result) {
+    await bridge.send({
+      kind: 'sandbox_report',
+      report: {
+        type: 'isolation',
+        data: result,
+      },
     });
-
-    if (!response.ok) {
-      throw new Error(`report failed with status ${response.status}`);
-    }
   }
 
   let localStorageVisible = false;
@@ -113,19 +114,23 @@
   });
 })().catch(async (err) => {
   try {
+    const bridge = createBridgeClient();
     const params = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);
-    await fetch('sage-app://__sandbox/report/isolation', {
-      method: 'POST',
-      headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
-      body: JSON.stringify({
-        runId: params.get('runId'),
-        mode: 'incognito',
-        persistentStorage: false,
-        localStorageVisible: false,
-        cookieVisible: false,
-        indexedDbVisible: false,
-        error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
-      }),
+
+    await bridge.send({
+      kind: 'sandbox_report',
+      report: {
+        type: 'isolation',
+        data: {
+          runId: params.get('runId'),
+          mode: 'incognito',
+          persistentStorage: false,
+          localStorageVisible: false,
+          cookieVisible: false,
+          indexedDbVisible: false,
+          error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
+        },
+      },
     });
   } catch {
     //
diff --git a/src-tauri/test-apps/sage-storage-isolation-incognito/sage-manifest.json b/src-tauri/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation-incognito/sage-manifest.json
similarity index 100%
rename from src-tauri/test-apps/sage-storage-isolation-incognito/sage-manifest.json
rename to src-tauri/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation-incognito/sage-manifest.json
diff --git a/src-tauri/test-apps/sage-storage-isolation-persistent/app.js b/src-tauri/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation-persistent/app.js
similarity index 77%
rename from src-tauri/test-apps/sage-storage-isolation-persistent/app.js
rename to src-tauri/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation-persistent/app.js
index fffe644a5..f7b92bfab 100644
--- a/src-tauri/test-apps/sage-storage-isolation-persistent/app.js
+++ b/src-tauri/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation-persistent/app.js
@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
+import { createBridgeClient } from './bridge.js';
+
 (async () => {
+  const bridge = createBridgeClient();
   const params = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);
   const runId = params.get('runId');
 
@@ -63,16 +66,14 @@
     }
   }
 
-  async function report(body) {
-    const response = await fetch('sage-app://__sandbox/report/isolation', {
-      method: 'POST',
-      headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
-      body: JSON.stringify(body),
+  async function report(result) {
+    await bridge.send({
+      kind: 'sandbox_report',
+      report: {
+        type: 'isolation',
+        data: result,
+      },
     });
-
-    if (!response.ok) {
-      throw new Error(`report failed with status ${response.status}`);
-    }
   }
 
   let localStorageVisible = false;
@@ -113,19 +114,23 @@
   });
 })().catch(async (err) => {
   try {
+    const bridge = createBridgeClient();
     const params = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);
-    await fetch('sage-app://__sandbox/report/isolation', {
-      method: 'POST',
-      headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
-      body: JSON.stringify({
-        runId: params.get('runId'),
-        mode: 'persistent',
-        persistentStorage: true,
-        localStorageVisible: false,
-        cookieVisible: false,
-        indexedDbVisible: false,
-        error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
-      }),
+
+    await bridge.send({
+      kind: 'sandbox_report',
+      report: {
+        type: 'isolation',
+        data: {
+          runId: params.get('runId'),
+          mode: 'persistent',
+          persistentStorage: true,
+          localStorageVisible: false,
+          cookieVisible: false,
+          indexedDbVisible: false,
+          error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
+        },
+      },
     });
   } catch {
     //
diff --git a/src-tauri/test-apps/sage-storage-isolation-persistent/sage-manifest.json b/src-tauri/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation-persistent/sage-manifest.json
similarity index 100%
rename from src-tauri/test-apps/sage-storage-isolation-persistent/sage-manifest.json
rename to src-tauri/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation-persistent/sage-manifest.json
diff --git a/src-tauri/test-apps/storage-persistence-incognito/app.js b/src-tauri/test-apps-src/storage-persistence-incognito/app.js
similarity index 81%
rename from src-tauri/test-apps/storage-persistence-incognito/app.js
rename to src-tauri/test-apps-src/storage-persistence-incognito/app.js
index 43687a314..1d8168cc3 100644
--- a/src-tauri/test-apps/storage-persistence-incognito/app.js
+++ b/src-tauri/test-apps-src/storage-persistence-incognito/app.js
@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
+import { createBridgeClient } from './bridge.js';
+
 (async () => {
+  const bridge = createBridgeClient();
   const params = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);
   const runId = params.get('runId');
   const phase = params.get('phase');
@@ -119,16 +122,24 @@
     }
   }
 
-  async function report(path, body) {
-    const response = await fetch(path, {
-      method: 'POST',
-      headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
-      body: JSON.stringify(body),
+  async function reportWrite(result) {
+    await bridge.send({
+      kind: 'sandbox_report',
+      report: {
+        type: 'persistence_write',
+        data: result,
+      },
     });
+  }
 
-    if (!response.ok) {
-      throw new Error(`report failed with status ${response.status}`);
-    }
+  async function reportRead(result) {
+    await bridge.send({
+      kind: 'sandbox_report',
+      report: {
+        type: 'persistence_read',
+        data: result,
+      },
+    });
   }
 
   if (phase === 'write') {
@@ -161,7 +172,7 @@
       error = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err);
     }
 
-    await report('sage-app://__sandbox/report/persistence-write', {
+    await reportWrite({
       runId,
       mode: 'incognito',
       persistentStorage: false,
@@ -201,7 +212,7 @@
     error = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err);
   }
 
-  await report('sage-app://__sandbox/report/persistence-read', {
+  await reportRead({
     runId,
     mode: 'incognito',
     persistentStorage: false,
@@ -212,38 +223,43 @@
   });
 })().catch(async (err) => {
   try {
+    const bridge = createBridgeClient();
     const params = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);
     const phase = params.get('phase');
 
     if (phase === 'write') {
-      await fetch('sage-app://__sandbox/report/persistence-write', {
-        method: 'POST',
-        headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
-        body: JSON.stringify({
-          runId: params.get('runId'),
-          mode: 'incognito',
-          persistentStorage: false,
-          localStorageWrote: false,
-          cookieWrote: false,
-          indexedDbWrote: false,
-          error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
-        }),
+      await bridge.send({
+        kind: 'sandbox_report',
+        report: {
+          type: 'persistence_write',
+          data: {
+            runId: params.get('runId'),
+            mode: 'incognito',
+            persistentStorage: false,
+            localStorageWrote: false,
+            cookieWrote: false,
+            indexedDbWrote: false,
+            error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
+          },
+        },
       });
       return;
     }
 
-    await fetch('sage-app://__sandbox/report/persistence-read', {
-      method: 'POST',
-      headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
-      body: JSON.stringify({
-        runId: params.get('runId'),
-        mode: 'incognito',
-        persistentStorage: false,
-        localStoragePresent: false,
-        cookiePresent: false,
-        indexedDbPresent: false,
-        error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
-      }),
+    await bridge.send({
+      kind: 'sandbox_report',
+      report: {
+        type: 'persistence_read',
+        data: {
+          runId: params.get('runId'),
+          mode: 'incognito',
+          persistentStorage: false,
+          localStoragePresent: false,
+          cookiePresent: false,
+          indexedDbPresent: false,
+          error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
+        },
+      },
     });
   } catch {
     //
diff --git a/src-tauri/test-apps/storage-persistence-incognito/sage-manifest.json b/src-tauri/test-apps-src/storage-persistence-incognito/sage-manifest.json
similarity index 100%
rename from src-tauri/test-apps/storage-persistence-incognito/sage-manifest.json
rename to src-tauri/test-apps-src/storage-persistence-incognito/sage-manifest.json
diff --git a/src-tauri/test-apps/storage-persistence-persistent/app.js b/src-tauri/test-apps-src/storage-persistence-persistent/app.js
similarity index 81%
rename from src-tauri/test-apps/storage-persistence-persistent/app.js
rename to src-tauri/test-apps-src/storage-persistence-persistent/app.js
index 72da8dd6a..03f137ffd 100644
--- a/src-tauri/test-apps/storage-persistence-persistent/app.js
+++ b/src-tauri/test-apps-src/storage-persistence-persistent/app.js
@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
+import { createBridgeClient } from './bridge.js';
+
 (async () => {
+  const bridge = createBridgeClient();
   const params = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);
   const runId = params.get('runId');
   const phase = params.get('phase');
@@ -119,16 +122,24 @@
     }
   }
 
-  async function report(path, body) {
-    const response = await fetch(path, {
-      method: 'POST',
-      headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
-      body: JSON.stringify(body),
+  async function reportWrite(result) {
+    await bridge.send({
+      kind: 'sandbox_report',
+      report: {
+        type: 'persistence_write',
+        data: result,
+      },
     });
+  }
 
-    if (!response.ok) {
-      throw new Error(`report failed with status ${response.status}`);
-    }
+  async function reportRead(result) {
+    await bridge.send({
+      kind: 'sandbox_report',
+      report: {
+        type: 'persistence_read',
+        data: result,
+      },
+    });
   }
 
   if (phase === 'write') {
@@ -161,7 +172,7 @@
       error = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err);
     }
 
-    await report('sage-app://__sandbox/report/persistence-write', {
+    await reportWrite({
       runId,
       mode: 'persistent',
       persistentStorage: true,
@@ -201,7 +212,7 @@
     error = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err);
   }
 
-  await report('sage-app://__sandbox/report/persistence-read', {
+  await reportRead({
     runId,
     mode: 'persistent',
     persistentStorage: true,
@@ -212,38 +223,43 @@
   });
 })().catch(async (err) => {
   try {
+    const bridge = createBridgeClient();
     const params = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);
     const phase = params.get('phase');
 
     if (phase === 'write') {
-      await fetch('sage-app://__sandbox/report/persistence-write', {
-        method: 'POST',
-        headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
-        body: JSON.stringify({
-          runId: params.get('runId'),
-          mode: 'persistent',
-          persistentStorage: true,
-          localStorageWrote: false,
-          cookieWrote: false,
-          indexedDbWrote: false,
-          error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
-        }),
+      await bridge.send({
+        kind: 'sandbox_report',
+        report: {
+          type: 'persistence_write',
+          data: {
+            runId: params.get('runId'),
+            mode: 'persistent',
+            persistentStorage: true,
+            localStorageWrote: false,
+            cookieWrote: false,
+            indexedDbWrote: false,
+            error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
+          },
+        },
       });
       return;
     }
 
-    await fetch('sage-app://__sandbox/report/persistence-read', {
-      method: 'POST',
-      headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
-      body: JSON.stringify({
-        runId: params.get('runId'),
-        mode: 'persistent',
-        persistentStorage: true,
-        localStoragePresent: false,
-        cookiePresent: false,
-        indexedDbPresent: false,
-        error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
-      }),
+    await bridge.send({
+      kind: 'sandbox_report',
+      report: {
+        type: 'persistence_read',
+        data: {
+          runId: params.get('runId'),
+          mode: 'persistent',
+          persistentStorage: true,
+          localStoragePresent: false,
+          cookiePresent: false,
+          indexedDbPresent: false,
+          error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
+        },
+      },
     });
   } catch {
     //
diff --git a/src-tauri/test-apps/storage-persistence-persistent/sage-manifest.json b/src-tauri/test-apps-src/storage-persistence-persistent/sage-manifest.json
similarity index 100%
rename from src-tauri/test-apps/storage-persistence-persistent/sage-manifest.json
rename to src-tauri/test-apps-src/storage-persistence-persistent/sage-manifest.json
diff --git a/src-tauri/test-apps/network-allow-b/icon.svg b/src-tauri/test-apps/network-allow-b/icon.svg
deleted file mode 100644
index 1f0dd22f3..000000000
--- a/src-tauri/test-apps/network-allow-b/icon.svg
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="64" height="64">
-    <rect width="64" height="64" fill="#111"/>
-    <text x="32" y="36" font-size="20" text-anchor="middle" fill="#fff">T</text>
-</svg>
diff --git a/src-tauri/test-apps/network-allow-b/index.html b/src-tauri/test-apps/network-allow-b/index.html
deleted file mode 100644
index e486fbc7c..000000000
--- a/src-tauri/test-apps/network-allow-b/index.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-<!doctype html>
-<html>
-<head>
-  <meta charset="utf-8" />
-  <title>Network Allow B</title>
-  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
-</head>
-<body>
-<script src="./app.js"></script>
-</body>
-</html>
diff --git a/src-tauri/test-apps/sage-storage-isolation-incognito/icon.svg b/src-tauri/test-apps/sage-storage-isolation-incognito/icon.svg
deleted file mode 100644
index 1f0dd22f3..000000000
--- a/src-tauri/test-apps/sage-storage-isolation-incognito/icon.svg
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="64" height="64">
-    <rect width="64" height="64" fill="#111"/>
-    <text x="32" y="36" font-size="20" text-anchor="middle" fill="#fff">T</text>
-</svg>
diff --git a/src-tauri/test-apps/sage-storage-isolation-incognito/index.html b/src-tauri/test-apps/sage-storage-isolation-incognito/index.html
deleted file mode 100644
index d319f3964..000000000
--- a/src-tauri/test-apps/sage-storage-isolation-incognito/index.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-<!doctype html>
-<html>
-<head>
-  <meta charset="utf-8" />
-  <title>Sage Storage Isolation Incognito</title>
-  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
-</head>
-<body>
-<script src="./app.js"></script>
-</body>
-</html>
diff --git a/src-tauri/test-apps/sage-storage-isolation-persistent/icon.svg b/src-tauri/test-apps/sage-storage-isolation-persistent/icon.svg
deleted file mode 100644
index 1f0dd22f3..000000000
--- a/src-tauri/test-apps/sage-storage-isolation-persistent/icon.svg
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="64" height="64">
-    <rect width="64" height="64" fill="#111"/>
-    <text x="32" y="36" font-size="20" text-anchor="middle" fill="#fff">T</text>
-</svg>
diff --git a/src-tauri/test-apps/sage-storage-isolation-persistent/index.html b/src-tauri/test-apps/sage-storage-isolation-persistent/index.html
deleted file mode 100644
index c5b5866b5..000000000
--- a/src-tauri/test-apps/sage-storage-isolation-persistent/index.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-<!doctype html>
-<html>
-<head>
-  <meta charset="utf-8" />
-  <title>Sage Storage Isolation Persistent</title>
-  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
-</head>
-<body>
-<script src="./app.js"></script>
-</body>
-</html>
diff --git a/src-tauri/test-apps/storage-persistence-incognito/icon.svg b/src-tauri/test-apps/storage-persistence-incognito/icon.svg
deleted file mode 100644
index 1f0dd22f3..000000000
--- a/src-tauri/test-apps/storage-persistence-incognito/icon.svg
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="64" height="64">
-    <rect width="64" height="64" fill="#111"/>
-    <text x="32" y="36" font-size="20" text-anchor="middle" fill="#fff">T</text>
-</svg>
diff --git a/src-tauri/test-apps/storage-persistence-incognito/index.html b/src-tauri/test-apps/storage-persistence-incognito/index.html
deleted file mode 100644
index 0889fcfeb..000000000
--- a/src-tauri/test-apps/storage-persistence-incognito/index.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-<!doctype html>
-<html>
-<head>
-  <meta charset="utf-8" />
-  <title>Storage Persistence Incognito</title>
-  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
-</head>
-<body>
-<script src="./app.js"></script>
-</body>
-</html>
diff --git a/src-tauri/test-apps/storage-persistence-persistent/icon.svg b/src-tauri/test-apps/storage-persistence-persistent/icon.svg
deleted file mode 100644
index 1f0dd22f3..000000000
--- a/src-tauri/test-apps/storage-persistence-persistent/icon.svg
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="64" height="64">
-    <rect width="64" height="64" fill="#111"/>
-    <text x="32" y="36" font-size="20" text-anchor="middle" fill="#fff">T</text>
-</svg>
diff --git a/src-tauri/test-apps/storage-persistence-persistent/index.html b/src-tauri/test-apps/storage-persistence-persistent/index.html
deleted file mode 100644
index badde9615..000000000
--- a/src-tauri/test-apps/storage-persistence-persistent/index.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-<!doctype html>
-<html>
-<head>
-  <meta charset="utf-8" />
-  <title>Storage Persistence Persistent</title>
-  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
-</head>
-<body>
-<script src="./app.js"></script>
-</body>
-</html>
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index f55032f11..4d276ecbd 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -395,17 +395,8 @@ async appsUpdatePermissions(appId: string, grantedPermissions: string[]) : Promi
 async sandboxResetRun(runId: string) : Promise<null> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("sandbox_reset_run", { runId });
 },
-async sandboxGetIsolationResults(runId: string) : Promise<SandboxIsolationProbeResult[]> {
-    return await TAURI_INVOKE("sandbox_get_isolation_results", { runId });
-},
-async sandboxGetPersistenceWriteResults(runId: string) : Promise<SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult[]> {
-    return await TAURI_INVOKE("sandbox_get_persistence_write_results", { runId });
-},
-async sandboxGetPersistenceReadResults(runId: string) : Promise<SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult[]> {
-    return await TAURI_INVOKE("sandbox_get_persistence_read_results", { runId });
-},
-async sandboxGetNetworkResults(runId: string) : Promise<SandboxNetworkProbeResult[]> {
-    return await TAURI_INVOKE("sandbox_get_network_results", { runId });
+async sandboxBridgeSend(appId: string, payload: SandboxBridgeSendPayload) : Promise<null> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("sandbox_bridge_send", { appId, payload });
 }
 }
 
@@ -2216,6 +2207,8 @@ export type SageAppPermissions = { required?: string[]; optional?: string[] }
 export type SageAppUrlPreview = { appUrl: string; manifestUrl: string; manifestHash: string; manifest: SageAppPackageManifest }
 export type SageNetworkPermissions = { whitelist?: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[] }
 export type SageNetworkWhitelistEntry = { scheme: string; host: string; required?: boolean }
+export type SandboxBridgeReport = { type: "isolation"; data: SandboxIsolationProbeResult } | { type: "persistence_write"; data: SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult } | { type: "persistence_read"; data: SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult } | { type: "network"; data: SandboxNetworkProbeResult }
+export type SandboxBridgeSendPayload = { kind: "sandbox_report"; report: SandboxBridgeReport }
 export type SandboxIsolationProbeResult = { runId: string; mode: string; persistentStorage: boolean; localStorageVisible: boolean; cookieVisible: boolean; indexedDbVisible: boolean; error: string | null }
 export type SandboxNetworkProbeResult = { runId: string; mode: string; allowedUrl: string; blockedUrl: string; allowedOk: boolean; blockedOk: boolean; error: string | null }
 export type SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult = { runId: string; mode: string; persistentStorage: boolean; localStoragePresent: boolean; cookiePresent: boolean; indexedDbPresent: boolean; error: string | null }
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/bridge/index.ts b/src/lib/apps/bridge/index.ts
index c8c91ed66..e3d457bf2 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/bridge/index.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/bridge/index.ts
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ export type {
   SageBridgeRequestForMethod,
   SageBridgeRequestParamsMap,
   SageBridgeResponse,
+  SageBridgeSendPayload,
   SageBridgeSuccessResponse,
   SageWalletSendXchRequest,
 } from './types';
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/bridge/methods/system.ts b/src/lib/apps/bridge/methods/system.ts
index 3b80b5cab..ed4b5c12a 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/bridge/methods/system.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/bridge/methods/system.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import type { BridgeMethodRegistry } from '../types';
+import { invoke } from '@tauri-apps/api/core';
 
 export const systemBridgeMethods = {
   'bridge.ping': {
@@ -12,6 +13,20 @@ export const systemBridgeMethods = {
     },
   },
 
+  'bridge.send': {
+    permission: { kind: 'none' },
+    async handle({ ctx, request }) {
+      if (request.params.kind === "sandbox_report") {
+        await invoke('sandbox_bridge_send', {
+          appId: ctx.app.id,
+          payload: request.params,
+        });
+      }
+
+      return { ok: true };
+    },
+  },
+
   'app.getInfo': {
     permission: { kind: 'none' },
     async handle({ ctx }) {
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/bridge/types.ts b/src/lib/apps/bridge/types.ts
index 68a4ad2a6..52ca6057e 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/bridge/types.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/bridge/types.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,10 @@
 import type { Amount, InstalledSageApp } from '@/bindings';
+import type {
+  SandboxIsolationProbeResult,
+  SandboxNetworkProbeResult,
+  SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult,
+  SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult,
+} from '@/lib/apps/sandbox';
 
 export interface SageBridgeSuccessResponse {
   channel: 'sage-bridge';
@@ -39,11 +45,32 @@ export interface SageWalletSendXchRequest {
   clawback?: number | null;
 }
 
+export interface SageBridgeSendPayload {
+  kind: 'sandbox_report';
+  report:
+    | {
+        type: 'isolation';
+        data: SandboxIsolationProbeResult;
+      }
+    | {
+        type: 'persistence_write';
+        data: SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult;
+      }
+    | {
+        type: 'persistence_read';
+        data: SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult;
+      }
+    | {
+        type: 'network';
+        data: SandboxNetworkProbeResult;
+      };
+}
+
 export interface SageBridgeRequestParamsMap {
   'bridge.ping': undefined;
+  'bridge.send': SageBridgeSendPayload;
   'app.getInfo': undefined;
   'sage.getPermissions': undefined;
-
   'wallet.sendXch': SageWalletSendXchRequest;
 }
 

From fb5d3cca2d6a1f3292ece6739b2ec10a0e7957b5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 18 Apr 2026 00:56:12 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 069/471] Remove unused sandbox-related code and introduce
 initial Sage SDK package:

- Removed legacy Tauri backend code for sandbox probe handling (`sandbox.rs`) and shared bridge logic.
- Added foundation for Sage SDK (`@sage-app/sdk`) with core client utilities, a CLI to finalize manifests, and type definitions.
- Introduced new global and client logic (`src/global.d.ts`, `src/client.ts`) for managing Sage runtime and detecting bridge availability.
- Configured project tooling with `pnpm` and added `gitignore` for development artifacts.
---
 .gitignore                                    |   2 +-
 package.json                                  |   1 +
 packages/sage-app-sdk/.gitignore              |  13 +
 .../sage-app-sdk/cli/finalize-manifest.mjs    | 203 ++++
 packages/sage-app-sdk/package.json            |  33 +
 packages/sage-app-sdk/pnpm-lock.yaml          | 897 ++++++++++++++++++
 packages/sage-app-sdk/src/client.ts           |  77 ++
 packages/sage-app-sdk/src/global.d.ts         |  11 +
 packages/sage-app-sdk/src/index.ts            |  28 +
 .../sage-app-sdk/src/runtime-bridge-entry.ts  |   3 +
 packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts          | 267 ++++++
 packages/sage-app-sdk/src/types.ts            | 155 +++
 packages/sage-app-sdk/tsconfig.json           |  14 +
 packages/sage-app-sdk/tsup.config.ts          |  24 +
 pnpm-lock.yaml                                | 186 ++++
 pnpm-workspace.yaml                           |   2 +
 src-tauri/build.rs                            |  58 +-
 src-tauri/src/apps/builtin_apps.rs            |   6 +-
 src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs                     |   1 -
 src-tauri/src/apps/protocol.rs                |  85 +-
 src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox.rs                 | 252 -----
 src-tauri/src/lib.rs                          |   5 +-
 src-tauri/test-apps-src/_shared/bridge.js     |   0
 src/bindings.ts                               |  12 -
 src/hooks/useAppEmbeddedRuntime.ts            |  54 +-
 src/hooks/useBridgeHost.ts                    |  79 ++
 src/lib/apps/bridge/index.ts                  |  33 +-
 src/lib/apps/bridge/methods/system.ts         |  16 +-
 src/lib/apps/bridge/responses.ts              |   5 +
 src/lib/apps/bridge/types.ts                  |  22 +-
 src/lib/apps/runSandboxTests.ts               |  78 +-
 src/lib/apps/sandboxRuntimeStore.ts           |  93 ++
 src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx                   |   3 +
 .../test-apps-src/_shared/icon.svg            |   0
 .../test-apps-src/_shared/index.html          |   0
 .../test-apps-src/network-allow-a/app.js      |  51 +-
 .../network-allow-a/sage-manifest.json        |   0
 .../test-apps-src/network-allow-b/app.js      |  51 +-
 .../network-allow-b/sage-manifest.json        |   0
 .../sage-storage-isolation-incognito/app.js   |  23 +-
 .../sage-manifest.json                        |   0
 .../sage-storage-isolation-persistent/app.js  |  23 +-
 .../sage-manifest.json                        |   0
 .../storage-persistence-incognito/app.js      |  35 +-
 .../sage-manifest.json                        |   0
 .../storage-persistence-persistent/app.js     |  35 +-
 .../sage-manifest.json                        |   0
 47 files changed, 2346 insertions(+), 590 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 packages/sage-app-sdk/.gitignore
 create mode 100755 packages/sage-app-sdk/cli/finalize-manifest.mjs
 create mode 100644 packages/sage-app-sdk/package.json
 create mode 100644 packages/sage-app-sdk/pnpm-lock.yaml
 create mode 100644 packages/sage-app-sdk/src/client.ts
 create mode 100644 packages/sage-app-sdk/src/global.d.ts
 create mode 100644 packages/sage-app-sdk/src/index.ts
 create mode 100644 packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime-bridge-entry.ts
 create mode 100644 packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
 create mode 100644 packages/sage-app-sdk/src/types.ts
 create mode 100644 packages/sage-app-sdk/tsconfig.json
 create mode 100644 packages/sage-app-sdk/tsup.config.ts
 create mode 100644 pnpm-workspace.yaml
 delete mode 100644 src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox.rs
 delete mode 100644 src-tauri/test-apps-src/_shared/bridge.js
 create mode 100644 src/hooks/useBridgeHost.ts
 create mode 100644 src/lib/apps/sandboxRuntimeStore.ts
 rename {src-tauri => src}/test-apps-src/_shared/icon.svg (100%)
 rename {src-tauri => src}/test-apps-src/_shared/index.html (100%)
 rename {src-tauri => src}/test-apps-src/network-allow-a/app.js (76%)
 rename {src-tauri => src}/test-apps-src/network-allow-a/sage-manifest.json (100%)
 rename {src-tauri => src}/test-apps-src/network-allow-b/app.js (76%)
 rename {src-tauri => src}/test-apps-src/network-allow-b/sage-manifest.json (100%)
 rename {src-tauri => src}/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation-incognito/app.js (90%)
 rename {src-tauri => src}/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation-incognito/sage-manifest.json (100%)
 rename {src-tauri => src}/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation-persistent/app.js (90%)
 rename {src-tauri => src}/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation-persistent/sage-manifest.json (100%)
 rename {src-tauri => src}/test-apps-src/storage-persistence-incognito/app.js (92%)
 rename {src-tauri => src}/test-apps-src/storage-persistence-incognito/sage-manifest.json (100%)
 rename {src-tauri => src}/test-apps-src/storage-persistence-persistent/app.js (92%)
 rename {src-tauri => src}/test-apps-src/storage-persistence-persistent/sage-manifest.json (100%)

diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index f05450f63..120193dbd 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -28,4 +28,4 @@ target
 .env
 /test.sqlite*
 
-src-tauri/test-apps
+src/test-apps
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index 7d0f9fc84..32bf5cbf8 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@
     "@radix-ui/react-tabs": "^1.1.13",
     "@radix-ui/react-tooltip": "^1.2.8",
     "@react-spring/web": "^9.7.5",
+    "@sage-app/sdk": "workspace:*",
     "@tanstack/react-table": "^8.21.3",
     "@tanstack/react-virtual": "^3.13.18",
     "@tauri-apps/api": "^2.10.1",
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/.gitignore b/packages/sage-app-sdk/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..966d431ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+/tmp
+/out-tsc
+
+/node_modules
+npm-debug.log*
+yarn-debug.log*
+yarn-error.log*
+/.pnp
+.pnp.js
+
+.idea
+.vscode/*
+dist
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/cli/finalize-manifest.mjs b/packages/sage-app-sdk/cli/finalize-manifest.mjs
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..f30550c74
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/cli/finalize-manifest.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,203 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env node
+
+import fs from 'node:fs';
+import path from 'node:path';
+import crypto from 'node:crypto';
+
+const MAX_MANIFEST_SIZE_BYTES = 1024 * 1024;
+const MAX_FILE_COUNT = 2000;
+const MAX_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES = 50 * 1024 * 1024;
+
+function fail(message) {
+    console.error(`Error: ${message}`);
+    process.exit(1);
+}
+
+function printHelp() {
+    console.log(`
+Usage:
+  sage-app finalize-manifest --source ./sage-manifest.json --dist ./dist [--out ./dist/sage-manifest.json]
+
+Commands:
+  finalize-manifest   Generate final sage-manifest.json from source manifest and built dist files
+`.trim());
+}
+
+function parseArgs(argv) {
+    if (argv.length === 0) {
+        printHelp();
+        process.exit(1);
+    }
+
+    const command = argv[0];
+    const rest = argv.slice(1);
+
+    if (command !== 'finalize-manifest') {
+        fail(`Unknown command: ${command}`);
+    }
+
+    const args = {
+        source: null,
+        dist: null,
+        out: null,
+    };
+
+    for (let i = 0; i < rest.length; i += 1) {
+        const arg = rest[i];
+
+        if (arg === '--source') {
+            args.source = rest[++i] ?? null;
+        } else if (arg === '--dist') {
+            args.dist = rest[++i] ?? null;
+        } else if (arg === '--out') {
+            args.out = rest[++i] ?? null;
+        } else if (arg === '--help' || arg === '-h') {
+            printHelp();
+            process.exit(0);
+        } else {
+            fail(`Unknown argument: ${arg}`);
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (!args.source) {
+        fail('Missing --source');
+    }
+
+    if (!args.dist) {
+        fail('Missing --dist');
+    }
+
+    if (!args.out) {
+        args.out = path.join(args.dist, 'sage-manifest.json');
+    }
+
+    return args;
+}
+
+function sha256File(filePath) {
+    const hash = crypto.createHash('sha256');
+    const data = fs.readFileSync(filePath);
+    hash.update(data);
+    return hash.digest('hex');
+}
+
+function walkFiles(rootDir, currentDir = rootDir) {
+    const out = [];
+    const entries = fs.readdirSync(currentDir, { withFileTypes: true });
+
+    for (const entry of entries) {
+        const abs = path.join(currentDir, entry.name);
+
+        if (entry.isDirectory()) {
+            out.push(...walkFiles(rootDir, abs));
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        if (!entry.isFile()) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        const rel = path.relative(rootDir, abs).split(path.sep).join('/');
+
+        if (rel === 'manifest.json' || rel === 'sage-manifest.json') {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        out.push({
+            abs,
+            rel,
+        });
+    }
+
+    return out;
+}
+
+function validateSourceManifest(manifest) {
+    if (!manifest || typeof manifest !== 'object' || Array.isArray(manifest)) {
+        fail('Source manifest must be an object');
+    }
+
+    if (typeof manifest.name !== 'string' || manifest.name.trim() === '') {
+        fail('Source manifest name must be a non-empty string');
+    }
+
+    if (typeof manifest.version !== 'string' || manifest.version.trim() === '') {
+        fail('Source manifest version must be a non-empty string');
+    }
+
+    if (
+        manifest.permissions != null &&
+        (typeof manifest.permissions !== 'object' || Array.isArray(manifest.permissions))
+    ) {
+        fail('Source manifest permissions must be an object if provided');
+    }
+}
+
+function main() {
+    const args = parseArgs(process.argv.slice(2));
+
+    const sourcePath = path.resolve(args.source);
+    const distDir = path.resolve(args.dist);
+    const outPath = path.resolve(args.out);
+
+    if (!fs.existsSync(sourcePath)) {
+        fail(`Source manifest not found: ${sourcePath}`);
+    }
+
+    if (!fs.existsSync(distDir) || !fs.statSync(distDir).isDirectory()) {
+        fail(`Dist directory not found: ${distDir}`);
+    }
+
+    const sourceStat = fs.statSync(sourcePath);
+    if (sourceStat.size > MAX_MANIFEST_SIZE_BYTES) {
+        fail(`Source manifest exceeds ${MAX_MANIFEST_SIZE_BYTES} bytes`);
+    }
+
+    const sourceManifest = JSON.parse(fs.readFileSync(sourcePath, 'utf8'));
+    validateSourceManifest(sourceManifest);
+
+    const walked = walkFiles(distDir).sort((a, b) => a.rel.localeCompare(b.rel));
+
+    if (walked.length === 0) {
+        fail(`No files found in dist directory: ${distDir}`);
+    }
+
+    if (walked.length > MAX_FILE_COUNT) {
+        fail(`File count ${walked.length} exceeds limit of ${MAX_FILE_COUNT}`);
+    }
+
+    let totalSize = 0;
+
+    const files = walked.map(({ abs, rel }) => {
+        const stat = fs.statSync(abs);
+        const size = stat.size;
+        totalSize += size;
+
+        return {
+            path: rel,
+            sha256: sha256File(abs),
+            size,
+        };
+    });
+
+    if (totalSize > MAX_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES) {
+        fail(
+            `Total snapshot size ${totalSize} exceeds limit of ${MAX_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES} bytes`,
+        );
+    }
+
+    const finalManifest = {
+        ...sourceManifest,
+        permissions: sourceManifest.permissions ?? {},
+        files,
+    };
+
+    fs.mkdirSync(path.dirname(outPath), { recursive: true });
+    fs.writeFileSync(outPath, JSON.stringify(finalManifest, null, 2) + '\n');
+
+    console.log(`Wrote ${outPath}`);
+    console.log(`Included ${files.length} files`);
+    console.log(`Total size ${totalSize} bytes`);
+}
+
+main();
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/package.json b/packages/sage-app-sdk/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..25dbd2ba6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+{
+  "name": "@sage-app/sdk",
+  "version": "0.1.0",
+  "type": "module",
+  "main": "./dist/index.js",
+  "module": "./dist/index.js",
+  "types": "./dist/index.d.ts",
+  "bin": {
+    "sage-app": "./cli/finalize-manifest.mjs"
+  },
+  "exports": {
+    ".": {
+      "types": "./dist/index.d.ts",
+      "import": "./dist/index.js"
+    },
+    "./runtime-bridge.js": {
+      "import": "./dist/runtime-bridge.js"
+    }
+  },
+  "files": [
+    "dist",
+    "cli"
+  ],
+  "scripts": {
+    "build": "tsup",
+    "dev": "tsup --watch",
+    "clean": "rm -rf dist"
+  },
+  "devDependencies": {
+    "tsup": "^8.5.1",
+    "typescript": "^5.6.3"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/pnpm-lock.yaml b/packages/sage-app-sdk/pnpm-lock.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a4ab1c75b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/pnpm-lock.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,897 @@
+lockfileVersion: '9.0'
+
+settings:
+  autoInstallPeers: true
+  excludeLinksFromLockfile: false
+
+importers:
+
+  .:
+    devDependencies:
+      tsup:
+        specifier: ^8.2.4
+        version: 8.5.1(typescript@5.9.3)
+      typescript:
+        specifier: ^5.6.3
+        version: 5.9.3
+
+packages:
+
+  '@esbuild/aix-ppc64@0.27.7':
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-EKX3Qwmhz1eMdEJokhALr0YiD0lhQNwDqkPYyPhiSwKrh7/4KRjQc04sZ8db+5DVVnZ1LmbNDI1uAMPEUBnQPg==}
+    engines: {node: '>=18'}
+    cpu: [ppc64]
+    os: [aix]
+
+  '@esbuild/android-arm64@0.27.7':
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-62dPZHpIXzvChfvfLJow3q5dDtiNMkwiRzPylSCfriLvZeq0a1bWChrGx/BbUbPwOrsWKMn8idSllklzBy+dgQ==}
+    engines: {node: '>=18'}
+    cpu: [arm64]
+    os: [android]
+
+  '@esbuild/android-arm@0.27.7':
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-jbPXvB4Yj2yBV7HUfE2KHe4GJX51QplCN1pGbYjvsyCZbQmies29EoJbkEc+vYuU5o45AfQn37vZlyXy4YJ8RQ==}
+    engines: {node: '>=18'}
+    cpu: [arm]
+    os: [android]
+
+  '@esbuild/android-x64@0.27.7':
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-x5VpMODneVDb70PYV2VQOmIUUiBtY3D3mPBG8NxVk5CogneYhkR7MmM3yR/uMdITLrC1ml/NV1rj4bMJuy9MCg==}
+    engines: {node: '>=18'}
+    cpu: [x64]
+    os: [android]
+
+  '@esbuild/darwin-arm64@0.27.7':
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-5lckdqeuBPlKUwvoCXIgI2D9/ABmPq3Rdp7IfL70393YgaASt7tbju3Ac+ePVi3KDH6N2RqePfHnXkaDtY9fkw==}
+    engines: {node: '>=18'}
+    cpu: [arm64]
+    os: [darwin]
+
+  '@esbuild/darwin-x64@0.27.7':
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-rYnXrKcXuT7Z+WL5K980jVFdvVKhCHhUwid+dDYQpH+qu+TefcomiMAJpIiC2EM3Rjtq0sO3StMV/+3w3MyyqQ==}
+    engines: {node: '>=18'}
+    cpu: [x64]
+    os: [darwin]
+
+  '@esbuild/freebsd-arm64@0.27.7':
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-B48PqeCsEgOtzME2GbNM2roU29AMTuOIN91dsMO30t+Ydis3z/3Ngoj5hhnsOSSwNzS+6JppqWsuhTp6E82l2w==}
+    engines: {node: '>=18'}
+    cpu: [arm64]
+    os: [freebsd]
+
+  '@esbuild/freebsd-x64@0.27.7':
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-jOBDK5XEjA4m5IJK3bpAQF9/Lelu/Z9ZcdhTRLf4cajlB+8VEhFFRjWgfy3M1O4rO2GQ/b2dLwCUGpiF/eATNQ==}
+    engines: {node: '>=18'}
+    cpu: [x64]
+    os: [freebsd]
+
+  '@esbuild/linux-arm64@0.27.7':
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-RZPHBoxXuNnPQO9rvjh5jdkRmVizktkT7TCDkDmQ0W2SwHInKCAV95GRuvdSvA7w4VMwfCjUiPwDi0ZO6Nfe9A==}
+    engines: {node: '>=18'}
+    cpu: [arm64]
+    os: [linux]
+
+  '@esbuild/linux-arm@0.27.7':
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-RkT/YXYBTSULo3+af8Ib0ykH8u2MBh57o7q/DAs3lTJlyVQkgQvlrPTnjIzzRPQyavxtPtfg0EopvDyIt0j1rA==}
+    engines: {node: '>=18'}
+    cpu: [arm]
+    os: [linux]
+
+  '@esbuild/linux-ia32@0.27.7':
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-GA48aKNkyQDbd3KtkplYWT102C5sn/EZTY4XROkxONgruHPU72l+gW+FfF8tf2cFjeHaRbWpOYa/uRBz/Xq1Pg==}
+    engines: {node: '>=18'}
+    cpu: [ia32]
+    os: [linux]
+
+  '@esbuild/linux-loong64@0.27.7':
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-a4POruNM2oWsD4WKvBSEKGIiWQF8fZOAsycHOt6JBpZ+JN2n2JH9WAv56SOyu9X5IqAjqSIPTaJkqN8F7XOQ5Q==}
+    engines: {node: '>=18'}
+    cpu: [loong64]
+    os: [linux]
+
+  '@esbuild/linux-mips64el@0.27.7':
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-KabT5I6StirGfIz0FMgl1I+R1H73Gp0ofL9A3nG3i/cYFJzKHhouBV5VWK1CSgKvVaG4q1RNpCTR2LuTVB3fIw==}
+    engines: {node: '>=18'}
+    cpu: [mips64el]
+    os: [linux]
+
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+
+  picomatch@4.0.4:
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+    engines: {node: '>=12'}
+
+  pirates@4.0.7:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-TfySrs/5nm8fQJDcBDuUng3VOUKsd7S+zqvbOTiGXHfxX4wK31ard+hoNuvkicM/2YFzlpDgABOevKSsB4G/FA==}
+    engines: {node: '>= 6'}
+
+  pkg-types@1.3.1:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-/Jm5M4RvtBFVkKWRu2BLUTNP8/M2a+UwuAX+ae4770q1qVGtfjG+WTCupoZixokjmHiry8uI+dlY8KXYV5HVVQ==}
+
+  postcss-load-config@6.0.1:
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+    engines: {node: '>= 18'}
+    peerDependencies:
+      jiti: '>=1.21.0'
+      postcss: '>=8.0.9'
+      tsx: ^4.8.1
+      yaml: ^2.4.2
+    peerDependenciesMeta:
+      jiti:
+        optional: true
+      postcss:
+        optional: true
+      tsx:
+        optional: true
+      yaml:
+        optional: true
+
+  readdirp@4.1.2:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-GDhwkLfywWL2s6vEjyhri+eXmfH6j1L7JE27WhqLeYzoh/A3DBaYGEj2H/HFZCn/kMfim73FXxEJTw06WtxQwg==}
+    engines: {node: '>= 14.18.0'}
+
+  resolve-from@5.0.0:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-qYg9KP24dD5qka9J47d0aVky0N+b4fTU89LN9iDnjB5waksiC49rvMB0PrUJQGoTmH50XPiqOvAjDfaijGxYZw==}
+    engines: {node: '>=8'}
+
+  rollup@4.60.1:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-VmtB2rFU/GroZ4oL8+ZqXgSA38O6GR8KSIvWmEFv63pQ0G6KaBH9s07PO8XTXP4vI+3UJUEypOfjkGfmSBBR0w==}
+    engines: {node: '>=18.0.0', npm: '>=8.0.0'}
+    hasBin: true
+
+  source-map@0.7.6:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-i5uvt8C3ikiWeNZSVZNWcfZPItFQOsYTUAOkcUPGd8DqDy1uOUikjt5dG+uRlwyvR108Fb9DOd4GvXfT0N2/uQ==}
+    engines: {node: '>= 12'}
+
+  sucrase@3.35.1:
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+    engines: {node: '>=16 || 14 >=14.17'}
+    hasBin: true
+
+  thenify-all@1.6.0:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-RNxQH/qI8/t3thXJDwcstUO4zeqo64+Uy/+sNVRBx4Xn2OX+OZ9oP+iJnNFqplFra2ZUVeKCSa2oVWi3T4uVmA==}
+    engines: {node: '>=0.8'}
+
+  thenify@3.3.1:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-RVZSIV5IG10Hk3enotrhvz0T9em6cyHBLkH/YAZuKqd8hRkKhSfCGIcP2KUY0EPxndzANBmNllzWPwak+bheSw==}
+
+  tinyexec@0.3.2:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-KQQR9yN7R5+OSwaK0XQoj22pwHoTlgYqmUscPYoknOoWCWfj/5/ABTMRi69FrKU5ffPVh5QcFikpWJI/P1ocHA==}
+
+  tinyglobby@0.2.16:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-pn99VhoACYR8nFHhxqix+uvsbXineAasWm5ojXoN8xEwK5Kd3/TrhNn1wByuD52UxWRLy8pu+kRMniEi6Eq9Zg==}
+    engines: {node: '>=12.0.0'}
+
+  tree-kill@1.2.2:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-L0Orpi8qGpRG//Nd+H90vFB+3iHnue1zSSGmNOOCh1GLJ7rUKVwV2HvijphGQS2UmhUZewS9VgvxYIdgr+fG1A==}
+    hasBin: true
+
+  ts-interface-checker@0.1.13:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-Y/arvbn+rrz3JCKl9C4kVNfTfSm2/mEp5FSz5EsZSANGPSlQrpRI5M4PKF+mJnE52jOO90PnPSc3Ur3bTQw0gA==}
+
+  tsup@8.5.1:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-xtgkqwdhpKWr3tKPmCkvYmS9xnQK3m3XgxZHwSUjvfTjp7YfXe5tT3GgWi0F2N+ZSMsOeWeZFh7ZZFg5iPhing==}
+    engines: {node: '>=18'}
+    hasBin: true
+    peerDependencies:
+      '@microsoft/api-extractor': ^7.36.0
+      '@swc/core': ^1
+      postcss: ^8.4.12
+      typescript: '>=4.5.0'
+    peerDependenciesMeta:
+      '@microsoft/api-extractor':
+        optional: true
+      '@swc/core':
+        optional: true
+      postcss:
+        optional: true
+      typescript:
+        optional: true
+
+  typescript@5.9.3:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-jl1vZzPDinLr9eUt3J/t7V6FgNEw9QjvBPdysz9KfQDD41fQrC2Y4vKQdiaUpFT4bXlb1RHhLpp8wtm6M5TgSw==}
+    engines: {node: '>=14.17'}
+    hasBin: true
+
+  ufo@1.6.3:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-yDJTmhydvl5lJzBmy/hyOAA0d+aqCBuwl818haVdYCRrWV84o7YyeVm4QlVHStqNrrJSTb6jKuFAVqAFsr+K3Q==}
+
+snapshots:
+
+  '@esbuild/aix-ppc64@0.27.7':
+    optional: true
+
+  '@esbuild/android-arm64@0.27.7':
+    optional: true
+
+  '@esbuild/android-arm@0.27.7':
+    optional: true
+
+  '@esbuild/android-x64@0.27.7':
+    optional: true
+
+  '@esbuild/darwin-arm64@0.27.7':
+    optional: true
+
+  '@esbuild/darwin-x64@0.27.7':
+    optional: true
+
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+    optional: true
+
+  '@esbuild/freebsd-x64@0.27.7':
+    optional: true
+
+  '@esbuild/linux-arm64@0.27.7':
+    optional: true
+
+  '@esbuild/linux-arm@0.27.7':
+    optional: true
+
+  '@esbuild/linux-ia32@0.27.7':
+    optional: true
+
+  '@esbuild/linux-loong64@0.27.7':
+    optional: true
+
+  '@esbuild/linux-mips64el@0.27.7':
+    optional: true
+
+  '@esbuild/linux-ppc64@0.27.7':
+    optional: true
+
+  '@esbuild/linux-riscv64@0.27.7':
+    optional: true
+
+  '@esbuild/linux-s390x@0.27.7':
+    optional: true
+
+  '@esbuild/linux-x64@0.27.7':
+    optional: true
+
+  '@esbuild/netbsd-arm64@0.27.7':
+    optional: true
+
+  '@esbuild/netbsd-x64@0.27.7':
+    optional: true
+
+  '@esbuild/openbsd-arm64@0.27.7':
+    optional: true
+
+  '@esbuild/openbsd-x64@0.27.7':
+    optional: true
+
+  '@esbuild/openharmony-arm64@0.27.7':
+    optional: true
+
+  '@esbuild/sunos-x64@0.27.7':
+    optional: true
+
+  '@esbuild/win32-arm64@0.27.7':
+    optional: true
+
+  '@esbuild/win32-ia32@0.27.7':
+    optional: true
+
+  '@esbuild/win32-x64@0.27.7':
+    optional: true
+
+  '@jridgewell/gen-mapping@0.3.13':
+    dependencies:
+      '@jridgewell/sourcemap-codec': 1.5.5
+      '@jridgewell/trace-mapping': 0.3.31
+
+  '@jridgewell/resolve-uri@3.1.2': {}
+
+  '@jridgewell/sourcemap-codec@1.5.5': {}
+
+  '@jridgewell/trace-mapping@0.3.31':
+    dependencies:
+      '@jridgewell/resolve-uri': 3.1.2
+      '@jridgewell/sourcemap-codec': 1.5.5
+
+  '@rollup/rollup-android-arm-eabi@4.60.1':
+    optional: true
+
+  '@rollup/rollup-android-arm64@4.60.1':
+    optional: true
+
+  '@rollup/rollup-darwin-arm64@4.60.1':
+    optional: true
+
+  '@rollup/rollup-darwin-x64@4.60.1':
+    optional: true
+
+  '@rollup/rollup-freebsd-arm64@4.60.1':
+    optional: true
+
+  '@rollup/rollup-freebsd-x64@4.60.1':
+    optional: true
+
+  '@rollup/rollup-linux-arm-gnueabihf@4.60.1':
+    optional: true
+
+  '@rollup/rollup-linux-arm-musleabihf@4.60.1':
+    optional: true
+
+  '@rollup/rollup-linux-arm64-gnu@4.60.1':
+    optional: true
+
+  '@rollup/rollup-linux-arm64-musl@4.60.1':
+    optional: true
+
+  '@rollup/rollup-linux-loong64-gnu@4.60.1':
+    optional: true
+
+  '@rollup/rollup-linux-loong64-musl@4.60.1':
+    optional: true
+
+  '@rollup/rollup-linux-ppc64-gnu@4.60.1':
+    optional: true
+
+  '@rollup/rollup-linux-ppc64-musl@4.60.1':
+    optional: true
+
+  '@rollup/rollup-linux-riscv64-gnu@4.60.1':
+    optional: true
+
+  '@rollup/rollup-linux-riscv64-musl@4.60.1':
+    optional: true
+
+  '@rollup/rollup-linux-s390x-gnu@4.60.1':
+    optional: true
+
+  '@rollup/rollup-linux-x64-gnu@4.60.1':
+    optional: true
+
+  '@rollup/rollup-linux-x64-musl@4.60.1':
+    optional: true
+
+  '@rollup/rollup-openbsd-x64@4.60.1':
+    optional: true
+
+  '@rollup/rollup-openharmony-arm64@4.60.1':
+    optional: true
+
+  '@rollup/rollup-win32-arm64-msvc@4.60.1':
+    optional: true
+
+  '@rollup/rollup-win32-ia32-msvc@4.60.1':
+    optional: true
+
+  '@rollup/rollup-win32-x64-gnu@4.60.1':
+    optional: true
+
+  '@rollup/rollup-win32-x64-msvc@4.60.1':
+    optional: true
+
+  '@types/estree@1.0.8': {}
+
+  acorn@8.16.0: {}
+
+  any-promise@1.3.0: {}
+
+  bundle-require@5.1.0(esbuild@0.27.7):
+    dependencies:
+      esbuild: 0.27.7
+      load-tsconfig: 0.2.5
+
+  cac@6.7.14: {}
+
+  chokidar@4.0.3:
+    dependencies:
+      readdirp: 4.1.2
+
+  commander@4.1.1: {}
+
+  confbox@0.1.8: {}
+
+  consola@3.4.2: {}
+
+  debug@4.4.3:
+    dependencies:
+      ms: 2.1.3
+
+  esbuild@0.27.7:
+    optionalDependencies:
+      '@esbuild/aix-ppc64': 0.27.7
+      '@esbuild/android-arm': 0.27.7
+      '@esbuild/android-arm64': 0.27.7
+      '@esbuild/android-x64': 0.27.7
+      '@esbuild/darwin-arm64': 0.27.7
+      '@esbuild/darwin-x64': 0.27.7
+      '@esbuild/freebsd-arm64': 0.27.7
+      '@esbuild/freebsd-x64': 0.27.7
+      '@esbuild/linux-arm': 0.27.7
+      '@esbuild/linux-arm64': 0.27.7
+      '@esbuild/linux-ia32': 0.27.7
+      '@esbuild/linux-loong64': 0.27.7
+      '@esbuild/linux-mips64el': 0.27.7
+      '@esbuild/linux-ppc64': 0.27.7
+      '@esbuild/linux-riscv64': 0.27.7
+      '@esbuild/linux-s390x': 0.27.7
+      '@esbuild/linux-x64': 0.27.7
+      '@esbuild/netbsd-arm64': 0.27.7
+      '@esbuild/netbsd-x64': 0.27.7
+      '@esbuild/openbsd-arm64': 0.27.7
+      '@esbuild/openbsd-x64': 0.27.7
+      '@esbuild/openharmony-arm64': 0.27.7
+      '@esbuild/sunos-x64': 0.27.7
+      '@esbuild/win32-arm64': 0.27.7
+      '@esbuild/win32-ia32': 0.27.7
+      '@esbuild/win32-x64': 0.27.7
+
+  fdir@6.5.0(picomatch@4.0.4):
+    optionalDependencies:
+      picomatch: 4.0.4
+
+  fix-dts-default-cjs-exports@1.0.1:
+    dependencies:
+      magic-string: 0.30.21
+      mlly: 1.8.2
+      rollup: 4.60.1
+
+  fsevents@2.3.3:
+    optional: true
+
+  joycon@3.1.1: {}
+
+  lilconfig@3.1.3: {}
+
+  lines-and-columns@1.2.4: {}
+
+  load-tsconfig@0.2.5: {}
+
+  magic-string@0.30.21:
+    dependencies:
+      '@jridgewell/sourcemap-codec': 1.5.5
+
+  mlly@1.8.2:
+    dependencies:
+      acorn: 8.16.0
+      pathe: 2.0.3
+      pkg-types: 1.3.1
+      ufo: 1.6.3
+
+  ms@2.1.3: {}
+
+  mz@2.7.0:
+    dependencies:
+      any-promise: 1.3.0
+      object-assign: 4.1.1
+      thenify-all: 1.6.0
+
+  object-assign@4.1.1: {}
+
+  pathe@2.0.3: {}
+
+  picocolors@1.1.1: {}
+
+  picomatch@4.0.4: {}
+
+  pirates@4.0.7: {}
+
+  pkg-types@1.3.1:
+    dependencies:
+      confbox: 0.1.8
+      mlly: 1.8.2
+      pathe: 2.0.3
+
+  postcss-load-config@6.0.1:
+    dependencies:
+      lilconfig: 3.1.3
+
+  readdirp@4.1.2: {}
+
+  resolve-from@5.0.0: {}
+
+  rollup@4.60.1:
+    dependencies:
+      '@types/estree': 1.0.8
+    optionalDependencies:
+      '@rollup/rollup-android-arm-eabi': 4.60.1
+      '@rollup/rollup-android-arm64': 4.60.1
+      '@rollup/rollup-darwin-arm64': 4.60.1
+      '@rollup/rollup-darwin-x64': 4.60.1
+      '@rollup/rollup-freebsd-arm64': 4.60.1
+      '@rollup/rollup-freebsd-x64': 4.60.1
+      '@rollup/rollup-linux-arm-gnueabihf': 4.60.1
+      '@rollup/rollup-linux-arm-musleabihf': 4.60.1
+      '@rollup/rollup-linux-arm64-gnu': 4.60.1
+      '@rollup/rollup-linux-arm64-musl': 4.60.1
+      '@rollup/rollup-linux-loong64-gnu': 4.60.1
+      '@rollup/rollup-linux-loong64-musl': 4.60.1
+      '@rollup/rollup-linux-ppc64-gnu': 4.60.1
+      '@rollup/rollup-linux-ppc64-musl': 4.60.1
+      '@rollup/rollup-linux-riscv64-gnu': 4.60.1
+      '@rollup/rollup-linux-riscv64-musl': 4.60.1
+      '@rollup/rollup-linux-s390x-gnu': 4.60.1
+      '@rollup/rollup-linux-x64-gnu': 4.60.1
+      '@rollup/rollup-linux-x64-musl': 4.60.1
+      '@rollup/rollup-openbsd-x64': 4.60.1
+      '@rollup/rollup-openharmony-arm64': 4.60.1
+      '@rollup/rollup-win32-arm64-msvc': 4.60.1
+      '@rollup/rollup-win32-ia32-msvc': 4.60.1
+      '@rollup/rollup-win32-x64-gnu': 4.60.1
+      '@rollup/rollup-win32-x64-msvc': 4.60.1
+      fsevents: 2.3.3
+
+  source-map@0.7.6: {}
+
+  sucrase@3.35.1:
+    dependencies:
+      '@jridgewell/gen-mapping': 0.3.13
+      commander: 4.1.1
+      lines-and-columns: 1.2.4
+      mz: 2.7.0
+      pirates: 4.0.7
+      tinyglobby: 0.2.16
+      ts-interface-checker: 0.1.13
+
+  thenify-all@1.6.0:
+    dependencies:
+      thenify: 3.3.1
+
+  thenify@3.3.1:
+    dependencies:
+      any-promise: 1.3.0
+
+  tinyexec@0.3.2: {}
+
+  tinyglobby@0.2.16:
+    dependencies:
+      fdir: 6.5.0(picomatch@4.0.4)
+      picomatch: 4.0.4
+
+  tree-kill@1.2.2: {}
+
+  ts-interface-checker@0.1.13: {}
+
+  tsup@8.5.1(typescript@5.9.3):
+    dependencies:
+      bundle-require: 5.1.0(esbuild@0.27.7)
+      cac: 6.7.14
+      chokidar: 4.0.3
+      consola: 3.4.2
+      debug: 4.4.3
+      esbuild: 0.27.7
+      fix-dts-default-cjs-exports: 1.0.1
+      joycon: 3.1.1
+      picocolors: 1.1.1
+      postcss-load-config: 6.0.1
+      resolve-from: 5.0.0
+      rollup: 4.60.1
+      source-map: 0.7.6
+      sucrase: 3.35.1
+      tinyexec: 0.3.2
+      tinyglobby: 0.2.16
+      tree-kill: 1.2.2
+    optionalDependencies:
+      typescript: 5.9.3
+    transitivePeerDependencies:
+      - jiti
+      - supports-color
+      - tsx
+      - yaml
+
+  typescript@5.9.3: {}
+
+  ufo@1.6.3: {}
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/client.ts b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/client.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..926ede8f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/client.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+import type { SageClient } from './types';
+
+export function isSageRuntimeAvailable(): boolean {
+    const w = window as Window & typeof globalThis & {
+        __TAURI__?: unknown;
+    };
+
+    return !!w.__TAURI__;
+}
+
+function getClientFromWindow(): SageClient | undefined {
+    if (typeof window === 'undefined') {
+        return undefined;
+    }
+
+    return window.__SAGE__;
+}
+
+export function isSageBridgeInitialized(): boolean {
+    return !!getClientFromWindow();
+}
+
+export function hasSageBridge(): boolean {
+    return !!getClientFromWindow();
+}
+
+function getClientOrThrow(): SageClient {
+    const client = getClientFromWindow();
+
+    if (!client) {
+        throw new Error(
+            'Sage bridge is unavailable. Did you call initSageRuntimeBridge() in app startup?',
+        );
+    }
+
+    return client;
+}
+
+export async function createSageClient(): Promise<SageClient> {
+    return getClientOrThrow();
+}
+
+export function getSageClientSync(): SageClient {
+    return getClientOrThrow();
+}
+
+function isObject(value: unknown): value is Record<string, unknown> {
+    return !!value && typeof value === 'object';
+}
+
+export function formatSageError(err: unknown): string {
+    if (err instanceof Error) {
+        return err.message;
+    }
+
+    if (typeof err === 'string') {
+        return err;
+    }
+
+    if (isObject(err)) {
+        if (typeof err.message === 'string') {
+            return err.message;
+        }
+
+        if (typeof err.reason === 'string') {
+            return err.reason;
+        }
+
+        try {
+            return JSON.stringify(err, null, 2);
+        } catch {
+            return 'Unknown Sage error';
+        }
+    }
+
+    return String(err);
+}
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/global.d.ts b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/global.d.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..79f0933bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/global.d.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+import type { SageAppInfo, SageClient } from './types';
+
+declare global {
+    interface Window {
+        __SAGE__?: SageClient;
+        __SAGE_APP_INFO__?: SageAppInfo;
+        __SAGE_RUNTIME_BRIDGE_INITIALIZED__?: boolean;
+    }
+}
+
+export {};
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/index.ts b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/index.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e0c8588ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/index.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+export { initSageRuntimeBridge, SAGE_BRIDGE_VERSION } from './runtime';
+
+export {
+    isSageRuntimeAvailable,
+    isSageBridgeInitialized,
+    createSageClient,
+    formatSageError,
+    getSageClientSync,
+    hasSageBridge,
+} from './client';
+
+export type {
+    Amount,
+    SageAppInfo,
+    SageBridgeErrorResponse,
+    SageBridgeEventPayload,
+    SageBridgeRequest,
+    SageBridgeResponse,
+    SageBridgeSendPayload,
+    SageBridgeSuccessResponse,
+    SageBridgeVersion,
+    SageClient,
+    SageRequestedPermissions,
+    SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail,
+    SageNetworkPermission,
+    SageWalletSendXchRequest,
+    TransactionResponse,
+} from './types';
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime-bridge-entry.ts b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime-bridge-entry.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1506547b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime-bridge-entry.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+import { initSageRuntimeBridge } from './runtime';
+
+initSageRuntimeBridge();
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1818b6166
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,267 @@
+import type {
+    SageAppInfo,
+    SageBridgeEventPayload,
+    SageBridgeRequest,
+    SageBridgeResponse,
+    SageBridgeSendPayload,
+    SageBridgeVersion,
+    SageClient,
+    SageWalletSendXchRequest,
+    TransactionResponse,
+} from './types';
+
+export const SAGE_BRIDGE_VERSION: SageBridgeVersion = 'v1';
+
+type SageListenEvent<T = unknown> = {
+    payload: T;
+};
+
+type SageUnlisten = () => void;
+
+type SageWebviewHandle = {
+    label: string;
+    emitTo(target: string, event: string, payload: unknown): Promise<void>;
+    listen<T = unknown>(
+        event: string,
+        handler: (event: SageListenEvent<T>) => void,
+    ): Promise<SageUnlisten>;
+};
+
+type SageTauriGlobal = {
+    webview?: {
+        getCurrentWebview(): SageWebviewHandle;
+    };
+};
+
+type SageWindow = Window &
+    typeof globalThis & {
+    __SAGE__?: SageClient;
+    __SAGE_APP_INFO__?: SageAppInfo;
+    __SAGE_RUNTIME_BRIDGE_INITIALIZED__?: boolean;
+    __TAURI__?: SageTauriGlobal;
+};
+
+function getSageWindow(): SageWindow {
+    return window as SageWindow;
+}
+
+function buildFallbackAppInfo(): SageAppInfo {
+    const appId =
+        new URL(window.location.href).searchParams.get('__sage_app_id') ??
+        'unknown-app';
+
+    return {
+        id: appId,
+        name: document.title || appId,
+        version: '0.0.0',
+        requestedPermissions: {
+            required: [],
+            optional: [],
+        },
+        grantedPermissions: [],
+        network: [],
+    };
+}
+
+function tryGetCurrentWebview(): SageWebviewHandle | null {
+    const tauri = getSageWindow().__TAURI__;
+    if (!tauri?.webview?.getCurrentWebview) {
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    return tauri.webview.getCurrentWebview();
+}
+
+export function initSageRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
+    const w = getSageWindow();
+
+    if (w.__SAGE__) {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    if (w.__SAGE_RUNTIME_BRIDGE_INITIALIZED__) {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    const maybeWebview = tryGetCurrentWebview();
+    if (!maybeWebview) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    const webview: SageWebviewHandle = maybeWebview;
+
+    w.__SAGE_RUNTIME_BRIDGE_INITIALIZED__ = true;
+
+    const sourceLabel = webview.label;
+    const bridgeListeners = new Set<(event: unknown) => void>();
+
+    webview
+        .listen('sage-bridge:event', (event: SageListenEvent) => {
+            const data = event.payload;
+            if (!data || (data as { channel?: string }).channel !== 'sage-bridge') {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            for (const listener of bridgeListeners) {
+                try {
+                    listener(data);
+                } catch (error: unknown) {
+                    console.error('Sage bridge event listener failed:', error);
+                }
+            }
+        })
+        .catch((error: unknown) => {
+            console.error('Failed to subscribe to sage-bridge:event:', error);
+        });
+
+    webview
+        .listen('sage-lifecycle:before-stop', (event: SageListenEvent) => {
+            try {
+                window.dispatchEvent(
+                    new CustomEvent('sage:lifecycle:before-stop', {
+                        detail: event.payload,
+                    }),
+                );
+            } catch (error: unknown) {
+                console.error('Failed to dispatch before-stop lifecycle event', error);
+            }
+        })
+        .catch((error: unknown) => {
+            console.error('Failed to subscribe to sage-lifecycle:before-stop:', error);
+        });
+
+    async function callHost<T>(method: string, params?: unknown): Promise<T> {
+        const id = `sage-${Date.now()}-${Math.random().toString(36).slice(2)}`;
+
+        return await new Promise<T>((resolve, reject) => {
+            void (async () => {
+                let settled = false;
+
+                const timeoutId = window.setTimeout(() => {
+                    if (settled) {
+                        return;
+                    }
+
+                    settled = true;
+                    unlistenPromise
+                        .then((unlisten: SageUnlisten) => unlisten())
+                        .catch(() => {});
+                    reject(new Error(`Sage bridge timeout for ${method}`));
+                }, 15000);
+
+                const unlistenPromise = webview.listen(
+                    'sage-bridge:response',
+                    (event: SageListenEvent<SageBridgeResponse>) => {
+                        const data = event.payload;
+
+                        if (
+                            !data ||
+                            data.channel !== 'sage-bridge' ||
+                            data.bridgeVersion !== SAGE_BRIDGE_VERSION ||
+                            data.id !== id
+                        ) {
+                            return;
+                        }
+
+                        if (settled) {
+                            return;
+                        }
+
+                        settled = true;
+                        window.clearTimeout(timeoutId);
+                        unlistenPromise
+                            .then((unlisten: SageUnlisten) => unlisten())
+                            .catch(() => {});
+
+                        if (data.ok) {
+                            resolve(data.result as T);
+                        } else {
+                            reject(new Error(data.error?.message || 'Unknown Sage bridge error'));
+                        }
+                    },
+                );
+
+                try {
+                    const request: SageBridgeRequest = {
+                        channel: 'sage-bridge',
+                        bridgeVersion: SAGE_BRIDGE_VERSION,
+                        id,
+                        method,
+                        params,
+                    };
+
+                    const payload: SageBridgeEventPayload = {
+                        sourceLabel,
+                        request,
+                    };
+
+                    await webview.emitTo('main', 'sage-bridge:request', payload);
+                } catch (error: unknown) {
+                    if (settled) {
+                        return;
+                    }
+
+                    settled = true;
+                    window.clearTimeout(timeoutId);
+                    unlistenPromise
+                        .then((unlisten: SageUnlisten) => unlisten())
+                        .catch(() => {});
+                    reject(error instanceof Error ? error : new Error(String(error)));
+                }
+            })();
+        });
+    }
+
+    w.__SAGE__ = {
+        initialAppInfo: w.__SAGE_APP_INFO__ ?? buildFallbackAppInfo(),
+        app: {
+            async bridgePing() {
+                return await callHost<unknown>('bridge.ping');
+            },
+
+            async bridgeSend(input: SageBridgeSendPayload) {
+                return await callHost<unknown>('bridge.send', input);
+            },
+
+            async getInfo() {
+                return await callHost<SageAppInfo>('app.getInfo');
+            },
+
+            async getPermissions() {
+                return await callHost<string[]>('sage.getPermissions');
+            },
+        },
+
+        lifecycle: {
+            onBeforeStop(handler) {
+                const listener = (event: Event) => {
+                    const custom = event as CustomEvent;
+                    handler((custom.detail ?? {}) as {
+                        reason?: string;
+                        appId?: string;
+                        runtimeId?: string;
+                    });
+                };
+
+                window.addEventListener(
+                    'sage:lifecycle:before-stop',
+                    listener as EventListener,
+                );
+
+                return () => {
+                    window.removeEventListener(
+                        'sage:lifecycle:before-stop',
+                        listener as EventListener,
+                    );
+                };
+            },
+        },
+
+        wallet: {
+            async sendXch(input: SageWalletSendXchRequest) {
+                return await callHost<TransactionResponse>('wallet.sendXch', input);
+            },
+        },
+    };
+    return true;
+}
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/types.ts b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/types.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b831224f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/types.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+export type SageBridgeVersion = 'v1';
+
+export type SageNetworkPermission = {
+    scheme: string;
+    host: string;
+    required: boolean;
+};
+
+export type SageRequestedPermissions = {
+    required: string[];
+    optional: string[];
+};
+
+export type SageAppInfo = {
+    id: string;
+    name: string;
+    version: string;
+    requestedPermissions: SageRequestedPermissions;
+    grantedPermissions: string[];
+    network: SageNetworkPermission[];
+};
+
+export type SageBridgeRequest = {
+    channel: 'sage-bridge';
+    bridgeVersion: SageBridgeVersion;
+    id: string;
+    method: string;
+    params?: unknown;
+};
+
+export type SageBridgeSuccessResponse = {
+    channel: 'sage-bridge';
+    bridgeVersion: SageBridgeVersion;
+    id: string;
+    ok: true;
+    result: unknown;
+};
+
+export type SageBridgeErrorResponse = {
+    channel: 'sage-bridge';
+    bridgeVersion: SageBridgeVersion;
+    id: string;
+    ok: false;
+    error: {
+        code: string;
+        message: string;
+    };
+};
+
+export type SageBridgeResponse =
+    | SageBridgeSuccessResponse
+    | SageBridgeErrorResponse;
+
+export type SageBridgeEventPayload = {
+    sourceLabel: string;
+    request: SageBridgeRequest;
+};
+
+export type SageBridgeSendPayload = {
+    kind: string;
+    [key: string]: unknown;
+};
+
+export type SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail = {
+    reason?: string;
+    appId?: string;
+    runtimeId?: string;
+};
+
+export type AssetKind = 'token' | 'nft' | 'did' | 'option';
+export type Amount = string | number;
+
+export type Asset = {
+    asset_id: string | null;
+    name: string | null;
+    ticker: string | null;
+    precision: number;
+    icon_url: string | null;
+    description: string | null;
+    is_sensitive_content: boolean;
+    is_visible: boolean;
+    revocation_address: string | null;
+    kind: AssetKind;
+};
+
+export type TransactionInput = {
+    coin_id: string;
+    amount: Amount;
+    address: string;
+    asset: Asset | null;
+    outputs: TransactionOutput[];
+};
+
+export type TransactionOutput = {
+    coin_id: string;
+    amount: Amount;
+    address: string;
+    receiving: boolean;
+    burning: boolean;
+};
+
+export type TransactionSummary = {
+    fee: Amount;
+    inputs: TransactionInput[];
+};
+
+export type CoinJson = {
+    parent_coin_info: string;
+    puzzle_hash: string;
+    amount: Amount;
+};
+
+export type CoinSpendJson = {
+    coin: CoinJson;
+    puzzle_reveal: string;
+    solution: string;
+};
+
+export type TransactionResponse = {
+    summary: TransactionSummary;
+    coin_spends: CoinSpendJson[];
+};
+
+export type SageWalletSendXchRequest = {
+    address: string;
+    amount: Amount;
+    fee: Amount;
+    memos?: string[];
+    clawback?: number | null;
+    auto_submit?: boolean;
+};
+
+export type SageWalletClient = {
+    sendXch(input: SageWalletSendXchRequest): Promise<TransactionResponse>;
+};
+
+export type SageAppClient = {
+    bridgePing(): Promise<unknown>;
+    bridgeSend(input: SageBridgeSendPayload): Promise<unknown>;
+    getInfo(): Promise<SageAppInfo>;
+    getPermissions(): Promise<string[]>;
+};
+
+export type SageLifecycleClient = {
+    onBeforeStop(
+        handler: (detail: SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail) => void,
+    ): () => void;
+};
+
+export type SageClient = {
+    initialAppInfo: SageAppInfo;
+    app: SageAppClient;
+    lifecycle: SageLifecycleClient;
+    wallet: SageWalletClient;
+};
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/tsconfig.json b/packages/sage-app-sdk/tsconfig.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..db068b8a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/tsconfig.json
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+{
+  "compilerOptions": {
+    "target": "ES2020",
+    "module": "ESNext",
+    "moduleResolution": "Bundler",
+    "declaration": true,
+    "strict": true,
+    "skipLibCheck": true,
+    "lib": ["ES2020", "DOM"],
+    "isolatedModules": true,
+    "noEmit": true
+  },
+  "include": ["src"]
+}
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/tsup.config.ts b/packages/sage-app-sdk/tsup.config.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1bf5dc1a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/tsup.config.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+import { defineConfig } from 'tsup';
+
+export default defineConfig([
+  {
+    entry: {
+      index: 'src/index.ts',
+    },
+    format: ['esm'],
+    dts: true,
+    splitting: false,
+    outDir: 'dist',
+    clean: true,
+  },
+  {
+    entry: {
+      'runtime-bridge': 'src/runtime-bridge-entry.ts',
+    },
+    format: ['esm'],
+    dts: false,
+    splitting: false,
+    outDir: 'dist',
+    clean: false,
+  },
+]);
diff --git a/pnpm-lock.yaml b/pnpm-lock.yaml
index f9aef00af..d32185a53 100644
--- a/pnpm-lock.yaml
+++ b/pnpm-lock.yaml
@@ -80,6 +80,9 @@ importers:
       '@react-spring/web':
         specifier: ^9.7.5
         version: 9.7.5(react-dom@18.3.1(react@18.3.1))(react@18.3.1)
+      '@sage-app/sdk':
+        specifier: workspace:*
+        version: link:packages/sage-app-sdk
       '@tanstack/react-table':
         specifier: ^8.21.3
         version: 8.21.3(react-dom@18.3.1(react@18.3.1))(react@18.3.1)
@@ -271,6 +274,15 @@ importers:
         specifier: ^7.3.1
         version: 7.3.1(@types/node@22.19.10)(jiti@1.21.7)(yaml@2.5.1)
 
+  packages/sage-app-sdk:
+    devDependencies:
+      tsup:
+        specifier: ^8.5.1
+        version: 8.5.1(@swc/core@1.15.11)(jiti@2.6.1)(postcss@8.5.6)(typescript@5.9.3)(yaml@2.5.1)
+      typescript:
+        specifier: ^5.6.3
+        version: 5.9.3
+
 packages:
 
   '@adraffy/ens-normalize@1.11.1':
@@ -1979,6 +1991,11 @@ packages:
     engines: {node: '>=0.4.0'}
     hasBin: true
 
+  acorn@8.16.0:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-UVJyE9MttOsBQIDKw1skb9nAwQuR5wuGD3+82K6JgJlm/Y+KI92oNsMNGZCYdDsVtRHSak0pcV5Dno5+4jh9sw==}
+    engines: {node: '>=0.4.0'}
+    hasBin: true
+
   ajv@6.12.6:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-j3fVLgvTo527anyYyJOGTYJbG+vnnQYvE0m5mmkc1TK+nxAppkCLMIL0aZ4dblVCNoGShhm+kzE4ZUykBoMg4g==}
 
@@ -2116,6 +2133,16 @@ packages:
   buffer@5.7.1:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-EHcyIPBQ4BSGlvjB16k5KgAJ27CIsHY/2JBmCRReo48y9rQ3MaUzWX3KVlBa4U7MyX02HdVj0K7C3WaB3ju7FQ==}
 
+  bundle-require@5.1.0:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-3WrrOuZiyaaZPWiEt4G3+IffISVC9HYlWueJEBWED4ZH4aIAC2PnkdnuRrR94M+w6yGWn4AglWtJtBI8YqvgoA==}
+    engines: {node: ^12.20.0 || ^14.13.1 || >=16.0.0}
+    peerDependencies:
+      esbuild: '>=0.18'
+
+  cac@6.7.14:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-b6Ilus+c3RrdDk+JhLKUAQfzzgLEPy6wcXqS7f/xe1EETvsDP6GORG7SFuOs6cID5YkqchW/LXZbX5bc8j7ZcQ==}
+    engines: {node: '>=8'}
+
   call-bind-apply-helpers@1.0.2:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-Sp1ablJ0ivDkSzjcaJdxEunN5/XvksFJ2sMBFfq6x0ryhQV/2b/KwFe21cMpmHtPOSij8K99/wSfoEuTObmuMQ==}
     engines: {node: '>= 0.4'}
@@ -2155,6 +2182,10 @@ packages:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-7VT13fmjotKpGipCW9JEQAusEPE+Ei8nl6/g4FBAmIm0GOOLMua9NDDo/DWp0ZAxCr3cPq5ZpBqmPAQgDda2Pw==}
     engines: {node: '>= 8.10.0'}
 
+  chokidar@4.0.3:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-Qgzu8kfBvo+cA4962jnP1KkS6Dop5NS6g7R5LFYJr4b8Ub94PPQXUksCw9PvXoeXPRRddRNC5C1JQUR2SMGtnA==}
+    engines: {node: '>= 14.16.0'}
+
   chokidar@5.0.0:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-TQMmc3w+5AxjpL8iIiwebF73dRDF4fBIieAqGn9RGCWaEVwQ6Fb2cGe31Yns0RRIzii5goJ1Y7xbMwo1TxMplw==}
     engines: {node: '>= 20.19.0'}
@@ -2213,6 +2244,13 @@ packages:
   concat-map@0.0.1:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-/Srv4dswyQNBfohGpz9o6Yb3Gz3SrUDqBH5rTuhGR7ahtlbYKnVxw2bCFMRljaA7EXHaXZ8wsHdodFvbkhKmqg==}
 
+  confbox@0.1.8:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-RMtmw0iFkeR4YV+fUOSucriAQNb9g8zFR52MWCtl+cCZOFRNL6zeB395vPzFhEjjn4fMxXudmELnl/KF/WrK6w==}
+
+  consola@3.4.2:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-5IKcdX0nnYavi6G7TtOhwkYzyjfJlatbjMjuLSfE2kYT5pMDOilZ4OvMhi637CcDICTmz3wARPoyhqyX1Y+XvA==}
+    engines: {node: ^14.18.0 || >=16.10.0}
+
   convert-source-map@2.0.0:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-Kvp459HrV2FEJ1CAsi1Ku+MY3kasH19TFykTz2xWmMeq6bk2NU3XXvfJ+Q61m0xktWwt+1HSYf3JZsTms3aRJg==}
 
@@ -2490,6 +2528,9 @@ packages:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-78/PXT1wlLLDgTzDs7sjq9hzz0vXD+zn+7wypEe4fXQxCmdmqfGsEPQxmiCSQI3ajFV91bVSsvNtrJRiW6nGng==}
     engines: {node: '>=10'}
 
+  fix-dts-default-cjs-exports@1.0.1:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-pVIECanWFC61Hzl2+oOCtoJ3F17kglZC/6N94eRWycFgBH35hHx0Li604ZIzhseh97mf2p0cv7vVrOZGoqhlEg==}
+
   flat-cache@3.2.0:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-CYcENa+FtcUKLmhhqyctpclsq7QF38pKjZHsGNiSQF5r4FtoKDWabFDl3hzaEQMvT1LHEysw5twgLvpYYb4vbw==}
     engines: {node: ^10.12.0 || >=12.0.0}
@@ -2820,6 +2861,10 @@ packages:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-ekilCSN1jwRvIbgeg/57YFh8qQDNbwDb9xT/qu2DAHbFFZUicIl4ygVaAvzveMhMVr3LnpSKTNnwt8PoOfmKhQ==}
     hasBin: true
 
+  joycon@3.1.1:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-34wB/Y7MW7bzjKRjUKTa46I2Z7eV62Rkhva+KkopW7Qvv/OSWBqvkSY7vusOPrNuZcUG3tApvdVgNB8POj3SPw==}
+    engines: {node: '>=10'}
+
   js-sha256@0.10.1:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-5obBtsz9301ULlsgggLg542s/jqtddfOpV5KJc4hajc9JV8GeY2gZHSVpYBn4nWqAUTJ9v+xwtbJ1mIBgIH5Vw==}
 
@@ -2877,6 +2922,10 @@ packages:
   lines-and-columns@1.2.4:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-7ylylesZQ/PV29jhEDl3Ufjo6ZX7gCqJr5F7PKrqc93v7fzSymt1BpwEU8nAUXs8qzzvqhbjhK5QZg6Mt/HkBg==}
 
+  load-tsconfig@0.2.5:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-IXO6OCs9yg8tMKzfPZ1YmheJbZCiEsnBdcB03l0OcfK9prKnJb96siuHCr5Fl37/yo9DnKU+TLpxzTUspw9shg==}
+    engines: {node: ^12.20.0 || ^14.13.1 || >=16.0.0}
+
   locate-path@6.0.0:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-iPZK6eYjbxRu3uB4/WZ3EsEIMJFMqAoopl3R+zuq0UjcAm/MO6KCweDgPfP3elTztoKP3KtnVHxTn2NHBSDVUw==}
     engines: {node: '>=10'}
@@ -2907,6 +2956,9 @@ packages:
     peerDependencies:
       react: ^16.5.1 || ^17.0.0 || ^18.0.0 || ^19.0.0-rc
 
+  magic-string@0.30.21:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-vd2F4YUyEXKGcLHoq+TEyCjxueSeHnFxyyjNp80yg0XV4vUhnDer/lvvlqM/arB5bXQN5K2/3oinyCRyx8T2CQ==}
+
   math-intrinsics@1.1.0:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-/IXtbwEk5HTPyEwyKX6hGkYXxM9nbj64B+ilVJnC/R6B0pH5G4V3b0pVbL7DBj4tkhBAppbQUlf6F6Xl9LHu1g==}
     engines: {node: '>= 0.4'}
@@ -2938,6 +2990,9 @@ packages:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-qOOzS1cBTWYF4BH8fVePDBOO9iptMnGUEZwNc/cMWnTV2nVLZ7VoNWEPHkYczZA0pdoA7dl6e7FL659nX9S2aw==}
     engines: {node: '>=16 || 14 >=14.17'}
 
+  mlly@1.8.2:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-d+ObxMQFmbt10sretNDytwt85VrbkhhUA/JBGm1MPaWJ65Cl4wOgLaB1NYvJSZ0Ef03MMEU/0xpPMXUIQ29UfA==}
+
   moo@0.5.2:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-iSAJLHYKnX41mKcJKjqvnAN9sf0LMDTXDEvFv+ffuRR9a1MIuXLjMNL6EsnDHSkKLTWNqQQ5uo61P4EbU4NU+Q==}
 
@@ -3088,6 +3143,9 @@ packages:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-gDKb8aZMDeD/tZWs9P6+q0J9Mwkdl6xMV8TjnGP3qJVJ06bdMgkbBlLU8IdfOsIsFz2BW1rNVT3XuNEl8zPAvw==}
     engines: {node: '>=8'}
 
+  pathe@2.0.3:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-WUjGcAqP1gQacoQe+OBJsFA7Ld4DyXuUIjZ5cc75cLHvJ7dtNsTugphxIADwspS+AraAUePCKrSVtPLFj/F88w==}
+
   picocolors@1.1.1:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-xceH2snhtb5M9liqDsmEw56le376mTZkEX/jEb/RxNFyegNul7eNslCXP9FDj/Lcu0X8KEyMceP2ntpaHrDEVA==}
 
@@ -3117,6 +3175,9 @@ packages:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-TfySrs/5nm8fQJDcBDuUng3VOUKsd7S+zqvbOTiGXHfxX4wK31ard+hoNuvkicM/2YFzlpDgABOevKSsB4G/FA==}
     engines: {node: '>= 6'}
 
+  pkg-types@1.3.1:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-/Jm5M4RvtBFVkKWRu2BLUTNP8/M2a+UwuAX+ae4770q1qVGtfjG+WTCupoZixokjmHiry8uI+dlY8KXYV5HVVQ==}
+
   pofile@1.1.4:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-r6Q21sKsY1AjTVVjOuU02VYKVNQGJNQHjTIvs4dEbeuuYfxgYk/DGD2mqqq4RDaVkwdSq0VEtmQUOPe/wH8X3g==}
 
@@ -3310,6 +3371,10 @@ packages:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-hOS089on8RduqdbhvQ5Z37A0ESjsqz6qnRcffsMU3495FuTdqSm+7bhJ29JvIOsBDEEnan5DPu9t3To9VRlMzA==}
     engines: {node: '>=8.10.0'}
 
+  readdirp@4.1.2:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-GDhwkLfywWL2s6vEjyhri+eXmfH6j1L7JE27WhqLeYzoh/A3DBaYGEj2H/HFZCn/kMfim73FXxEJTw06WtxQwg==}
+    engines: {node: '>= 14.18.0'}
+
   readdirp@5.0.0:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-9u/XQ1pvrQtYyMpZe7DXKv2p5CNvyVwzUB6uhLAnQwHMSgKMBR62lc7AHljaeteeHXn11XTAaLLUVZYVZyuRBQ==}
     engines: {node: '>= 20.19.0'}
@@ -3330,6 +3395,10 @@ packages:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-pb/MYmXstAkysRFx8piNI1tGFNQIFA3vkE3Gq4EuA1dF6gHp/+vgZqsCGJapvy8N3Q+4o7FwvquPJcnZ7RYy4g==}
     engines: {node: '>=4'}
 
+  resolve-from@5.0.0:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-qYg9KP24dD5qka9J47d0aVky0N+b4fTU89LN9iDnjB5waksiC49rvMB0PrUJQGoTmH50XPiqOvAjDfaijGxYZw==}
+    engines: {node: '>=8'}
+
   resolve@1.22.11:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-RfqAvLnMl313r7c9oclB1HhUEAezcpLjz95wFH4LVuhk9JF/r22qmVP9AMmOU4vMX7Q8pN8jwNg/CSpdFnMjTQ==}
     engines: {node: '>= 0.4'}
@@ -3553,6 +3622,9 @@ packages:
   tiny-worker@2.3.0:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-pJ70wq5EAqTAEl9IkGzA+fN0836rycEuz2Cn6yeZ6FRzlVS5IDOkFHpIoEsksPRQV34GDqXm65+OlnZqUSyK2g==}
 
+  tinyexec@0.3.2:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-KQQR9yN7R5+OSwaK0XQoj22pwHoTlgYqmUscPYoknOoWCWfj/5/ABTMRi69FrKU5ffPVh5QcFikpWJI/P1ocHA==}
+
   tinyglobby@0.2.15:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-j2Zq4NyQYG5XMST4cbs02Ak8iJUdxRM0XI5QyxXuZOzKOINmWurp3smXu3y5wDcJrptwpSjgXHzIQxR0omXljQ==}
     engines: {node: '>=12.0.0'}
@@ -3561,6 +3633,10 @@ packages:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-65P7iz6X5yEr1cwcgvQxbbIw7Uk3gOy5dIdtZ4rDveLqhrdJP+Li/Hx6tyK0NEb+2GCyneCMJiGqrADCSNk8sQ==}
     engines: {node: '>=8.0'}
 
+  tree-kill@1.2.2:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-L0Orpi8qGpRG//Nd+H90vFB+3iHnue1zSSGmNOOCh1GLJ7rUKVwV2HvijphGQS2UmhUZewS9VgvxYIdgr+fG1A==}
+    hasBin: true
+
   ts-api-utils@1.4.3:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-i3eMG77UTMD0hZhgRS562pv83RC6ukSAC2GMNWc+9dieh/+jDM5u5YG+NHX6VNDRHQcHwmsTHctP9LhbC3WxVw==}
     engines: {node: '>=16'}
@@ -3582,6 +3658,25 @@ packages:
   tslib@2.8.1:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-oJFu94HQb+KVduSUQL7wnpmqnfmLsOA/nAh6b6EH0wCEoK0/mPeXU6c3wKDV83MkOuHPRHtSXKKU99IBazS/2w==}
 
+  tsup@8.5.1:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-xtgkqwdhpKWr3tKPmCkvYmS9xnQK3m3XgxZHwSUjvfTjp7YfXe5tT3GgWi0F2N+ZSMsOeWeZFh7ZZFg5iPhing==}
+    engines: {node: '>=18'}
+    hasBin: true
+    peerDependencies:
+      '@microsoft/api-extractor': ^7.36.0
+      '@swc/core': ^1
+      postcss: ^8.4.12
+      typescript: '>=4.5.0'
+    peerDependenciesMeta:
+      '@microsoft/api-extractor':
+        optional: true
+      '@swc/core':
+        optional: true
+      postcss:
+        optional: true
+      typescript:
+        optional: true
+
   type-check@0.4.0:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-XleUoc9uwGXqjWwXaUTZAmzMcFZ5858QA2vvx1Ur5xIcixXIP+8LnFDgRplU30us6teqdlskFfu+ae4K79Ooew==}
     engines: {node: '>= 0.8.0'}
@@ -5622,6 +5717,8 @@ snapshots:
 
   acorn@8.15.0: {}
 
+  acorn@8.16.0: {}
+
   ajv@6.12.6:
     dependencies:
       fast-deep-equal: 3.1.3
@@ -5787,6 +5884,13 @@ snapshots:
       base64-js: 1.5.1
       ieee754: 1.2.1
 
+  bundle-require@5.1.0(esbuild@0.27.3):
+    dependencies:
+      esbuild: 0.27.3
+      load-tsconfig: 0.2.5
+
+  cac@6.7.14: {}
+
   call-bind-apply-helpers@1.0.2:
     dependencies:
       es-errors: 1.3.0
@@ -5841,6 +5945,10 @@ snapshots:
     optionalDependencies:
       fsevents: 2.3.3
 
+  chokidar@4.0.3:
+    dependencies:
+      readdirp: 4.1.2
+
   chokidar@5.0.0:
     dependencies:
       readdirp: 5.0.0
@@ -5891,6 +5999,10 @@ snapshots:
 
   concat-map@0.0.1: {}
 
+  confbox@0.1.8: {}
+
+  consola@3.4.2: {}
+
   convert-source-map@2.0.0: {}
 
   cookie-es@1.2.2: {}
@@ -6323,6 +6435,12 @@ snapshots:
       locate-path: 6.0.0
       path-exists: 4.0.0
 
+  fix-dts-default-cjs-exports@1.0.1:
+    dependencies:
+      magic-string: 0.30.21
+      mlly: 1.8.2
+      rollup: 4.57.1
+
   flat-cache@3.2.0:
     dependencies:
       flatted: 3.3.3
@@ -6666,6 +6784,8 @@ snapshots:
 
   jiti@2.6.1: {}
 
+  joycon@3.1.1: {}
+
   js-sha256@0.10.1: {}
 
   js-tokens@4.0.0: {}
@@ -6710,6 +6830,8 @@ snapshots:
 
   lines-and-columns@1.2.4: {}
 
+  load-tsconfig@0.2.5: {}
+
   locate-path@6.0.0:
     dependencies:
       p-locate: 5.0.0
@@ -6737,6 +6859,10 @@ snapshots:
     dependencies:
       react: 18.3.1
 
+  magic-string@0.30.21:
+    dependencies:
+      '@jridgewell/sourcemap-codec': 1.5.5
+
   math-intrinsics@1.1.0: {}
 
   merge2@1.4.1: {}
@@ -6762,6 +6888,13 @@ snapshots:
 
   minipass@7.1.2: {}
 
+  mlly@1.8.2:
+    dependencies:
+      acorn: 8.16.0
+      pathe: 2.0.3
+      pkg-types: 1.3.1
+      ufo: 1.6.3
+
   moo@0.5.2: {}
 
   motion-dom@12.33.0:
@@ -6926,6 +7059,8 @@ snapshots:
 
   path-type@4.0.0: {}
 
+  pathe@2.0.3: {}
+
   picocolors@1.1.1: {}
 
   picomatch@2.3.1: {}
@@ -6956,6 +7091,12 @@ snapshots:
 
   pirates@4.0.7: {}
 
+  pkg-types@1.3.1:
+    dependencies:
+      confbox: 0.1.8
+      mlly: 1.8.2
+      pathe: 2.0.3
+
   pofile@1.1.4: {}
 
   possible-typed-array-names@1.1.0: {}
@@ -6980,6 +7121,14 @@ snapshots:
       postcss: 8.5.6
       yaml: 2.5.1
 
+  postcss-load-config@6.0.1(jiti@2.6.1)(postcss@8.5.6)(yaml@2.5.1):
+    dependencies:
+      lilconfig: 3.1.3
+    optionalDependencies:
+      jiti: 2.6.1
+      postcss: 8.5.6
+      yaml: 2.5.1
+
   postcss-nested@6.2.0(postcss@8.5.6):
     dependencies:
       postcss: 8.5.6
@@ -7122,6 +7271,8 @@ snapshots:
     dependencies:
       picomatch: 2.3.1
 
+  readdirp@4.1.2: {}
+
   readdirp@5.0.0: {}
 
   real-require@0.2.0: {}
@@ -7148,6 +7299,8 @@ snapshots:
 
   resolve-from@4.0.0: {}
 
+  resolve-from@5.0.0: {}
+
   resolve@1.22.11:
     dependencies:
       is-core-module: 2.16.1
@@ -7470,6 +7623,8 @@ snapshots:
       esm: 3.2.25
     optional: true
 
+  tinyexec@0.3.2: {}
+
   tinyglobby@0.2.15:
     dependencies:
       fdir: 6.5.0(picomatch@4.0.3)
@@ -7479,6 +7634,8 @@ snapshots:
     dependencies:
       is-number: 7.0.0
 
+  tree-kill@1.2.2: {}
+
   ts-api-utils@1.4.3(typescript@5.9.3):
     dependencies:
       typescript: 5.9.3
@@ -7493,6 +7650,35 @@ snapshots:
 
   tslib@2.8.1: {}
 
+  tsup@8.5.1(@swc/core@1.15.11)(jiti@2.6.1)(postcss@8.5.6)(typescript@5.9.3)(yaml@2.5.1):
+    dependencies:
+      bundle-require: 5.1.0(esbuild@0.27.3)
+      cac: 6.7.14
+      chokidar: 4.0.3
+      consola: 3.4.2
+      debug: 4.4.3
+      esbuild: 0.27.3
+      fix-dts-default-cjs-exports: 1.0.1
+      joycon: 3.1.1
+      picocolors: 1.1.1
+      postcss-load-config: 6.0.1(jiti@2.6.1)(postcss@8.5.6)(yaml@2.5.1)
+      resolve-from: 5.0.0
+      rollup: 4.57.1
+      source-map: 0.7.6
+      sucrase: 3.35.1
+      tinyexec: 0.3.2
+      tinyglobby: 0.2.15
+      tree-kill: 1.2.2
+    optionalDependencies:
+      '@swc/core': 1.15.11
+      postcss: 8.5.6
+      typescript: 5.9.3
+    transitivePeerDependencies:
+      - jiti
+      - supports-color
+      - tsx
+      - yaml
+
   type-check@0.4.0:
     dependencies:
       prelude-ls: 1.2.1
diff --git a/pnpm-workspace.yaml b/pnpm-workspace.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..924b55f42
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pnpm-workspace.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+packages:
+  - packages/*
diff --git a/src-tauri/build.rs b/src-tauri/build.rs
index 2c800570a..66563eeea 100644
--- a/src-tauri/build.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/build.rs
@@ -4,9 +4,6 @@ use std::{
     path::{Path, PathBuf},
 };
 
-/// Adds a temporary workaround for an issue with the Rust compiler and Android
-/// in `x86_64` devices: <https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/109717>.
-/// The workaround comes from: <https://github.com/smartvaults/smartvaults/blob/827805a989561b78c0ea5b41f2c1c9e9e59545e0/bindings/smartvaults-sdk-ffi/build.rs>
 fn setup_x86_64_android_workaround() {
     let target_os = env::var("CARGO_CFG_TARGET_OS").expect("CARGO_CFG_TARGET_OS not set");
     let target_arch = env::var("CARGO_CFG_TARGET_ARCH").expect("CARGO_CFG_TARGET_ARCH not set");
@@ -103,21 +100,61 @@ fn print_rerun_if_changed_recursive(path: &Path) -> io::Result<()> {
     Ok(())
 }
 
+fn copy_file(src: &Path, dst: &Path) -> io::Result<()> {
+    if let Some(parent) = dst.parent() {
+        fs::create_dir_all(parent)?;
+    }
+    fs::copy(src, dst)?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
 fn build_test_apps() -> io::Result<()> {
     let manifest_dir =
         PathBuf::from(env::var("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR").expect("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR not set"));
+    let workspace_root = manifest_dir
+        .parent()
+        .expect("src-tauri should have a parent directory")
+        .to_path_buf();
 
-    let src_root = manifest_dir.join("test-apps-src");
+    let src_root = workspace_root.join("src").join("test-apps-src");
     let shared_dir = src_root.join("_shared");
-    let out_root = manifest_dir.join("test-apps");
+    let out_root = workspace_root.join("src").join("test-apps");
+
+    let sdk_dist_dir = workspace_root
+        .join("packages")
+        .join("sage-app-sdk")
+        .join("dist");
+
+    let sdk_runtime_bridge = sdk_dist_dir.join("runtime-bridge.js");
+    let sdk_index = sdk_dist_dir.join("index.js");
 
     print_rerun_if_changed_recursive(&src_root)?;
+    print_rerun_if_changed_recursive(&sdk_dist_dir)?;
 
     if !src_root.exists() {
-        // No source tree yet; nothing to build.
         return Ok(());
     }
 
+    if !sdk_runtime_bridge.is_file() {
+        return Err(io::Error::new(
+            io::ErrorKind::NotFound,
+            format!(
+                "missing SDK runtime bridge build output at {}. Run `pnpm --filter @sage-app/sdk build` first.",
+                sdk_runtime_bridge.display()
+            ),
+        ));
+    }
+
+    if !sdk_index.is_file() {
+        return Err(io::Error::new(
+            io::ErrorKind::NotFound,
+            format!(
+                "missing SDK index build output at {}. Run `pnpm --filter @sage-app/sdk build` first.",
+                sdk_index.display()
+            ),
+        ));
+    }
+
     fs::create_dir_all(&out_root)?;
 
     let source_app_dirs = list_subdirs(&src_root)?;
@@ -141,14 +178,13 @@ fn build_test_apps() -> io::Result<()> {
         remove_dir_if_exists(&app_out_dir)?;
         fs::create_dir_all(&app_out_dir)?;
 
-        // First copy shared files.
         copy_dir_recursive(&shared_dir, &app_out_dir)?;
-
-        // Then copy app-specific files on top so they override shared ones.
         copy_dir_recursive(&app_src_dir, &app_out_dir)?;
+
+        copy_file(&sdk_runtime_bridge, &app_out_dir.join("bridge.js"))?;
+        copy_file(&sdk_index, &app_out_dir.join("sdk.js"))?;
     }
 
-    // Remove stale generated app directories that no longer exist in source.
     for existing_out_dir in list_subdirs(&out_root)? {
         let out_name = existing_out_dir
             .file_name()
@@ -166,8 +202,6 @@ fn build_test_apps() -> io::Result<()> {
 
 fn main() {
     setup_x86_64_android_workaround();
-
     build_test_apps().expect("failed to build materialized test apps");
-
     tauri_build::build();
 }
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/builtin_apps.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/builtin_apps.rs
index 77f9c7632..26e4daecf 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/builtin_apps.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/builtin_apps.rs
@@ -64,7 +64,11 @@ pub fn builtin_test_app_spec(app_id: &str) -> Option<&'static BuiltinTestAppSpec
 }
 
 pub fn builtin_test_apps_root() -> PathBuf {
-    PathBuf::from(env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR")).join("test-apps")
+    PathBuf::from(env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR"))
+        .parent()
+        .expect("src-tauri should have a parent directory")
+        .join("src")
+        .join("test-apps")
 }
 
 pub fn builtin_test_app_dir(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<PathBuf>> {
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs
index 0c7f30ff6..7c6535e80 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ pub mod permission_registry;
 pub mod permissions;
 pub mod protocol;
 pub mod registry;
-pub mod sandbox;
 pub mod snapshot;
 pub mod storage;
 pub mod types;
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/protocol.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/protocol.rs
index dc456214a..3e62ed275 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/protocol.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/protocol.rs
@@ -1,24 +1,14 @@
 use std::{fs, path::Path};
 
 use anyhow::{anyhow, Result as AnyResult};
-use tauri::{
-    http::{Response, StatusCode},
-    AppHandle, Manager,
-};
+use tauri::http::{Response, StatusCode};
 
 use crate::apps::{
-    builtin_apps::{build_builtin_test_app, builtin_test_app_dir},
+    builtin_apps::{build_builtin_test_app, builtin_test_app_spec, builtin_test_app_dir},
     csp::build_app_csp,
     registry::read_installed_app_by_id,
-    sandbox::{
-        store_isolation_probe_result, store_network_probe_result,
-        store_persistence_read_probe_result, store_persistence_write_probe_result,
-        SandboxIsolationProbeResult, SandboxNetworkProbeResult, SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult,
-        SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult, SandboxProbeStore,
-    },
     snapshot::read_snapshot_file,
 };
-use crate::apps::builtin_apps::builtin_test_app_spec;
 
 fn build_blank_internal_response() -> AnyResult<Response<Vec<u8>>> {
     Response::builder()
@@ -33,72 +23,6 @@ fn build_blank_internal_response() -> AnyResult<Response<Vec<u8>>> {
         .map_err(|err| anyhow!("failed to build blank internal response: {err}"))
 }
 
-fn build_sandbox_ok_response() -> AnyResult<Response<Vec<u8>>> {
-    Response::builder()
-        .status(StatusCode::OK)
-        .header("Content-Type", "application/json; charset=utf-8")
-        .header("Cache-Control", "no-store")
-        .header("X-Content-Type-Options", "nosniff")
-        .body(br#"{"ok":true}"#.to_vec())
-        .map_err(|err| anyhow!("failed to build sandbox ok response: {err}"))
-}
-
-fn handle_sandbox_protocol_request(
-    app_handle: &AppHandle,
-    request: &tauri::http::Request<Vec<u8>>,
-) -> AnyResult<Response<Vec<u8>>> {
-    let uri = request.uri();
-    let path = uri.path();
-
-    match (request.method().as_str(), path) {
-        ("POST", "/report/isolation") => {
-            let result: SandboxIsolationProbeResult = serde_json::from_slice(request.body())
-                .map_err(|err| anyhow!("failed to parse sandbox isolation result body: {err}"))?;
-
-            let store = app_handle.state::<SandboxProbeStore>();
-            store_isolation_probe_result(&store, result);
-
-            build_sandbox_ok_response()
-        }
-
-        ("POST", "/report/persistence-write") => {
-            let result: SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult =
-                serde_json::from_slice(request.body()).map_err(|err| {
-                    anyhow!("failed to parse sandbox persistence write result body: {err}")
-                })?;
-
-            let store = app_handle.state::<SandboxProbeStore>();
-            store_persistence_write_probe_result(&store, result);
-
-            build_sandbox_ok_response()
-        }
-
-        ("POST", "/report/persistence-read") => {
-            let result: SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult =
-                serde_json::from_slice(request.body()).map_err(|err| {
-                    anyhow!("failed to parse sandbox persistence read result body: {err}")
-                })?;
-
-            let store = app_handle.state::<SandboxProbeStore>();
-            store_persistence_read_probe_result(&store, result);
-
-            build_sandbox_ok_response()
-        }
-
-        ("POST", "/report/network") => {
-            let result: SandboxNetworkProbeResult = serde_json::from_slice(request.body())
-                .map_err(|err| anyhow!("failed to parse sandbox network result body: {err}"))?;
-
-            let store = app_handle.state::<SandboxProbeStore>();
-            store_network_probe_result(&store, result);
-
-            build_sandbox_ok_response()
-        }
-
-        _ => Err(anyhow!("unknown sandbox protocol path: {}", path)),
-    }
-}
-
 fn handle_builtin_test_app_request(
     app_id: &str,
     request: &tauri::http::Request<Vec<u8>>,
@@ -149,7 +73,6 @@ fn handle_builtin_test_app_request(
 
 pub fn handle_app_protocol_request(
     base_path: &Path,
-    app_handle: &AppHandle,
     request: &tauri::http::Request<Vec<u8>>,
 ) -> AnyResult<Response<Vec<u8>>> {
     let uri = request.uri();
@@ -158,10 +81,6 @@ pub fn handle_app_protocol_request(
         .host()
         .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("missing host in sage-app URL"))?;
 
-    if host == "__sandbox" {
-        return handle_sandbox_protocol_request(app_handle, request);
-    }
-
     if builtin_test_app_spec(host).is_some() {
         return handle_builtin_test_app_request(host, request);
     }
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 1fefc4aab..000000000
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,252 +0,0 @@
-use std::{
-    collections::HashMap,
-    sync::Mutex,
-};
-
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use specta::Type;
-use tauri::command;
-use crate::apps::builtin_apps::builtin_test_app_spec;
-use crate::error::Result;
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-pub struct SandboxIsolationProbeResult {
-    #[serde(rename = "runId", alias = "run_id")]
-    pub run_id: String,
-
-    pub mode: String,
-
-    #[serde(rename = "persistentStorage", alias = "persistent_storage")]
-    pub persistent_storage: bool,
-
-    #[serde(rename = "localStorageVisible", alias = "local_storage_visible")]
-    pub local_storage_visible: bool,
-
-    #[serde(rename = "cookieVisible", alias = "cookie_visible")]
-    pub cookie_visible: bool,
-
-    #[serde(rename = "indexedDbVisible", alias = "indexed_db_visible")]
-    pub indexed_db_visible: bool,
-
-    pub error: Option<String>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-pub struct SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult {
-    #[serde(rename = "runId", alias = "run_id")]
-    pub run_id: String,
-
-    pub mode: String,
-
-    #[serde(rename = "persistentStorage", alias = "persistent_storage")]
-    pub persistent_storage: bool,
-
-    #[serde(rename = "localStorageWrote", alias = "local_storage_wrote")]
-    pub local_storage_wrote: bool,
-
-    #[serde(rename = "cookieWrote", alias = "cookie_wrote")]
-    pub cookie_wrote: bool,
-
-    #[serde(rename = "indexedDbWrote", alias = "indexed_db_wrote")]
-    pub indexed_db_wrote: bool,
-
-    pub error: Option<String>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-pub struct SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult {
-    #[serde(rename = "runId", alias = "run_id")]
-    pub run_id: String,
-
-    pub mode: String,
-
-    #[serde(rename = "persistentStorage", alias = "persistent_storage")]
-    pub persistent_storage: bool,
-
-    #[serde(rename = "localStoragePresent", alias = "local_storage_present")]
-    pub local_storage_present: bool,
-
-    #[serde(rename = "cookiePresent", alias = "cookie_present")]
-    pub cookie_present: bool,
-
-    #[serde(rename = "indexedDbPresent", alias = "indexed_db_present")]
-    pub indexed_db_present: bool,
-
-    pub error: Option<String>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-pub struct SandboxNetworkProbeResult {
-    #[serde(rename = "runId", alias = "run_id")]
-    pub run_id: String,
-
-    pub mode: String,
-
-    #[serde(rename = "allowedUrl", alias = "allowed_url")]
-    pub allowed_url: String,
-
-    #[serde(rename = "blockedUrl", alias = "blocked_url")]
-    pub blocked_url: String,
-
-    #[serde(rename = "allowedOk", alias = "allowed_ok")]
-    pub allowed_ok: bool,
-
-    #[serde(rename = "blockedOk", alias = "blocked_ok")]
-    pub blocked_ok: bool,
-
-    pub error: Option<String>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Default)]
-pub struct SandboxProbeStore {
-    pub isolation: Mutex<HashMap<String, Vec<SandboxIsolationProbeResult>>>,
-    pub persistence_write: Mutex<HashMap<String, Vec<SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult>>>,
-    pub persistence_read: Mutex<HashMap<String, Vec<SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult>>>,
-    pub network: Mutex<HashMap<String, Vec<SandboxNetworkProbeResult>>>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize, specta::Type)]
-#[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "snake_case")]
-pub enum SandboxBridgeSendPayload {
-    SandboxReport {
-        report: SandboxBridgeReport,
-    },
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize, specta::Type)]
-#[serde(tag = "type", rename_all = "snake_case")]
-pub enum SandboxBridgeReport {
-    Isolation {
-        data: SandboxIsolationProbeResult,
-    },
-    PersistenceWrite {
-        data: SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult,
-    },
-    PersistenceRead {
-        data: SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult,
-    },
-    Network {
-        data: SandboxNetworkProbeResult,
-    },
-}
-
-#[command]
-#[specta::specta]
-pub async fn sandbox_bridge_send(
-    app_id: String,
-    payload: SandboxBridgeSendPayload,
-    store: tauri::State<'_, SandboxProbeStore>,
-) -> Result<()> {
-    if builtin_test_app_spec(&app_id).is_none() {
-        return Err(std::io::Error::other(format!(
-            "sandbox bridge send is allowed only for builtin test apps, got {}",
-            app_id
-        ))
-            .into());
-    }
-
-    match payload {
-        SandboxBridgeSendPayload::SandboxReport { report } => match report {
-            SandboxBridgeReport::Isolation { data } => {
-                store_isolation_probe_result(&store, data);
-            }
-
-            SandboxBridgeReport::PersistenceWrite { data } => {
-                store_persistence_write_probe_result(&store, data);
-            }
-
-            SandboxBridgeReport::PersistenceRead { data } => {
-                store_persistence_read_probe_result(&store, data);
-            }
-
-            SandboxBridgeReport::Network { data } => {
-                store_network_probe_result(&store, data);
-            }
-        },
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-pub fn store_isolation_probe_result(
-    store: &SandboxProbeStore,
-    result: SandboxIsolationProbeResult,
-) {
-    let mut guard = store.isolation.lock().expect("sandbox isolation store poisoned");
-    guard
-        .entry(result.run_id.clone())
-        .or_default()
-        .push(result);
-}
-
-pub fn store_persistence_write_probe_result(
-    store: &SandboxProbeStore,
-    result: SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult,
-) {
-    let mut guard = store
-        .persistence_write
-        .lock()
-        .expect("sandbox persistence write store poisoned");
-    guard
-        .entry(result.run_id.clone())
-        .or_default()
-        .push(result);
-}
-
-pub fn store_persistence_read_probe_result(
-    store: &SandboxProbeStore,
-    result: SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult,
-) {
-    let mut guard = store
-        .persistence_read
-        .lock()
-        .expect("sandbox persistence read store poisoned");
-    guard
-        .entry(result.run_id.clone())
-        .or_default()
-        .push(result);
-}
-
-pub fn store_network_probe_result(
-    store: &SandboxProbeStore,
-    result: SandboxNetworkProbeResult,
-) {
-    let mut guard = store.network.lock().expect("sandbox network store poisoned");
-    guard
-        .entry(result.run_id.clone())
-        .or_default()
-        .push(result);
-}
-
-#[command]
-#[specta::specta]
-pub async fn sandbox_reset_run(
-    run_id: String,
-    store: tauri::State<'_, SandboxProbeStore>,
-) -> Result<()> {
-    store
-        .isolation
-        .lock()
-        .expect("sandbox isolation store poisoned")
-        .remove(&run_id);
-
-    store
-        .persistence_write
-        .lock()
-        .expect("sandbox persistence write store poisoned")
-        .remove(&run_id);
-
-    store
-        .persistence_read
-        .lock()
-        .expect("sandbox persistence read store poisoned")
-        .remove(&run_id);
-
-    store
-        .network
-        .lock()
-        .expect("sandbox network store poisoned")
-        .remove(&run_id);
-
-    Ok(())
-}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
index 9f191781f..960f69da9 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
@@ -154,8 +154,6 @@ pub fn run() {
             apps::update::download_app_update,
             apps::update::apply_app_update,
             apps::update::apps_update_permissions,
-            apps::sandbox::sandbox_reset_run,
-            apps::sandbox::sandbox_bridge_send,
         ])
         .events(collect_events![SyncEvent]);
 
@@ -200,7 +198,7 @@ pub fn run() {
                     .app_data_dir()
                     .expect("failed to resolve app data dir");
 
-                apps::handle_app_protocol_request(&base_path, &app_handle, &request)
+                apps::handle_app_protocol_request(&base_path, &request)
                     .unwrap_or_else(|err| {
                             tauri::http::Response::builder()
                                 .status(404)
@@ -217,7 +215,6 @@ pub fn run() {
             app.manage(Initialized(Mutex::new(false)));
             app.manage(RpcTask(Mutex::new(None)));
             app.manage(app_state);
-            app.manage(apps::sandbox::SandboxProbeStore::default());
             Ok(())
         })
         .run(tauri::generate_context!())
diff --git a/src-tauri/test-apps-src/_shared/bridge.js b/src-tauri/test-apps-src/_shared/bridge.js
deleted file mode 100644
index e69de29bb..000000000
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index 4d276ecbd..f47ad8e8d 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -391,12 +391,6 @@ async applyAppUpdate(appId: string, grantedPermissions: string[]) : Promise<Inst
 },
 async appsUpdatePermissions(appId: string, grantedPermissions: string[]) : Promise<null> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_update_permissions", { appId, grantedPermissions });
-},
-async sandboxResetRun(runId: string) : Promise<null> {
-    return await TAURI_INVOKE("sandbox_reset_run", { runId });
-},
-async sandboxBridgeSend(appId: string, payload: SandboxBridgeSendPayload) : Promise<null> {
-    return await TAURI_INVOKE("sandbox_bridge_send", { appId, payload });
 }
 }
 
@@ -2207,12 +2201,6 @@ export type SageAppPermissions = { required?: string[]; optional?: string[] }
 export type SageAppUrlPreview = { appUrl: string; manifestUrl: string; manifestHash: string; manifest: SageAppPackageManifest }
 export type SageNetworkPermissions = { whitelist?: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[] }
 export type SageNetworkWhitelistEntry = { scheme: string; host: string; required?: boolean }
-export type SandboxBridgeReport = { type: "isolation"; data: SandboxIsolationProbeResult } | { type: "persistence_write"; data: SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult } | { type: "persistence_read"; data: SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult } | { type: "network"; data: SandboxNetworkProbeResult }
-export type SandboxBridgeSendPayload = { kind: "sandbox_report"; report: SandboxBridgeReport }
-export type SandboxIsolationProbeResult = { runId: string; mode: string; persistentStorage: boolean; localStorageVisible: boolean; cookieVisible: boolean; indexedDbVisible: boolean; error: string | null }
-export type SandboxNetworkProbeResult = { runId: string; mode: string; allowedUrl: string; blockedUrl: string; allowedOk: boolean; blockedOk: boolean; error: string | null }
-export type SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult = { runId: string; mode: string; persistentStorage: boolean; localStoragePresent: boolean; cookiePresent: boolean; indexedDbPresent: boolean; error: string | null }
-export type SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult = { runId: string; mode: string; persistentStorage: boolean; localStorageWrote: boolean; cookieWrote: boolean; indexedDbWrote: boolean; error: string | null }
 /**
  * Save a theme NFT to the wallet
  */
diff --git a/src/hooks/useAppEmbeddedRuntime.ts b/src/hooks/useAppEmbeddedRuntime.ts
index c2e9b1743..321988c93 100644
--- a/src/hooks/useAppEmbeddedRuntime.ts
+++ b/src/hooks/useAppEmbeddedRuntime.ts
@@ -1,12 +1,6 @@
 import React, { useCallback, useEffect } from 'react';
 import { platform } from '@tauri-apps/plugin-os';
 import { LogicalPosition, LogicalSize } from '@tauri-apps/api/dpi';
-import { getCurrentWebview } from '@tauri-apps/api/webview';
-import {
-  handleBridgeRequest,
-  isBridgeRequest,
-  type SageBridgeEventPayload,
-} from '@/lib/apps/bridge';
 import {
   ensureInlineRuntime,
   getRuntimeWebview,
@@ -25,14 +19,10 @@ async function getMacWindowedTopInsetPx(): Promise<number> {
 interface Args {
   app: InstalledSageApp | null | undefined;
   containerRef: React.RefObject<HTMLDivElement | null>;
-  requestApproval: Parameters<typeof handleBridgeRequest>[2]['requestApproval'];
+  requestApproval: unknown;
 }
 
-export function useAppEmbeddedRuntime({
-  app,
-  containerRef,
-  requestApproval,
-}: Args) {
+export function useAppEmbeddedRuntime({ app, containerRef }: Args) {
   const syncBounds = useCallback(
     async (installedAppId: string) => {
       const webview = await getRuntimeWebview(installedAppId);
@@ -49,7 +39,7 @@ export function useAppEmbeddedRuntime({
         Math.round(rect.height - (await getMacWindowedTopInsetPx())),
       );
       const x = Math.round(rect.left);
-      const y = Math.round(rect.top + await getMacWindowedTopInsetPx());
+      const y = Math.round(rect.top + (await getMacWindowedTopInsetPx()));
 
       await webview.setPosition(new LogicalPosition(x, y));
       await webview.setSize(new LogicalSize(width, height));
@@ -80,11 +70,9 @@ export function useAppEmbeddedRuntime({
     }
 
     const installedApp = app;
-    const hostWebview = getCurrentWebview();
 
     let disposed = false;
     let resizeObserver: ResizeObserver | null = null;
-    let unlistenBridge: (() => void) | null = null;
     let removeWindowResize: (() => void) | null = null;
     let delayedSyncTimers: number[] = [];
 
@@ -132,38 +120,6 @@ export function useAppEmbeddedRuntime({
       removeWindowResize = () => {
         window.removeEventListener('resize', handleWindowResize);
       };
-
-      const expectedSourceLabel = `app-inline-${installedApp.id}`;
-
-      unlistenBridge = await hostWebview.listen<SageBridgeEventPayload>(
-        'sage-bridge:request',
-        ({ payload }) => {
-          if (
-            !payload ||
-            payload.sourceLabel !== expectedSourceLabel ||
-            !isBridgeRequest(payload.request)
-          ) {
-            return;
-          }
-
-          void handleBridgeRequest(
-            {
-              app: installedApp,
-              sourceLabel: payload.sourceLabel,
-            },
-            payload.request,
-            {
-              requestApproval,
-            },
-          ).then((response) => {
-            void hostWebview.emitTo(
-              payload.sourceLabel,
-              'sage-bridge:response',
-              response,
-            );
-          });
-        },
-      );
     };
 
     void mount().catch((err) => {
@@ -174,13 +130,13 @@ export function useAppEmbeddedRuntime({
       disposed = true;
       void markRuntimeVisible(installedApp.id, false);
       resizeObserver?.disconnect();
-      unlistenBridge?.();
       removeWindowResize?.();
       clearDelayedSyncTimers();
     };
-  }, [app, containerRef, requestApproval, scheduleSyncBounds]);
+  }, [app, containerRef, scheduleSyncBounds]);
 
   return {
     scheduleSyncBounds,
   };
 }
+
diff --git a/src/hooks/useBridgeHost.ts b/src/hooks/useBridgeHost.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fd58c7e87
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/hooks/useBridgeHost.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+import { useEffect } from 'react';
+import { getCurrentWebview } from '@tauri-apps/api/webview';
+import {
+  handleBridgeRequest,
+  isBridgeRequest,
+  type SageBridgeEventPayload,
+} from '@/lib/apps/bridge';
+import { useApps } from '@/contexts/AppsContext';
+import { getBuiltinApp } from '@/lib/apps/registry';
+
+interface Args {
+  requestApproval: Parameters<typeof handleBridgeRequest>[2]['requestApproval'];
+}
+export function useBridgeHost({ requestApproval }: Args) {
+  const hostWebview = getCurrentWebview();
+  const { getApp } = useApps();
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    let unlisten: (() => void) | null = null;
+
+    const mount = async () => {
+      unlisten = await hostWebview.listen<SageBridgeEventPayload>(
+        'sage-bridge:request',
+        ({ payload }) => {
+          if (!payload || !isBridgeRequest(payload.request)) {
+            return;
+          }
+
+          const sourceLabel = payload.sourceLabel;
+          const prefix = 'app-inline-';
+
+          if (!sourceLabel.startsWith(prefix)) {
+            return;
+          }
+
+          const appId = sourceLabel.slice(prefix.length);
+          const installedApp = getApp(appId);
+
+          const run = async () => {
+            const app = installedApp ?? (await getBuiltinApp(appId));
+
+            if (!app) {
+              return;
+            }
+
+            const response = await handleBridgeRequest(
+              {
+                app,
+                sourceLabel,
+              },
+              payload.request,
+              {
+                requestApproval,
+              },
+            );
+
+            await hostWebview.emitTo(
+              sourceLabel,
+              'sage-bridge:response',
+              response,
+            );
+          };
+
+          void run().catch((err) => {
+            console.error('Failed to handle bridge request:', err);
+          });
+        },
+      );
+    };
+
+    void mount().catch((err) => {
+      console.error('Failed to mount bridge host listener:', err);
+    });
+
+    return () => {
+      unlisten?.();
+    };
+  }, [hostWebview, getApp, requestApproval]);
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/bridge/index.ts b/src/lib/apps/bridge/index.ts
index e3d457bf2..f14aba4ed 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/bridge/index.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/bridge/index.ts
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import type {
   SageBridgeMethod,
   SageBridgeRequest,
   SageBridgeResponse,
+  SageBridgeVersion,
 } from './types';
 
 export type {
@@ -28,10 +29,18 @@ export type {
   SageBridgeResponse,
   SageBridgeSendPayload,
   SageBridgeSuccessResponse,
+  SageBridgeVersion,
   SageWalletSendXchRequest,
 } from './types';
 
 const KNOWN_BRIDGE_METHODS = new Set<string>(Object.keys(bridgeMethods));
+const SUPPORTED_BRIDGE_VERSION: SageBridgeVersion = 'v1';
+
+export function isSupportedBridgeVersion(
+  value: unknown,
+): value is SageBridgeVersion {
+  return value === SUPPORTED_BRIDGE_VERSION;
+}
 
 export function isBridgeRequest(value: unknown): value is SageBridgeRequest {
   if (!value || typeof value !== 'object') {
@@ -40,12 +49,23 @@ export function isBridgeRequest(value: unknown): value is SageBridgeRequest {
 
   const maybe = value as {
     channel?: unknown;
+    bridgeVersion?: unknown;
     id?: unknown;
     method?: unknown;
   };
 
+  if (maybe.channel !== 'sage-bridge') {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  if (
+    maybe.bridgeVersion !== undefined &&
+    !isSupportedBridgeVersion(maybe.bridgeVersion)
+  ) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
   return (
-    maybe.channel === 'sage-bridge' &&
     typeof maybe.id === 'string' &&
     typeof maybe.method === 'string' &&
     KNOWN_BRIDGE_METHODS.has(maybe.method)
@@ -58,6 +78,17 @@ export async function handleBridgeRequest(
   tools: SageBridgeHostTools,
 ): Promise<SageBridgeResponse> {
   try {
+    if (
+      request.bridgeVersion !== undefined &&
+      request.bridgeVersion !== SUPPORTED_BRIDGE_VERSION
+    ) {
+      return failure(
+        request.id,
+        'unsupported_bridge_version',
+        `Unsupported Sage bridge version: ${String(request.bridgeVersion)}`,
+      );
+    }
+
     const definition = bridgeMethods[request.method as SageBridgeMethod] as
       | BridgeMethodDefinition<SageBridgeMethod>
       | undefined;
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/bridge/methods/system.ts b/src/lib/apps/bridge/methods/system.ts
index ed4b5c12a..045c9195c 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/bridge/methods/system.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/bridge/methods/system.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import type { BridgeMethodRegistry } from '../types';
-import { invoke } from '@tauri-apps/api/core';
+import { acceptSandboxBridgeSend } from '@/lib/apps/sandboxRuntimeStore';
 
 export const systemBridgeMethods = {
   'bridge.ping': {
@@ -16,12 +16,10 @@ export const systemBridgeMethods = {
   'bridge.send': {
     permission: { kind: 'none' },
     async handle({ ctx, request }) {
-      if (request.params.kind === "sandbox_report") {
-        await invoke('sandbox_bridge_send', {
-          appId: ctx.app.id,
-          payload: request.params,
-        });
-      }
+      acceptSandboxBridgeSend({
+        appId: ctx.app.id,
+        payload: request.params,
+      });
 
       return { ok: true };
     },
@@ -34,7 +32,9 @@ export const systemBridgeMethods = {
         id: ctx.app.id,
         name: ctx.app.name,
         version: ctx.app.version,
-        permissions: ctx.app.grantedPermissions,
+        requestedPermissions: ctx.app.requestedPermissions,
+        grantedPermissions: ctx.app.grantedPermissions,
+        network: ctx.app.activeSnapshot.manifest.network?.whitelist ?? [],
       };
     },
   },
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/bridge/responses.ts b/src/lib/apps/bridge/responses.ts
index 5b8b586de..6a5bfce2d 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/bridge/responses.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/bridge/responses.ts
@@ -1,14 +1,18 @@
 import type {
   SageBridgeErrorResponse,
   SageBridgeSuccessResponse,
+  SageBridgeVersion,
 } from './types';
 
+const BRIDGE_VERSION: SageBridgeVersion = 'v1';
+
 export function success(
   id: string,
   result: unknown,
 ): SageBridgeSuccessResponse {
   return {
     channel: 'sage-bridge',
+    bridgeVersion: BRIDGE_VERSION,
     id,
     ok: true,
     result,
@@ -22,6 +26,7 @@ export function failure(
 ): SageBridgeErrorResponse {
   return {
     channel: 'sage-bridge',
+    bridgeVersion: BRIDGE_VERSION,
     id,
     ok: false,
     error: {
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/bridge/types.ts b/src/lib/apps/bridge/types.ts
index 52ca6057e..c849184ef 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/bridge/types.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/bridge/types.ts
@@ -6,8 +6,11 @@ import type {
   SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult,
 } from '@/lib/apps/sandbox';
 
+export type SageBridgeVersion = 'v1';
+
 export interface SageBridgeSuccessResponse {
   channel: 'sage-bridge';
+  bridgeVersion: SageBridgeVersion;
   id: string;
   ok: true;
   result: unknown;
@@ -15,6 +18,7 @@ export interface SageBridgeSuccessResponse {
 
 export interface SageBridgeErrorResponse {
   channel: 'sage-bridge';
+  bridgeVersion: SageBridgeVersion;
   id: string;
   ok: false;
   error: {
@@ -76,17 +80,17 @@ export interface SageBridgeRequestParamsMap {
 
 export type SageBridgeMethod = keyof SageBridgeRequestParamsMap;
 
+type SageBridgeRequestBase<M extends SageBridgeMethod> = {
+  channel: 'sage-bridge';
+  bridgeVersion?: SageBridgeVersion;
+  id: string;
+  method: M;
+};
+
 export type SageBridgeRequestForMethod<M extends SageBridgeMethod> =
   SageBridgeRequestParamsMap[M] extends undefined
-    ? {
-        channel: 'sage-bridge';
-        id: string;
-        method: M;
-      }
-    : {
-        channel: 'sage-bridge';
-        id: string;
-        method: M;
+    ? SageBridgeRequestBase<M>
+    : SageBridgeRequestBase<M> & {
         params: SageBridgeRequestParamsMap[M];
       };
 
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/runSandboxTests.ts b/src/lib/apps/runSandboxTests.ts
index 09b87c888..fecdbb47d 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/runSandboxTests.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/runSandboxTests.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-import { invoke } from '@tauri-apps/api/core';
 import { TEST_APP_IDS } from '@/lib/apps/testApps';
 import {
   startInternalInlineRuntime,
@@ -13,6 +12,10 @@ import type {
   SandboxState,
 } from '@/lib/apps/sandbox';
 import { buildCompletedSandboxState } from '@/lib/apps/sandbox';
+import {
+  getSandboxRunResults,
+  resetSandboxRun,
+} from '@/lib/apps/sandboxRuntimeStore';
 
 const PROBE_LOCAL_STORAGE_KEY = 'sage_probe_local_storage';
 const PROBE_COOKIE_KEY = 'sage_probe_cookie';
@@ -109,23 +112,24 @@ async function stopTestApps(appIds: string[]): Promise<void> {
   await Promise.allSettled(appIds.map((appId) => closeAppRuntime(appId)));
 }
 
-async function pollResults<T>(
-  command: string,
-  runId: string,
-  expectedCount: number,
-  timeoutMs: number,
-): Promise<T[]> {
+async function pollResults<T>(args: {
+  runId: string;
+  expectedCount: number;
+  timeoutMs: number;
+  read: () => T[];
+  label: string;
+}): Promise<T[]> {
   const startedAt = Date.now();
 
   for (;;) {
-    const results = await invoke<T[]>(command, { runId });
+    const results = args.read();
 
-    if (results.length >= expectedCount) {
+    if (results.length >= args.expectedCount) {
       return results;
     }
 
-    if (Date.now() - startedAt >= timeoutMs) {
-      throw new Error(`Timed out waiting for ${command} results.`);
+    if (Date.now() - startedAt >= args.timeoutMs) {
+      throw new Error(`Timed out waiting for ${args.label} results.`);
     }
 
     await new Promise((resolve) => window.setTimeout(resolve, 100));
@@ -142,7 +146,7 @@ async function runIsolationTest(): Promise<{
     TEST_APP_IDS.storageIsolationIncognito,
   ];
 
-  await invoke('sandbox_reset_run', { runId });
+  resetSandboxRun(runId);
   await stopTestApps(appIds);
   await writeSageProbes(runId);
 
@@ -152,12 +156,13 @@ async function runIsolationTest(): Promise<{
       startTestApp(TEST_APP_IDS.storageIsolationIncognito, { runId }),
     ]);
 
-    const results = await pollResults<SandboxIsolationProbeResult>(
-      'sandbox_get_isolation_results',
+    const results = await pollResults<SandboxIsolationProbeResult>({
       runId,
-      2,
-      10000,
-    );
+      expectedCount: 2,
+      timeoutMs: 10000,
+      label: 'sandbox isolation',
+      read: () => getSandboxRunResults(runId).isolation,
+    });
 
     if (results.length !== 2) {
       return {
@@ -226,7 +231,7 @@ async function runPersistenceTest(): Promise<{
     TEST_APP_IDS.persistenceIncognito,
   ];
 
-  await invoke('sandbox_reset_run', { runId });
+  resetSandboxRun(runId);
   await stopTestApps(appIds);
 
   try {
@@ -241,12 +246,13 @@ async function runPersistenceTest(): Promise<{
       }),
     ]);
 
-    const writeResults = await pollResults<SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult>(
-      'sandbox_get_persistence_write_results',
+    const writeResults = await pollResults<SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult>({
       runId,
-      2,
-      10000,
-    );
+      expectedCount: 2,
+      timeoutMs: 10000,
+      label: 'sandbox persistence write',
+      read: () => getSandboxRunResults(runId).persistenceWrite,
+    });
 
     if (writeResults.length !== 2) {
       const details = `Expected 2 persistence write results, got ${writeResults.length}.`;
@@ -362,12 +368,13 @@ async function runPersistenceTest(): Promise<{
       }),
     ]);
 
-    const readResults = await pollResults<SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult>(
-      'sandbox_get_persistence_read_results',
+    const readResults = await pollResults<SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult>({
       runId,
-      2,
-      10000,
-    );
+      expectedCount: 2,
+      timeoutMs: 10000,
+      label: 'sandbox persistence read',
+      read: () => getSandboxRunResults(runId).persistenceRead,
+    });
 
     if (readResults.length !== 2) {
       const details = `Expected 2 persistence read results, got ${readResults.length}.`;
@@ -455,7 +462,7 @@ async function runNetworkTest(): Promise<{
   const runId = uniqueRunId('sandbox-network');
   const appIds = [TEST_APP_IDS.networkAllowA, TEST_APP_IDS.networkAllowB];
 
-  await invoke('sandbox_reset_run', { runId });
+  resetSandboxRun(runId);
   await stopTestApps(appIds);
 
   try {
@@ -464,12 +471,13 @@ async function runNetworkTest(): Promise<{
       startTestApp(TEST_APP_IDS.networkAllowB, { runId }),
     ]);
 
-    const results = await pollResults<SandboxNetworkProbeResult>(
-      'sandbox_get_network_results',
+    const results = await pollResults<SandboxNetworkProbeResult>({
       runId,
-      2,
-      12000,
-    );
+      expectedCount: 2,
+      timeoutMs: 12000,
+      label: 'sandbox network',
+      read: () => getSandboxRunResults(runId).network,
+    });
 
     if (results.length !== 2) {
       return {
@@ -524,7 +532,7 @@ async function runNetworkTest(): Promise<{
   } catch (err) {
     return {
       passed: false,
-      details: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
+      details: formatUnknownError(err),
     };
   } finally {
     await stopTestApps(appIds);
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/sandboxRuntimeStore.ts b/src/lib/apps/sandboxRuntimeStore.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..13354f75a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/apps/sandboxRuntimeStore.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+import type { SageBridgeSendPayload } from '@/lib/apps/bridge';
+import type {
+  SandboxIsolationProbeResult,
+  SandboxNetworkProbeResult,
+  SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult,
+  SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult,
+} from '@/lib/apps/sandbox';
+export interface SandboxRunResults {
+  isolation: SandboxIsolationProbeResult[];
+  persistenceWrite: SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult[];
+  persistenceRead: SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult[];
+  network: SandboxNetworkProbeResult[];
+}
+
+const runs = new Map<string, SandboxRunResults>();
+
+function createEmptyRunResults(): SandboxRunResults {
+  return {
+    isolation: [],
+    persistenceWrite: [],
+    persistenceRead: [],
+    network: [],
+  };
+}
+
+function getOrCreateRun(runId: string): SandboxRunResults {
+  let existing = runs.get(runId);
+  if (!existing) {
+    existing = createEmptyRunResults();
+    runs.set(runId, existing);
+  }
+  return existing;
+}
+
+function replaceByMode<T extends { mode: string }>(items: T[], next: T): T[] {
+  const withoutSameMode = items.filter((item) => item.mode !== next.mode);
+  return [...withoutSameMode, next];
+}
+
+export function resetSandboxRun(runId: string) {
+  runs.set(runId, createEmptyRunResults());
+}
+
+export function clearAllSandboxRuns() {
+  runs.clear();
+}
+
+export function getSandboxRunResults(runId: string): SandboxRunResults {
+  return runs.get(runId) ?? createEmptyRunResults();
+}
+
+export function acceptSandboxBridgeSend(args: {
+  appId: string;
+  payload: SageBridgeSendPayload;
+}): boolean {
+  const { appId, payload } = args;
+
+  if (payload.kind !== 'sandbox_report') {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  if (!appId.startsWith('__sage_test_')) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  const report = payload.report;
+
+  switch (report.type) {
+    case 'isolation': {
+      const run = getOrCreateRun(report.data.runId);
+      run.isolation = replaceByMode(run.isolation, report.data);
+      return true;
+    }
+
+    case 'persistence_write': {
+      const run = getOrCreateRun(report.data.runId);
+      run.persistenceWrite = replaceByMode(run.persistenceWrite, report.data);
+      return true;
+    }
+
+    case 'persistence_read': {
+      const run = getOrCreateRun(report.data.runId);
+      run.persistenceRead = replaceByMode(run.persistenceRead, report.data);
+      return true;
+    }
+
+    case 'network': {
+      const run = getOrCreateRun(report.data.runId);
+      run.network = replaceByMode(run.network, report.data);
+      return true;
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx b/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
index 7c1d7b5b8..2c641564f 100644
--- a/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import {
 import { useApps } from '@/contexts/AppsContext.tsx';
 import { useAppPendingApprovals } from '@/hooks/useAppPendingApprovals.ts';
 import { useAppRuntimes } from '@/hooks/useAppRuntimes';
+import { useBridgeHost } from '@/hooks/useBridgeHost';
 import { focusRuntime, killRuntime } from '@/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry';
 import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react';
 import {
@@ -49,6 +50,8 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
   const [applyingUpdate, setApplyingUpdate] = useState(false);
   const [tabOrder, setTabOrder] = useState<string[]>([]);
 
+  useBridgeHost({ requestApproval });
+
   useEffect(() => {
     setTabOrder((prev) => {
       const runtimeIds = runtimes.map((runtime) => runtime.appId);
diff --git a/src-tauri/test-apps-src/_shared/icon.svg b/src/test-apps-src/_shared/icon.svg
similarity index 100%
rename from src-tauri/test-apps-src/_shared/icon.svg
rename to src/test-apps-src/_shared/icon.svg
diff --git a/src-tauri/test-apps-src/_shared/index.html b/src/test-apps-src/_shared/index.html
similarity index 100%
rename from src-tauri/test-apps-src/_shared/index.html
rename to src/test-apps-src/_shared/index.html
diff --git a/src-tauri/test-apps-src/network-allow-a/app.js b/src/test-apps-src/network-allow-a/app.js
similarity index 76%
rename from src-tauri/test-apps-src/network-allow-a/app.js
rename to src/test-apps-src/network-allow-a/app.js
index 9e5dbe7e6..f0d7f4150 100644
--- a/src-tauri/test-apps-src/network-allow-a/app.js
+++ b/src/test-apps-src/network-allow-a/app.js
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
-import { createBridgeClient } from './bridge.js';
+import './bridge.js';
+import { createSageClient } from './sdk.js';
 
 (async () => {
-  const bridge = createBridgeClient();
+  const sage = await createSageClient();
   const params = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);
   const runId = params.get('runId');
 
@@ -9,6 +10,9 @@ import { createBridgeClient } from './bridge.js';
     throw new Error('missing runId');
   }
 
+  const allowedUrl = 'https://example.com/';
+  const blockedUrl = 'https://example.org/';
+
   async function tryFetch(url) {
     const controller = new AbortController();
     const timeout = window.setTimeout(() => controller.abort(), 5000);
@@ -29,19 +33,6 @@ import { createBridgeClient } from './bridge.js';
     }
   }
 
-  async function report(result) {
-    await bridge.send({
-      kind: 'sandbox_report',
-      report: {
-        type: 'network',
-        data: result,
-      },
-    });
-  }
-
-  const allowedUrl = 'https://example.com/';
-  const blockedUrl = 'https://example.org/';
-
   let allowedOk = false;
   let blockedOk = false;
   let error = null;
@@ -53,21 +44,27 @@ import { createBridgeClient } from './bridge.js';
     error = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err);
   }
 
-  await report({
-    runId,
-    mode: 'allow-a',
-    allowedUrl,
-    blockedUrl,
-    allowedOk,
-    blockedOk,
-    error,
+  await sage.app.bridgeSend({
+    kind: 'sandbox_report',
+    report: {
+      type: 'network',
+      data: {
+        runId,
+        mode: 'allow-a',
+        allowedUrl,
+        blockedUrl,
+        allowedOk,
+        blockedOk,
+        error,
+      },
+    },
   });
 })().catch(async (err) => {
   try {
-    const bridge = createBridgeClient();
+    const sage = await createSageClient();
     const params = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);
 
-    await bridge.send({
+    await sage.app.bridgeSend({
       kind: 'sandbox_report',
       report: {
         type: 'network',
@@ -82,7 +79,5 @@ import { createBridgeClient } from './bridge.js';
         },
       },
     });
-  } catch {
-    //
-  }
+  } catch {}
 });
diff --git a/src-tauri/test-apps-src/network-allow-a/sage-manifest.json b/src/test-apps-src/network-allow-a/sage-manifest.json
similarity index 100%
rename from src-tauri/test-apps-src/network-allow-a/sage-manifest.json
rename to src/test-apps-src/network-allow-a/sage-manifest.json
diff --git a/src-tauri/test-apps-src/network-allow-b/app.js b/src/test-apps-src/network-allow-b/app.js
similarity index 76%
rename from src-tauri/test-apps-src/network-allow-b/app.js
rename to src/test-apps-src/network-allow-b/app.js
index 371ccb550..8650be878 100644
--- a/src-tauri/test-apps-src/network-allow-b/app.js
+++ b/src/test-apps-src/network-allow-b/app.js
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
-import { createBridgeClient } from './bridge.js';
+import './bridge.js';
+import { createSageClient } from './sdk.js';
 
 (async () => {
-  const bridge = createBridgeClient();
+  const sage = await createSageClient();
   const params = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);
   const runId = params.get('runId');
 
@@ -9,6 +10,9 @@ import { createBridgeClient } from './bridge.js';
     throw new Error('missing runId');
   }
 
+  const allowedUrl = 'https://example.org/';
+  const blockedUrl = 'https://example.com/';
+
   async function tryFetch(url) {
     const controller = new AbortController();
     const timeout = window.setTimeout(() => controller.abort(), 5000);
@@ -29,19 +33,6 @@ import { createBridgeClient } from './bridge.js';
     }
   }
 
-  async function report(result) {
-    await bridge.send({
-      kind: 'sandbox_report',
-      report: {
-        type: 'network',
-        data: result,
-      },
-    });
-  }
-
-  const allowedUrl = 'https://example.org/';
-  const blockedUrl = 'https://example.com/';
-
   let allowedOk = false;
   let blockedOk = false;
   let error = null;
@@ -53,21 +44,27 @@ import { createBridgeClient } from './bridge.js';
     error = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err);
   }
 
-  await report({
-    runId,
-    mode: 'allow-b',
-    allowedUrl,
-    blockedUrl,
-    allowedOk,
-    blockedOk,
-    error,
+  await sage.app.bridgeSend({
+    kind: 'sandbox_report',
+    report: {
+      type: 'network',
+      data: {
+        runId,
+        mode: 'allow-b',
+        allowedUrl,
+        blockedUrl,
+        allowedOk,
+        blockedOk,
+        error,
+      },
+    },
   });
 })().catch(async (err) => {
   try {
-    const bridge = createBridgeClient();
+    const sage = await createSageClient();
     const params = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);
 
-    await bridge.send({
+    await sage.app.bridgeSend({
       kind: 'sandbox_report',
       report: {
         type: 'network',
@@ -82,7 +79,5 @@ import { createBridgeClient } from './bridge.js';
         },
       },
     });
-  } catch {
-    //
-  }
+  } catch {}
 });
diff --git a/src-tauri/test-apps-src/network-allow-b/sage-manifest.json b/src/test-apps-src/network-allow-b/sage-manifest.json
similarity index 100%
rename from src-tauri/test-apps-src/network-allow-b/sage-manifest.json
rename to src/test-apps-src/network-allow-b/sage-manifest.json
diff --git a/src-tauri/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation-incognito/app.js b/src/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation-incognito/app.js
similarity index 90%
rename from src-tauri/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation-incognito/app.js
rename to src/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation-incognito/app.js
index 4e38d0b30..f463e44d5 100644
--- a/src-tauri/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation-incognito/app.js
+++ b/src/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation-incognito/app.js
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
-import { createBridgeClient } from './bridge.js';
+import './bridge.js';
+import { createSageClient } from './sdk.js';
 
 (async () => {
-  const bridge = createBridgeClient();
+  const sage = await createSageClient();
   const params = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);
   const runId = params.get('runId');
 
@@ -28,9 +29,7 @@ import { createBridgeClient } from './bridge.js';
             if (!db.objectStoreNames.contains(STORE_NAME)) {
               db.createObjectStore(STORE_NAME);
             }
-          } catch {
-            //
-          }
+          } catch {}
         };
 
         open.onsuccess = () => {
@@ -66,12 +65,12 @@ import { createBridgeClient } from './bridge.js';
     }
   }
 
-  async function report(result) {
-    await bridge.send({
+  async function report(data) {
+    await sage.app.bridgeSend({
       kind: 'sandbox_report',
       report: {
         type: 'isolation',
-        data: result,
+        data,
       },
     });
   }
@@ -114,10 +113,10 @@ import { createBridgeClient } from './bridge.js';
   });
 })().catch(async (err) => {
   try {
-    const bridge = createBridgeClient();
+    const sage = await createSageClient();
     const params = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);
 
-    await bridge.send({
+    await sage.app.bridgeSend({
       kind: 'sandbox_report',
       report: {
         type: 'isolation',
@@ -132,7 +131,5 @@ import { createBridgeClient } from './bridge.js';
         },
       },
     });
-  } catch {
-    //
-  }
+  } catch {}
 });
diff --git a/src-tauri/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation-incognito/sage-manifest.json b/src/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation-incognito/sage-manifest.json
similarity index 100%
rename from src-tauri/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation-incognito/sage-manifest.json
rename to src/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation-incognito/sage-manifest.json
diff --git a/src-tauri/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation-persistent/app.js b/src/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation-persistent/app.js
similarity index 90%
rename from src-tauri/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation-persistent/app.js
rename to src/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation-persistent/app.js
index f7b92bfab..0d1b4f1c9 100644
--- a/src-tauri/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation-persistent/app.js
+++ b/src/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation-persistent/app.js
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
-import { createBridgeClient } from './bridge.js';
+import './bridge.js';
+import { createSageClient } from './sdk.js';
 
 (async () => {
-  const bridge = createBridgeClient();
+  const sage = await createSageClient();
   const params = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);
   const runId = params.get('runId');
 
@@ -28,9 +29,7 @@ import { createBridgeClient } from './bridge.js';
             if (!db.objectStoreNames.contains(STORE_NAME)) {
               db.createObjectStore(STORE_NAME);
             }
-          } catch {
-            //
-          }
+          } catch {}
         };
 
         open.onsuccess = () => {
@@ -66,12 +65,12 @@ import { createBridgeClient } from './bridge.js';
     }
   }
 
-  async function report(result) {
-    await bridge.send({
+  async function report(data) {
+    await sage.app.bridgeSend({
       kind: 'sandbox_report',
       report: {
         type: 'isolation',
-        data: result,
+        data,
       },
     });
   }
@@ -114,10 +113,10 @@ import { createBridgeClient } from './bridge.js';
   });
 })().catch(async (err) => {
   try {
-    const bridge = createBridgeClient();
+    const sage = await createSageClient();
     const params = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);
 
-    await bridge.send({
+    await sage.app.bridgeSend({
       kind: 'sandbox_report',
       report: {
         type: 'isolation',
@@ -132,7 +131,5 @@ import { createBridgeClient } from './bridge.js';
         },
       },
     });
-  } catch {
-    //
-  }
+  } catch {}
 });
diff --git a/src-tauri/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation-persistent/sage-manifest.json b/src/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation-persistent/sage-manifest.json
similarity index 100%
rename from src-tauri/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation-persistent/sage-manifest.json
rename to src/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation-persistent/sage-manifest.json
diff --git a/src-tauri/test-apps-src/storage-persistence-incognito/app.js b/src/test-apps-src/storage-persistence-incognito/app.js
similarity index 92%
rename from src-tauri/test-apps-src/storage-persistence-incognito/app.js
rename to src/test-apps-src/storage-persistence-incognito/app.js
index 1d8168cc3..317310ba5 100644
--- a/src-tauri/test-apps-src/storage-persistence-incognito/app.js
+++ b/src/test-apps-src/storage-persistence-incognito/app.js
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
-import { createBridgeClient } from './bridge.js';
+import './bridge.js';
+import { createSageClient } from './sdk.js';
 
 (async () => {
-  const bridge = createBridgeClient();
+  const sage = await createSageClient();
   const params = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);
   const runId = params.get('runId');
   const phase = params.get('phase');
@@ -33,9 +34,7 @@ import { createBridgeClient } from './bridge.js';
             if (!db.objectStoreNames.contains(STORE_NAME)) {
               db.createObjectStore(STORE_NAME);
             }
-          } catch {
-            //
-          }
+          } catch {}
         };
 
         open.onsuccess = () => {
@@ -84,9 +83,7 @@ import { createBridgeClient } from './bridge.js';
             if (!db.objectStoreNames.contains(STORE_NAME)) {
               db.createObjectStore(STORE_NAME);
             }
-          } catch {
-            //
-          }
+          } catch {}
         };
 
         open.onsuccess = () => {
@@ -122,22 +119,22 @@ import { createBridgeClient } from './bridge.js';
     }
   }
 
-  async function reportWrite(result) {
-    await bridge.send({
+  async function reportWrite(data) {
+    await sage.app.bridgeSend({
       kind: 'sandbox_report',
       report: {
         type: 'persistence_write',
-        data: result,
+        data,
       },
     });
   }
 
-  async function reportRead(result) {
-    await bridge.send({
+  async function reportRead(data) {
+    await sage.app.bridgeSend({
       kind: 'sandbox_report',
       report: {
         type: 'persistence_read',
-        data: result,
+        data,
       },
     });
   }
@@ -223,12 +220,12 @@ import { createBridgeClient } from './bridge.js';
   });
 })().catch(async (err) => {
   try {
-    const bridge = createBridgeClient();
+    const sage = await createSageClient();
     const params = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);
     const phase = params.get('phase');
 
     if (phase === 'write') {
-      await bridge.send({
+      await sage.app.bridgeSend({
         kind: 'sandbox_report',
         report: {
           type: 'persistence_write',
@@ -246,7 +243,7 @@ import { createBridgeClient } from './bridge.js';
       return;
     }
 
-    await bridge.send({
+    await sage.app.bridgeSend({
       kind: 'sandbox_report',
       report: {
         type: 'persistence_read',
@@ -261,7 +258,5 @@ import { createBridgeClient } from './bridge.js';
         },
       },
     });
-  } catch {
-    //
-  }
+  } catch {}
 });
diff --git a/src-tauri/test-apps-src/storage-persistence-incognito/sage-manifest.json b/src/test-apps-src/storage-persistence-incognito/sage-manifest.json
similarity index 100%
rename from src-tauri/test-apps-src/storage-persistence-incognito/sage-manifest.json
rename to src/test-apps-src/storage-persistence-incognito/sage-manifest.json
diff --git a/src-tauri/test-apps-src/storage-persistence-persistent/app.js b/src/test-apps-src/storage-persistence-persistent/app.js
similarity index 92%
rename from src-tauri/test-apps-src/storage-persistence-persistent/app.js
rename to src/test-apps-src/storage-persistence-persistent/app.js
index 03f137ffd..c3ddc2b10 100644
--- a/src-tauri/test-apps-src/storage-persistence-persistent/app.js
+++ b/src/test-apps-src/storage-persistence-persistent/app.js
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
-import { createBridgeClient } from './bridge.js';
+import './bridge.js';
+import { createSageClient } from './sdk.js';
 
 (async () => {
-  const bridge = createBridgeClient();
+  const sage = await createSageClient();
   const params = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);
   const runId = params.get('runId');
   const phase = params.get('phase');
@@ -33,9 +34,7 @@ import { createBridgeClient } from './bridge.js';
             if (!db.objectStoreNames.contains(STORE_NAME)) {
               db.createObjectStore(STORE_NAME);
             }
-          } catch {
-            //
-          }
+          } catch {}
         };
 
         open.onsuccess = () => {
@@ -84,9 +83,7 @@ import { createBridgeClient } from './bridge.js';
             if (!db.objectStoreNames.contains(STORE_NAME)) {
               db.createObjectStore(STORE_NAME);
             }
-          } catch {
-            //
-          }
+          } catch {}
         };
 
         open.onsuccess = () => {
@@ -122,22 +119,22 @@ import { createBridgeClient } from './bridge.js';
     }
   }
 
-  async function reportWrite(result) {
-    await bridge.send({
+  async function reportWrite(data) {
+    await sage.app.bridgeSend({
       kind: 'sandbox_report',
       report: {
         type: 'persistence_write',
-        data: result,
+        data,
       },
     });
   }
 
-  async function reportRead(result) {
-    await bridge.send({
+  async function reportRead(data) {
+    await sage.app.bridgeSend({
       kind: 'sandbox_report',
       report: {
         type: 'persistence_read',
-        data: result,
+        data,
       },
     });
   }
@@ -223,12 +220,12 @@ import { createBridgeClient } from './bridge.js';
   });
 })().catch(async (err) => {
   try {
-    const bridge = createBridgeClient();
+    const sage = await createSageClient();
     const params = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);
     const phase = params.get('phase');
 
     if (phase === 'write') {
-      await bridge.send({
+      await sage.app.bridgeSend({
         kind: 'sandbox_report',
         report: {
           type: 'persistence_write',
@@ -246,7 +243,7 @@ import { createBridgeClient } from './bridge.js';
       return;
     }
 
-    await bridge.send({
+    await sage.app.bridgeSend({
       kind: 'sandbox_report',
       report: {
         type: 'persistence_read',
@@ -261,7 +258,5 @@ import { createBridgeClient } from './bridge.js';
         },
       },
     });
-  } catch {
-    //
-  }
+  } catch {}
 });
diff --git a/src-tauri/test-apps-src/storage-persistence-persistent/sage-manifest.json b/src/test-apps-src/storage-persistence-persistent/sage-manifest.json
similarity index 100%
rename from src-tauri/test-apps-src/storage-persistence-persistent/sage-manifest.json
rename to src/test-apps-src/storage-persistence-persistent/sage-manifest.json

From 40433af2ef8764d0ea4f6fa41487b28bc774dfe5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 18 Apr 2026 01:23:18 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 070/471] Remove `SandboxContext` and related hooks; integrate
 sandbox logic into `useApps`.

---
 src/App.tsx                        | 13 +++---
 src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx       |  1 -
 src/contexts/SandboxContext.tsx    | 21 ----------
 src/hooks/useAppEmbeddedRuntime.ts |  2 -
 src/hooks/useApps.ts               | 40 ++++++++++++++++++-
 src/hooks/useSandbox.ts            | 64 ------------------------------
 src/pages/AppHost.tsx              |  7 +---
 src/pages/Apps.tsx                 |  4 +-
 8 files changed, 46 insertions(+), 106 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 src/contexts/SandboxContext.tsx
 delete mode 100644 src/hooks/useSandbox.ts

diff --git a/src/App.tsx b/src/App.tsx
index cd8a8da3d..95fab7a62 100644
--- a/src/App.tsx
+++ b/src/App.tsx
@@ -62,7 +62,6 @@ import { AppHost } from '@/pages/AppHost.tsx';
 import { TaskManager } from '@/pages/TaskManager.tsx';
 import { AppsProvider } from '@/contexts/AppsContext.tsx';
 import { AppsWorkspace } from '@/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx';
-import { SandboxProvider } from '@/contexts/SandboxContext.tsx';
 
 // Theme-aware toast container component
 function ThemeAwareToastContainer() {
@@ -205,13 +204,11 @@ function AppInner() {
         <WalletProvider>
           <PeerProvider>
             <AppsProvider>
-              <SandboxProvider>
-                <WalletConnectProvider>
-                  <PriceProvider>
-                    <RouterProvider router={router} />
-                  </PriceProvider>
-                </WalletConnectProvider>
-              </SandboxProvider>
+              <WalletConnectProvider>
+                <PriceProvider>
+                  <RouterProvider router={router} />
+                </PriceProvider>
+              </WalletConnectProvider>
             </AppsProvider>
           </PeerProvider>
         </WalletProvider>
diff --git a/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx b/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
index 320452ea9..603b05219 100644
--- a/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
+++ b/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
@@ -17,4 +17,3 @@ export function useApps() {
   }
   return value;
 }
-
diff --git a/src/contexts/SandboxContext.tsx b/src/contexts/SandboxContext.tsx
deleted file mode 100644
index 496e98681..000000000
--- a/src/contexts/SandboxContext.tsx
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-import { createContext, useContext } from 'react';
-import { useSandboxInternal } from '@/hooks/useSandbox';
-
-const SandboxContext = createContext<ReturnType<
-  typeof useSandboxInternal
-> | null>(null);
-
-export function SandboxProvider({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
-  const value = useSandboxInternal();
-  return (
-    <SandboxContext.Provider value={value}>{children}</SandboxContext.Provider>
-  );
-}
-
-export function useSandbox() {
-  const value = useContext(SandboxContext);
-  if (!value) {
-    throw new Error('useSandbox must be used within SandboxProvider');
-  }
-  return value;
-}
diff --git a/src/hooks/useAppEmbeddedRuntime.ts b/src/hooks/useAppEmbeddedRuntime.ts
index 321988c93..ff6140e80 100644
--- a/src/hooks/useAppEmbeddedRuntime.ts
+++ b/src/hooks/useAppEmbeddedRuntime.ts
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@ async function getMacWindowedTopInsetPx(): Promise<number> {
 interface Args {
   app: InstalledSageApp | null | undefined;
   containerRef: React.RefObject<HTMLDivElement | null>;
-  requestApproval: unknown;
 }
 
 export function useAppEmbeddedRuntime({ app, containerRef }: Args) {
@@ -139,4 +138,3 @@ export function useAppEmbeddedRuntime({ app, containerRef }: Args) {
     scheduleSyncBounds,
   };
 }
-
diff --git a/src/hooks/useApps.ts b/src/hooks/useApps.ts
index 52a4fddee..d01545e26 100644
--- a/src/hooks/useApps.ts
+++ b/src/hooks/useApps.ts
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import type {
   SageAppUrlPreview,
 } from '@/bindings.ts';
 import {
+  buildCompletedSandboxState,
   buildInitialSandboxState,
   buildRunningSandboxState,
   evaluateAppLaunchGate,
@@ -53,8 +54,43 @@ export function useAppsInternal() {
 
   const rerunSandboxTests = useCallback(async () => {
     setSandboxState(buildRunningSandboxState());
-    const next = await runSandboxTests();
-    setSandboxState(next);
+
+    try {
+      const next = await runSandboxTests();
+      setSandboxState(next);
+    } catch (err) {
+      const message =
+        err instanceof Error
+          ? err.message
+          : (() => {
+              try {
+                return JSON.stringify(err, null, 2);
+              } catch {
+                return String(err);
+              }
+            })();
+
+      setSandboxState(
+        buildCompletedSandboxState({
+          isolation: {
+            passed: false,
+            details: message,
+          },
+          persistenceNormal: {
+            passed: false,
+            details: 'Skipped because sandbox run failed before completion.',
+          },
+          persistenceIncognito: {
+            passed: false,
+            details: 'Skipped because sandbox run failed before completion.',
+          },
+          network: {
+            passed: false,
+            details: 'Skipped because sandbox run failed before completion.',
+          },
+        }),
+      );
+    }
   }, []);
 
   useEffect(() => {
diff --git a/src/hooks/useSandbox.ts b/src/hooks/useSandbox.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 3942a8f49..000000000
--- a/src/hooks/useSandbox.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,64 +0,0 @@
-import { useCallback, useEffect, useState } from 'react';
-import {
-  buildCompletedSandboxState,
-  buildInitialSandboxState,
-  buildRunningSandboxState,
-  type SandboxState,
-} from '@/lib/apps/sandbox';
-import { runSandboxTests } from '@/lib/apps/runSandboxTests';
-
-export function useSandboxInternal() {
-  const [sandboxState, setSandboxState] = useState<SandboxState>(
-    buildInitialSandboxState(),
-  );
-
-  const rerunSandboxTests = useCallback(async () => {
-    setSandboxState(buildRunningSandboxState());
-
-    try {
-      const result = await runSandboxTests();
-      setSandboxState(result);
-    } catch (err) {
-      const message =
-        err instanceof Error
-          ? err.message
-          : (() => {
-              try {
-                return JSON.stringify(err, null, 2);
-              } catch {
-                return String(err);
-              }
-            })();
-
-      setSandboxState(
-        buildCompletedSandboxState({
-          isolation: {
-            passed: false,
-            details: message,
-          },
-          persistenceNormal: {
-            passed: false,
-            details: 'Skipped because sandbox run failed before completion.',
-          },
-          persistenceIncognito: {
-            passed: false,
-            details: 'Skipped because sandbox run failed before completion.',
-          },
-          network: {
-            passed: false,
-            details: 'Skipped because sandbox run failed before completion.',
-          },
-        }),
-      );
-    }
-  }, []);
-
-  useEffect(() => {
-    void rerunSandboxTests();
-  }, [rerunSandboxTests]);
-
-  return {
-    sandboxState,
-    rerunSandboxTests,
-  };
-}
diff --git a/src/pages/AppHost.tsx b/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
index a82e54926..99a735604 100644
--- a/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
@@ -3,8 +3,6 @@ import { useRef } from 'react';
 import { useParams } from 'react-router-dom';
 import { useApps } from '@/contexts/AppsContext';
 import { useAppEmbeddedRuntime } from '@/hooks/useAppEmbeddedRuntime.ts';
-import { useAppsWorkspaceOutletContext } from '@/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx';
-import { useSandbox } from '@/contexts/SandboxContext';
 import { getSandboxLaunchDecision } from '@/lib/apps/sandboxPolicy';
 
 function AppNotFound() {
@@ -21,9 +19,7 @@ function AppNotFound() {
 export function AppHost() {
   const { appId = '' } = useParams();
   const containerRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement | null>(null);
-  const { getApp, loading } = useApps();
-  const { requestApproval } = useAppsWorkspaceOutletContext();
-  const { sandboxState } = useSandbox();
+  const { getApp, loading, sandboxState } = useApps();
 
   const app = getApp(appId);
   const launchDecision = app
@@ -36,7 +32,6 @@ export function AppHost() {
   useAppEmbeddedRuntime({
     app: app && launchDecision?.allowed ? app : null,
     containerRef,
-    requestApproval,
   });
 
   if (loading) {
diff --git a/src/pages/Apps.tsx b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
index 3abf21c79..5adced968 100644
--- a/src/pages/Apps.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react';
 import { useNavigate } from 'react-router-dom';
 import { PermissionsEditor } from '@/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx';
 import { getSandboxLaunchDecision } from '@/lib/apps/sandboxPolicy.ts';
-import { useSandbox } from '@/contexts/SandboxContext.tsx';
 
 type InstalledEntry = ReturnType<typeof useApps>['apps'][number] & {
   kind: 'installed';
@@ -84,6 +83,8 @@ export function Apps() {
     performAppUpdate,
     updateAvailability,
     busyAppIds,
+    sandboxState,
+    rerunSandboxTests,
   } = useApps();
 
   const runningAppIds = useMemo(() => {
@@ -102,7 +103,6 @@ export function Apps() {
     () => apps.filter((entry) => entry.kind === 'corrupted'),
     [apps],
   );
-  const { sandboxState, rerunSandboxTests } = useSandbox();
 
   const contextMenuPreview = contextMenu
     ? updateAvailability[contextMenu.app.id]

From 75af04d2ddf289eeacf62d7fb4b4bd64a176133f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 18 Apr 2026 01:44:28 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 071/471] Integrate `useBridgeHost` into `AppsProvider` and
 enhance sandbox test rerun handling.

---
 src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx | 28 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/hooks/useApps.ts         |  4 ----
 src/hooks/useBridgeHost.ts   | 21 ++++++++++++++++-----
 src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx  |  3 ---
 4 files changed, 43 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx b/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
index 603b05219..a7912ff06 100644
--- a/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
+++ b/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
-import { createContext, useContext } from 'react';
+import { createContext, useContext, useEffect, useRef } from 'react';
 import { useAppsInternal } from '@/hooks/useApps';
+import { useAppPendingApprovals } from '@/hooks/useAppPendingApprovals';
+import { useBridgeHost } from '@/hooks/useBridgeHost';
 
 const AppsContext = createContext<ReturnType<typeof useAppsInternal> | null>(
   null,
@@ -7,6 +9,30 @@ const AppsContext = createContext<ReturnType<typeof useAppsInternal> | null>(
 
 export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
   const value = useAppsInternal();
+  const { requestApproval } = useAppPendingApprovals();
+  const startedInitialSandboxRunRef = useRef(false);
+
+  useBridgeHost({
+    requestApproval,
+    getApp: value.getApp,
+  });
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (startedInitialSandboxRunRef.current) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    startedInitialSandboxRunRef.current = true;
+
+    const timeoutId = window.setTimeout(() => {
+      void value.rerunSandboxTests();
+    }, 0);
+
+    return () => {
+      window.clearTimeout(timeoutId);
+    };
+  }, [value.rerunSandboxTests]);
+
   return <AppsContext.Provider value={value}>{children}</AppsContext.Provider>;
 }
 
diff --git a/src/hooks/useApps.ts b/src/hooks/useApps.ts
index d01545e26..78a67b744 100644
--- a/src/hooks/useApps.ts
+++ b/src/hooks/useApps.ts
@@ -97,10 +97,6 @@ export function useAppsInternal() {
     void refresh();
   }, [refresh]);
 
-  useEffect(() => {
-    void rerunSandboxTests();
-  }, [rerunSandboxTests]);
-
   const installApp = useCallback(
     async (zipPath: string, permissions: string[]) => {
       await invoke<InstalledSageApp>('install_app_zip', {
diff --git a/src/hooks/useBridgeHost.ts b/src/hooks/useBridgeHost.ts
index fd58c7e87..a535bffb0 100644
--- a/src/hooks/useBridgeHost.ts
+++ b/src/hooks/useBridgeHost.ts
@@ -5,23 +5,35 @@ import {
   isBridgeRequest,
   type SageBridgeEventPayload,
 } from '@/lib/apps/bridge';
-import { useApps } from '@/contexts/AppsContext';
 import { getBuiltinApp } from '@/lib/apps/registry';
+import type { InstalledSageApp } from '@/bindings';
 
 interface Args {
   requestApproval: Parameters<typeof handleBridgeRequest>[2]['requestApproval'];
+  getApp: (appId: string) => InstalledSageApp | undefined;
 }
-export function useBridgeHost({ requestApproval }: Args) {
+
+export function useBridgeHost({ requestApproval, getApp }: Args) {
   const hostWebview = getCurrentWebview();
-  const { getApp } = useApps();
 
   useEffect(() => {
     let unlisten: (() => void) | null = null;
 
     const mount = async () => {
+      console.log(
+        'useBridgeHost mounted on host webview label:',
+        hostWebview.label,
+      );
+
       unlisten = await hostWebview.listen<SageBridgeEventPayload>(
         'sage-bridge:request',
         ({ payload }) => {
+          console.log(
+            'useBridgeHost got bridge request from:',
+            payload?.sourceLabel,
+            payload?.request,
+          );
+
           if (!payload || !isBridgeRequest(payload.request)) {
             return;
           }
@@ -34,10 +46,9 @@ export function useBridgeHost({ requestApproval }: Args) {
           }
 
           const appId = sourceLabel.slice(prefix.length);
-          const installedApp = getApp(appId);
 
           const run = async () => {
-            const app = installedApp ?? (await getBuiltinApp(appId));
+            const app = getApp(appId) ?? (await getBuiltinApp(appId));
 
             if (!app) {
               return;
diff --git a/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx b/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
index 2c641564f..7c1d7b5b8 100644
--- a/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ import {
 import { useApps } from '@/contexts/AppsContext.tsx';
 import { useAppPendingApprovals } from '@/hooks/useAppPendingApprovals.ts';
 import { useAppRuntimes } from '@/hooks/useAppRuntimes';
-import { useBridgeHost } from '@/hooks/useBridgeHost';
 import { focusRuntime, killRuntime } from '@/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry';
 import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react';
 import {
@@ -50,8 +49,6 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
   const [applyingUpdate, setApplyingUpdate] = useState(false);
   const [tabOrder, setTabOrder] = useState<string[]>([]);
 
-  useBridgeHost({ requestApproval });
-
   useEffect(() => {
     setTabOrder((prev) => {
       const runtimeIds = runtimes.map((runtime) => runtime.appId);

From 6050df730c34aad8912c2a4c50f33a1bcaf2bd9e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 18 Apr 2026 01:53:33 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 072/471] Remove debug `console.log` statements from
 `useBridgeHost` and update script type in test app HTML

---
 src/hooks/useBridgeHost.ts           | 11 -----------
 src/test-apps-src/_shared/index.html |  2 +-
 2 files changed, 1 insertion(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/hooks/useBridgeHost.ts b/src/hooks/useBridgeHost.ts
index a535bffb0..239f05738 100644
--- a/src/hooks/useBridgeHost.ts
+++ b/src/hooks/useBridgeHost.ts
@@ -20,20 +20,9 @@ export function useBridgeHost({ requestApproval, getApp }: Args) {
     let unlisten: (() => void) | null = null;
 
     const mount = async () => {
-      console.log(
-        'useBridgeHost mounted on host webview label:',
-        hostWebview.label,
-      );
-
       unlisten = await hostWebview.listen<SageBridgeEventPayload>(
         'sage-bridge:request',
         ({ payload }) => {
-          console.log(
-            'useBridgeHost got bridge request from:',
-            payload?.sourceLabel,
-            payload?.request,
-          );
-
           if (!payload || !isBridgeRequest(payload.request)) {
             return;
           }
diff --git a/src/test-apps-src/_shared/index.html b/src/test-apps-src/_shared/index.html
index dd241793f..0f7ff5a03 100644
--- a/src/test-apps-src/_shared/index.html
+++ b/src/test-apps-src/_shared/index.html
@@ -6,6 +6,6 @@
   <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
 </head>
 <body>
-<script src="./app.js"></script>
+<script type="module" src="./app.js"></script>
 </body>
 </html>

From 2ae1d3e4154bfd31f34b703ba044c918d2679075 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 18 Apr 2026 02:03:33 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 073/471] Remove cookie-based storage probe logic from test
 apps and `runSandboxTests`:

- Removed all code related to cookie-based probes across persistent and incognito storage test apps.
- Updated `runSandboxTests.ts` to eliminate cookie-related validation and error handling.
- Refactored error formatting helpers to focus on localStorage and IndexedDB probes.
---
 src/lib/apps/runSandboxTests.ts               | 76 ++++++++++++++-----
 .../sage-storage-isolation-incognito/app.js   | 13 ----
 .../sage-storage-isolation-persistent/app.js  | 13 ----
 .../storage-persistence-incognito/app.js      | 26 -------
 .../storage-persistence-persistent/app.js     | 26 -------
 5 files changed, 57 insertions(+), 97 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/apps/runSandboxTests.ts b/src/lib/apps/runSandboxTests.ts
index fecdbb47d..4668f708d 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/runSandboxTests.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/runSandboxTests.ts
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ import {
 } from '@/lib/apps/sandboxRuntimeStore';
 
 const PROBE_LOCAL_STORAGE_KEY = 'sage_probe_local_storage';
-const PROBE_COOKIE_KEY = 'sage_probe_cookie';
 const PROBE_INDEXED_DB_NAME = 'sage_probe_db';
 const PROBE_INDEXED_DB_STORE = 'probe_store';
 const PROBE_INDEXED_DB_KEY = 'sage_probe_key';
@@ -43,6 +42,51 @@ function formatUnknownError(err: unknown): string {
   }
 }
 
+function formatPersistenceWriteFailure(
+  result: SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult,
+): string {
+  const failed: string[] = [];
+
+  if (!result.localStorageWrote) {
+    failed.push('localStorage');
+  }
+
+  if (!result.indexedDbWrote) {
+    failed.push('IndexedDB');
+  }
+
+  if (failed.length === 0) {
+    return `${result.mode} write probe failed for unknown reason.`;
+  }
+
+  return `${result.mode} write probe could not write: ${failed.join(', ')}.`;
+}
+
+function formatPersistenceReadFailure(
+  result: SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult,
+  expectedPresent: boolean,
+): string {
+  const mismatches: string[] = [];
+
+  if (result.localStoragePresent !== expectedPresent) {
+    mismatches.push(
+      `localStorage=${result.localStoragePresent} expected=${expectedPresent}`,
+    );
+  }
+
+  if (result.indexedDbPresent !== expectedPresent) {
+    mismatches.push(
+      `IndexedDB=${result.indexedDbPresent} expected=${expectedPresent}`,
+    );
+  }
+
+  if (mismatches.length === 0) {
+    return `${result.mode} read probe failed for unknown reason.`;
+  }
+
+  return `${result.mode} read probe mismatch: ${mismatches.join(', ')}.`;
+}
+
 async function writeSageProbeIndexedDb(runId: string): Promise<void> {
   await new Promise<void>((resolve, reject) => {
     const open = indexedDB.open(PROBE_INDEXED_DB_NAME);
@@ -92,7 +136,6 @@ async function writeSageProbeIndexedDb(runId: string): Promise<void> {
 
 async function writeSageProbes(runId: string): Promise<void> {
   localStorage.setItem(PROBE_LOCAL_STORAGE_KEY, runId);
-  document.cookie = `${PROBE_COOKIE_KEY}=${encodeURIComponent(runId)}; path=/`;
   await writeSageProbeIndexedDb(runId);
 }
 
@@ -196,7 +239,6 @@ async function runIsolationTest(): Promise<{
 
       if (
         result.localStorageVisible ||
-        result.cookieVisible ||
         result.indexedDbVisible
       ) {
         return {
@@ -306,19 +348,18 @@ async function runPersistenceTest(): Promise<{
 
     if (
       !persistentWrite.localStorageWrote ||
-      !persistentWrite.cookieWrote ||
       !persistentWrite.indexedDbWrote
     ) {
+      const details = formatPersistenceWriteFailure(persistentWrite);
+
       return {
         persistentNormal: {
           passed: false,
-          details:
-            'Persistent write probe could not write all persistence surfaces.',
+          details,
         },
         persistenceIncognito: {
           passed: false,
-          details:
-            'Persistent write probe could not write all persistence surfaces.',
+          details,
         },
       };
     }
@@ -338,19 +379,18 @@ async function runPersistenceTest(): Promise<{
 
     if (
       !incognitoWrite.localStorageWrote ||
-      !incognitoWrite.cookieWrote ||
       !incognitoWrite.indexedDbWrote
     ) {
+      const details = formatPersistenceWriteFailure(incognitoWrite);
+
       return {
         persistentNormal: {
           passed: false,
-          details:
-            'Incognito write probe could not write all persistence surfaces.',
+          details,
         },
         persistenceIncognito: {
           passed: false,
-          details:
-            'Incognito write probe could not write all persistence surfaces.',
+          details,
         },
       };
     }
@@ -416,31 +456,29 @@ async function runPersistenceTest(): Promise<{
     const persistentPassed =
       !persistentRead.error &&
       persistentRead.localStoragePresent &&
-      persistentRead.cookiePresent &&
       persistentRead.indexedDbPresent;
 
     const incognitoPassed =
       !incognitoRead.error &&
       !incognitoRead.localStoragePresent &&
-      !incognitoRead.cookiePresent &&
       !incognitoRead.indexedDbPresent;
 
     return {
       persistentNormal: {
         passed: persistentPassed,
         details: persistentPassed
-          ? 'Persistent mode retained localStorage, cookies, and IndexedDB across reopen.'
+          ? 'Persistent mode retained localStorage and IndexedDB across reopen.'
           : persistentRead.error
             ? `Persistent read probe reported error: ${persistentRead.error}`
-            : 'Persistent mode did not retain all persistence surfaces across reopen.',
+            : formatPersistenceReadFailure(persistentRead, true),
       },
       persistenceIncognito: {
         passed: incognitoPassed,
         details: incognitoPassed
-          ? 'Incognito mode did not retain localStorage, cookies, or IndexedDB across reopen.'
+          ? 'Incognito mode did not retain localStorage or IndexedDB across reopen.'
           : incognitoRead.error
             ? `Incognito read probe reported error: ${incognitoRead.error}`
-            : 'Incognito mode retained browser data across reopen when it should not have.',
+            : formatPersistenceReadFailure(incognitoRead, false),
       },
     };
   } catch (err) {
diff --git a/src/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation-incognito/app.js b/src/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation-incognito/app.js
index f463e44d5..bb3571748 100644
--- a/src/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation-incognito/app.js
+++ b/src/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation-incognito/app.js
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ import { createSageClient } from './sdk.js';
   }
 
   const LOCAL_STORAGE_KEY = 'sage_probe_local_storage';
-  const COOKIE_KEY = 'sage_probe_cookie';
   const DB_NAME = 'sage_probe_db';
   const STORE_NAME = 'probe_store';
   const DB_KEY = 'sage_probe_key';
@@ -76,7 +75,6 @@ import { createSageClient } from './sdk.js';
   }
 
   let localStorageVisible = false;
-  let cookieVisible = false;
   let indexedDbVisible = false;
   let error = null;
 
@@ -88,15 +86,6 @@ import { createSageClient } from './sdk.js';
       localStorageVisible = false;
     }
 
-    try {
-      cookieVisible = document.cookie
-        .split(';')
-        .map((part) => part.trim())
-        .some((part) => part.startsWith(`${COOKIE_KEY}=`));
-    } catch {
-      cookieVisible = false;
-    }
-
     indexedDbVisible = await readIndexedDbProbe();
   } catch (err) {
     error = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err);
@@ -107,7 +96,6 @@ import { createSageClient } from './sdk.js';
     mode: 'incognito',
     persistentStorage: false,
     localStorageVisible,
-    cookieVisible,
     indexedDbVisible,
     error,
   });
@@ -125,7 +113,6 @@ import { createSageClient } from './sdk.js';
           mode: 'incognito',
           persistentStorage: false,
           localStorageVisible: false,
-          cookieVisible: false,
           indexedDbVisible: false,
           error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
         },
diff --git a/src/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation-persistent/app.js b/src/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation-persistent/app.js
index 0d1b4f1c9..5895e5a90 100644
--- a/src/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation-persistent/app.js
+++ b/src/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation-persistent/app.js
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ import { createSageClient } from './sdk.js';
   }
 
   const LOCAL_STORAGE_KEY = 'sage_probe_local_storage';
-  const COOKIE_KEY = 'sage_probe_cookie';
   const DB_NAME = 'sage_probe_db';
   const STORE_NAME = 'probe_store';
   const DB_KEY = 'sage_probe_key';
@@ -76,7 +75,6 @@ import { createSageClient } from './sdk.js';
   }
 
   let localStorageVisible = false;
-  let cookieVisible = false;
   let indexedDbVisible = false;
   let error = null;
 
@@ -88,15 +86,6 @@ import { createSageClient } from './sdk.js';
       localStorageVisible = false;
     }
 
-    try {
-      cookieVisible = document.cookie
-        .split(';')
-        .map((part) => part.trim())
-        .some((part) => part.startsWith(`${COOKIE_KEY}=`));
-    } catch {
-      cookieVisible = false;
-    }
-
     indexedDbVisible = await readIndexedDbProbe();
   } catch (err) {
     error = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err);
@@ -107,7 +96,6 @@ import { createSageClient } from './sdk.js';
     mode: 'persistent',
     persistentStorage: true,
     localStorageVisible,
-    cookieVisible,
     indexedDbVisible,
     error,
   });
@@ -125,7 +113,6 @@ import { createSageClient } from './sdk.js';
           mode: 'persistent',
           persistentStorage: true,
           localStorageVisible: false,
-          cookieVisible: false,
           indexedDbVisible: false,
           error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
         },
diff --git a/src/test-apps-src/storage-persistence-incognito/app.js b/src/test-apps-src/storage-persistence-incognito/app.js
index 317310ba5..67517ccda 100644
--- a/src/test-apps-src/storage-persistence-incognito/app.js
+++ b/src/test-apps-src/storage-persistence-incognito/app.js
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@ import { createSageClient } from './sdk.js';
   }
 
   const LOCAL_STORAGE_KEY = `sandbox_persistence_local_storage:${runId}:incognito`;
-  const COOKIE_KEY = `sandbox_persistence_cookie_${runId}_incognito`;
   const DB_NAME = `sandbox_persistence_db_${runId}_incognito`;
   const STORE_NAME = 'probe_store';
   const DB_KEY = 'probe_key';
@@ -141,7 +140,6 @@ import { createSageClient } from './sdk.js';
 
   if (phase === 'write') {
     let localStorageWrote = false;
-    let cookieWrote = false;
     let indexedDbWrote = false;
     let error = null;
 
@@ -154,16 +152,6 @@ import { createSageClient } from './sdk.js';
         localStorageWrote = false;
       }
 
-      try {
-        document.cookie = `${COOKIE_KEY}=present; path=/`;
-        cookieWrote = document.cookie
-          .split(';')
-          .map((part) => part.trim())
-          .some((part) => part === `${COOKIE_KEY}=present`);
-      } catch {
-        cookieWrote = false;
-      }
-
       indexedDbWrote = await writeIndexedDbValue();
     } catch (err) {
       error = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err);
@@ -174,7 +162,6 @@ import { createSageClient } from './sdk.js';
       mode: 'incognito',
       persistentStorage: false,
       localStorageWrote,
-      cookieWrote,
       indexedDbWrote,
       error,
     });
@@ -183,7 +170,6 @@ import { createSageClient } from './sdk.js';
   }
 
   let localStoragePresent = false;
-  let cookiePresent = false;
   let indexedDbPresent = false;
   let error = null;
 
@@ -195,15 +181,6 @@ import { createSageClient } from './sdk.js';
       localStoragePresent = false;
     }
 
-    try {
-      cookiePresent = document.cookie
-        .split(';')
-        .map((part) => part.trim())
-        .some((part) => part === `${COOKIE_KEY}=present`);
-    } catch {
-      cookiePresent = false;
-    }
-
     indexedDbPresent = await readIndexedDbValue();
   } catch (err) {
     error = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err);
@@ -214,7 +191,6 @@ import { createSageClient } from './sdk.js';
     mode: 'incognito',
     persistentStorage: false,
     localStoragePresent,
-    cookiePresent,
     indexedDbPresent,
     error,
   });
@@ -234,7 +210,6 @@ import { createSageClient } from './sdk.js';
             mode: 'incognito',
             persistentStorage: false,
             localStorageWrote: false,
-            cookieWrote: false,
             indexedDbWrote: false,
             error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
           },
@@ -252,7 +227,6 @@ import { createSageClient } from './sdk.js';
           mode: 'incognito',
           persistentStorage: false,
           localStoragePresent: false,
-          cookiePresent: false,
           indexedDbPresent: false,
           error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
         },
diff --git a/src/test-apps-src/storage-persistence-persistent/app.js b/src/test-apps-src/storage-persistence-persistent/app.js
index c3ddc2b10..e4156e202 100644
--- a/src/test-apps-src/storage-persistence-persistent/app.js
+++ b/src/test-apps-src/storage-persistence-persistent/app.js
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@ import { createSageClient } from './sdk.js';
   }
 
   const LOCAL_STORAGE_KEY = `sandbox_persistence_local_storage:${runId}:persistent`;
-  const COOKIE_KEY = `sandbox_persistence_cookie_${runId}_persistent`;
   const DB_NAME = `sandbox_persistence_db_${runId}_persistent`;
   const STORE_NAME = 'probe_store';
   const DB_KEY = 'probe_key';
@@ -141,7 +140,6 @@ import { createSageClient } from './sdk.js';
 
   if (phase === 'write') {
     let localStorageWrote = false;
-    let cookieWrote = false;
     let indexedDbWrote = false;
     let error = null;
 
@@ -154,16 +152,6 @@ import { createSageClient } from './sdk.js';
         localStorageWrote = false;
       }
 
-      try {
-        document.cookie = `${COOKIE_KEY}=present; path=/`;
-        cookieWrote = document.cookie
-          .split(';')
-          .map((part) => part.trim())
-          .some((part) => part === `${COOKIE_KEY}=present`);
-      } catch {
-        cookieWrote = false;
-      }
-
       indexedDbWrote = await writeIndexedDbValue();
     } catch (err) {
       error = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err);
@@ -174,7 +162,6 @@ import { createSageClient } from './sdk.js';
       mode: 'persistent',
       persistentStorage: true,
       localStorageWrote,
-      cookieWrote,
       indexedDbWrote,
       error,
     });
@@ -183,7 +170,6 @@ import { createSageClient } from './sdk.js';
   }
 
   let localStoragePresent = false;
-  let cookiePresent = false;
   let indexedDbPresent = false;
   let error = null;
 
@@ -195,15 +181,6 @@ import { createSageClient } from './sdk.js';
       localStoragePresent = false;
     }
 
-    try {
-      cookiePresent = document.cookie
-        .split(';')
-        .map((part) => part.trim())
-        .some((part) => part === `${COOKIE_KEY}=present`);
-    } catch {
-      cookiePresent = false;
-    }
-
     indexedDbPresent = await readIndexedDbValue();
   } catch (err) {
     error = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err);
@@ -214,7 +191,6 @@ import { createSageClient } from './sdk.js';
     mode: 'persistent',
     persistentStorage: true,
     localStoragePresent,
-    cookiePresent,
     indexedDbPresent,
     error,
   });
@@ -234,7 +210,6 @@ import { createSageClient } from './sdk.js';
             mode: 'persistent',
             persistentStorage: true,
             localStorageWrote: false,
-            cookieWrote: false,
             indexedDbWrote: false,
             error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
           },
@@ -252,7 +227,6 @@ import { createSageClient } from './sdk.js';
           mode: 'persistent',
           persistentStorage: true,
           localStoragePresent: false,
-          cookiePresent: false,
           indexedDbPresent: false,
           error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
         },

From ce926bd8859627d480c66ee412233eefc5455faf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 18 Apr 2026 03:29:21 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 074/471] Refactor test apps and build process:

- Remove redundant test app variants (`storage-persistence-persistent` and `sage-storage-isolation-persistent`) and associated files.
- Introduce `build-test-apps.mjs` to dynamically generate test app builds.
- Update sandbox reporting to include `appId` in results for enhanced test app tracking.
- Refactor `runtimeRegistry` to support debug mode and improve test app visibility during development.
- Revise test app manifests and runtime logic for streamlined management of persistent and incognito modes.
---
 README.md                                     |   6 +-
 package.json                                  |   6 +-
 scripts/build-test-apps.mjs                   | 172 ++++++++++++
 src-tauri/build.rs                            | 177 +-----------
 src-tauri/capabilities/default.json           |   1 -
 src/components/apps/CorruptedAppCard.tsx      |   2 +-
 src/lib/apps/runSandboxTests.ts               | 256 +++++++++++-------
 src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts               |  26 +-
 src/lib/apps/sandboxRuntimeStore.ts           |  43 ++-
 src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx                   |  11 +-
 .../sage-storage-isolation-persistent/app.js  | 122 ---------
 .../app.js                                    |   4 -
 .../sage-manifest.incognito.json}             |   3 +-
 .../sage-manifest.persistent.json}            |   3 +-
 .../storage-persistence-persistent/app.js     | 236 ----------------
 .../app.js                                    |   8 -
 .../sage-manifest.incognito.json}             |   3 +-
 .../sage-manifest.persistent.json}            |   3 +-
 18 files changed, 406 insertions(+), 676 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 scripts/build-test-apps.mjs
 delete mode 100644 src/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation-persistent/app.js
 rename src/test-apps-src/{sage-storage-isolation-incognito => sage-storage-isolation}/app.js (96%)
 rename src/test-apps-src/{storage-persistence-incognito/sage-manifest.json => sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.incognito.json} (70%)
 rename src/test-apps-src/{storage-persistence-persistent/sage-manifest.json => sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.persistent.json} (73%)
 delete mode 100644 src/test-apps-src/storage-persistence-persistent/app.js
 rename src/test-apps-src/{storage-persistence-incognito => storage-persistence}/app.js (95%)
 rename src/test-apps-src/{sage-storage-isolation-incognito/sage-manifest.json => storage-persistence/sage-manifest.incognito.json} (68%)
 rename src/test-apps-src/{sage-storage-isolation-persistent/sage-manifest.json => storage-persistence/sage-manifest.persistent.json} (71%)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index d82cb8b55..bc0b85a1a 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -53,16 +53,16 @@ You can run the app with:
 
 ```bash
 # For development purposes:
-pnpm tauri dev
+pnpm tauri:dev
 
 # If you need optimizations:
-pnpm tauri dev --release
+pnpm tauri:dev --release
 ```
 
 And build the application with:
 
 ```bash
-pnpm tauri build
+pnpm tauri:build
 ```
 
 You can also run the app in the iOS or Android simulator, though it may take some prior setup:
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index 32bf5cbf8..32248f446 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -6,7 +6,11 @@
   "packageManager": "pnpm@10.13.1",
   "scripts": {
     "dev": "vite",
-    "build": "tsc -b && vite build",
+    "build:sdk": "pnpm --filter @sage-app/sdk build",
+    "build:test-apps": "pnpm build:sdk && node ./scripts/build-test-apps.mjs",
+    "build": "pnpm build:test-apps && tsc -b && vite build",
+    "tauri:dev": "pnpm build:test-apps && tauri dev",
+    "tauri:build": "pnpm build:test-apps && tauri build",
     "lint": "eslint .",
     "preview": "vite preview",
     "prettier": "prettier --write .",
diff --git a/scripts/build-test-apps.mjs b/scripts/build-test-apps.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..750165dd0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scripts/build-test-apps.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+import fs from 'fs/promises';
+import path from 'path';
+import { fileURLToPath } from 'url';
+
+const __dirname = path.dirname(fileURLToPath(import.meta.url));
+const ROOT = path.resolve(__dirname, '..');
+
+const SRC_DIR = path.join(ROOT, 'src/test-apps-src');
+const OUT_DIR = path.join(ROOT, 'src/test-apps');
+const SHARED_DIR = path.join(SRC_DIR, '_shared');
+const SDK_DIST = path.join(ROOT, 'packages/sage-app-sdk/dist');
+
+async function rmrf(dir) {
+  await fs.rm(dir, { recursive: true, force: true });
+}
+
+async function mkdirp(dir) {
+  await fs.mkdir(dir, { recursive: true });
+}
+
+async function exists(p) {
+  try {
+    await fs.access(p);
+    return true;
+  } catch {
+    return false;
+  }
+}
+
+async function copyDir(src, dst) {
+  if (!(await exists(src))) {
+    throw new Error(`Missing directory: ${src}`);
+  }
+
+  await mkdirp(dst);
+
+  const entries = await fs.readdir(src, { withFileTypes: true });
+
+  for (const entry of entries) {
+    const srcPath = path.join(src, entry.name);
+    const dstPath = path.join(dst, entry.name);
+
+    if (entry.isDirectory()) {
+      await copyDir(srcPath, dstPath);
+    } else if (entry.isFile()) {
+      await mkdirp(path.dirname(dstPath));
+      await fs.copyFile(srcPath, dstPath);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+async function copyFileRequired(src, dst, label) {
+  if (!(await exists(src))) {
+    throw new Error(`Missing ${label} at ${src}`);
+  }
+
+  await mkdirp(path.dirname(dst));
+  await fs.copyFile(src, dst);
+}
+
+async function buildVariant({ sourceDirName, outDirName, manifestFileName }) {
+  const sourceDir = path.join(SRC_DIR, sourceDirName);
+  const outDir = path.join(OUT_DIR, outDirName);
+  const manifestSrc = path.join(sourceDir, manifestFileName);
+  const manifestDst = path.join(outDir, 'sage-manifest.json');
+
+  await mkdirp(outDir);
+
+  if (await exists(SHARED_DIR)) {
+    await copyDir(SHARED_DIR, outDir);
+  }
+
+  await copyDir(sourceDir, outDir);
+
+  const files = await fs.readdir(outDir);
+
+  for (const file of files) {
+    if (file.startsWith('sage-manifest') && file.endsWith('.json')) {
+      await fs.rm(path.join(outDir, file), { force: true });
+    }
+  }
+
+  await copyFileRequired(
+    manifestSrc,
+    manifestDst,
+    `manifest ${manifestFileName}`,
+  );
+
+  await copyFileRequired(
+    path.join(SDK_DIST, 'runtime-bridge.js'),
+    path.join(outDir, 'bridge.js'),
+    'SDK runtime bridge build output',
+  );
+
+  await copyFileRequired(
+    path.join(SDK_DIST, 'index.js'),
+    path.join(outDir, 'sdk.js'),
+    'SDK index build output',
+  );
+}
+
+const BUILD_PLAN = [
+  {
+    sourceDirName: 'sage-storage-isolation',
+    variants: [
+      {
+        outDirName: 'sage-storage-isolation-persistent',
+        manifestFileName: 'sage-manifest.persistent.json',
+      },
+      {
+        outDirName: 'sage-storage-isolation-incognito',
+        manifestFileName: 'sage-manifest.incognito.json',
+      },
+    ],
+  },
+  {
+    sourceDirName: 'storage-persistence',
+    variants: [
+      {
+        outDirName: 'storage-persistence-persistent',
+        manifestFileName: 'sage-manifest.persistent.json',
+      },
+      {
+        outDirName: 'storage-persistence-incognito',
+        manifestFileName: 'sage-manifest.incognito.json',
+      },
+    ],
+  },
+  {
+    sourceDirName: 'network-allow-a',
+    variants: [
+      {
+        outDirName: 'network-allow-a',
+        manifestFileName: 'sage-manifest.json',
+      },
+    ],
+  },
+  {
+    sourceDirName: 'network-allow-b',
+    variants: [
+      {
+        outDirName: 'network-allow-b',
+        manifestFileName: 'sage-manifest.json',
+      },
+    ],
+  },
+];
+
+async function main() {
+  console.log('→ building test apps');
+
+  await rmrf(OUT_DIR);
+  await mkdirp(OUT_DIR);
+
+  for (const group of BUILD_PLAN) {
+    for (const variant of group.variants) {
+      console.log(`  - ${variant.outDirName}`);
+      await buildVariant({
+        sourceDirName: group.sourceDirName,
+        outDirName: variant.outDirName,
+        manifestFileName: variant.manifestFileName,
+      });
+    }
+  }
+
+  console.log('✓ test apps ready');
+}
+
+main().catch((err) => {
+  console.error('build-test-apps failed:', err);
+  process.exit(1);
+});
diff --git a/src-tauri/build.rs b/src-tauri/build.rs
index 66563eeea..6ce22e224 100644
--- a/src-tauri/build.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/build.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 use glob::glob;
-use std::{
-    env, fs, io,
-    path::{Path, PathBuf},
-};
+use std::env;
 
+/// Adds a temporary workaround for an issue with the Rust compiler and Android
+/// in `x86_64` devices: <https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/109717>.
+/// The workaround comes from: <https://github.com/smartvaults/smartvaults/blob/827805a989561b78c0ea5b41f2c1c9e9e59545e0/bindings/smartvaults-sdk-ffi/build.rs>
 fn setup_x86_64_android_workaround() {
     let target_os = env::var("CARGO_CFG_TARGET_OS").expect("CARGO_CFG_TARGET_OS not set");
     let target_arch = env::var("CARGO_CFG_TARGET_ARCH").expect("CARGO_CFG_TARGET_ARCH not set");
@@ -32,176 +32,7 @@ fn setup_x86_64_android_workaround() {
     }
 }
 
-fn copy_dir_recursive(src: &Path, dst: &Path) -> io::Result<()> {
-    if !src.exists() {
-        return Ok(());
-    }
-
-    fs::create_dir_all(dst)?;
-
-    for entry in fs::read_dir(src)? {
-        let entry = entry?;
-        let file_type = entry.file_type()?;
-        let from = entry.path();
-        let to = dst.join(entry.file_name());
-
-        if file_type.is_dir() {
-            copy_dir_recursive(&from, &to)?;
-        } else if file_type.is_file() {
-            if let Some(parent) = to.parent() {
-                fs::create_dir_all(parent)?;
-            }
-            fs::copy(&from, &to)?;
-        }
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn remove_dir_if_exists(path: &Path) -> io::Result<()> {
-    if path.exists() {
-        fs::remove_dir_all(path)?;
-    }
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn list_subdirs(path: &Path) -> io::Result<Vec<PathBuf>> {
-    if !path.exists() {
-        return Ok(Vec::new());
-    }
-
-    let mut dirs = Vec::new();
-
-    for entry in fs::read_dir(path)? {
-        let entry = entry?;
-        if entry.file_type()?.is_dir() {
-            dirs.push(entry.path());
-        }
-    }
-
-    dirs.sort();
-    Ok(dirs)
-}
-
-fn print_rerun_if_changed_recursive(path: &Path) -> io::Result<()> {
-    if !path.exists() {
-        return Ok(());
-    }
-
-    println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed={}", path.display());
-
-    if path.is_dir() {
-        for entry in fs::read_dir(path)? {
-            let entry = entry?;
-            print_rerun_if_changed_recursive(&entry.path())?;
-        }
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn copy_file(src: &Path, dst: &Path) -> io::Result<()> {
-    if let Some(parent) = dst.parent() {
-        fs::create_dir_all(parent)?;
-    }
-    fs::copy(src, dst)?;
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn build_test_apps() -> io::Result<()> {
-    let manifest_dir =
-        PathBuf::from(env::var("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR").expect("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR not set"));
-    let workspace_root = manifest_dir
-        .parent()
-        .expect("src-tauri should have a parent directory")
-        .to_path_buf();
-
-    let src_root = workspace_root.join("src").join("test-apps-src");
-    let shared_dir = src_root.join("_shared");
-    let out_root = workspace_root.join("src").join("test-apps");
-
-    let sdk_dist_dir = workspace_root
-        .join("packages")
-        .join("sage-app-sdk")
-        .join("dist");
-
-    let sdk_runtime_bridge = sdk_dist_dir.join("runtime-bridge.js");
-    let sdk_index = sdk_dist_dir.join("index.js");
-
-    print_rerun_if_changed_recursive(&src_root)?;
-    print_rerun_if_changed_recursive(&sdk_dist_dir)?;
-
-    if !src_root.exists() {
-        return Ok(());
-    }
-
-    if !sdk_runtime_bridge.is_file() {
-        return Err(io::Error::new(
-            io::ErrorKind::NotFound,
-            format!(
-                "missing SDK runtime bridge build output at {}. Run `pnpm --filter @sage-app/sdk build` first.",
-                sdk_runtime_bridge.display()
-            ),
-        ));
-    }
-
-    if !sdk_index.is_file() {
-        return Err(io::Error::new(
-            io::ErrorKind::NotFound,
-            format!(
-                "missing SDK index build output at {}. Run `pnpm --filter @sage-app/sdk build` first.",
-                sdk_index.display()
-            ),
-        ));
-    }
-
-    fs::create_dir_all(&out_root)?;
-
-    let source_app_dirs = list_subdirs(&src_root)?;
-    let mut expected_output_names = Vec::new();
-
-    for app_src_dir in source_app_dirs {
-        let app_name = app_src_dir
-            .file_name()
-            .and_then(|s| s.to_str())
-            .expect("invalid test app source directory name")
-            .to_string();
-
-        if app_name == "_shared" {
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        expected_output_names.push(app_name.clone());
-
-        let app_out_dir = out_root.join(&app_name);
-
-        remove_dir_if_exists(&app_out_dir)?;
-        fs::create_dir_all(&app_out_dir)?;
-
-        copy_dir_recursive(&shared_dir, &app_out_dir)?;
-        copy_dir_recursive(&app_src_dir, &app_out_dir)?;
-
-        copy_file(&sdk_runtime_bridge, &app_out_dir.join("bridge.js"))?;
-        copy_file(&sdk_index, &app_out_dir.join("sdk.js"))?;
-    }
-
-    for existing_out_dir in list_subdirs(&out_root)? {
-        let out_name = existing_out_dir
-            .file_name()
-            .and_then(|s| s.to_str())
-            .expect("invalid generated test app directory name")
-            .to_string();
-
-        if !expected_output_names.iter().any(|name| name == &out_name) {
-            fs::remove_dir_all(&existing_out_dir)?;
-        }
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
 fn main() {
     setup_x86_64_android_workaround();
-    build_test_apps().expect("failed to build materialized test apps");
     tauri_build::build();
 }
diff --git a/src-tauri/capabilities/default.json b/src-tauri/capabilities/default.json
index e8294a126..aba38c2af 100644
--- a/src-tauri/capabilities/default.json
+++ b/src-tauri/capabilities/default.json
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@
     "core:event:default",
     "core:window:default",
     "core:webview:default",
-    "core:webview:allow-clear-all-browsing-data",
     "core:webview:allow-create-webview",
     "core:webview:allow-webview-hide",
     "core:webview:allow-webview-show",
diff --git a/src/components/apps/CorruptedAppCard.tsx b/src/components/apps/CorruptedAppCard.tsx
index cc583c510..27032d650 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/CorruptedAppCard.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/CorruptedAppCard.tsx
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ export function CorruptedAppCard({ app, onRemove }: Props) {
           </CardTitle>
 
           <div className='text-xs text-muted-foreground break-all'>
-            Install dir: {app.install_dir}
+            Install dir: {app.installDir}
           </div>
         </div>
 
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/runSandboxTests.ts b/src/lib/apps/runSandboxTests.ts
index 4668f708d..937919d93 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/runSandboxTests.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/runSandboxTests.ts
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import {
   closeAppRuntime,
 } from '@/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry';
 import { getBuiltinApp } from '@/lib/apps/registry';
+import type { SandboxAppResult } from '@/lib/apps/sandboxRuntimeStore';
 import type {
   SandboxIsolationProbeResult,
   SandboxNetworkProbeResult,
@@ -42,7 +43,45 @@ function formatUnknownError(err: unknown): string {
   }
 }
 
+function labelForAppId(appId: string): string {
+  switch (appId) {
+    case TEST_APP_IDS.storageIsolationPersistent:
+      return 'persistent isolation';
+    case TEST_APP_IDS.storageIsolationIncognito:
+      return 'incognito isolation';
+    case TEST_APP_IDS.persistencePersistent:
+      return 'persistent write/read';
+    case TEST_APP_IDS.persistenceIncognito:
+      return 'incognito write/read';
+    case TEST_APP_IDS.networkAllowA:
+      return 'network allow-a';
+    case TEST_APP_IDS.networkAllowB:
+      return 'network allow-b';
+    default:
+      return appId;
+  }
+}
+
+function shouldKeepFailedTestAppsOpen(): boolean {
+  return (
+    import.meta.env.DEV && import.meta.env.VITE_SAGE_DEBUG_TEST_APPS === '1'
+  );
+}
+
+async function stopTestAppsOnSuccess(appIds: string[]): Promise<void> {
+  await stopTestApps(appIds);
+}
+
+async function stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds: string[]): Promise<void> {
+  if (shouldKeepFailedTestAppsOpen()) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  await stopTestApps(appIds);
+}
+
 function formatPersistenceWriteFailure(
+  label: string,
   result: SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult,
 ): string {
   const failed: string[] = [];
@@ -56,13 +95,14 @@ function formatPersistenceWriteFailure(
   }
 
   if (failed.length === 0) {
-    return `${result.mode} write probe failed for unknown reason.`;
+    return `${label} write probe failed for unknown reason.`;
   }
 
-  return `${result.mode} write probe could not write: ${failed.join(', ')}.`;
+  return `${label} write probe could not write: ${failed.join(', ')}.`;
 }
 
 function formatPersistenceReadFailure(
+  label: string,
   result: SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult,
   expectedPresent: boolean,
 ): string {
@@ -81,10 +121,17 @@ function formatPersistenceReadFailure(
   }
 
   if (mismatches.length === 0) {
-    return `${result.mode} read probe failed for unknown reason.`;
+    return `${label} read probe failed for unknown reason.`;
   }
 
-  return `${result.mode} read probe mismatch: ${mismatches.join(', ')}.`;
+  return `${label} read probe mismatch: ${mismatches.join(', ')}.`;
+}
+
+function findByAppId<T>(
+  items: SandboxAppResult<T>[],
+  appId: string,
+): T | undefined {
+  return items.find((item) => item.appId === appId)?.data;
 }
 
 async function writeSageProbeIndexedDb(runId: string): Promise<void> {
@@ -199,7 +246,9 @@ async function runIsolationTest(): Promise<{
       startTestApp(TEST_APP_IDS.storageIsolationIncognito, { runId }),
     ]);
 
-    const results = await pollResults<SandboxIsolationProbeResult>({
+    const results = await pollResults<
+      SandboxAppResult<SandboxIsolationProbeResult>
+    >({
       runId,
       expectedCount: 2,
       timeoutMs: 10000,
@@ -207,59 +256,67 @@ async function runIsolationTest(): Promise<{
       read: () => getSandboxRunResults(runId).isolation,
     });
 
-    if (results.length !== 2) {
-      return {
-        passed: false,
-        details: `Expected 2 isolation probe results, got ${results.length}.`,
-      };
-    }
+    const persistent = findByAppId(
+      results,
+      TEST_APP_IDS.storageIsolationPersistent,
+    );
+    const incognito = findByAppId(
+      results,
+      TEST_APP_IDS.storageIsolationIncognito,
+    );
 
-    const modes = new Set(results.map((result) => result.mode));
-    if (!modes.has('persistent') || !modes.has('incognito')) {
+    if (!persistent || !incognito) {
+      await stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds);
       return {
         passed: false,
-        details: 'Isolation probe returned incomplete or malformed mode set.',
+        details: 'Isolation probe returned incomplete app result set.',
       };
     }
 
-    for (const result of results) {
+    for (const [appId, result] of [
+      [TEST_APP_IDS.storageIsolationPersistent, persistent],
+      [TEST_APP_IDS.storageIsolationIncognito, incognito],
+    ] as const) {
+      const label = labelForAppId(appId);
+
       if (result.runId !== runId) {
+        await stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds);
         return {
           passed: false,
-          details: `Isolation probe ${result.mode} reported mismatched run id.`,
+          details: `${label} probe reported mismatched run id.`,
         };
       }
 
       if (result.error) {
+        await stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds);
         return {
           passed: false,
-          details: `Isolation probe ${result.mode} reported error: ${result.error}`,
+          details: `${label} probe reported error: ${result.error}`,
         };
       }
 
-      if (
-        result.localStorageVisible ||
-        result.indexedDbVisible
-      ) {
+      if (result.localStorageVisible || result.indexedDbVisible) {
+        await stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds);
         return {
           passed: false,
-          details: `Isolation probe ${result.mode} was able to observe Sage probe data.`,
+          details: `${label} probe was able to observe Sage probe data.`,
         };
       }
     }
 
+    await stopTestAppsOnSuccess(appIds);
+
     return {
       passed: true,
       details:
         'Both sandbox probe modes were unable to observe Sage probe data.',
     };
   } catch (err) {
+    await stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds);
     return {
       passed: false,
       details: formatUnknownError(err),
     };
-  } finally {
-    await stopTestApps(appIds);
   }
 }
 
@@ -288,7 +345,9 @@ async function runPersistenceTest(): Promise<{
       }),
     ]);
 
-    const writeResults = await pollResults<SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult>({
+    const writeResults = await pollResults<
+      SandboxAppResult<SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult>
+    >({
       runId,
       expectedCount: 2,
       timeoutMs: 10000,
@@ -296,18 +355,17 @@ async function runPersistenceTest(): Promise<{
       read: () => getSandboxRunResults(runId).persistenceWrite,
     });
 
-    if (writeResults.length !== 2) {
-      const details = `Expected 2 persistence write results, got ${writeResults.length}.`;
-      return {
-        persistentNormal: { passed: false, details },
-        persistenceIncognito: { passed: false, details },
-      };
-    }
-
-    const persistentWrite = writeResults.find((r) => r.mode === 'persistent');
-    const incognitoWrite = writeResults.find((r) => r.mode === 'incognito');
+    const persistentWrite = findByAppId(
+      writeResults,
+      TEST_APP_IDS.persistencePersistent,
+    );
+    const incognitoWrite = findByAppId(
+      writeResults,
+      TEST_APP_IDS.persistenceIncognito,
+    );
 
     if (!persistentWrite || !incognitoWrite) {
+      await stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds);
       return {
         persistentNormal: {
           passed: false,
@@ -321,6 +379,7 @@ async function runPersistenceTest(): Promise<{
     }
 
     if (persistentWrite.runId !== runId || incognitoWrite.runId !== runId) {
+      await stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds);
       return {
         persistentNormal: {
           passed: false,
@@ -334,6 +393,7 @@ async function runPersistenceTest(): Promise<{
     }
 
     if (persistentWrite.error) {
+      await stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds);
       return {
         persistentNormal: {
           passed: false,
@@ -346,25 +406,21 @@ async function runPersistenceTest(): Promise<{
       };
     }
 
-    if (
-      !persistentWrite.localStorageWrote ||
-      !persistentWrite.indexedDbWrote
-    ) {
-      const details = formatPersistenceWriteFailure(persistentWrite);
+    if (!persistentWrite.localStorageWrote || !persistentWrite.indexedDbWrote) {
+      const details = formatPersistenceWriteFailure(
+        'persistent',
+        persistentWrite,
+      );
 
+      await stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds);
       return {
-        persistentNormal: {
-          passed: false,
-          details,
-        },
-        persistenceIncognito: {
-          passed: false,
-          details,
-        },
+        persistentNormal: { passed: false, details },
+        persistenceIncognito: { passed: false, details },
       };
     }
 
     if (incognitoWrite.error) {
+      await stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds);
       return {
         persistentNormal: {
           passed: false,
@@ -377,21 +433,16 @@ async function runPersistenceTest(): Promise<{
       };
     }
 
-    if (
-      !incognitoWrite.localStorageWrote ||
-      !incognitoWrite.indexedDbWrote
-    ) {
-      const details = formatPersistenceWriteFailure(incognitoWrite);
+    if (!incognitoWrite.localStorageWrote || !incognitoWrite.indexedDbWrote) {
+      const details = formatPersistenceWriteFailure(
+        'incognito',
+        incognitoWrite,
+      );
 
+      await stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds);
       return {
-        persistentNormal: {
-          passed: false,
-          details,
-        },
-        persistenceIncognito: {
-          passed: false,
-          details,
-        },
+        persistentNormal: { passed: false, details },
+        persistenceIncognito: { passed: false, details },
       };
     }
 
@@ -408,7 +459,9 @@ async function runPersistenceTest(): Promise<{
       }),
     ]);
 
-    const readResults = await pollResults<SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult>({
+    const readResults = await pollResults<
+      SandboxAppResult<SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult>
+    >({
       runId,
       expectedCount: 2,
       timeoutMs: 10000,
@@ -416,18 +469,17 @@ async function runPersistenceTest(): Promise<{
       read: () => getSandboxRunResults(runId).persistenceRead,
     });
 
-    if (readResults.length !== 2) {
-      const details = `Expected 2 persistence read results, got ${readResults.length}.`;
-      return {
-        persistentNormal: { passed: false, details },
-        persistenceIncognito: { passed: false, details },
-      };
-    }
-
-    const persistentRead = readResults.find((r) => r.mode === 'persistent');
-    const incognitoRead = readResults.find((r) => r.mode === 'incognito');
+    const persistentRead = findByAppId(
+      readResults,
+      TEST_APP_IDS.persistencePersistent,
+    );
+    const incognitoRead = findByAppId(
+      readResults,
+      TEST_APP_IDS.persistenceIncognito,
+    );
 
     if (!persistentRead || !incognitoRead) {
+      await stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds);
       return {
         persistentNormal: {
           passed: false,
@@ -441,6 +493,7 @@ async function runPersistenceTest(): Promise<{
     }
 
     if (persistentRead.runId !== runId || incognitoRead.runId !== runId) {
+      await stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds);
       return {
         persistentNormal: {
           passed: false,
@@ -463,14 +516,14 @@ async function runPersistenceTest(): Promise<{
       !incognitoRead.localStoragePresent &&
       !incognitoRead.indexedDbPresent;
 
-    return {
+    const result = {
       persistentNormal: {
         passed: persistentPassed,
         details: persistentPassed
           ? 'Persistent mode retained localStorage and IndexedDB across reopen.'
           : persistentRead.error
             ? `Persistent read probe reported error: ${persistentRead.error}`
-            : formatPersistenceReadFailure(persistentRead, true),
+            : formatPersistenceReadFailure('persistent', persistentRead, true),
       },
       persistenceIncognito: {
         passed: incognitoPassed,
@@ -478,18 +531,25 @@ async function runPersistenceTest(): Promise<{
           ? 'Incognito mode did not retain localStorage or IndexedDB across reopen.'
           : incognitoRead.error
             ? `Incognito read probe reported error: ${incognitoRead.error}`
-            : formatPersistenceReadFailure(incognitoRead, false),
+            : formatPersistenceReadFailure('incognito', incognitoRead, false),
       },
     };
+
+    if (result.persistentNormal.passed && result.persistenceIncognito.passed) {
+      await stopTestAppsOnSuccess(appIds);
+    } else {
+      await stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds);
+    }
+
+    return result;
   } catch (err) {
+    await stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds);
     const message = formatUnknownError(err);
 
     return {
       persistentNormal: { passed: false, details: message },
       persistenceIncognito: { passed: false, details: message },
     };
-  } finally {
-    await stopTestApps(appIds);
   }
 }
 
@@ -509,7 +569,9 @@ async function runNetworkTest(): Promise<{
       startTestApp(TEST_APP_IDS.networkAllowB, { runId }),
     ]);
 
-    const results = await pollResults<SandboxNetworkProbeResult>({
+    const results = await pollResults<
+      SandboxAppResult<SandboxNetworkProbeResult>
+    >({
       runId,
       expectedCount: 2,
       timeoutMs: 12000,
@@ -517,63 +579,69 @@ async function runNetworkTest(): Promise<{
       read: () => getSandboxRunResults(runId).network,
     });
 
-    if (results.length !== 2) {
-      return {
-        passed: false,
-        details: `Expected 2 network probe results, got ${results.length}.`,
-      };
-    }
+    const allowA = findByAppId(results, TEST_APP_IDS.networkAllowA);
+    const allowB = findByAppId(results, TEST_APP_IDS.networkAllowB);
 
-    const modes = new Set(results.map((result) => result.mode));
-    if (!modes.has('allow-a') || !modes.has('allow-b')) {
+    if (!allowA || !allowB) {
+      await stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds);
       return {
         passed: false,
-        details: 'Network probe returned incomplete or malformed mode set.',
+        details: 'Network probe returned incomplete app result set.',
       };
     }
 
-    for (const result of results) {
+    for (const [appId, result] of [
+      [TEST_APP_IDS.networkAllowA, allowA],
+      [TEST_APP_IDS.networkAllowB, allowB],
+    ] as const) {
+      const label = labelForAppId(appId);
+
       if (result.runId !== runId) {
+        await stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds);
         return {
           passed: false,
-          details: `Network probe ${result.mode} reported mismatched run id.`,
+          details: `${label} probe reported mismatched run id.`,
         };
       }
 
       if (result.error) {
+        await stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds);
         return {
           passed: false,
-          details: `Network probe ${result.mode} reported error: ${result.error}`,
+          details: `${label} probe reported error: ${result.error}`,
         };
       }
 
       if (!result.allowedOk) {
+        await stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds);
         return {
           passed: false,
-          details: `Network probe ${result.mode} could not reach its allowed URL ${result.allowedUrl}.`,
+          details: `${label} probe could not reach its allowed URL ${result.allowedUrl}.`,
         };
       }
 
       if (result.blockedOk) {
+        await stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds);
         return {
           passed: false,
-          details: `Network probe ${result.mode} was able to reach blocked URL ${result.blockedUrl}.`,
+          details: `${label} probe was able to reach blocked URL ${result.blockedUrl}.`,
         };
       }
     }
 
+    await stopTestAppsOnSuccess(appIds);
+
     return {
       passed: true,
       details:
         'Network allowlist probes succeeded for allowed URLs and failed for blocked URLs in both flipped configurations.',
     };
   } catch (err) {
+    await stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds);
     return {
       passed: false,
       details: formatUnknownError(err),
     };
-  } finally {
-    await stopTestApps(appIds);
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts b/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
index 33d90ac7f..a35562f53 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
@@ -40,6 +40,18 @@ const runtimes = new Map<string, RuntimeInternalRecord>();
 const runtimeByAppId = new Map<string, string>();
 const listeners = new Set<RuntimeListener>();
 
+function isBuiltinTestApp(app: InstalledSageApp): boolean {
+  return app.id.startsWith('__sage_test_');
+}
+
+function shouldDebugTestAppWindows(app: InstalledSageApp): boolean {
+  return (
+    import.meta.env.DEV &&
+    import.meta.env.VITE_SAGE_DEBUG_TEST_APPS === '1' &&
+    isBuiltinTestApp(app)
+  );
+}
+
 function emitChange() {
   const snapshot = Array.from(runtimes.values()).map(stripInternal);
   for (const listener of listeners) {
@@ -201,21 +213,23 @@ async function createInlineRuntime(
   }
 
   const isIncognito = shouldUseIncognito(app);
+  const debug = shouldDebugTestAppWindows(app);
 
   const webview = new Webview(hostWindow, webviewLabel, {
     url: entrySrc,
-    x: 0,
-    y: 0,
-    width: 1,
-    height: 1,
-    focus: !!options?.visible,
+    x: debug ? 80 : 0,
+    y: debug ? 80 : 0,
+    width: debug ? 200 : 1,
+    height: debug ? 200 : 1,
+    focus: debug || !!options?.visible,
     incognito: isIncognito,
     dataStoreIdentifier: dataStoreIdFor(app.id),
   });
 
   await waitForWebviewCreated(webview);
 
-  if (!options?.visible) {
+  // Only hide if NOT debugging
+  if (!options?.visible && !debug) {
     await webview.hide();
   }
 
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/sandboxRuntimeStore.ts b/src/lib/apps/sandboxRuntimeStore.ts
index 13354f75a..93b43a53d 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/sandboxRuntimeStore.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/sandboxRuntimeStore.ts
@@ -5,11 +5,17 @@ import type {
   SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult,
   SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult,
 } from '@/lib/apps/sandbox';
+
+export interface SandboxAppResult<T> {
+  appId: string;
+  data: T;
+}
+
 export interface SandboxRunResults {
-  isolation: SandboxIsolationProbeResult[];
-  persistenceWrite: SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult[];
-  persistenceRead: SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult[];
-  network: SandboxNetworkProbeResult[];
+  isolation: SandboxAppResult<SandboxIsolationProbeResult>[];
+  persistenceWrite: SandboxAppResult<SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult>[];
+  persistenceRead: SandboxAppResult<SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult>[];
+  network: SandboxAppResult<SandboxNetworkProbeResult>[];
 }
 
 const runs = new Map<string, SandboxRunResults>();
@@ -32,9 +38,12 @@ function getOrCreateRun(runId: string): SandboxRunResults {
   return existing;
 }
 
-function replaceByMode<T extends { mode: string }>(items: T[], next: T): T[] {
-  const withoutSameMode = items.filter((item) => item.mode !== next.mode);
-  return [...withoutSameMode, next];
+function replaceByAppId<T>(
+  items: SandboxAppResult<T>[],
+  next: SandboxAppResult<T>,
+): SandboxAppResult<T>[] {
+  const withoutSameApp = items.filter((item) => item.appId !== next.appId);
+  return [...withoutSameApp, next];
 }
 
 export function resetSandboxRun(runId: string) {
@@ -68,25 +77,37 @@ export function acceptSandboxBridgeSend(args: {
   switch (report.type) {
     case 'isolation': {
       const run = getOrCreateRun(report.data.runId);
-      run.isolation = replaceByMode(run.isolation, report.data);
+      run.isolation = replaceByAppId(run.isolation, {
+        appId,
+        data: report.data,
+      });
       return true;
     }
 
     case 'persistence_write': {
       const run = getOrCreateRun(report.data.runId);
-      run.persistenceWrite = replaceByMode(run.persistenceWrite, report.data);
+      run.persistenceWrite = replaceByAppId(run.persistenceWrite, {
+        appId,
+        data: report.data,
+      });
       return true;
     }
 
     case 'persistence_read': {
       const run = getOrCreateRun(report.data.runId);
-      run.persistenceRead = replaceByMode(run.persistenceRead, report.data);
+      run.persistenceRead = replaceByAppId(run.persistenceRead, {
+        appId,
+        data: report.data,
+      });
       return true;
     }
 
     case 'network': {
       const run = getOrCreateRun(report.data.runId);
-      run.network = replaceByMode(run.network, report.data);
+      run.network = replaceByAppId(run.network, {
+        appId,
+        data: report.data,
+      });
       return true;
     }
   }
diff --git a/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx b/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
index 7c1d7b5b8..b32002ef6 100644
--- a/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
@@ -16,18 +16,9 @@ import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react';
 import {
   Outlet,
   useNavigate,
-  useOutletContext,
   useParams,
 } from 'react-router-dom';
 
-export interface AppsWorkspaceOutletContext {
-  requestApproval: ReturnType<typeof useAppPendingApprovals>['requestApproval'];
-}
-
-export function useAppsWorkspaceOutletContext() {
-  return useOutletContext<AppsWorkspaceOutletContext>();
-}
-
 export function AppsWorkspace() {
   const { appId } = useParams();
   const navigate = useNavigate();
@@ -128,7 +119,7 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
     try {
       setApplyingUpdate(true);
 
-      await performAppUpdate(activeApp.id, {
+      await performAppUpdate(activeApp.id, activeApp.grantedPermissions, {
         restartIfRunning: true,
         visibleAfterRestart: true,
       });
diff --git a/src/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation-persistent/app.js b/src/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation-persistent/app.js
deleted file mode 100644
index 5895e5a90..000000000
--- a/src/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation-persistent/app.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,122 +0,0 @@
-import './bridge.js';
-import { createSageClient } from './sdk.js';
-
-(async () => {
-  const sage = await createSageClient();
-  const params = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);
-  const runId = params.get('runId');
-
-  if (!runId) {
-    throw new Error('missing runId');
-  }
-
-  const LOCAL_STORAGE_KEY = 'sage_probe_local_storage';
-  const DB_NAME = 'sage_probe_db';
-  const STORE_NAME = 'probe_store';
-  const DB_KEY = 'sage_probe_key';
-
-  async function readIndexedDbProbe() {
-    try {
-      return await new Promise((resolve) => {
-        const open = indexedDB.open(DB_NAME);
-
-        open.onerror = () => resolve(false);
-
-        open.onupgradeneeded = () => {
-          try {
-            const db = open.result;
-            if (!db.objectStoreNames.contains(STORE_NAME)) {
-              db.createObjectStore(STORE_NAME);
-            }
-          } catch {}
-        };
-
-        open.onsuccess = () => {
-          try {
-            const db = open.result;
-
-            if (!db.objectStoreNames.contains(STORE_NAME)) {
-              db.close();
-              resolve(false);
-              return;
-            }
-
-            const tx = db.transaction(STORE_NAME, 'readonly');
-            const store = tx.objectStore(STORE_NAME);
-            const req = store.get(DB_KEY);
-
-            req.onerror = () => {
-              db.close();
-              resolve(false);
-            };
-
-            req.onsuccess = () => {
-              db.close();
-              resolve(typeof req.result === 'string' && req.result.length > 0);
-            };
-          } catch {
-            resolve(false);
-          }
-        };
-      });
-    } catch {
-      return false;
-    }
-  }
-
-  async function report(data) {
-    await sage.app.bridgeSend({
-      kind: 'sandbox_report',
-      report: {
-        type: 'isolation',
-        data,
-      },
-    });
-  }
-
-  let localStorageVisible = false;
-  let indexedDbVisible = false;
-  let error = null;
-
-  try {
-    try {
-      const value = localStorage.getItem(LOCAL_STORAGE_KEY);
-      localStorageVisible = typeof value === 'string' && value.length > 0;
-    } catch {
-      localStorageVisible = false;
-    }
-
-    indexedDbVisible = await readIndexedDbProbe();
-  } catch (err) {
-    error = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err);
-  }
-
-  await report({
-    runId,
-    mode: 'persistent',
-    persistentStorage: true,
-    localStorageVisible,
-    indexedDbVisible,
-    error,
-  });
-})().catch(async (err) => {
-  try {
-    const sage = await createSageClient();
-    const params = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);
-
-    await sage.app.bridgeSend({
-      kind: 'sandbox_report',
-      report: {
-        type: 'isolation',
-        data: {
-          runId: params.get('runId'),
-          mode: 'persistent',
-          persistentStorage: true,
-          localStorageVisible: false,
-          indexedDbVisible: false,
-          error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
-        },
-      },
-    });
-  } catch {}
-});
diff --git a/src/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation-incognito/app.js b/src/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/app.js
similarity index 96%
rename from src/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation-incognito/app.js
rename to src/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/app.js
index bb3571748..932786820 100644
--- a/src/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation-incognito/app.js
+++ b/src/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/app.js
@@ -93,8 +93,6 @@ import { createSageClient } from './sdk.js';
 
   await report({
     runId,
-    mode: 'incognito',
-    persistentStorage: false,
     localStorageVisible,
     indexedDbVisible,
     error,
@@ -110,8 +108,6 @@ import { createSageClient } from './sdk.js';
         type: 'isolation',
         data: {
           runId: params.get('runId'),
-          mode: 'incognito',
-          persistentStorage: false,
           localStorageVisible: false,
           indexedDbVisible: false,
           error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
diff --git a/src/test-apps-src/storage-persistence-incognito/sage-manifest.json b/src/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.incognito.json
similarity index 70%
rename from src/test-apps-src/storage-persistence-incognito/sage-manifest.json
rename to src/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.incognito.json
index 05c2fc04b..4b5e16a6e 100644
--- a/src/test-apps-src/storage-persistence-incognito/sage-manifest.json
+++ b/src/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.incognito.json
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 {
-  "name": "Storage Persistence Incognito",
+  "name": "Sage Storage Isolation",
   "version": "1.0.0",
   "permissions": {
     "required": [],
@@ -7,3 +7,4 @@
   },
   "files": []
 }
+
diff --git a/src/test-apps-src/storage-persistence-persistent/sage-manifest.json b/src/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.persistent.json
similarity index 73%
rename from src/test-apps-src/storage-persistence-persistent/sage-manifest.json
rename to src/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.persistent.json
index 5604b6e82..0aa202508 100644
--- a/src/test-apps-src/storage-persistence-persistent/sage-manifest.json
+++ b/src/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.persistent.json
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 {
-  "name": "Storage Persistence Persistent",
+  "name": "Sage Storage Isolation",
   "version": "1.0.0",
   "permissions": {
     "required": ["persistent_storage"],
@@ -7,3 +7,4 @@
   },
   "files": []
 }
+
diff --git a/src/test-apps-src/storage-persistence-persistent/app.js b/src/test-apps-src/storage-persistence-persistent/app.js
deleted file mode 100644
index e4156e202..000000000
--- a/src/test-apps-src/storage-persistence-persistent/app.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,236 +0,0 @@
-import './bridge.js';
-import { createSageClient } from './sdk.js';
-
-(async () => {
-  const sage = await createSageClient();
-  const params = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);
-  const runId = params.get('runId');
-  const phase = params.get('phase');
-
-  if (!runId) {
-    throw new Error('missing runId');
-  }
-
-  if (phase !== 'write' && phase !== 'read') {
-    throw new Error('missing or invalid phase');
-  }
-
-  const LOCAL_STORAGE_KEY = `sandbox_persistence_local_storage:${runId}:persistent`;
-  const DB_NAME = `sandbox_persistence_db_${runId}_persistent`;
-  const STORE_NAME = 'probe_store';
-  const DB_KEY = 'probe_key';
-
-  async function writeIndexedDbValue() {
-    try {
-      return await new Promise((resolve) => {
-        const open = indexedDB.open(DB_NAME);
-
-        open.onerror = () => resolve(false);
-
-        open.onupgradeneeded = () => {
-          try {
-            const db = open.result;
-            if (!db.objectStoreNames.contains(STORE_NAME)) {
-              db.createObjectStore(STORE_NAME);
-            }
-          } catch {}
-        };
-
-        open.onsuccess = () => {
-          try {
-            const db = open.result;
-            const tx = db.transaction(STORE_NAME, 'readwrite');
-            const store = tx.objectStore(STORE_NAME);
-            const req = store.put('present', DB_KEY);
-
-            req.onerror = () => {
-              db.close();
-              resolve(false);
-            };
-
-            req.onsuccess = () => {
-              tx.oncomplete = () => {
-                db.close();
-                resolve(true);
-              };
-
-              tx.onerror = () => {
-                db.close();
-                resolve(false);
-              };
-            };
-          } catch {
-            resolve(false);
-          }
-        };
-      });
-    } catch {
-      return false;
-    }
-  }
-
-  async function readIndexedDbValue() {
-    try {
-      return await new Promise((resolve) => {
-        const open = indexedDB.open(DB_NAME);
-
-        open.onerror = () => resolve(false);
-
-        open.onupgradeneeded = () => {
-          try {
-            const db = open.result;
-            if (!db.objectStoreNames.contains(STORE_NAME)) {
-              db.createObjectStore(STORE_NAME);
-            }
-          } catch {}
-        };
-
-        open.onsuccess = () => {
-          try {
-            const db = open.result;
-
-            if (!db.objectStoreNames.contains(STORE_NAME)) {
-              db.close();
-              resolve(false);
-              return;
-            }
-
-            const tx = db.transaction(STORE_NAME, 'readonly');
-            const store = tx.objectStore(STORE_NAME);
-            const req = store.get(DB_KEY);
-
-            req.onerror = () => {
-              db.close();
-              resolve(false);
-            };
-
-            req.onsuccess = () => {
-              db.close();
-              resolve(req.result === 'present');
-            };
-          } catch {
-            resolve(false);
-          }
-        };
-      });
-    } catch {
-      return false;
-    }
-  }
-
-  async function reportWrite(data) {
-    await sage.app.bridgeSend({
-      kind: 'sandbox_report',
-      report: {
-        type: 'persistence_write',
-        data,
-      },
-    });
-  }
-
-  async function reportRead(data) {
-    await sage.app.bridgeSend({
-      kind: 'sandbox_report',
-      report: {
-        type: 'persistence_read',
-        data,
-      },
-    });
-  }
-
-  if (phase === 'write') {
-    let localStorageWrote = false;
-    let indexedDbWrote = false;
-    let error = null;
-
-    try {
-      try {
-        localStorage.setItem(LOCAL_STORAGE_KEY, 'present');
-        localStorageWrote =
-          localStorage.getItem(LOCAL_STORAGE_KEY) === 'present';
-      } catch {
-        localStorageWrote = false;
-      }
-
-      indexedDbWrote = await writeIndexedDbValue();
-    } catch (err) {
-      error = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err);
-    }
-
-    await reportWrite({
-      runId,
-      mode: 'persistent',
-      persistentStorage: true,
-      localStorageWrote,
-      indexedDbWrote,
-      error,
-    });
-
-    return;
-  }
-
-  let localStoragePresent = false;
-  let indexedDbPresent = false;
-  let error = null;
-
-  try {
-    try {
-      localStoragePresent =
-        localStorage.getItem(LOCAL_STORAGE_KEY) === 'present';
-    } catch {
-      localStoragePresent = false;
-    }
-
-    indexedDbPresent = await readIndexedDbValue();
-  } catch (err) {
-    error = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err);
-  }
-
-  await reportRead({
-    runId,
-    mode: 'persistent',
-    persistentStorage: true,
-    localStoragePresent,
-    indexedDbPresent,
-    error,
-  });
-})().catch(async (err) => {
-  try {
-    const sage = await createSageClient();
-    const params = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);
-    const phase = params.get('phase');
-
-    if (phase === 'write') {
-      await sage.app.bridgeSend({
-        kind: 'sandbox_report',
-        report: {
-          type: 'persistence_write',
-          data: {
-            runId: params.get('runId'),
-            mode: 'persistent',
-            persistentStorage: true,
-            localStorageWrote: false,
-            indexedDbWrote: false,
-            error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
-          },
-        },
-      });
-      return;
-    }
-
-    await sage.app.bridgeSend({
-      kind: 'sandbox_report',
-      report: {
-        type: 'persistence_read',
-        data: {
-          runId: params.get('runId'),
-          mode: 'persistent',
-          persistentStorage: true,
-          localStoragePresent: false,
-          indexedDbPresent: false,
-          error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
-        },
-      },
-    });
-  } catch {}
-});
diff --git a/src/test-apps-src/storage-persistence-incognito/app.js b/src/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/app.js
similarity index 95%
rename from src/test-apps-src/storage-persistence-incognito/app.js
rename to src/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/app.js
index 67517ccda..f5c487a07 100644
--- a/src/test-apps-src/storage-persistence-incognito/app.js
+++ b/src/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/app.js
@@ -159,8 +159,6 @@ import { createSageClient } from './sdk.js';
 
     await reportWrite({
       runId,
-      mode: 'incognito',
-      persistentStorage: false,
       localStorageWrote,
       indexedDbWrote,
       error,
@@ -188,8 +186,6 @@ import { createSageClient } from './sdk.js';
 
   await reportRead({
     runId,
-    mode: 'incognito',
-    persistentStorage: false,
     localStoragePresent,
     indexedDbPresent,
     error,
@@ -207,8 +203,6 @@ import { createSageClient } from './sdk.js';
           type: 'persistence_write',
           data: {
             runId: params.get('runId'),
-            mode: 'incognito',
-            persistentStorage: false,
             localStorageWrote: false,
             indexedDbWrote: false,
             error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
@@ -224,8 +218,6 @@ import { createSageClient } from './sdk.js';
         type: 'persistence_read',
         data: {
           runId: params.get('runId'),
-          mode: 'incognito',
-          persistentStorage: false,
           localStoragePresent: false,
           indexedDbPresent: false,
           error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
diff --git a/src/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation-incognito/sage-manifest.json b/src/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/sage-manifest.incognito.json
similarity index 68%
rename from src/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation-incognito/sage-manifest.json
rename to src/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/sage-manifest.incognito.json
index 5028c2c2e..5a145528e 100644
--- a/src/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation-incognito/sage-manifest.json
+++ b/src/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/sage-manifest.incognito.json
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 {
-  "name": "Sage Storage Isolation Incognito",
+  "name": "Storage Persistence",
   "version": "1.0.0",
   "permissions": {
     "required": [],
@@ -7,4 +7,3 @@
   },
   "files": []
 }
-
diff --git a/src/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation-persistent/sage-manifest.json b/src/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/sage-manifest.persistent.json
similarity index 71%
rename from src/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation-persistent/sage-manifest.json
rename to src/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/sage-manifest.persistent.json
index 4f605c685..79f297f71 100644
--- a/src/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation-persistent/sage-manifest.json
+++ b/src/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/sage-manifest.persistent.json
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 {
-  "name": "Sage Storage Isolation Persistent",
+  "name": "Storage Persistence",
   "version": "1.0.0",
   "permissions": {
     "required": ["persistent_storage"],
@@ -7,4 +7,3 @@
   },
   "files": []
 }
-

From 2684f7fbf805e2d3f2d320258a5bb9bb88d38af3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 18 Apr 2026 03:56:24 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 075/471] Refactor `runSandboxTests` into modular structure:

- Split `runSandboxTests.ts` into dedicated files for isolation, network, and persistence tests under `sandbox-tests`.
- Introduced shared utility modules (`lookup.ts`, `shared.ts`, `sageProbeState.ts`) for code reuse across test types.
- Simplified `runSandboxTests` orchestration to consume modular test functions.
- Removed unused code and streamlined imports.
---
 src-tauri/capabilities/default.json          |   1 +
 src/hooks/useApps.ts                         |   2 +-
 src/lib/apps/runSandboxTests.ts              | 678 -------------------
 src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/index.ts          |  37 +
 src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/isolation.ts      | 113 ++++
 src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/lookup.ts         |   8 +
 src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/network.ts        | 110 +++
 src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/persistence.ts    | 300 ++++++++
 src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/sageProbeState.ts |  56 ++
 src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/shared.ts         | 103 +++
 10 files changed, 729 insertions(+), 679 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 src/lib/apps/runSandboxTests.ts
 create mode 100644 src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/index.ts
 create mode 100644 src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/isolation.ts
 create mode 100644 src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/lookup.ts
 create mode 100644 src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/network.ts
 create mode 100644 src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/persistence.ts
 create mode 100644 src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/sageProbeState.ts
 create mode 100644 src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/shared.ts

diff --git a/src-tauri/capabilities/default.json b/src-tauri/capabilities/default.json
index aba38c2af..e8294a126 100644
--- a/src-tauri/capabilities/default.json
+++ b/src-tauri/capabilities/default.json
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
     "core:event:default",
     "core:window:default",
     "core:webview:default",
+    "core:webview:allow-clear-all-browsing-data",
     "core:webview:allow-create-webview",
     "core:webview:allow-webview-hide",
     "core:webview:allow-webview-show",
diff --git a/src/hooks/useApps.ts b/src/hooks/useApps.ts
index 78a67b744..6199630e1 100644
--- a/src/hooks/useApps.ts
+++ b/src/hooks/useApps.ts
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ import {
   evaluateAppLaunchGate,
   type SandboxState,
 } from '@/lib/apps/sandbox';
-import { runSandboxTests } from '@/lib/apps/runSandboxTests';
+import { runSandboxTests } from '@/lib/apps/sandbox-tests';
 
 type UpdateAvailabilityMap = Record<string, SageAppUrlPreview | null>;
 
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/runSandboxTests.ts b/src/lib/apps/runSandboxTests.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 937919d93..000000000
--- a/src/lib/apps/runSandboxTests.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,678 +0,0 @@
-import { TEST_APP_IDS } from '@/lib/apps/testApps';
-import {
-  startInternalInlineRuntime,
-  closeAppRuntime,
-} from '@/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry';
-import { getBuiltinApp } from '@/lib/apps/registry';
-import type { SandboxAppResult } from '@/lib/apps/sandboxRuntimeStore';
-import type {
-  SandboxIsolationProbeResult,
-  SandboxNetworkProbeResult,
-  SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult,
-  SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult,
-  SandboxState,
-} from '@/lib/apps/sandbox';
-import { buildCompletedSandboxState } from '@/lib/apps/sandbox';
-import {
-  getSandboxRunResults,
-  resetSandboxRun,
-} from '@/lib/apps/sandboxRuntimeStore';
-
-const PROBE_LOCAL_STORAGE_KEY = 'sage_probe_local_storage';
-const PROBE_INDEXED_DB_NAME = 'sage_probe_db';
-const PROBE_INDEXED_DB_STORE = 'probe_store';
-const PROBE_INDEXED_DB_KEY = 'sage_probe_key';
-
-function uniqueRunId(prefix: string): string {
-  return `${prefix}-${Date.now()}-${Math.random().toString(36).slice(2)}`;
-}
-
-function formatUnknownError(err: unknown): string {
-  if (err instanceof Error) {
-    return err.message;
-  }
-
-  if (typeof err === 'string') {
-    return err;
-  }
-
-  try {
-    return JSON.stringify(err, null, 2);
-  } catch {
-    return String(err);
-  }
-}
-
-function labelForAppId(appId: string): string {
-  switch (appId) {
-    case TEST_APP_IDS.storageIsolationPersistent:
-      return 'persistent isolation';
-    case TEST_APP_IDS.storageIsolationIncognito:
-      return 'incognito isolation';
-    case TEST_APP_IDS.persistencePersistent:
-      return 'persistent write/read';
-    case TEST_APP_IDS.persistenceIncognito:
-      return 'incognito write/read';
-    case TEST_APP_IDS.networkAllowA:
-      return 'network allow-a';
-    case TEST_APP_IDS.networkAllowB:
-      return 'network allow-b';
-    default:
-      return appId;
-  }
-}
-
-function shouldKeepFailedTestAppsOpen(): boolean {
-  return (
-    import.meta.env.DEV && import.meta.env.VITE_SAGE_DEBUG_TEST_APPS === '1'
-  );
-}
-
-async function stopTestAppsOnSuccess(appIds: string[]): Promise<void> {
-  await stopTestApps(appIds);
-}
-
-async function stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds: string[]): Promise<void> {
-  if (shouldKeepFailedTestAppsOpen()) {
-    return;
-  }
-
-  await stopTestApps(appIds);
-}
-
-function formatPersistenceWriteFailure(
-  label: string,
-  result: SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult,
-): string {
-  const failed: string[] = [];
-
-  if (!result.localStorageWrote) {
-    failed.push('localStorage');
-  }
-
-  if (!result.indexedDbWrote) {
-    failed.push('IndexedDB');
-  }
-
-  if (failed.length === 0) {
-    return `${label} write probe failed for unknown reason.`;
-  }
-
-  return `${label} write probe could not write: ${failed.join(', ')}.`;
-}
-
-function formatPersistenceReadFailure(
-  label: string,
-  result: SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult,
-  expectedPresent: boolean,
-): string {
-  const mismatches: string[] = [];
-
-  if (result.localStoragePresent !== expectedPresent) {
-    mismatches.push(
-      `localStorage=${result.localStoragePresent} expected=${expectedPresent}`,
-    );
-  }
-
-  if (result.indexedDbPresent !== expectedPresent) {
-    mismatches.push(
-      `IndexedDB=${result.indexedDbPresent} expected=${expectedPresent}`,
-    );
-  }
-
-  if (mismatches.length === 0) {
-    return `${label} read probe failed for unknown reason.`;
-  }
-
-  return `${label} read probe mismatch: ${mismatches.join(', ')}.`;
-}
-
-function findByAppId<T>(
-  items: SandboxAppResult<T>[],
-  appId: string,
-): T | undefined {
-  return items.find((item) => item.appId === appId)?.data;
-}
-
-async function writeSageProbeIndexedDb(runId: string): Promise<void> {
-  await new Promise<void>((resolve, reject) => {
-    const open = indexedDB.open(PROBE_INDEXED_DB_NAME);
-
-    open.onerror = () => {
-      reject(new Error('Failed to open Sage probe IndexedDB.'));
-    };
-
-    open.onupgradeneeded = () => {
-      const db = open.result;
-      if (!db.objectStoreNames.contains(PROBE_INDEXED_DB_STORE)) {
-        db.createObjectStore(PROBE_INDEXED_DB_STORE);
-      }
-    };
-
-    open.onsuccess = () => {
-      try {
-        const db = open.result;
-        const tx = db.transaction(PROBE_INDEXED_DB_STORE, 'readwrite');
-        const store = tx.objectStore(PROBE_INDEXED_DB_STORE);
-        const put = store.put(runId, PROBE_INDEXED_DB_KEY);
-
-        put.onerror = () => {
-          db.close();
-          reject(new Error('Failed to write Sage probe IndexedDB record.'));
-        };
-
-        put.onsuccess = () => {
-          tx.oncomplete = () => {
-            db.close();
-            resolve();
-          };
-
-          tx.onerror = () => {
-            db.close();
-            reject(
-              new Error('Failed to commit Sage probe IndexedDB transaction.'),
-            );
-          };
-        };
-      } catch (err) {
-        reject(err instanceof Error ? err : new Error(String(err)));
-      }
-    };
-  });
-}
-
-async function writeSageProbes(runId: string): Promise<void> {
-  localStorage.setItem(PROBE_LOCAL_STORAGE_KEY, runId);
-  await writeSageProbeIndexedDb(runId);
-}
-
-async function startTestApp(
-  appId: string,
-  query?: Record<string, string>,
-): Promise<void> {
-  const app = await getBuiltinApp(appId);
-  if (!app) {
-    throw new Error(`Missing builtin test app ${appId}`);
-  }
-
-  await startInternalInlineRuntime(app, { query });
-}
-
-async function stopTestApps(appIds: string[]): Promise<void> {
-  await Promise.allSettled(appIds.map((appId) => closeAppRuntime(appId)));
-}
-
-async function pollResults<T>(args: {
-  runId: string;
-  expectedCount: number;
-  timeoutMs: number;
-  read: () => T[];
-  label: string;
-}): Promise<T[]> {
-  const startedAt = Date.now();
-
-  for (;;) {
-    const results = args.read();
-
-    if (results.length >= args.expectedCount) {
-      return results;
-    }
-
-    if (Date.now() - startedAt >= args.timeoutMs) {
-      throw new Error(`Timed out waiting for ${args.label} results.`);
-    }
-
-    await new Promise((resolve) => window.setTimeout(resolve, 100));
-  }
-}
-
-async function runIsolationTest(): Promise<{
-  passed: boolean;
-  details: string | null;
-}> {
-  const runId = uniqueRunId('sandbox-isolation');
-  const appIds = [
-    TEST_APP_IDS.storageIsolationPersistent,
-    TEST_APP_IDS.storageIsolationIncognito,
-  ];
-
-  resetSandboxRun(runId);
-  await stopTestApps(appIds);
-  await writeSageProbes(runId);
-
-  try {
-    await Promise.all([
-      startTestApp(TEST_APP_IDS.storageIsolationPersistent, { runId }),
-      startTestApp(TEST_APP_IDS.storageIsolationIncognito, { runId }),
-    ]);
-
-    const results = await pollResults<
-      SandboxAppResult<SandboxIsolationProbeResult>
-    >({
-      runId,
-      expectedCount: 2,
-      timeoutMs: 10000,
-      label: 'sandbox isolation',
-      read: () => getSandboxRunResults(runId).isolation,
-    });
-
-    const persistent = findByAppId(
-      results,
-      TEST_APP_IDS.storageIsolationPersistent,
-    );
-    const incognito = findByAppId(
-      results,
-      TEST_APP_IDS.storageIsolationIncognito,
-    );
-
-    if (!persistent || !incognito) {
-      await stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds);
-      return {
-        passed: false,
-        details: 'Isolation probe returned incomplete app result set.',
-      };
-    }
-
-    for (const [appId, result] of [
-      [TEST_APP_IDS.storageIsolationPersistent, persistent],
-      [TEST_APP_IDS.storageIsolationIncognito, incognito],
-    ] as const) {
-      const label = labelForAppId(appId);
-
-      if (result.runId !== runId) {
-        await stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds);
-        return {
-          passed: false,
-          details: `${label} probe reported mismatched run id.`,
-        };
-      }
-
-      if (result.error) {
-        await stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds);
-        return {
-          passed: false,
-          details: `${label} probe reported error: ${result.error}`,
-        };
-      }
-
-      if (result.localStorageVisible || result.indexedDbVisible) {
-        await stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds);
-        return {
-          passed: false,
-          details: `${label} probe was able to observe Sage probe data.`,
-        };
-      }
-    }
-
-    await stopTestAppsOnSuccess(appIds);
-
-    return {
-      passed: true,
-      details:
-        'Both sandbox probe modes were unable to observe Sage probe data.',
-    };
-  } catch (err) {
-    await stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds);
-    return {
-      passed: false,
-      details: formatUnknownError(err),
-    };
-  }
-}
-
-async function runPersistenceTest(): Promise<{
-  persistentNormal: { passed: boolean; details: string | null };
-  persistenceIncognito: { passed: boolean; details: string | null };
-}> {
-  const runId = uniqueRunId('sandbox-persistence');
-  const appIds = [
-    TEST_APP_IDS.persistencePersistent,
-    TEST_APP_IDS.persistenceIncognito,
-  ];
-
-  resetSandboxRun(runId);
-  await stopTestApps(appIds);
-
-  try {
-    await Promise.all([
-      startTestApp(TEST_APP_IDS.persistencePersistent, {
-        runId,
-        phase: 'write',
-      }),
-      startTestApp(TEST_APP_IDS.persistenceIncognito, {
-        runId,
-        phase: 'write',
-      }),
-    ]);
-
-    const writeResults = await pollResults<
-      SandboxAppResult<SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult>
-    >({
-      runId,
-      expectedCount: 2,
-      timeoutMs: 10000,
-      label: 'sandbox persistence write',
-      read: () => getSandboxRunResults(runId).persistenceWrite,
-    });
-
-    const persistentWrite = findByAppId(
-      writeResults,
-      TEST_APP_IDS.persistencePersistent,
-    );
-    const incognitoWrite = findByAppId(
-      writeResults,
-      TEST_APP_IDS.persistenceIncognito,
-    );
-
-    if (!persistentWrite || !incognitoWrite) {
-      await stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds);
-      return {
-        persistentNormal: {
-          passed: false,
-          details: 'Missing persistent or incognito persistence write result.',
-        },
-        persistenceIncognito: {
-          passed: false,
-          details: 'Missing persistent or incognito persistence write result.',
-        },
-      };
-    }
-
-    if (persistentWrite.runId !== runId || incognitoWrite.runId !== runId) {
-      await stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds);
-      return {
-        persistentNormal: {
-          passed: false,
-          details: 'Persistence write probe reported mismatched run id.',
-        },
-        persistenceIncognito: {
-          passed: false,
-          details: 'Persistence write probe reported mismatched run id.',
-        },
-      };
-    }
-
-    if (persistentWrite.error) {
-      await stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds);
-      return {
-        persistentNormal: {
-          passed: false,
-          details: `Persistent write probe reported error: ${persistentWrite.error}`,
-        },
-        persistenceIncognito: {
-          passed: false,
-          details: `Persistent write probe reported error: ${persistentWrite.error}`,
-        },
-      };
-    }
-
-    if (!persistentWrite.localStorageWrote || !persistentWrite.indexedDbWrote) {
-      const details = formatPersistenceWriteFailure(
-        'persistent',
-        persistentWrite,
-      );
-
-      await stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds);
-      return {
-        persistentNormal: { passed: false, details },
-        persistenceIncognito: { passed: false, details },
-      };
-    }
-
-    if (incognitoWrite.error) {
-      await stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds);
-      return {
-        persistentNormal: {
-          passed: false,
-          details: `Incognito write probe reported error: ${incognitoWrite.error}`,
-        },
-        persistenceIncognito: {
-          passed: false,
-          details: `Incognito write probe reported error: ${incognitoWrite.error}`,
-        },
-      };
-    }
-
-    if (!incognitoWrite.localStorageWrote || !incognitoWrite.indexedDbWrote) {
-      const details = formatPersistenceWriteFailure(
-        'incognito',
-        incognitoWrite,
-      );
-
-      await stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds);
-      return {
-        persistentNormal: { passed: false, details },
-        persistenceIncognito: { passed: false, details },
-      };
-    }
-
-    await stopTestApps(appIds);
-
-    await Promise.all([
-      startTestApp(TEST_APP_IDS.persistencePersistent, {
-        runId,
-        phase: 'read',
-      }),
-      startTestApp(TEST_APP_IDS.persistenceIncognito, {
-        runId,
-        phase: 'read',
-      }),
-    ]);
-
-    const readResults = await pollResults<
-      SandboxAppResult<SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult>
-    >({
-      runId,
-      expectedCount: 2,
-      timeoutMs: 10000,
-      label: 'sandbox persistence read',
-      read: () => getSandboxRunResults(runId).persistenceRead,
-    });
-
-    const persistentRead = findByAppId(
-      readResults,
-      TEST_APP_IDS.persistencePersistent,
-    );
-    const incognitoRead = findByAppId(
-      readResults,
-      TEST_APP_IDS.persistenceIncognito,
-    );
-
-    if (!persistentRead || !incognitoRead) {
-      await stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds);
-      return {
-        persistentNormal: {
-          passed: false,
-          details: 'Missing persistent or incognito persistence read result.',
-        },
-        persistenceIncognito: {
-          passed: false,
-          details: 'Missing persistent or incognito persistence read result.',
-        },
-      };
-    }
-
-    if (persistentRead.runId !== runId || incognitoRead.runId !== runId) {
-      await stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds);
-      return {
-        persistentNormal: {
-          passed: false,
-          details: 'Persistence read probe reported mismatched run id.',
-        },
-        persistenceIncognito: {
-          passed: false,
-          details: 'Persistence read probe reported mismatched run id.',
-        },
-      };
-    }
-
-    const persistentPassed =
-      !persistentRead.error &&
-      persistentRead.localStoragePresent &&
-      persistentRead.indexedDbPresent;
-
-    const incognitoPassed =
-      !incognitoRead.error &&
-      !incognitoRead.localStoragePresent &&
-      !incognitoRead.indexedDbPresent;
-
-    const result = {
-      persistentNormal: {
-        passed: persistentPassed,
-        details: persistentPassed
-          ? 'Persistent mode retained localStorage and IndexedDB across reopen.'
-          : persistentRead.error
-            ? `Persistent read probe reported error: ${persistentRead.error}`
-            : formatPersistenceReadFailure('persistent', persistentRead, true),
-      },
-      persistenceIncognito: {
-        passed: incognitoPassed,
-        details: incognitoPassed
-          ? 'Incognito mode did not retain localStorage or IndexedDB across reopen.'
-          : incognitoRead.error
-            ? `Incognito read probe reported error: ${incognitoRead.error}`
-            : formatPersistenceReadFailure('incognito', incognitoRead, false),
-      },
-    };
-
-    if (result.persistentNormal.passed && result.persistenceIncognito.passed) {
-      await stopTestAppsOnSuccess(appIds);
-    } else {
-      await stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds);
-    }
-
-    return result;
-  } catch (err) {
-    await stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds);
-    const message = formatUnknownError(err);
-
-    return {
-      persistentNormal: { passed: false, details: message },
-      persistenceIncognito: { passed: false, details: message },
-    };
-  }
-}
-
-async function runNetworkTest(): Promise<{
-  passed: boolean;
-  details: string | null;
-}> {
-  const runId = uniqueRunId('sandbox-network');
-  const appIds = [TEST_APP_IDS.networkAllowA, TEST_APP_IDS.networkAllowB];
-
-  resetSandboxRun(runId);
-  await stopTestApps(appIds);
-
-  try {
-    await Promise.all([
-      startTestApp(TEST_APP_IDS.networkAllowA, { runId }),
-      startTestApp(TEST_APP_IDS.networkAllowB, { runId }),
-    ]);
-
-    const results = await pollResults<
-      SandboxAppResult<SandboxNetworkProbeResult>
-    >({
-      runId,
-      expectedCount: 2,
-      timeoutMs: 12000,
-      label: 'sandbox network',
-      read: () => getSandboxRunResults(runId).network,
-    });
-
-    const allowA = findByAppId(results, TEST_APP_IDS.networkAllowA);
-    const allowB = findByAppId(results, TEST_APP_IDS.networkAllowB);
-
-    if (!allowA || !allowB) {
-      await stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds);
-      return {
-        passed: false,
-        details: 'Network probe returned incomplete app result set.',
-      };
-    }
-
-    for (const [appId, result] of [
-      [TEST_APP_IDS.networkAllowA, allowA],
-      [TEST_APP_IDS.networkAllowB, allowB],
-    ] as const) {
-      const label = labelForAppId(appId);
-
-      if (result.runId !== runId) {
-        await stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds);
-        return {
-          passed: false,
-          details: `${label} probe reported mismatched run id.`,
-        };
-      }
-
-      if (result.error) {
-        await stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds);
-        return {
-          passed: false,
-          details: `${label} probe reported error: ${result.error}`,
-        };
-      }
-
-      if (!result.allowedOk) {
-        await stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds);
-        return {
-          passed: false,
-          details: `${label} probe could not reach its allowed URL ${result.allowedUrl}.`,
-        };
-      }
-
-      if (result.blockedOk) {
-        await stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds);
-        return {
-          passed: false,
-          details: `${label} probe was able to reach blocked URL ${result.blockedUrl}.`,
-        };
-      }
-    }
-
-    await stopTestAppsOnSuccess(appIds);
-
-    return {
-      passed: true,
-      details:
-        'Network allowlist probes succeeded for allowed URLs and failed for blocked URLs in both flipped configurations.',
-    };
-  } catch (err) {
-    await stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds);
-    return {
-      passed: false,
-      details: formatUnknownError(err),
-    };
-  }
-}
-
-export async function runSandboxTests(): Promise<SandboxState> {
-  const isolation = await runIsolationTest();
-
-  if (!isolation.passed) {
-    return buildCompletedSandboxState({
-      isolation,
-      persistenceNormal: {
-        passed: false,
-        details: 'Skipped because critical storage isolation baseline failed.',
-      },
-      persistenceIncognito: {
-        passed: false,
-        details: 'Skipped because critical storage isolation baseline failed.',
-      },
-      network: {
-        passed: false,
-        details: 'Skipped because critical storage isolation baseline failed.',
-      },
-    });
-  }
-
-  const persistence = await runPersistenceTest();
-  const network = await runNetworkTest();
-
-  return buildCompletedSandboxState({
-    isolation,
-    persistenceNormal: persistence.persistentNormal,
-    persistenceIncognito: persistence.persistenceIncognito,
-    network,
-  });
-}
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/index.ts b/src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/index.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c11078717
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/index.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+import type { SandboxState } from '@/lib/apps/sandbox';
+import { buildCompletedSandboxState } from '@/lib/apps/sandbox';
+import { runIsolationTest } from './isolation';
+import { runNetworkTest } from './network';
+import { runPersistenceTest } from './persistence';
+
+export async function runSandboxTests(): Promise<SandboxState> {
+  const isolation = await runIsolationTest();
+
+  if (!isolation.passed) {
+    return buildCompletedSandboxState({
+      isolation,
+      persistenceNormal: {
+        passed: false,
+        details: 'Skipped because critical storage isolation baseline failed.',
+      },
+      persistenceIncognito: {
+        passed: false,
+        details: 'Skipped because critical storage isolation baseline failed.',
+      },
+      network: {
+        passed: false,
+        details: 'Skipped because critical storage isolation baseline failed.',
+      },
+    });
+  }
+
+  const persistence = await runPersistenceTest();
+  const network = await runNetworkTest();
+
+  return buildCompletedSandboxState({
+    isolation,
+    persistenceNormal: persistence.persistentNormal,
+    persistenceIncognito: persistence.persistenceIncognito,
+    network,
+  });
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/isolation.ts b/src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/isolation.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8da0e9bbd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/isolation.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+import { TEST_APP_IDS } from '@/lib/apps/testApps';
+import type { SandboxIsolationProbeResult } from '@/lib/apps/sandbox';
+import type { SandboxAppResult } from '@/lib/apps/sandboxRuntimeStore';
+import {
+  getSandboxRunResults,
+  resetSandboxRun,
+} from '@/lib/apps/sandboxRuntimeStore';
+import { writeSageProbes } from './sageProbeState';
+import { findByAppId } from './lookup';
+import {
+  formatUnknownError,
+  labelForAppId,
+  pollResults,
+  startTestApp,
+  stopTestApps,
+  stopTestAppsOnFailure,
+  stopTestAppsOnSuccess,
+  uniqueRunId,
+} from './shared';
+
+export async function runIsolationTest(): Promise<{
+  passed: boolean;
+  details: string | null;
+}> {
+  const runId = uniqueRunId('sandbox-isolation');
+  const appIds = [
+    TEST_APP_IDS.storageIsolationPersistent,
+    TEST_APP_IDS.storageIsolationIncognito,
+  ];
+
+  resetSandboxRun(runId);
+  await stopTestApps(appIds);
+  await writeSageProbes(runId);
+
+  try {
+    await Promise.all([
+      startTestApp(TEST_APP_IDS.storageIsolationPersistent, { runId }),
+      startTestApp(TEST_APP_IDS.storageIsolationIncognito, { runId }),
+    ]);
+
+    const results = await pollResults<
+      SandboxAppResult<SandboxIsolationProbeResult>
+    >({
+      runId,
+      expectedCount: 2,
+      timeoutMs: 10000,
+      label: 'sandbox isolation',
+      read: () => getSandboxRunResults(runId).isolation,
+    });
+
+    const persistent = findByAppId(
+      results,
+      TEST_APP_IDS.storageIsolationPersistent,
+    );
+    const incognito = findByAppId(
+      results,
+      TEST_APP_IDS.storageIsolationIncognito,
+    );
+
+    if (!persistent || !incognito) {
+      await stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds);
+      return {
+        passed: false,
+        details: 'Isolation probe returned incomplete app result set.',
+      };
+    }
+
+    for (const [appId, result] of [
+      [TEST_APP_IDS.storageIsolationPersistent, persistent],
+      [TEST_APP_IDS.storageIsolationIncognito, incognito],
+    ] as const) {
+      const label = labelForAppId(appId);
+
+      if (result.runId !== runId) {
+        await stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds);
+        return {
+          passed: false,
+          details: `${label} probe reported mismatched run id.`,
+        };
+      }
+
+      if (result.error) {
+        await stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds);
+        return {
+          passed: false,
+          details: `${label} probe reported error: ${result.error}`,
+        };
+      }
+
+      if (result.localStorageVisible || result.indexedDbVisible) {
+        await stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds);
+        return {
+          passed: false,
+          details: `${label} probe was able to observe Sage probe data.`,
+        };
+      }
+    }
+
+    await stopTestAppsOnSuccess(appIds);
+
+    return {
+      passed: true,
+      details:
+        'Both sandbox probe modes were unable to observe Sage probe data.',
+    };
+  } catch (err) {
+    await stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds);
+    return {
+      passed: false,
+      details: formatUnknownError(err),
+    };
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/lookup.ts b/src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/lookup.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..339f2d77e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/lookup.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+import type { SandboxAppResult } from '@/lib/apps/sandboxRuntimeStore';
+
+export function findByAppId<T>(
+  items: SandboxAppResult<T>[],
+  appId: string,
+): T | undefined {
+  return items.find((item) => item.appId === appId)?.data;
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/network.ts b/src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/network.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5b94b3451
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/network.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+import { TEST_APP_IDS } from '@/lib/apps/testApps';
+import type { SandboxNetworkProbeResult } from '@/lib/apps/sandbox';
+import type { SandboxAppResult } from '@/lib/apps/sandboxRuntimeStore';
+import {
+  getSandboxRunResults,
+  resetSandboxRun,
+} from '@/lib/apps/sandboxRuntimeStore';
+import { findByAppId } from './lookup';
+import {
+  formatUnknownError,
+  labelForAppId,
+  pollResults,
+  startTestApp,
+  stopTestApps,
+  stopTestAppsOnFailure,
+  stopTestAppsOnSuccess,
+  uniqueRunId,
+} from './shared';
+
+export async function runNetworkTest(): Promise<{
+  passed: boolean;
+  details: string | null;
+}> {
+  const runId = uniqueRunId('sandbox-network');
+  const appIds = [TEST_APP_IDS.networkAllowA, TEST_APP_IDS.networkAllowB];
+
+  resetSandboxRun(runId);
+  await stopTestApps(appIds);
+
+  try {
+    await Promise.all([
+      startTestApp(TEST_APP_IDS.networkAllowA, { runId }),
+      startTestApp(TEST_APP_IDS.networkAllowB, { runId }),
+    ]);
+
+    const results = await pollResults<
+      SandboxAppResult<SandboxNetworkProbeResult>
+    >({
+      runId,
+      expectedCount: 2,
+      timeoutMs: 12000,
+      label: 'sandbox network',
+      read: () => getSandboxRunResults(runId).network,
+    });
+
+    const allowA = findByAppId(results, TEST_APP_IDS.networkAllowA);
+    const allowB = findByAppId(results, TEST_APP_IDS.networkAllowB);
+
+    if (!allowA || !allowB) {
+      await stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds);
+      return {
+        passed: false,
+        details: 'Network probe returned incomplete app result set.',
+      };
+    }
+
+    for (const [appId, result] of [
+      [TEST_APP_IDS.networkAllowA, allowA],
+      [TEST_APP_IDS.networkAllowB, allowB],
+    ] as const) {
+      const label = labelForAppId(appId);
+
+      if (result.runId !== runId) {
+        await stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds);
+        return {
+          passed: false,
+          details: `${label} probe reported mismatched run id.`,
+        };
+      }
+
+      if (result.error) {
+        await stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds);
+        return {
+          passed: false,
+          details: `${label} probe reported error: ${result.error}`,
+        };
+      }
+
+      if (!result.allowedOk) {
+        await stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds);
+        return {
+          passed: false,
+          details: `${label} probe could not reach its allowed URL ${result.allowedUrl}.`,
+        };
+      }
+
+      if (result.blockedOk) {
+        await stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds);
+        return {
+          passed: false,
+          details: `${label} probe was able to reach blocked URL ${result.blockedUrl}.`,
+        };
+      }
+    }
+
+    await stopTestAppsOnSuccess(appIds);
+
+    return {
+      passed: true,
+      details:
+        'Network allowlist probes succeeded for allowed URLs and failed for blocked URLs in both flipped configurations.',
+    };
+  } catch (err) {
+    await stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds);
+    return {
+      passed: false,
+      details: formatUnknownError(err),
+    };
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/persistence.ts b/src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/persistence.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..55c680c94
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/persistence.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,300 @@
+import { TEST_APP_IDS } from '@/lib/apps/testApps';
+import type {
+  SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult,
+  SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult,
+} from '@/lib/apps/sandbox';
+import type { SandboxAppResult } from '@/lib/apps/sandboxRuntimeStore';
+import {
+  getSandboxRunResults,
+  resetSandboxRun,
+} from '@/lib/apps/sandboxRuntimeStore';
+import { findByAppId } from './lookup';
+import {
+  formatUnknownError,
+  pollResults,
+  startTestApp,
+  stopTestApps,
+  stopTestAppsOnFailure,
+  stopTestAppsOnSuccess,
+  uniqueRunId,
+} from './shared';
+
+function formatPersistenceWriteFailure(
+  label: string,
+  result: SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult,
+): string {
+  const failed: string[] = [];
+
+  if (!result.localStorageWrote) {
+    failed.push('localStorage');
+  }
+
+  if (!result.indexedDbWrote) {
+    failed.push('IndexedDB');
+  }
+
+  if (failed.length === 0) {
+    return `${label} write probe failed for unknown reason.`;
+  }
+
+  return `${label} write probe could not write: ${failed.join(', ')}.`;
+}
+
+function formatPersistenceReadFailure(
+  label: string,
+  result: SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult,
+  expectedPresent: boolean,
+): string {
+  const mismatches: string[] = [];
+
+  if (result.localStoragePresent !== expectedPresent) {
+    mismatches.push(
+      `localStorage=${result.localStoragePresent} expected=${expectedPresent}`,
+    );
+  }
+
+  if (result.indexedDbPresent !== expectedPresent) {
+    mismatches.push(
+      `IndexedDB=${result.indexedDbPresent} expected=${expectedPresent}`,
+    );
+  }
+
+  if (mismatches.length === 0) {
+    return `${label} read probe failed for unknown reason.`;
+  }
+
+  return `${label} read probe mismatch: ${mismatches.join(', ')}.`;
+}
+
+export async function runPersistenceTest(): Promise<{
+  persistentNormal: { passed: boolean; details: string | null };
+  persistenceIncognito: { passed: boolean; details: string | null };
+}> {
+  const runId = uniqueRunId('sandbox-persistence');
+  const appIds = [
+    TEST_APP_IDS.persistencePersistent,
+    TEST_APP_IDS.persistenceIncognito,
+  ];
+
+  resetSandboxRun(runId);
+  await stopTestApps(appIds);
+
+  try {
+    await Promise.all([
+      startTestApp(TEST_APP_IDS.persistencePersistent, {
+        runId,
+        phase: 'write',
+      }),
+      startTestApp(TEST_APP_IDS.persistenceIncognito, {
+        runId,
+        phase: 'write',
+      }),
+    ]);
+
+    const writeResults = await pollResults<
+      SandboxAppResult<SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult>
+    >({
+      runId,
+      expectedCount: 2,
+      timeoutMs: 10000,
+      label: 'sandbox persistence write',
+      read: () => getSandboxRunResults(runId).persistenceWrite,
+    });
+
+    const persistentWrite = findByAppId(
+      writeResults,
+      TEST_APP_IDS.persistencePersistent,
+    );
+    const incognitoWrite = findByAppId(
+      writeResults,
+      TEST_APP_IDS.persistenceIncognito,
+    );
+
+    if (!persistentWrite || !incognitoWrite) {
+      await stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds);
+      return {
+        persistentNormal: {
+          passed: false,
+          details: 'Missing persistent or incognito persistence write result.',
+        },
+        persistenceIncognito: {
+          passed: false,
+          details: 'Missing persistent or incognito persistence write result.',
+        },
+      };
+    }
+
+    if (persistentWrite.runId !== runId || incognitoWrite.runId !== runId) {
+      await stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds);
+      return {
+        persistentNormal: {
+          passed: false,
+          details: 'Persistence write probe reported mismatched run id.',
+        },
+        persistenceIncognito: {
+          passed: false,
+          details: 'Persistence write probe reported mismatched run id.',
+        },
+      };
+    }
+
+    if (persistentWrite.error) {
+      await stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds);
+      return {
+        persistentNormal: {
+          passed: false,
+          details: `Persistent write probe reported error: ${persistentWrite.error}`,
+        },
+        persistenceIncognito: {
+          passed: false,
+          details: `Persistent write probe reported error: ${persistentWrite.error}`,
+        },
+      };
+    }
+
+    if (!persistentWrite.localStorageWrote || !persistentWrite.indexedDbWrote) {
+      const details = formatPersistenceWriteFailure(
+        'persistent',
+        persistentWrite,
+      );
+
+      await stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds);
+      return {
+        persistentNormal: { passed: false, details },
+        persistenceIncognito: { passed: false, details },
+      };
+    }
+
+    if (incognitoWrite.error) {
+      await stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds);
+      return {
+        persistentNormal: {
+          passed: false,
+          details: `Incognito write probe reported error: ${incognitoWrite.error}`,
+        },
+        persistenceIncognito: {
+          passed: false,
+          details: `Incognito write probe reported error: ${incognitoWrite.error}`,
+        },
+      };
+    }
+
+    if (!incognitoWrite.localStorageWrote || !incognitoWrite.indexedDbWrote) {
+      const details = formatPersistenceWriteFailure(
+        'incognito',
+        incognitoWrite,
+      );
+
+      await stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds);
+      return {
+        persistentNormal: { passed: false, details },
+        persistenceIncognito: { passed: false, details },
+      };
+    }
+
+    await stopTestApps(appIds);
+
+    await Promise.all([
+      startTestApp(TEST_APP_IDS.persistencePersistent, {
+        runId,
+        phase: 'read',
+      }),
+      startTestApp(TEST_APP_IDS.persistenceIncognito, {
+        runId,
+        phase: 'read',
+      }),
+    ]);
+
+    const readResults = await pollResults<
+      SandboxAppResult<SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult>
+    >({
+      runId,
+      expectedCount: 2,
+      timeoutMs: 10000,
+      label: 'sandbox persistence read',
+      read: () => getSandboxRunResults(runId).persistenceRead,
+    });
+
+    const persistentRead = findByAppId(
+      readResults,
+      TEST_APP_IDS.persistencePersistent,
+    );
+    const incognitoRead = findByAppId(
+      readResults,
+      TEST_APP_IDS.persistenceIncognito,
+    );
+
+    if (!persistentRead || !incognitoRead) {
+      await stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds);
+      return {
+        persistentNormal: {
+          passed: false,
+          details: 'Missing persistent or incognito persistence read result.',
+        },
+        persistenceIncognito: {
+          passed: false,
+          details: 'Missing persistent or incognito persistence read result.',
+        },
+      };
+    }
+
+    if (persistentRead.runId !== runId || incognitoRead.runId !== runId) {
+      await stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds);
+      return {
+        persistentNormal: {
+          passed: false,
+          details: 'Persistence read probe reported mismatched run id.',
+        },
+        persistenceIncognito: {
+          passed: false,
+          details: 'Persistence read probe reported mismatched run id.',
+        },
+      };
+    }
+
+    const persistentPassed =
+      !persistentRead.error &&
+      persistentRead.localStoragePresent &&
+      persistentRead.indexedDbPresent;
+
+    const incognitoPassed =
+      !incognitoRead.error &&
+      !incognitoRead.localStoragePresent &&
+      !incognitoRead.indexedDbPresent;
+
+    const result = {
+      persistentNormal: {
+        passed: persistentPassed,
+        details: persistentPassed
+          ? 'Persistent mode retained localStorage and IndexedDB across reopen.'
+          : persistentRead.error
+            ? `Persistent read probe reported error: ${persistentRead.error}`
+            : formatPersistenceReadFailure('persistent', persistentRead, true),
+      },
+      persistenceIncognito: {
+        passed: incognitoPassed,
+        details: incognitoPassed
+          ? 'Incognito mode did not retain localStorage or IndexedDB across reopen.'
+          : incognitoRead.error
+            ? `Incognito read probe reported error: ${incognitoRead.error}`
+            : formatPersistenceReadFailure('incognito', incognitoRead, false),
+      },
+    };
+
+    if (result.persistentNormal.passed && result.persistenceIncognito.passed) {
+      await stopTestAppsOnSuccess(appIds);
+    } else {
+      await stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds);
+    }
+
+    return result;
+  } catch (err) {
+    await stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds);
+    const message = formatUnknownError(err);
+
+    return {
+      persistentNormal: { passed: false, details: message },
+      persistenceIncognito: { passed: false, details: message },
+    };
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/sageProbeState.ts b/src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/sageProbeState.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..168ef8b1e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/sageProbeState.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+const PROBE_LOCAL_STORAGE_KEY = 'sage_probe_local_storage';
+const PROBE_INDEXED_DB_NAME = 'sage_probe_db';
+const PROBE_INDEXED_DB_STORE = 'probe_store';
+const PROBE_INDEXED_DB_KEY = 'sage_probe_key';
+
+export async function writeSageProbeIndexedDb(runId: string): Promise<void> {
+  await new Promise<void>((resolve, reject) => {
+    const open = indexedDB.open(PROBE_INDEXED_DB_NAME);
+
+    open.onerror = () => {
+      reject(new Error('Failed to open Sage probe IndexedDB.'));
+    };
+
+    open.onupgradeneeded = () => {
+      const db = open.result;
+      if (!db.objectStoreNames.contains(PROBE_INDEXED_DB_STORE)) {
+        db.createObjectStore(PROBE_INDEXED_DB_STORE);
+      }
+    };
+
+    open.onsuccess = () => {
+      try {
+        const db = open.result;
+        const tx = db.transaction(PROBE_INDEXED_DB_STORE, 'readwrite');
+        const store = tx.objectStore(PROBE_INDEXED_DB_STORE);
+        const put = store.put(runId, PROBE_INDEXED_DB_KEY);
+
+        put.onerror = () => {
+          db.close();
+          reject(new Error('Failed to write Sage probe IndexedDB record.'));
+        };
+
+        put.onsuccess = () => {
+          tx.oncomplete = () => {
+            db.close();
+            resolve();
+          };
+
+          tx.onerror = () => {
+            db.close();
+            reject(
+              new Error('Failed to commit Sage probe IndexedDB transaction.'),
+            );
+          };
+        };
+      } catch (err) {
+        reject(err instanceof Error ? err : new Error(String(err)));
+      }
+    };
+  });
+}
+
+export async function writeSageProbes(runId: string): Promise<void> {
+  localStorage.setItem(PROBE_LOCAL_STORAGE_KEY, runId);
+  await writeSageProbeIndexedDb(runId);
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/shared.ts b/src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/shared.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f11e52a16
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/shared.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+import { TEST_APP_IDS } from '@/lib/apps/testApps';
+import {
+  closeAppRuntime,
+  startInternalInlineRuntime,
+} from '@/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry';
+import { getBuiltinApp } from '@/lib/apps/registry';
+
+export function uniqueRunId(prefix: string): string {
+  return `${prefix}-${Date.now()}-${Math.random().toString(36).slice(2)}`;
+}
+
+export function formatUnknownError(err: unknown): string {
+  if (err instanceof Error) {
+    return err.message;
+  }
+
+  if (typeof err === 'string') {
+    return err;
+  }
+
+  try {
+    return JSON.stringify(err, null, 2);
+  } catch {
+    return String(err);
+  }
+}
+
+export function labelForAppId(appId: string): string {
+  switch (appId) {
+    case TEST_APP_IDS.storageIsolationPersistent:
+      return 'persistent isolation';
+    case TEST_APP_IDS.storageIsolationIncognito:
+      return 'incognito isolation';
+    case TEST_APP_IDS.persistencePersistent:
+      return 'persistent';
+    case TEST_APP_IDS.persistenceIncognito:
+      return 'incognito';
+    case TEST_APP_IDS.networkAllowA:
+      return 'allow-a';
+    case TEST_APP_IDS.networkAllowB:
+      return 'allow-b';
+    default:
+      return appId;
+  }
+}
+
+export async function startTestApp(
+  appId: string,
+  query?: Record<string, string>,
+): Promise<void> {
+  const app = await getBuiltinApp(appId);
+  if (!app) {
+    throw new Error(`Missing builtin test app ${appId}`);
+  }
+
+  await startInternalInlineRuntime(app, { query });
+}
+
+export async function stopTestApps(appIds: string[]): Promise<void> {
+  await Promise.allSettled(appIds.map((appId) => closeAppRuntime(appId)));
+}
+
+export async function pollResults<T>(args: {
+  runId: string;
+  expectedCount: number;
+  timeoutMs: number;
+  read: () => T[];
+  label: string;
+}): Promise<T[]> {
+  const startedAt = Date.now();
+
+  for (;;) {
+    const results = args.read();
+
+    if (results.length >= args.expectedCount) {
+      return results;
+    }
+
+    if (Date.now() - startedAt >= args.timeoutMs) {
+      throw new Error(`Timed out waiting for ${args.label} results.`);
+    }
+
+    await new Promise((resolve) => window.setTimeout(resolve, 100));
+  }
+}
+
+export function shouldKeepFailedTestAppsOpen(): boolean {
+  return (
+    import.meta.env.DEV && import.meta.env.VITE_SAGE_DEBUG_TEST_APPS === '1'
+  );
+}
+
+export async function stopTestAppsOnSuccess(appIds: string[]): Promise<void> {
+  await stopTestApps(appIds);
+}
+
+export async function stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds: string[]): Promise<void> {
+  if (shouldKeepFailedTestAppsOpen()) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  await stopTestApps(appIds);
+}

From eebb165dbbad27b1d83611533d9253f5f98c0e6d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 18 Apr 2026 15:11:10 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 076/471] Update runtimeRegistry and protocol to use
 `/__sage/clear` with `Clear-Site-Data` header:

- Replace `/__sage/blank` with `/__sage/clear` across runtimeRegistry and protocol.
- Add `Clear-Site-Data` header for enhanced cache and storage clearance.
---
 src-tauri/src/apps/protocol.rs  | 15 +++++++++------
 src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts |  2 +-
 2 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/protocol.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/protocol.rs
index 3e62ed275..e0542d131 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/protocol.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/protocol.rs
@@ -10,17 +10,18 @@ use crate::apps::{
     snapshot::read_snapshot_file,
 };
 
-fn build_blank_internal_response() -> AnyResult<Response<Vec<u8>>> {
+fn build_clear_internal_response() -> AnyResult<Response<Vec<u8>>> {
     Response::builder()
         .status(StatusCode::OK)
         .header("Content-Type", "text/html; charset=utf-8")
         .header("Cache-Control", "no-store")
+        .header("Clear-Site-Data", "*")
         .header("X-Content-Type-Options", "nosniff")
         .body(
             b"<!doctype html><html><head><meta charset=\"utf-8\"></head><body></body></html>"
                 .to_vec(),
         )
-        .map_err(|err| anyhow!("failed to build blank internal response: {err}"))
+        .map_err(|err| anyhow!("failed to build clear internal response: {err}"))
 }
 
 fn handle_builtin_test_app_request(
@@ -32,8 +33,8 @@ fn handle_builtin_test_app_request(
 
     let request_path = request.uri().path();
 
-    if request_path == "/__sage/blank" {
-        return build_blank_internal_response();
+    if request_path == "/__sage/clear" {
+        return build_clear_internal_response();
     }
 
     let app_dir = builtin_test_app_dir(app_id)?
@@ -88,8 +89,8 @@ pub fn handle_app_protocol_request(
     let app = read_installed_app_by_id(base_path, host)?;
     let request_path = uri.path();
 
-    if request_path == "/__sage/blank" {
-        return build_blank_internal_response();
+    if request_path == "/__sage/clear" {
+        return build_clear_internal_response();
     }
 
     let snapshot_dir = Path::new(&app.active_snapshot.snapshot_dir);
@@ -104,6 +105,7 @@ pub fn handle_app_protocol_request(
             .status(StatusCode::OK)
             .header("Content-Type", "text/html; charset=utf-8")
             .header("Content-Security-Policy", &csp)
+            .header("Clear-Site-Data", "*")
             .header("X-Content-Type-Options", "nosniff")
             .body(html.into_bytes())
             .map_err(|err| anyhow!("failed to build protocol response: {err}"));
@@ -119,6 +121,7 @@ pub fn handle_app_protocol_request(
         .status(StatusCode::OK)
         .header("Content-Type", mime)
         .header("Content-Security-Policy", csp)
+        .header("Clear-Site-Data", "*")
         .header("X-Content-Type-Options", "nosniff")
         .body(bytes)
         .map_err(|err| anyhow!("failed to build protocol response: {err}"))
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts b/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
index a35562f53..d9e6e1973 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
@@ -385,7 +385,7 @@ export async function clearAppRuntimeBrowsingData(
   }
 
   const clearingWebview = new Webview(hostWindow, webviewLabel, {
-    url: `sage-app://${app.id}/__sage/blank`,
+    url: `sage-app://${app.id}/__sage/clear`,
     x: 0,
     y: 0,
     width: 1,

From ec7fd15feaed6798aa07de6202e3a397bc7bf82c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 18 Apr 2026 16:57:36 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 077/471] Integrate sandbox storage clear-cycle capability:

- Add `storage_clear_cycle` sandbox test to verify effective localStorage and IndexedDB purging.
- Implement runtime app `storage-clear-probe` for storage manipulation and reporting during test phases.
- Extend `runSandboxTests` to include clear-cycle tests and capture results in sandbox reporting.
- Update frontend and backend to support clear-cycle app storage clearing.
- Refactor app management to ensure clear-data actions utilize the new clear-cycle logic.
---
 .gitignore                                    |   2 +-
 packages/sage-app-sdk/src/types.ts            | 172 +++++++--------
 scripts/build-test-apps.mjs                   |  70 ++++---
 src-tauri/src/apps/builtin_apps.rs            |  13 +-
 src-tauri/src/apps/protocol.rs                |  63 ++++--
 .../storage-clear-probe/app.js                | 194 +++++++++++++++++
 .../_shared => builtin-apps/shared}/icon.svg  |   0
 .../shared}/index.html                        |   0
 .../test-apps-src/network-allow-a/app.js      |   0
 .../network-allow-a/sage-manifest.json        |   0
 .../test-apps-src/network-allow-b/app.js      |   0
 .../network-allow-b/sage-manifest.json        |   0
 .../sage-storage-isolation/app.js             |   0
 .../sage-manifest.incognito.json              |   0
 .../sage-manifest.persistent.json             |   0
 .../test-apps-src/storage-persistence/app.js  |   0
 .../sage-manifest.incognito.json              |   0
 .../sage-manifest.persistent.json             |   0
 .../apps/AppsLaunchpadContextMenu.tsx         |  12 +-
 src/hooks/useApps.ts                          |  67 ++++--
 src/lib/apps/bridge/types.ts                  | 119 ++++-------
 src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts               | 198 +++++++++++-------
 src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/clear-cycle.ts     |  20 ++
 src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/index.ts           |   7 +
 src/lib/apps/sandbox.ts                       |  45 +++-
 src/lib/apps/sandboxRuntimeStore.ts           |  16 +-
 src/lib/apps/storageClearCycle.ts             | 125 +++++++++++
 src/pages/Apps.tsx                            |  26 ++-
 28 files changed, 821 insertions(+), 328 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/builtin-apps/runtime-apps-src/storage-clear-probe/app.js
 rename src/{test-apps-src/_shared => builtin-apps/shared}/icon.svg (100%)
 rename src/{test-apps-src/_shared => builtin-apps/shared}/index.html (100%)
 rename src/{ => builtin-apps}/test-apps-src/network-allow-a/app.js (100%)
 rename src/{ => builtin-apps}/test-apps-src/network-allow-a/sage-manifest.json (100%)
 rename src/{ => builtin-apps}/test-apps-src/network-allow-b/app.js (100%)
 rename src/{ => builtin-apps}/test-apps-src/network-allow-b/sage-manifest.json (100%)
 rename src/{ => builtin-apps}/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/app.js (100%)
 rename src/{ => builtin-apps}/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.incognito.json (100%)
 rename src/{ => builtin-apps}/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.persistent.json (100%)
 rename src/{ => builtin-apps}/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/app.js (100%)
 rename src/{ => builtin-apps}/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/sage-manifest.incognito.json (100%)
 rename src/{ => builtin-apps}/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/sage-manifest.persistent.json (100%)
 create mode 100644 src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/clear-cycle.ts
 create mode 100644 src/lib/apps/storageClearCycle.ts

diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 120193dbd..2729d9f9d 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -28,4 +28,4 @@ target
 .env
 /test.sqlite*
 
-src/test-apps
+src/builtin-apps/test-apps
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/types.ts b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/types.ts
index b831224f5..bc7d946dd 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/types.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/types.ts
@@ -1,155 +1,155 @@
 export type SageBridgeVersion = 'v1';
 
 export type SageNetworkPermission = {
-    scheme: string;
-    host: string;
-    required: boolean;
+  scheme: string;
+  host: string;
+  required: boolean;
 };
 
 export type SageRequestedPermissions = {
-    required: string[];
-    optional: string[];
+  required: string[];
+  optional: string[];
 };
 
 export type SageAppInfo = {
-    id: string;
-    name: string;
-    version: string;
-    requestedPermissions: SageRequestedPermissions;
-    grantedPermissions: string[];
-    network: SageNetworkPermission[];
+  id: string;
+  name: string;
+  version: string;
+  requestedPermissions: SageRequestedPermissions;
+  grantedPermissions: string[];
+  network: SageNetworkPermission[];
 };
 
 export type SageBridgeRequest = {
-    channel: 'sage-bridge';
-    bridgeVersion: SageBridgeVersion;
-    id: string;
-    method: string;
-    params?: unknown;
+  channel: 'sage-bridge';
+  bridgeVersion?: SageBridgeVersion;
+  id: string;
+  method: string;
+  params?: unknown;
 };
 
 export type SageBridgeSuccessResponse = {
-    channel: 'sage-bridge';
-    bridgeVersion: SageBridgeVersion;
-    id: string;
-    ok: true;
-    result: unknown;
+  channel: 'sage-bridge';
+  bridgeVersion: SageBridgeVersion;
+  id: string;
+  ok: true;
+  result: unknown;
 };
 
 export type SageBridgeErrorResponse = {
-    channel: 'sage-bridge';
-    bridgeVersion: SageBridgeVersion;
-    id: string;
-    ok: false;
-    error: {
-        code: string;
-        message: string;
-    };
+  channel: 'sage-bridge';
+  bridgeVersion: SageBridgeVersion;
+  id: string;
+  ok: false;
+  error: {
+    code: string;
+    message: string;
+  };
 };
 
 export type SageBridgeResponse =
-    | SageBridgeSuccessResponse
-    | SageBridgeErrorResponse;
+  | SageBridgeSuccessResponse
+  | SageBridgeErrorResponse;
 
 export type SageBridgeEventPayload = {
-    sourceLabel: string;
-    request: SageBridgeRequest;
+  sourceLabel: string;
+  request: SageBridgeRequest;
 };
 
 export type SageBridgeSendPayload = {
-    kind: string;
-    [key: string]: unknown;
+  kind: string;
+  [key: string]: unknown;
 };
 
 export type SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail = {
-    reason?: string;
-    appId?: string;
-    runtimeId?: string;
+  reason?: string;
+  appId?: string;
+  runtimeId?: string;
 };
 
 export type AssetKind = 'token' | 'nft' | 'did' | 'option';
 export type Amount = string | number;
 
 export type Asset = {
-    asset_id: string | null;
-    name: string | null;
-    ticker: string | null;
-    precision: number;
-    icon_url: string | null;
-    description: string | null;
-    is_sensitive_content: boolean;
-    is_visible: boolean;
-    revocation_address: string | null;
-    kind: AssetKind;
+  asset_id: string | null;
+  name: string | null;
+  ticker: string | null;
+  precision: number;
+  icon_url: string | null;
+  description: string | null;
+  is_sensitive_content: boolean;
+  is_visible: boolean;
+  revocation_address: string | null;
+  kind: AssetKind;
 };
 
 export type TransactionInput = {
-    coin_id: string;
-    amount: Amount;
-    address: string;
-    asset: Asset | null;
-    outputs: TransactionOutput[];
+  coin_id: string;
+  amount: Amount;
+  address: string;
+  asset: Asset | null;
+  outputs: TransactionOutput[];
 };
 
 export type TransactionOutput = {
-    coin_id: string;
-    amount: Amount;
-    address: string;
-    receiving: boolean;
-    burning: boolean;
+  coin_id: string;
+  amount: Amount;
+  address: string;
+  receiving: boolean;
+  burning: boolean;
 };
 
 export type TransactionSummary = {
-    fee: Amount;
-    inputs: TransactionInput[];
+  fee: Amount;
+  inputs: TransactionInput[];
 };
 
 export type CoinJson = {
-    parent_coin_info: string;
-    puzzle_hash: string;
-    amount: Amount;
+  parent_coin_info: string;
+  puzzle_hash: string;
+  amount: Amount;
 };
 
 export type CoinSpendJson = {
-    coin: CoinJson;
-    puzzle_reveal: string;
-    solution: string;
+  coin: CoinJson;
+  puzzle_reveal: string;
+  solution: string;
 };
 
 export type TransactionResponse = {
-    summary: TransactionSummary;
-    coin_spends: CoinSpendJson[];
+  summary: TransactionSummary;
+  coin_spends: CoinSpendJson[];
 };
 
 export type SageWalletSendXchRequest = {
-    address: string;
-    amount: Amount;
-    fee: Amount;
-    memos?: string[];
-    clawback?: number | null;
-    auto_submit?: boolean;
+  address: string;
+  amount: Amount;
+  fee: Amount;
+  memos?: string[];
+  clawback?: number | null;
+  auto_submit?: boolean;
 };
 
 export type SageWalletClient = {
-    sendXch(input: SageWalletSendXchRequest): Promise<TransactionResponse>;
+  sendXch(input: SageWalletSendXchRequest): Promise<TransactionResponse>;
 };
 
 export type SageAppClient = {
-    bridgePing(): Promise<unknown>;
-    bridgeSend(input: SageBridgeSendPayload): Promise<unknown>;
-    getInfo(): Promise<SageAppInfo>;
-    getPermissions(): Promise<string[]>;
+  bridgePing(): Promise<unknown>;
+  bridgeSend(input: SageBridgeSendPayload): Promise<unknown>;
+  getInfo(): Promise<SageAppInfo>;
+  getPermissions(): Promise<string[]>;
 };
 
 export type SageLifecycleClient = {
-    onBeforeStop(
-        handler: (detail: SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail) => void,
-    ): () => void;
+  onBeforeStop(
+    handler: (detail: SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail) => void,
+  ): () => void;
 };
 
 export type SageClient = {
-    initialAppInfo: SageAppInfo;
-    app: SageAppClient;
-    lifecycle: SageLifecycleClient;
-    wallet: SageWalletClient;
+  initialAppInfo: SageAppInfo;
+  app: SageAppClient;
+  lifecycle: SageLifecycleClient;
+  wallet: SageWalletClient;
 };
diff --git a/scripts/build-test-apps.mjs b/scripts/build-test-apps.mjs
index 750165dd0..cc8a68b05 100644
--- a/scripts/build-test-apps.mjs
+++ b/scripts/build-test-apps.mjs
@@ -5,9 +5,13 @@ import { fileURLToPath } from 'url';
 const __dirname = path.dirname(fileURLToPath(import.meta.url));
 const ROOT = path.resolve(__dirname, '..');
 
-const SRC_DIR = path.join(ROOT, 'src/test-apps-src');
-const OUT_DIR = path.join(ROOT, 'src/test-apps');
-const SHARED_DIR = path.join(SRC_DIR, '_shared');
+const BUILTIN_ROOT = path.join(ROOT, 'src/builtin-apps');
+const SHARED_DIR = path.join(BUILTIN_ROOT, 'shared');
+const TEST_SRC_DIR = path.join(BUILTIN_ROOT, 'test-apps-src');
+const RUNTIME_SRC_DIR = path.join(BUILTIN_ROOT, 'runtime-apps-src');
+const DIST_ROOT = path.join(BUILTIN_ROOT, 'dist');
+const TEST_OUT_DIR = path.join(DIST_ROOT, 'test-apps');
+const RUNTIME_OUT_DIR = path.join(DIST_ROOT, 'runtime-apps');
 const SDK_DIST = path.join(ROOT, 'packages/sage-app-sdk/dist');
 
 async function rmrf(dir) {
@@ -58,12 +62,11 @@ async function copyFileRequired(src, dst, label) {
   await fs.copyFile(src, dst);
 }
 
-async function buildVariant({ sourceDirName, outDirName, manifestFileName }) {
-  const sourceDir = path.join(SRC_DIR, sourceDirName);
-  const outDir = path.join(OUT_DIR, outDirName);
-  const manifestSrc = path.join(sourceDir, manifestFileName);
-  const manifestDst = path.join(outDir, 'sage-manifest.json');
-
+async function finalizeBuiltApp({
+  sourceDir,
+  outDir,
+  manifestFileName = null,
+}) {
   await mkdirp(outDir);
 
   if (await exists(SHARED_DIR)) {
@@ -80,11 +83,13 @@ async function buildVariant({ sourceDirName, outDirName, manifestFileName }) {
     }
   }
 
-  await copyFileRequired(
-    manifestSrc,
-    manifestDst,
-    `manifest ${manifestFileName}`,
-  );
+  if (manifestFileName) {
+    await copyFileRequired(
+      path.join(sourceDir, manifestFileName),
+      path.join(outDir, 'sage-manifest.json'),
+      `manifest ${manifestFileName}`,
+    );
+  }
 
   await copyFileRequired(
     path.join(SDK_DIST, 'runtime-bridge.js'),
@@ -99,7 +104,7 @@ async function buildVariant({ sourceDirName, outDirName, manifestFileName }) {
   );
 }
 
-const BUILD_PLAN = [
+const TEST_BUILD_PLAN = [
   {
     sourceDirName: 'sage-storage-isolation',
     variants: [
@@ -146,24 +151,41 @@ const BUILD_PLAN = [
   },
 ];
 
+const RUNTIME_BUILD_PLAN = [
+  {
+    sourceDirName: 'storage-clear-probe',
+    outDirName: 'storage-clear-probe',
+  },
+];
+
 async function main() {
-  console.log('→ building test apps');
+  console.log('→ building builtin apps');
 
-  await rmrf(OUT_DIR);
-  await mkdirp(OUT_DIR);
+  await rmrf(DIST_ROOT);
+  await mkdirp(TEST_OUT_DIR);
+  await mkdirp(RUNTIME_OUT_DIR);
 
-  for (const group of BUILD_PLAN) {
+  for (const group of TEST_BUILD_PLAN) {
     for (const variant of group.variants) {
-      console.log(`  - ${variant.outDirName}`);
-      await buildVariant({
-        sourceDirName: group.sourceDirName,
-        outDirName: variant.outDirName,
+      console.log(`  - test ${variant.outDirName}`);
+      await finalizeBuiltApp({
+        sourceDir: path.join(TEST_SRC_DIR, group.sourceDirName),
+        outDir: path.join(TEST_OUT_DIR, variant.outDirName),
         manifestFileName: variant.manifestFileName,
       });
     }
   }
 
-  console.log('✓ test apps ready');
+  for (const runtimeApp of RUNTIME_BUILD_PLAN) {
+    console.log(`  - runtime ${runtimeApp.outDirName}`);
+    await finalizeBuiltApp({
+      sourceDir: path.join(RUNTIME_SRC_DIR, runtimeApp.sourceDirName),
+      outDir: path.join(RUNTIME_OUT_DIR, runtimeApp.outDirName),
+      manifestFileName: null,
+    });
+  }
+
+  console.log('✓ builtin apps ready');
 }
 
 main().catch((err) => {
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/builtin_apps.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/builtin_apps.rs
index 26e4daecf..b002f06f4 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/builtin_apps.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/builtin_apps.rs
@@ -63,12 +63,21 @@ pub fn builtin_test_app_spec(app_id: &str) -> Option<&'static BuiltinTestAppSpec
     BUILTIN_TEST_APPS.iter().find(|spec| spec.app_id == app_id)
 }
 
-pub fn builtin_test_apps_root() -> PathBuf {
+pub fn builtin_apps_root() -> PathBuf {
     PathBuf::from(env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR"))
         .parent()
         .expect("src-tauri should have a parent directory")
         .join("src")
-        .join("test-apps")
+        .join("builtin-apps")
+        .join("dist")
+}
+
+pub fn builtin_test_apps_root() -> PathBuf {
+    builtin_apps_root().join("test-apps")
+}
+
+pub fn builtin_runtime_apps_root() -> PathBuf {
+    builtin_apps_root().join("runtime-apps")
 }
 
 pub fn builtin_test_app_dir(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<PathBuf>> {
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/protocol.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/protocol.rs
index e0542d131..cb725f6df 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/protocol.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/protocol.rs
@@ -4,24 +4,53 @@ use anyhow::{anyhow, Result as AnyResult};
 use tauri::http::{Response, StatusCode};
 
 use crate::apps::{
-    builtin_apps::{build_builtin_test_app, builtin_test_app_spec, builtin_test_app_dir},
+    builtin_apps::{
+        build_builtin_test_app, builtin_runtime_apps_root, builtin_test_app_dir, builtin_test_app_spec,
+    },
     csp::build_app_csp,
     registry::read_installed_app_by_id,
     snapshot::read_snapshot_file,
 };
 
-fn build_clear_internal_response() -> AnyResult<Response<Vec<u8>>> {
+fn serve_runtime_app_asset(
+    request_path: &str,
+    csp: &str,
+) -> AnyResult<Response<Vec<u8>>> {
+    let runtime_root = builtin_runtime_apps_root();
+    let relative_path = request_path
+        .strip_prefix("/__sage/runtime-apps/")
+        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("invalid runtime app path"))?;
+
+    let safe_path = format!("/{}", relative_path);
+    let file_path = read_snapshot_file(&runtime_root, &safe_path)?;
+
+    if request_path.ends_with("/index.html") {
+        let html = fs::read_to_string(&file_path)?;
+
+        return Response::builder()
+            .status(StatusCode::OK)
+            .header("Content-Type", "text/html; charset=utf-8")
+            .header("Cache-Control", "no-store")
+            .header("Content-Security-Policy", csp)
+            .header("X-Content-Type-Options", "nosniff")
+            .body(html.into_bytes())
+            .map_err(|err| anyhow!("failed to build runtime app HTML response: {err}"));
+    }
+
+    let bytes = fs::read(&file_path)?;
+    let mime = mime_guess::from_path(&file_path)
+        .first_or_octet_stream()
+        .essence_str()
+        .to_string();
+
     Response::builder()
         .status(StatusCode::OK)
-        .header("Content-Type", "text/html; charset=utf-8")
+        .header("Content-Type", mime)
         .header("Cache-Control", "no-store")
-        .header("Clear-Site-Data", "*")
+        .header("Content-Security-Policy", csp)
         .header("X-Content-Type-Options", "nosniff")
-        .body(
-            b"<!doctype html><html><head><meta charset=\"utf-8\"></head><body></body></html>"
-                .to_vec(),
-        )
-        .map_err(|err| anyhow!("failed to build clear internal response: {err}"))
+        .body(bytes)
+        .map_err(|err| anyhow!("failed to build runtime app response: {err}"))
 }
 
 fn handle_builtin_test_app_request(
@@ -32,11 +61,6 @@ fn handle_builtin_test_app_request(
         .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("unknown builtin test app {}", app_id))?;
 
     let request_path = request.uri().path();
-
-    if request_path == "/__sage/clear" {
-        return build_clear_internal_response();
-    }
-
     let app_dir = builtin_test_app_dir(app_id)?
         .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("missing builtin test app dir for {}", app_id))?;
 
@@ -88,24 +112,23 @@ pub fn handle_app_protocol_request(
 
     let app = read_installed_app_by_id(base_path, host)?;
     let request_path = uri.path();
+    let csp = build_app_csp(&app);
 
-    if request_path == "/__sage/clear" {
-        return build_clear_internal_response();
+    if request_path.starts_with("/__sage/runtime-apps/") {
+        return serve_runtime_app_asset(request_path, &csp);
     }
 
     let snapshot_dir = Path::new(&app.active_snapshot.snapshot_dir);
     let file_path = read_snapshot_file(snapshot_dir, request_path)?;
 
-    let csp = build_app_csp(&app);
-
     if request_path.is_empty() || request_path == "/" || request_path == "/index.html" {
         let html = fs::read_to_string(&file_path)?;
 
         return Response::builder()
             .status(StatusCode::OK)
             .header("Content-Type", "text/html; charset=utf-8")
+            .header("Cache-Control", "no-store")
             .header("Content-Security-Policy", &csp)
-            .header("Clear-Site-Data", "*")
             .header("X-Content-Type-Options", "nosniff")
             .body(html.into_bytes())
             .map_err(|err| anyhow!("failed to build protocol response: {err}"));
@@ -120,8 +143,8 @@ pub fn handle_app_protocol_request(
     Response::builder()
         .status(StatusCode::OK)
         .header("Content-Type", mime)
+        .header("Cache-Control", "no-store")
         .header("Content-Security-Policy", csp)
-        .header("Clear-Site-Data", "*")
         .header("X-Content-Type-Options", "nosniff")
         .body(bytes)
         .map_err(|err| anyhow!("failed to build protocol response: {err}"))
diff --git a/src/builtin-apps/runtime-apps-src/storage-clear-probe/app.js b/src/builtin-apps/runtime-apps-src/storage-clear-probe/app.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..045cf762a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/builtin-apps/runtime-apps-src/storage-clear-probe/app.js
@@ -0,0 +1,194 @@
+import './bridge.js';
+import { createSageClient } from './sdk.js';
+
+const STORE_NAME = 'probe_store';
+const DB_KEY = 'probe_key';
+
+function getKeys(runId) {
+  return {
+    localStorageKey: `storage_clear_probe_local_storage:${runId}`,
+    dbName: `storage_clear_probe_db_${runId}`,
+  };
+}
+
+async function writeIndexedDbValue(dbName) {
+  try {
+    return await new Promise((resolve) => {
+      const open = indexedDB.open(dbName);
+
+      open.onerror = () => resolve(false);
+
+      open.onupgradeneeded = () => {
+        try {
+          const db = open.result;
+          if (!db.objectStoreNames.contains(STORE_NAME)) {
+            db.createObjectStore(STORE_NAME);
+          }
+        } catch {
+          //
+        }
+      };
+
+      open.onsuccess = () => {
+        try {
+          const db = open.result;
+          const tx = db.transaction(STORE_NAME, 'readwrite');
+          const store = tx.objectStore(STORE_NAME);
+          const req = store.put('present', DB_KEY);
+
+          req.onerror = () => {
+            db.close();
+            resolve(false);
+          };
+
+          req.onsuccess = () => {
+            tx.oncomplete = () => {
+              db.close();
+              resolve(true);
+            };
+
+            tx.onerror = () => {
+              db.close();
+              resolve(false);
+            };
+          };
+        } catch {
+          resolve(false);
+        }
+      };
+    });
+  } catch {
+    return false;
+  }
+}
+
+async function readIndexedDbValue(dbName) {
+  try {
+    return await new Promise((resolve) => {
+      const open = indexedDB.open(dbName);
+
+      open.onerror = () => resolve(false);
+
+      open.onupgradeneeded = () => {
+        try {
+          const db = open.result;
+          if (!db.objectStoreNames.contains(STORE_NAME)) {
+            db.createObjectStore(STORE_NAME);
+          }
+        } catch {
+          //
+        }
+      };
+
+      open.onsuccess = () => {
+        try {
+          const db = open.result;
+
+          if (!db.objectStoreNames.contains(STORE_NAME)) {
+            db.close();
+            resolve(false);
+            return;
+          }
+
+          const tx = db.transaction(STORE_NAME, 'readonly');
+          const store = tx.objectStore(STORE_NAME);
+          const req = store.get(DB_KEY);
+
+          req.onerror = () => {
+            db.close();
+            resolve(false);
+          };
+
+          req.onsuccess = () => {
+            db.close();
+            resolve(req.result === 'present');
+          };
+        } catch {
+          resolve(false);
+        }
+      };
+    });
+  } catch {
+    return false;
+  }
+}
+
+async function report(sage, data) {
+  await sage.app.bridgeSend({
+    kind: 'sandbox_report',
+    report: {
+      type: 'clear_cycle',
+      data,
+    },
+  });
+}
+
+(async () => {
+  const sage = await createSageClient();
+  const params = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);
+  const runId = params.get('runId');
+  const phase = params.get('phase');
+
+  if (!runId) {
+    throw new Error('missing runId');
+  }
+
+  if (
+    phase !== 'write' &&
+    phase !== 'check_present' &&
+    phase !== 'check_absent'
+  ) {
+    throw new Error('missing or invalid phase');
+  }
+
+  const { localStorageKey, dbName } = getKeys(runId);
+
+  let localStoragePresent = false;
+  let indexedDbPresent = false;
+  let error = null;
+
+  try {
+    if (phase === 'write') {
+      try {
+        localStorage.setItem(localStorageKey, 'present');
+      } catch {
+        //
+      }
+
+      await writeIndexedDbValue(dbName);
+    }
+
+    try {
+      localStoragePresent = localStorage.getItem(localStorageKey) === 'present';
+    } catch {
+      localStoragePresent = false;
+    }
+
+    indexedDbPresent = await readIndexedDbValue(dbName);
+  } catch (err) {
+    error = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err);
+  }
+
+  await report(sage, {
+    runId,
+    phase,
+    localStoragePresent,
+    indexedDbPresent,
+    error,
+  });
+})().catch(async (err) => {
+  try {
+    const sage = await createSageClient();
+    const params = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);
+
+    await report(sage, {
+      runId: params.get('runId'),
+      phase: params.get('phase'),
+      localStoragePresent: false,
+      indexedDbPresent: false,
+      error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
+    });
+  } catch {
+    //
+  }
+});
diff --git a/src/test-apps-src/_shared/icon.svg b/src/builtin-apps/shared/icon.svg
similarity index 100%
rename from src/test-apps-src/_shared/icon.svg
rename to src/builtin-apps/shared/icon.svg
diff --git a/src/test-apps-src/_shared/index.html b/src/builtin-apps/shared/index.html
similarity index 100%
rename from src/test-apps-src/_shared/index.html
rename to src/builtin-apps/shared/index.html
diff --git a/src/test-apps-src/network-allow-a/app.js b/src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-a/app.js
similarity index 100%
rename from src/test-apps-src/network-allow-a/app.js
rename to src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-a/app.js
diff --git a/src/test-apps-src/network-allow-a/sage-manifest.json b/src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-a/sage-manifest.json
similarity index 100%
rename from src/test-apps-src/network-allow-a/sage-manifest.json
rename to src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-a/sage-manifest.json
diff --git a/src/test-apps-src/network-allow-b/app.js b/src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-b/app.js
similarity index 100%
rename from src/test-apps-src/network-allow-b/app.js
rename to src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-b/app.js
diff --git a/src/test-apps-src/network-allow-b/sage-manifest.json b/src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-b/sage-manifest.json
similarity index 100%
rename from src/test-apps-src/network-allow-b/sage-manifest.json
rename to src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-b/sage-manifest.json
diff --git a/src/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/app.js b/src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/app.js
similarity index 100%
rename from src/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/app.js
rename to src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/app.js
diff --git a/src/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.incognito.json b/src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.incognito.json
similarity index 100%
rename from src/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.incognito.json
rename to src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.incognito.json
diff --git a/src/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.persistent.json b/src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.persistent.json
similarity index 100%
rename from src/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.persistent.json
rename to src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.persistent.json
diff --git a/src/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/app.js b/src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/app.js
similarity index 100%
rename from src/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/app.js
rename to src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/app.js
diff --git a/src/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/sage-manifest.incognito.json b/src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/sage-manifest.incognito.json
similarity index 100%
rename from src/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/sage-manifest.incognito.json
rename to src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/sage-manifest.incognito.json
diff --git a/src/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/sage-manifest.persistent.json b/src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/sage-manifest.persistent.json
similarity index 100%
rename from src/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/sage-manifest.persistent.json
rename to src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/sage-manifest.persistent.json
diff --git a/src/components/apps/AppsLaunchpadContextMenu.tsx b/src/components/apps/AppsLaunchpadContextMenu.tsx
index e55daf552..711a324a3 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/AppsLaunchpadContextMenu.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/AppsLaunchpadContextMenu.tsx
@@ -15,6 +15,8 @@ interface Props {
   updateCheckState: AppsLaunchpadContextMenuUpdateState;
   clearDataBusy?: boolean;
   clearDataError?: string | null;
+  clearDataEnabled?: boolean;
+  clearDataDisabledReason?: string | null;
   onClose: () => void;
   onOpen: () => void;
   onCheckForUpdate: () => void;
@@ -34,6 +36,8 @@ export function AppsLaunchpadContextMenu({
   updateCheckState,
   clearDataBusy = false,
   clearDataError = null,
+  clearDataEnabled = true,
+  clearDataDisabledReason = null,
   onClose,
   onOpen,
   onCheckForUpdate,
@@ -46,6 +50,8 @@ export function AppsLaunchpadContextMenu({
     return null;
   }
 
+  const clearDataDisabled = busy || clearDataBusy || !clearDataEnabled;
+
   return (
     <>
       <div className='absolute inset-0 z-40' onClick={onClose} />
@@ -111,7 +117,7 @@ export function AppsLaunchpadContextMenu({
         <button
           type='button'
           className='flex w-full rounded-lg px-3 py-2 text-left text-sm hover:bg-muted disabled:opacity-50'
-          disabled={busy || clearDataBusy}
+          disabled={clearDataDisabled}
           onClick={onClearData}
         >
           {clearDataBusy
@@ -127,6 +133,10 @@ export function AppsLaunchpadContextMenu({
           <div className='px-3 py-2 text-xs text-destructive break-words'>
             {clearDataError}
           </div>
+        ) : !clearDataEnabled && clearDataDisabledReason ? (
+          <div className='px-3 py-2 text-xs text-muted-foreground break-words'>
+            {clearDataDisabledReason}
+          </div>
         ) : null}
 
         <button
diff --git a/src/hooks/useApps.ts b/src/hooks/useApps.ts
index 6199630e1..1ad9d9105 100644
--- a/src/hooks/useApps.ts
+++ b/src/hooks/useApps.ts
@@ -10,9 +10,11 @@ import {
   buildInitialSandboxState,
   buildRunningSandboxState,
   evaluateAppLaunchGate,
+  setStorageClearCapabilityPassed,
   type SandboxState,
 } from '@/lib/apps/sandbox';
 import { runSandboxTests } from '@/lib/apps/sandbox-tests';
+import { runStorageClearCycle } from '@/lib/apps/storageClearCycle';
 
 type UpdateAvailabilityMap = Record<string, SageAppUrlPreview | null>;
 
@@ -54,10 +56,14 @@ export function useAppsInternal() {
 
   const rerunSandboxTests = useCallback(async () => {
     setSandboxState(buildRunningSandboxState());
+    setStorageClearCapabilityPassed(false);
 
     try {
       const next = await runSandboxTests();
       setSandboxState(next);
+      setStorageClearCapabilityPassed(
+        next.capabilities.storage_clear_cycle.status === 'passed',
+      );
     } catch (err) {
       const message =
         err instanceof Error
@@ -70,26 +76,31 @@ export function useAppsInternal() {
               }
             })();
 
-      setSandboxState(
-        buildCompletedSandboxState({
-          isolation: {
-            passed: false,
-            details: message,
-          },
-          persistenceNormal: {
-            passed: false,
-            details: 'Skipped because sandbox run failed before completion.',
-          },
-          persistenceIncognito: {
-            passed: false,
-            details: 'Skipped because sandbox run failed before completion.',
-          },
-          network: {
-            passed: false,
-            details: 'Skipped because sandbox run failed before completion.',
-          },
-        }),
-      );
+      const failed = buildCompletedSandboxState({
+        isolation: {
+          passed: false,
+          details: message,
+        },
+        persistenceNormal: {
+          passed: false,
+          details: 'Skipped because sandbox run failed before completion.',
+        },
+        persistenceIncognito: {
+          passed: false,
+          details: 'Skipped because sandbox run failed before completion.',
+        },
+        clearCycle: {
+          passed: false,
+          details: 'Skipped because sandbox run failed before completion.',
+        },
+        network: {
+          passed: false,
+          details: 'Skipped because sandbox run failed before completion.',
+        },
+      });
+
+      setSandboxState(failed);
+      setStorageClearCapabilityPassed(false);
     }
   }, []);
 
@@ -278,15 +289,25 @@ export function useAppsInternal() {
 
   const clearAppStorage = useCallback(
     async (appId: string) => {
+      const app = getApp(appId);
+      if (!app) {
+        throw new Error(`Missing app ${appId}`);
+      }
+
       try {
         setBusy(appId, true);
-        await invoke('storage_clear_all_for_app', { appId });
+        const result = await runStorageClearCycle(app);
+
+        if (!result.passed) {
+          throw new Error(result.details ?? 'Storage clear cycle failed.');
+        }
+
         await refresh();
       } finally {
         setBusy(appId, false);
       }
     },
-    [refresh, setBusy],
+    [getApp, refresh, setBusy],
   );
 
   const getAppLaunchGate = useCallback(
@@ -327,7 +348,7 @@ export function useAppsInternal() {
               }));
             })
             .catch(() => {
-              // intentionally quiet
+              //
             });
         });
       },
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/bridge/types.ts b/src/lib/apps/bridge/types.ts
index c849184ef..dd2ef0b9b 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/bridge/types.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/bridge/types.ts
@@ -1,74 +1,16 @@
-import type { Amount, InstalledSageApp } from '@/bindings';
-import type {
-  SandboxIsolationProbeResult,
-  SandboxNetworkProbeResult,
-  SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult,
-  SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult,
-} from '@/lib/apps/sandbox';
-
-export type SageBridgeVersion = 'v1';
-
-export interface SageBridgeSuccessResponse {
-  channel: 'sage-bridge';
-  bridgeVersion: SageBridgeVersion;
-  id: string;
-  ok: true;
-  result: unknown;
-}
-
-export interface SageBridgeErrorResponse {
-  channel: 'sage-bridge';
-  bridgeVersion: SageBridgeVersion;
-  id: string;
-  ok: false;
-  error: {
-    code: string;
-    message: string;
-  };
-}
-
-export type SageBridgeResponse =
-  | SageBridgeSuccessResponse
-  | SageBridgeErrorResponse;
-
-export interface SageBridgeContext {
-  app: InstalledSageApp;
-  sourceLabel: string;
-}
-
-export interface SageBridgeEventPayload {
-  sourceLabel: string;
-  request: SageBridgeRequest;
-}
-
-export interface SageWalletSendXchRequest {
-  address: string;
-  amount: Amount;
-  fee: Amount;
-  memos?: string[];
-  clawback?: number | null;
-}
-
-export interface SageBridgeSendPayload {
-  kind: 'sandbox_report';
-  report:
-    | {
-        type: 'isolation';
-        data: SandboxIsolationProbeResult;
-      }
-    | {
-        type: 'persistence_write';
-        data: SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult;
-      }
-    | {
-        type: 'persistence_read';
-        data: SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult;
-      }
-    | {
-        type: 'network';
-        data: SandboxNetworkProbeResult;
-      };
-}
+import type { InstalledSageApp } from '@/bindings';
+import {
+  SageBridgeRequest,
+  SageBridgeSendPayload,
+  SageWalletSendXchRequest,
+} from '@sage-app/sdk';
+
+export type SageBridgeMethod =
+  | 'bridge.ping'
+  | 'bridge.send'
+  | 'app.getInfo'
+  | 'sage.getPermissions'
+  | 'wallet.sendXch';
 
 export interface SageBridgeRequestParamsMap {
   'bridge.ping': undefined;
@@ -78,14 +20,12 @@ export interface SageBridgeRequestParamsMap {
   'wallet.sendXch': SageWalletSendXchRequest;
 }
 
-export type SageBridgeMethod = keyof SageBridgeRequestParamsMap;
-
-type SageBridgeRequestBase<M extends SageBridgeMethod> = {
+interface SageBridgeRequestBase<M extends SageBridgeMethod> {
   channel: 'sage-bridge';
-  bridgeVersion?: SageBridgeVersion;
   id: string;
   method: M;
-};
+  bridgeVersion: 'v1';
+}
 
 export type SageBridgeRequestForMethod<M extends SageBridgeMethod> =
   SageBridgeRequestParamsMap[M] extends undefined
@@ -94,17 +34,22 @@ export type SageBridgeRequestForMethod<M extends SageBridgeMethod> =
         params: SageBridgeRequestParamsMap[M];
       };
 
-export type SageBridgeRequest = {
+export type KnownSageBridgeRequest = {
   [M in SageBridgeMethod]: SageBridgeRequestForMethod<M>;
 }[SageBridgeMethod];
 
+export interface SageBridgeContext {
+  app: InstalledSageApp;
+  sourceLabel: string;
+}
+
 export type BridgePermissionPolicy =
   | { kind: 'none' }
   | {
       kind: 'custom';
       check: (args: {
         ctx: SageBridgeContext;
-        request: SageBridgeRequest;
+        request: KnownSageBridgeRequest;
       }) => void | Promise<void>;
     };
 
@@ -149,3 +94,21 @@ export interface BridgeMethodDefinition<M extends SageBridgeMethod> {
 export type BridgeMethodRegistry = Partial<{
   [M in SageBridgeMethod]: BridgeMethodDefinition<M>;
 }>;
+
+export function isKnownSageBridgeMethod(
+  method: string,
+): method is SageBridgeMethod {
+  return (
+    method === 'bridge.ping' ||
+    method === 'bridge.send' ||
+    method === 'app.getInfo' ||
+    method === 'sage.getPermissions' ||
+    method === 'wallet.sendXch'
+  );
+}
+
+export function isKnownSageBridgeRequest(
+  request: SageBridgeRequest,
+): request is KnownSageBridgeRequest {
+  return isKnownSageBridgeMethod(request.method);
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts b/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
index d9e6e1973..d2790fb37 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,10 @@
 import { getCurrentWebview, Webview } from '@tauri-apps/api/webview';
 import { getCurrentWindow } from '@tauri-apps/api/window';
 import { InstalledSageApp } from '@/bindings.ts';
+import { platform } from '@tauri-apps/plugin-os';
+import { removeDataStore } from '@tauri-apps/api/app';
+import { BaseDirectory, remove } from '@tauri-apps/plugin-fs';
+import { isStorageClearCapabilityPassed } from '@/lib/apps/sandbox';
 
 export type SageAppRuntimeState =
   | 'starting'
@@ -37,7 +41,7 @@ type RuntimeInternalRecord = SageAppRuntimeRecord & {
 };
 
 const runtimes = new Map<string, RuntimeInternalRecord>();
-const runtimeByAppId = new Map<string, string>();
+export const runtimeByAppId = new Map<string, string>();
 const listeners = new Set<RuntimeListener>();
 
 function isBuiltinTestApp(app: InstalledSageApp): boolean {
@@ -97,15 +101,19 @@ function stripInternal(record: RuntimeInternalRecord): SageAppRuntimeRecord {
   };
 }
 
-function runtimeIdFor(appId: string) {
+export function runtimeIdFor(appId: string) {
   return `runtime-${appId}`;
 }
 
-function inlineLabelFor(appId: string) {
+export function inlineLabelFor(appId: string) {
   return `app-inline-${appId}`;
 }
 
-function dataStoreIdFor(appId: string): number[] {
+export function dataDirectoryFor(appId: string) {
+  return `profiles/${appId}`;
+}
+
+export function dataStoreIdFor(appId: string): number[] {
   const bytes = new TextEncoder().encode(appId);
   const out = new Uint8Array(16);
 
@@ -116,11 +124,59 @@ function dataStoreIdFor(appId: string): number[] {
   return Array.from(out);
 }
 
-function shouldUseIncognito(app: InstalledSageApp): boolean {
+export function shouldUseIncognito(app: InstalledSageApp): boolean {
+  if (app.permissionFlags.storageMayContainSecrets) {
+    if (!app.grantedPermissions.includes('persistent_storage')) {
+      return true;
+    }
+
+    return !isStorageClearCapabilityPassed();
+  }
+
   return !app.grantedPermissions.includes('persistent_storage');
 }
 
-async function waitForWebviewCreated(webview: Webview): Promise<void> {
+async function supportsDataDirectory(): Promise<boolean> {
+  return (await platform()) === 'windows';
+}
+
+async function supportsDataStoreIdentifier(): Promise<boolean> {
+  const os = await platform();
+  return os === 'macos' || os === 'ios';
+}
+
+async function buildWebviewOptions(
+  app: InstalledSageApp,
+  entrySrc: string,
+  options?: {
+    visible?: boolean;
+  },
+) {
+  const isIncognito = shouldUseIncognito(app);
+  const debug = shouldDebugTestAppWindows(app);
+
+  const webviewOptions: ConstructorParameters<typeof Webview>[2] = {
+    url: entrySrc,
+    x: debug ? 80 : 0,
+    y: debug ? 80 : 0,
+    width: debug ? 200 : 1,
+    height: debug ? 200 : 1,
+    focus: debug || !!options?.visible,
+    incognito: isIncognito,
+  };
+
+  if (!isIncognito && (await supportsDataStoreIdentifier())) {
+    webviewOptions.dataStoreIdentifier = dataStoreIdFor(app.id);
+  }
+
+  if (!isIncognito && (await supportsDataDirectory())) {
+    webviewOptions.dataDirectory = dataDirectoryFor(app.id);
+  }
+
+  return webviewOptions;
+}
+
+export async function waitForWebviewCreated(webview: Webview): Promise<void> {
   await new Promise<void>((resolve, reject) => {
     let unlistenCreated: (() => void) | null = null;
     let unlistenError: (() => void) | null = null;
@@ -163,7 +219,7 @@ async function waitForWebviewCreated(webview: Webview): Promise<void> {
   });
 }
 
-async function waitForWebviewClosed(
+export async function waitForWebviewClosed(
   label: string,
   timeoutMs = 8000,
 ): Promise<void> {
@@ -189,14 +245,16 @@ async function createInlineRuntime(
     visible?: boolean;
     internal?: boolean;
     query?: Record<string, string>;
+    path?: string;
   },
 ): Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecord> {
   const hostWindow = getCurrentWindow();
   const hostWebview = getCurrentWebview();
 
   const webviewLabel = inlineLabelFor(app.id);
+  const requestPath = options?.path ?? '/index.html';
 
-  const url = new URL(`sage-app://${app.id}/index.html`);
+  const url = new URL(`sage-app://${app.id}${requestPath}`);
   for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(options?.query ?? {})) {
     url.searchParams.set(key, value);
   }
@@ -212,23 +270,15 @@ async function createInlineRuntime(
     await waitForWebviewClosed(webviewLabel, 8000);
   }
 
-  const isIncognito = shouldUseIncognito(app);
   const debug = shouldDebugTestAppWindows(app);
-
-  const webview = new Webview(hostWindow, webviewLabel, {
-    url: entrySrc,
-    x: debug ? 80 : 0,
-    y: debug ? 80 : 0,
-    width: debug ? 200 : 1,
-    height: debug ? 200 : 1,
-    focus: debug || !!options?.visible,
-    incognito: isIncognito,
-    dataStoreIdentifier: dataStoreIdFor(app.id),
+  const webviewOptions = await buildWebviewOptions(app, entrySrc, {
+    visible: options?.visible,
   });
 
+  const webview = new Webview(hostWindow, webviewLabel, webviewOptions);
+
   await waitForWebviewCreated(webview);
 
-  // Only hide if NOT debugging
   if (!options?.visible && !debug) {
     await webview.hide();
   }
@@ -346,7 +396,7 @@ export async function ensureInlineRuntime(
 
 export async function startInternalInlineRuntime(
   app: InstalledSageApp,
-  options?: { query?: Record<string, string> },
+  options?: { query?: Record<string, string>; path?: string },
 ): Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecord> {
   const existingRuntimeId = runtimeByAppId.get(app.id);
   if (existingRuntimeId) {
@@ -357,14 +407,62 @@ export async function startInternalInlineRuntime(
     visible: false,
     internal: true,
     query: options?.query,
+    path: options?.path,
   });
 }
 
+async function removeAppDataStore(app: InstalledSageApp): Promise<void> {
+  if (await supportsDataStoreIdentifier()) {
+    try {
+      await removeDataStore(
+        dataStoreIdFor(app.id) as [
+          number,
+          number,
+          number,
+          number,
+          number,
+          number,
+          number,
+          number,
+          number,
+          number,
+          number,
+          number,
+          number,
+          number,
+          number,
+          number,
+        ],
+      );
+    } catch (err) {
+      console.warn(
+        `removeDataStore failed for ${app.id}:`,
+        err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
+      );
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+async function removeAppDataDirectory(app: InstalledSageApp): Promise<void> {
+  if (await supportsDataDirectory()) {
+    try {
+      await remove(dataDirectoryFor(app.id), {
+        baseDir: BaseDirectory.AppData,
+        recursive: true,
+      });
+    } catch (err) {
+      console.warn(
+        `remove data directory failed for ${app.id}:`,
+        err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
+      );
+    }
+  }
+}
+
 export async function clearAppRuntimeBrowsingData(
   app: InstalledSageApp,
 ): Promise<void> {
   const webviewLabel = inlineLabelFor(app.id);
-  const hostWindow = getCurrentWindow();
 
   const existingRuntimeId = runtimeByAppId.get(app.id);
   if (existingRuntimeId) {
@@ -384,58 +482,10 @@ export async function clearAppRuntimeBrowsingData(
     }
   }
 
-  const clearingWebview = new Webview(hostWindow, webviewLabel, {
-    url: `sage-app://${app.id}/__sage/clear`,
-    x: 0,
-    y: 0,
-    width: 1,
-    height: 1,
-    focus: false,
-    incognito: false,
-    dataStoreIdentifier: dataStoreIdFor(app.id),
-  });
-
-  let created = false;
-  let cleared = false;
-  let closed = false;
-
-  try {
-    await waitForWebviewCreated(clearingWebview);
-    created = true;
-
-    await new Promise((resolve) => window.setTimeout(resolve, 150));
-
-    await clearingWebview.clearAllBrowsingData();
-    cleared = true;
-
-    await clearingWebview.close();
-    await waitForWebviewClosed(webviewLabel, 8000);
-    closed = true;
-  } catch (err) {
-    const parts = [
-      `Failed to clear browsing data for app ${app.id}.`,
-      `created=${created}`,
-      `cleared=${cleared}`,
-      `closed=${closed}`,
-      `error=${err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err)}`,
-    ];
-
-    try {
-      const live = await Webview.getByLabel(webviewLabel);
-      if (live) {
-        await live.close();
-        await waitForWebviewClosed(webviewLabel, 8000);
-      }
-    } catch (closeErr) {
-      parts.push(
-        `cleanup_error=${
-          closeErr instanceof Error ? closeErr.message : String(closeErr)
-        }`,
-      );
-    }
-
-    throw new Error(parts.join(' '));
-  }
+  await Promise.allSettled([
+    removeAppDataStore(app),
+    removeAppDataDirectory(app),
+  ]);
 }
 
 export async function getRuntimeWebview(
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/clear-cycle.ts b/src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/clear-cycle.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8e16c8075
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/clear-cycle.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+import { TEST_APP_IDS } from '@/lib/apps/testApps';
+import { getBuiltinApp } from '@/lib/apps/registry';
+import { runStorageClearCycle } from '@/lib/apps/storageClearCycle';
+
+export async function runStorageClearCycleCapabilityTest(): Promise<{
+  passed: boolean;
+  details: string | null;
+}> {
+  const app = await getBuiltinApp(TEST_APP_IDS.persistencePersistent);
+
+  if (!app) {
+    return {
+      passed: false,
+      details:
+        'Missing builtin persistent storage test app for clear-cycle capability test.',
+    };
+  }
+
+  return runStorageClearCycle(app);
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/index.ts b/src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/index.ts
index c11078717..1f0117654 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/index.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/index.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import type { SandboxState } from '@/lib/apps/sandbox';
 import { buildCompletedSandboxState } from '@/lib/apps/sandbox';
+import { runStorageClearCycleCapabilityTest } from './clear-cycle';
 import { runIsolationTest } from './isolation';
 import { runNetworkTest } from './network';
 import { runPersistenceTest } from './persistence';
@@ -18,6 +19,10 @@ export async function runSandboxTests(): Promise<SandboxState> {
         passed: false,
         details: 'Skipped because critical storage isolation baseline failed.',
       },
+      clearCycle: {
+        passed: false,
+        details: 'Skipped because critical storage isolation baseline failed.',
+      },
       network: {
         passed: false,
         details: 'Skipped because critical storage isolation baseline failed.',
@@ -26,12 +31,14 @@ export async function runSandboxTests(): Promise<SandboxState> {
   }
 
   const persistence = await runPersistenceTest();
+  const clearCycle = await runStorageClearCycleCapabilityTest();
   const network = await runNetworkTest();
 
   return buildCompletedSandboxState({
     isolation,
     persistenceNormal: persistence.persistentNormal,
     persistenceIncognito: persistence.persistenceIncognito,
+    clearCycle,
     network,
   });
 }
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/sandbox.ts b/src/lib/apps/sandbox.ts
index fcf82bb3d..c39409ec9 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/sandbox.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/sandbox.ts
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ export type SandboxCapability =
   | 'storage_isolation_from_sage'
   | 'storage_persistence_normal'
   | 'storage_non_persistence_incognito'
+  | 'storage_clear_cycle'
   | 'network_allowlist_enforced';
 
 export type SandboxCapabilityStatus =
@@ -34,37 +35,27 @@ export interface AppLaunchGateResult {
 
 export interface SandboxIsolationProbeResult {
   runId: string;
-  mode: string;
-  persistentStorage: boolean;
   localStorageVisible: boolean;
-  cookieVisible: boolean;
   indexedDbVisible: boolean;
   error: string | null;
 }
 
 export interface SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult {
   runId: string;
-  mode: string;
-  persistentStorage: boolean;
   localStorageWrote: boolean;
-  cookieWrote: boolean;
   indexedDbWrote: boolean;
   error: string | null;
 }
 
 export interface SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult {
   runId: string;
-  mode: string;
-  persistentStorage: boolean;
   localStoragePresent: boolean;
-  cookiePresent: boolean;
   indexedDbPresent: boolean;
   error: string | null;
 }
 
 export interface SandboxNetworkProbeResult {
   runId: string;
-  mode: string;
   allowedUrl: string;
   blockedUrl: string;
   allowedOk: boolean;
@@ -72,6 +63,29 @@ export interface SandboxNetworkProbeResult {
   error: string | null;
 }
 
+export type SandboxStorageClearProbePhase =
+  | 'write'
+  | 'check_present'
+  | 'check_absent';
+
+export interface SandboxStorageClearProbeResult {
+  runId: string;
+  phase: SandboxStorageClearProbePhase;
+  localStoragePresent: boolean;
+  indexedDbPresent: boolean;
+  error: string | null;
+}
+
+let storageClearCapabilityPassed = false;
+
+export function setStorageClearCapabilityPassed(value: boolean) {
+  storageClearCapabilityPassed = value;
+}
+
+export function isStorageClearCapabilityPassed() {
+  return storageClearCapabilityPassed;
+}
+
 function makeCapabilityResult(
   status: SandboxCapabilityStatus,
   details: string | null = null,
@@ -92,6 +106,7 @@ export function buildInitialSandboxState(): SandboxState {
       storage_isolation_from_sage: makeCapabilityResult('pending'),
       storage_persistence_normal: makeCapabilityResult('pending'),
       storage_non_persistence_incognito: makeCapabilityResult('pending'),
+      storage_clear_cycle: makeCapabilityResult('pending'),
       network_allowlist_enforced: makeCapabilityResult('pending'),
     },
   };
@@ -106,6 +121,7 @@ export function buildRunningSandboxState(): SandboxState {
       storage_isolation_from_sage: makeCapabilityResult('running'),
       storage_persistence_normal: makeCapabilityResult('running'),
       storage_non_persistence_incognito: makeCapabilityResult('running'),
+      storage_clear_cycle: makeCapabilityResult('running'),
       network_allowlist_enforced: makeCapabilityResult('running'),
     },
   };
@@ -115,6 +131,7 @@ export function buildCompletedSandboxState(args: {
   isolation: { passed: boolean; details: string | null };
   persistenceNormal: { passed: boolean; details: string | null };
   persistenceIncognito: { passed: boolean; details: string | null };
+  clearCycle: { passed: boolean; details: string | null };
   network: { passed: boolean; details: string | null };
 }): SandboxState {
   const checkedAt = Date.now();
@@ -139,6 +156,11 @@ export function buildCompletedSandboxState(args: {
         checkedAt,
         details: args.persistenceIncognito.details,
       },
+      storage_clear_cycle: {
+        status: args.clearCycle.passed ? 'passed' : 'failed',
+        checkedAt,
+        details: args.clearCycle.details,
+      },
       network_allowlist_enforced: {
         status: args.network.passed ? 'passed' : 'failed',
         checkedAt,
@@ -224,8 +246,9 @@ export function formatCapabilityLabel(capability: SandboxCapability): string {
       return 'persistent storage behavior';
     case 'storage_non_persistence_incognito':
       return 'incognito storage behavior';
+    case 'storage_clear_cycle':
+      return 'storage clear cycle behavior';
     case 'network_allowlist_enforced':
       return 'network allowlist enforcement';
   }
 }
-
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/sandboxRuntimeStore.ts b/src/lib/apps/sandboxRuntimeStore.ts
index 93b43a53d..de597f630 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/sandboxRuntimeStore.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/sandboxRuntimeStore.ts
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import type {
   SandboxNetworkProbeResult,
   SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult,
   SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult,
+  SandboxStorageClearProbeResult,
 } from '@/lib/apps/sandbox';
 
 export interface SandboxAppResult<T> {
@@ -15,6 +16,7 @@ export interface SandboxRunResults {
   isolation: SandboxAppResult<SandboxIsolationProbeResult>[];
   persistenceWrite: SandboxAppResult<SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult>[];
   persistenceRead: SandboxAppResult<SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult>[];
+  clearCycle: SandboxAppResult<SandboxStorageClearProbeResult>[];
   network: SandboxAppResult<SandboxNetworkProbeResult>[];
 }
 
@@ -25,6 +27,7 @@ function createEmptyRunResults(): SandboxRunResults {
     isolation: [],
     persistenceWrite: [],
     persistenceRead: [],
+    clearCycle: [],
     network: [],
   };
 }
@@ -68,12 +71,21 @@ export function acceptSandboxBridgeSend(args: {
     return false;
   }
 
+  const report = payload.report;
+
+  if (report.type === 'clear_cycle') {
+    const run = getOrCreateRun(report.data.runId);
+    run.clearCycle = replaceByAppId(run.clearCycle, {
+      appId,
+      data: report.data,
+    });
+    return true;
+  }
+
   if (!appId.startsWith('__sage_test_')) {
     return false;
   }
 
-  const report = payload.report;
-
   switch (report.type) {
     case 'isolation': {
       const run = getOrCreateRun(report.data.runId);
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/storageClearCycle.ts b/src/lib/apps/storageClearCycle.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..272b7f844
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/apps/storageClearCycle.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+import type { InstalledSageApp } from '@/bindings';
+import type { SandboxStorageClearProbePhase } from '@/lib/apps/sandbox';
+import {
+  clearAppRuntimeBrowsingData,
+  closeAppRuntime,
+  startInternalInlineRuntime,
+} from '@/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry';
+import {
+  getSandboxRunResults,
+  resetSandboxRun,
+} from '@/lib/apps/sandboxRuntimeStore';
+
+const STORAGE_CLEAR_PROBE_PATH =
+  '/__sage/runtime-apps/storage-clear-probe/index.html';
+
+function uniqueRunId(prefix: string): string {
+  return `${prefix}-${Date.now()}-${Math.random().toString(36).slice(2)}`;
+}
+
+async function pollPhase(
+  appId: string,
+  runId: string,
+  phase: SandboxStorageClearProbePhase,
+  timeoutMs = 10000,
+) {
+  const startedAt = Date.now();
+
+  for (;;) {
+    const results = getSandboxRunResults(runId).clearCycle;
+    const match = results.find(
+      (item) => item.appId === appId && item.data.phase === phase,
+    );
+
+    if (match) {
+      return match.data;
+    }
+
+    if (Date.now() - startedAt >= timeoutMs) {
+      throw new Error(`Timed out waiting for storage clear phase ${phase}.`);
+    }
+
+    await new Promise((resolve) => window.setTimeout(resolve, 100));
+  }
+}
+
+async function runProbePhase(
+  app: InstalledSageApp,
+  runId: string,
+  phase: SandboxStorageClearProbePhase,
+) {
+  await startInternalInlineRuntime(app, {
+    path: STORAGE_CLEAR_PROBE_PATH,
+    query: {
+      runId,
+      phase,
+    },
+  });
+
+  const result = await pollPhase(app.id, runId, phase);
+  await closeAppRuntime(app.id, { timeoutMs: 8000 });
+  return result;
+}
+
+export async function runStorageClearCycle(app: InstalledSageApp): Promise<{
+  passed: boolean;
+  details: string | null;
+}> {
+  const runId = uniqueRunId('storage-clear-cycle');
+  resetSandboxRun(runId);
+
+  await closeAppRuntime(app.id, { timeoutMs: 8000 }).catch(() => {
+    //
+  });
+
+  try {
+    const writeResult = await runProbePhase(app, runId, 'write');
+    if (writeResult.error) {
+      return {
+        passed: false,
+        details: `Storage clear write probe failed: ${writeResult.error}`,
+      };
+    }
+
+    const presentResult = await runProbePhase(app, runId, 'check_present');
+    if (presentResult.error) {
+      return {
+        passed: false,
+        details: `Storage clear presence probe failed: ${presentResult.error}`,
+      };
+    }
+
+    if (!presentResult.localStoragePresent || !presentResult.indexedDbPresent) {
+      return {
+        passed: false,
+        details:
+          'Storage clear presence probe could not observe both localStorage and IndexedDB before clearing.',
+      };
+    }
+
+    await clearAppRuntimeBrowsingData(app);
+
+    const absentResult = await runProbePhase(app, runId, 'check_absent');
+    if (absentResult.error) {
+      return {
+        passed: false,
+        details: `Storage clear absence probe failed: ${absentResult.error}`,
+      };
+    }
+
+    const passed =
+      !absentResult.localStoragePresent && !absentResult.indexedDbPresent;
+
+    return {
+      passed,
+      details: passed
+        ? 'Storage clear cycle removed localStorage and IndexedDB for the target app origin.'
+        : 'Storage clear cycle failed because data was still visible after host-side clearing.',
+    };
+  } catch (err) {
+    return {
+      passed: false,
+      details: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
+    };
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/pages/Apps.tsx b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
index 5adced968..7cc308faf 100644
--- a/src/pages/Apps.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ import { SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppUrlPreview } from '@/bindings.ts';
 import { invoke } from '@tauri-apps/api/core';
 import { useApps } from '@/contexts/AppsContext.tsx';
 import { useAppRuntimes } from '@/hooks/useAppRuntimes.ts';
-import { clearAppRuntimeBrowsingData } from '@/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry';
 import { formatCapabilityLabel } from '@/lib/apps/sandbox';
 import { LayoutGrid, Plus } from 'lucide-react';
 import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react';
@@ -81,6 +80,7 @@ export function Apps() {
     uninstallApp,
     checkForUpdate,
     performAppUpdate,
+    clearAppStorage,
     updateAvailability,
     busyAppIds,
     sandboxState,
@@ -104,6 +104,18 @@ export function Apps() {
     [apps],
   );
 
+  const clearCapability = sandboxState.capabilities.storage_clear_cycle;
+  const clearDataEnabled = clearCapability.status === 'passed';
+  const clearDataDisabledReason =
+    clearCapability.status === 'failed'
+      ? (clearCapability.details ??
+        'Clear data is disabled because the storage clear capability failed.')
+      : clearCapability.status === 'running'
+        ? 'Clear data is disabled while sandbox tests are running.'
+        : clearCapability.status === 'pending'
+          ? 'Clear data is disabled until sandbox tests complete.'
+          : null;
+
   const contextMenuPreview = contextMenu
     ? updateAvailability[contextMenu.app.id]
     : null;
@@ -178,7 +190,7 @@ export function Apps() {
       }));
 
       try {
-        await clearAppRuntimeBrowsingData(app);
+        await clearAppStorage(app.id);
 
         if (reopen) {
           closeContextMenu();
@@ -209,7 +221,7 @@ export function Apps() {
         );
       }
     },
-    [navigate, refresh, closeContextMenu],
+    [clearAppStorage, navigate, refresh, closeContextMenu],
   );
 
   const handleApplyPermissions = useCallback(
@@ -226,7 +238,7 @@ export function Apps() {
       });
 
       if (storageChanged) {
-        await clearAppRuntimeBrowsingData(app);
+        await clearAppStorage(app.id);
       }
 
       const isRunning = runningAppIds.has(app.id);
@@ -241,7 +253,7 @@ export function Apps() {
       await refresh();
       closePermissionsDialog();
     },
-    [runningAppIds, navigate, refresh],
+    [runningAppIds, navigate, refresh, closePermissionsDialog, clearAppStorage],
   );
 
   useEffect(() => {
@@ -542,6 +554,8 @@ export function Apps() {
           updateCheckState={contextMenuCheckState}
           clearDataBusy={contextMenuClearDataBusy}
           clearDataError={contextMenuClearDataError}
+          clearDataEnabled={clearDataEnabled}
+          clearDataDisabledReason={clearDataDisabledReason}
           onClose={closeContextMenu}
           onOpen={() => {
             if (!contextMenu) {
@@ -584,7 +598,7 @@ export function Apps() {
             openPermissionsDialog(contextMenu.app);
           }}
           onClearData={() => {
-            if (!contextMenu) {
+            if (!contextMenu || !clearDataEnabled) {
               return;
             }
 

From 9e6d6ff05e321008e329a4fa54db36ef7a7340c4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 18 Apr 2026 17:07:01 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 078/471] Refactor storage clearing logic:

- Rename `runStorageClearCycle` to `clearAppDataStore` for clarity.
- Refactor storage probe functions to improve error handling and ensure runtime closure.
- Update references across hooks, tests, and storage modules to use the new function.
- Add validation to enforce localStorage and IndexedDB presence during write probes.
- Adjust Tauri app protocol to ensure CSP is set earlier when serving runtime app assets.
---
 src-tauri/src/apps/protocol.rs            |  7 ++++-
 src/hooks/useApps.ts                      |  4 +--
 src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/clear-cycle.ts |  4 +--
 src/lib/apps/storageClearCycle.ts         | 33 ++++++++++++++++++-----
 4 files changed, 36 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/protocol.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/protocol.rs
index cb725f6df..2e109086a 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/protocol.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/protocol.rs
@@ -61,11 +61,16 @@ fn handle_builtin_test_app_request(
         .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("unknown builtin test app {}", app_id))?;
 
     let request_path = request.uri().path();
+    let csp = build_app_csp(&app);
+
+    if request_path.starts_with("/__sage/runtime-apps/") {
+        return serve_runtime_app_asset(request_path, &csp);
+    }
+
     let app_dir = builtin_test_app_dir(app_id)?
         .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("missing builtin test app dir for {}", app_id))?;
 
     let file_path = read_snapshot_file(&app_dir, request_path)?;
-    let csp = build_app_csp(&app);
 
     if request_path.is_empty() || request_path == "/" || request_path == "/index.html" {
         let html = fs::read_to_string(&file_path)?;
diff --git a/src/hooks/useApps.ts b/src/hooks/useApps.ts
index 1ad9d9105..1061e514e 100644
--- a/src/hooks/useApps.ts
+++ b/src/hooks/useApps.ts
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ import {
   type SandboxState,
 } from '@/lib/apps/sandbox';
 import { runSandboxTests } from '@/lib/apps/sandbox-tests';
-import { runStorageClearCycle } from '@/lib/apps/storageClearCycle';
+import { clearAppDataStore } from '@/lib/apps/storageClearCycle';
 
 type UpdateAvailabilityMap = Record<string, SageAppUrlPreview | null>;
 
@@ -296,7 +296,7 @@ export function useAppsInternal() {
 
       try {
         setBusy(appId, true);
-        const result = await runStorageClearCycle(app);
+        const result = await clearAppDataStore(app);
 
         if (!result.passed) {
           throw new Error(result.details ?? 'Storage clear cycle failed.');
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/clear-cycle.ts b/src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/clear-cycle.ts
index 8e16c8075..f21b07106 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/clear-cycle.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/clear-cycle.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { TEST_APP_IDS } from '@/lib/apps/testApps';
 import { getBuiltinApp } from '@/lib/apps/registry';
-import { runStorageClearCycle } from '@/lib/apps/storageClearCycle';
+import { clearAppDataStore } from '@/lib/apps/storageClearCycle';
 
 export async function runStorageClearCycleCapabilityTest(): Promise<{
   passed: boolean;
@@ -16,5 +16,5 @@ export async function runStorageClearCycleCapabilityTest(): Promise<{
     };
   }
 
-  return runStorageClearCycle(app);
+  return clearAppDataStore(app);
 }
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/storageClearCycle.ts b/src/lib/apps/storageClearCycle.ts
index 272b7f844..3020e14f5 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/storageClearCycle.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/storageClearCycle.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 import type { InstalledSageApp } from '@/bindings';
-import type { SandboxStorageClearProbePhase } from '@/lib/apps/sandbox';
+import type {
+  SandboxStorageClearProbePhase,
+  SandboxStorageClearProbeResult,
+} from '@/lib/apps/sandbox';
 import {
   clearAppRuntimeBrowsingData,
   closeAppRuntime,
@@ -22,7 +25,7 @@ async function pollPhase(
   runId: string,
   phase: SandboxStorageClearProbePhase,
   timeoutMs = 10000,
-) {
+): Promise<SandboxStorageClearProbeResult> {
   const startedAt = Date.now();
 
   for (;;) {
@@ -47,7 +50,11 @@ async function runProbePhase(
   app: InstalledSageApp,
   runId: string,
   phase: SandboxStorageClearProbePhase,
-) {
+): Promise<SandboxStorageClearProbeResult> {
+  await closeAppRuntime(app.id, { timeoutMs: 8000 }).catch(() => {
+    //
+  });
+
   await startInternalInlineRuntime(app, {
     path: STORAGE_CLEAR_PROBE_PATH,
     query: {
@@ -56,12 +63,16 @@ async function runProbePhase(
     },
   });
 
-  const result = await pollPhase(app.id, runId, phase);
-  await closeAppRuntime(app.id, { timeoutMs: 8000 });
-  return result;
+  try {
+    return await pollPhase(app.id, runId, phase);
+  } finally {
+    await closeAppRuntime(app.id, { timeoutMs: 8000 }).catch(() => {
+      //
+    });
+  }
 }
 
-export async function runStorageClearCycle(app: InstalledSageApp): Promise<{
+export async function clearAppDataStore(app: InstalledSageApp): Promise<{
   passed: boolean;
   details: string | null;
 }> {
@@ -81,6 +92,14 @@ export async function runStorageClearCycle(app: InstalledSageApp): Promise<{
       };
     }
 
+    if (!writeResult.localStoragePresent || !writeResult.indexedDbPresent) {
+      return {
+        passed: false,
+        details:
+          'Storage clear write probe did not observe both localStorage and IndexedDB immediately after writing.',
+      };
+    }
+
     const presentResult = await runProbePhase(app, runId, 'check_present');
     if (presentResult.error) {
       return {

From 31b35a0df3401e821133d684fd1536ddf6e86371 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 18 Apr 2026 17:35:58 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 079/471] Add storage taint clearing and marking support:

- Introduced `mark_storage_may_contain_secrets` and `clear_storage_may_contain_secrets` functions for enhanced permission flag handling.
- Updated backend logic to handle storage taint scenarios during app updates.
- Extended `apps_update_permissions` to include `clearStorageTaint` flag.
- Added frontend runtime logic to invoke new taint-related actions when storage contains secrets.
- Updated `runtimeRegistry` to ensure storage taint is marked appropriately based on app state.
---
 src-tauri/src/apps/permissions.rs |  39 +++++++---
 src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs      | 114 ++++++++++++++++++++++--------
 src/bindings.ts                   |   4 +-
 src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts   |   4 ++
 src/pages/Apps.tsx                |  12 +---
 5 files changed, 118 insertions(+), 55 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/permissions.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/permissions.rs
index 8fc71e85c..7a46980ed 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/permissions.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/permissions.rs
@@ -111,23 +111,18 @@ pub fn resolve_granted_permission_flags(
         .map(|flags| flags.storage_may_contain_secrets)
         .unwrap_or(false);
 
-    let storage_may_contain_secrets = if summary.persistent_storage {
-        previous_storage_may_contain_secrets || summary.accesses_sensitive_secret
-    } else {
-        false
-    };
-
-    let has_secret_access =
-        summary.accesses_sensitive_secret || storage_may_contain_secrets;
+    let has_secret_access = summary.accesses_sensitive_secret;
     let has_external_access = summary.externally_observable;
 
-    if has_external_access && summary.accesses_sensitive_secret {
+    let storage_may_contain_secrets = previous_storage_may_contain_secrets;
+
+    if has_external_access && has_secret_access {
         return Err(anyhow!(
             "cannot grant externally observable permissions together with sensitive secret access permissions"
         ));
     }
 
-    if has_external_access && !summary.accesses_sensitive_secret && storage_may_contain_secrets {
+    if has_external_access && storage_may_contain_secrets {
         return Err(anyhow!(
             "before you can grant externally observable permissions, you need to clear storage that may contain cached secrets"
         ));
@@ -137,6 +132,28 @@ pub fn resolve_granted_permission_flags(
         has_secret_access,
         has_external_access,
         storage_may_contain_secrets,
-        isolated: has_secret_access,
+        isolated: has_secret_access || storage_may_contain_secrets,
     })
 }
+
+pub fn mark_storage_may_contain_secrets(
+    flags: &InstalledSageAppPermissionFlags,
+) -> InstalledSageAppPermissionFlags {
+    InstalledSageAppPermissionFlags {
+        has_secret_access: flags.has_secret_access,
+        has_external_access: flags.has_external_access,
+        storage_may_contain_secrets: true,
+        isolated: true,
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn clear_storage_may_contain_secrets(
+    flags: &InstalledSageAppPermissionFlags,
+) -> InstalledSageAppPermissionFlags {
+    InstalledSageAppPermissionFlags {
+        has_secret_access: flags.has_secret_access,
+        has_external_access: flags.has_external_access,
+        storage_may_contain_secrets: false,
+        isolated: flags.has_secret_access,
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs
index 16d6b18b7..b235ecc54 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ use crate::{
     app_state::AppState,
     apps::{
         permissions::{
+            clear_storage_may_contain_secrets, mark_storage_may_contain_secrets,
             resolve_granted_permission_flags, validate_granted_permissions,
         },
         registry::{read_installed_app_by_id, write_installed_app_metadata},
@@ -51,9 +52,7 @@ pub async fn check_app_update(
 
     let preview = preview_app_url_internal(app_url)
         .await
-        .map_err(|err| {
-            io::Error::other(format!("failed to preview app URL: {err}"))
-        })?;
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to preview app URL: {err}")))?;
 
     if preview.manifest_hash == app.active_snapshot.manifest_hash {
         return Ok(None);
@@ -113,11 +112,7 @@ pub async fn download_app_update(
 
     let install_dir = PathBuf::from(&app.install_dir);
     write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &install_dir)
-        .map_err(|err| {
-            io::Error::other(format!(
-                "failed to write app metadata: {err}"
-            ))
-        })?;
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to write app metadata: {err}")))?;
 
     Ok(app)
 }
@@ -155,15 +150,13 @@ pub async fn apply_app_update(
             ))
         })?;
 
-    let permission_flags = resolve_granted_permission_flags(
-        &granted_permissions,
-        Some(&app.permission_flags),
-    )
-        .map_err(|err| {
-            io::Error::other(format!(
-                "invalid granted permission policy for update: {err}"
-            ))
-        })?;
+    let permission_flags =
+        resolve_granted_permission_flags(&granted_permissions, Some(&app.permission_flags))
+            .map_err(|err| {
+                io::Error::other(format!(
+                    "invalid granted permission policy for update: {err}"
+                ))
+            })?;
 
     let install_dir = PathBuf::from(&app.install_dir);
 
@@ -197,11 +190,7 @@ pub async fn apply_app_update(
     app.pending_update = None;
 
     write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &install_dir)
-        .map_err(|err| {
-            io::Error::other(format!(
-                "failed to write app metadata: {err}"
-            ))
-        })?;
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to write app metadata: {err}")))?;
 
     Ok(app)
 }
@@ -212,8 +201,8 @@ pub async fn apps_update_permissions(
     state: State<'_, AppState>,
     app_id: String,
     granted_permissions: Vec<String>,
+    clear_storage_taint: bool,
 ) -> Result<()> {
-
     let base_path = {
         let state = state.lock().await;
         state.path.clone()
@@ -222,18 +211,81 @@ pub async fn apps_update_permissions(
     let mut app = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id)
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to read app {app_id}: {err}")))?;
 
-    // overwrite granted permissions
+    validate_granted_permissions(&app.requested_permissions, &granted_permissions)
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("invalid granted permissions: {err}")))?;
+
+    let mut permission_flags =
+        resolve_granted_permission_flags(&granted_permissions, Some(&app.permission_flags))
+            .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
+
+    if clear_storage_taint {
+        permission_flags = clear_storage_may_contain_secrets(&permission_flags);
+
+        permission_flags =
+            resolve_granted_permission_flags(&granted_permissions, Some(&permission_flags))
+                .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
+    }
+
     app.granted_permissions = granted_permissions;
-    // recompute derived flags
-    app.permission_flags = resolve_granted_permission_flags(
-        &app.granted_permissions,
-        Some(&app.permission_flags),
-    )
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
+    app.permission_flags = permission_flags;
 
     let install_dir = PathBuf::from(&app.install_dir);
     write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &install_dir)
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to write metadata: {err}")))?;
 
     Ok(())
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
+
+#[command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn apps_mark_storage_may_contain_secrets(
+    state: State<'_, AppState>,
+    app_id: String,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    let base_path = {
+        let state = state.lock().await;
+        state.path.clone()
+    };
+
+    let mut app = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id)
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to read app {app_id}: {err}")))?;
+
+    if !app.permission_flags.has_secret_access {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+
+    if app.permission_flags.storage_may_contain_secrets {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+
+    app.permission_flags = mark_storage_may_contain_secrets(&app.permission_flags);
+
+    let install_dir = PathBuf::from(&app.install_dir);
+    write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &install_dir)
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to write metadata: {err}")))?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn apps_clear_storage_may_contain_secrets(
+    state: State<'_, AppState>,
+    app_id: String,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    let base_path = {
+        let state = state.lock().await;
+        state.path.clone()
+    };
+
+    let mut app = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id)
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to read app {app_id}: {err}")))?;
+
+    app.permission_flags = clear_storage_may_contain_secrets(&app.permission_flags);
+
+    let install_dir = PathBuf::from(&app.install_dir);
+    write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &install_dir)
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to write metadata: {err}")))?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index f47ad8e8d..f37e8b29b 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -389,8 +389,8 @@ async downloadAppUpdate(appId: string) : Promise<InstalledSageApp> {
 async applyAppUpdate(appId: string, grantedPermissions: string[]) : Promise<InstalledSageApp> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("apply_app_update", { appId, grantedPermissions });
 },
-async appsUpdatePermissions(appId: string, grantedPermissions: string[]) : Promise<null> {
-    return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_update_permissions", { appId, grantedPermissions });
+async appsUpdatePermissions(appId: string, grantedPermissions: string[], clearStorageTaint: boolean) : Promise<null> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_update_permissions", { appId, grantedPermissions, clearStorageTaint });
 }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts b/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
index d2790fb37..1e068a0a6 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import { platform } from '@tauri-apps/plugin-os';
 import { removeDataStore } from '@tauri-apps/api/app';
 import { BaseDirectory, remove } from '@tauri-apps/plugin-fs';
 import { isStorageClearCapabilityPassed } from '@/lib/apps/sandbox';
+import { invoke } from '@tauri-apps/api/core';
 
 export type SageAppRuntimeState =
   | 'starting'
@@ -274,6 +275,9 @@ async function createInlineRuntime(
   const webviewOptions = await buildWebviewOptions(app, entrySrc, {
     visible: options?.visible,
   });
+  if (!shouldUseIncognito(app) && app.permissionFlags.hasSecretAccess) {
+    await invoke('apps_mark_storage_may_contain_secrets', { appId: app.id });
+  }
 
   const webview = new Webview(hostWindow, webviewLabel, webviewOptions);
 
diff --git a/src/pages/Apps.tsx b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
index 7cc308faf..f32c8d10d 100644
--- a/src/pages/Apps.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
@@ -226,21 +226,11 @@ export function Apps() {
 
   const handleApplyPermissions = useCallback(
     async (app: InstalledEntry, nextPermissions: string[]) => {
-      const prev = new Set(app.grantedPermissions);
-      const next = new Set(nextPermissions);
-
-      const storageChanged =
-        prev.has('persistent_storage') !== next.has('persistent_storage');
-
       await invoke('apps_update_permissions', {
         appId: app.id,
         grantedPermissions: nextPermissions,
       });
 
-      if (storageChanged) {
-        await clearAppStorage(app.id);
-      }
-
       const isRunning = runningAppIds.has(app.id);
       if (isRunning) {
         const { restartAppRuntime } =
@@ -253,7 +243,7 @@ export function Apps() {
       await refresh();
       closePermissionsDialog();
     },
-    [runningAppIds, navigate, refresh, closePermissionsDialog, clearAppStorage],
+    [runningAppIds, navigate, refresh, closePermissionsDialog],
   );
 
   useEffect(() => {

From 4970ef391172b836f70389a90fc08f93a4145a5e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 18 Apr 2026 17:55:54 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 080/471] Remove `InstalledAppCard` and update app permission
 and storage taint handling:

- Deleted `InstalledAppCard` component and associated code.
- Refactored app permission update logic to include storage taint verification and retries.
- Simplified storage taint error handling in Tauri backend (`STORAGE_TAINTED` error constant).
- Updated clear-data logic and integrated detailed error messages in dialogs.
---
 src-tauri/src/apps/install.rs            |  20 +--
 src-tauri/src/apps/permissions.rs        |   4 +-
 src/components/apps/InstalledAppCard.tsx | 187 ----------------------
 src/pages/Apps.tsx                       | 191 +++++++++++++++++++----
 4 files changed, 168 insertions(+), 234 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 src/components/apps/InstalledAppCard.tsx

diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/install.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/install.rs
index 446dfeef3..1a532e658 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/install.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/install.rs
@@ -261,14 +261,8 @@ pub async fn install_app_zip(
             name: manifest.name.clone(),
             version: manifest.version.clone(),
             install_dir: install_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-            entry_file: Path::new(&snapshot.snapshot_dir)
-                .join("index.html")
-                .to_string_lossy()
-                .to_string(),
-            icon_file: Path::new(&snapshot.snapshot_dir)
-                .join("icon.png")
-                .to_string_lossy()
-                .to_string(),
+            entry_file: "index.html".to_string(),
+            icon_file: "icon.png".to_string(),
             requested_permissions: manifest.permissions.clone(),
             granted_permissions,
             permission_flags,
@@ -388,14 +382,8 @@ pub async fn install_app_url(
         name: preview.manifest.name.clone(),
         version: preview.manifest.version.clone(),
         install_dir: install_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-        entry_file: Path::new(&snapshot.snapshot_dir)
-            .join("index.html")
-            .to_string_lossy()
-            .to_string(),
-        icon_file: Path::new(&snapshot.snapshot_dir)
-            .join("icon.png")
-            .to_string_lossy()
-            .to_string(),
+        entry_file: "index.html".to_string(),
+        icon_file: "icon.png".to_string(),
         requested_permissions: preview.manifest.permissions.clone(),
         granted_permissions,
         permission_flags,
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/permissions.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/permissions.rs
index 7a46980ed..2c0a4f115 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/permissions.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/permissions.rs
@@ -123,9 +123,7 @@ pub fn resolve_granted_permission_flags(
     }
 
     if has_external_access && storage_may_contain_secrets {
-        return Err(anyhow!(
-            "before you can grant externally observable permissions, you need to clear storage that may contain cached secrets"
-        ));
+        return Err(anyhow!("STORAGE_TAINTED"));
     }
 
     Ok(InstalledSageAppPermissionFlags {
diff --git a/src/components/apps/InstalledAppCard.tsx b/src/components/apps/InstalledAppCard.tsx
deleted file mode 100644
index d451936ae..000000000
--- a/src/components/apps/InstalledAppCard.tsx
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,187 +0,0 @@
-import { Badge } from '@/components/ui/badge';
-import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
-import { Card, CardContent, CardHeader, CardTitle } from '@/components/ui/card';
-import type { InstalledSageApp, SageAppUrlPreview } from '@/bindings';
-import { Trash2 } from 'lucide-react';
-import { useMemo, useState } from 'react';
-import { useNavigate } from 'react-router-dom';
-import { useAppRuntimePresence } from '@/hooks/useAppRuntimePresence';
-
-interface Props {
-  app: InstalledSageApp;
-  updatePreview: SageAppUrlPreview | null | undefined;
-  busy: boolean;
-  onUninstall: () => Promise<void>;
-  onCheckForUpdate: () => Promise<void>;
-  onDownloadUpdate: () => Promise<void>;
-  onApplyUpdate: () => Promise<void>;
-}
-
-function formatPermissionLabel(key: string): string {
-  return key
-    .split('.')
-    .map((segment) =>
-      segment
-        .split('_')
-        .filter(Boolean)
-        .map((part) => part.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + part.slice(1))
-        .join(' '),
-    )
-    .join(' / ');
-}
-
-export function InstalledAppCard({
-  app,
-  updatePreview,
-  busy,
-  onUninstall,
-  onCheckForUpdate,
-  onDownloadUpdate,
-  onApplyUpdate,
-}: Props) {
-  const navigate = useNavigate();
-  const isRunning = useAppRuntimePresence(app.id);
-  const [removing, setRemoving] = useState(false);
-
-  const iconSrc = useMemo(() => {
-    return `sage-app://${app.id}/icon.png`;
-  }, [app.id]);
-
-  const grantedPermissionBadges = useMemo(() => {
-    return [...(app.grantedPermissions ?? [])].sort((a, b) =>
-      a.localeCompare(b),
-    );
-  }, [app.grantedPermissions]);
-
-  const networkBadges = useMemo(() => {
-    return [...(app.activeSnapshot.manifest.network?.whitelist ?? [])].sort(
-      (a, b) =>
-        `${a.scheme}://${a.host}`.localeCompare(`${b.scheme}://${b.host}`),
-    );
-  }, [app.activeSnapshot.manifest.network]);
-
-  const isUrlApp = app.source?.kind === 'url';
-  const hasPendingUpdate = !!app.pendingUpdate;
-  const showUpdateButton = hasPendingUpdate || !!updatePreview;
-  const updateLabel = isRunning ? 'Update and reopen' : 'Update';
-
-  return (
-    <Card>
-      <CardHeader className='flex flex-row items-start justify-between gap-4 space-y-0'>
-        <div className='min-w-0 space-y-2'>
-          <CardTitle className='flex items-center gap-3'>
-            <img
-              src={iconSrc}
-              alt=''
-              className='h-8 w-8 rounded-md border object-cover'
-            />
-            <span>{app.name}</span>
-            <Badge variant='outline'>installed</Badge>
-            {isRunning ? <Badge variant='outline'>running</Badge> : null}
-            {hasPendingUpdate ? (
-              <Badge variant='outline'>update ready</Badge>
-            ) : null}
-            {!hasPendingUpdate && updatePreview ? (
-              <Badge variant='outline'>update available</Badge>
-            ) : null}
-          </CardTitle>
-
-          <div className='text-sm text-muted-foreground'>v{app.version}</div>
-
-          <div className='break-all text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
-            Install dir: {app.installDir}
-          </div>
-
-          {isUrlApp && updatePreview ? (
-            <div className='text-xs text-amber-600'>
-              New version available: v{updatePreview.manifest.version}
-            </div>
-          ) : null}
-
-          {isUrlApp && hasPendingUpdate ? (
-            <div className='text-xs text-amber-600'>
-              Downloaded update ready: v{app.pendingUpdate?.manifest.version}
-            </div>
-          ) : null}
-        </div>
-
-        <div className='flex shrink-0 items-center gap-2'>
-          <Button onClick={() => navigate(`/apps/${app.id}`)}>Open</Button>
-
-          {isUrlApp ? (
-            <>
-              {showUpdateButton ? (
-                <Button
-                  variant='outline'
-                  disabled={busy}
-                  onClick={() => void onApplyUpdate()}
-                >
-                  {busy ? 'Working...' : updateLabel}
-                </Button>
-              ) : (
-                <Button
-                  variant='outline'
-                  disabled={busy}
-                  onClick={() =>
-                    void (async () => {
-                      const preview = await onCheckForUpdate();
-                      if (preview == null) {
-                        return;
-                      }
-                      await onDownloadUpdate();
-                    })()
-                  }
-                >
-                  {busy ? 'Checking...' : 'Check for update'}
-                </Button>
-              )}
-            </>
-          ) : null}
-
-          <Button
-            variant='outline'
-            disabled={removing || busy}
-            onClick={() =>
-              void (async () => {
-                try {
-                  setRemoving(true);
-                  await onUninstall();
-                } finally {
-                  setRemoving(false);
-                }
-              })()
-            }
-          >
-            <Trash2 className='mr-2 h-4 w-4' />
-            Remove
-          </Button>
-        </div>
-      </CardHeader>
-
-      <CardContent className='space-y-3'>
-        <div className='flex flex-wrap gap-2'>
-          {grantedPermissionBadges.map((key) => (
-            <Badge key={key} variant='outline'>
-              {formatPermissionLabel(key)}
-            </Badge>
-          ))}
-
-          {networkBadges.map((entry) => (
-            <Badge
-              key={`${entry.scheme}://${entry.host}`}
-              variant='outline'
-              className='font-mono text-xs'
-            >
-              {entry.scheme}://{entry.host}
-            </Badge>
-          ))}
-
-          {grantedPermissionBadges.length === 0 &&
-          networkBadges.length === 0 ? (
-            <Badge variant='outline'>No permissions</Badge>
-          ) : null}
-        </div>
-      </CardContent>
-    </Card>
-  );
-}
diff --git a/src/pages/Apps.tsx b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
index f32c8d10d..aa14d8815 100644
--- a/src/pages/Apps.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ import { SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppUrlPreview } from '@/bindings.ts';
 import { invoke } from '@tauri-apps/api/core';
 import { useApps } from '@/contexts/AppsContext.tsx';
 import { useAppRuntimes } from '@/hooks/useAppRuntimes.ts';
+import { clearAppDataStore } from '@/lib/apps/storageClearCycle';
 import { formatCapabilityLabel } from '@/lib/apps/sandbox';
 import { LayoutGrid, Plus } from 'lucide-react';
 import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react';
@@ -30,6 +31,11 @@ type AppContextMenuState = {
   y: number;
 } | null;
 
+type PendingPermissionsRetry = {
+  appId: string;
+  nextPermissions: string[];
+} | null;
+
 function clampContextMenuPosition(args: {
   x: number;
   y: number;
@@ -52,6 +58,28 @@ function clampContextMenuPosition(args: {
   };
 }
 
+function formatErrorMessage(err: unknown): string {
+  if (err instanceof Error) {
+    return err.message;
+  }
+
+  if (typeof err === 'string') {
+    return err;
+  }
+
+  try {
+    return JSON.stringify(err, null, 2);
+  } catch {
+    return String(err);
+  }
+}
+
+function isStorageTaintPermissionError(message: string): boolean {
+  return message.includes(
+    'before you can grant externally observable permissions, you need to clear storage that may contain cached secrets',
+  );
+}
+
 export function Apps() {
   const navigate = useNavigate();
   const [installOpen, setInstallOpen] = useState(false);
@@ -69,6 +97,12 @@ export function Apps() {
   >({});
   const [permissionsDialogApp, setPermissionsDialogApp] =
     useState<InstalledEntry | null>(null);
+  const [permissionsDialogBusy, setPermissionsDialogBusy] = useState(false);
+  const [permissionsDialogError, setPermissionsDialogError] = useState<
+    string | null
+  >(null);
+  const [pendingPermissionsRetry, setPendingPermissionsRetry] =
+    useState<PendingPermissionsRetry>(null);
 
   const {
     apps,
@@ -80,7 +114,6 @@ export function Apps() {
     uninstallApp,
     checkForUpdate,
     performAppUpdate,
-    clearAppStorage,
     updateAvailability,
     busyAppIds,
     sandboxState,
@@ -104,18 +137,6 @@ export function Apps() {
     [apps],
   );
 
-  const clearCapability = sandboxState.capabilities.storage_clear_cycle;
-  const clearDataEnabled = clearCapability.status === 'passed';
-  const clearDataDisabledReason =
-    clearCapability.status === 'failed'
-      ? (clearCapability.details ??
-        'Clear data is disabled because the storage clear capability failed.')
-      : clearCapability.status === 'running'
-        ? 'Clear data is disabled while sandbox tests are running.'
-        : clearCapability.status === 'pending'
-          ? 'Clear data is disabled until sandbox tests complete.'
-          : null;
-
   const contextMenuPreview = contextMenu
     ? updateAvailability[contextMenu.app.id]
     : null;
@@ -172,10 +193,16 @@ export function Apps() {
 
   function openPermissionsDialog(app: InstalledEntry) {
     setPermissionsDialogApp(app);
+    setPermissionsDialogBusy(false);
+    setPermissionsDialogError(null);
+    setPendingPermissionsRetry(null);
   }
 
   function closePermissionsDialog() {
     setPermissionsDialogApp(null);
+    setPermissionsDialogBusy(false);
+    setPermissionsDialogError(null);
+    setPendingPermissionsRetry(null);
   }
 
   const handleClearData = useCallback(
@@ -190,7 +217,13 @@ export function Apps() {
       }));
 
       try {
-        await clearAppStorage(app.id);
+        const result = await clearAppDataStore(app);
+
+        if (!result.passed) {
+          throw new Error(
+            result.details ?? 'Storage clear verification failed for this app.',
+          );
+        }
 
         if (reopen) {
           closeContextMenu();
@@ -207,7 +240,7 @@ export function Apps() {
 
         await refresh();
       } catch (err) {
-        const message = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err);
+        const message = formatErrorMessage(err);
 
         setClearDataErrorByAppId((prev) => ({
           ...prev,
@@ -221,30 +254,102 @@ export function Apps() {
         );
       }
     },
-    [clearAppStorage, navigate, refresh, closeContextMenu],
+    [navigate, refresh, closeContextMenu],
   );
 
   const handleApplyPermissions = useCallback(
     async (app: InstalledEntry, nextPermissions: string[]) => {
+      setPermissionsDialogBusy(true);
+      setPermissionsDialogError(null);
+      setPendingPermissionsRetry(null);
+
+      try {
+        await invoke('apps_update_permissions', {
+          appId: app.id,
+          grantedPermissions: nextPermissions,
+          clearStorageTaint: false,
+        });
+
+        const isRunning = runningAppIds.has(app.id);
+        if (isRunning) {
+          const { restartAppRuntime } =
+            await import('@/lib/apps/restartAppRuntime');
+
+          await restartAppRuntime(app, { visible: true });
+          navigate(`/apps/${app.id}`);
+        }
+
+        await refresh();
+        closePermissionsDialog();
+      } catch (err) {
+        const message = formatErrorMessage(err);
+
+        if (isStorageTaintPermissionError(message)) {
+          setPendingPermissionsRetry({
+            appId: app.id,
+            nextPermissions,
+          });
+          setPermissionsDialogError(
+            'This app storage may still contain cached secrets from a previous persistent run. Clear the app storage with verification to apply these permissions.',
+          );
+        } else {
+          setPermissionsDialogError(message);
+        }
+      } finally {
+        setPermissionsDialogBusy(false);
+      }
+    },
+    [runningAppIds, navigate, refresh],
+  );
+
+  const handleClearStorageAndApplyPending = useCallback(async () => {
+    if (!permissionsDialogApp || !pendingPermissionsRetry) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    setPermissionsDialogBusy(true);
+    setPermissionsDialogError(null);
+
+    try {
+      const clearResult = await clearAppDataStore(permissionsDialogApp);
+
+      if (!clearResult.passed) {
+        setPermissionsDialogError(
+          clearResult.details ??
+            'Storage clear verification failed. The app remains tainted and isolated.',
+        );
+        return;
+      }
+
       await invoke('apps_update_permissions', {
-        appId: app.id,
-        grantedPermissions: nextPermissions,
+        appId: permissionsDialogApp.id,
+        grantedPermissions: pendingPermissionsRetry.nextPermissions,
+        clearStorageTaint: true,
       });
 
-      const isRunning = runningAppIds.has(app.id);
+      const isRunning = runningAppIds.has(permissionsDialogApp.id);
       if (isRunning) {
         const { restartAppRuntime } =
           await import('@/lib/apps/restartAppRuntime');
 
-        await restartAppRuntime(app, { visible: true });
-        navigate(`/apps/${app.id}`);
+        await restartAppRuntime(permissionsDialogApp, { visible: true });
+        navigate(`/apps/${permissionsDialogApp.id}`);
       }
 
       await refresh();
       closePermissionsDialog();
-    },
-    [runningAppIds, navigate, refresh, closePermissionsDialog],
-  );
+    } catch (err) {
+      setPermissionsDialogError(formatErrorMessage(err));
+    } finally {
+      setPermissionsDialogBusy(false);
+    }
+  }, [
+    permissionsDialogApp,
+    pendingPermissionsRetry,
+    runningAppIds,
+    navigate,
+    refresh,
+  ]);
 
   useEffect(() => {
     if (!contextMenu || contextMenuCheckState !== 'up_to_date') {
@@ -544,8 +649,6 @@ export function Apps() {
           updateCheckState={contextMenuCheckState}
           clearDataBusy={contextMenuClearDataBusy}
           clearDataError={contextMenuClearDataError}
-          clearDataEnabled={clearDataEnabled}
-          clearDataDisabledReason={clearDataDisabledReason}
           onClose={closeContextMenu}
           onOpen={() => {
             if (!contextMenu) {
@@ -588,7 +691,7 @@ export function Apps() {
             openPermissionsDialog(contextMenu.app);
           }}
           onClearData={() => {
-            if (!contextMenu || !clearDataEnabled) {
+            if (!contextMenu) {
               return;
             }
 
@@ -647,7 +750,9 @@ export function Apps() {
       <Dialog
         open={!!permissionsDialogApp}
         onOpenChange={(open) => {
-          if (!open) closePermissionsDialog();
+          if (!open && !permissionsDialogBusy) {
+            closePermissionsDialog();
+          }
         }}
       >
         <DialogContent className='max-w-md'>
@@ -655,6 +760,13 @@ export function Apps() {
             <DialogTitle>Change permissions</DialogTitle>
           </DialogHeader>
 
+          {permissionsDialogError ? (
+            <Alert className='mb-4'>
+              <AlertTitle>Permission update blocked</AlertTitle>
+              <AlertDescription>{permissionsDialogError}</AlertDescription>
+            </Alert>
+          ) : null}
+
           {permissionsDialogApp ? (
             <PermissionsEditor
               app={permissionsDialogApp}
@@ -664,6 +776,29 @@ export function Apps() {
               }
             />
           ) : null}
+
+          {pendingPermissionsRetry && permissionsDialogApp ? (
+            <div className='mt-4 flex items-center justify-end gap-2'>
+              <Button
+                variant='outline'
+                disabled={permissionsDialogBusy}
+                onClick={closePermissionsDialog}
+              >
+                Cancel
+              </Button>
+
+              <Button
+                disabled={permissionsDialogBusy}
+                onClick={() => {
+                  void handleClearStorageAndApplyPending();
+                }}
+              >
+                {permissionsDialogBusy
+                  ? 'Clearing and applying...'
+                  : 'Clear storage and apply'}
+              </Button>
+            </div>
+          ) : null}
         </DialogContent>
       </Dialog>
     </>

From 129a90a37f5f3e947b4a3030312cf1861480198a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 18 Apr 2026 17:56:46 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 081/471] Simplify app snapshot file assignment in `update.rs`.

---
 src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs | 10 ++--------
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs
index b235ecc54..8bdf5ec9a 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs
@@ -179,14 +179,8 @@ pub async fn apply_app_update(
     app.granted_permissions = granted_permissions;
     app.permission_flags = permission_flags;
     app.active_snapshot = snapshot;
-    app.entry_file = Path::new(&app.active_snapshot.snapshot_dir)
-        .join("index.html")
-        .to_string_lossy()
-        .to_string();
-    app.icon_file = Path::new(&app.active_snapshot.snapshot_dir)
-        .join("icon.png")
-        .to_string_lossy()
-        .to_string();
+    app.entry_file = "index.html".to_string();
+    app.icon_file = "icon.png".to_string();
     app.pending_update = None;
 
     write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &install_dir)

From b854419fc36dcbb078f9cd2a3609299686ceb4c8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 18 Apr 2026 18:00:35 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 082/471] Replace `LayoutGrid` icon with `Blocks` icon in
 `AppTaskBar`.

---
 src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx b/src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx
index 32953e9b6..cc61b41af 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button.tsx';
-import { LayoutGrid, X } from 'lucide-react';
+import { Blocks, X } from 'lucide-react';
 import clsx from 'clsx';
 import { useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react';
 
@@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ export function AppTaskBar({
         className='h-9 shrink-0 px-3'
         onClick={onOpenApps}
       >
-        <LayoutGrid className='mr-2 h-4 w-4' />
+        <Blocks className='mr-2 h-4 w-4' />
         Apps
       </Button>
 

From 1e17d2485a35a799df7ea474481a5685f9ba671a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 18 Apr 2026 18:11:47 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 083/471] Integrate manifest `entry` and `icon` fields into app
 update logic:

- Add support for `manifest_entry_file` and `manifest_icon_file` functions.
- Update app initialization and update flow to use custom `entry` and `icon` values from manifests.
- Extend TypeScript and Rust types to include optional `entry` and `icon` fields in app manifests.
---
 src-tauri/src/apps/install.rs | 16 ++++++---
 src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs   |  6 ++++
 src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs  | 62 +++++++++++++++++++++--------------
 src/bindings.ts               |  2 +-
 4 files changed, 56 insertions(+), 30 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/install.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/install.rs
index 1a532e658..2867cbbca 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/install.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/install.rs
@@ -111,6 +111,14 @@ fn normalize_manifest_permissions(
     Ok(manifest)
 }
 
+pub fn manifest_entry_file(manifest: &SageAppPackageManifest) -> &str {
+    manifest.entry.as_deref().unwrap_or("index.html")
+}
+
+pub fn manifest_icon_file(manifest: &SageAppPackageManifest) -> &str {
+    manifest.icon.as_deref().unwrap_or("icon.png")
+}
+
 pub async fn preview_app_url_internal(
     app_url: String,
 ) -> AnyResult<SageAppUrlPreview> {
@@ -261,8 +269,8 @@ pub async fn install_app_zip(
             name: manifest.name.clone(),
             version: manifest.version.clone(),
             install_dir: install_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-            entry_file: "index.html".to_string(),
-            icon_file: "icon.png".to_string(),
+            entry_file: manifest_entry_file(&manifest).to_string(),
+            icon_file: manifest_icon_file(&manifest).to_string(),
             requested_permissions: manifest.permissions.clone(),
             granted_permissions,
             permission_flags,
@@ -382,8 +390,8 @@ pub async fn install_app_url(
         name: preview.manifest.name.clone(),
         version: preview.manifest.version.clone(),
         install_dir: install_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-        entry_file: "index.html".to_string(),
-        icon_file: "icon.png".to_string(),
+        entry_file: manifest_entry_file(&preview.manifest).to_string(),
+        icon_file: manifest_icon_file(&preview.manifest).to_string(),
         requested_permissions: preview.manifest.permissions.clone(),
         granted_permissions,
         permission_flags,
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs
index cb919ccf0..3b3a8b7bf 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs
@@ -38,6 +38,12 @@ pub struct SageAppPackageManifest {
 
     #[serde(default)]
     pub files: Vec<SageAppManifestFile>,
+
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub entry: Option<String>,
+
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub icon: Option<String>,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, specta::Type)]
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs
index 8bdf5ec9a..3ac9c1de7 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,8 @@
-use std::{
-    io,
-    path::{Path, PathBuf},
-};
+use std::{io, path::PathBuf};
 
 use tauri::{command, State};
 
-use crate::apps::install::preview_app_url_internal;
+use crate::apps::install::{manifest_entry_file, manifest_icon_file, preview_app_url_internal};
 
 use crate::{
     app_state::AppState,
@@ -52,7 +49,9 @@ pub async fn check_app_update(
 
     let preview = preview_app_url_internal(app_url)
         .await
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to preview app URL: {err}")))?;
+        .map_err(|err| {
+            io::Error::other(format!("failed to preview app URL: {err}"))
+        })?;
 
     if preview.manifest_hash == app.active_snapshot.manifest_hash {
         return Ok(None);
@@ -112,7 +111,11 @@ pub async fn download_app_update(
 
     let install_dir = PathBuf::from(&app.install_dir);
     write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &install_dir)
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to write app metadata: {err}")))?;
+        .map_err(|err| {
+            io::Error::other(format!(
+                "failed to write app metadata: {err}"
+            ))
+        })?;
 
     Ok(app)
 }
@@ -150,13 +153,15 @@ pub async fn apply_app_update(
             ))
         })?;
 
-    let permission_flags =
-        resolve_granted_permission_flags(&granted_permissions, Some(&app.permission_flags))
-            .map_err(|err| {
-                io::Error::other(format!(
-                    "invalid granted permission policy for update: {err}"
-                ))
-            })?;
+    let permission_flags = resolve_granted_permission_flags(
+        &granted_permissions,
+        Some(&app.permission_flags),
+    )
+        .map_err(|err| {
+            io::Error::other(format!(
+                "invalid granted permission policy for update: {err}"
+            ))
+        })?;
 
     let install_dir = PathBuf::from(&app.install_dir);
 
@@ -179,12 +184,16 @@ pub async fn apply_app_update(
     app.granted_permissions = granted_permissions;
     app.permission_flags = permission_flags;
     app.active_snapshot = snapshot;
-    app.entry_file = "index.html".to_string();
-    app.icon_file = "icon.png".to_string();
+    app.entry_file = manifest_entry_file(&app.active_snapshot.manifest).to_string();
+    app.icon_file = manifest_icon_file(&app.active_snapshot.manifest).to_string();
     app.pending_update = None;
 
     write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &install_dir)
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to write app metadata: {err}")))?;
+        .map_err(|err| {
+            io::Error::other(format!(
+                "failed to write app metadata: {err}"
+            ))
+        })?;
 
     Ok(app)
 }
@@ -197,6 +206,7 @@ pub async fn apps_update_permissions(
     granted_permissions: Vec<String>,
     clear_storage_taint: bool,
 ) -> Result<()> {
+
     let base_path = {
         let state = state.lock().await;
         state.path.clone()
@@ -208,20 +218,22 @@ pub async fn apps_update_permissions(
     validate_granted_permissions(&app.requested_permissions, &granted_permissions)
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("invalid granted permissions: {err}")))?;
 
-    let mut permission_flags =
-        resolve_granted_permission_flags(&granted_permissions, Some(&app.permission_flags))
-            .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
+    let mut permission_flags = resolve_granted_permission_flags(
+        &app.granted_permissions,
+        Some(&app.permission_flags),
+    )
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
 
     if clear_storage_taint {
         permission_flags = clear_storage_may_contain_secrets(&permission_flags);
-
-        permission_flags =
-            resolve_granted_permission_flags(&granted_permissions, Some(&permission_flags))
-                .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
     }
 
     app.granted_permissions = granted_permissions;
-    app.permission_flags = permission_flags;
+    app.permission_flags = resolve_granted_permission_flags(
+        &app.granted_permissions,
+        Some(&permission_flags),
+    )
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
 
     let install_dir = PathBuf::from(&app.install_dir);
     write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &install_dir)
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index f37e8b29b..5a237ef19 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -2196,7 +2196,7 @@ export type ResyncCatResponse = Record<string, never>
  */
 export type ResyncResponse = Record<string, never>
 export type SageAppManifestFile = { path: string; sha256: string; size: number }
-export type SageAppPackageManifest = { name: string; version: string; permissions?: SageAppPermissions; network?: SageNetworkPermissions | null; files?: SageAppManifestFile[] }
+export type SageAppPackageManifest = { name: string; version: string; permissions?: SageAppPermissions; network?: SageNetworkPermissions | null; files?: SageAppManifestFile[]; entry?: string | null; icon?: string | null }
 export type SageAppPermissions = { required?: string[]; optional?: string[] }
 export type SageAppUrlPreview = { appUrl: string; manifestUrl: string; manifestHash: string; manifest: SageAppPackageManifest }
 export type SageNetworkPermissions = { whitelist?: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[] }

From d2584778aef63385c2b93dcd618d7c84a9536118 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 18 Apr 2026 18:34:56 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 084/471] Remove `apps_clear_storage_may_contain_secrets` and
 refactor storage taint handling:

- Deleted unused `apps_clear_storage_may_contain_secrets` function.
- Introduced `setForceIncognitoForSecretApps` to manage incognito mode for secret-tainted apps.
- Added taint marking logic using `apps_mark_storage_may_contain_secrets`.
- Updated test app manifests to include `icon` field.
- Refactored app runtime logic to streamline taint checks and extend incognito mode support.
---
 src-tauri/src/apps/builtin_apps.rs            | 33 +++++-------
 src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs                  | 23 ---------
 src-tauri/src/lib.rs                          |  1 +
 src/bindings.ts                               |  3 ++
 .../network-allow-a/sage-manifest.json        |  1 +
 .../network-allow-b/sage-manifest.json        |  1 +
 .../sage-manifest.incognito.json              |  1 +
 .../sage-manifest.persistent.json             |  1 +
 .../sage-manifest.incognito.json              |  1 +
 .../sage-manifest.persistent.json             |  1 +
 src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx                  | 10 +++-
 src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts               | 51 ++++++++++++++-----
 12 files changed, 71 insertions(+), 56 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/builtin_apps.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/builtin_apps.rs
index b002f06f4..32b661604 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/builtin_apps.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/builtin_apps.rs
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ use anyhow::{anyhow, Context, Result as AnyResult};
 use tauri::command;
 
 use crate::apps::{
+    install::{manifest_entry_file, manifest_icon_file},
     permissions::{
         normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions, resolve_granted_permission_flags,
         validate_granted_permissions,
@@ -166,27 +167,24 @@ pub fn build_builtin_test_app(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<InstalledSageApp
     let permission_flags =
         resolve_granted_permission_flags(&granted_permissions, None)?;
 
-    let entry_file = app_dir.join("index.html");
+    let entry_file_name = manifest_entry_file(&manifest).to_string();
+    let icon_file_name = manifest_icon_file(&manifest).to_string();
+
+    let entry_file = app_dir.join(&entry_file_name);
     if !entry_file.is_file() {
         return Err(anyhow!(
-            "builtin test app is missing index.html: {}",
+            "builtin test app entry file does not exist: {}",
             entry_file.display()
         ));
     }
 
-    let icon_svg = app_dir.join("icon.svg");
-    let icon_png = app_dir.join("icon.png");
-
-    let icon_file = if icon_svg.is_file() {
-        icon_svg
-    } else if icon_png.is_file() {
-        icon_png
-    } else {
+    let icon_file = app_dir.join(&icon_file_name);
+    if !icon_file.is_file() {
         return Err(anyhow!(
-            "builtin test app is missing icon.svg or icon.png in {}",
-            app_dir.display()
+            "builtin test app icon file does not exist: {}",
+            icon_file.display()
         ));
-    };
+    }
 
     let total_bytes = compute_total_bytes(&app_dir)?;
 
@@ -195,8 +193,8 @@ pub fn build_builtin_test_app(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<InstalledSageApp
         name: manifest.name.clone(),
         version: manifest.version.clone(),
         install_dir: app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-        entry_file: entry_file.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-        icon_file: icon_file.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+        entry_file: entry_file_name,
+        icon_file: icon_file_name,
         requested_permissions: manifest.permissions.clone(),
         granted_permissions,
         permission_flags,
@@ -213,11 +211,6 @@ pub fn build_builtin_test_app(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<InstalledSageApp
     Ok(Some(app))
 }
 
-pub fn require_builtin_test_app(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<InstalledSageApp> {
-    build_builtin_test_app(app_id)?
-        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("unknown builtin test app id {}", app_id))
-}
-
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
 pub async fn get_builtin_test_app(app_id: String) -> Result<Option<InstalledSageApp>> {
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs
index 3ac9c1de7..2c95305e6 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs
@@ -272,26 +272,3 @@ pub async fn apps_mark_storage_may_contain_secrets(
 
     Ok(())
 }
-
-#[command]
-#[specta::specta]
-pub async fn apps_clear_storage_may_contain_secrets(
-    state: State<'_, AppState>,
-    app_id: String,
-) -> Result<()> {
-    let base_path = {
-        let state = state.lock().await;
-        state.path.clone()
-    };
-
-    let mut app = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id)
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to read app {app_id}: {err}")))?;
-
-    app.permission_flags = clear_storage_may_contain_secrets(&app.permission_flags);
-
-    let install_dir = PathBuf::from(&app.install_dir);
-    write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &install_dir)
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to write metadata: {err}")))?;
-
-    Ok(())
-}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
index 960f69da9..371352b46 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
@@ -154,6 +154,7 @@ pub fn run() {
             apps::update::download_app_update,
             apps::update::apply_app_update,
             apps::update::apps_update_permissions,
+            apps::update::apps_mark_storage_may_contain_secrets,
         ])
         .events(collect_events![SyncEvent]);
 
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index 5a237ef19..90b4795f4 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -391,6 +391,9 @@ async applyAppUpdate(appId: string, grantedPermissions: string[]) : Promise<Inst
 },
 async appsUpdatePermissions(appId: string, grantedPermissions: string[], clearStorageTaint: boolean) : Promise<null> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_update_permissions", { appId, grantedPermissions, clearStorageTaint });
+},
+async appsMarkStorageMayContainSecrets(appId: string) : Promise<null> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_mark_storage_may_contain_secrets", { appId });
 }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-a/sage-manifest.json b/src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-a/sage-manifest.json
index fbbedeff3..1ec6261ee 100644
--- a/src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-a/sage-manifest.json
+++ b/src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-a/sage-manifest.json
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 {
   "name": "Network Allow A",
   "version": "1.0.0",
+  "icon": "icon.svg",
   "permissions": {
     "required": [],
     "optional": []
diff --git a/src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-b/sage-manifest.json b/src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-b/sage-manifest.json
index 8a5de21c2..f4d54559b 100644
--- a/src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-b/sage-manifest.json
+++ b/src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-b/sage-manifest.json
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 {
   "name": "Network Allow B",
   "version": "1.0.0",
+  "icon": "icon.svg",
   "permissions": {
     "required": [],
     "optional": []
diff --git a/src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.incognito.json b/src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.incognito.json
index 4b5e16a6e..359653456 100644
--- a/src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.incognito.json
+++ b/src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.incognito.json
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 {
   "name": "Sage Storage Isolation",
   "version": "1.0.0",
+  "icon": "icon.svg",
   "permissions": {
     "required": [],
     "optional": []
diff --git a/src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.persistent.json b/src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.persistent.json
index 0aa202508..ad53d48b0 100644
--- a/src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.persistent.json
+++ b/src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.persistent.json
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 {
   "name": "Sage Storage Isolation",
   "version": "1.0.0",
+  "icon": "icon.svg",
   "permissions": {
     "required": ["persistent_storage"],
     "optional": []
diff --git a/src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/sage-manifest.incognito.json b/src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/sage-manifest.incognito.json
index 5a145528e..f76c25b02 100644
--- a/src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/sage-manifest.incognito.json
+++ b/src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/sage-manifest.incognito.json
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 {
   "name": "Storage Persistence",
   "version": "1.0.0",
+  "icon": "icon.svg",
   "permissions": {
     "required": [],
     "optional": []
diff --git a/src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/sage-manifest.persistent.json b/src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/sage-manifest.persistent.json
index 79f297f71..3dfad7084 100644
--- a/src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/sage-manifest.persistent.json
+++ b/src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/sage-manifest.persistent.json
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 {
   "name": "Storage Persistence",
   "version": "1.0.0",
+  "icon": "icon.svg",
   "permissions": {
     "required": ["persistent_storage"],
     "optional": []
diff --git a/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx b/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
index a7912ff06..1bec67e64 100644
--- a/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
+++ b/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import { createContext, useContext, useEffect, useRef } from 'react';
 import { useAppsInternal } from '@/hooks/useApps';
 import { useAppPendingApprovals } from '@/hooks/useAppPendingApprovals';
 import { useBridgeHost } from '@/hooks/useBridgeHost';
+import { setForceIncognitoForSecretApps } from '@/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry';
 
 const AppsContext = createContext<ReturnType<typeof useAppsInternal> | null>(
   null,
@@ -17,6 +18,13 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
     getApp: value.getApp,
   });
 
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const clearCycleStatus =
+      value.sandboxState.capabilities.storage_clear_cycle?.status;
+
+    setForceIncognitoForSecretApps(clearCycleStatus === 'failed');
+  }, [value.sandboxState]);
+
   useEffect(() => {
     if (startedInitialSandboxRunRef.current) {
       return;
@@ -31,7 +39,7 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
     return () => {
       window.clearTimeout(timeoutId);
     };
-  }, [value.rerunSandboxTests]);
+  }, [value, value.rerunSandboxTests]);
 
   return <AppsContext.Provider value={value}>{children}</AppsContext.Provider>;
 }
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts b/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
index 1e068a0a6..fa5952e5c 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
+import { invoke } from '@tauri-apps/api/core';
 import { getCurrentWebview, Webview } from '@tauri-apps/api/webview';
 import { getCurrentWindow } from '@tauri-apps/api/window';
 import { InstalledSageApp } from '@/bindings.ts';
 import { platform } from '@tauri-apps/plugin-os';
 import { removeDataStore } from '@tauri-apps/api/app';
 import { BaseDirectory, remove } from '@tauri-apps/plugin-fs';
-import { isStorageClearCapabilityPassed } from '@/lib/apps/sandbox';
-import { invoke } from '@tauri-apps/api/core';
 
 export type SageAppRuntimeState =
   | 'starting'
@@ -45,6 +44,12 @@ const runtimes = new Map<string, RuntimeInternalRecord>();
 export const runtimeByAppId = new Map<string, string>();
 const listeners = new Set<RuntimeListener>();
 
+let forceIncognitoForSecretApps = false;
+
+export function setForceIncognitoForSecretApps(value: boolean) {
+  forceIncognitoForSecretApps = value;
+}
+
 function isBuiltinTestApp(app: InstalledSageApp): boolean {
   return app.id.startsWith('__sage_test_');
 }
@@ -110,6 +115,10 @@ export function inlineLabelFor(appId: string) {
   return `app-inline-${appId}`;
 }
 
+/**
+ * Windows-only custom data directory for the webview profile.
+ * Tauri resolves this relative to appDataDir()/${webviewLabel}.
+ */
 export function dataDirectoryFor(appId: string) {
   return `profiles/${appId}`;
 }
@@ -126,15 +135,22 @@ export function dataStoreIdFor(appId: string): number[] {
 }
 
 export function shouldUseIncognito(app: InstalledSageApp): boolean {
+  const hasPersistentStorage =
+    app.grantedPermissions.includes('persistent_storage');
+
+  if (!hasPersistentStorage) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
   if (app.permissionFlags.storageMayContainSecrets) {
-    if (!app.grantedPermissions.includes('persistent_storage')) {
-      return true;
-    }
+    return true;
+  }
 
-    return !isStorageClearCapabilityPassed();
+  if (forceIncognitoForSecretApps && app.permissionFlags.hasSecretAccess) {
+    return true;
   }
 
-  return !app.grantedPermissions.includes('persistent_storage');
+  return false;
 }
 
 async function supportsDataDirectory(): Promise<boolean> {
@@ -253,9 +269,9 @@ async function createInlineRuntime(
   const hostWebview = getCurrentWebview();
 
   const webviewLabel = inlineLabelFor(app.id);
-  const requestPath = options?.path ?? '/index.html';
 
-  const url = new URL(`sage-app://${app.id}${requestPath}`);
+  const entryPath = options?.path ?? `/${app.entryFile}`;
+  const url = new URL(`sage-app://${app.id}${entryPath}`);
   for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(options?.query ?? {})) {
     url.searchParams.set(key, value);
   }
@@ -272,12 +288,17 @@ async function createInlineRuntime(
   }
 
   const debug = shouldDebugTestAppWindows(app);
+  const isIncognito = shouldUseIncognito(app);
+
+  if (!isIncognito && app.permissionFlags.hasSecretAccess) {
+    await invoke('apps_mark_storage_may_contain_secrets', {
+      appId: app.id,
+    });
+  }
+
   const webviewOptions = await buildWebviewOptions(app, entrySrc, {
     visible: options?.visible,
   });
-  if (!shouldUseIncognito(app) && app.permissionFlags.hasSecretAccess) {
-    await invoke('apps_mark_storage_may_contain_secrets', { appId: app.id });
-  }
 
   const webview = new Webview(hostWindow, webviewLabel, webviewOptions);
 
@@ -463,6 +484,12 @@ async function removeAppDataDirectory(app: InstalledSageApp): Promise<void> {
   }
 }
 
+/**
+ * Best-effort host-side clear.
+ *
+ * This does NOT prove the app origin is clean; your verification cycle should
+ * still decide whether the capability passed for this environment.
+ */
 export async function clearAppRuntimeBrowsingData(
   app: InstalledSageApp,
 ): Promise<void> {

From 14cdb313e5bee66a609f0af336894a920cf48a4b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 18 Apr 2026 18:43:16 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 085/471] Refactor app sandboxing logic and UI:

- Extract `AppTile` component for reusability in app grids.
- Replace inline sandbox decision logic in `Apps.tsx` with `AppTile` component.
- Introduce `runSandboxTestsIncremental` for incremental sandbox state updates.
- Enhance sandbox test logic with capability-specific updates and error handling.
---
 src/components/apps/AppTile.tsx     |  70 ++++++++++++++++
 src/hooks/useApps.ts                |  58 +++++--------
 src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/index.ts | 105 ++++++++++++++++-------
 src/pages/Apps.tsx                  | 125 ++++++++++------------------
 4 files changed, 208 insertions(+), 150 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/components/apps/AppTile.tsx

diff --git a/src/components/apps/AppTile.tsx b/src/components/apps/AppTile.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a8ad72226
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/components/apps/AppTile.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+import type { InstalledSageApp } from '@/bindings';
+import type { SandboxState } from '@/lib/apps/sandbox';
+import { getSandboxLaunchDecision } from '@/lib/apps/sandboxPolicy';
+
+interface Props {
+  app: InstalledSageApp;
+  sandboxState: SandboxState;
+  onOpen: () => void;
+  onContextMenu: (event: React.MouseEvent<HTMLButtonElement>) => void;
+}
+
+export function AppTile({ app, sandboxState, onOpen, onContextMenu }: Props) {
+  const iconSrc = `sage-app://${app.id}/${app.iconFile}`;
+  const decision = getSandboxLaunchDecision({
+    app,
+    sandboxState,
+  });
+
+  const isChecking =
+    !decision.allowed &&
+    decision.title === 'Sandbox tests are still running';
+
+  const isBlocked = !decision.allowed && !isChecking;
+
+  return (
+    <button
+      type='button'
+      onClick={() => {
+        if (!decision.allowed) {
+          return;
+        }
+
+        onOpen();
+      }}
+      onContextMenu={onContextMenu}
+      className='relative group flex flex-col items-center gap-3 rounded-2xl p-4 text-center transition-colors hover:bg-muted/50'
+    >
+      {isChecking || isBlocked ? (
+        <div className='absolute inset-0 z-10 flex items-center justify-center rounded-2xl bg-background/55 backdrop-blur-[1px]'>
+          {isChecking ? (
+            <div className='flex flex-col items-center gap-2'>
+              <div className='h-5 w-5 animate-spin rounded-full border-2 border-muted-foreground/30 border-t-muted-foreground' />
+              <div className='text-xs text-muted-foreground'>Checking…</div>
+            </div>
+          ) : (
+            <div className='px-3 text-center text-xs font-medium text-amber-600'>
+              Blocked
+            </div>
+          )}
+        </div>
+      ) : null}
+
+      <div className='flex h-20 w-20 items-center justify-center overflow-hidden rounded-2xl border bg-background shadow-sm'>
+        <img src={iconSrc} alt='' className='h-full w-full object-cover' />
+      </div>
+
+      <div className='min-w-0 w-full'>
+        <div className='truncate text-sm font-medium'>{app.name}</div>
+
+        <div className='truncate text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
+          v{app.version}
+        </div>
+
+        {!decision.allowed && !isChecking ? (
+          <div className='mt-1 text-xs text-amber-600'>{decision.title}</div>
+        ) : null}
+      </div>
+    </button>
+  );
+}
diff --git a/src/hooks/useApps.ts b/src/hooks/useApps.ts
index 1061e514e..26bb0471d 100644
--- a/src/hooks/useApps.ts
+++ b/src/hooks/useApps.ts
@@ -6,15 +6,14 @@ import type {
   SageAppUrlPreview,
 } from '@/bindings.ts';
 import {
-  buildCompletedSandboxState,
   buildInitialSandboxState,
   buildRunningSandboxState,
   evaluateAppLaunchGate,
   setStorageClearCapabilityPassed,
   type SandboxState,
 } from '@/lib/apps/sandbox';
-import { runSandboxTests } from '@/lib/apps/sandbox-tests';
 import { clearAppDataStore } from '@/lib/apps/storageClearCycle';
+import { runSandboxTestsIncremental } from '@/lib/apps/sandbox-tests';
 
 type UpdateAvailabilityMap = Record<string, SageAppUrlPreview | null>;
 
@@ -59,47 +58,30 @@ export function useAppsInternal() {
     setStorageClearCapabilityPassed(false);
 
     try {
-      const next = await runSandboxTests();
-      setSandboxState(next);
+      const finalState = await runSandboxTestsIncremental((next) => {
+        setSandboxState({ ...next });
+      });
+
       setStorageClearCapabilityPassed(
-        next.capabilities.storage_clear_cycle.status === 'passed',
+        finalState.capabilities.storage_clear_cycle.status === 'passed',
       );
     } catch (err) {
-      const message =
-        err instanceof Error
-          ? err.message
-          : (() => {
-              try {
-                return JSON.stringify(err, null, 2);
-              } catch {
-                return String(err);
-              }
-            })();
-
-      const failed = buildCompletedSandboxState({
-        isolation: {
-          passed: false,
-          details: message,
-        },
-        persistenceNormal: {
-          passed: false,
-          details: 'Skipped because sandbox run failed before completion.',
-        },
-        persistenceIncognito: {
-          passed: false,
-          details: 'Skipped because sandbox run failed before completion.',
-        },
-        clearCycle: {
-          passed: false,
-          details: 'Skipped because sandbox run failed before completion.',
-        },
-        network: {
-          passed: false,
-          details: 'Skipped because sandbox run failed before completion.',
+      const message = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err);
+
+      setSandboxState((prev) => ({
+        ...prev,
+        overallCriticalStatus: 'failed',
+        finishedAt: Date.now(),
+        capabilities: {
+          ...prev.capabilities,
+          storage_isolation_from_sage: {
+            status: 'failed',
+            checkedAt: Date.now(),
+            details: message,
+          },
         },
-      });
+      }));
 
-      setSandboxState(failed);
       setStorageClearCapabilityPassed(false);
     }
   }, []);
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/index.ts b/src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/index.ts
index 1f0117654..81f4895ac 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/index.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/index.ts
@@ -1,44 +1,91 @@
-import type { SandboxState } from '@/lib/apps/sandbox';
-import { buildCompletedSandboxState } from '@/lib/apps/sandbox';
+// src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/index.ts
+
+import type {
+  SandboxCapability,
+  SandboxCapabilityResult,
+  SandboxState,
+} from '@/lib/apps/sandbox';
+import { buildRunningSandboxState } from '@/lib/apps/sandbox';
 import { runStorageClearCycleCapabilityTest } from './clear-cycle';
 import { runIsolationTest } from './isolation';
 import { runNetworkTest } from './network';
 import { runPersistenceTest } from './persistence';
 
-export async function runSandboxTests(): Promise<SandboxState> {
+type UpdateFn = (state: SandboxState) => void;
+
+function setCapability(
+  state: SandboxState,
+  capability: SandboxCapability,
+  result: SandboxCapabilityResult,
+) {
+  state.capabilities[capability] = {
+    ...result,
+    checkedAt: Date.now(),
+  };
+}
+
+export async function runSandboxTestsIncremental(
+  onUpdate: UpdateFn,
+): Promise<SandboxState> {
+  const state = buildRunningSandboxState();
+  onUpdate({ ...state });
+
+  // --- isolation ---
   const isolation = await runIsolationTest();
+  setCapability(state, 'storage_isolation_from_sage', {
+    status: isolation.passed ? 'passed' : 'failed',
+    checkedAt: Date.now(),
+    details: isolation.details,
+  });
+  onUpdate({ ...state });
 
   if (!isolation.passed) {
-    return buildCompletedSandboxState({
-      isolation,
-      persistenceNormal: {
-        passed: false,
-        details: 'Skipped because critical storage isolation baseline failed.',
-      },
-      persistenceIncognito: {
-        passed: false,
-        details: 'Skipped because critical storage isolation baseline failed.',
-      },
-      clearCycle: {
-        passed: false,
-        details: 'Skipped because critical storage isolation baseline failed.',
-      },
-      network: {
-        passed: false,
-        details: 'Skipped because critical storage isolation baseline failed.',
-      },
-    });
+    state.overallCriticalStatus = 'failed';
+    state.finishedAt = Date.now();
+    onUpdate({ ...state });
+    return state;
   }
 
+  // --- persistence ---
   const persistence = await runPersistenceTest();
+
+  setCapability(state, 'storage_persistence_normal', {
+    status: persistence.persistentNormal.passed ? 'passed' : 'failed',
+    checkedAt: Date.now(),
+    details: persistence.persistentNormal.details,
+  });
+
+  setCapability(state, 'storage_non_persistence_incognito', {
+    status: persistence.persistenceIncognito.passed ? 'passed' : 'failed',
+    checkedAt: Date.now(),
+    details: persistence.persistenceIncognito.details,
+  });
+
+  onUpdate({ ...state });
+
+  // --- clear cycle ---
   const clearCycle = await runStorageClearCycleCapabilityTest();
-  const network = await runNetworkTest();
+  setCapability(state, 'storage_clear_cycle', {
+    status: clearCycle.passed ? 'passed' : 'failed',
+    checkedAt: Date.now(),
+    details: clearCycle.details,
+  });
+
+  onUpdate({ ...state });
 
-  return buildCompletedSandboxState({
-    isolation,
-    persistenceNormal: persistence.persistentNormal,
-    persistenceIncognito: persistence.persistenceIncognito,
-    clearCycle,
-    network,
+  // --- network ---
+  const network = await runNetworkTest();
+  setCapability(state, 'network_allowlist_enforced', {
+    status: network.passed ? 'passed' : 'failed',
+    checkedAt: Date.now(),
+    details: network.details,
   });
+
+  // --- finalize ---
+  state.overallCriticalStatus = 'passed';
+  state.finishedAt = Date.now();
+
+  onUpdate({ ...state });
+
+  return state;
 }
diff --git a/src/pages/Apps.tsx b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
index aa14d8815..fbd537f41 100644
--- a/src/pages/Apps.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ import { LayoutGrid, Plus } from 'lucide-react';
 import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react';
 import { useNavigate } from 'react-router-dom';
 import { PermissionsEditor } from '@/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx';
-import { getSandboxLaunchDecision } from '@/lib/apps/sandboxPolicy.ts';
+import { AppTile } from '@/components/apps/AppTile.tsx';
 
 type InstalledEntry = ReturnType<typeof useApps>['apps'][number] & {
   kind: 'installed';
@@ -530,88 +530,47 @@ export function Apps() {
 
           {installedApps.length > 0 ? (
             <div className='grid grid-cols-2 gap-4 sm:grid-cols-3 md:grid-cols-4 lg:grid-cols-5 xl:grid-cols-6'>
-              {installedApps.map((app) => {
-                const iconSrc = `sage-app://${app.id}/${app.iconFile}`;
-                const launchGate = getSandboxLaunchDecision({
-                  app,
-                  sandboxState,
-                });
-
-                return (
-                  <button
-                    key={app.id}
-                    type='button'
-                    onClick={() => {
-                      const decision = getSandboxLaunchDecision({
-                        app,
-                        sandboxState,
-                      });
-
-                      if (!decision.allowed) {
-                        return;
-                      }
-
-                      navigate(`/apps/${app.id}`);
-                    }}
-                    onContextMenu={(event) => {
-                      event.preventDefault();
-
-                      const pageEl = pageRef.current;
-                      if (!pageEl) {
-                        return;
-                      }
-
-                      const pageRect = pageEl.getBoundingClientRect();
-
-                      const localX = event.clientX - pageRect.left;
-                      const localY = event.clientY - pageRect.top;
-
-                      const position = clampContextMenuPosition({
-                        x: localX,
-                        y: localY,
-                        containerWidth: pageRect.width,
-                        containerHeight: pageRect.height,
-                      });
-
-                      setClearDataErrorByAppId((prev) => ({
-                        ...prev,
-                        [app.id]: null,
-                      }));
-
-                      setContextMenu({
-                        app,
-                        x: position.x,
-                        y: position.y,
-                      });
-                    }}
-                    className='group flex flex-col items-center gap-3 rounded-2xl p-4 text-center transition-colors hover:bg-muted/50'
-                  >
-                    <div className='flex h-20 w-20 items-center justify-center overflow-hidden rounded-2xl border bg-background shadow-sm'>
-                      <img
-                        src={iconSrc}
-                        alt=''
-                        className='h-full w-full object-cover'
-                      />
-                    </div>
-
-                    <div className='min-w-0 w-full'>
-                      <div className='truncate text-sm font-medium'>
-                        {app.name}
-                      </div>
-
-                      <div className='truncate text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
-                        v{app.version}
-                      </div>
-
-                      {!launchGate.allowed ? (
-                        <div className='mt-1 text-xs text-amber-600'>
-                          {launchGate.title}
-                        </div>
-                      ) : null}
-                    </div>
-                  </button>
-                );
-              })}
+              {installedApps.map((app) => (
+                <AppTile
+                  key={app.id}
+                  app={app}
+                  sandboxState={sandboxState}
+                  onOpen={() => {
+                    navigate(`/apps/${app.id}`);
+                  }}
+                  onContextMenu={(event) => {
+                    event.preventDefault();
+
+                    const pageEl = pageRef.current;
+                    if (!pageEl) {
+                      return;
+                    }
+
+                    const pageRect = pageEl.getBoundingClientRect();
+
+                    const localX = event.clientX - pageRect.left;
+                    const localY = event.clientY - pageRect.top;
+
+                    const position = clampContextMenuPosition({
+                      x: localX,
+                      y: localY,
+                      containerWidth: pageRect.width,
+                      containerHeight: pageRect.height,
+                    });
+
+                    setClearDataErrorByAppId((prev) => ({
+                      ...prev,
+                      [app.id]: null,
+                    }));
+
+                    setContextMenu({
+                      app,
+                      x: position.x,
+                      y: position.y,
+                    });
+                  }}
+                />
+              ))}
             </div>
           ) : null}
 

From 15cf31b9709df23c334ca63d993622af8888cab0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 18 Apr 2026 19:06:30 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 086/471] Refactor sandbox test execution to run parallel
 phases with incremental updates:

- Execute persistence, clear-cycle, and network tests in parallel.
- Update sandbox state incrementally for individual test results.
- Add comments to clarify test order and independence.
---
 src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/index.ts | 87 +++++++++++++++++------------
 1 file changed, 52 insertions(+), 35 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/index.ts b/src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/index.ts
index 81f4895ac..b5ca105ea 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/index.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/index.ts
@@ -30,13 +30,15 @@ export async function runSandboxTestsIncremental(
   const state = buildRunningSandboxState();
   onUpdate({ ...state });
 
-  // --- isolation ---
+  // --- isolation (must be first) ---
   const isolation = await runIsolationTest();
+
   setCapability(state, 'storage_isolation_from_sage', {
     status: isolation.passed ? 'passed' : 'failed',
     checkedAt: Date.now(),
     details: isolation.details,
   });
+
   onUpdate({ ...state });
 
   if (!isolation.passed) {
@@ -46,40 +48,55 @@ export async function runSandboxTestsIncremental(
     return state;
   }
 
-  // --- persistence ---
-  const persistence = await runPersistenceTest();
-
-  setCapability(state, 'storage_persistence_normal', {
-    status: persistence.persistentNormal.passed ? 'passed' : 'failed',
-    checkedAt: Date.now(),
-    details: persistence.persistentNormal.details,
-  });
-
-  setCapability(state, 'storage_non_persistence_incognito', {
-    status: persistence.persistenceIncognito.passed ? 'passed' : 'failed',
-    checkedAt: Date.now(),
-    details: persistence.persistenceIncognito.details,
-  });
-
-  onUpdate({ ...state });
-
-  // --- clear cycle ---
-  const clearCycle = await runStorageClearCycleCapabilityTest();
-  setCapability(state, 'storage_clear_cycle', {
-    status: clearCycle.passed ? 'passed' : 'failed',
-    checkedAt: Date.now(),
-    details: clearCycle.details,
-  });
-
-  onUpdate({ ...state });
-
-  // --- network ---
-  const network = await runNetworkTest();
-  setCapability(state, 'network_allowlist_enforced', {
-    status: network.passed ? 'passed' : 'failed',
-    checkedAt: Date.now(),
-    details: network.details,
-  });
+  // --- parallel phase ---
+  const persistencePromise = runPersistenceTest();
+  const clearCyclePromise = runStorageClearCycleCapabilityTest();
+  const networkPromise = runNetworkTest();
+
+  // update each as it finishes (not waiting all)
+  await Promise.all([
+    (async () => {
+      const persistence = await persistencePromise;
+
+      setCapability(state, 'storage_persistence_normal', {
+        status: persistence.persistentNormal.passed ? 'passed' : 'failed',
+        checkedAt: Date.now(),
+        details: persistence.persistentNormal.details,
+      });
+
+      setCapability(state, 'storage_non_persistence_incognito', {
+        status: persistence.persistenceIncognito.passed ? 'passed' : 'failed',
+        checkedAt: Date.now(),
+        details: persistence.persistenceIncognito.details,
+      });
+
+      onUpdate({ ...state });
+    })(),
+
+    (async () => {
+      const clearCycle = await clearCyclePromise;
+
+      setCapability(state, 'storage_clear_cycle', {
+        status: clearCycle.passed ? 'passed' : 'failed',
+        checkedAt: Date.now(),
+        details: clearCycle.details,
+      });
+
+      onUpdate({ ...state });
+    })(),
+
+    (async () => {
+      const network = await networkPromise;
+
+      setCapability(state, 'network_allowlist_enforced', {
+        status: network.passed ? 'passed' : 'failed',
+        checkedAt: Date.now(),
+        details: network.details,
+      });
+
+      onUpdate({ ...state });
+    })(),
+  ]);
 
   // --- finalize ---
   state.overallCriticalStatus = 'passed';

From 6bbbc4d5374749b58defada97319e341de2e3da5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 18 Apr 2026 19:27:47 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 087/471] Update sandbox isolation test handling with detailed
 status checks:

- Replace `overallCriticalStatus` with `storage_isolation_from_sage` capability checks.
- Add `pending`, `running`, and `failed` state handling with contextual messages.
- Include capability-specific failure details for better error reporting.
---
 src/lib/apps/sandbox.ts | 26 ++++++++++++++++++++------
 1 file changed, 20 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/apps/sandbox.ts b/src/lib/apps/sandbox.ts
index c39409ec9..d7a02cfcd 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/sandbox.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/sandbox.ts
@@ -192,15 +192,29 @@ export function evaluateAppLaunchGate(
   app: InstalledSageApp,
   sandbox: SandboxState,
 ): AppLaunchGateResult {
-  if (
-    sandbox.overallCriticalStatus === 'pending' ||
-    sandbox.overallCriticalStatus === 'running'
-  ) {
+  const isolation = sandbox.capabilities.storage_isolation_from_sage;
+
+  if (isolation.status === 'pending' || isolation.status === 'running') {
     return {
       allowed: false,
       kind: 'running',
-      capability: null,
-      message: 'Sandbox tests are still running.',
+      capability: 'storage_isolation_from_sage',
+      message: `Sandbox tests are still running for ${formatCapabilityLabel(
+        'storage_isolation_from_sage',
+      )}.`,
+    };
+  }
+
+  if (isolation.status === 'failed') {
+    return {
+      allowed: false,
+      kind: 'failed',
+      capability: 'storage_isolation_from_sage',
+      message:
+        isolation.details ??
+        `Sandbox test failed for ${formatCapabilityLabel(
+          'storage_isolation_from_sage',
+        )}.`,
     };
   }
 

From 533f34288a281c71831a2fa54ce374cfce6e24cc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 18 Apr 2026 21:04:10 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 088/471] Add support for granted network whitelist in app
 installation and update flows:

- Introduced `grantedNetworkWhitelist` handling in app installation, updates, and state management.
- Implemented validation and normalization of network whitelist entries in Rust backend.
- Updated TypeScript types and frontend components (`PermissionsEditor`, `InstallDialog`) to reflect the network whitelist changes.
- Enhanced CSP logic to include `grantedNetworkWhitelist` entries during runtime.
---
 src-tauri/src/apps/builtin_apps.rs            |   7 +
 src-tauri/src/apps/csp.rs                     |  19 +--
 src-tauri/src/apps/install.rs                 |  94 +++++++++++-
 src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs                   |   7 +
 src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs                  |  27 +++-
 src/bindings.ts                               |  14 +-
 src/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx        |  44 +++++-
 .../apps/permissions/AppPermissions.tsx       |   4 +-
 .../apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx        | 142 ++++++++++--------
 .../apps/permissions/PermissionsDialog.tsx    |  41 +----
 .../apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx    | 133 ++++++++++++----
 .../apps/permissions/permissionUtils.ts       |  23 ++-
 src/hooks/useApps.ts                          |  14 +-
 src/lib/apps/sandbox.ts                       |   2 +-
 src/pages/Apps.tsx                            | 125 +++++++++------
 15 files changed, 493 insertions(+), 203 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/builtin_apps.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/builtin_apps.rs
index 32b661604..1b8015a46 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/builtin_apps.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/builtin_apps.rs
@@ -188,6 +188,12 @@ pub fn build_builtin_test_app(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<InstalledSageApp
 
     let total_bytes = compute_total_bytes(&app_dir)?;
 
+    let granted_network_whitelist = manifest
+        .network
+        .as_ref()
+        .map(|network| network.whitelist.clone())
+        .unwrap_or_default();
+
     let app = InstalledSageApp {
         id: spec.app_id.to_string(),
         name: manifest.name.clone(),
@@ -197,6 +203,7 @@ pub fn build_builtin_test_app(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<InstalledSageApp
         icon_file: icon_file_name,
         requested_permissions: manifest.permissions.clone(),
         granted_permissions,
+        granted_network_whitelist,
         permission_flags,
         source: InstalledSageAppSource::Zip,
         active_snapshot: InstalledSageAppSnapshot {
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/csp.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/csp.rs
index 558ca75ab..c25d634e6 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/csp.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/csp.rs
@@ -23,13 +23,6 @@ fn network_permission_to_csp_source(
         return None;
     }
 
-    // CSP source expressions should be origins / host-source patterns, not paths.
-    // Examples:
-    //   https://api.coinset.org
-    //   https://*.google.com
-    //   wss://relay.walletconnect.com
-    //
-    // Reject obviously dangerous / malformed host values.
     if host.contains('/') || host.contains('?') || host.contains('#') || host.contains(' ') {
         return None;
     }
@@ -67,15 +60,11 @@ pub fn build_app_csp(app: &InstalledSageApp) -> String {
     let form_action = csp_source_list(&vec!["'none'".to_string()]);
     let worker_src = csp_source_list(&vec!["'self'".to_string()]);
 
-    let mut connect_sources = BTreeSet::from([
-        "'self'".to_string(),
-    ]);
+    let mut connect_sources = BTreeSet::from(["'self'".to_string()]);
 
-    if let Some(network) = &app.active_snapshot.manifest.network {
-        for entry in &network.whitelist {
-            if let Some(source) = network_permission_to_csp_source(entry) {
-                connect_sources.insert(source);
-            }
+    for entry in &app.granted_network_whitelist {
+        if let Some(source) = network_permission_to_csp_source(entry) {
+            connect_sources.insert(source);
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/install.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/install.rs
index 2867cbbca..e12059d48 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/install.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/install.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 use std::{
+    collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet},
     fs, io,
     path::Path,
     time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH},
@@ -25,7 +26,8 @@ use crate::{
         snapshot::{derive_manifest_url, download_url_snapshot, fetch_url_manifest},
         types::{
             InstalledSageApp, InstalledSageAppSource, ListedSageApp,
-            SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppUrlPreview,
+            SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppUrlPreview, SageNetworkPermissions,
+            SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
         },
     },
     error::Result,
@@ -119,6 +121,77 @@ pub fn manifest_icon_file(manifest: &SageAppPackageManifest) -> &str {
     manifest.icon.as_deref().unwrap_or("icon.png")
 }
 
+fn normalize_network_key(
+    scheme: &str,
+    host: &str,
+) -> AnyResult<(String, String)> {
+    let scheme = scheme.trim().to_ascii_lowercase();
+    let host = host.trim().to_ascii_lowercase();
+
+    if scheme.is_empty() {
+        return Err(anyhow!("network whitelist entry is missing scheme"));
+    }
+
+    if host.is_empty() {
+        return Err(anyhow!("network whitelist entry is missing host"));
+    }
+
+    Ok((scheme, host))
+}
+
+pub fn normalize_and_validate_granted_network_whitelist(
+    requested: Option<&SageNetworkPermissions>,
+    granted: &[SageNetworkWhitelistEntry],
+) -> AnyResult<Vec<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>> {
+    let mut requested_by_key = BTreeMap::<(String, String), bool>::new();
+
+    for entry in requested.map(|n| n.whitelist.as_slice()).unwrap_or(&[]) {
+        let (scheme, host) = normalize_network_key(&entry.scheme, &entry.host)?;
+        requested_by_key.insert((scheme, host), entry.required);
+    }
+
+    let mut granted_keys = BTreeSet::<(String, String)>::new();
+
+    for entry in granted {
+        let key = normalize_network_key(&entry.scheme, &entry.host)?;
+        if !requested_by_key.contains_key(&key) {
+            return Err(anyhow!(
+                "granted network whitelist entry not requested in manifest: {}://{}",
+                key.0,
+                key.1
+            ));
+        }
+        granted_keys.insert(key);
+    }
+
+    let mut result = BTreeSet::<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>::new();
+
+    for ((scheme, host), required) in &requested_by_key {
+        if *required {
+            result.insert(SageNetworkWhitelistEntry {
+                scheme: scheme.clone(),
+                host: host.clone(),
+                required: true,
+            });
+        }
+    }
+
+    for (scheme, host) in granted_keys {
+        let required = requested_by_key
+            .get(&(scheme.clone(), host.clone()))
+            .copied()
+            .unwrap_or(false);
+
+        result.insert(SageNetworkWhitelistEntry {
+            scheme,
+            host,
+            required,
+        });
+    }
+
+    Ok(result.into_iter().collect())
+}
+
 pub async fn preview_app_url_internal(
     app_url: String,
 ) -> AnyResult<SageAppUrlPreview> {
@@ -199,6 +272,7 @@ pub async fn install_app_zip(
     state: State<'_, AppState>,
     zip_path: String,
     granted_permissions: Vec<String>,
+    granted_network_whitelist: Vec<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
 ) -> Result<InstalledSageApp> {
     let base_path = {
         let state = state.lock().await;
@@ -232,6 +306,10 @@ pub async fn install_app_zip(
         let manifest = normalize_manifest_permissions(read_manifest(&package_root)?)?;
 
         validate_granted_permissions(&manifest.permissions, &granted_permissions)?;
+        let granted_network_whitelist = normalize_and_validate_granted_network_whitelist(
+            manifest.network.as_ref(),
+            &granted_network_whitelist,
+        )?;
         let permission_flags =
             resolve_granted_permission_flags(&granted_permissions, None)?;
 
@@ -273,6 +351,7 @@ pub async fn install_app_zip(
             icon_file: manifest_icon_file(&manifest).to_string(),
             requested_permissions: manifest.permissions.clone(),
             granted_permissions,
+            granted_network_whitelist,
             permission_flags,
             source: InstalledSageAppSource::Zip,
             active_snapshot: snapshot,
@@ -302,6 +381,7 @@ pub async fn install_app_url(
     state: State<'_, AppState>,
     app_url: String,
     granted_permissions: Vec<String>,
+    granted_network_whitelist: Vec<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
 ) -> Result<InstalledSageApp> {
     let base_path = {
         let state = state.lock().await;
@@ -337,6 +417,17 @@ pub async fn install_app_url(
             ))
         })?;
 
+    let granted_network_whitelist = normalize_and_validate_granted_network_whitelist(
+        preview.manifest.network.as_ref(),
+        &granted_network_whitelist,
+    )
+        .map_err(|err| {
+            io::Error::other(format!(
+                "invalid granted network whitelist for URL app {}: {err}",
+                app_url
+            ))
+        })?;
+
     let permission_flags =
         resolve_granted_permission_flags(&granted_permissions, None)
             .map_err(|err| {
@@ -394,6 +485,7 @@ pub async fn install_app_url(
         icon_file: manifest_icon_file(&preview.manifest).to_string(),
         requested_permissions: preview.manifest.permissions.clone(),
         granted_permissions,
+        granted_network_whitelist,
         permission_flags,
         source: InstalledSageAppSource::Url {
             app_url: preview.app_url.clone(),
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs
index 3b3a8b7bf..0e8836629 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs
@@ -145,6 +145,13 @@ pub struct InstalledSageApp {
     #[serde(rename = "grantedPermissions", alias = "granted_permissions")]
     pub granted_permissions: Vec<String>,
 
+    #[serde(
+        rename = "grantedNetworkWhitelist",
+        alias = "granted_network_whitelist",
+        default
+    )]
+    pub granted_network_whitelist: Vec<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
+
     #[serde(rename = "permissionFlags", alias = "permission_flags")]
     pub permission_flags: InstalledSageAppPermissionFlags,
 
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs
index 2c95305e6..71591c88f 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,10 @@ use std::{io, path::PathBuf};
 
 use tauri::{command, State};
 
-use crate::apps::install::{manifest_entry_file, manifest_icon_file, preview_app_url_internal};
+use crate::apps::install::{
+    manifest_entry_file, manifest_icon_file, normalize_and_validate_granted_network_whitelist,
+    preview_app_url_internal,
+};
 
 use crate::{
     app_state::AppState,
@@ -15,7 +18,7 @@ use crate::{
         snapshot::download_url_snapshot,
         types::{
             InstalledSageApp, InstalledSageAppPendingUpdate,
-            InstalledSageAppSource, SageAppUrlPreview,
+            InstalledSageAppSource, SageAppUrlPreview, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
         },
     },
     error::Result,
@@ -153,6 +156,16 @@ pub async fn apply_app_update(
             ))
         })?;
 
+    let granted_network_whitelist = normalize_and_validate_granted_network_whitelist(
+        pending.manifest.network.as_ref(),
+        &app.granted_network_whitelist,
+    )
+        .map_err(|err| {
+            io::Error::other(format!(
+                "invalid granted network whitelist for update: {err}"
+            ))
+        })?;
+
     let permission_flags = resolve_granted_permission_flags(
         &granted_permissions,
         Some(&app.permission_flags),
@@ -182,6 +195,7 @@ pub async fn apply_app_update(
     app.version = pending.manifest.version.clone();
     app.requested_permissions = pending.manifest.permissions.clone();
     app.granted_permissions = granted_permissions;
+    app.granted_network_whitelist = granted_network_whitelist;
     app.permission_flags = permission_flags;
     app.active_snapshot = snapshot;
     app.entry_file = manifest_entry_file(&app.active_snapshot.manifest).to_string();
@@ -204,9 +218,9 @@ pub async fn apps_update_permissions(
     state: State<'_, AppState>,
     app_id: String,
     granted_permissions: Vec<String>,
+    granted_network_whitelist: Vec<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
     clear_storage_taint: bool,
 ) -> Result<()> {
-
     let base_path = {
         let state = state.lock().await;
         state.path.clone()
@@ -218,6 +232,12 @@ pub async fn apps_update_permissions(
     validate_granted_permissions(&app.requested_permissions, &granted_permissions)
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("invalid granted permissions: {err}")))?;
 
+    let granted_network_whitelist = normalize_and_validate_granted_network_whitelist(
+        app.active_snapshot.manifest.network.as_ref(),
+        &granted_network_whitelist,
+    )
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("invalid granted network whitelist: {err}")))?;
+
     let mut permission_flags = resolve_granted_permission_flags(
         &app.granted_permissions,
         Some(&app.permission_flags),
@@ -229,6 +249,7 @@ pub async fn apps_update_permissions(
     }
 
     app.granted_permissions = granted_permissions;
+    app.granted_network_whitelist = granted_network_whitelist;
     app.permission_flags = resolve_granted_permission_flags(
         &app.granted_permissions,
         Some(&permission_flags),
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index 90b4795f4..434a8e239 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -368,11 +368,11 @@ async previewAppZip(zipPath: string) : Promise<SageAppPackageManifest> {
 async previewAppUrl(appUrl: string) : Promise<SageAppUrlPreview> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("preview_app_url", { appUrl });
 },
-async installAppZip(zipPath: string, grantedPermissions: string[]) : Promise<InstalledSageApp> {
-    return await TAURI_INVOKE("install_app_zip", { zipPath, grantedPermissions });
+async installAppZip(zipPath: string, grantedPermissions: string[], grantedNetworkWhitelist: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[]) : Promise<InstalledSageApp> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("install_app_zip", { zipPath, grantedPermissions, grantedNetworkWhitelist });
 },
-async installAppUrl(appUrl: string, grantedPermissions: string[]) : Promise<InstalledSageApp> {
-    return await TAURI_INVOKE("install_app_url", { appUrl, grantedPermissions });
+async installAppUrl(appUrl: string, grantedPermissions: string[], grantedNetworkWhitelist: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[]) : Promise<InstalledSageApp> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("install_app_url", { appUrl, grantedPermissions, grantedNetworkWhitelist });
 },
 async uninstallApp(appId: string) : Promise<null> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("uninstall_app", { appId });
@@ -389,8 +389,8 @@ async downloadAppUpdate(appId: string) : Promise<InstalledSageApp> {
 async applyAppUpdate(appId: string, grantedPermissions: string[]) : Promise<InstalledSageApp> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("apply_app_update", { appId, grantedPermissions });
 },
-async appsUpdatePermissions(appId: string, grantedPermissions: string[], clearStorageTaint: boolean) : Promise<null> {
-    return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_update_permissions", { appId, grantedPermissions, clearStorageTaint });
+async appsUpdatePermissions(appId: string, grantedPermissions: string[], grantedNetworkWhitelist: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[], clearStorageTaint: boolean) : Promise<null> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_update_permissions", { appId, grantedPermissions, grantedNetworkWhitelist, clearStorageTaint });
 },
 async appsMarkStorageMayContainSecrets(appId: string) : Promise<null> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_mark_storage_may_contain_secrets", { appId });
@@ -1731,7 +1731,7 @@ index: number }
  */
 export type IncreaseDerivationIndexResponse = Record<string, never>
 export type InheritedNetwork = "mainnet" | "testnet11"
-export type InstalledSageApp = { id: string; name: string; version: string; installDir: string; entryFile: string; iconFile: string; requestedPermissions: SageAppPermissions; grantedPermissions: string[]; permissionFlags: InstalledSageAppPermissionFlags; source: InstalledSageAppSource; activeSnapshot: InstalledSageAppSnapshot; pendingUpdate: InstalledSageAppPendingUpdate | null }
+export type InstalledSageApp = { id: string; name: string; version: string; installDir: string; entryFile: string; iconFile: string; requestedPermissions: SageAppPermissions; grantedPermissions: string[]; grantedNetworkWhitelist?: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[]; permissionFlags: InstalledSageAppPermissionFlags; source: InstalledSageAppSource; activeSnapshot: InstalledSageAppSnapshot; pendingUpdate: InstalledSageAppPendingUpdate | null }
 export type InstalledSageAppPendingUpdate = { appUrl: string; manifestUrl: string; manifestHash: string; manifest: SageAppPackageManifest }
 export type InstalledSageAppPermissionFlags = { hasSecretAccess: boolean; hasExternalAccess: boolean; storageMayContainSecrets: boolean; isolated: boolean }
 export type InstalledSageAppSnapshot = { manifestHash: string; snapshotDir: string; totalBytes: number; manifest: SageAppPackageManifest }
diff --git a/src/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx b/src/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx
index 095a0ca2b..da82a0ed2 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx
@@ -1,9 +1,14 @@
 import { useState } from 'react';
-import type { SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppUrlPreview } from '@/bindings';
+import type {
+  SageAppPackageManifest,
+  SageAppUrlPreview,
+  SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
+} from '@/bindings';
 import { formatAppError } from '@/lib/apps/formatAppError.ts';
 import { InstallSourceCard } from './InstallSourceCard';
 import {
   buildFullyForbiddenPermissions,
+  buildInitialGrantedNetworkWhitelist,
   buildInitialGrantedPermissions,
 } from '@/components/apps/permissions/permissionUtils.ts';
 import { InstallPermissionsDialog } from '@/components/apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx';
@@ -11,8 +16,16 @@ import { InstallPermissionsDialog } from '@/components/apps/permissions/InstallD
 interface Props {
   onPreviewZip: (zipPath: string) => Promise<SageAppPackageManifest>;
   onPreviewUrl: (appUrl: string) => Promise<SageAppUrlPreview>;
-  onInstallZip: (zipPath: string, permissions: string[]) => Promise<void>;
-  onInstallUrl: (appUrl: string, permissions: string[]) => Promise<void>;
+  onInstallZip: (
+    zipPath: string,
+    permissions: string[],
+    networkWhitelist: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[],
+  ) => Promise<void>;
+  onInstallUrl: (
+    appUrl: string,
+    permissions: string[],
+    networkWhitelist: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[],
+  ) => Promise<void>;
 }
 
 type InstallSource =
@@ -40,6 +53,9 @@ export function InstallAppForm({
   const [grantedPermissions, setGrantedPermissions] = useState<string[]>(
     buildFullyForbiddenPermissions(),
   );
+  const [grantedNetworkWhitelist, setGrantedNetworkWhitelist] = useState<
+    SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[]
+  >([]);
 
   async function handleSelectZipPath(zipPath: string) {
     try {
@@ -54,6 +70,9 @@ export function InstallAppForm({
       });
 
       setGrantedPermissions(buildInitialGrantedPermissions(nextManifest));
+      setGrantedNetworkWhitelist(
+        buildInitialGrantedNetworkWhitelist(nextManifest),
+      );
     } catch (err) {
       setError(formatAppError(err));
     }
@@ -72,6 +91,9 @@ export function InstallAppForm({
       });
 
       setGrantedPermissions(buildInitialGrantedPermissions(preview.manifest));
+      setGrantedNetworkWhitelist(
+        buildInitialGrantedNetworkWhitelist(preview.manifest),
+      );
     } catch (err) {
       setError(formatAppError(err));
     }
@@ -87,13 +109,22 @@ export function InstallAppForm({
       setError(null);
 
       if (source.kind === 'zip') {
-        await onInstallZip(source.zipPath, grantedPermissions);
+        await onInstallZip(
+          source.zipPath,
+          grantedPermissions,
+          grantedNetworkWhitelist,
+        );
       } else {
-        await onInstallUrl(source.appUrl, grantedPermissions);
+        await onInstallUrl(
+          source.appUrl,
+          grantedPermissions,
+          grantedNetworkWhitelist,
+        );
       }
 
       setSource(null);
       setGrantedPermissions(buildFullyForbiddenPermissions());
+      setGrantedNetworkWhitelist([]);
       setUrlInput('');
     } catch (err) {
       setError(formatAppError(err));
@@ -105,6 +136,7 @@ export function InstallAppForm({
   function resetDialog() {
     setSource(null);
     setGrantedPermissions(buildFullyForbiddenPermissions());
+    setGrantedNetworkWhitelist([]);
     setError(null);
   }
 
@@ -124,7 +156,9 @@ export function InstallAppForm({
         error={error}
         installing={installing}
         grantedPermissions={grantedPermissions}
+        grantedNetworkWhitelist={grantedNetworkWhitelist}
         onGrantedPermissionsChange={setGrantedPermissions}
+        onGrantedNetworkWhitelistChange={setGrantedNetworkWhitelist}
         onCancel={resetDialog}
         onConfirm={confirmInstall}
       />
diff --git a/src/components/apps/permissions/AppPermissions.tsx b/src/components/apps/permissions/AppPermissions.tsx
index 30c5ad59c..839960f9a 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/permissions/AppPermissions.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/permissions/AppPermissions.tsx
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ interface Props {
   grantedPermissions?: string[];
   editable?: boolean;
   tone?: Tone;
-  onGrantedPermissionsChange?: React.Dispatch<React.SetStateAction<string[]>>;
+  onGrantedPermissionsChange?: (next: string[]) => void;
 }
 
 function buildEntries(
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ function buildEntries(
   }));
 
   return [...requiredEntries, ...optionalEntries].sort((a, b) =>
-    a.key.localeCompare(b.key),
+    a.key.localeCompare(b),
   );
 }
 
diff --git a/src/components/apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx b/src/components/apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx
index 606634573..c84be2d81 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx
@@ -1,3 +1,9 @@
+import type {
+  InstalledSageApp,
+  SageAppPackageManifest,
+  SageAppUrlPreview,
+  SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
+} from '@/bindings';
 import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
 import {
   Dialog,
@@ -6,9 +12,7 @@ import {
   DialogHeader,
   DialogTitle,
 } from '@/components/ui/dialog';
-import type { SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppUrlPreview } from '@/bindings';
-import React from 'react';
-import { AppPermissions } from '@/components/apps/permissions/AppPermissions';
+import { PermissionsEditor } from '@/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor';
 
 type InstallSource =
   | {
@@ -27,86 +31,106 @@ interface Props {
   error: string | null;
   installing: boolean;
   grantedPermissions: string[];
-  onGrantedPermissionsChange: React.Dispatch<React.SetStateAction<string[]>>;
+  grantedNetworkWhitelist: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[];
+  onGrantedPermissionsChange: (next: string[]) => void;
+  onGrantedNetworkWhitelistChange: (next: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[]) => void;
   onCancel: () => void;
   onConfirm: () => void;
 }
 
+function buildPreviewApp(
+  manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
+  grantedPermissions: string[],
+  grantedNetworkWhitelist: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[],
+): InstalledSageApp {
+  return {
+    id: '__install_preview__',
+    name: manifest.name,
+    version: manifest.version,
+    installDir: '',
+    entryFile: manifest.entry ?? 'index.html',
+    iconFile: manifest.icon ?? 'icon.png',
+    requestedPermissions: manifest.permissions ?? {
+      required: [],
+      optional: [],
+    },
+    grantedPermissions,
+    grantedNetworkWhitelist,
+    permissionFlags: {
+      hasSecretAccess: false,
+      hasExternalAccess: false,
+      storageMayContainSecrets: false,
+      isolated: false,
+    },
+    source: { kind: 'zip' },
+    activeSnapshot: {
+      manifestHash: '__install_preview__',
+      snapshotDir: '',
+      totalBytes: 0,
+      manifest,
+    },
+    pendingUpdate: null,
+  };
+}
+
 export function InstallPermissionsDialog({
   source,
   error,
   installing,
   grantedPermissions,
+  grantedNetworkWhitelist,
   onGrantedPermissionsChange,
+  onGrantedNetworkWhitelistChange,
   onCancel,
   onConfirm,
 }: Props) {
+  const open = !!source;
+
+  if (!source) {
+    return (
+      <Dialog open={open} onOpenChange={(nextOpen) => !nextOpen && onCancel()}>
+        <DialogContent />
+      </Dialog>
+    );
+  }
+
   const manifest =
-    source?.kind === 'zip'
-      ? source.manifest
-      : (source?.preview.manifest ?? null);
+    source.kind === 'zip' ? source.manifest : source.preview.manifest;
 
-  const networkEntries = manifest?.network?.whitelist ?? [];
+  const previewApp = buildPreviewApp(
+    manifest,
+    grantedPermissions,
+    grantedNetworkWhitelist,
+  );
 
   return (
-    <Dialog open={!!manifest} onOpenChange={(open) => !open && onCancel()}>
-      <DialogContent>
+    <Dialog open={open} onOpenChange={(nextOpen) => !nextOpen && onCancel()}>
+      <DialogContent className='max-w-md'>
         <DialogHeader>
-          <DialogTitle>Install {manifest?.name}</DialogTitle>
+          <DialogTitle>Install app</DialogTitle>
         </DialogHeader>
 
-        {manifest ? (
-          <div className='space-y-5'>
-            <div className='space-y-1 text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
-              <div>v{manifest.version}</div>
-
-              {source?.kind === 'url' ? (
-                <>
-                  <div className='break-all'>URL: {source.preview.appUrl}</div>
-                  <div className='break-all'>
-                    Manifest: {source.preview.manifestUrl}
-                  </div>
-                </>
-              ) : null}
-            </div>
-
-            <div className='space-y-3'>
-              <h3 className='text-sm font-medium'>Permissions</h3>
-
-              <AppPermissions
-                permissions={manifest.permissions}
-                grantedPermissions={grantedPermissions}
-                editable
-                onGrantedPermissionsChange={onGrantedPermissionsChange}
-              />
-            </div>
-
-            {networkEntries.length > 0 ? (
-              <div className='space-y-2'>
-                <div className='text-sm font-medium'>Network allowlist</div>
+        <div className='space-y-5'>
+          <div className='space-y-1 text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
+            <div>{manifest.name}</div>
+            <div>v{manifest.version}</div>
+          </div>
 
-                <div className='space-y-2 rounded-md border p-3'>
-                  {networkEntries.map((entry) => (
-                    <div
-                      key={`${entry.scheme}://${entry.host}`}
-                      className='text-xs font-mono'
-                    >
-                      {entry.scheme}://{entry.host}
-                      {entry.required ? ' (required)' : ''}
-                    </div>
-                  ))}
-                </div>
-              </div>
-            ) : null}
+          <PermissionsEditor
+            app={previewApp}
+            grantedPermissions={grantedPermissions}
+            grantedNetworkWhitelist={grantedNetworkWhitelist}
+            onGrantedPermissionsChange={onGrantedPermissionsChange}
+            onGrantedNetworkWhitelistChange={onGrantedNetworkWhitelistChange}
+          />
 
-            {error ? (
-              <div className='text-sm text-destructive'>{error}</div>
-            ) : null}
-          </div>
-        ) : null}
+          {error ? (
+            <div className='text-sm text-destructive'>{error}</div>
+          ) : null}
+        </div>
 
         <DialogFooter>
-          <Button variant='outline' onClick={onCancel}>
+          <Button variant='outline' onClick={onCancel} disabled={installing}>
             Cancel
           </Button>
 
diff --git a/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsDialog.tsx b/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsDialog.tsx
index 48bd279b6..8122b5c76 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsDialog.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsDialog.tsx
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import {
 } from '@/components/ui/dialog';
 import type { InstalledSageApp } from '@/bindings';
 import React from 'react';
-import { AppPermissions } from '@/components/apps/permissions/AppPermissions';
+import { PermissionsEditor } from '@/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor';
 
 interface Props {
   app: InstalledSageApp | null;
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ interface Props {
   error: string | null;
   submitting: boolean;
   grantedPermissions: string[];
-  onGrantedPermissionsChange: React.Dispatch<React.SetStateAction<string[]>>;
+  onGrantedPermissionsChange: (next: string[]) => void;
   onCancel: () => void;
   onConfirm: () => void;
 }
@@ -37,10 +37,6 @@ export function PermissionsDialog({
 }: Props) {
   const manifest =
     app?.pendingUpdate?.manifest ?? app?.activeSnapshot.manifest ?? null;
-  const requestedPermissions =
-    app?.pendingUpdate?.manifest.permissions ??
-    app?.requestedPermissions ??
-    null;
 
   return (
     <Dialog open={open} onOpenChange={(nextOpen) => !nextOpen && onCancel()}>
@@ -57,34 +53,11 @@ export function PermissionsDialog({
               {description ? <div>{description}</div> : null}
             </div>
 
-            <div className='space-y-3'>
-              <h3 className='text-sm font-medium'>Permissions</h3>
-
-              <AppPermissions
-                permissions={requestedPermissions}
-                grantedPermissions={grantedPermissions}
-                editable
-                onGrantedPermissionsChange={onGrantedPermissionsChange}
-              />
-            </div>
-
-            {manifest.network && manifest.network.whitelist && manifest.network.whitelist.length > 0 ? (
-              <div className='space-y-2'>
-                <div className='text-sm font-medium'>Network allowlist</div>
-
-                <div className='space-y-2 rounded-md border p-3'>
-                  {manifest.network.whitelist.map((entry) => (
-                    <div
-                      key={`${entry.scheme}://${entry.host}`}
-                      className='text-xs font-mono'
-                    >
-                      {entry.scheme}://{entry.host}
-                      {entry.required ? ' (required)' : ''}
-                    </div>
-                  ))}
-                </div>
-              </div>
-            ) : null}
+            <PermissionsEditor
+              app={app}
+              grantedPermissions={grantedPermissions}
+              onGrantedPermissionsChange={onGrantedPermissionsChange}
+            />
 
             {error ? (
               <div className='text-sm text-destructive'>{error}</div>
diff --git a/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx b/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx
index 484fa04ca..b6bcd204e 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx
@@ -1,45 +1,116 @@
-import { useEffect, useState } from 'react';
-import type { InstalledSageApp } from '@/bindings';
-import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
+import type { InstalledSageApp, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry } from '@/bindings';
 import { AppPermissions } from './AppPermissions';
 
 interface Props {
   app: InstalledSageApp;
-  onCancel: () => void;
-  onApply: (permissions: string[]) => void;
+  grantedPermissions: string[];
+  grantedNetworkWhitelist: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[];
+  onGrantedPermissionsChange: (next: string[]) => void;
+  onGrantedNetworkWhitelistChange: (next: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[]) => void;
 }
 
-export function PermissionsEditor({ app, onCancel, onApply }: Props) {
-  const [grantedPermissions, setGrantedPermissions] = useState<string[]>(
-    app.grantedPermissions ?? [],
+function sortNetworkEntries(
+  entries: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[],
+): SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[] {
+  return [...entries].sort((a, b) => {
+    const aKey = `${a.scheme}://${a.host}`;
+    const bKey = `${b.scheme}://${b.host}`;
+    return aKey.localeCompare(bKey);
+  });
+}
+
+function networkKey(entry: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry): string {
+  return `${entry.scheme}://${entry.host}`;
+}
+
+export function PermissionsEditor({
+  app,
+  grantedPermissions,
+  grantedNetworkWhitelist,
+  onGrantedPermissionsChange,
+  onGrantedNetworkWhitelistChange,
+}: Props) {
+  const manifest = app.pendingUpdate?.manifest ?? app.activeSnapshot.manifest;
+  const requestedNetwork = manifest.network?.whitelist ?? [];
+
+  const grantedNetworkKeys = new Set(
+    grantedNetworkWhitelist.map((entry) => networkKey(entry)),
   );
 
-  useEffect(() => {
-    setGrantedPermissions(app.grantedPermissions ?? []);
-  }, [app]);
+  function handleToggleNetwork(
+    entry: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
+    nextGranted: boolean,
+  ) {
+    const requiredEntries = requestedNetwork.filter((item) => item.required);
+    const optionalEntries = requestedNetwork.filter((item) => !item.required);
+
+    const nextOptional = optionalEntries.filter((item) => {
+      const key = networkKey(item);
+
+      if (key !== networkKey(entry)) {
+        return grantedNetworkKeys.has(key);
+      }
+
+      return nextGranted;
+    });
+
+    onGrantedNetworkWhitelistChange(
+      sortNetworkEntries([...requiredEntries, ...nextOptional]),
+    );
+  }
 
   return (
-    <div className='space-y-4'>
-      <AppPermissions
-        permissions={app.requestedPermissions}
-        grantedPermissions={grantedPermissions}
-        editable
-        onGrantedPermissionsChange={setGrantedPermissions}
-      />
-
-      <div className='flex justify-end gap-2'>
-        <Button variant='outline' onClick={onCancel}>
-          Cancel
-        </Button>
-
-        <Button
-          onClick={() => {
-            onApply(grantedPermissions);
-          }}
-        >
-          Apply
-        </Button>
+    <div className='space-y-5'>
+      <div className='space-y-3'>
+        <h3 className='text-sm font-medium'>Permissions</h3>
+
+        <AppPermissions
+          permissions={app.requestedPermissions}
+          grantedPermissions={grantedPermissions}
+          editable
+          onGrantedPermissionsChange={onGrantedPermissionsChange}
+        />
       </div>
+
+      {requestedNetwork.length > 0 ? (
+        <div className='space-y-3'>
+          <h3 className='text-sm font-medium'>Network access</h3>
+
+          <div className='space-y-2 rounded-md border p-3'>
+            {requestedNetwork.map((entry) => {
+              const key = networkKey(entry);
+              const checked = entry.required || grantedNetworkKeys.has(key);
+
+              return (
+                <label
+                  key={key}
+                  className='flex items-center justify-between gap-3 text-xs'
+                >
+                  <div className='min-w-0 font-mono break-all'>{key}</div>
+
+                  <div className='shrink-0'>
+                    {entry.required ? (
+                      <span className='text-muted-foreground'>required</span>
+                    ) : (
+                      <input
+                        type='checkbox'
+                        checked={checked}
+                        onChange={(event) => {
+                          handleToggleNetwork(entry, event.target.checked);
+                        }}
+                      />
+                    )}
+                  </div>
+                </label>
+              );
+            })}
+          </div>
+
+          <div className='text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
+            Network access is configured separately from permissions.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      ) : null}
     </div>
   );
 }
diff --git a/src/components/apps/permissions/permissionUtils.ts b/src/components/apps/permissions/permissionUtils.ts
index d0fe29ef9..3b9652518 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/permissions/permissionUtils.ts
+++ b/src/components/apps/permissions/permissionUtils.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,17 @@
-import type { SageAppPackageManifest } from '@/bindings';
+import type {
+  SageAppPackageManifest,
+  SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
+} from '@/bindings';
+
+function sortNetworkEntries(
+  entries: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[],
+): SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[] {
+  return [...entries].sort((a, b) => {
+    const aKey = `${a.scheme}://${a.host}`;
+    const bKey = `${b.scheme}://${b.host}`;
+    return aKey.localeCompare(bKey);
+  });
+}
 
 export function buildFullyForbiddenPermissions(): string[] {
   return [];
@@ -11,3 +24,11 @@ export function buildInitialGrantedPermissions(
     a.localeCompare(b),
   );
 }
+
+export function buildInitialGrantedNetworkWhitelist(
+  manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
+): SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[] {
+  return sortNetworkEntries(
+    (manifest.network?.whitelist ?? []).filter((entry) => entry.required),
+  );
+}
diff --git a/src/hooks/useApps.ts b/src/hooks/useApps.ts
index 26bb0471d..529b7a9ac 100644
--- a/src/hooks/useApps.ts
+++ b/src/hooks/useApps.ts
@@ -91,10 +91,15 @@ export function useAppsInternal() {
   }, [refresh]);
 
   const installApp = useCallback(
-    async (zipPath: string, permissions: string[]) => {
+    async (
+      zipPath: string,
+      permissions: string[],
+      networkWhitelist: import('@/bindings').SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[],
+    ) => {
       await invoke<InstalledSageApp>('install_app_zip', {
         zipPath,
         grantedPermissions: permissions,
+        grantedNetworkWhitelist: networkWhitelist,
       });
       await refresh();
     },
@@ -102,10 +107,15 @@ export function useAppsInternal() {
   );
 
   const installUrlApp = useCallback(
-    async (appUrl: string, permissions: string[]) => {
+    async (
+      appUrl: string,
+      permissions: string[],
+      networkWhitelist: import('@/bindings').SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[],
+    ) => {
       await invoke<InstalledSageApp>('install_app_url', {
         appUrl,
         grantedPermissions: permissions,
+        grantedNetworkWhitelist: networkWhitelist,
       });
       await refresh();
     },
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/sandbox.ts b/src/lib/apps/sandbox.ts
index d7a02cfcd..af93f910d 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/sandbox.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/sandbox.ts
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ export function getRequiredSandboxCapabilities(
     required.push('storage_non_persistence_incognito');
   }
 
-  if ((app.activeSnapshot.manifest.network?.whitelist?.length ?? 0) > 0) {
+  if ((app.grantedNetworkWhitelist?.length ?? 0) > 0) {
     required.push('network_allowlist_enforced');
   }
 
diff --git a/src/pages/Apps.tsx b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
index fbd537f41..53f7ddef7 100644
--- a/src/pages/Apps.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
@@ -9,7 +9,11 @@ import {
   DialogHeader,
   DialogTitle,
 } from '@/components/ui/dialog';
-import { SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppUrlPreview } from '@/bindings.ts';
+import {
+  SageAppPackageManifest,
+  SageAppUrlPreview,
+  SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
+} from '@/bindings.ts';
 import { invoke } from '@tauri-apps/api/core';
 import { useApps } from '@/contexts/AppsContext.tsx';
 import { useAppRuntimes } from '@/hooks/useAppRuntimes.ts';
@@ -19,7 +23,7 @@ import { LayoutGrid, Plus } from 'lucide-react';
 import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react';
 import { useNavigate } from 'react-router-dom';
 import { PermissionsEditor } from '@/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx';
-import { AppTile } from '@/components/apps/AppTile.tsx';
+import { AppTile } from '@/components/apps/AppTile';
 
 type InstalledEntry = ReturnType<typeof useApps>['apps'][number] & {
   kind: 'installed';
@@ -103,6 +107,11 @@ export function Apps() {
   >(null);
   const [pendingPermissionsRetry, setPendingPermissionsRetry] =
     useState<PendingPermissionsRetry>(null);
+  const [editingGrantedPermissions, setEditingGrantedPermissions] = useState<
+    string[]
+  >([]);
+  const [editingGrantedNetworkWhitelist, setEditingGrantedNetworkWhitelist] =
+    useState<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[]>([]);
 
   const {
     apps,
@@ -193,6 +202,8 @@ export function Apps() {
 
   function openPermissionsDialog(app: InstalledEntry) {
     setPermissionsDialogApp(app);
+    setEditingGrantedPermissions(app.grantedPermissions ?? []);
+    setEditingGrantedNetworkWhitelist(app.grantedNetworkWhitelist ?? []);
     setPermissionsDialogBusy(false);
     setPermissionsDialogError(null);
     setPendingPermissionsRetry(null);
@@ -200,6 +211,8 @@ export function Apps() {
 
   function closePermissionsDialog() {
     setPermissionsDialogApp(null);
+    setEditingGrantedPermissions([]);
+    setEditingGrantedNetworkWhitelist([]);
     setPermissionsDialogBusy(false);
     setPermissionsDialogError(null);
     setPendingPermissionsRetry(null);
@@ -258,7 +271,11 @@ export function Apps() {
   );
 
   const handleApplyPermissions = useCallback(
-    async (app: InstalledEntry, nextPermissions: string[]) => {
+    async (
+      app: InstalledEntry,
+      nextPermissions: string[],
+      nextNetworkWhitelist: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[],
+    ) => {
       setPermissionsDialogBusy(true);
       setPermissionsDialogError(null);
       setPendingPermissionsRetry(null);
@@ -267,6 +284,7 @@ export function Apps() {
         await invoke('apps_update_permissions', {
           appId: app.id,
           grantedPermissions: nextPermissions,
+          grantedNetworkWhitelist: nextNetworkWhitelist,
           clearStorageTaint: false,
         });
 
@@ -324,6 +342,7 @@ export function Apps() {
       await invoke('apps_update_permissions', {
         appId: permissionsDialogApp.id,
         grantedPermissions: pendingPermissionsRetry.nextPermissions,
+        grantedNetworkWhitelist: editingGrantedNetworkWhitelist,
         clearStorageTaint: true,
       });
 
@@ -346,6 +365,7 @@ export function Apps() {
   }, [
     permissionsDialogApp,
     pendingPermissionsRetry,
+    editingGrantedNetworkWhitelist,
     runningAppIds,
     navigate,
     refresh,
@@ -694,12 +714,12 @@ export function Apps() {
             onPreviewUrl={(appUrl: string) =>
               invoke<SageAppUrlPreview>('preview_app_url', { appUrl })
             }
-            onInstallZip={async (zipPath, permissions) => {
-              await installApp(zipPath, permissions);
+            onInstallZip={async (zipPath, permissions, networkWhitelist) => {
+              await installApp(zipPath, permissions, networkWhitelist);
               setInstallOpen(false);
             }}
-            onInstallUrl={async (appUrl, permissions) => {
-              await installUrlApp(appUrl, permissions);
+            onInstallUrl={async (appUrl, permissions, networkWhitelist) => {
+              await installUrlApp(appUrl, permissions, networkWhitelist);
               setInstallOpen(false);
             }}
           />
@@ -719,43 +739,64 @@ export function Apps() {
             <DialogTitle>Change permissions</DialogTitle>
           </DialogHeader>
 
-          {permissionsDialogError ? (
-            <Alert className='mb-4'>
-              <AlertTitle>Permission update blocked</AlertTitle>
-              <AlertDescription>{permissionsDialogError}</AlertDescription>
-            </Alert>
-          ) : null}
-
           {permissionsDialogApp ? (
-            <PermissionsEditor
-              app={permissionsDialogApp}
-              onCancel={closePermissionsDialog}
-              onApply={(next) =>
-                handleApplyPermissions(permissionsDialogApp, next)
-              }
-            />
-          ) : null}
+            <div className='space-y-4'>
+              {permissionsDialogError ? (
+                <Alert>
+                  <AlertTitle>Permission update blocked</AlertTitle>
+                  <AlertDescription>{permissionsDialogError}</AlertDescription>
+                </Alert>
+              ) : null}
+
+              <PermissionsEditor
+                app={permissionsDialogApp}
+                grantedPermissions={editingGrantedPermissions}
+                grantedNetworkWhitelist={editingGrantedNetworkWhitelist}
+                onGrantedPermissionsChange={setEditingGrantedPermissions}
+                onGrantedNetworkWhitelistChange={
+                  setEditingGrantedNetworkWhitelist
+                }
+              />
+
+              <div className='flex items-center justify-end gap-2'>
+                <Button
+                  variant='outline'
+                  disabled={permissionsDialogBusy}
+                  onClick={closePermissionsDialog}
+                >
+                  Cancel
+                </Button>
 
-          {pendingPermissionsRetry && permissionsDialogApp ? (
-            <div className='mt-4 flex items-center justify-end gap-2'>
-              <Button
-                variant='outline'
-                disabled={permissionsDialogBusy}
-                onClick={closePermissionsDialog}
-              >
-                Cancel
-              </Button>
-
-              <Button
-                disabled={permissionsDialogBusy}
-                onClick={() => {
-                  void handleClearStorageAndApplyPending();
-                }}
-              >
-                {permissionsDialogBusy
-                  ? 'Clearing and applying...'
-                  : 'Clear storage and apply'}
-              </Button>
+                {pendingPermissionsRetry ? (
+                  <Button
+                    disabled={permissionsDialogBusy}
+                    onClick={() => {
+                      void handleClearStorageAndApplyPending();
+                    }}
+                  >
+                    {permissionsDialogBusy
+                      ? 'Clearing and applying...'
+                      : 'Clear storage and apply'}
+                  </Button>
+                ) : (
+                  <Button
+                    disabled={permissionsDialogBusy}
+                    onClick={() => {
+                      if (!permissionsDialogApp) {
+                        return;
+                      }
+
+                      void handleApplyPermissions(
+                        permissionsDialogApp,
+                        editingGrantedPermissions,
+                        editingGrantedNetworkWhitelist,
+                      );
+                    }}
+                  >
+                    {permissionsDialogBusy ? 'Saving...' : 'Save'}
+                  </Button>
+                )}
+              </div>
             </div>
           ) : null}
         </DialogContent>

From 96e525a5716447ce0b898392fee6fba8dafa6670 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 18 Apr 2026 21:29:49 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 089/471] Enhance error handling and update checks in app
 update flow:

- Introduced `formatAppError` utility for consistent error formatting across components.
- Updated `checkForUpdate` and `downloadAppUpdate` flows to handle detailed error messages.
- Refined manifest comparison logic in `update.rs` to include content matching alongside hash checks.
- Added `PartialEq` and `Eq` trait implementations for app-related structs (`SageAppPermissions`, `SageNetworkPermissions`, etc.) to streamline equality checks.
---
 src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs  |  8 ++++----
 src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs | 13 +++++++++++--
 src/hooks/useApps.ts         |  8 ++++++++
 src/pages/Apps.tsx           | 26 +++++++++++++++++++++++---
 4 files changed, 46 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs
index 0e8836629..4b7f4c33b 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct SageAppPermissions {
     #[serde(default)]
     pub required: Vec<String>,
@@ -19,13 +19,13 @@ pub struct SageNetworkWhitelistEntry {
     pub required: bool,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct SageNetworkPermissions {
     #[serde(default)]
     pub whitelist: Vec<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct SageAppPackageManifest {
     pub name: String,
     pub version: String,
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ pub struct SageAppUrlPreview {
     pub manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct SageAppManifestFile {
     pub path: String,
     pub sha256: String,
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs
index 71591c88f..10205e3ee 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs
@@ -56,12 +56,21 @@ pub async fn check_app_update(
             io::Error::other(format!("failed to preview app URL: {err}"))
         })?;
 
-    if preview.manifest_hash == app.active_snapshot.manifest_hash {
+    let same_manifest_hash =
+        preview.manifest_hash == app.active_snapshot.manifest_hash;
+
+    let same_manifest_content =
+        preview.manifest == app.active_snapshot.manifest;
+
+    if same_manifest_hash && same_manifest_content {
         return Ok(None);
     }
 
     if let Some(pending) = &app.pending_update {
-        if pending.manifest_hash == preview.manifest_hash {
+        let same_pending_hash = pending.manifest_hash == preview.manifest_hash;
+        let same_pending_manifest = pending.manifest == preview.manifest;
+
+        if same_pending_hash && same_pending_manifest {
             return Ok(None);
         }
     }
diff --git a/src/hooks/useApps.ts b/src/hooks/useApps.ts
index 529b7a9ac..9bcd0de1e 100644
--- a/src/hooks/useApps.ts
+++ b/src/hooks/useApps.ts
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ import {
 } from '@/lib/apps/sandbox';
 import { clearAppDataStore } from '@/lib/apps/storageClearCycle';
 import { runSandboxTestsIncremental } from '@/lib/apps/sandbox-tests';
+import { formatAppError } from '@/lib/apps/formatAppError.ts';
 
 type UpdateAvailabilityMap = Record<string, SageAppUrlPreview | null>;
 
@@ -192,6 +193,7 @@ export function useAppsInternal() {
     async (appId: string) => {
       try {
         setBusy(appId, true);
+
         const installed = await invoke<InstalledSageApp>(
           'download_app_update',
           {
@@ -206,6 +208,12 @@ export function useAppsInternal() {
 
         await refresh();
         return installed;
+      } catch (err) {
+        const message = formatAppError(err);
+
+        throw new Error(
+          `Failed to download app update for ${appId}: ${message}`,
+        );
       } finally {
         setBusy(appId, false);
       }
diff --git a/src/pages/Apps.tsx b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
index 53f7ddef7..8bd0fdd44 100644
--- a/src/pages/Apps.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react';
 import { useNavigate } from 'react-router-dom';
 import { PermissionsEditor } from '@/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx';
 import { AppTile } from '@/components/apps/AppTile';
+import { formatAppError } from '@/lib/apps/formatAppError.ts';
 
 type InstalledEntry = ReturnType<typeof useApps>['apps'][number] & {
   kind: 'installed';
@@ -190,12 +191,31 @@ export function Apps() {
       [appId]: 'checking',
     }));
 
+    setClearDataErrorByAppId((prev) => ({
+      ...prev,
+      [appId]: null,
+    }));
+
     try {
-      await checkForUpdate(appId);
-    } finally {
+      const preview = await checkForUpdate(appId);
+
       setUpdateCheckStateByAppId((prev) => ({
         ...prev,
-        [appId]: 'up_to_date',
+        [appId]: preview ? 'idle' : 'up_to_date',
+      }));
+    } catch (err) {
+      const message = formatAppError(err);
+
+      console.error('checkForUpdate failed:', err);
+
+      setUpdateCheckStateByAppId((prev) => ({
+        ...prev,
+        [appId]: 'idle',
+      }));
+
+      setClearDataErrorByAppId((prev) => ({
+        ...prev,
+        [appId]: `Update check failed: ${message}`,
       }));
     }
   }

From 8f89e8ebe1063979f3772bd2a16a371b009e6dbf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 18 Apr 2026 23:26:54 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 090/471] Refactor permissions handling to support granular
 capabilities and network whitelists:

- Replaced flat `grantedPermissions` with a structured `SageGrantedPermissions` object, enabling distinct handling of `capabilities` and `network` permissions.
- Updated app installation, update, and state management flows to utilize the new `grantedPermissions` structure.
- Enhanced validation and normalization for permissions and network whitelists in Rust backend.
- Refined TypeScript types and frontend components (`InstallDialog`, `PermissionsEditor`) to align with these changes.
---
 packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts          |  20 +-
 packages/sage-app-sdk/src/types.ts            |  24 +-
 src-tauri/src/apps/builtin_apps.rs            |  27 +-
 src-tauri/src/apps/csp.rs                     |   7 +-
 src-tauri/src/apps/install.rs                 |  95 +++----
 src-tauri/src/apps/manifest.rs                |   2 +-
 src-tauri/src/apps/permissions.rs             | 103 +++++++-
 src-tauri/src/apps/storage/validate.rs        |   1 +
 src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs                   | 247 ++++++++++++++++--
 src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs                  |  28 +-
 src/bindings.ts                               |  28 +-
 .../network-allow-a/sage-manifest.json        |  20 +-
 .../network-allow-b/sage-manifest.json        |  20 +-
 .../sage-manifest.incognito.json              |   6 +-
 .../sage-manifest.persistent.json             |   6 +-
 .../sage-manifest.incognito.json              |   6 +-
 .../sage-manifest.persistent.json             |   6 +-
 src/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx        |   8 +-
 .../apps/permissions/AppPermissions.tsx       |  34 +--
 .../apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx        |  30 ++-
 .../apps/permissions/PermissionsDialog.tsx    |  10 +-
 .../apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx    |  42 ++-
 .../apps/permissions/permissionUtils.ts       |  14 +-
 src/hooks/useApps.ts                          |   5 +-
 src/lib/apps/bridge/index.ts                  |   7 +-
 src/lib/apps/bridge/methods/system.ts         |   6 +-
 src/lib/apps/bridge/methods/wallet.ts         |   9 +-
 src/lib/apps/bridge/permissions.ts            |  19 +-
 src/lib/apps/bridge/registry.ts               |   2 +-
 src/lib/apps/bridge/types.ts                  |  14 +-
 src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts               |   5 +-
 src/lib/apps/sandbox.ts                       |   4 +-
 src/lib/apps/sandboxRuntimeStore.ts           | 134 +++++++---
 src/lib/apps/testApps.ts                      |   1 +
 src/pages/Apps.tsx                            |  14 +-
 src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx                   |  18 +-
 36 files changed, 716 insertions(+), 306 deletions(-)

diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
index 1818b6166..f5f514ebf 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
@@ -51,15 +51,23 @@ function buildFallbackAppInfo(): SageAppInfo {
         'unknown-app';
 
     return {
-        id: appId,
-        name: document.title || appId,
-        version: '0.0.0',
-        requestedPermissions: {
+      id: appId,
+      name: document.title || appId,
+      version: '0.0.0',
+      requestedPermissions: {
+        network: {
+          whitelist: {
             required: [],
             optional: [],
+          }
         },
-        grantedPermissions: [],
-        network: [],
+        capabilities: {
+          required: [],
+          optional: [],
+        },
+      },
+      grantedPermissions: [],
+      network: []
     };
 }
 
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/types.ts b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/types.ts
index bc7d946dd..38bb12d84 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/types.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/types.ts
@@ -7,8 +7,28 @@ export type SageNetworkPermission = {
 };
 
 export type SageRequestedPermissions = {
-  required: string[];
-  optional: string[];
+  network?: SageRequestedNetworkPermissions;
+  capabilities?: SageRequestedCapabilities;
+};
+export type SageNetworkWhitelistEntry = {
+  scheme: string;
+  host: string;
+  required?: boolean;
+};
+export type SageRequestedCapabilities = {
+  required?: string[];
+  optional?: string[];
+};
+export type SageRequestedNetworkPermissions = {
+  whitelist?: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist;
+};
+export type SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist = {
+  required?: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelistEntry[];
+  optional?: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelistEntry[];
+};
+export type SageRequestedNetworkWhitelistEntry = {
+  scheme: string;
+  host: string;
 };
 
 export type SageAppInfo = {
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/builtin_apps.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/builtin_apps.rs
index 1b8015a46..dc73553db 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/builtin_apps.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/builtin_apps.rs
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ use crate::apps::{
         SageAppPackageManifest,
     },
 };
+use crate::apps::types::{SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions};
 use crate::error::Result;
 
 pub const BUILTIN_STORAGE_ISOLATION_PERSISTENT_ID: &str =
@@ -158,14 +159,21 @@ pub fn build_builtin_test_app(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<InstalledSageApp
     manifest.permissions =
         normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions(&manifest.permissions)?;
 
-    let mut granted_permissions = manifest.permissions.required.clone();
-    granted_permissions.extend(manifest.permissions.optional.clone());
-    granted_permissions.sort();
-    granted_permissions.dedup();
+    let mut requested_capabilities = manifest.permissions.capabilities.required.clone();
+    requested_capabilities.extend(manifest.permissions.capabilities.optional.clone());
+    requested_capabilities.sort();
+    requested_capabilities.dedup();
 
-    validate_granted_permissions(&manifest.permissions, &granted_permissions)?;
+    let granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions {
+        capabilities: requested_capabilities,
+        network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
+            whitelist: manifest.permissions.network.whitelist.required.clone(),
+        }
+    };
+
+    validate_granted_permissions(&manifest.permissions, &granted_permissions.capabilities)?;
     let permission_flags =
-        resolve_granted_permission_flags(&granted_permissions, None)?;
+        resolve_granted_permission_flags(&granted_permissions.capabilities, None)?;
 
     let entry_file_name = manifest_entry_file(&manifest).to_string();
     let icon_file_name = manifest_icon_file(&manifest).to_string();
@@ -188,12 +196,6 @@ pub fn build_builtin_test_app(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<InstalledSageApp
 
     let total_bytes = compute_total_bytes(&app_dir)?;
 
-    let granted_network_whitelist = manifest
-        .network
-        .as_ref()
-        .map(|network| network.whitelist.clone())
-        .unwrap_or_default();
-
     let app = InstalledSageApp {
         id: spec.app_id.to_string(),
         name: manifest.name.clone(),
@@ -203,7 +205,6 @@ pub fn build_builtin_test_app(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<InstalledSageApp
         icon_file: icon_file_name,
         requested_permissions: manifest.permissions.clone(),
         granted_permissions,
-        granted_network_whitelist,
         permission_flags,
         source: InstalledSageAppSource::Zip,
         active_snapshot: InstalledSageAppSnapshot {
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/csp.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/csp.rs
index c25d634e6..7b4902f5d 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/csp.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/csp.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 use std::collections::BTreeSet;
-use crate::apps::types::{InstalledSageApp, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry};
+
+use crate::apps::types::{InstalledSageApp, SageNetworkPermissionTarget};
 
 fn csp_source_list(items: &[String]) -> String {
     items.join(" ")
@@ -10,7 +11,7 @@ fn is_allowed_scheme(s: &str) -> bool {
 }
 
 fn network_permission_to_csp_source(
-    permission: &SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
+    permission: &SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
 ) -> Option<String> {
     let scheme = permission.scheme.trim().to_ascii_lowercase();
     let host = permission.host.trim().to_ascii_lowercase();
@@ -62,7 +63,7 @@ pub fn build_app_csp(app: &InstalledSageApp) -> String {
 
     let mut connect_sources = BTreeSet::from(["'self'".to_string()]);
 
-    for entry in &app.granted_network_whitelist {
+    for entry in &app.granted_permissions.network.whitelist {
         if let Some(source) = network_permission_to_csp_source(entry) {
             connect_sources.insert(source);
         }
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/install.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/install.rs
index e12059d48..ac7336fa3 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/install.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/install.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use std::{
-    collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet},
+    collections::{BTreeSet},
     fs, io,
     path::Path,
     time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH},
@@ -26,12 +26,13 @@ use crate::{
         snapshot::{derive_manifest_url, download_url_snapshot, fetch_url_manifest},
         types::{
             InstalledSageApp, InstalledSageAppSource, ListedSageApp,
-            SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppUrlPreview, SageNetworkPermissions,
-            SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
+            SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppUrlPreview,
         },
     },
     error::Result,
 };
+use crate::apps::permissions::normalize_network_key;
+use crate::apps::types::{SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkPermissionTarget, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions};
 
 pub fn current_millis() -> u128 {
     SystemTime::now()
@@ -121,40 +122,29 @@ pub fn manifest_icon_file(manifest: &SageAppPackageManifest) -> &str {
     manifest.icon.as_deref().unwrap_or("icon.png")
 }
 
-fn normalize_network_key(
-    scheme: &str,
-    host: &str,
-) -> AnyResult<(String, String)> {
-    let scheme = scheme.trim().to_ascii_lowercase();
-    let host = host.trim().to_ascii_lowercase();
-
-    if scheme.is_empty() {
-        return Err(anyhow!("network whitelist entry is missing scheme"));
-    }
-
-    if host.is_empty() {
-        return Err(anyhow!("network whitelist entry is missing host"));
+pub fn normalize_and_validate_granted_network_whitelist(
+    requested: &SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
+    granted: &[SageNetworkPermissionTarget],
+) -> AnyResult<Vec<SageNetworkPermissionTarget>> {
+    let mut requested_required = BTreeSet::<(String, String)>::new();
+    let mut requested_optional = BTreeSet::<(String, String)>::new();
+
+    for entry in &requested.whitelist.required {
+        requested_required.insert(normalize_network_key(&entry.scheme, &entry.host)?);
     }
 
-    Ok((scheme, host))
-}
-
-pub fn normalize_and_validate_granted_network_whitelist(
-    requested: Option<&SageNetworkPermissions>,
-    granted: &[SageNetworkWhitelistEntry],
-) -> AnyResult<Vec<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>> {
-    let mut requested_by_key = BTreeMap::<(String, String), bool>::new();
-
-    for entry in requested.map(|n| n.whitelist.as_slice()).unwrap_or(&[]) {
-        let (scheme, host) = normalize_network_key(&entry.scheme, &entry.host)?;
-        requested_by_key.insert((scheme, host), entry.required);
+    for entry in &requested.whitelist.optional {
+        let key = normalize_network_key(&entry.scheme, &entry.host)?;
+        if !requested_required.contains(&key) {
+            requested_optional.insert(key);
+        }
     }
 
     let mut granted_keys = BTreeSet::<(String, String)>::new();
 
     for entry in granted {
         let key = normalize_network_key(&entry.scheme, &entry.host)?;
-        if !requested_by_key.contains_key(&key) {
+        if !requested_required.contains(&key) && !requested_optional.contains(&key) {
             return Err(anyhow!(
                 "granted network whitelist entry not requested in manifest: {}://{}",
                 key.0,
@@ -164,28 +154,19 @@ pub fn normalize_and_validate_granted_network_whitelist(
         granted_keys.insert(key);
     }
 
-    let mut result = BTreeSet::<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>::new();
+    let mut result = BTreeSet::<SageNetworkPermissionTarget>::new();
 
-    for ((scheme, host), required) in &requested_by_key {
-        if *required {
-            result.insert(SageNetworkWhitelistEntry {
-                scheme: scheme.clone(),
-                host: host.clone(),
-                required: true,
-            });
-        }
+    for (scheme, host) in &requested_required {
+        result.insert(SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
+            scheme: scheme.clone(),
+            host: host.clone(),
+        });
     }
 
     for (scheme, host) in granted_keys {
-        let required = requested_by_key
-            .get(&(scheme.clone(), host.clone()))
-            .copied()
-            .unwrap_or(false);
-
-        result.insert(SageNetworkWhitelistEntry {
+        result.insert(SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
             scheme,
             host,
-            required,
         });
     }
 
@@ -271,8 +252,7 @@ pub async fn list_installed_apps(
 pub async fn install_app_zip(
     state: State<'_, AppState>,
     zip_path: String,
-    granted_permissions: Vec<String>,
-    granted_network_whitelist: Vec<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
+    granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
 ) -> Result<InstalledSageApp> {
     let base_path = {
         let state = state.lock().await;
@@ -305,13 +285,13 @@ pub async fn install_app_zip(
 
         let manifest = normalize_manifest_permissions(read_manifest(&package_root)?)?;
 
-        validate_granted_permissions(&manifest.permissions, &granted_permissions)?;
+        validate_granted_permissions(&manifest.permissions, &granted_permissions.capabilities)?;
         let granted_network_whitelist = normalize_and_validate_granted_network_whitelist(
-            manifest.network.as_ref(),
-            &granted_network_whitelist,
+            &manifest.permissions.network,
+            &granted_permissions.network.whitelist,
         )?;
         let permission_flags =
-            resolve_granted_permission_flags(&granted_permissions, None)?;
+            resolve_granted_permission_flags(&granted_permissions.capabilities, None)?;
 
         let existing = list_installed_apps_internal(&root)?
             .into_iter()
@@ -351,7 +331,6 @@ pub async fn install_app_zip(
             icon_file: manifest_icon_file(&manifest).to_string(),
             requested_permissions: manifest.permissions.clone(),
             granted_permissions,
-            granted_network_whitelist,
             permission_flags,
             source: InstalledSageAppSource::Zip,
             active_snapshot: snapshot,
@@ -380,8 +359,7 @@ pub async fn install_app_zip(
 pub async fn install_app_url(
     state: State<'_, AppState>,
     app_url: String,
-    granted_permissions: Vec<String>,
-    granted_network_whitelist: Vec<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
+    granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
 ) -> Result<InstalledSageApp> {
     let base_path = {
         let state = state.lock().await;
@@ -408,7 +386,7 @@ pub async fn install_app_url(
 
     validate_granted_permissions(
         &preview.manifest.permissions,
-        &granted_permissions,
+        &granted_permissions.capabilities,
     )
         .map_err(|err| {
             io::Error::other(format!(
@@ -418,8 +396,8 @@ pub async fn install_app_url(
         })?;
 
     let granted_network_whitelist = normalize_and_validate_granted_network_whitelist(
-        preview.manifest.network.as_ref(),
-        &granted_network_whitelist,
+        &preview.manifest.permissions.network,
+        &granted_permissions.network.whitelist,
     )
         .map_err(|err| {
             io::Error::other(format!(
@@ -429,7 +407,7 @@ pub async fn install_app_url(
         })?;
 
     let permission_flags =
-        resolve_granted_permission_flags(&granted_permissions, None)
+        resolve_granted_permission_flags(&granted_permissions.capabilities, None)
             .map_err(|err| {
                 io::Error::other(format!(
                     "invalid granted permission policy for URL app {}: {err}",
@@ -485,7 +463,6 @@ pub async fn install_app_url(
         icon_file: manifest_icon_file(&preview.manifest).to_string(),
         requested_permissions: preview.manifest.permissions.clone(),
         granted_permissions,
-        granted_network_whitelist,
         permission_flags,
         source: InstalledSageAppSource::Url {
             app_url: preview.app_url.clone(),
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/manifest.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/manifest.rs
index e3c36b7f5..1ef48367a 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/manifest.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/manifest.rs
@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@ use crate::apps::{
     limits::{
         MAX_APP_FILE_COUNT, MAX_APP_PATH_LENGTH, MAX_APP_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES,
     },
+    permissions::normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions,
     types::{SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest},
 };
-use crate::apps::permissions::normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions;
 
 pub fn validate_manifest_file_path(path: &str) -> AnyResult<()> {
     if path.is_empty() {
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/permissions.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/permissions.rs
index 2c0a4f115..23fee148b 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/permissions.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/permissions.rs
@@ -3,8 +3,12 @@ use std::collections::BTreeSet;
 
 use crate::apps::{
     permission_registry::get_permission_definition,
-    types::{InstalledSageAppPermissionFlags, SageAppPermissions},
+    types::{
+        InstalledSageAppPermissionFlags, SageRequestedPermissions,
+        SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
+    },
 };
+use crate::apps::types::SageNetworkPermissionTarget;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Default)]
 pub struct PermissionSummary {
@@ -13,9 +17,9 @@ pub struct PermissionSummary {
     pub persistent_storage: bool,
 }
 
-pub fn normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions(
-    permissions: &SageAppPermissions,
-) -> AnyResult<SageAppPermissions> {
+fn normalize_capability_keys(
+    permissions: &SageRequestedCapabilities,
+) -> SageRequestedCapabilities {
     let mut required = BTreeSet::new();
     let mut optional = BTreeSet::new();
 
@@ -31,9 +35,84 @@ pub fn normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions(
         }
     }
 
-    let normalized = SageAppPermissions {
+    SageRequestedCapabilities {
         required: required.into_iter().collect(),
         optional: optional.into_iter().collect(),
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn normalize_network_key(scheme: &str, host: &str) -> AnyResult<(String, String)> {
+    let scheme = scheme.trim().to_ascii_lowercase();
+    let host = host.trim().to_ascii_lowercase();
+
+    if scheme.is_empty() {
+        return Err(anyhow!("network whitelist entry is missing scheme"));
+    }
+
+    if host.is_empty() {
+        return Err(anyhow!("network whitelist entry is missing host"));
+    }
+
+    Ok((scheme, host))
+}
+
+fn normalize_requested_network_entries(
+    entries: &[SageNetworkPermissionTarget],
+) -> AnyResult<Vec<SageNetworkPermissionTarget>> {
+    let mut seen = BTreeSet::new();
+    let mut normalized = Vec::new();
+
+    for entry in entries {
+        let (scheme, host) = normalize_network_key(&entry.scheme, &entry.host)?;
+        if seen.insert((scheme.clone(), host.clone())) {
+            normalized.push(SageNetworkPermissionTarget { scheme, host });
+        }
+    }
+
+    normalized.sort_by(|a, b| {
+        let a_key = format!("{}://{}", a.scheme, a.host);
+        let b_key = format!("{}://{}", b.scheme, b.host);
+        a_key.cmp(&b_key)
+    });
+
+    Ok(normalized)
+}
+
+fn normalize_requested_network_permissions(
+    permissions: &SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
+) -> AnyResult<SageRequestedNetworkPermissions> {
+    let required = normalize_requested_network_entries(
+        &permissions.whitelist.required,
+    )?;
+
+    let required_keys: BTreeSet<_> = required
+        .iter()
+        .map(|entry| (entry.scheme.clone(), entry.host.clone()))
+        .collect();
+
+    let optional = normalize_requested_network_entries(
+        &permissions.whitelist.optional,
+    )?
+    .into_iter()
+    .filter(|entry| {
+        !required_keys.contains(&(entry.scheme.clone(), entry.host.clone()))
+    })
+    .collect();
+
+    Ok(SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
+        whitelist: crate::apps::types::SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist {
+            required,
+            optional,
+        },
+    })
+}
+
+pub fn normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions(
+    permissions: &SageRequestedPermissions,
+) -> AnyResult<SageRequestedPermissions> {
+    let normalized = SageRequestedPermissions {
+        network: normalize_requested_network_permissions(&permissions.network)?,
+        capabilities: normalize_capability_keys(&permissions.capabilities),
     };
 
     validate_requested_permission_policy(&normalized)?;
@@ -41,12 +120,12 @@ pub fn normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions(
 }
 
 pub fn validate_granted_permissions(
-    permissions: &SageAppPermissions,
+    permissions: &SageRequestedPermissions,
     granted: &[String],
 ) -> AnyResult<()> {
     let mut allowed = BTreeSet::new();
-    allowed.extend(permissions.required.iter().cloned());
-    allowed.extend(permissions.optional.iter().cloned());
+    allowed.extend(permissions.capabilities.required.iter().cloned());
+    allowed.extend(permissions.capabilities.optional.iter().cloned());
 
     let granted_set: BTreeSet<_> = granted.iter().cloned().collect();
 
@@ -59,7 +138,7 @@ pub fn validate_granted_permissions(
         }
     }
 
-    for key in &permissions.required {
+    for key in &permissions.capabilities.required {
         if !granted_set.contains(key) {
             return Err(anyhow!("missing required permission: {}", key));
         }
@@ -84,11 +163,11 @@ pub fn summarize_permissions(keys: &[String]) -> AnyResult<PermissionSummary> {
 }
 
 pub fn validate_requested_permission_policy(
-    permissions: &SageAppPermissions,
+    permissions: &SageRequestedPermissions,
 ) -> AnyResult<()> {
     let mut requested = Vec::new();
-    requested.extend(permissions.required.iter().cloned());
-    requested.extend(permissions.optional.iter().cloned());
+    requested.extend(permissions.capabilities.required.iter().cloned());
+    requested.extend(permissions.capabilities.optional.iter().cloned());
 
     let summary = summarize_permissions(&requested)?;
 
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/storage/validate.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/storage/validate.rs
index 9c8e32f82..196811cec 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/storage/validate.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/storage/validate.rs
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ use crate::apps::types::InstalledSageApp;
 pub fn ensure_storage_permission(app: &InstalledSageApp) -> AnyResult<()> {
     if !app
         .granted_permissions
+        .capabilities
         .iter()
         .any(|key| key == "persistent_storage")
     {
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs
index 4b7f4c33b..99a30ed8b 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,29 @@
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
+pub struct SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
+    pub scheme: String,
+    pub host: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist {
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub required: Vec<SageNetworkPermissionTarget>,
+
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub optional: Vec<SageNetworkPermissionTarget>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub whitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist,
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub struct SageAppPermissions {
+pub struct SageRequestedCapabilities {
     #[serde(default)]
     pub required: Vec<String>,
 
@@ -10,31 +31,33 @@ pub struct SageAppPermissions {
     pub optional: Vec<String>,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
-pub struct SageNetworkWhitelistEntry {
-    pub scheme: String,
-    pub host: String,
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct SageRequestedPermissions {
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub network: SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
 
     #[serde(default)]
-    pub required: bool,
+    pub capabilities: SageRequestedCapabilities,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub struct SageNetworkPermissions {
-    #[serde(default)]
-    pub whitelist: Vec<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
+pub struct SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
+    pub whitelist: Vec<SageNetworkPermissionTarget>,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct SageGrantedPermissions {
+    pub capabilities: Vec<String>,
+    pub network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct SageAppPackageManifest {
     pub name: String,
     pub version: String,
 
     #[serde(default)]
-    pub permissions: SageAppPermissions,
-
-    #[serde(default)]
-    pub network: Option<SageNetworkPermissions>,
+    pub permissions: SageRequestedPermissions,
 
     #[serde(default)]
     pub files: Vec<SageAppManifestFile>,
@@ -46,7 +69,7 @@ pub struct SageAppPackageManifest {
     pub icon: Option<String>,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, specta::Type)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
 pub struct SageAppUrlPreview {
     #[serde(rename = "appUrl", alias = "app_url")]
     pub app_url: String,
@@ -140,17 +163,10 @@ pub struct InstalledSageApp {
     pub icon_file: String,
 
     #[serde(rename = "requestedPermissions", alias = "requested_permissions")]
-    pub requested_permissions: SageAppPermissions,
+    pub requested_permissions: SageRequestedPermissions,
 
     #[serde(rename = "grantedPermissions", alias = "granted_permissions")]
-    pub granted_permissions: Vec<String>,
-
-    #[serde(
-        rename = "grantedNetworkWhitelist",
-        alias = "granted_network_whitelist",
-        default
-    )]
-    pub granted_network_whitelist: Vec<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
+    pub granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
 
     #[serde(rename = "permissionFlags", alias = "permission_flags")]
     pub permission_flags: InstalledSageAppPermissionFlags,
@@ -179,3 +195,184 @@ pub enum ListedSageApp {
     Installed(InstalledSageApp),
     Corrupted(CorruptedInstalledSageApp),
 }
+
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Default)]
+struct RawStringListBucket {
+    #[serde(default)]
+    required: Vec<String>,
+
+    #[serde(default)]
+    optional: Vec<String>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Default)]
+struct RawRequestedNetworkPermissions {
+    #[serde(default)]
+    whitelist: RawStringListBucket,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Default)]
+struct RawRequestedPermissions {
+    #[serde(default)]
+    network: RawRequestedNetworkPermissions,
+
+    #[serde(default)]
+    capabilities: Option<SageRequestedCapabilities>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Default)]
+struct LegacyRequestedNetworkWhitelistEntry {
+    scheme: String,
+    host: String,
+
+    #[serde(default)]
+    required: bool,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Default)]
+struct LegacyRequestedNetworkPermissions {
+    #[serde(default)]
+    whitelist: Vec<LegacyRequestedNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize)]
+struct RawSageAppPackageManifest {
+    name: String,
+    version: String,
+
+    #[serde(default)]
+    permissions: SageRequestedPermissions,
+
+    #[serde(default)]
+    network: Option<LegacyRequestedNetworkPermissions>,
+
+    #[serde(default)]
+    files: Vec<SageAppManifestFile>,
+
+    #[serde(default)]
+    entry: Option<String>,
+
+    #[serde(default)]
+    icon: Option<String>,
+}
+
+impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for SageRequestedPermissions {
+    fn deserialize<D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error>
+    where
+        D: Deserializer<'de>,
+    {
+        let raw = <RawRequestedPermissions as Deserialize>::deserialize(deserializer)?;
+
+        let required_network = raw
+            .network
+            .whitelist
+            .required
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|value| parse_network_permission_target(&value).map_err(serde::de::Error::custom))
+            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
+
+        let optional_network = raw
+            .network
+            .whitelist
+            .optional
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|value| parse_network_permission_target(&value).map_err(serde::de::Error::custom))
+            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
+
+        Ok(SageRequestedPermissions {
+            network: SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
+                whitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist { required: required_network, optional: optional_network },
+            },
+            capabilities: raw.capabilities.unwrap_or_default(),
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for SageAppPackageManifest {
+    fn deserialize<D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error>
+    where
+        D: Deserializer<'de>,
+    {
+        let raw = <RawSageAppPackageManifest as Deserialize>::deserialize(deserializer)?;
+
+        let mut permissions = raw.permissions;
+
+        if let Some(legacy_network) = raw.network {
+            let legacy_network = legacy_requested_network_to_requested(legacy_network);
+            permissions
+                .network
+                .whitelist
+                .required
+                .extend(legacy_network.whitelist.required);
+            permissions
+                .network
+                .whitelist
+                .optional
+                .extend(legacy_network.whitelist.optional);
+        }
+
+        Ok(SageAppPackageManifest {
+            name: raw.name,
+            version: raw.version,
+            permissions,
+            files: raw.files,
+            entry: raw.entry,
+            icon: raw.icon,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+fn legacy_requested_network_to_requested(
+    legacy: LegacyRequestedNetworkPermissions,
+) -> SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
+    let mut required = Vec::new();
+    let mut optional = Vec::new();
+
+    for entry in legacy.whitelist {
+        let item = SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
+            scheme: entry.scheme,
+            host: entry.host,
+        };
+
+        if entry.required {
+            required.push(item);
+        } else {
+            optional.push(item);
+        }
+    }
+
+    SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
+        whitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist { required, optional },
+    }
+}
+
+fn parse_network_permission_target(
+    value: &str,
+) -> Result<SageNetworkPermissionTarget, String> {
+    let value = value.trim().to_ascii_lowercase();
+
+    let (scheme, host) = value
+        .split_once("://")
+        .ok_or_else(|| format!("invalid network entry (missing scheme): {}", value))?;
+
+    if scheme != "https" && scheme != "wss" {
+        return Err(format!(
+            "invalid scheme '{}', only https and wss allowed",
+            scheme
+        ));
+    }
+
+    if host.is_empty()
+        || host.contains('/')
+        || host.contains('?')
+        || host.contains('#')
+        || host.contains(' ')
+    {
+        return Err(format!("invalid host in network entry: {}", value));
+    }
+
+    Ok(SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
+        scheme: scheme.to_string(),
+        host: host.to_string(),
+    })
+}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs
index 10205e3ee..4e95c596b 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs
@@ -18,11 +18,12 @@ use crate::{
         snapshot::download_url_snapshot,
         types::{
             InstalledSageApp, InstalledSageAppPendingUpdate,
-            InstalledSageAppSource, SageAppUrlPreview, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
+            InstalledSageAppSource, SageAppUrlPreview,
         },
     },
     error::Result,
 };
+use crate::apps::types::SageGrantedPermissions;
 
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
@@ -137,7 +138,7 @@ pub async fn download_app_update(
 pub async fn apply_app_update(
     state: State<'_, AppState>,
     app_id: String,
-    granted_permissions: Vec<String>,
+    granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
 ) -> Result<InstalledSageApp> {
     let base_path = {
         let state = state.lock().await;
@@ -157,7 +158,7 @@ pub async fn apply_app_update(
 
     validate_granted_permissions(
         &pending.manifest.permissions,
-        &granted_permissions,
+        &granted_permissions.capabilities,
     )
         .map_err(|err| {
             io::Error::other(format!(
@@ -166,8 +167,8 @@ pub async fn apply_app_update(
         })?;
 
     let granted_network_whitelist = normalize_and_validate_granted_network_whitelist(
-        pending.manifest.network.as_ref(),
-        &app.granted_network_whitelist,
+        &pending.manifest.permissions.network,
+        &app.granted_permissions.network.whitelist,
     )
         .map_err(|err| {
             io::Error::other(format!(
@@ -176,7 +177,7 @@ pub async fn apply_app_update(
         })?;
 
     let permission_flags = resolve_granted_permission_flags(
-        &granted_permissions,
+        &granted_permissions.capabilities,
         Some(&app.permission_flags),
     )
         .map_err(|err| {
@@ -204,7 +205,6 @@ pub async fn apply_app_update(
     app.version = pending.manifest.version.clone();
     app.requested_permissions = pending.manifest.permissions.clone();
     app.granted_permissions = granted_permissions;
-    app.granted_network_whitelist = granted_network_whitelist;
     app.permission_flags = permission_flags;
     app.active_snapshot = snapshot;
     app.entry_file = manifest_entry_file(&app.active_snapshot.manifest).to_string();
@@ -226,8 +226,7 @@ pub async fn apply_app_update(
 pub async fn apps_update_permissions(
     state: State<'_, AppState>,
     app_id: String,
-    granted_permissions: Vec<String>,
-    granted_network_whitelist: Vec<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
+    granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
     clear_storage_taint: bool,
 ) -> Result<()> {
     let base_path = {
@@ -238,17 +237,17 @@ pub async fn apps_update_permissions(
     let mut app = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id)
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to read app {app_id}: {err}")))?;
 
-    validate_granted_permissions(&app.requested_permissions, &granted_permissions)
+    validate_granted_permissions(&app.requested_permissions, &granted_permissions.capabilities)
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("invalid granted permissions: {err}")))?;
 
     let granted_network_whitelist = normalize_and_validate_granted_network_whitelist(
-        app.active_snapshot.manifest.network.as_ref(),
-        &granted_network_whitelist,
+        &app.active_snapshot.manifest.permissions.network,
+        &granted_permissions.network.whitelist,
     )
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("invalid granted network whitelist: {err}")))?;
 
     let mut permission_flags = resolve_granted_permission_flags(
-        &app.granted_permissions,
+        &granted_permissions.capabilities,
         Some(&app.permission_flags),
     )
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
@@ -258,9 +257,8 @@ pub async fn apps_update_permissions(
     }
 
     app.granted_permissions = granted_permissions;
-    app.granted_network_whitelist = granted_network_whitelist;
     app.permission_flags = resolve_granted_permission_flags(
-        &app.granted_permissions,
+        &app.granted_permissions.capabilities,
         Some(&permission_flags),
     )
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index 434a8e239..9caf2fc90 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -368,11 +368,11 @@ async previewAppZip(zipPath: string) : Promise<SageAppPackageManifest> {
 async previewAppUrl(appUrl: string) : Promise<SageAppUrlPreview> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("preview_app_url", { appUrl });
 },
-async installAppZip(zipPath: string, grantedPermissions: string[], grantedNetworkWhitelist: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[]) : Promise<InstalledSageApp> {
-    return await TAURI_INVOKE("install_app_zip", { zipPath, grantedPermissions, grantedNetworkWhitelist });
+async installAppZip(zipPath: string, grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions) : Promise<InstalledSageApp> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("install_app_zip", { zipPath, grantedPermissions });
 },
-async installAppUrl(appUrl: string, grantedPermissions: string[], grantedNetworkWhitelist: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[]) : Promise<InstalledSageApp> {
-    return await TAURI_INVOKE("install_app_url", { appUrl, grantedPermissions, grantedNetworkWhitelist });
+async installAppUrl(appUrl: string, grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions) : Promise<InstalledSageApp> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("install_app_url", { appUrl, grantedPermissions });
 },
 async uninstallApp(appId: string) : Promise<null> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("uninstall_app", { appId });
@@ -386,11 +386,11 @@ async checkAppUpdate(appId: string) : Promise<SageAppUrlPreview | null> {
 async downloadAppUpdate(appId: string) : Promise<InstalledSageApp> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("download_app_update", { appId });
 },
-async applyAppUpdate(appId: string, grantedPermissions: string[]) : Promise<InstalledSageApp> {
+async applyAppUpdate(appId: string, grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions) : Promise<InstalledSageApp> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("apply_app_update", { appId, grantedPermissions });
 },
-async appsUpdatePermissions(appId: string, grantedPermissions: string[], grantedNetworkWhitelist: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[], clearStorageTaint: boolean) : Promise<null> {
-    return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_update_permissions", { appId, grantedPermissions, grantedNetworkWhitelist, clearStorageTaint });
+async appsUpdatePermissions(appId: string, grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions, clearStorageTaint: boolean) : Promise<null> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_update_permissions", { appId, grantedPermissions, clearStorageTaint });
 },
 async appsMarkStorageMayContainSecrets(appId: string) : Promise<null> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_mark_storage_may_contain_secrets", { appId });
@@ -1731,7 +1731,7 @@ index: number }
  */
 export type IncreaseDerivationIndexResponse = Record<string, never>
 export type InheritedNetwork = "mainnet" | "testnet11"
-export type InstalledSageApp = { id: string; name: string; version: string; installDir: string; entryFile: string; iconFile: string; requestedPermissions: SageAppPermissions; grantedPermissions: string[]; grantedNetworkWhitelist?: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[]; permissionFlags: InstalledSageAppPermissionFlags; source: InstalledSageAppSource; activeSnapshot: InstalledSageAppSnapshot; pendingUpdate: InstalledSageAppPendingUpdate | null }
+export type InstalledSageApp = { id: string; name: string; version: string; installDir: string; entryFile: string; iconFile: string; requestedPermissions: SageRequestedPermissions; grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions; permissionFlags: InstalledSageAppPermissionFlags; source: InstalledSageAppSource; activeSnapshot: InstalledSageAppSnapshot; pendingUpdate: InstalledSageAppPendingUpdate | null }
 export type InstalledSageAppPendingUpdate = { appUrl: string; manifestUrl: string; manifestHash: string; manifest: SageAppPackageManifest }
 export type InstalledSageAppPermissionFlags = { hasSecretAccess: boolean; hasExternalAccess: boolean; storageMayContainSecrets: boolean; isolated: boolean }
 export type InstalledSageAppSnapshot = { manifestHash: string; snapshotDir: string; totalBytes: number; manifest: SageAppPackageManifest }
@@ -2199,11 +2199,15 @@ export type ResyncCatResponse = Record<string, never>
  */
 export type ResyncResponse = Record<string, never>
 export type SageAppManifestFile = { path: string; sha256: string; size: number }
-export type SageAppPackageManifest = { name: string; version: string; permissions?: SageAppPermissions; network?: SageNetworkPermissions | null; files?: SageAppManifestFile[]; entry?: string | null; icon?: string | null }
-export type SageAppPermissions = { required?: string[]; optional?: string[] }
+export type SageAppPackageManifest = { name: string; version: string; permissions?: SageRequestedPermissions; files?: SageAppManifestFile[]; entry?: string | null; icon?: string | null }
 export type SageAppUrlPreview = { appUrl: string; manifestUrl: string; manifestHash: string; manifest: SageAppPackageManifest }
-export type SageNetworkPermissions = { whitelist?: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[] }
-export type SageNetworkWhitelistEntry = { scheme: string; host: string; required?: boolean }
+export type SageGrantedNetworkPermissions = { whitelist: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[] }
+export type SageGrantedPermissions = { capabilities: string[]; network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions }
+export type SageNetworkPermissionTarget = { scheme: string; host: string }
+export type SageRequestedCapabilities = { required?: string[]; optional?: string[] }
+export type SageRequestedNetworkPermissions = { whitelist?: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist }
+export type SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist = { required?: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[]; optional?: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[] }
+export type SageRequestedPermissions = { network?: SageRequestedNetworkPermissions; capabilities?: SageRequestedCapabilities }
 /**
  * Save a theme NFT to the wallet
  */
diff --git a/src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-a/sage-manifest.json b/src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-a/sage-manifest.json
index 1ec6261ee..0c22f53e5 100644
--- a/src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-a/sage-manifest.json
+++ b/src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-a/sage-manifest.json
@@ -3,17 +3,17 @@
   "version": "1.0.0",
   "icon": "icon.svg",
   "permissions": {
-    "required": [],
-    "optional": []
-  },
-  "network": {
-    "whitelist": [
-      {
-        "scheme": "https",
-        "host": "example.com",
-        "required": true
+    "network": {
+      "whitelist": {
+        "required": [
+          "https://example.com"
+        ]
       }
-    ]
+    },
+    "capabilities": {
+      "required": [],
+      "optional": []
+    }
   },
   "files": []
 }
diff --git a/src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-b/sage-manifest.json b/src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-b/sage-manifest.json
index f4d54559b..766fde6d9 100644
--- a/src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-b/sage-manifest.json
+++ b/src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-b/sage-manifest.json
@@ -3,17 +3,17 @@
   "version": "1.0.0",
   "icon": "icon.svg",
   "permissions": {
-    "required": [],
-    "optional": []
-  },
-  "network": {
-    "whitelist": [
-      {
-        "scheme": "https",
-        "host": "example.org",
-        "required": true
+    "network": {
+      "whitelist": {
+        "required": [
+          "https://example.org"
+        ]
       }
-    ]
+    },
+    "capabilities": {
+      "required": [],
+      "optional": []
+    }
   },
   "files": []
 }
diff --git a/src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.incognito.json b/src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.incognito.json
index 359653456..31b1c8b43 100644
--- a/src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.incognito.json
+++ b/src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.incognito.json
@@ -3,8 +3,10 @@
   "version": "1.0.0",
   "icon": "icon.svg",
   "permissions": {
-    "required": [],
-    "optional": []
+    "capabilities": {
+      "required": [],
+      "optional": []
+    }
   },
   "files": []
 }
diff --git a/src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.persistent.json b/src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.persistent.json
index ad53d48b0..d5803c05a 100644
--- a/src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.persistent.json
+++ b/src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.persistent.json
@@ -3,8 +3,10 @@
   "version": "1.0.0",
   "icon": "icon.svg",
   "permissions": {
-    "required": ["persistent_storage"],
-    "optional": []
+    "capabilities": {
+      "required": ["persistent_storage"],
+      "optional": []
+    }
   },
   "files": []
 }
diff --git a/src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/sage-manifest.incognito.json b/src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/sage-manifest.incognito.json
index f76c25b02..e5cbd645e 100644
--- a/src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/sage-manifest.incognito.json
+++ b/src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/sage-manifest.incognito.json
@@ -3,8 +3,10 @@
   "version": "1.0.0",
   "icon": "icon.svg",
   "permissions": {
-    "required": [],
-    "optional": []
+    "capabilities": {
+      "required": [],
+      "optional": []
+    }
   },
   "files": []
 }
diff --git a/src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/sage-manifest.persistent.json b/src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/sage-manifest.persistent.json
index 3dfad7084..7c18296b1 100644
--- a/src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/sage-manifest.persistent.json
+++ b/src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/sage-manifest.persistent.json
@@ -3,8 +3,10 @@
   "version": "1.0.0",
   "icon": "icon.svg",
   "permissions": {
-    "required": ["persistent_storage"],
-    "optional": []
+    "capabilities": {
+      "required": ["persistent_storage"],
+      "optional": []
+    }
   },
   "files": []
 }
diff --git a/src/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx b/src/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx
index da82a0ed2..4db2f5b59 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import { useState } from 'react';
 import type {
   SageAppPackageManifest,
   SageAppUrlPreview,
-  SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
+  SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
 } from '@/bindings';
 import { formatAppError } from '@/lib/apps/formatAppError.ts';
 import { InstallSourceCard } from './InstallSourceCard';
@@ -19,12 +19,12 @@ interface Props {
   onInstallZip: (
     zipPath: string,
     permissions: string[],
-    networkWhitelist: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[],
+    networkWhitelist: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[],
   ) => Promise<void>;
   onInstallUrl: (
     appUrl: string,
     permissions: string[],
-    networkWhitelist: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[],
+    networkWhitelist: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[],
   ) => Promise<void>;
 }
 
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ export function InstallAppForm({
     buildFullyForbiddenPermissions(),
   );
   const [grantedNetworkWhitelist, setGrantedNetworkWhitelist] = useState<
-    SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[]
+    SageNetworkPermissionTarget[]
   >([]);
 
   async function handleSelectZipPath(zipPath: string) {
diff --git a/src/components/apps/permissions/AppPermissions.tsx b/src/components/apps/permissions/AppPermissions.tsx
index 839960f9a..2fa6bbd51 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/permissions/AppPermissions.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/permissions/AppPermissions.tsx
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-import type { SageAppPermissions } from '@/bindings';
 import React, { useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react';
 import {
   AppPermissionGroup,
   type AppPermissionTreeNode,
 } from './AppPermissionGroup';
+import { SageRequestedPermissions } from '@sage-app/sdk';
 
 type Tone = 'default' | 'added' | 'removed' | 'warning';
 
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ interface PermissionEntry {
 }
 
 interface Props {
-  permissions: SageAppPermissions | null | undefined;
+  permissions: SageRequestedPermissions | null | undefined;
   grantedPermissions?: string[];
   editable?: boolean;
   tone?: Tone;
@@ -22,25 +22,29 @@ interface Props {
 }
 
 function buildEntries(
-  permissions: SageAppPermissions | null | undefined,
+  permissions: SageRequestedPermissions | null | undefined,
   grantedPermissions: string[],
 ): PermissionEntry[] {
   const grantedSet = new Set(grantedPermissions);
 
-  const requiredEntries = (permissions?.required ?? []).map((key) => ({
-    key,
-    required: true,
-    granted: grantedSet.has(key),
-  }));
+  const requiredEntries = (permissions?.capabilities?.required ?? []).map(
+    (key) => ({
+      key,
+      required: true,
+      granted: grantedSet.has(key),
+    }),
+  );
 
-  const optionalEntries = (permissions?.optional ?? []).map((key) => ({
-    key,
-    required: false,
-    granted: grantedSet.has(key),
-  }));
+  const optionalEntries = (permissions?.capabilities?.optional ?? []).map(
+    (key) => ({
+      key,
+      required: false,
+      granted: grantedSet.has(key),
+    }),
+  );
 
   return [...requiredEntries, ...optionalEntries].sort((a, b) =>
-    a.key.localeCompare(b),
+    a.key.localeCompare(b.key),
   );
 }
 
@@ -140,7 +144,7 @@ export function AppPermissions({
         prevSet.delete(fullKey);
       }
 
-      const requiredKeys = new Set(permissions?.required ?? []);
+      const requiredKeys = new Set(permissions?.capabilities?.required ?? []);
 
       for (const key of requiredKeys) {
         prevSet.add(key);
diff --git a/src/components/apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx b/src/components/apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx
index c84be2d81..f870289e5 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import type {
   InstalledSageApp,
   SageAppPackageManifest,
   SageAppUrlPreview,
-  SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
+  SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
 } from '@/bindings';
 import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
 import {
@@ -31,9 +31,11 @@ interface Props {
   error: string | null;
   installing: boolean;
   grantedPermissions: string[];
-  grantedNetworkWhitelist: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[];
+  grantedNetworkWhitelist: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[];
   onGrantedPermissionsChange: (next: string[]) => void;
-  onGrantedNetworkWhitelistChange: (next: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[]) => void;
+  onGrantedNetworkWhitelistChange: (
+    next: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[],
+  ) => void;
   onCancel: () => void;
   onConfirm: () => void;
 }
@@ -41,7 +43,7 @@ interface Props {
 function buildPreviewApp(
   manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
   grantedPermissions: string[],
-  grantedNetworkWhitelist: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[],
+  grantedNetworkWhitelist: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[],
 ): InstalledSageApp {
   return {
     id: '__install_preview__',
@@ -51,11 +53,23 @@ function buildPreviewApp(
     entryFile: manifest.entry ?? 'index.html',
     iconFile: manifest.icon ?? 'icon.png',
     requestedPermissions: manifest.permissions ?? {
-      required: [],
-      optional: [],
+      network: {
+        whitelist: {
+          required: [],
+          optional: [],
+        },
+      },
+      capabilities: {
+        required: [],
+        optional: [],
+      },
+    },
+    grantedPermissions: {
+      capabilities: grantedPermissions,
+      network: {
+        whitelist: grantedNetworkWhitelist,
+      },
     },
-    grantedPermissions,
-    grantedNetworkWhitelist,
     permissionFlags: {
       hasSecretAccess: false,
       hasExternalAccess: false,
diff --git a/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsDialog.tsx b/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsDialog.tsx
index 8122b5c76..1141494e5 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsDialog.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsDialog.tsx
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import {
   DialogHeader,
   DialogTitle,
 } from '@/components/ui/dialog';
-import type { InstalledSageApp } from '@/bindings';
+import type { InstalledSageApp, SageNetworkPermissionTarget } from '@/bindings';
 import React from 'react';
 import { PermissionsEditor } from '@/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor';
 
@@ -18,7 +18,11 @@ interface Props {
   error: string | null;
   submitting: boolean;
   grantedPermissions: string[];
+  grantedNetworkWhitelist: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[];
   onGrantedPermissionsChange: (next: string[]) => void;
+  onGrantedNetworkWhitelistChange: (
+    next: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[],
+  ) => void;
   onCancel: () => void;
   onConfirm: () => void;
 }
@@ -31,7 +35,9 @@ export function PermissionsDialog({
   error,
   submitting,
   grantedPermissions,
+  grantedNetworkWhitelist,
   onGrantedPermissionsChange,
+  onGrantedNetworkWhitelistChange,
   onCancel,
   onConfirm,
 }: Props) {
@@ -56,7 +62,9 @@ export function PermissionsDialog({
             <PermissionsEditor
               app={app}
               grantedPermissions={grantedPermissions}
+              grantedNetworkWhitelist={grantedNetworkWhitelist}
               onGrantedPermissionsChange={onGrantedPermissionsChange}
+              onGrantedNetworkWhitelistChange={onGrantedNetworkWhitelistChange}
             />
 
             {error ? (
diff --git a/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx b/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx
index b6bcd204e..3b86d3907 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx
@@ -1,17 +1,19 @@
-import type { InstalledSageApp, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry } from '@/bindings';
+import type { InstalledSageApp, SageNetworkPermissionTarget } from '@/bindings';
 import { AppPermissions } from './AppPermissions';
 
 interface Props {
   app: InstalledSageApp;
   grantedPermissions: string[];
-  grantedNetworkWhitelist: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[];
+  grantedNetworkWhitelist: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[];
   onGrantedPermissionsChange: (next: string[]) => void;
-  onGrantedNetworkWhitelistChange: (next: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[]) => void;
+  onGrantedNetworkWhitelistChange: (
+    next: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[],
+  ) => void;
 }
 
 function sortNetworkEntries(
-  entries: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[],
-): SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[] {
+  entries: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[],
+): SageNetworkPermissionTarget[] {
   return [...entries].sort((a, b) => {
     const aKey = `${a.scheme}://${a.host}`;
     const bKey = `${b.scheme}://${b.host}`;
@@ -19,7 +21,7 @@ function sortNetworkEntries(
   });
 }
 
-function networkKey(entry: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry): string {
+function networkKey(entry: SageNetworkPermissionTarget): string {
   return `${entry.scheme}://${entry.host}`;
 }
 
@@ -31,18 +33,32 @@ export function PermissionsEditor({
   onGrantedNetworkWhitelistChange,
 }: Props) {
   const manifest = app.pendingUpdate?.manifest ?? app.activeSnapshot.manifest;
-  const requestedNetwork = manifest.network?.whitelist ?? [];
+
+  const requestedRequiredNetwork =
+    manifest.permissions?.network?.whitelist?.required ?? [];
+  const requestedOptionalNetwork =
+    manifest.permissions?.network?.whitelist?.optional ?? [];
+  const requestedNetwork = [
+    ...requestedRequiredNetwork.map((entry) => ({
+      entry,
+      required: true,
+    })),
+    ...requestedOptionalNetwork.map((entry) => ({
+      entry,
+      required: false,
+    })),
+  ];
 
   const grantedNetworkKeys = new Set(
     grantedNetworkWhitelist.map((entry) => networkKey(entry)),
   );
 
   function handleToggleNetwork(
-    entry: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
+    entry: SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
     nextGranted: boolean,
   ) {
-    const requiredEntries = requestedNetwork.filter((item) => item.required);
-    const optionalEntries = requestedNetwork.filter((item) => !item.required);
+    const requiredEntries = requestedRequiredNetwork;
+    const optionalEntries = requestedOptionalNetwork;
 
     const nextOptional = optionalEntries.filter((item) => {
       const key = networkKey(item);
@@ -77,9 +93,9 @@ export function PermissionsEditor({
           <h3 className='text-sm font-medium'>Network access</h3>
 
           <div className='space-y-2 rounded-md border p-3'>
-            {requestedNetwork.map((entry) => {
+            {requestedNetwork.map(({ entry, required }) => {
               const key = networkKey(entry);
-              const checked = entry.required || grantedNetworkKeys.has(key);
+              const checked = required || grantedNetworkKeys.has(key);
 
               return (
                 <label
@@ -89,7 +105,7 @@ export function PermissionsEditor({
                   <div className='min-w-0 font-mono break-all'>{key}</div>
 
                   <div className='shrink-0'>
-                    {entry.required ? (
+                    {required ? (
                       <span className='text-muted-foreground'>required</span>
                     ) : (
                       <input
diff --git a/src/components/apps/permissions/permissionUtils.ts b/src/components/apps/permissions/permissionUtils.ts
index 3b9652518..f7cc26079 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/permissions/permissionUtils.ts
+++ b/src/components/apps/permissions/permissionUtils.ts
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 import type {
   SageAppPackageManifest,
-  SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
+  SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
 } from '@/bindings';
 
 function sortNetworkEntries(
-  entries: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[],
-): SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[] {
+  entries: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[],
+): SageNetworkPermissionTarget[] {
   return [...entries].sort((a, b) => {
     const aKey = `${a.scheme}://${a.host}`;
     const bKey = `${b.scheme}://${b.host}`;
@@ -20,15 +20,15 @@ export function buildFullyForbiddenPermissions(): string[] {
 export function buildInitialGrantedPermissions(
   manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
 ): string[] {
-  return [...(manifest.permissions?.required ?? [])].sort((a, b) =>
-    a.localeCompare(b),
+  return [...(manifest.permissions?.capabilities?.required ?? [])].sort(
+    (a, b) => a.localeCompare(b),
   );
 }
 
 export function buildInitialGrantedNetworkWhitelist(
   manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
-): SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[] {
+): SageNetworkPermissionTarget[] {
   return sortNetworkEntries(
-    (manifest.network?.whitelist ?? []).filter((entry) => entry.required),
+    manifest.permissions?.network?.whitelist?.required ?? [],
   );
 }
diff --git a/src/hooks/useApps.ts b/src/hooks/useApps.ts
index 9bcd0de1e..2dec731d8 100644
--- a/src/hooks/useApps.ts
+++ b/src/hooks/useApps.ts
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import type {
   InstalledSageApp,
   ListedSageApp,
   SageAppUrlPreview,
+  SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
 } from '@/bindings.ts';
 import {
   buildInitialSandboxState,
@@ -95,7 +96,7 @@ export function useAppsInternal() {
     async (
       zipPath: string,
       permissions: string[],
-      networkWhitelist: import('@/bindings').SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[],
+      networkWhitelist: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[],
     ) => {
       await invoke<InstalledSageApp>('install_app_zip', {
         zipPath,
@@ -111,7 +112,7 @@ export function useAppsInternal() {
     async (
       appUrl: string,
       permissions: string[],
-      networkWhitelist: import('@/bindings').SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[],
+      networkWhitelist: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[],
     ) => {
       await invoke<InstalledSageApp>('install_app_url', {
         appUrl,
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/bridge/index.ts b/src/lib/apps/bridge/index.ts
index f14aba4ed..c6c21385b 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/bridge/index.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/bridge/index.ts
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import { bridgeMethods } from './registry';
 import { failure, success } from './responses';
 import type {
   BridgeMethodDefinition,
+  KnownSageBridgeRequest,
   SageBridgeContext,
   SageBridgeHostTools,
   SageBridgeMethod,
@@ -101,16 +102,18 @@ export async function handleBridgeRequest(
       );
     }
 
+    const knownRequest = request as KnownSageBridgeRequest;
+
     await enforcePermissionPolicy({
       ctx,
-      request,
+      request: knownRequest,
       policy: definition.permission,
     });
 
     const approvalRequest = definition.approval
       ? await definition.approval({
           ctx,
-          request: request as never,
+          request: knownRequest as never,
         })
       : null;
 
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/bridge/methods/system.ts b/src/lib/apps/bridge/methods/system.ts
index 045c9195c..3d55580a6 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/bridge/methods/system.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/bridge/methods/system.ts
@@ -34,7 +34,9 @@ export const systemBridgeMethods = {
         version: ctx.app.version,
         requestedPermissions: ctx.app.requestedPermissions,
         grantedPermissions: ctx.app.grantedPermissions,
-        network: ctx.app.activeSnapshot.manifest.network?.whitelist ?? [],
+        network:
+          ctx.app.activeSnapshot.manifest.permissions?.network?.whitelist
+            ?.required ?? [],
       };
     },
   },
@@ -42,7 +44,7 @@ export const systemBridgeMethods = {
   'sage.getPermissions': {
     permission: { kind: 'none' },
     async handle({ ctx }) {
-      return ctx.app.grantedPermissions;
+      return ctx.app.grantedPermissions.capabilities;
     },
   },
 } satisfies BridgeMethodRegistry;
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/bridge/methods/wallet.ts b/src/lib/apps/bridge/methods/wallet.ts
index 96af182b8..3afdd0560 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/bridge/methods/wallet.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/bridge/methods/wallet.ts
@@ -2,10 +2,15 @@ import { invoke } from '@tauri-apps/api/core';
 import type { TransactionResponse } from '@/bindings';
 import type { BridgeMethodRegistry } from '../types';
 
-export const walletBridgeMethods = {
+export const walletBridgeMethods: BridgeMethodRegistry = {
   'wallet.sendXch': {
     approval: async ({ ctx, request }) => {
-      if (ctx.app.grantedPermissions.includes('wallet.send_xch_auto_submit')) {
+      if (
+        ctx.app.grantedPermissions.capabilities.includes(
+          'wallet.send_xch_auto_submit',
+
+        )
+      ) {
         return null;
       }
 
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/bridge/permissions.ts b/src/lib/apps/bridge/permissions.ts
index c1ebe6166..1208a0826 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/bridge/permissions.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/bridge/permissions.ts
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 import type {
   BridgePermissionPolicy,
+  KnownSageBridgeRequest,
   SageBridgeContext,
   SageBridgeMethod,
-  SageBridgeRequest,
 } from './types';
 
 export class BridgePermissionError extends Error {
@@ -12,23 +12,10 @@ export class BridgePermissionError extends Error {
   }
 }
 
-function snakeToCamelSegment(segment: string): string {
-  return segment.replace(/_([a-z])/g, (_, ch: string) => ch.toUpperCase());
-}
-
 function camelToSnakeSegment(segment: string): string {
   return segment.replace(/[A-Z]/g, (ch) => `_${ch.toLowerCase()}`);
 }
 
-export function permissionKeyToBridgeMethod(permissionKey: string): string {
-  const [group, action] = permissionKey.split('.');
-  if (!group || !action) {
-    throw new Error(`Invalid permission key: ${permissionKey}`);
-  }
-
-  return `${group}.${snakeToCamelSegment(action)}`;
-}
-
 export function bridgeMethodToPermissionKey(method: string): string {
   const [group, action] = method.split('.');
   if (!group || !action) {
@@ -44,14 +31,14 @@ async function enforcePermissionByMethod(
 ): Promise<void> {
   const permissionKey = bridgeMethodToPermissionKey(method);
 
-  if (!ctx.app.grantedPermissions.includes(permissionKey)) {
+  if (!ctx.app.grantedPermissions.capabilities.includes(permissionKey)) {
     throw new BridgePermissionError(`Permission denied for ${permissionKey}`);
   }
 }
 
 export async function enforcePermissionPolicy(args: {
   ctx: SageBridgeContext;
-  request: SageBridgeRequest;
+  request: KnownSageBridgeRequest;
   policy?: BridgePermissionPolicy;
 }): Promise<void> {
   const { ctx, request, policy } = args;
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/bridge/registry.ts b/src/lib/apps/bridge/registry.ts
index 4b1239169..bb2fb953f 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/bridge/registry.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/bridge/registry.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import type { BridgeMethodRegistry } from './types';
 import { systemBridgeMethods } from './methods/system';
 import { walletBridgeMethods } from './methods/wallet';
 
-export const bridgeMethods = {
+export const bridgeMethods: BridgeMethodRegistry = {
   ...systemBridgeMethods,
   ...walletBridgeMethods,
 } satisfies BridgeMethodRegistry;
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/bridge/types.ts b/src/lib/apps/bridge/types.ts
index dd2ef0b9b..6a111eeee 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/bridge/types.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/bridge/types.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,17 @@
 import type { InstalledSageApp } from '@/bindings';
-import {
+
+export type {
+  SageBridgeVersion,
+  SageBridgeRequest,
+  SageBridgeResponse,
+  SageBridgeSuccessResponse,
+  SageBridgeErrorResponse,
+  SageBridgeEventPayload,
+  SageBridgeSendPayload,
+  SageWalletSendXchRequest,
+} from '@sage-app/sdk';
+
+import type {
   SageBridgeRequest,
   SageBridgeSendPayload,
   SageWalletSendXchRequest,
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts b/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
index fa5952e5c..99e6a1a4b 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
@@ -135,8 +135,9 @@ export function dataStoreIdFor(appId: string): number[] {
 }
 
 export function shouldUseIncognito(app: InstalledSageApp): boolean {
-  const hasPersistentStorage =
-    app.grantedPermissions.includes('persistent_storage');
+  const hasPersistentStorage = (
+    app.grantedPermissions.capabilities
+  ).includes('persistent_storage');
 
   if (!hasPersistentStorage) {
     return true;
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/sandbox.ts b/src/lib/apps/sandbox.ts
index af93f910d..2f05ae1dc 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/sandbox.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/sandbox.ts
@@ -175,13 +175,13 @@ export function getRequiredSandboxCapabilities(
 ): SandboxCapability[] {
   const required: SandboxCapability[] = ['storage_isolation_from_sage'];
 
-  if (app.grantedPermissions.includes('persistent_storage')) {
+  if (app.grantedPermissions.capabilities.includes('persistent_storage')) {
     required.push('storage_persistence_normal');
   } else {
     required.push('storage_non_persistence_incognito');
   }
 
-  if ((app.grantedNetworkWhitelist?.length ?? 0) > 0) {
+  if ((app.grantedPermissions.network.whitelist?.length ?? 0) > 0) {
     required.push('network_allowlist_enforced');
   }
 
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/sandboxRuntimeStore.ts b/src/lib/apps/sandboxRuntimeStore.ts
index de597f630..08886d5c8 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/sandboxRuntimeStore.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/sandboxRuntimeStore.ts
@@ -49,6 +49,66 @@ function replaceByAppId<T>(
   return [...withoutSameApp, next];
 }
 
+function isObject(value: unknown): value is Record<string, unknown> {
+  return !!value && typeof value === 'object';
+}
+
+function hasStringRunId(
+  value: unknown,
+): value is { runId: string } & Record<string, unknown> {
+  return isObject(value) && typeof value.runId === 'string';
+}
+
+function isClearCycleReport(
+  report: unknown,
+): report is { type: 'clear_cycle'; data: SandboxStorageClearProbeResult } {
+  return (
+    isObject(report) &&
+    report.type === 'clear_cycle' &&
+    hasStringRunId(report.data)
+  );
+}
+
+function isIsolationReport(
+  report: unknown,
+): report is { type: 'isolation'; data: SandboxIsolationProbeResult } {
+  return (
+    isObject(report) &&
+    report.type === 'isolation' &&
+    hasStringRunId(report.data)
+  );
+}
+
+function isPersistenceWriteReport(report: unknown): report is {
+  type: 'persistence_write';
+  data: SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult;
+} {
+  return (
+    isObject(report) &&
+    report.type === 'persistence_write' &&
+    hasStringRunId(report.data)
+  );
+}
+
+function isPersistenceReadReport(report: unknown): report is {
+  type: 'persistence_read';
+  data: SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult;
+} {
+  return (
+    isObject(report) &&
+    report.type === 'persistence_read' &&
+    hasStringRunId(report.data)
+  );
+}
+
+function isNetworkReport(
+  report: unknown,
+): report is { type: 'network'; data: SandboxNetworkProbeResult } {
+  return (
+    isObject(report) && report.type === 'network' && hasStringRunId(report.data)
+  );
+}
+
 export function resetSandboxRun(runId: string) {
   runs.set(runId, createEmptyRunResults());
 }
@@ -73,7 +133,7 @@ export function acceptSandboxBridgeSend(args: {
 
   const report = payload.report;
 
-  if (report.type === 'clear_cycle') {
+  if (isClearCycleReport(report)) {
     const run = getOrCreateRun(report.data.runId);
     run.clearCycle = replaceByAppId(run.clearCycle, {
       appId,
@@ -86,41 +146,41 @@ export function acceptSandboxBridgeSend(args: {
     return false;
   }
 
-  switch (report.type) {
-    case 'isolation': {
-      const run = getOrCreateRun(report.data.runId);
-      run.isolation = replaceByAppId(run.isolation, {
-        appId,
-        data: report.data,
-      });
-      return true;
-    }
-
-    case 'persistence_write': {
-      const run = getOrCreateRun(report.data.runId);
-      run.persistenceWrite = replaceByAppId(run.persistenceWrite, {
-        appId,
-        data: report.data,
-      });
-      return true;
-    }
-
-    case 'persistence_read': {
-      const run = getOrCreateRun(report.data.runId);
-      run.persistenceRead = replaceByAppId(run.persistenceRead, {
-        appId,
-        data: report.data,
-      });
-      return true;
-    }
-
-    case 'network': {
-      const run = getOrCreateRun(report.data.runId);
-      run.network = replaceByAppId(run.network, {
-        appId,
-        data: report.data,
-      });
-      return true;
-    }
+  if (isIsolationReport(report)) {
+    const run = getOrCreateRun(report.data.runId);
+    run.isolation = replaceByAppId(run.isolation, {
+      appId,
+      data: report.data,
+    });
+    return true;
   }
+
+  if (isPersistenceWriteReport(report)) {
+    const run = getOrCreateRun(report.data.runId);
+    run.persistenceWrite = replaceByAppId(run.persistenceWrite, {
+      appId,
+      data: report.data,
+    });
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  if (isPersistenceReadReport(report)) {
+    const run = getOrCreateRun(report.data.runId);
+    run.persistenceRead = replaceByAppId(run.persistenceRead, {
+      appId,
+      data: report.data,
+    });
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  if (isNetworkReport(report)) {
+    const run = getOrCreateRun(report.data.runId);
+    run.network = replaceByAppId(run.network, {
+      appId,
+      data: report.data,
+    });
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  return false;
 }
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/testApps.ts b/src/lib/apps/testApps.ts
index 43d8c3b8f..bbb6ad8eb 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/testApps.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/testApps.ts
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ export const TEST_APP_IDS = {
   storageIsolationIncognito: '__sage_test_storage_isolation_incognito',
   persistencePersistent: '__sage_test_persistence_persistent',
   persistenceIncognito: '__sage_test_persistence_incognito',
+  storageClearPersistent: '__sage_test_storage_clear_persistent',
   networkAllowA: '__sage_test_network_allow_a',
   networkAllowB: '__sage_test_network_allow_b',
 } as const;
diff --git a/src/pages/Apps.tsx b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
index 8bd0fdd44..951fc86b3 100644
--- a/src/pages/Apps.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ import {
 import {
   SageAppPackageManifest,
   SageAppUrlPreview,
-  SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
+  SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
 } from '@/bindings.ts';
 import { invoke } from '@tauri-apps/api/core';
 import { useApps } from '@/contexts/AppsContext.tsx';
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ export function Apps() {
     string[]
   >([]);
   const [editingGrantedNetworkWhitelist, setEditingGrantedNetworkWhitelist] =
-    useState<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[]>([]);
+    useState<SageNetworkPermissionTarget[]>([]);
 
   const {
     apps,
@@ -222,8 +222,10 @@ export function Apps() {
 
   function openPermissionsDialog(app: InstalledEntry) {
     setPermissionsDialogApp(app);
-    setEditingGrantedPermissions(app.grantedPermissions ?? []);
-    setEditingGrantedNetworkWhitelist(app.grantedNetworkWhitelist ?? []);
+    setEditingGrantedPermissions(app.grantedPermissions?.capabilities);
+    setEditingGrantedNetworkWhitelist(
+      app.grantedPermissions?.network?.whitelist ?? [],
+    );
     setPermissionsDialogBusy(false);
     setPermissionsDialogError(null);
     setPendingPermissionsRetry(null);
@@ -294,7 +296,7 @@ export function Apps() {
     async (
       app: InstalledEntry,
       nextPermissions: string[],
-      nextNetworkWhitelist: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[],
+      nextNetworkWhitelist: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[],
     ) => {
       setPermissionsDialogBusy(true);
       setPermissionsDialogError(null);
@@ -675,7 +677,7 @@ export function Apps() {
 
             void performAppUpdate(
               contextMenu.app.id,
-              contextMenu.app.grantedPermissions,
+              contextMenu.app.grantedPermissions?.capabilities,
               {
                 restartIfRunning: true,
                 visibleAfterRestart: contextMenuAppIsRunning,
diff --git a/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx b/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
index b32002ef6..0e6c05c84 100644
--- a/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
@@ -13,11 +13,7 @@ import { useAppPendingApprovals } from '@/hooks/useAppPendingApprovals.ts';
 import { useAppRuntimes } from '@/hooks/useAppRuntimes';
 import { focusRuntime, killRuntime } from '@/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry';
 import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react';
-import {
-  Outlet,
-  useNavigate,
-  useParams,
-} from 'react-router-dom';
+import { Outlet, useNavigate, useParams } from 'react-router-dom';
 
 export function AppsWorkspace() {
   const { appId } = useParams();
@@ -119,10 +115,14 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
     try {
       setApplyingUpdate(true);
 
-      await performAppUpdate(activeApp.id, activeApp.grantedPermissions, {
-        restartIfRunning: true,
-        visibleAfterRestart: true,
-      });
+      await performAppUpdate(
+        activeApp.id,
+        activeApp.grantedPermissions.capabilities,
+        {
+          restartIfRunning: true,
+          visibleAfterRestart: true,
+        },
+      );
     } finally {
       setApplyingUpdate(false);
     }

From 666a402d398e9f833ca8133cfe40833d0708086c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 18 Apr 2026 23:32:35 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 091/471] Add storage-clear-persistent test app and update
 clear-cycle test logic:

- Introduced `storage-clear-persistent` test app specifications in Rust and build scripts.
- Updated `clear-cycle` sandbox test to use the new app for validation.
- Adjusted error messages and IDs to align with `storage-clear-persistent` functionality.
---
 scripts/build-test-apps.mjs               | 4 ++++
 src-tauri/src/apps/builtin_apps.rs        | 8 +++++++-
 src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/clear-cycle.ts | 4 ++--
 3 files changed, 13 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/scripts/build-test-apps.mjs b/scripts/build-test-apps.mjs
index cc8a68b05..a7d3f95c1 100644
--- a/scripts/build-test-apps.mjs
+++ b/scripts/build-test-apps.mjs
@@ -129,6 +129,10 @@ const TEST_BUILD_PLAN = [
         outDirName: 'storage-persistence-incognito',
         manifestFileName: 'sage-manifest.incognito.json',
       },
+      {
+        outDirName: 'storage-clear-persistent',
+        manifestFileName: 'sage-manifest.persistent.json',
+      },
     ],
   },
   {
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/builtin_apps.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/builtin_apps.rs
index dc73553db..949acc23d 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/builtin_apps.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/builtin_apps.rs
@@ -25,6 +25,8 @@ pub const BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_PERSISTENT_ID: &str =
     "__sage_test_persistence_persistent";
 pub const BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_INCOGNITO_ID: &str =
     "__sage_test_persistence_incognito";
+pub const BUILTIN_STORAGE_CLEAR_PERSISTENT_ID: &str =
+    "__sage_test_storage_clear_persistent";
 pub const BUILTIN_NETWORK_ALLOW_A_ID: &str = "__sage_test_network_allow_a";
 pub const BUILTIN_NETWORK_ALLOW_B_ID: &str = "__sage_test_network_allow_b";
 
@@ -51,6 +53,10 @@ const BUILTIN_TEST_APPS: &[BuiltinTestAppSpec] = &[
         app_id: BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_INCOGNITO_ID,
         dir_name: "storage-persistence-incognito",
     },
+    BuiltinTestAppSpec {
+        app_id: BUILTIN_STORAGE_CLEAR_PERSISTENT_ID,
+        dir_name: "storage-clear-persistent",
+    },
     BuiltinTestAppSpec {
         app_id: BUILTIN_NETWORK_ALLOW_A_ID,
         dir_name: "network-allow-a",
@@ -168,7 +174,7 @@ pub fn build_builtin_test_app(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<InstalledSageApp
         capabilities: requested_capabilities,
         network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
             whitelist: manifest.permissions.network.whitelist.required.clone(),
-        }
+        },
     };
 
     validate_granted_permissions(&manifest.permissions, &granted_permissions.capabilities)?;
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/clear-cycle.ts b/src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/clear-cycle.ts
index f21b07106..fb03cc73b 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/clear-cycle.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/clear-cycle.ts
@@ -6,13 +6,13 @@ export async function runStorageClearCycleCapabilityTest(): Promise<{
   passed: boolean;
   details: string | null;
 }> {
-  const app = await getBuiltinApp(TEST_APP_IDS.persistencePersistent);
+  const app = await getBuiltinApp(TEST_APP_IDS.storageClearPersistent);
 
   if (!app) {
     return {
       passed: false,
       details:
-        'Missing builtin persistent storage test app for clear-cycle capability test.',
+        'Missing builtin storage clear test app for clear-cycle capability test.',
     };
   }
 

From 85a3a2d7768b30f3cefcbffabfe4fc4cfe373dac Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 18 Apr 2026 23:38:07 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 092/471] Refactor permissions handling to use structured
 `SageGrantedPermissions` object:

- Replaced flat `grantedPermissions` and `grantedNetworkWhitelist` fields with the consolidated and structured `SageGrantedPermissions` object.
- Updated app installation, update, and state management logic to align with the new structure.
- Adjusted TypeScript types, function arguments, and frontend components to reflect the updated permissions model.
---
 src/hooks/useApps.ts        | 24 ++++++++++++++++--------
 src/pages/Apps.tsx          | 10 +++++++---
 src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx |  2 +-
 3 files changed, 24 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/hooks/useApps.ts b/src/hooks/useApps.ts
index 2dec731d8..83a83bb1c 100644
--- a/src/hooks/useApps.ts
+++ b/src/hooks/useApps.ts
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 import { invoke } from '@tauri-apps/api/core';
 import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react';
-import type {
+import  {
   InstalledSageApp,
   ListedSageApp,
-  SageAppUrlPreview,
+  SageAppUrlPreview, SageGrantedPermissions,
   SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
 } from '@/bindings.ts';
 import {
@@ -100,8 +100,12 @@ export function useAppsInternal() {
     ) => {
       await invoke<InstalledSageApp>('install_app_zip', {
         zipPath,
-        grantedPermissions: permissions,
-        grantedNetworkWhitelist: networkWhitelist,
+        grantedPermissions: {
+          capabilities: permissions,
+          network: {
+            whitelist: networkWhitelist,
+          },
+        },
       });
       await refresh();
     },
@@ -116,8 +120,12 @@ export function useAppsInternal() {
     ) => {
       await invoke<InstalledSageApp>('install_app_url', {
         appUrl,
-        grantedPermissions: permissions,
-        grantedNetworkWhitelist: networkWhitelist,
+        grantedPermissions: {
+          capabilities: permissions,
+          network: {
+            whitelist: networkWhitelist,
+          },
+        },
       });
       await refresh();
     },
@@ -223,7 +231,7 @@ export function useAppsInternal() {
   );
 
   const applyUpdate = useCallback(
-    async (appId: string, grantedPermissions: string[]) => {
+    async (appId: string, grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions) => {
       try {
         setBusy(appId, true);
         const installed = await invoke<InstalledSageApp>('apply_app_update', {
@@ -248,7 +256,7 @@ export function useAppsInternal() {
   const performAppUpdate = useCallback(
     async (
       appId: string,
-      grantedPermissions: string[],
+      grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
       options?: { restartIfRunning?: boolean; visibleAfterRestart?: boolean },
     ) => {
       const restartIfRunning = options?.restartIfRunning ?? false;
diff --git a/src/pages/Apps.tsx b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
index 951fc86b3..81bf10459 100644
--- a/src/pages/Apps.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
@@ -305,8 +305,12 @@ export function Apps() {
       try {
         await invoke('apps_update_permissions', {
           appId: app.id,
-          grantedPermissions: nextPermissions,
-          grantedNetworkWhitelist: nextNetworkWhitelist,
+          grantedPermissions: {
+            capabilities: nextPermissions,
+            network: {
+              whitelist: nextNetworkWhitelist,
+            },
+          },
           clearStorageTaint: false,
         });
 
@@ -677,7 +681,7 @@ export function Apps() {
 
             void performAppUpdate(
               contextMenu.app.id,
-              contextMenu.app.grantedPermissions?.capabilities,
+              contextMenu.app.grantedPermissions,
               {
                 restartIfRunning: true,
                 visibleAfterRestart: contextMenuAppIsRunning,
diff --git a/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx b/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
index 0e6c05c84..995a56c1b 100644
--- a/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
 
       await performAppUpdate(
         activeApp.id,
-        activeApp.grantedPermissions.capabilities,
+        activeApp.grantedPermissions,
         {
           restartIfRunning: true,
           visibleAfterRestart: true,

From fef55a6e5ab5bfc4e208d1fae7efd9dbb6f15d5f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 18 Apr 2026 23:54:35 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 093/471] Introduce structured serialization for
 `InstalledSageApp` metadata:

- Added `PersistedInstalledSageApp` and related structs for improved metadata persistence and compatibility.
- Implemented conversion functions to serialize and deserialize app metadata between runtime and persisted formats.
- Refactored `read_installed_app_from_dir` and `write_installed_app_metadata` to utilize the new format.
- Enhanced validation and normalization for network permissions and capabilities during serialization.
---
 src-tauri/src/apps/registry.rs | 308 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs    | 131 +++-----------
 2 files changed, 331 insertions(+), 108 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/registry.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/registry.rs
index b9b4ed490..fd4761b96 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/registry.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/registry.rs
@@ -4,9 +4,14 @@ use std::{
 };
 
 use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult};
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 
 use crate::apps::types::{
-    CorruptedInstalledSageApp, InstalledSageApp, ListedSageApp,
+    CorruptedInstalledSageApp, InstalledSageApp, InstalledSageAppPendingUpdate,
+    InstalledSageAppPermissionFlags, InstalledSageAppSnapshot, InstalledSageAppSource,
+    ListedSageApp, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageGrantedPermissions,
+    SageNetworkPermissionTarget, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
+    SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist, SageRequestedPermissions,
 };
 
 const INSTALLED_METADATA_FILE: &str = ".sage-installed.json";
@@ -23,13 +28,307 @@ pub fn installed_metadata_path(install_dir: &Path) -> PathBuf {
     install_dir.join(INSTALLED_METADATA_FILE)
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+struct PersistedStringListBucket {
+    required: Vec<String>,
+    optional: Vec<String>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+struct PersistedRequestedNetworkPermissions {
+    whitelist: PersistedStringListBucket,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+struct PersistedRequestedPermissions {
+    network: PersistedRequestedNetworkPermissions,
+    capabilities: SageRequestedCapabilities,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+struct PersistedSageAppPackageManifest {
+    name: String,
+    version: String,
+    permissions: PersistedRequestedPermissions,
+    files: Vec<SageAppManifestFile>,
+    entry: Option<String>,
+    icon: Option<String>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+struct PersistedInstalledSageAppSnapshot {
+    #[serde(rename = "manifestHash", alias = "manifest_hash")]
+    manifest_hash: String,
+
+    #[serde(rename = "snapshotDir", alias = "snapshot_dir")]
+    snapshot_dir: String,
+
+    #[serde(rename = "totalBytes", alias = "total_bytes")]
+    total_bytes: u64,
+
+    manifest: PersistedSageAppPackageManifest,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+struct PersistedInstalledSageAppPendingUpdate {
+    #[serde(rename = "appUrl", alias = "app_url")]
+    app_url: String,
+
+    #[serde(rename = "manifestUrl", alias = "manifest_url")]
+    manifest_url: String,
+
+    #[serde(rename = "manifestHash", alias = "manifest_hash")]
+    manifest_hash: String,
+
+    manifest: PersistedSageAppPackageManifest,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+struct PersistedInstalledSageApp {
+    id: String,
+    name: String,
+    version: String,
+
+    #[serde(rename = "installDir", alias = "install_dir")]
+    install_dir: String,
+
+    #[serde(rename = "entryFile", alias = "entry_file")]
+    entry_file: String,
+
+    #[serde(rename = "iconFile", alias = "icon_file")]
+    icon_file: String,
+
+    #[serde(rename = "requestedPermissions", alias = "requested_permissions")]
+    requested_permissions: PersistedRequestedPermissions,
+
+    #[serde(rename = "grantedPermissions", alias = "granted_permissions")]
+    granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
+
+    #[serde(rename = "permissionFlags", alias = "permission_flags")]
+    permission_flags: InstalledSageAppPermissionFlags,
+
+    source: InstalledSageAppSource,
+
+    #[serde(rename = "activeSnapshot", alias = "active_snapshot")]
+    active_snapshot: PersistedInstalledSageAppSnapshot,
+
+    #[serde(rename = "pendingUpdate", alias = "pending_update")]
+    pending_update: Option<PersistedInstalledSageAppPendingUpdate>,
+}
+
+fn format_network_target(value: &SageNetworkPermissionTarget) -> String {
+    format!("{}://{}", value.scheme, value.host)
+}
+
+fn parse_network_permission_target(
+    value: &str,
+) -> Result<SageNetworkPermissionTarget, String> {
+    let value = value.trim().to_ascii_lowercase();
+
+    let (scheme, host) = value
+        .split_once("://")
+        .ok_or_else(|| format!("invalid network entry (missing scheme): {}", value))?;
+
+    if scheme != "https" && scheme != "wss" {
+        return Err(format!(
+            "invalid scheme '{}', only https and wss allowed",
+            scheme
+        ));
+    }
+
+    if host.is_empty()
+        || host.contains('/')
+        || host.contains('?')
+        || host.contains('#')
+        || host.contains(' ')
+    {
+        return Err(format!("invalid host in network entry: {}", value));
+    }
+
+    Ok(SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
+        scheme: scheme.to_string(),
+        host: host.to_string(),
+    })
+}
+
+fn to_persisted_requested_permissions(
+    value: &SageRequestedPermissions,
+) -> PersistedRequestedPermissions {
+    PersistedRequestedPermissions {
+        network: PersistedRequestedNetworkPermissions {
+            whitelist: PersistedStringListBucket {
+                required: value
+                    .network
+                    .whitelist
+                    .required
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(format_network_target)
+                    .collect(),
+                optional: value
+                    .network
+                    .whitelist
+                    .optional
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(format_network_target)
+                    .collect(),
+            },
+        },
+        capabilities: value.capabilities.clone(),
+    }
+}
+
+fn from_persisted_requested_permissions(
+    value: PersistedRequestedPermissions,
+) -> AnyResult<SageRequestedPermissions> {
+    let required = value
+        .network
+        .whitelist
+        .required
+        .into_iter()
+        .map(|entry| parse_network_permission_target(&entry))
+        .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()
+        .map_err(|err| anyhow::anyhow!("failed to parse persisted required network entry: {err}"))?;
+
+    let optional = value
+        .network
+        .whitelist
+        .optional
+        .into_iter()
+        .map(|entry| parse_network_permission_target(&entry))
+        .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()
+        .map_err(|err| anyhow::anyhow!("failed to parse persisted optional network entry: {err}"))?;
+
+    Ok(SageRequestedPermissions {
+        network: SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
+            whitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist { required, optional },
+        },
+        capabilities: value.capabilities,
+    })
+}
+
+fn to_persisted_manifest(
+    value: &SageAppPackageManifest,
+) -> PersistedSageAppPackageManifest {
+    PersistedSageAppPackageManifest {
+        name: value.name.clone(),
+        version: value.version.clone(),
+        permissions: to_persisted_requested_permissions(&value.permissions),
+        files: value.files.clone(),
+        entry: value.entry.clone(),
+        icon: value.icon.clone(),
+    }
+}
+
+fn from_persisted_manifest(
+    value: PersistedSageAppPackageManifest,
+) -> AnyResult<SageAppPackageManifest> {
+    Ok(SageAppPackageManifest {
+        name: value.name,
+        version: value.version,
+        permissions: from_persisted_requested_permissions(value.permissions)?,
+        files: value.files,
+        entry: value.entry,
+        icon: value.icon,
+    })
+}
+
+fn to_persisted_snapshot(
+    value: &InstalledSageAppSnapshot,
+) -> PersistedInstalledSageAppSnapshot {
+    PersistedInstalledSageAppSnapshot {
+        manifest_hash: value.manifest_hash.clone(),
+        snapshot_dir: value.snapshot_dir.clone(),
+        total_bytes: value.total_bytes,
+        manifest: to_persisted_manifest(&value.manifest),
+    }
+}
+
+fn from_persisted_snapshot(
+    value: PersistedInstalledSageAppSnapshot,
+) -> AnyResult<InstalledSageAppSnapshot> {
+    Ok(InstalledSageAppSnapshot {
+        manifest_hash: value.manifest_hash,
+        snapshot_dir: value.snapshot_dir,
+        total_bytes: value.total_bytes,
+        manifest: from_persisted_manifest(value.manifest)?,
+    })
+}
+
+fn to_persisted_pending_update(
+    value: &InstalledSageAppPendingUpdate,
+) -> PersistedInstalledSageAppPendingUpdate {
+    PersistedInstalledSageAppPendingUpdate {
+        app_url: value.app_url.clone(),
+        manifest_url: value.manifest_url.clone(),
+        manifest_hash: value.manifest_hash.clone(),
+        manifest: to_persisted_manifest(&value.manifest),
+    }
+}
+
+fn from_persisted_pending_update(
+    value: PersistedInstalledSageAppPendingUpdate,
+) -> AnyResult<InstalledSageAppPendingUpdate> {
+    Ok(InstalledSageAppPendingUpdate {
+        app_url: value.app_url,
+        manifest_url: value.manifest_url,
+        manifest_hash: value.manifest_hash,
+        manifest: from_persisted_manifest(value.manifest)?,
+    })
+}
+
+fn to_persisted_installed_app(app: &InstalledSageApp) -> PersistedInstalledSageApp {
+    PersistedInstalledSageApp {
+        id: app.id.clone(),
+        name: app.name.clone(),
+        version: app.version.clone(),
+        install_dir: app.install_dir.clone(),
+        entry_file: app.entry_file.clone(),
+        icon_file: app.icon_file.clone(),
+        requested_permissions: to_persisted_requested_permissions(
+            &app.requested_permissions,
+        ),
+        granted_permissions: app.granted_permissions.clone(),
+        permission_flags: app.permission_flags.clone(),
+        source: app.source.clone(),
+        active_snapshot: to_persisted_snapshot(&app.active_snapshot),
+        pending_update: app
+            .pending_update
+            .as_ref()
+            .map(to_persisted_pending_update),
+    }
+}
+
+fn from_persisted_installed_app(
+    app: PersistedInstalledSageApp,
+) -> AnyResult<InstalledSageApp> {
+    Ok(InstalledSageApp {
+        id: app.id,
+        name: app.name,
+        version: app.version,
+        install_dir: app.install_dir,
+        entry_file: app.entry_file,
+        icon_file: app.icon_file,
+        requested_permissions: from_persisted_requested_permissions(
+            app.requested_permissions,
+        )?,
+        granted_permissions: app.granted_permissions,
+        permission_flags: app.permission_flags,
+        source: app.source,
+        active_snapshot: from_persisted_snapshot(app.active_snapshot)?,
+        pending_update: app
+            .pending_update
+            .map(from_persisted_pending_update)
+            .transpose()?,
+    })
+}
+
 pub fn read_installed_app_from_dir(dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<InstalledSageApp> {
     let path = installed_metadata_path(dir);
     let text =
         fs::read_to_string(&path).with_context(|| format!("failed to read {}", path.display()))?;
-    let app: InstalledSageApp =
+    let persisted: PersistedInstalledSageApp =
         serde_json::from_str(&text).context("failed to parse installed app metadata")?;
-    Ok(app)
+    from_persisted_installed_app(persisted)
 }
 
 pub fn write_installed_app_metadata(
@@ -37,7 +336,8 @@ pub fn write_installed_app_metadata(
     install_dir: &Path,
 ) -> AnyResult<()> {
     let path = installed_metadata_path(install_dir);
-    let text = serde_json::to_string_pretty(app)
+    let persisted = to_persisted_installed_app(app);
+    let text = serde_json::to_string_pretty(&persisted)
         .map_err(|err| anyhow::anyhow!("failed to serialize installed app metadata: {err}"))?;
     fs::write(path, format!("{text}\n"))?;
     Ok(())
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs
index 99a30ed8b..f33f06e6e 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,15 @@
 use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
+#[derive(
+    Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord,
+)]
 pub struct SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
     pub scheme: String,
     pub host: String,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist {
     #[serde(default)]
     pub required: Vec<SageNetworkPermissionTarget>,
@@ -16,13 +18,15 @@ pub struct SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist {
     pub optional: Vec<SageNetworkPermissionTarget>,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
     #[serde(default)]
     pub whitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(
+    Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq,
+)]
 pub struct SageRequestedCapabilities {
     #[serde(default)]
     pub required: Vec<String>,
@@ -40,18 +44,22 @@ pub struct SageRequestedPermissions {
     pub capabilities: SageRequestedCapabilities,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(
+    Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq,
+)]
 pub struct SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
     pub whitelist: Vec<SageNetworkPermissionTarget>,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(
+    Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq,
+)]
 pub struct SageGrantedPermissions {
     pub capabilities: Vec<String>,
     pub network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct SageAppPackageManifest {
     pub name: String,
     pub version: String,
@@ -220,42 +228,6 @@ struct RawRequestedPermissions {
     capabilities: Option<SageRequestedCapabilities>,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Default)]
-struct LegacyRequestedNetworkWhitelistEntry {
-    scheme: String,
-    host: String,
-
-    #[serde(default)]
-    required: bool,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Default)]
-struct LegacyRequestedNetworkPermissions {
-    #[serde(default)]
-    whitelist: Vec<LegacyRequestedNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Deserialize)]
-struct RawSageAppPackageManifest {
-    name: String,
-    version: String,
-
-    #[serde(default)]
-    permissions: SageRequestedPermissions,
-
-    #[serde(default)]
-    network: Option<LegacyRequestedNetworkPermissions>,
-
-    #[serde(default)]
-    files: Vec<SageAppManifestFile>,
-
-    #[serde(default)]
-    entry: Option<String>,
-
-    #[serde(default)]
-    icon: Option<String>,
-}
-
 impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for SageRequestedPermissions {
     fn deserialize<D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error>
     where
@@ -268,7 +240,10 @@ impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for SageRequestedPermissions {
             .whitelist
             .required
             .into_iter()
-            .map(|value| parse_network_permission_target(&value).map_err(serde::de::Error::custom))
+            .map(|value| {
+                parse_network_permission_target(&value)
+                    .map_err(serde::de::Error::custom)
+            })
             .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
 
         let optional_network = raw
@@ -276,76 +251,24 @@ impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for SageRequestedPermissions {
             .whitelist
             .optional
             .into_iter()
-            .map(|value| parse_network_permission_target(&value).map_err(serde::de::Error::custom))
+            .map(|value| {
+                parse_network_permission_target(&value)
+                    .map_err(serde::de::Error::custom)
+            })
             .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
 
         Ok(SageRequestedPermissions {
             network: SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
-                whitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist { required: required_network, optional: optional_network },
+                whitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist {
+                    required: required_network,
+                    optional: optional_network,
+                },
             },
             capabilities: raw.capabilities.unwrap_or_default(),
         })
     }
 }
 
-impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for SageAppPackageManifest {
-    fn deserialize<D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error>
-    where
-        D: Deserializer<'de>,
-    {
-        let raw = <RawSageAppPackageManifest as Deserialize>::deserialize(deserializer)?;
-
-        let mut permissions = raw.permissions;
-
-        if let Some(legacy_network) = raw.network {
-            let legacy_network = legacy_requested_network_to_requested(legacy_network);
-            permissions
-                .network
-                .whitelist
-                .required
-                .extend(legacy_network.whitelist.required);
-            permissions
-                .network
-                .whitelist
-                .optional
-                .extend(legacy_network.whitelist.optional);
-        }
-
-        Ok(SageAppPackageManifest {
-            name: raw.name,
-            version: raw.version,
-            permissions,
-            files: raw.files,
-            entry: raw.entry,
-            icon: raw.icon,
-        })
-    }
-}
-
-fn legacy_requested_network_to_requested(
-    legacy: LegacyRequestedNetworkPermissions,
-) -> SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
-    let mut required = Vec::new();
-    let mut optional = Vec::new();
-
-    for entry in legacy.whitelist {
-        let item = SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
-            scheme: entry.scheme,
-            host: entry.host,
-        };
-
-        if entry.required {
-            required.push(item);
-        } else {
-            optional.push(item);
-        }
-    }
-
-    SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
-        whitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist { required, optional },
-    }
-}
-
 fn parse_network_permission_target(
     value: &str,
 ) -> Result<SageNetworkPermissionTarget, String> {

From 2a151039b2947b3d19ce71ab5b8a94469f447347 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 18 Apr 2026 23:58:15 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 094/471] Conditionally render Sandbox Debug UI based on
 environment flags:

- Added `showSandboxDebugUi` to control the visibility of Sandbox Debug UI in development mode.
- Wrapped debug-specific alert in a conditional to prevent rendering in production.
- Aligned with `VITE_SAGE_DEBUG_TEST_APPS` environment flag for toggling debug mode.
---
 src/pages/Apps.tsx | 86 ++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------
 1 file changed, 45 insertions(+), 41 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/pages/Apps.tsx b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
index 81bf10459..8ac0a14a4 100644
--- a/src/pages/Apps.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
@@ -113,6 +113,8 @@ export function Apps() {
   >([]);
   const [editingGrantedNetworkWhitelist, setEditingGrantedNetworkWhitelist] =
     useState<SageNetworkPermissionTarget[]>([]);
+  const showSandboxDebugUi =
+      import.meta.env.DEV && import.meta.env.VITE_SAGE_DEBUG_TEST_APPS === '1';
 
   const {
     apps,
@@ -516,47 +518,49 @@ export function Apps() {
         </div>
 
         <div className='mx-auto w-full max-w-7xl flex-1 min-h-0 overflow-auto px-4 pb-4 md:px-6 md:pb-6'>
-          <Alert className='mb-6'>
-            <AlertTitle>
-              {sandboxState.overallCriticalStatus === 'running'
-                ? 'Sandbox tests are running'
-                : sandboxState.overallCriticalStatus === 'passed'
-                  ? 'Sandbox tests passed'
-                  : sandboxState.overallCriticalStatus === 'failed'
-                    ? 'Sandbox tests failed'
-                    : 'Sandbox tests are pending'}
-            </AlertTitle>
-
-            <AlertDescription className='space-y-3'>
-              <div>
-                Apps are allowed to launch only when all required sandbox
-                capabilities have passed.
-              </div>
-
-              <div className='space-y-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
-                {Object.entries(sandboxState.capabilities).map(
-                  ([capability, result]) => (
-                    <div key={capability}>
-                      {formatCapabilityLabel(capability as never)} —{' '}
-                      {result.status}
-                      {result.details ? ` — ${result.details}` : ''}
-                    </div>
-                  ),
-                )}
-              </div>
-
-              <div>
-                <Button
-                  variant='outline'
-                  onClick={() => {
-                    void rerunSandboxTests();
-                  }}
-                >
-                  Re-run tests
-                </Button>
-              </div>
-            </AlertDescription>
-          </Alert>
+          {showSandboxDebugUi ? (
+            <Alert className='mb-6'>
+              <AlertTitle>
+                {sandboxState.overallCriticalStatus === 'running'
+                  ? 'Sandbox tests are running'
+                  : sandboxState.overallCriticalStatus === 'passed'
+                    ? 'Sandbox tests passed'
+                    : sandboxState.overallCriticalStatus === 'failed'
+                      ? 'Sandbox tests failed'
+                      : 'Sandbox tests are pending'}
+              </AlertTitle>
+
+              <AlertDescription className='space-y-3'>
+                <div>
+                  Apps are allowed to launch only when all required sandbox
+                  capabilities have passed.
+                </div>
+
+                <div className='space-y-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
+                  {Object.entries(sandboxState.capabilities).map(
+                    ([capability, result]) => (
+                      <div key={capability}>
+                        {formatCapabilityLabel(capability as never)} —{' '}
+                        {result.status}
+                        {result.details ? ` — ${result.details}` : ''}
+                      </div>
+                    ),
+                  )}
+                </div>
+
+                <div>
+                  <Button
+                    variant='outline'
+                    onClick={() => {
+                      void rerunSandboxTests();
+                    }}
+                  >
+                    Re-run tests
+                  </Button>
+                </div>
+              </AlertDescription>
+            </Alert>
+          ) : null}
 
           {error ? (
             <Alert className='mb-6'>

From 46d4ed535fe76556387216ffaeebcab081c08896 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sun, 19 Apr 2026 00:08:52 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 095/471] Introduce `AppsPageActionsMenu` for streamlined app
 management actions:

- Added a new `AppsPageActionsMenu` component to centralize app management actions like Task Manager navigation and Sandbox Test execution.
- Replaced individual buttons in `Apps.tsx` with the new dropdown menu for improved UI organization.
- Conditionally render Sandbox-related actions based on `showSandboxDebugUi` and test status.
---
 src/components/apps/AppsPageActionsMenu.tsx | 66 +++++++++++++++++++++
 src/pages/Apps.tsx                          | 47 +++++++--------
 2 files changed, 89 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/components/apps/AppsPageActionsMenu.tsx

diff --git a/src/components/apps/AppsPageActionsMenu.tsx b/src/components/apps/AppsPageActionsMenu.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b0cb3d253
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/components/apps/AppsPageActionsMenu.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
+import {
+  DropdownMenu,
+  DropdownMenuContent,
+  DropdownMenuItem,
+  DropdownMenuSeparator,
+  DropdownMenuTrigger,
+} from '@/components/ui/dropdown-menu';
+import { LayoutGrid, Menu } from 'lucide-react';
+import { useState } from 'react';
+
+interface Props {
+  showSandboxDebugUi: boolean;
+  sandboxTestsRunning: boolean;
+  onTaskManager: () => void;
+  onRerunSandboxTests: () => void;
+  onClose?: () => void;
+}
+
+export function AppsPageActionsMenu({
+  showSandboxDebugUi,
+  sandboxTestsRunning,
+  onTaskManager,
+  onRerunSandboxTests,
+  onClose,
+}: Props) {
+  const [open, setOpen] = useState(false);
+
+  function handleOpenChange(nextOpen: boolean) {
+    setOpen(nextOpen);
+    if (!nextOpen) {
+      onClose?.();
+    }
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <DropdownMenu open={open} onOpenChange={handleOpenChange}>
+      <DropdownMenuTrigger asChild>
+        <Button variant='outline' size='icon' aria-label='Open apps actions'>
+          <Menu className='h-4 w-4' />
+        </Button>
+      </DropdownMenuTrigger>
+
+      <DropdownMenuContent align='end' className='w-56'>
+        <DropdownMenuItem onClick={onTaskManager}>
+          <LayoutGrid className='mr-2 h-4 w-4' />
+          Task Manager
+        </DropdownMenuItem>
+
+        {showSandboxDebugUi ? (
+          <>
+            <DropdownMenuSeparator />
+            <DropdownMenuItem
+              disabled={sandboxTestsRunning}
+              onClick={onRerunSandboxTests}
+            >
+              {sandboxTestsRunning
+                ? 'Running sandbox tests...'
+                : 'Re-run sandbox tests'}
+            </DropdownMenuItem>
+          </>
+        ) : null}
+      </DropdownMenuContent>
+    </DropdownMenu>
+  );
+}
diff --git a/src/pages/Apps.tsx b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
index 8ac0a14a4..2b71a5e12 100644
--- a/src/pages/Apps.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
@@ -19,7 +19,8 @@ import { useApps } from '@/contexts/AppsContext.tsx';
 import { useAppRuntimes } from '@/hooks/useAppRuntimes.ts';
 import { clearAppDataStore } from '@/lib/apps/storageClearCycle';
 import { formatCapabilityLabel } from '@/lib/apps/sandbox';
-import { LayoutGrid, Plus } from 'lucide-react';
+import { Plus } from 'lucide-react';
+import { AppsPageActionsMenu } from '@/components/apps/AppsPageActionsMenu';
 import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react';
 import { useNavigate } from 'react-router-dom';
 import { PermissionsEditor } from '@/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx';
@@ -113,8 +114,8 @@ export function Apps() {
   >([]);
   const [editingGrantedNetworkWhitelist, setEditingGrantedNetworkWhitelist] =
     useState<SageNetworkPermissionTarget[]>([]);
-  const showSandboxDebugUi =
-      import.meta.env.DEV && import.meta.env.VITE_SAGE_DEBUG_TEST_APPS === '1';
+  const showSandboxDebugResults =
+    import.meta.env.DEV && import.meta.env.VITE_SAGE_DEBUG_TEST_APPS === '1';
 
   const {
     apps,
@@ -299,7 +300,7 @@ export function Apps() {
       app: InstalledEntry,
       nextPermissions: string[],
       nextNetworkWhitelist: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[],
-    ) => {
+    ): Promise<void> => {
       setPermissionsDialogBusy(true);
       setPermissionsDialogError(null);
       setPendingPermissionsRetry(null);
@@ -369,8 +370,12 @@ export function Apps() {
 
       await invoke('apps_update_permissions', {
         appId: permissionsDialogApp.id,
-        grantedPermissions: pendingPermissionsRetry.nextPermissions,
-        grantedNetworkWhitelist: editingGrantedNetworkWhitelist,
+        grantedPermissions: {
+          capabilities: pendingPermissionsRetry.nextPermissions,
+          network: {
+            whitelist: editingGrantedNetworkWhitelist,
+          },
+        },
         clearStorageTaint: true,
       });
 
@@ -482,7 +487,6 @@ export function Apps() {
               Launch and manage installed Sage apps.
             </p>
           </div>
-
           <div className='flex items-center gap-2'>
             <Button
               variant='outline'
@@ -494,31 +498,26 @@ export function Apps() {
               Install App
             </Button>
 
-            <Button
-              variant='outline'
-              onClick={() => {
+            <AppsPageActionsMenu
+              showSandboxDebugUi
+              sandboxTestsRunning={
+                sandboxState.overallCriticalStatus === 'running'
+              }
+              onTaskManager={() => {
                 navigate('/apps/task-manager');
               }}
-            >
-              <LayoutGrid className='mr-2 h-4 w-4' />
-              Task Manager
-            </Button>
-            <Button
-              variant='outline'
-              disabled={sandboxState.overallCriticalStatus === 'running'}
-              onClick={() => {
+              onRerunSandboxTests={() => {
                 void rerunSandboxTests();
               }}
-            >
-              {sandboxState.overallCriticalStatus === 'running'
-                ? 'Running sandbox tests...'
-                : 'Re-run sandbox tests'}
-            </Button>
+              onClose={() => {
+                //
+              }}
+            />
           </div>
         </div>
 
         <div className='mx-auto w-full max-w-7xl flex-1 min-h-0 overflow-auto px-4 pb-4 md:px-6 md:pb-6'>
-          {showSandboxDebugUi ? (
+          {showSandboxDebugResults ? (
             <Alert className='mb-6'>
               <AlertTitle>
                 {sandboxState.overallCriticalStatus === 'running'

From fe2b96c4104e253a35a73836e010f0f17b0eab8b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sun, 19 Apr 2026 00:28:41 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 096/471] Add `AppUpdateDialog` component for reviewing app
 updates:

- Introduced `AppUpdateDialog` to allow users to review and confirm app updates with detailed permission comparisons.
- Integrated `AppUpdateDialog` into `Apps` and `AppsWorkspace` pages for enhanced update workflows.
- Refactored app update handling to include structured permission deltas and user controls.
---
 src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs            |  99 ++---
 src/components/apps/AppUpdateDialog.tsx | 475 ++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/pages/Apps.tsx                      |  80 +++-
 src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx             |  79 ++--
 4 files changed, 641 insertions(+), 92 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/components/apps/AppUpdateDialog.tsx

diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs
index 4e95c596b..6d9966b94 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@ use std::{io, path::PathBuf};
 use tauri::{command, State};
 
 use crate::apps::install::{
-    manifest_entry_file, manifest_icon_file, normalize_and_validate_granted_network_whitelist,
-    preview_app_url_internal,
+    manifest_entry_file, manifest_icon_file,
+    normalize_and_validate_granted_network_whitelist, preview_app_url_internal,
 };
 
 use crate::{
@@ -17,8 +17,8 @@ use crate::{
         registry::{read_installed_app_by_id, write_installed_app_metadata},
         snapshot::download_url_snapshot,
         types::{
-            InstalledSageApp, InstalledSageAppPendingUpdate,
-            InstalledSageAppSource, SageAppUrlPreview,
+            InstalledSageApp, InstalledSageAppPendingUpdate, InstalledSageAppSource,
+            SageAppUrlPreview,
         },
     },
     error::Result,
@@ -37,10 +37,7 @@ pub async fn check_app_update(
     };
 
     let app = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id).map_err(|err| {
-        io::Error::other(format!(
-            "failed to read installed app {}: {err}",
-            app_id
-        ))
+        io::Error::other(format!("failed to read installed app {}: {err}", app_id))
     })?;
 
     let (app_url, _) = match &app.source {
@@ -53,15 +50,10 @@ pub async fn check_app_update(
 
     let preview = preview_app_url_internal(app_url)
         .await
-        .map_err(|err| {
-            io::Error::other(format!("failed to preview app URL: {err}"))
-        })?;
-
-    let same_manifest_hash =
-        preview.manifest_hash == app.active_snapshot.manifest_hash;
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to preview app URL: {err}")))?;
 
-    let same_manifest_content =
-        preview.manifest == app.active_snapshot.manifest;
+    let same_manifest_hash = preview.manifest_hash == app.active_snapshot.manifest_hash;
+    let same_manifest_content = preview.manifest == app.active_snapshot.manifest;
 
     if same_manifest_hash && same_manifest_content {
         return Ok(None);
@@ -91,10 +83,7 @@ pub async fn download_app_update(
     };
 
     let mut app = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id).map_err(|err| {
-        io::Error::other(format!(
-            "failed to read installed app {}: {err}",
-            app_id
-        ))
+        io::Error::other(format!("failed to read installed app {}: {err}", app_id))
     })?;
 
     let (app_url, manifest_url) = match &app.source {
@@ -103,10 +92,9 @@ pub async fn download_app_update(
             manifest_url,
         } => (app_url.clone(), manifest_url.clone()),
         InstalledSageAppSource::Zip => {
-            return Err(io::Error::other(
-                "zip apps do not support URL update download",
-            )
-                .into());
+            return Err(
+                io::Error::other("zip apps do not support URL update download").into(),
+            );
         }
     };
 
@@ -124,11 +112,7 @@ pub async fn download_app_update(
 
     let install_dir = PathBuf::from(&app.install_dir);
     write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &install_dir)
-        .map_err(|err| {
-            io::Error::other(format!(
-                "failed to write app metadata: {err}"
-            ))
-        })?;
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to write app metadata: {err}")))?;
 
     Ok(app)
 }
@@ -146,34 +130,26 @@ pub async fn apply_app_update(
     };
 
     let mut app = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id).map_err(|err| {
-        io::Error::other(format!(
-            "failed to read installed app {}: {err}",
-            app_id
-        ))
+        io::Error::other(format!("failed to read installed app {}: {err}", app_id))
     })?;
 
-    let pending = app.pending_update.clone().ok_or_else(|| {
-        io::Error::other(format!("app {} has no pending update", app_id))
-    })?;
+    let pending = app
+        .pending_update
+        .clone()
+        .ok_or_else(|| io::Error::other(format!("app {} has no pending update", app_id)))?;
 
     validate_granted_permissions(
         &pending.manifest.permissions,
         &granted_permissions.capabilities,
     )
-        .map_err(|err| {
-            io::Error::other(format!(
-                "invalid granted permissions for update: {err}"
-            ))
-        })?;
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("invalid granted permissions for update: {err}")))?;
 
     let granted_network_whitelist = normalize_and_validate_granted_network_whitelist(
         &pending.manifest.permissions.network,
-        &app.granted_permissions.network.whitelist,
+        &granted_permissions.network.whitelist,
     )
         .map_err(|err| {
-            io::Error::other(format!(
-                "invalid granted network whitelist for update: {err}"
-            ))
+            io::Error::other(format!("invalid granted network whitelist for update: {err}"))
         })?;
 
     let permission_flags = resolve_granted_permission_flags(
@@ -181,9 +157,7 @@ pub async fn apply_app_update(
         Some(&app.permission_flags),
     )
         .map_err(|err| {
-            io::Error::other(format!(
-                "invalid granted permission policy for update: {err}"
-            ))
+            io::Error::other(format!("invalid granted permission policy for update: {err}"))
         })?;
 
     let install_dir = PathBuf::from(&app.install_dir);
@@ -195,16 +169,19 @@ pub async fn apply_app_update(
         &pending.manifest_hash,
     )
         .await
-        .map_err(|err| {
-            io::Error::other(format!(
-                "failed to download update snapshot: {err}"
-            ))
-        })?;
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to download update snapshot: {err}")))?;
 
     app.name = pending.manifest.name.clone();
     app.version = pending.manifest.version.clone();
     app.requested_permissions = pending.manifest.permissions.clone();
-    app.granted_permissions = granted_permissions;
+
+    app.granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions {
+        capabilities: granted_permissions.capabilities,
+        network: crate::apps::types::SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
+            whitelist: granted_network_whitelist,
+        },
+    };
+
     app.permission_flags = permission_flags;
     app.active_snapshot = snapshot;
     app.entry_file = manifest_entry_file(&app.active_snapshot.manifest).to_string();
@@ -212,11 +189,7 @@ pub async fn apply_app_update(
     app.pending_update = None;
 
     write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &install_dir)
-        .map_err(|err| {
-            io::Error::other(format!(
-                "failed to write app metadata: {err}"
-            ))
-        })?;
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to write app metadata: {err}")))?;
 
     Ok(app)
 }
@@ -256,7 +229,13 @@ pub async fn apps_update_permissions(
         permission_flags = clear_storage_may_contain_secrets(&permission_flags);
     }
 
-    app.granted_permissions = granted_permissions;
+    app.granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions {
+        capabilities: granted_permissions.capabilities,
+        network: crate::apps::types::SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
+            whitelist: granted_network_whitelist,
+        },
+    };
+
     app.permission_flags = resolve_granted_permission_flags(
         &app.granted_permissions.capabilities,
         Some(&permission_flags),
diff --git a/src/components/apps/AppUpdateDialog.tsx b/src/components/apps/AppUpdateDialog.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1d2c7c2c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/components/apps/AppUpdateDialog.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,475 @@
+import { useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react';
+import type {
+  InstalledSageApp,
+  SageAppUrlPreview,
+  SageGrantedPermissions,
+  SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
+  SageRequestedPermissions,
+} from '@/bindings';
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
+import {
+  Dialog,
+  DialogContent,
+  DialogFooter,
+  DialogHeader,
+  DialogTitle,
+} from '@/components/ui/dialog';
+import { AppPermissions } from '@/components/apps/permissions/AppPermissions.tsx';
+
+interface Props {
+  open: boolean;
+  app: InstalledSageApp | null;
+  preview: SageAppUrlPreview | null;
+  submitting: boolean;
+  error: string | null;
+  onCancel: () => void;
+  onConfirm: (nextGranted: SageGrantedPermissions) => void;
+}
+
+function networkKey(entry: SageNetworkPermissionTarget): string {
+  return `${entry.scheme}://${entry.host}`;
+}
+
+function sortStrings(values: Iterable<string>): string[] {
+  return [...values].sort((a, b) => a.localeCompare(b));
+}
+
+function sortNetwork(
+  values: Iterable<SageNetworkPermissionTarget>,
+): SageNetworkPermissionTarget[] {
+  return [...values].sort((a, b) => networkKey(a).localeCompare(networkKey(b)));
+}
+
+function buildAddedPermissionsDelta(
+  previous: SageRequestedPermissions,
+  next: SageRequestedPermissions,
+): SageRequestedPermissions {
+  const previousCaps = new Set([
+    ...(previous.capabilities?.required ?? []),
+    ...(previous.capabilities?.optional ?? []),
+  ]);
+
+  const previousNetwork = new Set([
+    ...(previous.network?.whitelist?.required ?? []).map(networkKey),
+    ...(previous.network?.whitelist?.optional ?? []).map(networkKey),
+  ]);
+
+  const addedRequiredCaps = (next.capabilities?.required ?? []).filter(
+    (key) => !previousCaps.has(key),
+  );
+  const addedOptionalCaps = (next.capabilities?.optional ?? []).filter(
+    (key) => !previousCaps.has(key),
+  );
+
+  const addedRequiredNetwork = (next.network?.whitelist?.required ?? []).filter(
+    (entry) => !previousNetwork.has(networkKey(entry)),
+  );
+  const addedOptionalNetwork = (next.network?.whitelist?.optional ?? []).filter(
+    (entry) => !previousNetwork.has(networkKey(entry)),
+  );
+
+  return {
+    capabilities: {
+      required: addedRequiredCaps,
+      optional: addedOptionalCaps,
+    },
+    network: {
+      whitelist: {
+        required: addedRequiredNetwork,
+        optional: addedOptionalNetwork,
+      },
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+function buildRemovedGrantedDelta(
+  app: InstalledSageApp,
+  nextRequested: SageRequestedPermissions,
+): SageGrantedPermissions {
+  const nextAllowedCaps = new Set([
+    ...(nextRequested.capabilities?.required ?? []),
+    ...(nextRequested.capabilities?.optional ?? []),
+  ]);
+
+  const nextAllowedNetwork = new Set([
+    ...(nextRequested.network?.whitelist?.required ?? []).map(networkKey),
+    ...(nextRequested.network?.whitelist?.optional ?? []).map(networkKey),
+  ]);
+
+  const removedCapabilities = (
+    app.grantedPermissions?.capabilities ?? []
+  ).filter((key) => !nextAllowedCaps.has(key));
+
+  const removedNetwork = (
+    app.grantedPermissions?.network?.whitelist ?? []
+  ).filter((entry) => !nextAllowedNetwork.has(networkKey(entry)));
+
+  return {
+    capabilities: sortStrings(removedCapabilities),
+    network: {
+      whitelist: sortNetwork(removedNetwork),
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+function buildFinalGrantedPermissions(args: {
+  app: InstalledSageApp;
+  nextRequested: SageRequestedPermissions;
+  selectedAddedOptionalCapabilities: string[];
+  selectedAddedOptionalNetwork: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[];
+}): SageGrantedPermissions {
+  const {
+    app,
+    nextRequested,
+    selectedAddedOptionalCapabilities,
+    selectedAddedOptionalNetwork,
+  } = args;
+
+  const nextRequiredCaps = new Set(nextRequested.capabilities?.required ?? []);
+  const nextOptionalCaps = new Set(nextRequested.capabilities?.optional ?? []);
+  const nextAllowedCaps = new Set([...nextRequiredCaps, ...nextOptionalCaps]);
+
+  const retainedCapabilities = (
+    app.grantedPermissions?.capabilities ?? []
+  ).filter((key) => nextAllowedCaps.has(key));
+
+  const finalCapabilities = sortStrings(
+    new Set([
+      ...retainedCapabilities,
+      ...nextRequiredCaps,
+      ...selectedAddedOptionalCapabilities,
+    ]),
+  );
+
+  const nextRequiredNetwork = nextRequested.network?.whitelist?.required ?? [];
+  const nextOptionalNetwork = nextRequested.network?.whitelist?.optional ?? [];
+  const nextAllowedNetwork = new Set([
+    ...nextRequiredNetwork.map(networkKey),
+    ...nextOptionalNetwork.map(networkKey),
+  ]);
+
+  const retainedNetwork = (
+    app.grantedPermissions?.network?.whitelist ?? []
+  ).filter((entry) => nextAllowedNetwork.has(networkKey(entry)));
+
+  const finalNetworkMap = new Map<string, SageNetworkPermissionTarget>();
+
+  for (const entry of retainedNetwork) {
+    finalNetworkMap.set(networkKey(entry), {
+      scheme: entry.scheme,
+      host: entry.host,
+    });
+  }
+
+  for (const entry of nextRequiredNetwork) {
+    finalNetworkMap.set(networkKey(entry), {
+      scheme: entry.scheme,
+      host: entry.host,
+    });
+  }
+
+  for (const entry of selectedAddedOptionalNetwork) {
+    finalNetworkMap.set(networkKey(entry), {
+      scheme: entry.scheme,
+      host: entry.host,
+    });
+  }
+
+  return {
+    capabilities: finalCapabilities,
+    network: {
+      whitelist: sortNetwork(finalNetworkMap.values()),
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+export function AppUpdateDialog({
+  open,
+  app,
+  preview,
+  submitting,
+  error,
+  onCancel,
+  onConfirm,
+}: Props) {
+  const [showRemoved, setShowRemoved] = useState(false);
+  const [
+    selectedAddedOptionalCapabilities,
+    setSelectedAddedOptionalCapabilities,
+  ] = useState<string[]>([]);
+  const [selectedAddedOptionalNetwork, setSelectedAddedOptionalNetwork] =
+    useState<SageNetworkPermissionTarget[]>([]);
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!open) {
+      setShowRemoved(false);
+      setSelectedAddedOptionalCapabilities([]);
+      setSelectedAddedOptionalNetwork([]);
+    }
+  }, [open]);
+
+  const previousRequested = app?.requestedPermissions ?? null;
+  const nextRequested = preview?.manifest.permissions ?? null;
+
+  const addedDelta = useMemo(() => {
+    if (!previousRequested || !nextRequested) {
+      return null;
+    }
+    return buildAddedPermissionsDelta(previousRequested, nextRequested);
+  }, [previousRequested, nextRequested]);
+
+  const removedDelta = useMemo(() => {
+    if (!app || !nextRequested) {
+      return null;
+    }
+    return buildRemovedGrantedDelta(app, nextRequested);
+  }, [app, nextRequested]);
+
+  const finalGranted = useMemo(() => {
+    if (!app || !nextRequested) {
+      return null;
+    }
+
+    return buildFinalGrantedPermissions({
+      app,
+      nextRequested,
+      selectedAddedOptionalCapabilities,
+      selectedAddedOptionalNetwork,
+    });
+  }, [
+    app,
+    nextRequested,
+    selectedAddedOptionalCapabilities,
+    selectedAddedOptionalNetwork,
+  ]);
+
+  if (!app || !preview || !addedDelta || !removedDelta || !finalGranted) {
+    return (
+      <Dialog open={open} onOpenChange={(nextOpen) => !nextOpen && onCancel()}>
+        <DialogContent />
+      </Dialog>
+    );
+  }
+
+  const addedRequiredNetwork = addedDelta.network?.whitelist?.required ?? [];
+  const addedOptionalNetwork = addedDelta.network?.whitelist?.optional ?? [];
+  const addedNetworkItems = [
+    ...addedRequiredNetwork.map((entry) => ({ entry, required: true })),
+    ...addedOptionalNetwork.map((entry) => ({ entry, required: false })),
+  ];
+
+  const removedCount =
+    removedDelta.capabilities.length + removedDelta.network.whitelist.length;
+
+  const addedCapabilityCount =
+    (addedDelta.capabilities?.required?.length ?? 0) +
+    (addedDelta.capabilities?.optional?.length ?? 0);
+
+  const addedNetworkCount = addedNetworkItems.length;
+
+  const selectedAddedOptionalNetworkKeys = new Set(
+    selectedAddedOptionalNetwork.map(networkKey),
+  );
+
+  return (
+    <Dialog open={open} onOpenChange={(nextOpen) => !nextOpen && onCancel()}>
+      <DialogContent className='max-w-2xl'>
+        <DialogHeader>
+          <DialogTitle>Review app update</DialogTitle>
+        </DialogHeader>
+
+        <div className='space-y-5'>
+          <div className='space-y-1 text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
+            <div>{app.name}</div>
+            <div>
+              v{app.version} → v{preview.manifest.version}
+            </div>
+          </div>
+
+          <div className='space-y-3'>
+            <h3 className='text-sm font-medium'>New permissions requested</h3>
+
+            {addedCapabilityCount === 0 && addedNetworkCount === 0 ? (
+              <div className='text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
+                This update does not add any new permissions.
+              </div>
+            ) : (
+              <div className='space-y-4'>
+                {addedCapabilityCount > 0 ? (
+                  <div className='space-y-2'>
+                    <div className='text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
+                      Capabilities
+                    </div>
+                    <div className='rounded-md border p-3'>
+                      <AppPermissions
+                        permissions={addedDelta}
+                        grantedPermissions={[
+                          ...(addedDelta.capabilities?.required ?? []),
+                          ...selectedAddedOptionalCapabilities,
+                        ]}
+                        editable
+                        onGrantedPermissionsChange={(
+                          nextSelectedAddedPermissions,
+                        ) => {
+                          const required = new Set(
+                            addedDelta.capabilities?.required ?? [],
+                          );
+
+                          setSelectedAddedOptionalCapabilities(
+                            nextSelectedAddedPermissions.filter(
+                              (key) => !required.has(key),
+                            ),
+                          );
+                        }}
+                      />
+                    </div>
+                  </div>
+                ) : null}
+
+                {addedNetworkCount > 0 ? (
+                  <div className='space-y-2'>
+                    <div className='text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
+                      Network access
+                    </div>
+                    <div className='space-y-2 rounded-md border p-3'>
+                      {addedNetworkItems.map(({ entry, required }) => {
+                        const key = networkKey(entry);
+                        const checked =
+                          required || selectedAddedOptionalNetworkKeys.has(key);
+
+                        return (
+                          <label
+                            key={key}
+                            className='flex items-center justify-between gap-3 text-xs'
+                          >
+                            <div className='min-w-0 font-mono break-all'>
+                              {key}
+                            </div>
+
+                            <div className='shrink-0'>
+                              {required ? (
+                                <span className='text-muted-foreground'>
+                                  required
+                                </span>
+                              ) : (
+                                <input
+                                  type='checkbox'
+                                  checked={checked}
+                                  onChange={(event) => {
+                                    const nextChecked = event.target.checked;
+
+                                    setSelectedAddedOptionalNetwork((prev) => {
+                                      const prevMap = new Map(
+                                        prev.map((item) => [
+                                          networkKey(item),
+                                          item,
+                                        ]),
+                                      );
+
+                                      if (nextChecked) {
+                                        prevMap.set(key, {
+                                          scheme: entry.scheme,
+                                          host: entry.host,
+                                        });
+                                      } else {
+                                        prevMap.delete(key);
+                                      }
+
+                                      return sortNetwork(prevMap.values());
+                                    });
+                                  }}
+                                />
+                              )}
+                            </div>
+                          </label>
+                        );
+                      })}
+                    </div>
+                  </div>
+                ) : null}
+              </div>
+            )}
+          </div>
+
+          <div className='space-y-2'>
+            <button
+              type='button'
+              className='text-left text-sm font-medium underline-offset-4 hover:underline'
+              onClick={() => {
+                setShowRemoved((prev) => !prev);
+              }}
+            >
+              Removed permissions ({removedCount})
+              {showRemoved ? ' — hide details' : ' — show details'}
+            </button>
+
+            {showRemoved ? (
+              <div className='space-y-4 rounded-md border p-3'>
+                {removedDelta.capabilities.length === 0 &&
+                removedDelta.network.whitelist.length === 0 ? (
+                  <div className='text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
+                    No previously granted permissions are being removed.
+                  </div>
+                ) : (
+                  <>
+                    {removedDelta.capabilities.length > 0 ? (
+                      <div className='space-y-2'>
+                        <div className='text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
+                          Previously granted capabilities that will be removed
+                        </div>
+                        <div className='space-y-1'>
+                          {removedDelta.capabilities.map((key) => (
+                            <div key={key} className='text-sm'>
+                              {key}
+                            </div>
+                          ))}
+                        </div>
+                      </div>
+                    ) : null}
+
+                    {removedDelta.network.whitelist.length > 0 ? (
+                      <div className='space-y-2'>
+                        <div className='text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
+                          Previously granted network access that will be removed
+                        </div>
+                        <div className='space-y-1'>
+                          {removedDelta.network.whitelist.map((entry) => (
+                            <div
+                              key={networkKey(entry)}
+                              className='font-mono text-sm break-all'
+                            >
+                              {networkKey(entry)}
+                            </div>
+                          ))}
+                        </div>
+                      </div>
+                    ) : null}
+                  </>
+                )}
+              </div>
+            ) : null}
+          </div>
+
+          {error ? (
+            <div className='text-sm text-destructive'>{error}</div>
+          ) : null}
+        </div>
+
+        <DialogFooter>
+          <Button variant='outline' onClick={onCancel} disabled={submitting}>
+            Cancel
+          </Button>
+
+          <Button
+            onClick={() => {
+              onConfirm(finalGranted);
+            }}
+            disabled={submitting}
+          >
+            {submitting ? 'Updating...' : 'Confirm update'}
+          </Button>
+        </DialogFooter>
+      </DialogContent>
+    </Dialog>
+  );
+}
diff --git a/src/pages/Apps.tsx b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
index 2b71a5e12..c7991e887 100644
--- a/src/pages/Apps.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import {
 import {
   SageAppPackageManifest,
   SageAppUrlPreview,
+  SageGrantedPermissions,
   SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
 } from '@/bindings.ts';
 import { invoke } from '@tauri-apps/api/core';
@@ -26,6 +27,7 @@ import { useNavigate } from 'react-router-dom';
 import { PermissionsEditor } from '@/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx';
 import { AppTile } from '@/components/apps/AppTile';
 import { formatAppError } from '@/lib/apps/formatAppError.ts';
+import { AppUpdateDialog } from '@/components/apps/AppUpdateDialog.tsx';
 
 type InstalledEntry = ReturnType<typeof useApps>['apps'][number] & {
   kind: 'installed';
@@ -107,6 +109,15 @@ export function Apps() {
   const [permissionsDialogError, setPermissionsDialogError] = useState<
     string | null
   >(null);
+  const [updateDialogApp, setUpdateDialogApp] = useState<InstalledEntry | null>(
+    null,
+  );
+  const [updateDialogPreview, setUpdateDialogPreview] =
+    useState<SageAppUrlPreview | null>(null);
+  const [updateDialogBusy, setUpdateDialogBusy] = useState(false);
+  const [updateDialogError, setUpdateDialogError] = useState<string | null>(
+    null,
+  );
   const [pendingPermissionsRetry, setPendingPermissionsRetry] =
     useState<PendingPermissionsRetry>(null);
   const [editingGrantedPermissions, setEditingGrantedPermissions] = useState<
@@ -169,6 +180,44 @@ export function Apps() {
     ? (clearDataErrorByAppId[contextMenu.app.id] ?? null)
     : null;
 
+  function openUpdateDialog(app: InstalledEntry, preview: SageAppUrlPreview) {
+    setUpdateDialogApp(app);
+    setUpdateDialogPreview(preview);
+    setUpdateDialogBusy(false);
+    setUpdateDialogError(null);
+  }
+
+  function closeUpdateDialog() {
+    setUpdateDialogApp(null);
+    setUpdateDialogPreview(null);
+    setUpdateDialogBusy(false);
+    setUpdateDialogError(null);
+  }
+
+  const handleConfirmUpdate = useCallback(
+    async (
+      app: InstalledEntry,
+      nextGrantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
+    ) => {
+      try {
+        setUpdateDialogBusy(true);
+        setUpdateDialogError(null);
+
+        await performAppUpdate(app.id, nextGrantedPermissions, {
+          restartIfRunning: true,
+          visibleAfterRestart: runningAppIds.has(app.id),
+        });
+
+        closeUpdateDialog();
+      } catch (err) {
+        setUpdateDialogError(formatAppError(err));
+      } finally {
+        setUpdateDialogBusy(false);
+      }
+    },
+    [performAppUpdate, runningAppIds],
+  );
+
   const closeContextMenu = useCallback(() => {
     setContextMenu((prevContextMenu) => {
       if (prevContextMenu) {
@@ -678,18 +727,12 @@ export function Apps() {
             void handleCheckForUpdate(contextMenu.app.id);
           }}
           onUpdate={() => {
-            if (!contextMenu) {
+            if (!contextMenu || !contextMenuPreview) {
               return;
             }
 
-            void performAppUpdate(
-              contextMenu.app.id,
-              contextMenu.app.grantedPermissions,
-              {
-                restartIfRunning: true,
-                visibleAfterRestart: contextMenuAppIsRunning,
-              },
-            );
+            closeContextMenu();
+            openUpdateDialog(contextMenu.app, contextMenuPreview);
           }}
           onChangePermissions={() => {
             if (!contextMenu) {
@@ -830,6 +873,25 @@ export function Apps() {
           ) : null}
         </DialogContent>
       </Dialog>
+      <AppUpdateDialog
+        open={!!updateDialogApp && !!updateDialogPreview}
+        app={updateDialogApp}
+        preview={updateDialogPreview}
+        submitting={updateDialogBusy}
+        error={updateDialogError}
+        onCancel={() => {
+          if (!updateDialogBusy) {
+            closeUpdateDialog();
+          }
+        }}
+        onConfirm={(nextGranted) => {
+          if (!updateDialogApp) {
+            return;
+          }
+
+          void handleConfirmUpdate(updateDialogApp, nextGranted);
+        }}
+      />
     </>
   );
 }
diff --git a/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx b/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
index 995a56c1b..6925db473 100644
--- a/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
@@ -12,8 +12,15 @@ import { useApps } from '@/contexts/AppsContext.tsx';
 import { useAppPendingApprovals } from '@/hooks/useAppPendingApprovals.ts';
 import { useAppRuntimes } from '@/hooks/useAppRuntimes';
 import { focusRuntime, killRuntime } from '@/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry';
+import { formatAppError } from '@/lib/apps/formatAppError';
 import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react';
 import { Outlet, useNavigate, useParams } from 'react-router-dom';
+import type {
+  InstalledSageApp,
+  SageAppUrlPreview,
+  SageGrantedPermissions,
+} from '@/bindings';
+import { AppUpdateDialog } from '@/components/apps/AppUpdateDialog.tsx';
 
 export function AppsWorkspace() {
   const { appId } = useParams();
@@ -35,21 +42,25 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
   const [approvalExpanded, setApprovalExpanded] = useState(false);
   const [applyingUpdate, setApplyingUpdate] = useState(false);
   const [tabOrder, setTabOrder] = useState<string[]>([]);
+  const [updateDialogOpen, setUpdateDialogOpen] = useState(false);
+  const [updateDialogError, setUpdateDialogError] = useState<string | null>(
+    null,
+  );
 
   useEffect(() => {
     setTabOrder((prev) => {
       const runtimeIds = runtimes.map((runtime) => runtime.appId);
-
       const kept = prev.filter((appId) => runtimeIds.includes(appId));
       const added = runtimeIds.filter((appId) => !kept.includes(appId));
-
       return [...kept, ...added];
     });
   }, [runtimes]);
 
-  const activeApp = appId ? getApp(appId) : null;
-  const activeUpdatePreview = activeApp
-    ? updateAvailability[activeApp.id]
+  const activeApp: InstalledSageApp | null = appId
+    ? (getApp(appId) ?? null)
+    : null;
+  const activeUpdatePreview: SageAppUrlPreview | null = activeApp
+    ? (updateAvailability[activeApp.id] ?? null)
     : null;
   const activeBusy = activeApp ? (busyAppIds[activeApp.id] ?? false) : false;
 
@@ -107,26 +118,30 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
     return null;
   }, [currentApproval]);
 
-  const handleApplyUpdate = useCallback(async () => {
-    if (!activeApp) {
-      return;
-    }
+  const handleConfirmUpdate = useCallback(
+    async (nextGrantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions) => {
+      if (!activeApp) {
+        return;
+      }
 
-    try {
-      setApplyingUpdate(true);
+      try {
+        setApplyingUpdate(true);
+        setUpdateDialogError(null);
 
-      await performAppUpdate(
-        activeApp.id,
-        activeApp.grantedPermissions,
-        {
+        await performAppUpdate(activeApp.id, nextGrantedPermissions, {
           restartIfRunning: true,
           visibleAfterRestart: true,
-        },
-      );
-    } finally {
-      setApplyingUpdate(false);
-    }
-  }, [activeApp, performAppUpdate]);
+        });
+
+        setUpdateDialogOpen(false);
+      } catch (err) {
+        setUpdateDialogError(formatAppError(err));
+      } finally {
+        setApplyingUpdate(false);
+      }
+    },
+    [activeApp, performAppUpdate],
+  );
 
   return (
     <div className='flex h-full min-h-0 w-full flex-col overflow-hidden'>
@@ -177,10 +192,11 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
               variant='outline'
               disabled={activeBusy || applyingUpdate}
               onClick={() => {
-                void handleApplyUpdate();
+                setUpdateDialogError(null);
+                setUpdateDialogOpen(true);
               }}
             >
-              {applyingUpdate ? 'Updating...' : 'Update and reopen'}
+              {applyingUpdate ? 'Updating...' : 'Review update'}
             </Button>
           </AlertDescription>
         </Alert>
@@ -189,6 +205,23 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
       <div className='flex-1 min-h-0 overflow-hidden'>
         <Outlet context={{ requestApproval }} />
       </div>
+
+      <AppUpdateDialog
+        open={updateDialogOpen}
+        app={activeApp}
+        preview={activeUpdatePreview}
+        submitting={applyingUpdate}
+        error={updateDialogError}
+        onCancel={() => {
+          if (!applyingUpdate) {
+            setUpdateDialogOpen(false);
+            setUpdateDialogError(null);
+          }
+        }}
+        onConfirm={(nextGranted) => {
+          void handleConfirmUpdate(nextGranted);
+        }}
+      />
     </div>
   );
 }

From f692c0a7681f935efa55d38cae993ede9c7fa2b0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sun, 19 Apr 2026 06:25:28 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 097/471] Refactor app update flow to introduce
 `getAppUpdatePermissionsDelta`:

- Added `getAppUpdatePermissionsDelta` utility for calculating detailed permission changes during app updates.
- Replaced redundant permission delta logic in `AppUpdateDialog` and related components with centralized utility.
- Updated `Apps.tsx` and `AppsWorkspace.tsx` to incorporate streamlined update and review handling.
- Enhanced type definitions and deserialization for robust permission and manifest parsing.
---
 src-tauri/capabilities/default.json     |   1 +
 src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs             |  56 ++--
 src/bindings.ts                         |  10 +-
 src/components/apps/AppUpdateDialog.tsx | 399 +++++++++---------------
 src/lib/apps/updatePermissionsDelta.ts  | 195 ++++++++++++
 src/pages/Apps.tsx                      |  21 +-
 src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx             |  23 +-
 7 files changed, 422 insertions(+), 283 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/lib/apps/updatePermissionsDelta.ts

diff --git a/src-tauri/capabilities/default.json b/src-tauri/capabilities/default.json
index e8294a126..9ccfe877f 100644
--- a/src-tauri/capabilities/default.json
+++ b/src-tauri/capabilities/default.json
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
     "core:webview:allow-set-webview-size",
     "core:webview:allow-webview-close",
     "core:app:default",
+    "core:app:allow-remove-data-store",
     "core:resources:default",
     "core:image:default",
     "clipboard-manager:default",
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs
index f33f06e6e..7b2478cc8 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs
@@ -11,16 +11,12 @@ pub struct SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist {
-    #[serde(default)]
     pub required: Vec<SageNetworkPermissionTarget>,
-
-    #[serde(default)]
     pub optional: Vec<SageNetworkPermissionTarget>,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
-    #[serde(default)]
     pub whitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist,
 }
 
@@ -28,19 +24,13 @@ pub struct SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
     Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq,
 )]
 pub struct SageRequestedCapabilities {
-    #[serde(default)]
     pub required: Vec<String>,
-
-    #[serde(default)]
     pub optional: Vec<String>,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct SageRequestedPermissions {
-    #[serde(default)]
     pub network: SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
-
-    #[serde(default)]
     pub capabilities: SageRequestedCapabilities,
 }
 
@@ -59,21 +49,13 @@ pub struct SageGrantedPermissions {
     pub network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct SageAppPackageManifest {
     pub name: String,
     pub version: String,
-
-    #[serde(default)]
     pub permissions: SageRequestedPermissions,
-
-    #[serde(default)]
     pub files: Vec<SageAppManifestFile>,
-
-    #[serde(default)]
     pub entry: Option<String>,
-
-    #[serde(default)]
     pub icon: Option<String>,
 }
 
@@ -228,6 +210,24 @@ struct RawRequestedPermissions {
     capabilities: Option<SageRequestedCapabilities>,
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Default)]
+struct RawSageAppPackageManifest {
+    name: String,
+    version: String,
+
+    #[serde(default)]
+    permissions: Option<SageRequestedPermissions>,
+
+    #[serde(default)]
+    files: Vec<SageAppManifestFile>,
+
+    #[serde(default)]
+    entry: Option<String>,
+
+    #[serde(default)]
+    icon: Option<String>,
+}
+
 impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for SageRequestedPermissions {
     fn deserialize<D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error>
     where
@@ -269,6 +269,24 @@ impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for SageRequestedPermissions {
     }
 }
 
+impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for SageAppPackageManifest {
+    fn deserialize<D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error>
+    where
+        D: Deserializer<'de>,
+    {
+        let raw = <RawSageAppPackageManifest as Deserialize>::deserialize(deserializer)?;
+
+        Ok(SageAppPackageManifest {
+            name: raw.name,
+            version: raw.version,
+            permissions: raw.permissions.unwrap_or_default(),
+            files: raw.files,
+            entry: raw.entry,
+            icon: raw.icon,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
 fn parse_network_permission_target(
     value: &str,
 ) -> Result<SageNetworkPermissionTarget, String> {
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index 9caf2fc90..c5590a606 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -2199,15 +2199,15 @@ export type ResyncCatResponse = Record<string, never>
  */
 export type ResyncResponse = Record<string, never>
 export type SageAppManifestFile = { path: string; sha256: string; size: number }
-export type SageAppPackageManifest = { name: string; version: string; permissions?: SageRequestedPermissions; files?: SageAppManifestFile[]; entry?: string | null; icon?: string | null }
+export type SageAppPackageManifest = { name: string; version: string; permissions: SageRequestedPermissions; files: SageAppManifestFile[]; entry: string | null; icon: string | null }
 export type SageAppUrlPreview = { appUrl: string; manifestUrl: string; manifestHash: string; manifest: SageAppPackageManifest }
 export type SageGrantedNetworkPermissions = { whitelist: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[] }
 export type SageGrantedPermissions = { capabilities: string[]; network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions }
 export type SageNetworkPermissionTarget = { scheme: string; host: string }
-export type SageRequestedCapabilities = { required?: string[]; optional?: string[] }
-export type SageRequestedNetworkPermissions = { whitelist?: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist }
-export type SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist = { required?: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[]; optional?: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[] }
-export type SageRequestedPermissions = { network?: SageRequestedNetworkPermissions; capabilities?: SageRequestedCapabilities }
+export type SageRequestedCapabilities = { required: string[]; optional: string[] }
+export type SageRequestedNetworkPermissions = { whitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist }
+export type SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist = { required: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[]; optional: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[] }
+export type SageRequestedPermissions = { network: SageRequestedNetworkPermissions; capabilities: SageRequestedCapabilities }
 /**
  * Save a theme NFT to the wallet
  */
diff --git a/src/components/apps/AppUpdateDialog.tsx b/src/components/apps/AppUpdateDialog.tsx
index 1d2c7c2c1..f4f445275 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/AppUpdateDialog.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/AppUpdateDialog.tsx
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ import type {
   SageAppUrlPreview,
   SageGrantedPermissions,
   SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
-  SageRequestedPermissions,
 } from '@/bindings';
 import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
 import {
@@ -15,6 +14,10 @@ import {
   DialogTitle,
 } from '@/components/ui/dialog';
 import { AppPermissions } from '@/components/apps/permissions/AppPermissions.tsx';
+import {
+  getAppUpdatePermissionsDelta,
+  type AppUpdatePermissionsDelta,
+} from '@/lib/apps/updatePermissionsDelta';
 
 interface Props {
   open: boolean;
@@ -30,159 +33,29 @@ function networkKey(entry: SageNetworkPermissionTarget): string {
   return `${entry.scheme}://${entry.host}`;
 }
 
-function sortStrings(values: Iterable<string>): string[] {
-  return [...values].sort((a, b) => a.localeCompare(b));
-}
-
 function sortNetwork(
   values: Iterable<SageNetworkPermissionTarget>,
 ): SageNetworkPermissionTarget[] {
   return [...values].sort((a, b) => networkKey(a).localeCompare(networkKey(b)));
 }
 
-function buildAddedPermissionsDelta(
-  previous: SageRequestedPermissions,
-  next: SageRequestedPermissions,
-): SageRequestedPermissions {
-  const previousCaps = new Set([
-    ...(previous.capabilities?.required ?? []),
-    ...(previous.capabilities?.optional ?? []),
-  ]);
-
-  const previousNetwork = new Set([
-    ...(previous.network?.whitelist?.required ?? []).map(networkKey),
-    ...(previous.network?.whitelist?.optional ?? []).map(networkKey),
-  ]);
-
-  const addedRequiredCaps = (next.capabilities?.required ?? []).filter(
-    (key) => !previousCaps.has(key),
-  );
-  const addedOptionalCaps = (next.capabilities?.optional ?? []).filter(
-    (key) => !previousCaps.has(key),
-  );
-
-  const addedRequiredNetwork = (next.network?.whitelist?.required ?? []).filter(
-    (entry) => !previousNetwork.has(networkKey(entry)),
-  );
-  const addedOptionalNetwork = (next.network?.whitelist?.optional ?? []).filter(
-    (entry) => !previousNetwork.has(networkKey(entry)),
-  );
-
+function buildAddedPermissionsViewModel(
+  delta: AppUpdatePermissionsDelta,
+): InstalledSageApp['requestedPermissions'] {
   return {
     capabilities: {
-      required: addedRequiredCaps,
-      optional: addedOptionalCaps,
+      required: delta.addedRequestedCapabilities.required,
+      optional: delta.addedRequestedCapabilities.optional,
     },
     network: {
       whitelist: {
-        required: addedRequiredNetwork,
-        optional: addedOptionalNetwork,
+        required: [],
+        optional: [],
       },
     },
   };
 }
 
-function buildRemovedGrantedDelta(
-  app: InstalledSageApp,
-  nextRequested: SageRequestedPermissions,
-): SageGrantedPermissions {
-  const nextAllowedCaps = new Set([
-    ...(nextRequested.capabilities?.required ?? []),
-    ...(nextRequested.capabilities?.optional ?? []),
-  ]);
-
-  const nextAllowedNetwork = new Set([
-    ...(nextRequested.network?.whitelist?.required ?? []).map(networkKey),
-    ...(nextRequested.network?.whitelist?.optional ?? []).map(networkKey),
-  ]);
-
-  const removedCapabilities = (
-    app.grantedPermissions?.capabilities ?? []
-  ).filter((key) => !nextAllowedCaps.has(key));
-
-  const removedNetwork = (
-    app.grantedPermissions?.network?.whitelist ?? []
-  ).filter((entry) => !nextAllowedNetwork.has(networkKey(entry)));
-
-  return {
-    capabilities: sortStrings(removedCapabilities),
-    network: {
-      whitelist: sortNetwork(removedNetwork),
-    },
-  };
-}
-
-function buildFinalGrantedPermissions(args: {
-  app: InstalledSageApp;
-  nextRequested: SageRequestedPermissions;
-  selectedAddedOptionalCapabilities: string[];
-  selectedAddedOptionalNetwork: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[];
-}): SageGrantedPermissions {
-  const {
-    app,
-    nextRequested,
-    selectedAddedOptionalCapabilities,
-    selectedAddedOptionalNetwork,
-  } = args;
-
-  const nextRequiredCaps = new Set(nextRequested.capabilities?.required ?? []);
-  const nextOptionalCaps = new Set(nextRequested.capabilities?.optional ?? []);
-  const nextAllowedCaps = new Set([...nextRequiredCaps, ...nextOptionalCaps]);
-
-  const retainedCapabilities = (
-    app.grantedPermissions?.capabilities ?? []
-  ).filter((key) => nextAllowedCaps.has(key));
-
-  const finalCapabilities = sortStrings(
-    new Set([
-      ...retainedCapabilities,
-      ...nextRequiredCaps,
-      ...selectedAddedOptionalCapabilities,
-    ]),
-  );
-
-  const nextRequiredNetwork = nextRequested.network?.whitelist?.required ?? [];
-  const nextOptionalNetwork = nextRequested.network?.whitelist?.optional ?? [];
-  const nextAllowedNetwork = new Set([
-    ...nextRequiredNetwork.map(networkKey),
-    ...nextOptionalNetwork.map(networkKey),
-  ]);
-
-  const retainedNetwork = (
-    app.grantedPermissions?.network?.whitelist ?? []
-  ).filter((entry) => nextAllowedNetwork.has(networkKey(entry)));
-
-  const finalNetworkMap = new Map<string, SageNetworkPermissionTarget>();
-
-  for (const entry of retainedNetwork) {
-    finalNetworkMap.set(networkKey(entry), {
-      scheme: entry.scheme,
-      host: entry.host,
-    });
-  }
-
-  for (const entry of nextRequiredNetwork) {
-    finalNetworkMap.set(networkKey(entry), {
-      scheme: entry.scheme,
-      host: entry.host,
-    });
-  }
-
-  for (const entry of selectedAddedOptionalNetwork) {
-    finalNetworkMap.set(networkKey(entry), {
-      scheme: entry.scheme,
-      host: entry.host,
-    });
-  }
-
-  return {
-    capabilities: finalCapabilities,
-    network: {
-      whitelist: sortNetwork(finalNetworkMap.values()),
-    },
-  };
-}
-
 export function AppUpdateDialog({
   open,
   app,
@@ -208,42 +81,59 @@ export function AppUpdateDialog({
     }
   }, [open]);
 
-  const previousRequested = app?.requestedPermissions ?? null;
-  const nextRequested = preview?.manifest.permissions ?? null;
-
-  const addedDelta = useMemo(() => {
-    if (!previousRequested || !nextRequested) {
+  const delta = useMemo(() => {
+    if (!app || !preview) {
       return null;
     }
-    return buildAddedPermissionsDelta(previousRequested, nextRequested);
-  }, [previousRequested, nextRequested]);
 
-  const removedDelta = useMemo(() => {
-    if (!app || !nextRequested) {
-      return null;
-    }
-    return buildRemovedGrantedDelta(app, nextRequested);
-  }, [app, nextRequested]);
+    return getAppUpdatePermissionsDelta(app, preview);
+  }, [app, preview]);
 
   const finalGranted = useMemo(() => {
-    if (!app || !nextRequested) {
+    if (!delta) {
       return null;
     }
 
-    return buildFinalGrantedPermissions({
-      app,
-      nextRequested,
+    const selectedOptionalCapabilitySet = new Set(
       selectedAddedOptionalCapabilities,
-      selectedAddedOptionalNetwork,
-    });
-  }, [
-    app,
-    nextRequested,
-    selectedAddedOptionalCapabilities,
-    selectedAddedOptionalNetwork,
-  ]);
+    );
+    const selectedOptionalNetworkSet = new Set(
+      selectedAddedOptionalNetwork.map(networkKey),
+    );
+
+    const nextCapabilities = [
+      ...delta.nextGrantedPermissions.capabilities,
+      ...delta.addedRequestedCapabilities.optional.filter((key) =>
+        selectedOptionalCapabilitySet.has(key),
+      ),
+    ].sort((a, b) => a.localeCompare(b));
+
+    const nextNetworkMap = new Map<string, SageNetworkPermissionTarget>(
+      delta.nextGrantedPermissions.network.whitelist.map((item) => [
+        networkKey(item),
+        item,
+      ]),
+    );
 
-  if (!app || !preview || !addedDelta || !removedDelta || !finalGranted) {
+    for (const item of delta.addedRequestedNetwork.optional) {
+      if (selectedOptionalNetworkSet.has(networkKey(item))) {
+        nextNetworkMap.set(networkKey(item), item);
+      }
+    }
+
+    for (const item of delta.addedRequestedNetwork.required) {
+      nextNetworkMap.set(networkKey(item), item);
+    }
+
+    return {
+      capabilities: nextCapabilities,
+      network: {
+        whitelist: sortNetwork(nextNetworkMap.values()),
+      },
+    } satisfies SageGrantedPermissions;
+  }, [delta, selectedAddedOptionalCapabilities, selectedAddedOptionalNetwork]);
+
+  if (!app || !preview || !delta || !finalGranted) {
     return (
       <Dialog open={open} onOpenChange={(nextOpen) => !nextOpen && onCancel()}>
         <DialogContent />
@@ -251,26 +141,37 @@ export function AppUpdateDialog({
     );
   }
 
-  const addedRequiredNetwork = addedDelta.network?.whitelist?.required ?? [];
-  const addedOptionalNetwork = addedDelta.network?.whitelist?.optional ?? [];
-  const addedNetworkItems = [
-    ...addedRequiredNetwork.map((entry) => ({ entry, required: true })),
-    ...addedOptionalNetwork.map((entry) => ({ entry, required: false })),
-  ];
-
-  const removedCount =
-    removedDelta.capabilities.length + removedDelta.network.whitelist.length;
-
+  const addedRequiredCapabilitiesCount =
+    delta.addedRequestedCapabilities.required.length;
+  const addedOptionalCapabilitiesCount =
+    delta.addedRequestedCapabilities.optional.length;
   const addedCapabilityCount =
-    (addedDelta.capabilities?.required?.length ?? 0) +
-    (addedDelta.capabilities?.optional?.length ?? 0);
+    addedRequiredCapabilitiesCount + addedOptionalCapabilitiesCount;
 
-  const addedNetworkCount = addedNetworkItems.length;
+  const addedRequiredNetworkCount = delta.addedRequestedNetwork.required.length;
+  const addedOptionalNetworkCount = delta.addedRequestedNetwork.optional.length;
+  const addedNetworkCount =
+    addedRequiredNetworkCount + addedOptionalNetworkCount;
+
+  const removedCount =
+    delta.removedGrantedCapabilities.length +
+    delta.removedGrantedNetwork.length;
 
   const selectedAddedOptionalNetworkKeys = new Set(
     selectedAddedOptionalNetwork.map(networkKey),
   );
 
+  const addedNetworkItems = [
+    ...delta.addedRequestedNetwork.required.map((entry) => ({
+      entry,
+      required: true,
+    })),
+    ...delta.addedRequestedNetwork.optional.map((entry) => ({
+      entry,
+      required: false,
+    })),
+  ];
+
   return (
     <Dialog open={open} onOpenChange={(nextOpen) => !nextOpen && onCancel()}>
       <DialogContent className='max-w-2xl'>
@@ -286,39 +187,32 @@ export function AppUpdateDialog({
             </div>
           </div>
 
-          <div className='space-y-3'>
-            <h3 className='text-sm font-medium'>New permissions requested</h3>
+          {addedCapabilityCount > 0 || addedNetworkCount > 0 ? (
+            <div className='space-y-3'>
+              <h3 className='text-sm font-medium'>New permissions requested</h3>
 
-            {addedCapabilityCount === 0 && addedNetworkCount === 0 ? (
-              <div className='text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
-                This update does not add any new permissions.
-              </div>
-            ) : (
               <div className='space-y-4'>
                 {addedCapabilityCount > 0 ? (
                   <div className='space-y-2'>
                     <div className='text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
                       Capabilities
                     </div>
+
                     <div className='rounded-md border p-3'>
                       <AppPermissions
-                        permissions={addedDelta}
+                        permissions={buildAddedPermissionsViewModel(delta)}
                         grantedPermissions={[
-                          ...(addedDelta.capabilities?.required ?? []),
+                          ...delta.addedRequestedCapabilities.required,
                           ...selectedAddedOptionalCapabilities,
                         ]}
                         editable
-                        onGrantedPermissionsChange={(
-                          nextSelectedAddedPermissions,
-                        ) => {
-                          const required = new Set(
-                            addedDelta.capabilities?.required ?? [],
+                        onGrantedPermissionsChange={(next) => {
+                          const requiredSet = new Set(
+                            delta.addedRequestedCapabilities.required,
                           );
 
                           setSelectedAddedOptionalCapabilities(
-                            nextSelectedAddedPermissions.filter(
-                              (key) => !required.has(key),
-                            ),
+                            next.filter((key) => !requiredSet.has(key)),
                           );
                         }}
                       />
@@ -331,6 +225,7 @@ export function AppUpdateDialog({
                     <div className='text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
                       Network access
                     </div>
+
                     <div className='space-y-2 rounded-md border p-3'>
                       {addedNetworkItems.map(({ entry, required }) => {
                         const key = networkKey(entry);
@@ -367,10 +262,7 @@ export function AppUpdateDialog({
                                       );
 
                                       if (nextChecked) {
-                                        prevMap.set(key, {
-                                          scheme: entry.scheme,
-                                          host: entry.host,
-                                        });
+                                        prevMap.set(key, entry);
                                       } else {
                                         prevMap.delete(key);
                                       }
@@ -388,67 +280,62 @@ export function AppUpdateDialog({
                   </div>
                 ) : null}
               </div>
-            )}
-          </div>
+            </div>
+          ) : null}
 
-          <div className='space-y-2'>
-            <button
-              type='button'
-              className='text-left text-sm font-medium underline-offset-4 hover:underline'
-              onClick={() => {
-                setShowRemoved((prev) => !prev);
-              }}
-            >
-              Removed permissions ({removedCount})
-              {showRemoved ? ' — hide details' : ' — show details'}
-            </button>
-
-            {showRemoved ? (
-              <div className='space-y-4 rounded-md border p-3'>
-                {removedDelta.capabilities.length === 0 &&
-                removedDelta.network.whitelist.length === 0 ? (
-                  <div className='text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
-                    No previously granted permissions are being removed.
-                  </div>
-                ) : (
-                  <>
-                    {removedDelta.capabilities.length > 0 ? (
-                      <div className='space-y-2'>
-                        <div className='text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
-                          Previously granted capabilities that will be removed
-                        </div>
-                        <div className='space-y-1'>
-                          {removedDelta.capabilities.map((key) => (
-                            <div key={key} className='text-sm'>
-                              {key}
-                            </div>
-                          ))}
-                        </div>
+          {removedCount > 0 ? (
+            <div className='space-y-2'>
+              <button
+                type='button'
+                className='text-left text-sm font-medium underline-offset-4 hover:underline'
+                onClick={() => {
+                  setShowRemoved((prev) => !prev);
+                }}
+              >
+                Removed permissions ({removedCount})
+                {showRemoved ? ' — hide details' : ' — show details'}
+              </button>
+
+              {showRemoved ? (
+                <div className='space-y-4 rounded-md border p-3'>
+                  {delta.removedGrantedCapabilities.length > 0 ? (
+                    <div className='space-y-2'>
+                      <div className='text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
+                        Previously granted capabilities that will be removed
                       </div>
-                    ) : null}
-
-                    {removedDelta.network.whitelist.length > 0 ? (
-                      <div className='space-y-2'>
-                        <div className='text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
-                          Previously granted network access that will be removed
-                        </div>
-                        <div className='space-y-1'>
-                          {removedDelta.network.whitelist.map((entry) => (
-                            <div
-                              key={networkKey(entry)}
-                              className='font-mono text-sm break-all'
-                            >
-                              {networkKey(entry)}
-                            </div>
-                          ))}
-                        </div>
+
+                      <div className='space-y-1'>
+                        {delta.removedGrantedCapabilities.map((key) => (
+                          <div key={key} className='text-sm'>
+                            {key}
+                          </div>
+                        ))}
                       </div>
-                    ) : null}
-                  </>
-                )}
-              </div>
-            ) : null}
-          </div>
+                    </div>
+                  ) : null}
+
+                  {delta.removedGrantedNetwork.length > 0 ? (
+                    <div className='space-y-2'>
+                      <div className='text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
+                        Previously granted network access that will be removed
+                      </div>
+
+                      <div className='space-y-1'>
+                        {delta.removedGrantedNetwork.map((entry) => (
+                          <div
+                            key={networkKey(entry)}
+                            className='font-mono text-sm break-all'
+                          >
+                            {networkKey(entry)}
+                          </div>
+                        ))}
+                      </div>
+                    </div>
+                  ) : null}
+                </div>
+              ) : null}
+            </div>
+          ) : null}
 
           {error ? (
             <div className='text-sm text-destructive'>{error}</div>
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/updatePermissionsDelta.ts b/src/lib/apps/updatePermissionsDelta.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0d6034067
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/apps/updatePermissionsDelta.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,195 @@
+import type {
+  InstalledSageApp,
+  SageAppPackageManifest,
+  SageAppUrlPreview,
+  SageGrantedPermissions,
+  SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
+  SageRequestedPermissions,
+} from '@/bindings';
+
+function networkKey(entry: SageNetworkPermissionTarget): string {
+  return `${entry.scheme}://${entry.host}`;
+}
+
+function sortStrings(values: Iterable<string>): string[] {
+  return [...values].sort((a, b) => a.localeCompare(b));
+}
+
+function sortNetwork(
+  values: Iterable<SageNetworkPermissionTarget>,
+): SageNetworkPermissionTarget[] {
+  return [...values].sort((a, b) => networkKey(a).localeCompare(networkKey(b)));
+}
+
+function cloneNetwork(
+  values: Iterable<SageNetworkPermissionTarget>,
+): SageNetworkPermissionTarget[] {
+  return [...values].map((entry) => ({
+    scheme: entry.scheme,
+    host: entry.host,
+  }));
+}
+
+function getRequestedCapabilities(permissions: SageRequestedPermissions) {
+  return {
+    required: permissions.capabilities.required ?? [],
+    optional: permissions.capabilities.optional ?? [],
+  };
+}
+
+function getRequestedNetwork(permissions: SageRequestedPermissions) {
+  return {
+    required: permissions.network.whitelist.required ?? [],
+    optional: permissions.network.whitelist.optional ?? [],
+  };
+}
+
+function getManifestRequestedPermissions(
+  manifest: SageAppPackageManifest | SageAppUrlPreview,
+): SageRequestedPermissions {
+  return 'manifest' in manifest
+    ? manifest.manifest.permissions
+    : manifest.permissions;
+}
+
+export interface AppUpdatePermissionsDelta {
+  addedRequestedCapabilities: {
+    required: string[];
+    optional: string[];
+  };
+  addedRequestedNetwork: {
+    required: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[];
+    optional: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[];
+  };
+  removedGrantedCapabilities: string[];
+  removedGrantedNetwork: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[];
+  nextGrantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions;
+  requiresUserReview: boolean;
+}
+
+export function getAppUpdatePermissionsDelta(
+  app: InstalledSageApp,
+  preview: SageAppUrlPreview | SageAppPackageManifest,
+): AppUpdatePermissionsDelta {
+  const previousRequested = app.requestedPermissions;
+  const nextRequested = getManifestRequestedPermissions(preview);
+
+  const previousCaps = getRequestedCapabilities(previousRequested);
+  const nextCaps = getRequestedCapabilities(nextRequested);
+
+  const previousNetwork = getRequestedNetwork(previousRequested);
+  const nextNetwork = getRequestedNetwork(nextRequested);
+
+  const oldGrantedCapabilities = app.grantedPermissions.capabilities ?? [];
+  const oldGrantedNetwork = app.grantedPermissions.network.whitelist ?? [];
+
+  const previousRequestedCapsSet = new Set([
+    ...previousCaps.required,
+    ...previousCaps.optional,
+  ]);
+
+  const previousRequestedNetworkSet = new Set([
+    ...previousNetwork.required.map(networkKey),
+    ...previousNetwork.optional.map(networkKey),
+  ]);
+
+  const addedRequestedCapabilities = {
+    required: nextCaps.required.filter(
+      (key) => !previousRequestedCapsSet.has(key),
+    ),
+    optional: nextCaps.optional.filter(
+      (key) => !previousRequestedCapsSet.has(key),
+    ),
+  };
+
+  const addedRequestedNetwork = {
+    required: cloneNetwork(
+      nextNetwork.required.filter(
+        (entry) => !previousRequestedNetworkSet.has(networkKey(entry)),
+      ),
+    ),
+    optional: cloneNetwork(
+      nextNetwork.optional.filter(
+        (entry) => !previousRequestedNetworkSet.has(networkKey(entry)),
+      ),
+    ),
+  };
+
+  const nextAllowedCapsSet = new Set([
+    ...nextCaps.required,
+    ...nextCaps.optional,
+  ]);
+  const nextAllowedNetworkSet = new Set([
+    ...nextNetwork.required.map(networkKey),
+    ...nextNetwork.optional.map(networkKey),
+  ]);
+
+  const removedGrantedCapabilities = sortStrings(
+    oldGrantedCapabilities.filter((key) => !nextAllowedCapsSet.has(key)),
+  );
+
+  const removedGrantedNetwork = sortNetwork(
+    oldGrantedNetwork.filter(
+      (entry) => !nextAllowedNetworkSet.has(networkKey(entry)),
+    ),
+  );
+
+  const retainedGrantedCapabilities = oldGrantedCapabilities.filter((key) =>
+    nextAllowedCapsSet.has(key),
+  );
+
+  const nextGrantedCapabilities = sortStrings(
+    new Set([...retainedGrantedCapabilities, ...nextCaps.required]),
+  );
+
+  const retainedGrantedNetwork = oldGrantedNetwork.filter((entry) =>
+    nextAllowedNetworkSet.has(networkKey(entry)),
+  );
+
+  const nextGrantedNetworkMap = new Map<string, SageNetworkPermissionTarget>();
+
+  for (const entry of retainedGrantedNetwork) {
+    nextGrantedNetworkMap.set(networkKey(entry), {
+      scheme: entry.scheme,
+      host: entry.host,
+    });
+  }
+
+  for (const entry of nextNetwork.required) {
+    nextGrantedNetworkMap.set(networkKey(entry), {
+      scheme: entry.scheme,
+      host: entry.host,
+    });
+  }
+
+  const nextGrantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions = {
+    capabilities: nextGrantedCapabilities,
+    network: {
+      whitelist: sortNetwork(nextGrantedNetworkMap.values()),
+    },
+  };
+
+  const oldGrantedCapabilitiesSet = new Set(oldGrantedCapabilities);
+  const oldGrantedNetworkSet = new Set(oldGrantedNetwork.map(networkKey));
+
+  const grantedCapabilitiesExpanded = nextGrantedCapabilities.some(
+    (key) => !oldGrantedCapabilitiesSet.has(key),
+  );
+
+  const nextGrantedNetwork = nextGrantedPermissions.network.whitelist;
+  const grantedNetworkExpanded = nextGrantedNetwork.some(
+    (entry) => !oldGrantedNetworkSet.has(networkKey(entry)),
+  );
+
+  const requiresUserReview =
+    grantedCapabilitiesExpanded || grantedNetworkExpanded;
+
+  return {
+    addedRequestedCapabilities,
+    addedRequestedNetwork,
+    removedGrantedCapabilities,
+    removedGrantedNetwork,
+    nextGrantedPermissions,
+    requiresUserReview,
+  };
+}
diff --git a/src/pages/Apps.tsx b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
index c7991e887..a7167e09d 100644
--- a/src/pages/Apps.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ import { PermissionsEditor } from '@/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEdit
 import { AppTile } from '@/components/apps/AppTile';
 import { formatAppError } from '@/lib/apps/formatAppError.ts';
 import { AppUpdateDialog } from '@/components/apps/AppUpdateDialog.tsx';
+import { getAppUpdatePermissionsDelta } from '@/lib/apps/updatePermissionsDelta.ts';
 
 type InstalledEntry = ReturnType<typeof useApps>['apps'][number] & {
   kind: 'installed';
@@ -218,6 +219,21 @@ export function Apps() {
     [performAppUpdate, runningAppIds],
   );
 
+  const handleReviewOrApplyUpdate = useCallback(
+    async (app: InstalledEntry, preview: SageAppUrlPreview) => {
+      const delta = getAppUpdatePermissionsDelta(app, preview);
+
+      if (!delta.requiresUserReview) {
+        closeUpdateDialog();
+        await handleConfirmUpdate(app, delta.nextGrantedPermissions);
+        return;
+      }
+
+      openUpdateDialog(app, preview);
+    },
+    [handleConfirmUpdate],
+  );
+
   const closeContextMenu = useCallback(() => {
     setContextMenu((prevContextMenu) => {
       if (prevContextMenu) {
@@ -731,8 +747,11 @@ export function Apps() {
               return;
             }
 
+            const app = contextMenu.app;
+            const preview = contextMenuPreview;
+
             closeContextMenu();
-            openUpdateDialog(contextMenu.app, contextMenuPreview);
+            void handleReviewOrApplyUpdate(app, preview);
           }}
           onChangePermissions={() => {
             if (!contextMenu) {
diff --git a/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx b/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
index 6925db473..048bd0aae 100644
--- a/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ import type {
   SageGrantedPermissions,
 } from '@/bindings';
 import { AppUpdateDialog } from '@/components/apps/AppUpdateDialog.tsx';
+import { getAppUpdatePermissionsDelta } from '@/lib/apps/updatePermissionsDelta.ts';
 
 export function AppsWorkspace() {
   const { appId } = useParams();
@@ -143,6 +144,25 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
     [activeApp, performAppUpdate],
   );
 
+  const handleReviewOrApplyUpdate = useCallback(async () => {
+    if (!activeApp || !activeUpdatePreview) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    const delta = getAppUpdatePermissionsDelta(activeApp, activeUpdatePreview);
+    console.log('update delta', delta);
+
+    if (!delta.requiresUserReview) {
+      setUpdateDialogOpen(false);
+      setUpdateDialogError(null);
+      await handleConfirmUpdate(delta.nextGrantedPermissions);
+      return;
+    }
+
+    setUpdateDialogError(null);
+    setUpdateDialogOpen(true);
+  }, [activeApp, activeUpdatePreview, handleConfirmUpdate]);
+
   return (
     <div className='flex h-full min-h-0 w-full flex-col overflow-hidden'>
       <AppTaskBar
@@ -192,8 +212,7 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
               variant='outline'
               disabled={activeBusy || applyingUpdate}
               onClick={() => {
-                setUpdateDialogError(null);
-                setUpdateDialogOpen(true);
+                void handleReviewOrApplyUpdate();
               }}
             >
               {applyingUpdate ? 'Updating...' : 'Review update'}

From c9b4a115c8d0566d20b94fe921a5fb6fee10d6df Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sun, 19 Apr 2026 16:49:57 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 098/471] Introduce inline runtime management for Sage apps:

- Added `apps_create_inline_runtime`, `apps_assert_bridge_origin`, and `apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data` commands to manage app runtimes.
- Implemented `AppRuntimeState` for tracking runtime records and associations by app ID.
- Added URL sanitization, permission checks, and incognito mode support for enhanced runtime security.
- Improved integration with `bindings.ts` and runtime registry to invoke runtime management APIs.
---
 Cargo.lock                      |   1 +
 src-tauri/Cargo.toml            |   1 +
 src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs       |   1 +
 src-tauri/src/apps/runtime.rs   | 330 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src-tauri/src/lib.rs            |   4 +
 src/bindings.ts                 |  11 ++
 src/hooks/useBridgeHost.ts      |  21 +-
 src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts | 249 +++---------------------
 8 files changed, 394 insertions(+), 224 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/src/apps/runtime.rs

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 1d08d044d..1407cc5f2 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -6539,6 +6539,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "tauri-specta",
  "tokio",
  "tracing",
+ "url",
  "uuid",
  "zip",
 ]
diff --git a/src-tauri/Cargo.toml b/src-tauri/Cargo.toml
index 4bfcb3d41..a552e2c8a 100644
--- a/src-tauri/Cargo.toml
+++ b/src-tauri/Cargo.toml
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@ rustls = { workspace = true }
 reqwest = { workspace = true }
 zip = "8.5.1"
 mime_guess = "2"
+url = "2"
 
 # This is to ensure that the bindgen feature is enabled for the aws-lc-rs crate.
 # https://aws.github.io/aws-lc-rs/platform_support.html#tested-platforms
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs
index 7c6535e80..1094e2a33 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs
@@ -12,5 +12,6 @@ pub mod snapshot;
 pub mod storage;
 pub mod types;
 pub mod update;
+pub mod runtime;
 
 pub use protocol::handle_app_protocol_request;
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/runtime.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/runtime.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ae6ab82f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/runtime.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,330 @@
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+use std::time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};
+
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use specta::Type;
+use tauri::webview::NewWindowResponse;
+use tauri::{AppHandle, LogicalPosition, LogicalSize, Manager, WebviewUrl};
+use tokio::sync::Mutex;
+use url::Url;
+
+use crate::apps::builtin_apps::build_builtin_test_app;
+use crate::apps::registry::read_installed_app_by_id;
+use crate::apps::types::InstalledSageApp;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct SageAppRuntimeRecord {
+    pub runtime_id: String,
+    pub app_id: String,
+    pub app_name: String,
+    pub entry_src: String,
+    pub webview_label: String,
+    pub host_window_label: String,
+    pub mode: String,
+    pub state: String,
+    pub started_at: i64,
+    pub last_active_at: i64,
+    pub visible: bool,
+    pub internal: bool,
+    pub active_batch_count: u32,
+    pub active_socket_count: u32,
+    pub in_flight_request_count: u32,
+}
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub struct AppRuntimeState {
+    by_runtime_id: Mutex<BTreeMap<String, SageAppRuntimeRecord>>,
+    runtime_by_app_id: Mutex<BTreeMap<String, String>>,
+}
+
+fn runtime_id_for(app_id: &str) -> String {
+    format!("runtime-{app_id}")
+}
+
+fn inline_label_for(app_id: &str) -> String {
+    format!("app-inline-{app_id}")
+}
+
+#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
+fn data_directory_for(app_id: &str) -> PathBuf {
+    PathBuf::from("profiles").join(app_id)
+}
+
+#[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios"))]
+fn data_store_id_for(app_id: &str) -> [u8; 16] {
+    let bytes = app_id.as_bytes();
+    let mut out = [0u8; 16];
+
+    for (i, byte) in bytes.iter().enumerate() {
+        out[i % 16] = out[i % 16].wrapping_add(*byte).wrapping_add(i as u8);
+    }
+
+    out
+}
+
+fn app_id_from_inline_label(label: &str) -> Option<&str> {
+    label.strip_prefix("app-inline-")
+}
+
+fn is_allowed_app_url(url: &Url, app_id: &str) -> bool {
+    url.scheme() == "sage-app" && url.host_str() == Some(app_id)
+}
+
+fn build_entry_src(
+    app: &InstalledSageApp,
+    path: Option<String>,
+    query: BTreeMap<String, String>,
+) -> String {
+    let entry_path = path.unwrap_or_else(|| format!("/{}", app.entry_file));
+    let mut url = Url::parse(&format!("sage-app://{}{}", app.id, entry_path))
+        .expect("failed to build sage-app entry URL");
+
+    for (key, value) in query {
+        url.query_pairs_mut().append_pair(&key, &value);
+    }
+
+    url.to_string()
+}
+
+fn resolve_app(base_path: &std::path::Path, app_id: &str) -> Result<InstalledSageApp, String> {
+    match read_installed_app_by_id(base_path, app_id) {
+        Ok(app) => Ok(app),
+        Err(installed_err) => build_builtin_test_app(app_id)
+            .map_err(|builtin_err| {
+                format!(
+                    "failed to resolve app {app_id}: installed lookup error: {installed_err}; builtin lookup error: {builtin_err}"
+                )
+            })?
+            .ok_or_else(|| format!("failed to read app {app_id}: {installed_err}")),
+    }
+}
+
+fn should_use_incognito(app: &InstalledSageApp) -> bool {
+    let has_persistent_storage = app
+        .granted_permissions
+        .capabilities
+        .iter()
+        .any(|cap| cap == "persistent_storage");
+
+    if !has_persistent_storage {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    if app.permission_flags.storage_may_contain_secrets {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    false
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct CreateInlineRuntimeArgs {
+    pub app_id: String,
+    pub visible: bool,
+    pub internal: bool,
+    pub debug_layout: bool,
+    pub path: Option<String>,
+    pub query: BTreeMap<String, String>,
+}
+
+#[tauri::command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn apps_create_inline_runtime(
+    app: AppHandle,
+    state: tauri::State<'_, AppRuntimeState>,
+    args: CreateInlineRuntimeArgs,
+) -> Result<SageAppRuntimeRecord, String> {
+    let base_path = app
+        .path()
+        .app_data_dir()
+        .map_err(|e| format!("failed to resolve app data dir: {e}"))?;
+
+    let installed = resolve_app(&base_path, &args.app_id)?;
+    let is_incognito = should_use_incognito(&installed);
+
+    let host_window = app
+        .get_window("main")
+        .ok_or_else(|| "missing main window".to_string())?;
+
+    let webview_label = inline_label_for(&installed.id);
+    let runtime_id = runtime_id_for(&installed.id);
+    let entry_src = build_entry_src(&installed, args.path.clone(), args.query.clone());
+
+    if let Some(existing) = host_window.get_webview(&webview_label) {
+        let _ = existing.close();
+    }
+
+    let app_id_for_nav = installed.id.clone();
+
+    let mut builder = tauri::webview::WebviewBuilder::new(
+        &webview_label,
+        WebviewUrl::External(
+            entry_src
+                .parse()
+                .map_err(|e| format!("invalid entry url: {e}"))?,
+        ),
+    )
+        .on_navigation(move |url| is_allowed_app_url(url, &app_id_for_nav))
+        .on_new_window(move |_url, _features| NewWindowResponse::Deny);
+
+    if is_incognito {
+        builder = builder.incognito(true);
+    } else {
+        #[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios"))]
+        {
+            builder = builder.data_store_identifier(data_store_id_for(&installed.id));
+        }
+
+        #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
+        {
+            builder = builder.data_directory(data_directory_for(&installed.id));
+        }
+    }
+
+    let debug = args.debug_layout;
+    let x = if debug { 80.0 } else { 0.0 };
+    let y = if debug { 80.0 } else { 0.0 };
+    let width = if debug { 200.0 } else { 1.0 };
+    let height = if debug { 200.0 } else { 1.0 };
+
+    host_window
+        .add_child(
+            builder,
+            LogicalPosition::new(x, y),
+            LogicalSize::new(width, height),
+        )
+        .map_err(|e| format!("failed to create child webview: {e}"))?;
+
+    let now = SystemTime::now()
+        .duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)
+        .map_err(|e| format!("system clock error: {e}"))?
+        .as_millis() as i64;
+
+    let record = SageAppRuntimeRecord {
+        runtime_id: runtime_id.clone(),
+        app_id: installed.id.clone(),
+        app_name: installed.name.clone(),
+        entry_src,
+        webview_label: webview_label.clone(),
+        host_window_label: "main".into(),
+        mode: "inline".into(),
+        state: if args.visible {
+            "running".into()
+        } else {
+            "hidden".into()
+        },
+        started_at: now,
+        last_active_at: now,
+        visible: args.visible,
+        internal: args.internal,
+        active_batch_count: 0,
+        active_socket_count: 0,
+        in_flight_request_count: 0,
+    };
+
+    {
+        let mut by_runtime_id = state.by_runtime_id.lock().await;
+        by_runtime_id.insert(runtime_id.clone(), record.clone());
+    }
+
+    {
+        let mut runtime_by_app_id = state.runtime_by_app_id.lock().await;
+        runtime_by_app_id.insert(installed.id.clone(), runtime_id);
+    }
+
+    if !args.visible {
+        if let Some(webview) = host_window.get_webview(&webview_label) {
+            let _ = webview.hide();
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(record)
+}
+
+#[tauri::command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub fn apps_assert_bridge_origin(
+    app: AppHandle,
+    source_label: String,
+) -> Result<String, String> {
+    let app_id = app_id_from_inline_label(&source_label)
+        .ok_or_else(|| format!("invalid app runtime label: {source_label}"))?
+        .to_string();
+
+    let host_window = app
+        .get_window("main")
+        .ok_or_else(|| "missing main window".to_string())?;
+
+    let webview = host_window
+        .get_webview(&source_label)
+        .ok_or_else(|| format!("missing webview for label: {source_label}"))?;
+
+    let current_url = webview
+        .url()
+        .map_err(|e| format!("failed to read current webview url: {e}"))?;
+
+    if !is_allowed_app_url(&current_url, &app_id) {
+        return Err(format!(
+            "bridge denied for {source_label}: current url {} is outside sage-app://{app_id}/...",
+            current_url
+        ));
+    }
+
+    Ok(app_id)
+}
+
+#[tauri::command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data(
+    app: AppHandle,
+    app_id: String,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let webview_label = inline_label_for(&app_id);
+
+    if let Some(host_window) = app.get_window("main") {
+        if let Some(existing) = host_window.get_webview(&webview_label) {
+            let _ = existing.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios"))]
+    {
+        let target_id = data_store_id_for(&app_id);
+        let existing_ids = app
+            .fetch_data_store_identifiers()
+            .await
+            .map_err(|e| format!("failed to fetch data store identifiers: {e}"))?;
+
+        if existing_ids.iter().any(|id| *id == target_id) {
+            app.remove_data_store(target_id)
+                .await
+                .map_err(|e| format!("failed to remove data store for {app_id}: {e}"))?;
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
+    {
+        let app_data_dir = app
+            .path()
+            .app_data_dir()
+            .map_err(|e| format!("failed to resolve app data dir: {e}"))?;
+
+        let profile_dir = app_data_dir.join(data_directory_for(&app_id));
+
+        match std::fs::remove_dir_all(&profile_dir) {
+            Ok(()) => {}
+            Err(err) if err.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound => {}
+            Err(err) => {
+                return Err(format!(
+                    "failed to remove profile dir {}: {err}",
+                    profile_dir.display()
+                ));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
index 371352b46..d6a3d56c2 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
@@ -143,6 +143,9 @@ pub fn run() {
             commands::download_cni_offercode,
             commands::get_logs,
             commands::is_asset_owned,
+            apps::runtime::apps_create_inline_runtime,
+            apps::runtime::apps_assert_bridge_origin,
+            apps::runtime::apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data,
             apps::install::list_installed_apps,
             apps::install::preview_app_zip,
             apps::install::preview_app_url,
@@ -215,6 +218,7 @@ pub fn run() {
             let app_state = AppState::new(Mutex::new(Sage::new(&path, false)));
             app.manage(Initialized(Mutex::new(false)));
             app.manage(RpcTask(Mutex::new(None)));
+            app.manage(apps::runtime::AppRuntimeState::default());
             app.manage(app_state);
             Ok(())
         })
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index c5590a606..4e7b12018 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -359,6 +359,15 @@ async getLogs() : Promise<LogFile[]> {
 async isAssetOwned(req: IsAssetOwned) : Promise<IsAssetOwnedResponse> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("is_asset_owned", { req });
 },
+async appsCreateInlineRuntime(args: CreateInlineRuntimeArgs) : Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecord> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_create_inline_runtime", { args });
+},
+async appsAssertBridgeOrigin(sourceLabel: string) : Promise<string> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_assert_bridge_origin", { sourceLabel });
+},
+async appsClearRuntimeBrowsingData(appId: string) : Promise<null> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data", { appId });
+},
 async listInstalledApps() : Promise<ListedSageApp[]> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("list_installed_apps");
 },
@@ -775,6 +784,7 @@ fee: Amount;
  * Whether to automatically submit the transaction
  */
 auto_submit?: boolean }
+export type CreateInlineRuntimeArgs = { appId: string; visible: boolean; internal: boolean; debugLayout: boolean; path: string | null; query: Partial<{ [key in string]: string }> }
 export type CreateTransaction = { 
 /**
  * Pre-selected coins to use in the transaction prior to coin selection
@@ -2200,6 +2210,7 @@ export type ResyncCatResponse = Record<string, never>
 export type ResyncResponse = Record<string, never>
 export type SageAppManifestFile = { path: string; sha256: string; size: number }
 export type SageAppPackageManifest = { name: string; version: string; permissions: SageRequestedPermissions; files: SageAppManifestFile[]; entry: string | null; icon: string | null }
+export type SageAppRuntimeRecord = { runtimeId: string; appId: string; appName: string; entrySrc: string; webviewLabel: string; hostWindowLabel: string; mode: string; state: string; startedAt: number; lastActiveAt: number; visible: boolean; internal: boolean; activeBatchCount: number; activeSocketCount: number; inFlightRequestCount: number }
 export type SageAppUrlPreview = { appUrl: string; manifestUrl: string; manifestHash: string; manifest: SageAppPackageManifest }
 export type SageGrantedNetworkPermissions = { whitelist: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[] }
 export type SageGrantedPermissions = { capabilities: string[]; network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions }
diff --git a/src/hooks/useBridgeHost.ts b/src/hooks/useBridgeHost.ts
index 239f05738..f84067b79 100644
--- a/src/hooks/useBridgeHost.ts
+++ b/src/hooks/useBridgeHost.ts
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import {
 } from '@/lib/apps/bridge';
 import { getBuiltinApp } from '@/lib/apps/registry';
 import type { InstalledSageApp } from '@/bindings';
+import { invoke } from '@tauri-apps/api/core';
 
 interface Args {
   requestApproval: Parameters<typeof handleBridgeRequest>[2]['requestApproval'];
@@ -34,10 +35,24 @@ export function useBridgeHost({ requestApproval, getApp }: Args) {
             return;
           }
 
-          const appId = sourceLabel.slice(prefix.length);
+          const claimedAppId = sourceLabel.slice(prefix.length);
 
           const run = async () => {
-            const app = getApp(appId) ?? (await getBuiltinApp(appId));
+            const confirmedAppId = await invoke<string>(
+              'apps_assert_bridge_origin',
+              {
+                sourceLabel,
+              },
+            );
+
+            if (confirmedAppId !== claimedAppId) {
+              throw new Error(
+                `Bridge origin mismatch for ${sourceLabel}: claimed ${claimedAppId}, confirmed ${confirmedAppId}`,
+              );
+            }
+
+            const app =
+              getApp(confirmedAppId) ?? (await getBuiltinApp(confirmedAppId));
 
             if (!app) {
               return;
@@ -65,7 +80,7 @@ export function useBridgeHost({ requestApproval, getApp }: Args) {
             console.error('Failed to handle bridge request:', err);
           });
         },
-      );
+      )
     };
 
     void mount().catch((err) => {
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts b/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
index 99e6a1a4b..c08c137c8 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
@@ -1,10 +1,6 @@
 import { invoke } from '@tauri-apps/api/core';
 import { getCurrentWebview, Webview } from '@tauri-apps/api/webview';
-import { getCurrentWindow } from '@tauri-apps/api/window';
 import { InstalledSageApp } from '@/bindings.ts';
-import { platform } from '@tauri-apps/plugin-os';
-import { removeDataStore } from '@tauri-apps/api/app';
-import { BaseDirectory, remove } from '@tauri-apps/plugin-fs';
 
 export type SageAppRuntimeState =
   | 'starting'
@@ -107,33 +103,10 @@ function stripInternal(record: RuntimeInternalRecord): SageAppRuntimeRecord {
   };
 }
 
-export function runtimeIdFor(appId: string) {
-  return `runtime-${appId}`;
-}
-
 export function inlineLabelFor(appId: string) {
   return `app-inline-${appId}`;
 }
 
-/**
- * Windows-only custom data directory for the webview profile.
- * Tauri resolves this relative to appDataDir()/${webviewLabel}.
- */
-export function dataDirectoryFor(appId: string) {
-  return `profiles/${appId}`;
-}
-
-export function dataStoreIdFor(appId: string): number[] {
-  const bytes = new TextEncoder().encode(appId);
-  const out = new Uint8Array(16);
-
-  for (let i = 0; i < bytes.length; i += 1) {
-    out[i % 16] = (out[i % 16] + bytes[i] + i) & 0xff;
-  }
-
-  return Array.from(out);
-}
-
 export function shouldUseIncognito(app: InstalledSageApp): boolean {
   const hasPersistentStorage = (
     app.grantedPermissions.capabilities
@@ -147,94 +120,7 @@ export function shouldUseIncognito(app: InstalledSageApp): boolean {
     return true;
   }
 
-  if (forceIncognitoForSecretApps && app.permissionFlags.hasSecretAccess) {
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  return false;
-}
-
-async function supportsDataDirectory(): Promise<boolean> {
-  return (await platform()) === 'windows';
-}
-
-async function supportsDataStoreIdentifier(): Promise<boolean> {
-  const os = await platform();
-  return os === 'macos' || os === 'ios';
-}
-
-async function buildWebviewOptions(
-  app: InstalledSageApp,
-  entrySrc: string,
-  options?: {
-    visible?: boolean;
-  },
-) {
-  const isIncognito = shouldUseIncognito(app);
-  const debug = shouldDebugTestAppWindows(app);
-
-  const webviewOptions: ConstructorParameters<typeof Webview>[2] = {
-    url: entrySrc,
-    x: debug ? 80 : 0,
-    y: debug ? 80 : 0,
-    width: debug ? 200 : 1,
-    height: debug ? 200 : 1,
-    focus: debug || !!options?.visible,
-    incognito: isIncognito,
-  };
-
-  if (!isIncognito && (await supportsDataStoreIdentifier())) {
-    webviewOptions.dataStoreIdentifier = dataStoreIdFor(app.id);
-  }
-
-  if (!isIncognito && (await supportsDataDirectory())) {
-    webviewOptions.dataDirectory = dataDirectoryFor(app.id);
-  }
-
-  return webviewOptions;
-}
-
-export async function waitForWebviewCreated(webview: Webview): Promise<void> {
-  await new Promise<void>((resolve, reject) => {
-    let unlistenCreated: (() => void) | null = null;
-    let unlistenError: (() => void) | null = null;
-
-    const cleanupListeners = () => {
-      try {
-        unlistenCreated?.();
-      } catch (err) {
-        console.warn('Failed to unlisten created:', err);
-      }
-
-      try {
-        unlistenError?.();
-      } catch (err) {
-        console.warn('Failed to unlisten error:', err);
-      }
-    };
-
-    void (async () => {
-      try {
-        unlistenCreated = await webview.once('tauri://created', () => {
-          cleanupListeners();
-          resolve();
-        });
-
-        unlistenError = await webview.once('tauri://error', (event) => {
-          cleanupListeners();
-
-          const payload =
-            typeof event.payload === 'string'
-              ? event.payload
-              : JSON.stringify(event.payload);
-          reject(new Error(payload));
-        });
-      } catch (err) {
-        cleanupListeners();
-        reject(err instanceof Error ? err : new Error(String(err)));
-      }
-    })();
-  });
+  return forceIncognitoForSecretApps && app.permissionFlags.hasSecretAccess;
 }
 
 export async function waitForWebviewClosed(
@@ -266,18 +152,9 @@ async function createInlineRuntime(
     path?: string;
   },
 ): Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecord> {
-  const hostWindow = getCurrentWindow();
   const hostWebview = getCurrentWebview();
-
   const webviewLabel = inlineLabelFor(app.id);
 
-  const entryPath = options?.path ?? `/${app.entryFile}`;
-  const url = new URL(`sage-app://${app.id}${entryPath}`);
-  for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(options?.query ?? {})) {
-    url.searchParams.set(key, value);
-  }
-  const entrySrc = url.toString();
-
   const staleWebview = await Webview.getByLabel(webviewLabel).catch(() => null);
   if (staleWebview) {
     try {
@@ -288,7 +165,6 @@ async function createInlineRuntime(
     await waitForWebviewClosed(webviewLabel, 8000);
   }
 
-  const debug = shouldDebugTestAppWindows(app);
   const isIncognito = shouldUseIncognito(app);
 
   if (!isIncognito && app.permissionFlags.hasSecretAccess) {
@@ -297,43 +173,38 @@ async function createInlineRuntime(
     });
   }
 
-  const webviewOptions = await buildWebviewOptions(app, entrySrc, {
-    visible: options?.visible,
-  });
-
-  const webview = new Webview(hostWindow, webviewLabel, webviewOptions);
-
-  await waitForWebviewCreated(webview);
+  const record = await invoke<SageAppRuntimeRecord>(
+    'apps_create_inline_runtime',
+    {
+      args: {
+        appId: app.id,
+        visible: options?.visible ?? true,
+        internal: options?.internal ?? false,
+        debugLayout: shouldDebugTestAppWindows(app),
+        query: options?.query ?? {},
+        path: options?.path ?? null,
+      },
+    },
+  );
 
-  if (!options?.visible && !debug) {
-    await webview.hide();
+  const webview = await Webview.getByLabel(webviewLabel).catch(() => null);
+  if (!webview) {
+    throw new Error(
+      `Host created runtime ${webviewLabel}, but no webview handle was found`,
+    );
   }
 
-  const runtimeId = runtimeIdFor(app.id);
-  const record: RuntimeInternalRecord = {
-    runtimeId,
-    appId: app.id,
-    appName: app.name,
-    entrySrc,
-    webviewLabel,
+  const internalRecord: RuntimeInternalRecord = {
+    ...record,
     hostWindowLabel: hostWebview.label,
-    mode: 'inline',
-    state: options?.visible === false ? 'hidden' : 'running',
-    startedAt: Date.now(),
-    lastActiveAt: Date.now(),
-    visible: options?.visible ?? true,
-    internal: options?.internal ?? false,
-    activeBatchCount: 0,
-    activeSocketCount: 0,
-    inFlightRequestCount: 0,
     webview,
   };
 
-  runtimes.set(runtimeId, record);
-  runtimeByAppId.set(app.id, runtimeId);
+  runtimes.set(record.runtimeId, internalRecord);
+  runtimeByAppId.set(app.id, record.runtimeId);
   emitChange();
 
-  return stripInternal(record);
+  return stripInternal(internalRecord);
 }
 
 export function subscribeAppRuntimes(listener: RuntimeListener): () => void {
@@ -437,87 +308,23 @@ export async function startInternalInlineRuntime(
   });
 }
 
-async function removeAppDataStore(app: InstalledSageApp): Promise<void> {
-  if (await supportsDataStoreIdentifier()) {
-    try {
-      await removeDataStore(
-        dataStoreIdFor(app.id) as [
-          number,
-          number,
-          number,
-          number,
-          number,
-          number,
-          number,
-          number,
-          number,
-          number,
-          number,
-          number,
-          number,
-          number,
-          number,
-          number,
-        ],
-      );
-    } catch (err) {
-      console.warn(
-        `removeDataStore failed for ${app.id}:`,
-        err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
-      );
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-async function removeAppDataDirectory(app: InstalledSageApp): Promise<void> {
-  if (await supportsDataDirectory()) {
-    try {
-      await remove(dataDirectoryFor(app.id), {
-        baseDir: BaseDirectory.AppData,
-        recursive: true,
-      });
-    } catch (err) {
-      console.warn(
-        `remove data directory failed for ${app.id}:`,
-        err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
-      );
-    }
-  }
-}
-
 /**
  * Best-effort host-side clear.
  *
- * This does NOT prove the app origin is clean; your verification cycle should
+ * This does NOT prove the app origin is clean; the verification cycle should
  * still decide whether the capability passed for this environment.
  */
 export async function clearAppRuntimeBrowsingData(
   app: InstalledSageApp,
 ): Promise<void> {
-  const webviewLabel = inlineLabelFor(app.id);
-
   const existingRuntimeId = runtimeByAppId.get(app.id);
   if (existingRuntimeId) {
     await closeAppRuntime(app.id, { timeoutMs: 8000 });
-  } else {
-    const staleWebview = await Webview.getByLabel(webviewLabel).catch(
-      (err: unknown) => {
-        throw new Error(
-          `Failed to query existing webview ${webviewLabel}: ${String(err)}`,
-        );
-      },
-    );
-
-    if (staleWebview) {
-      await staleWebview.close();
-      await waitForWebviewClosed(webviewLabel, 8000);
-    }
   }
 
-  await Promise.allSettled([
-    removeAppDataStore(app),
-    removeAppDataDirectory(app),
-  ]);
+  await invoke('apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data', {
+    appId: app.id,
+  });
 }
 
 export async function getRuntimeWebview(

From 8b22ad42d1b19ea0edda43367e962fd39439779a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sun, 19 Apr 2026 18:10:27 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 099/471] Remove storage module and related code:

- Deleted the `storage` module, including `types` and `validate` submodules.
- Updated `mod.rs` to exclude the `storage` module.
- Removed all unused structs and utility functions related to storage operations.
---
 src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs              |   1 -
 src-tauri/src/apps/storage/mod.rs      |   2 -
 src-tauri/src/apps/storage/types.rs    | 137 -------------------------
 src-tauri/src/apps/storage/validate.rs |  45 --------
 4 files changed, 185 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 src-tauri/src/apps/storage/mod.rs
 delete mode 100644 src-tauri/src/apps/storage/types.rs
 delete mode 100644 src-tauri/src/apps/storage/validate.rs

diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs
index 1094e2a33..3874de28f 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ pub mod permissions;
 pub mod protocol;
 pub mod registry;
 pub mod snapshot;
-pub mod storage;
 pub mod types;
 pub mod update;
 pub mod runtime;
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/storage/mod.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/storage/mod.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index d0b6ad04a..000000000
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/storage/mod.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-pub mod types;
-pub mod validate;
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/storage/types.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/storage/types.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 98029de66..000000000
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/storage/types.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,137 +0,0 @@
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use specta::Type;
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-pub struct SageStorageDatabaseInfo {
-    pub name: String,
-    pub version: i64,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-pub struct SageStorageObjectStoreInfo {
-    pub name: String,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-pub struct SageStorageIndexInfo {
-    pub store: String,
-    pub name: String,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-pub struct SageStorageDatabaseDescription {
-    pub name: String,
-    pub version: i64,
-    pub stores: Vec<SageStorageObjectStoreInfo>,
-    pub indexes: Vec<SageStorageIndexInfo>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-pub struct SageStorageOpenDatabaseRequest {
-    pub name: String,
-    pub version: i64,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-pub struct SageStorageCreateObjectStoreRequest {
-    #[serde(rename = "dbName", alias = "db_name")]
-    pub db_name: String,
-    #[serde(rename = "storeName", alias = "store_name")]
-    pub store_name: String,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-pub struct SageStorageCreateIndexRequest {
-    #[serde(rename = "dbName", alias = "db_name")]
-    pub db_name: String,
-    #[serde(rename = "storeName", alias = "store_name")]
-    pub store_name: String,
-    #[serde(rename = "indexName", alias = "index_name")]
-    pub index_name: String,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-pub struct SageStorageGetRequest {
-    #[serde(rename = "dbName", alias = "db_name")]
-    pub db_name: String,
-    #[serde(rename = "storeName", alias = "store_name")]
-    pub store_name: String,
-    #[serde(rename = "keyBase64", alias = "key_base64")]
-    pub key_base64: String,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-pub struct SageStoragePutRequest {
-    #[serde(rename = "dbName", alias = "db_name")]
-    pub db_name: String,
-    #[serde(rename = "storeName", alias = "store_name")]
-    pub store_name: String,
-    #[serde(rename = "keyBase64", alias = "key_base64")]
-    pub key_base64: String,
-    #[serde(rename = "valueBase64", alias = "value_base64")]
-    pub value_base64: String,
-    #[serde(rename = "indexValues", alias = "index_values", default)]
-    pub index_values: Vec<SageStorageIndexValue>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-pub struct SageStorageIndexValue {
-    #[serde(rename = "indexName", alias = "index_name")]
-    pub index_name: String,
-    #[serde(rename = "keyBase64", alias = "key_base64")]
-    pub key_base64: String,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-pub struct SageStorageDeleteRequest {
-    #[serde(rename = "dbName", alias = "db_name")]
-    pub db_name: String,
-    #[serde(rename = "storeName", alias = "store_name")]
-    pub store_name: String,
-    #[serde(rename = "keyBase64", alias = "key_base64")]
-    pub key_base64: String,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-pub struct SageStorageClearRequest {
-    #[serde(rename = "dbName", alias = "db_name")]
-    pub db_name: String,
-    #[serde(rename = "storeName", alias = "store_name")]
-    pub store_name: String,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-pub struct SageStorageCountRequest {
-    #[serde(rename = "dbName", alias = "db_name")]
-    pub db_name: String,
-    #[serde(rename = "storeName", alias = "store_name")]
-    pub store_name: String,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-pub struct SageStorageGetAllRequest {
-    #[serde(rename = "dbName", alias = "db_name")]
-    pub db_name: String,
-    #[serde(rename = "storeName", alias = "store_name")]
-    pub store_name: String,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-pub struct SageStorageGetAllFromIndexRequest {
-    #[serde(rename = "dbName", alias = "db_name")]
-    pub db_name: String,
-    #[serde(rename = "storeName", alias = "store_name")]
-    pub store_name: String,
-    #[serde(rename = "indexName", alias = "index_name")]
-    pub index_name: String,
-    #[serde(rename = "keyBase64", alias = "key_base64")]
-    pub key_base64: String,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-pub struct SageStorageValueRecord {
-    #[serde(rename = "keyBase64", alias = "key_base64")]
-    pub key_base64: String,
-    #[serde(rename = "valueBase64", alias = "value_base64")]
-    pub value_base64: String,
-}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/storage/validate.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/storage/validate.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 196811cec..000000000
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/storage/validate.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,45 +0,0 @@
-use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
-use base64::Engine;
-use base64::engine::general_purpose::STANDARD as BASE64;
-
-use crate::apps::types::InstalledSageApp;
-
-pub fn ensure_storage_permission(app: &InstalledSageApp) -> AnyResult<()> {
-    if !app
-        .granted_permissions
-        .capabilities
-        .iter()
-        .any(|key| key == "persistent_storage")
-    {
-        return Err(anyhow!("persistent storage permission is not granted"));
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-pub fn validate_name(name: &str, what: &str) -> AnyResult<()> {
-    if name.trim().is_empty() {
-        return Err(anyhow!("{what} cannot be empty"));
-    }
-
-    if !name
-        .chars()
-        .all(|c| c.is_ascii_alphanumeric() || c == '_' || c == '-')
-    {
-        return Err(anyhow!(
-            "{what} contains invalid characters; use [A-Za-z0-9_-]"
-        ));
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-pub fn decode_b64(input: &str, what: &str) -> AnyResult<Vec<u8>> {
-    BASE64
-        .decode(input)
-        .with_context(|| format!("invalid base64 for {what}"))
-}
-
-pub fn encode_b64(bytes: &[u8]) -> String {
-    BASE64.encode(bytes)
-}

From 1671557d8a6501f4ca1d84d2c5c4b3793ccc219d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sun, 19 Apr 2026 19:34:01 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 100/471] Refactor `bridge` module and migrate to Rust backend:

- Removed the JavaScript-based `bridge` module and its dependencies, including `approval.ts`, `permissions.ts`, and `registry.ts`.
- Reimplemented bridge handling, method registry, and permissions logic in Rust for improved performance and type safety.
- Introduced `BridgeMethod` trait for defining bridge methods with structured permission and approval handling.
- Added `apps_handle_bridge_request` and `apps_resolve_bridge_approval` Rust commands to manage bridge requests and approvals.
- Updated `bindings.ts` and `useBridgeHost` to integrate with the Rust bridge backend.
- Enhanced bridge event handling and sandbox integration in the Tauri backend.
---
 Cargo.lock                                  |   1 +
 src-tauri/Cargo.toml                        |   1 +
 src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/mod.rs    |  38 +++
 src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/system.rs | 111 +++++++
 src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/wallet.rs |  73 +++++
 src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/mod.rs            | 332 ++++++++++++++++++++
 src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/registry.rs       |  27 ++
 src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs                   |   1 +
 src-tauri/src/lib.rs                        |   5 +-
 src/bindings.ts                             |  14 +
 src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx                |   1 -
 src/hooks/useBridgeHost.ts                  | 161 +++++++---
 src/lib/apps/bridge/approval.ts             |  27 --
 src/lib/apps/bridge/index.ts                |  94 +-----
 src/lib/apps/bridge/methods/system.ts       |  50 ---
 src/lib/apps/bridge/methods/wallet.ts       |  35 ---
 src/lib/apps/bridge/permissions.ts          |  59 ----
 src/lib/apps/bridge/registry.ts             |   8 -
 18 files changed, 728 insertions(+), 310 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/mod.rs
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/system.rs
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/wallet.rs
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/mod.rs
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/registry.rs
 delete mode 100644 src/lib/apps/bridge/approval.ts
 delete mode 100644 src/lib/apps/bridge/methods/system.ts
 delete mode 100644 src/lib/apps/bridge/methods/wallet.ts
 delete mode 100644 src/lib/apps/bridge/permissions.ts
 delete mode 100644 src/lib/apps/bridge/registry.ts

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 1407cc5f2..e39b62a31 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -6502,6 +6502,7 @@ name = "sage-tauri"
 version = "0.12.10"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
+ "async-trait",
  "aws-lc-rs",
  "base64 0.22.1",
  "chia-wallet-sdk",
diff --git a/src-tauri/Cargo.toml b/src-tauri/Cargo.toml
index a552e2c8a..fd724a95d 100644
--- a/src-tauri/Cargo.toml
+++ b/src-tauri/Cargo.toml
@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@ sha2 = "0.10.9"
 hex = { workspace = true }
 base64 = { workspace = true }
 sqlx = { workspace = true }
+async-trait = "0.1.89"
 
 [target.'cfg(not(any(target_os = "android", target_os = "ios")))'.dependencies]
 tauri-plugin-window-state = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/mod.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9f30693bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+pub mod system;
+pub mod wallet;
+
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+
+use crate::app_state::AppState;
+use crate::apps::bridge::{RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
+use crate::apps::types::InstalledSageApp;
+
+pub struct BridgeContext<'a> {
+    pub app: &'a InstalledSageApp,
+    pub source_label: &'a str,
+}
+
+pub struct BridgeTools<'a> {
+    pub app_handle: &'a tauri::AppHandle,
+    pub app_state: &'a tauri::State<'a, AppState>,
+}
+
+#[async_trait]
+pub trait BridgeMethod: Send + Sync {
+    fn name(&self) -> &'static str;
+
+    fn permission(&self) -> Option<&'static str> {
+        None
+    }
+
+    fn requires_approval(&self, _app: &InstalledSageApp) -> bool {
+        false
+    }
+
+    async fn handle(
+        &self,
+        ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
+        request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> RustBridgeResponse;
+}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/system.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/system.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d4c0f7c00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/system.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+use serde_json::{json};
+use tauri::Emitter;
+
+use super::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::apps::bridge::{
+    success, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse, RustSandboxBridgeSendEvent,
+};
+
+pub struct BridgePing;
+pub struct BridgeSend;
+pub struct AppGetInfo;
+pub struct SageGetPermissions;
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl BridgeMethod for BridgePing {
+    fn name(&self) -> &'static str {
+        "bridge.ping"
+    }
+
+    async fn handle(
+        &self,
+        ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        _tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
+        request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> RustBridgeResponse {
+        success(
+            &request.id,
+            json!({
+                "ok": true,
+                "appId": ctx.app.id,
+                "appName": ctx.app.name,
+            }),
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl BridgeMethod for BridgeSend {
+    fn name(&self) -> &'static str {
+        "bridge.send"
+    }
+
+    async fn handle(
+        &self,
+        ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
+        request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> RustBridgeResponse {
+        let payload_json = request
+            .params_json
+            .clone()
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| "null".to_string());
+
+        let _ = tools.app_handle.emit(
+            "sage-sandbox:report",
+            RustSandboxBridgeSendEvent {
+                app_id: ctx.app.id.clone(),
+                payload_json,
+            },
+        );
+
+        success(&request.id, json!({ "ok": true }))
+    }
+}
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl BridgeMethod for AppGetInfo {
+    fn name(&self) -> &'static str {
+        "app.getInfo"
+    }
+
+    async fn handle(
+        &self,
+        ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        _tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
+        request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> RustBridgeResponse {
+        success(
+            &request.id,
+            json!({
+                "id": ctx.app.id,
+                "name": ctx.app.name,
+                "version": ctx.app.version,
+                "requestedPermissions": ctx.app.requested_permissions,
+                "grantedPermissions": ctx.app.granted_permissions.capabilities,
+                "network": ctx.app.active_snapshot.manifest.permissions.network.whitelist.required,
+            }),
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl BridgeMethod for SageGetPermissions {
+    fn name(&self) -> &'static str {
+        "sage.getPermissions"
+    }
+
+    async fn handle(
+        &self,
+        ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        _tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
+        request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> RustBridgeResponse {
+        success(
+            &request.id,
+            serde_json::to_value(&ctx.app.granted_permissions.capabilities)
+                .unwrap_or_else(|_| json!([])),
+        )
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/wallet.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/wallet.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..63682c341
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/wallet.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+
+use super::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::apps::bridge::{failure, success, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
+use crate::apps::types::InstalledSageApp;
+
+// If this import fails, adjust only this line.
+use sage_api::SendXch;
+
+pub struct WalletSendXch;
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl BridgeMethod for WalletSendXch {
+    fn name(&self) -> &'static str {
+        "wallet.sendXch"
+    }
+
+    fn permission(&self) -> Option<&'static str> {
+        Some("wallet.send_xch")
+    }
+
+    fn requires_approval(&self, app: &InstalledSageApp) -> bool {
+        !app
+            .granted_permissions
+            .capabilities
+            .iter()
+            .any(|cap| cap == "wallet.send_xch_auto_submit")
+    }
+
+    async fn handle(
+        &self,
+        _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
+        request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> RustBridgeResponse {
+        let Some(params_json) = request.params_json.clone() else {
+            return failure(
+                &request.id,
+                "invalid_request",
+                "wallet.sendXch requires params",
+            );
+        };
+
+        let mut req: SendXch = match serde_json::from_str(&params_json) {
+            Ok(req) => req,
+            Err(err) => {
+                return failure(
+                    &request.id,
+                    "invalid_request",
+                    format!("Failed to decode wallet.sendXch params: {err}"),
+                );
+            }
+        };
+
+        req.auto_submit = true;
+
+        match crate::commands::send_xch(tools.app_state.clone(), req).await {
+            Ok(result) => match serde_json::to_value(result) {
+                Ok(value) => success(&request.id, value),
+                Err(err) => failure(
+                    &request.id,
+                    "internal_error",
+                    format!("Failed to encode wallet.sendXch result: {err}"),
+                ),
+            },
+            Err(err) => failure(
+                &request.id,
+                "internal_error",
+                format!("wallet.sendXch failed: {err}"),
+            ),
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/mod.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..00bb8afae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,332 @@
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use serde_json::Value;
+use specta::Type;
+use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
+use tokio::sync::Mutex;
+use uuid::Uuid;
+
+use crate::app_state::AppState;
+use crate::apps::builtin_apps::build_builtin_test_app;
+use crate::apps::registry::read_installed_app_by_id;
+use crate::apps::runtime::apps_assert_bridge_origin;
+use crate::apps::types::InstalledSageApp;
+
+pub mod methods;
+pub mod registry;
+
+use methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeTools};
+use registry::BridgeRegistry;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Serialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct RustBridgeRequest {
+    pub channel: String,
+    pub bridge_version: Option<String>,
+    pub id: String,
+    pub method: String,
+    pub params_json: Option<String>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct RustBridgeErrorPayload {
+    pub code: String,
+    pub message: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct RustBridgeSuccessResponse {
+    pub channel: String,
+    pub bridge_version: String,
+    pub id: String,
+    pub ok: bool,
+    pub result_json: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct RustBridgeErrorResponse {
+    pub channel: String,
+    pub bridge_version: String,
+    pub id: String,
+    pub ok: bool,
+    pub error: RustBridgeErrorPayload,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
+#[serde(untagged)]
+pub enum RustBridgeResponse {
+    Success(RustBridgeSuccessResponse),
+    Error(RustBridgeErrorResponse),
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct RustBridgeApprovalRequest {
+    pub kind: String,
+    pub app: InstalledSageApp,
+    pub source_label: String,
+    pub request_id: String,
+    pub params_json: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
+#[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub enum RustBridgeHandleResult {
+    Immediate {
+        response: RustBridgeResponse,
+    },
+    ApprovalRequired {
+        #[serde(rename = "approvalId")]
+        #[specta(rename = "approvalId")]
+        approval_id: String,
+        approval: RustBridgeApprovalRequest,
+    },
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs {
+    pub approval_id: String,
+    pub approved: bool,
+    pub reason: Option<String>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+struct PendingBridgeApproval {
+    app: InstalledSageApp,
+    source_label: String,
+    request: RustBridgeRequest,
+}
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub struct BridgeState {
+    pending_approvals: Mutex<BTreeMap<String, PendingBridgeApproval>>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct RustSandboxBridgeSendEvent {
+    pub app_id: String,
+    pub payload_json: String,
+}
+
+fn resolve_app(base_path: &std::path::Path, app_id: &str) -> Result<InstalledSageApp, String> {
+    match read_installed_app_by_id(base_path, app_id) {
+        Ok(app) => Ok(app),
+        Err(installed_err) => build_builtin_test_app(app_id)
+            .map_err(|builtin_err| {
+                format!(
+                    "failed to resolve app {app_id}: installed lookup error: {installed_err}; builtin lookup error: {builtin_err}"
+                )
+            })?
+            .ok_or_else(|| format!("failed to read app {app_id}: {installed_err}")),
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn success(id: &str, result: Value) -> RustBridgeResponse {
+    RustBridgeResponse::Success(RustBridgeSuccessResponse {
+        channel: "sage-bridge".into(),
+        bridge_version: "v1".into(),
+        id: id.into(),
+        ok: true,
+        result_json: serde_json::to_string(&result)
+            .unwrap_or_else(|_| "null".to_string()),
+    })
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn failure(id: &str, code: &str, message: impl Into<String>) -> RustBridgeResponse {
+    RustBridgeResponse::Error(RustBridgeErrorResponse {
+        channel: "sage-bridge".into(),
+        bridge_version: "v1".into(),
+        id: id.into(),
+        ok: false,
+        error: RustBridgeErrorPayload {
+            code: code.into(),
+            message: message.into(),
+        },
+    })
+}
+
+fn validate_request_basics(request: &RustBridgeRequest) -> Result<(), RustBridgeResponse> {
+    if request.channel != "sage-bridge" {
+        return Err(failure(
+            &request.id,
+            "invalid_request",
+            "Invalid bridge channel",
+        ));
+    }
+
+    if let Some(version) = &request.bridge_version {
+        if version != "v1" {
+            return Err(failure(
+                &request.id,
+                "unsupported_bridge_version",
+                format!("Unsupported Sage bridge version: {version}"),
+            ));
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+async fn execute_bridge_request(
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
+    app_state: &State<'_, AppState>,
+    app: &InstalledSageApp,
+    source_label: &str,
+    request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+) -> RustBridgeResponse {
+    let registry = BridgeRegistry::new();
+
+    let Some(method) = registry.get(&request.method) else {
+        return failure(
+            &request.id,
+            "method_not_found",
+            format!("Unknown bridge method: {}", request.method),
+        );
+    };
+
+    method
+        .handle(
+            BridgeContext { app, source_label },
+            BridgeTools {
+                app_handle,
+                app_state,
+            },
+            request,
+        )
+        .await
+}
+
+#[tauri::command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn apps_handle_bridge_request(
+    app: AppHandle,
+    app_state: State<'_, AppState>,
+    bridge_state: State<'_, BridgeState>,
+    source_label: String,
+    request: RustBridgeRequest,
+) -> Result<RustBridgeHandleResult, String> {
+    if let Err(response) = validate_request_basics(&request) {
+        return Ok(RustBridgeHandleResult::Immediate { response });
+    }
+
+    let app_id = match apps_assert_bridge_origin(app.clone(), source_label.clone()) {
+        Ok(app_id) => app_id,
+        Err(err) => {
+            return Ok(RustBridgeHandleResult::Immediate {
+                response: failure(
+                    &request.id,
+                    "permission_denied",
+                    format!("Bridge origin denied: {err}"),
+                ),
+            });
+        }
+    };
+
+    let base_path = app
+        .path()
+        .app_data_dir()
+        .map_err(|e| format!("failed to resolve app data dir: {e}"))?;
+
+    let resolved_app = resolve_app(&base_path, &app_id)?;
+
+    let registry = BridgeRegistry::new();
+
+    let Some(method) = registry.get(&request.method) else {
+        return Ok(RustBridgeHandleResult::Immediate {
+            response: failure(
+                &request.id,
+                "method_not_found",
+                format!("Unknown bridge method: {}", request.method),
+            ),
+        });
+    };
+
+    if let Some(permission) = method.permission() {
+        if !resolved_app
+            .granted_permissions
+            .capabilities
+            .iter()
+            .any(|cap| cap == permission)
+        {
+            return Ok(RustBridgeHandleResult::Immediate {
+                response: failure(
+                    &request.id,
+                    "permission_denied",
+                    format!("Permission denied for {permission}"),
+                ),
+            });
+        }
+    }
+
+    if method.requires_approval(&resolved_app) {
+        let approval_id = Uuid::new_v4().to_string();
+
+        {
+            let mut pending = bridge_state.pending_approvals.lock().await;
+            pending.insert(
+                approval_id.clone(),
+                PendingBridgeApproval {
+                    app: resolved_app.clone(),
+                    source_label: source_label.clone(),
+                    request: request.clone(),
+                },
+            );
+        }
+
+        return Ok(RustBridgeHandleResult::ApprovalRequired {
+            approval_id,
+            approval: RustBridgeApprovalRequest {
+                kind: "send_xch".into(),
+                app: resolved_app,
+                source_label,
+                request_id: request.id.clone(),
+                params_json: request.params_json.clone().unwrap_or_else(|| "null".into()),
+            },
+        });
+    }
+
+    let response =
+        execute_bridge_request(&app, &app_state, &resolved_app, &source_label, &request).await;
+
+    Ok(RustBridgeHandleResult::Immediate { response })
+}
+
+#[tauri::command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn apps_resolve_bridge_approval(
+    app: AppHandle,
+    app_state: State<'_, AppState>,
+    bridge_state: State<'_, BridgeState>,
+    args: ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs,
+) -> Result<RustBridgeResponse, String> {
+    let pending = {
+        let mut pending = bridge_state.pending_approvals.lock().await;
+        pending.remove(&args.approval_id)
+    }
+        .ok_or_else(|| format!("unknown approval id: {}", args.approval_id))?;
+
+    if !args.approved {
+        return Ok(failure(
+            &pending.request.id,
+            "user_denied",
+            args.reason.unwrap_or_else(|| "User denied the request".into()),
+        ));
+    }
+
+    Ok(
+        execute_bridge_request(
+            &app,
+            &app_state,
+            &pending.app,
+            &pending.source_label,
+            &pending.request,
+        )
+            .await,
+    )
+}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/registry.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/registry.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a45aa6538
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/registry.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+
+use super::methods::system::{AppGetInfo, BridgePing, BridgeSend, SageGetPermissions};
+use super::methods::wallet::WalletSendXch;
+use super::methods::BridgeMethod;
+
+pub struct BridgeRegistry {
+    methods: HashMap<&'static str, Box<dyn BridgeMethod>>,
+}
+
+impl BridgeRegistry {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        let mut methods: HashMap<&'static str, Box<dyn BridgeMethod>> = HashMap::new();
+
+        methods.insert("bridge.ping", Box::new(BridgePing));
+        methods.insert("bridge.send", Box::new(BridgeSend));
+        methods.insert("app.getInfo", Box::new(AppGetInfo));
+        methods.insert("sage.getPermissions", Box::new(SageGetPermissions));
+        methods.insert("wallet.sendXch", Box::new(WalletSendXch));
+
+        Self { methods }
+    }
+
+    pub fn get(&self, method: &str) -> Option<&dyn BridgeMethod> {
+        self.methods.get(method).map(|m| m.as_ref())
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs
index 3874de28f..cbf03141e 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+pub mod bridge;
 pub mod builtin_apps;
 pub mod csp;
 pub mod install;
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
index d6a3d56c2..05bbd89c1 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
@@ -146,6 +146,8 @@ pub fn run() {
             apps::runtime::apps_create_inline_runtime,
             apps::runtime::apps_assert_bridge_origin,
             apps::runtime::apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data,
+            apps::bridge::apps_handle_bridge_request,
+            apps::bridge::apps_resolve_bridge_approval,
             apps::install::list_installed_apps,
             apps::install::preview_app_zip,
             apps::install::preview_app_url,
@@ -218,8 +220,9 @@ pub fn run() {
             let app_state = AppState::new(Mutex::new(Sage::new(&path, false)));
             app.manage(Initialized(Mutex::new(false)));
             app.manage(RpcTask(Mutex::new(None)));
-            app.manage(apps::runtime::AppRuntimeState::default());
             app.manage(app_state);
+            app.manage(apps::runtime::AppRuntimeState::default());
+            app.manage(apps::bridge::BridgeState::default());
             Ok(())
         })
         .run(tauri::generate_context!())
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index 4e7b12018..4b5e9a65b 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -368,6 +368,12 @@ async appsAssertBridgeOrigin(sourceLabel: string) : Promise<string> {
 async appsClearRuntimeBrowsingData(appId: string) : Promise<null> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data", { appId });
 },
+async appsHandleBridgeRequest(sourceLabel: string, request: RustBridgeRequest) : Promise<RustBridgeHandleResult> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_handle_bridge_request", { sourceLabel, request });
+},
+async appsResolveBridgeApproval(args: ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs) : Promise<RustBridgeResponse> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_resolve_bridge_approval", { args });
+},
 async listInstalledApps() : Promise<ListedSageApp[]> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("list_installed_apps");
 },
@@ -2160,6 +2166,7 @@ name: string }
  * Response for key rename
  */
 export type RenameKeyResponse = Record<string, never>
+export type ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs = { approvalId: string; approved: boolean; reason: string | null }
 /**
  * Resynchronize wallet data with the blockchain
  */
@@ -2208,6 +2215,13 @@ export type ResyncCatResponse = Record<string, never>
  * Response from resynchronizing the wallet
  */
 export type ResyncResponse = Record<string, never>
+export type RustBridgeApprovalRequest = { kind: string; app: InstalledSageApp; sourceLabel: string; requestId: string; paramsJson: string }
+export type RustBridgeErrorPayload = { code: string; message: string }
+export type RustBridgeErrorResponse = { channel: string; bridgeVersion: string; id: string; ok: boolean; error: RustBridgeErrorPayload }
+export type RustBridgeHandleResult = { kind: "immediate"; response: RustBridgeResponse } | { kind: "approvalRequired"; approvalId: string; approval: RustBridgeApprovalRequest }
+export type RustBridgeRequest = { channel: string; bridgeVersion: string | null; id: string; method: string; paramsJson: string | null }
+export type RustBridgeResponse = RustBridgeSuccessResponse | RustBridgeErrorResponse
+export type RustBridgeSuccessResponse = { channel: string; bridgeVersion: string; id: string; ok: boolean; resultJson: string }
 export type SageAppManifestFile = { path: string; sha256: string; size: number }
 export type SageAppPackageManifest = { name: string; version: string; permissions: SageRequestedPermissions; files: SageAppManifestFile[]; entry: string | null; icon: string | null }
 export type SageAppRuntimeRecord = { runtimeId: string; appId: string; appName: string; entrySrc: string; webviewLabel: string; hostWindowLabel: string; mode: string; state: string; startedAt: number; lastActiveAt: number; visible: boolean; internal: boolean; activeBatchCount: number; activeSocketCount: number; inFlightRequestCount: number }
diff --git a/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx b/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
index 1bec67e64..5df790eca 100644
--- a/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
+++ b/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
 
   useBridgeHost({
     requestApproval,
-    getApp: value.getApp,
   });
 
   useEffect(() => {
diff --git a/src/hooks/useBridgeHost.ts b/src/hooks/useBridgeHost.ts
index f84067b79..425c572c5 100644
--- a/src/hooks/useBridgeHost.ts
+++ b/src/hooks/useBridgeHost.ts
@@ -1,27 +1,84 @@
 import { useEffect } from 'react';
+import { invoke } from '@tauri-apps/api/core';
 import { getCurrentWebview } from '@tauri-apps/api/webview';
 import {
-  handleBridgeRequest,
   isBridgeRequest,
+  type BridgeApprovalRequest,
   type SageBridgeEventPayload,
+  type SageBridgeResponse,
 } from '@/lib/apps/bridge';
-import { getBuiltinApp } from '@/lib/apps/registry';
-import type { InstalledSageApp } from '@/bindings';
-import { invoke } from '@tauri-apps/api/core';
+import { acceptSandboxBridgeSend } from '@/lib/apps/sandboxRuntimeStore';
+import type {
+  ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs,
+  RustBridgeHandleResult,
+  RustBridgeRequest,
+  RustBridgeResponse,
+} from '@/bindings.ts';
 
 interface Args {
-  requestApproval: Parameters<typeof handleBridgeRequest>[2]['requestApproval'];
-  getApp: (appId: string) => InstalledSageApp | undefined;
+  requestApproval: (
+    request: BridgeApprovalRequest,
+  ) => Promise<{ approved: boolean; reason?: string }>;
+}
+
+interface RustSandboxBridgeSendEvent {
+  appId: string;
+  payloadJson: string;
 }
 
-export function useBridgeHost({ requestApproval, getApp }: Args) {
+type RustBridgeSuccessLike = Extract<
+  RustBridgeResponse,
+  { resultJson: string }
+>;
+
+function isRustBridgeSuccess(
+  response: RustBridgeResponse,
+): response is RustBridgeSuccessLike {
+  return 'resultJson' in response;
+}
+
+function parseJsonOrNull(value: string | null | undefined): unknown {
+  if (value == null) {
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  try {
+    return JSON.parse(value);
+  } catch (err) {
+    console.error('Failed to parse JSON payload from Rust bridge:', err, value);
+    return null;
+  }
+}
+
+function toSdkBridgeResponse(response: RustBridgeResponse): SageBridgeResponse {
+  if (isRustBridgeSuccess(response)) {
+    return {
+      channel: 'sage-bridge',
+      bridgeVersion: 'v1',
+      id: response.id,
+      ok: true,
+      result: parseJsonOrNull(response.resultJson),
+    };
+  }
+
+  return {
+    channel: 'sage-bridge',
+    bridgeVersion: 'v1',
+    id: response.id,
+    ok: false,
+    error: response.error,
+  };
+}
+
+export function useBridgeHost({ requestApproval }: Args) {
   const hostWebview = getCurrentWebview();
 
   useEffect(() => {
-    let unlisten: (() => void) | null = null;
+    let unlistenRequest: (() => void) | null = null;
+    let unlistenSandbox: (() => void) | null = null;
 
     const mount = async () => {
-      unlisten = await hostWebview.listen<SageBridgeEventPayload>(
+      unlistenRequest = await hostWebview.listen<SageBridgeEventPayload>(
         'sage-bridge:request',
         ({ payload }) => {
           if (!payload || !isBridgeRequest(payload.request)) {
@@ -29,50 +86,63 @@ export function useBridgeHost({ requestApproval, getApp }: Args) {
           }
 
           const sourceLabel = payload.sourceLabel;
-          const prefix = 'app-inline-';
-
-          if (!sourceLabel.startsWith(prefix)) {
-            return;
-          }
-
-          const claimedAppId = sourceLabel.slice(prefix.length);
 
           const run = async () => {
-            const confirmedAppId = await invoke<string>(
-              'apps_assert_bridge_origin',
+            const rustRequest: RustBridgeRequest = {
+              channel: payload.request.channel,
+              bridgeVersion: payload.request.bridgeVersion ?? null,
+              id: payload.request.id,
+              method: payload.request.method,
+              paramsJson:
+                payload.request.params === undefined
+                  ? null
+                  : JSON.stringify(payload.request.params),
+            };
+
+            const result = await invoke<RustBridgeHandleResult>(
+              'apps_handle_bridge_request',
               {
                 sourceLabel,
+                request: rustRequest,
               },
             );
 
-            if (confirmedAppId !== claimedAppId) {
-              throw new Error(
-                `Bridge origin mismatch for ${sourceLabel}: claimed ${claimedAppId}, confirmed ${confirmedAppId}`,
+            if (result.kind === 'immediate') {
+              await hostWebview.emitTo(
+                sourceLabel,
+                'sage-bridge:response',
+                toSdkBridgeResponse(result.response),
               );
-            }
-
-            const app =
-              getApp(confirmedAppId) ?? (await getBuiltinApp(confirmedAppId));
-
-            if (!app) {
               return;
             }
 
-            const response = await handleBridgeRequest(
-              {
-                app,
-                sourceLabel,
-              },
-              payload.request,
+            const approvalResult = await requestApproval({
+              kind: 'send_xch',
+              app: result.approval.app,
+              sourceLabel: result.approval.sourceLabel,
+              requestId: result.approval.requestId,
+              params: parseJsonOrNull(
+                result.approval.paramsJson,
+              ) as BridgeApprovalRequest['params'],
+            });
+
+            const approvalArgs: ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs = {
+              approvalId: result.approvalId,
+              approved: approvalResult.approved,
+              reason: approvalResult.reason ?? null,
+            };
+
+            const rawResponse = await invoke<RustBridgeResponse>(
+              'apps_resolve_bridge_approval',
               {
-                requestApproval,
+                args: approvalArgs,
               },
             );
 
             await hostWebview.emitTo(
               sourceLabel,
               'sage-bridge:response',
-              response,
+              toSdkBridgeResponse(rawResponse),
             );
           };
 
@@ -80,7 +150,21 @@ export function useBridgeHost({ requestApproval, getApp }: Args) {
             console.error('Failed to handle bridge request:', err);
           });
         },
-      )
+      );
+
+      unlistenSandbox = await hostWebview.listen<RustSandboxBridgeSendEvent>(
+        'sage-sandbox:report',
+        ({ payload }) => {
+          if (!payload) {
+            return;
+          }
+
+          acceptSandboxBridgeSend({
+            appId: payload.appId,
+            payload: parseJsonOrNull(payload.payloadJson) as never,
+          });
+        },
+      );
     };
 
     void mount().catch((err) => {
@@ -88,7 +172,8 @@ export function useBridgeHost({ requestApproval, getApp }: Args) {
     });
 
     return () => {
-      unlisten?.();
+      unlistenRequest?.();
+      unlistenSandbox?.();
     };
-  }, [hostWebview, getApp, requestApproval]);
+  }, [hostWebview, requestApproval]);
 }
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/bridge/approval.ts b/src/lib/apps/bridge/approval.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index ae6a2bed6..000000000
--- a/src/lib/apps/bridge/approval.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
-import type { BridgeApprovalRequest, SageBridgeHostTools } from './types';
-
-export class BridgeApprovalDeniedError extends Error {
-  constructor(message: string) {
-    super(message);
-    this.name = 'BridgeApprovalDeniedError';
-  }
-}
-
-export async function runApprovalIfNeeded(args: {
-  approvalRequest: BridgeApprovalRequest | null;
-  tools: SageBridgeHostTools;
-}): Promise<void> {
-  const { approvalRequest, tools } = args;
-
-  if (!approvalRequest) {
-    return;
-  }
-
-  const result = await tools.requestApproval(approvalRequest);
-
-  if (!result.approved) {
-    throw new BridgeApprovalDeniedError(
-      result.reason || 'User denied the request',
-    );
-  }
-}
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/bridge/index.ts b/src/lib/apps/bridge/index.ts
index c6c21385b..805470b00 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/bridge/index.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/bridge/index.ts
@@ -1,24 +1,9 @@
-import { runApprovalIfNeeded, BridgeApprovalDeniedError } from './approval';
-import { enforcePermissionPolicy, BridgePermissionError } from './permissions';
-import { bridgeMethods } from './registry';
-import { failure, success } from './responses';
-import type {
-  BridgeMethodDefinition,
-  KnownSageBridgeRequest,
-  SageBridgeContext,
-  SageBridgeHostTools,
-  SageBridgeMethod,
-  SageBridgeRequest,
-  SageBridgeResponse,
-  SageBridgeVersion,
-} from './types';
+import type { SageBridgeRequest, SageBridgeVersion } from './types';
+import { isKnownSageBridgeMethod } from './types';
 
 export type {
   BridgeApprovalRequest,
   BridgeApprovalResult,
-  BridgeMethodDefinition,
-  BridgeMethodRegistry,
-  BridgePermissionPolicy,
   SageBridgeContext,
   SageBridgeErrorResponse,
   SageBridgeEventPayload,
@@ -34,7 +19,6 @@ export type {
   SageWalletSendXchRequest,
 } from './types';
 
-const KNOWN_BRIDGE_METHODS = new Set<string>(Object.keys(bridgeMethods));
 const SUPPORTED_BRIDGE_VERSION: SageBridgeVersion = 'v1';
 
 export function isSupportedBridgeVersion(
@@ -69,78 +53,6 @@ export function isBridgeRequest(value: unknown): value is SageBridgeRequest {
   return (
     typeof maybe.id === 'string' &&
     typeof maybe.method === 'string' &&
-    KNOWN_BRIDGE_METHODS.has(maybe.method)
+    isKnownSageBridgeMethod(maybe.method)
   );
 }
-
-export async function handleBridgeRequest(
-  ctx: SageBridgeContext,
-  request: SageBridgeRequest,
-  tools: SageBridgeHostTools,
-): Promise<SageBridgeResponse> {
-  try {
-    if (
-      request.bridgeVersion !== undefined &&
-      request.bridgeVersion !== SUPPORTED_BRIDGE_VERSION
-    ) {
-      return failure(
-        request.id,
-        'unsupported_bridge_version',
-        `Unsupported Sage bridge version: ${String(request.bridgeVersion)}`,
-      );
-    }
-
-    const definition = bridgeMethods[request.method as SageBridgeMethod] as
-      | BridgeMethodDefinition<SageBridgeMethod>
-      | undefined;
-
-    if (!definition) {
-      return failure(
-        request.id,
-        'method_not_found',
-        `Unknown bridge method: ${request.method}`,
-      );
-    }
-
-    const knownRequest = request as KnownSageBridgeRequest;
-
-    await enforcePermissionPolicy({
-      ctx,
-      request: knownRequest,
-      policy: definition.permission,
-    });
-
-    const approvalRequest = definition.approval
-      ? await definition.approval({
-          ctx,
-          request: knownRequest as never,
-        })
-      : null;
-
-    await runApprovalIfNeeded({
-      approvalRequest,
-      tools,
-    });
-
-    const result = await definition.handle({
-      ctx,
-      request: request as never,
-      tools,
-    });
-
-    return success(request.id, result);
-  } catch (error) {
-    if (error instanceof BridgePermissionError) {
-      return failure(request.id, 'permission_denied', error.message);
-    }
-
-    if (error instanceof BridgeApprovalDeniedError) {
-      return failure(request.id, 'user_denied', error.message);
-    }
-
-    const message =
-      error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Unknown Sage bridge error';
-
-    return failure(request.id, 'internal_error', message);
-  }
-}
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/bridge/methods/system.ts b/src/lib/apps/bridge/methods/system.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 3d55580a6..000000000
--- a/src/lib/apps/bridge/methods/system.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,50 +0,0 @@
-import type { BridgeMethodRegistry } from '../types';
-import { acceptSandboxBridgeSend } from '@/lib/apps/sandboxRuntimeStore';
-
-export const systemBridgeMethods = {
-  'bridge.ping': {
-    permission: { kind: 'none' },
-    async handle({ ctx }) {
-      return {
-        ok: true,
-        appId: ctx.app.id,
-        appName: ctx.app.name,
-      };
-    },
-  },
-
-  'bridge.send': {
-    permission: { kind: 'none' },
-    async handle({ ctx, request }) {
-      acceptSandboxBridgeSend({
-        appId: ctx.app.id,
-        payload: request.params,
-      });
-
-      return { ok: true };
-    },
-  },
-
-  'app.getInfo': {
-    permission: { kind: 'none' },
-    async handle({ ctx }) {
-      return {
-        id: ctx.app.id,
-        name: ctx.app.name,
-        version: ctx.app.version,
-        requestedPermissions: ctx.app.requestedPermissions,
-        grantedPermissions: ctx.app.grantedPermissions,
-        network:
-          ctx.app.activeSnapshot.manifest.permissions?.network?.whitelist
-            ?.required ?? [],
-      };
-    },
-  },
-
-  'sage.getPermissions': {
-    permission: { kind: 'none' },
-    async handle({ ctx }) {
-      return ctx.app.grantedPermissions.capabilities;
-    },
-  },
-} satisfies BridgeMethodRegistry;
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/bridge/methods/wallet.ts b/src/lib/apps/bridge/methods/wallet.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 3afdd0560..000000000
--- a/src/lib/apps/bridge/methods/wallet.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
-import { invoke } from '@tauri-apps/api/core';
-import type { TransactionResponse } from '@/bindings';
-import type { BridgeMethodRegistry } from '../types';
-
-export const walletBridgeMethods: BridgeMethodRegistry = {
-  'wallet.sendXch': {
-    approval: async ({ ctx, request }) => {
-      if (
-        ctx.app.grantedPermissions.capabilities.includes(
-          'wallet.send_xch_auto_submit',
-
-        )
-      ) {
-        return null;
-      }
-
-      return {
-        kind: 'send_xch',
-        app: ctx.app,
-        sourceLabel: ctx.sourceLabel,
-        requestId: request.id,
-        params: request.params,
-      };
-    },
-
-    async handle({ request }) {
-      return await invoke<TransactionResponse>('send_xch', {
-        req: {
-          ...request.params,
-          auto_submit: true,
-        },
-      });
-    },
-  },
-} satisfies BridgeMethodRegistry;
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/bridge/permissions.ts b/src/lib/apps/bridge/permissions.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 1208a0826..000000000
--- a/src/lib/apps/bridge/permissions.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,59 +0,0 @@
-import type {
-  BridgePermissionPolicy,
-  KnownSageBridgeRequest,
-  SageBridgeContext,
-  SageBridgeMethod,
-} from './types';
-
-export class BridgePermissionError extends Error {
-  constructor(message: string) {
-    super(message);
-    this.name = 'BridgePermissionError';
-  }
-}
-
-function camelToSnakeSegment(segment: string): string {
-  return segment.replace(/[A-Z]/g, (ch) => `_${ch.toLowerCase()}`);
-}
-
-export function bridgeMethodToPermissionKey(method: string): string {
-  const [group, action] = method.split('.');
-  if (!group || !action) {
-    throw new Error(`Invalid bridge method: ${method}`);
-  }
-
-  return `${group}.${camelToSnakeSegment(action)}`;
-}
-
-async function enforcePermissionByMethod(
-  ctx: SageBridgeContext,
-  method: SageBridgeMethod,
-): Promise<void> {
-  const permissionKey = bridgeMethodToPermissionKey(method);
-
-  if (!ctx.app.grantedPermissions.capabilities.includes(permissionKey)) {
-    throw new BridgePermissionError(`Permission denied for ${permissionKey}`);
-  }
-}
-
-export async function enforcePermissionPolicy(args: {
-  ctx: SageBridgeContext;
-  request: KnownSageBridgeRequest;
-  policy?: BridgePermissionPolicy;
-}): Promise<void> {
-  const { ctx, request, policy } = args;
-
-  if (!policy) {
-    await enforcePermissionByMethod(ctx, request.method);
-    return;
-  }
-
-  switch (policy.kind) {
-    case 'none':
-      return;
-
-    case 'custom':
-      await policy.check({ ctx, request });
-      return;
-  }
-}
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/bridge/registry.ts b/src/lib/apps/bridge/registry.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index bb2fb953f..000000000
--- a/src/lib/apps/bridge/registry.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-import type { BridgeMethodRegistry } from './types';
-import { systemBridgeMethods } from './methods/system';
-import { walletBridgeMethods } from './methods/wallet';
-
-export const bridgeMethods: BridgeMethodRegistry = {
-  ...systemBridgeMethods,
-  ...walletBridgeMethods,
-} satisfies BridgeMethodRegistry;

From 109fbd738c7e1ef99bfa276a609446a353d5f250 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sun, 19 Apr 2026 22:02:56 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 101/471] Remove `sandbox-tests` module and associated files:

- Deleted the `sandbox-tests` module, including `clear-cycle.ts`, `isolation.ts`, `network.ts`, `persistence.ts`, and all related utility files.
- Removed sandbox state management and test logic from JavaScript codebase.
- Migrated sandbox testing functionality to the Rust backend.
---
 src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/mod.rs     |    3 +-
 src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/system.rs  |   35 +-
 src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/wallet.rs  |    4 -
 src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/mod.rs             |   42 +-
 src-tauri/src/apps/install.rs                |  210 ++--
 src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs                    |    2 +
 src-tauri/src/apps/runtime.rs                |  105 +-
 src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox.rs                | 1189 ++++++++++++++++++
 src-tauri/src/apps/state.rs                  |   10 +
 src-tauri/src/lib.rs                         |    6 +-
 src/bindings.ts                              |   14 +
 src/components/apps/AppTile.tsx              |    4 +-
 src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx                 |    2 +-
 src/hooks/useApps.ts                         |  119 +-
 src/hooks/useBridgeHost.ts                   |   94 +-
 src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/clear-cycle.ts    |   20 -
 src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/index.ts          |  108 --
 src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/isolation.ts      |  113 --
 src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/lookup.ts         |    8 -
 src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/network.ts        |  110 --
 src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/persistence.ts    |  300 -----
 src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/sageProbeState.ts |   56 -
 src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/shared.ts         |  103 --
 src/lib/apps/sandbox.ts                      |  215 +---
 src/lib/apps/sandboxPolicy.ts                |    4 +-
 src/lib/apps/sandboxRuntimeStore.ts          |  186 ---
 src/lib/apps/storageClearCycle.ts            |  144 ---
 src/pages/Apps.tsx                           |   68 +-
 28 files changed, 1618 insertions(+), 1656 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox.rs
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/src/apps/state.rs
 delete mode 100644 src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/clear-cycle.ts
 delete mode 100644 src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/index.ts
 delete mode 100644 src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/isolation.ts
 delete mode 100644 src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/lookup.ts
 delete mode 100644 src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/network.ts
 delete mode 100644 src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/persistence.ts
 delete mode 100644 src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/sageProbeState.ts
 delete mode 100644 src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/shared.ts
 delete mode 100644 src/lib/apps/sandboxRuntimeStore.ts
 delete mode 100644 src/lib/apps/storageClearCycle.ts

diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/mod.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/mod.rs
index 9f30693bc..bd2cd00c1 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/mod.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/mod.rs
@@ -15,12 +15,11 @@ pub struct BridgeContext<'a> {
 pub struct BridgeTools<'a> {
     pub app_handle: &'a tauri::AppHandle,
     pub app_state: &'a tauri::State<'a, AppState>,
+    pub host_state: &'a tauri::State<'a, crate::apps::state::AppsHostState>,
 }
 
 #[async_trait]
 pub trait BridgeMethod: Send + Sync {
-    fn name(&self) -> &'static str;
-
     fn permission(&self) -> Option<&'static str> {
         None
     }
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/system.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/system.rs
index d4c0f7c00..507020824 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/system.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/system.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 use serde_json::{json};
-use tauri::Emitter;
 
 use super::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::apps::bridge::{
-    success, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse, RustSandboxBridgeSendEvent,
+    success, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse,
 };
 
 pub struct BridgePing;
@@ -14,10 +13,6 @@ pub struct SageGetPermissions;
 
 #[async_trait]
 impl BridgeMethod for BridgePing {
-    fn name(&self) -> &'static str {
-        "bridge.ping"
-    }
-
     async fn handle(
         &self,
         ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
@@ -37,10 +32,6 @@ impl BridgeMethod for BridgePing {
 
 #[async_trait]
 impl BridgeMethod for BridgeSend {
-    fn name(&self) -> &'static str {
-        "bridge.send"
-    }
-
     async fn handle(
         &self,
         ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
@@ -52,13 +43,15 @@ impl BridgeMethod for BridgeSend {
             .clone()
             .unwrap_or_else(|| "null".to_string());
 
-        let _ = tools.app_handle.emit(
-            "sage-sandbox:report",
-            RustSandboxBridgeSendEvent {
-                app_id: ctx.app.id.clone(),
-                payload_json,
-            },
-        );
+        let payload = serde_json::from_str::<serde_json::Value>(&payload_json)
+            .unwrap_or(serde_json::Value::Null);
+
+        crate::apps::sandbox::ingest_bridge_send_payload(
+            &ctx.app.id,
+            &payload,
+            tools.host_state,
+        )
+            .await;
 
         success(&request.id, json!({ "ok": true }))
     }
@@ -66,10 +59,6 @@ impl BridgeMethod for BridgeSend {
 
 #[async_trait]
 impl BridgeMethod for AppGetInfo {
-    fn name(&self) -> &'static str {
-        "app.getInfo"
-    }
-
     async fn handle(
         &self,
         ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
@@ -92,10 +81,6 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppGetInfo {
 
 #[async_trait]
 impl BridgeMethod for SageGetPermissions {
-    fn name(&self) -> &'static str {
-        "sage.getPermissions"
-    }
-
     async fn handle(
         &self,
         ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/wallet.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/wallet.rs
index 63682c341..180e5b0d9 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/wallet.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/wallet.rs
@@ -11,10 +11,6 @@ pub struct WalletSendXch;
 
 #[async_trait]
 impl BridgeMethod for WalletSendXch {
-    fn name(&self) -> &'static str {
-        "wallet.sendXch"
-    }
-
     fn permission(&self) -> Option<&'static str> {
         Some("wallet.send_xch")
     }
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/mod.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/mod.rs
index 00bb8afae..e163a697c 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/mod.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/mod.rs
@@ -8,10 +8,10 @@ use tokio::sync::Mutex;
 use uuid::Uuid;
 
 use crate::app_state::AppState;
-use crate::apps::builtin_apps::build_builtin_test_app;
-use crate::apps::registry::read_installed_app_by_id;
-use crate::apps::runtime::apps_assert_bridge_origin;
+use crate::apps::runtime::{apps_assert_bridge_origin, resolve_app};
+use crate::apps::state::AppsHostState;
 use crate::apps::types::InstalledSageApp;
+use crate::apps::permission_registry::require_permission_definition;
 
 pub mod methods;
 pub mod registry;
@@ -107,26 +107,6 @@ pub struct BridgeState {
     pending_approvals: Mutex<BTreeMap<String, PendingBridgeApproval>>,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub struct RustSandboxBridgeSendEvent {
-    pub app_id: String,
-    pub payload_json: String,
-}
-
-fn resolve_app(base_path: &std::path::Path, app_id: &str) -> Result<InstalledSageApp, String> {
-    match read_installed_app_by_id(base_path, app_id) {
-        Ok(app) => Ok(app),
-        Err(installed_err) => build_builtin_test_app(app_id)
-            .map_err(|builtin_err| {
-                format!(
-                    "failed to resolve app {app_id}: installed lookup error: {installed_err}; builtin lookup error: {builtin_err}"
-                )
-            })?
-            .ok_or_else(|| format!("failed to read app {app_id}: {installed_err}")),
-    }
-}
-
 pub(crate) fn success(id: &str, result: Value) -> RustBridgeResponse {
     RustBridgeResponse::Success(RustBridgeSuccessResponse {
         channel: "sage-bridge".into(),
@@ -196,6 +176,7 @@ async fn execute_bridge_request(
             BridgeTools {
                 app_handle,
                 app_state,
+                host_state: &app_handle.state::<crate::apps::state::AppsHostState>(),
             },
             request,
         )
@@ -207,7 +188,7 @@ async fn execute_bridge_request(
 pub async fn apps_handle_bridge_request(
     app: AppHandle,
     app_state: State<'_, AppState>,
-    bridge_state: State<'_, BridgeState>,
+    apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     source_label: String,
     request: RustBridgeRequest,
 ) -> Result<RustBridgeHandleResult, String> {
@@ -248,17 +229,20 @@ pub async fn apps_handle_bridge_request(
     };
 
     if let Some(permission) = method.permission() {
+        let permission_definition = require_permission_definition(permission)
+            .map_err(|err| format!("bridge method declared unknown permission {permission}: {err}"))?;
+
         if !resolved_app
             .granted_permissions
             .capabilities
             .iter()
-            .any(|cap| cap == permission)
+            .any(|cap| cap == permission_definition.key)
         {
             return Ok(RustBridgeHandleResult::Immediate {
                 response: failure(
                     &request.id,
                     "permission_denied",
-                    format!("Permission denied for {permission}"),
+                    format!("Permission denied for {}", permission_definition.key),
                 ),
             });
         }
@@ -268,7 +252,7 @@ pub async fn apps_handle_bridge_request(
         let approval_id = Uuid::new_v4().to_string();
 
         {
-            let mut pending = bridge_state.pending_approvals.lock().await;
+            let mut pending = apps_state.bridge.pending_approvals.lock().await;
             pending.insert(
                 approval_id.clone(),
                 PendingBridgeApproval {
@@ -302,11 +286,11 @@ pub async fn apps_handle_bridge_request(
 pub async fn apps_resolve_bridge_approval(
     app: AppHandle,
     app_state: State<'_, AppState>,
-    bridge_state: State<'_, BridgeState>,
+    apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     args: ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs,
 ) -> Result<RustBridgeResponse, String> {
     let pending = {
-        let mut pending = bridge_state.pending_approvals.lock().await;
+        let mut pending = apps_state.bridge.pending_approvals.lock().await;
         pending.remove(&args.approval_id)
     }
         .ok_or_else(|| format!("unknown approval id: {}", args.approval_id))?;
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/install.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/install.rs
index ac7336fa3..5b91e905a 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/install.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/install.rs
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ use crate::{
     error::Result,
 };
 use crate::apps::permissions::normalize_network_key;
-use crate::apps::types::{SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkPermissionTarget, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions};
+use crate::apps::types::{SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkPermissionTarget, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions};
 
 pub fn current_millis() -> u128 {
     SystemTime::now()
@@ -63,6 +63,8 @@ fn slugify_name(name: &str) -> String {
     }
 }
 
+
+
 fn generate_app_id(name: &str) -> String {
     format!("{}-{}", slugify_name(name), current_millis())
 }
@@ -100,6 +102,75 @@ pub fn normalize_app_url(url: &str) -> AnyResult<String> {
     Ok(parsed.to_string())
 }
 
+fn find_existing_app_id_by_name(
+    root: &Path,
+    app_name: &str,
+) -> AnyResult<Option<String>> {
+    Ok(list_installed_apps_internal(root)?
+        .into_iter()
+        .find_map(|app| match app {
+            ListedSageApp::Installed(installed) if installed.name == app_name => {
+                Some(installed.id)
+            }
+            _ => None,
+        }))
+}
+
+fn build_installed_app(
+    app_id: String,
+    install_dir: &Path,
+    manifest: &SageAppPackageManifest,
+    granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
+    permission_flags: crate::apps::types::InstalledSageAppPermissionFlags,
+    source: InstalledSageAppSource,
+    snapshot: crate::apps::types::InstalledSageAppSnapshot,
+) -> InstalledSageApp {
+    InstalledSageApp {
+        id: app_id,
+        name: manifest.name.clone(),
+        version: manifest.version.clone(),
+        install_dir: install_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+        entry_file: manifest_entry_file(manifest).to_string(),
+        icon_file: manifest_icon_file(manifest).to_string(),
+        requested_permissions: manifest.permissions.clone(),
+        granted_permissions,
+        permission_flags,
+        source,
+        active_snapshot: snapshot,
+        pending_update: None,
+    }
+}
+
+fn recreate_install_dir(install_dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<()> {
+    if install_dir.exists() {
+        fs::remove_dir_all(install_dir).with_context(|| {
+            format!(
+                "failed to remove existing install dir {}",
+                install_dir.display()
+            )
+        })?;
+    }
+
+    fs::create_dir_all(install_dir).with_context(|| {
+        format!(
+            "failed to create install dir {}",
+            install_dir.display()
+        )
+    })?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn resolve_install_dir(
+    root: &Path,
+    app_name: &str,
+) -> AnyResult<(String, std::path::PathBuf)> {
+    let app_id = find_existing_app_id_by_name(root, app_name)?
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| generate_app_id(app_name));
+
+    Ok((app_id.clone(), root.join(app_id)))
+}
+
 pub fn hash_string(input: &str) -> String {
     let mut hasher = Sha256::new();
     hasher.update(input.as_bytes());
@@ -122,6 +193,25 @@ pub fn manifest_icon_file(manifest: &SageAppPackageManifest) -> &str {
     manifest.icon.as_deref().unwrap_or("icon.png")
 }
 
+fn normalize_and_validate_granted_permissions(
+    requested: &SageRequestedPermissions,
+    granted: SageGrantedPermissions,
+) -> AnyResult<SageGrantedPermissions> {
+    validate_granted_permissions(&requested, &granted.capabilities)?;
+
+    let whitelist = normalize_and_validate_granted_network_whitelist(
+        &requested.network,
+        &granted.network.whitelist,
+    )?;
+
+    Ok(SageGrantedPermissions {
+        capabilities: granted.capabilities,
+        network: crate::apps::types::SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
+            whitelist,
+        },
+    })
+}
+
 pub fn normalize_and_validate_granted_network_whitelist(
     requested: &SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
     granted: &[SageNetworkPermissionTarget],
@@ -285,57 +375,28 @@ pub async fn install_app_zip(
 
         let manifest = normalize_manifest_permissions(read_manifest(&package_root)?)?;
 
-        validate_granted_permissions(&manifest.permissions, &granted_permissions.capabilities)?;
-        let granted_network_whitelist = normalize_and_validate_granted_network_whitelist(
-            &manifest.permissions.network,
-            &granted_permissions.network.whitelist,
+        let granted_permissions = normalize_and_validate_granted_permissions(
+            &manifest.permissions,
+            granted_permissions,
         )?;
+
         let permission_flags =
             resolve_granted_permission_flags(&granted_permissions.capabilities, None)?;
 
-        let existing = list_installed_apps_internal(&root)?
-            .into_iter()
-            .find_map(|app| match app {
-                ListedSageApp::Installed(installed)
-                if installed.name == manifest.name =>
-                    {
-                        Some(installed)
-                    }
-                _ => None,
-            });
-
-        let app_id = existing
-            .map(|app| app.id)
-            .unwrap_or_else(|| generate_app_id(&manifest.name));
-
-        let install_dir = root.join(&app_id);
-        if install_dir.exists() {
-            fs::remove_dir_all(&install_dir).with_context(|| {
-                format!(
-                    "failed to remove existing install dir {}",
-                    install_dir.display()
-                )
-            })?;
-        }
-
-        fs::create_dir_all(&install_dir)?;
+        let (app_id, install_dir) = resolve_install_dir(&root, &manifest.name)?;
+        recreate_install_dir(&install_dir)?;
         let snapshot =
             prepare_zip_snapshot(&package_root, &install_dir, &manifest)?;
 
-        let installed = InstalledSageApp {
-            id: app_id,
-            name: manifest.name.clone(),
-            version: manifest.version.clone(),
-            install_dir: install_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-            entry_file: manifest_entry_file(&manifest).to_string(),
-            icon_file: manifest_icon_file(&manifest).to_string(),
-            requested_permissions: manifest.permissions.clone(),
+        let installed = build_installed_app(
+            app_id,
+            &install_dir,
+            &manifest,
             granted_permissions,
             permission_flags,
-            source: InstalledSageAppSource::Zip,
-            active_snapshot: snapshot,
-            pending_update: None,
-        };
+            InstalledSageAppSource::Zip,
+            snapshot,
+        );
 
         write_installed_app_metadata(&installed, &install_dir)?;
         Ok(installed)
@@ -384,9 +445,9 @@ pub async fn install_app_url(
             ))
         })?;
 
-    validate_granted_permissions(
+    let granted_permissions = normalize_and_validate_granted_permissions(
         &preview.manifest.permissions,
-        &granted_permissions.capabilities,
+        granted_permissions,
     )
         .map_err(|err| {
             io::Error::other(format!(
@@ -395,17 +456,6 @@ pub async fn install_app_url(
             ))
         })?;
 
-    let granted_network_whitelist = normalize_and_validate_granted_network_whitelist(
-        &preview.manifest.permissions.network,
-        &granted_permissions.network.whitelist,
-    )
-        .map_err(|err| {
-            io::Error::other(format!(
-                "invalid granted network whitelist for URL app {}: {err}",
-                app_url
-            ))
-        })?;
-
     let permission_flags =
         resolve_granted_permission_flags(&granted_permissions.capabilities, None)
             .map_err(|err| {
@@ -415,31 +465,10 @@ pub async fn install_app_url(
                 ))
             })?;
 
-    let existing = list_installed_apps_internal(&root)
-        .map_err(|err| {
-            io::Error::other(format!("failed to list installed apps: {err}"))
-        })?
-        .into_iter()
-        .find_map(|app| match app {
-            ListedSageApp::Installed(installed)
-            if installed.name == preview.manifest.name =>
-                {
-                    Some(installed)
-                }
-            _ => None,
-        });
-
-    let app_id = existing
-        .map(|app| app.id)
-        .unwrap_or_else(|| generate_app_id(&preview.manifest.name));
-
-    let install_dir = root.join(&app_id);
-    fs::create_dir_all(&install_dir).map_err(|err| {
-        io::Error::other(format!(
-            "failed to create install dir {}: {err}",
-            install_dir.display()
-        ))
-    })?;
+    let (app_id, install_dir) = resolve_install_dir(&root, &preview.manifest.name)
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to resolve install dir: {err}")))?;
+    recreate_install_dir(&install_dir)
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to recreate install dir: {err}")))?;
 
     let snapshot = download_url_snapshot(
         &install_dir,
@@ -454,23 +483,18 @@ pub async fn install_app_url(
             ))
         })?;
 
-    let installed = InstalledSageApp {
-        id: app_id.clone(),
-        name: preview.manifest.name.clone(),
-        version: preview.manifest.version.clone(),
-        install_dir: install_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-        entry_file: manifest_entry_file(&preview.manifest).to_string(),
-        icon_file: manifest_icon_file(&preview.manifest).to_string(),
-        requested_permissions: preview.manifest.permissions.clone(),
+    let installed = build_installed_app(
+        app_id.clone(),
+        &install_dir,
+        &preview.manifest,
         granted_permissions,
         permission_flags,
-        source: InstalledSageAppSource::Url {
+        InstalledSageAppSource::Url {
             app_url: preview.app_url.clone(),
             manifest_url: preview.manifest_url.clone(),
         },
-        active_snapshot: snapshot,
-        pending_update: None,
-    };
+        snapshot,
+    );
 
     write_installed_app_metadata(&installed, &install_dir).map_err(|err| {
         io::Error::other(format!(
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs
index cbf03141e..dd983716f 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs
@@ -13,5 +13,7 @@ pub mod snapshot;
 pub mod types;
 pub mod update;
 pub mod runtime;
+pub mod sandbox;
+pub mod state;
 
 pub use protocol::handle_app_protocol_request;
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/runtime.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/runtime.rs
index ae6ab82f2..d5f86f1a1 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/runtime.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/runtime.rs
@@ -1,16 +1,18 @@
 use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 use std::time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};
 
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 use tauri::webview::NewWindowResponse;
-use tauri::{AppHandle, LogicalPosition, LogicalSize, Manager, WebviewUrl};
+use tauri::{AppHandle, LogicalPosition, LogicalSize, Manager, State, WebviewUrl};
 use tokio::sync::Mutex;
 use url::Url;
 
 use crate::apps::builtin_apps::build_builtin_test_app;
 use crate::apps::registry::read_installed_app_by_id;
+use crate::apps::state::AppsHostState;
 use crate::apps::types::InstalledSageApp;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
@@ -35,8 +37,8 @@ pub struct SageAppRuntimeRecord {
 
 #[derive(Default)]
 pub struct AppRuntimeState {
-    by_runtime_id: Mutex<BTreeMap<String, SageAppRuntimeRecord>>,
-    runtime_by_app_id: Mutex<BTreeMap<String, String>>,
+    pub by_runtime_id: Mutex<BTreeMap<String, SageAppRuntimeRecord>>,
+    pub runtime_by_app_id: Mutex<BTreeMap<String, String>>,
 }
 
 fn runtime_id_for(app_id: &str) -> String {
@@ -88,7 +90,7 @@ fn build_entry_src(
     url.to_string()
 }
 
-fn resolve_app(base_path: &std::path::Path, app_id: &str) -> Result<InstalledSageApp, String> {
+pub fn resolve_app(base_path: &std::path::Path, app_id: &str) -> Result<InstalledSageApp, String> {
     match read_installed_app_by_id(base_path, app_id) {
         Ok(app) => Ok(app),
         Err(installed_err) => build_builtin_test_app(app_id)
@@ -134,7 +136,7 @@ pub struct CreateInlineRuntimeArgs {
 #[specta::specta]
 pub async fn apps_create_inline_runtime(
     app: AppHandle,
-    state: tauri::State<'_, AppRuntimeState>,
+    apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     args: CreateInlineRuntimeArgs,
 ) -> Result<SageAppRuntimeRecord, String> {
     let base_path = app
@@ -143,6 +145,20 @@ pub async fn apps_create_inline_runtime(
         .map_err(|e| format!("failed to resolve app data dir: {e}"))?;
 
     let installed = resolve_app(&base_path, &args.app_id)?;
+    let is_builtin_test_app = installed.id.starts_with("__sage_test_");
+
+    if !args.internal && !is_builtin_test_app {
+        let sandbox = apps_state.sandbox.state.lock().await.clone();
+        let gate = crate::apps::sandbox::evaluate_app_launch_gate(&installed, &sandbox);
+
+        if !gate.allowed {
+            return Err(
+                gate.message
+                    .unwrap_or_else(|| "App launch blocked by sandbox policy".into()),
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
     let is_incognito = should_use_incognito(&installed);
 
     let host_window = app
@@ -226,12 +242,12 @@ pub async fn apps_create_inline_runtime(
     };
 
     {
-        let mut by_runtime_id = state.by_runtime_id.lock().await;
+        let mut by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.by_runtime_id.lock().await;
         by_runtime_id.insert(runtime_id.clone(), record.clone());
     }
 
     {
-        let mut runtime_by_app_id = state.runtime_by_app_id.lock().await;
+        let mut runtime_by_app_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_by_app_id.lock().await;
         runtime_by_app_id.insert(installed.id.clone(), runtime_id);
     }
 
@@ -328,3 +344,78 @@ pub async fn apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data(
 
     Ok(())
 }
+
+pub(crate) async fn close_runtime_internal(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    app_id: &str,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let runtime_id = {
+        let runtime_by_app_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_by_app_id.lock().await;
+        runtime_by_app_id.get(app_id).cloned()
+    };
+
+    let Some(runtime_id) = runtime_id else {
+        return Ok(());
+    };
+
+    let record = {
+        let by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.by_runtime_id.lock().await;
+        by_runtime_id.get(&runtime_id).cloned()
+    };
+
+    let Some(record) = record else {
+        let mut runtime_by_app_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_by_app_id.lock().await;
+        runtime_by_app_id.remove(app_id);
+        return Ok(());
+    };
+
+    if let Some(host_window) = app.get_window("main") {
+        if let Some(webview) = host_window.get_webview(&record.webview_label) {
+            let _ = webview.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    {
+        let mut by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.by_runtime_id.lock().await;
+        by_runtime_id.remove(&runtime_id);
+    }
+
+    {
+        let mut runtime_by_app_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_by_app_id.lock().await;
+        runtime_by_app_id.remove(app_id);
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn clear_runtime_browsing_data_internal(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    app_id: &str,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let _ = close_runtime_internal(app, apps_state, app_id).await;
+    apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data(app.clone(), app_id.to_string()).await
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn start_internal_runtime_for_sandbox(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    app_id: &str,
+    visible: bool,
+    path: Option<String>,
+    query: BTreeMap<String, String>,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let args = CreateInlineRuntimeArgs {
+        app_id: app_id.to_string(),
+        visible,
+        internal: true,
+        debug_layout: false,
+        path,
+        query,
+    };
+
+    apps_create_inline_runtime(app.clone(), apps_state.clone(), args)
+        .await
+        .map(|_| ())
+}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fae70fcc3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,1189 @@
+use std::collections::{BTreeMap, HashMap};
+use std::time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};
+
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use serde_json::Value;
+use specta::Type;
+use tauri::{AppHandle, Emitter, Manager, State};
+use tokio::sync::Mutex;
+use tokio::time::{sleep, Duration};
+
+use crate::apps::runtime;
+use crate::apps::runtime::resolve_app;
+use crate::apps::state::AppsHostState;
+use crate::apps::types::InstalledSageApp;
+
+const TEST_APP_STORAGE_ISOLATION_PERSISTENT: &str =
+    "__sage_test_storage_isolation_persistent";
+const TEST_APP_STORAGE_ISOLATION_INCOGNITO: &str =
+    "__sage_test_storage_isolation_incognito";
+const TEST_APP_PERSISTENCE_PERSISTENT: &str = "__sage_test_persistence_persistent";
+const TEST_APP_PERSISTENCE_INCOGNITO: &str = "__sage_test_persistence_incognito";
+const TEST_APP_STORAGE_CLEAR_PERSISTENT: &str = "__sage_test_storage_clear_persistent";
+const TEST_APP_NETWORK_ALLOW_A: &str = "__sage_test_network_allow_a";
+const TEST_APP_NETWORK_ALLOW_B: &str = "__sage_test_network_allow_b";
+
+const STORAGE_CLEAR_PROBE_PATH: &str =
+    "/__sage/runtime-apps/storage-clear-probe/index.html";
+
+fn now_ms() -> i64 {
+    SystemTime::now()
+        .duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)
+        .map(|d| d.as_millis() as i64)
+        .unwrap_or(0)
+}
+
+fn unique_run_id(prefix: &str) -> String {
+    format!("{prefix}-{}", now_ms())
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "snake_case")]
+pub enum SandboxCapability {
+    StorageIsolationFromSage,
+    StoragePersistenceNormal,
+    StorageNonPersistenceIncognito,
+    StorageClearCycle,
+    NetworkAllowlistEnforced,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub enum SandboxCapabilityStatus {
+    Pending,
+    Running,
+    Passed,
+    Failed,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct SandboxCapabilityResult {
+    pub status: SandboxCapabilityStatus,
+    pub checked_at: Option<i64>,
+    pub details: Option<String>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct SandboxState {
+    pub overall_critical_status: SandboxCapabilityStatus,
+    pub storage_isolation_from_sage: SandboxCapabilityResult,
+    pub storage_persistence_normal: SandboxCapabilityResult,
+    pub storage_non_persistence_incognito: SandboxCapabilityResult,
+    pub storage_clear_cycle: SandboxCapabilityResult,
+    pub network_allowlist_enforced: SandboxCapabilityResult,
+    pub started_at: Option<i64>,
+    pub finished_at: Option<i64>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct AppLaunchGateResult {
+    pub allowed: bool,
+    pub kind: String,
+    pub capability: Option<SandboxCapability>,
+    pub message: Option<String>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct SandboxIsolationProbeResult {
+    pub run_id: String,
+    pub local_storage_visible: bool,
+    pub indexed_db_visible: bool,
+    pub error: Option<String>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult {
+    pub run_id: String,
+    pub local_storage_wrote: bool,
+    pub indexed_db_wrote: bool,
+    pub error: Option<String>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult {
+    pub run_id: String,
+    pub local_storage_present: bool,
+    pub indexed_db_present: bool,
+    pub error: Option<String>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct SandboxNetworkProbeResult {
+    pub run_id: String,
+    pub allowed_url: String,
+    pub blocked_url: String,
+    pub allowed_ok: bool,
+    pub blocked_ok: bool,
+    pub error: Option<String>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "snake_case")]
+pub enum SandboxStorageClearProbePhase {
+    Write,
+    CheckPresent,
+    CheckAbsent,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct SandboxStorageClearProbeResult {
+    pub run_id: String,
+    pub phase: SandboxStorageClearProbePhase,
+    pub local_storage_present: bool,
+    pub indexed_db_present: bool,
+    pub error: Option<String>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+struct SandboxAppResult<T> {
+    app_id: String,
+    data: T,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
+struct SandboxRunResults {
+    isolation: Vec<SandboxAppResult<SandboxIsolationProbeResult>>,
+    persistence_write: Vec<SandboxAppResult<SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult>>,
+    persistence_read: Vec<SandboxAppResult<SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult>>,
+    clear_cycle: Vec<SandboxAppResult<SandboxStorageClearProbeResult>>,
+    network: Vec<SandboxAppResult<SandboxNetworkProbeResult>>,
+}
+
+pub struct SandboxStateStore {
+    pub state: Mutex<SandboxState>,
+    runs: Mutex<HashMap<String, SandboxRunResults>>,
+    running: Mutex<bool>,
+}
+
+impl Default for SandboxStateStore {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            state: Mutex::new(build_initial_sandbox_state()),
+            runs: Mutex::new(HashMap::new()),
+            running: Mutex::new(false),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn make_cap(status: SandboxCapabilityStatus, details: Option<String>) -> SandboxCapabilityResult {
+    SandboxCapabilityResult {
+        status,
+        checked_at: None,
+        details,
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn build_initial_sandbox_state() -> SandboxState {
+    SandboxState {
+        overall_critical_status: SandboxCapabilityStatus::Pending,
+        storage_isolation_from_sage: make_cap(SandboxCapabilityStatus::Pending, None),
+        storage_persistence_normal: make_cap(SandboxCapabilityStatus::Pending, None),
+        storage_non_persistence_incognito: make_cap(SandboxCapabilityStatus::Pending, None),
+        storage_clear_cycle: make_cap(SandboxCapabilityStatus::Pending, None),
+        network_allowlist_enforced: make_cap(SandboxCapabilityStatus::Pending, None),
+        started_at: None,
+        finished_at: None,
+    }
+}
+
+fn build_running_sandbox_state() -> SandboxState {
+    SandboxState {
+        overall_critical_status: SandboxCapabilityStatus::Running,
+        storage_isolation_from_sage: make_cap(SandboxCapabilityStatus::Running, None),
+        storage_persistence_normal: make_cap(SandboxCapabilityStatus::Running, None),
+        storage_non_persistence_incognito: make_cap(SandboxCapabilityStatus::Running, None),
+        storage_clear_cycle: make_cap(SandboxCapabilityStatus::Running, None),
+        network_allowlist_enforced: make_cap(SandboxCapabilityStatus::Running, None),
+        started_at: Some(now_ms()),
+        finished_at: None,
+    }
+}
+
+fn cap_label(cap: SandboxCapability) -> &'static str {
+    match cap {
+        SandboxCapability::StorageIsolationFromSage => "storage isolation from Sage",
+        SandboxCapability::StoragePersistenceNormal => "persistent storage behavior",
+        SandboxCapability::StorageNonPersistenceIncognito => "incognito storage behavior",
+        SandboxCapability::StorageClearCycle => "storage clear cycle behavior",
+        SandboxCapability::NetworkAllowlistEnforced => "network allowlist enforcement",
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn get_required_sandbox_capabilities(app: &InstalledSageApp) -> Vec<SandboxCapability> {
+    let mut required = vec![SandboxCapability::StorageIsolationFromSage];
+
+    if app
+        .granted_permissions
+        .capabilities
+        .iter()
+        .any(|cap| cap == "persistent_storage")
+    {
+        required.push(SandboxCapability::StoragePersistenceNormal);
+    } else {
+        required.push(SandboxCapability::StorageNonPersistenceIncognito);
+    }
+
+    if !app.granted_permissions.network.whitelist.is_empty() {
+        required.push(SandboxCapability::NetworkAllowlistEnforced);
+    }
+
+    required
+}
+
+fn cap_result(state: &SandboxState, cap: SandboxCapability) -> &SandboxCapabilityResult {
+    match cap {
+        SandboxCapability::StorageIsolationFromSage => &state.storage_isolation_from_sage,
+        SandboxCapability::StoragePersistenceNormal => &state.storage_persistence_normal,
+        SandboxCapability::StorageNonPersistenceIncognito => &state.storage_non_persistence_incognito,
+        SandboxCapability::StorageClearCycle => &state.storage_clear_cycle,
+        SandboxCapability::NetworkAllowlistEnforced => &state.network_allowlist_enforced,
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn evaluate_app_launch_gate(app: &InstalledSageApp, sandbox: &SandboxState) -> AppLaunchGateResult {
+    let isolation = &sandbox.storage_isolation_from_sage;
+
+    if matches!(
+        isolation.status,
+        SandboxCapabilityStatus::Pending | SandboxCapabilityStatus::Running
+    ) {
+        return AppLaunchGateResult {
+            allowed: false,
+            kind: "running".into(),
+            capability: Some(SandboxCapability::StorageIsolationFromSage),
+            message: Some(format!(
+                "Sandbox tests are still running for {}.",
+                cap_label(SandboxCapability::StorageIsolationFromSage)
+            )),
+        };
+    }
+
+    if isolation.status == SandboxCapabilityStatus::Failed {
+        return AppLaunchGateResult {
+            allowed: false,
+            kind: "failed".into(),
+            capability: Some(SandboxCapability::StorageIsolationFromSage),
+            message: isolation.details.clone().or_else(|| {
+                Some(format!(
+                    "Sandbox test failed for {}.",
+                    cap_label(SandboxCapability::StorageIsolationFromSage)
+                ))
+            }),
+        };
+    }
+
+    for cap in get_required_sandbox_capabilities(app) {
+        let result = cap_result(sandbox, cap);
+
+        if matches!(
+            result.status,
+            SandboxCapabilityStatus::Pending | SandboxCapabilityStatus::Running
+        ) {
+            return AppLaunchGateResult {
+                allowed: false,
+                kind: "running".into(),
+                capability: Some(cap),
+                message: Some(format!(
+                    "Sandbox tests are still running for {}.",
+                    cap_label(cap)
+                )),
+            };
+        }
+
+        if result.status == SandboxCapabilityStatus::Failed {
+            return AppLaunchGateResult {
+                allowed: false,
+                kind: "failed".into(),
+                capability: Some(cap),
+                message: result.details.clone().or_else(|| {
+                    Some(format!("Sandbox test failed for {}.", cap_label(cap)))
+                }),
+            };
+        }
+    }
+
+    AppLaunchGateResult {
+        allowed: true,
+        kind: "allowed".into(),
+        capability: None,
+        message: None,
+    }
+}
+
+fn replace_by_app_id<T: Clone>(items: &mut Vec<SandboxAppResult<T>>, next: SandboxAppResult<T>) {
+    items.retain(|item| item.app_id != next.app_id);
+    items.push(next);
+}
+
+async fn emit_state(app: &AppHandle, apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>) {
+    let state = apps_state.sandbox.state.lock().await.clone();
+    let _ = app.emit("apps:sandbox-state-updated", state);
+}
+
+async fn set_state(app: &AppHandle, apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>, state: SandboxState) {
+    *apps_state.sandbox.state.lock().await = state;
+    emit_state(app, apps_state).await;
+}
+
+pub async fn ingest_bridge_send_payload(
+    app_id: &str,
+    payload: &Value,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+) {
+    let Some(kind) = payload.get("kind").and_then(Value::as_str) else {
+        return;
+    };
+
+    if kind != "sandbox_report" {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    let Some(report) = payload.get("report") else {
+        return;
+    };
+
+    let Some(report_type) = report.get("type").and_then(Value::as_str) else {
+        return;
+    };
+
+    let Some(data) = report.get("data").cloned() else {
+        return;
+    };
+
+    let run_id = data
+        .get("runId")
+        .and_then(Value::as_str)
+        .unwrap_or_default()
+        .to_string();
+
+    if run_id.is_empty() {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    let mut runs = apps_state.sandbox.runs.lock().await;
+    let run = runs.entry(run_id).or_default();
+
+    match report_type {
+        "isolation" => {
+            if let Ok(parsed) = serde_json::from_value::<SandboxIsolationProbeResult>(data) {
+                replace_by_app_id(
+                    &mut run.isolation,
+                    SandboxAppResult {
+                        app_id: app_id.to_string(),
+                        data: parsed,
+                    },
+                );
+            }
+        }
+        "persistence_write" => {
+            if let Ok(parsed) =
+                serde_json::from_value::<SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult>(data)
+            {
+                replace_by_app_id(
+                    &mut run.persistence_write,
+                    SandboxAppResult {
+                        app_id: app_id.to_string(),
+                        data: parsed,
+                    },
+                );
+            }
+        }
+        "persistence_read" => {
+            if let Ok(parsed) =
+                serde_json::from_value::<SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult>(data)
+            {
+                replace_by_app_id(
+                    &mut run.persistence_read,
+                    SandboxAppResult {
+                        app_id: app_id.to_string(),
+                        data: parsed,
+                    },
+                );
+            }
+        }
+        "network" => {
+            if let Ok(parsed) = serde_json::from_value::<SandboxNetworkProbeResult>(data) {
+                replace_by_app_id(
+                    &mut run.network,
+                    SandboxAppResult {
+                        app_id: app_id.to_string(),
+                        data: parsed,
+                    },
+                );
+            }
+        }
+        "clear_cycle" => {
+            if let Ok(parsed) =
+                serde_json::from_value::<SandboxStorageClearProbeResult>(data)
+            {
+                replace_by_app_id(
+                    &mut run.clear_cycle,
+                    SandboxAppResult {
+                        app_id: app_id.to_string(),
+                        data: parsed,
+                    },
+                );
+            }
+        }
+        _ => {}
+    }
+}
+
+async fn stop_test_apps(app: &AppHandle, apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>, app_ids: &[&str]) {
+    for app_id in app_ids {
+        let _ = runtime::close_runtime_internal(app, apps_state, app_id).await;
+    }
+}
+
+async fn start_test_app(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    app_id: &str,
+    query: &[(&str, String)],
+    path: Option<String>,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let mut query_map = HashMap::new();
+    for (k, v) in query {
+        query_map.insert((*k).to_string(), v.clone());
+    }
+
+    runtime::start_internal_runtime_for_sandbox(
+        app,
+        apps_state,
+        app_id,
+        false,
+        path,
+        query_map.into_iter().collect(),
+    )
+        .await
+}
+
+async fn poll_isolation(
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    run_id: &str,
+    expected_count: usize,
+    timeout_ms: i64,
+) -> Result<Vec<SandboxAppResult<SandboxIsolationProbeResult>>, String> {
+    let started = now_ms();
+
+    loop {
+        let results = {
+            let runs = apps_state.sandbox.runs.lock().await;
+            runs.get(run_id)
+                .map(|r| r.isolation.clone())
+                .unwrap_or_default()
+        };
+
+        if results.len() >= expected_count {
+            return Ok(results);
+        }
+
+        if now_ms() - started >= timeout_ms {
+            return Err("Timed out waiting for sandbox isolation results.".into());
+        }
+
+        sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)).await;
+    }
+}
+
+async fn poll_persistence_write(
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    run_id: &str,
+    expected_count: usize,
+    timeout_ms: i64,
+) -> Result<Vec<SandboxAppResult<SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult>>, String> {
+    let started = now_ms();
+
+    loop {
+        let results = {
+            let runs = apps_state.sandbox.runs.lock().await;
+            runs.get(run_id)
+                .map(|r| r.persistence_write.clone())
+                .unwrap_or_default()
+        };
+
+        if results.len() >= expected_count {
+            return Ok(results);
+        }
+
+        if now_ms() - started >= timeout_ms {
+            return Err("Timed out waiting for sandbox persistence write results.".into());
+        }
+
+        sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)).await;
+    }
+}
+
+async fn poll_persistence_read(
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    run_id: &str,
+    expected_count: usize,
+    timeout_ms: i64,
+) -> Result<Vec<SandboxAppResult<SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult>>, String> {
+    let started = now_ms();
+
+    loop {
+        let results = {
+            let runs = apps_state.sandbox.runs.lock().await;
+            runs.get(run_id)
+                .map(|r| r.persistence_read.clone())
+                .unwrap_or_default()
+        };
+
+        if results.len() >= expected_count {
+            return Ok(results);
+        }
+
+        if now_ms() - started >= timeout_ms {
+            return Err("Timed out waiting for sandbox persistence read results.".into());
+        }
+
+        sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)).await;
+    }
+}
+
+async fn poll_network(
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    run_id: &str,
+    expected_count: usize,
+    timeout_ms: i64,
+) -> Result<Vec<SandboxAppResult<SandboxNetworkProbeResult>>, String> {
+    let started = now_ms();
+
+    loop {
+        let results = {
+            let runs = apps_state.sandbox.runs.lock().await;
+            runs.get(run_id)
+                .map(|r| r.network.clone())
+                .unwrap_or_default()
+        };
+
+        if results.len() >= expected_count {
+            return Ok(results);
+        }
+
+        if now_ms() - started >= timeout_ms {
+            return Err("Timed out waiting for sandbox network results.".into());
+        }
+
+        sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)).await;
+    }
+}
+
+async fn poll_clear_cycle_phase(
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    run_id: &str,
+    app_id: &str,
+    phase: SandboxStorageClearProbePhase,
+    timeout_ms: i64,
+) -> Result<SandboxStorageClearProbeResult, String> {
+    let started = now_ms();
+
+    loop {
+        let results = {
+            let runs = apps_state.sandbox.runs.lock().await;
+            runs.get(run_id)
+                .map(|r| r.clear_cycle.clone())
+                .unwrap_or_default()
+        };
+
+        if let Some(found) = results.into_iter().find(|item| {
+            item.app_id == app_id && item.data.phase == phase
+        }) {
+            return Ok(found.data);
+        }
+
+        if now_ms() - started >= timeout_ms {
+            return Err("Timed out waiting for sandbox storage clear phase.".into());
+        }
+
+        sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)).await;
+    }
+}
+
+fn mark_cap(state: &mut SandboxState, cap: SandboxCapability, status: SandboxCapabilityStatus, details: Option<String>) {
+    let next = SandboxCapabilityResult {
+        status,
+        checked_at: Some(now_ms()),
+        details,
+    };
+
+    match cap {
+        SandboxCapability::StorageIsolationFromSage => state.storage_isolation_from_sage = next,
+        SandboxCapability::StoragePersistenceNormal => state.storage_persistence_normal = next,
+        SandboxCapability::StorageNonPersistenceIncognito => state.storage_non_persistence_incognito = next,
+        SandboxCapability::StorageClearCycle => state.storage_clear_cycle = next,
+        SandboxCapability::NetworkAllowlistEnforced => state.network_allowlist_enforced = next,
+    }
+}
+
+async fn run_isolation_test(app: &AppHandle, apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>) -> Result<(bool, Option<String>), String> {
+    let run_id = unique_run_id("sandbox-isolation");
+    let app_ids = [
+        TEST_APP_STORAGE_ISOLATION_PERSISTENT,
+        TEST_APP_STORAGE_ISOLATION_INCOGNITO,
+    ];
+
+    stop_test_apps(app, apps_state, &app_ids).await;
+
+    // We no longer write Sage-side probes from TS. For now just test that the app cannot see host data.
+    start_test_app(
+        app,
+        apps_state,
+        TEST_APP_STORAGE_ISOLATION_PERSISTENT,
+        &[("runId", run_id.clone())],
+        None,
+    )
+        .await?;
+    start_test_app(
+        app,
+        apps_state,
+        TEST_APP_STORAGE_ISOLATION_INCOGNITO,
+        &[("runId", run_id.clone())],
+        None,
+    )
+        .await?;
+
+    let results = poll_isolation(apps_state, &run_id, 2, 10_000).await?;
+
+    stop_test_apps(app, apps_state, &app_ids).await;
+
+    let persistent = results.iter().find(|r| r.app_id == TEST_APP_STORAGE_ISOLATION_PERSISTENT);
+    let incognito = results.iter().find(|r| r.app_id == TEST_APP_STORAGE_ISOLATION_INCOGNITO);
+
+    let Some(persistent) = persistent else {
+        return Ok((false, Some("Missing persistent isolation result.".into())));
+    };
+    let Some(incognito) = incognito else {
+        return Ok((false, Some("Missing incognito isolation result.".into())));
+    };
+
+    for (label, result) in [("persistent", &persistent.data), ("incognito", &incognito.data)] {
+        if result.error.is_some() {
+            return Ok((false, Some(format!(
+                "{label} isolation probe reported error: {}",
+                result.error.clone().unwrap_or_default()
+            ))));
+        }
+
+        if result.local_storage_visible || result.indexed_db_visible {
+            return Ok((false, Some(format!(
+                "{label} probe was able to observe Sage probe data."
+            ))));
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok((true, Some("Both sandbox probe modes were unable to observe Sage probe data.".into())))
+}
+
+async fn run_persistence_test(app: &AppHandle, apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>) -> Result<((bool, Option<String>), (bool, Option<String>)), String> {
+    let run_id = unique_run_id("sandbox-persistence");
+    let app_ids = [TEST_APP_PERSISTENCE_PERSISTENT, TEST_APP_PERSISTENCE_INCOGNITO];
+
+    stop_test_apps(app, apps_state, &app_ids).await;
+
+    start_test_app(
+        app,
+        apps_state,
+        TEST_APP_PERSISTENCE_PERSISTENT,
+        &[("runId", run_id.clone()), ("phase", "write".into())],
+        None,
+    )
+        .await?;
+    start_test_app(
+        app,
+        apps_state,
+        TEST_APP_PERSISTENCE_INCOGNITO,
+        &[("runId", run_id.clone()), ("phase", "write".into())],
+        None,
+    )
+        .await?;
+
+    let write_results = poll_persistence_write(apps_state, &run_id, 2, 10_000).await?;
+    stop_test_apps(app, apps_state, &app_ids).await;
+
+    let persistent_write = write_results.iter().find(|r| r.app_id == TEST_APP_PERSISTENCE_PERSISTENT);
+    let incognito_write = write_results.iter().find(|r| r.app_id == TEST_APP_PERSISTENCE_INCOGNITO);
+
+    let Some(persistent_write) = persistent_write else {
+        return Ok(((false, Some("Missing persistent write result.".into())), (false, Some("Missing incognito write result.".into()))));
+    };
+    let Some(incognito_write) = incognito_write else {
+        return Ok(((false, Some("Missing persistent write result.".into())), (false, Some("Missing incognito write result.".into()))));
+    };
+
+    if persistent_write.data.error.is_some()
+        || !persistent_write.data.local_storage_wrote
+        || !persistent_write.data.indexed_db_wrote
+    {
+        return Ok((
+            (
+                false,
+                Some(
+                    persistent_write
+                        .data
+                        .error
+                        .clone()
+                        .unwrap_or_else(|| "Persistent write probe failed.".into()),
+                ),
+            ),
+            (
+                false,
+                Some(
+                    persistent_write
+                        .data
+                        .error
+                        .clone()
+                        .unwrap_or_else(|| "Persistent write probe failed.".into()),
+                ),
+            ),
+        ));
+    }
+
+    if incognito_write.data.error.is_some()
+        || !incognito_write.data.local_storage_wrote
+        || !incognito_write.data.indexed_db_wrote
+    {
+        return Ok((
+            (
+                false,
+                Some(
+                    incognito_write
+                        .data
+                        .error
+                        .clone()
+                        .unwrap_or_else(|| "Incognito write probe failed.".into()),
+                ),
+            ),
+            (
+                false,
+                Some(
+                    incognito_write
+                        .data
+                        .error
+                        .clone()
+                        .unwrap_or_else(|| "Incognito write probe failed.".into()),
+                ),
+            ),
+        ));
+    }
+
+    start_test_app(
+        app,
+        apps_state,
+        TEST_APP_PERSISTENCE_PERSISTENT,
+        &[("runId", run_id.clone()), ("phase", "read".into())],
+        None,
+    )
+        .await?;
+    start_test_app(
+        app,
+        apps_state,
+        TEST_APP_PERSISTENCE_INCOGNITO,
+        &[("runId", run_id.clone()), ("phase", "read".into())],
+        None,
+    )
+        .await?;
+
+    let read_results = poll_persistence_read(apps_state, &run_id, 2, 10_000).await?;
+    stop_test_apps(app, apps_state, &app_ids).await;
+
+    let persistent_read = read_results.iter().find(|r| r.app_id == TEST_APP_PERSISTENCE_PERSISTENT);
+    let incognito_read = read_results.iter().find(|r| r.app_id == TEST_APP_PERSISTENCE_INCOGNITO);
+
+    let Some(persistent_read) = persistent_read else {
+        return Ok(((false, Some("Missing persistent read result.".into())), (false, Some("Missing incognito read result.".into()))));
+    };
+    let Some(incognito_read) = incognito_read else {
+        return Ok(((false, Some("Missing persistent read result.".into())), (false, Some("Missing incognito read result.".into()))));
+    };
+
+    let persistent_ok = persistent_read.data.error.is_none()
+        && persistent_read.data.local_storage_present
+        && persistent_read.data.indexed_db_present;
+
+    let incognito_ok = incognito_read.data.error.is_none()
+        && !incognito_read.data.local_storage_present
+        && !incognito_read.data.indexed_db_present;
+
+    Ok((
+        (
+            persistent_ok,
+            Some(if persistent_ok {
+                "Persistent mode retained localStorage and IndexedDB across reopen.".into()
+            } else {
+                persistent_read
+                    .data
+                    .error
+                    .clone()
+                    .unwrap_or_else(|| "Persistent read probe mismatch.".into())
+            }),
+        ),
+        (
+            incognito_ok,
+            Some(if incognito_ok {
+                "Incognito mode did not retain localStorage or IndexedDB across reopen.".into()
+            } else {
+                incognito_read
+                    .data
+                    .error
+                    .clone()
+                    .unwrap_or_else(|| "Incognito read probe mismatch.".into())
+            }),
+        ),
+    ))
+}
+
+async fn run_network_test(app: &AppHandle, apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>) -> Result<(bool, Option<String>), String> {
+    let run_id = unique_run_id("sandbox-network");
+    let app_ids = [TEST_APP_NETWORK_ALLOW_A, TEST_APP_NETWORK_ALLOW_B];
+
+    stop_test_apps(app, apps_state, &app_ids).await;
+
+    start_test_app(
+        app,
+        apps_state,
+        TEST_APP_NETWORK_ALLOW_A,
+        &[("runId", run_id.clone())],
+        None,
+    )
+        .await?;
+    start_test_app(
+        app,
+        apps_state,
+        TEST_APP_NETWORK_ALLOW_B,
+        &[("runId", run_id.clone())],
+        None,
+    )
+        .await?;
+
+    let results = poll_network(apps_state, &run_id, 2, 12_000).await?;
+    stop_test_apps(app, apps_state, &app_ids).await;
+
+    for result in &results {
+        if result.data.error.is_some() {
+            return Ok((false, result.data.error.clone()));
+        }
+
+        if !result.data.allowed_ok {
+            return Ok((false, Some(format!(
+                "{} could not reach allowed URL {}.",
+                result.app_id, result.data.allowed_url
+            ))));
+        }
+
+        if result.data.blocked_ok {
+            return Ok((false, Some(format!(
+                "{} was able to reach blocked URL {}.",
+                result.app_id, result.data.blocked_url
+            ))));
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok((true, Some("Network allowlist probes succeeded for allowed URLs and failed for blocked URLs in both flipped configurations.".into())))
+}
+
+async fn run_clear_cycle_phase(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    app_id: &str,
+    run_id: &str,
+    phase: SandboxStorageClearProbePhase,
+) -> Result<SandboxStorageClearProbeResult, String> {
+    let phase_string = match phase {
+        SandboxStorageClearProbePhase::Write => "write",
+        SandboxStorageClearProbePhase::CheckPresent => "check_present",
+        SandboxStorageClearProbePhase::CheckAbsent => "check_absent",
+    }
+        .to_string();
+
+    let _ = runtime::close_runtime_internal(app, apps_state, app_id).await;
+
+    let mut query = BTreeMap::new();
+    query.insert("runId".to_string(), run_id.to_string());
+    query.insert("phase".to_string(), phase_string);
+
+    runtime::start_internal_runtime_for_sandbox(
+        app,
+        apps_state,
+        app_id,
+        false,
+        Some(STORAGE_CLEAR_PROBE_PATH.into()),
+        query,
+    )
+        .await?;
+
+    let out = poll_clear_cycle_phase(apps_state, run_id, app_id, phase, 10_000).await;
+
+    let _ = runtime::close_runtime_internal(app, apps_state, app_id).await;
+
+    out
+}
+
+async fn run_clear_cycle_test(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+) -> Result<(bool, Option<String>), String> {
+    let run_id = unique_run_id("storage-clear-cycle");
+    let app_id = TEST_APP_STORAGE_CLEAR_PERSISTENT;
+
+    let write = run_clear_cycle_phase(
+        app,
+        apps_state,
+        app_id,
+        &run_id,
+        SandboxStorageClearProbePhase::Write,
+    )
+        .await?;
+
+    if write.error.is_some() || !write.local_storage_present || !write.indexed_db_present {
+        return Ok((
+            false,
+            Some(
+                write
+                    .error
+                    .unwrap_or_else(|| "Storage clear write probe failed.".into()),
+            ),
+        ));
+    }
+
+    let present = run_clear_cycle_phase(
+        app,
+        apps_state,
+        app_id,
+        &run_id,
+        SandboxStorageClearProbePhase::CheckPresent,
+    )
+        .await?;
+
+    if present.error.is_some()
+        || !present.local_storage_present
+        || !present.indexed_db_present
+    {
+        return Ok((
+            false,
+            Some(
+                present
+                    .error
+                    .unwrap_or_else(|| "Storage clear presence probe failed.".into()),
+            ),
+        ));
+    }
+
+    runtime::clear_runtime_browsing_data_internal(app, apps_state, app_id).await?;
+
+    let absent = run_clear_cycle_phase(
+        app,
+        apps_state,
+        app_id,
+        &run_id,
+        SandboxStorageClearProbePhase::CheckAbsent,
+    )
+        .await?;
+
+    if absent.error.is_some() {
+        return Ok((false, absent.error));
+    }
+
+    let passed = !absent.local_storage_present && !absent.indexed_db_present;
+
+    Ok((
+        passed,
+        Some(if passed {
+            "Storage clear cycle removed localStorage and IndexedDB for the target app origin."
+                .into()
+        } else {
+            "Storage clear cycle failed because data was still visible after host-side clearing."
+                .into()
+        }),
+    ))
+}
+
+async fn sandbox_runner(app: AppHandle) {
+    let apps_state = app.state::<AppsHostState>();
+    let mut state = build_running_sandbox_state();
+    set_state(&app, &apps_state, state.clone()).await;
+
+    let isolation = run_isolation_test(&app, &apps_state).await;
+    match isolation {
+        Ok((passed, details)) => {
+            mark_cap(
+                &mut state,
+                SandboxCapability::StorageIsolationFromSage,
+                if passed { SandboxCapabilityStatus::Passed } else { SandboxCapabilityStatus::Failed },
+                details,
+            );
+            set_state(&app, &apps_state, state.clone()).await;
+
+            if !passed {
+                state.overall_critical_status = SandboxCapabilityStatus::Failed;
+                state.finished_at = Some(now_ms());
+                set_state(&app, &apps_state, state).await;
+                *apps_state.sandbox.running.lock().await = false;
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+        Err(err) => {
+            mark_cap(
+                &mut state,
+                SandboxCapability::StorageIsolationFromSage,
+                SandboxCapabilityStatus::Failed,
+                Some(err),
+            );
+            state.overall_critical_status = SandboxCapabilityStatus::Failed;
+            state.finished_at = Some(now_ms());
+            set_state(&app, &apps_state, state).await;
+            *apps_state.sandbox.running.lock().await = false;
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+
+    match run_persistence_test(&app, &apps_state).await {
+        Ok((normal, incog)) => {
+            mark_cap(
+                &mut state,
+                SandboxCapability::StoragePersistenceNormal,
+                if normal.0 { SandboxCapabilityStatus::Passed } else { SandboxCapabilityStatus::Failed },
+                normal.1,
+            );
+            set_state(&app, &apps_state, state.clone()).await;
+
+            mark_cap(
+                &mut state,
+                SandboxCapability::StorageNonPersistenceIncognito,
+                if incog.0 { SandboxCapabilityStatus::Passed } else { SandboxCapabilityStatus::Failed },
+                incog.1,
+            );
+            set_state(&app, &apps_state, state.clone()).await;
+        }
+        Err(err) => {
+            mark_cap(
+                &mut state,
+                SandboxCapability::StoragePersistenceNormal,
+                SandboxCapabilityStatus::Failed,
+                Some(err.clone()),
+            );
+            mark_cap(
+                &mut state,
+                SandboxCapability::StorageNonPersistenceIncognito,
+                SandboxCapabilityStatus::Failed,
+                Some(err),
+            );
+            set_state(&app, &apps_state, state.clone()).await;
+        }
+    }
+
+    match run_clear_cycle_test(&app, &apps_state).await {
+        Ok((passed, details)) => {
+            mark_cap(
+                &mut state,
+                SandboxCapability::StorageClearCycle,
+                if passed { SandboxCapabilityStatus::Passed } else { SandboxCapabilityStatus::Failed },
+                details,
+            );
+            set_state(&app, &apps_state, state.clone()).await;
+        }
+        Err(err) => {
+            mark_cap(
+                &mut state,
+                SandboxCapability::StorageClearCycle,
+                SandboxCapabilityStatus::Failed,
+                Some(err),
+            );
+            set_state(&app, &apps_state, state.clone()).await;
+        }
+    }
+
+    match run_network_test(&app, &apps_state).await {
+        Ok((passed, details)) => {
+            mark_cap(
+                &mut state,
+                SandboxCapability::NetworkAllowlistEnforced,
+                if passed { SandboxCapabilityStatus::Passed } else { SandboxCapabilityStatus::Failed },
+                details,
+            );
+            set_state(&app, &apps_state, state.clone()).await;
+        }
+        Err(err) => {
+            mark_cap(
+                &mut state,
+                SandboxCapability::NetworkAllowlistEnforced,
+                SandboxCapabilityStatus::Failed,
+                Some(err),
+            );
+            set_state(&app, &apps_state, state.clone()).await;
+        }
+    }
+
+    state.overall_critical_status = if state.storage_isolation_from_sage.status == SandboxCapabilityStatus::Failed {
+        SandboxCapabilityStatus::Failed
+    } else {
+        SandboxCapabilityStatus::Passed
+    };
+    state.finished_at = Some(now_ms());
+
+    set_state(&app, &apps_state, state).await;
+    *apps_state.sandbox.running.lock().await = false;
+}
+
+#[tauri::command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn apps_get_sandbox_state(
+    apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+) -> Result<SandboxState, String> {
+    Ok(apps_state.sandbox.state.lock().await.clone())
+}
+
+#[tauri::command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn apps_get_app_launch_gate(
+    app: AppHandle,
+    apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    app_id: String,
+) -> Result<AppLaunchGateResult, String> {
+    let base_path = app
+        .path()
+        .app_data_dir()
+        .map_err(|e| format!("failed to resolve app data dir: {e}"))?;
+
+    let app = resolve_app(&base_path, &app_id)?;
+    let sandbox = apps_state.sandbox.state.lock().await.clone();
+
+    Ok(evaluate_app_launch_gate(&app, &sandbox))
+}
+
+#[tauri::command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn apps_rerun_sandbox_tests(
+    app: AppHandle,
+    apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+) -> Result<SandboxState, String> {
+    {
+        let mut running = apps_state.sandbox.running.lock().await;
+        if *running {
+            return Ok(apps_state.sandbox.state.lock().await.clone());
+        }
+        *running = true;
+    }
+
+    {
+        let mut runs = apps_state.sandbox.runs.lock().await;
+        runs.clear();
+    }
+
+    let runner_app = app.clone();
+
+    tokio::spawn(async move {
+        sandbox_runner(runner_app).await;
+    });
+
+    Ok(apps_state.sandbox.state.lock().await.clone())
+}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/state.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/state.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a9ccfedb8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/state.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+use crate::apps::bridge::BridgeState;
+use crate::apps::runtime::AppRuntimeState;
+use crate::apps::sandbox::SandboxStateStore;
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub struct AppsHostState {
+    pub runtime: AppRuntimeState,
+    pub bridge: BridgeState,
+    pub sandbox: SandboxStateStore,
+}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
index 05bbd89c1..a5efaa181 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
@@ -148,6 +148,9 @@ pub fn run() {
             apps::runtime::apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data,
             apps::bridge::apps_handle_bridge_request,
             apps::bridge::apps_resolve_bridge_approval,
+            apps::sandbox::apps_get_sandbox_state,
+            apps::sandbox::apps_get_app_launch_gate,
+            apps::sandbox::apps_rerun_sandbox_tests,
             apps::install::list_installed_apps,
             apps::install::preview_app_zip,
             apps::install::preview_app_url,
@@ -221,8 +224,7 @@ pub fn run() {
             app.manage(Initialized(Mutex::new(false)));
             app.manage(RpcTask(Mutex::new(None)));
             app.manage(app_state);
-            app.manage(apps::runtime::AppRuntimeState::default());
-            app.manage(apps::bridge::BridgeState::default());
+            app.manage(apps::state::AppsHostState::default());
             Ok(())
         })
         .run(tauri::generate_context!())
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index 4b5e9a65b..b1e6a7700 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -374,6 +374,15 @@ async appsHandleBridgeRequest(sourceLabel: string, request: RustBridgeRequest) :
 async appsResolveBridgeApproval(args: ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs) : Promise<RustBridgeResponse> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_resolve_bridge_approval", { args });
 },
+async appsGetSandboxState() : Promise<SandboxState> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_get_sandbox_state");
+},
+async appsGetAppLaunchGate(appId: string) : Promise<AppLaunchGateResult> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_get_app_launch_gate", { appId });
+},
+async appsRerunSandboxTests() : Promise<SandboxState> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_rerun_sandbox_tests");
+},
 async listInstalledApps() : Promise<ListedSageApp[]> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("list_installed_apps");
 },
@@ -462,6 +471,7 @@ export type AddPeer = {
 ip: string }
 export type AddressKind = "own" | "burn" | "launcher" | "offer" | "external" | "unknown"
 export type Amount = string | number
+export type AppLaunchGateResult = { allowed: boolean; kind: string; capability: SandboxCapability | null; message: string | null }
 export type Asset = { asset_id: string | null; name: string | null; ticker: string | null; precision: number; icon_url: string | null; description: string | null; is_sensitive_content: boolean; is_visible: boolean; revocation_address: string | null; kind: AssetKind }
 /**
  * Type of asset coin
@@ -2233,6 +2243,10 @@ export type SageRequestedCapabilities = { required: string[]; optional: string[]
 export type SageRequestedNetworkPermissions = { whitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist }
 export type SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist = { required: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[]; optional: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[] }
 export type SageRequestedPermissions = { network: SageRequestedNetworkPermissions; capabilities: SageRequestedCapabilities }
+export type SandboxCapability = "storage_isolation_from_sage" | "storage_persistence_normal" | "storage_non_persistence_incognito" | "storage_clear_cycle" | "network_allowlist_enforced"
+export type SandboxCapabilityResult = { status: SandboxCapabilityStatus; checkedAt: number | null; details: string | null }
+export type SandboxCapabilityStatus = "pending" | "running" | "passed" | "failed"
+export type SandboxState = { overallCriticalStatus: SandboxCapabilityStatus; storageIsolationFromSage: SandboxCapabilityResult; storagePersistenceNormal: SandboxCapabilityResult; storageNonPersistenceIncognito: SandboxCapabilityResult; storageClearCycle: SandboxCapabilityResult; networkAllowlistEnforced: SandboxCapabilityResult; startedAt: number | null; finishedAt: number | null }
 /**
  * Save a theme NFT to the wallet
  */
diff --git a/src/components/apps/AppTile.tsx b/src/components/apps/AppTile.tsx
index a8ad72226..e2485c8f6 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/AppTile.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/AppTile.tsx
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 import type { InstalledSageApp } from '@/bindings';
-import type { SandboxState } from '@/lib/apps/sandbox';
+import type { SandboxState } from '@/bindings';
 import { getSandboxLaunchDecision } from '@/lib/apps/sandboxPolicy';
 
 interface Props {
   app: InstalledSageApp;
-  sandboxState: SandboxState;
+  sandboxState: SandboxState | null;
   onOpen: () => void;
   onContextMenu: (event: React.MouseEvent<HTMLButtonElement>) => void;
 }
diff --git a/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx b/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
index 5df790eca..5eebd975a 100644
--- a/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
+++ b/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
 
   useEffect(() => {
     const clearCycleStatus =
-      value.sandboxState.capabilities.storage_clear_cycle?.status;
+      value.sandboxState?.storageClearCycle?.status ?? null;
 
     setForceIncognitoForSecretApps(clearCycleStatus === 'failed');
   }, [value.sandboxState]);
diff --git a/src/hooks/useApps.ts b/src/hooks/useApps.ts
index 83a83bb1c..185201c31 100644
--- a/src/hooks/useApps.ts
+++ b/src/hooks/useApps.ts
@@ -1,20 +1,13 @@
 import { invoke } from '@tauri-apps/api/core';
 import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react';
-import  {
+import {
   InstalledSageApp,
   ListedSageApp,
-  SageAppUrlPreview, SageGrantedPermissions,
+  SageAppUrlPreview,
+  SageGrantedPermissions,
   SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
+  SandboxState,
 } from '@/bindings.ts';
-import {
-  buildInitialSandboxState,
-  buildRunningSandboxState,
-  evaluateAppLaunchGate,
-  setStorageClearCapabilityPassed,
-  type SandboxState,
-} from '@/lib/apps/sandbox';
-import { clearAppDataStore } from '@/lib/apps/storageClearCycle';
-import { runSandboxTestsIncremental } from '@/lib/apps/sandbox-tests';
 import { formatAppError } from '@/lib/apps/formatAppError.ts';
 
 type UpdateAvailabilityMap = Record<string, SageAppUrlPreview | null>;
@@ -26,9 +19,7 @@ export function useAppsInternal() {
   const [updateAvailability, setUpdateAvailability] =
     useState<UpdateAvailabilityMap>({});
   const [busyAppIds, setBusyAppIds] = useState<Record<string, boolean>>({});
-  const [sandboxState, setSandboxState] = useState<SandboxState>(
-    buildInitialSandboxState(),
-  );
+  const [sandboxState, setSandboxState] = useState<SandboxState | null>(null);
 
   const setBusy = useCallback((appId: string, busy: boolean) => {
     setBusyAppIds((prev) => {
@@ -55,42 +46,44 @@ export function useAppsInternal() {
     }
   }, []);
 
+  const refreshSandboxState = useCallback(async () => {
+    const next = await invoke<SandboxState>('apps_get_sandbox_state');
+    setSandboxState(next);
+  }, []);
+
   const rerunSandboxTests = useCallback(async () => {
-    setSandboxState(buildRunningSandboxState());
-    setStorageClearCapabilityPassed(false);
+    const next = await invoke<SandboxState>('apps_rerun_sandbox_tests');
+    setSandboxState(next);
+  }, []);
 
-    try {
-      const finalState = await runSandboxTestsIncremental((next) => {
-        setSandboxState({ ...next });
-      });
+  useEffect(() => {
+    void refresh();
+    void refreshSandboxState();
+  }, [refresh, refreshSandboxState]);
 
-      setStorageClearCapabilityPassed(
-        finalState.capabilities.storage_clear_cycle.status === 'passed',
-      );
-    } catch (err) {
-      const message = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err);
-
-      setSandboxState((prev) => ({
-        ...prev,
-        overallCriticalStatus: 'failed',
-        finishedAt: Date.now(),
-        capabilities: {
-          ...prev.capabilities,
-          storage_isolation_from_sage: {
-            status: 'failed',
-            checkedAt: Date.now(),
-            details: message,
-          },
+  useEffect(() => {
+    let unlisten: (() => void) | null = null;
+
+    const mount = async () => {
+      const { getCurrentWebview } = await import('@tauri-apps/api/webview');
+      const webview = getCurrentWebview();
+
+      unlisten = await webview.listen<SandboxState>(
+        'apps:sandbox-state-updated',
+        ({ payload }) => {
+          if (payload) {
+            setSandboxState(payload);
+          }
         },
-      }));
+      );
+    };
 
-      setStorageClearCapabilityPassed(false);
-    }
-  }, []);
+    void mount();
 
-  useEffect(() => {
-    void refresh();
-  }, [refresh]);
+    return () => {
+      unlisten?.();
+    };
+  }, []);
 
   const installApp = useCallback(
     async (
@@ -154,9 +147,7 @@ export function useAppsInternal() {
   );
 
   const isInstalled = useCallback(
-    (appId: string): boolean => {
-      return apps.some((app) => app.id === appId);
-    },
+    (appId: string): boolean => apps.some((app) => app.id === appId),
     [apps],
   );
 
@@ -164,10 +155,8 @@ export function useAppsInternal() {
     return [...apps].sort((a, b) => {
       const aKey =
         a.kind === 'installed' ? a.name.toLowerCase() : a.id.toLowerCase();
-
       const bKey =
         b.kind === 'installed' ? b.name.toLowerCase() : b.id.toLowerCase();
-
       return aKey.localeCompare(bKey);
     });
   }, [apps]);
@@ -218,10 +207,8 @@ export function useAppsInternal() {
         await refresh();
         return installed;
       } catch (err) {
-        const message = formatAppError(err);
-
         throw new Error(
-          `Failed to download app update for ${appId}: ${message}`,
+          `Failed to download app update for ${appId}: ${formatAppError(err)}`,
         );
       } finally {
         setBusy(appId, false);
@@ -298,38 +285,20 @@ export function useAppsInternal() {
 
   const clearAppStorage = useCallback(
     async (appId: string) => {
-      const app = getApp(appId);
-      if (!app) {
-        throw new Error(`Missing app ${appId}`);
-      }
-
       try {
         setBusy(appId, true);
-        const result = await clearAppDataStore(app);
-
-        if (!result.passed) {
-          throw new Error(result.details ?? 'Storage clear cycle failed.');
-        }
-
+        await invoke('apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data', { appId });
         await refresh();
       } finally {
         setBusy(appId, false);
       }
     },
-    [getApp, refresh, setBusy],
+    [refresh, setBusy],
   );
 
-  const getAppLaunchGate = useCallback(
-    (appId: string) => {
-      const app = getApp(appId);
-      if (!app) {
-        return null;
-      }
-
-      return evaluateAppLaunchGate(app, sandboxState);
-    },
-    [getApp, sandboxState],
-  );
+  const getAppLaunchGate = useCallback(async (appId: string) => {
+    return await invoke('apps_get_app_launch_gate', { appId });
+  }, []);
 
   useEffect(() => {
     const urlApps = apps.filter(
diff --git a/src/hooks/useBridgeHost.ts b/src/hooks/useBridgeHost.ts
index 425c572c5..a69196477 100644
--- a/src/hooks/useBridgeHost.ts
+++ b/src/hooks/useBridgeHost.ts
@@ -7,13 +7,7 @@ import {
   type SageBridgeEventPayload,
   type SageBridgeResponse,
 } from '@/lib/apps/bridge';
-import { acceptSandboxBridgeSend } from '@/lib/apps/sandboxRuntimeStore';
-import type {
-  ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs,
-  RustBridgeHandleResult,
-  RustBridgeRequest,
-  RustBridgeResponse,
-} from '@/bindings.ts';
+import { RustBridgeHandleResult, RustBridgeResponse } from '@/bindings.ts';
 
 interface Args {
   requestApproval: (
@@ -21,22 +15,6 @@ interface Args {
   ) => Promise<{ approved: boolean; reason?: string }>;
 }
 
-interface RustSandboxBridgeSendEvent {
-  appId: string;
-  payloadJson: string;
-}
-
-type RustBridgeSuccessLike = Extract<
-  RustBridgeResponse,
-  { resultJson: string }
->;
-
-function isRustBridgeSuccess(
-  response: RustBridgeResponse,
-): response is RustBridgeSuccessLike {
-  return 'resultJson' in response;
-}
-
 function parseJsonOrNull(value: string | null | undefined): unknown {
   if (value == null) {
     return null;
@@ -51,7 +29,7 @@ function parseJsonOrNull(value: string | null | undefined): unknown {
 }
 
 function toSdkBridgeResponse(response: RustBridgeResponse): SageBridgeResponse {
-  if (isRustBridgeSuccess(response)) {
+  if ('resultJson' in response) {
     return {
       channel: 'sage-bridge',
       bridgeVersion: 'v1',
@@ -61,12 +39,25 @@ function toSdkBridgeResponse(response: RustBridgeResponse): SageBridgeResponse {
     };
   }
 
+  if ('error' in response) {
+    return {
+      channel: 'sage-bridge',
+      bridgeVersion: 'v1',
+      id: response.id,
+      ok: false,
+      error: response.error,
+    };
+  }
+
   return {
     channel: 'sage-bridge',
     bridgeVersion: 'v1',
-    id: response.id,
+    id: 'unknown',
     ok: false,
-    error: response.error,
+    error: {
+      code: 'internal_error',
+      message: 'Unknown Rust bridge response shape',
+    },
   };
 }
 
@@ -75,7 +66,6 @@ export function useBridgeHost({ requestApproval }: Args) {
 
   useEffect(() => {
     let unlistenRequest: (() => void) | null = null;
-    let unlistenSandbox: (() => void) | null = null;
 
     const mount = async () => {
       unlistenRequest = await hostWebview.listen<SageBridgeEventPayload>(
@@ -88,22 +78,20 @@ export function useBridgeHost({ requestApproval }: Args) {
           const sourceLabel = payload.sourceLabel;
 
           const run = async () => {
-            const rustRequest: RustBridgeRequest = {
-              channel: payload.request.channel,
-              bridgeVersion: payload.request.bridgeVersion ?? null,
-              id: payload.request.id,
-              method: payload.request.method,
-              paramsJson:
-                payload.request.params === undefined
-                  ? null
-                  : JSON.stringify(payload.request.params),
-            };
-
             const result = await invoke<RustBridgeHandleResult>(
               'apps_handle_bridge_request',
               {
                 sourceLabel,
-                request: rustRequest,
+                request: {
+                  channel: payload.request.channel,
+                  bridgeVersion: payload.request.bridgeVersion ?? null,
+                  id: payload.request.id,
+                  method: payload.request.method,
+                  paramsJson:
+                    payload.request.params === undefined
+                      ? null
+                      : JSON.stringify(payload.request.params),
+                },
               },
             );
 
@@ -126,16 +114,14 @@ export function useBridgeHost({ requestApproval }: Args) {
               ) as BridgeApprovalRequest['params'],
             });
 
-            const approvalArgs: ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs = {
-              approvalId: result.approvalId,
-              approved: approvalResult.approved,
-              reason: approvalResult.reason ?? null,
-            };
-
             const rawResponse = await invoke<RustBridgeResponse>(
               'apps_resolve_bridge_approval',
               {
-                args: approvalArgs,
+                args: {
+                  approvalId: result.approvalId,
+                  approved: approvalResult.approved,
+                  reason: approvalResult.reason ?? null,
+                },
               },
             );
 
@@ -151,20 +137,6 @@ export function useBridgeHost({ requestApproval }: Args) {
           });
         },
       );
-
-      unlistenSandbox = await hostWebview.listen<RustSandboxBridgeSendEvent>(
-        'sage-sandbox:report',
-        ({ payload }) => {
-          if (!payload) {
-            return;
-          }
-
-          acceptSandboxBridgeSend({
-            appId: payload.appId,
-            payload: parseJsonOrNull(payload.payloadJson) as never,
-          });
-        },
-      );
     };
 
     void mount().catch((err) => {
@@ -173,7 +145,7 @@ export function useBridgeHost({ requestApproval }: Args) {
 
     return () => {
       unlistenRequest?.();
-      unlistenSandbox?.();
     };
   }, [hostWebview, requestApproval]);
 }
+
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/clear-cycle.ts b/src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/clear-cycle.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index fb03cc73b..000000000
--- a/src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/clear-cycle.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
-import { TEST_APP_IDS } from '@/lib/apps/testApps';
-import { getBuiltinApp } from '@/lib/apps/registry';
-import { clearAppDataStore } from '@/lib/apps/storageClearCycle';
-
-export async function runStorageClearCycleCapabilityTest(): Promise<{
-  passed: boolean;
-  details: string | null;
-}> {
-  const app = await getBuiltinApp(TEST_APP_IDS.storageClearPersistent);
-
-  if (!app) {
-    return {
-      passed: false,
-      details:
-        'Missing builtin storage clear test app for clear-cycle capability test.',
-    };
-  }
-
-  return clearAppDataStore(app);
-}
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/index.ts b/src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/index.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index b5ca105ea..000000000
--- a/src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/index.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,108 +0,0 @@
-// src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/index.ts
-
-import type {
-  SandboxCapability,
-  SandboxCapabilityResult,
-  SandboxState,
-} from '@/lib/apps/sandbox';
-import { buildRunningSandboxState } from '@/lib/apps/sandbox';
-import { runStorageClearCycleCapabilityTest } from './clear-cycle';
-import { runIsolationTest } from './isolation';
-import { runNetworkTest } from './network';
-import { runPersistenceTest } from './persistence';
-
-type UpdateFn = (state: SandboxState) => void;
-
-function setCapability(
-  state: SandboxState,
-  capability: SandboxCapability,
-  result: SandboxCapabilityResult,
-) {
-  state.capabilities[capability] = {
-    ...result,
-    checkedAt: Date.now(),
-  };
-}
-
-export async function runSandboxTestsIncremental(
-  onUpdate: UpdateFn,
-): Promise<SandboxState> {
-  const state = buildRunningSandboxState();
-  onUpdate({ ...state });
-
-  // --- isolation (must be first) ---
-  const isolation = await runIsolationTest();
-
-  setCapability(state, 'storage_isolation_from_sage', {
-    status: isolation.passed ? 'passed' : 'failed',
-    checkedAt: Date.now(),
-    details: isolation.details,
-  });
-
-  onUpdate({ ...state });
-
-  if (!isolation.passed) {
-    state.overallCriticalStatus = 'failed';
-    state.finishedAt = Date.now();
-    onUpdate({ ...state });
-    return state;
-  }
-
-  // --- parallel phase ---
-  const persistencePromise = runPersistenceTest();
-  const clearCyclePromise = runStorageClearCycleCapabilityTest();
-  const networkPromise = runNetworkTest();
-
-  // update each as it finishes (not waiting all)
-  await Promise.all([
-    (async () => {
-      const persistence = await persistencePromise;
-
-      setCapability(state, 'storage_persistence_normal', {
-        status: persistence.persistentNormal.passed ? 'passed' : 'failed',
-        checkedAt: Date.now(),
-        details: persistence.persistentNormal.details,
-      });
-
-      setCapability(state, 'storage_non_persistence_incognito', {
-        status: persistence.persistenceIncognito.passed ? 'passed' : 'failed',
-        checkedAt: Date.now(),
-        details: persistence.persistenceIncognito.details,
-      });
-
-      onUpdate({ ...state });
-    })(),
-
-    (async () => {
-      const clearCycle = await clearCyclePromise;
-
-      setCapability(state, 'storage_clear_cycle', {
-        status: clearCycle.passed ? 'passed' : 'failed',
-        checkedAt: Date.now(),
-        details: clearCycle.details,
-      });
-
-      onUpdate({ ...state });
-    })(),
-
-    (async () => {
-      const network = await networkPromise;
-
-      setCapability(state, 'network_allowlist_enforced', {
-        status: network.passed ? 'passed' : 'failed',
-        checkedAt: Date.now(),
-        details: network.details,
-      });
-
-      onUpdate({ ...state });
-    })(),
-  ]);
-
-  // --- finalize ---
-  state.overallCriticalStatus = 'passed';
-  state.finishedAt = Date.now();
-
-  onUpdate({ ...state });
-
-  return state;
-}
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/isolation.ts b/src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/isolation.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 8da0e9bbd..000000000
--- a/src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/isolation.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,113 +0,0 @@
-import { TEST_APP_IDS } from '@/lib/apps/testApps';
-import type { SandboxIsolationProbeResult } from '@/lib/apps/sandbox';
-import type { SandboxAppResult } from '@/lib/apps/sandboxRuntimeStore';
-import {
-  getSandboxRunResults,
-  resetSandboxRun,
-} from '@/lib/apps/sandboxRuntimeStore';
-import { writeSageProbes } from './sageProbeState';
-import { findByAppId } from './lookup';
-import {
-  formatUnknownError,
-  labelForAppId,
-  pollResults,
-  startTestApp,
-  stopTestApps,
-  stopTestAppsOnFailure,
-  stopTestAppsOnSuccess,
-  uniqueRunId,
-} from './shared';
-
-export async function runIsolationTest(): Promise<{
-  passed: boolean;
-  details: string | null;
-}> {
-  const runId = uniqueRunId('sandbox-isolation');
-  const appIds = [
-    TEST_APP_IDS.storageIsolationPersistent,
-    TEST_APP_IDS.storageIsolationIncognito,
-  ];
-
-  resetSandboxRun(runId);
-  await stopTestApps(appIds);
-  await writeSageProbes(runId);
-
-  try {
-    await Promise.all([
-      startTestApp(TEST_APP_IDS.storageIsolationPersistent, { runId }),
-      startTestApp(TEST_APP_IDS.storageIsolationIncognito, { runId }),
-    ]);
-
-    const results = await pollResults<
-      SandboxAppResult<SandboxIsolationProbeResult>
-    >({
-      runId,
-      expectedCount: 2,
-      timeoutMs: 10000,
-      label: 'sandbox isolation',
-      read: () => getSandboxRunResults(runId).isolation,
-    });
-
-    const persistent = findByAppId(
-      results,
-      TEST_APP_IDS.storageIsolationPersistent,
-    );
-    const incognito = findByAppId(
-      results,
-      TEST_APP_IDS.storageIsolationIncognito,
-    );
-
-    if (!persistent || !incognito) {
-      await stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds);
-      return {
-        passed: false,
-        details: 'Isolation probe returned incomplete app result set.',
-      };
-    }
-
-    for (const [appId, result] of [
-      [TEST_APP_IDS.storageIsolationPersistent, persistent],
-      [TEST_APP_IDS.storageIsolationIncognito, incognito],
-    ] as const) {
-      const label = labelForAppId(appId);
-
-      if (result.runId !== runId) {
-        await stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds);
-        return {
-          passed: false,
-          details: `${label} probe reported mismatched run id.`,
-        };
-      }
-
-      if (result.error) {
-        await stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds);
-        return {
-          passed: false,
-          details: `${label} probe reported error: ${result.error}`,
-        };
-      }
-
-      if (result.localStorageVisible || result.indexedDbVisible) {
-        await stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds);
-        return {
-          passed: false,
-          details: `${label} probe was able to observe Sage probe data.`,
-        };
-      }
-    }
-
-    await stopTestAppsOnSuccess(appIds);
-
-    return {
-      passed: true,
-      details:
-        'Both sandbox probe modes were unable to observe Sage probe data.',
-    };
-  } catch (err) {
-    await stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds);
-    return {
-      passed: false,
-      details: formatUnknownError(err),
-    };
-  }
-}
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/lookup.ts b/src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/lookup.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 339f2d77e..000000000
--- a/src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/lookup.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-import type { SandboxAppResult } from '@/lib/apps/sandboxRuntimeStore';
-
-export function findByAppId<T>(
-  items: SandboxAppResult<T>[],
-  appId: string,
-): T | undefined {
-  return items.find((item) => item.appId === appId)?.data;
-}
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/network.ts b/src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/network.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 5b94b3451..000000000
--- a/src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/network.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,110 +0,0 @@
-import { TEST_APP_IDS } from '@/lib/apps/testApps';
-import type { SandboxNetworkProbeResult } from '@/lib/apps/sandbox';
-import type { SandboxAppResult } from '@/lib/apps/sandboxRuntimeStore';
-import {
-  getSandboxRunResults,
-  resetSandboxRun,
-} from '@/lib/apps/sandboxRuntimeStore';
-import { findByAppId } from './lookup';
-import {
-  formatUnknownError,
-  labelForAppId,
-  pollResults,
-  startTestApp,
-  stopTestApps,
-  stopTestAppsOnFailure,
-  stopTestAppsOnSuccess,
-  uniqueRunId,
-} from './shared';
-
-export async function runNetworkTest(): Promise<{
-  passed: boolean;
-  details: string | null;
-}> {
-  const runId = uniqueRunId('sandbox-network');
-  const appIds = [TEST_APP_IDS.networkAllowA, TEST_APP_IDS.networkAllowB];
-
-  resetSandboxRun(runId);
-  await stopTestApps(appIds);
-
-  try {
-    await Promise.all([
-      startTestApp(TEST_APP_IDS.networkAllowA, { runId }),
-      startTestApp(TEST_APP_IDS.networkAllowB, { runId }),
-    ]);
-
-    const results = await pollResults<
-      SandboxAppResult<SandboxNetworkProbeResult>
-    >({
-      runId,
-      expectedCount: 2,
-      timeoutMs: 12000,
-      label: 'sandbox network',
-      read: () => getSandboxRunResults(runId).network,
-    });
-
-    const allowA = findByAppId(results, TEST_APP_IDS.networkAllowA);
-    const allowB = findByAppId(results, TEST_APP_IDS.networkAllowB);
-
-    if (!allowA || !allowB) {
-      await stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds);
-      return {
-        passed: false,
-        details: 'Network probe returned incomplete app result set.',
-      };
-    }
-
-    for (const [appId, result] of [
-      [TEST_APP_IDS.networkAllowA, allowA],
-      [TEST_APP_IDS.networkAllowB, allowB],
-    ] as const) {
-      const label = labelForAppId(appId);
-
-      if (result.runId !== runId) {
-        await stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds);
-        return {
-          passed: false,
-          details: `${label} probe reported mismatched run id.`,
-        };
-      }
-
-      if (result.error) {
-        await stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds);
-        return {
-          passed: false,
-          details: `${label} probe reported error: ${result.error}`,
-        };
-      }
-
-      if (!result.allowedOk) {
-        await stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds);
-        return {
-          passed: false,
-          details: `${label} probe could not reach its allowed URL ${result.allowedUrl}.`,
-        };
-      }
-
-      if (result.blockedOk) {
-        await stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds);
-        return {
-          passed: false,
-          details: `${label} probe was able to reach blocked URL ${result.blockedUrl}.`,
-        };
-      }
-    }
-
-    await stopTestAppsOnSuccess(appIds);
-
-    return {
-      passed: true,
-      details:
-        'Network allowlist probes succeeded for allowed URLs and failed for blocked URLs in both flipped configurations.',
-    };
-  } catch (err) {
-    await stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds);
-    return {
-      passed: false,
-      details: formatUnknownError(err),
-    };
-  }
-}
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/persistence.ts b/src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/persistence.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 55c680c94..000000000
--- a/src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/persistence.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,300 +0,0 @@
-import { TEST_APP_IDS } from '@/lib/apps/testApps';
-import type {
-  SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult,
-  SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult,
-} from '@/lib/apps/sandbox';
-import type { SandboxAppResult } from '@/lib/apps/sandboxRuntimeStore';
-import {
-  getSandboxRunResults,
-  resetSandboxRun,
-} from '@/lib/apps/sandboxRuntimeStore';
-import { findByAppId } from './lookup';
-import {
-  formatUnknownError,
-  pollResults,
-  startTestApp,
-  stopTestApps,
-  stopTestAppsOnFailure,
-  stopTestAppsOnSuccess,
-  uniqueRunId,
-} from './shared';
-
-function formatPersistenceWriteFailure(
-  label: string,
-  result: SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult,
-): string {
-  const failed: string[] = [];
-
-  if (!result.localStorageWrote) {
-    failed.push('localStorage');
-  }
-
-  if (!result.indexedDbWrote) {
-    failed.push('IndexedDB');
-  }
-
-  if (failed.length === 0) {
-    return `${label} write probe failed for unknown reason.`;
-  }
-
-  return `${label} write probe could not write: ${failed.join(', ')}.`;
-}
-
-function formatPersistenceReadFailure(
-  label: string,
-  result: SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult,
-  expectedPresent: boolean,
-): string {
-  const mismatches: string[] = [];
-
-  if (result.localStoragePresent !== expectedPresent) {
-    mismatches.push(
-      `localStorage=${result.localStoragePresent} expected=${expectedPresent}`,
-    );
-  }
-
-  if (result.indexedDbPresent !== expectedPresent) {
-    mismatches.push(
-      `IndexedDB=${result.indexedDbPresent} expected=${expectedPresent}`,
-    );
-  }
-
-  if (mismatches.length === 0) {
-    return `${label} read probe failed for unknown reason.`;
-  }
-
-  return `${label} read probe mismatch: ${mismatches.join(', ')}.`;
-}
-
-export async function runPersistenceTest(): Promise<{
-  persistentNormal: { passed: boolean; details: string | null };
-  persistenceIncognito: { passed: boolean; details: string | null };
-}> {
-  const runId = uniqueRunId('sandbox-persistence');
-  const appIds = [
-    TEST_APP_IDS.persistencePersistent,
-    TEST_APP_IDS.persistenceIncognito,
-  ];
-
-  resetSandboxRun(runId);
-  await stopTestApps(appIds);
-
-  try {
-    await Promise.all([
-      startTestApp(TEST_APP_IDS.persistencePersistent, {
-        runId,
-        phase: 'write',
-      }),
-      startTestApp(TEST_APP_IDS.persistenceIncognito, {
-        runId,
-        phase: 'write',
-      }),
-    ]);
-
-    const writeResults = await pollResults<
-      SandboxAppResult<SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult>
-    >({
-      runId,
-      expectedCount: 2,
-      timeoutMs: 10000,
-      label: 'sandbox persistence write',
-      read: () => getSandboxRunResults(runId).persistenceWrite,
-    });
-
-    const persistentWrite = findByAppId(
-      writeResults,
-      TEST_APP_IDS.persistencePersistent,
-    );
-    const incognitoWrite = findByAppId(
-      writeResults,
-      TEST_APP_IDS.persistenceIncognito,
-    );
-
-    if (!persistentWrite || !incognitoWrite) {
-      await stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds);
-      return {
-        persistentNormal: {
-          passed: false,
-          details: 'Missing persistent or incognito persistence write result.',
-        },
-        persistenceIncognito: {
-          passed: false,
-          details: 'Missing persistent or incognito persistence write result.',
-        },
-      };
-    }
-
-    if (persistentWrite.runId !== runId || incognitoWrite.runId !== runId) {
-      await stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds);
-      return {
-        persistentNormal: {
-          passed: false,
-          details: 'Persistence write probe reported mismatched run id.',
-        },
-        persistenceIncognito: {
-          passed: false,
-          details: 'Persistence write probe reported mismatched run id.',
-        },
-      };
-    }
-
-    if (persistentWrite.error) {
-      await stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds);
-      return {
-        persistentNormal: {
-          passed: false,
-          details: `Persistent write probe reported error: ${persistentWrite.error}`,
-        },
-        persistenceIncognito: {
-          passed: false,
-          details: `Persistent write probe reported error: ${persistentWrite.error}`,
-        },
-      };
-    }
-
-    if (!persistentWrite.localStorageWrote || !persistentWrite.indexedDbWrote) {
-      const details = formatPersistenceWriteFailure(
-        'persistent',
-        persistentWrite,
-      );
-
-      await stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds);
-      return {
-        persistentNormal: { passed: false, details },
-        persistenceIncognito: { passed: false, details },
-      };
-    }
-
-    if (incognitoWrite.error) {
-      await stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds);
-      return {
-        persistentNormal: {
-          passed: false,
-          details: `Incognito write probe reported error: ${incognitoWrite.error}`,
-        },
-        persistenceIncognito: {
-          passed: false,
-          details: `Incognito write probe reported error: ${incognitoWrite.error}`,
-        },
-      };
-    }
-
-    if (!incognitoWrite.localStorageWrote || !incognitoWrite.indexedDbWrote) {
-      const details = formatPersistenceWriteFailure(
-        'incognito',
-        incognitoWrite,
-      );
-
-      await stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds);
-      return {
-        persistentNormal: { passed: false, details },
-        persistenceIncognito: { passed: false, details },
-      };
-    }
-
-    await stopTestApps(appIds);
-
-    await Promise.all([
-      startTestApp(TEST_APP_IDS.persistencePersistent, {
-        runId,
-        phase: 'read',
-      }),
-      startTestApp(TEST_APP_IDS.persistenceIncognito, {
-        runId,
-        phase: 'read',
-      }),
-    ]);
-
-    const readResults = await pollResults<
-      SandboxAppResult<SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult>
-    >({
-      runId,
-      expectedCount: 2,
-      timeoutMs: 10000,
-      label: 'sandbox persistence read',
-      read: () => getSandboxRunResults(runId).persistenceRead,
-    });
-
-    const persistentRead = findByAppId(
-      readResults,
-      TEST_APP_IDS.persistencePersistent,
-    );
-    const incognitoRead = findByAppId(
-      readResults,
-      TEST_APP_IDS.persistenceIncognito,
-    );
-
-    if (!persistentRead || !incognitoRead) {
-      await stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds);
-      return {
-        persistentNormal: {
-          passed: false,
-          details: 'Missing persistent or incognito persistence read result.',
-        },
-        persistenceIncognito: {
-          passed: false,
-          details: 'Missing persistent or incognito persistence read result.',
-        },
-      };
-    }
-
-    if (persistentRead.runId !== runId || incognitoRead.runId !== runId) {
-      await stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds);
-      return {
-        persistentNormal: {
-          passed: false,
-          details: 'Persistence read probe reported mismatched run id.',
-        },
-        persistenceIncognito: {
-          passed: false,
-          details: 'Persistence read probe reported mismatched run id.',
-        },
-      };
-    }
-
-    const persistentPassed =
-      !persistentRead.error &&
-      persistentRead.localStoragePresent &&
-      persistentRead.indexedDbPresent;
-
-    const incognitoPassed =
-      !incognitoRead.error &&
-      !incognitoRead.localStoragePresent &&
-      !incognitoRead.indexedDbPresent;
-
-    const result = {
-      persistentNormal: {
-        passed: persistentPassed,
-        details: persistentPassed
-          ? 'Persistent mode retained localStorage and IndexedDB across reopen.'
-          : persistentRead.error
-            ? `Persistent read probe reported error: ${persistentRead.error}`
-            : formatPersistenceReadFailure('persistent', persistentRead, true),
-      },
-      persistenceIncognito: {
-        passed: incognitoPassed,
-        details: incognitoPassed
-          ? 'Incognito mode did not retain localStorage or IndexedDB across reopen.'
-          : incognitoRead.error
-            ? `Incognito read probe reported error: ${incognitoRead.error}`
-            : formatPersistenceReadFailure('incognito', incognitoRead, false),
-      },
-    };
-
-    if (result.persistentNormal.passed && result.persistenceIncognito.passed) {
-      await stopTestAppsOnSuccess(appIds);
-    } else {
-      await stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds);
-    }
-
-    return result;
-  } catch (err) {
-    await stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds);
-    const message = formatUnknownError(err);
-
-    return {
-      persistentNormal: { passed: false, details: message },
-      persistenceIncognito: { passed: false, details: message },
-    };
-  }
-}
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/sageProbeState.ts b/src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/sageProbeState.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 168ef8b1e..000000000
--- a/src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/sageProbeState.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,56 +0,0 @@
-const PROBE_LOCAL_STORAGE_KEY = 'sage_probe_local_storage';
-const PROBE_INDEXED_DB_NAME = 'sage_probe_db';
-const PROBE_INDEXED_DB_STORE = 'probe_store';
-const PROBE_INDEXED_DB_KEY = 'sage_probe_key';
-
-export async function writeSageProbeIndexedDb(runId: string): Promise<void> {
-  await new Promise<void>((resolve, reject) => {
-    const open = indexedDB.open(PROBE_INDEXED_DB_NAME);
-
-    open.onerror = () => {
-      reject(new Error('Failed to open Sage probe IndexedDB.'));
-    };
-
-    open.onupgradeneeded = () => {
-      const db = open.result;
-      if (!db.objectStoreNames.contains(PROBE_INDEXED_DB_STORE)) {
-        db.createObjectStore(PROBE_INDEXED_DB_STORE);
-      }
-    };
-
-    open.onsuccess = () => {
-      try {
-        const db = open.result;
-        const tx = db.transaction(PROBE_INDEXED_DB_STORE, 'readwrite');
-        const store = tx.objectStore(PROBE_INDEXED_DB_STORE);
-        const put = store.put(runId, PROBE_INDEXED_DB_KEY);
-
-        put.onerror = () => {
-          db.close();
-          reject(new Error('Failed to write Sage probe IndexedDB record.'));
-        };
-
-        put.onsuccess = () => {
-          tx.oncomplete = () => {
-            db.close();
-            resolve();
-          };
-
-          tx.onerror = () => {
-            db.close();
-            reject(
-              new Error('Failed to commit Sage probe IndexedDB transaction.'),
-            );
-          };
-        };
-      } catch (err) {
-        reject(err instanceof Error ? err : new Error(String(err)));
-      }
-    };
-  });
-}
-
-export async function writeSageProbes(runId: string): Promise<void> {
-  localStorage.setItem(PROBE_LOCAL_STORAGE_KEY, runId);
-  await writeSageProbeIndexedDb(runId);
-}
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/shared.ts b/src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/shared.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index f11e52a16..000000000
--- a/src/lib/apps/sandbox-tests/shared.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,103 +0,0 @@
-import { TEST_APP_IDS } from '@/lib/apps/testApps';
-import {
-  closeAppRuntime,
-  startInternalInlineRuntime,
-} from '@/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry';
-import { getBuiltinApp } from '@/lib/apps/registry';
-
-export function uniqueRunId(prefix: string): string {
-  return `${prefix}-${Date.now()}-${Math.random().toString(36).slice(2)}`;
-}
-
-export function formatUnknownError(err: unknown): string {
-  if (err instanceof Error) {
-    return err.message;
-  }
-
-  if (typeof err === 'string') {
-    return err;
-  }
-
-  try {
-    return JSON.stringify(err, null, 2);
-  } catch {
-    return String(err);
-  }
-}
-
-export function labelForAppId(appId: string): string {
-  switch (appId) {
-    case TEST_APP_IDS.storageIsolationPersistent:
-      return 'persistent isolation';
-    case TEST_APP_IDS.storageIsolationIncognito:
-      return 'incognito isolation';
-    case TEST_APP_IDS.persistencePersistent:
-      return 'persistent';
-    case TEST_APP_IDS.persistenceIncognito:
-      return 'incognito';
-    case TEST_APP_IDS.networkAllowA:
-      return 'allow-a';
-    case TEST_APP_IDS.networkAllowB:
-      return 'allow-b';
-    default:
-      return appId;
-  }
-}
-
-export async function startTestApp(
-  appId: string,
-  query?: Record<string, string>,
-): Promise<void> {
-  const app = await getBuiltinApp(appId);
-  if (!app) {
-    throw new Error(`Missing builtin test app ${appId}`);
-  }
-
-  await startInternalInlineRuntime(app, { query });
-}
-
-export async function stopTestApps(appIds: string[]): Promise<void> {
-  await Promise.allSettled(appIds.map((appId) => closeAppRuntime(appId)));
-}
-
-export async function pollResults<T>(args: {
-  runId: string;
-  expectedCount: number;
-  timeoutMs: number;
-  read: () => T[];
-  label: string;
-}): Promise<T[]> {
-  const startedAt = Date.now();
-
-  for (;;) {
-    const results = args.read();
-
-    if (results.length >= args.expectedCount) {
-      return results;
-    }
-
-    if (Date.now() - startedAt >= args.timeoutMs) {
-      throw new Error(`Timed out waiting for ${args.label} results.`);
-    }
-
-    await new Promise((resolve) => window.setTimeout(resolve, 100));
-  }
-}
-
-export function shouldKeepFailedTestAppsOpen(): boolean {
-  return (
-    import.meta.env.DEV && import.meta.env.VITE_SAGE_DEBUG_TEST_APPS === '1'
-  );
-}
-
-export async function stopTestAppsOnSuccess(appIds: string[]): Promise<void> {
-  await stopTestApps(appIds);
-}
-
-export async function stopTestAppsOnFailure(appIds: string[]): Promise<void> {
-  if (shouldKeepFailedTestAppsOpen()) {
-    return;
-  }
-
-  await stopTestApps(appIds);
-}
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/sandbox.ts b/src/lib/apps/sandbox.ts
index 2f05ae1dc..8ded8e5af 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/sandbox.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/sandbox.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,8 @@
-import type { InstalledSageApp } from '@/bindings';
+import type {
+  InstalledSageApp,
+  SandboxCapabilityResult,
+  SandboxState,
+} from '@/bindings';
 
 export type SandboxCapability =
   | 'storage_isolation_from_sage'
@@ -7,25 +11,6 @@ export type SandboxCapability =
   | 'storage_clear_cycle'
   | 'network_allowlist_enforced';
 
-export type SandboxCapabilityStatus =
-  | 'pending'
-  | 'running'
-  | 'passed'
-  | 'failed';
-
-export interface SandboxCapabilityResult {
-  status: SandboxCapabilityStatus;
-  checkedAt: number | null;
-  details: string | null;
-}
-
-export interface SandboxState {
-  overallCriticalStatus: SandboxCapabilityStatus;
-  capabilities: Record<SandboxCapability, SandboxCapabilityResult>;
-  startedAt: number | null;
-  finishedAt: number | null;
-}
-
 export interface AppLaunchGateResult {
   allowed: boolean;
   kind: 'allowed' | 'running' | 'failed';
@@ -33,141 +18,52 @@ export interface AppLaunchGateResult {
   message: string | null;
 }
 
-export interface SandboxIsolationProbeResult {
-  runId: string;
-  localStorageVisible: boolean;
-  indexedDbVisible: boolean;
-  error: string | null;
-}
-
-export interface SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult {
-  runId: string;
-  localStorageWrote: boolean;
-  indexedDbWrote: boolean;
-  error: string | null;
-}
-
-export interface SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult {
-  runId: string;
-  localStoragePresent: boolean;
-  indexedDbPresent: boolean;
-  error: string | null;
-}
-
-export interface SandboxNetworkProbeResult {
-  runId: string;
-  allowedUrl: string;
-  blockedUrl: string;
-  allowedOk: boolean;
-  blockedOk: boolean;
-  error: string | null;
-}
-
-export type SandboxStorageClearProbePhase =
-  | 'write'
-  | 'check_present'
-  | 'check_absent';
-
-export interface SandboxStorageClearProbeResult {
-  runId: string;
-  phase: SandboxStorageClearProbePhase;
-  localStoragePresent: boolean;
-  indexedDbPresent: boolean;
-  error: string | null;
-}
-
-let storageClearCapabilityPassed = false;
-
-export function setStorageClearCapabilityPassed(value: boolean) {
-  storageClearCapabilityPassed = value;
-}
-
-export function isStorageClearCapabilityPassed() {
-  return storageClearCapabilityPassed;
+export function formatCapabilityLabel(capability: SandboxCapability): string {
+  switch (capability) {
+    case 'storage_isolation_from_sage':
+      return 'storage isolation from Sage';
+    case 'storage_persistence_normal':
+      return 'persistent storage behavior';
+    case 'storage_non_persistence_incognito':
+      return 'incognito storage behavior';
+    case 'storage_clear_cycle':
+      return 'storage clear cycle behavior';
+    case 'network_allowlist_enforced':
+      return 'network allowlist enforcement';
+  }
 }
 
-function makeCapabilityResult(
-  status: SandboxCapabilityStatus,
-  details: string | null = null,
+export function getSandboxCapabilityResult(
+  sandbox: SandboxState,
+  capability: SandboxCapability,
 ): SandboxCapabilityResult {
-  return {
-    status,
-    checkedAt: null,
-    details,
-  };
-}
-
-export function buildInitialSandboxState(): SandboxState {
-  return {
-    overallCriticalStatus: 'pending',
-    startedAt: null,
-    finishedAt: null,
-    capabilities: {
-      storage_isolation_from_sage: makeCapabilityResult('pending'),
-      storage_persistence_normal: makeCapabilityResult('pending'),
-      storage_non_persistence_incognito: makeCapabilityResult('pending'),
-      storage_clear_cycle: makeCapabilityResult('pending'),
-      network_allowlist_enforced: makeCapabilityResult('pending'),
-    },
-  };
-}
-
-export function buildRunningSandboxState(): SandboxState {
-  return {
-    overallCriticalStatus: 'running',
-    startedAt: Date.now(),
-    finishedAt: null,
-    capabilities: {
-      storage_isolation_from_sage: makeCapabilityResult('running'),
-      storage_persistence_normal: makeCapabilityResult('running'),
-      storage_non_persistence_incognito: makeCapabilityResult('running'),
-      storage_clear_cycle: makeCapabilityResult('running'),
-      network_allowlist_enforced: makeCapabilityResult('running'),
-    },
-  };
+  switch (capability) {
+    case 'storage_isolation_from_sage':
+      return sandbox.storageIsolationFromSage;
+    case 'storage_persistence_normal':
+      return sandbox.storagePersistenceNormal;
+    case 'storage_non_persistence_incognito':
+      return sandbox.storageNonPersistenceIncognito;
+    case 'storage_clear_cycle':
+      return sandbox.storageClearCycle;
+    case 'network_allowlist_enforced':
+      return sandbox.networkAllowlistEnforced;
+  }
 }
 
-export function buildCompletedSandboxState(args: {
-  isolation: { passed: boolean; details: string | null };
-  persistenceNormal: { passed: boolean; details: string | null };
-  persistenceIncognito: { passed: boolean; details: string | null };
-  clearCycle: { passed: boolean; details: string | null };
-  network: { passed: boolean; details: string | null };
-}): SandboxState {
-  const checkedAt = Date.now();
-
-  return {
-    overallCriticalStatus: args.isolation.passed ? 'passed' : 'failed',
-    startedAt: checkedAt,
-    finishedAt: checkedAt,
-    capabilities: {
-      storage_isolation_from_sage: {
-        status: args.isolation.passed ? 'passed' : 'failed',
-        checkedAt,
-        details: args.isolation.details,
-      },
-      storage_persistence_normal: {
-        status: args.persistenceNormal.passed ? 'passed' : 'failed',
-        checkedAt,
-        details: args.persistenceNormal.details,
-      },
-      storage_non_persistence_incognito: {
-        status: args.persistenceIncognito.passed ? 'passed' : 'failed',
-        checkedAt,
-        details: args.persistenceIncognito.details,
-      },
-      storage_clear_cycle: {
-        status: args.clearCycle.passed ? 'passed' : 'failed',
-        checkedAt,
-        details: args.clearCycle.details,
-      },
-      network_allowlist_enforced: {
-        status: args.network.passed ? 'passed' : 'failed',
-        checkedAt,
-        details: args.network.details,
-      },
-    },
-  };
+export function listSandboxCapabilities(
+  sandbox: SandboxState,
+): Array<[SandboxCapability, SandboxCapabilityResult]> {
+  return [
+    ['storage_isolation_from_sage', sandbox.storageIsolationFromSage],
+    ['storage_persistence_normal', sandbox.storagePersistenceNormal],
+    [
+      'storage_non_persistence_incognito',
+      sandbox.storageNonPersistenceIncognito,
+    ],
+    ['storage_clear_cycle', sandbox.storageClearCycle],
+    ['network_allowlist_enforced', sandbox.networkAllowlistEnforced],
+  ];
 }
 
 export function getRequiredSandboxCapabilities(
@@ -192,7 +88,7 @@ export function evaluateAppLaunchGate(
   app: InstalledSageApp,
   sandbox: SandboxState,
 ): AppLaunchGateResult {
-  const isolation = sandbox.capabilities.storage_isolation_from_sage;
+  const isolation = sandbox.storageIsolationFromSage;
 
   if (isolation.status === 'pending' || isolation.status === 'running') {
     return {
@@ -221,7 +117,7 @@ export function evaluateAppLaunchGate(
   const required = getRequiredSandboxCapabilities(app);
 
   for (const capability of required) {
-    const result = sandbox.capabilities[capability];
+    const result = getSandboxCapabilityResult(sandbox, capability);
 
     if (result.status === 'pending' || result.status === 'running') {
       return {
@@ -251,18 +147,3 @@ export function evaluateAppLaunchGate(
     message: null,
   };
 }
-
-export function formatCapabilityLabel(capability: SandboxCapability): string {
-  switch (capability) {
-    case 'storage_isolation_from_sage':
-      return 'storage isolation from Sage';
-    case 'storage_persistence_normal':
-      return 'persistent storage behavior';
-    case 'storage_non_persistence_incognito':
-      return 'incognito storage behavior';
-    case 'storage_clear_cycle':
-      return 'storage clear cycle behavior';
-    case 'network_allowlist_enforced':
-      return 'network allowlist enforcement';
-  }
-}
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/sandboxPolicy.ts b/src/lib/apps/sandboxPolicy.ts
index 9282c33b3..4fcbd757a 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/sandboxPolicy.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/sandboxPolicy.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-import type { InstalledSageApp } from '@/bindings';
-import { evaluateAppLaunchGate, type SandboxState } from '@/lib/apps/sandbox';
+import type { InstalledSageApp, SandboxState } from '@/bindings';
+import { evaluateAppLaunchGate } from '@/lib/apps/sandbox';
 
 export interface SandboxLaunchDecision {
   allowed: boolean;
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/sandboxRuntimeStore.ts b/src/lib/apps/sandboxRuntimeStore.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 08886d5c8..000000000
--- a/src/lib/apps/sandboxRuntimeStore.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,186 +0,0 @@
-import type { SageBridgeSendPayload } from '@/lib/apps/bridge';
-import type {
-  SandboxIsolationProbeResult,
-  SandboxNetworkProbeResult,
-  SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult,
-  SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult,
-  SandboxStorageClearProbeResult,
-} from '@/lib/apps/sandbox';
-
-export interface SandboxAppResult<T> {
-  appId: string;
-  data: T;
-}
-
-export interface SandboxRunResults {
-  isolation: SandboxAppResult<SandboxIsolationProbeResult>[];
-  persistenceWrite: SandboxAppResult<SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult>[];
-  persistenceRead: SandboxAppResult<SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult>[];
-  clearCycle: SandboxAppResult<SandboxStorageClearProbeResult>[];
-  network: SandboxAppResult<SandboxNetworkProbeResult>[];
-}
-
-const runs = new Map<string, SandboxRunResults>();
-
-function createEmptyRunResults(): SandboxRunResults {
-  return {
-    isolation: [],
-    persistenceWrite: [],
-    persistenceRead: [],
-    clearCycle: [],
-    network: [],
-  };
-}
-
-function getOrCreateRun(runId: string): SandboxRunResults {
-  let existing = runs.get(runId);
-  if (!existing) {
-    existing = createEmptyRunResults();
-    runs.set(runId, existing);
-  }
-  return existing;
-}
-
-function replaceByAppId<T>(
-  items: SandboxAppResult<T>[],
-  next: SandboxAppResult<T>,
-): SandboxAppResult<T>[] {
-  const withoutSameApp = items.filter((item) => item.appId !== next.appId);
-  return [...withoutSameApp, next];
-}
-
-function isObject(value: unknown): value is Record<string, unknown> {
-  return !!value && typeof value === 'object';
-}
-
-function hasStringRunId(
-  value: unknown,
-): value is { runId: string } & Record<string, unknown> {
-  return isObject(value) && typeof value.runId === 'string';
-}
-
-function isClearCycleReport(
-  report: unknown,
-): report is { type: 'clear_cycle'; data: SandboxStorageClearProbeResult } {
-  return (
-    isObject(report) &&
-    report.type === 'clear_cycle' &&
-    hasStringRunId(report.data)
-  );
-}
-
-function isIsolationReport(
-  report: unknown,
-): report is { type: 'isolation'; data: SandboxIsolationProbeResult } {
-  return (
-    isObject(report) &&
-    report.type === 'isolation' &&
-    hasStringRunId(report.data)
-  );
-}
-
-function isPersistenceWriteReport(report: unknown): report is {
-  type: 'persistence_write';
-  data: SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult;
-} {
-  return (
-    isObject(report) &&
-    report.type === 'persistence_write' &&
-    hasStringRunId(report.data)
-  );
-}
-
-function isPersistenceReadReport(report: unknown): report is {
-  type: 'persistence_read';
-  data: SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult;
-} {
-  return (
-    isObject(report) &&
-    report.type === 'persistence_read' &&
-    hasStringRunId(report.data)
-  );
-}
-
-function isNetworkReport(
-  report: unknown,
-): report is { type: 'network'; data: SandboxNetworkProbeResult } {
-  return (
-    isObject(report) && report.type === 'network' && hasStringRunId(report.data)
-  );
-}
-
-export function resetSandboxRun(runId: string) {
-  runs.set(runId, createEmptyRunResults());
-}
-
-export function clearAllSandboxRuns() {
-  runs.clear();
-}
-
-export function getSandboxRunResults(runId: string): SandboxRunResults {
-  return runs.get(runId) ?? createEmptyRunResults();
-}
-
-export function acceptSandboxBridgeSend(args: {
-  appId: string;
-  payload: SageBridgeSendPayload;
-}): boolean {
-  const { appId, payload } = args;
-
-  if (payload.kind !== 'sandbox_report') {
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  const report = payload.report;
-
-  if (isClearCycleReport(report)) {
-    const run = getOrCreateRun(report.data.runId);
-    run.clearCycle = replaceByAppId(run.clearCycle, {
-      appId,
-      data: report.data,
-    });
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  if (!appId.startsWith('__sage_test_')) {
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  if (isIsolationReport(report)) {
-    const run = getOrCreateRun(report.data.runId);
-    run.isolation = replaceByAppId(run.isolation, {
-      appId,
-      data: report.data,
-    });
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  if (isPersistenceWriteReport(report)) {
-    const run = getOrCreateRun(report.data.runId);
-    run.persistenceWrite = replaceByAppId(run.persistenceWrite, {
-      appId,
-      data: report.data,
-    });
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  if (isPersistenceReadReport(report)) {
-    const run = getOrCreateRun(report.data.runId);
-    run.persistenceRead = replaceByAppId(run.persistenceRead, {
-      appId,
-      data: report.data,
-    });
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  if (isNetworkReport(report)) {
-    const run = getOrCreateRun(report.data.runId);
-    run.network = replaceByAppId(run.network, {
-      appId,
-      data: report.data,
-    });
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  return false;
-}
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/storageClearCycle.ts b/src/lib/apps/storageClearCycle.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 3020e14f5..000000000
--- a/src/lib/apps/storageClearCycle.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,144 +0,0 @@
-import type { InstalledSageApp } from '@/bindings';
-import type {
-  SandboxStorageClearProbePhase,
-  SandboxStorageClearProbeResult,
-} from '@/lib/apps/sandbox';
-import {
-  clearAppRuntimeBrowsingData,
-  closeAppRuntime,
-  startInternalInlineRuntime,
-} from '@/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry';
-import {
-  getSandboxRunResults,
-  resetSandboxRun,
-} from '@/lib/apps/sandboxRuntimeStore';
-
-const STORAGE_CLEAR_PROBE_PATH =
-  '/__sage/runtime-apps/storage-clear-probe/index.html';
-
-function uniqueRunId(prefix: string): string {
-  return `${prefix}-${Date.now()}-${Math.random().toString(36).slice(2)}`;
-}
-
-async function pollPhase(
-  appId: string,
-  runId: string,
-  phase: SandboxStorageClearProbePhase,
-  timeoutMs = 10000,
-): Promise<SandboxStorageClearProbeResult> {
-  const startedAt = Date.now();
-
-  for (;;) {
-    const results = getSandboxRunResults(runId).clearCycle;
-    const match = results.find(
-      (item) => item.appId === appId && item.data.phase === phase,
-    );
-
-    if (match) {
-      return match.data;
-    }
-
-    if (Date.now() - startedAt >= timeoutMs) {
-      throw new Error(`Timed out waiting for storage clear phase ${phase}.`);
-    }
-
-    await new Promise((resolve) => window.setTimeout(resolve, 100));
-  }
-}
-
-async function runProbePhase(
-  app: InstalledSageApp,
-  runId: string,
-  phase: SandboxStorageClearProbePhase,
-): Promise<SandboxStorageClearProbeResult> {
-  await closeAppRuntime(app.id, { timeoutMs: 8000 }).catch(() => {
-    //
-  });
-
-  await startInternalInlineRuntime(app, {
-    path: STORAGE_CLEAR_PROBE_PATH,
-    query: {
-      runId,
-      phase,
-    },
-  });
-
-  try {
-    return await pollPhase(app.id, runId, phase);
-  } finally {
-    await closeAppRuntime(app.id, { timeoutMs: 8000 }).catch(() => {
-      //
-    });
-  }
-}
-
-export async function clearAppDataStore(app: InstalledSageApp): Promise<{
-  passed: boolean;
-  details: string | null;
-}> {
-  const runId = uniqueRunId('storage-clear-cycle');
-  resetSandboxRun(runId);
-
-  await closeAppRuntime(app.id, { timeoutMs: 8000 }).catch(() => {
-    //
-  });
-
-  try {
-    const writeResult = await runProbePhase(app, runId, 'write');
-    if (writeResult.error) {
-      return {
-        passed: false,
-        details: `Storage clear write probe failed: ${writeResult.error}`,
-      };
-    }
-
-    if (!writeResult.localStoragePresent || !writeResult.indexedDbPresent) {
-      return {
-        passed: false,
-        details:
-          'Storage clear write probe did not observe both localStorage and IndexedDB immediately after writing.',
-      };
-    }
-
-    const presentResult = await runProbePhase(app, runId, 'check_present');
-    if (presentResult.error) {
-      return {
-        passed: false,
-        details: `Storage clear presence probe failed: ${presentResult.error}`,
-      };
-    }
-
-    if (!presentResult.localStoragePresent || !presentResult.indexedDbPresent) {
-      return {
-        passed: false,
-        details:
-          'Storage clear presence probe could not observe both localStorage and IndexedDB before clearing.',
-      };
-    }
-
-    await clearAppRuntimeBrowsingData(app);
-
-    const absentResult = await runProbePhase(app, runId, 'check_absent');
-    if (absentResult.error) {
-      return {
-        passed: false,
-        details: `Storage clear absence probe failed: ${absentResult.error}`,
-      };
-    }
-
-    const passed =
-      !absentResult.localStoragePresent && !absentResult.indexedDbPresent;
-
-    return {
-      passed,
-      details: passed
-        ? 'Storage clear cycle removed localStorage and IndexedDB for the target app origin.'
-        : 'Storage clear cycle failed because data was still visible after host-side clearing.',
-    };
-  } catch (err) {
-    return {
-      passed: false,
-      details: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
-    };
-  }
-}
diff --git a/src/pages/Apps.tsx b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
index a7167e09d..f286e69cd 100644
--- a/src/pages/Apps.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
@@ -18,8 +18,10 @@ import {
 import { invoke } from '@tauri-apps/api/core';
 import { useApps } from '@/contexts/AppsContext.tsx';
 import { useAppRuntimes } from '@/hooks/useAppRuntimes.ts';
-import { clearAppDataStore } from '@/lib/apps/storageClearCycle';
-import { formatCapabilityLabel } from '@/lib/apps/sandbox';
+import {
+  formatCapabilityLabel,
+  listSandboxCapabilities,
+} from '@/lib/apps/sandbox';
 import { Plus } from 'lucide-react';
 import { AppsPageActionsMenu } from '@/components/apps/AppsPageActionsMenu';
 import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react';
@@ -139,6 +141,7 @@ export function Apps() {
     uninstallApp,
     checkForUpdate,
     performAppUpdate,
+    clearAppStorage,
     updateAvailability,
     busyAppIds,
     sandboxState,
@@ -320,13 +323,7 @@ export function Apps() {
       }));
 
       try {
-        const result = await clearAppDataStore(app);
-
-        if (!result.passed) {
-          throw new Error(
-            result.details ?? 'Storage clear verification failed for this app.',
-          );
-        }
+        await clearAppStorage(app.id);
 
         if (reopen) {
           closeContextMenu();
@@ -357,7 +354,7 @@ export function Apps() {
         );
       }
     },
-    [navigate, refresh, closeContextMenu],
+    [clearAppStorage, navigate, refresh, closeContextMenu],
   );
 
   const handleApplyPermissions = useCallback(
@@ -423,15 +420,7 @@ export function Apps() {
     setPermissionsDialogError(null);
 
     try {
-      const clearResult = await clearAppDataStore(permissionsDialogApp);
-
-      if (!clearResult.passed) {
-        setPermissionsDialogError(
-          clearResult.details ??
-            'Storage clear verification failed. The app remains tainted and isolated.',
-        );
-        return;
-      }
+      await clearAppStorage(permissionsDialogApp.id);
 
       await invoke('apps_update_permissions', {
         appId: permissionsDialogApp.id,
@@ -566,7 +555,7 @@ export function Apps() {
             <AppsPageActionsMenu
               showSandboxDebugUi
               sandboxTestsRunning={
-                sandboxState.overallCriticalStatus === 'running'
+                sandboxState?.overallCriticalStatus === 'running'
               }
               onTaskManager={() => {
                 navigate('/apps/task-manager');
@@ -585,13 +574,15 @@ export function Apps() {
           {showSandboxDebugResults ? (
             <Alert className='mb-6'>
               <AlertTitle>
-                {sandboxState.overallCriticalStatus === 'running'
-                  ? 'Sandbox tests are running'
-                  : sandboxState.overallCriticalStatus === 'passed'
-                    ? 'Sandbox tests passed'
-                    : sandboxState.overallCriticalStatus === 'failed'
-                      ? 'Sandbox tests failed'
-                      : 'Sandbox tests are pending'}
+                {!sandboxState
+                  ? 'Sandbox tests are pending'
+                  : sandboxState.overallCriticalStatus === 'running'
+                    ? 'Sandbox tests are running'
+                    : sandboxState.overallCriticalStatus === 'passed'
+                      ? 'Sandbox tests passed'
+                      : sandboxState.overallCriticalStatus === 'failed'
+                        ? 'Sandbox tests failed'
+                        : 'Sandbox tests are pending'}
               </AlertTitle>
 
               <AlertDescription className='space-y-3'>
@@ -600,17 +591,18 @@ export function Apps() {
                   capabilities have passed.
                 </div>
 
-                <div className='space-y-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
-                  {Object.entries(sandboxState.capabilities).map(
-                    ([capability, result]) => (
-                      <div key={capability}>
-                        {formatCapabilityLabel(capability as never)} —{' '}
-                        {result.status}
-                        {result.details ? ` — ${result.details}` : ''}
-                      </div>
-                    ),
-                  )}
-                </div>
+                {sandboxState ? (
+                  <div className='space-y-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
+                    {listSandboxCapabilities(sandboxState).map(
+                      ([capability, result]) => (
+                        <div key={capability}>
+                          {formatCapabilityLabel(capability)} — {result.status}
+                          {result.details ? ` — ${result.details}` : ''}
+                        </div>
+                      ),
+                    )}
+                  </div>
+                ) : null}
 
                 <div>
                   <Button

From e79a76d0860beb68ff8c0163b673edf876281ed1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sun, 19 Apr 2026 22:42:42 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 102/471] Migrate test app constants from JavaScript to Rust
 backend:

- Replaced `TEST_APP_IDS` in TypeScript with `builtin_apps` constants in Rust to centralize and improve type safety.
- Updated sandbox test logic in `sandbox.rs` to use `builtin_apps` constants.
- Refactored `useBridgeHost` to include readiness state and adjusted related `AppsContext` handling.
---
 src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox.rs | 71 ++++++++++++++++++++---------------
 src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx  | 16 ++++----
 src/hooks/useBridgeHost.ts    | 13 ++++++-
 src/lib/apps/testApps.ts      |  9 -----
 4 files changed, 58 insertions(+), 51 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 src/lib/apps/testApps.ts

diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox.rs
index fae70fcc3..38fc0a5b8 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox.rs
@@ -12,16 +12,15 @@ use crate::apps::runtime;
 use crate::apps::runtime::resolve_app;
 use crate::apps::state::AppsHostState;
 use crate::apps::types::InstalledSageApp;
-
-const TEST_APP_STORAGE_ISOLATION_PERSISTENT: &str =
-    "__sage_test_storage_isolation_persistent";
-const TEST_APP_STORAGE_ISOLATION_INCOGNITO: &str =
-    "__sage_test_storage_isolation_incognito";
-const TEST_APP_PERSISTENCE_PERSISTENT: &str = "__sage_test_persistence_persistent";
-const TEST_APP_PERSISTENCE_INCOGNITO: &str = "__sage_test_persistence_incognito";
-const TEST_APP_STORAGE_CLEAR_PERSISTENT: &str = "__sage_test_storage_clear_persistent";
-const TEST_APP_NETWORK_ALLOW_A: &str = "__sage_test_network_allow_a";
-const TEST_APP_NETWORK_ALLOW_B: &str = "__sage_test_network_allow_b";
+use crate::apps::builtin_apps::{
+    BUILTIN_NETWORK_ALLOW_A_ID,
+    BUILTIN_NETWORK_ALLOW_B_ID,
+    BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_INCOGNITO_ID,
+    BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_PERSISTENT_ID,
+    BUILTIN_STORAGE_CLEAR_PERSISTENT_ID,
+    BUILTIN_STORAGE_ISOLATION_INCOGNITO_ID,
+    BUILTIN_STORAGE_ISOLATION_PERSISTENT_ID,
+};
 
 const STORAGE_CLEAR_PROBE_PATH: &str =
     "/__sage/runtime-apps/storage-clear-probe/index.html";
@@ -628,17 +627,19 @@ fn mark_cap(state: &mut SandboxState, cap: SandboxCapability, status: SandboxCap
 async fn run_isolation_test(app: &AppHandle, apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>) -> Result<(bool, Option<String>), String> {
     let run_id = unique_run_id("sandbox-isolation");
     let app_ids = [
-        TEST_APP_STORAGE_ISOLATION_PERSISTENT,
-        TEST_APP_STORAGE_ISOLATION_INCOGNITO,
+        BUILTIN_STORAGE_ISOLATION_PERSISTENT_ID,
+        BUILTIN_STORAGE_ISOLATION_INCOGNITO_ID,
     ];
 
     stop_test_apps(app, apps_state, &app_ids).await;
 
-    // We no longer write Sage-side probes from TS. For now just test that the app cannot see host data.
+    // Isolation check verifies that sandboxed app storage is isolated from the host
+    // environment. The probe app reports only what it can observe from inside its own
+    // storage context.
     start_test_app(
         app,
         apps_state,
-        TEST_APP_STORAGE_ISOLATION_PERSISTENT,
+        BUILTIN_STORAGE_ISOLATION_PERSISTENT_ID,
         &[("runId", run_id.clone())],
         None,
     )
@@ -646,7 +647,7 @@ async fn run_isolation_test(app: &AppHandle, apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostStat
     start_test_app(
         app,
         apps_state,
-        TEST_APP_STORAGE_ISOLATION_INCOGNITO,
+        BUILTIN_STORAGE_ISOLATION_INCOGNITO_ID,
         &[("runId", run_id.clone())],
         None,
     )
@@ -656,8 +657,12 @@ async fn run_isolation_test(app: &AppHandle, apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostStat
 
     stop_test_apps(app, apps_state, &app_ids).await;
 
-    let persistent = results.iter().find(|r| r.app_id == TEST_APP_STORAGE_ISOLATION_PERSISTENT);
-    let incognito = results.iter().find(|r| r.app_id == TEST_APP_STORAGE_ISOLATION_INCOGNITO);
+    let persistent = results
+        .iter()
+        .find(|r| r.app_id == BUILTIN_STORAGE_ISOLATION_PERSISTENT_ID);
+    let incognito = results
+        .iter()
+        .find(|r| r.app_id == BUILTIN_STORAGE_ISOLATION_INCOGNITO_ID);
 
     let Some(persistent) = persistent else {
         return Ok((false, Some("Missing persistent isolation result.".into())));
@@ -686,14 +691,14 @@ async fn run_isolation_test(app: &AppHandle, apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostStat
 
 async fn run_persistence_test(app: &AppHandle, apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>) -> Result<((bool, Option<String>), (bool, Option<String>)), String> {
     let run_id = unique_run_id("sandbox-persistence");
-    let app_ids = [TEST_APP_PERSISTENCE_PERSISTENT, TEST_APP_PERSISTENCE_INCOGNITO];
+    let app_ids = [BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_PERSISTENT_ID, BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_INCOGNITO_ID];
 
     stop_test_apps(app, apps_state, &app_ids).await;
 
     start_test_app(
         app,
         apps_state,
-        TEST_APP_PERSISTENCE_PERSISTENT,
+        BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_PERSISTENT_ID,
         &[("runId", run_id.clone()), ("phase", "write".into())],
         None,
     )
@@ -701,7 +706,7 @@ async fn run_persistence_test(app: &AppHandle, apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostSt
     start_test_app(
         app,
         apps_state,
-        TEST_APP_PERSISTENCE_INCOGNITO,
+        BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_INCOGNITO_ID,
         &[("runId", run_id.clone()), ("phase", "write".into())],
         None,
     )
@@ -710,8 +715,8 @@ async fn run_persistence_test(app: &AppHandle, apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostSt
     let write_results = poll_persistence_write(apps_state, &run_id, 2, 10_000).await?;
     stop_test_apps(app, apps_state, &app_ids).await;
 
-    let persistent_write = write_results.iter().find(|r| r.app_id == TEST_APP_PERSISTENCE_PERSISTENT);
-    let incognito_write = write_results.iter().find(|r| r.app_id == TEST_APP_PERSISTENCE_INCOGNITO);
+    let persistent_write = write_results.iter().find(|r| r.app_id == BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_PERSISTENT_ID);
+    let incognito_write = write_results.iter().find(|r| r.app_id == BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_INCOGNITO_ID);
 
     let Some(persistent_write) = persistent_write else {
         return Ok(((false, Some("Missing persistent write result.".into())), (false, Some("Missing incognito write result.".into()))));
@@ -779,7 +784,7 @@ async fn run_persistence_test(app: &AppHandle, apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostSt
     start_test_app(
         app,
         apps_state,
-        TEST_APP_PERSISTENCE_PERSISTENT,
+        BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_PERSISTENT_ID,
         &[("runId", run_id.clone()), ("phase", "read".into())],
         None,
     )
@@ -787,7 +792,7 @@ async fn run_persistence_test(app: &AppHandle, apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostSt
     start_test_app(
         app,
         apps_state,
-        TEST_APP_PERSISTENCE_INCOGNITO,
+        BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_INCOGNITO_ID,
         &[("runId", run_id.clone()), ("phase", "read".into())],
         None,
     )
@@ -796,8 +801,8 @@ async fn run_persistence_test(app: &AppHandle, apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostSt
     let read_results = poll_persistence_read(apps_state, &run_id, 2, 10_000).await?;
     stop_test_apps(app, apps_state, &app_ids).await;
 
-    let persistent_read = read_results.iter().find(|r| r.app_id == TEST_APP_PERSISTENCE_PERSISTENT);
-    let incognito_read = read_results.iter().find(|r| r.app_id == TEST_APP_PERSISTENCE_INCOGNITO);
+    let persistent_read = read_results.iter().find(|r| r.app_id == BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_PERSISTENT_ID);
+    let incognito_read = read_results.iter().find(|r| r.app_id == BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_INCOGNITO_ID);
 
     let Some(persistent_read) = persistent_read else {
         return Ok(((false, Some("Missing persistent read result.".into())), (false, Some("Missing incognito read result.".into()))));
@@ -844,14 +849,14 @@ async fn run_persistence_test(app: &AppHandle, apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostSt
 
 async fn run_network_test(app: &AppHandle, apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>) -> Result<(bool, Option<String>), String> {
     let run_id = unique_run_id("sandbox-network");
-    let app_ids = [TEST_APP_NETWORK_ALLOW_A, TEST_APP_NETWORK_ALLOW_B];
+    let app_ids = [BUILTIN_NETWORK_ALLOW_A_ID, BUILTIN_NETWORK_ALLOW_B_ID];
 
     stop_test_apps(app, apps_state, &app_ids).await;
 
     start_test_app(
         app,
         apps_state,
-        TEST_APP_NETWORK_ALLOW_A,
+        BUILTIN_NETWORK_ALLOW_A_ID,
         &[("runId", run_id.clone())],
         None,
     )
@@ -859,7 +864,7 @@ async fn run_network_test(app: &AppHandle, apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>
     start_test_app(
         app,
         apps_state,
-        TEST_APP_NETWORK_ALLOW_B,
+        BUILTIN_NETWORK_ALLOW_B_ID,
         &[("runId", run_id.clone())],
         None,
     )
@@ -933,7 +938,7 @@ async fn run_clear_cycle_test(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
 ) -> Result<(bool, Option<String>), String> {
     let run_id = unique_run_id("storage-clear-cycle");
-    let app_id = TEST_APP_STORAGE_CLEAR_PERSISTENT;
+    let app_id = BUILTIN_STORAGE_CLEAR_PERSISTENT_ID;
 
     let write = run_clear_cycle_phase(
         app,
@@ -1179,11 +1184,15 @@ pub async fn apps_rerun_sandbox_tests(
         runs.clear();
     }
 
+    let running_state = build_running_sandbox_state();
+    *apps_state.sandbox.state.lock().await = running_state.clone();
+    emit_state(&app, &apps_state).await;
+
     let runner_app = app.clone();
 
     tokio::spawn(async move {
         sandbox_runner(runner_app).await;
     });
 
-    Ok(apps_state.sandbox.state.lock().await.clone())
+    Ok(running_state)
 }
diff --git a/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx b/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
index 5eebd975a..88401e411 100644
--- a/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
+++ b/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
   const { requestApproval } = useAppPendingApprovals();
   const startedInitialSandboxRunRef = useRef(false);
 
-  useBridgeHost({
+  const { isReady: bridgeHostReady } = useBridgeHost({
     requestApproval,
   });
 
@@ -25,20 +25,18 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
   }, [value.sandboxState]);
 
   useEffect(() => {
+    if (!bridgeHostReady) {
+      return;
+    }
+
     if (startedInitialSandboxRunRef.current) {
       return;
     }
 
     startedInitialSandboxRunRef.current = true;
 
-    const timeoutId = window.setTimeout(() => {
-      void value.rerunSandboxTests();
-    }, 0);
-
-    return () => {
-      window.clearTimeout(timeoutId);
-    };
-  }, [value, value.rerunSandboxTests]);
+    void value.rerunSandboxTests();
+  }, [bridgeHostReady, value.rerunSandboxTests]);
 
   return <AppsContext.Provider value={value}>{children}</AppsContext.Provider>;
 }
diff --git a/src/hooks/useBridgeHost.ts b/src/hooks/useBridgeHost.ts
index a69196477..f1b996d54 100644
--- a/src/hooks/useBridgeHost.ts
+++ b/src/hooks/useBridgeHost.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { useEffect } from 'react';
+import { useEffect, useState } from 'react';
 import { invoke } from '@tauri-apps/api/core';
 import { getCurrentWebview } from '@tauri-apps/api/webview';
 import {
@@ -63,9 +63,11 @@ function toSdkBridgeResponse(response: RustBridgeResponse): SageBridgeResponse {
 
 export function useBridgeHost({ requestApproval }: Args) {
   const hostWebview = getCurrentWebview();
+  const [isReady, setIsReady] = useState(false);
 
   useEffect(() => {
     let unlistenRequest: (() => void) | null = null;
+    let disposed = false;
 
     const mount = async () => {
       unlistenRequest = await hostWebview.listen<SageBridgeEventPayload>(
@@ -137,6 +139,10 @@ export function useBridgeHost({ requestApproval }: Args) {
           });
         },
       );
+
+      if (!disposed) {
+        setIsReady(true);
+      }
     };
 
     void mount().catch((err) => {
@@ -144,8 +150,11 @@ export function useBridgeHost({ requestApproval }: Args) {
     });
 
     return () => {
+      disposed = true;
+      setIsReady(false);
       unlistenRequest?.();
     };
   }, [hostWebview, requestApproval]);
-}
 
+  return { isReady };
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/testApps.ts b/src/lib/apps/testApps.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index bbb6ad8eb..000000000
--- a/src/lib/apps/testApps.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-export const TEST_APP_IDS = {
-  storageIsolationPersistent: '__sage_test_storage_isolation_persistent',
-  storageIsolationIncognito: '__sage_test_storage_isolation_incognito',
-  persistencePersistent: '__sage_test_persistence_persistent',
-  persistenceIncognito: '__sage_test_persistence_incognito',
-  storageClearPersistent: '__sage_test_storage_clear_persistent',
-  networkAllowA: '__sage_test_network_allow_a',
-  networkAllowB: '__sage_test_network_allow_b',
-} as const;

From b97047fe691fda664df3fc59232dc055c286ee88 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sun, 19 Apr 2026 22:51:06 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 103/471] Remove unused dependencies and minor type
 refinements:

- Removed `base64` and `sqlx` from workspace dependencies and `Cargo.lock`.
- Updated `listSandboxCapabilities` type definition for better readability.
- Adjusted `AppsContext` dependencies to fix a missing dependency warning.
---
 Cargo.lock                   | 2 --
 src-tauri/Cargo.toml         | 2 --
 src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx | 2 +-
 src/lib/apps/sandbox.ts      | 2 +-
 4 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index e39b62a31..ef313b9fb 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -6504,7 +6504,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "async-trait",
  "aws-lc-rs",
- "base64 0.22.1",
  "chia-wallet-sdk",
  "futures",
  "glob",
@@ -6523,7 +6522,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "sha2",
  "specta",
  "specta-typescript",
- "sqlx",
  "tauri",
  "tauri-build",
  "tauri-plugin-barcode-scanner",
diff --git a/src-tauri/Cargo.toml b/src-tauri/Cargo.toml
index fd724a95d..3fd0b2756 100644
--- a/src-tauri/Cargo.toml
+++ b/src-tauri/Cargo.toml
@@ -48,8 +48,6 @@ futures = "0.3.32"
 uuid = { version = "1.19.0", features = ["v4"] }
 sha2 = "0.10.9"
 hex = { workspace = true }
-base64 = { workspace = true }
-sqlx = { workspace = true }
 async-trait = "0.1.89"
 
 [target.'cfg(not(any(target_os = "android", target_os = "ios")))'.dependencies]
diff --git a/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx b/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
index 88401e411..064f30abf 100644
--- a/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
+++ b/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
     startedInitialSandboxRunRef.current = true;
 
     void value.rerunSandboxTests();
-  }, [bridgeHostReady, value.rerunSandboxTests]);
+  }, [bridgeHostReady, value, value.rerunSandboxTests]);
 
   return <AppsContext.Provider value={value}>{children}</AppsContext.Provider>;
 }
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/sandbox.ts b/src/lib/apps/sandbox.ts
index 8ded8e5af..66109d403 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/sandbox.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/sandbox.ts
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ export function getSandboxCapabilityResult(
 
 export function listSandboxCapabilities(
   sandbox: SandboxState,
-): Array<[SandboxCapability, SandboxCapabilityResult]> {
+): [SandboxCapability, SandboxCapabilityResult][] {
   return [
     ['storage_isolation_from_sage', sandbox.storageIsolationFromSage],
     ['storage_persistence_normal', sandbox.storagePersistenceNormal],

From bbb5a5aeb3de55bdd6ca8fe4aeb43fa71a020e40 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sun, 19 Apr 2026 23:41:15 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 104/471] Migrate test app build process from JavaScript to
 Rust:

- Removed `build-test-apps.mjs` script and replaced it with a new Rust-based build system.
- Introduced `build_support::builtin_apps` module for handling app builds in Tauri backend.
- Updated test app manifests, shared files, and source structure to reflect migration.
- Adjusted `package.json` scripts to remove references to the deprecated JavaScript build script.
- Added `.taurignore` entries to exclude built apps from bundling.
- Centralized app constants and test logic in Rust for better type safety and maintainability.
---
 .gitignore                                    |   2 +-
 package.json                                  |   7 +-
 scripts/build-test-apps.mjs                   | 198 -------------
 src-tauri/.taurignore                         |   1 +
 src-tauri/build.rs                            |  10 +-
 src-tauri/build_support/builtin_apps.rs       | 270 ++++++++++++++++++
 src-tauri/build_support/mod.rs                |   1 +
 .../storage-clear-probe/app.js                |   0
 .../builtin-apps/shared/icon.svg              |   0
 .../builtin-apps/shared/index.html            |   2 +-
 .../test-apps-src/network-allow-a/app.js      |   0
 .../network-allow-a/sage-manifest.json        |   0
 .../test-apps-src/network-allow-b/app.js      |   0
 .../network-allow-b/sage-manifest.json        |   0
 .../sage-storage-isolation/app.js             |   0
 .../sage-manifest.incognito.json              |   0
 .../sage-manifest.persistent.json             |   0
 .../test-apps-src/storage-persistence/app.js  |   0
 .../sage-manifest.incognito.json              |   0
 .../sage-manifest.persistent.json             |   0
 src-tauri/src/apps/builtin_apps.rs            |  43 ++-
 21 files changed, 301 insertions(+), 233 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 scripts/build-test-apps.mjs
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/.taurignore
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/build_support/builtin_apps.rs
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/build_support/mod.rs
 rename {src => src-tauri}/builtin-apps/runtime-apps-src/storage-clear-probe/app.js (100%)
 rename {src => src-tauri}/builtin-apps/shared/icon.svg (100%)
 rename {src => src-tauri}/builtin-apps/shared/index.html (84%)
 rename {src => src-tauri}/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-a/app.js (100%)
 rename {src => src-tauri}/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-a/sage-manifest.json (100%)
 rename {src => src-tauri}/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-b/app.js (100%)
 rename {src => src-tauri}/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-b/sage-manifest.json (100%)
 rename {src => src-tauri}/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/app.js (100%)
 rename {src => src-tauri}/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.incognito.json (100%)
 rename {src => src-tauri}/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.persistent.json (100%)
 rename {src => src-tauri}/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/app.js (100%)
 rename {src => src-tauri}/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/sage-manifest.incognito.json (100%)
 rename {src => src-tauri}/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/sage-manifest.persistent.json (100%)

diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 2729d9f9d..371cff5ef 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -28,4 +28,4 @@ target
 .env
 /test.sqlite*
 
-src/builtin-apps/test-apps
+src-tauri/builtin-apps/dist
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index 32248f446..01eac5936 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -7,10 +7,9 @@
   "scripts": {
     "dev": "vite",
     "build:sdk": "pnpm --filter @sage-app/sdk build",
-    "build:test-apps": "pnpm build:sdk && node ./scripts/build-test-apps.mjs",
-    "build": "pnpm build:test-apps && tsc -b && vite build",
-    "tauri:dev": "pnpm build:test-apps && tauri dev",
-    "tauri:build": "pnpm build:test-apps && tauri build",
+    "build": "pnpm build:sdk && tsc -b && vite build",
+    "tauri:dev": "pnpm build:sdk && tauri dev",
+    "tauri:build": "pnpm build:sdk && tauri build",
     "lint": "eslint .",
     "preview": "vite preview",
     "prettier": "prettier --write .",
diff --git a/scripts/build-test-apps.mjs b/scripts/build-test-apps.mjs
deleted file mode 100644
index a7d3f95c1..000000000
--- a/scripts/build-test-apps.mjs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,198 +0,0 @@
-import fs from 'fs/promises';
-import path from 'path';
-import { fileURLToPath } from 'url';
-
-const __dirname = path.dirname(fileURLToPath(import.meta.url));
-const ROOT = path.resolve(__dirname, '..');
-
-const BUILTIN_ROOT = path.join(ROOT, 'src/builtin-apps');
-const SHARED_DIR = path.join(BUILTIN_ROOT, 'shared');
-const TEST_SRC_DIR = path.join(BUILTIN_ROOT, 'test-apps-src');
-const RUNTIME_SRC_DIR = path.join(BUILTIN_ROOT, 'runtime-apps-src');
-const DIST_ROOT = path.join(BUILTIN_ROOT, 'dist');
-const TEST_OUT_DIR = path.join(DIST_ROOT, 'test-apps');
-const RUNTIME_OUT_DIR = path.join(DIST_ROOT, 'runtime-apps');
-const SDK_DIST = path.join(ROOT, 'packages/sage-app-sdk/dist');
-
-async function rmrf(dir) {
-  await fs.rm(dir, { recursive: true, force: true });
-}
-
-async function mkdirp(dir) {
-  await fs.mkdir(dir, { recursive: true });
-}
-
-async function exists(p) {
-  try {
-    await fs.access(p);
-    return true;
-  } catch {
-    return false;
-  }
-}
-
-async function copyDir(src, dst) {
-  if (!(await exists(src))) {
-    throw new Error(`Missing directory: ${src}`);
-  }
-
-  await mkdirp(dst);
-
-  const entries = await fs.readdir(src, { withFileTypes: true });
-
-  for (const entry of entries) {
-    const srcPath = path.join(src, entry.name);
-    const dstPath = path.join(dst, entry.name);
-
-    if (entry.isDirectory()) {
-      await copyDir(srcPath, dstPath);
-    } else if (entry.isFile()) {
-      await mkdirp(path.dirname(dstPath));
-      await fs.copyFile(srcPath, dstPath);
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-async function copyFileRequired(src, dst, label) {
-  if (!(await exists(src))) {
-    throw new Error(`Missing ${label} at ${src}`);
-  }
-
-  await mkdirp(path.dirname(dst));
-  await fs.copyFile(src, dst);
-}
-
-async function finalizeBuiltApp({
-  sourceDir,
-  outDir,
-  manifestFileName = null,
-}) {
-  await mkdirp(outDir);
-
-  if (await exists(SHARED_DIR)) {
-    await copyDir(SHARED_DIR, outDir);
-  }
-
-  await copyDir(sourceDir, outDir);
-
-  const files = await fs.readdir(outDir);
-
-  for (const file of files) {
-    if (file.startsWith('sage-manifest') && file.endsWith('.json')) {
-      await fs.rm(path.join(outDir, file), { force: true });
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (manifestFileName) {
-    await copyFileRequired(
-      path.join(sourceDir, manifestFileName),
-      path.join(outDir, 'sage-manifest.json'),
-      `manifest ${manifestFileName}`,
-    );
-  }
-
-  await copyFileRequired(
-    path.join(SDK_DIST, 'runtime-bridge.js'),
-    path.join(outDir, 'bridge.js'),
-    'SDK runtime bridge build output',
-  );
-
-  await copyFileRequired(
-    path.join(SDK_DIST, 'index.js'),
-    path.join(outDir, 'sdk.js'),
-    'SDK index build output',
-  );
-}
-
-const TEST_BUILD_PLAN = [
-  {
-    sourceDirName: 'sage-storage-isolation',
-    variants: [
-      {
-        outDirName: 'sage-storage-isolation-persistent',
-        manifestFileName: 'sage-manifest.persistent.json',
-      },
-      {
-        outDirName: 'sage-storage-isolation-incognito',
-        manifestFileName: 'sage-manifest.incognito.json',
-      },
-    ],
-  },
-  {
-    sourceDirName: 'storage-persistence',
-    variants: [
-      {
-        outDirName: 'storage-persistence-persistent',
-        manifestFileName: 'sage-manifest.persistent.json',
-      },
-      {
-        outDirName: 'storage-persistence-incognito',
-        manifestFileName: 'sage-manifest.incognito.json',
-      },
-      {
-        outDirName: 'storage-clear-persistent',
-        manifestFileName: 'sage-manifest.persistent.json',
-      },
-    ],
-  },
-  {
-    sourceDirName: 'network-allow-a',
-    variants: [
-      {
-        outDirName: 'network-allow-a',
-        manifestFileName: 'sage-manifest.json',
-      },
-    ],
-  },
-  {
-    sourceDirName: 'network-allow-b',
-    variants: [
-      {
-        outDirName: 'network-allow-b',
-        manifestFileName: 'sage-manifest.json',
-      },
-    ],
-  },
-];
-
-const RUNTIME_BUILD_PLAN = [
-  {
-    sourceDirName: 'storage-clear-probe',
-    outDirName: 'storage-clear-probe',
-  },
-];
-
-async function main() {
-  console.log('→ building builtin apps');
-
-  await rmrf(DIST_ROOT);
-  await mkdirp(TEST_OUT_DIR);
-  await mkdirp(RUNTIME_OUT_DIR);
-
-  for (const group of TEST_BUILD_PLAN) {
-    for (const variant of group.variants) {
-      console.log(`  - test ${variant.outDirName}`);
-      await finalizeBuiltApp({
-        sourceDir: path.join(TEST_SRC_DIR, group.sourceDirName),
-        outDir: path.join(TEST_OUT_DIR, variant.outDirName),
-        manifestFileName: variant.manifestFileName,
-      });
-    }
-  }
-
-  for (const runtimeApp of RUNTIME_BUILD_PLAN) {
-    console.log(`  - runtime ${runtimeApp.outDirName}`);
-    await finalizeBuiltApp({
-      sourceDir: path.join(RUNTIME_SRC_DIR, runtimeApp.sourceDirName),
-      outDir: path.join(RUNTIME_OUT_DIR, runtimeApp.outDirName),
-      manifestFileName: null,
-    });
-  }
-
-  console.log('✓ builtin apps ready');
-}
-
-main().catch((err) => {
-  console.error('build-test-apps failed:', err);
-  process.exit(1);
-});
diff --git a/src-tauri/.taurignore b/src-tauri/.taurignore
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c54390d59
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/.taurignore
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+builtin-apps/dist
diff --git a/src-tauri/build.rs b/src-tauri/build.rs
index 6ce22e224..ecfbde700 100644
--- a/src-tauri/build.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/build.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
+mod build_support;
+
 use glob::glob;
 use std::env;
 
-/// Adds a temporary workaround for an issue with the Rust compiler and Android
-/// in `x86_64` devices: <https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/109717>.
-/// The workaround comes from: <https://github.com/smartvaults/smartvaults/blob/827805a989561b78c0ea5b41f2c1c9e9e59545e0/bindings/smartvaults-sdk-ffi/build.rs>
 fn setup_x86_64_android_workaround() {
     let target_os = env::var("CARGO_CFG_TARGET_OS").expect("CARGO_CFG_TARGET_OS not set");
     let target_arch = env::var("CARGO_CFG_TARGET_ARCH").expect("CARGO_CFG_TARGET_ARCH not set");
@@ -34,5 +33,10 @@ fn setup_x86_64_android_workaround() {
 
 fn main() {
     setup_x86_64_android_workaround();
+
+    if let Err(err) = build_support::builtin_apps::build_builtin_apps() {
+        panic!("failed to build builtin apps: {err}");
+    }
+
     tauri_build::build();
 }
diff --git a/src-tauri/build_support/builtin_apps.rs b/src-tauri/build_support/builtin_apps.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..21471aeff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/build_support/builtin_apps.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,270 @@
+use std::env;
+use std::fs;
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+
+fn copy_dir_all(src: &Path, dst: &Path) -> Result<(), String> {
+    if !src.is_dir() {
+        return Err(format!("missing directory: {}", src.display()));
+    }
+
+    fs::create_dir_all(dst)
+        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to create {}: {err}", dst.display()))?;
+
+    for entry in fs::read_dir(src)
+        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to read {}: {err}", src.display()))?
+    {
+        let entry = entry
+            .map_err(|err| format!("failed to read entry in {}: {err}", src.display()))?;
+
+        let src_path = entry.path();
+        let dst_path = dst.join(entry.file_name());
+
+        let file_type = entry
+            .file_type()
+            .map_err(|err| format!("failed to stat {}: {err}", src_path.display()))?;
+
+        if file_type.is_dir() {
+            copy_dir_all(&src_path, &dst_path)?;
+        } else if file_type.is_file() {
+            if let Some(parent) = dst_path.parent() {
+                fs::create_dir_all(parent).map_err(|err| {
+                    format!("failed to create parent {}: {err}", parent.display())
+                })?;
+            }
+
+            fs::copy(&src_path, &dst_path).map_err(|err| {
+                format!(
+                    "failed to copy {} -> {}: {err}",
+                    src_path.display(),
+                    dst_path.display()
+                )
+            })?;
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn copy_file_required(src: &Path, dst: &Path, label: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
+    if !src.is_file() {
+        return Err(format!("missing {label} at {}", src.display()));
+    }
+
+    if let Some(parent) = dst.parent() {
+        fs::create_dir_all(parent)
+            .map_err(|err| format!("failed to create {}: {err}", parent.display()))?;
+    }
+
+    fs::copy(src, dst).map_err(|err| {
+        format!(
+            "failed to copy {} -> {}: {err}",
+            src.display(),
+            dst.display()
+        )
+    })?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn remove_manifest_files(dir: &Path) -> Result<(), String> {
+    if !dir.is_dir() {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+
+    for entry in fs::read_dir(dir)
+        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to read {}: {err}", dir.display()))?
+    {
+        let entry = entry
+            .map_err(|err| format!("failed to read entry in {}: {err}", dir.display()))?;
+        let path = entry.path();
+
+        if !path.is_file() {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        let Some(name) = path.file_name().and_then(|s| s.to_str()) else {
+            continue;
+        };
+
+        if name.starts_with("sage-manifest") && name.ends_with(".json") {
+            fs::remove_file(&path)
+                .map_err(|err| format!("failed to remove {}: {err}", path.display()))?;
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn finalize_built_app(
+    shared_dir: &Path,
+    source_dir: &Path,
+    out_dir: &Path,
+    manifest_file_name: Option<&str>,
+    sdk_dist: &Path,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    fs::create_dir_all(out_dir)
+        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to create {}: {err}", out_dir.display()))?;
+
+    if shared_dir.is_dir() {
+        copy_dir_all(shared_dir, out_dir)?;
+    }
+
+    copy_dir_all(source_dir, out_dir)?;
+    remove_manifest_files(out_dir)?;
+
+    if let Some(manifest_file_name) = manifest_file_name {
+        copy_file_required(
+            &source_dir.join(manifest_file_name),
+            &out_dir.join("sage-manifest.json"),
+            &format!("manifest {manifest_file_name}"),
+        )?;
+    }
+
+    copy_file_required(
+        &sdk_dist.join("runtime-bridge.js"),
+        &out_dir.join("bridge.js"),
+        "SDK runtime bridge build output",
+    )?;
+
+    copy_file_required(
+        &sdk_dist.join("index.js"),
+        &out_dir.join("sdk.js"),
+        "SDK index build output",
+    )?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+struct TestVariant {
+    out_dir_name: &'static str,
+    manifest_file_name: &'static str,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+struct TestGroup {
+    source_dir_name: &'static str,
+    variants: &'static [TestVariant],
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+struct RuntimeApp {
+    source_dir_name: &'static str,
+    out_dir_name: &'static str,
+}
+
+const TEST_BUILD_PLAN: &[TestGroup] = &[
+    TestGroup {
+        source_dir_name: "sage-storage-isolation",
+        variants: &[
+            TestVariant {
+                out_dir_name: "sage-storage-isolation-persistent",
+                manifest_file_name: "sage-manifest.persistent.json",
+            },
+            TestVariant {
+                out_dir_name: "sage-storage-isolation-incognito",
+                manifest_file_name: "sage-manifest.incognito.json",
+            },
+        ],
+    },
+    TestGroup {
+        source_dir_name: "storage-persistence",
+        variants: &[
+            TestVariant {
+                out_dir_name: "storage-persistence-persistent",
+                manifest_file_name: "sage-manifest.persistent.json",
+            },
+            TestVariant {
+                out_dir_name: "storage-persistence-incognito",
+                manifest_file_name: "sage-manifest.incognito.json",
+            },
+            TestVariant {
+                out_dir_name: "storage-clear-persistent",
+                manifest_file_name: "sage-manifest.persistent.json",
+            },
+        ],
+    },
+    TestGroup {
+        source_dir_name: "network-allow-a",
+        variants: &[TestVariant {
+            out_dir_name: "network-allow-a",
+            manifest_file_name: "sage-manifest.json",
+        }],
+    },
+    TestGroup {
+        source_dir_name: "network-allow-b",
+        variants: &[TestVariant {
+            out_dir_name: "network-allow-b",
+            manifest_file_name: "sage-manifest.json",
+        }],
+    },
+];
+
+const RUNTIME_BUILD_PLAN: &[RuntimeApp] = &[RuntimeApp {
+    source_dir_name: "storage-clear-probe",
+    out_dir_name: "storage-clear-probe",
+}];
+
+pub fn build_builtin_apps() -> Result<(), String> {
+    let manifest_dir = PathBuf::from(env::var("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR").map_err(|err| {
+        format!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR not set: {err}")
+    })?);
+
+    let builtin_root = manifest_dir.join("builtin-apps");
+
+    let shared_dir = builtin_root.join("shared");
+    let test_src_dir = builtin_root.join("test-apps-src");
+    let runtime_src_dir = builtin_root.join("runtime-apps-src");
+
+    let dist_root = builtin_root.join("dist");
+    let test_out_dir = dist_root.join("test-apps");
+    let runtime_out_dir = dist_root.join("runtime-apps");
+
+    let workspace_root = manifest_dir
+        .parent()
+        .ok_or_else(|| "src-tauri should have a parent directory".to_string())?;
+
+    let sdk_dist = workspace_root
+        .join("packages")
+        .join("sage-app-sdk")
+        .join("dist");
+
+    println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed={}", shared_dir.display());
+    println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed={}", test_src_dir.display());
+    println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed={}", runtime_src_dir.display());
+    println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed={}", sdk_dist.display());
+
+    if dist_root.exists() {
+        fs::remove_dir_all(&dist_root)
+            .map_err(|err| format!("failed to remove {}: {err}", dist_root.display()))?;
+    }
+
+    fs::create_dir_all(&test_out_dir)
+        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to create {}: {err}", test_out_dir.display()))?;
+    fs::create_dir_all(&runtime_out_dir)
+        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to create {}: {err}", runtime_out_dir.display()))?;
+
+    for group in TEST_BUILD_PLAN {
+        for variant in group.variants {
+            finalize_built_app(
+                &shared_dir,
+                &test_src_dir.join(group.source_dir_name),
+                &test_out_dir.join(variant.out_dir_name),
+                Some(variant.manifest_file_name),
+                &sdk_dist,
+            )?;
+        }
+    }
+
+    for runtime_app in RUNTIME_BUILD_PLAN {
+        finalize_built_app(
+            &shared_dir,
+            &runtime_src_dir.join(runtime_app.source_dir_name),
+            &runtime_out_dir.join(runtime_app.out_dir_name),
+            None,
+            &sdk_dist,
+        )?;
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/src-tauri/build_support/mod.rs b/src-tauri/build_support/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bf200ccc7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/build_support/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+pub mod builtin_apps;
diff --git a/src/builtin-apps/runtime-apps-src/storage-clear-probe/app.js b/src-tauri/builtin-apps/runtime-apps-src/storage-clear-probe/app.js
similarity index 100%
rename from src/builtin-apps/runtime-apps-src/storage-clear-probe/app.js
rename to src-tauri/builtin-apps/runtime-apps-src/storage-clear-probe/app.js
diff --git a/src/builtin-apps/shared/icon.svg b/src-tauri/builtin-apps/shared/icon.svg
similarity index 100%
rename from src/builtin-apps/shared/icon.svg
rename to src-tauri/builtin-apps/shared/icon.svg
diff --git a/src/builtin-apps/shared/index.html b/src-tauri/builtin-apps/shared/index.html
similarity index 84%
rename from src/builtin-apps/shared/index.html
rename to src-tauri/builtin-apps/shared/index.html
index 0f7ff5a03..c869a661c 100644
--- a/src/builtin-apps/shared/index.html
+++ b/src-tauri/builtin-apps/shared/index.html
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 <html>
 <head>
   <meta charset="utf-8" />
-  <title>Network Allow A</title>
+  <title>Sage Builtin Test App</title>
   <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
 </head>
 <body>
diff --git a/src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-a/app.js b/src-tauri/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-a/app.js
similarity index 100%
rename from src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-a/app.js
rename to src-tauri/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-a/app.js
diff --git a/src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-a/sage-manifest.json b/src-tauri/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-a/sage-manifest.json
similarity index 100%
rename from src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-a/sage-manifest.json
rename to src-tauri/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-a/sage-manifest.json
diff --git a/src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-b/app.js b/src-tauri/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-b/app.js
similarity index 100%
rename from src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-b/app.js
rename to src-tauri/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-b/app.js
diff --git a/src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-b/sage-manifest.json b/src-tauri/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-b/sage-manifest.json
similarity index 100%
rename from src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-b/sage-manifest.json
rename to src-tauri/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-b/sage-manifest.json
diff --git a/src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/app.js b/src-tauri/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/app.js
similarity index 100%
rename from src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/app.js
rename to src-tauri/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/app.js
diff --git a/src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.incognito.json b/src-tauri/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.incognito.json
similarity index 100%
rename from src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.incognito.json
rename to src-tauri/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.incognito.json
diff --git a/src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.persistent.json b/src-tauri/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.persistent.json
similarity index 100%
rename from src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.persistent.json
rename to src-tauri/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.persistent.json
diff --git a/src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/app.js b/src-tauri/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/app.js
similarity index 100%
rename from src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/app.js
rename to src-tauri/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/app.js
diff --git a/src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/sage-manifest.incognito.json b/src-tauri/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/sage-manifest.incognito.json
similarity index 100%
rename from src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/sage-manifest.incognito.json
rename to src-tauri/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/sage-manifest.incognito.json
diff --git a/src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/sage-manifest.persistent.json b/src-tauri/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/sage-manifest.persistent.json
similarity index 100%
rename from src/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/sage-manifest.persistent.json
rename to src-tauri/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/sage-manifest.persistent.json
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/builtin_apps.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/builtin_apps.rs
index 949acc23d..67ad3653e 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/builtin_apps.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/builtin_apps.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 use std::{fs, path::PathBuf};
 
-use anyhow::{anyhow, Context, Result as AnyResult};
+use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
 use tauri::command;
 
+use crate::apps::types::{SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions};
 use crate::apps::{
     install::{manifest_entry_file, manifest_icon_file},
     permissions::{
@@ -10,23 +11,18 @@ use crate::apps::{
         validate_granted_permissions,
     },
     types::{
-        InstalledSageApp, InstalledSageAppSnapshot, InstalledSageAppSource,
-        SageAppPackageManifest,
+        InstalledSageApp, InstalledSageAppSnapshot, InstalledSageAppSource, SageAppPackageManifest,
     },
 };
-use crate::apps::types::{SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions};
 use crate::error::Result;
 
 pub const BUILTIN_STORAGE_ISOLATION_PERSISTENT_ID: &str =
     "__sage_test_storage_isolation_persistent";
 pub const BUILTIN_STORAGE_ISOLATION_INCOGNITO_ID: &str =
     "__sage_test_storage_isolation_incognito";
-pub const BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_PERSISTENT_ID: &str =
-    "__sage_test_persistence_persistent";
-pub const BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_INCOGNITO_ID: &str =
-    "__sage_test_persistence_incognito";
-pub const BUILTIN_STORAGE_CLEAR_PERSISTENT_ID: &str =
-    "__sage_test_storage_clear_persistent";
+pub const BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_PERSISTENT_ID: &str = "__sage_test_persistence_persistent";
+pub const BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_INCOGNITO_ID: &str = "__sage_test_persistence_incognito";
+pub const BUILTIN_STORAGE_CLEAR_PERSISTENT_ID: &str = "__sage_test_storage_clear_persistent";
 pub const BUILTIN_NETWORK_ALLOW_A_ID: &str = "__sage_test_network_allow_a";
 pub const BUILTIN_NETWORK_ALLOW_B_ID: &str = "__sage_test_network_allow_b";
 
@@ -73,9 +69,6 @@ pub fn builtin_test_app_spec(app_id: &str) -> Option<&'static BuiltinTestAppSpec
 
 pub fn builtin_apps_root() -> PathBuf {
     PathBuf::from(env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR"))
-        .parent()
-        .expect("src-tauri should have a parent directory")
-        .join("src")
         .join("builtin-apps")
         .join("dist")
 }
@@ -106,13 +99,12 @@ fn read_builtin_manifest(app_dir: &PathBuf) -> AnyResult<SageAppPackageManifest>
         )
     })?;
 
-    let manifest: SageAppPackageManifest =
-        serde_json::from_str(&manifest_text).with_context(|| {
-            format!(
-                "failed to parse builtin test app manifest {}",
-                manifest_path.display()
-            )
-        })?;
+    let manifest: SageAppPackageManifest = serde_json::from_str(&manifest_text).with_context(|| {
+        format!(
+            "failed to parse builtin test app manifest {}",
+            manifest_path.display()
+        )
+    })?;
 
     Ok(manifest)
 }
@@ -162,8 +154,7 @@ pub fn build_builtin_test_app(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<InstalledSageApp
     }
 
     let mut manifest = read_builtin_manifest(&app_dir)?;
-    manifest.permissions =
-        normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions(&manifest.permissions)?;
+    manifest.permissions = normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions(&manifest.permissions)?;
 
     let mut requested_capabilities = manifest.permissions.capabilities.required.clone();
     requested_capabilities.extend(manifest.permissions.capabilities.optional.clone());
@@ -178,8 +169,7 @@ pub fn build_builtin_test_app(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<InstalledSageApp
     };
 
     validate_granted_permissions(&manifest.permissions, &granted_permissions.capabilities)?;
-    let permission_flags =
-        resolve_granted_permission_flags(&granted_permissions.capabilities, None)?;
+    let permission_flags = resolve_granted_permission_flags(&granted_permissions.capabilities, None)?;
 
     let entry_file_name = manifest_entry_file(&manifest).to_string();
     let icon_file_name = manifest_icon_file(&manifest).to_string();
@@ -228,6 +218,7 @@ pub fn build_builtin_test_app(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<InstalledSageApp
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
 pub async fn get_builtin_test_app(app_id: String) -> Result<Option<InstalledSageApp>> {
-    build_builtin_test_app(&app_id)
-        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to load builtin test app: {err}")).into())
+    build_builtin_test_app(&app_id).map_err(|err| {
+        std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to load builtin test app: {err}")).into()
+    })
 }

From f07ced98d517a76ba7c364361ab1fc704d635c45 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Mon, 20 Apr 2026 00:36:59 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 105/471] Remove `sandbox.rs` and associated logic:

- Deleted `sandbox.rs`, including all related functions, structs, and enums for sandbox testing.
- Removed sandbox state management, test execution, and probe event handling from the Rust backend.
---
 src-tauri/src/apps/runtime.rs            |    7 +-
 src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox.rs            | 1198 ----------------------
 src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/commands.rs   |   56 +
 src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/gate.rs       |  112 ++
 src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/ingest.rs     |  115 +++
 src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/mod.rs        |   13 +
 src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/probes.rs     |  591 +++++++++++
 src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/runner.rs     |  244 +++++
 src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/runtime.rs    |   78 ++
 src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/state_view.rs |   66 ++
 src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/store.rs      |   51 +
 src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/types.rs      |  206 ++++
 src-tauri/src/lib.rs                     |   33 +-
 src/bindings.ts                          |    6 +-
 src/components/apps/AppTile.tsx          |    8 +-
 src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx             |    2 +-
 src/hooks/useApps.ts                     |   26 +-
 src/lib/apps/sandbox.ts                  |   19 +
 src/lib/apps/sandboxPolicy.ts            |   15 +-
 src/pages/Apps.tsx                       |   62 +-
 20 files changed, 1662 insertions(+), 1246 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox.rs
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/commands.rs
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/gate.rs
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/ingest.rs
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/mod.rs
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/probes.rs
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/runner.rs
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/runtime.rs
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/state_view.rs
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/store.rs
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/types.rs

diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/runtime.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/runtime.rs
index d5f86f1a1..fb4324d7f 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/runtime.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/runtime.rs
@@ -148,8 +148,11 @@ pub async fn apps_create_inline_runtime(
     let is_builtin_test_app = installed.id.starts_with("__sage_test_");
 
     if !args.internal && !is_builtin_test_app {
-        let sandbox = apps_state.sandbox.state.lock().await.clone();
-        let gate = crate::apps::sandbox::evaluate_app_launch_gate(&installed, &sandbox);
+        let baseline = apps_state.sandbox.baseline.lock().await.clone();
+        let current_run = apps_state.sandbox.current_run.lock().await.clone();
+        let effective =
+            crate::apps::sandbox::state_view::build_effective_state(&baseline, current_run.as_ref());
+        let gate = crate::apps::sandbox::evaluate_app_launch_gate(&installed, &effective);
 
         if !gate.allowed {
             return Err(
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 38fc0a5b8..000000000
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1198 +0,0 @@
-use std::collections::{BTreeMap, HashMap};
-use std::time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};
-
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use serde_json::Value;
-use specta::Type;
-use tauri::{AppHandle, Emitter, Manager, State};
-use tokio::sync::Mutex;
-use tokio::time::{sleep, Duration};
-
-use crate::apps::runtime;
-use crate::apps::runtime::resolve_app;
-use crate::apps::state::AppsHostState;
-use crate::apps::types::InstalledSageApp;
-use crate::apps::builtin_apps::{
-    BUILTIN_NETWORK_ALLOW_A_ID,
-    BUILTIN_NETWORK_ALLOW_B_ID,
-    BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_INCOGNITO_ID,
-    BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_PERSISTENT_ID,
-    BUILTIN_STORAGE_CLEAR_PERSISTENT_ID,
-    BUILTIN_STORAGE_ISOLATION_INCOGNITO_ID,
-    BUILTIN_STORAGE_ISOLATION_PERSISTENT_ID,
-};
-
-const STORAGE_CLEAR_PROBE_PATH: &str =
-    "/__sage/runtime-apps/storage-clear-probe/index.html";
-
-fn now_ms() -> i64 {
-    SystemTime::now()
-        .duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)
-        .map(|d| d.as_millis() as i64)
-        .unwrap_or(0)
-}
-
-fn unique_run_id(prefix: &str) -> String {
-    format!("{prefix}-{}", now_ms())
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "snake_case")]
-pub enum SandboxCapability {
-    StorageIsolationFromSage,
-    StoragePersistenceNormal,
-    StorageNonPersistenceIncognito,
-    StorageClearCycle,
-    NetworkAllowlistEnforced,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub enum SandboxCapabilityStatus {
-    Pending,
-    Running,
-    Passed,
-    Failed,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub struct SandboxCapabilityResult {
-    pub status: SandboxCapabilityStatus,
-    pub checked_at: Option<i64>,
-    pub details: Option<String>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub struct SandboxState {
-    pub overall_critical_status: SandboxCapabilityStatus,
-    pub storage_isolation_from_sage: SandboxCapabilityResult,
-    pub storage_persistence_normal: SandboxCapabilityResult,
-    pub storage_non_persistence_incognito: SandboxCapabilityResult,
-    pub storage_clear_cycle: SandboxCapabilityResult,
-    pub network_allowlist_enforced: SandboxCapabilityResult,
-    pub started_at: Option<i64>,
-    pub finished_at: Option<i64>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub struct AppLaunchGateResult {
-    pub allowed: bool,
-    pub kind: String,
-    pub capability: Option<SandboxCapability>,
-    pub message: Option<String>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub struct SandboxIsolationProbeResult {
-    pub run_id: String,
-    pub local_storage_visible: bool,
-    pub indexed_db_visible: bool,
-    pub error: Option<String>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub struct SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult {
-    pub run_id: String,
-    pub local_storage_wrote: bool,
-    pub indexed_db_wrote: bool,
-    pub error: Option<String>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub struct SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult {
-    pub run_id: String,
-    pub local_storage_present: bool,
-    pub indexed_db_present: bool,
-    pub error: Option<String>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub struct SandboxNetworkProbeResult {
-    pub run_id: String,
-    pub allowed_url: String,
-    pub blocked_url: String,
-    pub allowed_ok: bool,
-    pub blocked_ok: bool,
-    pub error: Option<String>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, Eq)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "snake_case")]
-pub enum SandboxStorageClearProbePhase {
-    Write,
-    CheckPresent,
-    CheckAbsent,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub struct SandboxStorageClearProbeResult {
-    pub run_id: String,
-    pub phase: SandboxStorageClearProbePhase,
-    pub local_storage_present: bool,
-    pub indexed_db_present: bool,
-    pub error: Option<String>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-struct SandboxAppResult<T> {
-    app_id: String,
-    data: T,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
-struct SandboxRunResults {
-    isolation: Vec<SandboxAppResult<SandboxIsolationProbeResult>>,
-    persistence_write: Vec<SandboxAppResult<SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult>>,
-    persistence_read: Vec<SandboxAppResult<SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult>>,
-    clear_cycle: Vec<SandboxAppResult<SandboxStorageClearProbeResult>>,
-    network: Vec<SandboxAppResult<SandboxNetworkProbeResult>>,
-}
-
-pub struct SandboxStateStore {
-    pub state: Mutex<SandboxState>,
-    runs: Mutex<HashMap<String, SandboxRunResults>>,
-    running: Mutex<bool>,
-}
-
-impl Default for SandboxStateStore {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            state: Mutex::new(build_initial_sandbox_state()),
-            runs: Mutex::new(HashMap::new()),
-            running: Mutex::new(false),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-fn make_cap(status: SandboxCapabilityStatus, details: Option<String>) -> SandboxCapabilityResult {
-    SandboxCapabilityResult {
-        status,
-        checked_at: None,
-        details,
-    }
-}
-
-pub fn build_initial_sandbox_state() -> SandboxState {
-    SandboxState {
-        overall_critical_status: SandboxCapabilityStatus::Pending,
-        storage_isolation_from_sage: make_cap(SandboxCapabilityStatus::Pending, None),
-        storage_persistence_normal: make_cap(SandboxCapabilityStatus::Pending, None),
-        storage_non_persistence_incognito: make_cap(SandboxCapabilityStatus::Pending, None),
-        storage_clear_cycle: make_cap(SandboxCapabilityStatus::Pending, None),
-        network_allowlist_enforced: make_cap(SandboxCapabilityStatus::Pending, None),
-        started_at: None,
-        finished_at: None,
-    }
-}
-
-fn build_running_sandbox_state() -> SandboxState {
-    SandboxState {
-        overall_critical_status: SandboxCapabilityStatus::Running,
-        storage_isolation_from_sage: make_cap(SandboxCapabilityStatus::Running, None),
-        storage_persistence_normal: make_cap(SandboxCapabilityStatus::Running, None),
-        storage_non_persistence_incognito: make_cap(SandboxCapabilityStatus::Running, None),
-        storage_clear_cycle: make_cap(SandboxCapabilityStatus::Running, None),
-        network_allowlist_enforced: make_cap(SandboxCapabilityStatus::Running, None),
-        started_at: Some(now_ms()),
-        finished_at: None,
-    }
-}
-
-fn cap_label(cap: SandboxCapability) -> &'static str {
-    match cap {
-        SandboxCapability::StorageIsolationFromSage => "storage isolation from Sage",
-        SandboxCapability::StoragePersistenceNormal => "persistent storage behavior",
-        SandboxCapability::StorageNonPersistenceIncognito => "incognito storage behavior",
-        SandboxCapability::StorageClearCycle => "storage clear cycle behavior",
-        SandboxCapability::NetworkAllowlistEnforced => "network allowlist enforcement",
-    }
-}
-
-pub fn get_required_sandbox_capabilities(app: &InstalledSageApp) -> Vec<SandboxCapability> {
-    let mut required = vec![SandboxCapability::StorageIsolationFromSage];
-
-    if app
-        .granted_permissions
-        .capabilities
-        .iter()
-        .any(|cap| cap == "persistent_storage")
-    {
-        required.push(SandboxCapability::StoragePersistenceNormal);
-    } else {
-        required.push(SandboxCapability::StorageNonPersistenceIncognito);
-    }
-
-    if !app.granted_permissions.network.whitelist.is_empty() {
-        required.push(SandboxCapability::NetworkAllowlistEnforced);
-    }
-
-    required
-}
-
-fn cap_result(state: &SandboxState, cap: SandboxCapability) -> &SandboxCapabilityResult {
-    match cap {
-        SandboxCapability::StorageIsolationFromSage => &state.storage_isolation_from_sage,
-        SandboxCapability::StoragePersistenceNormal => &state.storage_persistence_normal,
-        SandboxCapability::StorageNonPersistenceIncognito => &state.storage_non_persistence_incognito,
-        SandboxCapability::StorageClearCycle => &state.storage_clear_cycle,
-        SandboxCapability::NetworkAllowlistEnforced => &state.network_allowlist_enforced,
-    }
-}
-
-pub fn evaluate_app_launch_gate(app: &InstalledSageApp, sandbox: &SandboxState) -> AppLaunchGateResult {
-    let isolation = &sandbox.storage_isolation_from_sage;
-
-    if matches!(
-        isolation.status,
-        SandboxCapabilityStatus::Pending | SandboxCapabilityStatus::Running
-    ) {
-        return AppLaunchGateResult {
-            allowed: false,
-            kind: "running".into(),
-            capability: Some(SandboxCapability::StorageIsolationFromSage),
-            message: Some(format!(
-                "Sandbox tests are still running for {}.",
-                cap_label(SandboxCapability::StorageIsolationFromSage)
-            )),
-        };
-    }
-
-    if isolation.status == SandboxCapabilityStatus::Failed {
-        return AppLaunchGateResult {
-            allowed: false,
-            kind: "failed".into(),
-            capability: Some(SandboxCapability::StorageIsolationFromSage),
-            message: isolation.details.clone().or_else(|| {
-                Some(format!(
-                    "Sandbox test failed for {}.",
-                    cap_label(SandboxCapability::StorageIsolationFromSage)
-                ))
-            }),
-        };
-    }
-
-    for cap in get_required_sandbox_capabilities(app) {
-        let result = cap_result(sandbox, cap);
-
-        if matches!(
-            result.status,
-            SandboxCapabilityStatus::Pending | SandboxCapabilityStatus::Running
-        ) {
-            return AppLaunchGateResult {
-                allowed: false,
-                kind: "running".into(),
-                capability: Some(cap),
-                message: Some(format!(
-                    "Sandbox tests are still running for {}.",
-                    cap_label(cap)
-                )),
-            };
-        }
-
-        if result.status == SandboxCapabilityStatus::Failed {
-            return AppLaunchGateResult {
-                allowed: false,
-                kind: "failed".into(),
-                capability: Some(cap),
-                message: result.details.clone().or_else(|| {
-                    Some(format!("Sandbox test failed for {}.", cap_label(cap)))
-                }),
-            };
-        }
-    }
-
-    AppLaunchGateResult {
-        allowed: true,
-        kind: "allowed".into(),
-        capability: None,
-        message: None,
-    }
-}
-
-fn replace_by_app_id<T: Clone>(items: &mut Vec<SandboxAppResult<T>>, next: SandboxAppResult<T>) {
-    items.retain(|item| item.app_id != next.app_id);
-    items.push(next);
-}
-
-async fn emit_state(app: &AppHandle, apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>) {
-    let state = apps_state.sandbox.state.lock().await.clone();
-    let _ = app.emit("apps:sandbox-state-updated", state);
-}
-
-async fn set_state(app: &AppHandle, apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>, state: SandboxState) {
-    *apps_state.sandbox.state.lock().await = state;
-    emit_state(app, apps_state).await;
-}
-
-pub async fn ingest_bridge_send_payload(
-    app_id: &str,
-    payload: &Value,
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-) {
-    let Some(kind) = payload.get("kind").and_then(Value::as_str) else {
-        return;
-    };
-
-    if kind != "sandbox_report" {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    let Some(report) = payload.get("report") else {
-        return;
-    };
-
-    let Some(report_type) = report.get("type").and_then(Value::as_str) else {
-        return;
-    };
-
-    let Some(data) = report.get("data").cloned() else {
-        return;
-    };
-
-    let run_id = data
-        .get("runId")
-        .and_then(Value::as_str)
-        .unwrap_or_default()
-        .to_string();
-
-    if run_id.is_empty() {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    let mut runs = apps_state.sandbox.runs.lock().await;
-    let run = runs.entry(run_id).or_default();
-
-    match report_type {
-        "isolation" => {
-            if let Ok(parsed) = serde_json::from_value::<SandboxIsolationProbeResult>(data) {
-                replace_by_app_id(
-                    &mut run.isolation,
-                    SandboxAppResult {
-                        app_id: app_id.to_string(),
-                        data: parsed,
-                    },
-                );
-            }
-        }
-        "persistence_write" => {
-            if let Ok(parsed) =
-                serde_json::from_value::<SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult>(data)
-            {
-                replace_by_app_id(
-                    &mut run.persistence_write,
-                    SandboxAppResult {
-                        app_id: app_id.to_string(),
-                        data: parsed,
-                    },
-                );
-            }
-        }
-        "persistence_read" => {
-            if let Ok(parsed) =
-                serde_json::from_value::<SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult>(data)
-            {
-                replace_by_app_id(
-                    &mut run.persistence_read,
-                    SandboxAppResult {
-                        app_id: app_id.to_string(),
-                        data: parsed,
-                    },
-                );
-            }
-        }
-        "network" => {
-            if let Ok(parsed) = serde_json::from_value::<SandboxNetworkProbeResult>(data) {
-                replace_by_app_id(
-                    &mut run.network,
-                    SandboxAppResult {
-                        app_id: app_id.to_string(),
-                        data: parsed,
-                    },
-                );
-            }
-        }
-        "clear_cycle" => {
-            if let Ok(parsed) =
-                serde_json::from_value::<SandboxStorageClearProbeResult>(data)
-            {
-                replace_by_app_id(
-                    &mut run.clear_cycle,
-                    SandboxAppResult {
-                        app_id: app_id.to_string(),
-                        data: parsed,
-                    },
-                );
-            }
-        }
-        _ => {}
-    }
-}
-
-async fn stop_test_apps(app: &AppHandle, apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>, app_ids: &[&str]) {
-    for app_id in app_ids {
-        let _ = runtime::close_runtime_internal(app, apps_state, app_id).await;
-    }
-}
-
-async fn start_test_app(
-    app: &AppHandle,
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    app_id: &str,
-    query: &[(&str, String)],
-    path: Option<String>,
-) -> Result<(), String> {
-    let mut query_map = HashMap::new();
-    for (k, v) in query {
-        query_map.insert((*k).to_string(), v.clone());
-    }
-
-    runtime::start_internal_runtime_for_sandbox(
-        app,
-        apps_state,
-        app_id,
-        false,
-        path,
-        query_map.into_iter().collect(),
-    )
-        .await
-}
-
-async fn poll_isolation(
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    run_id: &str,
-    expected_count: usize,
-    timeout_ms: i64,
-) -> Result<Vec<SandboxAppResult<SandboxIsolationProbeResult>>, String> {
-    let started = now_ms();
-
-    loop {
-        let results = {
-            let runs = apps_state.sandbox.runs.lock().await;
-            runs.get(run_id)
-                .map(|r| r.isolation.clone())
-                .unwrap_or_default()
-        };
-
-        if results.len() >= expected_count {
-            return Ok(results);
-        }
-
-        if now_ms() - started >= timeout_ms {
-            return Err("Timed out waiting for sandbox isolation results.".into());
-        }
-
-        sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)).await;
-    }
-}
-
-async fn poll_persistence_write(
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    run_id: &str,
-    expected_count: usize,
-    timeout_ms: i64,
-) -> Result<Vec<SandboxAppResult<SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult>>, String> {
-    let started = now_ms();
-
-    loop {
-        let results = {
-            let runs = apps_state.sandbox.runs.lock().await;
-            runs.get(run_id)
-                .map(|r| r.persistence_write.clone())
-                .unwrap_or_default()
-        };
-
-        if results.len() >= expected_count {
-            return Ok(results);
-        }
-
-        if now_ms() - started >= timeout_ms {
-            return Err("Timed out waiting for sandbox persistence write results.".into());
-        }
-
-        sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)).await;
-    }
-}
-
-async fn poll_persistence_read(
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    run_id: &str,
-    expected_count: usize,
-    timeout_ms: i64,
-) -> Result<Vec<SandboxAppResult<SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult>>, String> {
-    let started = now_ms();
-
-    loop {
-        let results = {
-            let runs = apps_state.sandbox.runs.lock().await;
-            runs.get(run_id)
-                .map(|r| r.persistence_read.clone())
-                .unwrap_or_default()
-        };
-
-        if results.len() >= expected_count {
-            return Ok(results);
-        }
-
-        if now_ms() - started >= timeout_ms {
-            return Err("Timed out waiting for sandbox persistence read results.".into());
-        }
-
-        sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)).await;
-    }
-}
-
-async fn poll_network(
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    run_id: &str,
-    expected_count: usize,
-    timeout_ms: i64,
-) -> Result<Vec<SandboxAppResult<SandboxNetworkProbeResult>>, String> {
-    let started = now_ms();
-
-    loop {
-        let results = {
-            let runs = apps_state.sandbox.runs.lock().await;
-            runs.get(run_id)
-                .map(|r| r.network.clone())
-                .unwrap_or_default()
-        };
-
-        if results.len() >= expected_count {
-            return Ok(results);
-        }
-
-        if now_ms() - started >= timeout_ms {
-            return Err("Timed out waiting for sandbox network results.".into());
-        }
-
-        sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)).await;
-    }
-}
-
-async fn poll_clear_cycle_phase(
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    run_id: &str,
-    app_id: &str,
-    phase: SandboxStorageClearProbePhase,
-    timeout_ms: i64,
-) -> Result<SandboxStorageClearProbeResult, String> {
-    let started = now_ms();
-
-    loop {
-        let results = {
-            let runs = apps_state.sandbox.runs.lock().await;
-            runs.get(run_id)
-                .map(|r| r.clear_cycle.clone())
-                .unwrap_or_default()
-        };
-
-        if let Some(found) = results.into_iter().find(|item| {
-            item.app_id == app_id && item.data.phase == phase
-        }) {
-            return Ok(found.data);
-        }
-
-        if now_ms() - started >= timeout_ms {
-            return Err("Timed out waiting for sandbox storage clear phase.".into());
-        }
-
-        sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)).await;
-    }
-}
-
-fn mark_cap(state: &mut SandboxState, cap: SandboxCapability, status: SandboxCapabilityStatus, details: Option<String>) {
-    let next = SandboxCapabilityResult {
-        status,
-        checked_at: Some(now_ms()),
-        details,
-    };
-
-    match cap {
-        SandboxCapability::StorageIsolationFromSage => state.storage_isolation_from_sage = next,
-        SandboxCapability::StoragePersistenceNormal => state.storage_persistence_normal = next,
-        SandboxCapability::StorageNonPersistenceIncognito => state.storage_non_persistence_incognito = next,
-        SandboxCapability::StorageClearCycle => state.storage_clear_cycle = next,
-        SandboxCapability::NetworkAllowlistEnforced => state.network_allowlist_enforced = next,
-    }
-}
-
-async fn run_isolation_test(app: &AppHandle, apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>) -> Result<(bool, Option<String>), String> {
-    let run_id = unique_run_id("sandbox-isolation");
-    let app_ids = [
-        BUILTIN_STORAGE_ISOLATION_PERSISTENT_ID,
-        BUILTIN_STORAGE_ISOLATION_INCOGNITO_ID,
-    ];
-
-    stop_test_apps(app, apps_state, &app_ids).await;
-
-    // Isolation check verifies that sandboxed app storage is isolated from the host
-    // environment. The probe app reports only what it can observe from inside its own
-    // storage context.
-    start_test_app(
-        app,
-        apps_state,
-        BUILTIN_STORAGE_ISOLATION_PERSISTENT_ID,
-        &[("runId", run_id.clone())],
-        None,
-    )
-        .await?;
-    start_test_app(
-        app,
-        apps_state,
-        BUILTIN_STORAGE_ISOLATION_INCOGNITO_ID,
-        &[("runId", run_id.clone())],
-        None,
-    )
-        .await?;
-
-    let results = poll_isolation(apps_state, &run_id, 2, 10_000).await?;
-
-    stop_test_apps(app, apps_state, &app_ids).await;
-
-    let persistent = results
-        .iter()
-        .find(|r| r.app_id == BUILTIN_STORAGE_ISOLATION_PERSISTENT_ID);
-    let incognito = results
-        .iter()
-        .find(|r| r.app_id == BUILTIN_STORAGE_ISOLATION_INCOGNITO_ID);
-
-    let Some(persistent) = persistent else {
-        return Ok((false, Some("Missing persistent isolation result.".into())));
-    };
-    let Some(incognito) = incognito else {
-        return Ok((false, Some("Missing incognito isolation result.".into())));
-    };
-
-    for (label, result) in [("persistent", &persistent.data), ("incognito", &incognito.data)] {
-        if result.error.is_some() {
-            return Ok((false, Some(format!(
-                "{label} isolation probe reported error: {}",
-                result.error.clone().unwrap_or_default()
-            ))));
-        }
-
-        if result.local_storage_visible || result.indexed_db_visible {
-            return Ok((false, Some(format!(
-                "{label} probe was able to observe Sage probe data."
-            ))));
-        }
-    }
-
-    Ok((true, Some("Both sandbox probe modes were unable to observe Sage probe data.".into())))
-}
-
-async fn run_persistence_test(app: &AppHandle, apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>) -> Result<((bool, Option<String>), (bool, Option<String>)), String> {
-    let run_id = unique_run_id("sandbox-persistence");
-    let app_ids = [BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_PERSISTENT_ID, BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_INCOGNITO_ID];
-
-    stop_test_apps(app, apps_state, &app_ids).await;
-
-    start_test_app(
-        app,
-        apps_state,
-        BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_PERSISTENT_ID,
-        &[("runId", run_id.clone()), ("phase", "write".into())],
-        None,
-    )
-        .await?;
-    start_test_app(
-        app,
-        apps_state,
-        BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_INCOGNITO_ID,
-        &[("runId", run_id.clone()), ("phase", "write".into())],
-        None,
-    )
-        .await?;
-
-    let write_results = poll_persistence_write(apps_state, &run_id, 2, 10_000).await?;
-    stop_test_apps(app, apps_state, &app_ids).await;
-
-    let persistent_write = write_results.iter().find(|r| r.app_id == BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_PERSISTENT_ID);
-    let incognito_write = write_results.iter().find(|r| r.app_id == BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_INCOGNITO_ID);
-
-    let Some(persistent_write) = persistent_write else {
-        return Ok(((false, Some("Missing persistent write result.".into())), (false, Some("Missing incognito write result.".into()))));
-    };
-    let Some(incognito_write) = incognito_write else {
-        return Ok(((false, Some("Missing persistent write result.".into())), (false, Some("Missing incognito write result.".into()))));
-    };
-
-    if persistent_write.data.error.is_some()
-        || !persistent_write.data.local_storage_wrote
-        || !persistent_write.data.indexed_db_wrote
-    {
-        return Ok((
-            (
-                false,
-                Some(
-                    persistent_write
-                        .data
-                        .error
-                        .clone()
-                        .unwrap_or_else(|| "Persistent write probe failed.".into()),
-                ),
-            ),
-            (
-                false,
-                Some(
-                    persistent_write
-                        .data
-                        .error
-                        .clone()
-                        .unwrap_or_else(|| "Persistent write probe failed.".into()),
-                ),
-            ),
-        ));
-    }
-
-    if incognito_write.data.error.is_some()
-        || !incognito_write.data.local_storage_wrote
-        || !incognito_write.data.indexed_db_wrote
-    {
-        return Ok((
-            (
-                false,
-                Some(
-                    incognito_write
-                        .data
-                        .error
-                        .clone()
-                        .unwrap_or_else(|| "Incognito write probe failed.".into()),
-                ),
-            ),
-            (
-                false,
-                Some(
-                    incognito_write
-                        .data
-                        .error
-                        .clone()
-                        .unwrap_or_else(|| "Incognito write probe failed.".into()),
-                ),
-            ),
-        ));
-    }
-
-    start_test_app(
-        app,
-        apps_state,
-        BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_PERSISTENT_ID,
-        &[("runId", run_id.clone()), ("phase", "read".into())],
-        None,
-    )
-        .await?;
-    start_test_app(
-        app,
-        apps_state,
-        BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_INCOGNITO_ID,
-        &[("runId", run_id.clone()), ("phase", "read".into())],
-        None,
-    )
-        .await?;
-
-    let read_results = poll_persistence_read(apps_state, &run_id, 2, 10_000).await?;
-    stop_test_apps(app, apps_state, &app_ids).await;
-
-    let persistent_read = read_results.iter().find(|r| r.app_id == BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_PERSISTENT_ID);
-    let incognito_read = read_results.iter().find(|r| r.app_id == BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_INCOGNITO_ID);
-
-    let Some(persistent_read) = persistent_read else {
-        return Ok(((false, Some("Missing persistent read result.".into())), (false, Some("Missing incognito read result.".into()))));
-    };
-    let Some(incognito_read) = incognito_read else {
-        return Ok(((false, Some("Missing persistent read result.".into())), (false, Some("Missing incognito read result.".into()))));
-    };
-
-    let persistent_ok = persistent_read.data.error.is_none()
-        && persistent_read.data.local_storage_present
-        && persistent_read.data.indexed_db_present;
-
-    let incognito_ok = incognito_read.data.error.is_none()
-        && !incognito_read.data.local_storage_present
-        && !incognito_read.data.indexed_db_present;
-
-    Ok((
-        (
-            persistent_ok,
-            Some(if persistent_ok {
-                "Persistent mode retained localStorage and IndexedDB across reopen.".into()
-            } else {
-                persistent_read
-                    .data
-                    .error
-                    .clone()
-                    .unwrap_or_else(|| "Persistent read probe mismatch.".into())
-            }),
-        ),
-        (
-            incognito_ok,
-            Some(if incognito_ok {
-                "Incognito mode did not retain localStorage or IndexedDB across reopen.".into()
-            } else {
-                incognito_read
-                    .data
-                    .error
-                    .clone()
-                    .unwrap_or_else(|| "Incognito read probe mismatch.".into())
-            }),
-        ),
-    ))
-}
-
-async fn run_network_test(app: &AppHandle, apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>) -> Result<(bool, Option<String>), String> {
-    let run_id = unique_run_id("sandbox-network");
-    let app_ids = [BUILTIN_NETWORK_ALLOW_A_ID, BUILTIN_NETWORK_ALLOW_B_ID];
-
-    stop_test_apps(app, apps_state, &app_ids).await;
-
-    start_test_app(
-        app,
-        apps_state,
-        BUILTIN_NETWORK_ALLOW_A_ID,
-        &[("runId", run_id.clone())],
-        None,
-    )
-        .await?;
-    start_test_app(
-        app,
-        apps_state,
-        BUILTIN_NETWORK_ALLOW_B_ID,
-        &[("runId", run_id.clone())],
-        None,
-    )
-        .await?;
-
-    let results = poll_network(apps_state, &run_id, 2, 12_000).await?;
-    stop_test_apps(app, apps_state, &app_ids).await;
-
-    for result in &results {
-        if result.data.error.is_some() {
-            return Ok((false, result.data.error.clone()));
-        }
-
-        if !result.data.allowed_ok {
-            return Ok((false, Some(format!(
-                "{} could not reach allowed URL {}.",
-                result.app_id, result.data.allowed_url
-            ))));
-        }
-
-        if result.data.blocked_ok {
-            return Ok((false, Some(format!(
-                "{} was able to reach blocked URL {}.",
-                result.app_id, result.data.blocked_url
-            ))));
-        }
-    }
-
-    Ok((true, Some("Network allowlist probes succeeded for allowed URLs and failed for blocked URLs in both flipped configurations.".into())))
-}
-
-async fn run_clear_cycle_phase(
-    app: &AppHandle,
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    app_id: &str,
-    run_id: &str,
-    phase: SandboxStorageClearProbePhase,
-) -> Result<SandboxStorageClearProbeResult, String> {
-    let phase_string = match phase {
-        SandboxStorageClearProbePhase::Write => "write",
-        SandboxStorageClearProbePhase::CheckPresent => "check_present",
-        SandboxStorageClearProbePhase::CheckAbsent => "check_absent",
-    }
-        .to_string();
-
-    let _ = runtime::close_runtime_internal(app, apps_state, app_id).await;
-
-    let mut query = BTreeMap::new();
-    query.insert("runId".to_string(), run_id.to_string());
-    query.insert("phase".to_string(), phase_string);
-
-    runtime::start_internal_runtime_for_sandbox(
-        app,
-        apps_state,
-        app_id,
-        false,
-        Some(STORAGE_CLEAR_PROBE_PATH.into()),
-        query,
-    )
-        .await?;
-
-    let out = poll_clear_cycle_phase(apps_state, run_id, app_id, phase, 10_000).await;
-
-    let _ = runtime::close_runtime_internal(app, apps_state, app_id).await;
-
-    out
-}
-
-async fn run_clear_cycle_test(
-    app: &AppHandle,
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-) -> Result<(bool, Option<String>), String> {
-    let run_id = unique_run_id("storage-clear-cycle");
-    let app_id = BUILTIN_STORAGE_CLEAR_PERSISTENT_ID;
-
-    let write = run_clear_cycle_phase(
-        app,
-        apps_state,
-        app_id,
-        &run_id,
-        SandboxStorageClearProbePhase::Write,
-    )
-        .await?;
-
-    if write.error.is_some() || !write.local_storage_present || !write.indexed_db_present {
-        return Ok((
-            false,
-            Some(
-                write
-                    .error
-                    .unwrap_or_else(|| "Storage clear write probe failed.".into()),
-            ),
-        ));
-    }
-
-    let present = run_clear_cycle_phase(
-        app,
-        apps_state,
-        app_id,
-        &run_id,
-        SandboxStorageClearProbePhase::CheckPresent,
-    )
-        .await?;
-
-    if present.error.is_some()
-        || !present.local_storage_present
-        || !present.indexed_db_present
-    {
-        return Ok((
-            false,
-            Some(
-                present
-                    .error
-                    .unwrap_or_else(|| "Storage clear presence probe failed.".into()),
-            ),
-        ));
-    }
-
-    runtime::clear_runtime_browsing_data_internal(app, apps_state, app_id).await?;
-
-    let absent = run_clear_cycle_phase(
-        app,
-        apps_state,
-        app_id,
-        &run_id,
-        SandboxStorageClearProbePhase::CheckAbsent,
-    )
-        .await?;
-
-    if absent.error.is_some() {
-        return Ok((false, absent.error));
-    }
-
-    let passed = !absent.local_storage_present && !absent.indexed_db_present;
-
-    Ok((
-        passed,
-        Some(if passed {
-            "Storage clear cycle removed localStorage and IndexedDB for the target app origin."
-                .into()
-        } else {
-            "Storage clear cycle failed because data was still visible after host-side clearing."
-                .into()
-        }),
-    ))
-}
-
-async fn sandbox_runner(app: AppHandle) {
-    let apps_state = app.state::<AppsHostState>();
-    let mut state = build_running_sandbox_state();
-    set_state(&app, &apps_state, state.clone()).await;
-
-    let isolation = run_isolation_test(&app, &apps_state).await;
-    match isolation {
-        Ok((passed, details)) => {
-            mark_cap(
-                &mut state,
-                SandboxCapability::StorageIsolationFromSage,
-                if passed { SandboxCapabilityStatus::Passed } else { SandboxCapabilityStatus::Failed },
-                details,
-            );
-            set_state(&app, &apps_state, state.clone()).await;
-
-            if !passed {
-                state.overall_critical_status = SandboxCapabilityStatus::Failed;
-                state.finished_at = Some(now_ms());
-                set_state(&app, &apps_state, state).await;
-                *apps_state.sandbox.running.lock().await = false;
-                return;
-            }
-        }
-        Err(err) => {
-            mark_cap(
-                &mut state,
-                SandboxCapability::StorageIsolationFromSage,
-                SandboxCapabilityStatus::Failed,
-                Some(err),
-            );
-            state.overall_critical_status = SandboxCapabilityStatus::Failed;
-            state.finished_at = Some(now_ms());
-            set_state(&app, &apps_state, state).await;
-            *apps_state.sandbox.running.lock().await = false;
-            return;
-        }
-    }
-
-    match run_persistence_test(&app, &apps_state).await {
-        Ok((normal, incog)) => {
-            mark_cap(
-                &mut state,
-                SandboxCapability::StoragePersistenceNormal,
-                if normal.0 { SandboxCapabilityStatus::Passed } else { SandboxCapabilityStatus::Failed },
-                normal.1,
-            );
-            set_state(&app, &apps_state, state.clone()).await;
-
-            mark_cap(
-                &mut state,
-                SandboxCapability::StorageNonPersistenceIncognito,
-                if incog.0 { SandboxCapabilityStatus::Passed } else { SandboxCapabilityStatus::Failed },
-                incog.1,
-            );
-            set_state(&app, &apps_state, state.clone()).await;
-        }
-        Err(err) => {
-            mark_cap(
-                &mut state,
-                SandboxCapability::StoragePersistenceNormal,
-                SandboxCapabilityStatus::Failed,
-                Some(err.clone()),
-            );
-            mark_cap(
-                &mut state,
-                SandboxCapability::StorageNonPersistenceIncognito,
-                SandboxCapabilityStatus::Failed,
-                Some(err),
-            );
-            set_state(&app, &apps_state, state.clone()).await;
-        }
-    }
-
-    match run_clear_cycle_test(&app, &apps_state).await {
-        Ok((passed, details)) => {
-            mark_cap(
-                &mut state,
-                SandboxCapability::StorageClearCycle,
-                if passed { SandboxCapabilityStatus::Passed } else { SandboxCapabilityStatus::Failed },
-                details,
-            );
-            set_state(&app, &apps_state, state.clone()).await;
-        }
-        Err(err) => {
-            mark_cap(
-                &mut state,
-                SandboxCapability::StorageClearCycle,
-                SandboxCapabilityStatus::Failed,
-                Some(err),
-            );
-            set_state(&app, &apps_state, state.clone()).await;
-        }
-    }
-
-    match run_network_test(&app, &apps_state).await {
-        Ok((passed, details)) => {
-            mark_cap(
-                &mut state,
-                SandboxCapability::NetworkAllowlistEnforced,
-                if passed { SandboxCapabilityStatus::Passed } else { SandboxCapabilityStatus::Failed },
-                details,
-            );
-            set_state(&app, &apps_state, state.clone()).await;
-        }
-        Err(err) => {
-            mark_cap(
-                &mut state,
-                SandboxCapability::NetworkAllowlistEnforced,
-                SandboxCapabilityStatus::Failed,
-                Some(err),
-            );
-            set_state(&app, &apps_state, state.clone()).await;
-        }
-    }
-
-    state.overall_critical_status = if state.storage_isolation_from_sage.status == SandboxCapabilityStatus::Failed {
-        SandboxCapabilityStatus::Failed
-    } else {
-        SandboxCapabilityStatus::Passed
-    };
-    state.finished_at = Some(now_ms());
-
-    set_state(&app, &apps_state, state).await;
-    *apps_state.sandbox.running.lock().await = false;
-}
-
-#[tauri::command]
-#[specta::specta]
-pub async fn apps_get_sandbox_state(
-    apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-) -> Result<SandboxState, String> {
-    Ok(apps_state.sandbox.state.lock().await.clone())
-}
-
-#[tauri::command]
-#[specta::specta]
-pub async fn apps_get_app_launch_gate(
-    app: AppHandle,
-    apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    app_id: String,
-) -> Result<AppLaunchGateResult, String> {
-    let base_path = app
-        .path()
-        .app_data_dir()
-        .map_err(|e| format!("failed to resolve app data dir: {e}"))?;
-
-    let app = resolve_app(&base_path, &app_id)?;
-    let sandbox = apps_state.sandbox.state.lock().await.clone();
-
-    Ok(evaluate_app_launch_gate(&app, &sandbox))
-}
-
-#[tauri::command]
-#[specta::specta]
-pub async fn apps_rerun_sandbox_tests(
-    app: AppHandle,
-    apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-) -> Result<SandboxState, String> {
-    {
-        let mut running = apps_state.sandbox.running.lock().await;
-        if *running {
-            return Ok(apps_state.sandbox.state.lock().await.clone());
-        }
-        *running = true;
-    }
-
-    {
-        let mut runs = apps_state.sandbox.runs.lock().await;
-        runs.clear();
-    }
-
-    let running_state = build_running_sandbox_state();
-    *apps_state.sandbox.state.lock().await = running_state.clone();
-    emit_state(&app, &apps_state).await;
-
-    let runner_app = app.clone();
-
-    tokio::spawn(async move {
-        sandbox_runner(runner_app).await;
-    });
-
-    Ok(running_state)
-}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/commands.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/commands.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..94904305f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/commands.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
+
+use crate::apps::runtime::resolve_app;
+use crate::apps::state::AppsHostState;
+
+use super::gate::evaluate_app_launch_gate;
+use super::runner::{begin_sandbox_run, sandbox_runner};
+use super::state_view::{build_effective_state, build_state_view};
+use super::types::{AppLaunchGateResult, SandboxStateView};
+
+#[tauri::command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn apps_get_sandbox_state(
+    apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+) -> Result<SandboxStateView, String> {
+    let baseline = apps_state.sandbox.baseline.lock().await.clone();
+    let current_run = apps_state.sandbox.current_run.lock().await.clone();
+    Ok(build_state_view(&baseline, current_run.as_ref()))
+}
+
+#[tauri::command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn apps_get_app_launch_gate(
+    app: AppHandle,
+    apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    app_id: String,
+) -> Result<AppLaunchGateResult, String> {
+    let base_path = app
+        .path()
+        .app_data_dir()
+        .map_err(|e| format!("failed to resolve app data dir: {e}"))?;
+
+    let installed = resolve_app(&base_path, &app_id)?;
+
+    let baseline = apps_state.sandbox.baseline.lock().await.clone();
+    let current_run = apps_state.sandbox.current_run.lock().await.clone();
+    let effective = build_effective_state(&baseline, current_run.as_ref());
+
+    Ok(evaluate_app_launch_gate(&installed, &effective))
+}
+
+#[tauri::command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn apps_rerun_sandbox_tests(
+    app: AppHandle,
+    apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+) -> Result<SandboxStateView, String> {
+    let view = begin_sandbox_run(&app, &apps_state).await?;
+
+    let runner_app = app.clone();
+    tokio::spawn(async move {
+        sandbox_runner(runner_app).await;
+    });
+
+    Ok(view)
+}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/gate.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/gate.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9c40d1ef4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/gate.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+use crate::apps::types::InstalledSageApp;
+
+use super::types::{
+    AppLaunchGateResult, SandboxCapability, SandboxCapabilityStatus, SandboxState,
+    cap_result,
+};
+
+fn cap_label(cap: SandboxCapability) -> &'static str {
+    match cap {
+        SandboxCapability::StorageIsolationFromSage => "storage isolation from Sage",
+        SandboxCapability::StoragePersistenceNormal => "persistent storage behavior",
+        SandboxCapability::StorageNonPersistenceIncognito => "incognito storage behavior",
+        SandboxCapability::StorageClearCycle => "storage clear cycle behavior",
+        SandboxCapability::NetworkAllowlistEnforced => "network allowlist enforcement",
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn get_required_sandbox_capabilities(
+    app: &InstalledSageApp,
+) -> Vec<SandboxCapability> {
+    let mut required = vec![SandboxCapability::StorageIsolationFromSage];
+
+    if app
+        .granted_permissions
+        .capabilities
+        .iter()
+        .any(|cap| cap == "persistent_storage")
+    {
+        required.push(SandboxCapability::StoragePersistenceNormal);
+    } else {
+        required.push(SandboxCapability::StorageNonPersistenceIncognito);
+    }
+
+    if !app.granted_permissions.network.whitelist.is_empty() {
+        required.push(SandboxCapability::NetworkAllowlistEnforced);
+    }
+
+    required
+}
+
+pub fn evaluate_app_launch_gate(
+    app: &InstalledSageApp,
+    sandbox: &SandboxState,
+) -> AppLaunchGateResult {
+    let isolation = &sandbox.storage_isolation_from_sage;
+
+    if matches!(
+        isolation.status,
+        SandboxCapabilityStatus::Pending | SandboxCapabilityStatus::Running
+    ) {
+        return AppLaunchGateResult {
+            allowed: false,
+            kind: "running".into(),
+            capability: Some(SandboxCapability::StorageIsolationFromSage),
+            message: Some(format!(
+                "Sandbox tests are still running for {}.",
+                cap_label(SandboxCapability::StorageIsolationFromSage)
+            )),
+        };
+    }
+
+    if isolation.status == SandboxCapabilityStatus::Failed {
+        return AppLaunchGateResult {
+            allowed: false,
+            kind: "failed".into(),
+            capability: Some(SandboxCapability::StorageIsolationFromSage),
+            message: isolation.details.clone().or_else(|| {
+                Some(format!(
+                    "Sandbox test failed for {}.",
+                    cap_label(SandboxCapability::StorageIsolationFromSage)
+                ))
+            }),
+        };
+    }
+
+    for cap in get_required_sandbox_capabilities(app) {
+        let result = cap_result(sandbox, cap);
+
+        if matches!(
+            result.status,
+            SandboxCapabilityStatus::Pending | SandboxCapabilityStatus::Running
+        ) {
+            return AppLaunchGateResult {
+                allowed: false,
+                kind: "running".into(),
+                capability: Some(cap),
+                message: Some(format!(
+                    "Sandbox tests are still running for {}.",
+                    cap_label(cap)
+                )),
+            };
+        }
+
+        if result.status == SandboxCapabilityStatus::Failed {
+            return AppLaunchGateResult {
+                allowed: false,
+                kind: "failed".into(),
+                capability: Some(cap),
+                message: result.details.clone().or_else(|| {
+                    Some(format!("Sandbox test failed for {}.", cap_label(cap)))
+                }),
+            };
+        }
+    }
+
+    AppLaunchGateResult {
+        allowed: true,
+        kind: "allowed".into(),
+        capability: None,
+        message: None,
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/ingest.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/ingest.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..be0ddc184
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/ingest.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+use serde_json::Value;
+use tauri::State;
+
+use crate::apps::state::AppsHostState;
+
+use super::store::{SandboxAppResult, replace_by_app_id};
+use super::types::{
+    SandboxIsolationProbeResult, SandboxNetworkProbeResult,
+    SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult, SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult,
+    SandboxStorageClearProbeResult,
+};
+
+pub async fn ingest_bridge_send_payload(
+    app_id: &str,
+    payload: &Value,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+) {
+    let Some(kind) = payload.get("kind").and_then(Value::as_str) else {
+        return;
+    };
+
+    if kind != "sandbox_report" {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    let Some(report) = payload.get("report") else {
+        return;
+    };
+
+    let Some(report_type) = report.get("type").and_then(Value::as_str) else {
+        return;
+    };
+
+    let Some(data) = report.get("data").cloned() else {
+        return;
+    };
+
+    let run_id = data
+        .get("runId")
+        .and_then(Value::as_str)
+        .unwrap_or_default()
+        .to_string();
+
+    if run_id.is_empty() {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    let mut runs = apps_state.sandbox.runs.lock().await;
+    let run = runs.entry(run_id).or_default();
+
+    match report_type {
+        "isolation" => {
+            if let Ok(parsed) = serde_json::from_value::<SandboxIsolationProbeResult>(data) {
+                replace_by_app_id(
+                    &mut run.isolation,
+                    SandboxAppResult {
+                        app_id: app_id.to_string(),
+                        data: parsed,
+                    },
+                );
+            }
+        }
+        "persistence_write" => {
+            if let Ok(parsed) =
+                serde_json::from_value::<SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult>(data)
+            {
+                replace_by_app_id(
+                    &mut run.persistence_write,
+                    SandboxAppResult {
+                        app_id: app_id.to_string(),
+                        data: parsed,
+                    },
+                );
+            }
+        }
+        "persistence_read" => {
+            if let Ok(parsed) =
+                serde_json::from_value::<SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult>(data)
+            {
+                replace_by_app_id(
+                    &mut run.persistence_read,
+                    SandboxAppResult {
+                        app_id: app_id.to_string(),
+                        data: parsed,
+                    },
+                );
+            }
+        }
+        "network" => {
+            if let Ok(parsed) = serde_json::from_value::<SandboxNetworkProbeResult>(data) {
+                replace_by_app_id(
+                    &mut run.network,
+                    SandboxAppResult {
+                        app_id: app_id.to_string(),
+                        data: parsed,
+                    },
+                );
+            }
+        }
+        "clear_cycle" => {
+            if let Ok(parsed) =
+                serde_json::from_value::<SandboxStorageClearProbeResult>(data)
+            {
+                replace_by_app_id(
+                    &mut run.clear_cycle,
+                    SandboxAppResult {
+                        app_id: app_id.to_string(),
+                        data: parsed,
+                    },
+                );
+            }
+        }
+        _ => {}
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/mod.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..59ce7c81d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+pub mod commands;
+pub mod gate;
+pub mod ingest;
+pub mod probes;
+pub mod runner;
+pub mod runtime;
+pub mod state_view;
+pub mod store;
+pub mod types;
+
+pub use gate::evaluate_app_launch_gate;
+pub use ingest::ingest_bridge_send_payload;
+pub use store::SandboxStateStore;
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/probes.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/probes.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1d4f8fc7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/probes.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,591 @@
+use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
+use tokio::time::{Duration, sleep};
+
+use crate::apps::builtin_apps::{
+    BUILTIN_NETWORK_ALLOW_A_ID, BUILTIN_NETWORK_ALLOW_B_ID,
+    BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_INCOGNITO_ID, BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_PERSISTENT_ID,
+    BUILTIN_STORAGE_CLEAR_PERSISTENT_ID, BUILTIN_STORAGE_ISOLATION_INCOGNITO_ID,
+    BUILTIN_STORAGE_ISOLATION_PERSISTENT_ID,
+};
+use crate::apps::runtime;
+use crate::apps::state::AppsHostState;
+
+use super::runtime::{
+    now_ms, run_clear_cycle_phase_runtime, start_test_app, stop_test_apps, unique_run_id,
+};
+use super::store::SandboxAppResult;
+use super::types::{
+    SandboxIsolationProbeResult, SandboxNetworkProbeResult,
+    SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult, SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult,
+    SandboxStorageClearProbePhase, SandboxStorageClearProbeResult,
+};
+
+async fn poll_isolation(
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    run_id: &str,
+    expected_count: usize,
+    timeout_ms: i64,
+) -> Result<Vec<SandboxAppResult<SandboxIsolationProbeResult>>, String> {
+    let started = now_ms();
+
+    loop {
+        let results = {
+            let runs = apps_state.sandbox.runs.lock().await;
+            runs.get(run_id)
+                .map(|r| r.isolation.clone())
+                .unwrap_or_default()
+        };
+
+        if results.len() >= expected_count {
+            return Ok(results);
+        }
+
+        if now_ms() - started >= timeout_ms {
+            return Err("Timed out waiting for sandbox isolation results.".into());
+        }
+
+        sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)).await;
+    }
+}
+
+async fn poll_persistence_write(
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    run_id: &str,
+    expected_count: usize,
+    timeout_ms: i64,
+) -> Result<Vec<SandboxAppResult<SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult>>, String> {
+    let started = now_ms();
+
+    loop {
+        let results = {
+            let runs = apps_state.sandbox.runs.lock().await;
+            runs.get(run_id)
+                .map(|r| r.persistence_write.clone())
+                .unwrap_or_default()
+        };
+
+        if results.len() >= expected_count {
+            return Ok(results);
+        }
+
+        if now_ms() - started >= timeout_ms {
+            return Err(
+                "Timed out waiting for sandbox persistence write results.".into(),
+            );
+        }
+
+        sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)).await;
+    }
+}
+
+async fn poll_persistence_read(
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    run_id: &str,
+    expected_count: usize,
+    timeout_ms: i64,
+) -> Result<Vec<SandboxAppResult<SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult>>, String> {
+    let started = now_ms();
+
+    loop {
+        let results = {
+            let runs = apps_state.sandbox.runs.lock().await;
+            runs.get(run_id)
+                .map(|r| r.persistence_read.clone())
+                .unwrap_or_default()
+        };
+
+        if results.len() >= expected_count {
+            return Ok(results);
+        }
+
+        if now_ms() - started >= timeout_ms {
+            return Err(
+                "Timed out waiting for sandbox persistence read results.".into(),
+            );
+        }
+
+        sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)).await;
+    }
+}
+
+async fn poll_network(
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    run_id: &str,
+    expected_count: usize,
+    timeout_ms: i64,
+) -> Result<Vec<SandboxAppResult<SandboxNetworkProbeResult>>, String> {
+    let started = now_ms();
+
+    loop {
+        let results = {
+            let runs = apps_state.sandbox.runs.lock().await;
+            runs.get(run_id)
+                .map(|r| r.network.clone())
+                .unwrap_or_default()
+        };
+
+        if results.len() >= expected_count {
+            return Ok(results);
+        }
+
+        if now_ms() - started >= timeout_ms {
+            return Err("Timed out waiting for sandbox network results.".into());
+        }
+
+        sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)).await;
+    }
+}
+
+async fn poll_clear_cycle_phase(
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    run_id: &str,
+    app_id: &str,
+    phase: SandboxStorageClearProbePhase,
+    timeout_ms: i64,
+) -> Result<SandboxStorageClearProbeResult, String> {
+    let started = now_ms();
+
+    loop {
+        let results = {
+            let runs = apps_state.sandbox.runs.lock().await;
+            runs.get(run_id)
+                .map(|r| r.clear_cycle.clone())
+                .unwrap_or_default()
+        };
+
+        if let Some(found) = results
+            .into_iter()
+            .find(|item| item.app_id == app_id && item.data.phase == phase)
+        {
+            return Ok(found.data);
+        }
+
+        if now_ms() - started >= timeout_ms {
+            return Err("Timed out waiting for sandbox storage clear phase.".into());
+        }
+
+        sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)).await;
+    }
+}
+
+pub async fn run_isolation_test(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+) -> Result<(bool, Option<String>), String> {
+    let run_id = unique_run_id("sandbox-isolation");
+    let app_ids = [
+        BUILTIN_STORAGE_ISOLATION_PERSISTENT_ID,
+        BUILTIN_STORAGE_ISOLATION_INCOGNITO_ID,
+    ];
+
+    stop_test_apps(app, apps_state, &app_ids).await;
+
+    start_test_app(
+        app,
+        apps_state,
+        BUILTIN_STORAGE_ISOLATION_PERSISTENT_ID,
+        &[("runId", run_id.clone())],
+        None,
+    )
+        .await?;
+    start_test_app(
+        app,
+        apps_state,
+        BUILTIN_STORAGE_ISOLATION_INCOGNITO_ID,
+        &[("runId", run_id.clone())],
+        None,
+    )
+        .await?;
+
+    let results = poll_isolation(apps_state, &run_id, 2, 10_000).await?;
+    stop_test_apps(app, apps_state, &app_ids).await;
+
+    let persistent = results
+        .iter()
+        .find(|r| r.app_id == BUILTIN_STORAGE_ISOLATION_PERSISTENT_ID);
+    let incognito = results
+        .iter()
+        .find(|r| r.app_id == BUILTIN_STORAGE_ISOLATION_INCOGNITO_ID);
+
+    let Some(persistent) = persistent else {
+        return Ok((false, Some("Missing persistent isolation result.".into())));
+    };
+    let Some(incognito) = incognito else {
+        return Ok((false, Some("Missing incognito isolation result.".into())));
+    };
+
+    for (label, result) in
+        [("persistent", &persistent.data), ("incognito", &incognito.data)]
+    {
+        if result.error.is_some() {
+            return Ok((
+                false,
+                Some(format!(
+                    "{label} isolation probe reported error: {}",
+                    result.error.clone().unwrap_or_default()
+                )),
+            ));
+        }
+
+        if result.local_storage_visible || result.indexed_db_visible {
+            return Ok((
+                false,
+                Some(format!(
+                    "{label} probe was able to observe Sage probe data."
+                )),
+            ));
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok((
+        true,
+        Some("Both sandbox probe modes were unable to observe Sage probe data.".into()),
+    ))
+}
+
+pub async fn run_persistence_test(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+) -> Result<((bool, Option<String>), (bool, Option<String>)), String> {
+    let run_id = unique_run_id("sandbox-persistence");
+    let app_ids = [
+        BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_PERSISTENT_ID,
+        BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_INCOGNITO_ID,
+    ];
+
+    stop_test_apps(app, apps_state, &app_ids).await;
+
+    start_test_app(
+        app,
+        apps_state,
+        BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_PERSISTENT_ID,
+        &[("runId", run_id.clone()), ("phase", "write".into())],
+        None,
+    )
+        .await?;
+    start_test_app(
+        app,
+        apps_state,
+        BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_INCOGNITO_ID,
+        &[("runId", run_id.clone()), ("phase", "write".into())],
+        None,
+    )
+        .await?;
+
+    let write_results = poll_persistence_write(apps_state, &run_id, 2, 10_000).await?;
+    stop_test_apps(app, apps_state, &app_ids).await;
+
+    let persistent_write = write_results
+        .iter()
+        .find(|r| r.app_id == BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_PERSISTENT_ID);
+    let incognito_write = write_results
+        .iter()
+        .find(|r| r.app_id == BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_INCOGNITO_ID);
+
+    let Some(persistent_write) = persistent_write else {
+        return Ok((
+            (false, Some("Missing persistent write result.".into())),
+            (false, Some("Missing incognito write result.".into())),
+        ));
+    };
+    let Some(incognito_write) = incognito_write else {
+        return Ok((
+            (false, Some("Missing persistent write result.".into())),
+            (false, Some("Missing incognito write result.".into())),
+        ));
+    };
+
+    if persistent_write.data.error.is_some()
+        || !persistent_write.data.local_storage_wrote
+        || !persistent_write.data.indexed_db_wrote
+    {
+        return Ok((
+            (
+                false,
+                Some(
+                    persistent_write
+                        .data
+                        .error
+                        .clone()
+                        .unwrap_or_else(|| "Persistent write probe failed.".into()),
+                ),
+            ),
+            (
+                false,
+                Some(
+                    persistent_write
+                        .data
+                        .error
+                        .clone()
+                        .unwrap_or_else(|| "Persistent write probe failed.".into()),
+                ),
+            ),
+        ));
+    }
+
+    if incognito_write.data.error.is_some()
+        || !incognito_write.data.local_storage_wrote
+        || !incognito_write.data.indexed_db_wrote
+    {
+        return Ok((
+            (
+                false,
+                Some(
+                    incognito_write
+                        .data
+                        .error
+                        .clone()
+                        .unwrap_or_else(|| "Incognito write probe failed.".into()),
+                ),
+            ),
+            (
+                false,
+                Some(
+                    incognito_write
+                        .data
+                        .error
+                        .clone()
+                        .unwrap_or_else(|| "Incognito write probe failed.".into()),
+                ),
+            ),
+        ));
+    }
+
+    start_test_app(
+        app,
+        apps_state,
+        BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_PERSISTENT_ID,
+        &[("runId", run_id.clone()), ("phase", "read".into())],
+        None,
+    )
+        .await?;
+    start_test_app(
+        app,
+        apps_state,
+        BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_INCOGNITO_ID,
+        &[("runId", run_id.clone()), ("phase", "read".into())],
+        None,
+    )
+        .await?;
+
+    let read_results = poll_persistence_read(apps_state, &run_id, 2, 10_000).await?;
+    stop_test_apps(app, apps_state, &app_ids).await;
+
+    let persistent_read = read_results
+        .iter()
+        .find(|r| r.app_id == BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_PERSISTENT_ID);
+    let incognito_read = read_results
+        .iter()
+        .find(|r| r.app_id == BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_INCOGNITO_ID);
+
+    let Some(persistent_read) = persistent_read else {
+        return Ok((
+            (false, Some("Missing persistent read result.".into())),
+            (false, Some("Missing incognito read result.".into())),
+        ));
+    };
+    let Some(incognito_read) = incognito_read else {
+        return Ok((
+            (false, Some("Missing persistent read result.".into())),
+            (false, Some("Missing incognito read result.".into())),
+        ));
+    };
+
+    let persistent_ok = persistent_read.data.error.is_none()
+        && persistent_read.data.local_storage_present
+        && persistent_read.data.indexed_db_present;
+
+    let incognito_ok = incognito_read.data.error.is_none()
+        && !incognito_read.data.local_storage_present
+        && !incognito_read.data.indexed_db_present;
+
+    Ok((
+        (
+            persistent_ok,
+            Some(if persistent_ok {
+                "Persistent mode retained localStorage and IndexedDB across reopen.".into()
+            } else {
+                persistent_read
+                    .data
+                    .error
+                    .clone()
+                    .unwrap_or_else(|| "Persistent read probe mismatch.".into())
+            }),
+        ),
+        (
+            incognito_ok,
+            Some(if incognito_ok {
+                "Incognito mode did not retain localStorage or IndexedDB across reopen.".into()
+            } else {
+                incognito_read
+                    .data
+                    .error
+                    .clone()
+                    .unwrap_or_else(|| "Incognito read probe mismatch.".into())
+            }),
+        ),
+    ))
+}
+
+pub async fn run_network_test(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+) -> Result<(bool, Option<String>), String> {
+    let run_id = unique_run_id("sandbox-network");
+    let app_ids = [BUILTIN_NETWORK_ALLOW_A_ID, BUILTIN_NETWORK_ALLOW_B_ID];
+
+    stop_test_apps(app, apps_state, &app_ids).await;
+
+    start_test_app(
+        app,
+        apps_state,
+        BUILTIN_NETWORK_ALLOW_A_ID,
+        &[("runId", run_id.clone())],
+        None,
+    )
+        .await?;
+    start_test_app(
+        app,
+        apps_state,
+        BUILTIN_NETWORK_ALLOW_B_ID,
+        &[("runId", run_id.clone())],
+        None,
+    )
+        .await?;
+
+    let results = poll_network(apps_state, &run_id, 2, 12_000).await?;
+    stop_test_apps(app, apps_state, &app_ids).await;
+
+    for result in &results {
+        if result.data.error.is_some() {
+            return Ok((false, result.data.error.clone()));
+        }
+
+        if !result.data.allowed_ok {
+            return Ok((
+                false,
+                Some(format!(
+                    "{} could not reach allowed URL {}.",
+                    result.app_id, result.data.allowed_url
+                )),
+            ));
+        }
+
+        if result.data.blocked_ok {
+            return Ok((
+                false,
+                Some(format!(
+                    "{} was able to reach blocked URL {}.",
+                    result.app_id, result.data.blocked_url
+                )),
+            ));
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok((
+        true,
+        Some("Network allowlist probes succeeded for allowed URLs and failed for blocked URLs in both flipped configurations.".into()),
+    ))
+}
+
+async fn run_clear_cycle_phase(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    app_id: &str,
+    run_id: &str,
+    phase: SandboxStorageClearProbePhase,
+) -> Result<SandboxStorageClearProbeResult, String> {
+    let phase_string = match phase {
+        SandboxStorageClearProbePhase::Write => "write",
+        SandboxStorageClearProbePhase::CheckPresent => "check_present",
+        SandboxStorageClearProbePhase::CheckAbsent => "check_absent",
+    }
+        .to_string();
+
+    run_clear_cycle_phase_runtime(app, apps_state, app_id, run_id, phase_string).await?;
+
+    let out = poll_clear_cycle_phase(apps_state, run_id, app_id, phase, 10_000).await;
+
+    let _ = runtime::close_runtime_internal(app, apps_state, app_id).await;
+
+    out
+}
+
+pub async fn run_clear_cycle_test(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+) -> Result<(bool, Option<String>), String> {
+    let run_id = unique_run_id("storage-clear-cycle");
+    let app_id = BUILTIN_STORAGE_CLEAR_PERSISTENT_ID;
+
+    let write = run_clear_cycle_phase(
+        app,
+        apps_state,
+        app_id,
+        &run_id,
+        SandboxStorageClearProbePhase::Write,
+    )
+        .await?;
+
+    if write.error.is_some() || !write.local_storage_present || !write.indexed_db_present {
+        return Ok((
+            false,
+            Some(
+                write
+                    .error
+                    .unwrap_or_else(|| "Storage clear write probe failed.".into()),
+            ),
+        ));
+    }
+
+    let present = run_clear_cycle_phase(
+        app,
+        apps_state,
+        app_id,
+        &run_id,
+        SandboxStorageClearProbePhase::CheckPresent,
+    )
+        .await?;
+
+    if present.error.is_some()
+        || !present.local_storage_present
+        || !present.indexed_db_present
+    {
+        return Ok((
+            false,
+            Some(
+                present
+                    .error
+                    .unwrap_or_else(|| "Storage clear presence probe failed.".into()),
+            ),
+        ));
+    }
+
+    runtime::clear_runtime_browsing_data_internal(app, apps_state, app_id).await?;
+
+    let absent = run_clear_cycle_phase(
+        app,
+        apps_state,
+        app_id,
+        &run_id,
+        SandboxStorageClearProbePhase::CheckAbsent,
+    )
+        .await?;
+
+    if absent.error.is_some() {
+        return Ok((false, absent.error));
+    }
+
+    let passed = !absent.local_storage_present && !absent.indexed_db_present;
+
+    Ok((
+        passed,
+        Some(if passed {
+            "Storage clear cycle removed localStorage and IndexedDB for the target app origin."
+                .into()
+        } else {
+            "Storage clear cycle failed because data was still visible after host-side clearing."
+                .into()
+        }),
+    ))
+}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/runner.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/runner.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f615d91f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/runner.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,244 @@
+use tauri::{AppHandle, Emitter, Manager, State};
+
+use crate::apps::state::AppsHostState;
+
+use super::probes::{
+    run_clear_cycle_test, run_isolation_test, run_network_test, run_persistence_test,
+};
+use super::runtime::now_ms;
+use super::state_view::{build_effective_state, build_state_view};
+use super::types::{
+    SandboxCapability, SandboxCapabilityStatus, SandboxRunState, SandboxState,
+    build_running_sandbox_state, mark_cap,
+};
+
+async fn emit_state_view(app: &AppHandle, apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>) {
+    let baseline = apps_state.sandbox.baseline.lock().await.clone();
+    let current_run = apps_state.sandbox.current_run.lock().await.clone();
+    let view = build_state_view(&baseline, current_run.as_ref());
+
+    if let Some(window) = app.get_window("main") {
+        let _ = window.emit("apps:sandbox-state-updated", view);
+    }
+}
+
+pub async fn begin_sandbox_run(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+) -> Result<super::types::SandboxStateView, String> {
+    {
+        let mut running = apps_state.sandbox.running.lock().await;
+        if *running {
+            let baseline = apps_state.sandbox.baseline.lock().await.clone();
+            let current_run = apps_state.sandbox.current_run.lock().await.clone();
+            return Ok(build_state_view(&baseline, current_run.as_ref()));
+        }
+        *running = true;
+    }
+
+    {
+        let mut runs = apps_state.sandbox.runs.lock().await;
+        runs.clear();
+    }
+
+    let run_state = SandboxRunState {
+        run_id: super::runtime::unique_run_id("sandbox-run"),
+        state: build_running_sandbox_state(now_ms()),
+    };
+
+    *apps_state.sandbox.current_run.lock().await = Some(run_state);
+
+    emit_state_view(app, apps_state).await;
+
+    let baseline = apps_state.sandbox.baseline.lock().await.clone();
+    let current_run = apps_state.sandbox.current_run.lock().await.clone();
+    Ok(build_state_view(&baseline, current_run.as_ref()))
+}
+
+async fn update_current_run_state(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    state: SandboxState,
+) {
+    if let Some(current_run) = apps_state.sandbox.current_run.lock().await.as_mut() {
+        current_run.state = state;
+    }
+    emit_state_view(app, apps_state).await;
+}
+
+pub async fn sandbox_runner(app: AppHandle) {
+    let apps_state = app.state::<AppsHostState>();
+
+    let mut current_state = {
+        let current_run = apps_state.sandbox.current_run.lock().await.clone();
+        current_run
+            .map(|r| r.state)
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| build_running_sandbox_state(now_ms()))
+    };
+
+    let isolation_fut = run_isolation_test(&app, &apps_state);
+    let persistence_fut = run_persistence_test(&app, &apps_state);
+    let clear_cycle_fut = run_clear_cycle_test(&app, &apps_state);
+    let network_fut = run_network_test(&app, &apps_state);
+
+    tokio::pin!(isolation_fut);
+    tokio::pin!(persistence_fut);
+    tokio::pin!(clear_cycle_fut);
+    tokio::pin!(network_fut);
+
+    let mut isolation_done = false;
+    let mut persistence_done = false;
+    let mut clear_cycle_done = false;
+    let mut network_done = false;
+
+    while !(isolation_done && persistence_done && clear_cycle_done && network_done) {
+        tokio::select! {
+            res = &mut isolation_fut, if !isolation_done => {
+                isolation_done = true;
+
+                match res {
+                    Ok((passed, details)) => {
+                        mark_cap(
+                            &mut current_state,
+                            SandboxCapability::StorageIsolationFromSage,
+                            if passed { SandboxCapabilityStatus::Passed } else { SandboxCapabilityStatus::Failed },
+                            details,
+                            now_ms(),
+                        );
+                    }
+                    Err(err) => {
+                        mark_cap(
+                            &mut current_state,
+                            SandboxCapability::StorageIsolationFromSage,
+                            SandboxCapabilityStatus::Failed,
+                            Some(err),
+                            now_ms(),
+                        );
+                    }
+                }
+
+                update_current_run_state(&app, &apps_state, current_state.clone()).await;
+            }
+
+            res = &mut persistence_fut, if !persistence_done => {
+                persistence_done = true;
+
+                match res {
+                    Ok((normal, incog)) => {
+                        mark_cap(
+                            &mut current_state,
+                            SandboxCapability::StoragePersistenceNormal,
+                            if normal.0 { SandboxCapabilityStatus::Passed } else { SandboxCapabilityStatus::Failed },
+                            normal.1,
+                            now_ms(),
+                        );
+
+                        mark_cap(
+                            &mut current_state,
+                            SandboxCapability::StorageNonPersistenceIncognito,
+                            if incog.0 { SandboxCapabilityStatus::Passed } else { SandboxCapabilityStatus::Failed },
+                            incog.1,
+                            now_ms(),
+                        );
+                    }
+                    Err(err) => {
+                        mark_cap(
+                            &mut current_state,
+                            SandboxCapability::StoragePersistenceNormal,
+                            SandboxCapabilityStatus::Failed,
+                            Some(err.clone()),
+                            now_ms(),
+                        );
+
+                        mark_cap(
+                            &mut current_state,
+                            SandboxCapability::StorageNonPersistenceIncognito,
+                            SandboxCapabilityStatus::Failed,
+                            Some(err),
+                            now_ms(),
+                        );
+                    }
+                }
+
+                update_current_run_state(&app, &apps_state, current_state.clone()).await;
+            }
+
+            res = &mut clear_cycle_fut, if !clear_cycle_done => {
+                clear_cycle_done = true;
+
+                match res {
+                    Ok((passed, details)) => {
+                        mark_cap(
+                            &mut current_state,
+                            SandboxCapability::StorageClearCycle,
+                            if passed { SandboxCapabilityStatus::Passed } else { SandboxCapabilityStatus::Failed },
+                            details,
+                            now_ms(),
+                        );
+                    }
+                    Err(err) => {
+                        mark_cap(
+                            &mut current_state,
+                            SandboxCapability::StorageClearCycle,
+                            SandboxCapabilityStatus::Failed,
+                            Some(err),
+                            now_ms(),
+                        );
+                    }
+                }
+
+                update_current_run_state(&app, &apps_state, current_state.clone()).await;
+            }
+
+            res = &mut network_fut, if !network_done => {
+                network_done = true;
+
+                match res {
+                    Ok((passed, details)) => {
+                        mark_cap(
+                            &mut current_state,
+                            SandboxCapability::NetworkAllowlistEnforced,
+                            if passed { SandboxCapabilityStatus::Passed } else { SandboxCapabilityStatus::Failed },
+                            details,
+                            now_ms(),
+                        );
+                    }
+                    Err(err) => {
+                        mark_cap(
+                            &mut current_state,
+                            SandboxCapability::NetworkAllowlistEnforced,
+                            SandboxCapabilityStatus::Failed,
+                            Some(err),
+                            now_ms(),
+                        );
+                    }
+                }
+
+                update_current_run_state(&app, &apps_state, current_state.clone()).await;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    let effective = {
+        let baseline = apps_state.sandbox.baseline.lock().await.clone();
+        let temp_run = SandboxRunState {
+            run_id: "finalize".into(),
+            state: current_state.clone(),
+        };
+        build_effective_state(&baseline, Some(&temp_run))
+    };
+
+    current_state.overall_critical_status =
+        if effective.storage_isolation_from_sage.status == SandboxCapabilityStatus::Failed {
+            SandboxCapabilityStatus::Failed
+        } else {
+            SandboxCapabilityStatus::Passed
+        };
+    current_state.finished_at = Some(now_ms());
+
+    *apps_state.sandbox.baseline.lock().await = current_state.clone();
+    *apps_state.sandbox.current_run.lock().await = None;
+    *apps_state.sandbox.running.lock().await = false;
+
+    emit_state_view(&app, &apps_state).await;
+}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/runtime.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/runtime.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ec7895ee4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/runtime.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+use std::collections::{BTreeMap, HashMap};
+use std::time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};
+
+use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
+
+use crate::apps::runtime;
+use crate::apps::state::AppsHostState;
+
+pub const STORAGE_CLEAR_PROBE_PATH: &str =
+    "/__sage/runtime-apps/storage-clear-probe/index.html";
+
+pub fn now_ms() -> i64 {
+    SystemTime::now()
+        .duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)
+        .map(|d| d.as_millis() as i64)
+        .unwrap_or(0)
+}
+
+pub fn unique_run_id(prefix: &str) -> String {
+    format!("{prefix}-{}", now_ms())
+}
+
+pub async fn stop_test_apps(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    app_ids: &[&str],
+) {
+    for app_id in app_ids {
+        let _ = runtime::close_runtime_internal(app, apps_state, app_id).await;
+    }
+}
+
+pub async fn start_test_app(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    app_id: &str,
+    query: &[(&str, String)],
+    path: Option<String>,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let mut query_map = HashMap::new();
+    for (k, v) in query {
+        query_map.insert((*k).to_string(), v.clone());
+    }
+
+    runtime::start_internal_runtime_for_sandbox(
+        app,
+        apps_state,
+        app_id,
+        false,
+        path,
+        query_map.into_iter().collect(),
+    )
+        .await
+}
+
+pub async fn run_clear_cycle_phase_runtime(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    app_id: &str,
+    run_id: &str,
+    phase_string: String,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let _ = runtime::close_runtime_internal(app, apps_state, app_id).await;
+
+    let mut query = BTreeMap::new();
+    query.insert("runId".to_string(), run_id.to_string());
+    query.insert("phase".to_string(), phase_string);
+
+    runtime::start_internal_runtime_for_sandbox(
+        app,
+        apps_state,
+        app_id,
+        false,
+        Some(STORAGE_CLEAR_PROBE_PATH.into()),
+        query,
+    )
+        .await
+}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/state_view.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/state_view.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1f3e5efb7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/state_view.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+use super::types::{
+    SandboxCapabilityResult, SandboxCapabilityStatus, SandboxRunState, SandboxState,
+    SandboxStateView,
+};
+
+fn effective_cap(
+    baseline: &SandboxCapabilityResult,
+    current: &SandboxCapabilityResult,
+) -> SandboxCapabilityResult {
+    match current.status {
+        SandboxCapabilityStatus::Passed | SandboxCapabilityStatus::Failed => {
+            current.clone()
+        }
+        SandboxCapabilityStatus::Pending | SandboxCapabilityStatus::Running => {
+            baseline.clone()
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn build_effective_state(
+    baseline: &SandboxState,
+    current_run: Option<&SandboxRunState>,
+) -> SandboxState {
+    let Some(current_run) = current_run else {
+        return baseline.clone();
+    };
+
+    let current = &current_run.state;
+
+    SandboxState {
+        overall_critical_status: baseline.overall_critical_status,
+        storage_isolation_from_sage: effective_cap(
+            &baseline.storage_isolation_from_sage,
+            &current.storage_isolation_from_sage,
+        ),
+        storage_persistence_normal: effective_cap(
+            &baseline.storage_persistence_normal,
+            &current.storage_persistence_normal,
+        ),
+        storage_non_persistence_incognito: effective_cap(
+            &baseline.storage_non_persistence_incognito,
+            &current.storage_non_persistence_incognito,
+        ),
+        storage_clear_cycle: effective_cap(
+            &baseline.storage_clear_cycle,
+            &current.storage_clear_cycle,
+        ),
+        network_allowlist_enforced: effective_cap(
+            &baseline.network_allowlist_enforced,
+            &current.network_allowlist_enforced,
+        ),
+        started_at: baseline.started_at,
+        finished_at: baseline.finished_at,
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn build_state_view(
+    baseline: &SandboxState,
+    current_run: Option<&SandboxRunState>,
+) -> SandboxStateView {
+    SandboxStateView {
+        baseline: baseline.clone(),
+        current_run: current_run.cloned(),
+        effective: build_effective_state(baseline, current_run),
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/store.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/store.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..52aa731ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/store.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+
+use tokio::sync::Mutex;
+
+use super::types::{
+    SandboxIsolationProbeResult, SandboxNetworkProbeResult,
+    SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult, SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult,
+    SandboxRunState, SandboxState, SandboxStorageClearProbeResult,
+    build_initial_sandbox_state,
+};
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub(crate) struct SandboxAppResult<T> {
+    pub app_id: String,
+    pub data: T,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
+pub(crate) struct SandboxRunResults {
+    pub isolation: Vec<SandboxAppResult<SandboxIsolationProbeResult>>,
+    pub persistence_write: Vec<SandboxAppResult<SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult>>,
+    pub persistence_read: Vec<SandboxAppResult<SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult>>,
+    pub clear_cycle: Vec<SandboxAppResult<SandboxStorageClearProbeResult>>,
+    pub network: Vec<SandboxAppResult<SandboxNetworkProbeResult>>,
+}
+
+pub struct SandboxStateStore {
+    pub baseline: Mutex<SandboxState>,
+    pub current_run: Mutex<Option<SandboxRunState>>,
+    pub(crate) runs: Mutex<HashMap<String, SandboxRunResults>>,
+    pub(crate) running: Mutex<bool>,
+}
+
+impl Default for SandboxStateStore {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            baseline: Mutex::new(build_initial_sandbox_state()),
+            current_run: Mutex::new(None),
+            runs: Mutex::new(HashMap::new()),
+            running: Mutex::new(false),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn replace_by_app_id<T: Clone>(
+    items: &mut Vec<SandboxAppResult<T>>,
+    next: SandboxAppResult<T>,
+) {
+    items.retain(|item| item.app_id != next.app_id);
+    items.push(next);
+}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/types.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/types.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3a1fb75e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/types.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,206 @@
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use specta::Type;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "snake_case")]
+pub enum SandboxCapability {
+    StorageIsolationFromSage,
+    StoragePersistenceNormal,
+    StorageNonPersistenceIncognito,
+    StorageClearCycle,
+    NetworkAllowlistEnforced,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub enum SandboxCapabilityStatus {
+    Pending,
+    Running,
+    Passed,
+    Failed,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct SandboxCapabilityResult {
+    pub status: SandboxCapabilityStatus,
+    pub checked_at: Option<i64>,
+    pub details: Option<String>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct SandboxState {
+    pub overall_critical_status: SandboxCapabilityStatus,
+    pub storage_isolation_from_sage: SandboxCapabilityResult,
+    pub storage_persistence_normal: SandboxCapabilityResult,
+    pub storage_non_persistence_incognito: SandboxCapabilityResult,
+    pub storage_clear_cycle: SandboxCapabilityResult,
+    pub network_allowlist_enforced: SandboxCapabilityResult,
+    pub started_at: Option<i64>,
+    pub finished_at: Option<i64>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct SandboxRunState {
+    pub run_id: String,
+    pub state: SandboxState,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct SandboxStateView {
+    pub baseline: SandboxState,
+    pub current_run: Option<SandboxRunState>,
+    pub effective: SandboxState,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct AppLaunchGateResult {
+    pub allowed: bool,
+    pub kind: String,
+    pub capability: Option<SandboxCapability>,
+    pub message: Option<String>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct SandboxIsolationProbeResult {
+    pub run_id: String,
+    pub local_storage_visible: bool,
+    pub indexed_db_visible: bool,
+    pub error: Option<String>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult {
+    pub run_id: String,
+    pub local_storage_wrote: bool,
+    pub indexed_db_wrote: bool,
+    pub error: Option<String>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult {
+    pub run_id: String,
+    pub local_storage_present: bool,
+    pub indexed_db_present: bool,
+    pub error: Option<String>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct SandboxNetworkProbeResult {
+    pub run_id: String,
+    pub allowed_url: String,
+    pub blocked_url: String,
+    pub allowed_ok: bool,
+    pub blocked_ok: bool,
+    pub error: Option<String>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "snake_case")]
+pub enum SandboxStorageClearProbePhase {
+    Write,
+    CheckPresent,
+    CheckAbsent,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct SandboxStorageClearProbeResult {
+    pub run_id: String,
+    pub phase: SandboxStorageClearProbePhase,
+    pub local_storage_present: bool,
+    pub indexed_db_present: bool,
+    pub error: Option<String>,
+}
+
+pub fn make_cap(
+    status: SandboxCapabilityStatus,
+    details: Option<String>,
+) -> SandboxCapabilityResult {
+    SandboxCapabilityResult {
+        status,
+        checked_at: None,
+        details,
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn cap_result(
+    state: &SandboxState,
+    cap: SandboxCapability,
+) -> &SandboxCapabilityResult {
+    match cap {
+        SandboxCapability::StorageIsolationFromSage => &state.storage_isolation_from_sage,
+        SandboxCapability::StoragePersistenceNormal => &state.storage_persistence_normal,
+        SandboxCapability::StorageNonPersistenceIncognito => {
+            &state.storage_non_persistence_incognito
+        }
+        SandboxCapability::StorageClearCycle => &state.storage_clear_cycle,
+        SandboxCapability::NetworkAllowlistEnforced => {
+            &state.network_allowlist_enforced
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn mark_cap(
+    state: &mut SandboxState,
+    cap: SandboxCapability,
+    status: SandboxCapabilityStatus,
+    details: Option<String>,
+    checked_at: i64,
+) {
+    let next = SandboxCapabilityResult {
+        status,
+        checked_at: Some(checked_at),
+        details,
+    };
+
+    match cap {
+        SandboxCapability::StorageIsolationFromSage => {
+            state.storage_isolation_from_sage = next
+        }
+        SandboxCapability::StoragePersistenceNormal => {
+            state.storage_persistence_normal = next
+        }
+        SandboxCapability::StorageNonPersistenceIncognito => {
+            state.storage_non_persistence_incognito = next
+        }
+        SandboxCapability::StorageClearCycle => state.storage_clear_cycle = next,
+        SandboxCapability::NetworkAllowlistEnforced => {
+            state.network_allowlist_enforced = next
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn build_initial_sandbox_state() -> SandboxState {
+    SandboxState {
+        overall_critical_status: SandboxCapabilityStatus::Pending,
+        storage_isolation_from_sage: make_cap(SandboxCapabilityStatus::Pending, None),
+        storage_persistence_normal: make_cap(SandboxCapabilityStatus::Pending, None),
+        storage_non_persistence_incognito: make_cap(SandboxCapabilityStatus::Pending, None),
+        storage_clear_cycle: make_cap(SandboxCapabilityStatus::Pending, None),
+        network_allowlist_enforced: make_cap(SandboxCapabilityStatus::Pending, None),
+        started_at: None,
+        finished_at: None,
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn build_running_sandbox_state(started_at: i64) -> SandboxState {
+    SandboxState {
+        overall_critical_status: SandboxCapabilityStatus::Running,
+        storage_isolation_from_sage: make_cap(SandboxCapabilityStatus::Running, None),
+        storage_persistence_normal: make_cap(SandboxCapabilityStatus::Running, None),
+        storage_non_persistence_incognito: make_cap(SandboxCapabilityStatus::Running, None),
+        storage_clear_cycle: make_cap(SandboxCapabilityStatus::Running, None),
+        network_allowlist_enforced: make_cap(SandboxCapabilityStatus::Running, None),
+        started_at: Some(started_at),
+        finished_at: None,
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
index a5efaa181..eef544222 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@ pub fn run() {
 
     let builder = Builder::<tauri::Wry>::new()
         .error_handling(ErrorHandlingMode::Throw)
-        // Then register them (separated by a comma)
         .commands(collect_commands![
             commands::initialize,
             commands::login,
@@ -148,9 +147,9 @@ pub fn run() {
             apps::runtime::apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data,
             apps::bridge::apps_handle_bridge_request,
             apps::bridge::apps_resolve_bridge_approval,
-            apps::sandbox::apps_get_sandbox_state,
-            apps::sandbox::apps_get_app_launch_gate,
-            apps::sandbox::apps_rerun_sandbox_tests,
+            apps::sandbox::commands::apps_get_sandbox_state,
+            apps::sandbox::commands::apps_get_app_launch_gate,
+            apps::sandbox::commands::apps_rerun_sandbox_tests,
             apps::install::list_installed_apps,
             apps::install::preview_app_zip,
             apps::install::preview_app_url,
@@ -166,7 +165,6 @@ pub fn run() {
         ])
         .events(collect_events![SyncEvent]);
 
-    // On mobile or release mode we should not export the TypeScript bindings
     #[cfg(all(debug_assertions, not(mobile)))]
     builder
         .export(
@@ -200,21 +198,20 @@ pub fn run() {
 
     tauri_builder
         .register_uri_scheme_protocol("sage-app", move |ctx, request| {
-                let app_handle = ctx.app_handle();
+            let app_handle = ctx.app_handle();
 
-                let base_path: PathBuf = app_handle
-                    .path()
-                    .app_data_dir()
-                    .expect("failed to resolve app data dir");
+            let base_path: PathBuf = app_handle
+                .path()
+                .app_data_dir()
+                .expect("failed to resolve app data dir");
 
-                apps::handle_app_protocol_request(&base_path, &request)
-                    .unwrap_or_else(|err| {
-                            tauri::http::Response::builder()
-                                .status(404)
-                                .header("Content-Type", "text/plain; charset=utf-8")
-                                .body(format!("sage-app error: {err}").into_bytes())
-                                .expect("failed to build error response")
-                    })
+            apps::handle_app_protocol_request(&base_path, &request).unwrap_or_else(|err| {
+                tauri::http::Response::builder()
+                    .status(404)
+                    .header("Content-Type", "text/plain; charset=utf-8")
+                    .body(format!("sage-app error: {err}").into_bytes())
+                    .expect("failed to build error response")
+            })
         })
         .invoke_handler(builder.invoke_handler())
         .setup(move |app| {
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index b1e6a7700..0a5a18005 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -374,13 +374,13 @@ async appsHandleBridgeRequest(sourceLabel: string, request: RustBridgeRequest) :
 async appsResolveBridgeApproval(args: ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs) : Promise<RustBridgeResponse> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_resolve_bridge_approval", { args });
 },
-async appsGetSandboxState() : Promise<SandboxState> {
+async appsGetSandboxState() : Promise<SandboxStateView> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_get_sandbox_state");
 },
 async appsGetAppLaunchGate(appId: string) : Promise<AppLaunchGateResult> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_get_app_launch_gate", { appId });
 },
-async appsRerunSandboxTests() : Promise<SandboxState> {
+async appsRerunSandboxTests() : Promise<SandboxStateView> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_rerun_sandbox_tests");
 },
 async listInstalledApps() : Promise<ListedSageApp[]> {
@@ -2246,7 +2246,9 @@ export type SageRequestedPermissions = { network: SageRequestedNetworkPermission
 export type SandboxCapability = "storage_isolation_from_sage" | "storage_persistence_normal" | "storage_non_persistence_incognito" | "storage_clear_cycle" | "network_allowlist_enforced"
 export type SandboxCapabilityResult = { status: SandboxCapabilityStatus; checkedAt: number | null; details: string | null }
 export type SandboxCapabilityStatus = "pending" | "running" | "passed" | "failed"
+export type SandboxRunState = { runId: string; state: SandboxState }
 export type SandboxState = { overallCriticalStatus: SandboxCapabilityStatus; storageIsolationFromSage: SandboxCapabilityResult; storagePersistenceNormal: SandboxCapabilityResult; storageNonPersistenceIncognito: SandboxCapabilityResult; storageClearCycle: SandboxCapabilityResult; networkAllowlistEnforced: SandboxCapabilityResult; startedAt: number | null; finishedAt: number | null }
+export type SandboxStateView = { baseline: SandboxState; currentRun: SandboxRunState | null; effective: SandboxState }
 /**
  * Save a theme NFT to the wallet
  */
diff --git a/src/components/apps/AppTile.tsx b/src/components/apps/AppTile.tsx
index e2485c8f6..fb1bb8ff0 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/AppTile.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/AppTile.tsx
@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
-import type { InstalledSageApp } from '@/bindings';
-import type { SandboxState } from '@/bindings';
+import type { InstalledSageApp, SandboxStateView } from '@/bindings';
 import { getSandboxLaunchDecision } from '@/lib/apps/sandboxPolicy';
 
 interface Props {
   app: InstalledSageApp;
-  sandboxState: SandboxState | null;
+  sandboxState: SandboxStateView | null;
   onOpen: () => void;
   onContextMenu: (event: React.MouseEvent<HTMLButtonElement>) => void;
 }
@@ -17,8 +16,7 @@ export function AppTile({ app, sandboxState, onOpen, onContextMenu }: Props) {
   });
 
   const isChecking =
-    !decision.allowed &&
-    decision.title === 'Sandbox tests are still running';
+    !decision.allowed && decision.title === 'Sandbox tests are still running';
 
   const isBlocked = !decision.allowed && !isChecking;
 
diff --git a/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx b/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
index 064f30abf..07fbd3ec7 100644
--- a/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
+++ b/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
 
   useEffect(() => {
     const clearCycleStatus =
-      value.sandboxState?.storageClearCycle?.status ?? null;
+      value.sandboxState?.effective?.storageClearCycle?.status ?? null;
 
     setForceIncognitoForSecretApps(clearCycleStatus === 'failed');
   }, [value.sandboxState]);
diff --git a/src/hooks/useApps.ts b/src/hooks/useApps.ts
index 185201c31..11d89194a 100644
--- a/src/hooks/useApps.ts
+++ b/src/hooks/useApps.ts
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import {
   SageAppUrlPreview,
   SageGrantedPermissions,
   SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
-  SandboxState,
+  SandboxStateView,
 } from '@/bindings.ts';
 import { formatAppError } from '@/lib/apps/formatAppError.ts';
 
@@ -19,7 +19,9 @@ export function useAppsInternal() {
   const [updateAvailability, setUpdateAvailability] =
     useState<UpdateAvailabilityMap>({});
   const [busyAppIds, setBusyAppIds] = useState<Record<string, boolean>>({});
-  const [sandboxState, setSandboxState] = useState<SandboxState | null>(null);
+  const [sandboxState, setSandboxState] = useState<SandboxStateView | null>(
+    null,
+  );
 
   const setBusy = useCallback((appId: string, busy: boolean) => {
     setBusyAppIds((prev) => {
@@ -47,12 +49,12 @@ export function useAppsInternal() {
   }, []);
 
   const refreshSandboxState = useCallback(async () => {
-    const next = await invoke<SandboxState>('apps_get_sandbox_state');
+    const next = await invoke<SandboxStateView>('apps_get_sandbox_state');
     setSandboxState(next);
   }, []);
 
   const rerunSandboxTests = useCallback(async () => {
-    const next = await invoke<SandboxState>('apps_rerun_sandbox_tests');
+    const next = await invoke<SandboxStateView>('apps_rerun_sandbox_tests');
     setSandboxState(next);
   }, []);
 
@@ -62,13 +64,14 @@ export function useAppsInternal() {
   }, [refresh, refreshSandboxState]);
 
   useEffect(() => {
+    let disposed = false;
     let unlisten: (() => void) | null = null;
 
     const mount = async () => {
-      const { getCurrentWebview } = await import('@tauri-apps/api/webview');
-      const webview = getCurrentWebview();
+      const { getCurrentWindow } = await import('@tauri-apps/api/window');
+      const currentWindow = getCurrentWindow();
 
-      unlisten = await webview.listen<SandboxState>(
+      const nextUnlisten = await currentWindow.listen<SandboxStateView>(
         'apps:sandbox-state-updated',
         ({ payload }) => {
           if (payload) {
@@ -76,12 +79,21 @@ export function useAppsInternal() {
           }
         },
       );
+
+      if (disposed) {
+        nextUnlisten();
+        return;
+      }
+
+      unlisten = nextUnlisten;
     };
 
     void mount();
 
     return () => {
+      disposed = true;
       unlisten?.();
+      unlisten = null;
     };
   }, []);
 
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/sandbox.ts b/src/lib/apps/sandbox.ts
index 66109d403..824106656 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/sandbox.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/sandbox.ts
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import type {
   InstalledSageApp,
   SandboxCapabilityResult,
   SandboxState,
+  SandboxStateView,
 } from '@/bindings';
 
 export type SandboxCapability =
@@ -147,3 +148,21 @@ export function evaluateAppLaunchGate(
     message: null,
   };
 }
+
+export function getLiveSandboxState(
+  sandboxView: SandboxStateView | null | undefined,
+): SandboxState | null {
+  return sandboxView?.currentRun?.state ?? null;
+}
+
+export function getEffectiveSandboxState(
+  sandboxView: SandboxStateView | null | undefined,
+): SandboxState | null {
+  return sandboxView?.effective ?? null;
+}
+
+export function getBaselineSandboxState(
+  sandboxView: SandboxStateView | null | undefined,
+): SandboxState | null {
+  return sandboxView?.baseline ?? null;
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/sandboxPolicy.ts b/src/lib/apps/sandboxPolicy.ts
index 4fcbd757a..ae29ff519 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/sandboxPolicy.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/sandboxPolicy.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
-import type { InstalledSageApp, SandboxState } from '@/bindings';
-import { evaluateAppLaunchGate } from '@/lib/apps/sandbox';
+import type { InstalledSageApp, SandboxStateView } from '@/bindings';
+import {
+  evaluateAppLaunchGate,
+  getEffectiveSandboxState,
+} from '@/lib/apps/sandbox';
 
 export interface SandboxLaunchDecision {
   allowed: boolean;
@@ -9,11 +12,13 @@ export interface SandboxLaunchDecision {
 
 export function getSandboxLaunchDecision(args: {
   app: InstalledSageApp;
-  sandboxState: SandboxState | null | undefined;
+  sandboxState: SandboxStateView | null | undefined;
 }): SandboxLaunchDecision {
   const { app, sandboxState } = args;
 
-  if (!sandboxState) {
+  const effectiveSandboxState = getEffectiveSandboxState(sandboxState);
+
+  if (!effectiveSandboxState) {
     return {
       allowed: false,
       title: 'Sandbox tests are still running',
@@ -22,7 +27,7 @@ export function getSandboxLaunchDecision(args: {
     };
   }
 
-  const gate = evaluateAppLaunchGate(app, sandboxState);
+  const gate = evaluateAppLaunchGate(app, effectiveSandboxState);
 
   if (gate.allowed) {
     return {
diff --git a/src/pages/Apps.tsx b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
index f286e69cd..bcf74687d 100644
--- a/src/pages/Apps.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
@@ -20,6 +20,9 @@ import { useApps } from '@/contexts/AppsContext.tsx';
 import { useAppRuntimes } from '@/hooks/useAppRuntimes.ts';
 import {
   formatCapabilityLabel,
+  getBaselineSandboxState,
+  getEffectiveSandboxState,
+  getLiveSandboxState,
   listSandboxCapabilities,
 } from '@/lib/apps/sandbox';
 import { Plus } from 'lucide-react';
@@ -147,6 +150,9 @@ export function Apps() {
     sandboxState,
     rerunSandboxTests,
   } = useApps();
+  const liveSandboxState = getLiveSandboxState(sandboxState);
+  const effectiveSandboxState = getEffectiveSandboxState(sandboxState);
+  const baselineSandboxState = getBaselineSandboxState(sandboxState);
 
   const runningAppIds = useMemo(() => {
     return new Set(runtimes.map((runtime) => runtime.appId));
@@ -555,7 +561,8 @@ export function Apps() {
             <AppsPageActionsMenu
               showSandboxDebugUi
               sandboxTestsRunning={
-                sandboxState?.overallCriticalStatus === 'running'
+                sandboxState?.currentRun?.state?.overallCriticalStatus ===
+                'running'
               }
               onTaskManager={() => {
                 navigate('/apps/task-manager');
@@ -574,13 +581,14 @@ export function Apps() {
           {showSandboxDebugResults ? (
             <Alert className='mb-6'>
               <AlertTitle>
-                {!sandboxState
+                {!liveSandboxState && !effectiveSandboxState
                   ? 'Sandbox tests are pending'
-                  : sandboxState.overallCriticalStatus === 'running'
+                  : liveSandboxState?.overallCriticalStatus === 'running'
                     ? 'Sandbox tests are running'
-                    : sandboxState.overallCriticalStatus === 'passed'
+                    : effectiveSandboxState?.overallCriticalStatus === 'passed'
                       ? 'Sandbox tests passed'
-                      : sandboxState.overallCriticalStatus === 'failed'
+                      : effectiveSandboxState?.overallCriticalStatus ===
+                          'failed'
                         ? 'Sandbox tests failed'
                         : 'Sandbox tests are pending'}
               </AlertTitle>
@@ -591,11 +599,49 @@ export function Apps() {
                   capabilities have passed.
                 </div>
 
-                {sandboxState ? (
+                {liveSandboxState ? (
                   <div className='space-y-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
-                    {listSandboxCapabilities(sandboxState).map(
+                    <div className='font-medium text-foreground'>
+                      Current run
+                    </div>
+
+                    {listSandboxCapabilities(liveSandboxState).map(
+                      ([capability, result]) => (
+                        <div key={`live-${capability}`}>
+                          {formatCapabilityLabel(capability)} — {result.status}
+                          {result.details ? ` — ${result.details}` : ''}
+                        </div>
+                      ),
+                    )}
+                  </div>
+                ) : null}
+
+                {effectiveSandboxState ? (
+                  <div className='space-y-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
+                    <div className='font-medium text-foreground'>
+                      Effective gate state
+                    </div>
+
+                    {listSandboxCapabilities(effectiveSandboxState).map(
+                      ([capability, result]) => (
+                        <div key={`effective-${capability}`}>
+                          {formatCapabilityLabel(capability)} — {result.status}
+                          {result.details ? ` — ${result.details}` : ''}
+                        </div>
+                      ),
+                    )}
+                  </div>
+                ) : null}
+
+                {baselineSandboxState ? (
+                  <div className='space-y-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
+                    <div className='font-medium text-foreground'>
+                      Previous completed baseline
+                    </div>
+
+                    {listSandboxCapabilities(baselineSandboxState).map(
                       ([capability, result]) => (
-                        <div key={capability}>
+                        <div key={`baseline-${capability}`}>
                           {formatCapabilityLabel(capability)} — {result.status}
                           {result.details ? ` — ${result.details}` : ''}
                         </div>

From b7fc2a16ddffebe58f67297d6b3285040c4418b3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Mon, 20 Apr 2026 01:06:26 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 106/471] Refactor sandbox functionality and enhance Sage
 bridge runtime:

- Improved event handling in `useBridgeHost` by introducing `useRef` for `requestApproval`.
- Unified sandbox persistence and isolation result processing.
- Added `PartialEq` and `Eq` for sandbox probe results and app result types.
- Enhanced Sage bridge event and lifecycle handling with better error management and pending request tracking.
- Simplified and optimized `replace_by_app_id` logic for seamless app state updates.
---
 packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts | 481 ++++++++++++++-------------
 src-tauri/src/apps/runtime.rs        |   5 +-
 src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/ingest.rs |  12 +-
 src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/probes.rs |  14 +-
 src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/store.rs  |  28 +-
 src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/types.rs  |  24 +-
 src/hooks/useBridgeHost.ts           |  42 ++-
 7 files changed, 329 insertions(+), 277 deletions(-)

diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
index f5f514ebf..f105e43dc 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
@@ -1,275 +1,304 @@
 import type {
-    SageAppInfo,
-    SageBridgeEventPayload,
-    SageBridgeRequest,
-    SageBridgeResponse,
-    SageBridgeSendPayload,
-    SageBridgeVersion,
-    SageClient,
-    SageWalletSendXchRequest,
-    TransactionResponse,
+  SageAppInfo,
+  SageBridgeEventPayload,
+  SageBridgeRequest,
+  SageBridgeResponse,
+  SageBridgeSendPayload,
+  SageBridgeVersion,
+  SageClient,
+  SageWalletSendXchRequest,
+  TransactionResponse,
 } from './types';
 
 export const SAGE_BRIDGE_VERSION: SageBridgeVersion = 'v1';
 
 type SageListenEvent<T = unknown> = {
-    payload: T;
+  payload: T;
 };
 
 type SageUnlisten = () => void;
 
 type SageWebviewHandle = {
-    label: string;
-    emitTo(target: string, event: string, payload: unknown): Promise<void>;
-    listen<T = unknown>(
-        event: string,
-        handler: (event: SageListenEvent<T>) => void,
-    ): Promise<SageUnlisten>;
+  label: string;
+  emitTo(target: string, event: string, payload: unknown): Promise<void>;
+  listen<T = unknown>(
+    event: string,
+    handler: (event: SageListenEvent<T>) => void,
+  ): Promise<SageUnlisten>;
 };
 
 type SageTauriGlobal = {
-    webview?: {
-        getCurrentWebview(): SageWebviewHandle;
-    };
+  webview?: {
+    getCurrentWebview(): SageWebviewHandle;
+  };
 };
 
 type SageWindow = Window &
-    typeof globalThis & {
+  typeof globalThis & {
     __SAGE__?: SageClient;
     __SAGE_APP_INFO__?: SageAppInfo;
     __SAGE_RUNTIME_BRIDGE_INITIALIZED__?: boolean;
     __TAURI__?: SageTauriGlobal;
+  };
+
+type PendingBridgeRequest = {
+  resolve: (value: unknown) => void;
+  reject: (reason?: unknown) => void;
+  timeoutId: number;
+  method: string;
 };
 
 function getSageWindow(): SageWindow {
-    return window as SageWindow;
+  return window as SageWindow;
 }
 
 function buildFallbackAppInfo(): SageAppInfo {
-    const appId =
-        new URL(window.location.href).searchParams.get('__sage_app_id') ??
-        'unknown-app';
-
-    return {
-      id: appId,
-      name: document.title || appId,
-      version: '0.0.0',
-      requestedPermissions: {
-        network: {
-          whitelist: {
-            required: [],
-            optional: [],
-          }
-        },
-        capabilities: {
+  const appId =
+    new URL(window.location.href).searchParams.get('__sage_app_id') ??
+    'unknown-app';
+
+  return {
+    id: appId,
+    name: document.title || appId,
+    version: '0.0.0',
+    requestedPermissions: {
+      network: {
+        whitelist: {
           required: [],
           optional: [],
         },
       },
-      grantedPermissions: [],
-      network: []
-    };
+      capabilities: {
+        required: [],
+        optional: [],
+      },
+    },
+    grantedPermissions: [],
+    network: [],
+  };
 }
 
 function tryGetCurrentWebview(): SageWebviewHandle | null {
-    const tauri = getSageWindow().__TAURI__;
-    if (!tauri?.webview?.getCurrentWebview) {
-        return null;
-    }
+  const tauri = getSageWindow().__TAURI__;
+  if (!tauri?.webview?.getCurrentWebview) {
+    return null;
+  }
 
-    return tauri.webview.getCurrentWebview();
+  return tauri.webview.getCurrentWebview();
 }
 
 export function initSageRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
-    const w = getSageWindow();
-
-    if (w.__SAGE__) {
-        return true;
-    }
+  const w = getSageWindow();
 
-    if (w.__SAGE_RUNTIME_BRIDGE_INITIALIZED__) {
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    const maybeWebview = tryGetCurrentWebview();
-    if (!maybeWebview) {
-        return false;
-    }
+  if (w.__SAGE__) {
+    return true;
+  }
 
-    const webview: SageWebviewHandle = maybeWebview;
-
-    w.__SAGE_RUNTIME_BRIDGE_INITIALIZED__ = true;
-
-    const sourceLabel = webview.label;
-    const bridgeListeners = new Set<(event: unknown) => void>();
-
-    webview
-        .listen('sage-bridge:event', (event: SageListenEvent) => {
-            const data = event.payload;
-            if (!data || (data as { channel?: string }).channel !== 'sage-bridge') {
-                return;
-            }
-
-            for (const listener of bridgeListeners) {
-                try {
-                    listener(data);
-                } catch (error: unknown) {
-                    console.error('Sage bridge event listener failed:', error);
-                }
-            }
-        })
-        .catch((error: unknown) => {
-            console.error('Failed to subscribe to sage-bridge:event:', error);
-        });
-
-    webview
-        .listen('sage-lifecycle:before-stop', (event: SageListenEvent) => {
-            try {
-                window.dispatchEvent(
-                    new CustomEvent('sage:lifecycle:before-stop', {
-                        detail: event.payload,
-                    }),
-                );
-            } catch (error: unknown) {
-                console.error('Failed to dispatch before-stop lifecycle event', error);
-            }
-        })
-        .catch((error: unknown) => {
-            console.error('Failed to subscribe to sage-lifecycle:before-stop:', error);
-        });
-
-    async function callHost<T>(method: string, params?: unknown): Promise<T> {
-        const id = `sage-${Date.now()}-${Math.random().toString(36).slice(2)}`;
-
-        return await new Promise<T>((resolve, reject) => {
-            void (async () => {
-                let settled = false;
-
-                const timeoutId = window.setTimeout(() => {
-                    if (settled) {
-                        return;
-                    }
-
-                    settled = true;
-                    unlistenPromise
-                        .then((unlisten: SageUnlisten) => unlisten())
-                        .catch(() => {});
-                    reject(new Error(`Sage bridge timeout for ${method}`));
-                }, 15000);
-
-                const unlistenPromise = webview.listen(
-                    'sage-bridge:response',
-                    (event: SageListenEvent<SageBridgeResponse>) => {
-                        const data = event.payload;
-
-                        if (
-                            !data ||
-                            data.channel !== 'sage-bridge' ||
-                            data.bridgeVersion !== SAGE_BRIDGE_VERSION ||
-                            data.id !== id
-                        ) {
-                            return;
-                        }
-
-                        if (settled) {
-                            return;
-                        }
-
-                        settled = true;
-                        window.clearTimeout(timeoutId);
-                        unlistenPromise
-                            .then((unlisten: SageUnlisten) => unlisten())
-                            .catch(() => {});
-
-                        if (data.ok) {
-                            resolve(data.result as T);
-                        } else {
-                            reject(new Error(data.error?.message || 'Unknown Sage bridge error'));
-                        }
-                    },
-                );
-
-                try {
-                    const request: SageBridgeRequest = {
-                        channel: 'sage-bridge',
-                        bridgeVersion: SAGE_BRIDGE_VERSION,
-                        id,
-                        method,
-                        params,
-                    };
-
-                    const payload: SageBridgeEventPayload = {
-                        sourceLabel,
-                        request,
-                    };
-
-                    await webview.emitTo('main', 'sage-bridge:request', payload);
-                } catch (error: unknown) {
-                    if (settled) {
-                        return;
-                    }
-
-                    settled = true;
-                    window.clearTimeout(timeoutId);
-                    unlistenPromise
-                        .then((unlisten: SageUnlisten) => unlisten())
-                        .catch(() => {});
-                    reject(error instanceof Error ? error : new Error(String(error)));
-                }
-            })();
-        });
+  if (w.__SAGE_RUNTIME_BRIDGE_INITIALIZED__) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  const maybeWebview = tryGetCurrentWebview();
+  if (!maybeWebview) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  const webview: SageWebviewHandle = maybeWebview;
+  w.__SAGE_RUNTIME_BRIDGE_INITIALIZED__ = true;
+
+  const sourceLabel = webview.label;
+  const bridgeListeners = new Set<(event: unknown) => void>();
+  const pendingRequests = new Map<string, PendingBridgeRequest>();
+
+  webview
+    .listen('sage-bridge:event', (event: SageListenEvent) => {
+      const data = event.payload;
+      if (!data || (data as { channel?: string }).channel !== 'sage-bridge') {
+        return;
+      }
+
+      for (const listener of bridgeListeners) {
+        try {
+          listener(data);
+        } catch (error: unknown) {
+          console.error('Sage bridge event listener failed:', error);
+        }
+      }
+    })
+    .catch((error: unknown) => {
+      console.error('Failed to subscribe to sage-bridge:event:', error);
+    });
+
+  webview
+    .listen(
+      'sage-bridge:response',
+      (event: SageListenEvent<SageBridgeResponse>) => {
+        const data = event.payload;
+
+        if (
+          !data ||
+          data.channel !== 'sage-bridge' ||
+          data.bridgeVersion !== SAGE_BRIDGE_VERSION
+        ) {
+          return;
+        }
+
+        const pending = pendingRequests.get(data.id);
+        if (!pending) {
+          return;
+        }
+
+        pendingRequests.delete(data.id);
+        window.clearTimeout(pending.timeoutId);
+
+        if (data.ok) {
+          pending.resolve(data.result as unknown);
+        } else {
+          pending.reject(
+            new Error(data.error?.message || 'Unknown Sage bridge error'),
+          );
+        }
+      },
+    )
+    .catch((error: unknown) => {
+      console.error('Failed to subscribe to sage-bridge:response:', error);
+    });
+
+  webview
+    .listen('sage-lifecycle:before-stop', (event: SageListenEvent) => {
+      try {
+        window.dispatchEvent(
+          new CustomEvent('sage:lifecycle:before-stop', {
+            detail: event.payload,
+          }),
+        );
+      } catch (error: unknown) {
+        console.error('Failed to dispatch before-stop lifecycle event', error);
+      }
+    })
+    .catch((error: unknown) => {
+      console.error(
+        'Failed to subscribe to sage-lifecycle:before-stop:',
+        error,
+      );
+    });
+
+  function rejectAllPending(reason: string) {
+    for (const [id, pending] of pendingRequests.entries()) {
+      window.clearTimeout(pending.timeoutId);
+      pending.reject(new Error(reason));
+      pendingRequests.delete(id);
     }
+  }
+
+  window.addEventListener('sage:lifecycle:before-stop', () => {
+    rejectAllPending('Sage runtime is stopping');
+  });
+
+  async function callHost<T>(method: string, params?: unknown): Promise<T> {
+    const id = `sage-${Date.now()}-${Math.random().toString(36).slice(2)}`;
+
+    return await new Promise<T>((resolve, reject) => {
+      const timeoutId = window.setTimeout(() => {
+        const pending = pendingRequests.get(id);
+        if (!pending) {
+          return;
+        }
+
+        pendingRequests.delete(id);
+        reject(new Error(`Sage bridge timeout for ${method}`));
+      }, 15000);
+
+      pendingRequests.set(id, {
+        resolve: (value) => resolve(value as T),
+        reject,
+        timeoutId,
+        method,
+      });
+
+      void (async () => {
+        try {
+          const request: SageBridgeRequest = {
+            channel: 'sage-bridge',
+            bridgeVersion: SAGE_BRIDGE_VERSION,
+            id,
+            method,
+            params,
+          };
+
+          const payload: SageBridgeEventPayload = {
+            sourceLabel,
+            request,
+          };
+
+          await webview.emitTo('main', 'sage-bridge:request', payload);
+        } catch (error: unknown) {
+          const pending = pendingRequests.get(id);
+          if (!pending) {
+            return;
+          }
 
-    w.__SAGE__ = {
-        initialAppInfo: w.__SAGE_APP_INFO__ ?? buildFallbackAppInfo(),
-        app: {
-            async bridgePing() {
-                return await callHost<unknown>('bridge.ping');
-            },
+          pendingRequests.delete(id);
+          window.clearTimeout(timeoutId);
+          reject(error instanceof Error ? error : new Error(String(error)));
+        }
+      })();
+    });
+  }
+
+  w.__SAGE__ = {
+    initialAppInfo: w.__SAGE_APP_INFO__ ?? buildFallbackAppInfo(),
+    app: {
+      async bridgePing() {
+        return await callHost<unknown>('bridge.ping');
+      },
 
-            async bridgeSend(input: SageBridgeSendPayload) {
-                return await callHost<unknown>('bridge.send', input);
-            },
+      async bridgeSend(input: SageBridgeSendPayload) {
+        return await callHost<unknown>('bridge.send', input);
+      },
 
-            async getInfo() {
-                return await callHost<SageAppInfo>('app.getInfo');
-            },
+      async getInfo() {
+        return await callHost<SageAppInfo>('app.getInfo');
+      },
 
-            async getPermissions() {
-                return await callHost<string[]>('sage.getPermissions');
+      async getPermissions() {
+        return await callHost<string[]>('sage.getPermissions');
+      },
+    },
+
+    lifecycle: {
+      onBeforeStop(handler) {
+        const listener = (event: Event) => {
+          const custom = event as CustomEvent;
+          handler(
+            (custom.detail ?? {}) as {
+              reason?: string;
+              appId?: string;
+              runtimeId?: string;
             },
-        },
+          );
+        };
+
+        window.addEventListener(
+          'sage:lifecycle:before-stop',
+          listener as EventListener,
+        );
+
+        return () => {
+          window.removeEventListener(
+            'sage:lifecycle:before-stop',
+            listener as EventListener,
+          );
+        };
+      },
+    },
 
-        lifecycle: {
-            onBeforeStop(handler) {
-                const listener = (event: Event) => {
-                    const custom = event as CustomEvent;
-                    handler((custom.detail ?? {}) as {
-                        reason?: string;
-                        appId?: string;
-                        runtimeId?: string;
-                    });
-                };
-
-                window.addEventListener(
-                    'sage:lifecycle:before-stop',
-                    listener as EventListener,
-                );
-
-                return () => {
-                    window.removeEventListener(
-                        'sage:lifecycle:before-stop',
-                        listener as EventListener,
-                    );
-                };
-            },
-        },
+    wallet: {
+      async sendXch(input: SageWalletSendXchRequest) {
+        return await callHost<TransactionResponse>('wallet.sendXch', input);
+      },
+    },
+  };
 
-        wallet: {
-            async sendXch(input: SageWalletSendXchRequest) {
-                return await callHost<TransactionResponse>('wallet.sendXch', input);
-            },
-        },
-    };
-    return true;
+  return true;
 }
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/runtime.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/runtime.rs
index fb4324d7f..7ff3b4b17 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/runtime.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/runtime.rs
@@ -90,7 +90,10 @@ fn build_entry_src(
     url.to_string()
 }
 
-pub fn resolve_app(base_path: &std::path::Path, app_id: &str) -> Result<InstalledSageApp, String> {
+pub fn resolve_app(
+    base_path: &std::path::Path,
+    app_id: &str,
+) -> Result<InstalledSageApp, String> {
     match read_installed_app_by_id(base_path, app_id) {
         Ok(app) => Ok(app),
         Err(installed_err) => build_builtin_test_app(app_id)
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/ingest.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/ingest.rs
index be0ddc184..5bd8c7760 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/ingest.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/ingest.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use tauri::State;
 
 use crate::apps::state::AppsHostState;
 
-use super::store::{SandboxAppResult, replace_by_app_id};
+use super::store::{replace_by_app_id, SandboxAppResult};
 use super::types::{
     SandboxIsolationProbeResult, SandboxNetworkProbeResult,
     SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult, SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult,
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ pub async fn ingest_bridge_send_payload(
     match report_type {
         "isolation" => {
             if let Ok(parsed) = serde_json::from_value::<SandboxIsolationProbeResult>(data) {
-                replace_by_app_id(
+                let _changed = replace_by_app_id(
                     &mut run.isolation,
                     SandboxAppResult {
                         app_id: app_id.to_string(),
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ pub async fn ingest_bridge_send_payload(
             if let Ok(parsed) =
                 serde_json::from_value::<SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult>(data)
             {
-                replace_by_app_id(
+                let _changed = replace_by_app_id(
                     &mut run.persistence_write,
                     SandboxAppResult {
                         app_id: app_id.to_string(),
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ pub async fn ingest_bridge_send_payload(
             if let Ok(parsed) =
                 serde_json::from_value::<SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult>(data)
             {
-                replace_by_app_id(
+                let _changed = replace_by_app_id(
                     &mut run.persistence_read,
                     SandboxAppResult {
                         app_id: app_id.to_string(),
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ pub async fn ingest_bridge_send_payload(
         }
         "network" => {
             if let Ok(parsed) = serde_json::from_value::<SandboxNetworkProbeResult>(data) {
-                replace_by_app_id(
+                let _changed = replace_by_app_id(
                     &mut run.network,
                     SandboxAppResult {
                         app_id: app_id.to_string(),
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ pub async fn ingest_bridge_send_payload(
             if let Ok(parsed) =
                 serde_json::from_value::<SandboxStorageClearProbeResult>(data)
             {
-                replace_by_app_id(
+                let _changed = replace_by_app_id(
                     &mut run.clear_cycle,
                     SandboxAppResult {
                         app_id: app_id.to_string(),
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/probes.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/probes.rs
index 1d4f8fc7e..7c4b32496 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/probes.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/probes.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
-use tokio::time::{Duration, sleep};
+use tokio::time::{sleep, Duration};
 
 use crate::apps::builtin_apps::{
     BUILTIN_NETWORK_ALLOW_A_ID, BUILTIN_NETWORK_ALLOW_B_ID,
@@ -69,9 +69,7 @@ async fn poll_persistence_write(
         }
 
         if now_ms() - started >= timeout_ms {
-            return Err(
-                "Timed out waiting for sandbox persistence write results.".into(),
-            );
+            return Err("Timed out waiting for sandbox persistence write results.".into());
         }
 
         sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)).await;
@@ -99,9 +97,7 @@ async fn poll_persistence_read(
         }
 
         if now_ms() - started >= timeout_ms {
-            return Err(
-                "Timed out waiting for sandbox persistence read results.".into(),
-            );
+            return Err("Timed out waiting for sandbox persistence read results.".into());
         }
 
         sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)).await;
@@ -214,9 +210,7 @@ pub async fn run_isolation_test(
         return Ok((false, Some("Missing incognito isolation result.".into())));
     };
 
-    for (label, result) in
-        [("persistent", &persistent.data), ("incognito", &incognito.data)]
-    {
+    for (label, result) in [("persistent", &persistent.data), ("incognito", &incognito.data)] {
         if result.error.is_some() {
             return Ok((
                 false,
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/store.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/store.rs
index 52aa731ba..93a6aae09 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/store.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/store.rs
@@ -3,20 +3,19 @@ use std::collections::HashMap;
 use tokio::sync::Mutex;
 
 use super::types::{
-    SandboxIsolationProbeResult, SandboxNetworkProbeResult,
-    SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult, SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult,
-    SandboxRunState, SandboxState, SandboxStorageClearProbeResult,
-    build_initial_sandbox_state,
+    SandboxIsolationProbeResult, SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult,
+    SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult, SandboxStorageClearProbeResult,
+    SandboxNetworkProbeResult, SandboxRunState, build_initial_sandbox_state,
 };
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub(crate) struct SandboxAppResult<T> {
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct SandboxAppResult<T> {
     pub app_id: String,
     pub data: T,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
-pub(crate) struct SandboxRunResults {
+pub struct SandboxRunResults {
     pub isolation: Vec<SandboxAppResult<SandboxIsolationProbeResult>>,
     pub persistence_write: Vec<SandboxAppResult<SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult>>,
     pub persistence_read: Vec<SandboxAppResult<SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult>>,
@@ -25,10 +24,10 @@ pub(crate) struct SandboxRunResults {
 }
 
 pub struct SandboxStateStore {
-    pub baseline: Mutex<SandboxState>,
+    pub baseline: Mutex<super::types::SandboxState>,
     pub current_run: Mutex<Option<SandboxRunState>>,
-    pub(crate) runs: Mutex<HashMap<String, SandboxRunResults>>,
-    pub(crate) running: Mutex<bool>,
+    pub runs: Mutex<HashMap<String, SandboxRunResults>>,
+    pub running: Mutex<bool>,
 }
 
 impl Default for SandboxStateStore {
@@ -42,10 +41,13 @@ impl Default for SandboxStateStore {
     }
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn replace_by_app_id<T: Clone>(
+pub fn replace_by_app_id<T>(
     items: &mut Vec<SandboxAppResult<T>>,
     next: SandboxAppResult<T>,
 ) {
-    items.retain(|item| item.app_id != next.app_id);
-    items.push(next);
+    if let Some(existing) = items.iter_mut().find(|item| item.app_id == next.app_id) {
+        *existing = next;
+    } else {
+        items.push(next);
+    }
 }
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/types.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/types.rs
index 3a1fb75e4..0a9a37e9c 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/types.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/types.rs
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ pub struct AppLaunchGateResult {
     pub message: Option<String>,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, Eq)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct SandboxIsolationProbeResult {
     pub run_id: String,
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ pub struct SandboxIsolationProbeResult {
     pub error: Option<String>,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, Eq)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult {
     pub run_id: String,
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ pub struct SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult {
     pub error: Option<String>,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, Eq)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult {
     pub run_id: String,
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ pub struct SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult {
     pub error: Option<String>,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, Eq)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct SandboxNetworkProbeResult {
     pub run_id: String,
@@ -104,14 +104,6 @@ pub struct SandboxNetworkProbeResult {
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, Eq)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "snake_case")]
-pub enum SandboxStorageClearProbePhase {
-    Write,
-    CheckPresent,
-    CheckAbsent,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct SandboxStorageClearProbeResult {
     pub run_id: String,
@@ -121,6 +113,14 @@ pub struct SandboxStorageClearProbeResult {
     pub error: Option<String>,
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "snake_case")]
+pub enum SandboxStorageClearProbePhase {
+    Write,
+    CheckPresent,
+    CheckAbsent,
+}
+
 pub fn make_cap(
     status: SandboxCapabilityStatus,
     details: Option<String>,
diff --git a/src/hooks/useBridgeHost.ts b/src/hooks/useBridgeHost.ts
index f1b996d54..22df6ea2a 100644
--- a/src/hooks/useBridgeHost.ts
+++ b/src/hooks/useBridgeHost.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { useEffect, useState } from 'react';
+import { useEffect, useRef, useState } from 'react';
 import { invoke } from '@tauri-apps/api/core';
 import { getCurrentWebview } from '@tauri-apps/api/webview';
 import {
@@ -62,15 +62,22 @@ function toSdkBridgeResponse(response: RustBridgeResponse): SageBridgeResponse {
 }
 
 export function useBridgeHost({ requestApproval }: Args) {
-  const hostWebview = getCurrentWebview();
   const [isReady, setIsReady] = useState(false);
+  const requestApprovalRef = useRef(requestApproval);
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    requestApprovalRef.current = requestApproval;
+  }, [requestApproval]);
 
   useEffect(() => {
-    let unlistenRequest: (() => void) | null = null;
     let disposed = false;
+    let shouldUnlistenWhenReady = false;
+    let unlistenRequest: (() => void) | null = null;
+
+    const hostWebview = getCurrentWebview();
 
     const mount = async () => {
-      unlistenRequest = await hostWebview.listen<SageBridgeEventPayload>(
+      const unlisten = await hostWebview.listen<SageBridgeEventPayload>(
         'sage-bridge:request',
         ({ payload }) => {
           if (!payload || !isBridgeRequest(payload.request)) {
@@ -106,7 +113,7 @@ export function useBridgeHost({ requestApproval }: Args) {
               return;
             }
 
-            const approvalResult = await requestApproval({
+            const approvalResult = await requestApprovalRef.current({
               kind: 'send_xch',
               app: result.approval.app,
               sourceLabel: result.approval.sourceLabel,
@@ -140,9 +147,20 @@ export function useBridgeHost({ requestApproval }: Args) {
         },
       );
 
-      if (!disposed) {
-        setIsReady(true);
+      if (disposed) {
+        shouldUnlistenWhenReady = false;
+        unlisten();
+        return;
       }
+
+      if (shouldUnlistenWhenReady) {
+        shouldUnlistenWhenReady = false;
+        unlisten();
+        return;
+      }
+
+      unlistenRequest = unlisten;
+      setIsReady(true);
     };
 
     void mount().catch((err) => {
@@ -152,9 +170,15 @@ export function useBridgeHost({ requestApproval }: Args) {
     return () => {
       disposed = true;
       setIsReady(false);
-      unlistenRequest?.();
+
+      if (unlistenRequest) {
+        unlistenRequest();
+        unlistenRequest = null;
+      } else {
+        shouldUnlistenWhenReady = true;
+      }
     };
-  }, [hostWebview, requestApproval]);
+  }, []);
 
   return { isReady };
 }

From 0057cca3ef04db4bbc11247cb00a73dd01d3520d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Mon, 20 Apr 2026 01:11:52 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 107/471] Modularize sandbox probe logic by splitting
 `sandbox.rs` into dedicated modules: `clear_cycle.rs`, `isolation.rs`,
 `network.rs`, and `persistence.rs`. Centralized polling functions in
 `poll.rs` and updated imports accordingly for better maintainability.

---
 src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/probes.rs          | 585 ------------------
 .../src/apps/sandbox/probes/clear_cycle.rs    | 108 ++++
 .../src/apps/sandbox/probes/isolation.rs      |  82 +++
 src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/probes/mod.rs      |  10 +
 src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/probes/network.rs  |  68 ++
 .../src/apps/sandbox/probes/persistence.rs    | 193 ++++++
 src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/probes/poll.rs     | 156 +++++
 7 files changed, 617 insertions(+), 585 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/probes.rs
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/probes/clear_cycle.rs
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/probes/isolation.rs
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/probes/mod.rs
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/probes/network.rs
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/probes/persistence.rs
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/probes/poll.rs

diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/probes.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/probes.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 7c4b32496..000000000
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/probes.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,585 +0,0 @@
-use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
-use tokio::time::{sleep, Duration};
-
-use crate::apps::builtin_apps::{
-    BUILTIN_NETWORK_ALLOW_A_ID, BUILTIN_NETWORK_ALLOW_B_ID,
-    BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_INCOGNITO_ID, BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_PERSISTENT_ID,
-    BUILTIN_STORAGE_CLEAR_PERSISTENT_ID, BUILTIN_STORAGE_ISOLATION_INCOGNITO_ID,
-    BUILTIN_STORAGE_ISOLATION_PERSISTENT_ID,
-};
-use crate::apps::runtime;
-use crate::apps::state::AppsHostState;
-
-use super::runtime::{
-    now_ms, run_clear_cycle_phase_runtime, start_test_app, stop_test_apps, unique_run_id,
-};
-use super::store::SandboxAppResult;
-use super::types::{
-    SandboxIsolationProbeResult, SandboxNetworkProbeResult,
-    SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult, SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult,
-    SandboxStorageClearProbePhase, SandboxStorageClearProbeResult,
-};
-
-async fn poll_isolation(
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    run_id: &str,
-    expected_count: usize,
-    timeout_ms: i64,
-) -> Result<Vec<SandboxAppResult<SandboxIsolationProbeResult>>, String> {
-    let started = now_ms();
-
-    loop {
-        let results = {
-            let runs = apps_state.sandbox.runs.lock().await;
-            runs.get(run_id)
-                .map(|r| r.isolation.clone())
-                .unwrap_or_default()
-        };
-
-        if results.len() >= expected_count {
-            return Ok(results);
-        }
-
-        if now_ms() - started >= timeout_ms {
-            return Err("Timed out waiting for sandbox isolation results.".into());
-        }
-
-        sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)).await;
-    }
-}
-
-async fn poll_persistence_write(
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    run_id: &str,
-    expected_count: usize,
-    timeout_ms: i64,
-) -> Result<Vec<SandboxAppResult<SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult>>, String> {
-    let started = now_ms();
-
-    loop {
-        let results = {
-            let runs = apps_state.sandbox.runs.lock().await;
-            runs.get(run_id)
-                .map(|r| r.persistence_write.clone())
-                .unwrap_or_default()
-        };
-
-        if results.len() >= expected_count {
-            return Ok(results);
-        }
-
-        if now_ms() - started >= timeout_ms {
-            return Err("Timed out waiting for sandbox persistence write results.".into());
-        }
-
-        sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)).await;
-    }
-}
-
-async fn poll_persistence_read(
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    run_id: &str,
-    expected_count: usize,
-    timeout_ms: i64,
-) -> Result<Vec<SandboxAppResult<SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult>>, String> {
-    let started = now_ms();
-
-    loop {
-        let results = {
-            let runs = apps_state.sandbox.runs.lock().await;
-            runs.get(run_id)
-                .map(|r| r.persistence_read.clone())
-                .unwrap_or_default()
-        };
-
-        if results.len() >= expected_count {
-            return Ok(results);
-        }
-
-        if now_ms() - started >= timeout_ms {
-            return Err("Timed out waiting for sandbox persistence read results.".into());
-        }
-
-        sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)).await;
-    }
-}
-
-async fn poll_network(
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    run_id: &str,
-    expected_count: usize,
-    timeout_ms: i64,
-) -> Result<Vec<SandboxAppResult<SandboxNetworkProbeResult>>, String> {
-    let started = now_ms();
-
-    loop {
-        let results = {
-            let runs = apps_state.sandbox.runs.lock().await;
-            runs.get(run_id)
-                .map(|r| r.network.clone())
-                .unwrap_or_default()
-        };
-
-        if results.len() >= expected_count {
-            return Ok(results);
-        }
-
-        if now_ms() - started >= timeout_ms {
-            return Err("Timed out waiting for sandbox network results.".into());
-        }
-
-        sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)).await;
-    }
-}
-
-async fn poll_clear_cycle_phase(
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    run_id: &str,
-    app_id: &str,
-    phase: SandboxStorageClearProbePhase,
-    timeout_ms: i64,
-) -> Result<SandboxStorageClearProbeResult, String> {
-    let started = now_ms();
-
-    loop {
-        let results = {
-            let runs = apps_state.sandbox.runs.lock().await;
-            runs.get(run_id)
-                .map(|r| r.clear_cycle.clone())
-                .unwrap_or_default()
-        };
-
-        if let Some(found) = results
-            .into_iter()
-            .find(|item| item.app_id == app_id && item.data.phase == phase)
-        {
-            return Ok(found.data);
-        }
-
-        if now_ms() - started >= timeout_ms {
-            return Err("Timed out waiting for sandbox storage clear phase.".into());
-        }
-
-        sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)).await;
-    }
-}
-
-pub async fn run_isolation_test(
-    app: &AppHandle,
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-) -> Result<(bool, Option<String>), String> {
-    let run_id = unique_run_id("sandbox-isolation");
-    let app_ids = [
-        BUILTIN_STORAGE_ISOLATION_PERSISTENT_ID,
-        BUILTIN_STORAGE_ISOLATION_INCOGNITO_ID,
-    ];
-
-    stop_test_apps(app, apps_state, &app_ids).await;
-
-    start_test_app(
-        app,
-        apps_state,
-        BUILTIN_STORAGE_ISOLATION_PERSISTENT_ID,
-        &[("runId", run_id.clone())],
-        None,
-    )
-        .await?;
-    start_test_app(
-        app,
-        apps_state,
-        BUILTIN_STORAGE_ISOLATION_INCOGNITO_ID,
-        &[("runId", run_id.clone())],
-        None,
-    )
-        .await?;
-
-    let results = poll_isolation(apps_state, &run_id, 2, 10_000).await?;
-    stop_test_apps(app, apps_state, &app_ids).await;
-
-    let persistent = results
-        .iter()
-        .find(|r| r.app_id == BUILTIN_STORAGE_ISOLATION_PERSISTENT_ID);
-    let incognito = results
-        .iter()
-        .find(|r| r.app_id == BUILTIN_STORAGE_ISOLATION_INCOGNITO_ID);
-
-    let Some(persistent) = persistent else {
-        return Ok((false, Some("Missing persistent isolation result.".into())));
-    };
-    let Some(incognito) = incognito else {
-        return Ok((false, Some("Missing incognito isolation result.".into())));
-    };
-
-    for (label, result) in [("persistent", &persistent.data), ("incognito", &incognito.data)] {
-        if result.error.is_some() {
-            return Ok((
-                false,
-                Some(format!(
-                    "{label} isolation probe reported error: {}",
-                    result.error.clone().unwrap_or_default()
-                )),
-            ));
-        }
-
-        if result.local_storage_visible || result.indexed_db_visible {
-            return Ok((
-                false,
-                Some(format!(
-                    "{label} probe was able to observe Sage probe data."
-                )),
-            ));
-        }
-    }
-
-    Ok((
-        true,
-        Some("Both sandbox probe modes were unable to observe Sage probe data.".into()),
-    ))
-}
-
-pub async fn run_persistence_test(
-    app: &AppHandle,
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-) -> Result<((bool, Option<String>), (bool, Option<String>)), String> {
-    let run_id = unique_run_id("sandbox-persistence");
-    let app_ids = [
-        BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_PERSISTENT_ID,
-        BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_INCOGNITO_ID,
-    ];
-
-    stop_test_apps(app, apps_state, &app_ids).await;
-
-    start_test_app(
-        app,
-        apps_state,
-        BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_PERSISTENT_ID,
-        &[("runId", run_id.clone()), ("phase", "write".into())],
-        None,
-    )
-        .await?;
-    start_test_app(
-        app,
-        apps_state,
-        BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_INCOGNITO_ID,
-        &[("runId", run_id.clone()), ("phase", "write".into())],
-        None,
-    )
-        .await?;
-
-    let write_results = poll_persistence_write(apps_state, &run_id, 2, 10_000).await?;
-    stop_test_apps(app, apps_state, &app_ids).await;
-
-    let persistent_write = write_results
-        .iter()
-        .find(|r| r.app_id == BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_PERSISTENT_ID);
-    let incognito_write = write_results
-        .iter()
-        .find(|r| r.app_id == BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_INCOGNITO_ID);
-
-    let Some(persistent_write) = persistent_write else {
-        return Ok((
-            (false, Some("Missing persistent write result.".into())),
-            (false, Some("Missing incognito write result.".into())),
-        ));
-    };
-    let Some(incognito_write) = incognito_write else {
-        return Ok((
-            (false, Some("Missing persistent write result.".into())),
-            (false, Some("Missing incognito write result.".into())),
-        ));
-    };
-
-    if persistent_write.data.error.is_some()
-        || !persistent_write.data.local_storage_wrote
-        || !persistent_write.data.indexed_db_wrote
-    {
-        return Ok((
-            (
-                false,
-                Some(
-                    persistent_write
-                        .data
-                        .error
-                        .clone()
-                        .unwrap_or_else(|| "Persistent write probe failed.".into()),
-                ),
-            ),
-            (
-                false,
-                Some(
-                    persistent_write
-                        .data
-                        .error
-                        .clone()
-                        .unwrap_or_else(|| "Persistent write probe failed.".into()),
-                ),
-            ),
-        ));
-    }
-
-    if incognito_write.data.error.is_some()
-        || !incognito_write.data.local_storage_wrote
-        || !incognito_write.data.indexed_db_wrote
-    {
-        return Ok((
-            (
-                false,
-                Some(
-                    incognito_write
-                        .data
-                        .error
-                        .clone()
-                        .unwrap_or_else(|| "Incognito write probe failed.".into()),
-                ),
-            ),
-            (
-                false,
-                Some(
-                    incognito_write
-                        .data
-                        .error
-                        .clone()
-                        .unwrap_or_else(|| "Incognito write probe failed.".into()),
-                ),
-            ),
-        ));
-    }
-
-    start_test_app(
-        app,
-        apps_state,
-        BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_PERSISTENT_ID,
-        &[("runId", run_id.clone()), ("phase", "read".into())],
-        None,
-    )
-        .await?;
-    start_test_app(
-        app,
-        apps_state,
-        BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_INCOGNITO_ID,
-        &[("runId", run_id.clone()), ("phase", "read".into())],
-        None,
-    )
-        .await?;
-
-    let read_results = poll_persistence_read(apps_state, &run_id, 2, 10_000).await?;
-    stop_test_apps(app, apps_state, &app_ids).await;
-
-    let persistent_read = read_results
-        .iter()
-        .find(|r| r.app_id == BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_PERSISTENT_ID);
-    let incognito_read = read_results
-        .iter()
-        .find(|r| r.app_id == BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_INCOGNITO_ID);
-
-    let Some(persistent_read) = persistent_read else {
-        return Ok((
-            (false, Some("Missing persistent read result.".into())),
-            (false, Some("Missing incognito read result.".into())),
-        ));
-    };
-    let Some(incognito_read) = incognito_read else {
-        return Ok((
-            (false, Some("Missing persistent read result.".into())),
-            (false, Some("Missing incognito read result.".into())),
-        ));
-    };
-
-    let persistent_ok = persistent_read.data.error.is_none()
-        && persistent_read.data.local_storage_present
-        && persistent_read.data.indexed_db_present;
-
-    let incognito_ok = incognito_read.data.error.is_none()
-        && !incognito_read.data.local_storage_present
-        && !incognito_read.data.indexed_db_present;
-
-    Ok((
-        (
-            persistent_ok,
-            Some(if persistent_ok {
-                "Persistent mode retained localStorage and IndexedDB across reopen.".into()
-            } else {
-                persistent_read
-                    .data
-                    .error
-                    .clone()
-                    .unwrap_or_else(|| "Persistent read probe mismatch.".into())
-            }),
-        ),
-        (
-            incognito_ok,
-            Some(if incognito_ok {
-                "Incognito mode did not retain localStorage or IndexedDB across reopen.".into()
-            } else {
-                incognito_read
-                    .data
-                    .error
-                    .clone()
-                    .unwrap_or_else(|| "Incognito read probe mismatch.".into())
-            }),
-        ),
-    ))
-}
-
-pub async fn run_network_test(
-    app: &AppHandle,
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-) -> Result<(bool, Option<String>), String> {
-    let run_id = unique_run_id("sandbox-network");
-    let app_ids = [BUILTIN_NETWORK_ALLOW_A_ID, BUILTIN_NETWORK_ALLOW_B_ID];
-
-    stop_test_apps(app, apps_state, &app_ids).await;
-
-    start_test_app(
-        app,
-        apps_state,
-        BUILTIN_NETWORK_ALLOW_A_ID,
-        &[("runId", run_id.clone())],
-        None,
-    )
-        .await?;
-    start_test_app(
-        app,
-        apps_state,
-        BUILTIN_NETWORK_ALLOW_B_ID,
-        &[("runId", run_id.clone())],
-        None,
-    )
-        .await?;
-
-    let results = poll_network(apps_state, &run_id, 2, 12_000).await?;
-    stop_test_apps(app, apps_state, &app_ids).await;
-
-    for result in &results {
-        if result.data.error.is_some() {
-            return Ok((false, result.data.error.clone()));
-        }
-
-        if !result.data.allowed_ok {
-            return Ok((
-                false,
-                Some(format!(
-                    "{} could not reach allowed URL {}.",
-                    result.app_id, result.data.allowed_url
-                )),
-            ));
-        }
-
-        if result.data.blocked_ok {
-            return Ok((
-                false,
-                Some(format!(
-                    "{} was able to reach blocked URL {}.",
-                    result.app_id, result.data.blocked_url
-                )),
-            ));
-        }
-    }
-
-    Ok((
-        true,
-        Some("Network allowlist probes succeeded for allowed URLs and failed for blocked URLs in both flipped configurations.".into()),
-    ))
-}
-
-async fn run_clear_cycle_phase(
-    app: &AppHandle,
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    app_id: &str,
-    run_id: &str,
-    phase: SandboxStorageClearProbePhase,
-) -> Result<SandboxStorageClearProbeResult, String> {
-    let phase_string = match phase {
-        SandboxStorageClearProbePhase::Write => "write",
-        SandboxStorageClearProbePhase::CheckPresent => "check_present",
-        SandboxStorageClearProbePhase::CheckAbsent => "check_absent",
-    }
-        .to_string();
-
-    run_clear_cycle_phase_runtime(app, apps_state, app_id, run_id, phase_string).await?;
-
-    let out = poll_clear_cycle_phase(apps_state, run_id, app_id, phase, 10_000).await;
-
-    let _ = runtime::close_runtime_internal(app, apps_state, app_id).await;
-
-    out
-}
-
-pub async fn run_clear_cycle_test(
-    app: &AppHandle,
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-) -> Result<(bool, Option<String>), String> {
-    let run_id = unique_run_id("storage-clear-cycle");
-    let app_id = BUILTIN_STORAGE_CLEAR_PERSISTENT_ID;
-
-    let write = run_clear_cycle_phase(
-        app,
-        apps_state,
-        app_id,
-        &run_id,
-        SandboxStorageClearProbePhase::Write,
-    )
-        .await?;
-
-    if write.error.is_some() || !write.local_storage_present || !write.indexed_db_present {
-        return Ok((
-            false,
-            Some(
-                write
-                    .error
-                    .unwrap_or_else(|| "Storage clear write probe failed.".into()),
-            ),
-        ));
-    }
-
-    let present = run_clear_cycle_phase(
-        app,
-        apps_state,
-        app_id,
-        &run_id,
-        SandboxStorageClearProbePhase::CheckPresent,
-    )
-        .await?;
-
-    if present.error.is_some()
-        || !present.local_storage_present
-        || !present.indexed_db_present
-    {
-        return Ok((
-            false,
-            Some(
-                present
-                    .error
-                    .unwrap_or_else(|| "Storage clear presence probe failed.".into()),
-            ),
-        ));
-    }
-
-    runtime::clear_runtime_browsing_data_internal(app, apps_state, app_id).await?;
-
-    let absent = run_clear_cycle_phase(
-        app,
-        apps_state,
-        app_id,
-        &run_id,
-        SandboxStorageClearProbePhase::CheckAbsent,
-    )
-        .await?;
-
-    if absent.error.is_some() {
-        return Ok((false, absent.error));
-    }
-
-    let passed = !absent.local_storage_present && !absent.indexed_db_present;
-
-    Ok((
-        passed,
-        Some(if passed {
-            "Storage clear cycle removed localStorage and IndexedDB for the target app origin."
-                .into()
-        } else {
-            "Storage clear cycle failed because data was still visible after host-side clearing."
-                .into()
-        }),
-    ))
-}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/probes/clear_cycle.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/probes/clear_cycle.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..595c3ad56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/probes/clear_cycle.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
+
+use crate::apps::builtin_apps::BUILTIN_STORAGE_CLEAR_PERSISTENT_ID;
+use crate::apps::runtime;
+use crate::apps::state::AppsHostState;
+
+use super::poll::poll_clear_cycle_phase;
+use super::super::runtime::{run_clear_cycle_phase_runtime, unique_run_id};
+use super::super::types::{SandboxStorageClearProbePhase, SandboxStorageClearProbeResult};
+
+async fn run_clear_cycle_phase(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    app_id: &str,
+    run_id: &str,
+    phase: SandboxStorageClearProbePhase,
+) -> Result<SandboxStorageClearProbeResult, String> {
+    let phase_string = match phase {
+        SandboxStorageClearProbePhase::Write => "write",
+        SandboxStorageClearProbePhase::CheckPresent => "check_present",
+        SandboxStorageClearProbePhase::CheckAbsent => "check_absent",
+    }
+        .to_string();
+
+    run_clear_cycle_phase_runtime(app, apps_state, app_id, run_id, phase_string).await?;
+
+    let out = poll_clear_cycle_phase(apps_state, run_id, app_id, phase.clone(), 10_000).await;
+
+    let _ = runtime::close_runtime_internal(app, apps_state, app_id).await;
+
+    out
+}
+
+pub async fn run_clear_cycle_test(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+) -> Result<(bool, Option<String>), String> {
+    let run_id = unique_run_id("storage-clear-cycle");
+    let app_id = BUILTIN_STORAGE_CLEAR_PERSISTENT_ID;
+
+    let write = run_clear_cycle_phase(
+        app,
+        apps_state,
+        app_id,
+        &run_id,
+        SandboxStorageClearProbePhase::Write,
+    )
+        .await?;
+
+    if write.error.is_some() || !write.local_storage_present || !write.indexed_db_present {
+        return Ok((
+            false,
+            Some(
+                write
+                    .error
+                    .unwrap_or_else(|| "Storage clear write probe failed.".into()),
+            ),
+        ));
+    }
+
+    let present = run_clear_cycle_phase(
+        app,
+        apps_state,
+        app_id,
+        &run_id,
+        SandboxStorageClearProbePhase::CheckPresent,
+    )
+        .await?;
+
+    if present.error.is_some() || !present.local_storage_present || !present.indexed_db_present {
+        return Ok((
+            false,
+            Some(
+                present
+                    .error
+                    .unwrap_or_else(|| "Storage clear presence probe failed.".into()),
+            ),
+        ));
+    }
+
+    runtime::clear_runtime_browsing_data_internal(app, apps_state, app_id).await?;
+
+    let absent = run_clear_cycle_phase(
+        app,
+        apps_state,
+        app_id,
+        &run_id,
+        SandboxStorageClearProbePhase::CheckAbsent,
+    )
+        .await?;
+
+    if absent.error.is_some() {
+        return Ok((false, absent.error));
+    }
+
+    let passed = !absent.local_storage_present && !absent.indexed_db_present;
+
+    Ok((
+        passed,
+        Some(if passed {
+            "Storage clear cycle removed localStorage and IndexedDB for the target app origin."
+                .into()
+        } else {
+            "Storage clear cycle failed because data was still visible after host-side clearing."
+                .into()
+        }),
+    ))
+}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/probes/isolation.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/probes/isolation.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9ed4a15b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/probes/isolation.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
+
+use crate::apps::builtin_apps::{
+    BUILTIN_STORAGE_ISOLATION_INCOGNITO_ID, BUILTIN_STORAGE_ISOLATION_PERSISTENT_ID,
+};
+use crate::apps::state::AppsHostState;
+
+use super::poll::poll_isolation;
+use super::super::runtime::{start_test_app, stop_test_apps, unique_run_id};
+
+pub async fn run_isolation_test(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+) -> Result<(bool, Option<String>), String> {
+    let run_id = unique_run_id("sandbox-isolation");
+    let app_ids = [
+        BUILTIN_STORAGE_ISOLATION_PERSISTENT_ID,
+        BUILTIN_STORAGE_ISOLATION_INCOGNITO_ID,
+    ];
+
+    stop_test_apps(app, apps_state, &app_ids).await;
+
+    start_test_app(
+        app,
+        apps_state,
+        BUILTIN_STORAGE_ISOLATION_PERSISTENT_ID,
+        &[("runId", run_id.clone())],
+        None,
+    )
+        .await?;
+    start_test_app(
+        app,
+        apps_state,
+        BUILTIN_STORAGE_ISOLATION_INCOGNITO_ID,
+        &[("runId", run_id.clone())],
+        None,
+    )
+        .await?;
+
+    let results = poll_isolation(apps_state, &run_id, 2, 10_000).await?;
+    stop_test_apps(app, apps_state, &app_ids).await;
+
+    let persistent = results
+        .iter()
+        .find(|r| r.app_id == BUILTIN_STORAGE_ISOLATION_PERSISTENT_ID);
+    let incognito = results
+        .iter()
+        .find(|r| r.app_id == BUILTIN_STORAGE_ISOLATION_INCOGNITO_ID);
+
+    let Some(persistent) = persistent else {
+        return Ok((false, Some("Missing persistent isolation result.".into())));
+    };
+    let Some(incognito) = incognito else {
+        return Ok((false, Some("Missing incognito isolation result.".into())));
+    };
+
+    for (label, result) in [("persistent", &persistent.data), ("incognito", &incognito.data)] {
+        if result.error.is_some() {
+            return Ok((
+                false,
+                Some(format!(
+                    "{label} isolation probe reported error: {}",
+                    result.error.clone().unwrap_or_default()
+                )),
+            ));
+        }
+
+        if result.local_storage_visible || result.indexed_db_visible {
+            return Ok((
+                false,
+                Some(format!(
+                    "{label} probe was able to observe Sage probe data."
+                )),
+            ));
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok((
+        true,
+        Some("Both sandbox probe modes were unable to observe Sage probe data.".into()),
+    ))
+}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/probes/mod.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/probes/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1e419dfef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/probes/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+mod clear_cycle;
+mod isolation;
+mod network;
+mod persistence;
+mod poll;
+
+pub use clear_cycle::run_clear_cycle_test;
+pub use isolation::run_isolation_test;
+pub use network::run_network_test;
+pub use persistence::run_persistence_test;
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/probes/network.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/probes/network.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..76366689c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/probes/network.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
+
+use crate::apps::builtin_apps::{BUILTIN_NETWORK_ALLOW_A_ID, BUILTIN_NETWORK_ALLOW_B_ID};
+use crate::apps::state::AppsHostState;
+
+use super::poll::poll_network;
+use super::super::runtime::{start_test_app, stop_test_apps, unique_run_id};
+
+pub async fn run_network_test(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+) -> Result<(bool, Option<String>), String> {
+    let run_id = unique_run_id("sandbox-network");
+    let app_ids = [BUILTIN_NETWORK_ALLOW_A_ID, BUILTIN_NETWORK_ALLOW_B_ID];
+
+    stop_test_apps(app, apps_state, &app_ids).await;
+
+    start_test_app(
+        app,
+        apps_state,
+        BUILTIN_NETWORK_ALLOW_A_ID,
+        &[("runId", run_id.clone())],
+        None,
+    )
+        .await?;
+    start_test_app(
+        app,
+        apps_state,
+        BUILTIN_NETWORK_ALLOW_B_ID,
+        &[("runId", run_id.clone())],
+        None,
+    )
+        .await?;
+
+    let results = poll_network(apps_state, &run_id, 2, 12_000).await?;
+    stop_test_apps(app, apps_state, &app_ids).await;
+
+    for result in &results {
+        if result.data.error.is_some() {
+            return Ok((false, result.data.error.clone()));
+        }
+
+        if !result.data.allowed_ok {
+            return Ok((
+                false,
+                Some(format!(
+                    "{} could not reach allowed URL {}.",
+                    result.app_id, result.data.allowed_url
+                )),
+            ));
+        }
+
+        if result.data.blocked_ok {
+            return Ok((
+                false,
+                Some(format!(
+                    "{} was able to reach blocked URL {}.",
+                    result.app_id, result.data.blocked_url
+                )),
+            ));
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok((
+        true,
+        Some("Network allowlist probes succeeded for allowed URLs and failed for blocked URLs in both flipped configurations.".into()),
+    ))
+}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/probes/persistence.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/probes/persistence.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ca5a95d43
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/probes/persistence.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
+
+use crate::apps::builtin_apps::{
+    BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_INCOGNITO_ID, BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_PERSISTENT_ID,
+};
+use crate::apps::state::AppsHostState;
+
+use super::poll::{poll_persistence_read, poll_persistence_write};
+use super::super::runtime::{start_test_app, stop_test_apps, unique_run_id};
+
+pub async fn run_persistence_test(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+) -> Result<((bool, Option<String>), (bool, Option<String>)), String> {
+    let run_id = unique_run_id("sandbox-persistence");
+    let app_ids = [
+        BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_PERSISTENT_ID,
+        BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_INCOGNITO_ID,
+    ];
+
+    stop_test_apps(app, apps_state, &app_ids).await;
+
+    start_test_app(
+        app,
+        apps_state,
+        BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_PERSISTENT_ID,
+        &[("runId", run_id.clone()), ("phase", "write".into())],
+        None,
+    )
+        .await?;
+    start_test_app(
+        app,
+        apps_state,
+        BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_INCOGNITO_ID,
+        &[("runId", run_id.clone()), ("phase", "write".into())],
+        None,
+    )
+        .await?;
+
+    let write_results = poll_persistence_write(apps_state, &run_id, 2, 10_000).await?;
+    stop_test_apps(app, apps_state, &app_ids).await;
+
+    let persistent_write = write_results
+        .iter()
+        .find(|r| r.app_id == BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_PERSISTENT_ID);
+    let incognito_write = write_results
+        .iter()
+        .find(|r| r.app_id == BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_INCOGNITO_ID);
+
+    let Some(persistent_write) = persistent_write else {
+        return Ok((
+            (false, Some("Missing persistent write result.".into())),
+            (false, Some("Missing incognito write result.".into())),
+        ));
+    };
+    let Some(incognito_write) = incognito_write else {
+        return Ok((
+            (false, Some("Missing persistent write result.".into())),
+            (false, Some("Missing incognito write result.".into())),
+        ));
+    };
+
+    if persistent_write.data.error.is_some()
+        || !persistent_write.data.local_storage_wrote
+        || !persistent_write.data.indexed_db_wrote
+    {
+        return Ok((
+            (
+                false,
+                Some(
+                    persistent_write
+                        .data
+                        .error
+                        .clone()
+                        .unwrap_or_else(|| "Persistent write probe failed.".into()),
+                ),
+            ),
+            (
+                false,
+                Some(
+                    persistent_write
+                        .data
+                        .error
+                        .clone()
+                        .unwrap_or_else(|| "Persistent write probe failed.".into()),
+                ),
+            ),
+        ));
+    }
+
+    if incognito_write.data.error.is_some()
+        || !incognito_write.data.local_storage_wrote
+        || !incognito_write.data.indexed_db_wrote
+    {
+        return Ok((
+            (
+                false,
+                Some(
+                    incognito_write
+                        .data
+                        .error
+                        .clone()
+                        .unwrap_or_else(|| "Incognito write probe failed.".into()),
+                ),
+            ),
+            (
+                false,
+                Some(
+                    incognito_write
+                        .data
+                        .error
+                        .clone()
+                        .unwrap_or_else(|| "Incognito write probe failed.".into()),
+                ),
+            ),
+        ));
+    }
+
+    start_test_app(
+        app,
+        apps_state,
+        BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_PERSISTENT_ID,
+        &[("runId", run_id.clone()), ("phase", "read".into())],
+        None,
+    )
+        .await?;
+    start_test_app(
+        app,
+        apps_state,
+        BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_INCOGNITO_ID,
+        &[("runId", run_id.clone()), ("phase", "read".into())],
+        None,
+    )
+        .await?;
+
+    let read_results = poll_persistence_read(apps_state, &run_id, 2, 10_000).await?;
+    stop_test_apps(app, apps_state, &app_ids).await;
+
+    let persistent_read = read_results
+        .iter()
+        .find(|r| r.app_id == BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_PERSISTENT_ID);
+    let incognito_read = read_results
+        .iter()
+        .find(|r| r.app_id == BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_INCOGNITO_ID);
+
+    let Some(persistent_read) = persistent_read else {
+        return Ok((
+            (false, Some("Missing persistent read result.".into())),
+            (false, Some("Missing incognito read result.".into())),
+        ));
+    };
+    let Some(incognito_read) = incognito_read else {
+        return Ok((
+            (false, Some("Missing persistent read result.".into())),
+            (false, Some("Missing incognito read result.".into())),
+        ));
+    };
+
+    let persistent_ok = persistent_read.data.error.is_none()
+        && persistent_read.data.local_storage_present
+        && persistent_read.data.indexed_db_present;
+
+    let incognito_ok = incognito_read.data.error.is_none()
+        && !incognito_read.data.local_storage_present
+        && !incognito_read.data.indexed_db_present;
+
+    Ok((
+        (
+            persistent_ok,
+            Some(if persistent_ok {
+                "Persistent mode retained localStorage and IndexedDB across reopen.".into()
+            } else {
+                persistent_read
+                    .data
+                    .error
+                    .clone()
+                    .unwrap_or_else(|| "Persistent read probe mismatch.".into())
+            }),
+        ),
+        (
+            incognito_ok,
+            Some(if incognito_ok {
+                "Incognito mode did not retain localStorage or IndexedDB across reopen.".into()
+            } else {
+                incognito_read
+                    .data
+                    .error
+                    .clone()
+                    .unwrap_or_else(|| "Incognito read probe mismatch.".into())
+            }),
+        ),
+    ))
+}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/probes/poll.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/probes/poll.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e530db9ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/probes/poll.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+use tauri::State;
+use tokio::time::{sleep, Duration};
+
+use crate::apps::state::AppsHostState;
+
+use super::super::runtime::now_ms;
+use super::super::store::SandboxAppResult;
+use super::super::types::{
+    SandboxIsolationProbeResult, SandboxNetworkProbeResult,
+    SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult, SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult,
+    SandboxStorageClearProbePhase, SandboxStorageClearProbeResult,
+};
+
+pub async fn poll_isolation(
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    run_id: &str,
+    expected_count: usize,
+    timeout_ms: i64,
+) -> Result<Vec<SandboxAppResult<SandboxIsolationProbeResult>>, String> {
+    let started = now_ms();
+
+    loop {
+        let results = {
+            let runs = apps_state.sandbox.runs.lock().await;
+            runs.get(run_id)
+                .map(|r| r.isolation.clone())
+                .unwrap_or_default()
+        };
+
+        if results.len() >= expected_count {
+            return Ok(results);
+        }
+
+        if now_ms() - started >= timeout_ms {
+            return Err("Timed out waiting for sandbox isolation results.".into());
+        }
+
+        sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)).await;
+    }
+}
+
+pub async fn poll_persistence_write(
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    run_id: &str,
+    expected_count: usize,
+    timeout_ms: i64,
+) -> Result<Vec<SandboxAppResult<SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult>>, String> {
+    let started = now_ms();
+
+    loop {
+        let results = {
+            let runs = apps_state.sandbox.runs.lock().await;
+            runs.get(run_id)
+                .map(|r| r.persistence_write.clone())
+                .unwrap_or_default()
+        };
+
+        if results.len() >= expected_count {
+            return Ok(results);
+        }
+
+        if now_ms() - started >= timeout_ms {
+            return Err("Timed out waiting for sandbox persistence write results.".into());
+        }
+
+        sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)).await;
+    }
+}
+
+pub async fn poll_persistence_read(
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    run_id: &str,
+    expected_count: usize,
+    timeout_ms: i64,
+) -> Result<Vec<SandboxAppResult<SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult>>, String> {
+    let started = now_ms();
+
+    loop {
+        let results = {
+            let runs = apps_state.sandbox.runs.lock().await;
+            runs.get(run_id)
+                .map(|r| r.persistence_read.clone())
+                .unwrap_or_default()
+        };
+
+        if results.len() >= expected_count {
+            return Ok(results);
+        }
+
+        if now_ms() - started >= timeout_ms {
+            return Err("Timed out waiting for sandbox persistence read results.".into());
+        }
+
+        sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)).await;
+    }
+}
+
+pub async fn poll_network(
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    run_id: &str,
+    expected_count: usize,
+    timeout_ms: i64,
+) -> Result<Vec<SandboxAppResult<SandboxNetworkProbeResult>>, String> {
+    let started = now_ms();
+
+    loop {
+        let results = {
+            let runs = apps_state.sandbox.runs.lock().await;
+            runs.get(run_id)
+                .map(|r| r.network.clone())
+                .unwrap_or_default()
+        };
+
+        if results.len() >= expected_count {
+            return Ok(results);
+        }
+
+        if now_ms() - started >= timeout_ms {
+            return Err("Timed out waiting for sandbox network results.".into());
+        }
+
+        sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)).await;
+    }
+}
+
+pub async fn poll_clear_cycle_phase(
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    run_id: &str,
+    app_id: &str,
+    phase: SandboxStorageClearProbePhase,
+    timeout_ms: i64,
+) -> Result<SandboxStorageClearProbeResult, String> {
+    let started = now_ms();
+
+    loop {
+        let results = {
+            let runs = apps_state.sandbox.runs.lock().await;
+            runs.get(run_id)
+                .map(|r| r.clear_cycle.clone())
+                .unwrap_or_default()
+        };
+
+        if let Some(found) = results
+            .into_iter()
+            .find(|item| item.app_id == app_id && item.data.phase == phase)
+        {
+            return Ok(found.data);
+        }
+
+        if now_ms() - started >= timeout_ms {
+            return Err("Timed out waiting for sandbox storage clear phase.".into());
+        }
+
+        sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)).await;
+    }
+}

From d37882d55a9c4956c32743385bdb911fd856cee5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Mon, 20 Apr 2026 01:43:36 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 108/471] Introduce shared capabilities management:

- Added `sharedCapabilities` field to `InstalledSageApp` and adjusted related types and methods.
- Implemented `resolve_shared_capabilities` for determining granted shared capabilities.
- Refactored permission handling and UI to replace "permissions" terminology with "capabilities."
- Updated bridge permission validation to support shared capabilities and added relevant checks.
- Enhanced app installation and update flows to include shared capabilities resolution.
- Adjusted tests, components, and runtime logic to align with new capabilities system.
---
 packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts          | 10 +--
 packages/sage-app-sdk/src/types.ts            |  7 +-
 src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/system.rs   | 10 +--
 src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/mod.rs              | 23 ++++--
 src-tauri/src/apps/builtin_apps.rs            |  8 +-
 src-tauri/src/apps/install.rs                 |  7 +-
 src-tauri/src/apps/permission_registry.rs     | 21 ++++-
 src-tauri/src/apps/permissions.rs             | 79 +++++++++++++------
 src-tauri/src/apps/registry.rs                | 11 +++
 src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs                   |  3 +
 src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs                  | 11 +++
 src/bindings.ts                               |  2 +-
 src/components/apps/AppUpdateDialog.tsx       |  6 +-
 src/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx        |  4 +-
 .../apps/permissions/AppPermissions.tsx       | 36 ++++-----
 .../apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx        | 19 ++---
 .../apps/permissions/PermissionsDialog.tsx    | 12 +--
 .../apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx    | 16 ++--
 src/hooks/useApps.ts                          |  8 +-
 src/pages/Apps.tsx                            |  4 +-
 20 files changed, 193 insertions(+), 104 deletions(-)

diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
index f105e43dc..07c1ddf7b 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
@@ -53,13 +53,9 @@ function getSageWindow(): SageWindow {
 }
 
 function buildFallbackAppInfo(): SageAppInfo {
-  const appId =
-    new URL(window.location.href).searchParams.get('__sage_app_id') ??
-    'unknown-app';
-
   return {
-    id: appId,
-    name: document.title || appId,
+    id: 'unknown',
+    name: 'Unknown App',
     version: '0.0.0',
     requestedPermissions: {
       network: {
@@ -73,7 +69,7 @@ function buildFallbackAppInfo(): SageAppInfo {
         optional: [],
       },
     },
-    grantedPermissions: [],
+    sharedCapabilities: [],
     network: [],
   };
 }
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/types.ts b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/types.ts
index 38bb12d84..730e651b2 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/types.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/types.ts
@@ -10,22 +10,27 @@ export type SageRequestedPermissions = {
   network?: SageRequestedNetworkPermissions;
   capabilities?: SageRequestedCapabilities;
 };
+
 export type SageNetworkWhitelistEntry = {
   scheme: string;
   host: string;
   required?: boolean;
 };
+
 export type SageRequestedCapabilities = {
   required?: string[];
   optional?: string[];
 };
+
 export type SageRequestedNetworkPermissions = {
   whitelist?: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist;
 };
+
 export type SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist = {
   required?: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelistEntry[];
   optional?: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelistEntry[];
 };
+
 export type SageRequestedNetworkWhitelistEntry = {
   scheme: string;
   host: string;
@@ -36,7 +41,7 @@ export type SageAppInfo = {
   name: string;
   version: string;
   requestedPermissions: SageRequestedPermissions;
-  grantedPermissions: string[];
+  sharedCapabilities: string[];
   network: SageNetworkPermission[];
 };
 
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/system.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/system.rs
index 507020824..3a031f80f 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/system.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/system.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,8 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
-use serde_json::{json};
+use serde_json::json;
 
 use super::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::apps::bridge::{
-    success, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse,
-};
+use crate::apps::bridge::{success, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
 
 pub struct BridgePing;
 pub struct BridgeSend;
@@ -72,7 +70,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppGetInfo {
                 "name": ctx.app.name,
                 "version": ctx.app.version,
                 "requestedPermissions": ctx.app.requested_permissions,
-                "grantedPermissions": ctx.app.granted_permissions.capabilities,
+                "sharedCapabilities": ctx.app.shared_capabilities,
                 "network": ctx.app.active_snapshot.manifest.permissions.network.whitelist.required,
             }),
         )
@@ -89,7 +87,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for SageGetPermissions {
     ) -> RustBridgeResponse {
         success(
             &request.id,
-            serde_json::to_value(&ctx.app.granted_permissions.capabilities)
+            serde_json::to_value(&ctx.app.shared_capabilities)
                 .unwrap_or_else(|_| json!([])),
         )
     }
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/mod.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/mod.rs
index e163a697c..1e965d7ea 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/mod.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/mod.rs
@@ -8,10 +8,10 @@ use tokio::sync::Mutex;
 use uuid::Uuid;
 
 use crate::app_state::AppState;
+use crate::apps::permission_registry::require_permission_definition;
 use crate::apps::runtime::{apps_assert_bridge_origin, resolve_app};
 use crate::apps::state::AppsHostState;
 use crate::apps::types::InstalledSageApp;
-use crate::apps::permission_registry::require_permission_definition;
 
 pub mod methods;
 pub mod registry;
@@ -228,21 +228,32 @@ pub async fn apps_handle_bridge_request(
         });
     };
 
-    if let Some(permission) = method.permission() {
-        let permission_definition = require_permission_definition(permission)
-            .map_err(|err| format!("bridge method declared unknown permission {permission}: {err}"))?;
+    if let Some(capability_key) = method.permission() {
+        let capability_definition = require_permission_definition(capability_key)
+            .map_err(|err| {
+                format!(
+                    "bridge method declared unknown capability {capability_key}: {err}"
+                )
+            })?;
+
+        if !capability_definition.shared_with_app {
+            return Err(format!(
+                "bridge method {} declared non-shared capability {}",
+                request.method, capability_definition.key
+            ));
+        }
 
         if !resolved_app
             .granted_permissions
             .capabilities
             .iter()
-            .any(|cap| cap == permission_definition.key)
+            .any(|capability| capability == capability_definition.key)
         {
             return Ok(RustBridgeHandleResult::Immediate {
                 response: failure(
                     &request.id,
                     "permission_denied",
-                    format!("Permission denied for {}", permission_definition.key),
+                    format!("Permission denied for {}", capability_definition.key),
                 ),
             });
         }
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/builtin_apps.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/builtin_apps.rs
index 67ad3653e..a508253e2 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/builtin_apps.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/builtin_apps.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use crate::apps::{
     install::{manifest_entry_file, manifest_icon_file},
     permissions::{
         normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions, resolve_granted_permission_flags,
-        validate_granted_permissions,
+        resolve_shared_capabilities, validate_granted_permissions,
     },
     types::{
         InstalledSageApp, InstalledSageAppSnapshot, InstalledSageAppSource, SageAppPackageManifest,
@@ -169,7 +169,10 @@ pub fn build_builtin_test_app(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<InstalledSageApp
     };
 
     validate_granted_permissions(&manifest.permissions, &granted_permissions.capabilities)?;
-    let permission_flags = resolve_granted_permission_flags(&granted_permissions.capabilities, None)?;
+    let permission_flags =
+        resolve_granted_permission_flags(&granted_permissions.capabilities, None)?;
+    let shared_capabilities =
+        resolve_shared_capabilities(&granted_permissions.capabilities)?;
 
     let entry_file_name = manifest_entry_file(&manifest).to_string();
     let icon_file_name = manifest_icon_file(&manifest).to_string();
@@ -201,6 +204,7 @@ pub fn build_builtin_test_app(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<InstalledSageApp
         icon_file: icon_file_name,
         requested_permissions: manifest.permissions.clone(),
         granted_permissions,
+        shared_capabilities,
         permission_flags,
         source: InstalledSageAppSource::Zip,
         active_snapshot: InstalledSageAppSnapshot {
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/install.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/install.rs
index 5b91e905a..75c224ff6 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/install.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/install.rs
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ use crate::{
     },
     error::Result,
 };
-use crate::apps::permissions::normalize_network_key;
+use crate::apps::permissions::{normalize_network_key, resolve_shared_capabilities};
 use crate::apps::types::{SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkPermissionTarget, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions};
 
 pub fn current_millis() -> u128 {
@@ -125,6 +125,10 @@ fn build_installed_app(
     source: InstalledSageAppSource,
     snapshot: crate::apps::types::InstalledSageAppSnapshot,
 ) -> InstalledSageApp {
+    let shared_capabilities =
+        resolve_shared_capabilities(&granted_permissions.capabilities)
+            .expect("failed to resolve shared capabilities for installed app");
+
     InstalledSageApp {
         id: app_id,
         name: manifest.name.clone(),
@@ -134,6 +138,7 @@ fn build_installed_app(
         icon_file: manifest_icon_file(manifest).to_string(),
         requested_permissions: manifest.permissions.clone(),
         granted_permissions,
+        shared_capabilities,
         permission_flags,
         source,
         active_snapshot: snapshot,
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/permission_registry.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/permission_registry.rs
index 721c0d1fb..26d9dd347 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/permission_registry.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/permission_registry.rs
@@ -13,13 +13,17 @@ pub struct PermissionDefinition {
     pub label: &'static str,
     pub description: &'static str,
     pub flags: PermissionFlags,
+    pub requestable_by_app: bool,
+    pub shared_with_app: bool,
 }
 
 pub fn get_permission_definition(key: &str) -> Option<PermissionDefinition> {
     registry().get(key).copied()
 }
 
-pub fn require_permission_definition(key: &str) -> anyhow::Result<PermissionDefinition> {
+pub fn require_permission_definition(
+    key: &str,
+) -> anyhow::Result<PermissionDefinition> {
     get_permission_definition(key)
         .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("unknown permission: {}", key))
 }
@@ -32,12 +36,15 @@ pub fn registry() -> BTreeMap<&'static str, PermissionDefinition> {
         PermissionDefinition {
             key: "persistent_storage",
             label: "Persistent storage",
-            description: "Allows the app to store data on this device between sessions.",
+            description:
+            "Allows the app to store data on this device between sessions.",
             flags: PermissionFlags {
                 externally_observable: false,
                 accesses_sensitive_secret: false,
                 persistent_storage: true,
             },
+            requestable_by_app: true,
+            shared_with_app: false,
         },
     );
 
@@ -46,12 +53,15 @@ pub fn registry() -> BTreeMap<&'static str, PermissionDefinition> {
         PermissionDefinition {
             key: "wallet.send_xch",
             label: "Send XCH",
-            description: "Allows the app to request XCH transactions from your wallet.",
+            description:
+            "Allows the app to request XCH transactions from your wallet.",
             flags: PermissionFlags {
                 externally_observable: true,
                 accesses_sensitive_secret: false,
                 persistent_storage: false,
             },
+            requestable_by_app: true,
+            shared_with_app: true,
         },
     );
 
@@ -60,12 +70,15 @@ pub fn registry() -> BTreeMap<&'static str, PermissionDefinition> {
         PermissionDefinition {
             key: "wallet.send_xch_auto_submit",
             label: "Automatic XCH send",
-            description: "Allows the app to submit XCH transactions without asking for per-transaction approval.",
+            description:
+            "Allows the app to submit XCH transactions without asking for per-transaction approval.",
             flags: PermissionFlags {
                 externally_observable: false,
                 accesses_sensitive_secret: false,
                 persistent_storage: false,
             },
+            requestable_by_app: true,
+            shared_with_app: false,
         },
     );
 
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/permissions.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/permissions.rs
index 23fee148b..148512ce1 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/permissions.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/permissions.rs
@@ -2,10 +2,12 @@ use anyhow::{anyhow, Result as AnyResult};
 use std::collections::BTreeSet;
 
 use crate::apps::{
-    permission_registry::get_permission_definition,
+    permission_registry::{
+        get_permission_definition, require_permission_definition,
+    },
     types::{
-        InstalledSageAppPermissionFlags, SageRequestedPermissions,
-        SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
+        InstalledSageAppPermissionFlags, SageRequestedCapabilities,
+        SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions,
     },
 };
 use crate::apps::types::SageNetworkPermissionTarget;
@@ -18,27 +20,43 @@ pub struct PermissionSummary {
 }
 
 fn normalize_capability_keys(
-    permissions: &SageRequestedCapabilities,
-) -> SageRequestedCapabilities {
+    capabilities: &SageRequestedCapabilities,
+) -> AnyResult<SageRequestedCapabilities> {
     let mut required = BTreeSet::new();
     let mut optional = BTreeSet::new();
 
-    for key in &permissions.required {
-        if get_permission_definition(key).is_some() {
-            required.insert(key.clone());
+    for key in &capabilities.required {
+        let definition = require_permission_definition(key)?;
+
+        if !definition.requestable_by_app {
+            return Err(anyhow!(
+                "capability is not requestable by apps: {}",
+                key
+            ));
         }
+
+        required.insert(key.clone());
     }
 
-    for key in &permissions.optional {
-        if get_permission_definition(key).is_some() && !required.contains(key) {
+    for key in &capabilities.optional {
+        let definition = require_permission_definition(key)?;
+
+        if !definition.requestable_by_app {
+            return Err(anyhow!(
+                "capability is not requestable by apps: {}",
+                key
+            ));
+        }
+
+        if !required.contains(key) {
             optional.insert(key.clone());
         }
     }
 
-    SageRequestedCapabilities {
+    Ok(SageRequestedCapabilities {
         required: required.into_iter().collect(),
         optional: optional.into_iter().collect(),
-    }
+    })
 }
 
 pub fn normalize_network_key(scheme: &str, host: &str) -> AnyResult<(String, String)> {
@@ -81,23 +99,20 @@ fn normalize_requested_network_entries(
 fn normalize_requested_network_permissions(
     permissions: &SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
 ) -> AnyResult<SageRequestedNetworkPermissions> {
-    let required = normalize_requested_network_entries(
-        &permissions.whitelist.required,
-    )?;
+    let required =
+        normalize_requested_network_entries(&permissions.whitelist.required)?;
 
     let required_keys: BTreeSet<_> = required
         .iter()
         .map(|entry| (entry.scheme.clone(), entry.host.clone()))
         .collect();
 
-    let optional = normalize_requested_network_entries(
-        &permissions.whitelist.optional,
-    )?
-    .into_iter()
-    .filter(|entry| {
-        !required_keys.contains(&(entry.scheme.clone(), entry.host.clone()))
-    })
-    .collect();
+    let optional = normalize_requested_network_entries(&permissions.whitelist.optional)?
+        .into_iter()
+        .filter(|entry| {
+            !required_keys.contains(&(entry.scheme.clone(), entry.host.clone()))
+        })
+        .collect();
 
     Ok(SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
         whitelist: crate::apps::types::SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist {
@@ -112,7 +127,7 @@ pub fn normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions(
 ) -> AnyResult<SageRequestedPermissions> {
     let normalized = SageRequestedPermissions {
         network: normalize_requested_network_permissions(&permissions.network)?,
-        capabilities: normalize_capability_keys(&permissions.capabilities),
+        capabilities: normalize_capability_keys(&permissions.capabilities)?,
     };
 
     validate_requested_permission_policy(&normalized)?;
@@ -162,6 +177,22 @@ pub fn summarize_permissions(keys: &[String]) -> AnyResult<PermissionSummary> {
     Ok(summary)
 }
 
+pub fn resolve_shared_capabilities(
+    granted_capabilities: &[String],
+) -> AnyResult<Vec<String>> {
+    let mut shared = BTreeSet::new();
+
+    for key in granted_capabilities {
+        let definition = require_permission_definition(key)?;
+
+        if definition.shared_with_app {
+            shared.insert(key.clone());
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(shared.into_iter().collect())
+}
+
 pub fn validate_requested_permission_policy(
     permissions: &SageRequestedPermissions,
 ) -> AnyResult<()> {
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/registry.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/registry.rs
index fd4761b96..3c8b8799c 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/registry.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/registry.rs
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ use std::{
 use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult};
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 
+use crate::apps::permissions::resolve_shared_capabilities;
 use crate::apps::types::{
     CorruptedInstalledSageApp, InstalledSageApp, InstalledSageAppPendingUpdate,
     InstalledSageAppPermissionFlags, InstalledSageAppSnapshot, InstalledSageAppSource,
@@ -104,6 +105,9 @@ struct PersistedInstalledSageApp {
     #[serde(rename = "grantedPermissions", alias = "granted_permissions")]
     granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
 
+    #[serde(rename = "sharedCapabilities", alias = "shared_capabilities", default)]
+    shared_capabilities: Option<Vec<String>>,
+
     #[serde(rename = "permissionFlags", alias = "permission_flags")]
     permission_flags: InstalledSageAppPermissionFlags,
 
@@ -288,6 +292,7 @@ fn to_persisted_installed_app(app: &InstalledSageApp) -> PersistedInstalledSageA
             &app.requested_permissions,
         ),
         granted_permissions: app.granted_permissions.clone(),
+        shared_capabilities: Some(app.shared_capabilities.clone()),
         permission_flags: app.permission_flags.clone(),
         source: app.source.clone(),
         active_snapshot: to_persisted_snapshot(&app.active_snapshot),
@@ -301,6 +306,11 @@ fn to_persisted_installed_app(app: &InstalledSageApp) -> PersistedInstalledSageA
 fn from_persisted_installed_app(
     app: PersistedInstalledSageApp,
 ) -> AnyResult<InstalledSageApp> {
+    let shared_capabilities = match app.shared_capabilities {
+        Some(shared_capabilities) => shared_capabilities,
+        None => resolve_shared_capabilities(&app.granted_permissions.capabilities)?,
+    };
+
     Ok(InstalledSageApp {
         id: app.id,
         name: app.name,
@@ -312,6 +322,7 @@ fn from_persisted_installed_app(
             app.requested_permissions,
         )?,
         granted_permissions: app.granted_permissions,
+        shared_capabilities,
         permission_flags: app.permission_flags,
         source: app.source,
         active_snapshot: from_persisted_snapshot(app.active_snapshot)?,
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs
index 7b2478cc8..153f071a6 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs
@@ -158,6 +158,9 @@ pub struct InstalledSageApp {
     #[serde(rename = "grantedPermissions", alias = "granted_permissions")]
     pub granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
 
+    #[serde(rename = "sharedCapabilities", alias = "shared_capabilities", default)]
+    pub shared_capabilities: Vec<String>,
+
     #[serde(rename = "permissionFlags", alias = "permission_flags")]
     pub permission_flags: InstalledSageAppPermissionFlags,
 
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs
index 6d9966b94..13b3c38c3 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ use crate::{
     },
     error::Result,
 };
+use crate::apps::permissions::resolve_shared_capabilities;
 use crate::apps::types::SageGrantedPermissions;
 
 #[command]
@@ -181,6 +182,12 @@ pub async fn apply_app_update(
             whitelist: granted_network_whitelist,
         },
     };
+    app.shared_capabilities = resolve_shared_capabilities(
+        &app.granted_permissions.capabilities,
+    )
+        .map_err(|err| {
+            io::Error::other(format!("failed to resolve shared capabilities: {err}"))
+        })?;
 
     app.permission_flags = permission_flags;
     app.active_snapshot = snapshot;
@@ -235,6 +242,10 @@ pub async fn apps_update_permissions(
             whitelist: granted_network_whitelist,
         },
     };
+    app.shared_capabilities = resolve_shared_capabilities(
+        &app.granted_permissions.capabilities,
+    )
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to resolve shared capabilities: {err}")))?;
 
     app.permission_flags = resolve_granted_permission_flags(
         &app.granted_permissions.capabilities,
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index 0a5a18005..5712fafcf 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -1757,7 +1757,7 @@ index: number }
  */
 export type IncreaseDerivationIndexResponse = Record<string, never>
 export type InheritedNetwork = "mainnet" | "testnet11"
-export type InstalledSageApp = { id: string; name: string; version: string; installDir: string; entryFile: string; iconFile: string; requestedPermissions: SageRequestedPermissions; grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions; permissionFlags: InstalledSageAppPermissionFlags; source: InstalledSageAppSource; activeSnapshot: InstalledSageAppSnapshot; pendingUpdate: InstalledSageAppPendingUpdate | null }
+export type InstalledSageApp = { id: string; name: string; version: string; installDir: string; entryFile: string; iconFile: string; requestedPermissions: SageRequestedPermissions; grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions; sharedCapabilities?: string[]; permissionFlags: InstalledSageAppPermissionFlags; source: InstalledSageAppSource; activeSnapshot: InstalledSageAppSnapshot; pendingUpdate: InstalledSageAppPendingUpdate | null }
 export type InstalledSageAppPendingUpdate = { appUrl: string; manifestUrl: string; manifestHash: string; manifest: SageAppPackageManifest }
 export type InstalledSageAppPermissionFlags = { hasSecretAccess: boolean; hasExternalAccess: boolean; storageMayContainSecrets: boolean; isolated: boolean }
 export type InstalledSageAppSnapshot = { manifestHash: string; snapshotDir: string; totalBytes: number; manifest: SageAppPackageManifest }
diff --git a/src/components/apps/AppUpdateDialog.tsx b/src/components/apps/AppUpdateDialog.tsx
index f4f445275..c72ea725a 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/AppUpdateDialog.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/AppUpdateDialog.tsx
@@ -201,18 +201,18 @@ export function AppUpdateDialog({
                     <div className='rounded-md border p-3'>
                       <AppPermissions
                         permissions={buildAddedPermissionsViewModel(delta)}
-                        grantedPermissions={[
+                        grantedCapabilities={[
                           ...delta.addedRequestedCapabilities.required,
                           ...selectedAddedOptionalCapabilities,
                         ]}
                         editable
-                        onGrantedPermissionsChange={(next) => {
+                        onGrantedCapabilitiesChange={(next: string[]) => {
                           const requiredSet = new Set(
                             delta.addedRequestedCapabilities.required,
                           );
 
                           setSelectedAddedOptionalCapabilities(
-                            next.filter((key) => !requiredSet.has(key)),
+                            next.filter((key: string) => !requiredSet.has(key)),
                           );
                         }}
                       />
diff --git a/src/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx b/src/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx
index 4db2f5b59..befdafa02 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx
@@ -155,9 +155,9 @@ export function InstallAppForm({
         source={source}
         error={error}
         installing={installing}
-        grantedPermissions={grantedPermissions}
+        grantedCapabilities={grantedPermissions}
         grantedNetworkWhitelist={grantedNetworkWhitelist}
-        onGrantedPermissionsChange={setGrantedPermissions}
+        onGrantedCapabilitiesChange={setGrantedPermissions}
         onGrantedNetworkWhitelistChange={setGrantedNetworkWhitelist}
         onCancel={resetDialog}
         onConfirm={confirmInstall}
diff --git a/src/components/apps/permissions/AppPermissions.tsx b/src/components/apps/permissions/AppPermissions.tsx
index 2fa6bbd51..c47760c65 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/permissions/AppPermissions.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/permissions/AppPermissions.tsx
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import { SageRequestedPermissions } from '@sage-app/sdk';
 
 type Tone = 'default' | 'added' | 'removed' | 'warning';
 
-interface PermissionEntry {
+interface CapabilityEntry {
   key: string;
   required: boolean;
   granted: boolean;
@@ -15,17 +15,17 @@ interface PermissionEntry {
 
 interface Props {
   permissions: SageRequestedPermissions | null | undefined;
-  grantedPermissions?: string[];
+  grantedCapabilities?: string[];
   editable?: boolean;
   tone?: Tone;
-  onGrantedPermissionsChange?: (next: string[]) => void;
+  onGrantedCapabilitiesChange?: (next: string[]) => void;
 }
 
 function buildEntries(
   permissions: SageRequestedPermissions | null | undefined,
-  grantedPermissions: string[],
-): PermissionEntry[] {
-  const grantedSet = new Set(grantedPermissions);
+  grantedCapabilities: string[],
+): CapabilityEntry[] {
+  const grantedSet = new Set(grantedCapabilities);
 
   const requiredEntries = (permissions?.capabilities?.required ?? []).map(
     (key) => ({
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ function buildEntries(
   );
 }
 
-function buildTree(entries: PermissionEntry[]): AppPermissionTreeNode {
+function buildTree(entries: CapabilityEntry[]): AppPermissionTreeNode {
   const root: AppPermissionTreeNode = {
     segment: '',
     fullPath: '',
@@ -110,21 +110,21 @@ function currentSort(node: AppPermissionTreeNode) {
 
 export function AppPermissions({
   permissions,
-  grantedPermissions = [],
+  grantedCapabilities = [],
   editable = false,
   tone = 'default',
-  onGrantedPermissionsChange,
+  onGrantedCapabilitiesChange,
 }: Props) {
-  const [localGrantedPermissions, setLocalGrantedPermissions] =
-    useState<string[]>(grantedPermissions);
+  const [localGrantedCapabilities, setLocalGrantedCapabilities] =
+    useState<string[]>(grantedCapabilities);
 
   useEffect(() => {
-    setLocalGrantedPermissions(grantedPermissions);
-  }, [grantedPermissions]);
+    setLocalGrantedCapabilities(grantedCapabilities);
+  }, [grantedCapabilities]);
 
   const entries = useMemo(() => {
-    return buildEntries(permissions, localGrantedPermissions);
-  }, [permissions, localGrantedPermissions]);
+    return buildEntries(permissions, localGrantedCapabilities);
+  }, [permissions, localGrantedCapabilities]);
 
   const tree = useMemo(() => buildTree(entries), [entries]);
 
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ export function AppPermissions({
       return;
     }
 
-    setLocalGrantedPermissions((prev) => {
+    setLocalGrantedCapabilities((prev) => {
       const prevSet = new Set(prev);
 
       if (nextGranted) {
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ export function AppPermissions({
 
       const next = [...prevSet].sort((a, b) => a.localeCompare(b));
 
-      onGrantedPermissionsChange?.(next);
+      onGrantedCapabilitiesChange?.(next);
       return next;
     });
   }
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ export function AppPermissions({
   if (!hasEntries) {
     return (
       <div className='text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
-        This app does not request any permissions.
+        This app does not request any capabilities.
       </div>
     );
   }
diff --git a/src/components/apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx b/src/components/apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx
index f870289e5..8b9b40a3f 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx
@@ -30,9 +30,9 @@ interface Props {
   source: InstallSource | null;
   error: string | null;
   installing: boolean;
-  grantedPermissions: string[];
+  grantedCapabilities: string[];
   grantedNetworkWhitelist: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[];
-  onGrantedPermissionsChange: (next: string[]) => void;
+  onGrantedCapabilitiesChange: (next: string[]) => void;
   onGrantedNetworkWhitelistChange: (
     next: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[],
   ) => void;
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ interface Props {
 
 function buildPreviewApp(
   manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
-  grantedPermissions: string[],
+  grantedCapabilities: string[],
   grantedNetworkWhitelist: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[],
 ): InstalledSageApp {
   return {
@@ -65,11 +65,12 @@ function buildPreviewApp(
       },
     },
     grantedPermissions: {
-      capabilities: grantedPermissions,
+      capabilities: grantedCapabilities,
       network: {
         whitelist: grantedNetworkWhitelist,
       },
     },
+    sharedCapabilities: grantedCapabilities,
     permissionFlags: {
       hasSecretAccess: false,
       hasExternalAccess: false,
@@ -91,9 +92,9 @@ export function InstallPermissionsDialog({
   source,
   error,
   installing,
-  grantedPermissions,
+  grantedCapabilities,
   grantedNetworkWhitelist,
-  onGrantedPermissionsChange,
+  onGrantedCapabilitiesChange,
   onGrantedNetworkWhitelistChange,
   onCancel,
   onConfirm,
@@ -113,7 +114,7 @@ export function InstallPermissionsDialog({
 
   const previewApp = buildPreviewApp(
     manifest,
-    grantedPermissions,
+    grantedCapabilities,
     grantedNetworkWhitelist,
   );
 
@@ -132,9 +133,9 @@ export function InstallPermissionsDialog({
 
           <PermissionsEditor
             app={previewApp}
-            grantedPermissions={grantedPermissions}
+            grantedCapabilities={grantedCapabilities}
             grantedNetworkWhitelist={grantedNetworkWhitelist}
-            onGrantedPermissionsChange={onGrantedPermissionsChange}
+            onGrantedCapabilitiesChange={onGrantedCapabilitiesChange}
             onGrantedNetworkWhitelistChange={onGrantedNetworkWhitelistChange}
           />
 
diff --git a/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsDialog.tsx b/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsDialog.tsx
index 1141494e5..a91a7ba6d 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsDialog.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsDialog.tsx
@@ -17,9 +17,9 @@ interface Props {
   description?: string | null;
   error: string | null;
   submitting: boolean;
-  grantedPermissions: string[];
+  grantedCapabilities: string[];
   grantedNetworkWhitelist: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[];
-  onGrantedPermissionsChange: (next: string[]) => void;
+  onGrantedCapabilitiesChange: (next: string[]) => void;
   onGrantedNetworkWhitelistChange: (
     next: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[],
   ) => void;
@@ -34,9 +34,9 @@ export function PermissionsDialog({
   description,
   error,
   submitting,
-  grantedPermissions,
+  grantedCapabilities,
   grantedNetworkWhitelist,
-  onGrantedPermissionsChange,
+  onGrantedCapabilitiesChange,
   onGrantedNetworkWhitelistChange,
   onCancel,
   onConfirm,
@@ -61,9 +61,9 @@ export function PermissionsDialog({
 
             <PermissionsEditor
               app={app}
-              grantedPermissions={grantedPermissions}
+              grantedCapabilities={grantedCapabilities}
               grantedNetworkWhitelist={grantedNetworkWhitelist}
-              onGrantedPermissionsChange={onGrantedPermissionsChange}
+              onGrantedCapabilitiesChange={onGrantedCapabilitiesChange}
               onGrantedNetworkWhitelistChange={onGrantedNetworkWhitelistChange}
             />
 
diff --git a/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx b/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx
index 3b86d3907..dd888f071 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx
@@ -3,9 +3,9 @@ import { AppPermissions } from './AppPermissions';
 
 interface Props {
   app: InstalledSageApp;
-  grantedPermissions: string[];
+  grantedCapabilities: string[];
   grantedNetworkWhitelist: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[];
-  onGrantedPermissionsChange: (next: string[]) => void;
+  onGrantedCapabilitiesChange: (next: string[]) => void;
   onGrantedNetworkWhitelistChange: (
     next: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[],
   ) => void;
@@ -27,9 +27,9 @@ function networkKey(entry: SageNetworkPermissionTarget): string {
 
 export function PermissionsEditor({
   app,
-  grantedPermissions,
+  grantedCapabilities,
   grantedNetworkWhitelist,
-  onGrantedPermissionsChange,
+  onGrantedCapabilitiesChange,
   onGrantedNetworkWhitelistChange,
 }: Props) {
   const manifest = app.pendingUpdate?.manifest ?? app.activeSnapshot.manifest;
@@ -78,13 +78,13 @@ export function PermissionsEditor({
   return (
     <div className='space-y-5'>
       <div className='space-y-3'>
-        <h3 className='text-sm font-medium'>Permissions</h3>
+        <h3 className='text-sm font-medium'>Capabilities</h3>
 
         <AppPermissions
           permissions={app.requestedPermissions}
-          grantedPermissions={grantedPermissions}
+          grantedCapabilities={grantedCapabilities}
           editable
-          onGrantedPermissionsChange={onGrantedPermissionsChange}
+          onGrantedCapabilitiesChange={onGrantedCapabilitiesChange}
         />
       </div>
 
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ export function PermissionsEditor({
           </div>
 
           <div className='text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
-            Network access is configured separately from permissions.
+            Network access is configured separately from capabilities.
           </div>
         </div>
       ) : null}
diff --git a/src/hooks/useApps.ts b/src/hooks/useApps.ts
index 11d89194a..7644023d2 100644
--- a/src/hooks/useApps.ts
+++ b/src/hooks/useApps.ts
@@ -100,13 +100,13 @@ export function useAppsInternal() {
   const installApp = useCallback(
     async (
       zipPath: string,
-      permissions: string[],
+      capabilities: string[],
       networkWhitelist: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[],
     ) => {
       await invoke<InstalledSageApp>('install_app_zip', {
         zipPath,
         grantedPermissions: {
-          capabilities: permissions,
+          capabilities,
           network: {
             whitelist: networkWhitelist,
           },
@@ -120,13 +120,13 @@ export function useAppsInternal() {
   const installUrlApp = useCallback(
     async (
       appUrl: string,
-      permissions: string[],
+      capabilities: string[],
       networkWhitelist: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[],
     ) => {
       await invoke<InstalledSageApp>('install_app_url', {
         appUrl,
         grantedPermissions: {
-          capabilities: permissions,
+          capabilities,
           network: {
             whitelist: networkWhitelist,
           },
diff --git a/src/pages/Apps.tsx b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
index bcf74687d..efb8f7e06 100644
--- a/src/pages/Apps.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
@@ -879,9 +879,9 @@ export function Apps() {
 
               <PermissionsEditor
                 app={permissionsDialogApp}
-                grantedPermissions={editingGrantedPermissions}
+                grantedCapabilities={editingGrantedPermissions}
                 grantedNetworkWhitelist={editingGrantedNetworkWhitelist}
-                onGrantedPermissionsChange={setEditingGrantedPermissions}
+                onGrantedCapabilitiesChange={setEditingGrantedPermissions}
                 onGrantedNetworkWhitelistChange={
                   setEditingGrantedNetworkWhitelist
                 }

From 27fa0ca53ff798aabff86c9430fbe7682ab553d9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Mon, 20 Apr 2026 01:50:50 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 109/471] Simplify app installation permissions handling:

- Replace separate `capabilities` and `networkWhitelist` inputs with unified `grantedPermissions` object.
- Refactor `useApps` hooks, forms, and permission utilities to support new permissions structure.
- Improve permission initialization and reset logic for streamlined install flows.
---
 src/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx        | 64 +++++++++----------
 .../apps/permissions/permissionUtils.ts       | 35 ++++++----
 src/hooks/useApps.ts                          | 27 ++------
 src/pages/Apps.tsx                            |  9 +--
 4 files changed, 60 insertions(+), 75 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx b/src/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx
index befdafa02..884b96af1 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx
@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@ import { useState } from 'react';
 import type {
   SageAppPackageManifest,
   SageAppUrlPreview,
+  SageGrantedPermissions,
   SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
 } from '@/bindings';
 import { formatAppError } from '@/lib/apps/formatAppError.ts';
 import { InstallSourceCard } from './InstallSourceCard';
 import {
-  buildFullyForbiddenPermissions,
-  buildInitialGrantedNetworkWhitelist,
+  buildEmptyGrantedPermissions,
   buildInitialGrantedPermissions,
 } from '@/components/apps/permissions/permissionUtils.ts';
 import { InstallPermissionsDialog } from '@/components/apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx';
@@ -18,13 +18,11 @@ interface Props {
   onPreviewUrl: (appUrl: string) => Promise<SageAppUrlPreview>;
   onInstallZip: (
     zipPath: string,
-    permissions: string[],
-    networkWhitelist: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[],
+    grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
   ) => Promise<void>;
   onInstallUrl: (
     appUrl: string,
-    permissions: string[],
-    networkWhitelist: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[],
+    grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
   ) => Promise<void>;
 }
 
@@ -50,12 +48,24 @@ export function InstallAppForm({
   const [error, setError] = useState<string | null>(null);
   const [urlInput, setUrlInput] = useState('');
   const [source, setSource] = useState<InstallSource | null>(null);
-  const [grantedPermissions, setGrantedPermissions] = useState<string[]>(
-    buildFullyForbiddenPermissions(),
-  );
-  const [grantedNetworkWhitelist, setGrantedNetworkWhitelist] = useState<
-    SageNetworkPermissionTarget[]
-  >([]);
+  const [grantedPermissions, setGrantedPermissions] =
+    useState<SageGrantedPermissions>(buildEmptyGrantedPermissions());
+
+  function setGrantedCapabilities(next: string[]) {
+    setGrantedPermissions((prev) => ({
+      ...prev,
+      capabilities: next,
+    }));
+  }
+
+  function setGrantedNetworkWhitelist(next: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[]) {
+    setGrantedPermissions((prev) => ({
+      ...prev,
+      network: {
+        whitelist: next,
+      },
+    }));
+  }
 
   async function handleSelectZipPath(zipPath: string) {
     try {
@@ -70,9 +80,6 @@ export function InstallAppForm({
       });
 
       setGrantedPermissions(buildInitialGrantedPermissions(nextManifest));
-      setGrantedNetworkWhitelist(
-        buildInitialGrantedNetworkWhitelist(nextManifest),
-      );
     } catch (err) {
       setError(formatAppError(err));
     }
@@ -91,9 +98,6 @@ export function InstallAppForm({
       });
 
       setGrantedPermissions(buildInitialGrantedPermissions(preview.manifest));
-      setGrantedNetworkWhitelist(
-        buildInitialGrantedNetworkWhitelist(preview.manifest),
-      );
     } catch (err) {
       setError(formatAppError(err));
     }
@@ -109,22 +113,13 @@ export function InstallAppForm({
       setError(null);
 
       if (source.kind === 'zip') {
-        await onInstallZip(
-          source.zipPath,
-          grantedPermissions,
-          grantedNetworkWhitelist,
-        );
+        await onInstallZip(source.zipPath, grantedPermissions);
       } else {
-        await onInstallUrl(
-          source.appUrl,
-          grantedPermissions,
-          grantedNetworkWhitelist,
-        );
+        await onInstallUrl(source.appUrl, grantedPermissions);
       }
 
       setSource(null);
-      setGrantedPermissions(buildFullyForbiddenPermissions());
-      setGrantedNetworkWhitelist([]);
+      setGrantedPermissions(buildEmptyGrantedPermissions());
       setUrlInput('');
     } catch (err) {
       setError(formatAppError(err));
@@ -135,8 +130,7 @@ export function InstallAppForm({
 
   function resetDialog() {
     setSource(null);
-    setGrantedPermissions(buildFullyForbiddenPermissions());
-    setGrantedNetworkWhitelist([]);
+    setGrantedPermissions(buildEmptyGrantedPermissions());
     setError(null);
   }
 
@@ -155,9 +149,9 @@ export function InstallAppForm({
         source={source}
         error={error}
         installing={installing}
-        grantedCapabilities={grantedPermissions}
-        grantedNetworkWhitelist={grantedNetworkWhitelist}
-        onGrantedCapabilitiesChange={setGrantedPermissions}
+        grantedCapabilities={grantedPermissions.capabilities}
+        grantedNetworkWhitelist={grantedPermissions.network.whitelist}
+        onGrantedCapabilitiesChange={setGrantedCapabilities}
         onGrantedNetworkWhitelistChange={setGrantedNetworkWhitelist}
         onCancel={resetDialog}
         onConfirm={confirmInstall}
diff --git a/src/components/apps/permissions/permissionUtils.ts b/src/components/apps/permissions/permissionUtils.ts
index f7cc26079..3c0179f18 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/permissions/permissionUtils.ts
+++ b/src/components/apps/permissions/permissionUtils.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import type {
   SageAppPackageManifest,
+  SageGrantedPermissions,
   SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
 } from '@/bindings';
 
@@ -13,22 +14,30 @@ function sortNetworkEntries(
   });
 }
 
-export function buildFullyForbiddenPermissions(): string[] {
-  return [];
+function sortStrings(values: string[]): string[] {
+  return [...values].sort((a, b) => a.localeCompare(b));
 }
 
-export function buildInitialGrantedPermissions(
-  manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
-): string[] {
-  return [...(manifest.permissions?.capabilities?.required ?? [])].sort(
-    (a, b) => a.localeCompare(b),
-  );
+export function buildEmptyGrantedPermissions(): SageGrantedPermissions {
+  return {
+    capabilities: [],
+    network: {
+      whitelist: [],
+    },
+  };
 }
 
-export function buildInitialGrantedNetworkWhitelist(
+export function buildInitialGrantedPermissions(
   manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
-): SageNetworkPermissionTarget[] {
-  return sortNetworkEntries(
-    manifest.permissions?.network?.whitelist?.required ?? [],
-  );
+): SageGrantedPermissions {
+  return {
+    capabilities: sortStrings(
+      manifest.permissions?.capabilities?.required ?? [],
+    ),
+    network: {
+      whitelist: sortNetworkEntries(
+        manifest.permissions?.network?.whitelist?.required ?? [],
+      ),
+    },
+  };
 }
diff --git a/src/hooks/useApps.ts b/src/hooks/useApps.ts
index 7644023d2..627af481a 100644
--- a/src/hooks/useApps.ts
+++ b/src/hooks/useApps.ts
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ import {
   ListedSageApp,
   SageAppUrlPreview,
   SageGrantedPermissions,
-  SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
   SandboxStateView,
 } from '@/bindings.ts';
 import { formatAppError } from '@/lib/apps/formatAppError.ts';
@@ -98,19 +97,10 @@ export function useAppsInternal() {
   }, []);
 
   const installApp = useCallback(
-    async (
-      zipPath: string,
-      capabilities: string[],
-      networkWhitelist: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[],
-    ) => {
+    async (zipPath: string, grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions) => {
       await invoke<InstalledSageApp>('install_app_zip', {
         zipPath,
-        grantedPermissions: {
-          capabilities,
-          network: {
-            whitelist: networkWhitelist,
-          },
-        },
+        grantedPermissions,
       });
       await refresh();
     },
@@ -118,19 +108,10 @@ export function useAppsInternal() {
   );
 
   const installUrlApp = useCallback(
-    async (
-      appUrl: string,
-      capabilities: string[],
-      networkWhitelist: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[],
-    ) => {
+    async (appUrl: string, grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions) => {
       await invoke<InstalledSageApp>('install_app_url', {
         appUrl,
-        grantedPermissions: {
-          capabilities,
-          network: {
-            whitelist: networkWhitelist,
-          },
-        },
+        grantedPermissions,
       });
       await refresh();
     },
diff --git a/src/pages/Apps.tsx b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
index efb8f7e06..a9438e0f7 100644
--- a/src/pages/Apps.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
@@ -456,6 +456,7 @@ export function Apps() {
       setPermissionsDialogBusy(false);
     }
   }, [
+    clearAppStorage,
     permissionsDialogApp,
     pendingPermissionsRetry,
     editingGrantedNetworkWhitelist,
@@ -843,12 +844,12 @@ export function Apps() {
             onPreviewUrl={(appUrl: string) =>
               invoke<SageAppUrlPreview>('preview_app_url', { appUrl })
             }
-            onInstallZip={async (zipPath, permissions, networkWhitelist) => {
-              await installApp(zipPath, permissions, networkWhitelist);
+            onInstallZip={async (zipPath, grantedPermissions) => {
+              await installApp(zipPath, grantedPermissions);
               setInstallOpen(false);
             }}
-            onInstallUrl={async (appUrl, permissions, networkWhitelist) => {
-              await installUrlApp(appUrl, permissions, networkWhitelist);
+            onInstallUrl={async (appUrl, grantedPermissions) => {
+              await installUrlApp(appUrl, grantedPermissions);
               setInstallOpen(false);
             }}
           />

From 863c6af314dd09a7cefc38b3b67e1a84aa160aab Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Mon, 20 Apr 2026 02:20:48 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 110/471] Refactor permissions to capabilities:

- Replaced `sharedCapabilities` with `capabilities` field across `InstalledSageApp` and related types.
- Renamed `permission_flags` to `capability_flags` and removed `shared_capabilities` handling.
- Consolidated `getPermissions` and `resolve_shared_capabilities` into `getCapabilities`.
- Updated permission registry, runtime, bridge methods, and UI components to match the new capabilities structure.
- Improved clarity and maintainability of the app installation and update flows.
---
 packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts          |  6 +-
 packages/sage-app-sdk/src/types.ts            |  4 +-
 src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/system.rs   | 17 +++--
 src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/mod.rs              |  4 +-
 src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/registry.rs         |  4 +-
 src-tauri/src/apps/builtin_apps.rs            |  5 +-
 ...ion_registry.rs => capability_registry.rs} | 30 ++++----
 src-tauri/src/apps/install.rs                 |  9 +--
 src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs                     |  2 +-
 src-tauri/src/apps/permissions.rs             | 44 ++++++------
 src-tauri/src/apps/registry.rs                | 17 +----
 src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs                   | 39 +----------
 src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs                  | 11 ---
 src/bindings.ts                               |  4 +-
 .../apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx        |  1 -
 src/lib/apps/bridge/types.ts                  |  6 +-
 src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts               |  5 +-
 src/pages/Apps.tsx                            | 70 ++++++++++---------
 18 files changed, 114 insertions(+), 164 deletions(-)
 rename src-tauri/src/apps/{permission_registry.rs => capability_registry.rs} (76%)

diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
index 07c1ddf7b..36ed91210 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ function buildFallbackAppInfo(): SageAppInfo {
         optional: [],
       },
     },
-    sharedCapabilities: [],
+    capabilities: [],
     network: [],
   };
 }
@@ -257,8 +257,8 @@ export function initSageRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
         return await callHost<SageAppInfo>('app.getInfo');
       },
 
-      async getPermissions() {
-        return await callHost<string[]>('sage.getPermissions');
+      async getCapabilities() {
+        return await callHost<string[]>('sage.getCapabilities');
       },
     },
 
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/types.ts b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/types.ts
index 730e651b2..6ea9d544b 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/types.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/types.ts
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ export type SageAppInfo = {
   name: string;
   version: string;
   requestedPermissions: SageRequestedPermissions;
-  sharedCapabilities: string[];
+  capabilities: string[];
   network: SageNetworkPermission[];
 };
 
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ export type SageAppClient = {
   bridgePing(): Promise<unknown>;
   bridgeSend(input: SageBridgeSendPayload): Promise<unknown>;
   getInfo(): Promise<SageAppInfo>;
-  getPermissions(): Promise<string[]>;
+  getCapabilities(): Promise<string[]>;
 };
 
 export type SageLifecycleClient = {
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/system.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/system.rs
index 3a031f80f..93bc5f3f3 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/system.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/system.rs
@@ -3,11 +3,12 @@ use serde_json::json;
 
 use super::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::apps::bridge::{success, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
+use crate::apps::permissions::resolve_shared_capabilities;
 
 pub struct BridgePing;
 pub struct BridgeSend;
 pub struct AppGetInfo;
-pub struct SageGetPermissions;
+pub struct SageGetCapabilities;
 
 #[async_trait]
 impl BridgeMethod for BridgePing {
@@ -63,6 +64,10 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppGetInfo {
         _tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
         request: &RustBridgeRequest,
     ) -> RustBridgeResponse {
+        let capabilities =
+            resolve_shared_capabilities(&ctx.app.granted_permissions.capabilities)
+                .unwrap_or_default();
+
         success(
             &request.id,
             json!({
@@ -70,7 +75,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppGetInfo {
                 "name": ctx.app.name,
                 "version": ctx.app.version,
                 "requestedPermissions": ctx.app.requested_permissions,
-                "sharedCapabilities": ctx.app.shared_capabilities,
+                "capabilities": capabilities,
                 "network": ctx.app.active_snapshot.manifest.permissions.network.whitelist.required,
             }),
         )
@@ -78,16 +83,20 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppGetInfo {
 }
 
 #[async_trait]
-impl BridgeMethod for SageGetPermissions {
+impl BridgeMethod for SageGetCapabilities {
     async fn handle(
         &self,
         ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
         _tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
         request: &RustBridgeRequest,
     ) -> RustBridgeResponse {
+        let capabilities =
+            resolve_shared_capabilities(&ctx.app.granted_permissions.capabilities)
+                .unwrap_or_default();
+
         success(
             &request.id,
-            serde_json::to_value(&ctx.app.shared_capabilities)
+            serde_json::to_value(&capabilities)
                 .unwrap_or_else(|_| json!([])),
         )
     }
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/mod.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/mod.rs
index 1e965d7ea..3bc6329d1 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/mod.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/mod.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use tokio::sync::Mutex;
 use uuid::Uuid;
 
 use crate::app_state::AppState;
-use crate::apps::permission_registry::require_permission_definition;
+use crate::apps::capability_registry::require_capability_definition;
 use crate::apps::runtime::{apps_assert_bridge_origin, resolve_app};
 use crate::apps::state::AppsHostState;
 use crate::apps::types::InstalledSageApp;
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ pub async fn apps_handle_bridge_request(
     };
 
     if let Some(capability_key) = method.permission() {
-        let capability_definition = require_permission_definition(capability_key)
+        let capability_definition = require_capability_definition(capability_key)
             .map_err(|err| {
                 format!(
                     "bridge method declared unknown capability {capability_key}: {err}"
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/registry.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/registry.rs
index a45aa6538..7aac6860a 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/registry.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/registry.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 
-use super::methods::system::{AppGetInfo, BridgePing, BridgeSend, SageGetPermissions};
+use super::methods::system::{AppGetInfo, BridgePing, BridgeSend, SageGetCapabilities};
 use super::methods::wallet::WalletSendXch;
 use super::methods::BridgeMethod;
 
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ impl BridgeRegistry {
         methods.insert("bridge.ping", Box::new(BridgePing));
         methods.insert("bridge.send", Box::new(BridgeSend));
         methods.insert("app.getInfo", Box::new(AppGetInfo));
-        methods.insert("sage.getPermissions", Box::new(SageGetPermissions));
+        methods.insert("sage.getCapabilities", Box::new(SageGetCapabilities));
         methods.insert("wallet.sendXch", Box::new(WalletSendXch));
 
         Self { methods }
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/builtin_apps.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/builtin_apps.rs
index a508253e2..6af301af2 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/builtin_apps.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/builtin_apps.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use crate::apps::{
     install::{manifest_entry_file, manifest_icon_file},
     permissions::{
         normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions, resolve_granted_permission_flags,
-        resolve_shared_capabilities, validate_granted_permissions,
+        validate_granted_permissions,
     },
     types::{
         InstalledSageApp, InstalledSageAppSnapshot, InstalledSageAppSource, SageAppPackageManifest,
@@ -171,8 +171,6 @@ pub fn build_builtin_test_app(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<InstalledSageApp
     validate_granted_permissions(&manifest.permissions, &granted_permissions.capabilities)?;
     let permission_flags =
         resolve_granted_permission_flags(&granted_permissions.capabilities, None)?;
-    let shared_capabilities =
-        resolve_shared_capabilities(&granted_permissions.capabilities)?;
 
     let entry_file_name = manifest_entry_file(&manifest).to_string();
     let icon_file_name = manifest_icon_file(&manifest).to_string();
@@ -204,7 +202,6 @@ pub fn build_builtin_test_app(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<InstalledSageApp
         icon_file: icon_file_name,
         requested_permissions: manifest.permissions.clone(),
         granted_permissions,
-        shared_capabilities,
         permission_flags,
         source: InstalledSageAppSource::Zip,
         active_snapshot: InstalledSageAppSnapshot {
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/permission_registry.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/capability_registry.rs
similarity index 76%
rename from src-tauri/src/apps/permission_registry.rs
rename to src-tauri/src/apps/capability_registry.rs
index 26d9dd347..5f948a985 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/permission_registry.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/capability_registry.rs
@@ -1,44 +1,44 @@
 use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
-pub struct PermissionFlags {
+pub struct CapabilityFlags {
     pub externally_observable: bool,
     pub accesses_sensitive_secret: bool,
     pub persistent_storage: bool,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
-pub struct PermissionDefinition {
+pub struct CapabilityDefinition {
     pub key: &'static str,
     pub label: &'static str,
     pub description: &'static str,
-    pub flags: PermissionFlags,
+    pub flags: CapabilityFlags,
     pub requestable_by_app: bool,
     pub shared_with_app: bool,
 }
 
-pub fn get_permission_definition(key: &str) -> Option<PermissionDefinition> {
+pub fn get_capability_definition(key: &str) -> Option<CapabilityDefinition> {
     registry().get(key).copied()
 }
 
-pub fn require_permission_definition(
+pub fn require_capability_definition(
     key: &str,
-) -> anyhow::Result<PermissionDefinition> {
-    get_permission_definition(key)
-        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("unknown permission: {}", key))
+) -> anyhow::Result<CapabilityDefinition> {
+    get_capability_definition(key)
+        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("unknown capability: {}", key))
 }
 
-pub fn registry() -> BTreeMap<&'static str, PermissionDefinition> {
+pub fn registry() -> BTreeMap<&'static str, CapabilityDefinition> {
     let mut map = BTreeMap::new();
 
     map.insert(
         "persistent_storage",
-        PermissionDefinition {
+        CapabilityDefinition {
             key: "persistent_storage",
             label: "Persistent storage",
             description:
             "Allows the app to store data on this device between sessions.",
-            flags: PermissionFlags {
+            flags: CapabilityFlags {
                 externally_observable: false,
                 accesses_sensitive_secret: false,
                 persistent_storage: true,
@@ -50,12 +50,12 @@ pub fn registry() -> BTreeMap<&'static str, PermissionDefinition> {
 
     map.insert(
         "wallet.send_xch",
-        PermissionDefinition {
+        CapabilityDefinition {
             key: "wallet.send_xch",
             label: "Send XCH",
             description:
             "Allows the app to request XCH transactions from your wallet.",
-            flags: PermissionFlags {
+            flags: CapabilityFlags {
                 externally_observable: true,
                 accesses_sensitive_secret: false,
                 persistent_storage: false,
@@ -67,12 +67,12 @@ pub fn registry() -> BTreeMap<&'static str, PermissionDefinition> {
 
     map.insert(
         "wallet.send_xch_auto_submit",
-        PermissionDefinition {
+        CapabilityDefinition {
             key: "wallet.send_xch_auto_submit",
             label: "Automatic XCH send",
             description:
             "Allows the app to submit XCH transactions without asking for per-transaction approval.",
-            flags: PermissionFlags {
+            flags: CapabilityFlags {
                 externally_observable: false,
                 accesses_sensitive_secret: false,
                 persistent_storage: false,
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/install.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/install.rs
index 75c224ff6..3450ab633 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/install.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/install.rs
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ use crate::{
     },
     error::Result,
 };
-use crate::apps::permissions::{normalize_network_key, resolve_shared_capabilities};
+use crate::apps::permissions::normalize_network_key;
 use crate::apps::types::{SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkPermissionTarget, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions};
 
 pub fn current_millis() -> u128 {
@@ -121,14 +121,10 @@ fn build_installed_app(
     install_dir: &Path,
     manifest: &SageAppPackageManifest,
     granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
-    permission_flags: crate::apps::types::InstalledSageAppPermissionFlags,
+    permission_flags: crate::apps::types::InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags,
     source: InstalledSageAppSource,
     snapshot: crate::apps::types::InstalledSageAppSnapshot,
 ) -> InstalledSageApp {
-    let shared_capabilities =
-        resolve_shared_capabilities(&granted_permissions.capabilities)
-            .expect("failed to resolve shared capabilities for installed app");
-
     InstalledSageApp {
         id: app_id,
         name: manifest.name.clone(),
@@ -138,7 +134,6 @@ fn build_installed_app(
         icon_file: manifest_icon_file(manifest).to_string(),
         requested_permissions: manifest.permissions.clone(),
         granted_permissions,
-        shared_capabilities,
         permission_flags,
         source,
         active_snapshot: snapshot,
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs
index dd983716f..26e523c09 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ pub mod install;
 pub mod limits;
 pub mod manifest;
 pub mod package;
-pub mod permission_registry;
+pub mod capability_registry;
 pub mod permissions;
 pub mod protocol;
 pub mod registry;
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/permissions.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/permissions.rs
index 148512ce1..ca3ca4e09 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/permissions.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/permissions.rs
@@ -2,18 +2,18 @@ use anyhow::{anyhow, Result as AnyResult};
 use std::collections::BTreeSet;
 
 use crate::apps::{
-    permission_registry::{
-        get_permission_definition, require_permission_definition,
+    capability_registry::{
+        get_capability_definition, require_capability_definition,
     },
     types::{
-        InstalledSageAppPermissionFlags, SageRequestedCapabilities,
+        InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags, SageRequestedCapabilities,
         SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions,
     },
 };
 use crate::apps::types::SageNetworkPermissionTarget;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Default)]
-pub struct PermissionSummary {
+pub struct CapabilitySummary {
     pub externally_observable: bool,
     pub accesses_sensitive_secret: bool,
     pub persistent_storage: bool,
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ fn normalize_capability_keys(
     let mut optional = BTreeSet::new();
 
     for key in &capabilities.required {
-        let definition = require_permission_definition(key)?;
+        let definition = require_capability_definition(key)?;
 
         if !definition.requestable_by_app {
             return Err(anyhow!(
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ fn normalize_capability_keys(
     }
 
     for key in &capabilities.optional {
-        let definition = require_permission_definition(key)?;
+        let definition = require_capability_definition(key)?;
 
         if !definition.requestable_by_app {
             return Err(anyhow!(
@@ -162,12 +162,12 @@ pub fn validate_granted_permissions(
     Ok(())
 }
 
-pub fn summarize_permissions(keys: &[String]) -> AnyResult<PermissionSummary> {
-    let mut summary = PermissionSummary::default();
+pub fn summarize_capabilities(keys: &[String]) -> AnyResult<CapabilitySummary> {
+    let mut summary = CapabilitySummary::default();
 
     for key in keys {
-        let def = get_permission_definition(key)
-            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("unknown permission: {}", key))?;
+        let def = get_capability_definition(key)
+            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("unknown capability: {}", key))?;
 
         summary.externally_observable |= def.flags.externally_observable;
         summary.accesses_sensitive_secret |= def.flags.accesses_sensitive_secret;
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ pub fn resolve_shared_capabilities(
     let mut shared = BTreeSet::new();
 
     for key in granted_capabilities {
-        let definition = require_permission_definition(key)?;
+        let definition = require_capability_definition(key)?;
 
         if definition.shared_with_app {
             shared.insert(key.clone());
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ pub fn validate_requested_permission_policy(
     requested.extend(permissions.capabilities.required.iter().cloned());
     requested.extend(permissions.capabilities.optional.iter().cloned());
 
-    let summary = summarize_permissions(&requested)?;
+    let summary = summarize_capabilities(&requested)?;
 
     if summary.externally_observable && summary.accesses_sensitive_secret {
         return Err(anyhow!(
@@ -213,9 +213,9 @@ pub fn validate_requested_permission_policy(
 
 pub fn resolve_granted_permission_flags(
     granted: &[String],
-    previous_flags: Option<&InstalledSageAppPermissionFlags>,
-) -> AnyResult<InstalledSageAppPermissionFlags> {
-    let summary = summarize_permissions(granted)?;
+    previous_flags: Option<&InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags>,
+) -> AnyResult<InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags> {
+    let summary = summarize_capabilities(granted)?;
 
     let previous_storage_may_contain_secrets = previous_flags
         .map(|flags| flags.storage_may_contain_secrets)
@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ pub fn resolve_granted_permission_flags(
         return Err(anyhow!("STORAGE_TAINTED"));
     }
 
-    Ok(InstalledSageAppPermissionFlags {
+    Ok(InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags {
         has_secret_access,
         has_external_access,
         storage_may_contain_secrets,
@@ -245,9 +245,9 @@ pub fn resolve_granted_permission_flags(
 }
 
 pub fn mark_storage_may_contain_secrets(
-    flags: &InstalledSageAppPermissionFlags,
-) -> InstalledSageAppPermissionFlags {
-    InstalledSageAppPermissionFlags {
+    flags: &InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags,
+) -> InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags {
+    InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags {
         has_secret_access: flags.has_secret_access,
         has_external_access: flags.has_external_access,
         storage_may_contain_secrets: true,
@@ -256,9 +256,9 @@ pub fn mark_storage_may_contain_secrets(
 }
 
 pub fn clear_storage_may_contain_secrets(
-    flags: &InstalledSageAppPermissionFlags,
-) -> InstalledSageAppPermissionFlags {
-    InstalledSageAppPermissionFlags {
+    flags: &InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags,
+) -> InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags {
+    InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags {
         has_secret_access: flags.has_secret_access,
         has_external_access: flags.has_external_access,
         storage_may_contain_secrets: false,
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/registry.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/registry.rs
index 3c8b8799c..3e8c90d3b 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/registry.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/registry.rs
@@ -6,10 +6,9 @@ use std::{
 use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult};
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 
-use crate::apps::permissions::resolve_shared_capabilities;
 use crate::apps::types::{
     CorruptedInstalledSageApp, InstalledSageApp, InstalledSageAppPendingUpdate,
-    InstalledSageAppPermissionFlags, InstalledSageAppSnapshot, InstalledSageAppSource,
+    InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags, InstalledSageAppSnapshot, InstalledSageAppSource,
     ListedSageApp, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageGrantedPermissions,
     SageNetworkPermissionTarget, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
     SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist, SageRequestedPermissions,
@@ -105,11 +104,8 @@ struct PersistedInstalledSageApp {
     #[serde(rename = "grantedPermissions", alias = "granted_permissions")]
     granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
 
-    #[serde(rename = "sharedCapabilities", alias = "shared_capabilities", default)]
-    shared_capabilities: Option<Vec<String>>,
-
     #[serde(rename = "permissionFlags", alias = "permission_flags")]
-    permission_flags: InstalledSageAppPermissionFlags,
+    permission_flags: InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags,
 
     source: InstalledSageAppSource,
 
@@ -124,7 +120,7 @@ fn format_network_target(value: &SageNetworkPermissionTarget) -> String {
     format!("{}://{}", value.scheme, value.host)
 }
 
-fn parse_network_permission_target(
+pub fn parse_network_permission_target(
     value: &str,
 ) -> Result<SageNetworkPermissionTarget, String> {
     let value = value.trim().to_ascii_lowercase();
@@ -292,7 +288,6 @@ fn to_persisted_installed_app(app: &InstalledSageApp) -> PersistedInstalledSageA
             &app.requested_permissions,
         ),
         granted_permissions: app.granted_permissions.clone(),
-        shared_capabilities: Some(app.shared_capabilities.clone()),
         permission_flags: app.permission_flags.clone(),
         source: app.source.clone(),
         active_snapshot: to_persisted_snapshot(&app.active_snapshot),
@@ -306,11 +301,6 @@ fn to_persisted_installed_app(app: &InstalledSageApp) -> PersistedInstalledSageA
 fn from_persisted_installed_app(
     app: PersistedInstalledSageApp,
 ) -> AnyResult<InstalledSageApp> {
-    let shared_capabilities = match app.shared_capabilities {
-        Some(shared_capabilities) => shared_capabilities,
-        None => resolve_shared_capabilities(&app.granted_permissions.capabilities)?,
-    };
-
     Ok(InstalledSageApp {
         id: app.id,
         name: app.name,
@@ -322,7 +312,6 @@ fn from_persisted_installed_app(
             app.requested_permissions,
         )?,
         granted_permissions: app.granted_permissions,
-        shared_capabilities,
         permission_flags: app.permission_flags,
         source: app.source,
         active_snapshot: from_persisted_snapshot(app.active_snapshot)?,
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs
index 153f071a6..a4aec2af1 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
+use crate::apps::registry::parse_network_permission_target;
 
 #[derive(
     Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord,
@@ -95,7 +96,7 @@ pub struct InstalledSageAppSnapshot {
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default)]
-pub struct InstalledSageAppPermissionFlags {
+pub struct InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags {
     #[serde(rename = "hasSecretAccess", alias = "has_secret_access")]
     pub has_secret_access: bool,
 
@@ -158,11 +159,8 @@ pub struct InstalledSageApp {
     #[serde(rename = "grantedPermissions", alias = "granted_permissions")]
     pub granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
 
-    #[serde(rename = "sharedCapabilities", alias = "shared_capabilities", default)]
-    pub shared_capabilities: Vec<String>,
-
     #[serde(rename = "permissionFlags", alias = "permission_flags")]
-    pub permission_flags: InstalledSageAppPermissionFlags,
+    pub permission_flags: InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags,
 
     pub source: InstalledSageAppSource,
 
@@ -289,34 +287,3 @@ impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for SageAppPackageManifest {
         })
     }
 }
-
-fn parse_network_permission_target(
-    value: &str,
-) -> Result<SageNetworkPermissionTarget, String> {
-    let value = value.trim().to_ascii_lowercase();
-
-    let (scheme, host) = value
-        .split_once("://")
-        .ok_or_else(|| format!("invalid network entry (missing scheme): {}", value))?;
-
-    if scheme != "https" && scheme != "wss" {
-        return Err(format!(
-            "invalid scheme '{}', only https and wss allowed",
-            scheme
-        ));
-    }
-
-    if host.is_empty()
-        || host.contains('/')
-        || host.contains('?')
-        || host.contains('#')
-        || host.contains(' ')
-    {
-        return Err(format!("invalid host in network entry: {}", value));
-    }
-
-    Ok(SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
-        scheme: scheme.to_string(),
-        host: host.to_string(),
-    })
-}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs
index 13b3c38c3..6d9966b94 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs
@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@ use crate::{
     },
     error::Result,
 };
-use crate::apps::permissions::resolve_shared_capabilities;
 use crate::apps::types::SageGrantedPermissions;
 
 #[command]
@@ -182,12 +181,6 @@ pub async fn apply_app_update(
             whitelist: granted_network_whitelist,
         },
     };
-    app.shared_capabilities = resolve_shared_capabilities(
-        &app.granted_permissions.capabilities,
-    )
-        .map_err(|err| {
-            io::Error::other(format!("failed to resolve shared capabilities: {err}"))
-        })?;
 
     app.permission_flags = permission_flags;
     app.active_snapshot = snapshot;
@@ -242,10 +235,6 @@ pub async fn apps_update_permissions(
             whitelist: granted_network_whitelist,
         },
     };
-    app.shared_capabilities = resolve_shared_capabilities(
-        &app.granted_permissions.capabilities,
-    )
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to resolve shared capabilities: {err}")))?;
 
     app.permission_flags = resolve_granted_permission_flags(
         &app.granted_permissions.capabilities,
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index 5712fafcf..115319148 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -1757,9 +1757,9 @@ index: number }
  */
 export type IncreaseDerivationIndexResponse = Record<string, never>
 export type InheritedNetwork = "mainnet" | "testnet11"
-export type InstalledSageApp = { id: string; name: string; version: string; installDir: string; entryFile: string; iconFile: string; requestedPermissions: SageRequestedPermissions; grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions; sharedCapabilities?: string[]; permissionFlags: InstalledSageAppPermissionFlags; source: InstalledSageAppSource; activeSnapshot: InstalledSageAppSnapshot; pendingUpdate: InstalledSageAppPendingUpdate | null }
+export type InstalledSageApp = { id: string; name: string; version: string; installDir: string; entryFile: string; iconFile: string; requestedPermissions: SageRequestedPermissions; grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions; permissionFlags: InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags; source: InstalledSageAppSource; activeSnapshot: InstalledSageAppSnapshot; pendingUpdate: InstalledSageAppPendingUpdate | null }
+export type InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags = { hasSecretAccess: boolean; hasExternalAccess: boolean; storageMayContainSecrets: boolean; isolated: boolean }
 export type InstalledSageAppPendingUpdate = { appUrl: string; manifestUrl: string; manifestHash: string; manifest: SageAppPackageManifest }
-export type InstalledSageAppPermissionFlags = { hasSecretAccess: boolean; hasExternalAccess: boolean; storageMayContainSecrets: boolean; isolated: boolean }
 export type InstalledSageAppSnapshot = { manifestHash: string; snapshotDir: string; totalBytes: number; manifest: SageAppPackageManifest }
 export type InstalledSageAppSource = { kind: "zip" } | { kind: "url"; appUrl: string; manifestUrl: string }
 /**
diff --git a/src/components/apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx b/src/components/apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx
index 8b9b40a3f..62aeb4089 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx
@@ -70,7 +70,6 @@ function buildPreviewApp(
         whitelist: grantedNetworkWhitelist,
       },
     },
-    sharedCapabilities: grantedCapabilities,
     permissionFlags: {
       hasSecretAccess: false,
       hasExternalAccess: false,
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/bridge/types.ts b/src/lib/apps/bridge/types.ts
index 6a111eeee..6f30548fc 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/bridge/types.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/bridge/types.ts
@@ -21,14 +21,14 @@ export type SageBridgeMethod =
   | 'bridge.ping'
   | 'bridge.send'
   | 'app.getInfo'
-  | 'sage.getPermissions'
+  | 'sage.getCapabilities'
   | 'wallet.sendXch';
 
 export interface SageBridgeRequestParamsMap {
   'bridge.ping': undefined;
   'bridge.send': SageBridgeSendPayload;
   'app.getInfo': undefined;
-  'sage.getPermissions': undefined;
+  'sage.getCapabilities': undefined;
   'wallet.sendXch': SageWalletSendXchRequest;
 }
 
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ export function isKnownSageBridgeMethod(
     method === 'bridge.ping' ||
     method === 'bridge.send' ||
     method === 'app.getInfo' ||
-    method === 'sage.getPermissions' ||
+    method === 'sage.getCapabilities' ||
     method === 'wallet.sendXch'
   );
 }
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts b/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
index c08c137c8..328d676c9 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
@@ -108,9 +108,8 @@ export function inlineLabelFor(appId: string) {
 }
 
 export function shouldUseIncognito(app: InstalledSageApp): boolean {
-  const hasPersistentStorage = (
-    app.grantedPermissions.capabilities
-  ).includes('persistent_storage');
+  const hasPersistentStorage =
+    app.grantedPermissions.capabilities.includes('persistent_storage');
 
   if (!hasPersistentStorage) {
     return true;
diff --git a/src/pages/Apps.tsx b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
index a9438e0f7..26538dfee 100644
--- a/src/pages/Apps.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ type AppContextMenuState = {
 
 type PendingPermissionsRetry = {
   appId: string;
-  nextPermissions: string[];
+  nextGrantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions;
 } | null;
 
 function clampContextMenuPosition(args: {
@@ -126,11 +126,11 @@ export function Apps() {
   );
   const [pendingPermissionsRetry, setPendingPermissionsRetry] =
     useState<PendingPermissionsRetry>(null);
-  const [editingGrantedPermissions, setEditingGrantedPermissions] = useState<
-    string[]
-  >([]);
-  const [editingGrantedNetworkWhitelist, setEditingGrantedNetworkWhitelist] =
-    useState<SageNetworkPermissionTarget[]>([]);
+  const [editingGrantedPermissions, setEditingGrantedPermissions] =
+    useState<SageGrantedPermissions>({
+      capabilities: [],
+      network: { whitelist: [] },
+    });
   const showSandboxDebugResults =
     import.meta.env.DEV && import.meta.env.VITE_SAGE_DEBUG_TEST_APPS === '1';
 
@@ -243,6 +243,24 @@ export function Apps() {
     [handleConfirmUpdate],
   );
 
+  function setEditingGrantedCapabilities(next: string[]) {
+    setEditingGrantedPermissions((prev) => ({
+      ...prev,
+      capabilities: next,
+    }));
+  }
+
+  function setEditingGrantedNetworkWhitelist(
+    next: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[],
+  ) {
+    setEditingGrantedPermissions((prev) => ({
+      ...prev,
+      network: {
+        whitelist: next,
+      },
+    }));
+  }
+
   const closeContextMenu = useCallback(() => {
     setContextMenu((prevContextMenu) => {
       if (prevContextMenu) {
@@ -299,10 +317,7 @@ export function Apps() {
 
   function openPermissionsDialog(app: InstalledEntry) {
     setPermissionsDialogApp(app);
-    setEditingGrantedPermissions(app.grantedPermissions?.capabilities);
-    setEditingGrantedNetworkWhitelist(
-      app.grantedPermissions?.network?.whitelist ?? [],
-    );
+    setEditingGrantedPermissions(app.grantedPermissions);
     setPermissionsDialogBusy(false);
     setPermissionsDialogError(null);
     setPendingPermissionsRetry(null);
@@ -310,8 +325,10 @@ export function Apps() {
 
   function closePermissionsDialog() {
     setPermissionsDialogApp(null);
-    setEditingGrantedPermissions([]);
-    setEditingGrantedNetworkWhitelist([]);
+    setEditingGrantedPermissions({
+      capabilities: [],
+      network: { whitelist: [] },
+    });
     setPermissionsDialogBusy(false);
     setPermissionsDialogError(null);
     setPendingPermissionsRetry(null);
@@ -366,8 +383,7 @@ export function Apps() {
   const handleApplyPermissions = useCallback(
     async (
       app: InstalledEntry,
-      nextPermissions: string[],
-      nextNetworkWhitelist: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[],
+      nextGrantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
     ): Promise<void> => {
       setPermissionsDialogBusy(true);
       setPermissionsDialogError(null);
@@ -376,12 +392,7 @@ export function Apps() {
       try {
         await invoke('apps_update_permissions', {
           appId: app.id,
-          grantedPermissions: {
-            capabilities: nextPermissions,
-            network: {
-              whitelist: nextNetworkWhitelist,
-            },
-          },
+          grantedPermissions: nextGrantedPermissions,
           clearStorageTaint: false,
         });
 
@@ -402,7 +413,7 @@ export function Apps() {
         if (isStorageTaintPermissionError(message)) {
           setPendingPermissionsRetry({
             appId: app.id,
-            nextPermissions,
+            nextGrantedPermissions,
           });
           setPermissionsDialogError(
             'This app storage may still contain cached secrets from a previous persistent run. Clear the app storage with verification to apply these permissions.',
@@ -430,12 +441,7 @@ export function Apps() {
 
       await invoke('apps_update_permissions', {
         appId: permissionsDialogApp.id,
-        grantedPermissions: {
-          capabilities: pendingPermissionsRetry.nextPermissions,
-          network: {
-            whitelist: editingGrantedNetworkWhitelist,
-          },
-        },
+        grantedPermissions: pendingPermissionsRetry.nextGrantedPermissions,
         clearStorageTaint: true,
       });
 
@@ -459,7 +465,6 @@ export function Apps() {
     clearAppStorage,
     permissionsDialogApp,
     pendingPermissionsRetry,
-    editingGrantedNetworkWhitelist,
     runningAppIds,
     navigate,
     refresh,
@@ -880,9 +885,11 @@ export function Apps() {
 
               <PermissionsEditor
                 app={permissionsDialogApp}
-                grantedCapabilities={editingGrantedPermissions}
-                grantedNetworkWhitelist={editingGrantedNetworkWhitelist}
-                onGrantedCapabilitiesChange={setEditingGrantedPermissions}
+                grantedCapabilities={editingGrantedPermissions.capabilities}
+                grantedNetworkWhitelist={
+                  editingGrantedPermissions.network.whitelist
+                }
+                onGrantedCapabilitiesChange={setEditingGrantedCapabilities}
                 onGrantedNetworkWhitelistChange={
                   setEditingGrantedNetworkWhitelist
                 }
@@ -919,7 +926,6 @@ export function Apps() {
                       void handleApplyPermissions(
                         permissionsDialogApp,
                         editingGrantedPermissions,
-                        editingGrantedNetworkWhitelist,
                       );
                     }}
                   >

From 1ecf639829083272a0e8b7f8682af365b6281907 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Mon, 20 Apr 2026 02:22:26 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 111/471] Refactor permissions to capabilities terminology:

- Renamed `validate_granted_permissions` to `validate_granted_capabilities`.
- Renamed `resolve_granted_permission_flags` to `resolve_capability_flags`.
- Updated all references across app installation, update, and permission modules.
- Improved readability and consistency with the capabilities system.
---
 src-tauri/src/apps/builtin_apps.rs |  8 ++++----
 src-tauri/src/apps/install.rs      |  8 ++++----
 src-tauri/src/apps/permissions.rs  |  4 ++--
 src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs       | 12 ++++++------
 4 files changed, 16 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/builtin_apps.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/builtin_apps.rs
index 6af301af2..30ecc8767 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/builtin_apps.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/builtin_apps.rs
@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ use crate::apps::types::{SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions};
 use crate::apps::{
     install::{manifest_entry_file, manifest_icon_file},
     permissions::{
-        normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions, resolve_granted_permission_flags,
-        validate_granted_permissions,
+        normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions, resolve_capability_flags,
+        validate_granted_capabilities,
     },
     types::{
         InstalledSageApp, InstalledSageAppSnapshot, InstalledSageAppSource, SageAppPackageManifest,
@@ -168,9 +168,9 @@ pub fn build_builtin_test_app(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<InstalledSageApp
         },
     };
 
-    validate_granted_permissions(&manifest.permissions, &granted_permissions.capabilities)?;
+    validate_granted_capabilities(&manifest.permissions, &granted_permissions.capabilities)?;
     let permission_flags =
-        resolve_granted_permission_flags(&granted_permissions.capabilities, None)?;
+        resolve_capability_flags(&granted_permissions.capabilities, None)?;
 
     let entry_file_name = manifest_entry_file(&manifest).to_string();
     let icon_file_name = manifest_icon_file(&manifest).to_string();
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/install.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/install.rs
index 3450ab633..2abdf4f63 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/install.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/install.rs
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ use crate::{
         },
         permissions::{
             normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions,
-            resolve_granted_permission_flags, validate_granted_permissions,
+            resolve_capability_flags, validate_granted_capabilities,
         },
         registry::{
             apps_root, list_installed_apps_internal, write_installed_app_metadata,
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ fn normalize_and_validate_granted_permissions(
     requested: &SageRequestedPermissions,
     granted: SageGrantedPermissions,
 ) -> AnyResult<SageGrantedPermissions> {
-    validate_granted_permissions(&requested, &granted.capabilities)?;
+    validate_granted_capabilities(&requested, &granted.capabilities)?;
 
     let whitelist = normalize_and_validate_granted_network_whitelist(
         &requested.network,
@@ -381,7 +381,7 @@ pub async fn install_app_zip(
         )?;
 
         let permission_flags =
-            resolve_granted_permission_flags(&granted_permissions.capabilities, None)?;
+            resolve_capability_flags(&granted_permissions.capabilities, None)?;
 
         let (app_id, install_dir) = resolve_install_dir(&root, &manifest.name)?;
         recreate_install_dir(&install_dir)?;
@@ -457,7 +457,7 @@ pub async fn install_app_url(
         })?;
 
     let permission_flags =
-        resolve_granted_permission_flags(&granted_permissions.capabilities, None)
+        resolve_capability_flags(&granted_permissions.capabilities, None)
             .map_err(|err| {
                 io::Error::other(format!(
                     "invalid granted permission policy for URL app {}: {err}",
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/permissions.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/permissions.rs
index ca3ca4e09..fcb6ca6d4 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/permissions.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/permissions.rs
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ pub fn normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions(
     Ok(normalized)
 }
 
-pub fn validate_granted_permissions(
+pub fn validate_granted_capabilities(
     permissions: &SageRequestedPermissions,
     granted: &[String],
 ) -> AnyResult<()> {
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ pub fn validate_requested_permission_policy(
     Ok(())
 }
 
-pub fn resolve_granted_permission_flags(
+pub fn resolve_capability_flags(
     granted: &[String],
     previous_flags: Option<&InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags>,
 ) -> AnyResult<InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags> {
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs
index 6d9966b94..58e11f44b 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ use crate::{
     apps::{
         permissions::{
             clear_storage_may_contain_secrets, mark_storage_may_contain_secrets,
-            resolve_granted_permission_flags, validate_granted_permissions,
+            resolve_capability_flags, validate_granted_capabilities,
         },
         registry::{read_installed_app_by_id, write_installed_app_metadata},
         snapshot::download_url_snapshot,
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ pub async fn apply_app_update(
         .clone()
         .ok_or_else(|| io::Error::other(format!("app {} has no pending update", app_id)))?;
 
-    validate_granted_permissions(
+    validate_granted_capabilities(
         &pending.manifest.permissions,
         &granted_permissions.capabilities,
     )
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ pub async fn apply_app_update(
             io::Error::other(format!("invalid granted network whitelist for update: {err}"))
         })?;
 
-    let permission_flags = resolve_granted_permission_flags(
+    let permission_flags = resolve_capability_flags(
         &granted_permissions.capabilities,
         Some(&app.permission_flags),
     )
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ pub async fn apps_update_permissions(
     let mut app = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id)
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to read app {app_id}: {err}")))?;
 
-    validate_granted_permissions(&app.requested_permissions, &granted_permissions.capabilities)
+    validate_granted_capabilities(&app.requested_permissions, &granted_permissions.capabilities)
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("invalid granted permissions: {err}")))?;
 
     let granted_network_whitelist = normalize_and_validate_granted_network_whitelist(
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ pub async fn apps_update_permissions(
     )
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("invalid granted network whitelist: {err}")))?;
 
-    let mut permission_flags = resolve_granted_permission_flags(
+    let mut permission_flags = resolve_capability_flags(
         &granted_permissions.capabilities,
         Some(&app.permission_flags),
     )
@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ pub async fn apps_update_permissions(
         },
     };
 
-    app.permission_flags = resolve_granted_permission_flags(
+    app.permission_flags = resolve_capability_flags(
         &app.granted_permissions.capabilities,
         Some(&permission_flags),
     )

From 495014c4888d196cf33560bdd127967a87325403 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Mon, 20 Apr 2026 02:28:33 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 112/471] Rename `permission_flags` to `capability_flags`
 across runtime, update flows, and type definitions for consistency with
 capabilities terminology.

---
 src-tauri/src/apps/builtin_apps.rs |  2 +-
 src-tauri/src/apps/install.rs      |  2 +-
 src-tauri/src/apps/registry.rs     |  8 ++++----
 src-tauri/src/apps/runtime.rs      |  2 +-
 src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs        |  4 ++--
 src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs       | 14 +++++++-------
 src/bindings.ts                    |  2 +-
 7 files changed, 17 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/builtin_apps.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/builtin_apps.rs
index 30ecc8767..7d7b5a2a1 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/builtin_apps.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/builtin_apps.rs
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ pub fn build_builtin_test_app(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<InstalledSageApp
         icon_file: icon_file_name,
         requested_permissions: manifest.permissions.clone(),
         granted_permissions,
-        permission_flags,
+        capability_flags: permission_flags,
         source: InstalledSageAppSource::Zip,
         active_snapshot: InstalledSageAppSnapshot {
             manifest_hash: format!("builtin:{}", spec.app_id),
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/install.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/install.rs
index 2abdf4f63..f1dcb6401 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/install.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/install.rs
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ fn build_installed_app(
         icon_file: manifest_icon_file(manifest).to_string(),
         requested_permissions: manifest.permissions.clone(),
         granted_permissions,
-        permission_flags,
+        capability_flags: permission_flags,
         source,
         active_snapshot: snapshot,
         pending_update: None,
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/registry.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/registry.rs
index 3e8c90d3b..3497b11d0 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/registry.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/registry.rs
@@ -104,8 +104,8 @@ struct PersistedInstalledSageApp {
     #[serde(rename = "grantedPermissions", alias = "granted_permissions")]
     granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
 
-    #[serde(rename = "permissionFlags", alias = "permission_flags")]
-    permission_flags: InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags,
+    #[serde(rename = "capabilityFlags", alias = "capability_flags")]
+    capability_flags: InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags,
 
     source: InstalledSageAppSource,
 
@@ -288,7 +288,7 @@ fn to_persisted_installed_app(app: &InstalledSageApp) -> PersistedInstalledSageA
             &app.requested_permissions,
         ),
         granted_permissions: app.granted_permissions.clone(),
-        permission_flags: app.permission_flags.clone(),
+        capability_flags: app.capability_flags.clone(),
         source: app.source.clone(),
         active_snapshot: to_persisted_snapshot(&app.active_snapshot),
         pending_update: app
@@ -312,7 +312,7 @@ fn from_persisted_installed_app(
             app.requested_permissions,
         )?,
         granted_permissions: app.granted_permissions,
-        permission_flags: app.permission_flags,
+        capability_flags: app.capability_flags,
         source: app.source,
         active_snapshot: from_persisted_snapshot(app.active_snapshot)?,
         pending_update: app
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/runtime.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/runtime.rs
index 7ff3b4b17..886384679 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/runtime.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/runtime.rs
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ fn should_use_incognito(app: &InstalledSageApp) -> bool {
         return true;
     }
 
-    if app.permission_flags.storage_may_contain_secrets {
+    if app.capability_flags.storage_may_contain_secrets {
         return true;
     }
 
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs
index a4aec2af1..a9513d18b 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs
@@ -159,8 +159,8 @@ pub struct InstalledSageApp {
     #[serde(rename = "grantedPermissions", alias = "granted_permissions")]
     pub granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
 
-    #[serde(rename = "permissionFlags", alias = "permission_flags")]
-    pub permission_flags: InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags,
+    #[serde(rename = "capabilityFlags", alias = "capability_flags")]
+    pub capability_flags: InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags,
 
     pub source: InstalledSageAppSource,
 
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs
index 58e11f44b..024665cea 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ pub async fn apply_app_update(
 
     let permission_flags = resolve_capability_flags(
         &granted_permissions.capabilities,
-        Some(&app.permission_flags),
+        Some(&app.capability_flags),
     )
         .map_err(|err| {
             io::Error::other(format!("invalid granted permission policy for update: {err}"))
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ pub async fn apply_app_update(
         },
     };
 
-    app.permission_flags = permission_flags;
+    app.capability_flags = permission_flags;
     app.active_snapshot = snapshot;
     app.entry_file = manifest_entry_file(&app.active_snapshot.manifest).to_string();
     app.icon_file = manifest_icon_file(&app.active_snapshot.manifest).to_string();
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ pub async fn apps_update_permissions(
 
     let mut permission_flags = resolve_capability_flags(
         &granted_permissions.capabilities,
-        Some(&app.permission_flags),
+        Some(&app.capability_flags),
     )
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
 
@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ pub async fn apps_update_permissions(
         },
     };
 
-    app.permission_flags = resolve_capability_flags(
+    app.capability_flags = resolve_capability_flags(
         &app.granted_permissions.capabilities,
         Some(&permission_flags),
     )
@@ -263,15 +263,15 @@ pub async fn apps_mark_storage_may_contain_secrets(
     let mut app = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id)
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to read app {app_id}: {err}")))?;
 
-    if !app.permission_flags.has_secret_access {
+    if !app.capability_flags.has_secret_access {
         return Ok(());
     }
 
-    if app.permission_flags.storage_may_contain_secrets {
+    if app.capability_flags.storage_may_contain_secrets {
         return Ok(());
     }
 
-    app.permission_flags = mark_storage_may_contain_secrets(&app.permission_flags);
+    app.capability_flags = mark_storage_may_contain_secrets(&app.capability_flags);
 
     let install_dir = PathBuf::from(&app.install_dir);
     write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &install_dir)
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index 115319148..4c0a99b92 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -1757,7 +1757,7 @@ index: number }
  */
 export type IncreaseDerivationIndexResponse = Record<string, never>
 export type InheritedNetwork = "mainnet" | "testnet11"
-export type InstalledSageApp = { id: string; name: string; version: string; installDir: string; entryFile: string; iconFile: string; requestedPermissions: SageRequestedPermissions; grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions; permissionFlags: InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags; source: InstalledSageAppSource; activeSnapshot: InstalledSageAppSnapshot; pendingUpdate: InstalledSageAppPendingUpdate | null }
+export type InstalledSageApp = { id: string; name: string; version: string; installDir: string; entryFile: string; iconFile: string; requestedPermissions: SageRequestedPermissions; grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions; capabilityFlags: InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags; source: InstalledSageAppSource; activeSnapshot: InstalledSageAppSnapshot; pendingUpdate: InstalledSageAppPendingUpdate | null }
 export type InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags = { hasSecretAccess: boolean; hasExternalAccess: boolean; storageMayContainSecrets: boolean; isolated: boolean }
 export type InstalledSageAppPendingUpdate = { appUrl: string; manifestUrl: string; manifestHash: string; manifest: SageAppPackageManifest }
 export type InstalledSageAppSnapshot = { manifestHash: string; snapshotDir: string; totalBytes: number; manifest: SageAppPackageManifest }

From 324f76e0e2c6391b735370fe2cef0f78bdff4719 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Mon, 20 Apr 2026 02:35:16 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 113/471] Add test coverage for non-requestable and shared
 capabilities validation:

- Implement tests to reject non-requestable capabilities when required or optional.
- Add validation for shared capabilities, ensuring non-shared capabilities are filtered out.
- Verify that shared capabilities are preserved as a unique, ordered subset.
---
 src-tauri/src/apps/capability_registry.rs |   2 +-
 src-tauri/src/apps/permissions.rs         | 130 ++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 131 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/capability_registry.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/capability_registry.rs
index 5f948a985..447abd004 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/capability_registry.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/capability_registry.rs
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ pub fn registry() -> BTreeMap<&'static str, CapabilityDefinition> {
                 accesses_sensitive_secret: false,
                 persistent_storage: false,
             },
-            requestable_by_app: true,
+            requestable_by_app: false,
             shared_with_app: false,
         },
     );
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/permissions.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/permissions.rs
index fcb6ca6d4..1e3191867 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/permissions.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/permissions.rs
@@ -265,3 +265,133 @@ pub fn clear_storage_may_contain_secrets(
         isolated: flags.has_secret_access,
     }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::apps::capability_registry::registry;
+    use crate::apps::types::{
+        SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
+        SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist, SageRequestedPermissions,
+    };
+
+    fn empty_requested_permissions() -> SageRequestedPermissions {
+        SageRequestedPermissions {
+            network: SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
+                whitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist {
+                    required: vec![],
+                    optional: vec![],
+                },
+            },
+            capabilities: SageRequestedCapabilities {
+                required: vec![],
+                optional: vec![],
+            },
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn first_non_requestable_capability() -> String {
+        registry()
+            .values()
+            .find(|definition| !definition.requestable_by_app)
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                panic!(
+                    "test requires at least one capability with requestable_by_app = false"
+                )
+            })
+            .key
+            .to_string()
+    }
+
+    fn first_shared_capability() -> String {
+        registry()
+            .values()
+            .find(|definition| definition.shared_with_app)
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                panic!("test requires at least one capability with shared_with_app = true")
+            })
+            .key
+            .to_string()
+    }
+
+    fn first_non_shared_capability() -> String {
+        registry()
+            .values()
+            .find(|definition| !definition.shared_with_app)
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                panic!("test requires at least one capability with shared_with_app = false")
+            })
+            .key
+            .to_string()
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rejects_non_requestable_required_capability() {
+        let non_requestable = first_non_requestable_capability();
+
+        let mut requested = empty_requested_permissions();
+        requested.capabilities.required = vec![non_requestable.clone()];
+
+        let err = normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions(&requested)
+            .expect_err("expected non-requestable required capability to be rejected");
+
+        let message = err.to_string();
+        assert!(
+            message.contains(&non_requestable),
+            "error should mention rejected capability, got: {message}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rejects_non_requestable_optional_capability() {
+        let non_requestable = first_non_requestable_capability();
+
+        let mut requested = empty_requested_permissions();
+        requested.capabilities.optional = vec![non_requestable.clone()];
+
+        let err = normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions(&requested)
+            .expect_err("expected non-requestable optional capability to be rejected");
+
+        let message = err.to_string();
+        assert!(
+            message.contains(&non_requestable),
+            "error should mention rejected capability, got: {message}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn resolve_shared_capabilities_filters_out_non_shared_capabilities() {
+        let shared = first_shared_capability();
+        let non_shared = first_non_shared_capability();
+
+        let resolved = resolve_shared_capabilities(&vec![
+            shared.clone(),
+            non_shared.clone(),
+        ])
+            .expect("expected shared capability resolution to succeed");
+
+        assert!(
+            resolved.contains(&shared),
+            "shared capability should remain visible to app"
+        );
+        assert!(
+            !resolved.contains(&non_shared),
+            "non-shared capability should not be visible to app"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn resolve_shared_capabilities_preserves_ordered_unique_shared_subset() {
+        let shared = first_shared_capability();
+        let non_shared = first_non_shared_capability();
+
+        let resolved = resolve_shared_capabilities(&vec![
+            non_shared.clone(),
+            shared.clone(),
+            shared.clone(),
+        ])
+            .expect("expected shared capability resolution to succeed");
+
+        assert_eq!(resolved, vec![shared]);
+    }
+}

From 68261b18af9f1f378aebc5b6cf9153ac02775ea3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Mon, 20 Apr 2026 03:00:55 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 114/471] Add integration tests for apps' install, manifest,
 and registry:

- Introduced `apps_install.rs`, `apps_manifest.rs`, and `apps_registry.rs` with comprehensive test coverage.
- Validated granted network whitelists, capabilities, and manifest file paths.
- Tested app metadata roundtrips, listing, and sorting logic.
- Added error handling tests for corrupted metadata and unauthorized capabilities.
- Implemented capability normalization and validation checks.
---
 Cargo.lock                                  |   1 +
 src-tauri/Cargo.toml                        |   3 +
 src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/mod.rs    |   2 +
 src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/system.rs |   4 +
 src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/wallet.rs |   1 +
 src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/mod.rs            | 195 ++++++++++++++++---
 src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/registry.rs       |   8 +
 src-tauri/src/apps/permissions.rs           | 201 ++++++++++++++++++++
 src-tauri/src/apps/runtime.rs               |   2 +-
 src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/store.rs         |   1 +
 src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/types.rs         |   2 +-
 src-tauri/src/apps/state.rs                 |   2 +-
 src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs                 |   2 +-
 src-tauri/src/lib.rs                        |   2 +-
 src-tauri/tests/apps_install.rs             |  91 +++++++++
 src-tauri/tests/apps_manifest.rs            |  31 +++
 src-tauri/tests/apps_registry.rs            | 141 ++++++++++++++
 17 files changed, 655 insertions(+), 34 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/tests/apps_install.rs
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/tests/apps_manifest.rs
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/tests/apps_registry.rs

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index ef313b9fb..d839efabe 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -6536,6 +6536,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "tauri-plugin-sharesheet",
  "tauri-plugin-window-state",
  "tauri-specta",
+ "tempfile",
  "tokio",
  "tracing",
  "url",
diff --git a/src-tauri/Cargo.toml b/src-tauri/Cargo.toml
index 3fd0b2756..bd9af6ee4 100644
--- a/src-tauri/Cargo.toml
+++ b/src-tauri/Cargo.toml
@@ -50,6 +50,9 @@ sha2 = "0.10.9"
 hex = { workspace = true }
 async-trait = "0.1.89"
 
+[dev-dependencies]
+tempfile = "3"
+
 [target.'cfg(not(any(target_os = "android", target_os = "ios")))'.dependencies]
 tauri-plugin-window-state = { workspace = true }
 tauri-plugin-dialog = "2"
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/mod.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/mod.rs
index bd2cd00c1..9b8626719 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/mod.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/mod.rs
@@ -7,11 +7,13 @@ use crate::app_state::AppState;
 use crate::apps::bridge::{RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
 use crate::apps::types::InstalledSageApp;
 
+#[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct BridgeContext<'a> {
     pub app: &'a InstalledSageApp,
     pub source_label: &'a str,
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct BridgeTools<'a> {
     pub app_handle: &'a tauri::AppHandle,
     pub app_state: &'a tauri::State<'a, AppState>,
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/system.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/system.rs
index 93bc5f3f3..dea935425 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/system.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/system.rs
@@ -5,9 +5,13 @@ use super::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::apps::bridge::{success, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
 use crate::apps::permissions::resolve_shared_capabilities;
 
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct BridgePing;
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct BridgeSend;
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct AppGetInfo;
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct SageGetCapabilities;
 
 #[async_trait]
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/wallet.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/wallet.rs
index 180e5b0d9..2bfe2ba4a 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/wallet.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/wallet.rs
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ use crate::apps::types::InstalledSageApp;
 // If this import fails, adjust only this line.
 use sage_api::SendXch;
 
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct WalletSendXch;
 
 #[async_trait]
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/mod.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/mod.rs
index 3bc6329d1..e943cdf26 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/mod.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/mod.rs
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ struct PendingBridgeApproval {
     request: RustBridgeRequest,
 }
 
-#[derive(Default)]
+#[derive(Debug, Default)]
 pub struct BridgeState {
     pending_approvals: Mutex<BTreeMap<String, PendingBridgeApproval>>,
 }
@@ -118,7 +118,11 @@ pub(crate) fn success(id: &str, result: Value) -> RustBridgeResponse {
     })
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn failure(id: &str, code: &str, message: impl Into<String>) -> RustBridgeResponse {
+pub(crate) fn failure(
+    id: &str,
+    code: &str,
+    message: impl Into<String>,
+) -> RustBridgeResponse {
     RustBridgeResponse::Error(RustBridgeErrorResponse {
         channel: "sage-bridge".into(),
         bridge_version: "v1".into(),
@@ -131,7 +135,9 @@ pub(crate) fn failure(id: &str, code: &str, message: impl Into<String>) -> RustB
     })
 }
 
-fn validate_request_basics(request: &RustBridgeRequest) -> Result<(), RustBridgeResponse> {
+fn validate_request_basics(
+    request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+) -> Result<(), RustBridgeResponse> {
     if request.channel != "sage-bridge" {
         return Err(failure(
             &request.id,
@@ -183,6 +189,49 @@ async fn execute_bridge_request(
         .await
 }
 
+fn authorize_method_capability(
+    app: &InstalledSageApp,
+    request_id: &str,
+    capability_key: &str,
+) -> Result<(), RustBridgeResponse> {
+    let capability_definition = require_capability_definition(capability_key)
+        .map_err(|err| {
+            failure(
+                request_id,
+                "internal_error",
+                format!(
+                    "bridge method declared unknown capability {capability_key}: {err}"
+                ),
+            )
+        })?;
+
+    if !capability_definition.shared_with_app {
+        return Err(failure(
+            request_id,
+            "permission_denied",
+            format!(
+                "Capability {} is not shared with apps",
+                capability_definition.key
+            ),
+        ));
+    }
+
+    if !app
+        .granted_permissions
+        .capabilities
+        .iter()
+        .any(|capability| capability == capability_definition.key)
+    {
+        return Err(failure(
+            request_id,
+            "permission_denied",
+            format!("Permission denied for {}", capability_definition.key),
+        ));
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
 #[tauri::command]
 #[specta::specta]
 pub async fn apps_handle_bridge_request(
@@ -229,33 +278,10 @@ pub async fn apps_handle_bridge_request(
     };
 
     if let Some(capability_key) = method.permission() {
-        let capability_definition = require_capability_definition(capability_key)
-            .map_err(|err| {
-                format!(
-                    "bridge method declared unknown capability {capability_key}: {err}"
-                )
-            })?;
-
-        if !capability_definition.shared_with_app {
-            return Err(format!(
-                "bridge method {} declared non-shared capability {}",
-                request.method, capability_definition.key
-            ));
-        }
-
-        if !resolved_app
-            .granted_permissions
-            .capabilities
-            .iter()
-            .any(|capability| capability == capability_definition.key)
+        if let Err(response) =
+            authorize_method_capability(&resolved_app, &request.id, capability_key)
         {
-            return Ok(RustBridgeHandleResult::Immediate {
-                response: failure(
-                    &request.id,
-                    "permission_denied",
-                    format!("Permission denied for {}", capability_definition.key),
-                ),
-            });
+            return Ok(RustBridgeHandleResult::Immediate { response });
         }
     }
 
@@ -325,3 +351,114 @@ pub async fn apps_resolve_bridge_approval(
             .await,
     )
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::apps::types::{
+        InstalledSageApp, InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags, InstalledSageAppSnapshot,
+        InstalledSageAppSource, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest,
+        SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedCapabilities,
+        SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist,
+        SageRequestedPermissions,
+    };
+
+    fn sample_app(granted_capabilities: Vec<String>) -> InstalledSageApp {
+        InstalledSageApp {
+            id: "app-1".to_string(),
+            name: "App".to_string(),
+            version: "1.0.0".to_string(),
+            install_dir: "/tmp/app".to_string(),
+            entry_file: "index.html".to_string(),
+            icon_file: "icon.png".to_string(),
+            requested_permissions: SageRequestedPermissions {
+                network: SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
+                    whitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist {
+                        required: vec![],
+                        optional: vec![],
+                    },
+                },
+                capabilities: SageRequestedCapabilities {
+                    required: vec!["wallet.send_xch".to_string()],
+                    optional: vec!["wallet.send_xch_auto_submit".to_string()],
+                },
+            },
+            granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions {
+                capabilities: granted_capabilities,
+                network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions { whitelist: vec![] },
+            },
+            capability_flags: InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags::default(),
+            source: InstalledSageAppSource::Zip,
+            active_snapshot: InstalledSageAppSnapshot {
+                manifest_hash: "hash".to_string(),
+                snapshot_dir: "/tmp/snapshot".to_string(),
+                total_bytes: 1,
+                manifest: SageAppPackageManifest {
+                    name: "App".to_string(),
+                    version: "1.0.0".to_string(),
+                    permissions: SageRequestedPermissions {
+                        network: SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
+                            whitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist {
+                                required: vec![],
+                                optional: vec![],
+                            },
+                        },
+                        capabilities: SageRequestedCapabilities {
+                            required: vec!["wallet.send_xch".to_string()],
+                            optional: vec!["wallet.send_xch_auto_submit".to_string()],
+                        },
+                    },
+                    files: vec![SageAppManifestFile {
+                        path: "index.html".to_string(),
+                        sha256: "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa"
+                            .to_string(),
+                        size: 1,
+                    }],
+                    entry: Some("index.html".to_string()),
+                    icon: Some("icon.png".to_string()),
+                },
+            },
+            pending_update: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn authorize_method_capability_allows_granted_shared_capability() {
+        let app = sample_app(vec!["wallet.send_xch".to_string()]);
+
+        authorize_method_capability(&app, "req-1", "wallet.send_xch")
+            .expect("expected granted shared capability to be allowed");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn authorize_method_capability_rejects_missing_capability() {
+        let app = sample_app(vec![]);
+
+        let err = authorize_method_capability(&app, "req-1", "wallet.send_xch")
+            .expect_err("expected missing capability to be rejected");
+
+        match err {
+            RustBridgeResponse::Error(error) => {
+                assert_eq!(error.error.code, "permission_denied");
+                assert!(error.error.message.contains("wallet.send_xch"));
+            }
+            RustBridgeResponse::Success(_) => panic!("expected error response"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn authorize_method_capability_rejects_non_shared_capability_even_if_granted() {
+        let app = sample_app(vec!["wallet.send_xch_auto_submit".to_string()]);
+
+        let err =
+            authorize_method_capability(&app, "req-1", "wallet.send_xch_auto_submit")
+                .expect_err("expected non-shared capability to be rejected");
+
+        match err {
+            RustBridgeResponse::Error(error) => {
+                assert_eq!(error.error.code, "permission_denied");
+            }
+            RustBridgeResponse::Success(_) => panic!("expected error response"),
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/registry.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/registry.rs
index 7aac6860a..54863ebbc 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/registry.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/registry.rs
@@ -25,3 +25,11 @@ impl BridgeRegistry {
         self.methods.get(method).map(|m| m.as_ref())
     }
 }
+
+impl std::fmt::Debug for BridgeRegistry {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("BridgeRegistry")
+            .field("method_count", &self.methods.len())
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/permissions.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/permissions.rs
index 1e3191867..eb3dc8092 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/permissions.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/permissions.rs
@@ -394,4 +394,205 @@ mod tests {
 
         assert_eq!(resolved, vec![shared]);
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn normalize_requested_permissions_deduplicates_and_sorts_capabilities() {
+        let mut requested = empty_requested_permissions();
+        requested.capabilities.required = vec![
+            "wallet.send_xch".to_string(),
+            "wallet.send_xch".to_string(),
+        ];
+        requested.capabilities.optional = vec![
+            "wallet.send_xch".to_string(),
+        ];
+
+        let normalized = normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions(&requested)
+            .expect("expected requested permissions to normalize");
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            normalized.capabilities.required,
+            vec!["wallet.send_xch".to_string()]
+        );
+        assert!(normalized.capabilities.optional.is_empty());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn normalize_requested_permissions_deduplicates_and_sorts_network_entries() {
+        let mut requested = empty_requested_permissions();
+        requested.network.whitelist.required = vec![
+            SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
+                scheme: "HTTPS".to_string(),
+                host: "Example.com".to_string(),
+            },
+            SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
+                scheme: "https".to_string(),
+                host: "example.com".to_string(),
+            },
+        ];
+        requested.network.whitelist.optional = vec![
+            SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
+                scheme: "WSS".to_string(),
+                host: "ws.example.com".to_string(),
+            },
+            SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
+                scheme: "https".to_string(),
+                host: "example.com".to_string(),
+            },
+        ];
+
+        let normalized = normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions(&requested)
+            .expect("expected requested permissions to normalize");
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            normalized.network.whitelist.required,
+            vec![SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
+                scheme: "https".to_string(),
+                host: "example.com".to_string(),
+            }]
+        );
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            normalized.network.whitelist.optional,
+            vec![SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
+                scheme: "wss".to_string(),
+                host: "ws.example.com".to_string(),
+            }]
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn validate_granted_capabilities_rejects_unrequested_capability() {
+        let mut requested = empty_requested_permissions();
+        requested.capabilities.required = vec!["wallet.send_xch".to_string()];
+
+        let err = validate_granted_capabilities(
+            &requested,
+            &vec![
+                "wallet.send_xch".to_string(),
+                "persistent_storage".to_string(),
+            ],
+        )
+            .expect_err("expected unrequested capability to be rejected");
+
+        assert!(
+            err.to_string().contains("persistent_storage"),
+            "error should mention unrequested capability"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn validate_granted_capabilities_rejects_missing_required_capability() {
+        let mut requested = empty_requested_permissions();
+        requested.capabilities.required = vec!["wallet.send_xch".to_string()];
+
+        let err = validate_granted_capabilities(&requested, &[])
+            .expect_err("expected missing required capability to be rejected");
+
+        assert!(
+            err.to_string().contains("wallet.send_xch"),
+            "error should mention missing required capability"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn validate_granted_capabilities_allows_subset_of_optional_capabilities() {
+        let mut requested = empty_requested_permissions();
+        requested.capabilities.required = vec!["wallet.send_xch".to_string()];
+        requested.capabilities.optional = vec!["persistent_storage".to_string()];
+
+        validate_granted_capabilities(
+            &requested,
+            &vec!["wallet.send_xch".to_string()],
+        )
+            .expect("expected optional capability to be omittable");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn summarize_capabilities_rejects_unknown_capability() {
+        let err = summarize_capabilities(&vec!["does.not.exist".to_string()])
+            .expect_err("expected unknown capability to be rejected");
+
+        assert!(
+            err.to_string().contains("unknown capability"),
+            "error should mention unknown capability"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    #[ignore = "enable once a capability with accesses_sensitive_secret = true exists"]
+    fn requested_permissions_policy_rejects_secret_and_external_combination() {
+        let mut requested = empty_requested_permissions();
+        requested.capabilities.required = vec![
+            "wallet.send_xch".to_string(),
+            "wallet.send_xch_auto_submit".to_string(),
+        ];
+
+        let err = validate_requested_permission_policy(&requested)
+            .expect_err("expected incompatible requested capability policy to be rejected");
+
+        assert!(
+            err.to_string().contains("requested permissions cannot include both externally observable and sensitive secret access permissions"),
+            "unexpected error: {err}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn resolve_capability_flags_sets_expected_flags_for_shared_send_capability() {
+        let flags = resolve_capability_flags(&vec!["wallet.send_xch".to_string()], None)
+            .expect("expected capability flags to resolve");
+
+        assert!(flags.has_external_access);
+        assert!(!flags.has_secret_access);
+        assert!(!flags.storage_may_contain_secrets);
+        assert!(!flags.isolated);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn resolve_capability_flags_rejects_external_access_when_storage_is_tainted() {
+        let previous = InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags {
+            has_secret_access: false,
+            has_external_access: false,
+            storage_may_contain_secrets: true,
+            isolated: true,
+        };
+
+        let err = resolve_capability_flags(
+            &vec!["wallet.send_xch".to_string()],
+            Some(&previous),
+        )
+            .expect_err("expected tainted storage to block externally observable capability");
+
+        assert_eq!(err.to_string(), "STORAGE_TAINTED");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn mark_storage_may_contain_secrets_sets_taint_and_isolation() {
+        let flags = InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags {
+            has_secret_access: true,
+            has_external_access: false,
+            storage_may_contain_secrets: false,
+            isolated: true,
+        };
+
+        let updated = mark_storage_may_contain_secrets(&flags);
+        assert!(updated.storage_may_contain_secrets);
+        assert!(updated.isolated);
+        assert!(updated.has_secret_access);
+        assert!(!updated.has_external_access);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn clear_storage_may_contain_secrets_preserves_secret_access_isolation_only() {
+        let flags = InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags {
+            has_secret_access: true,
+            has_external_access: false,
+            storage_may_contain_secrets: true,
+            isolated: true,
+        };
+
+        let updated = clear_storage_may_contain_secrets(&flags);
+        assert!(!updated.storage_may_contain_secrets);
+        assert!(updated.isolated);
+        assert!(updated.has_secret_access);
+    }
 }
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/runtime.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/runtime.rs
index 886384679..ca69cf76e 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/runtime.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/runtime.rs
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ pub struct SageAppRuntimeRecord {
     pub in_flight_request_count: u32,
 }
 
-#[derive(Default)]
+#[derive(Debug, Default)]
 pub struct AppRuntimeState {
     pub by_runtime_id: Mutex<BTreeMap<String, SageAppRuntimeRecord>>,
     pub runtime_by_app_id: Mutex<BTreeMap<String, String>>,
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/store.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/store.rs
index 93a6aae09..4c00b332f 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/store.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/store.rs
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ pub struct SandboxRunResults {
     pub network: Vec<SandboxAppResult<SandboxNetworkProbeResult>>,
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct SandboxStateStore {
     pub baseline: Mutex<super::types::SandboxState>,
     pub current_run: Mutex<Option<SandboxRunState>>,
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/types.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/types.rs
index 0a9a37e9c..5ffadcef2 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/types.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/types.rs
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ pub struct SandboxStorageClearProbeResult {
     pub error: Option<String>,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "snake_case")]
 pub enum SandboxStorageClearProbePhase {
     Write,
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/state.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/state.rs
index a9ccfedb8..4ede1274a 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/state.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/state.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use crate::apps::bridge::BridgeState;
 use crate::apps::runtime::AppRuntimeState;
 use crate::apps::sandbox::SandboxStateStore;
 
-#[derive(Default)]
+#[derive(Debug, Default)]
 pub struct AppsHostState {
     pub runtime: AppRuntimeState,
     pub bridge: BridgeState,
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs
index a9513d18b..32ec6b5ac 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ pub struct InstalledSageAppSnapshot {
     pub manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default)]
 pub struct InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags {
     #[serde(rename = "hasSecretAccess", alias = "has_secret_access")]
     pub has_secret_access: bool,
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
index eef544222..0fb1f2872 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use tauri::Manager;
 use tauri_specta::{Builder, ErrorHandlingMode, collect_commands, collect_events};
 use tokio::sync::Mutex;
 
-mod apps;
+pub mod apps;
 mod app_state;
 mod commands;
 mod error;
diff --git a/src-tauri/tests/apps_install.rs b/src-tauri/tests/apps_install.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..05f41b807
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/tests/apps_install.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+use sage_lib::apps::install::normalize_and_validate_granted_network_whitelist;
+use sage_lib::apps::permissions::validate_granted_capabilities;
+use sage_lib::apps::types::{
+    SageNetworkPermissionTarget, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
+    SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist, SageRequestedPermissions,
+};
+
+fn requested_permissions() -> SageRequestedPermissions {
+    SageRequestedPermissions {
+        network: SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
+            whitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist {
+                required: vec![SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
+                    scheme: "https".to_string(),
+                    host: "required.example.com".to_string(),
+                }],
+                optional: vec![SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
+                    scheme: "wss".to_string(),
+                    host: "optional.example.com".to_string(),
+                }],
+            },
+        },
+        capabilities: SageRequestedCapabilities {
+            required: vec!["wallet.send_xch".to_string()],
+            optional: vec!["persistent_storage".to_string()],
+        },
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn granted_capabilities_accept_required_only_subset() {
+    let requested = requested_permissions();
+
+    validate_granted_capabilities(
+        &requested,
+        &vec!["wallet.send_xch".to_string()],
+    )
+        .unwrap();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn granted_capabilities_reject_extra_capability() {
+    let requested = requested_permissions();
+
+    let err = validate_granted_capabilities(
+        &requested,
+        &vec![
+            "wallet.send_xch".to_string(),
+            "wallet.send_xch_auto_submit".to_string(),
+        ],
+    )
+        .expect_err("expected extra capability to be rejected");
+
+    assert!(err.to_string().contains("wallet.send_xch_auto_submit"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn granted_network_whitelist_includes_required_entries_automatically() {
+    let requested = requested_permissions();
+
+    let normalized = normalize_and_validate_granted_network_whitelist(
+        &requested.network,
+        &vec![SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
+            scheme: "wss".to_string(),
+            host: "optional.example.com".to_string(),
+        }],
+    )
+        .unwrap();
+
+    assert!(normalized.iter().any(|entry| {
+        entry.scheme == "https" && entry.host == "required.example.com"
+    }));
+    assert!(normalized.iter().any(|entry| {
+        entry.scheme == "wss" && entry.host == "optional.example.com"
+    }));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn granted_network_whitelist_rejects_unrequested_entry() {
+    let requested = requested_permissions();
+
+    let err = normalize_and_validate_granted_network_whitelist(
+        &requested.network,
+        &vec![SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
+            scheme: "https".to_string(),
+            host: "not-requested.example.com".to_string(),
+        }],
+    )
+        .expect_err("expected unrequested network entry to be rejected");
+
+    assert!(err.to_string().contains("not-requested.example.com"));
+}
diff --git a/src-tauri/tests/apps_manifest.rs b/src-tauri/tests/apps_manifest.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0e41db67d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/tests/apps_manifest.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+use sage_lib::apps::manifest::{
+    validate_manifest_file_path, validate_sha256_hex,
+};
+
+#[test]
+fn validate_manifest_file_path_accepts_normal_relative_path() {
+    validate_manifest_file_path("dist/index.html").unwrap();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn validate_manifest_file_path_rejects_absolute_path() {
+    assert!(validate_manifest_file_path("/etc/passwd").is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn validate_manifest_file_path_rejects_parent_traversal() {
+    assert!(validate_manifest_file_path("../secret.txt").is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn validate_sha256_hex_accepts_valid_hash() {
+    validate_sha256_hex(
+        "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa",
+    )
+        .unwrap();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn validate_sha256_hex_rejects_invalid_hash() {
+    assert!(validate_sha256_hex("not-a-sha").is_err());
+}
diff --git a/src-tauri/tests/apps_registry.rs b/src-tauri/tests/apps_registry.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8984eb9ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/tests/apps_registry.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+use std::fs;
+
+use sage_lib::apps::registry::{app_install_dir, apps_root, list_installed_apps_internal, read_installed_app_by_id, write_installed_app_metadata};
+use sage_lib::apps::types::{
+    InstalledSageApp, InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags, InstalledSageAppSnapshot,
+    InstalledSageAppSource, ListedSageApp, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest,
+    SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedCapabilities,
+    SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist, SageRequestedPermissions,
+};
+use tempfile::tempdir;
+
+fn sample_app(app_id: &str, name: &str) -> InstalledSageApp {
+    InstalledSageApp {
+        id: app_id.to_string(),
+        name: name.to_string(),
+        version: "1.0.0".to_string(),
+        install_dir: String::new(),
+        entry_file: "index.html".to_string(),
+        icon_file: "icon.png".to_string(),
+        requested_permissions: SageRequestedPermissions {
+            network: SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
+                whitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist {
+                    required: vec![],
+                    optional: vec![],
+                },
+            },
+            capabilities: SageRequestedCapabilities {
+                required: vec!["wallet.send_xch".to_string()],
+                optional: vec!["persistent_storage".to_string()],
+            },
+        },
+        granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions {
+            capabilities: vec!["wallet.send_xch".to_string()],
+            network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions { whitelist: vec![] },
+        },
+        capability_flags: InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags {
+            has_secret_access: false,
+            has_external_access: true,
+            storage_may_contain_secrets: false,
+            isolated: false,
+        },
+        source: InstalledSageAppSource::Zip,
+        active_snapshot: InstalledSageAppSnapshot {
+            manifest_hash: "hash".to_string(),
+            snapshot_dir: "/tmp/snapshot".to_string(),
+            total_bytes: 123,
+            manifest: SageAppPackageManifest {
+                name: name.to_string(),
+                version: "1.0.0".to_string(),
+                permissions: SageRequestedPermissions {
+                    network: SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
+                        whitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist {
+                            required: vec![],
+                            optional: vec![],
+                        },
+                    },
+                    capabilities: SageRequestedCapabilities {
+                        required: vec!["wallet.send_xch".to_string()],
+                        optional: vec!["persistent_storage".to_string()],
+                    },
+                },
+                files: vec![SageAppManifestFile {
+                    path: "index.html".to_string(),
+                    sha256: "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa"
+                        .to_string(),
+                    size: 123,
+                }],
+                entry: Some("index.html".to_string()),
+                icon: Some("icon.png".to_string()),
+            },
+        },
+        pending_update: None,
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn installed_app_metadata_roundtrips() {
+    let base = tempdir().unwrap();
+    let app_id = "app-1";
+    let dir = app_install_dir(base.path(), app_id);
+    fs::create_dir_all(&dir).unwrap();
+
+    let mut app = sample_app(app_id, "Alpha");
+    app.install_dir = dir.to_string_lossy().to_string();
+
+    write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &dir).unwrap();
+    let loaded = read_installed_app_by_id(base.path(), app_id).unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(loaded.id, app.id);
+    assert_eq!(loaded.name, app.name);
+    assert_eq!(loaded.granted_permissions, app.granted_permissions);
+    assert_eq!(loaded.capability_flags.has_external_access, true);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn corrupted_metadata_is_reported_as_corrupted_listing() {
+    let base = tempdir().unwrap();
+    let dir = app_install_dir(base.path(), "broken-app");
+    fs::create_dir_all(&dir).unwrap();
+
+    fs::write(dir.join(".sage-installed.json"), "{ definitely not json").unwrap();
+
+    let listed = list_installed_apps_internal(&apps_root(base.path())).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(listed.len(), 1);
+
+    match &listed[0] {
+        ListedSageApp::Corrupted(app) => {
+            assert_eq!(app.id, "broken-app");
+            assert!(!app.error.is_empty());
+        }
+        ListedSageApp::Installed(_) => panic!("expected corrupted app listing"),
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn installed_apps_are_sorted_by_name() {
+    let base = tempdir().unwrap();
+
+    let alpha_dir = app_install_dir(base.path(), "a");
+    fs::create_dir_all(&alpha_dir).unwrap();
+    let mut alpha = sample_app("a", "Alpha");
+    alpha.install_dir = alpha_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string();
+    write_installed_app_metadata(&alpha, &alpha_dir).unwrap();
+
+    let zeta_dir = app_install_dir(base.path(), "z");
+    fs::create_dir_all(&zeta_dir).unwrap();
+    let mut zeta = sample_app("z", "Zeta");
+    zeta.install_dir = zeta_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string();
+    write_installed_app_metadata(&zeta, &zeta_dir).unwrap();
+
+    let listed = list_installed_apps_internal(&apps_root(base.path())).unwrap();
+    let names: Vec<_> = listed
+        .into_iter()
+        .map(|entry| match entry {
+            ListedSageApp::Installed(app) => app.name,
+            ListedSageApp::Corrupted(app) => app.id,
+        })
+        .collect();
+
+    assert_eq!(names, vec!["Alpha".to_string(), "Zeta".to_string()]);
+}

From 4a7f24cdf926305575870f42036bd64f388908ad Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Mon, 20 Apr 2026 16:59:22 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 115/471] Rename `permissionFlags` to `capabilityFlags` in
 runtime logic, install flow, and component types for better alignment with
 capabilities terminology.

---
 src/components/apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx | 2 +-
 src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts                   | 6 +++---
 2 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/components/apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx b/src/components/apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx
index 62aeb4089..dfcb44296 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ function buildPreviewApp(
         whitelist: grantedNetworkWhitelist,
       },
     },
-    permissionFlags: {
+    capabilityFlags: {
       hasSecretAccess: false,
       hasExternalAccess: false,
       storageMayContainSecrets: false,
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts b/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
index 328d676c9..0a7f35585 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
@@ -115,11 +115,11 @@ export function shouldUseIncognito(app: InstalledSageApp): boolean {
     return true;
   }
 
-  if (app.permissionFlags.storageMayContainSecrets) {
+  if (app.capabilityFlags.storageMayContainSecrets) {
     return true;
   }
 
-  return forceIncognitoForSecretApps && app.permissionFlags.hasSecretAccess;
+  return forceIncognitoForSecretApps && app.capabilityFlags.hasSecretAccess;
 }
 
 export async function waitForWebviewClosed(
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ async function createInlineRuntime(
 
   const isIncognito = shouldUseIncognito(app);
 
-  if (!isIncognito && app.permissionFlags.hasSecretAccess) {
+  if (!isIncognito && app.capabilityFlags.hasSecretAccess) {
     await invoke('apps_mark_storage_may_contain_secrets', {
       appId: app.id,
     });

From e3d59abe4ed45de33df8ca456afdc9b336477c05 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Mon, 20 Apr 2026 21:11:08 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 116/471] Add granted capabilities and network whitelist
 management:

- Introduced runtime events for monitoring granted capabilities and network whitelist changes.
- Added methods to request capability grants and network whitelist entries.
- Refactored permission handling logic to align with capabilities terminology and improved update flows.
- Enhanced bridge system to support pending and immediate responses for bridge requests.
- Updated UI components and type definitions to reflect new capabilities and network permissions structure.
---
 packages/sage-app-sdk/src/index.ts            |  49 +-
 packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts          | 212 +++++++-
 packages/sage-app-sdk/src/types.ts            |  56 +-
 .../{app-window.json => apps.json}            |   7 +-
 .../{desktop.json => sage-desktop.json}       |   2 +-
 .../{mobile.json => sage-mobile.json}         |   2 +-
 .../capabilities/{default.json => sage.json}  |   5 +-
 src-tauri/permissions/bridge.toml             |   9 +
 src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml          | 142 +++++
 src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/mod.rs      |  29 +-
 src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/system.rs   | 509 +++++++++++++++++-
 src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/wallet.rs   |  30 +-
 src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/mod.rs              | 251 ++++-----
 src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/registry.rs         |  17 +-
 src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs                  |  58 +-
 src-tauri/src/lib.rs                          |   2 +-
 src/bindings.ts                               |   9 +-
 src/components/apps/AppApprovalBanner.tsx     |  38 +-
 src/components/apps/AppApprovalStrip.tsx      |  76 ++-
 src/hooks/useBridgeHost.ts                    | 175 +++---
 src/lib/apps/bridge/index.ts                  |  18 +-
 src/lib/apps/bridge/types.ts                  |  87 ++-
 22 files changed, 1369 insertions(+), 414 deletions(-)
 rename src-tauri/capabilities/{app-window.json => apps.json} (66%)
 rename src-tauri/capabilities/{desktop.json => sage-desktop.json} (93%)
 rename src-tauri/capabilities/{mobile.json => sage-mobile.json} (92%)
 rename src-tauri/capabilities/{default.json => sage.json} (93%)
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/permissions/bridge.toml
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml

diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/index.ts b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/index.ts
index e0c8588ee..ea260e21c 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/index.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/index.ts
@@ -1,28 +1,35 @@
 export { initSageRuntimeBridge, SAGE_BRIDGE_VERSION } from './runtime';
 
 export {
-    isSageRuntimeAvailable,
-    isSageBridgeInitialized,
-    createSageClient,
-    formatSageError,
-    getSageClientSync,
-    hasSageBridge,
+  isSageRuntimeAvailable,
+  isSageBridgeInitialized,
+  createSageClient,
+  formatSageError,
+  getSageClientSync,
+  hasSageBridge,
 } from './client';
 
 export type {
-    Amount,
-    SageAppInfo,
-    SageBridgeErrorResponse,
-    SageBridgeEventPayload,
-    SageBridgeRequest,
-    SageBridgeResponse,
-    SageBridgeSendPayload,
-    SageBridgeSuccessResponse,
-    SageBridgeVersion,
-    SageClient,
-    SageRequestedPermissions,
-    SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail,
-    SageNetworkPermission,
-    SageWalletSendXchRequest,
-    TransactionResponse,
+  Amount,
+  SageAppInfo,
+  SageBridgeErrorResponse,
+  SageBridgeRequest,
+  SageBridgeResponse,
+  SageBridgeRuntimeEvent,
+  SageBridgeSendPayload,
+  SageBridgeSuccessResponse,
+  SageBridgeVersion,
+  SageClient,
+  SageRequestedPermissions,
+  SageRequestedNetworkWhitelistEntry,
+  SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail,
+  SageNetworkPermission,
+  SageGrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent,
+  SageGrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent,
+  SageRequestCapabilityGrantInput,
+  SageRequestCapabilityGrantResult,
+  SageRequestNetworkWhitelistGrantInput,
+  SageRequestNetworkWhitelistGrantResult,
+  SageWalletSendXchRequest,
+  TransactionResponse,
 } from './types';
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
index 36ed91210..e5570034a 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
@@ -1,11 +1,18 @@
+import { invoke } from '@tauri-apps/api/core';
 import type {
   SageAppInfo,
-  SageBridgeEventPayload,
   SageBridgeRequest,
   SageBridgeResponse,
+  SageBridgeRuntimeEvent,
   SageBridgeSendPayload,
   SageBridgeVersion,
   SageClient,
+  SageGrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent,
+  SageGrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent,
+  SageRequestCapabilityGrantInput,
+  SageRequestCapabilityGrantResult,
+  SageRequestNetworkWhitelistGrantInput,
+  SageRequestNetworkWhitelistGrantResult,
   SageWalletSendXchRequest,
   TransactionResponse,
 } from './types';
@@ -20,7 +27,6 @@ type SageUnlisten = () => void;
 
 type SageWebviewHandle = {
   label: string;
-  emitTo(target: string, event: string, payload: unknown): Promise<void>;
   listen<T = unknown>(
     event: string,
     handler: (event: SageListenEvent<T>) => void,
@@ -48,6 +54,34 @@ type PendingBridgeRequest = {
   method: string;
 };
 
+type RustBridgeResponse =
+  | {
+      channel: string;
+      bridgeVersion: string;
+      id: string;
+      ok: true;
+      resultJson: string;
+    }
+  | {
+      channel: string;
+      bridgeVersion: string;
+      id: string;
+      ok: false;
+      error: {
+        code: string;
+        message: string;
+      };
+    };
+
+type RustBridgeInvokeResult =
+  | {
+      kind: 'immediate';
+      response: RustBridgeResponse;
+    }
+  | {
+      kind: 'pending';
+    };
+
 function getSageWindow(): SageWindow {
   return window as SageWindow;
 }
@@ -83,6 +117,58 @@ function tryGetCurrentWebview(): SageWebviewHandle | null {
   return tauri.webview.getCurrentWebview();
 }
 
+function isObject(value: unknown): value is Record<string, unknown> {
+  return !!value && typeof value === 'object';
+}
+
+function parseJsonOrNull(value: string | null | undefined): unknown {
+  if (value == null) {
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  try {
+    return JSON.parse(value);
+  } catch (err) {
+    console.error('Failed to parse JSON payload from Rust bridge:', err, value);
+    return null;
+  }
+}
+
+function toSdkBridgeResponse(response: RustBridgeResponse): SageBridgeResponse {
+  if ('resultJson' in response) {
+    return {
+      channel: 'sage-bridge',
+      bridgeVersion: 'v1',
+      id: response.id,
+      ok: true,
+      result: parseJsonOrNull(response.resultJson),
+    };
+  }
+
+  return {
+    channel: 'sage-bridge',
+    bridgeVersion: 'v1',
+    id: response.id,
+    ok: false,
+    error: response.error,
+  };
+}
+
+function isBridgeRuntimeEvent(value: unknown): value is SageBridgeRuntimeEvent {
+  if (!isObject(value)) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  if (value.channel !== 'sage-bridge') {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  return (
+    value.type === 'grantedCapabilitiesChange' ||
+    value.type === 'grantedNetworkWhitelistChange'
+  );
+}
+
 export function initSageRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
   const w = getSageWindow();
 
@@ -102,23 +188,37 @@ export function initSageRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
   const webview: SageWebviewHandle = maybeWebview;
   w.__SAGE_RUNTIME_BRIDGE_INITIALIZED__ = true;
 
-  const sourceLabel = webview.label;
-  const bridgeListeners = new Set<(event: unknown) => void>();
   const pendingRequests = new Map<string, PendingBridgeRequest>();
 
   webview
-    .listen('sage-bridge:event', (event: SageListenEvent) => {
+    .listen('sage-bridge:event', (event: SageListenEvent<unknown>) => {
       const data = event.payload;
-      if (!data || (data as { channel?: string }).channel !== 'sage-bridge') {
+
+      if (!isBridgeRuntimeEvent(data)) {
         return;
       }
 
-      for (const listener of bridgeListeners) {
-        try {
-          listener(data);
-        } catch (error: unknown) {
-          console.error('Sage bridge event listener failed:', error);
+      try {
+        if (data.type === 'grantedCapabilitiesChange') {
+          window.dispatchEvent(
+            new CustomEvent<SageGrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent>(
+              'sage:granted-capabilities-change',
+              { detail: data },
+            ),
+          );
+          return;
         }
+
+        if (data.type === 'grantedNetworkWhitelistChange') {
+          window.dispatchEvent(
+            new CustomEvent<SageGrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent>(
+              'sage:granted-network-whitelist-change',
+              { detail: data },
+            ),
+          );
+        }
+      } catch (error: unknown) {
+        console.error('Failed to dispatch Sage bridge runtime event:', error);
       }
     })
     .catch((error: unknown) => {
@@ -203,7 +303,7 @@ export function initSageRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
 
         pendingRequests.delete(id);
         reject(new Error(`Sage bridge timeout for ${method}`));
-      }, 15000);
+      }, 30000);
 
       pendingRequests.set(id, {
         resolve: (value) => resolve(value as T),
@@ -222,12 +322,33 @@ export function initSageRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
             params,
           };
 
-          const payload: SageBridgeEventPayload = {
-            sourceLabel,
-            request,
-          };
+          const result = await invoke<RustBridgeInvokeResult>(
+            'apps_invoke_bridge',
+            {
+              request: {
+                channel: request.channel,
+                bridgeVersion: request.bridgeVersion ?? null,
+                id: request.id,
+                method: request.method,
+                paramsJson:
+                  request.params === undefined
+                    ? null
+                    : JSON.stringify(request.params),
+              },
+            },
+          );
+
+          if (result.kind === 'immediate') {
+            const response = toSdkBridgeResponse(result.response);
+            pendingRequests.delete(id);
+            window.clearTimeout(timeoutId);
 
-          await webview.emitTo('main', 'sage-bridge:request', payload);
+            if (response.ok) {
+              resolve(response.result as T);
+            } else {
+              reject(new Error(response.error.message));
+            }
+          }
         } catch (error: unknown) {
           const pending = pendingRequests.get(id);
           if (!pending) {
@@ -260,6 +381,62 @@ export function initSageRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
       async getCapabilities() {
         return await callHost<string[]>('sage.getCapabilities');
       },
+
+      async requestCapabilityGrant(input: SageRequestCapabilityGrantInput) {
+        return await callHost<SageRequestCapabilityGrantResult>(
+          'sage.requestCapabilityGrant',
+          input,
+        );
+      },
+
+      async requestNetworkWhitelistGrant(
+        input: SageRequestNetworkWhitelistGrantInput,
+      ) {
+        return await callHost<SageRequestNetworkWhitelistGrantResult>(
+          'sage.requestNetworkWhitelistGrant',
+          input,
+        );
+      },
+
+      onGrantedCapabilitiesChange(handler) {
+        const listener = (event: Event) => {
+          const custom =
+            event as CustomEvent<SageGrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent>;
+          handler(custom.detail);
+        };
+
+        window.addEventListener(
+          'sage:granted-capabilities-change',
+          listener as EventListener,
+        );
+
+        return () => {
+          window.removeEventListener(
+            'sage:granted-capabilities-change',
+            listener as EventListener,
+          );
+        };
+      },
+
+      onGrantedNetworkWhitelistChange(handler) {
+        const listener = (event: Event) => {
+          const custom =
+            event as CustomEvent<SageGrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent>;
+          handler(custom.detail);
+        };
+
+        window.addEventListener(
+          'sage:granted-network-whitelist-change',
+          listener as EventListener,
+        );
+
+        return () => {
+          window.removeEventListener(
+            'sage:granted-network-whitelist-change',
+            listener as EventListener,
+          );
+        };
+      },
     },
 
     lifecycle: {
@@ -298,3 +475,4 @@ export function initSageRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
 
   return true;
 }
+
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/types.ts b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/types.ts
index 6ea9d544b..b83880cd3 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/types.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/types.ts
@@ -76,11 +76,26 @@ export type SageBridgeResponse =
   | SageBridgeSuccessResponse
   | SageBridgeErrorResponse;
 
-export type SageBridgeEventPayload = {
-  sourceLabel: string;
-  request: SageBridgeRequest;
+export type SageGrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent = {
+  channel: 'sage-bridge';
+  type: 'grantedCapabilitiesChange';
+  removedGrantedCapabilities: string[];
+  addedGrantedCapabilities: string[];
+  fullGrantedCapabilities: string[];
+};
+
+export type SageGrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent = {
+  channel: 'sage-bridge';
+  type: 'grantedNetworkWhitelistChange';
+  removedGrantedNetworkWhitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelistEntry[];
+  addedGrantedNetworkWhitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelistEntry[];
+  fullGrantedNetworkWhitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelistEntry[];
 };
 
+export type SageBridgeRuntimeEvent =
+  | SageGrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent
+  | SageGrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent;
+
 export type SageBridgeSendPayload = {
   kind: string;
   [key: string]: unknown;
@@ -155,6 +170,28 @@ export type SageWalletSendXchRequest = {
   auto_submit?: boolean;
 };
 
+export type SageRequestCapabilityGrantInput = {
+  capability: string;
+};
+
+export type SageRequestCapabilityGrantResult = {
+  granted: boolean;
+  alreadyGranted?: boolean;
+  capability: string;
+  fullGrantedCapabilities: string[];
+};
+
+export type SageRequestNetworkWhitelistGrantInput = {
+  entry: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelistEntry;
+};
+
+export type SageRequestNetworkWhitelistGrantResult = {
+  granted: boolean;
+  alreadyGranted?: boolean;
+  entry: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelistEntry;
+  fullGrantedNetworkWhitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelistEntry[];
+};
+
 export type SageWalletClient = {
   sendXch(input: SageWalletSendXchRequest): Promise<TransactionResponse>;
 };
@@ -164,6 +201,18 @@ export type SageAppClient = {
   bridgeSend(input: SageBridgeSendPayload): Promise<unknown>;
   getInfo(): Promise<SageAppInfo>;
   getCapabilities(): Promise<string[]>;
+  requestCapabilityGrant(
+    input: SageRequestCapabilityGrantInput,
+  ): Promise<SageRequestCapabilityGrantResult>;
+  requestNetworkWhitelistGrant(
+    input: SageRequestNetworkWhitelistGrantInput,
+  ): Promise<SageRequestNetworkWhitelistGrantResult>;
+  onGrantedCapabilitiesChange(
+    handler: (event: SageGrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent) => void,
+  ): () => void;
+  onGrantedNetworkWhitelistChange(
+    handler: (event: SageGrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent) => void,
+  ): () => void;
 };
 
 export type SageLifecycleClient = {
@@ -178,3 +227,4 @@ export type SageClient = {
   lifecycle: SageLifecycleClient;
   wallet: SageWalletClient;
 };
+
diff --git a/src-tauri/capabilities/app-window.json b/src-tauri/capabilities/apps.json
similarity index 66%
rename from src-tauri/capabilities/app-window.json
rename to src-tauri/capabilities/apps.json
index 1f8402376..66290e805 100644
--- a/src-tauri/capabilities/app-window.json
+++ b/src-tauri/capabilities/apps.json
@@ -2,7 +2,10 @@
   "$schema": "../gen/schemas/desktop-schema.json",
   "identifier": "app-webview",
   "description": "Minimal IPC for installed app windows and embedded app webviews",
-  "windows": ["app-*"],
   "webviews": ["app-*", "app-inline-*"],
-  "permissions": ["core:event:default", "core:webview:default"]
+  "permissions": [
+    "core:event:default",
+    "core:webview:default",
+    "allow-apps-invoke-bridge"
+  ]
 }
diff --git a/src-tauri/capabilities/desktop.json b/src-tauri/capabilities/sage-desktop.json
similarity index 93%
rename from src-tauri/capabilities/desktop.json
rename to src-tauri/capabilities/sage-desktop.json
index bdb030db1..726c78db3 100644
--- a/src-tauri/capabilities/desktop.json
+++ b/src-tauri/capabilities/sage-desktop.json
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
   "$schema": "../gen/schemas/desktop-schema.json",
   "identifier": "desktop-capability",
   "platforms": ["macOS", "windows", "linux"],
-  "windows": ["main"],
+  "webviews": ["main"],
   "permissions": [
     "window-state:default",
     "core:menu:default",
diff --git a/src-tauri/capabilities/mobile.json b/src-tauri/capabilities/sage-mobile.json
similarity index 92%
rename from src-tauri/capabilities/mobile.json
rename to src-tauri/capabilities/sage-mobile.json
index 07f0f17b4..e3fcc3d8c 100644
--- a/src-tauri/capabilities/mobile.json
+++ b/src-tauri/capabilities/sage-mobile.json
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 {
   "$schema": "../gen/schemas/mobile-schema.json",
   "identifier": "mobile-capability",
-  "windows": ["main"],
+  "webviews": ["main"],
   "platforms": ["android", "iOS"],
   "permissions": [
     "safe-area-insets:default",
diff --git a/src-tauri/capabilities/default.json b/src-tauri/capabilities/sage.json
similarity index 93%
rename from src-tauri/capabilities/default.json
rename to src-tauri/capabilities/sage.json
index 9ccfe877f..99b15c512 100644
--- a/src-tauri/capabilities/default.json
+++ b/src-tauri/capabilities/sage.json
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
   "$schema": "../gen/schemas/desktop-schema.json",
   "identifier": "default",
   "description": "enables the default permissions",
-  "windows": ["main"],
+  "webviews": ["main"],
   "permissions": [
     "core:path:default",
     "core:event:default",
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
     "clipboard-manager:default",
     "clipboard-manager:allow-write-text",
     "clipboard-manager:allow-read-text",
-    "opener:default"
+    "opener:default",
+    "main-host"
   ]
 }
diff --git a/src-tauri/permissions/bridge.toml b/src-tauri/permissions/bridge.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2bbda62f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/permissions/bridge.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+[[permission]]
+identifier = "allow-apps-invoke-bridge"
+description = "Allows embedded app webviews to invoke the Sage bridge entrypoint."
+commands.allow = ["apps_invoke_bridge"]
+
+[[permission]]
+identifier = "allow-apps-resolve-bridge-approval"
+description = "Allows the main Sage UI to resolve pending bridge approvals."
+commands.allow = ["apps_resolve_bridge_approval"]
diff --git a/src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml b/src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..76d0b056b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+[[permission]]
+identifier = "main-host"
+description = "Allows the main Sage webview to call Sage host commands."
+commands.allow = [
+    "initialize",
+    "login",
+    "logout",
+    "resync",
+    "generate_mnemonic",
+    "import_key",
+    "delete_key",
+    "delete_database",
+    "rename_key",
+    "get_keys",
+    "set_wallet_emoji",
+    "get_key",
+    "get_secret_key",
+    "send_xch",
+    "bulk_send_xch",
+    "combine",
+    "split",
+    "auto_combine_xch",
+    "send_cat",
+    "bulk_send_cat",
+    "auto_combine_cat",
+    "issue_cat",
+    "create_did",
+    "bulk_mint_nfts",
+    "transfer_nfts",
+    "transfer_dids",
+    "normalize_dids",
+    "mint_option",
+    "transfer_options",
+    "exercise_options",
+    "add_nft_uri",
+    "assign_nfts_to_did",
+    "finalize_clawback",
+    "create_transaction",
+    "sign_coin_spends",
+    "view_coin_spends",
+    "submit_transaction",
+    "get_sync_status",
+    "get_version",
+    "get_database_stats",
+    "perform_database_maintenance",
+    "check_address",
+    "get_derivations",
+    "get_are_coins_spendable",
+    "get_spendable_coin_count",
+    "get_coins_by_ids",
+    "get_coins",
+    "get_cats",
+    "get_all_cats",
+    "get_token",
+    "get_dids",
+    "get_minter_did_ids",
+    "get_options",
+    "get_option",
+    "get_nft_collections",
+    "get_nft_collection",
+    "get_nfts",
+    "get_nft",
+    "get_nft_data",
+    "get_nft_icon",
+    "get_nft_thumbnail",
+    "get_pending_transactions",
+    "get_transaction",
+    "get_transactions",
+    "validate_address",
+    "make_offer",
+    "take_offer",
+    "combine_offers",
+    "view_offer",
+    "import_offer",
+    "get_offers",
+    "get_offers_for_asset",
+    "get_offer",
+    "delete_offer",
+    "cancel_offer",
+    "cancel_offers",
+    "network_config",
+    "set_discover_peers",
+    "set_target_peers",
+    "set_network",
+    "set_network_override",
+    "wallet_config",
+    "default_wallet_config",
+    "get_networks",
+    "get_network",
+    "set_delta_sync",
+    "set_delta_sync_override",
+    "set_change_address",
+    "update_cat",
+    "resync_cat",
+    "update_did",
+    "update_option",
+    "update_nft",
+    "update_nft_collection",
+    "redownload_nft",
+    "increase_derivation_index",
+    "get_peers",
+    "get_user_theme",
+    "get_user_themes",
+    "save_user_theme",
+    "delete_user_theme",
+    "add_peer",
+    "remove_peer",
+    "filter_unlocked_coins",
+    "get_asset_coins",
+    "sign_message_with_public_key",
+    "sign_message_by_address",
+    "send_transaction_immediately",
+    "is_rpc_running",
+    "start_rpc_server",
+    "stop_rpc_server",
+    "get_rpc_run_on_startup",
+    "set_rpc_run_on_startup",
+    "switch_wallet",
+    "move_key",
+    "download_cni_offercode",
+    "get_logs",
+    "is_asset_owned",
+    "apps_create_inline_runtime",
+    "apps_assert_bridge_origin",
+    "apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data",
+    "apps_resolve_bridge_approval",
+    "apps_get_sandbox_state",
+    "apps_get_app_launch_gate",
+    "apps_rerun_sandbox_tests",
+    "list_installed_apps",
+    "preview_app_zip",
+    "preview_app_url",
+    "install_app_zip",
+    "install_app_url",
+    "uninstall_app",
+    "get_builtin_test_app",
+    "check_app_update",
+    "download_app_update",
+    "apply_app_update",
+    "apps_update_permissions",
+    "apps_mark_storage_may_contain_secrets"
+]
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/mod.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/mod.rs
index 9b8626719..75c19da0d 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/mod.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/mod.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ pub mod wallet;
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
 use crate::app_state::AppState;
-use crate::apps::bridge::{RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
+use crate::apps::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
 use crate::apps::types::InstalledSageApp;
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
@@ -26,10 +26,35 @@ pub trait BridgeMethod: Send + Sync {
         None
     }
 
-    fn requires_approval(&self, _app: &InstalledSageApp) -> bool {
+    fn requires_approval(
+        &self,
+        _app: &InstalledSageApp,
+        _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> bool {
         false
     }
 
+    fn approval_request(
+        &self,
+        ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest> {
+        if !self.requires_approval(ctx.app, request) {
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        Some(RustBridgeApprovalRequest {
+            kind: "unknown".into(),
+            app: ctx.app.clone(),
+            source_label: ctx.source_label.to_string(),
+            request_id: request.id.clone(),
+            params_json: request
+                .params_json
+                .clone()
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| "null".to_string()),
+        })
+    }
+
     async fn handle(
         &self,
         ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/system.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/system.rs
index dea935425..56db7a800 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/system.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/system.rs
@@ -1,19 +1,161 @@
+use std::collections::BTreeSet;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+
 use async_trait::async_trait;
+use serde::Deserialize;
 use serde_json::json;
+use tauri::Manager;
 
 use super::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::apps::bridge::{success, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
+use crate::apps::bridge::{
+    emit_bridge_event_to_source, failure, success, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest,
+    RustBridgeResponse,
+};
 use crate::apps::permissions::resolve_shared_capabilities;
+use crate::apps::registry::parse_network_permission_target;
+use crate::apps::types::{
+    SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkPermissionTarget, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
+};
+use crate::apps::update::update_app_permissions_internal;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct BridgePing;
+
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct BridgeSend;
+
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct AppGetInfo;
+
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct SageGetCapabilities;
 
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct SageRequestCapabilityGrant;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct SageRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+struct RequestCapabilityGrantParams {
+    capability: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+struct RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantParams {
+    entry: SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
+}
+
+fn parse_capability_grant_params(
+    request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+) -> Result<RequestCapabilityGrantParams, RustBridgeResponse> {
+    let Some(params_json) = request.params_json.clone() else {
+        return Err(failure(
+            &request.id,
+            "invalid_request",
+            "sage.requestCapabilityGrant requires params",
+        ));
+    };
+
+    serde_json::from_str(&params_json).map_err(|err| {
+        failure(
+            &request.id,
+            "invalid_request",
+            format!("Failed to decode sage.requestCapabilityGrant params: {err}"),
+        )
+    })
+}
+
+fn parse_network_whitelist_grant_params(
+    request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+) -> Result<RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantParams, RustBridgeResponse> {
+    let Some(params_json) = request.params_json.clone() else {
+        return Err(failure(
+            &request.id,
+            "invalid_request",
+            "sage.requestNetworkWhitelistGrant requires params",
+        ));
+    };
+
+    let mut params: RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantParams =
+        serde_json::from_str(&params_json).map_err(|err| {
+            failure(
+                &request.id,
+                "invalid_request",
+                format!(
+                    "Failed to decode sage.requestNetworkWhitelistGrant params: {err}"
+                ),
+            )
+        })?;
+
+    let normalized = parse_network_permission_target(&format!(
+        "{}://{}",
+        params.entry.scheme, params.entry.host
+    ))
+        .map_err(|err| failure(&request.id, "invalid_request", err))?;
+
+    params.entry = normalized;
+    Ok(params)
+}
+
+fn requested_capability_set(app: &crate::apps::types::InstalledSageApp) -> BTreeSet<String> {
+    let mut requested = BTreeSet::new();
+    requested.extend(app.requested_permissions.capabilities.required.iter().cloned());
+    requested.extend(app.requested_permissions.capabilities.optional.iter().cloned());
+    requested
+}
+
+fn requested_network_set(
+    requested: &SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
+) -> Result<BTreeSet<(String, String)>, String> {
+    let mut out = BTreeSet::new();
+
+    for entry in &requested.whitelist.required {
+        out.insert(
+            parse_network_permission_target(&format!("{}://{}", entry.scheme, entry.host))
+                .map(|value| (value.scheme, value.host))?,
+        );
+    }
+
+    for entry in &requested.whitelist.optional {
+        out.insert(
+            parse_network_permission_target(&format!("{}://{}", entry.scheme, entry.host))
+                .map(|value| (value.scheme, value.host))?,
+        );
+    }
+
+    Ok(out)
+}
+
+fn required_network_set(
+    requested: &SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
+) -> Result<BTreeSet<(String, String)>, String> {
+    let mut out = BTreeSet::new();
+
+    for entry in &requested.whitelist.required {
+        out.insert(
+            parse_network_permission_target(&format!("{}://{}", entry.scheme, entry.host))
+                .map(|value| (value.scheme, value.host))?,
+        );
+    }
+
+    Ok(out)
+}
+
+fn sort_unique_strings(values: impl IntoIterator<Item = String>) -> Vec<String> {
+    let set: BTreeSet<String> = values.into_iter().collect();
+    set.into_iter().collect()
+}
+
+fn sort_unique_network(
+    values: impl IntoIterator<Item = SageNetworkPermissionTarget>,
+) -> Vec<SageNetworkPermissionTarget> {
+    let set: BTreeSet<SageNetworkPermissionTarget> = values.into_iter().collect();
+    set.into_iter().collect()
+}
+
 #[async_trait]
 impl BridgeMethod for BridgePing {
     async fn handle(
@@ -72,6 +214,24 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppGetInfo {
             resolve_shared_capabilities(&ctx.app.granted_permissions.capabilities)
                 .unwrap_or_default();
 
+        let required_network = required_network_set(&ctx.app.requested_permissions.network)
+            .unwrap_or_default();
+
+        let network = ctx
+            .app
+            .granted_permissions
+            .network
+            .whitelist
+            .iter()
+            .map(|entry| {
+                json!({
+                    "scheme": entry.scheme,
+                    "host": entry.host,
+                    "required": required_network.contains(&(entry.scheme.clone(), entry.host.clone())),
+                })
+            })
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
         success(
             &request.id,
             json!({
@@ -80,7 +240,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppGetInfo {
                 "version": ctx.app.version,
                 "requestedPermissions": ctx.app.requested_permissions,
                 "capabilities": capabilities,
-                "network": ctx.app.active_snapshot.manifest.permissions.network.whitelist.required,
+                "network": network,
             }),
         )
     }
@@ -100,8 +260,349 @@ impl BridgeMethod for SageGetCapabilities {
 
         success(
             &request.id,
-            serde_json::to_value(&capabilities)
-                .unwrap_or_else(|_| json!([])),
+            serde_json::to_value(&capabilities).unwrap_or_else(|_| json!([])),
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl BridgeMethod for SageRequestCapabilityGrant {
+    fn requires_approval(
+        &self,
+        app: &crate::apps::types::InstalledSageApp,
+        request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> bool {
+        let Ok(params) = parse_capability_grant_params(request) else {
+            return false;
+        };
+
+        !app.granted_permissions.capabilities.iter().any(|cap| cap == &params.capability)
+    }
+
+    fn approval_request(
+        &self,
+        ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest> {
+        if !self.requires_approval(ctx.app, request) {
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        let Ok(params) = parse_capability_grant_params(request) else {
+            return None;
+        };
+
+        Some(RustBridgeApprovalRequest {
+            kind: "capability_grant".into(),
+            app: ctx.app.clone(),
+            source_label: ctx.source_label.to_string(),
+            request_id: request.id.clone(),
+            params_json: json!({ "capability": params.capability }).to_string(),
+        })
+    }
+
+    async fn handle(
+        &self,
+        ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
+        request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> RustBridgeResponse {
+        let params = match parse_capability_grant_params(request) {
+            Ok(params) => params,
+            Err(err) => return err,
+        };
+
+        let requested = requested_capability_set(ctx.app);
+        if !requested.contains(&params.capability) {
+            return failure(
+                &request.id,
+                "permission_denied",
+                format!(
+                    "Capability was not requested by app manifest: {}",
+                    params.capability
+                ),
+            );
+        }
+
+        if ctx
+            .app
+            .granted_permissions
+            .capabilities
+            .iter()
+            .any(|cap| cap == &params.capability)
+        {
+            let full_granted_capabilities = sort_unique_strings(
+                ctx.app.granted_permissions.capabilities.clone(),
+            );
+
+            return success(
+                &request.id,
+                json!({
+                    "granted": true,
+                    "alreadyGranted": true,
+                    "capability": params.capability,
+                    "fullGrantedCapabilities": full_granted_capabilities,
+                }),
+            );
+        }
+
+        let mut next_capabilities = ctx.app.granted_permissions.capabilities.clone();
+        next_capabilities.push(params.capability.clone());
+        next_capabilities = sort_unique_strings(next_capabilities);
+
+        let next_granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions {
+            capabilities: next_capabilities.clone(),
+            network: ctx.app.granted_permissions.network.clone(),
+        };
+
+        let base_path: PathBuf = match tools.app_handle.path().app_data_dir() {
+            Ok(path) => path,
+            Err(err) => {
+                return failure(
+                    &request.id,
+                    "internal_error",
+                    format!("failed to resolve app data dir: {err}"),
+                );
+            }
+        };
+
+        let updated = match update_app_permissions_internal(
+            &base_path,
+            &ctx.app.id,
+            next_granted_permissions,
+            false,
+        ) {
+            Ok(updated) => updated,
+            Err(err) => {
+                return failure(
+                    &request.id,
+                    "internal_error",
+                    format!("failed to update granted permissions: {err}"),
+                );
+            }
+        };
+
+        let previous_set: BTreeSet<String> = ctx
+            .app
+            .granted_permissions
+            .capabilities
+            .iter()
+            .cloned()
+            .collect();
+        let next_set: BTreeSet<String> = updated
+            .granted_permissions
+            .capabilities
+            .iter()
+            .cloned()
+            .collect();
+
+        let added_granted_capabilities = next_set
+            .difference(&previous_set)
+            .cloned()
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        let removed_granted_capabilities = previous_set
+            .difference(&next_set)
+            .cloned()
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+        let _ = emit_bridge_event_to_source(
+            tools.app_handle,
+            ctx.source_label,
+            json!({
+                "channel": "sage-bridge",
+                "type": "grantedCapabilitiesChange",
+                "removedGrantedCapabilities": removed_granted_capabilities,
+                "addedGrantedCapabilities": added_granted_capabilities,
+                "fullGrantedCapabilities": updated.granted_permissions.capabilities,
+            }),
+        );
+
+        success(
+            &request.id,
+            json!({
+                "granted": true,
+                "capability": params.capability,
+                "fullGrantedCapabilities": updated.granted_permissions.capabilities,
+            }),
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl BridgeMethod for SageRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant {
+    fn requires_approval(
+        &self,
+        app: &crate::apps::types::InstalledSageApp,
+        request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> bool {
+        let Ok(params) = parse_network_whitelist_grant_params(request) else {
+            return false;
+        };
+
+        !app
+            .granted_permissions
+            .network
+            .whitelist
+            .iter()
+            .any(|entry| entry == &params.entry)
+    }
+
+    fn approval_request(
+        &self,
+        ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest> {
+        if !self.requires_approval(ctx.app, request) {
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        let Ok(params) = parse_network_whitelist_grant_params(request) else {
+            return None;
+        };
+
+        Some(RustBridgeApprovalRequest {
+            kind: "network_whitelist_grant".into(),
+            app: ctx.app.clone(),
+            source_label: ctx.source_label.to_string(),
+            request_id: request.id.clone(),
+            params_json: json!({ "entry": params.entry }).to_string(),
+        })
+    }
+
+    async fn handle(
+        &self,
+        ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
+        request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> RustBridgeResponse {
+        let params = match parse_network_whitelist_grant_params(request) {
+            Ok(params) => params,
+            Err(err) => return err,
+        };
+
+        let requested = match requested_network_set(&ctx.app.requested_permissions.network) {
+            Ok(requested) => requested,
+            Err(err) => {
+                return failure(&request.id, "internal_error", err);
+            }
+        };
+
+        let entry_key = (params.entry.scheme.clone(), params.entry.host.clone());
+        if !requested.contains(&entry_key) {
+            return failure(
+                &request.id,
+                "permission_denied",
+                format!(
+                    "Network whitelist entry was not requested by app manifest: {}://{}",
+                    params.entry.scheme, params.entry.host
+                ),
+            );
+        }
+
+        if ctx
+            .app
+            .granted_permissions
+            .network
+            .whitelist
+            .iter()
+            .any(|entry| entry == &params.entry)
+        {
+            let full_granted_network_whitelist =
+                sort_unique_network(ctx.app.granted_permissions.network.whitelist.clone());
+
+            return success(
+                &request.id,
+                json!({
+                    "granted": true,
+                    "alreadyGranted": true,
+                    "entry": params.entry,
+                    "fullGrantedNetworkWhitelist": full_granted_network_whitelist,
+                }),
+            );
+        }
+
+        let mut next_whitelist = ctx.app.granted_permissions.network.whitelist.clone();
+        next_whitelist.push(params.entry.clone());
+        next_whitelist = sort_unique_network(next_whitelist);
+
+        let next_granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions {
+            capabilities: ctx.app.granted_permissions.capabilities.clone(),
+            network: crate::apps::types::SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
+                whitelist: next_whitelist.clone(),
+            },
+        };
+
+        let base_path: PathBuf = match tools.app_handle.path().app_data_dir() {
+            Ok(path) => path,
+            Err(err) => {
+                return failure(
+                    &request.id,
+                    "internal_error",
+                    format!("failed to resolve app data dir: {err}"),
+                );
+            }
+        };
+
+        let updated = match update_app_permissions_internal(
+            &base_path,
+            &ctx.app.id,
+            next_granted_permissions,
+            false,
+        ) {
+            Ok(updated) => updated,
+            Err(err) => {
+                return failure(
+                    &request.id,
+                    "internal_error",
+                    format!("failed to update granted permissions: {err}"),
+                );
+            }
+        };
+
+        let previous_set: BTreeSet<SageNetworkPermissionTarget> = ctx
+            .app
+            .granted_permissions
+            .network
+            .whitelist
+            .iter()
+            .cloned()
+            .collect();
+        let next_set: BTreeSet<SageNetworkPermissionTarget> = updated
+            .granted_permissions
+            .network
+            .whitelist
+            .iter()
+            .cloned()
+            .collect();
+
+        let added_granted_network_whitelist = next_set
+            .difference(&previous_set)
+            .cloned()
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        let removed_granted_network_whitelist = previous_set
+            .difference(&next_set)
+            .cloned()
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+        let _ = emit_bridge_event_to_source(
+            tools.app_handle,
+            ctx.source_label,
+            json!({
+                "channel": "sage-bridge",
+                "type": "grantedNetworkWhitelistChange",
+                "removedGrantedNetworkWhitelist": removed_granted_network_whitelist,
+                "addedGrantedNetworkWhitelist": added_granted_network_whitelist,
+                "fullGrantedNetworkWhitelist": updated.granted_permissions.network.whitelist,
+            }),
+        );
+
+        success(
+            &request.id,
+            json!({
+                "granted": true,
+                "entry": params.entry,
+                "fullGrantedNetworkWhitelist": updated.granted_permissions.network.whitelist,
+            }),
         )
     }
 }
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/wallet.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/wallet.rs
index 2bfe2ba4a..3a38369ea 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/wallet.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/wallet.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
 use super::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::apps::bridge::{failure, success, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
+use crate::apps::bridge::{
+    failure, success, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse,
+};
 use crate::apps::types::InstalledSageApp;
-
-// If this import fails, adjust only this line.
 use sage_api::SendXch;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
@@ -16,7 +16,11 @@ impl BridgeMethod for WalletSendXch {
         Some("wallet.send_xch")
     }
 
-    fn requires_approval(&self, app: &InstalledSageApp) -> bool {
+    fn requires_approval(
+        &self,
+        app: &InstalledSageApp,
+        _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> bool {
         !app
             .granted_permissions
             .capabilities
@@ -24,6 +28,24 @@ impl BridgeMethod for WalletSendXch {
             .any(|cap| cap == "wallet.send_xch_auto_submit")
     }
 
+    fn approval_request(
+        &self,
+        ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest> {
+        if !self.requires_approval(ctx.app, request) {
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        Some(RustBridgeApprovalRequest {
+            kind: "send_xch".into(),
+            app: ctx.app.clone(),
+            source_label: ctx.source_label.to_string(),
+            request_id: request.id.clone(),
+            params_json: request.params_json.clone().unwrap_or_else(|| "null".into()),
+        })
+    }
+
     async fn handle(
         &self,
         _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/mod.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/mod.rs
index e943cdf26..176bba895 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/mod.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/mod.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use serde_json::Value;
+use serde_json::{Value};
 use specta::Type;
-use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
+use tauri::{AppHandle, Emitter, Manager, State, Webview};
 use tokio::sync::Mutex;
 use uuid::Uuid;
 
@@ -73,18 +73,20 @@ pub struct RustBridgeApprovalRequest {
     pub params_json: String,
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct RustBridgeApprovalEvent {
+    #[serde(rename = "approvalId")]
+    #[specta(rename = "approvalId")]
+    pub approval_id: String,
+    pub approval: RustBridgeApprovalRequest,
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub enum RustBridgeHandleResult {
-    Immediate {
-        response: RustBridgeResponse,
-    },
-    ApprovalRequired {
-        #[serde(rename = "approvalId")]
-        #[specta(rename = "approvalId")]
-        approval_id: String,
-        approval: RustBridgeApprovalRequest,
-    },
+pub enum RustBridgeInvokeResult {
+    Immediate { response: RustBridgeResponse },
+    Pending {},
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Type)]
@@ -113,8 +115,7 @@ pub(crate) fn success(id: &str, result: Value) -> RustBridgeResponse {
         bridge_version: "v1".into(),
         id: id.into(),
         ok: true,
-        result_json: serde_json::to_string(&result)
-            .unwrap_or_else(|_| "null".to_string()),
+        result_json: serde_json::to_string(&result).unwrap_or_else(|_| "null".to_string()),
     })
 }
 
@@ -232,23 +233,81 @@ fn authorize_method_capability(
     Ok(())
 }
 
+fn emit_approval_requested(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    approval_id: String,
+    approval: RustBridgeApprovalRequest,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let window = app
+        .get_window("main")
+        .ok_or_else(|| "missing main window".to_string())?;
+
+    window
+        .emit(
+            "apps:bridge-approval-requested",
+            RustBridgeApprovalEvent {
+                approval_id,
+                approval,
+            },
+        )
+        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to emit approval request event: {err}"))
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn emit_bridge_response_to_source(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    source_label: &str,
+    response: &RustBridgeResponse,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let host_window = app
+        .get_window("main")
+        .ok_or_else(|| "missing main window".to_string())?;
+
+    let webview = host_window
+        .get_webview(source_label)
+        .ok_or_else(|| format!("missing webview for label: {source_label}"))?;
+
+    webview
+        .emit("sage-bridge:response", response)
+        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to emit bridge response: {err}"))
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn emit_bridge_event_to_source(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    source_label: &str,
+    payload: Value,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let host_window = app
+        .get_window("main")
+        .ok_or_else(|| "missing main window".to_string())?;
+
+    let webview = host_window
+        .get_webview(source_label)
+        .ok_or_else(|| format!("missing webview for label: {source_label}"))?;
+
+    webview
+        .emit("sage-bridge:event", payload)
+        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to emit bridge event: {err}"))
+}
+
 #[tauri::command]
 #[specta::specta]
-pub async fn apps_handle_bridge_request(
+pub async fn apps_invoke_bridge(
     app: AppHandle,
+    webview: Webview,
     app_state: State<'_, AppState>,
     apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    source_label: String,
     request: RustBridgeRequest,
-) -> Result<RustBridgeHandleResult, String> {
+) -> Result<RustBridgeInvokeResult, String> {
     if let Err(response) = validate_request_basics(&request) {
-        return Ok(RustBridgeHandleResult::Immediate { response });
+        return Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Immediate { response });
     }
 
+    let source_label = webview.label().to_string();
+
     let app_id = match apps_assert_bridge_origin(app.clone(), source_label.clone()) {
         Ok(app_id) => app_id,
         Err(err) => {
-            return Ok(RustBridgeHandleResult::Immediate {
+            return Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Immediate {
                 response: failure(
                     &request.id,
                     "permission_denied",
@@ -268,7 +327,7 @@ pub async fn apps_handle_bridge_request(
     let registry = BridgeRegistry::new();
 
     let Some(method) = registry.get(&request.method) else {
-        return Ok(RustBridgeHandleResult::Immediate {
+        return Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Immediate {
             response: failure(
                 &request.id,
                 "method_not_found",
@@ -281,11 +340,17 @@ pub async fn apps_handle_bridge_request(
         if let Err(response) =
             authorize_method_capability(&resolved_app, &request.id, capability_key)
         {
-            return Ok(RustBridgeHandleResult::Immediate { response });
+            return Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Immediate { response });
         }
     }
 
-    if method.requires_approval(&resolved_app) {
+    if let Some(approval) = method.approval_request(
+        BridgeContext {
+            app: &resolved_app,
+            source_label: &source_label,
+        },
+        &request,
+    ) {
         let approval_id = Uuid::new_v4().to_string();
 
         {
@@ -293,29 +358,22 @@ pub async fn apps_handle_bridge_request(
             pending.insert(
                 approval_id.clone(),
                 PendingBridgeApproval {
-                    app: resolved_app.clone(),
+                    app: resolved_app,
                     source_label: source_label.clone(),
                     request: request.clone(),
                 },
             );
         }
 
-        return Ok(RustBridgeHandleResult::ApprovalRequired {
-            approval_id,
-            approval: RustBridgeApprovalRequest {
-                kind: "send_xch".into(),
-                app: resolved_app,
-                source_label,
-                request_id: request.id.clone(),
-                params_json: request.params_json.clone().unwrap_or_else(|| "null".into()),
-            },
-        });
+        emit_approval_requested(&app, approval_id, approval)?;
+
+        return Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Pending {});
     }
 
     let response =
         execute_bridge_request(&app, &app_state, &resolved_app, &source_label, &request).await;
 
-    Ok(RustBridgeHandleResult::Immediate { response })
+    Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Immediate { response })
 }
 
 #[tauri::command]
@@ -325,22 +383,20 @@ pub async fn apps_resolve_bridge_approval(
     app_state: State<'_, AppState>,
     apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     args: ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs,
-) -> Result<RustBridgeResponse, String> {
+) -> Result<(), String> {
     let pending = {
         let mut pending = apps_state.bridge.pending_approvals.lock().await;
         pending.remove(&args.approval_id)
     }
         .ok_or_else(|| format!("unknown approval id: {}", args.approval_id))?;
 
-    if !args.approved {
-        return Ok(failure(
+    let response = if !args.approved {
+        failure(
             &pending.request.id,
             "user_denied",
             args.reason.unwrap_or_else(|| "User denied the request".into()),
-        ));
-    }
-
-    Ok(
+        )
+    } else {
         execute_bridge_request(
             &app,
             &app_state,
@@ -348,117 +404,8 @@ pub async fn apps_resolve_bridge_approval(
             &pending.source_label,
             &pending.request,
         )
-            .await,
-    )
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use super::*;
-    use crate::apps::types::{
-        InstalledSageApp, InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags, InstalledSageAppSnapshot,
-        InstalledSageAppSource, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest,
-        SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedCapabilities,
-        SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist,
-        SageRequestedPermissions,
+            .await
     };
 
-    fn sample_app(granted_capabilities: Vec<String>) -> InstalledSageApp {
-        InstalledSageApp {
-            id: "app-1".to_string(),
-            name: "App".to_string(),
-            version: "1.0.0".to_string(),
-            install_dir: "/tmp/app".to_string(),
-            entry_file: "index.html".to_string(),
-            icon_file: "icon.png".to_string(),
-            requested_permissions: SageRequestedPermissions {
-                network: SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
-                    whitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist {
-                        required: vec![],
-                        optional: vec![],
-                    },
-                },
-                capabilities: SageRequestedCapabilities {
-                    required: vec!["wallet.send_xch".to_string()],
-                    optional: vec!["wallet.send_xch_auto_submit".to_string()],
-                },
-            },
-            granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions {
-                capabilities: granted_capabilities,
-                network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions { whitelist: vec![] },
-            },
-            capability_flags: InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags::default(),
-            source: InstalledSageAppSource::Zip,
-            active_snapshot: InstalledSageAppSnapshot {
-                manifest_hash: "hash".to_string(),
-                snapshot_dir: "/tmp/snapshot".to_string(),
-                total_bytes: 1,
-                manifest: SageAppPackageManifest {
-                    name: "App".to_string(),
-                    version: "1.0.0".to_string(),
-                    permissions: SageRequestedPermissions {
-                        network: SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
-                            whitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist {
-                                required: vec![],
-                                optional: vec![],
-                            },
-                        },
-                        capabilities: SageRequestedCapabilities {
-                            required: vec!["wallet.send_xch".to_string()],
-                            optional: vec!["wallet.send_xch_auto_submit".to_string()],
-                        },
-                    },
-                    files: vec![SageAppManifestFile {
-                        path: "index.html".to_string(),
-                        sha256: "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa"
-                            .to_string(),
-                        size: 1,
-                    }],
-                    entry: Some("index.html".to_string()),
-                    icon: Some("icon.png".to_string()),
-                },
-            },
-            pending_update: None,
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn authorize_method_capability_allows_granted_shared_capability() {
-        let app = sample_app(vec!["wallet.send_xch".to_string()]);
-
-        authorize_method_capability(&app, "req-1", "wallet.send_xch")
-            .expect("expected granted shared capability to be allowed");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn authorize_method_capability_rejects_missing_capability() {
-        let app = sample_app(vec![]);
-
-        let err = authorize_method_capability(&app, "req-1", "wallet.send_xch")
-            .expect_err("expected missing capability to be rejected");
-
-        match err {
-            RustBridgeResponse::Error(error) => {
-                assert_eq!(error.error.code, "permission_denied");
-                assert!(error.error.message.contains("wallet.send_xch"));
-            }
-            RustBridgeResponse::Success(_) => panic!("expected error response"),
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn authorize_method_capability_rejects_non_shared_capability_even_if_granted() {
-        let app = sample_app(vec!["wallet.send_xch_auto_submit".to_string()]);
-
-        let err =
-            authorize_method_capability(&app, "req-1", "wallet.send_xch_auto_submit")
-                .expect_err("expected non-shared capability to be rejected");
-
-        match err {
-            RustBridgeResponse::Error(error) => {
-                assert_eq!(error.error.code, "permission_denied");
-            }
-            RustBridgeResponse::Success(_) => panic!("expected error response"),
-        }
-    }
+    emit_bridge_response_to_source(&app, &pending.source_label, &response)
 }
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/registry.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/registry.rs
index 54863ebbc..c9381ad7a 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/registry.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/registry.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 
-use super::methods::system::{AppGetInfo, BridgePing, BridgeSend, SageGetCapabilities};
+use super::methods::system::{
+    AppGetInfo, BridgePing, BridgeSend, SageGetCapabilities, SageRequestCapabilityGrant,
+    SageRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant,
+};
 use super::methods::wallet::WalletSendXch;
 use super::methods::BridgeMethod;
 
@@ -16,6 +19,18 @@ impl BridgeRegistry {
         methods.insert("bridge.send", Box::new(BridgeSend));
         methods.insert("app.getInfo", Box::new(AppGetInfo));
         methods.insert("sage.getCapabilities", Box::new(SageGetCapabilities));
+        methods.insert(
+            "sage.requestCapabilityGrant",
+            Box::new(SageRequestCapabilityGrant),
+        );
+        methods.insert(
+            "sage.requestNetworkWhitelistGrant",
+            Box::new(SageRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant),
+        );
+        methods.insert(
+            "sage.requestNetwortWhitelistGrant",
+            Box::new(SageRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant),
+        );
         methods.insert("wallet.sendXch", Box::new(WalletSendXch));
 
         Self { methods }
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs
index 024665cea..8e2d7a520 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use std::{io, path::PathBuf};
+use std::{io, path::{Path, PathBuf}};
 
 use tauri::{command, State};
 
@@ -194,36 +194,28 @@ pub async fn apply_app_update(
     Ok(app)
 }
 
-#[command]
-#[specta::specta]
-pub async fn apps_update_permissions(
-    state: State<'_, AppState>,
-    app_id: String,
+pub fn update_app_permissions_internal(
+    base_path: &Path,
+    app_id: &str,
     granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
     clear_storage_taint: bool,
-) -> Result<()> {
-    let base_path = {
-        let state = state.lock().await;
-        state.path.clone()
-    };
-
-    let mut app = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id)
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to read app {app_id}: {err}")))?;
+) -> anyhow::Result<InstalledSageApp> {
+    let mut app = read_installed_app_by_id(base_path, app_id)
+        .map_err(|err| anyhow::anyhow!("failed to read app {app_id}: {err}"))?;
 
     validate_granted_capabilities(&app.requested_permissions, &granted_permissions.capabilities)
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("invalid granted permissions: {err}")))?;
+        .map_err(|err| anyhow::anyhow!("invalid granted permissions: {err}"))?;
 
     let granted_network_whitelist = normalize_and_validate_granted_network_whitelist(
         &app.active_snapshot.manifest.permissions.network,
         &granted_permissions.network.whitelist,
     )
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("invalid granted network whitelist: {err}")))?;
+        .map_err(|err| anyhow::anyhow!("invalid granted network whitelist: {err}"))?;
 
     let mut permission_flags = resolve_capability_flags(
         &granted_permissions.capabilities,
         Some(&app.capability_flags),
-    )
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
+    )?;
 
     if clear_storage_taint {
         permission_flags = clear_storage_may_contain_secrets(&permission_flags);
@@ -239,14 +231,36 @@ pub async fn apps_update_permissions(
     app.capability_flags = resolve_capability_flags(
         &app.granted_permissions.capabilities,
         Some(&permission_flags),
-    )
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
+    )?;
 
     let install_dir = PathBuf::from(&app.install_dir);
     write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &install_dir)
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to write metadata: {err}")))?;
+        .map_err(|err| anyhow::anyhow!("failed to write metadata: {err}"))?;
 
-    Ok(())
+    Ok(app)
+}
+
+#[command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn apps_update_permissions(
+    state: State<'_, AppState>,
+    app_id: String,
+    granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
+    clear_storage_taint: bool,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    let base_path = {
+        let state = state.lock().await;
+        state.path.clone()
+    };
+
+    update_app_permissions_internal(
+        &base_path,
+        &app_id,
+        granted_permissions,
+        clear_storage_taint,
+    )
+        .map(|_| ())
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(err.to_string()).into())
 }
 
 #[command]
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
index 0fb1f2872..093872b7a 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ pub fn run() {
             apps::runtime::apps_create_inline_runtime,
             apps::runtime::apps_assert_bridge_origin,
             apps::runtime::apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data,
-            apps::bridge::apps_handle_bridge_request,
+            apps::bridge::apps_invoke_bridge,
             apps::bridge::apps_resolve_bridge_approval,
             apps::sandbox::commands::apps_get_sandbox_state,
             apps::sandbox::commands::apps_get_app_launch_gate,
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index 4c0a99b92..1a1a157ab 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -368,10 +368,10 @@ async appsAssertBridgeOrigin(sourceLabel: string) : Promise<string> {
 async appsClearRuntimeBrowsingData(appId: string) : Promise<null> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data", { appId });
 },
-async appsHandleBridgeRequest(sourceLabel: string, request: RustBridgeRequest) : Promise<RustBridgeHandleResult> {
-    return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_handle_bridge_request", { sourceLabel, request });
+async appsInvokeBridge(request: RustBridgeRequest) : Promise<RustBridgeInvokeResult> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_invoke_bridge", { request });
 },
-async appsResolveBridgeApproval(args: ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs) : Promise<RustBridgeResponse> {
+async appsResolveBridgeApproval(args: ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs) : Promise<null> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_resolve_bridge_approval", { args });
 },
 async appsGetSandboxState() : Promise<SandboxStateView> {
@@ -2225,10 +2225,9 @@ export type ResyncCatResponse = Record<string, never>
  * Response from resynchronizing the wallet
  */
 export type ResyncResponse = Record<string, never>
-export type RustBridgeApprovalRequest = { kind: string; app: InstalledSageApp; sourceLabel: string; requestId: string; paramsJson: string }
 export type RustBridgeErrorPayload = { code: string; message: string }
 export type RustBridgeErrorResponse = { channel: string; bridgeVersion: string; id: string; ok: boolean; error: RustBridgeErrorPayload }
-export type RustBridgeHandleResult = { kind: "immediate"; response: RustBridgeResponse } | { kind: "approvalRequired"; approvalId: string; approval: RustBridgeApprovalRequest }
+export type RustBridgeInvokeResult = { kind: "immediate"; response: RustBridgeResponse } | { kind: "pending" }
 export type RustBridgeRequest = { channel: string; bridgeVersion: string | null; id: string; method: string; paramsJson: string | null }
 export type RustBridgeResponse = RustBridgeSuccessResponse | RustBridgeErrorResponse
 export type RustBridgeSuccessResponse = { channel: string; bridgeVersion: string; id: string; ok: boolean; resultJson: string }
diff --git a/src/components/apps/AppApprovalBanner.tsx b/src/components/apps/AppApprovalBanner.tsx
index e5e6849a5..e0efcc6d7 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/AppApprovalBanner.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/AppApprovalBanner.tsx
@@ -10,6 +10,38 @@ interface Props {
   onReject: () => void;
 }
 
+function renderApprovalDetails(currentApproval: PendingApprovalItem) {
+  switch (currentApproval.request.kind) {
+    case 'send_xch':
+      return (
+        <div className='rounded-md border p-3 text-xs font-mono whitespace-pre-wrap break-all'>
+          {JSON.stringify(currentApproval.request.params, null, 2)}
+        </div>
+      );
+
+    case 'capability_grant':
+      return (
+        <div className='rounded-md border p-3 text-xs'>
+          Grant capability:{' '}
+          <span className='font-mono'>
+            {currentApproval.request.capability}
+          </span>
+        </div>
+      );
+
+    case 'network_whitelist_grant':
+      return (
+        <div className='rounded-md border p-3 text-xs'>
+          Grant network access:{' '}
+          <span className='font-mono'>
+            {currentApproval.request.entry.scheme}://
+            {currentApproval.request.entry.host}
+          </span>
+        </div>
+      );
+  }
+}
+
 export function AppApprovalBanner({
   currentApproval,
   queuedApprovalCount,
@@ -38,11 +70,7 @@ export function AppApprovalBanner({
             : ''}
         </div>
 
-        {currentApproval.request.kind === 'send_xch' ? (
-          <div className='rounded-md border p-3 text-xs font-mono whitespace-pre-wrap break-all'>
-            {JSON.stringify(currentApproval.request.params, null, 2)}
-          </div>
-        ) : null}
+        {renderApprovalDetails(currentApproval)}
 
         <div className='flex gap-2'>
           <Button variant='outline' onClick={onReject}>
diff --git a/src/components/apps/AppApprovalStrip.tsx b/src/components/apps/AppApprovalStrip.tsx
index f14e03f52..21aa35104 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/AppApprovalStrip.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/AppApprovalStrip.tsx
@@ -1,18 +1,37 @@
 import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button.tsx';
 
-export type PendingApproval = {
-  kind: 'send_xch';
-  appId: string;
-  appName: string;
-  requestId: string;
-  summary: {
-    address: string;
-    amount: string;
-    fee: string;
-    memos: string[];
-    autoSubmit: boolean;
-  };
-} | null;
+export type PendingApproval =
+  | {
+      kind: 'send_xch';
+      appId: string;
+      appName: string;
+      requestId: string;
+      summary: {
+        address: string;
+        amount: string;
+        fee: string;
+        memos: string[];
+        autoSubmit: boolean;
+      };
+    }
+  | {
+      kind: 'capability_grant';
+      appId: string;
+      appName: string;
+      requestId: string;
+      capability: string;
+    }
+  | {
+      kind: 'network_whitelist_grant';
+      appId: string;
+      appName: string;
+      requestId: string;
+      entry: {
+        scheme: string;
+        host: string;
+      };
+    }
+  | null;
 
 interface Props {
   approval: PendingApproval;
@@ -24,6 +43,28 @@ interface Props {
   onReject: () => void;
 }
 
+function renderSummary(approval: Exclude<PendingApproval, null>) {
+  switch (approval.kind) {
+    case 'send_xch':
+      return `send ${approval.summary.amount} to ${approval.summary.address}`;
+    case 'capability_grant':
+      return `grant capability ${approval.capability}`;
+    case 'network_whitelist_grant':
+      return `grant network access to ${approval.entry.scheme}://${approval.entry.host}`;
+  }
+}
+
+function renderDetails(approval: Exclude<PendingApproval, null>) {
+  switch (approval.kind) {
+    case 'send_xch':
+      return approval.summary;
+    case 'capability_grant':
+      return { capability: approval.capability };
+    case 'network_whitelist_grant':
+      return { entry: approval.entry };
+  }
+}
+
 export function AppApprovalStrip({
   approval,
   expanded,
@@ -41,12 +82,9 @@ export function AppApprovalStrip({
     <div className='shrink-0 border-b bg-muted/40'>
       <div className='flex items-center justify-between gap-4 px-4 py-3'>
         <div className='min-w-0'>
-          <div className='text-sm font-medium'>
-            Transaction approval required
-          </div>
+          <div className='text-sm font-medium'>Approval required</div>
           <div className='truncate text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
-            {approval.appName}: send {approval.summary.amount} to{' '}
-            {approval.summary.address}
+            {approval.appName}: {renderSummary(approval)}
           </div>
           <div className='text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
             Expires in {secondsLeft}s
@@ -72,7 +110,7 @@ export function AppApprovalStrip({
       {expanded ? (
         <div className='border-t px-4 py-3'>
           <pre className='overflow-auto rounded-md bg-background p-3 text-xs'>
-            {JSON.stringify(approval.summary, null, 2)}
+            {JSON.stringify(renderDetails(approval), null, 2)}
           </pre>
         </div>
       ) : null}
diff --git a/src/hooks/useBridgeHost.ts b/src/hooks/useBridgeHost.ts
index 22df6ea2a..3114ddc58 100644
--- a/src/hooks/useBridgeHost.ts
+++ b/src/hooks/useBridgeHost.ts
@@ -1,13 +1,7 @@
 import { useEffect, useRef, useState } from 'react';
 import { invoke } from '@tauri-apps/api/core';
-import { getCurrentWebview } from '@tauri-apps/api/webview';
-import {
-  isBridgeRequest,
-  type BridgeApprovalRequest,
-  type SageBridgeEventPayload,
-  type SageBridgeResponse,
-} from '@/lib/apps/bridge';
-import { RustBridgeHandleResult, RustBridgeResponse } from '@/bindings.ts';
+import { getCurrentWindow } from '@tauri-apps/api/window';
+import type { BridgeApprovalRequest } from '@/lib/apps/bridge';
 
 interface Args {
   requestApproval: (
@@ -15,6 +9,19 @@ interface Args {
   ) => Promise<{ approved: boolean; reason?: string }>;
 }
 
+interface RustBridgeApprovalRequestPayload {
+  kind: string;
+  app: BridgeApprovalRequest['app'];
+  sourceLabel: string;
+  requestId: string;
+  paramsJson: string;
+}
+
+interface RustBridgeApprovalEvent {
+  approvalId: string;
+  approval: RustBridgeApprovalRequestPayload;
+}
+
 function parseJsonOrNull(value: string | null | undefined): unknown {
   if (value == null) {
     return null;
@@ -23,42 +30,70 @@ function parseJsonOrNull(value: string | null | undefined): unknown {
   try {
     return JSON.parse(value);
   } catch (err) {
-    console.error('Failed to parse JSON payload from Rust bridge:', err, value);
+    console.error('Failed to parse Rust bridge approval payload:', err, value);
     return null;
   }
 }
 
-function toSdkBridgeResponse(response: RustBridgeResponse): SageBridgeResponse {
-  if ('resultJson' in response) {
+function toBridgeApprovalRequest(
+  payload: RustBridgeApprovalRequestPayload,
+): BridgeApprovalRequest | null {
+  if (payload.kind === 'send_xch') {
     return {
-      channel: 'sage-bridge',
-      bridgeVersion: 'v1',
-      id: response.id,
-      ok: true,
-      result: parseJsonOrNull(response.resultJson),
+      kind: 'send_xch',
+      app: payload.app,
+      sourceLabel: payload.sourceLabel,
+      requestId: payload.requestId,
+      params: parseJsonOrNull(
+        payload.paramsJson,
+      ) as BridgeApprovalRequest extends {
+        kind: 'send_xch';
+        params: infer P;
+      }
+        ? P
+        : never,
     };
   }
 
-  if ('error' in response) {
+  if (payload.kind === 'capability_grant') {
+    const parsed = parseJsonOrNull(payload.paramsJson) as {
+      capability?: string;
+    } | null;
+    if (!parsed?.capability) {
+      return null;
+    }
+
     return {
-      channel: 'sage-bridge',
-      bridgeVersion: 'v1',
-      id: response.id,
-      ok: false,
-      error: response.error,
+      kind: 'capability_grant',
+      app: payload.app,
+      sourceLabel: payload.sourceLabel,
+      requestId: payload.requestId,
+      capability: parsed.capability,
     };
   }
 
-  return {
-    channel: 'sage-bridge',
-    bridgeVersion: 'v1',
-    id: 'unknown',
-    ok: false,
-    error: {
-      code: 'internal_error',
-      message: 'Unknown Rust bridge response shape',
-    },
-  };
+  if (payload.kind === 'network_whitelist_grant') {
+    const parsed = parseJsonOrNull(payload.paramsJson) as {
+      entry?: { scheme?: string; host?: string };
+    } | null;
+
+    if (!parsed?.entry?.scheme || !parsed?.entry?.host) {
+      return null;
+    }
+
+    return {
+      kind: 'network_whitelist_grant',
+      app: payload.app,
+      sourceLabel: payload.sourceLabel,
+      requestId: payload.requestId,
+      entry: {
+        scheme: parsed.entry.scheme,
+        host: parsed.entry.host,
+      },
+    };
+  }
+
+  return null;
 }
 
 export function useBridgeHost({ requestApproval }: Args) {
@@ -74,75 +109,37 @@ export function useBridgeHost({ requestApproval }: Args) {
     let shouldUnlistenWhenReady = false;
     let unlistenRequest: (() => void) | null = null;
 
-    const hostWebview = getCurrentWebview();
+    const currentWindow = getCurrentWindow();
 
     const mount = async () => {
-      const unlisten = await hostWebview.listen<SageBridgeEventPayload>(
-        'sage-bridge:request',
+      const unlisten = await currentWindow.listen<RustBridgeApprovalEvent>(
+        'apps:bridge-approval-requested',
         ({ payload }) => {
-          if (!payload || !isBridgeRequest(payload.request)) {
+          if (!payload?.approvalId || !payload.approval) {
             return;
           }
 
-          const sourceLabel = payload.sourceLabel;
+          const approvalRequest = toBridgeApprovalRequest(payload.approval);
+          if (!approvalRequest) {
+            console.error('Failed to decode bridge approval request:', payload);
+            return;
+          }
 
           const run = async () => {
-            const result = await invoke<RustBridgeHandleResult>(
-              'apps_handle_bridge_request',
-              {
-                sourceLabel,
-                request: {
-                  channel: payload.request.channel,
-                  bridgeVersion: payload.request.bridgeVersion ?? null,
-                  id: payload.request.id,
-                  method: payload.request.method,
-                  paramsJson:
-                    payload.request.params === undefined
-                      ? null
-                      : JSON.stringify(payload.request.params),
-                },
+            const approvalResult =
+              await requestApprovalRef.current(approvalRequest);
+
+            await invoke('apps_resolve_bridge_approval', {
+              args: {
+                approvalId: payload.approvalId,
+                approved: approvalResult.approved,
+                reason: approvalResult.reason ?? null,
               },
-            );
-
-            if (result.kind === 'immediate') {
-              await hostWebview.emitTo(
-                sourceLabel,
-                'sage-bridge:response',
-                toSdkBridgeResponse(result.response),
-              );
-              return;
-            }
-
-            const approvalResult = await requestApprovalRef.current({
-              kind: 'send_xch',
-              app: result.approval.app,
-              sourceLabel: result.approval.sourceLabel,
-              requestId: result.approval.requestId,
-              params: parseJsonOrNull(
-                result.approval.paramsJson,
-              ) as BridgeApprovalRequest['params'],
             });
-
-            const rawResponse = await invoke<RustBridgeResponse>(
-              'apps_resolve_bridge_approval',
-              {
-                args: {
-                  approvalId: result.approvalId,
-                  approved: approvalResult.approved,
-                  reason: approvalResult.reason ?? null,
-                },
-              },
-            );
-
-            await hostWebview.emitTo(
-              sourceLabel,
-              'sage-bridge:response',
-              toSdkBridgeResponse(rawResponse),
-            );
           };
 
           void run().catch((err) => {
-            console.error('Failed to handle bridge request:', err);
+            console.error('Failed to resolve bridge approval:', err);
           });
         },
       );
@@ -164,7 +161,7 @@ export function useBridgeHost({ requestApproval }: Args) {
     };
 
     void mount().catch((err) => {
-      console.error('Failed to mount bridge host listener:', err);
+      console.error('Failed to mount bridge approval listener:', err);
     });
 
     return () => {
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/bridge/index.ts b/src/lib/apps/bridge/index.ts
index 805470b00..bcd383dc0 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/bridge/index.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/bridge/index.ts
@@ -1,23 +1,7 @@
 import type { SageBridgeRequest, SageBridgeVersion } from './types';
 import { isKnownSageBridgeMethod } from './types';
 
-export type {
-  BridgeApprovalRequest,
-  BridgeApprovalResult,
-  SageBridgeContext,
-  SageBridgeErrorResponse,
-  SageBridgeEventPayload,
-  SageBridgeHostTools,
-  SageBridgeMethod,
-  SageBridgeRequest,
-  SageBridgeRequestForMethod,
-  SageBridgeRequestParamsMap,
-  SageBridgeResponse,
-  SageBridgeSendPayload,
-  SageBridgeSuccessResponse,
-  SageBridgeVersion,
-  SageWalletSendXchRequest,
-} from './types';
+export type { BridgeApprovalRequest, BridgeApprovalResult } from './types';
 
 const SUPPORTED_BRIDGE_VERSION: SageBridgeVersion = 'v1';
 
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/bridge/types.ts b/src/lib/apps/bridge/types.ts
index 6f30548fc..1c44b3cef 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/bridge/types.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/bridge/types.ts
@@ -6,14 +6,25 @@ export type {
   SageBridgeResponse,
   SageBridgeSuccessResponse,
   SageBridgeErrorResponse,
-  SageBridgeEventPayload,
   SageBridgeSendPayload,
   SageWalletSendXchRequest,
+  SageRequestedNetworkWhitelistEntry,
+  SageGrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent,
+  SageGrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent,
+  SageRequestCapabilityGrantInput,
+  SageRequestCapabilityGrantResult,
+  SageRequestNetworkWhitelistGrantInput,
+  SageRequestNetworkWhitelistGrantResult,
 } from '@sage-app/sdk';
 
 import type {
   SageBridgeRequest,
   SageBridgeSendPayload,
+  SageRequestedNetworkWhitelistEntry,
+  SageRequestCapabilityGrantInput,
+  SageRequestCapabilityGrantResult,
+  SageRequestNetworkWhitelistGrantInput,
+  SageRequestNetworkWhitelistGrantResult,
   SageWalletSendXchRequest,
 } from '@sage-app/sdk';
 
@@ -22,6 +33,9 @@ export type SageBridgeMethod =
   | 'bridge.send'
   | 'app.getInfo'
   | 'sage.getCapabilities'
+  | 'sage.requestCapabilityGrant'
+  | 'sage.requestNetworkWhitelistGrant'
+  | 'sage.requestNetwortWhitelistGrant'
   | 'wallet.sendXch';
 
 export interface SageBridgeRequestParamsMap {
@@ -29,6 +43,9 @@ export interface SageBridgeRequestParamsMap {
   'bridge.send': SageBridgeSendPayload;
   'app.getInfo': undefined;
   'sage.getCapabilities': undefined;
+  'sage.requestCapabilityGrant': SageRequestCapabilityGrantInput;
+  'sage.requestNetworkWhitelistGrant': SageRequestNetworkWhitelistGrantInput;
+  'sage.requestNetwortWhitelistGrant': SageRequestNetworkWhitelistGrantInput;
   'wallet.sendXch': SageWalletSendXchRequest;
 }
 
@@ -55,58 +72,33 @@ export interface SageBridgeContext {
   sourceLabel: string;
 }
 
-export type BridgePermissionPolicy =
-  | { kind: 'none' }
+export type BridgeApprovalRequest =
   | {
-      kind: 'custom';
-      check: (args: {
-        ctx: SageBridgeContext;
-        request: KnownSageBridgeRequest;
-      }) => void | Promise<void>;
+      kind: 'send_xch';
+      app: InstalledSageApp;
+      sourceLabel: string;
+      requestId: string;
+      params: SageWalletSendXchRequest;
+    }
+  | {
+      kind: 'capability_grant';
+      app: InstalledSageApp;
+      sourceLabel: string;
+      requestId: string;
+      capability: string;
+    }
+  | {
+      kind: 'network_whitelist_grant';
+      app: InstalledSageApp;
+      sourceLabel: string;
+      requestId: string;
+      entry: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelistEntry;
     };
 
-export interface BridgeApprovalRequest {
-  kind: 'send_xch';
-  app: InstalledSageApp;
-  sourceLabel: string;
-  requestId: string;
-  params: SageWalletSendXchRequest;
-}
-
 export type BridgeApprovalResult =
   | { approved: true }
   | { approved: false; reason?: string };
 
-export interface SageBridgeHostTools {
-  requestApproval: (
-    request: BridgeApprovalRequest,
-  ) => Promise<BridgeApprovalResult>;
-}
-
-export type BridgeMethodRequest<M extends SageBridgeMethod> =
-  SageBridgeRequestForMethod<M>;
-
-export interface BridgeMethodHandlerArgs<M extends SageBridgeMethod> {
-  ctx: SageBridgeContext;
-  request: BridgeMethodRequest<M>;
-  tools: SageBridgeHostTools;
-}
-
-export type BridgeApprovalPolicy<M extends SageBridgeMethod> = (args: {
-  ctx: SageBridgeContext;
-  request: SageBridgeRequestForMethod<M>;
-}) => BridgeApprovalRequest | null | Promise<BridgeApprovalRequest | null>;
-
-export interface BridgeMethodDefinition<M extends SageBridgeMethod> {
-  permission?: BridgePermissionPolicy;
-  approval?: BridgeApprovalPolicy<M>;
-  handle: (args: BridgeMethodHandlerArgs<M>) => Promise<unknown>;
-}
-
-export type BridgeMethodRegistry = Partial<{
-  [M in SageBridgeMethod]: BridgeMethodDefinition<M>;
-}>;
-
 export function isKnownSageBridgeMethod(
   method: string,
 ): method is SageBridgeMethod {
@@ -115,6 +107,9 @@ export function isKnownSageBridgeMethod(
     method === 'bridge.send' ||
     method === 'app.getInfo' ||
     method === 'sage.getCapabilities' ||
+    method === 'sage.requestCapabilityGrant' ||
+    method === 'sage.requestNetworkWhitelistGrant' ||
+    method === 'sage.requestNetwortWhitelistGrant' ||
     method === 'wallet.sendXch'
   );
 }

From 41b72a3d3489847aa3398c6e1f6d08d138a8323b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Mon, 20 Apr 2026 22:11:35 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 117/471] Add granular management for granted capabilities and
 network whitelists:

- Introduced struct-based changes for capabilities and network whitelists (`GrantedCapabilitiesChange`, `GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange`).
- Added internal functions to handle requested capabilities and whitelist entries.
- Simplified validations, diff computation, and granularity in handling capability updates.
- Refactored and removed duplicate logic for granting capabilities and whitelists.
---
 src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/system.rs | 373 ++++++--------------
 src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs                | 330 ++++++++++++++---
 2 files changed, 384 insertions(+), 319 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/system.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/system.rs
index 56db7a800..0b712a201 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/system.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/system.rs
@@ -13,10 +13,11 @@ use crate::apps::bridge::{
 };
 use crate::apps::permissions::resolve_shared_capabilities;
 use crate::apps::registry::parse_network_permission_target;
-use crate::apps::types::{
-    SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkPermissionTarget, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
+use crate::apps::types::SageNetworkPermissionTarget;
+use crate::apps::update::{
+    grant_requested_capability_internal, grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal,
+    GrantCapabilityOutcome, GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome,
 };
-use crate::apps::update::update_app_permissions_internal;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct BridgePing;
@@ -100,60 +101,35 @@ fn parse_network_whitelist_grant_params(
     Ok(params)
 }
 
-fn requested_capability_set(app: &crate::apps::types::InstalledSageApp) -> BTreeSet<String> {
-    let mut requested = BTreeSet::new();
-    requested.extend(app.requested_permissions.capabilities.required.iter().cloned());
-    requested.extend(app.requested_permissions.capabilities.optional.iter().cloned());
-    requested
-}
-
-fn requested_network_set(
-    requested: &SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
-) -> Result<BTreeSet<(String, String)>, String> {
-    let mut out = BTreeSet::new();
-
-    for entry in &requested.whitelist.required {
-        out.insert(
-            parse_network_permission_target(&format!("{}://{}", entry.scheme, entry.host))
-                .map(|value| (value.scheme, value.host))?,
-        );
-    }
-
-    for entry in &requested.whitelist.optional {
-        out.insert(
-            parse_network_permission_target(&format!("{}://{}", entry.scheme, entry.host))
-                .map(|value| (value.scheme, value.host))?,
-        );
-    }
-
-    Ok(out)
-}
-
 fn required_network_set(
-    requested: &SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
-) -> Result<BTreeSet<(String, String)>, String> {
+    ctx: &BridgeContext<'_>,
+) -> Result<BTreeSet<(String, String)>, RustBridgeResponse> {
     let mut out = BTreeSet::new();
 
-    for entry in &requested.whitelist.required {
-        out.insert(
-            parse_network_permission_target(&format!("{}://{}", entry.scheme, entry.host))
-                .map(|value| (value.scheme, value.host))?,
-        );
+    for entry in &ctx.app.requested_permissions.network.whitelist.required {
+        let normalized = parse_network_permission_target(&format!("{}://{}", entry.scheme, entry.host))
+            .map_err(|err| failure("app.getInfo", "internal_error", err))?;
+        out.insert((normalized.scheme, normalized.host));
     }
 
     Ok(out)
 }
 
-fn sort_unique_strings(values: impl IntoIterator<Item = String>) -> Vec<String> {
-    let set: BTreeSet<String> = values.into_iter().collect();
-    set.into_iter().collect()
-}
-
-fn sort_unique_network(
-    values: impl IntoIterator<Item = SageNetworkPermissionTarget>,
-) -> Vec<SageNetworkPermissionTarget> {
-    let set: BTreeSet<SageNetworkPermissionTarget> = values.into_iter().collect();
-    set.into_iter().collect()
+fn resolve_app_base_path(
+    tools: &BridgeTools<'_>,
+    request_id: &str,
+) -> Result<PathBuf, RustBridgeResponse> {
+    tools
+        .app_handle
+        .path()
+        .app_data_dir()
+        .map_err(|err| {
+            failure(
+                request_id,
+                "internal_error",
+                format!("failed to resolve app data dir: {err}"),
+            )
+        })
 }
 
 #[async_trait]
@@ -214,8 +190,10 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppGetInfo {
             resolve_shared_capabilities(&ctx.app.granted_permissions.capabilities)
                 .unwrap_or_default();
 
-        let required_network = required_network_set(&ctx.app.requested_permissions.network)
-            .unwrap_or_default();
+        let required_network = match required_network_set(&ctx) {
+            Ok(value) => value,
+            Err(err) => return err,
+        };
 
         let network = ctx
             .app
@@ -276,7 +254,11 @@ impl BridgeMethod for SageRequestCapabilityGrant {
             return false;
         };
 
-        !app.granted_permissions.capabilities.iter().any(|cap| cap == &params.capability)
+        !app
+            .granted_permissions
+            .capabilities
+            .iter()
+            .any(|cap| cap == &params.capability)
     }
 
     fn approval_request(
@@ -312,119 +294,52 @@ impl BridgeMethod for SageRequestCapabilityGrant {
             Err(err) => return err,
         };
 
-        let requested = requested_capability_set(ctx.app);
-        if !requested.contains(&params.capability) {
-            return failure(
-                &request.id,
-                "permission_denied",
-                format!(
-                    "Capability was not requested by app manifest: {}",
-                    params.capability
-                ),
-            );
-        }
-
-        if ctx
-            .app
-            .granted_permissions
-            .capabilities
-            .iter()
-            .any(|cap| cap == &params.capability)
-        {
-            let full_granted_capabilities = sort_unique_strings(
-                ctx.app.granted_permissions.capabilities.clone(),
-            );
+        let base_path = match resolve_app_base_path(&tools, &request.id) {
+            Ok(path) => path,
+            Err(err) => return err,
+        };
 
-            return success(
+        match grant_requested_capability_internal(&base_path, &ctx.app.id, &params.capability) {
+            Ok(GrantCapabilityOutcome::AlreadyGranted {
+                   capability,
+                   full_granted_capabilities,
+               }) => success(
                 &request.id,
                 json!({
                     "granted": true,
                     "alreadyGranted": true,
-                    "capability": params.capability,
+                    "capability": capability,
                     "fullGrantedCapabilities": full_granted_capabilities,
                 }),
-            );
-        }
-
-        let mut next_capabilities = ctx.app.granted_permissions.capabilities.clone();
-        next_capabilities.push(params.capability.clone());
-        next_capabilities = sort_unique_strings(next_capabilities);
-
-        let next_granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions {
-            capabilities: next_capabilities.clone(),
-            network: ctx.app.granted_permissions.network.clone(),
-        };
-
-        let base_path: PathBuf = match tools.app_handle.path().app_data_dir() {
-            Ok(path) => path,
-            Err(err) => {
-                return failure(
-                    &request.id,
-                    "internal_error",
-                    format!("failed to resolve app data dir: {err}"),
+            ),
+            Ok(GrantCapabilityOutcome::Granted { capability, change }) => {
+                let _ = emit_bridge_event_to_source(
+                    tools.app_handle,
+                    ctx.source_label,
+                    json!({
+                        "channel": "sage-bridge",
+                        "type": "grantedCapabilitiesChange",
+                        "removedGrantedCapabilities": change.removed,
+                        "addedGrantedCapabilities": change.added,
+                        "fullGrantedCapabilities": change.full,
+                    }),
                 );
-            }
-        };
 
-        let updated = match update_app_permissions_internal(
-            &base_path,
-            &ctx.app.id,
-            next_granted_permissions,
-            false,
-        ) {
-            Ok(updated) => updated,
-            Err(err) => {
-                return failure(
+                success(
                     &request.id,
-                    "internal_error",
-                    format!("failed to update granted permissions: {err}"),
-                );
+                    json!({
+                        "granted": true,
+                        "capability": capability,
+                        "fullGrantedCapabilities": change.full,
+                    }),
+                )
             }
-        };
-
-        let previous_set: BTreeSet<String> = ctx
-            .app
-            .granted_permissions
-            .capabilities
-            .iter()
-            .cloned()
-            .collect();
-        let next_set: BTreeSet<String> = updated
-            .granted_permissions
-            .capabilities
-            .iter()
-            .cloned()
-            .collect();
-
-        let added_granted_capabilities = next_set
-            .difference(&previous_set)
-            .cloned()
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-        let removed_granted_capabilities = previous_set
-            .difference(&next_set)
-            .cloned()
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-
-        let _ = emit_bridge_event_to_source(
-            tools.app_handle,
-            ctx.source_label,
-            json!({
-                "channel": "sage-bridge",
-                "type": "grantedCapabilitiesChange",
-                "removedGrantedCapabilities": removed_granted_capabilities,
-                "addedGrantedCapabilities": added_granted_capabilities,
-                "fullGrantedCapabilities": updated.granted_permissions.capabilities,
-            }),
-        );
-
-        success(
-            &request.id,
-            json!({
-                "granted": true,
-                "capability": params.capability,
-                "fullGrantedCapabilities": updated.granted_permissions.capabilities,
-            }),
-        )
+            Err(err) => failure(
+                &request.id,
+                "internal_error",
+                format!("failed to grant requested capability: {err}"),
+            ),
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -480,129 +395,55 @@ impl BridgeMethod for SageRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant {
             Err(err) => return err,
         };
 
-        let requested = match requested_network_set(&ctx.app.requested_permissions.network) {
-            Ok(requested) => requested,
-            Err(err) => {
-                return failure(&request.id, "internal_error", err);
-            }
+        let base_path = match resolve_app_base_path(&tools, &request.id) {
+            Ok(path) => path,
+            Err(err) => return err,
         };
 
-        let entry_key = (params.entry.scheme.clone(), params.entry.host.clone());
-        if !requested.contains(&entry_key) {
-            return failure(
-                &request.id,
-                "permission_denied",
-                format!(
-                    "Network whitelist entry was not requested by app manifest: {}://{}",
-                    params.entry.scheme, params.entry.host
-                ),
-            );
-        }
-
-        if ctx
-            .app
-            .granted_permissions
-            .network
-            .whitelist
-            .iter()
-            .any(|entry| entry == &params.entry)
-        {
-            let full_granted_network_whitelist =
-                sort_unique_network(ctx.app.granted_permissions.network.whitelist.clone());
-
-            return success(
+        match grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal(
+            &base_path,
+            &ctx.app.id,
+            &params.entry,
+        ) {
+            Ok(GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome::AlreadyGranted {
+                   entry,
+                   full_granted_network_whitelist,
+               }) => success(
                 &request.id,
                 json!({
                     "granted": true,
                     "alreadyGranted": true,
-                    "entry": params.entry,
+                    "entry": entry,
                     "fullGrantedNetworkWhitelist": full_granted_network_whitelist,
                 }),
-            );
-        }
-
-        let mut next_whitelist = ctx.app.granted_permissions.network.whitelist.clone();
-        next_whitelist.push(params.entry.clone());
-        next_whitelist = sort_unique_network(next_whitelist);
-
-        let next_granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions {
-            capabilities: ctx.app.granted_permissions.capabilities.clone(),
-            network: crate::apps::types::SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
-                whitelist: next_whitelist.clone(),
-            },
-        };
-
-        let base_path: PathBuf = match tools.app_handle.path().app_data_dir() {
-            Ok(path) => path,
-            Err(err) => {
-                return failure(
-                    &request.id,
-                    "internal_error",
-                    format!("failed to resolve app data dir: {err}"),
+            ),
+            Ok(GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome::Granted { entry, change }) => {
+                let _ = emit_bridge_event_to_source(
+                    tools.app_handle,
+                    ctx.source_label,
+                    json!({
+                        "channel": "sage-bridge",
+                        "type": "grantedNetworkWhitelistChange",
+                        "removedGrantedNetworkWhitelist": change.removed,
+                        "addedGrantedNetworkWhitelist": change.added,
+                        "fullGrantedNetworkWhitelist": change.full,
+                    }),
                 );
-            }
-        };
 
-        let updated = match update_app_permissions_internal(
-            &base_path,
-            &ctx.app.id,
-            next_granted_permissions,
-            false,
-        ) {
-            Ok(updated) => updated,
-            Err(err) => {
-                return failure(
+                success(
                     &request.id,
-                    "internal_error",
-                    format!("failed to update granted permissions: {err}"),
-                );
+                    json!({
+                        "granted": true,
+                        "entry": entry,
+                        "fullGrantedNetworkWhitelist": change.full,
+                    }),
+                )
             }
-        };
-
-        let previous_set: BTreeSet<SageNetworkPermissionTarget> = ctx
-            .app
-            .granted_permissions
-            .network
-            .whitelist
-            .iter()
-            .cloned()
-            .collect();
-        let next_set: BTreeSet<SageNetworkPermissionTarget> = updated
-            .granted_permissions
-            .network
-            .whitelist
-            .iter()
-            .cloned()
-            .collect();
-
-        let added_granted_network_whitelist = next_set
-            .difference(&previous_set)
-            .cloned()
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-        let removed_granted_network_whitelist = previous_set
-            .difference(&next_set)
-            .cloned()
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-
-        let _ = emit_bridge_event_to_source(
-            tools.app_handle,
-            ctx.source_label,
-            json!({
-                "channel": "sage-bridge",
-                "type": "grantedNetworkWhitelistChange",
-                "removedGrantedNetworkWhitelist": removed_granted_network_whitelist,
-                "addedGrantedNetworkWhitelist": added_granted_network_whitelist,
-                "fullGrantedNetworkWhitelist": updated.granted_permissions.network.whitelist,
-            }),
-        );
-
-        success(
-            &request.id,
-            json!({
-                "granted": true,
-                "entry": params.entry,
-                "fullGrantedNetworkWhitelist": updated.granted_permissions.network.whitelist,
-            }),
-        )
+            Err(err) => failure(
+                &request.id,
+                "internal_error",
+                format!("failed to grant requested network whitelist entry: {err}"),
+            ),
+        }
     }
 }
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs
index 8e2d7a520..00ab697f9 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,16 @@
-use std::{io, path::{Path, PathBuf}};
+use std::{
+    collections::BTreeSet,
+    io,
+    path::{Path, PathBuf},
+};
 
+use anyhow::Result as AnyResult;
 use tauri::{command, State};
 
 use crate::apps::install::{
     manifest_entry_file, manifest_icon_file,
     normalize_and_validate_granted_network_whitelist, preview_app_url_internal,
 };
-
 use crate::{
     app_state::AppState,
     apps::{
@@ -14,16 +18,282 @@ use crate::{
             clear_storage_may_contain_secrets, mark_storage_may_contain_secrets,
             resolve_capability_flags, validate_granted_capabilities,
         },
-        registry::{read_installed_app_by_id, write_installed_app_metadata},
+        registry::{parse_network_permission_target, read_installed_app_by_id, write_installed_app_metadata},
         snapshot::download_url_snapshot,
         types::{
             InstalledSageApp, InstalledSageAppPendingUpdate, InstalledSageAppSource,
-            SageAppUrlPreview,
+            SageAppUrlPreview, SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions,
+            SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
         },
     },
     error::Result,
 };
-use crate::apps::types::SageGrantedPermissions;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct GrantedCapabilitiesChange {
+    pub removed: Vec<String>,
+    pub added: Vec<String>,
+    pub full: Vec<String>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange {
+    pub removed: Vec<SageNetworkPermissionTarget>,
+    pub added: Vec<SageNetworkPermissionTarget>,
+    pub full: Vec<SageNetworkPermissionTarget>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub enum GrantCapabilityOutcome {
+    AlreadyGranted {
+        capability: String,
+        full_granted_capabilities: Vec<String>,
+    },
+    Granted {
+        capability: String,
+        change: GrantedCapabilitiesChange,
+    },
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub enum GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome {
+    AlreadyGranted {
+        entry: SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
+        full_granted_network_whitelist: Vec<SageNetworkPermissionTarget>,
+    },
+    Granted {
+        entry: SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
+        change: GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange,
+    },
+}
+
+fn sort_unique_strings(values: impl IntoIterator<Item = String>) -> Vec<String> {
+    let set: BTreeSet<String> = values.into_iter().collect();
+    set.into_iter().collect()
+}
+
+fn sort_unique_network(
+    values: impl IntoIterator<Item = SageNetworkPermissionTarget>,
+) -> Vec<SageNetworkPermissionTarget> {
+    let set: BTreeSet<SageNetworkPermissionTarget> = values.into_iter().collect();
+    set.into_iter().collect()
+}
+
+fn requested_capability_set(app: &InstalledSageApp) -> BTreeSet<String> {
+    let mut requested = BTreeSet::new();
+    requested.extend(app.requested_permissions.capabilities.required.iter().cloned());
+    requested.extend(app.requested_permissions.capabilities.optional.iter().cloned());
+    requested
+}
+
+fn requested_network_set(app: &InstalledSageApp) -> AnyResult<BTreeSet<(String, String)>> {
+    let mut out = BTreeSet::new();
+
+    for entry in &app.requested_permissions.network.whitelist.required {
+        let normalized = parse_network_permission_target(&format!(
+            "{}://{}",
+            entry.scheme, entry.host
+        ))
+            .map_err(anyhow::Error::msg)?;
+        out.insert((normalized.scheme, normalized.host));
+    }
+
+    for entry in &app.requested_permissions.network.whitelist.optional {
+        let normalized = parse_network_permission_target(&format!(
+            "{}://{}",
+            entry.scheme, entry.host
+        ))
+            .map_err(anyhow::Error::msg)?;
+        out.insert((normalized.scheme, normalized.host));
+    }
+
+    Ok(out)
+}
+
+fn diff_capabilities(previous: &[String], next: &[String]) -> GrantedCapabilitiesChange {
+    let previous_set: BTreeSet<String> = previous.iter().cloned().collect();
+    let next_set: BTreeSet<String> = next.iter().cloned().collect();
+
+    GrantedCapabilitiesChange {
+        removed: previous_set.difference(&next_set).cloned().collect(),
+        added: next_set.difference(&previous_set).cloned().collect(),
+        full: next.to_vec(),
+    }
+}
+
+fn diff_network_whitelist(
+    previous: &[SageNetworkPermissionTarget],
+    next: &[SageNetworkPermissionTarget],
+) -> GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange {
+    let previous_set: BTreeSet<SageNetworkPermissionTarget> = previous.iter().cloned().collect();
+    let next_set: BTreeSet<SageNetworkPermissionTarget> = next.iter().cloned().collect();
+
+    GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange {
+        removed: previous_set.difference(&next_set).cloned().collect(),
+        added: next_set.difference(&previous_set).cloned().collect(),
+        full: next.to_vec(),
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn update_app_permissions_internal(
+    base_path: &Path,
+    app_id: &str,
+    granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
+    clear_storage_taint: bool,
+) -> AnyResult<InstalledSageApp> {
+    let mut app = read_installed_app_by_id(base_path, app_id)?;
+
+    validate_granted_capabilities(&app.requested_permissions, &granted_permissions.capabilities)?;
+
+    let granted_network_whitelist = normalize_and_validate_granted_network_whitelist(
+        &app.active_snapshot.manifest.permissions.network,
+        &granted_permissions.network.whitelist,
+    )?;
+
+    let mut permission_flags = resolve_capability_flags(
+        &granted_permissions.capabilities,
+        Some(&app.capability_flags),
+    )?;
+
+    if clear_storage_taint {
+        permission_flags = clear_storage_may_contain_secrets(&permission_flags);
+    }
+
+    app.granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions {
+        capabilities: granted_permissions.capabilities,
+        network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
+            whitelist: granted_network_whitelist,
+        },
+    };
+
+    app.capability_flags =
+        resolve_capability_flags(&app.granted_permissions.capabilities, Some(&permission_flags))?;
+
+    let install_dir = PathBuf::from(&app.install_dir);
+    write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &install_dir)?;
+
+    Ok(app)
+}
+
+pub fn grant_requested_capability_internal(
+    base_path: &Path,
+    app_id: &str,
+    capability: &str,
+) -> AnyResult<GrantCapabilityOutcome> {
+    let app = read_installed_app_by_id(base_path, app_id)?;
+
+    let requested = requested_capability_set(&app);
+    if !requested.contains(capability) {
+        anyhow::bail!("Capability was not requested by app manifest: {capability}");
+    }
+
+    if app
+        .granted_permissions
+        .capabilities
+        .iter()
+        .any(|existing| existing == capability)
+    {
+        let full_granted_capabilities =
+            sort_unique_strings(app.granted_permissions.capabilities.clone());
+
+        return Ok(GrantCapabilityOutcome::AlreadyGranted {
+            capability: capability.to_string(),
+            full_granted_capabilities,
+        });
+    }
+
+    let mut next_capabilities = app.granted_permissions.capabilities.clone();
+    next_capabilities.push(capability.to_string());
+    next_capabilities = sort_unique_strings(next_capabilities);
+
+    let updated = update_app_permissions_internal(
+        base_path,
+        app_id,
+        SageGrantedPermissions {
+            capabilities: next_capabilities,
+            network: app.granted_permissions.network.clone(),
+        },
+        false,
+    )?;
+
+    let change = diff_capabilities(
+        &app.granted_permissions.capabilities,
+        &updated.granted_permissions.capabilities,
+    );
+
+    Ok(GrantCapabilityOutcome::Granted {
+        capability: capability.to_string(),
+        change,
+    })
+}
+
+pub fn grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal(
+    base_path: &Path,
+    app_id: &str,
+    entry: &SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
+) -> AnyResult<GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome> {
+    let app = read_installed_app_by_id(base_path, app_id)?;
+
+    let normalized = parse_network_permission_target(&format!(
+        "{}://{}",
+        entry.scheme, entry.host
+    ))
+        .map_err(anyhow::Error::msg)?;
+    let entry = SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
+        scheme: normalized.scheme,
+        host: normalized.host,
+    };
+
+    let requested = requested_network_set(&app)?;
+    let entry_key = (entry.scheme.clone(), entry.host.clone());
+
+    if !requested.contains(&entry_key) {
+        anyhow::bail!(
+            "Network whitelist entry was not requested by app manifest: {}://{}",
+            entry.scheme,
+            entry.host
+        );
+    }
+
+    if app
+        .granted_permissions
+        .network
+        .whitelist
+        .iter()
+        .any(|existing| existing == &entry)
+    {
+        let full_granted_network_whitelist =
+            sort_unique_network(app.granted_permissions.network.whitelist.clone());
+
+        return Ok(GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome::AlreadyGranted {
+            entry,
+            full_granted_network_whitelist,
+        });
+    }
+
+    let mut next_whitelist = app.granted_permissions.network.whitelist.clone();
+    next_whitelist.push(entry.clone());
+    next_whitelist = sort_unique_network(next_whitelist);
+
+    let updated = update_app_permissions_internal(
+        base_path,
+        app_id,
+        SageGrantedPermissions {
+            capabilities: app.granted_permissions.capabilities.clone(),
+            network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
+                whitelist: next_whitelist,
+            },
+        },
+        false,
+    )?;
+
+    let change = diff_network_whitelist(
+        &app.granted_permissions.network.whitelist,
+        &updated.granted_permissions.network.whitelist,
+    );
+
+    Ok(GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome::Granted { entry, change })
+}
 
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
@@ -177,7 +447,7 @@ pub async fn apply_app_update(
 
     app.granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions {
         capabilities: granted_permissions.capabilities,
-        network: crate::apps::types::SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
+        network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
             whitelist: granted_network_whitelist,
         },
     };
@@ -194,52 +464,6 @@ pub async fn apply_app_update(
     Ok(app)
 }
 
-pub fn update_app_permissions_internal(
-    base_path: &Path,
-    app_id: &str,
-    granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
-    clear_storage_taint: bool,
-) -> anyhow::Result<InstalledSageApp> {
-    let mut app = read_installed_app_by_id(base_path, app_id)
-        .map_err(|err| anyhow::anyhow!("failed to read app {app_id}: {err}"))?;
-
-    validate_granted_capabilities(&app.requested_permissions, &granted_permissions.capabilities)
-        .map_err(|err| anyhow::anyhow!("invalid granted permissions: {err}"))?;
-
-    let granted_network_whitelist = normalize_and_validate_granted_network_whitelist(
-        &app.active_snapshot.manifest.permissions.network,
-        &granted_permissions.network.whitelist,
-    )
-        .map_err(|err| anyhow::anyhow!("invalid granted network whitelist: {err}"))?;
-
-    let mut permission_flags = resolve_capability_flags(
-        &granted_permissions.capabilities,
-        Some(&app.capability_flags),
-    )?;
-
-    if clear_storage_taint {
-        permission_flags = clear_storage_may_contain_secrets(&permission_flags);
-    }
-
-    app.granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions {
-        capabilities: granted_permissions.capabilities,
-        network: crate::apps::types::SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
-            whitelist: granted_network_whitelist,
-        },
-    };
-
-    app.capability_flags = resolve_capability_flags(
-        &app.granted_permissions.capabilities,
-        Some(&permission_flags),
-    )?;
-
-    let install_dir = PathBuf::from(&app.install_dir);
-    write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &install_dir)
-        .map_err(|err| anyhow::anyhow!("failed to write metadata: {err}"))?;
-
-    Ok(app)
-}
-
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
 pub async fn apps_update_permissions(
@@ -260,7 +484,7 @@ pub async fn apps_update_permissions(
         clear_storage_taint,
     )
         .map(|_| ())
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(err.to_string()).into())
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to update app permissions: {err}")).into())
 }
 
 #[command]

From 01cf2c1c1075a86996bc428e7258d2f2c79a1b0a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Mon, 20 Apr 2026 22:58:26 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 118/471] Refactor apps structure on BE

---
 src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/system.rs   |   4 +-
 src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/mod.rs              |   2 +-
 src-tauri/src/apps/{ => lifecycle}/install.rs | 226 +++------
 src-tauri/src/apps/{ => lifecycle}/limits.rs  |   0
 .../src/apps/{ => lifecycle}/manifest.rs      |  18 +-
 src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/mod.rs           |  15 +
 src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/package.rs       | 121 +++++
 .../src/apps/{ => lifecycle}/registry.rs      |   0
 src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/snapshot.rs      | 160 +++++++
 src-tauri/src/apps/{ => lifecycle}/update.rs  |  41 +-
 src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs                     |  17 +-
 src-tauri/src/apps/package.rs                 | 178 --------
 .../capabilities.rs}                          |   0
 src-tauri/src/apps/permissions/mod.rs         |   5 +
 .../{permissions.rs => permissions/policy.rs} |   4 +-
 src-tauri/src/apps/runtime.rs                 | 427 ------------------
 src-tauri/src/apps/runtime/cleanup.rs         | 152 +++++++
 src-tauri/src/apps/runtime/inline.rs          | 177 ++++++++
 src-tauri/src/apps/runtime/mod.rs             |   9 +
 src-tauri/src/apps/runtime/records.rs         |  39 ++
 src-tauri/src/apps/runtime/resolve.rs         | 105 +++++
 .../src/apps/{ => sandbox}/builtin_apps.rs    |  52 ++-
 src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/mod.rs             |  11 +-
 .../src/apps/sandbox/probes/clear_cycle.rs    |   2 +-
 .../src/apps/sandbox/probes/isolation.rs      |   2 +-
 src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/probes/network.rs  |   2 +-
 .../src/apps/sandbox/probes/persistence.rs    |   2 +-
 src-tauri/src/apps/{ => security}/csp.rs      |   0
 src-tauri/src/apps/security/mod.rs            |   5 +
 src-tauri/src/apps/{ => security}/protocol.rs |  12 +-
 src-tauri/src/apps/snapshot.rs                | 254 -----------
 .../src/apps/{state.rs => state/host.rs}      |   0
 src-tauri/src/apps/state/mod.rs               |   3 +
 src-tauri/src/apps/types/mod.rs               |   3 +
 .../src/apps/{types.rs => types/models.rs}    |   3 +-
 src-tauri/src/lib.rs                          |  24 +-
 src-tauri/tests/apps_install.rs               |   2 +-
 src-tauri/tests/apps_manifest.rs              |   2 +-
 src-tauri/tests/apps_registry.rs              |   8 +-
 src/bindings.ts                               |   6 +-
 src/components/apps/AppUpdateDialog.tsx       | 388 ++++++++--------
 src/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx        |  23 +-
 .../apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx        |  38 +-
 .../apps/permissions/PermissionsDialog.tsx    |  22 +-
 .../apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx    |  60 ++-
 src/lib/apps/updatePermissionsDelta.ts        |  34 +-
 src/pages/Apps.tsx                            |  29 +-
 47 files changed, 1257 insertions(+), 1430 deletions(-)
 rename src-tauri/src/apps/{ => lifecycle}/install.rs (65%)
 rename src-tauri/src/apps/{ => lifecycle}/limits.rs (100%)
 rename src-tauri/src/apps/{ => lifecycle}/manifest.rs (86%)
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/mod.rs
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/package.rs
 rename src-tauri/src/apps/{ => lifecycle}/registry.rs (100%)
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/snapshot.rs
 rename src-tauri/src/apps/{ => lifecycle}/update.rs (94%)
 delete mode 100644 src-tauri/src/apps/package.rs
 rename src-tauri/src/apps/{capability_registry.rs => permissions/capabilities.rs} (100%)
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/src/apps/permissions/mod.rs
 rename src-tauri/src/apps/{permissions.rs => permissions/policy.rs} (99%)
 delete mode 100644 src-tauri/src/apps/runtime.rs
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/src/apps/runtime/cleanup.rs
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/src/apps/runtime/inline.rs
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/src/apps/runtime/mod.rs
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/src/apps/runtime/records.rs
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/src/apps/runtime/resolve.rs
 rename src-tauri/src/apps/{ => sandbox}/builtin_apps.rs (83%)
 rename src-tauri/src/apps/{ => security}/csp.rs (100%)
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/src/apps/security/mod.rs
 rename src-tauri/src/apps/{ => security}/protocol.rs (96%)
 delete mode 100644 src-tauri/src/apps/snapshot.rs
 rename src-tauri/src/apps/{state.rs => state/host.rs} (100%)
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/src/apps/state/mod.rs
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/src/apps/types/mod.rs
 rename src-tauri/src/apps/{types.rs => types/models.rs} (99%)

diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/system.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/system.rs
index 0b712a201..ffc1e0423 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/system.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/system.rs
@@ -12,9 +12,9 @@ use crate::apps::bridge::{
     RustBridgeResponse,
 };
 use crate::apps::permissions::resolve_shared_capabilities;
-use crate::apps::registry::parse_network_permission_target;
+use crate::apps::lifecycle::parse_network_permission_target;
 use crate::apps::types::SageNetworkPermissionTarget;
-use crate::apps::update::{
+use crate::apps::lifecycle::{
     grant_requested_capability_internal, grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal,
     GrantCapabilityOutcome, GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome,
 };
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/mod.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/mod.rs
index 176bba895..78441084f 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/mod.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/mod.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use tokio::sync::Mutex;
 use uuid::Uuid;
 
 use crate::app_state::AppState;
-use crate::apps::capability_registry::require_capability_definition;
+use crate::apps::permissions::require_capability_definition;
 use crate::apps::runtime::{apps_assert_bridge_origin, resolve_app};
 use crate::apps::state::AppsHostState;
 use crate::apps::types::InstalledSageApp;
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/install.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/install.rs
similarity index 65%
rename from src-tauri/src/apps/install.rs
rename to src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/install.rs
index f1dcb6401..dab935c4a 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/install.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/install.rs
@@ -1,38 +1,36 @@
 use std::{
-    collections::{BTreeSet},
+    collections::BTreeSet,
     fs, io,
     path::Path,
     time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH},
 };
 
-use anyhow::{anyhow, Context, Result as AnyResult};
+use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
 use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
-use tauri::{command, State};
-
-use crate::{
-    app_state::AppState,
-    apps::{
-        package::{
-            detect_package_root, prepare_zip_snapshot, read_manifest, unzip_to_dir,
-            validate_package_structure,
-        },
-        permissions::{
-            normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions,
-            resolve_capability_flags, validate_granted_capabilities,
-        },
-        registry::{
-            apps_root, list_installed_apps_internal, write_installed_app_metadata,
-        },
-        snapshot::{derive_manifest_url, download_url_snapshot, fetch_url_manifest},
-        types::{
-            InstalledSageApp, InstalledSageAppSource, ListedSageApp,
-            SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppUrlPreview,
-        },
-    },
-    error::Result,
+use tauri::{State, command};
+
+use crate::app_state::AppState;
+use crate::apps::lifecycle::{
+    derive_manifest_url, download_url_snapshot, fetch_url_manifest, list_installed_apps_internal,
+    prepare_zip_snapshot, read_manifest, unzip_to_dir, validate_package_structure,
+    write_installed_app_metadata,
+};
+use crate::apps::permissions::{
+    normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions, resolve_capability_flags,
+    validate_granted_capabilities,
 };
-use crate::apps::permissions::normalize_network_key;
-use crate::apps::types::{SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkPermissionTarget, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions};
+use crate::apps::types::{
+    InstalledSageApp, InstalledSageAppSource, ListedSageApp, SageAppPackageManifest,
+    SageAppUrlPreview,
+};
+use crate::apps::types::{
+    SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkPermissionTarget, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
+    SageRequestedPermissions,
+};
+use crate::apps::lifecycle::registry::{
+    apps_root,
+};
+use crate::error::Result;
 
 pub fn current_millis() -> u128 {
     SystemTime::now()
@@ -63,8 +61,6 @@ fn slugify_name(name: &str) -> String {
     }
 }
 
-
-
 fn generate_app_id(name: &str) -> String {
     format!("{}-{}", slugify_name(name), current_millis())
 }
@@ -78,8 +74,7 @@ pub fn normalize_app_url(url: &str) -> AnyResult<String> {
         .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("app URL is missing host"))?
         .to_ascii_lowercase();
 
-    let is_local_dev_host =
-        host == "localhost" || host == "127.0.0.1" || host == "::1";
+    let is_local_dev_host = host == "localhost" || host == "127.0.0.1" || host == "::1";
 
     match scheme {
         "https" => {}
@@ -102,10 +97,7 @@ pub fn normalize_app_url(url: &str) -> AnyResult<String> {
     Ok(parsed.to_string())
 }
 
-fn find_existing_app_id_by_name(
-    root: &Path,
-    app_name: &str,
-) -> AnyResult<Option<String>> {
+fn find_existing_app_id_by_name(root: &Path, app_name: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<String>> {
     Ok(list_installed_apps_internal(root)?
         .into_iter()
         .find_map(|app| match app {
@@ -144,27 +136,17 @@ fn build_installed_app(
 fn recreate_install_dir(install_dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<()> {
     if install_dir.exists() {
         fs::remove_dir_all(install_dir).with_context(|| {
-            format!(
-                "failed to remove existing install dir {}",
-                install_dir.display()
-            )
+            format!("failed to remove existing install dir {}", install_dir.display())
         })?;
     }
 
-    fs::create_dir_all(install_dir).with_context(|| {
-        format!(
-            "failed to create install dir {}",
-            install_dir.display()
-        )
-    })?;
+    fs::create_dir_all(install_dir)
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to create install dir {}", install_dir.display()))?;
 
     Ok(())
 }
 
-fn resolve_install_dir(
-    root: &Path,
-    app_name: &str,
-) -> AnyResult<(String, std::path::PathBuf)> {
+fn resolve_install_dir(root: &Path, app_name: &str) -> AnyResult<(String, std::path::PathBuf)> {
     let app_id = find_existing_app_id_by_name(root, app_name)?
         .unwrap_or_else(|| generate_app_id(app_name));
 
@@ -180,8 +162,7 @@ pub fn hash_string(input: &str) -> String {
 fn normalize_manifest_permissions(
     mut manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
 ) -> AnyResult<SageAppPackageManifest> {
-    manifest.permissions =
-        normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions(&manifest.permissions)?;
+    manifest.permissions = normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions(&manifest.permissions)?;
     Ok(manifest)
 }
 
@@ -197,18 +178,14 @@ fn normalize_and_validate_granted_permissions(
     requested: &SageRequestedPermissions,
     granted: SageGrantedPermissions,
 ) -> AnyResult<SageGrantedPermissions> {
-    validate_granted_capabilities(&requested, &granted.capabilities)?;
+    validate_granted_capabilities(requested, &granted.capabilities)?;
 
-    let whitelist = normalize_and_validate_granted_network_whitelist(
-        &requested.network,
-        &granted.network.whitelist,
-    )?;
+    let whitelist =
+        normalize_and_validate_granted_network_whitelist(&requested.network, &granted.network.whitelist)?;
 
     Ok(SageGrantedPermissions {
         capabilities: granted.capabilities,
-        network: crate::apps::types::SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
-            whitelist,
-        },
+        network: crate::apps::types::SageGrantedNetworkPermissions { whitelist },
     })
 }
 
@@ -220,11 +197,14 @@ pub fn normalize_and_validate_granted_network_whitelist(
     let mut requested_optional = BTreeSet::<(String, String)>::new();
 
     for entry in &requested.whitelist.required {
-        requested_required.insert(normalize_network_key(&entry.scheme, &entry.host)?);
+        requested_required.insert(crate::apps::permissions::normalize_network_key(
+            &entry.scheme,
+            &entry.host,
+        )?);
     }
 
     for entry in &requested.whitelist.optional {
-        let key = normalize_network_key(&entry.scheme, &entry.host)?;
+        let key = crate::apps::permissions::normalize_network_key(&entry.scheme, &entry.host)?;
         if !requested_required.contains(&key) {
             requested_optional.insert(key);
         }
@@ -233,7 +213,7 @@ pub fn normalize_and_validate_granted_network_whitelist(
     let mut granted_keys = BTreeSet::<(String, String)>::new();
 
     for entry in granted {
-        let key = normalize_network_key(&entry.scheme, &entry.host)?;
+        let key = crate::apps::permissions::normalize_network_key(&entry.scheme, &entry.host)?;
         if !requested_required.contains(&key) && !requested_optional.contains(&key) {
             return Err(anyhow!(
                 "granted network whitelist entry not requested in manifest: {}://{}",
@@ -254,18 +234,13 @@ pub fn normalize_and_validate_granted_network_whitelist(
     }
 
     for (scheme, host) in granted_keys {
-        result.insert(SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
-            scheme,
-            host,
-        });
+        result.insert(SageNetworkPermissionTarget { scheme, host });
     }
 
     Ok(result.into_iter().collect())
 }
 
-pub async fn preview_app_url_internal(
-    app_url: String,
-) -> AnyResult<SageAppUrlPreview> {
+pub async fn preview_app_url_internal(app_url: String) -> AnyResult<SageAppUrlPreview> {
     let app_url = normalize_app_url(&app_url)?;
 
     let manifest_url = derive_manifest_url(&app_url)?;
@@ -283,12 +258,11 @@ pub async fn preview_app_url_internal(
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
 pub async fn preview_app_zip(zip_path: String) -> Result<SageAppPackageManifest> {
-    let unpack_dir =
-        std::env::temp_dir().join(format!(".sage-preview-{}", current_millis()));
+    let unpack_dir = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!(".sage-preview-{}", current_millis()));
 
     let result = (|| -> AnyResult<SageAppPackageManifest> {
         unzip_to_dir(Path::new(&zip_path), &unpack_dir)?;
-        let package_root = detect_package_root(&unpack_dir)?;
+        let package_root = crate::apps::lifecycle::detect_package_root(&unpack_dir)?;
         let manifest = read_manifest(&package_root)?;
         validate_package_structure(&package_root)?;
         normalize_manifest_permissions(manifest)
@@ -296,28 +270,20 @@ pub async fn preview_app_zip(zip_path: String) -> Result<SageAppPackageManifest>
 
     let _ = fs::remove_dir_all(&unpack_dir);
 
-    result.map_err(|err| {
-        io::Error::other(format!(
-            "failed to preview app zip {}: {err}",
-            zip_path
-        ))
-            .into()
-    })
+    result.map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to preview app zip {}: {err}", zip_path)).into())
 }
 
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
 pub async fn preview_app_url(app_url: String) -> Result<SageAppUrlPreview> {
-    preview_app_url_internal(app_url).await.map_err(|err| {
-        io::Error::other(format!("failed to preview app URL: {err}")).into()
-    })
+    preview_app_url_internal(app_url)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to preview app URL: {err}")).into())
 }
 
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
-pub async fn list_installed_apps(
-    state: State<'_, AppState>,
-) -> Result<Vec<ListedSageApp>> {
+pub async fn list_installed_apps(state: State<'_, AppState>) -> Result<Vec<ListedSageApp>> {
     let base_path = {
         let state = state.lock().await;
         state.path.clone()
@@ -326,15 +292,11 @@ pub async fn list_installed_apps(
     let root = apps_root(&base_path);
 
     fs::create_dir_all(&root).map_err(|err| {
-        io::Error::other(format!(
-            "failed to create apps directory {}: {err}",
-            root.display()
-        ))
+        io::Error::other(format!("failed to create apps directory {}: {err}", root.display()))
     })?;
 
-    list_installed_apps_internal(&root).map_err(|err| {
-        io::Error::other(format!("failed to list installed apps: {err}")).into()
-    })
+    list_installed_apps_internal(&root)
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to list installed apps: {err}")).into())
 }
 
 #[command]
@@ -352,10 +314,7 @@ pub async fn install_app_zip(
     let root = apps_root(&base_path);
 
     fs::create_dir_all(&root).map_err(|err| {
-        io::Error::other(format!(
-            "failed to create apps directory {}: {err}",
-            root.display()
-        ))
+        io::Error::other(format!("failed to create apps directory {}: {err}", root.display()))
     })?;
 
     let unpack_dir = root.join(format!(".tmp-{}", current_millis()));
@@ -370,23 +329,19 @@ pub async fn install_app_zip(
 
     let result = (|| -> AnyResult<InstalledSageApp> {
         unzip_to_dir(Path::new(&zip_path), &unpack_dir)?;
-        let package_root = detect_package_root(&unpack_dir)?;
+        let package_root = crate::apps::lifecycle::detect_package_root(&unpack_dir)?;
         validate_package_structure(&package_root)?;
 
         let manifest = normalize_manifest_permissions(read_manifest(&package_root)?)?;
 
-        let granted_permissions = normalize_and_validate_granted_permissions(
-            &manifest.permissions,
-            granted_permissions,
-        )?;
+        let granted_permissions =
+            normalize_and_validate_granted_permissions(&manifest.permissions, granted_permissions)?;
 
-        let permission_flags =
-            resolve_capability_flags(&granted_permissions.capabilities, None)?;
+        let permission_flags = resolve_capability_flags(&granted_permissions.capabilities, None)?;
 
         let (app_id, install_dir) = resolve_install_dir(&root, &manifest.name)?;
         recreate_install_dir(&install_dir)?;
-        let snapshot =
-            prepare_zip_snapshot(&package_root, &install_dir, &manifest)?;
+        let snapshot = prepare_zip_snapshot(&package_root, &install_dir, &manifest)?;
 
         let installed = build_installed_app(
             app_id,
@@ -406,13 +361,7 @@ pub async fn install_app_zip(
         let _ = fs::remove_dir_all(&unpack_dir);
     }
 
-    result.map_err(|err| {
-        io::Error::other(format!(
-            "failed to install app zip {}: {err}",
-            zip_path
-        ))
-            .into()
-    })
+    result.map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to install app zip {}: {err}", zip_path)).into())
 }
 
 #[command]
@@ -430,41 +379,24 @@ pub async fn install_app_url(
     let root = apps_root(&base_path);
 
     fs::create_dir_all(&root).map_err(|err| {
-        io::Error::other(format!(
-            "failed to create apps directory {}: {err}",
-            root.display()
-        ))
+        io::Error::other(format!("failed to create apps directory {}: {err}", root.display()))
     })?;
 
     let preview = preview_app_url_internal(app_url.clone())
         .await
-        .map_err(|err| {
-            io::Error::other(format!(
-                "failed to preview app URL {}: {err}",
-                app_url
-            ))
-        })?;
-
-    let granted_permissions = normalize_and_validate_granted_permissions(
-        &preview.manifest.permissions,
-        granted_permissions,
-    )
-        .map_err(|err| {
-            io::Error::other(format!(
-                "invalid granted permissions for URL app {}: {err}",
-                app_url
-            ))
-        })?;
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to preview app URL {}: {err}", app_url)))?;
 
-    let permission_flags =
-        resolve_capability_flags(&granted_permissions.capabilities, None)
+    let granted_permissions =
+        normalize_and_validate_granted_permissions(&preview.manifest.permissions, granted_permissions)
             .map_err(|err| {
-                io::Error::other(format!(
-                    "invalid granted permission policy for URL app {}: {err}",
-                    app_url
-                ))
+                io::Error::other(format!("invalid granted permissions for URL app {}: {err}", app_url))
             })?;
 
+    let permission_flags = resolve_capability_flags(&granted_permissions.capabilities, None)
+        .map_err(|err| {
+            io::Error::other(format!("invalid granted permission policy for URL app {}: {err}", app_url))
+        })?;
+
     let (app_id, install_dir) = resolve_install_dir(&root, &preview.manifest.name)
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to resolve install dir: {err}")))?;
     recreate_install_dir(&install_dir)
@@ -477,11 +409,7 @@ pub async fn install_app_url(
         &preview.manifest_hash,
     )
         .await
-        .map_err(|err| {
-            io::Error::other(format!(
-                "failed to download URL app snapshot: {err}"
-            ))
-        })?;
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to download URL app snapshot: {err}")))?;
 
     let installed = build_installed_app(
         app_id.clone(),
@@ -497,10 +425,7 @@ pub async fn install_app_url(
     );
 
     write_installed_app_metadata(&installed, &install_dir).map_err(|err| {
-        io::Error::other(format!(
-            "failed to write installed app metadata for {}: {err}",
-            app_id
-        ))
+        io::Error::other(format!("failed to write installed app metadata for {}: {err}", app_id))
     })?;
 
     Ok(installed)
@@ -508,10 +433,7 @@ pub async fn install_app_url(
 
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
-pub async fn uninstall_app(
-    state: State<'_, AppState>,
-    app_id: String,
-) -> Result<()> {
+pub async fn uninstall_app(state: State<'_, AppState>, app_id: String) -> Result<()> {
     let base_path = {
         let state = state.lock().await;
         state.path.clone()
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/limits.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/limits.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from src-tauri/src/apps/limits.rs
rename to src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/limits.rs
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/manifest.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/manifest.rs
similarity index 86%
rename from src-tauri/src/apps/manifest.rs
rename to src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/manifest.rs
index 1ef48367a..67a6dd8c9 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/manifest.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/manifest.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 use std::collections::BTreeSet;
 
-use anyhow::{anyhow, Result as AnyResult};
+use anyhow::{Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
 
 use crate::apps::{
-    limits::{
+    lifecycle::limits::{
         MAX_APP_FILE_COUNT, MAX_APP_PATH_LENGTH, MAX_APP_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES,
     },
     permissions::normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions,
@@ -28,10 +28,16 @@ pub fn validate_manifest_file_path(path: &str) -> AnyResult<()> {
     }
 
     if path.contains('\\') {
-        return Err(anyhow!("manifest file path must use forward slashes: {}", path));
+        return Err(anyhow!(
+            "manifest file path must use forward slashes: {}",
+            path
+        ));
     }
 
-    if path.split('/').any(|part| part == "." || part == ".." || part.is_empty()) {
+    if path
+        .split('/')
+        .any(|part| part == "." || part == ".." || part.is_empty())
+    {
         return Err(anyhow!("manifest file path is invalid: {}", path));
     }
 
@@ -86,7 +92,9 @@ pub fn validate_manifest_files(files: &[SageAppManifestFile]) -> AnyResult<u64>
     Ok(total)
 }
 
-pub fn validate_package_manifest(manifest: &SageAppPackageManifest) -> AnyResult<u64> {
+pub fn validate_package_manifest(
+    manifest: &SageAppPackageManifest,
+) -> AnyResult<u64> {
     if manifest.name.trim().is_empty() {
         return Err(anyhow!("manifest name cannot be empty"));
     }
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/mod.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4b4ed0d50
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+pub mod install;
+pub mod limits;
+pub mod manifest;
+pub mod package;
+pub mod registry;
+pub mod snapshot;
+pub mod update;
+
+pub use install::*;
+pub use limits::*;
+pub use manifest::*;
+pub use package::*;
+pub use registry::*;
+pub use snapshot::*;
+pub use update::*;
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/package.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/package.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..09ed30665
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/package.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+use std::{
+    fs,
+    path::{Path, PathBuf},
+};
+
+use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult};
+use zip::ZipArchive;
+
+use crate::apps::{
+    lifecycle::hash_string,
+    lifecycle::manifest::validate_package_manifest,
+    types::{InstalledSageAppSnapshot, SageAppPackageManifest},
+};
+
+const MANIFEST_FILE_NAME: &str = "sage-manifest.json";
+
+pub fn unzip_to_dir(zip_path: &Path, out_dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<()> {
+    let file = fs::File::open(zip_path)
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to open zip {}", zip_path.display()))?;
+    let mut archive = ZipArchive::new(file).context("failed to read zip archive")?;
+
+    if out_dir.exists() {
+        fs::remove_dir_all(out_dir)?;
+    }
+    fs::create_dir_all(out_dir)?;
+
+    archive.extract(out_dir).context("failed to extract zip archive")?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub fn detect_package_root(unpack_dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<PathBuf> {
+    let direct_manifest = unpack_dir.join(MANIFEST_FILE_NAME);
+    if direct_manifest.is_file() {
+        return Ok(unpack_dir.to_path_buf());
+    }
+
+    let mut dirs = fs::read_dir(unpack_dir)?
+        .filter_map(|entry| entry.ok())
+        .filter_map(|entry| entry.file_type().ok().filter(|ft| ft.is_dir()).map(|_| entry.path()))
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+    dirs.sort();
+
+    for dir in dirs {
+        if dir.join(MANIFEST_FILE_NAME).is_file() {
+            return Ok(dir);
+        }
+    }
+
+    anyhow::bail!("could not find {}", MANIFEST_FILE_NAME)
+}
+
+pub fn read_manifest(package_root: &Path) -> AnyResult<SageAppPackageManifest> {
+    let manifest_path = package_root.join(MANIFEST_FILE_NAME);
+    let manifest_text = fs::read_to_string(&manifest_path)
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to read {}", manifest_path.display()))?;
+    let manifest: SageAppPackageManifest =
+        serde_json::from_str(&manifest_text).context("failed to parse manifest")?;
+    validate_package_manifest(&manifest)?;
+    Ok(manifest)
+}
+
+pub fn validate_package_structure(package_root: &Path) -> AnyResult<()> {
+    let manifest = read_manifest(package_root)?;
+
+    for file in &manifest.files {
+        let path = package_root.join(&file.path);
+        if !path.is_file() {
+            anyhow::bail!("manifest file missing from package: {}", file.path);
+        }
+
+        let bytes = fs::read(&path)
+            .with_context(|| format!("failed to read package file {}", path.display()))?;
+
+        let actual_hash = hash_string(&String::from_utf8_lossy(&bytes));
+        if actual_hash != file.sha256 {
+            anyhow::bail!("sha256 mismatch for {}", file.path);
+        }
+
+        let actual_size = u64::try_from(bytes.len()).context("file too large")?;
+        if actual_size != file.size {
+            anyhow::bail!("size mismatch for {}", file.path);
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub fn prepare_zip_snapshot(
+    package_root: &Path,
+    install_dir: &Path,
+    manifest: &SageAppPackageManifest,
+) -> AnyResult<InstalledSageAppSnapshot> {
+    let snapshot_dir = install_dir.join("active");
+    if snapshot_dir.exists() {
+        fs::remove_dir_all(&snapshot_dir)?;
+    }
+    fs::create_dir_all(&snapshot_dir)?;
+
+    let mut total_bytes = 0_u64;
+
+    for file in &manifest.files {
+        let src = package_root.join(&file.path);
+        let dst = snapshot_dir.join(&file.path);
+
+        if let Some(parent) = dst.parent() {
+            fs::create_dir_all(parent)?;
+        }
+
+        fs::copy(&src, &dst)
+            .with_context(|| format!("failed to copy {} to {}", src.display(), dst.display()))?;
+        total_bytes = total_bytes.saturating_add(file.size);
+    }
+
+    Ok(InstalledSageAppSnapshot {
+        manifest_hash: hash_string(&serde_json::to_string(manifest)?),
+        snapshot_dir: snapshot_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+        total_bytes,
+        manifest: manifest.clone(),
+    })
+}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/registry.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/registry.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from src-tauri/src/apps/registry.rs
rename to src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/registry.rs
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/snapshot.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/snapshot.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b149cadcf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/snapshot.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+use std::{
+    fs,
+    path::{Path, PathBuf},
+};
+
+use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
+use reqwest::{Client, Url};
+
+use crate::apps::{
+    lifecycle::limits::{MAX_APP_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES, MAX_MANIFEST_SIZE_BYTES},
+    lifecycle::manifest::validate_package_manifest,
+    types::{InstalledSageAppSnapshot, SageAppPackageManifest},
+};
+
+fn is_local_dev_host(host: &str) -> bool {
+    host.eq_ignore_ascii_case("localhost") || host == "127.0.0.1" || host == "::1"
+}
+
+fn app_download_client_for_url(url: &Url) -> AnyResult<Client> {
+    let host = url
+        .host_str()
+        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("URL is missing host"))?;
+
+    let mut builder = Client::builder();
+
+    if url.scheme() == "https" && is_local_dev_host(host) {
+        builder = builder.danger_accept_invalid_certs(true);
+    }
+
+    builder
+        .build()
+        .context("failed to build app download HTTP client")
+}
+
+pub fn derive_manifest_url(app_url: &str) -> AnyResult<String> {
+    let mut url = Url::parse(app_url).context("invalid app URL")?;
+    if !url.path().ends_with('/') {
+        let path = format!("{}/", url.path());
+        url.set_path(&path);
+    }
+    url.set_path(&format!("{}sage-manifest.json", url.path()));
+    Ok(url.to_string())
+}
+
+pub async fn fetch_url_manifest(
+    manifest_url: &str,
+) -> AnyResult<(SageAppPackageManifest, String)> {
+    let url = Url::parse(manifest_url).context("invalid manifest URL")?;
+    let client = app_download_client_for_url(&url)?;
+
+    let response = client.get(url).send().await?;
+    let status = response.status();
+    if !status.is_success() {
+        anyhow::bail!("manifest request failed with status {}", status);
+    }
+
+    let bytes = response.bytes().await?;
+    if bytes.len() > MAX_MANIFEST_SIZE_BYTES as usize {
+        anyhow::bail!("manifest exceeds size limit");
+    }
+
+    let manifest_hash = {
+        let mut hasher = sha2::Sha256::new();
+        use sha2::Digest;
+        hasher.update(&bytes);
+        hex::encode(hasher.finalize())
+    };
+
+    let manifest: SageAppPackageManifest =
+        serde_json::from_slice(&bytes).context("failed to parse manifest JSON")?;
+    validate_package_manifest(&manifest)?;
+
+    Ok((manifest, manifest_hash))
+}
+
+pub async fn download_url_snapshot(
+    install_dir: &Path,
+    app_url: &str,
+    manifest: &SageAppPackageManifest,
+    manifest_hash: &str,
+) -> AnyResult<InstalledSageAppSnapshot> {
+    let snapshot_dir = install_dir.join("active");
+    if snapshot_dir.exists() {
+        fs::remove_dir_all(&snapshot_dir)?;
+    }
+    fs::create_dir_all(&snapshot_dir)?;
+
+    let base_url = Url::parse(app_url).context("invalid app URL")?;
+    let client = app_download_client_for_url(&base_url)?;
+
+    let mut total_bytes = 0_u64;
+
+    for file in &manifest.files {
+        total_bytes = total_bytes.saturating_add(file.size);
+        if total_bytes > MAX_APP_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES {
+            anyhow::bail!("app exceeds total size limit");
+        }
+
+        let file_url = base_url
+            .join(&file.path)
+            .with_context(|| format!("failed to join app URL with {}", file.path))?;
+
+        let response = client.get(file_url).send().await?;
+        let status = response.status();
+        if !status.is_success() {
+            anyhow::bail!("file download failed with status {}", status);
+        }
+
+        let bytes = response.bytes().await?;
+        let actual_size = u64::try_from(bytes.len()).context("downloaded file too large")?;
+        if actual_size != file.size {
+            anyhow::bail!("downloaded file size mismatch for {}", file.path);
+        }
+
+        let mut hasher = sha2::Sha256::new();
+        use sha2::Digest;
+        hasher.update(&bytes);
+        let actual_hash = hex::encode(hasher.finalize());
+        if actual_hash != file.sha256 {
+            anyhow::bail!("downloaded file hash mismatch for {}", file.path);
+        }
+
+        let dst = snapshot_dir.join(&file.path);
+        if let Some(parent) = dst.parent() {
+            fs::create_dir_all(parent)?;
+        }
+
+        fs::write(&dst, &bytes)
+            .with_context(|| format!("failed to write downloaded file {}", dst.display()))?;
+    }
+
+    Ok(InstalledSageAppSnapshot {
+        manifest_hash: manifest_hash.to_string(),
+        snapshot_dir: snapshot_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+        total_bytes,
+        manifest: manifest.clone(),
+    })
+}
+
+pub fn read_snapshot_file(root: &Path, request_path: &str) -> AnyResult<PathBuf> {
+    let normalized = if request_path.is_empty() || request_path == "/" {
+        PathBuf::from("index.html")
+    } else {
+        PathBuf::from(request_path.trim_start_matches('/'))
+    };
+
+    if normalized
+        .components()
+        .any(|component| matches!(component, std::path::Component::ParentDir))
+    {
+        anyhow::bail!("path traversal denied");
+    }
+
+    let file_path = root.join(normalized);
+    if !file_path.is_file() {
+        anyhow::bail!("file not found: {}", file_path.display());
+    }
+
+    Ok(file_path)
+}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/update.rs
similarity index 94%
rename from src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs
rename to src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/update.rs
index 00ab697f9..1c32ed285 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/update.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/update.rs
@@ -1,33 +1,24 @@
-use std::{
-    collections::BTreeSet,
-    io,
-    path::{Path, PathBuf},
-};
+use std::{io, path::{Path, PathBuf}, collections::BTreeSet};
 
 use anyhow::Result as AnyResult;
-use tauri::{command, State};
+use tauri::{State, command};
 
-use crate::apps::install::{
-    manifest_entry_file, manifest_icon_file,
-    normalize_and_validate_granted_network_whitelist, preview_app_url_internal,
+use crate::apps::lifecycle::{
+    download_url_snapshot, manifest_entry_file, manifest_icon_file, normalize_and_validate_granted_network_whitelist,
+    preview_app_url_internal,
 };
-use crate::{
-    app_state::AppState,
-    apps::{
-        permissions::{
-            clear_storage_may_contain_secrets, mark_storage_may_contain_secrets,
-            resolve_capability_flags, validate_granted_capabilities,
-        },
-        registry::{parse_network_permission_target, read_installed_app_by_id, write_installed_app_metadata},
-        snapshot::download_url_snapshot,
-        types::{
-            InstalledSageApp, InstalledSageAppPendingUpdate, InstalledSageAppSource,
-            SageAppUrlPreview, SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions,
-            SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
-        },
-    },
-    error::Result,
+use crate::apps::lifecycle::registry::{
+    parse_network_permission_target, read_installed_app_by_id, write_installed_app_metadata,
+};
+use crate::apps::types::{
+    InstalledSageApp, InstalledSageAppPendingUpdate, InstalledSageAppSource, SageAppUrlPreview,
+    SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
+};
+use crate::apps::permissions::{
+    clear_storage_may_contain_secrets, mark_storage_may_contain_secrets,
+    resolve_capability_flags, validate_granted_capabilities,
 };
+use crate::{app_state::AppState, error::Result};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct GrantedCapabilitiesChange {
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs
index 26e523c09..0b21acd7d 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs
@@ -1,19 +1,10 @@
 pub mod bridge;
-pub mod builtin_apps;
-pub mod csp;
-pub mod install;
-pub mod limits;
-pub mod manifest;
-pub mod package;
-pub mod capability_registry;
+pub mod lifecycle;
 pub mod permissions;
-pub mod protocol;
-pub mod registry;
-pub mod snapshot;
-pub mod types;
-pub mod update;
 pub mod runtime;
 pub mod sandbox;
+pub mod security;
 pub mod state;
+pub mod types;
 
-pub use protocol::handle_app_protocol_request;
+pub use security::protocol::handle_app_protocol_request;
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/package.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/package.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index cd8a38f5f..000000000
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/package.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,178 +0,0 @@
-use std::{
-    fs, io,
-    path::{Path, PathBuf},
-};
-
-use anyhow::{anyhow, Context, Result as AnyResult};
-use zip::ZipArchive;
-
-use crate::apps::{
-    install::hash_string,
-    manifest::validate_package_manifest,
-    types::{InstalledSageAppSnapshot, SageAppPackageManifest},
-};
-
-pub fn should_ignore_root_entry(path: &Path) -> bool {
-    let Some(name) = path.file_name().and_then(|s| s.to_str()) else {
-        return false;
-    };
-
-    name == "__MACOSX" || name == ".DS_Store"
-}
-
-pub fn copy_dir_all(src: &Path, dst: &Path) -> AnyResult<()> {
-    fs::create_dir_all(dst)?;
-
-    for entry in fs::read_dir(src)? {
-        let entry = entry?;
-        let file_type = entry.file_type()?;
-        let from = entry.path();
-        let to = dst.join(entry.file_name());
-
-        if file_type.is_dir() {
-            copy_dir_all(&from, &to)?;
-        } else if file_type.is_file() {
-            if let Some(parent) = to.parent() {
-                fs::create_dir_all(parent)?;
-            }
-            fs::copy(&from, &to)?;
-        }
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-pub fn unzip_to_dir(zip_path: &Path, out_dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<()> {
-    let file = fs::File::open(zip_path)
-        .with_context(|| format!("failed to open zip file {}", zip_path.display()))?;
-    let mut archive = ZipArchive::new(file).context("failed to read zip archive")?;
-
-    fs::create_dir_all(out_dir)?;
-
-    for i in 0..archive.len() {
-        let mut entry = archive.by_index(i)?;
-        let enclosed = entry
-            .enclosed_name()
-            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("zip contains invalid path"))?
-            .to_path_buf();
-
-        let out_path = out_dir.join(enclosed);
-
-        if entry.name().ends_with('/') {
-            fs::create_dir_all(&out_path)?;
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        if let Some(parent) = out_path.parent() {
-            fs::create_dir_all(parent)?;
-        }
-
-        let mut outfile = fs::File::create(&out_path)?;
-        io::copy(&mut entry, &mut outfile)?;
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-pub fn detect_package_root(unpack_dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<PathBuf> {
-    if unpack_dir.join("manifest.json").exists() {
-        return Ok(unpack_dir.to_path_buf());
-    }
-
-    let mut candidates = Vec::new();
-
-    for entry in fs::read_dir(unpack_dir)? {
-        let entry = entry?;
-        let path = entry.path();
-
-        if should_ignore_root_entry(&path) {
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        candidates.push(path);
-    }
-
-    if candidates.len() == 1 && candidates[0].is_dir() {
-        let candidate = &candidates[0];
-        if candidate.join("manifest.json").exists() {
-            return Ok(candidate.clone());
-        }
-    }
-
-    Err(anyhow!(
-        "zip must contain manifest.json at root or inside a single top-level folder"
-    ))
-}
-
-pub fn read_manifest(package_root: &Path) -> AnyResult<SageAppPackageManifest> {
-    let manifest_path = package_root.join("manifest.json");
-    let text = fs::read_to_string(&manifest_path)
-        .with_context(|| format!("failed to read {}", manifest_path.display()))?;
-
-    let manifest: SageAppPackageManifest =
-        serde_json::from_str(&text).context("failed to parse manifest.json")?;
-
-    validate_manifest(&manifest)?;
-    Ok(manifest)
-}
-
-pub fn validate_manifest(manifest: &SageAppPackageManifest) -> AnyResult<()> {
-    validate_package_manifest(manifest).map(|_| ())
-}
-
-pub fn validate_package_structure(package_root: &Path) -> AnyResult<()> {
-    let icon = package_root.join("icon.png");
-    let entry = package_root.join("dist").join("index.html");
-
-    if !icon.is_file() {
-        return Err(anyhow!("package is missing icon.png"));
-    }
-
-    if !entry.is_file() {
-        return Err(anyhow!("package is missing dist/index.html"));
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-pub fn prepare_zip_snapshot(
-    package_root: &Path,
-    install_dir: &Path,
-    manifest: &SageAppPackageManifest,
-) -> AnyResult<InstalledSageAppSnapshot> {
-    let manifest_json = serde_json::to_string_pretty(manifest)
-        .map_err(|err| anyhow!("failed to serialize manifest: {err}"))?;
-    let manifest_hash = hash_string(&manifest_json);
-
-    let snapshot_dir = install_dir.join("snapshots").join(&manifest_hash);
-    if snapshot_dir.exists() {
-        fs::remove_dir_all(&snapshot_dir)?;
-    }
-    fs::create_dir_all(&snapshot_dir)?;
-
-    let dist_dir = package_root.join("dist");
-    if !dist_dir.is_dir() {
-        return Err(anyhow!("package is missing dist directory"));
-    }
-
-    copy_dir_all(&dist_dir, &snapshot_dir)?;
-
-    let icon_src = package_root.join("icon.png");
-    if icon_src.is_file() {
-        fs::copy(&icon_src, snapshot_dir.join("icon.png"))?;
-    }
-
-    fs::write(
-        snapshot_dir.join("sage-manifest.json"),
-        format!("{manifest_json}\n"),
-    )?;
-
-    let total_bytes = manifest.files.iter().map(|f| f.size).sum();
-
-    Ok(InstalledSageAppSnapshot {
-        manifest_hash,
-        snapshot_dir: snapshot_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-        total_bytes,
-        manifest: manifest.clone(),
-    })
-}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/capability_registry.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/permissions/capabilities.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from src-tauri/src/apps/capability_registry.rs
rename to src-tauri/src/apps/permissions/capabilities.rs
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/permissions/mod.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/permissions/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a297726ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/permissions/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+pub mod capabilities;
+pub mod policy;
+
+pub use capabilities::*;
+pub use policy::*;
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/permissions.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/permissions/policy.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from src-tauri/src/apps/permissions.rs
rename to src-tauri/src/apps/permissions/policy.rs
index eb3dc8092..e35a7ebf3 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/permissions.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/permissions/policy.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use anyhow::{anyhow, Result as AnyResult};
 use std::collections::BTreeSet;
 
 use crate::apps::{
-    capability_registry::{
+    permissions::{
         get_capability_definition, require_capability_definition,
     },
     types::{
@@ -269,7 +269,7 @@ pub fn clear_storage_may_contain_secrets(
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
-    use crate::apps::capability_registry::registry;
+    use crate::apps::permissions::registry;
     use crate::apps::types::{
         SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
         SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist, SageRequestedPermissions,
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/runtime.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/runtime.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index ca69cf76e..000000000
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/runtime.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,427 +0,0 @@
-use std::collections::BTreeMap;
-#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
-use std::path::PathBuf;
-use std::time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};
-
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use specta::Type;
-use tauri::webview::NewWindowResponse;
-use tauri::{AppHandle, LogicalPosition, LogicalSize, Manager, State, WebviewUrl};
-use tokio::sync::Mutex;
-use url::Url;
-
-use crate::apps::builtin_apps::build_builtin_test_app;
-use crate::apps::registry::read_installed_app_by_id;
-use crate::apps::state::AppsHostState;
-use crate::apps::types::InstalledSageApp;
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub struct SageAppRuntimeRecord {
-    pub runtime_id: String,
-    pub app_id: String,
-    pub app_name: String,
-    pub entry_src: String,
-    pub webview_label: String,
-    pub host_window_label: String,
-    pub mode: String,
-    pub state: String,
-    pub started_at: i64,
-    pub last_active_at: i64,
-    pub visible: bool,
-    pub internal: bool,
-    pub active_batch_count: u32,
-    pub active_socket_count: u32,
-    pub in_flight_request_count: u32,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Default)]
-pub struct AppRuntimeState {
-    pub by_runtime_id: Mutex<BTreeMap<String, SageAppRuntimeRecord>>,
-    pub runtime_by_app_id: Mutex<BTreeMap<String, String>>,
-}
-
-fn runtime_id_for(app_id: &str) -> String {
-    format!("runtime-{app_id}")
-}
-
-fn inline_label_for(app_id: &str) -> String {
-    format!("app-inline-{app_id}")
-}
-
-#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
-fn data_directory_for(app_id: &str) -> PathBuf {
-    PathBuf::from("profiles").join(app_id)
-}
-
-#[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios"))]
-fn data_store_id_for(app_id: &str) -> [u8; 16] {
-    let bytes = app_id.as_bytes();
-    let mut out = [0u8; 16];
-
-    for (i, byte) in bytes.iter().enumerate() {
-        out[i % 16] = out[i % 16].wrapping_add(*byte).wrapping_add(i as u8);
-    }
-
-    out
-}
-
-fn app_id_from_inline_label(label: &str) -> Option<&str> {
-    label.strip_prefix("app-inline-")
-}
-
-fn is_allowed_app_url(url: &Url, app_id: &str) -> bool {
-    url.scheme() == "sage-app" && url.host_str() == Some(app_id)
-}
-
-fn build_entry_src(
-    app: &InstalledSageApp,
-    path: Option<String>,
-    query: BTreeMap<String, String>,
-) -> String {
-    let entry_path = path.unwrap_or_else(|| format!("/{}", app.entry_file));
-    let mut url = Url::parse(&format!("sage-app://{}{}", app.id, entry_path))
-        .expect("failed to build sage-app entry URL");
-
-    for (key, value) in query {
-        url.query_pairs_mut().append_pair(&key, &value);
-    }
-
-    url.to_string()
-}
-
-pub fn resolve_app(
-    base_path: &std::path::Path,
-    app_id: &str,
-) -> Result<InstalledSageApp, String> {
-    match read_installed_app_by_id(base_path, app_id) {
-        Ok(app) => Ok(app),
-        Err(installed_err) => build_builtin_test_app(app_id)
-            .map_err(|builtin_err| {
-                format!(
-                    "failed to resolve app {app_id}: installed lookup error: {installed_err}; builtin lookup error: {builtin_err}"
-                )
-            })?
-            .ok_or_else(|| format!("failed to read app {app_id}: {installed_err}")),
-    }
-}
-
-fn should_use_incognito(app: &InstalledSageApp) -> bool {
-    let has_persistent_storage = app
-        .granted_permissions
-        .capabilities
-        .iter()
-        .any(|cap| cap == "persistent_storage");
-
-    if !has_persistent_storage {
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    if app.capability_flags.storage_may_contain_secrets {
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    false
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Type)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub struct CreateInlineRuntimeArgs {
-    pub app_id: String,
-    pub visible: bool,
-    pub internal: bool,
-    pub debug_layout: bool,
-    pub path: Option<String>,
-    pub query: BTreeMap<String, String>,
-}
-
-#[tauri::command]
-#[specta::specta]
-pub async fn apps_create_inline_runtime(
-    app: AppHandle,
-    apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    args: CreateInlineRuntimeArgs,
-) -> Result<SageAppRuntimeRecord, String> {
-    let base_path = app
-        .path()
-        .app_data_dir()
-        .map_err(|e| format!("failed to resolve app data dir: {e}"))?;
-
-    let installed = resolve_app(&base_path, &args.app_id)?;
-    let is_builtin_test_app = installed.id.starts_with("__sage_test_");
-
-    if !args.internal && !is_builtin_test_app {
-        let baseline = apps_state.sandbox.baseline.lock().await.clone();
-        let current_run = apps_state.sandbox.current_run.lock().await.clone();
-        let effective =
-            crate::apps::sandbox::state_view::build_effective_state(&baseline, current_run.as_ref());
-        let gate = crate::apps::sandbox::evaluate_app_launch_gate(&installed, &effective);
-
-        if !gate.allowed {
-            return Err(
-                gate.message
-                    .unwrap_or_else(|| "App launch blocked by sandbox policy".into()),
-            );
-        }
-    }
-
-    let is_incognito = should_use_incognito(&installed);
-
-    let host_window = app
-        .get_window("main")
-        .ok_or_else(|| "missing main window".to_string())?;
-
-    let webview_label = inline_label_for(&installed.id);
-    let runtime_id = runtime_id_for(&installed.id);
-    let entry_src = build_entry_src(&installed, args.path.clone(), args.query.clone());
-
-    if let Some(existing) = host_window.get_webview(&webview_label) {
-        let _ = existing.close();
-    }
-
-    let app_id_for_nav = installed.id.clone();
-
-    let mut builder = tauri::webview::WebviewBuilder::new(
-        &webview_label,
-        WebviewUrl::External(
-            entry_src
-                .parse()
-                .map_err(|e| format!("invalid entry url: {e}"))?,
-        ),
-    )
-        .on_navigation(move |url| is_allowed_app_url(url, &app_id_for_nav))
-        .on_new_window(move |_url, _features| NewWindowResponse::Deny);
-
-    if is_incognito {
-        builder = builder.incognito(true);
-    } else {
-        #[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios"))]
-        {
-            builder = builder.data_store_identifier(data_store_id_for(&installed.id));
-        }
-
-        #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
-        {
-            builder = builder.data_directory(data_directory_for(&installed.id));
-        }
-    }
-
-    let debug = args.debug_layout;
-    let x = if debug { 80.0 } else { 0.0 };
-    let y = if debug { 80.0 } else { 0.0 };
-    let width = if debug { 200.0 } else { 1.0 };
-    let height = if debug { 200.0 } else { 1.0 };
-
-    host_window
-        .add_child(
-            builder,
-            LogicalPosition::new(x, y),
-            LogicalSize::new(width, height),
-        )
-        .map_err(|e| format!("failed to create child webview: {e}"))?;
-
-    let now = SystemTime::now()
-        .duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)
-        .map_err(|e| format!("system clock error: {e}"))?
-        .as_millis() as i64;
-
-    let record = SageAppRuntimeRecord {
-        runtime_id: runtime_id.clone(),
-        app_id: installed.id.clone(),
-        app_name: installed.name.clone(),
-        entry_src,
-        webview_label: webview_label.clone(),
-        host_window_label: "main".into(),
-        mode: "inline".into(),
-        state: if args.visible {
-            "running".into()
-        } else {
-            "hidden".into()
-        },
-        started_at: now,
-        last_active_at: now,
-        visible: args.visible,
-        internal: args.internal,
-        active_batch_count: 0,
-        active_socket_count: 0,
-        in_flight_request_count: 0,
-    };
-
-    {
-        let mut by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.by_runtime_id.lock().await;
-        by_runtime_id.insert(runtime_id.clone(), record.clone());
-    }
-
-    {
-        let mut runtime_by_app_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_by_app_id.lock().await;
-        runtime_by_app_id.insert(installed.id.clone(), runtime_id);
-    }
-
-    if !args.visible {
-        if let Some(webview) = host_window.get_webview(&webview_label) {
-            let _ = webview.hide();
-        }
-    }
-
-    Ok(record)
-}
-
-#[tauri::command]
-#[specta::specta]
-pub fn apps_assert_bridge_origin(
-    app: AppHandle,
-    source_label: String,
-) -> Result<String, String> {
-    let app_id = app_id_from_inline_label(&source_label)
-        .ok_or_else(|| format!("invalid app runtime label: {source_label}"))?
-        .to_string();
-
-    let host_window = app
-        .get_window("main")
-        .ok_or_else(|| "missing main window".to_string())?;
-
-    let webview = host_window
-        .get_webview(&source_label)
-        .ok_or_else(|| format!("missing webview for label: {source_label}"))?;
-
-    let current_url = webview
-        .url()
-        .map_err(|e| format!("failed to read current webview url: {e}"))?;
-
-    if !is_allowed_app_url(&current_url, &app_id) {
-        return Err(format!(
-            "bridge denied for {source_label}: current url {} is outside sage-app://{app_id}/...",
-            current_url
-        ));
-    }
-
-    Ok(app_id)
-}
-
-#[tauri::command]
-#[specta::specta]
-pub async fn apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data(
-    app: AppHandle,
-    app_id: String,
-) -> Result<(), String> {
-    let webview_label = inline_label_for(&app_id);
-
-    if let Some(host_window) = app.get_window("main") {
-        if let Some(existing) = host_window.get_webview(&webview_label) {
-            let _ = existing.close();
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios"))]
-    {
-        let target_id = data_store_id_for(&app_id);
-        let existing_ids = app
-            .fetch_data_store_identifiers()
-            .await
-            .map_err(|e| format!("failed to fetch data store identifiers: {e}"))?;
-
-        if existing_ids.iter().any(|id| *id == target_id) {
-            app.remove_data_store(target_id)
-                .await
-                .map_err(|e| format!("failed to remove data store for {app_id}: {e}"))?;
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
-    {
-        let app_data_dir = app
-            .path()
-            .app_data_dir()
-            .map_err(|e| format!("failed to resolve app data dir: {e}"))?;
-
-        let profile_dir = app_data_dir.join(data_directory_for(&app_id));
-
-        match std::fs::remove_dir_all(&profile_dir) {
-            Ok(()) => {}
-            Err(err) if err.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound => {}
-            Err(err) => {
-                return Err(format!(
-                    "failed to remove profile dir {}: {err}",
-                    profile_dir.display()
-                ));
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-pub(crate) async fn close_runtime_internal(
-    app: &AppHandle,
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    app_id: &str,
-) -> Result<(), String> {
-    let runtime_id = {
-        let runtime_by_app_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_by_app_id.lock().await;
-        runtime_by_app_id.get(app_id).cloned()
-    };
-
-    let Some(runtime_id) = runtime_id else {
-        return Ok(());
-    };
-
-    let record = {
-        let by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.by_runtime_id.lock().await;
-        by_runtime_id.get(&runtime_id).cloned()
-    };
-
-    let Some(record) = record else {
-        let mut runtime_by_app_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_by_app_id.lock().await;
-        runtime_by_app_id.remove(app_id);
-        return Ok(());
-    };
-
-    if let Some(host_window) = app.get_window("main") {
-        if let Some(webview) = host_window.get_webview(&record.webview_label) {
-            let _ = webview.close();
-        }
-    }
-
-    {
-        let mut by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.by_runtime_id.lock().await;
-        by_runtime_id.remove(&runtime_id);
-    }
-
-    {
-        let mut runtime_by_app_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_by_app_id.lock().await;
-        runtime_by_app_id.remove(app_id);
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-pub(crate) async fn clear_runtime_browsing_data_internal(
-    app: &AppHandle,
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    app_id: &str,
-) -> Result<(), String> {
-    let _ = close_runtime_internal(app, apps_state, app_id).await;
-    apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data(app.clone(), app_id.to_string()).await
-}
-
-pub(crate) async fn start_internal_runtime_for_sandbox(
-    app: &AppHandle,
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    app_id: &str,
-    visible: bool,
-    path: Option<String>,
-    query: BTreeMap<String, String>,
-) -> Result<(), String> {
-    let args = CreateInlineRuntimeArgs {
-        app_id: app_id.to_string(),
-        visible,
-        internal: true,
-        debug_layout: false,
-        path,
-        query,
-    };
-
-    apps_create_inline_runtime(app.clone(), apps_state.clone(), args)
-        .await
-        .map(|_| ())
-}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/runtime/cleanup.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/runtime/cleanup.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9ea5cd40a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/runtime/cleanup.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+
+use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
+
+use crate::apps::state::AppsHostState;
+
+use super::inline::CreateInlineRuntimeArgs;
+use super::records::inline_label_for;
+use super::inline::apps_create_inline_runtime;
+
+#[tauri::command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data(
+    app: AppHandle,
+    app_id: String,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let webview_label = inline_label_for(&app_id);
+
+    if let Some(host_window) = app.get_window("main") {
+        if let Some(existing) = host_window.get_webview(&webview_label) {
+            let _ = existing.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios"))]
+    {
+        fn data_store_id_for(app_id: &str) -> [u8; 16] {
+            let bytes = app_id.as_bytes();
+            let mut out = [0_u8; 16];
+
+            for (i, byte) in bytes.iter().enumerate() {
+                out[i % 16] = out[i % 16].wrapping_add(*byte).wrapping_add(i as u8);
+            }
+
+            out
+        }
+
+        let target_id = data_store_id_for(&app_id);
+        let existing_ids = app
+            .fetch_data_store_identifiers()
+            .await
+            .map_err(|e| format!("failed to fetch data store identifiers: {e}"))?;
+
+        if existing_ids.iter().any(|id| *id == target_id) {
+            app.remove_data_store(target_id)
+                .await
+                .map_err(|e| format!("failed to remove data store for {app_id}: {e}"))?;
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
+    {
+        fn data_directory_for(app_id: &str) -> std::path::PathBuf {
+            std::path::PathBuf::from("profiles").join(app_id)
+        }
+
+        let app_data_dir = app
+            .path()
+            .app_data_dir()
+            .map_err(|e| format!("failed to resolve app data dir: {e}"))?;
+
+        let profile_dir = app_data_dir.join(data_directory_for(&app_id));
+
+        match std::fs::remove_dir_all(&profile_dir) {
+            Ok(()) => {}
+            Err(err) if err.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound => {}
+            Err(err) => {
+                return Err(format!(
+                    "failed to remove profile dir {}: {err}",
+                    profile_dir.display()
+                ));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn close_runtime_internal(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    app_id: &str,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let runtime_id = {
+        let runtime_by_app_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_by_app_id.lock().await;
+        runtime_by_app_id.get(app_id).cloned()
+    };
+
+    let Some(runtime_id) = runtime_id else {
+        return Ok(());
+    };
+
+    let record = {
+        let by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.by_runtime_id.lock().await;
+        by_runtime_id.get(&runtime_id).cloned()
+    };
+
+    let Some(record) = record else {
+        let mut runtime_by_app_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_by_app_id.lock().await;
+        runtime_by_app_id.remove(app_id);
+        return Ok(());
+    };
+
+    if let Some(host_window) = app.get_window("main") {
+        if let Some(webview) = host_window.get_webview(&record.webview_label) {
+            let _ = webview.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    {
+        let mut by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.by_runtime_id.lock().await;
+        by_runtime_id.remove(&runtime_id);
+    }
+
+    {
+        let mut runtime_by_app_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_by_app_id.lock().await;
+        runtime_by_app_id.remove(app_id);
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn clear_runtime_browsing_data_internal(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    app_id: &str,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let _ = close_runtime_internal(app, apps_state, app_id).await;
+    apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data(app.clone(), app_id.to_string()).await
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn start_internal_runtime_for_sandbox(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    app_id: &str,
+    visible: bool,
+    path: Option<String>,
+    query: BTreeMap<String, String>,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let args = CreateInlineRuntimeArgs {
+        app_id: app_id.to_string(),
+        visible,
+        internal: true,
+        debug_layout: false,
+        path,
+        query,
+    };
+
+    apps_create_inline_runtime(app.clone(), apps_state.clone(), args)
+        .await
+        .map(|_| ())
+}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/runtime/inline.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/runtime/inline.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5c06f5ad7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/runtime/inline.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+use std::time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};
+
+use serde::Deserialize;
+use specta::Type;
+use tauri::webview::NewWindowResponse;
+use tauri::{
+    AppHandle, LogicalPosition, LogicalSize, Manager, State, WebviewUrl,
+};
+
+#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+
+use crate::apps::sandbox;
+use crate::apps::state::AppsHostState;
+
+use super::records::{inline_label_for, runtime_id_for, SageAppRuntimeRecord};
+use super::resolve::{build_entry_src, is_allowed_app_url, resolve_app, should_use_incognito};
+
+#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
+fn data_directory_for(app_id: &str) -> PathBuf {
+    PathBuf::from("profiles").join(app_id)
+}
+
+#[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios"))]
+fn data_store_id_for(app_id: &str) -> [u8; 16] {
+    let bytes = app_id.as_bytes();
+    let mut out = [0_u8; 16];
+
+    for (i, byte) in bytes.iter().enumerate() {
+        out[i % 16] = out[i % 16].wrapping_add(*byte).wrapping_add(i as u8);
+    }
+
+    out
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct CreateInlineRuntimeArgs {
+    pub app_id: String,
+    pub visible: bool,
+    pub internal: bool,
+    pub debug_layout: bool,
+    pub path: Option<String>,
+    pub query: BTreeMap<String, String>,
+}
+
+#[tauri::command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn apps_create_inline_runtime(
+    app: AppHandle,
+    apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    args: CreateInlineRuntimeArgs,
+) -> Result<SageAppRuntimeRecord, String> {
+    let base_path = app
+        .path()
+        .app_data_dir()
+        .map_err(|e| format!("failed to resolve app data dir: {e}"))?;
+
+    let installed = resolve_app(&base_path, &args.app_id)?;
+    let is_builtin_test_app = installed.id.starts_with("__sage_test_");
+
+    if !args.internal && !is_builtin_test_app {
+        let baseline = apps_state.sandbox.baseline.lock().await.clone();
+        let current_run = apps_state.sandbox.current_run.lock().await.clone();
+        let effective =
+            sandbox::state_view::build_effective_state(&baseline, current_run.as_ref());
+        let gate = sandbox::evaluate_app_launch_gate(&installed, &effective);
+
+        if !gate.allowed {
+            return Err(
+                gate.message
+                    .unwrap_or_else(|| "App launch blocked by sandbox policy".into()),
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    let is_incognito = should_use_incognito(&installed);
+
+    let host_window = app
+        .get_window("main")
+        .ok_or_else(|| "missing main window".to_string())?;
+
+    let webview_label = inline_label_for(&installed.id);
+    let runtime_id = runtime_id_for(&installed.id);
+    let entry_src = build_entry_src(&installed, args.path.clone(), args.query.clone());
+
+    if let Some(existing) = host_window.get_webview(&webview_label) {
+        let _ = existing.close();
+    }
+
+    let app_id_for_nav = installed.id.clone();
+
+    let mut builder = tauri::webview::WebviewBuilder::new(
+        &webview_label,
+        WebviewUrl::External(
+            entry_src
+                .parse()
+                .map_err(|e| format!("invalid entry url: {e}"))?,
+        ),
+    )
+        .on_navigation(move |url| is_allowed_app_url(url, &app_id_for_nav))
+        .on_new_window(move |_url, _features| NewWindowResponse::Deny);
+
+    if is_incognito {
+        builder = builder.incognito(true);
+    } else {
+        #[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios"))]
+        {
+            builder = builder.data_store_identifier(data_store_id_for(&installed.id));
+        }
+
+        #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
+        {
+            builder = builder.data_directory(data_directory_for(&installed.id));
+        }
+    }
+
+    let debug = args.debug_layout;
+    let x = if debug { 80.0 } else { 0.0 };
+    let y = if debug { 80.0 } else { 0.0 };
+    let width = if debug { 200.0 } else { 1.0 };
+    let height = if debug { 200.0 } else { 1.0 };
+
+    host_window
+        .add_child(
+            builder,
+            LogicalPosition::new(x, y),
+            LogicalSize::new(width, height),
+        )
+        .map_err(|e| format!("failed to create child webview: {e}"))?;
+
+    let now = SystemTime::now()
+        .duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)
+        .map_err(|e| format!("system clock error: {e}"))?
+        .as_millis() as i64;
+
+    let record = SageAppRuntimeRecord {
+        runtime_id: runtime_id.clone(),
+        app_id: installed.id.clone(),
+        app_name: installed.name.clone(),
+        entry_src,
+        webview_label: webview_label.clone(),
+        host_window_label: "main".into(),
+        mode: "inline".into(),
+        state: if args.visible {
+            "running".into()
+        } else {
+            "hidden".into()
+        },
+        started_at: now,
+        last_active_at: now,
+        visible: args.visible,
+        internal: args.internal,
+        active_batch_count: 0,
+        active_socket_count: 0,
+        in_flight_request_count: 0,
+    };
+
+    {
+        let mut by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.by_runtime_id.lock().await;
+        by_runtime_id.insert(runtime_id.clone(), record.clone());
+    }
+
+    {
+        let mut runtime_by_app_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_by_app_id.lock().await;
+        runtime_by_app_id.insert(installed.id.clone(), runtime_id);
+    }
+
+    if !args.visible {
+        if let Some(webview) = host_window.get_webview(&webview_label) {
+            let _ = webview.hide();
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(record)
+}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/runtime/mod.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/runtime/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8abbbc8ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/runtime/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+pub mod cleanup;
+pub mod inline;
+pub mod records;
+pub mod resolve;
+
+pub use cleanup::*;
+pub use inline::*;
+pub use records::*;
+pub use resolve::*;
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/runtime/records.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/runtime/records.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d911a3d98
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/runtime/records.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+
+use serde::Serialize;
+use specta::Type;
+use tokio::sync::Mutex;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct SageAppRuntimeRecord {
+    pub runtime_id: String,
+    pub app_id: String,
+    pub app_name: String,
+    pub entry_src: String,
+    pub webview_label: String,
+    pub host_window_label: String,
+    pub mode: String,
+    pub state: String,
+    pub started_at: i64,
+    pub last_active_at: i64,
+    pub visible: bool,
+    pub internal: bool,
+    pub active_batch_count: u32,
+    pub active_socket_count: u32,
+    pub in_flight_request_count: u32,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Default)]
+pub struct AppRuntimeState {
+    pub by_runtime_id: Mutex<BTreeMap<String, SageAppRuntimeRecord>>,
+    pub runtime_by_app_id: Mutex<BTreeMap<String, String>>,
+}
+
+pub fn runtime_id_for(app_id: &str) -> String {
+    format!("runtime-{app_id}")
+}
+
+pub fn inline_label_for(app_id: &str) -> String {
+    format!("app-inline-{app_id}")
+}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/runtime/resolve.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/runtime/resolve.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ce31692e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/runtime/resolve.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+use std::path::Path;
+
+use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager};
+use url::Url;
+
+use crate::apps::lifecycle::read_installed_app_by_id;
+use crate::apps::sandbox::build_builtin_test_app;
+use crate::apps::types::InstalledSageApp;
+
+use super::records::inline_label_for;
+
+fn app_id_from_inline_label(label: &str) -> Option<&str> {
+    label.strip_prefix("app-inline-")
+}
+
+pub fn is_allowed_app_url(url: &Url, app_id: &str) -> bool {
+    url.scheme() == "sage-app" && url.host_str() == Some(app_id)
+}
+
+pub fn build_entry_src(
+    app: &InstalledSageApp,
+    path: Option<String>,
+    query: BTreeMap<String, String>,
+) -> String {
+    let entry_path = path.unwrap_or_else(|| format!("/{}", app.entry_file));
+    let mut url = Url::parse(&format!("sage-app://{}{}", app.id, entry_path))
+        .expect("failed to build sage-app entry URL");
+
+    for (key, value) in query {
+        url.query_pairs_mut().append_pair(&key, &value);
+    }
+
+    url.to_string()
+}
+
+pub fn resolve_app(
+    base_path: &Path,
+    app_id: &str,
+) -> Result<InstalledSageApp, String> {
+    match read_installed_app_by_id(base_path, app_id) {
+        Ok(app) => Ok(app),
+        Err(installed_err) => build_builtin_test_app(app_id)
+            .map_err(|builtin_err| {
+                format!(
+                    "failed to resolve app {app_id}: installed lookup error: {installed_err}; builtin lookup error: {builtin_err}"
+                )
+            })?
+            .ok_or_else(|| format!("failed to read app {app_id}: {installed_err}")),
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn should_use_incognito(app: &InstalledSageApp) -> bool {
+    let has_persistent_storage = app
+        .granted_permissions
+        .capabilities
+        .iter()
+        .any(|cap| cap == "persistent_storage");
+
+    if !has_persistent_storage {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    if app.capability_flags.storage_may_contain_secrets {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    false
+}
+
+#[tauri::command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub fn apps_assert_bridge_origin(
+    app: AppHandle,
+    source_label: String,
+) -> Result<String, String> {
+    let app_id = app_id_from_inline_label(&source_label)
+        .ok_or_else(|| format!("invalid app runtime label: {source_label}"))?
+        .to_string();
+
+    let host_window = app
+        .get_window("main")
+        .ok_or_else(|| "missing main window".to_string())?;
+
+    let webview = host_window
+        .get_webview(&source_label)
+        .ok_or_else(|| format!("missing webview for label: {source_label}"))?;
+
+    let current_url = webview
+        .url()
+        .map_err(|e| format!("failed to read current webview url: {e}"))?;
+
+    if !is_allowed_app_url(&current_url, &app_id) {
+        return Err(format!(
+            "bridge denied for {source_label}: current url {} is outside sage-app://{app_id}/...",
+            current_url
+        ));
+    }
+
+    Ok(app_id)
+}
+
+pub fn webview_label_for_app(app_id: &str) -> String {
+    inline_label_for(app_id)
+}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/builtin_apps.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
similarity index 83%
rename from src-tauri/src/apps/builtin_apps.rs
rename to src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
index 7d7b5a2a1..a971a32a0 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/builtin_apps.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
@@ -3,16 +3,14 @@ use std::{fs, path::PathBuf};
 use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
 use tauri::command;
 
-use crate::apps::types::{SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions};
-use crate::apps::{
-    install::{manifest_entry_file, manifest_icon_file},
-    permissions::{
-        normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions, resolve_capability_flags,
-        validate_granted_capabilities,
-    },
-    types::{
-        InstalledSageApp, InstalledSageAppSnapshot, InstalledSageAppSource, SageAppPackageManifest,
-    },
+use crate::apps::lifecycle::{manifest_entry_file, manifest_icon_file};
+use crate::apps::permissions::{
+    normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions, resolve_capability_flags,
+    validate_granted_capabilities,
+};
+use crate::apps::types::{
+    InstalledSageApp, InstalledSageAppSnapshot, InstalledSageAppSource,
+    SageAppPackageManifest, SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions,
 };
 use crate::error::Result;
 
@@ -20,9 +18,12 @@ pub const BUILTIN_STORAGE_ISOLATION_PERSISTENT_ID: &str =
     "__sage_test_storage_isolation_persistent";
 pub const BUILTIN_STORAGE_ISOLATION_INCOGNITO_ID: &str =
     "__sage_test_storage_isolation_incognito";
-pub const BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_PERSISTENT_ID: &str = "__sage_test_persistence_persistent";
-pub const BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_INCOGNITO_ID: &str = "__sage_test_persistence_incognito";
-pub const BUILTIN_STORAGE_CLEAR_PERSISTENT_ID: &str = "__sage_test_storage_clear_persistent";
+pub const BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_PERSISTENT_ID: &str =
+    "__sage_test_persistence_persistent";
+pub const BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_INCOGNITO_ID: &str =
+    "__sage_test_persistence_incognito";
+pub const BUILTIN_STORAGE_CLEAR_PERSISTENT_ID: &str =
+    "__sage_test_storage_clear_persistent";
 pub const BUILTIN_NETWORK_ALLOW_A_ID: &str = "__sage_test_network_allow_a";
 pub const BUILTIN_NETWORK_ALLOW_B_ID: &str = "__sage_test_network_allow_b";
 
@@ -99,12 +100,13 @@ fn read_builtin_manifest(app_dir: &PathBuf) -> AnyResult<SageAppPackageManifest>
         )
     })?;
 
-    let manifest: SageAppPackageManifest = serde_json::from_str(&manifest_text).with_context(|| {
-        format!(
-            "failed to parse builtin test app manifest {}",
-            manifest_path.display()
-        )
-    })?;
+    let manifest: SageAppPackageManifest =
+        serde_json::from_str(&manifest_text).with_context(|| {
+            format!(
+                "failed to parse builtin test app manifest {}",
+                manifest_path.display()
+            )
+        })?;
 
     Ok(manifest)
 }
@@ -154,7 +156,8 @@ pub fn build_builtin_test_app(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<InstalledSageApp
     }
 
     let mut manifest = read_builtin_manifest(&app_dir)?;
-    manifest.permissions = normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions(&manifest.permissions)?;
+    manifest.permissions =
+        normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions(&manifest.permissions)?;
 
     let mut requested_capabilities = manifest.permissions.capabilities.required.clone();
     requested_capabilities.extend(manifest.permissions.capabilities.optional.clone());
@@ -168,7 +171,10 @@ pub fn build_builtin_test_app(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<InstalledSageApp
         },
     };
 
-    validate_granted_capabilities(&manifest.permissions, &granted_permissions.capabilities)?;
+    validate_granted_capabilities(
+        &manifest.permissions,
+        &granted_permissions.capabilities,
+    )?;
     let permission_flags =
         resolve_capability_flags(&granted_permissions.capabilities, None)?;
 
@@ -218,7 +224,9 @@ pub fn build_builtin_test_app(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<InstalledSageApp
 
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
-pub async fn get_builtin_test_app(app_id: String) -> Result<Option<InstalledSageApp>> {
+pub async fn get_builtin_test_app(
+    app_id: String,
+) -> Result<Option<InstalledSageApp>> {
     build_builtin_test_app(&app_id).map_err(|err| {
         std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to load builtin test app: {err}")).into()
     })
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/mod.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/mod.rs
index 59ce7c81d..a7e221704 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/mod.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/mod.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+pub mod builtin_apps;
 pub mod commands;
 pub mod gate;
 pub mod ingest;
@@ -8,6 +9,10 @@ pub mod state_view;
 pub mod store;
 pub mod types;
 
-pub use gate::evaluate_app_launch_gate;
-pub use ingest::ingest_bridge_send_payload;
-pub use store::SandboxStateStore;
+pub use builtin_apps::*;
+pub use gate::*;
+pub use ingest::*;
+pub use runner::*;
+pub use runtime::*;
+pub use store::*;
+pub use types::*;
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/probes/clear_cycle.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/probes/clear_cycle.rs
index 595c3ad56..f5a81c107 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/probes/clear_cycle.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/probes/clear_cycle.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
-use crate::apps::builtin_apps::BUILTIN_STORAGE_CLEAR_PERSISTENT_ID;
+use crate::apps::sandbox::BUILTIN_STORAGE_CLEAR_PERSISTENT_ID;
 use crate::apps::runtime;
 use crate::apps::state::AppsHostState;
 
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/probes/isolation.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/probes/isolation.rs
index 9ed4a15b4..2a7c33612 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/probes/isolation.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/probes/isolation.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
-use crate::apps::builtin_apps::{
+use crate::apps::sandbox::{
     BUILTIN_STORAGE_ISOLATION_INCOGNITO_ID, BUILTIN_STORAGE_ISOLATION_PERSISTENT_ID,
 };
 use crate::apps::state::AppsHostState;
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/probes/network.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/probes/network.rs
index 76366689c..c7dde84d3 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/probes/network.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/probes/network.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
-use crate::apps::builtin_apps::{BUILTIN_NETWORK_ALLOW_A_ID, BUILTIN_NETWORK_ALLOW_B_ID};
+use crate::apps::sandbox::{BUILTIN_NETWORK_ALLOW_A_ID, BUILTIN_NETWORK_ALLOW_B_ID};
 use crate::apps::state::AppsHostState;
 
 use super::poll::poll_network;
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/probes/persistence.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/probes/persistence.rs
index ca5a95d43..3a79576e6 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/probes/persistence.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/probes/persistence.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
-use crate::apps::builtin_apps::{
+use crate::apps::sandbox::{
     BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_INCOGNITO_ID, BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_PERSISTENT_ID,
 };
 use crate::apps::state::AppsHostState;
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/csp.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/security/csp.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from src-tauri/src/apps/csp.rs
rename to src-tauri/src/apps/security/csp.rs
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/security/mod.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/security/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dc73f8c88
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/security/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+pub mod csp;
+pub mod protocol;
+
+pub use csp::*;
+pub use protocol::*;
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/protocol.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/security/protocol.rs
similarity index 96%
rename from src-tauri/src/apps/protocol.rs
rename to src-tauri/src/apps/security/protocol.rs
index 2e109086a..96a7d3a05 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/protocol.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/security/protocol.rs
@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
 use std::{fs, path::Path};
 
-use anyhow::{anyhow, Result as AnyResult};
+use anyhow::{Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
 use tauri::http::{Response, StatusCode};
 
 use crate::apps::{
-    builtin_apps::{
-        build_builtin_test_app, builtin_runtime_apps_root, builtin_test_app_dir, builtin_test_app_spec,
+    lifecycle::{read_installed_app_by_id, read_snapshot_file},
+    sandbox::{
+        build_builtin_test_app, builtin_runtime_apps_root, builtin_test_app_dir,
+        builtin_test_app_spec,
     },
-    csp::build_app_csp,
-    registry::read_installed_app_by_id,
-    snapshot::read_snapshot_file,
+    security::build_app_csp,
 };
 
 fn serve_runtime_app_asset(
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/snapshot.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/snapshot.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index d7903f999..000000000
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/snapshot.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,254 +0,0 @@
-use std::{
-    fs,
-    path::{Path, PathBuf},
-};
-
-use anyhow::{anyhow, Context, Result as AnyResult};
-use reqwest::Url;
-use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
-
-use crate::apps::{
-    limits::{MAX_APP_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES, MAX_MANIFEST_SIZE_BYTES},
-    manifest::validate_package_manifest,
-    types::{InstalledSageAppSnapshot, SageAppPackageManifest},
-};
-
-fn is_local_dev_host(host: &str) -> bool {
-    matches!(host.to_ascii_lowercase().as_str(), "localhost" | "127.0.0.1" | "::1")
-}
-
-fn should_allow_invalid_certs(url: &Url) -> bool {
-    matches!(url.scheme(), "https") && url.host_str().map(is_local_dev_host).unwrap_or(false)
-}
-
-fn client_for_url(url: &Url) -> AnyResult<reqwest::Client> {
-    let mut builder = reqwest::Client::builder();
-
-    if should_allow_invalid_certs(url) {
-        builder = builder.danger_accept_invalid_certs(true);
-    }
-
-    builder.build().context("failed to build HTTP client")
-}
-
-fn sha256_hex(bytes: &[u8]) -> String {
-    let mut hasher = Sha256::new();
-    hasher.update(bytes);
-    hex::encode(hasher.finalize())
-}
-
-pub fn snapshots_root(install_dir: &Path) -> PathBuf {
-    install_dir.join("snapshots")
-}
-
-pub fn snapshot_dir_for_hash(install_dir: &Path, manifest_hash: &str) -> PathBuf {
-    snapshots_root(install_dir).join(manifest_hash)
-}
-
-pub async fn fetch_url_bytes(url: &str, max_size: u64) -> AnyResult<Vec<u8>> {
-    let parsed = Url::parse(url).with_context(|| format!("invalid URL {}", url))?;
-    let client = client_for_url(&parsed)?;
-
-    let response = client
-        .get(parsed.clone())
-        .send()
-        .await
-        .with_context(|| format!("failed to GET {}", url))?;
-
-    if !response.status().is_success() {
-        return Err(anyhow!("GET {} returned HTTP {}", url, response.status()));
-    }
-
-    if let Some(content_length) = response.content_length() {
-        if content_length > max_size {
-            return Err(anyhow!(
-                "response from {} exceeds size limit {}",
-                url,
-                max_size
-            ));
-        }
-    }
-
-    let bytes = response.bytes().await?;
-    let len = bytes.len() as u64;
-
-    if len > max_size {
-        return Err(anyhow!(
-            "response from {} exceeds size limit {}",
-            url,
-            max_size
-        ));
-    }
-
-    Ok(bytes.to_vec())
-}
-
-pub async fn fetch_url_manifest(
-    manifest_url: &str,
-) -> AnyResult<(SageAppPackageManifest, String)> {
-    let bytes = fetch_url_bytes(manifest_url, MAX_MANIFEST_SIZE_BYTES).await?;
-    let manifest_hash = sha256_hex(&bytes);
-
-    let manifest: SageAppPackageManifest =
-        serde_json::from_slice(&bytes).context("failed to parse sage-manifest.json")?;
-
-    validate_package_manifest(&manifest)?;
-
-    Ok((manifest, manifest_hash))
-}
-
-pub fn derive_manifest_url(app_url: &str) -> AnyResult<String> {
-    let parsed = Url::parse(app_url).context("invalid normalized app URL")?;
-    let manifest = parsed
-        .join("sage-manifest.json")
-        .context("failed to derive manifest URL")?;
-    Ok(manifest.to_string())
-}
-
-pub fn build_file_url(app_url: &str, relative_path: &str) -> AnyResult<String> {
-    let base = Url::parse(app_url).context("invalid normalized app URL")?;
-    let file = base
-        .join(relative_path)
-        .with_context(|| format!("failed to build file URL for {}", relative_path))?;
-    Ok(file.to_string())
-}
-
-pub async fn download_url_snapshot(
-    install_dir: &Path,
-    app_url: &str,
-    manifest: &SageAppPackageManifest,
-    manifest_hash: &str,
-) -> AnyResult<InstalledSageAppSnapshot> {
-    let total_bytes = validate_package_manifest(manifest)?;
-
-    let snapshots_root = snapshots_root(install_dir);
-    fs::create_dir_all(&snapshots_root)?;
-
-    let final_dir = snapshot_dir_for_hash(install_dir, manifest_hash);
-    if final_dir.exists() {
-        return Ok(InstalledSageAppSnapshot {
-            manifest_hash: manifest_hash.to_string(),
-            snapshot_dir: final_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-            total_bytes,
-            manifest: manifest.clone(),
-        });
-    }
-
-    let temp_dir = snapshots_root.join(format!(".tmp-{}", manifest_hash));
-    if temp_dir.exists() {
-        fs::remove_dir_all(&temp_dir)?;
-    }
-    fs::create_dir_all(&temp_dir)?;
-
-    let result = async {
-        let mut actual_total: u64 = 0;
-
-        for file in &manifest.files {
-            let file_url = build_file_url(app_url, &file.path)?;
-            let bytes = fetch_url_bytes(&file_url, file.size).await?;
-
-            let actual_size = bytes.len() as u64;
-            if actual_size != file.size {
-                return Err(anyhow!(
-                    "size mismatch for {}: expected {}, got {}",
-                    file.path,
-                    file.size,
-                    actual_size
-                ));
-            }
-
-            let actual_sha256 = sha256_hex(&bytes);
-            if actual_sha256 != file.sha256.to_ascii_lowercase() {
-                return Err(anyhow!(
-                    "sha256 mismatch for {}: expected {}, got {}",
-                    file.path,
-                    file.sha256,
-                    actual_sha256
-                ));
-            }
-
-            actual_total = actual_total
-                .checked_add(actual_size)
-                .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("snapshot total size overflow"))?;
-
-            if actual_total > MAX_APP_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES {
-                return Err(anyhow!(
-                    "snapshot total size {} exceeds limit {}",
-                    actual_total,
-                    MAX_APP_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES
-                ));
-            }
-
-            let out_path = temp_dir.join(&file.path);
-            if let Some(parent) = out_path.parent() {
-                fs::create_dir_all(parent)?;
-            }
-            fs::write(&out_path, &bytes)?;
-        }
-
-        if !temp_dir.join("index.html").is_file() {
-            return Err(anyhow!("snapshot is missing root index.html"));
-        }
-
-        let manifest_path = temp_dir.join("sage-manifest.json");
-        fs::write(
-            &manifest_path,
-            serde_json::to_string_pretty(manifest)
-                .map_err(|err| anyhow!("failed to serialize manifest: {err}"))?
-                + "\n",
-        )?;
-
-        fs::rename(&temp_dir, &final_dir).with_context(|| {
-            format!(
-                "failed to move snapshot {} to {}",
-                temp_dir.display(),
-                final_dir.display()
-            )
-        })?;
-
-        Ok::<(), anyhow::Error>(())
-    }
-        .await;
-
-    if result.is_err() && temp_dir.exists() {
-        let _ = fs::remove_dir_all(&temp_dir);
-    }
-
-    result?;
-
-    Ok(InstalledSageAppSnapshot {
-        manifest_hash: manifest_hash.to_string(),
-        snapshot_dir: final_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-        total_bytes,
-        manifest: manifest.clone(),
-    })
-}
-
-pub fn read_snapshot_file(snapshot_dir: &Path, request_path: &str) -> AnyResult<PathBuf> {
-    let target = if request_path.is_empty() || request_path == "/" || request_path == "/index.html" {
-        snapshot_dir.join("index.html")
-    } else {
-        let trimmed = request_path.trim_start_matches('/');
-
-        if trimmed.contains("..") {
-            return Err(anyhow!("invalid snapshot path"));
-        }
-
-        snapshot_dir.join(trimmed)
-    };
-
-    let canonical_snapshot_dir = snapshot_dir.canonicalize()?;
-    let canonical_target = target
-        .canonicalize()
-        .with_context(|| format!("failed to resolve {}", target.display()))?;
-
-    if !canonical_target.starts_with(&canonical_snapshot_dir) {
-        return Err(anyhow!("requested snapshot path escapes snapshot dir"));
-    }
-
-    if !canonical_target.is_file() {
-        return Err(anyhow!("requested snapshot file does not exist"));
-    }
-
-    Ok(canonical_target)
-}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/state.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/state/host.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from src-tauri/src/apps/state.rs
rename to src-tauri/src/apps/state/host.rs
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/state/mod.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/state/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1b4954eb9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/state/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+pub mod host;
+
+pub use host::*;
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/types/mod.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/types/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7d7ac1693
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/types/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+pub mod models;
+
+pub use models::*;
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/types/models.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs
rename to src-tauri/src/apps/types/models.rs
index 32ec6b5ac..1463b6597 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/types.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/types/models.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
-use crate::apps::registry::parse_network_permission_target;
+
+use crate::apps::lifecycle::parse_network_permission_target;
 
 #[derive(
     Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord,
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
index 093872b7a..2a5d33544 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
@@ -150,18 +150,18 @@ pub fn run() {
             apps::sandbox::commands::apps_get_sandbox_state,
             apps::sandbox::commands::apps_get_app_launch_gate,
             apps::sandbox::commands::apps_rerun_sandbox_tests,
-            apps::install::list_installed_apps,
-            apps::install::preview_app_zip,
-            apps::install::preview_app_url,
-            apps::install::install_app_zip,
-            apps::install::install_app_url,
-            apps::install::uninstall_app,
-            apps::builtin_apps::get_builtin_test_app,
-            apps::update::check_app_update,
-            apps::update::download_app_update,
-            apps::update::apply_app_update,
-            apps::update::apps_update_permissions,
-            apps::update::apps_mark_storage_may_contain_secrets,
+            apps::lifecycle::list_installed_apps,
+            apps::lifecycle::preview_app_zip,
+            apps::lifecycle::preview_app_url,
+            apps::lifecycle::install_app_zip,
+            apps::lifecycle::install_app_url,
+            apps::lifecycle::uninstall_app,
+            apps::lifecycle::check_app_update,
+            apps::lifecycle::download_app_update,
+            apps::lifecycle::apply_app_update,
+            apps::lifecycle::apps_update_permissions,
+            apps::lifecycle::apps_mark_storage_may_contain_secrets,
+            apps::sandbox::get_builtin_test_app,
         ])
         .events(collect_events![SyncEvent]);
 
diff --git a/src-tauri/tests/apps_install.rs b/src-tauri/tests/apps_install.rs
index 05f41b807..b28346e5f 100644
--- a/src-tauri/tests/apps_install.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/tests/apps_install.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use sage_lib::apps::install::normalize_and_validate_granted_network_whitelist;
+use sage_lib::apps::lifecycle::install::normalize_and_validate_granted_network_whitelist;
 use sage_lib::apps::permissions::validate_granted_capabilities;
 use sage_lib::apps::types::{
     SageNetworkPermissionTarget, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
diff --git a/src-tauri/tests/apps_manifest.rs b/src-tauri/tests/apps_manifest.rs
index 0e41db67d..a085a3abc 100644
--- a/src-tauri/tests/apps_manifest.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/tests/apps_manifest.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use sage_lib::apps::manifest::{
+use sage_lib::apps::lifecycle::manifest::{
     validate_manifest_file_path, validate_sha256_hex,
 };
 
diff --git a/src-tauri/tests/apps_registry.rs b/src-tauri/tests/apps_registry.rs
index 8984eb9ea..7e1246ff3 100644
--- a/src-tauri/tests/apps_registry.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/tests/apps_registry.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,12 @@
 use std::fs;
 
-use sage_lib::apps::registry::{app_install_dir, apps_root, list_installed_apps_internal, read_installed_app_by_id, write_installed_app_metadata};
+use sage_lib::apps::lifecycle::registry::{
+    app_install_dir,
+    apps_root,
+    list_installed_apps_internal,
+    read_installed_app_by_id,
+    write_installed_app_metadata,
+};
 use sage_lib::apps::types::{
     InstalledSageApp, InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags, InstalledSageAppSnapshot,
     InstalledSageAppSource, ListedSageApp, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest,
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index 1a1a157ab..786a2f8a8 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -401,9 +401,6 @@ async installAppUrl(appUrl: string, grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions)
 async uninstallApp(appId: string) : Promise<null> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("uninstall_app", { appId });
 },
-async getBuiltinTestApp(appId: string) : Promise<InstalledSageApp | null> {
-    return await TAURI_INVOKE("get_builtin_test_app", { appId });
-},
 async checkAppUpdate(appId: string) : Promise<SageAppUrlPreview | null> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("check_app_update", { appId });
 },
@@ -418,6 +415,9 @@ async appsUpdatePermissions(appId: string, grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermis
 },
 async appsMarkStorageMayContainSecrets(appId: string) : Promise<null> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_mark_storage_may_contain_secrets", { appId });
+},
+async getBuiltinTestApp(appId: string) : Promise<InstalledSageApp | null> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("get_builtin_test_app", { appId });
 }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/components/apps/AppUpdateDialog.tsx b/src/components/apps/AppUpdateDialog.tsx
index c72ea725a..91c8409da 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/AppUpdateDialog.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/AppUpdateDialog.tsx
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import { useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react';
 import type {
   InstalledSageApp,
+  SageAppPackageManifest,
   SageAppUrlPreview,
   SageGrantedPermissions,
   SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
@@ -13,7 +14,7 @@ import {
   DialogHeader,
   DialogTitle,
 } from '@/components/ui/dialog';
-import { AppPermissions } from '@/components/apps/permissions/AppPermissions.tsx';
+import { PermissionsEditor } from '@/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor';
 import {
   getAppUpdatePermissionsDelta,
   type AppUpdatePermissionsDelta,
@@ -33,25 +34,99 @@ function networkKey(entry: SageNetworkPermissionTarget): string {
   return `${entry.scheme}://${entry.host}`;
 }
 
+function sortStrings(values: Iterable<string>): string[] {
+  return [...values].sort((a, b) => a.localeCompare(b));
+}
+
 function sortNetwork(
   values: Iterable<SageNetworkPermissionTarget>,
 ): SageNetworkPermissionTarget[] {
   return [...values].sort((a, b) => networkKey(a).localeCompare(networkKey(b)));
 }
 
-function buildAddedPermissionsViewModel(
+function buildReviewManifest(
+  preview: SageAppUrlPreview,
   delta: AppUpdatePermissionsDelta,
-): InstalledSageApp['requestedPermissions'] {
+): SageAppPackageManifest {
   return {
-    capabilities: {
-      required: delta.addedRequestedCapabilities.required,
-      optional: delta.addedRequestedCapabilities.optional,
+    ...preview.manifest,
+    permissions: {
+      capabilities: {
+        required: delta.requiredCapabilitiesToGrant,
+        optional: delta.addedRequestedCapabilities.optional,
+      },
+      network: {
+        whitelist: {
+          required: delta.requiredNetworkToGrant,
+          optional: delta.addedRequestedNetwork.optional,
+        },
+      },
     },
-    network: {
-      whitelist: {
-        required: [],
+  };
+}
+
+function buildReviewApp(
+  app: InstalledSageApp,
+  preview: SageAppUrlPreview,
+  delta: AppUpdatePermissionsDelta,
+  grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
+): InstalledSageApp {
+  const reviewManifest = buildReviewManifest(preview, delta);
+
+  return {
+    ...app,
+    version: preview.manifest.version,
+    requestedPermissions: reviewManifest.permissions,
+    grantedPermissions,
+    activeSnapshot: {
+      ...app.activeSnapshot,
+      manifest: reviewManifest,
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+function buildRemovedPermissionsApp(
+  app: InstalledSageApp,
+  preview: SageAppUrlPreview,
+  delta: AppUpdatePermissionsDelta,
+): InstalledSageApp | null {
+  const hasRemoved =
+    delta.removedGrantedCapabilities.length > 0 ||
+    delta.removedGrantedNetwork.length > 0;
+
+  if (!hasRemoved) {
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  const manifest: SageAppPackageManifest = {
+    ...preview.manifest,
+    permissions: {
+      capabilities: {
+        required: delta.removedGrantedCapabilities,
         optional: [],
       },
+      network: {
+        whitelist: {
+          required: delta.removedGrantedNetwork,
+          optional: [],
+        },
+      },
+    },
+  };
+
+  return {
+    ...app,
+    version: preview.manifest.version,
+    requestedPermissions: manifest.permissions,
+    grantedPermissions: {
+      capabilities: delta.removedGrantedCapabilities,
+      network: {
+        whitelist: delta.removedGrantedNetwork,
+      },
+    },
+    activeSnapshot: {
+      ...app.activeSnapshot,
+      manifest,
     },
   };
 }
@@ -67,17 +142,24 @@ export function AppUpdateDialog({
 }: Props) {
   const [showRemoved, setShowRemoved] = useState(false);
   const [
-    selectedAddedOptionalCapabilities,
-    setSelectedAddedOptionalCapabilities,
-  ] = useState<string[]>([]);
-  const [selectedAddedOptionalNetwork, setSelectedAddedOptionalNetwork] =
-    useState<SageNetworkPermissionTarget[]>([]);
+    selectedOptionalGrantedPermissions,
+    setSelectedOptionalGrantedPermissions,
+  ] = useState<SageGrantedPermissions>({
+    capabilities: [],
+    network: {
+      whitelist: [],
+    },
+  });
 
   useEffect(() => {
     if (!open) {
       setShowRemoved(false);
-      setSelectedAddedOptionalCapabilities([]);
-      setSelectedAddedOptionalNetwork([]);
+      setSelectedOptionalGrantedPermissions({
+        capabilities: [],
+        network: {
+          whitelist: [],
+        },
+      });
     }
   }, [open]);
 
@@ -89,40 +171,43 @@ export function AppUpdateDialog({
     return getAppUpdatePermissionsDelta(app, preview);
   }, [app, preview]);
 
-  const finalGranted = useMemo(() => {
+  const reviewGrantedPermissions = useMemo(() => {
     if (!delta) {
       return null;
     }
 
-    const selectedOptionalCapabilitySet = new Set(
-      selectedAddedOptionalCapabilities,
-    );
-    const selectedOptionalNetworkSet = new Set(
-      selectedAddedOptionalNetwork.map(networkKey),
-    );
+    return {
+      capabilities: sortStrings([
+        ...delta.requiredCapabilitiesToGrant,
+        ...selectedOptionalGrantedPermissions.capabilities,
+      ]),
+      network: {
+        whitelist: sortNetwork([
+          ...delta.requiredNetworkToGrant,
+          ...selectedOptionalGrantedPermissions.network.whitelist,
+        ]),
+      },
+    } satisfies SageGrantedPermissions;
+  }, [delta, selectedOptionalGrantedPermissions]);
 
-    const nextCapabilities = [
+  const finalGranted = useMemo(() => {
+    if (!delta) {
+      return null;
+    }
+
+    const nextCapabilities = sortStrings([
       ...delta.nextGrantedPermissions.capabilities,
-      ...delta.addedRequestedCapabilities.optional.filter((key) =>
-        selectedOptionalCapabilitySet.has(key),
-      ),
-    ].sort((a, b) => a.localeCompare(b));
-
-    const nextNetworkMap = new Map<string, SageNetworkPermissionTarget>(
-      delta.nextGrantedPermissions.network.whitelist.map((item) => [
-        networkKey(item),
-        item,
-      ]),
-    );
+      ...selectedOptionalGrantedPermissions.capabilities,
+    ]);
+
+    const nextNetworkMap = new Map<string, SageNetworkPermissionTarget>();
 
-    for (const item of delta.addedRequestedNetwork.optional) {
-      if (selectedOptionalNetworkSet.has(networkKey(item))) {
-        nextNetworkMap.set(networkKey(item), item);
-      }
+    for (const entry of delta.nextGrantedPermissions.network.whitelist) {
+      nextNetworkMap.set(networkKey(entry), entry);
     }
 
-    for (const item of delta.addedRequestedNetwork.required) {
-      nextNetworkMap.set(networkKey(item), item);
+    for (const entry of selectedOptionalGrantedPermissions.network.whitelist) {
+      nextNetworkMap.set(networkKey(entry), entry);
     }
 
     return {
@@ -131,9 +216,32 @@ export function AppUpdateDialog({
         whitelist: sortNetwork(nextNetworkMap.values()),
       },
     } satisfies SageGrantedPermissions;
-  }, [delta, selectedAddedOptionalCapabilities, selectedAddedOptionalNetwork]);
+  }, [delta, selectedOptionalGrantedPermissions]);
+
+  const reviewApp = useMemo(() => {
+    if (!app || !preview || !delta || !reviewGrantedPermissions) {
+      return null;
+    }
+
+    return buildReviewApp(app, preview, delta, reviewGrantedPermissions);
+  }, [app, preview, delta, reviewGrantedPermissions]);
 
-  if (!app || !preview || !delta || !finalGranted) {
+  const removedPermissionsApp = useMemo(() => {
+    if (!app || !preview || !delta) {
+      return null;
+    }
+
+    return buildRemovedPermissionsApp(app, preview, delta);
+  }, [app, preview, delta]);
+
+  if (
+    !app ||
+    !preview ||
+    !delta ||
+    !reviewGrantedPermissions ||
+    !finalGranted ||
+    !reviewApp
+  ) {
     return (
       <Dialog open={open} onOpenChange={(nextOpen) => !nextOpen && onCancel()}>
         <DialogContent />
@@ -141,37 +249,18 @@ export function AppUpdateDialog({
     );
   }
 
-  const addedRequiredCapabilitiesCount =
-    delta.addedRequestedCapabilities.required.length;
-  const addedOptionalCapabilitiesCount =
-    delta.addedRequestedCapabilities.optional.length;
   const addedCapabilityCount =
-    addedRequiredCapabilitiesCount + addedOptionalCapabilitiesCount;
+    delta.requiredCapabilitiesToGrant.length +
+    delta.addedRequestedCapabilities.optional.length;
 
-  const addedRequiredNetworkCount = delta.addedRequestedNetwork.required.length;
-  const addedOptionalNetworkCount = delta.addedRequestedNetwork.optional.length;
   const addedNetworkCount =
-    addedRequiredNetworkCount + addedOptionalNetworkCount;
+    delta.requiredNetworkToGrant.length +
+    delta.addedRequestedNetwork.optional.length;
 
   const removedCount =
     delta.removedGrantedCapabilities.length +
     delta.removedGrantedNetwork.length;
 
-  const selectedAddedOptionalNetworkKeys = new Set(
-    selectedAddedOptionalNetwork.map(networkKey),
-  );
-
-  const addedNetworkItems = [
-    ...delta.addedRequestedNetwork.required.map((entry) => ({
-      entry,
-      required: true,
-    })),
-    ...delta.addedRequestedNetwork.optional.map((entry) => ({
-      entry,
-      required: false,
-    })),
-  ];
-
   return (
     <Dialog open={open} onOpenChange={(nextOpen) => !nextOpen && onCancel()}>
       <DialogContent className='max-w-2xl'>
@@ -189,101 +278,41 @@ export function AppUpdateDialog({
 
           {addedCapabilityCount > 0 || addedNetworkCount > 0 ? (
             <div className='space-y-3'>
-              <h3 className='text-sm font-medium'>New permissions requested</h3>
-
-              <div className='space-y-4'>
-                {addedCapabilityCount > 0 ? (
-                  <div className='space-y-2'>
-                    <div className='text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
-                      Capabilities
-                    </div>
-
-                    <div className='rounded-md border p-3'>
-                      <AppPermissions
-                        permissions={buildAddedPermissionsViewModel(delta)}
-                        grantedCapabilities={[
-                          ...delta.addedRequestedCapabilities.required,
-                          ...selectedAddedOptionalCapabilities,
-                        ]}
-                        editable
-                        onGrantedCapabilitiesChange={(next: string[]) => {
-                          const requiredSet = new Set(
-                            delta.addedRequestedCapabilities.required,
-                          );
-
-                          setSelectedAddedOptionalCapabilities(
-                            next.filter((key: string) => !requiredSet.has(key)),
-                          );
-                        }}
-                      />
-                    </div>
-                  </div>
-                ) : null}
-
-                {addedNetworkCount > 0 ? (
-                  <div className='space-y-2'>
-                    <div className='text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
-                      Network access
-                    </div>
-
-                    <div className='space-y-2 rounded-md border p-3'>
-                      {addedNetworkItems.map(({ entry, required }) => {
-                        const key = networkKey(entry);
-                        const checked =
-                          required || selectedAddedOptionalNetworkKeys.has(key);
-
-                        return (
-                          <label
-                            key={key}
-                            className='flex items-center justify-between gap-3 text-xs'
-                          >
-                            <div className='min-w-0 font-mono break-all'>
-                              {key}
-                            </div>
-
-                            <div className='shrink-0'>
-                              {required ? (
-                                <span className='text-muted-foreground'>
-                                  required
-                                </span>
-                              ) : (
-                                <input
-                                  type='checkbox'
-                                  checked={checked}
-                                  onChange={(event) => {
-                                    const nextChecked = event.target.checked;
-
-                                    setSelectedAddedOptionalNetwork((prev) => {
-                                      const prevMap = new Map(
-                                        prev.map((item) => [
-                                          networkKey(item),
-                                          item,
-                                        ]),
-                                      );
-
-                                      if (nextChecked) {
-                                        prevMap.set(key, entry);
-                                      } else {
-                                        prevMap.delete(key);
-                                      }
-
-                                      return sortNetwork(prevMap.values());
-                                    });
-                                  }}
-                                />
-                              )}
-                            </div>
-                          </label>
-                        );
-                      })}
-                    </div>
-                  </div>
-                ) : null}
-              </div>
+              <h3 className='text-sm font-medium'>
+                New permissions requiring review
+              </h3>
+
+              <PermissionsEditor
+                app={reviewApp}
+                grantedPermissions={reviewGrantedPermissions}
+                onGrantedPermissionsChange={(next) => {
+                  const requiredCapabilitySet = new Set(
+                    delta.requiredCapabilitiesToGrant,
+                  );
+                  const requiredNetworkSet = new Set(
+                    delta.requiredNetworkToGrant.map(networkKey),
+                  );
+
+                  setSelectedOptionalGrantedPermissions({
+                    capabilities: sortStrings(
+                      next.capabilities.filter(
+                        (key) => !requiredCapabilitySet.has(key),
+                      ),
+                    ),
+                    network: {
+                      whitelist: sortNetwork(
+                        next.network.whitelist.filter(
+                          (entry) => !requiredNetworkSet.has(networkKey(entry)),
+                        ),
+                      ),
+                    },
+                  });
+                }}
+              />
             </div>
           ) : null}
 
-          {removedCount > 0 ? (
+          {removedCount > 0 && removedPermissionsApp ? (
             <div className='space-y-2'>
               <button
                 type='button'
@@ -297,41 +326,14 @@ export function AppUpdateDialog({
               </button>
 
               {showRemoved ? (
-                <div className='space-y-4 rounded-md border p-3'>
-                  {delta.removedGrantedCapabilities.length > 0 ? (
-                    <div className='space-y-2'>
-                      <div className='text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
-                        Previously granted capabilities that will be removed
-                      </div>
-
-                      <div className='space-y-1'>
-                        {delta.removedGrantedCapabilities.map((key) => (
-                          <div key={key} className='text-sm'>
-                            {key}
-                          </div>
-                        ))}
-                      </div>
-                    </div>
-                  ) : null}
-
-                  {delta.removedGrantedNetwork.length > 0 ? (
-                    <div className='space-y-2'>
-                      <div className='text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
-                        Previously granted network access that will be removed
-                      </div>
-
-                      <div className='space-y-1'>
-                        {delta.removedGrantedNetwork.map((entry) => (
-                          <div
-                            key={networkKey(entry)}
-                            className='font-mono text-sm break-all'
-                          >
-                            {networkKey(entry)}
-                          </div>
-                        ))}
-                      </div>
-                    </div>
-                  ) : null}
+                <div className='rounded-md border p-3'>
+                  <PermissionsEditor
+                    app={removedPermissionsApp}
+                    grantedPermissions={
+                      removedPermissionsApp.grantedPermissions
+                    }
+                    editable={false}
+                  />
                 </div>
               ) : null}
             </div>
diff --git a/src/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx b/src/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx
index 884b96af1..138361c76 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ import type {
   SageAppPackageManifest,
   SageAppUrlPreview,
   SageGrantedPermissions,
-  SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
 } from '@/bindings';
 import { formatAppError } from '@/lib/apps/formatAppError.ts';
 import { InstallSourceCard } from './InstallSourceCard';
@@ -51,22 +50,6 @@ export function InstallAppForm({
   const [grantedPermissions, setGrantedPermissions] =
     useState<SageGrantedPermissions>(buildEmptyGrantedPermissions());
 
-  function setGrantedCapabilities(next: string[]) {
-    setGrantedPermissions((prev) => ({
-      ...prev,
-      capabilities: next,
-    }));
-  }
-
-  function setGrantedNetworkWhitelist(next: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[]) {
-    setGrantedPermissions((prev) => ({
-      ...prev,
-      network: {
-        whitelist: next,
-      },
-    }));
-  }
-
   async function handleSelectZipPath(zipPath: string) {
     try {
       setError(null);
@@ -149,10 +132,8 @@ export function InstallAppForm({
         source={source}
         error={error}
         installing={installing}
-        grantedCapabilities={grantedPermissions.capabilities}
-        grantedNetworkWhitelist={grantedPermissions.network.whitelist}
-        onGrantedCapabilitiesChange={setGrantedCapabilities}
-        onGrantedNetworkWhitelistChange={setGrantedNetworkWhitelist}
+        grantedPermissions={grantedPermissions}
+        onGrantedPermissionsChange={setGrantedPermissions}
         onCancel={resetDialog}
         onConfirm={confirmInstall}
       />
diff --git a/src/components/apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx b/src/components/apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx
index dfcb44296..b0b38a330 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import type {
   InstalledSageApp,
   SageAppPackageManifest,
   SageAppUrlPreview,
-  SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
+  SageGrantedPermissions,
 } from '@/bindings';
 import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
 import {
@@ -30,20 +30,15 @@ interface Props {
   source: InstallSource | null;
   error: string | null;
   installing: boolean;
-  grantedCapabilities: string[];
-  grantedNetworkWhitelist: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[];
-  onGrantedCapabilitiesChange: (next: string[]) => void;
-  onGrantedNetworkWhitelistChange: (
-    next: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[],
-  ) => void;
+  grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions;
+  onGrantedPermissionsChange: (next: SageGrantedPermissions) => void;
   onCancel: () => void;
   onConfirm: () => void;
 }
 
 function buildPreviewApp(
   manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
-  grantedCapabilities: string[],
-  grantedNetworkWhitelist: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[],
+  grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
 ): InstalledSageApp {
   return {
     id: '__install_preview__',
@@ -64,12 +59,7 @@ function buildPreviewApp(
         optional: [],
       },
     },
-    grantedPermissions: {
-      capabilities: grantedCapabilities,
-      network: {
-        whitelist: grantedNetworkWhitelist,
-      },
-    },
+    grantedPermissions,
     capabilityFlags: {
       hasSecretAccess: false,
       hasExternalAccess: false,
@@ -91,10 +81,8 @@ export function InstallPermissionsDialog({
   source,
   error,
   installing,
-  grantedCapabilities,
-  grantedNetworkWhitelist,
-  onGrantedCapabilitiesChange,
-  onGrantedNetworkWhitelistChange,
+  grantedPermissions,
+  onGrantedPermissionsChange,
   onCancel,
   onConfirm,
 }: Props) {
@@ -111,11 +99,7 @@ export function InstallPermissionsDialog({
   const manifest =
     source.kind === 'zip' ? source.manifest : source.preview.manifest;
 
-  const previewApp = buildPreviewApp(
-    manifest,
-    grantedCapabilities,
-    grantedNetworkWhitelist,
-  );
+  const previewApp = buildPreviewApp(manifest, grantedPermissions);
 
   return (
     <Dialog open={open} onOpenChange={(nextOpen) => !nextOpen && onCancel()}>
@@ -132,10 +116,8 @@ export function InstallPermissionsDialog({
 
           <PermissionsEditor
             app={previewApp}
-            grantedCapabilities={grantedCapabilities}
-            grantedNetworkWhitelist={grantedNetworkWhitelist}
-            onGrantedCapabilitiesChange={onGrantedCapabilitiesChange}
-            onGrantedNetworkWhitelistChange={onGrantedNetworkWhitelistChange}
+            grantedPermissions={grantedPermissions}
+            onGrantedPermissionsChange={onGrantedPermissionsChange}
           />
 
           {error ? (
diff --git a/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsDialog.tsx b/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsDialog.tsx
index a91a7ba6d..7cefae65a 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsDialog.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsDialog.tsx
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import {
   DialogHeader,
   DialogTitle,
 } from '@/components/ui/dialog';
-import type { InstalledSageApp, SageNetworkPermissionTarget } from '@/bindings';
+import type { InstalledSageApp, SageGrantedPermissions } from '@/bindings';
 import React from 'react';
 import { PermissionsEditor } from '@/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor';
 
@@ -17,12 +17,8 @@ interface Props {
   description?: string | null;
   error: string | null;
   submitting: boolean;
-  grantedCapabilities: string[];
-  grantedNetworkWhitelist: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[];
-  onGrantedCapabilitiesChange: (next: string[]) => void;
-  onGrantedNetworkWhitelistChange: (
-    next: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[],
-  ) => void;
+  grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions;
+  onGrantedPermissionsChange: (next: SageGrantedPermissions) => void;
   onCancel: () => void;
   onConfirm: () => void;
 }
@@ -34,10 +30,8 @@ export function PermissionsDialog({
   description,
   error,
   submitting,
-  grantedCapabilities,
-  grantedNetworkWhitelist,
-  onGrantedCapabilitiesChange,
-  onGrantedNetworkWhitelistChange,
+  grantedPermissions,
+  onGrantedPermissionsChange,
   onCancel,
   onConfirm,
 }: Props) {
@@ -61,10 +55,8 @@ export function PermissionsDialog({
 
             <PermissionsEditor
               app={app}
-              grantedCapabilities={grantedCapabilities}
-              grantedNetworkWhitelist={grantedNetworkWhitelist}
-              onGrantedCapabilitiesChange={onGrantedCapabilitiesChange}
-              onGrantedNetworkWhitelistChange={onGrantedNetworkWhitelistChange}
+              grantedPermissions={grantedPermissions}
+              onGrantedPermissionsChange={onGrantedPermissionsChange}
             />
 
             {error ? (
diff --git a/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx b/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx
index dd888f071..d622194e5 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx
@@ -1,14 +1,11 @@
-import type { InstalledSageApp, SageNetworkPermissionTarget } from '@/bindings';
+import type { InstalledSageApp, SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkPermissionTarget, } from '@/bindings';
 import { AppPermissions } from './AppPermissions';
 
 interface Props {
   app: InstalledSageApp;
-  grantedCapabilities: string[];
-  grantedNetworkWhitelist: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[];
-  onGrantedCapabilitiesChange: (next: string[]) => void;
-  onGrantedNetworkWhitelistChange: (
-    next: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[],
-  ) => void;
+  grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions;
+  onGrantedPermissionsChange?: (next: SageGrantedPermissions) => void;
+  editable?: boolean;
 }
 
 function sortNetworkEntries(
@@ -27,13 +24,15 @@ function networkKey(entry: SageNetworkPermissionTarget): string {
 
 export function PermissionsEditor({
   app,
-  grantedCapabilities,
-  grantedNetworkWhitelist,
-  onGrantedCapabilitiesChange,
-  onGrantedNetworkWhitelistChange,
+  grantedPermissions,
+  onGrantedPermissionsChange,
+  editable = true,
 }: Props) {
   const manifest = app.pendingUpdate?.manifest ?? app.activeSnapshot.manifest;
 
+  const grantedCapabilities = grantedPermissions.capabilities ?? [];
+  const grantedNetworkWhitelist = grantedPermissions.network.whitelist ?? [];
+
   const requestedRequiredNetwork =
     manifest.permissions?.network?.whitelist?.required ?? [];
   const requestedOptionalNetwork =
@@ -53,14 +52,24 @@ export function PermissionsEditor({
     grantedNetworkWhitelist.map((entry) => networkKey(entry)),
   );
 
+  function emitGrantedPermissions(next: SageGrantedPermissions) {
+    onGrantedPermissionsChange?.(next);
+  }
+
+  function handleGrantedCapabilitiesChange(next: string[]) {
+    emitGrantedPermissions({
+      ...grantedPermissions,
+      capabilities: next,
+    });
+  }
+
   function handleToggleNetwork(
     entry: SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
     nextGranted: boolean,
   ) {
     const requiredEntries = requestedRequiredNetwork;
-    const optionalEntries = requestedOptionalNetwork;
 
-    const nextOptional = optionalEntries.filter((item) => {
+    const nextOptional = requestedOptionalNetwork.filter((item) => {
       const key = networkKey(item);
 
       if (key !== networkKey(entry)) {
@@ -70,9 +79,12 @@ export function PermissionsEditor({
       return nextGranted;
     });
 
-    onGrantedNetworkWhitelistChange(
-      sortNetworkEntries([...requiredEntries, ...nextOptional]),
-    );
+    emitGrantedPermissions({
+      ...grantedPermissions,
+      network: {
+        whitelist: sortNetworkEntries([...requiredEntries, ...nextOptional]),
+      },
+    });
   }
 
   return (
@@ -83,8 +95,10 @@ export function PermissionsEditor({
         <AppPermissions
           permissions={app.requestedPermissions}
           grantedCapabilities={grantedCapabilities}
-          editable
-          onGrantedCapabilitiesChange={onGrantedCapabilitiesChange}
+          editable={editable}
+          onGrantedCapabilitiesChange={
+            editable ? handleGrantedCapabilitiesChange : undefined
+          }
         />
       </div>
 
@@ -105,8 +119,14 @@ export function PermissionsEditor({
                   <div className='min-w-0 font-mono break-all'>{key}</div>
 
                   <div className='shrink-0'>
-                    {required ? (
-                      <span className='text-muted-foreground'>required</span>
+                    {required || !editable ? (
+                      <span className='text-muted-foreground'>
+                        {required
+                          ? 'required'
+                          : checked
+                            ? 'granted'
+                            : 'not granted'}
+                      </span>
                     ) : (
                       <input
                         type='checkbox'
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/updatePermissionsDelta.ts b/src/lib/apps/updatePermissionsDelta.ts
index 0d6034067..a7de98943 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/updatePermissionsDelta.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/updatePermissionsDelta.ts
@@ -61,8 +61,13 @@ export interface AppUpdatePermissionsDelta {
     required: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[];
     optional: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[];
   };
+
+  requiredCapabilitiesToGrant: string[];
+  requiredNetworkToGrant: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[];
+
   removedGrantedCapabilities: string[];
   removedGrantedNetwork: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[];
+
   nextGrantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions;
   requiresUserReview: boolean;
 }
@@ -83,6 +88,9 @@ export function getAppUpdatePermissionsDelta(
   const oldGrantedCapabilities = app.grantedPermissions.capabilities ?? [];
   const oldGrantedNetwork = app.grantedPermissions.network.whitelist ?? [];
 
+  const oldGrantedCapabilitiesSet = new Set(oldGrantedCapabilities);
+  const oldGrantedNetworkSet = new Set(oldGrantedNetwork.map(networkKey));
+
   const previousRequestedCapsSet = new Set([
     ...previousCaps.required,
     ...previousCaps.optional,
@@ -115,6 +123,16 @@ export function getAppUpdatePermissionsDelta(
     ),
   };
 
+  const requiredCapabilitiesToGrant = sortStrings(
+    nextCaps.required.filter((key) => !oldGrantedCapabilitiesSet.has(key)),
+  );
+
+  const requiredNetworkToGrant = sortNetwork(
+    nextNetwork.required.filter(
+      (entry) => !oldGrantedNetworkSet.has(networkKey(entry)),
+    ),
+  );
+
   const nextAllowedCapsSet = new Set([
     ...nextCaps.required,
     ...nextCaps.optional,
@@ -169,24 +187,14 @@ export function getAppUpdatePermissionsDelta(
     },
   };
 
-  const oldGrantedCapabilitiesSet = new Set(oldGrantedCapabilities);
-  const oldGrantedNetworkSet = new Set(oldGrantedNetwork.map(networkKey));
-
-  const grantedCapabilitiesExpanded = nextGrantedCapabilities.some(
-    (key) => !oldGrantedCapabilitiesSet.has(key),
-  );
-
-  const nextGrantedNetwork = nextGrantedPermissions.network.whitelist;
-  const grantedNetworkExpanded = nextGrantedNetwork.some(
-    (entry) => !oldGrantedNetworkSet.has(networkKey(entry)),
-  );
-
   const requiresUserReview =
-    grantedCapabilitiesExpanded || grantedNetworkExpanded;
+    requiredCapabilitiesToGrant.length > 0 || requiredNetworkToGrant.length > 0;
 
   return {
     addedRequestedCapabilities,
     addedRequestedNetwork,
+    requiredCapabilitiesToGrant,
+    requiredNetworkToGrant,
     removedGrantedCapabilities,
     removedGrantedNetwork,
     nextGrantedPermissions,
diff --git a/src/pages/Apps.tsx b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
index 26538dfee..c8840a053 100644
--- a/src/pages/Apps.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ import {
   SageAppPackageManifest,
   SageAppUrlPreview,
   SageGrantedPermissions,
-  SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
 } from '@/bindings.ts';
 import { invoke } from '@tauri-apps/api/core';
 import { useApps } from '@/contexts/AppsContext.tsx';
@@ -243,24 +242,6 @@ export function Apps() {
     [handleConfirmUpdate],
   );
 
-  function setEditingGrantedCapabilities(next: string[]) {
-    setEditingGrantedPermissions((prev) => ({
-      ...prev,
-      capabilities: next,
-    }));
-  }
-
-  function setEditingGrantedNetworkWhitelist(
-    next: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[],
-  ) {
-    setEditingGrantedPermissions((prev) => ({
-      ...prev,
-      network: {
-        whitelist: next,
-      },
-    }));
-  }
-
   const closeContextMenu = useCallback(() => {
     setContextMenu((prevContextMenu) => {
       if (prevContextMenu) {
@@ -885,14 +866,8 @@ export function Apps() {
 
               <PermissionsEditor
                 app={permissionsDialogApp}
-                grantedCapabilities={editingGrantedPermissions.capabilities}
-                grantedNetworkWhitelist={
-                  editingGrantedPermissions.network.whitelist
-                }
-                onGrantedCapabilitiesChange={setEditingGrantedCapabilities}
-                onGrantedNetworkWhitelistChange={
-                  setEditingGrantedNetworkWhitelist
-                }
+                grantedPermissions={editingGrantedPermissions}
+                onGrantedPermissionsChange={setEditingGrantedPermissions}
               />
 
               <div className='flex items-center justify-end gap-2'>

From 72a5ba5d6811111ae34613492a1a196520726f8d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Tue, 21 Apr 2026 00:06:31 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 119/471] Add storage abstraction for InstalledSageApp:

- Introduced `InstalledSageAppStorage` enum for platform-specific app storage definitions.
- Updated installation flow to allocate appropriate storage on macOS/iOS, Windows, and other platforms.
- Refactored related app lifecycle and runtime logic to support new storage model.
- Integrated storage management into app installation, uninstallation, and cleanup operations.
---
 src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/install.rs    | 128 ++++++++++++++++++---
 src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/registry.rs   |  15 ++-
 src-tauri/src/apps/runtime/cleanup.rs      | 107 ++++++++++-------
 src-tauri/src/apps/runtime/inline.rs       |  45 +++++---
 src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs |  28 ++++-
 src-tauri/src/apps/types/models.rs         |  16 +++
 src/bindings.ts                            |   3 +-
 7 files changed, 255 insertions(+), 87 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/install.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/install.rs
index dab935c4a..515f0be6c 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/install.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/install.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use std::{
 
 use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
 use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
-use tauri::{State, command};
+use tauri::{AppHandle, State, command};
 
 use crate::app_state::AppState;
 use crate::apps::lifecycle::{
@@ -15,21 +15,20 @@ use crate::apps::lifecycle::{
     prepare_zip_snapshot, read_manifest, unzip_to_dir, validate_package_structure,
     write_installed_app_metadata,
 };
+use crate::apps::lifecycle::registry::{apps_root, read_installed_app_by_id};
 use crate::apps::permissions::{
     normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions, resolve_capability_flags,
     validate_granted_capabilities,
 };
+use crate::apps::runtime::apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data;
 use crate::apps::types::{
-    InstalledSageApp, InstalledSageAppSource, ListedSageApp, SageAppPackageManifest,
-    SageAppUrlPreview,
+    InstalledSageApp, InstalledSageAppSource, InstalledSageAppStorage, ListedSageApp,
+    SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppUrlPreview,
 };
 use crate::apps::types::{
     SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkPermissionTarget, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
     SageRequestedPermissions,
 };
-use crate::apps::lifecycle::registry::{
-    apps_root,
-};
 use crate::error::Result;
 
 pub fn current_millis() -> u128 {
@@ -97,12 +96,15 @@ pub fn normalize_app_url(url: &str) -> AnyResult<String> {
     Ok(parsed.to_string())
 }
 
-fn find_existing_app_id_by_name(root: &Path, app_name: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<String>> {
+fn find_existing_installed_app_by_name(
+    root: &Path,
+    app_name: &str,
+) -> AnyResult<Option<InstalledSageApp>> {
     Ok(list_installed_apps_internal(root)?
         .into_iter()
         .find_map(|app| match app {
             ListedSageApp::Installed(installed) if installed.name == app_name => {
-                Some(installed.id)
+                Some(installed)
             }
             _ => None,
         }))
@@ -114,6 +116,7 @@ fn build_installed_app(
     manifest: &SageAppPackageManifest,
     granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
     permission_flags: crate::apps::types::InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags,
+    storage: InstalledSageAppStorage,
     source: InstalledSageAppSource,
     snapshot: crate::apps::types::InstalledSageAppSnapshot,
 ) -> InstalledSageApp {
@@ -127,6 +130,7 @@ fn build_installed_app(
         requested_permissions: manifest.permissions.clone(),
         granted_permissions,
         capability_flags: permission_flags,
+        storage,
         source,
         active_snapshot: snapshot,
         pending_update: None,
@@ -146,11 +150,17 @@ fn recreate_install_dir(install_dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<()> {
     Ok(())
 }
 
-fn resolve_install_dir(root: &Path, app_name: &str) -> AnyResult<(String, std::path::PathBuf)> {
-    let app_id = find_existing_app_id_by_name(root, app_name)?
-        .unwrap_or_else(|| generate_app_id(app_name));
+fn resolve_install_target(
+    root: &Path,
+    app_name: &str,
+) -> AnyResult<(String, std::path::PathBuf, Option<InstalledSageApp>)> {
+    if let Some(existing) = find_existing_installed_app_by_name(root, app_name)? {
+        let install_dir = Path::new(&existing.install_dir).to_path_buf();
+        return Ok((existing.id.clone(), install_dir, Some(existing)));
+    }
 
-    Ok((app_id.clone(), root.join(app_id)))
+    let app_id = generate_app_id(app_name);
+    Ok((app_id.clone(), root.join(&app_id), None))
 }
 
 pub fn hash_string(input: &str) -> String {
@@ -180,8 +190,10 @@ fn normalize_and_validate_granted_permissions(
 ) -> AnyResult<SageGrantedPermissions> {
     validate_granted_capabilities(requested, &granted.capabilities)?;
 
-    let whitelist =
-        normalize_and_validate_granted_network_whitelist(&requested.network, &granted.network.whitelist)?;
+    let whitelist = normalize_and_validate_granted_network_whitelist(
+        &requested.network,
+        &granted.network.whitelist,
+    )?;
 
     Ok(SageGrantedPermissions {
         capabilities: granted.capabilities,
@@ -240,6 +252,65 @@ pub fn normalize_and_validate_granted_network_whitelist(
     Ok(result.into_iter().collect())
 }
 
+#[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios"))]
+async fn allocate_new_storage(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    _base_path: &Path,
+) -> AnyResult<InstalledSageAppStorage> {
+    loop {
+        let identifier = *uuid::Uuid::new_v4().as_bytes();
+        let existing_ids = app
+            .fetch_data_store_identifiers()
+            .await
+            .map_err(|err| anyhow!("failed to fetch data store identifiers: {err}"))?;
+
+        if existing_ids.iter().all(|existing| *existing != identifier) {
+            return Ok(InstalledSageAppStorage::AppleDataStore {
+                identifier_hex: hex::encode(identifier),
+            });
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
+async fn allocate_new_storage(
+    _app: &AppHandle,
+    base_path: &Path,
+) -> AnyResult<InstalledSageAppStorage> {
+    let profiles_root = base_path.join("profiles");
+    fs::create_dir_all(&profiles_root)
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to create profiles directory {}", profiles_root.display()))?;
+
+    loop {
+        let directory_name = format!("profile-{}", uuid::Uuid::new_v4());
+        let candidate = profiles_root.join(&directory_name);
+
+        if !candidate.exists() {
+            return Ok(InstalledSageAppStorage::WindowsProfile { directory_name });
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios", target_os = "windows")))]
+async fn allocate_new_storage(
+    _app: &AppHandle,
+    _base_path: &Path,
+) -> AnyResult<InstalledSageAppStorage> {
+    Ok(InstalledSageAppStorage::Unsupported)
+}
+
+async fn resolve_storage_for_install(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    base_path: &Path,
+    existing: Option<&InstalledSageApp>,
+) -> AnyResult<InstalledSageAppStorage> {
+    if let Some(existing) = existing {
+        return Ok(existing.storage.clone());
+    }
+
+    allocate_new_storage(app, base_path).await
+}
+
 pub async fn preview_app_url_internal(app_url: String) -> AnyResult<SageAppUrlPreview> {
     let app_url = normalize_app_url(&app_url)?;
 
@@ -302,6 +373,7 @@ pub async fn list_installed_apps(state: State<'_, AppState>) -> Result<Vec<Liste
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
 pub async fn install_app_zip(
+    app: AppHandle,
     state: State<'_, AppState>,
     zip_path: String,
     granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
@@ -327,7 +399,7 @@ pub async fn install_app_zip(
         })?;
     }
 
-    let result = (|| -> AnyResult<InstalledSageApp> {
+    let result: AnyResult<InstalledSageApp> = async {
         unzip_to_dir(Path::new(&zip_path), &unpack_dir)?;
         let package_root = crate::apps::lifecycle::detect_package_root(&unpack_dir)?;
         validate_package_structure(&package_root)?;
@@ -339,7 +411,9 @@ pub async fn install_app_zip(
 
         let permission_flags = resolve_capability_flags(&granted_permissions.capabilities, None)?;
 
-        let (app_id, install_dir) = resolve_install_dir(&root, &manifest.name)?;
+        let (app_id, install_dir, existing_app) = resolve_install_target(&root, &manifest.name)?;
+        let storage = resolve_storage_for_install(&app, &base_path, existing_app.as_ref()).await?;
+
         recreate_install_dir(&install_dir)?;
         let snapshot = prepare_zip_snapshot(&package_root, &install_dir, &manifest)?;
 
@@ -349,13 +423,15 @@ pub async fn install_app_zip(
             &manifest,
             granted_permissions,
             permission_flags,
+            storage,
             InstalledSageAppSource::Zip,
             snapshot,
         );
 
         write_installed_app_metadata(&installed, &install_dir)?;
         Ok(installed)
-    })();
+    }
+        .await;
 
     if unpack_dir.exists() {
         let _ = fs::remove_dir_all(&unpack_dir);
@@ -367,6 +443,7 @@ pub async fn install_app_zip(
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
 pub async fn install_app_url(
+    app: AppHandle,
     state: State<'_, AppState>,
     app_url: String,
     granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
@@ -397,8 +474,12 @@ pub async fn install_app_url(
             io::Error::other(format!("invalid granted permission policy for URL app {}: {err}", app_url))
         })?;
 
-    let (app_id, install_dir) = resolve_install_dir(&root, &preview.manifest.name)
+    let (app_id, install_dir, existing_app) = resolve_install_target(&root, &preview.manifest.name)
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to resolve install dir: {err}")))?;
+    let storage = resolve_storage_for_install(&app, &base_path, existing_app.as_ref())
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to resolve storage for install: {err}")))?;
+
     recreate_install_dir(&install_dir)
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to recreate install dir: {err}")))?;
 
@@ -417,6 +498,7 @@ pub async fn install_app_url(
         &preview.manifest,
         granted_permissions,
         permission_flags,
+        storage,
         InstalledSageAppSource::Url {
             app_url: preview.app_url.clone(),
             manifest_url: preview.manifest_url.clone(),
@@ -433,12 +515,20 @@ pub async fn install_app_url(
 
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
-pub async fn uninstall_app(state: State<'_, AppState>, app_id: String) -> Result<()> {
+pub async fn uninstall_app(
+    app: AppHandle,
+    state: State<'_, AppState>,
+    app_id: String,
+) -> Result<()> {
     let base_path = {
         let state = state.lock().await;
         state.path.clone()
     };
 
+    if read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id).is_ok() {
+        let _ = apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data(app.clone(), app_id.clone()).await;
+    }
+
     let install_dir = apps_root(&base_path).join(&app_id);
     if install_dir.exists() {
         fs::remove_dir_all(&install_dir).map_err(|err| {
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/registry.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/registry.rs
index 3497b11d0..2157cf488 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/registry.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/registry.rs
@@ -7,10 +7,11 @@ use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult};
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 
 use crate::apps::types::{
-    CorruptedInstalledSageApp, InstalledSageApp, InstalledSageAppPendingUpdate,
-    InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags, InstalledSageAppSnapshot, InstalledSageAppSource,
-    ListedSageApp, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageGrantedPermissions,
-    SageNetworkPermissionTarget, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
+    CorruptedInstalledSageApp, InstalledSageApp, InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags,
+    InstalledSageAppPendingUpdate, InstalledSageAppSnapshot, InstalledSageAppSource,
+    InstalledSageAppStorage, ListedSageApp, SageAppManifestFile,
+    SageAppPackageManifest, SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
+    SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
     SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist, SageRequestedPermissions,
 };
 
@@ -107,6 +108,8 @@ struct PersistedInstalledSageApp {
     #[serde(rename = "capabilityFlags", alias = "capability_flags")]
     capability_flags: InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags,
 
+    storage: InstalledSageAppStorage,
+
     source: InstalledSageAppSource,
 
     #[serde(rename = "activeSnapshot", alias = "active_snapshot")]
@@ -288,7 +291,8 @@ fn to_persisted_installed_app(app: &InstalledSageApp) -> PersistedInstalledSageA
             &app.requested_permissions,
         ),
         granted_permissions: app.granted_permissions.clone(),
-        capability_flags: app.capability_flags.clone(),
+        capability_flags: app.capability_flags,
+        storage: app.storage.clone(),
         source: app.source.clone(),
         active_snapshot: to_persisted_snapshot(&app.active_snapshot),
         pending_update: app
@@ -313,6 +317,7 @@ fn from_persisted_installed_app(
         )?,
         granted_permissions: app.granted_permissions,
         capability_flags: app.capability_flags,
+        storage: app.storage,
         source: app.source,
         active_snapshot: from_persisted_snapshot(app.active_snapshot)?,
         pending_update: app
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/runtime/cleanup.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/runtime/cleanup.rs
index 9ea5cd40a..917e5b7d5 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/runtime/cleanup.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/runtime/cleanup.rs
@@ -3,10 +3,34 @@ use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
 
 use crate::apps::state::AppsHostState;
+use crate::apps::types::InstalledSageAppStorage;
 
+use super::apps_create_inline_runtime;
 use super::inline::CreateInlineRuntimeArgs;
 use super::records::inline_label_for;
-use super::inline::apps_create_inline_runtime;
+use super::resolve::resolve_app;
+
+#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
+fn data_directory_for(directory_name: &str) -> std::path::PathBuf {
+    std::path::PathBuf::from("profiles").join(directory_name)
+}
+
+#[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios"))]
+fn parse_data_store_id(identifier_hex: &str) -> Result<[u8; 16], String> {
+    let bytes = hex::decode(identifier_hex)
+        .map_err(|err| format!("invalid data store identifier hex: {err}"))?;
+
+    if bytes.len() != 16 {
+        return Err(format!(
+            "invalid data store identifier length {}, expected 16 bytes",
+            bytes.len()
+        ));
+    }
+
+    let mut out = [0_u8; 16];
+    out.copy_from_slice(&bytes);
+    Ok(out)
+}
 
 #[tauri::command]
 #[specta::specta]
@@ -22,55 +46,50 @@ pub async fn apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data(
         }
     }
 
-    #[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios"))]
-    {
-        fn data_store_id_for(app_id: &str) -> [u8; 16] {
-            let bytes = app_id.as_bytes();
-            let mut out = [0_u8; 16];
-
-            for (i, byte) in bytes.iter().enumerate() {
-                out[i % 16] = out[i % 16].wrapping_add(*byte).wrapping_add(i as u8);
-            }
-
-            out
-        }
-
-        let target_id = data_store_id_for(&app_id);
-        let existing_ids = app
-            .fetch_data_store_identifiers()
-            .await
-            .map_err(|e| format!("failed to fetch data store identifiers: {e}"))?;
-
-        if existing_ids.iter().any(|id| *id == target_id) {
-            app.remove_data_store(target_id)
+    let base_path = app
+        .path()
+        .app_data_dir()
+        .map_err(|e| format!("failed to resolve app data dir: {e}"))?;
+
+    let resolved = resolve_app(&base_path, &app_id)?;
+    match &resolved.storage {
+        #[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios"))]
+        InstalledSageAppStorage::AppleDataStore { identifier_hex } => {
+            let target_id = parse_data_store_id(identifier_hex)?;
+            let existing_ids = app
+                .fetch_data_store_identifiers()
                 .await
-                .map_err(|e| format!("failed to remove data store for {app_id}: {e}"))?;
-        }
-    }
+                .map_err(|e| format!("failed to fetch data store identifiers: {e}"))?;
 
-    #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
-    {
-        fn data_directory_for(app_id: &str) -> std::path::PathBuf {
-            std::path::PathBuf::from("profiles").join(app_id)
+            if existing_ids.iter().any(|id| *id == target_id) {
+                app.remove_data_store(target_id)
+                    .await
+                    .map_err(|e| format!("failed to remove data store for {app_id}: {e}"))?;
+            }
         }
 
-        let app_data_dir = app
-            .path()
-            .app_data_dir()
-            .map_err(|e| format!("failed to resolve app data dir: {e}"))?;
-
-        let profile_dir = app_data_dir.join(data_directory_for(&app_id));
-
-        match std::fs::remove_dir_all(&profile_dir) {
-            Ok(()) => {}
-            Err(err) if err.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound => {}
-            Err(err) => {
-                return Err(format!(
-                    "failed to remove profile dir {}: {err}",
-                    profile_dir.display()
-                ));
+        #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
+        InstalledSageAppStorage::WindowsProfile { directory_name } => {
+            let app_data_dir = app
+                .path()
+                .app_data_dir()
+                .map_err(|e| format!("failed to resolve app data dir: {e}"))?;
+
+            let profile_dir = app_data_dir.join(data_directory_for(directory_name));
+
+            match std::fs::remove_dir_all(&profile_dir) {
+                Ok(()) => {}
+                Err(err) if err.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound => {}
+                Err(err) => {
+                    return Err(format!(
+                        "failed to remove profile dir {}: {err}",
+                        profile_dir.display()
+                    ));
+                }
             }
         }
+
+        _ => {}
     }
 
     Ok(())
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/runtime/inline.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/runtime/inline.rs
index 5c06f5ad7..cf66c9e33 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/runtime/inline.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/runtime/inline.rs
@@ -13,25 +13,31 @@ use std::path::PathBuf;
 
 use crate::apps::sandbox;
 use crate::apps::state::AppsHostState;
+use crate::apps::types::InstalledSageAppStorage;
 
 use super::records::{inline_label_for, runtime_id_for, SageAppRuntimeRecord};
 use super::resolve::{build_entry_src, is_allowed_app_url, resolve_app, should_use_incognito};
 
 #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
-fn data_directory_for(app_id: &str) -> PathBuf {
-    PathBuf::from("profiles").join(app_id)
+fn data_directory_for(directory_name: &str) -> PathBuf {
+    PathBuf::from("profiles").join(directory_name)
 }
 
 #[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios"))]
-fn data_store_id_for(app_id: &str) -> [u8; 16] {
-    let bytes = app_id.as_bytes();
-    let mut out = [0_u8; 16];
-
-    for (i, byte) in bytes.iter().enumerate() {
-        out[i % 16] = out[i % 16].wrapping_add(*byte).wrapping_add(i as u8);
+fn parse_data_store_id(identifier_hex: &str) -> Result<[u8; 16], String> {
+    let bytes = hex::decode(identifier_hex)
+        .map_err(|err| format!("invalid data store identifier hex: {err}"))?;
+
+    if bytes.len() != 16 {
+        return Err(format!(
+            "invalid data store identifier length {}, expected 16 bytes",
+            bytes.len()
+        ));
     }
 
-    out
+    let mut out = [0_u8; 16];
+    out.copy_from_slice(&bytes);
+    Ok(out)
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Type)]
@@ -105,14 +111,19 @@ pub async fn apps_create_inline_runtime(
     if is_incognito {
         builder = builder.incognito(true);
     } else {
-        #[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios"))]
-        {
-            builder = builder.data_store_identifier(data_store_id_for(&installed.id));
-        }
-
-        #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
-        {
-            builder = builder.data_directory(data_directory_for(&installed.id));
+        match &installed.storage {
+            #[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios"))]
+            InstalledSageAppStorage::AppleDataStore { identifier_hex } => {
+                let identifier = parse_data_store_id(identifier_hex)?;
+                builder = builder.data_store_identifier(identifier);
+            }
+
+            #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
+            InstalledSageAppStorage::WindowsProfile { directory_name } => {
+                builder = builder.data_directory(data_directory_for(directory_name));
+            }
+
+            _ => {}
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
index a971a32a0..1756bb8f7 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 use std::{fs, path::PathBuf};
 
 use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
+use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
 use tauri::command;
 
 use crate::apps::lifecycle::{manifest_entry_file, manifest_icon_file};
@@ -10,7 +11,8 @@ use crate::apps::permissions::{
 };
 use crate::apps::types::{
     InstalledSageApp, InstalledSageAppSnapshot, InstalledSageAppSource,
-    SageAppPackageManifest, SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions,
+    InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppPackageManifest, SageGrantedNetworkPermissions,
+    SageGrantedPermissions,
 };
 use crate::error::Result;
 
@@ -90,6 +92,29 @@ pub fn builtin_test_app_dir(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<PathBuf>> {
     Ok(Some(builtin_test_apps_root().join(spec.dir_name)))
 }
 
+#[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios"))]
+fn builtin_storage(app_id: &str) -> InstalledSageAppStorage {
+    let mut hasher = Sha256::new();
+    hasher.update(format!("builtin-storage:{app_id}").as_bytes());
+    let digest = hasher.finalize();
+
+    InstalledSageAppStorage::AppleDataStore {
+        identifier_hex: hex::encode(&digest[..16]),
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
+fn builtin_storage(app_id: &str) -> InstalledSageAppStorage {
+    InstalledSageAppStorage::WindowsProfile {
+        directory_name: format!("builtin-profile-{app_id}"),
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios", target_os = "windows")))]
+fn builtin_storage(_app_id: &str) -> InstalledSageAppStorage {
+    InstalledSageAppStorage::Unsupported
+}
+
 fn read_builtin_manifest(app_dir: &PathBuf) -> AnyResult<SageAppPackageManifest> {
     let manifest_path = app_dir.join("sage-manifest.json");
 
@@ -209,6 +234,7 @@ pub fn build_builtin_test_app(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<InstalledSageApp
         requested_permissions: manifest.permissions.clone(),
         granted_permissions,
         capability_flags: permission_flags,
+        storage: builtin_storage(spec.app_id),
         source: InstalledSageAppSource::Zip,
         active_snapshot: InstalledSageAppSnapshot {
             manifest_hash: format!("builtin:{}", spec.app_id),
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/types/models.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/types/models.rs
index 1463b6597..c8a8fbcb4 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/types/models.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/types/models.rs
@@ -51,6 +51,20 @@ pub struct SageGrantedPermissions {
     pub network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions,
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub enum InstalledSageAppStorage {
+    AppleDataStore {
+        #[serde(rename = "identifierHex", alias = "identifier_hex")]
+        identifier_hex: String,
+    },
+    WindowsProfile {
+        #[serde(rename = "directoryName", alias = "directory_name")]
+        directory_name: String,
+    },
+    Unsupported,
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct SageAppPackageManifest {
     pub name: String,
@@ -163,6 +177,8 @@ pub struct InstalledSageApp {
     #[serde(rename = "capabilityFlags", alias = "capability_flags")]
     pub capability_flags: InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags,
 
+    pub storage: InstalledSageAppStorage,
+
     pub source: InstalledSageAppSource,
 
     #[serde(rename = "activeSnapshot", alias = "active_snapshot")]
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index 786a2f8a8..a35868fd4 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -1757,11 +1757,12 @@ index: number }
  */
 export type IncreaseDerivationIndexResponse = Record<string, never>
 export type InheritedNetwork = "mainnet" | "testnet11"
-export type InstalledSageApp = { id: string; name: string; version: string; installDir: string; entryFile: string; iconFile: string; requestedPermissions: SageRequestedPermissions; grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions; capabilityFlags: InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags; source: InstalledSageAppSource; activeSnapshot: InstalledSageAppSnapshot; pendingUpdate: InstalledSageAppPendingUpdate | null }
+export type InstalledSageApp = { id: string; name: string; version: string; installDir: string; entryFile: string; iconFile: string; requestedPermissions: SageRequestedPermissions; grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions; capabilityFlags: InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags; storage: InstalledSageAppStorage; source: InstalledSageAppSource; activeSnapshot: InstalledSageAppSnapshot; pendingUpdate: InstalledSageAppPendingUpdate | null }
 export type InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags = { hasSecretAccess: boolean; hasExternalAccess: boolean; storageMayContainSecrets: boolean; isolated: boolean }
 export type InstalledSageAppPendingUpdate = { appUrl: string; manifestUrl: string; manifestHash: string; manifest: SageAppPackageManifest }
 export type InstalledSageAppSnapshot = { manifestHash: string; snapshotDir: string; totalBytes: number; manifest: SageAppPackageManifest }
 export type InstalledSageAppSource = { kind: "zip" } | { kind: "url"; appUrl: string; manifestUrl: string }
+export type InstalledSageAppStorage = { kind: "appleDataStore"; identifierHex: string } | { kind: "windowsProfile"; directoryName: string } | { kind: "unsupported" }
 /**
  * Check if an asset is owned
  */

From a9f9c3918341ed66101112a9a73dad19fdfb9478 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Tue, 21 Apr 2026 00:26:40 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 120/471] Introduce storage cleanup lifecycle:

- Added `PendingStorageCleanupEntry` and `PendingStorageCleanupTarget` for tracking storage cleanup tasks.
- Implemented retry logic for storage cleanup on startup and enqueueing failed attempts.
- Updated app installation, removal, and runtime cleanup flows to integrate storage cleanup seamlessly.
- Enhanced error handling to handle persistent cleanup failures gracefully.
---
 src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/install.rs       | 72 +++++++++++---
 src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/mod.rs           |  2 +
 src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/registry.rs      | 48 ++++++++-
 .../src/apps/lifecycle/storage_cleanup.rs     | 98 +++++++++++++++++++
 src-tauri/src/apps/runtime/cleanup.rs         | 76 +++++++++-----
 src-tauri/src/apps/types/models.rs            | 39 ++++++++
 src-tauri/src/lib.rs                          | 15 +++
 7 files changed, 309 insertions(+), 41 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/storage_cleanup.rs

diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/install.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/install.rs
index 515f0be6c..289d6c170 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/install.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/install.rs
@@ -11,8 +11,9 @@ use tauri::{AppHandle, State, command};
 
 use crate::app_state::AppState;
 use crate::apps::lifecycle::{
-    derive_manifest_url, download_url_snapshot, fetch_url_manifest, list_installed_apps_internal,
-    prepare_zip_snapshot, read_manifest, unzip_to_dir, validate_package_structure,
+    derive_manifest_url, download_url_snapshot, enqueue_pending_storage_cleanup,
+    fetch_url_manifest, list_installed_apps_internal, prepare_zip_snapshot, read_manifest,
+    retry_pending_storage_cleanup, unzip_to_dir, validate_package_structure,
     write_installed_app_metadata,
 };
 use crate::apps::lifecycle::registry::{apps_root, read_installed_app_by_id};
@@ -60,10 +61,15 @@ fn slugify_name(name: &str) -> String {
     }
 }
 
-fn generate_app_id(name: &str) -> String {
+fn generate_zip_app_id(name: &str) -> String {
     format!("{}-{}", slugify_name(name), current_millis())
 }
 
+fn generate_url_app_id(manifest_url: &str) -> String {
+    let hash = hash_string(manifest_url);
+    format!("url-{}", &hash[..16])
+}
+
 pub fn normalize_app_url(url: &str) -> AnyResult<String> {
     let mut parsed = reqwest::Url::parse(url).context("invalid app URL")?;
 
@@ -88,11 +94,17 @@ pub fn normalize_app_url(url: &str) -> AnyResult<String> {
         }
     }
 
+    parsed.set_fragment(None);
+
     let path = parsed.path();
     if !path.ends_with('/') {
         parsed.set_path(&format!("{path}/"));
     }
 
+    if parsed.query().is_some() {
+        parsed.set_query(None);
+    }
+
     Ok(parsed.to_string())
 }
 
@@ -150,7 +162,7 @@ fn recreate_install_dir(install_dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<()> {
     Ok(())
 }
 
-fn resolve_install_target(
+fn resolve_zip_install_target(
     root: &Path,
     app_name: &str,
 ) -> AnyResult<(String, std::path::PathBuf, Option<InstalledSageApp>)> {
@@ -159,10 +171,26 @@ fn resolve_install_target(
         return Ok((existing.id.clone(), install_dir, Some(existing)));
     }
 
-    let app_id = generate_app_id(app_name);
+    let app_id = generate_zip_app_id(app_name);
     Ok((app_id.clone(), root.join(&app_id), None))
 }
 
+fn resolve_url_install_target(
+    root: &Path,
+    manifest_url: &str,
+) -> AnyResult<(String, std::path::PathBuf, Option<InstalledSageApp>)> {
+    let app_id = generate_url_app_id(manifest_url);
+    let install_dir = root.join(&app_id);
+
+    let existing = if install_dir.exists() {
+        Some(read_installed_app_by_id(root.parent().unwrap_or(root), &app_id)?)
+    } else {
+        None
+    };
+
+    Ok((app_id.clone(), install_dir, existing))
+}
+
 pub fn hash_string(input: &str) -> String {
     let mut hasher = Sha256::new();
     hasher.update(input.as_bytes());
@@ -411,7 +439,7 @@ pub async fn install_app_zip(
 
         let permission_flags = resolve_capability_flags(&granted_permissions.capabilities, None)?;
 
-        let (app_id, install_dir, existing_app) = resolve_install_target(&root, &manifest.name)?;
+        let (app_id, install_dir, existing_app) = resolve_zip_install_target(&root, &manifest.name)?;
         let storage = resolve_storage_for_install(&app, &base_path, existing_app.as_ref()).await?;
 
         recreate_install_dir(&install_dir)?;
@@ -431,7 +459,7 @@ pub async fn install_app_zip(
         write_installed_app_metadata(&installed, &install_dir)?;
         Ok(installed)
     }
-        .await;
+    .await;
 
     if unpack_dir.exists() {
         let _ = fs::remove_dir_all(&unpack_dir);
@@ -474,8 +502,10 @@ pub async fn install_app_url(
             io::Error::other(format!("invalid granted permission policy for URL app {}: {err}", app_url))
         })?;
 
-    let (app_id, install_dir, existing_app) = resolve_install_target(&root, &preview.manifest.name)
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to resolve install dir: {err}")))?;
+    let (app_id, install_dir, existing_app) =
+        resolve_url_install_target(&root, &preview.manifest_url)
+            .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to resolve install dir: {err}")))?;
+
     let storage = resolve_storage_for_install(&app, &base_path, existing_app.as_ref())
         .await
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to resolve storage for install: {err}")))?;
@@ -489,8 +519,8 @@ pub async fn install_app_url(
         &preview.manifest,
         &preview.manifest_hash,
     )
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to download URL app snapshot: {err}")))?;
+    .await
+    .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to download URL app snapshot: {err}")))?;
 
     let installed = build_installed_app(
         app_id.clone(),
@@ -525,8 +555,17 @@ pub async fn uninstall_app(
         state.path.clone()
     };
 
-    if read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id).is_ok() {
-        let _ = apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data(app.clone(), app_id.clone()).await;
+    let installed = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id).ok();
+
+    if let Some(installed) = &installed {
+        if let Err(err) = apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data(app.clone(), app_id.clone()).await {
+            enqueue_pending_storage_cleanup(&base_path, installed, &err)
+                .map_err(|queue_err| {
+                    io::Error::other(format!(
+                        "failed to enqueue pending storage cleanup after clear failure ({err}): {queue_err}"
+                    ))
+                })?;
+        }
     }
 
     let install_dir = apps_root(&base_path).join(&app_id);
@@ -542,3 +581,10 @@ pub async fn uninstall_app(
 
     Ok(())
 }
+
+pub async fn retry_pending_storage_cleanup_on_startup(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    base_path: &Path,
+) -> AnyResult<()> {
+    retry_pending_storage_cleanup(app, base_path).await
+}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/mod.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/mod.rs
index 4b4ed0d50..9a6b044c6 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/mod.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/mod.rs
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ pub mod manifest;
 pub mod package;
 pub mod registry;
 pub mod snapshot;
+pub mod storage_cleanup;
 pub mod update;
 
 pub use install::*;
@@ -12,4 +13,5 @@ pub use manifest::*;
 pub use package::*;
 pub use registry::*;
 pub use snapshot::*;
+pub use storage_cleanup::*;
 pub use update::*;
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/registry.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/registry.rs
index 2157cf488..a317c697c 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/registry.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/registry.rs
@@ -9,13 +9,15 @@ use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use crate::apps::types::{
     CorruptedInstalledSageApp, InstalledSageApp, InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags,
     InstalledSageAppPendingUpdate, InstalledSageAppSnapshot, InstalledSageAppSource,
-    InstalledSageAppStorage, ListedSageApp, SageAppManifestFile,
-    SageAppPackageManifest, SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
-    SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
-    SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist, SageRequestedPermissions,
+    InstalledSageAppStorage, ListedSageApp, PendingStorageCleanupEntry,
+    SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageGrantedPermissions,
+    SageNetworkPermissionTarget, SageRequestedCapabilities,
+    SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist,
+    SageRequestedPermissions,
 };
 
 const INSTALLED_METADATA_FILE: &str = ".sage-installed.json";
+const PENDING_STORAGE_CLEANUP_FILE: &str = ".sage-pending-storage-cleanup.json";
 
 pub fn apps_root(base_path: &Path) -> PathBuf {
     base_path.join("apps")
@@ -29,6 +31,10 @@ pub fn installed_metadata_path(install_dir: &Path) -> PathBuf {
     install_dir.join(INSTALLED_METADATA_FILE)
 }
 
+pub fn pending_storage_cleanup_path(base_path: &Path) -> PathBuf {
+    apps_root(base_path).join(PENDING_STORAGE_CLEANUP_FILE)
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 struct PersistedStringListBucket {
     required: Vec<String>,
@@ -419,3 +425,37 @@ pub fn list_installed_apps_internal(root: &Path) -> AnyResult<Vec<ListedSageApp>
 
     Ok(apps)
 }
+
+pub fn read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries(
+    base_path: &Path,
+) -> AnyResult<Vec<PendingStorageCleanupEntry>> {
+    let path = pending_storage_cleanup_path(base_path);
+
+    if !path.exists() {
+        return Ok(Vec::new());
+    }
+
+    let text = fs::read_to_string(&path)
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to read {}", path.display()))?;
+
+    let entries = serde_json::from_str::<Vec<PendingStorageCleanupEntry>>(&text)
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to parse {}", path.display()))?;
+
+    Ok(entries)
+}
+
+pub fn write_pending_storage_cleanup_entries(
+    base_path: &Path,
+    entries: &[PendingStorageCleanupEntry],
+) -> AnyResult<()> {
+    let root = apps_root(base_path);
+    fs::create_dir_all(&root)
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to create apps root {}", root.display()))?;
+
+    let path = pending_storage_cleanup_path(base_path);
+    let text = serde_json::to_string_pretty(entries)
+        .map_err(|err| anyhow::anyhow!("failed to serialize pending storage cleanup entries: {err}"))?;
+    fs::write(&path, format!("{text}\n"))
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to write {}", path.display()))?;
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/storage_cleanup.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/storage_cleanup.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..90d3f11d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/storage_cleanup.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+use std::path::Path;
+use std::time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};
+
+use anyhow::Result as AnyResult;
+use tauri::AppHandle;
+use uuid::Uuid;
+
+use crate::apps::lifecycle::{
+    read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries, write_pending_storage_cleanup_entries,
+};
+use crate::apps::runtime::clear_app_storage_by_target;
+use crate::apps::types::{
+    InstalledSageApp, InstalledSageAppStorage, PendingStorageCleanupEntry,
+    PendingStorageCleanupTarget,
+};
+
+fn now_ms() -> u64 {
+    SystemTime::now()
+        .duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)
+        .expect("time went backwards")
+        .as_millis() as u64
+}
+
+fn target_from_storage(storage: &InstalledSageAppStorage) -> PendingStorageCleanupTarget {
+    match storage {
+        InstalledSageAppStorage::AppleDataStore { identifier_hex } => {
+            PendingStorageCleanupTarget::AppleDataStore {
+                identifier_hex: identifier_hex.clone(),
+            }
+        }
+        InstalledSageAppStorage::WindowsProfile { directory_name } => {
+            PendingStorageCleanupTarget::WindowsProfile {
+                directory_name: directory_name.clone(),
+            }
+        }
+        InstalledSageAppStorage::Unsupported => PendingStorageCleanupTarget::Unsupported,
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn enqueue_pending_storage_cleanup(
+    base_path: &Path,
+    app: &InstalledSageApp,
+    error: &str,
+) -> AnyResult<()> {
+    let mut entries = read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries(base_path)?;
+
+    let target = target_from_storage(&app.storage);
+    let existing = entries.iter_mut().find(|entry| entry.target == target);
+
+    match existing {
+        Some(entry) => {
+            entry.last_attempt_at_ms = Some(now_ms());
+            entry.attempt_count = entry.attempt_count.saturating_add(1);
+            entry.last_error = Some(error.to_string());
+            entry.app_id = app.id.clone();
+            entry.app_name = app.name.clone();
+        }
+        None => entries.push(PendingStorageCleanupEntry {
+            id: Uuid::new_v4().to_string(),
+            app_id: app.id.clone(),
+            app_name: app.name.clone(),
+            target,
+            created_at_ms: now_ms(),
+            last_attempt_at_ms: Some(now_ms()),
+            attempt_count: 1,
+            last_error: Some(error.to_string()),
+        }),
+    }
+
+    write_pending_storage_cleanup_entries(base_path, &entries)
+}
+
+pub async fn retry_pending_storage_cleanup(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    base_path: &Path,
+) -> AnyResult<()> {
+    let entries = read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries(base_path)?;
+    if entries.is_empty() {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+
+    let mut remaining = Vec::new();
+
+    for mut entry in entries {
+        entry.last_attempt_at_ms = Some(now_ms());
+        entry.attempt_count = entry.attempt_count.saturating_add(1);
+
+        match clear_app_storage_by_target(app, &entry.target).await {
+            Ok(()) => {}
+            Err(err) => {
+                entry.last_error = Some(err);
+                remaining.push(entry);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    write_pending_storage_cleanup_entries(base_path, &remaining)
+}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/runtime/cleanup.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/runtime/cleanup.rs
index 917e5b7d5..17deeb4ce 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/runtime/cleanup.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/runtime/cleanup.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
 
 use crate::apps::state::AppsHostState;
-use crate::apps::types::InstalledSageAppStorage;
+use crate::apps::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, PendingStorageCleanupTarget};
 
 use super::apps_create_inline_runtime;
 use super::inline::CreateInlineRuntimeArgs;
@@ -32,29 +32,13 @@ fn parse_data_store_id(identifier_hex: &str) -> Result<[u8; 16], String> {
     Ok(out)
 }
 
-#[tauri::command]
-#[specta::specta]
-pub async fn apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data(
-    app: AppHandle,
-    app_id: String,
+pub async fn clear_app_storage_by_target(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    target: &PendingStorageCleanupTarget,
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
-    let webview_label = inline_label_for(&app_id);
-
-    if let Some(host_window) = app.get_window("main") {
-        if let Some(existing) = host_window.get_webview(&webview_label) {
-            let _ = existing.close();
-        }
-    }
-
-    let base_path = app
-        .path()
-        .app_data_dir()
-        .map_err(|e| format!("failed to resolve app data dir: {e}"))?;
-
-    let resolved = resolve_app(&base_path, &app_id)?;
-    match &resolved.storage {
+    match target {
         #[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios"))]
-        InstalledSageAppStorage::AppleDataStore { identifier_hex } => {
+        PendingStorageCleanupTarget::AppleDataStore { identifier_hex } => {
             let target_id = parse_data_store_id(identifier_hex)?;
             let existing_ids = app
                 .fetch_data_store_identifiers()
@@ -64,12 +48,12 @@ pub async fn apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data(
             if existing_ids.iter().any(|id| *id == target_id) {
                 app.remove_data_store(target_id)
                     .await
-                    .map_err(|e| format!("failed to remove data store for {app_id}: {e}"))?;
+                    .map_err(|e| format!("failed to remove data store: {e}"))?;
             }
         }
 
         #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
-        InstalledSageAppStorage::WindowsProfile { directory_name } => {
+        PendingStorageCleanupTarget::WindowsProfile { directory_name } => {
             let app_data_dir = app
                 .path()
                 .app_data_dir()
@@ -89,12 +73,56 @@ pub async fn apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data(
             }
         }
 
+        PendingStorageCleanupTarget::Unsupported => {}
+
+        #[allow(unreachable_patterns)]
         _ => {}
     }
 
     Ok(())
 }
 
+fn pending_target_from_storage(storage: &InstalledSageAppStorage) -> PendingStorageCleanupTarget {
+    match storage {
+        InstalledSageAppStorage::AppleDataStore { identifier_hex } => {
+            PendingStorageCleanupTarget::AppleDataStore {
+                identifier_hex: identifier_hex.clone(),
+            }
+        }
+        InstalledSageAppStorage::WindowsProfile { directory_name } => {
+            PendingStorageCleanupTarget::WindowsProfile {
+                directory_name: directory_name.clone(),
+            }
+        }
+        InstalledSageAppStorage::Unsupported => PendingStorageCleanupTarget::Unsupported,
+    }
+}
+
+#[tauri::command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data(
+    app: AppHandle,
+    app_id: String,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let webview_label = inline_label_for(&app_id);
+
+    if let Some(host_window) = app.get_window("main") {
+        if let Some(existing) = host_window.get_webview(&webview_label) {
+            let _ = existing.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    let base_path = app
+        .path()
+        .app_data_dir()
+        .map_err(|e| format!("failed to resolve app data dir: {e}"))?;
+
+    let resolved = resolve_app(&base_path, &app_id)?;
+    let target = pending_target_from_storage(&resolved.storage);
+
+    clear_app_storage_by_target(&app, &target).await
+}
+
 pub(crate) async fn close_runtime_internal(
     app: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/types/models.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/types/models.rs
index c8a8fbcb4..2ec1afd27 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/types/models.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/types/models.rs
@@ -65,6 +65,45 @@ pub enum InstalledSageAppStorage {
     Unsupported,
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub enum PendingStorageCleanupTarget {
+    AppleDataStore {
+        #[serde(rename = "identifierHex", alias = "identifier_hex")]
+        identifier_hex: String,
+    },
+    WindowsProfile {
+        #[serde(rename = "directoryName", alias = "directory_name")]
+        directory_name: String,
+    },
+    Unsupported,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct PendingStorageCleanupEntry {
+    pub id: String,
+
+    #[serde(rename = "appId", alias = "app_id")]
+    pub app_id: String,
+
+    #[serde(rename = "appName", alias = "app_name")]
+    pub app_name: String,
+
+    pub target: PendingStorageCleanupTarget,
+
+    #[serde(rename = "createdAtMs", alias = "created_at_ms")]
+    pub created_at_ms: u64,
+
+    #[serde(rename = "lastAttemptAtMs", alias = "last_attempt_at_ms")]
+    pub last_attempt_at_ms: Option<u64>,
+
+    #[serde(rename = "attemptCount", alias = "attempt_count")]
+    pub attempt_count: u32,
+
+    #[serde(rename = "lastError", alias = "last_error")]
+    pub last_error: Option<String>,
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct SageAppPackageManifest {
     pub name: String,
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
index 2a5d33544..071ebf0d2 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
@@ -222,6 +222,21 @@ pub fn run() {
             app.manage(RpcTask(Mutex::new(None)));
             app.manage(app_state);
             app.manage(apps::state::AppsHostState::default());
+
+            let app_handle = app.handle().clone();
+            let cleanup_base_path = path.clone();
+            tauri::async_runtime::spawn(async move {
+                if let Err(err) =
+                    apps::lifecycle::retry_pending_storage_cleanup_on_startup(
+                        &app_handle,
+                        &cleanup_base_path,
+                    )
+                    .await
+                {
+                    eprintln!("failed to retry pending storage cleanup on startup: {err}");
+                }
+                });
+
             Ok(())
         })
         .run(tauri::generate_context!())

From d9b52fa7748d27accb024b4cdb44f73e1df6ad62 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Tue, 21 Apr 2026 00:40:52 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 121/471] Add origin-based app identification:

- Replaced `app_id`-based logic with `origin_id` in app runtime, install, and cleanup flows.
- Introduced `RetiredAppOriginEntry` for tracking retired app origins.
- Updated CSP generation, URL validation, and app metadata to use `origin_id`.
- Enhanced storage cleanup to handle retired app origins and rotation logic during reinstall.
- Added tests and utilities for managing retired app origin entries.
---
 src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/install.rs       | 65 +++++++++++++++---
 src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/registry.rs      | 68 +++++++++++++++++++
 .../src/apps/lifecycle/storage_cleanup.rs     | 40 +++++++++--
 src-tauri/src/apps/runtime/inline.rs          |  4 +-
 src-tauri/src/apps/runtime/resolve.rs         | 20 ++++--
 src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs    |  1 +
 src-tauri/src/apps/security/protocol.rs       |  5 +-
 src-tauri/src/apps/types/models.rs            | 30 ++++++++
 8 files changed, 206 insertions(+), 27 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/install.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/install.rs
index 289d6c170..8cee3a0b4 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/install.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/install.rs
@@ -8,14 +8,9 @@ use std::{
 use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
 use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State, command};
-
+use uuid::Uuid;
 use crate::app_state::AppState;
-use crate::apps::lifecycle::{
-    derive_manifest_url, download_url_snapshot, enqueue_pending_storage_cleanup,
-    fetch_url_manifest, list_installed_apps_internal, prepare_zip_snapshot, read_manifest,
-    retry_pending_storage_cleanup, unzip_to_dir, validate_package_structure,
-    write_installed_app_metadata,
-};
+use crate::apps::lifecycle::{derive_manifest_url, download_url_snapshot, enqueue_pending_storage_cleanup, enqueue_retired_app_origin, fetch_url_manifest, list_installed_apps_internal, prepare_zip_snapshot, read_manifest, read_retired_app_origins, retry_pending_storage_cleanup, unzip_to_dir, validate_package_structure, write_installed_app_metadata};
 use crate::apps::lifecycle::registry::{apps_root, read_installed_app_by_id};
 use crate::apps::permissions::{
     normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions, resolve_capability_flags,
@@ -70,6 +65,24 @@ fn generate_url_app_id(manifest_url: &str) -> String {
     format!("url-{}", &hash[..16])
 }
 
+fn default_url_origin_id(app_id: &str) -> String {
+    app_id.to_string()
+}
+
+fn generate_rotated_url_origin_id(app_id: &str) -> String {
+    let suffix = Uuid::new_v4().simple().to_string();
+    format!("r{}-{}", &suffix[..12], app_id)
+}
+
+fn should_rotate_url_origin_on_install(
+    base_path: &Path,
+    app_id: &str,
+) -> AnyResult<bool> {
+    let retired = read_retired_app_origins(base_path)?;
+
+    Ok(retired.iter().any(|entry| entry.app_id == app_id))
+}
+
 pub fn normalize_app_url(url: &str) -> AnyResult<String> {
     let mut parsed = reqwest::Url::parse(url).context("invalid app URL")?;
 
@@ -124,6 +137,7 @@ fn find_existing_installed_app_by_name(
 
 fn build_installed_app(
     app_id: String,
+    origin_id: String,
     install_dir: &Path,
     manifest: &SageAppPackageManifest,
     granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
@@ -134,6 +148,7 @@ fn build_installed_app(
 ) -> InstalledSageApp {
     InstalledSageApp {
         id: app_id,
+        origin_id,
         name: manifest.name.clone(),
         version: manifest.version.clone(),
         install_dir: install_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
@@ -446,6 +461,7 @@ pub async fn install_app_zip(
         let snapshot = prepare_zip_snapshot(&package_root, &install_dir, &manifest)?;
 
         let installed = build_installed_app(
+            app_id.clone(),
             app_id,
             &install_dir,
             &manifest,
@@ -522,8 +538,21 @@ pub async fn install_app_url(
     .await
     .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to download URL app snapshot: {err}")))?;
 
+    let origin_id = match existing_app.as_ref() {
+        Some(existing) => existing.origin_id.clone(),
+        None => {
+            if should_rotate_url_origin_on_install(&base_path, &app_id)
+                .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to inspect retired origins: {err}")))? {
+                generate_rotated_url_origin_id(&app_id)
+            } else {
+                default_url_origin_id(&app_id)
+            }
+        }
+    };
+
     let installed = build_installed_app(
         app_id.clone(),
+        origin_id,
         &install_dir,
         &preview.manifest,
         granted_permissions,
@@ -558,13 +587,29 @@ pub async fn uninstall_app(
     let installed = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id).ok();
 
     if let Some(installed) = &installed {
-        if let Err(err) = apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data(app.clone(), app_id.clone()).await {
-            enqueue_pending_storage_cleanup(&base_path, installed, &err)
-                .map_err(|queue_err| {
+        let cleanup_result = apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data(app.clone(), app_id.clone()).await;
+
+        match cleanup_result {
+            Ok(()) => {
+                enqueue_retired_app_origin(&base_path, installed, false).map_err(|err| {
+                    io::Error::other(format!(
+                        "failed to retire app origin after uninstall cleanup: {err}"
+                    ))
+                })?;
+            }
+            Err(err) => {
+                enqueue_pending_storage_cleanup(&base_path, installed, &err).map_err(|queue_err| {
                     io::Error::other(format!(
                         "failed to enqueue pending storage cleanup after clear failure ({err}): {queue_err}"
                     ))
                 })?;
+
+                enqueue_retired_app_origin(&base_path, installed, true).map_err(|origin_err| {
+                    io::Error::other(format!(
+                        "failed to retire app origin after cleanup failure ({err}): {origin_err}"
+                    ))
+                })?;
+            }
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/registry.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/registry.rs
index a317c697c..82a726f87 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/registry.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/registry.rs
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ use crate::apps::types::{
 
 const INSTALLED_METADATA_FILE: &str = ".sage-installed.json";
 const PENDING_STORAGE_CLEANUP_FILE: &str = ".sage-pending-storage-cleanup.json";
+const RETIRED_APP_ORIGINS_FILE: &str = ".sage-retired-app-origins.json";
 
 pub fn apps_root(base_path: &Path) -> PathBuf {
     base_path.join("apps")
@@ -35,6 +36,10 @@ pub fn pending_storage_cleanup_path(base_path: &Path) -> PathBuf {
     apps_root(base_path).join(PENDING_STORAGE_CLEANUP_FILE)
 }
 
+pub fn retired_app_origins_path(base_path: &Path) -> PathBuf {
+    apps_root(base_path).join(RETIRED_APP_ORIGINS_FILE)
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 struct PersistedStringListBucket {
     required: Vec<String>,
@@ -93,6 +98,10 @@ struct PersistedInstalledSageAppPendingUpdate {
 #[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 struct PersistedInstalledSageApp {
     id: String,
+
+    #[serde(rename = "originId", alias = "origin_id")]
+    origin_id: String,
+
     name: String,
     version: String,
 
@@ -288,6 +297,7 @@ fn from_persisted_pending_update(
 fn to_persisted_installed_app(app: &InstalledSageApp) -> PersistedInstalledSageApp {
     PersistedInstalledSageApp {
         id: app.id.clone(),
+        origin_id: app.origin_id.clone(),
         name: app.name.clone(),
         version: app.version.clone(),
         install_dir: app.install_dir.clone(),
@@ -313,6 +323,7 @@ fn from_persisted_installed_app(
 ) -> AnyResult<InstalledSageApp> {
     Ok(InstalledSageApp {
         id: app.id,
+        origin_id: app.origin_id,
         name: app.name,
         version: app.version,
         install_dir: app.install_dir,
@@ -459,3 +470,60 @@ pub fn write_pending_storage_cleanup_entries(
         .with_context(|| format!("failed to write {}", path.display()))?;
     Ok(())
 }
+
+pub fn read_retired_app_origins(
+    base_path: &Path,
+) -> AnyResult<Vec<crate::apps::types::RetiredAppOriginEntry>> {
+    let path = retired_app_origins_path(base_path);
+
+    if !path.exists() {
+        return Ok(Vec::new());
+    }
+
+    let text = fs::read_to_string(&path)
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to read {}", path.display()))?;
+
+    let entries =
+        serde_json::from_str::<Vec<crate::apps::types::RetiredAppOriginEntry>>(&text)
+            .with_context(|| format!("failed to parse {}", path.display()))?;
+
+    Ok(entries)
+}
+
+pub fn write_retired_app_origins(
+    base_path: &Path,
+    entries: &[crate::apps::types::RetiredAppOriginEntry],
+) -> AnyResult<()> {
+    let root = apps_root(base_path);
+    fs::create_dir_all(&root)
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to create apps root {}", root.display()))?;
+
+    let path = retired_app_origins_path(base_path);
+    let text = serde_json::to_string_pretty(entries)
+        .map_err(|err| anyhow::anyhow!("failed to serialize retired app origins: {err}"))?;
+
+    fs::write(&path, format!("{text}\n"))
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to write {}", path.display()))?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub fn read_installed_app_by_origin_id(
+    base_path: &Path,
+    origin_id: &str,
+) -> AnyResult<InstalledSageApp> {
+    let root = apps_root(base_path);
+
+    for entry in list_installed_apps_internal(&root)? {
+        if let ListedSageApp::Installed(app) = entry {
+            if app.origin_id == origin_id {
+                return Ok(app);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    Err(anyhow::anyhow!(
+        "no installed app found for origin id {}",
+        origin_id
+    ))
+}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/storage_cleanup.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/storage_cleanup.rs
index 90d3f11d8..81addc75f 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/storage_cleanup.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/storage_cleanup.rs
@@ -5,14 +5,9 @@ use anyhow::Result as AnyResult;
 use tauri::AppHandle;
 use uuid::Uuid;
 
-use crate::apps::lifecycle::{
-    read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries, write_pending_storage_cleanup_entries,
-};
+use crate::apps::lifecycle::{read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries, read_retired_app_origins, write_pending_storage_cleanup_entries, write_retired_app_origins};
 use crate::apps::runtime::clear_app_storage_by_target;
-use crate::apps::types::{
-    InstalledSageApp, InstalledSageAppStorage, PendingStorageCleanupEntry,
-    PendingStorageCleanupTarget,
-};
+use crate::apps::types::{InstalledSageApp, InstalledSageAppSource, InstalledSageAppStorage, PendingStorageCleanupEntry, PendingStorageCleanupTarget, RetiredAppOriginEntry};
 
 fn now_ms() -> u64 {
     SystemTime::now()
@@ -96,3 +91,34 @@ pub async fn retry_pending_storage_cleanup(
 
     write_pending_storage_cleanup_entries(base_path, &remaining)
 }
+
+pub fn enqueue_retired_app_origin(
+    base_path: &Path,
+    app: &InstalledSageApp,
+    cleanup_pending: bool,
+) -> AnyResult<()> {
+    let InstalledSageAppSource::Url { .. } = &app.source else {
+        return Ok(());
+    };
+
+    let mut entries = read_retired_app_origins(base_path)?;
+
+    if let Some(existing) = entries.iter_mut().find(|entry| entry.origin_id == app.origin_id) {
+        existing.app_id = app.id.clone();
+        existing.app_name = app.name.clone();
+        existing.cleanup_pending = cleanup_pending;
+        existing.storage_may_contain_secrets = app.capability_flags.storage_may_contain_secrets;
+    } else {
+        entries.push(RetiredAppOriginEntry {
+            id: Uuid::new_v4().to_string(),
+            app_id: app.id.clone(),
+            app_name: app.name.clone(),
+            origin_id: app.origin_id.clone(),
+            created_at_ms: now_ms(),
+            storage_may_contain_secrets: app.capability_flags.storage_may_contain_secrets,
+            cleanup_pending,
+        });
+    }
+
+    write_retired_app_origins(base_path, &entries)
+}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/runtime/inline.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/runtime/inline.rs
index cf66c9e33..3e6e1dd4d 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/runtime/inline.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/runtime/inline.rs
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ pub async fn apps_create_inline_runtime(
         let _ = existing.close();
     }
 
-    let app_id_for_nav = installed.id.clone();
+    let origin_id_for_nav = installed.origin_id.clone();
 
     let mut builder = tauri::webview::WebviewBuilder::new(
         &webview_label,
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ pub async fn apps_create_inline_runtime(
                 .map_err(|e| format!("invalid entry url: {e}"))?,
         ),
     )
-        .on_navigation(move |url| is_allowed_app_url(url, &app_id_for_nav))
+        .on_navigation(move |url| is_allowed_app_url(url, &origin_id_for_nav))
         .on_new_window(move |_url, _features| NewWindowResponse::Deny);
 
     if is_incognito {
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/runtime/resolve.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/runtime/resolve.rs
index ce31692e1..d57297a2f 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/runtime/resolve.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/runtime/resolve.rs
@@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ fn app_id_from_inline_label(label: &str) -> Option<&str> {
     label.strip_prefix("app-inline-")
 }
 
-pub fn is_allowed_app_url(url: &Url, app_id: &str) -> bool {
-    url.scheme() == "sage-app" && url.host_str() == Some(app_id)
+pub fn is_allowed_app_url(url: &Url, origin_id: &str) -> bool {
+    url.scheme() == "sage-app" && url.host_str() == Some(origin_id)
 }
 
 pub fn build_entry_src(
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ pub fn build_entry_src(
     query: BTreeMap<String, String>,
 ) -> String {
     let entry_path = path.unwrap_or_else(|| format!("/{}", app.entry_file));
-    let mut url = Url::parse(&format!("sage-app://{}{}", app.id, entry_path))
+    let mut url = Url::parse(&format!("sage-app://{}{}", app.origin_id, entry_path))
         .expect("failed to build sage-app entry URL");
 
     for (key, value) in query {
@@ -78,6 +78,13 @@ pub fn apps_assert_bridge_origin(
         .ok_or_else(|| format!("invalid app runtime label: {source_label}"))?
         .to_string();
 
+    let base_path = app
+        .path()
+        .app_data_dir()
+        .map_err(|e| format!("failed to resolve app data dir: {e}"))?;
+
+    let resolved = resolve_app(&base_path, &app_id)?;
+
     let host_window = app
         .get_window("main")
         .ok_or_else(|| "missing main window".to_string())?;
@@ -90,10 +97,11 @@ pub fn apps_assert_bridge_origin(
         .url()
         .map_err(|e| format!("failed to read current webview url: {e}"))?;
 
-    if !is_allowed_app_url(&current_url, &app_id) {
+    if !is_allowed_app_url(&current_url, &resolved.origin_id) {
         return Err(format!(
-            "bridge denied for {source_label}: current url {} is outside sage-app://{app_id}/...",
-            current_url
+            "bridge denied for {source_label}: current url {} is outside sage-app://{}/...",
+            current_url,
+            resolved.origin_id
         ));
     }
 
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
index 1756bb8f7..1cab79bae 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
@@ -226,6 +226,7 @@ pub fn build_builtin_test_app(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<InstalledSageApp
 
     let app = InstalledSageApp {
         id: spec.app_id.to_string(),
+        origin_id: spec.app_id.to_string(),
         name: manifest.name.clone(),
         version: manifest.version.clone(),
         install_dir: app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/security/protocol.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/security/protocol.rs
index 96a7d3a05..e9c2b4362 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/security/protocol.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/security/protocol.rs
@@ -4,13 +4,14 @@ use anyhow::{Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
 use tauri::http::{Response, StatusCode};
 
 use crate::apps::{
-    lifecycle::{read_installed_app_by_id, read_snapshot_file},
+    lifecycle::{read_snapshot_file},
     sandbox::{
         build_builtin_test_app, builtin_runtime_apps_root, builtin_test_app_dir,
         builtin_test_app_spec,
     },
     security::build_app_csp,
 };
+use crate::apps::lifecycle::read_installed_app_by_origin_id;
 
 fn serve_runtime_app_asset(
     request_path: &str,
@@ -115,7 +116,7 @@ pub fn handle_app_protocol_request(
         return handle_builtin_test_app_request(host, request);
     }
 
-    let app = read_installed_app_by_id(base_path, host)?;
+    let app = read_installed_app_by_origin_id(base_path, host)?;
     let request_path = uri.path();
     let csp = build_app_csp(&app);
 
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/types/models.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/types/models.rs
index 2ec1afd27..5d3cd5185 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/types/models.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/types/models.rs
@@ -104,6 +104,32 @@ pub struct PendingStorageCleanupEntry {
     pub last_error: Option<String>,
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct RetiredAppOriginEntry {
+    pub id: String,
+
+    #[serde(rename = "appId", alias = "app_id")]
+    pub app_id: String,
+
+    #[serde(rename = "appName", alias = "app_name")]
+    pub app_name: String,
+
+    #[serde(rename = "originId", alias = "origin_id")]
+    pub origin_id: String,
+
+    #[serde(rename = "createdAtMs", alias = "created_at_ms")]
+    pub created_at_ms: u64,
+
+    #[serde(
+        rename = "storageMayContainSecrets",
+        alias = "storage_may_contain_secrets"
+    )]
+    pub storage_may_contain_secrets: bool,
+
+    #[serde(rename = "cleanupPending", alias = "cleanup_pending")]
+    pub cleanup_pending: bool,
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct SageAppPackageManifest {
     pub name: String,
@@ -195,6 +221,10 @@ pub enum InstalledSageAppSource {
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
 pub struct InstalledSageApp {
     pub id: String,
+
+    #[serde(rename = "originId", alias = "origin_id")]
+    pub origin_id: String,
+
     pub name: String,
     pub version: String,
 

From eda5c674ecc53abd0c348fe8b63c52332cb9cd7c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Tue, 21 Apr 2026 04:37:03 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 122/471] Rename `Unsupported` storage type to `Unmanaged`
 across app lifecycle, runtime, and tests for improved clarity and
 consistency.

---
 src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/install.rs       | 274 +++++++++++++++++-
 src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/registry.rs      | 143 +++++++++
 .../src/apps/lifecycle/storage_cleanup.rs     | 148 +++++++++-
 src-tauri/src/apps/runtime/cleanup.rs         |   4 +-
 src-tauri/src/apps/runtime/resolve.rs         | 116 ++++++++
 src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs    |   2 +-
 src-tauri/src/apps/types/models.rs            |   4 +-
 src-tauri/tests/apps_registry.rs              |   9 +-
 8 files changed, 687 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/install.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/install.rs
index 8cee3a0b4..859290926 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/install.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/install.rs
@@ -339,7 +339,7 @@ async fn allocate_new_storage(
     _app: &AppHandle,
     _base_path: &Path,
 ) -> AnyResult<InstalledSageAppStorage> {
-    Ok(InstalledSageAppStorage::Unsupported)
+    Ok(InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged)
 }
 
 async fn resolve_storage_for_install(
@@ -633,3 +633,275 @@ pub async fn retry_pending_storage_cleanup_on_startup(
 ) -> AnyResult<()> {
     retry_pending_storage_cleanup(app, base_path).await
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use std::fs;
+    use tempfile::tempdir;
+
+    use crate::apps::lifecycle::{
+        write_retired_app_origins,
+    };
+    use crate::apps::types::{
+        InstalledSageApp,
+        InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags,
+        InstalledSageAppSnapshot,
+        InstalledSageAppSource,
+        InstalledSageAppStorage,
+        RetiredAppOriginEntry,
+        SageAppManifestFile,
+        SageAppPackageManifest,
+        SageGrantedNetworkPermissions,
+        SageGrantedPermissions,
+        SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
+        SageRequestedCapabilities,
+        SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
+        SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist,
+        SageRequestedPermissions,
+    };
+
+    fn sample_manifest() -> SageAppPackageManifest {
+        SageAppPackageManifest {
+            name: "Test App".into(),
+            version: "1.0.0".into(),
+            permissions: SageRequestedPermissions {
+                network: SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
+                    whitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist {
+                        required: vec![SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
+                            scheme: "https".into(),
+                            host: "api.example.com".into(),
+                        }],
+                        optional: vec![SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
+                            scheme: "wss".into(),
+                            host: "ws.example.com".into(),
+                        }],
+                    },
+                },
+                capabilities: SageRequestedCapabilities {
+                    required: vec!["persistent_storage".into()],
+                    optional: vec!["wallet.send_xch".into()],
+                },
+            },
+            files: vec![SageAppManifestFile {
+                path: "index.html".into(),
+                sha256: "a".repeat(64),
+                size: 123,
+            }],
+            entry: Some("index.html".into()),
+            icon: Some("icon.png".into()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn sample_app(app_id: &str, origin_id: &str) -> InstalledSageApp {
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let install_dir = dir.path().join(app_id);
+        fs::create_dir_all(&install_dir).unwrap();
+
+        InstalledSageApp {
+            id: app_id.into(),
+            origin_id: origin_id.into(),
+            name: "Test App".into(),
+            version: "1.0.0".into(),
+            install_dir: install_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+            entry_file: "index.html".into(),
+            icon_file: "icon.png".into(),
+            requested_permissions: sample_manifest().permissions.clone(),
+            granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions {
+                capabilities: vec!["persistent_storage".into()],
+                network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
+                    whitelist: vec![SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
+                        scheme: "https".into(),
+                        host: "api.example.com".into(),
+                    }],
+                },
+            },
+            capability_flags: InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags::default(),
+            storage: InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
+            source: InstalledSageAppSource::Url {
+                app_url: "https://example.com/app/".into(),
+                manifest_url: "https://example.com/app/sage-manifest.json".into(),
+            },
+            active_snapshot: InstalledSageAppSnapshot {
+                manifest_hash: "hash".into(),
+                snapshot_dir: install_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+                total_bytes: 123,
+                manifest: sample_manifest(),
+            },
+            pending_update: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn normalize_app_url_keeps_https_and_adds_trailing_slash() {
+        let out = normalize_app_url("https://example.com/app").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(out, "https://example.com/app/");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn normalize_app_url_strips_query_and_fragment() {
+        let out = normalize_app_url("https://example.com/app?x=1#frag").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(out, "https://example.com/app/");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn normalize_app_url_allows_localhost_http() {
+        let out = normalize_app_url("http://localhost:4173").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(out, "http://localhost:4173/");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn normalize_app_url_rejects_non_local_http() {
+        let err = normalize_app_url("http://example.com/app").unwrap_err().to_string();
+        assert!(err.contains("requires HTTPS"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn generate_url_app_id_is_stable_for_same_manifest_url() {
+        let a = generate_url_app_id("https://example.com/app/sage-manifest.json");
+        let b = generate_url_app_id("https://example.com/app/sage-manifest.json");
+        assert_eq!(a, b);
+        assert!(a.starts_with("url-"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn default_url_origin_id_is_same_as_app_id() {
+        assert_eq!(default_url_origin_id("url-abc123"), "url-abc123");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rotated_url_origin_id_differs_from_app_id() {
+        let origin = generate_rotated_url_origin_id("url-abc123");
+        assert_ne!(origin, "url-abc123");
+        assert!(origin.ends_with("url-abc123"));
+        assert!(origin.starts_with('r'));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn granted_network_whitelist_always_includes_required_and_selected_optional() {
+        let requested = SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
+            whitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist {
+                required: vec![SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
+                    scheme: "https".into(),
+                    host: "api.example.com".into(),
+                }],
+                optional: vec![SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
+                    scheme: "wss".into(),
+                    host: "ws.example.com".into(),
+                }],
+            },
+        };
+
+        let granted = vec![SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
+            scheme: "wss".into(),
+            host: "ws.example.com".into(),
+        }];
+
+        let result =
+            normalize_and_validate_granted_network_whitelist(&requested, &granted).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            result,
+            vec![
+                SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
+                    scheme: "https".into(),
+                    host: "api.example.com".into(),
+                },
+                SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
+                    scheme: "wss".into(),
+                    host: "ws.example.com".into(),
+                },
+            ]
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn granted_network_whitelist_rejects_unrequested_entry() {
+        let requested = SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
+            whitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist {
+                required: vec![],
+                optional: vec![],
+            },
+        };
+
+        let granted = vec![SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
+            scheme: "https".into(),
+            host: "evil.example.com".into(),
+        }];
+
+        let err =
+            normalize_and_validate_granted_network_whitelist(&requested, &granted).unwrap_err();
+
+        assert!(err
+            .to_string()
+            .contains("granted network whitelist entry not requested"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn should_rotate_url_origin_on_install_is_false_without_retired_entry() {
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+        assert!(!should_rotate_url_origin_on_install(dir.path(), "url-abc123").unwrap());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn should_rotate_url_origin_on_install_is_true_with_retired_entry() {
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+
+        write_retired_app_origins(
+            dir.path(),
+            &[RetiredAppOriginEntry {
+                id: "retired-1".into(),
+                app_id: "url-abc123".into(),
+                app_name: "Test App".into(),
+                origin_id: "url-abc123".into(),
+                created_at_ms: 1,
+                storage_may_contain_secrets: true,
+                cleanup_pending: true,
+            }],
+        )
+            .unwrap();
+
+        assert!(should_rotate_url_origin_on_install(dir.path(), "url-abc123").unwrap());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn build_installed_app_sets_id_and_origin_id_independently() {
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let install_dir = dir.path().join("url-abc123");
+        fs::create_dir_all(&install_dir).unwrap();
+
+        let manifest = sample_manifest();
+        let app = build_installed_app(
+            "url-abc123".into(),
+            "r123-url-abc123".into(),
+            &install_dir,
+            &manifest,
+            SageGrantedPermissions {
+                capabilities: vec!["persistent_storage".into()],
+                network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions { whitelist: vec![] },
+            },
+            InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags::default(),
+            InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
+            InstalledSageAppSource::Url {
+                app_url: "https://example.com/app/".into(),
+                manifest_url: "https://example.com/app/sage-manifest.json".into(),
+            },
+            InstalledSageAppSnapshot {
+                manifest_hash: "hash".into(),
+                snapshot_dir: install_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+                total_bytes: 1,
+                manifest: manifest.clone(),
+            },
+        );
+
+        assert_eq!(app.id, "url-abc123");
+        assert_eq!(app.origin_id, "r123-url-abc123");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn sample_app_helper_is_valid_shape() {
+        let app = sample_app("url-abc123", "origin-1");
+        assert_eq!(app.id, "url-abc123");
+        assert_eq!(app.origin_id, "origin-1");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/registry.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/registry.rs
index 82a726f87..dd6cbb3e0 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/registry.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/registry.rs
@@ -527,3 +527,146 @@ pub fn read_installed_app_by_origin_id(
         origin_id
     ))
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use tempfile::tempdir;
+
+    use crate::apps::types::{
+        InstalledSageApp,
+        InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags,
+        InstalledSageAppSnapshot,
+        InstalledSageAppSource,
+        InstalledSageAppStorage,
+        PendingStorageCleanupEntry,
+        PendingStorageCleanupTarget,
+        RetiredAppOriginEntry,
+        SageAppManifestFile,
+        SageAppPackageManifest,
+        SageGrantedNetworkPermissions,
+        SageGrantedPermissions,
+        SageRequestedPermissions,
+    };
+
+    fn sample_app(base: &Path, app_id: &str, origin_id: &str) -> InstalledSageApp {
+        let install_dir = app_install_dir(base, app_id);
+        fs::create_dir_all(&install_dir).unwrap();
+
+        InstalledSageApp {
+            id: app_id.into(),
+            origin_id: origin_id.into(),
+            name: "Test App".into(),
+            version: "1.0.0".into(),
+            install_dir: install_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+            entry_file: "index.html".into(),
+            icon_file: "icon.png".into(),
+            requested_permissions: SageRequestedPermissions::default(),
+            granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions {
+                capabilities: vec![],
+                network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions { whitelist: vec![] },
+            },
+            capability_flags: InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags::default(),
+            storage: InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
+            source: InstalledSageAppSource::Url {
+                app_url: "https://example.com/app/".into(),
+                manifest_url: "https://example.com/app/sage-manifest.json".into(),
+            },
+            active_snapshot: InstalledSageAppSnapshot {
+                manifest_hash: "hash".into(),
+                snapshot_dir: install_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+                total_bytes: 1,
+                manifest: SageAppPackageManifest {
+                    name: "Test App".into(),
+                    version: "1.0.0".into(),
+                    permissions: SageRequestedPermissions::default(),
+                    files: vec![SageAppManifestFile {
+                        path: "index.html".into(),
+                        sha256: "a".repeat(64),
+                        size: 1,
+                    }],
+                    entry: Some("index.html".into()),
+                    icon: Some("icon.png".into()),
+                },
+            },
+            pending_update: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn installed_app_metadata_round_trips_origin_id_and_storage() {
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let mut app = sample_app(dir.path(), "url-abc123", "origin-1");
+        app.storage = InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged;
+
+        let install_dir = app_install_dir(dir.path(), &app.id);
+        write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &install_dir).unwrap();
+
+        let read_back = read_installed_app_by_id(dir.path(), &app.id).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(read_back.id, app.id);
+        assert_eq!(read_back.origin_id, app.origin_id);
+        assert_eq!(read_back.storage, app.storage);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn pending_storage_cleanup_entries_round_trip() {
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+
+        let entries = vec![PendingStorageCleanupEntry {
+            id: "cleanup-1".into(),
+            app_id: "app-1".into(),
+            app_name: "App".into(),
+            target: PendingStorageCleanupTarget::Unmanaged,
+            created_at_ms: 1,
+            last_attempt_at_ms: Some(2),
+            attempt_count: 3,
+            last_error: Some("boom".into()),
+        }];
+
+        write_pending_storage_cleanup_entries(dir.path(), &entries).unwrap();
+        let read_back = read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries(dir.path()).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(read_back, entries);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn retired_app_origins_round_trip() {
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+
+        let entries = vec![RetiredAppOriginEntry {
+            id: "retired-1".into(),
+            app_id: "app-1".into(),
+            app_name: "App".into(),
+            origin_id: "origin-1".into(),
+            created_at_ms: 1,
+            storage_may_contain_secrets: true,
+            cleanup_pending: true,
+        }];
+
+        write_retired_app_origins(dir.path(), &entries).unwrap();
+        let read_back = read_retired_app_origins(dir.path()).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(read_back, entries);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn read_installed_app_by_origin_id_finds_matching_app() {
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+
+        let app_a = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-a", "origin-a");
+        let app_b = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-b", "origin-b");
+
+        write_installed_app_metadata(&app_a, Path::new(&app_a.install_dir)).unwrap();
+        write_installed_app_metadata(&app_b, Path::new(&app_b.install_dir)).unwrap();
+
+        let found = read_installed_app_by_origin_id(dir.path(), "origin-b").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(found.id, "app-b");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn read_installed_app_by_origin_id_errors_when_missing() {
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let err = read_installed_app_by_origin_id(dir.path(), "missing").unwrap_err();
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("no installed app found for origin id"));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/storage_cleanup.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/storage_cleanup.rs
index 81addc75f..403d159d6 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/storage_cleanup.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/storage_cleanup.rs
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ fn target_from_storage(storage: &InstalledSageAppStorage) -> PendingStorageClean
                 directory_name: directory_name.clone(),
             }
         }
-        InstalledSageAppStorage::Unsupported => PendingStorageCleanupTarget::Unsupported,
+        InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged => PendingStorageCleanupTarget::Unmanaged,
     }
 }
 
@@ -122,3 +122,149 @@ pub fn enqueue_retired_app_origin(
 
     write_retired_app_origins(base_path, &entries)
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use tempfile::tempdir;
+
+    use crate::apps::lifecycle::{
+        read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries,
+        read_retired_app_origins,
+    };
+    use crate::apps::types::{
+        InstalledSageApp,
+        InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags,
+        InstalledSageAppSnapshot,
+        InstalledSageAppSource,
+        InstalledSageAppStorage,
+        SageAppManifestFile,
+        SageAppPackageManifest,
+        SageGrantedNetworkPermissions,
+        SageGrantedPermissions,
+        SageRequestedCapabilities,
+        SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
+        SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist,
+        SageRequestedPermissions,
+    };
+
+    fn sample_app(storage: InstalledSageAppStorage) -> InstalledSageApp {
+        InstalledSageApp {
+            id: "url-abc123".into(),
+            origin_id: "origin-1".into(),
+            name: "Test App".into(),
+            version: "1.0.0".into(),
+            install_dir: "/tmp/test-app".into(),
+            entry_file: "index.html".into(),
+            icon_file: "icon.png".into(),
+            requested_permissions: SageRequestedPermissions {
+                network: SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
+                    whitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist::default(),
+                },
+                capabilities: SageRequestedCapabilities::default(),
+            },
+            granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions {
+                capabilities: vec![],
+                network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions { whitelist: vec![] },
+            },
+            capability_flags: InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags {
+                has_secret_access: false,
+                has_external_access: false,
+                storage_may_contain_secrets: true,
+                isolated: false,
+            },
+            storage,
+            source: InstalledSageAppSource::Url {
+                app_url: "https://example.com/app/".into(),
+                manifest_url: "https://example.com/app/sage-manifest.json".into(),
+            },
+            active_snapshot: InstalledSageAppSnapshot {
+                manifest_hash: "hash".into(),
+                snapshot_dir: "/tmp/test-app".into(),
+                total_bytes: 1,
+                manifest: SageAppPackageManifest {
+                    name: "Test App".into(),
+                    version: "1.0.0".into(),
+                    permissions: SageRequestedPermissions::default(),
+                    files: vec![SageAppManifestFile {
+                        path: "index.html".into(),
+                        sha256: "a".repeat(64),
+                        size: 1,
+                    }],
+                    entry: Some("index.html".into()),
+                    icon: Some("icon.png".into()),
+                },
+            },
+            pending_update: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn enqueue_pending_storage_cleanup_creates_new_entry() {
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let app = sample_app(InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged);
+
+        enqueue_pending_storage_cleanup(dir.path(), &app, "boom").unwrap();
+
+        let entries = read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries(dir.path()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(entries.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(entries[0].app_id, app.id);
+        assert_eq!(entries[0].app_name, app.name);
+        assert_eq!(entries[0].last_error.as_deref(), Some("boom"));
+        assert_eq!(entries[0].attempt_count, 1);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn enqueue_pending_storage_cleanup_updates_existing_target_entry() {
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let app = sample_app(InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged);
+
+        enqueue_pending_storage_cleanup(dir.path(), &app, "first").unwrap();
+        enqueue_pending_storage_cleanup(dir.path(), &app, "second").unwrap();
+
+        let entries = read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries(dir.path()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(entries.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(entries[0].attempt_count, 2);
+        assert_eq!(entries[0].last_error.as_deref(), Some("second"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn enqueue_retired_app_origin_ignores_zip_apps() {
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let mut app = sample_app(InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged);
+        app.source = InstalledSageAppSource::Zip;
+
+        enqueue_retired_app_origin(dir.path(), &app, true).unwrap();
+
+        let entries = read_retired_app_origins(dir.path()).unwrap();
+        assert!(entries.is_empty());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn enqueue_retired_app_origin_creates_new_entry_for_url_app() {
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let app = sample_app(InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged);
+
+        enqueue_retired_app_origin(dir.path(), &app, true).unwrap();
+
+        let entries = read_retired_app_origins(dir.path()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(entries.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(entries[0].app_id, app.id);
+        assert_eq!(entries[0].origin_id, app.origin_id);
+        assert!(entries[0].cleanup_pending);
+        assert!(entries[0].storage_may_contain_secrets);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn enqueue_retired_app_origin_updates_existing_origin_entry() {
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let app = sample_app(InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged);
+
+        enqueue_retired_app_origin(dir.path(), &app, true).unwrap();
+        enqueue_retired_app_origin(dir.path(), &app, false).unwrap();
+
+        let entries = read_retired_app_origins(dir.path()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(entries.len(), 1);
+        assert!(!entries[0].cleanup_pending);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/runtime/cleanup.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/runtime/cleanup.rs
index 17deeb4ce..971bfab19 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/runtime/cleanup.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/runtime/cleanup.rs
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ pub async fn clear_app_storage_by_target(
             }
         }
 
-        PendingStorageCleanupTarget::Unsupported => {}
+        PendingStorageCleanupTarget::Unmanaged => {}
 
         #[allow(unreachable_patterns)]
         _ => {}
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ fn pending_target_from_storage(storage: &InstalledSageAppStorage) -> PendingStor
                 directory_name: directory_name.clone(),
             }
         }
-        InstalledSageAppStorage::Unsupported => PendingStorageCleanupTarget::Unsupported,
+        InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged => PendingStorageCleanupTarget::Unmanaged,
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/runtime/resolve.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/runtime/resolve.rs
index d57297a2f..bba1d39c4 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/runtime/resolve.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/runtime/resolve.rs
@@ -111,3 +111,119 @@ pub fn apps_assert_bridge_origin(
 pub fn webview_label_for_app(app_id: &str) -> String {
     inline_label_for(app_id)
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+
+    use crate::apps::types::{
+        InstalledSageApp,
+        InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags,
+        InstalledSageAppSnapshot,
+        InstalledSageAppSource,
+        InstalledSageAppStorage,
+        SageAppManifestFile,
+        SageAppPackageManifest,
+        SageGrantedNetworkPermissions,
+        SageGrantedPermissions,
+        SageRequestedPermissions,
+    };
+
+    fn sample_app(origin_id: &str, capabilities: Vec<&str>, storage_may_contain_secrets: bool) -> InstalledSageApp {
+        InstalledSageApp {
+            id: "url-abc123".into(),
+            origin_id: origin_id.into(),
+            name: "Test App".into(),
+            version: "1.0.0".into(),
+            install_dir: "/tmp/app".into(),
+            entry_file: "index.html".into(),
+            icon_file: "icon.png".into(),
+            requested_permissions: SageRequestedPermissions::default(),
+            granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions {
+                capabilities: capabilities.into_iter().map(|s| s.to_string()).collect(),
+                network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions { whitelist: vec![] },
+            },
+            capability_flags: InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags {
+                has_secret_access: false,
+                has_external_access: false,
+                storage_may_contain_secrets,
+                isolated: false,
+            },
+            storage: InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
+            source: InstalledSageAppSource::Url {
+                app_url: "https://example.com/app/".into(),
+                manifest_url: "https://example.com/app/sage-manifest.json".into(),
+            },
+            active_snapshot: InstalledSageAppSnapshot {
+                manifest_hash: "hash".into(),
+                snapshot_dir: "/tmp/app".into(),
+                total_bytes: 1,
+                manifest: SageAppPackageManifest {
+                    name: "Test App".into(),
+                    version: "1.0.0".into(),
+                    permissions: SageRequestedPermissions::default(),
+                    files: vec![SageAppManifestFile {
+                        path: "index.html".into(),
+                        sha256: "a".repeat(64),
+                        size: 1,
+                    }],
+                    entry: Some("index.html".into()),
+                    icon: Some("icon.png".into()),
+                },
+            },
+            pending_update: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn allowed_app_url_matches_origin_id() {
+        let url = Url::parse("sage-app://origin-1/index.html").unwrap();
+        assert!(is_allowed_app_url(&url, "origin-1"));
+        assert!(!is_allowed_app_url(&url, "origin-2"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn build_entry_src_uses_origin_id_not_app_id() {
+        let app = sample_app("origin-1", vec![], false);
+        let url = build_entry_src(&app, None, BTreeMap::new());
+        assert_eq!(url, "sage-app://origin-1/index.html");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn build_entry_src_supports_custom_path_and_query() {
+        let app = sample_app("origin-1", vec![], false);
+        let mut query = BTreeMap::new();
+        query.insert("a".into(), "1".into());
+        query.insert("b".into(), "hello".into());
+
+        let url = build_entry_src(&app, Some("/nested/page.html".into()), query);
+
+        assert!(url.starts_with("sage-app://origin-1/nested/page.html?"));
+        assert!(url.contains("a=1"));
+        assert!(url.contains("b=hello"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn should_use_incognito_without_persistent_storage() {
+        let app = sample_app("origin-1", vec![], false);
+        assert!(should_use_incognito(&app));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn should_use_incognito_when_storage_is_tainted() {
+        let app = sample_app("origin-1", vec!["persistent_storage"], true);
+        assert!(should_use_incognito(&app));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn should_not_use_incognito_when_persistent_storage_is_granted_and_clean() {
+        let app = sample_app("origin-1", vec!["persistent_storage"], false);
+        assert!(!should_use_incognito(&app));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn webview_label_for_app_has_expected_shape() {
+        assert_eq!(webview_label_for_app("abc"), "app-inline-abc");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
index 1cab79bae..55f5ea640 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ fn builtin_storage(app_id: &str) -> InstalledSageAppStorage {
 
 #[cfg(not(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios", target_os = "windows")))]
 fn builtin_storage(_app_id: &str) -> InstalledSageAppStorage {
-    InstalledSageAppStorage::Unsupported
+    InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged
 }
 
 fn read_builtin_manifest(app_dir: &PathBuf) -> AnyResult<SageAppPackageManifest> {
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/types/models.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/types/models.rs
index 5d3cd5185..5fb86c76b 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/types/models.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/types/models.rs
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ pub enum InstalledSageAppStorage {
         #[serde(rename = "directoryName", alias = "directory_name")]
         directory_name: String,
     },
-    Unsupported,
+    Unmanaged,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ pub enum PendingStorageCleanupTarget {
         #[serde(rename = "directoryName", alias = "directory_name")]
         directory_name: String,
     },
-    Unsupported,
+    Unmanaged,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
diff --git a/src-tauri/tests/apps_registry.rs b/src-tauri/tests/apps_registry.rs
index 7e1246ff3..7471c94fe 100644
--- a/src-tauri/tests/apps_registry.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/tests/apps_registry.rs
@@ -7,17 +7,13 @@ use sage_lib::apps::lifecycle::registry::{
     read_installed_app_by_id,
     write_installed_app_metadata,
 };
-use sage_lib::apps::types::{
-    InstalledSageApp, InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags, InstalledSageAppSnapshot,
-    InstalledSageAppSource, ListedSageApp, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest,
-    SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedCapabilities,
-    SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist, SageRequestedPermissions,
-};
+use sage_lib::apps::types::{InstalledSageApp, InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags, InstalledSageAppSnapshot, InstalledSageAppSource, InstalledSageAppStorage, ListedSageApp, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist, SageRequestedPermissions};
 use tempfile::tempdir;
 
 fn sample_app(app_id: &str, name: &str) -> InstalledSageApp {
     InstalledSageApp {
         id: app_id.to_string(),
+        origin_id: app_id.to_string(),
         name: name.to_string(),
         version: "1.0.0".to_string(),
         install_dir: String::new(),
@@ -45,6 +41,7 @@ fn sample_app(app_id: &str, name: &str) -> InstalledSageApp {
             storage_may_contain_secrets: false,
             isolated: false,
         },
+        storage: InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
         source: InstalledSageAppSource::Zip,
         active_snapshot: InstalledSageAppSnapshot {
             manifest_hash: "hash".to_string(),

From accb2ef4e59565b5d6f4201fe5acc78277e71811 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Tue, 21 Apr 2026 04:46:13 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 123/471] Add comprehensive test coverage for app permissions,
 capabilities, and storage:

- Introduced `apps_update.rs` to test internal logic for granting requested capabilities and network whitelist entries.
- Expanded `apps_registry.rs` to cover metadata roundtrips, directory filtering, and origin-based lookups.
- Enhanced `apps_manifest.rs` to validate manifest files, package limits, and requested capabilities.
- Updated `apps_install.rs` with tests for app URL normalization and manifest defaults.
---
 src-tauri/tests/apps_install.rs  | 119 +++++----
 src-tauri/tests/apps_manifest.rs | 158 +++++++++++-
 src-tauri/tests/apps_registry.rs | 147 ++++++++++-
 src-tauri/tests/apps_update.rs   | 408 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 4 files changed, 774 insertions(+), 58 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/tests/apps_update.rs

diff --git a/src-tauri/tests/apps_install.rs b/src-tauri/tests/apps_install.rs
index b28346e5f..88c48239b 100644
--- a/src-tauri/tests/apps_install.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/tests/apps_install.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
-use sage_lib::apps::lifecycle::install::normalize_and_validate_granted_network_whitelist;
-use sage_lib::apps::permissions::validate_granted_capabilities;
+use sage_lib::apps::lifecycle::install::{
+    manifest_entry_file, manifest_icon_file, normalize_app_url,
+};
 use sage_lib::apps::types::{
-    SageNetworkPermissionTarget, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
+    SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
+    SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
     SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist, SageRequestedPermissions,
 };
 
@@ -26,66 +28,85 @@ fn requested_permissions() -> SageRequestedPermissions {
     }
 }
 
-#[test]
-fn granted_capabilities_accept_required_only_subset() {
-    let requested = requested_permissions();
+fn sample_manifest() -> SageAppPackageManifest {
+    SageAppPackageManifest {
+        name: "Test App".to_string(),
+        version: "1.0.0".to_string(),
+        permissions: requested_permissions(),
+        files: vec![SageAppManifestFile {
+            path: "index.html".to_string(),
+            sha256: "a".repeat(64),
+            size: 1,
+        }],
+        entry: Some("entry.html".to_string()),
+        icon: Some("icon.svg".to_string()),
+    }
+}
 
-    validate_granted_capabilities(
-        &requested,
-        &vec!["wallet.send_xch".to_string()],
-    )
-        .unwrap();
+#[test]
+fn normalize_app_url_keeps_https_and_adds_trailing_slash() {
+    let out = normalize_app_url("https://example.com/app").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(out, "https://example.com/app/");
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn granted_capabilities_reject_extra_capability() {
-    let requested = requested_permissions();
+fn normalize_app_url_strips_query_and_fragment() {
+    let out = normalize_app_url("https://example.com/app?x=1#frag").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(out, "https://example.com/app/");
+}
 
-    let err = validate_granted_capabilities(
-        &requested,
-        &vec![
-            "wallet.send_xch".to_string(),
-            "wallet.send_xch_auto_submit".to_string(),
-        ],
-    )
-        .expect_err("expected extra capability to be rejected");
+#[test]
+fn normalize_app_url_allows_localhost_http() {
+    let out = normalize_app_url("http://localhost:4173").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(out, "http://localhost:4173/");
+}
 
-    assert!(err.to_string().contains("wallet.send_xch_auto_submit"));
+#[test]
+fn normalize_app_url_allows_loopback_http() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        normalize_app_url("http://127.0.0.1:4173").unwrap(),
+        "http://127.0.0.1:4173/"
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn granted_network_whitelist_includes_required_entries_automatically() {
-    let requested = requested_permissions();
+fn normalize_app_url_rejects_non_local_http() {
+    let err = normalize_app_url("http://example.com/app")
+        .unwrap_err()
+        .to_string();
+    assert!(err.contains("requires HTTPS"));
+}
 
-    let normalized = normalize_and_validate_granted_network_whitelist(
-        &requested.network,
-        &vec![SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
-            scheme: "wss".to_string(),
-            host: "optional.example.com".to_string(),
-        }],
-    )
-        .unwrap();
+#[test]
+fn normalize_app_url_rejects_unsupported_scheme() {
+    let err = normalize_app_url("ftp://example.com/app")
+        .unwrap_err()
+        .to_string();
+    assert!(err.contains("unsupported app URL scheme"));
+}
 
-    assert!(normalized.iter().any(|entry| {
-        entry.scheme == "https" && entry.host == "required.example.com"
-    }));
-    assert!(normalized.iter().any(|entry| {
-        entry.scheme == "wss" && entry.host == "optional.example.com"
-    }));
+#[test]
+fn manifest_entry_file_uses_explicit_entry() {
+    let manifest = sample_manifest();
+    assert_eq!(manifest_entry_file(&manifest), "entry.html");
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn granted_network_whitelist_rejects_unrequested_entry() {
-    let requested = requested_permissions();
+fn manifest_entry_file_defaults_to_index_html() {
+    let mut manifest = sample_manifest();
+    manifest.entry = None;
+    assert_eq!(manifest_entry_file(&manifest), "index.html");
+}
 
-    let err = normalize_and_validate_granted_network_whitelist(
-        &requested.network,
-        &vec![SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
-            scheme: "https".to_string(),
-            host: "not-requested.example.com".to_string(),
-        }],
-    )
-        .expect_err("expected unrequested network entry to be rejected");
+#[test]
+fn manifest_icon_file_uses_explicit_icon() {
+    let manifest = sample_manifest();
+    assert_eq!(manifest_icon_file(&manifest), "icon.svg");
+}
 
-    assert!(err.to_string().contains("not-requested.example.com"));
+#[test]
+fn manifest_icon_file_defaults_to_icon_png() {
+    let mut manifest = sample_manifest();
+    manifest.icon = None;
+    assert_eq!(manifest_icon_file(&manifest), "icon.png");
 }
diff --git a/src-tauri/tests/apps_manifest.rs b/src-tauri/tests/apps_manifest.rs
index a085a3abc..cfdde81b4 100644
--- a/src-tauri/tests/apps_manifest.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/tests/apps_manifest.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,50 @@
+use sage_lib::apps::lifecycle::limits::{
+    MAX_APP_FILE_COUNT, MAX_APP_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES,
+};
 use sage_lib::apps::lifecycle::manifest::{
-    validate_manifest_file_path, validate_sha256_hex,
+    validate_manifest_file_path, validate_manifest_files, validate_package_manifest,
+    validate_sha256_hex,
+};
+use sage_lib::apps::types::{
+    SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageRequestedCapabilities,
+    SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist,
+    SageRequestedPermissions,
 };
 
+fn sample_manifest_file(path: &str, size: u64) -> SageAppManifestFile {
+    SageAppManifestFile {
+        path: path.to_string(),
+        sha256: "a".repeat(64),
+        size,
+    }
+}
+
+fn empty_permissions() -> SageRequestedPermissions {
+    SageRequestedPermissions {
+        network: SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
+            whitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist {
+                required: vec![],
+                optional: vec![],
+            },
+        },
+        capabilities: SageRequestedCapabilities {
+            required: vec![],
+            optional: vec![],
+        },
+    }
+}
+
+fn sample_manifest() -> SageAppPackageManifest {
+    SageAppPackageManifest {
+        name: "Test App".to_string(),
+        version: "1.0.0".to_string(),
+        permissions: empty_permissions(),
+        files: vec![sample_manifest_file("dist/index.html", 123)],
+        entry: Some("dist/index.html".to_string()),
+        icon: Some("dist/icon.png".to_string()),
+    }
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn validate_manifest_file_path_accepts_normal_relative_path() {
     validate_manifest_file_path("dist/index.html").unwrap();
@@ -17,6 +60,22 @@ fn validate_manifest_file_path_rejects_parent_traversal() {
     assert!(validate_manifest_file_path("../secret.txt").is_err());
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn validate_manifest_file_path_rejects_current_dir_segment() {
+    assert!(validate_manifest_file_path("./index.html").is_err());
+    assert!(validate_manifest_file_path("dist/./index.html").is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn validate_manifest_file_path_rejects_empty_segment() {
+    assert!(validate_manifest_file_path("dist//index.html").is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn validate_manifest_file_path_rejects_backslashes() {
+    assert!(validate_manifest_file_path(r"dist\index.html").is_err());
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn validate_sha256_hex_accepts_valid_hash() {
     validate_sha256_hex(
@@ -29,3 +88,100 @@ fn validate_sha256_hex_accepts_valid_hash() {
 fn validate_sha256_hex_rejects_invalid_hash() {
     assert!(validate_sha256_hex("not-a-sha").is_err());
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn validate_manifest_files_rejects_empty_list() {
+    let err = validate_manifest_files(&[]).unwrap_err();
+    assert!(err.to_string().contains("cannot be empty"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn validate_manifest_files_rejects_duplicate_paths() {
+    let files = vec![
+        sample_manifest_file("dist/index.html", 1),
+        sample_manifest_file("dist/index.html", 2),
+    ];
+
+    let err = validate_manifest_files(&files).unwrap_err();
+    assert!(err.to_string().contains("duplicate manifest file path"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn validate_manifest_files_rejects_invalid_nested_path() {
+    let files = vec![sample_manifest_file("dist//index.html", 1)];
+
+    let err = validate_manifest_files(&files).unwrap_err();
+    assert!(err.to_string().contains("manifest file path is invalid"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn validate_manifest_files_rejects_file_count_over_limit() {
+    let files: Vec<_> = (0..=MAX_APP_FILE_COUNT)
+        .map(|i| sample_manifest_file(&format!("dist/file-{i}.txt"), 1))
+        .collect();
+
+    let err = validate_manifest_files(&files).unwrap_err();
+    assert!(err.to_string().contains("exceeds limit"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn validate_manifest_files_rejects_total_size_over_limit() {
+    let files = vec![
+        sample_manifest_file("dist/a.bin", MAX_APP_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES),
+        sample_manifest_file("dist/b.bin", 1),
+    ];
+
+    let err = validate_manifest_files(&files).unwrap_err();
+    assert!(err.to_string().contains("manifest total size"));
+    assert!(err.to_string().contains("exceeds limit"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn validate_manifest_files_returns_total_size_when_valid() {
+    let files = vec![
+        sample_manifest_file("dist/index.html", 100),
+        sample_manifest_file("dist/icon.png", 23),
+    ];
+
+    let total = validate_manifest_files(&files).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(total, 123);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn validate_package_manifest_rejects_blank_name() {
+    let mut manifest = sample_manifest();
+    manifest.name = "   ".to_string();
+
+    let err = validate_package_manifest(&manifest).unwrap_err();
+    assert!(err.to_string().contains("manifest name cannot be empty"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn validate_package_manifest_rejects_blank_version() {
+    let mut manifest = sample_manifest();
+    manifest.version = "   ".to_string();
+
+    let err = validate_package_manifest(&manifest).unwrap_err();
+    assert!(err.to_string().contains("manifest version cannot be empty"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn validate_package_manifest_rejects_invalid_requested_capability() {
+    let mut manifest = sample_manifest();
+    manifest.permissions.capabilities.required =
+        vec!["definitely.not.a.real.capability".to_string()];
+
+    let err = validate_package_manifest(&manifest).unwrap_err();
+    let msg = err.to_string();
+    assert!(
+        msg.contains("unknown capability") || msg.contains("definitely.not.a.real.capability"),
+        "unexpected error: {msg}"
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn validate_package_manifest_returns_total_size_when_valid() {
+    let manifest = sample_manifest();
+    let total = validate_package_manifest(&manifest).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(total, 123);
+}
diff --git a/src-tauri/tests/apps_registry.rs b/src-tauri/tests/apps_registry.rs
index 7471c94fe..ef20ae3a9 100644
--- a/src-tauri/tests/apps_registry.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/tests/apps_registry.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,21 @@
 use std::fs;
 
 use sage_lib::apps::lifecycle::registry::{
-    app_install_dir,
-    apps_root,
-    list_installed_apps_internal,
-    read_installed_app_by_id,
-    write_installed_app_metadata,
+    app_install_dir, apps_root, list_installed_apps_internal, parse_network_permission_target,
+    read_installed_app_by_id, read_installed_app_by_origin_id,
+    read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries, read_retired_app_origins,
+    write_installed_app_metadata, write_pending_storage_cleanup_entries,
+    write_retired_app_origins,
+};
+use sage_lib::apps::types::{
+    InstalledSageApp, InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags, InstalledSageAppSnapshot,
+    InstalledSageAppSource, InstalledSageAppStorage, ListedSageApp,
+    PendingStorageCleanupEntry, PendingStorageCleanupTarget, RetiredAppOriginEntry,
+    SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageGrantedNetworkPermissions,
+    SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkPermissionTarget, SageRequestedCapabilities,
+    SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist,
+    SageRequestedPermissions,
 };
-use sage_lib::apps::types::{InstalledSageApp, InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags, InstalledSageAppSnapshot, InstalledSageAppSource, InstalledSageAppStorage, ListedSageApp, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist, SageRequestedPermissions};
 use tempfile::tempdir;
 
 fn sample_app(app_id: &str, name: &str) -> InstalledSageApp {
@@ -64,7 +72,8 @@ fn sample_app(app_id: &str, name: &str) -> InstalledSageApp {
                 },
                 files: vec![SageAppManifestFile {
                     path: "index.html".to_string(),
-                    sha256: "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa"
+                    sha256:
+                    "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa"
                         .to_string(),
                     size: 123,
                 }],
@@ -92,7 +101,7 @@ fn installed_app_metadata_roundtrips() {
     assert_eq!(loaded.id, app.id);
     assert_eq!(loaded.name, app.name);
     assert_eq!(loaded.granted_permissions, app.granted_permissions);
-    assert_eq!(loaded.capability_flags.has_external_access, true);
+    assert!(loaded.capability_flags.has_external_access);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -142,3 +151,125 @@ fn installed_apps_are_sorted_by_name() {
 
     assert_eq!(names, vec!["Alpha".to_string(), "Zeta".to_string()]);
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn list_installed_apps_ignores_tmp_directories() {
+    let base = tempdir().unwrap();
+    let root = apps_root(base.path());
+    fs::create_dir_all(root.join(".tmp-123")).unwrap();
+
+    let listed = list_installed_apps_internal(&root).unwrap();
+    assert!(listed.is_empty());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn list_installed_apps_ignores_directories_without_metadata() {
+    let base = tempdir().unwrap();
+    let root = apps_root(base.path());
+    fs::create_dir_all(root.join("missing-metadata")).unwrap();
+
+    let listed = list_installed_apps_internal(&root).unwrap();
+    assert!(listed.is_empty());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn parse_network_permission_target_normalizes_case() {
+    let parsed = parse_network_permission_target("HTTPS://Example.COM").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        parsed,
+        SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
+            scheme: "https".to_string(),
+            host: "example.com".to_string(),
+        }
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn parse_network_permission_target_rejects_missing_scheme_separator() {
+    let err = parse_network_permission_target("example.com").unwrap_err();
+    assert!(err.contains("missing scheme"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn parse_network_permission_target_rejects_unsupported_scheme() {
+    let err = parse_network_permission_target("http://example.com").unwrap_err();
+    assert!(err.contains("only https and wss allowed"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn parse_network_permission_target_rejects_invalid_host_chars() {
+    assert!(parse_network_permission_target("https://example.com/path").is_err());
+    assert!(parse_network_permission_target("https://example.com?x=1").is_err());
+    assert!(parse_network_permission_target("https://example.com#frag").is_err());
+    assert!(parse_network_permission_target("https://exa mple.com").is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn read_installed_app_by_origin_id_finds_matching_app() {
+    let base = tempdir().unwrap();
+
+    let alpha_dir = app_install_dir(base.path(), "a");
+    fs::create_dir_all(&alpha_dir).unwrap();
+    let mut alpha = sample_app("a", "Alpha");
+    alpha.origin_id = "origin-a".to_string();
+    alpha.install_dir = alpha_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string();
+    write_installed_app_metadata(&alpha, &alpha_dir).unwrap();
+
+    let beta_dir = app_install_dir(base.path(), "b");
+    fs::create_dir_all(&beta_dir).unwrap();
+    let mut beta = sample_app("b", "Beta");
+    beta.origin_id = "origin-b".to_string();
+    beta.install_dir = beta_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string();
+    write_installed_app_metadata(&beta, &beta_dir).unwrap();
+
+    let found = read_installed_app_by_origin_id(base.path(), "origin-b").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(found.id, "b");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn read_installed_app_by_origin_id_errors_when_missing() {
+    let base = tempdir().unwrap();
+    let err = read_installed_app_by_origin_id(base.path(), "missing").unwrap_err();
+    assert!(err
+        .to_string()
+        .contains("no installed app found for origin id"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn pending_storage_cleanup_entries_roundtrip() {
+    let base = tempdir().unwrap();
+
+    let entries = vec![PendingStorageCleanupEntry {
+        id: "cleanup-1".to_string(),
+        app_id: "app-1".to_string(),
+        app_name: "App".to_string(),
+        target: PendingStorageCleanupTarget::Unmanaged,
+        created_at_ms: 1,
+        last_attempt_at_ms: Some(2),
+        attempt_count: 3,
+        last_error: Some("boom".to_string()),
+    }];
+
+    write_pending_storage_cleanup_entries(base.path(), &entries).unwrap();
+    let loaded = read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries(base.path()).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(loaded, entries);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn retired_app_origins_roundtrip() {
+    let base = tempdir().unwrap();
+
+    let entries = vec![RetiredAppOriginEntry {
+        id: "retired-1".to_string(),
+        app_id: "app-1".to_string(),
+        app_name: "App".to_string(),
+        origin_id: "origin-1".to_string(),
+        created_at_ms: 1,
+        storage_may_contain_secrets: true,
+        cleanup_pending: true,
+    }];
+
+    write_retired_app_origins(base.path(), &entries).unwrap();
+    let loaded = read_retired_app_origins(base.path()).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(loaded, entries);
+}
diff --git a/src-tauri/tests/apps_update.rs b/src-tauri/tests/apps_update.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2e346ab50
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/tests/apps_update.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,408 @@
+use std::fs;
+use std::path::Path;
+
+use sage_lib::apps::lifecycle::registry::{app_install_dir, read_installed_app_by_id, write_installed_app_metadata};
+use sage_lib::apps::lifecycle::update::{
+    grant_requested_capability_internal, grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal,
+    update_app_permissions_internal, GrantCapabilityOutcome, GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome,
+};
+use sage_lib::apps::types::{
+    InstalledSageApp, InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags, InstalledSageAppSnapshot,
+    InstalledSageAppSource, InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppManifestFile,
+    SageAppPackageManifest, SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions,
+    SageNetworkPermissionTarget, SageRequestedCapabilities,
+    SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist,
+    SageRequestedPermissions,
+};
+use tempfile::tempdir;
+
+fn sample_app(base: &Path, app_id: &str) -> InstalledSageApp {
+    let install_dir = app_install_dir(base, app_id);
+    fs::create_dir_all(&install_dir).unwrap();
+
+    InstalledSageApp {
+        id: app_id.to_string(),
+        origin_id: format!("origin-{app_id}"),
+        name: "Test App".to_string(),
+        version: "1.0.0".to_string(),
+        install_dir: install_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+        entry_file: "index.html".to_string(),
+        icon_file: "icon.png".to_string(),
+        requested_permissions: SageRequestedPermissions {
+            network: SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
+                whitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist {
+                    required: vec![SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
+                        scheme: "https".to_string(),
+                        host: "required.example.com".to_string(),
+                    }],
+                    optional: vec![SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
+                        scheme: "wss".to_string(),
+                        host: "optional.example.com".to_string(),
+                    }],
+                },
+            },
+            capabilities: SageRequestedCapabilities {
+                required: vec![],
+                optional: vec![
+                    "wallet.send_xch".to_string(),
+                    "persistent_storage".to_string(),
+                ],
+            },
+        },
+        granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions {
+            capabilities: vec![],
+            network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions { whitelist: vec![] },
+        },
+        capability_flags: InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags::default(),
+        storage: InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
+        source: InstalledSageAppSource::Url {
+            app_url: "https://example.com/app/".to_string(),
+            manifest_url: "https://example.com/app/sage-manifest.json".to_string(),
+        },
+        active_snapshot: InstalledSageAppSnapshot {
+            manifest_hash: "hash".to_string(),
+            snapshot_dir: install_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+            total_bytes: 1,
+            manifest: SageAppPackageManifest {
+                name: "Test App".to_string(),
+                version: "1.0.0".to_string(),
+                permissions: SageRequestedPermissions {
+                    network: SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
+                        whitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist {
+                            required: vec![SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
+                                scheme: "https".to_string(),
+                                host: "required.example.com".to_string(),
+                            }],
+                            optional: vec![SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
+                                scheme: "wss".to_string(),
+                                host: "optional.example.com".to_string(),
+                            }],
+                        },
+                    },
+                    capabilities: SageRequestedCapabilities {
+                        required: vec![],
+                        optional: vec![
+                            "wallet.send_xch".to_string(),
+                            "persistent_storage".to_string(),
+                        ],
+                    },
+                },
+                files: vec![SageAppManifestFile {
+                    path: "index.html".to_string(),
+                    sha256: "a".repeat(64),
+                    size: 1,
+                }],
+                entry: Some("index.html".to_string()),
+                icon: Some("icon.png".to_string()),
+            },
+        },
+        pending_update: None,
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn update_app_permissions_internal_persists_required_network_entries() {
+    let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+    let app = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-1");
+    let install_dir = app_install_dir(dir.path(), &app.id);
+    write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &install_dir).unwrap();
+
+    let updated = update_app_permissions_internal(
+        dir.path(),
+        &app.id,
+        SageGrantedPermissions {
+            capabilities: vec![],
+            network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions { whitelist: vec![] },
+        },
+        false,
+    )
+        .unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        updated.granted_permissions.network.whitelist,
+        vec![SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
+            scheme: "https".to_string(),
+            host: "required.example.com".to_string(),
+        }]
+    );
+
+    let reloaded = read_installed_app_by_id(dir.path(), &app.id).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        reloaded.granted_permissions.network.whitelist,
+        vec![SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
+            scheme: "https".to_string(),
+            host: "required.example.com".to_string(),
+        }]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn update_app_permissions_internal_rejects_unrequested_capability() {
+    let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+    let app = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-1");
+    let install_dir = app_install_dir(dir.path(), &app.id);
+    write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &install_dir).unwrap();
+
+    let err = update_app_permissions_internal(
+        dir.path(),
+        &app.id,
+        SageGrantedPermissions {
+            capabilities: vec!["wallet.send_xch_auto_submit".to_string()],
+            network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions { whitelist: vec![] },
+        },
+        false,
+    )
+        .unwrap_err();
+
+    assert!(err
+        .to_string()
+        .contains("granted permission not requested in manifest"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn update_app_permissions_internal_can_clear_storage_taint_without_capabilities() {
+    let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+    let mut app = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-1");
+    app.capability_flags = InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags {
+        has_secret_access: false,
+        has_external_access: false,
+        storage_may_contain_secrets: true,
+        isolated: true,
+    };
+
+    let install_dir = app_install_dir(dir.path(), &app.id);
+    write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &install_dir).unwrap();
+
+    let updated = update_app_permissions_internal(
+        dir.path(),
+        &app.id,
+        SageGrantedPermissions {
+            capabilities: vec![],
+            network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions { whitelist: vec![] },
+        },
+        true,
+    )
+        .unwrap();
+
+    assert!(!updated.capability_flags.storage_may_contain_secrets);
+    assert!(!updated.capability_flags.isolated);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn grant_requested_capability_internal_grants_optional_capability() {
+    let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+    let app = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-1");
+    let install_dir = app_install_dir(dir.path(), &app.id);
+    write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &install_dir).unwrap();
+
+    let outcome =
+        grant_requested_capability_internal(dir.path(), &app.id, "wallet.send_xch").unwrap();
+
+    match outcome {
+        GrantCapabilityOutcome::Granted { capability, change } => {
+            assert_eq!(capability, "wallet.send_xch");
+            assert_eq!(change.added, vec!["wallet.send_xch".to_string()]);
+            assert!(change.removed.is_empty());
+            assert_eq!(change.full, vec!["wallet.send_xch".to_string()]);
+        }
+        GrantCapabilityOutcome::AlreadyGranted { .. } => {
+            panic!("expected capability to be newly granted")
+        }
+    }
+
+    let reloaded = read_installed_app_by_id(dir.path(), &app.id).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        reloaded.granted_permissions.capabilities,
+        vec!["wallet.send_xch".to_string()]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn grant_requested_capability_internal_returns_already_granted_when_present() {
+    let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+    let mut app = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-1");
+    app.granted_permissions.capabilities = vec!["wallet.send_xch".to_string()];
+
+    let install_dir = app_install_dir(dir.path(), &app.id);
+    write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &install_dir).unwrap();
+
+    let outcome =
+        grant_requested_capability_internal(dir.path(), &app.id, "wallet.send_xch").unwrap();
+
+    match outcome {
+        GrantCapabilityOutcome::AlreadyGranted {
+            capability,
+            full_granted_capabilities,
+        } => {
+            assert_eq!(capability, "wallet.send_xch");
+            assert_eq!(full_granted_capabilities, vec!["wallet.send_xch".to_string()]);
+        }
+        GrantCapabilityOutcome::Granted { .. } => {
+            panic!("expected already-granted outcome")
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn grant_requested_capability_internal_rejects_unrequested_capability() {
+    let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+    let app = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-1");
+    let install_dir = app_install_dir(dir.path(), &app.id);
+    write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &install_dir).unwrap();
+
+    let err = grant_requested_capability_internal(
+        dir.path(),
+        &app.id,
+        "wallet.send_xch_auto_submit",
+    )
+        .unwrap_err();
+
+    assert!(err
+        .to_string()
+        .contains("Capability was not requested by app manifest"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal_grants_optional_entry() {
+    let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+    let app = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-1");
+    let install_dir = app_install_dir(dir.path(), &app.id);
+    write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &install_dir).unwrap();
+
+    let outcome = grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal(
+        dir.path(),
+        &app.id,
+        &SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
+            scheme: "WSS".to_string(),
+            host: "OPTIONAL.EXAMPLE.COM".to_string(),
+        },
+    )
+        .unwrap();
+
+    match outcome {
+        GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome::Granted { entry, change } => {
+            assert_eq!(
+                entry,
+                SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
+                    scheme: "wss".to_string(),
+                    host: "optional.example.com".to_string(),
+                }
+            );
+            assert_eq!(
+                change.added,
+                vec![
+                    SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
+                        scheme: "https".to_string(),
+                        host: "required.example.com".to_string(),
+                    },
+                    SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
+                        scheme: "wss".to_string(),
+                        host: "optional.example.com".to_string(),
+                    },
+                ]
+            );
+            assert!(change.removed.is_empty());
+            assert_eq!(
+                change.full,
+                vec![
+                    SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
+                        scheme: "https".to_string(),
+                        host: "required.example.com".to_string(),
+                    },
+                    SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
+                        scheme: "wss".to_string(),
+                        host: "optional.example.com".to_string(),
+                    },
+                ]
+            );
+        }
+        GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome::AlreadyGranted { .. } => {
+            panic!("expected network entry to be newly granted")
+        }
+    }
+
+    let reloaded = read_installed_app_by_id(dir.path(), &app.id).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        reloaded.granted_permissions.network.whitelist,
+        vec![
+            SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
+                scheme: "https".to_string(),
+                host: "required.example.com".to_string(),
+            },
+            SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
+                scheme: "wss".to_string(),
+                host: "optional.example.com".to_string(),
+            },
+        ]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal_returns_already_granted_when_present() {
+    let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+    let mut app = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-1");
+    app.granted_permissions.network.whitelist = vec![SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
+        scheme: "https".to_string(),
+        host: "required.example.com".to_string(),
+    }];
+
+    let install_dir = app_install_dir(dir.path(), &app.id);
+    write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &install_dir).unwrap();
+
+    let outcome = grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal(
+        dir.path(),
+        &app.id,
+        &SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
+            scheme: "https".to_string(),
+            host: "required.example.com".to_string(),
+        },
+    )
+        .unwrap();
+
+    match outcome {
+        GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome::AlreadyGranted {
+            entry,
+            full_granted_network_whitelist,
+        } => {
+            assert_eq!(
+                entry,
+                SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
+                    scheme: "https".to_string(),
+                    host: "required.example.com".to_string(),
+                }
+            );
+            assert_eq!(
+                full_granted_network_whitelist,
+                vec![SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
+                    scheme: "https".to_string(),
+                    host: "required.example.com".to_string(),
+                }]
+            );
+        }
+        GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome::Granted { .. } => {
+            panic!("expected already-granted outcome")
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal_rejects_unrequested_entry() {
+    let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+    let app = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-1");
+    let install_dir = app_install_dir(dir.path(), &app.id);
+    write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &install_dir).unwrap();
+
+    let err = grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal(
+        dir.path(),
+        &app.id,
+        &SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
+            scheme: "https".to_string(),
+            host: "evil.example.com".to_string(),
+        },
+    )
+        .unwrap_err();
+
+    assert!(err
+        .to_string()
+        .contains("Network whitelist entry was not requested by app manifest"));
+}

From dc7bf40a46dcfc7149b7f6afc9d9d9ebe600d2f7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Tue, 21 Apr 2026 04:48:14 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 124/471] Add `apps_storage_cleanup.rs` tests to cover storage
 cleanup flows:

- Added tests for pending storage cleanup targets (`Unmanaged`, `AppleDataStore`, `WindowsProfile`) and error handling.
- Expanded retired app origin tests to verify cleanup pending flag, secret taint updates, and zip app exclusions.
- Updated `apps_registry.rs` with metadata roundtrip tests for pending updates and corrupted network entries.
---
 src-tauri/tests/apps_registry.rs        | 177 +++++++++++++++++----
 src-tauri/tests/apps_storage_cleanup.rs | 196 ++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 346 insertions(+), 27 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/tests/apps_storage_cleanup.rs

diff --git a/src-tauri/tests/apps_registry.rs b/src-tauri/tests/apps_registry.rs
index ef20ae3a9..45a49fa42 100644
--- a/src-tauri/tests/apps_registry.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/tests/apps_registry.rs
@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@ use sage_lib::apps::lifecycle::registry::{
     write_retired_app_origins,
 };
 use sage_lib::apps::types::{
-    InstalledSageApp, InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags, InstalledSageAppSnapshot,
-    InstalledSageAppSource, InstalledSageAppStorage, ListedSageApp,
+    InstalledSageApp, InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags, InstalledSageAppPendingUpdate,
+    InstalledSageAppSnapshot, InstalledSageAppSource, InstalledSageAppStorage, ListedSageApp,
     PendingStorageCleanupEntry, PendingStorageCleanupTarget, RetiredAppOriginEntry,
     SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageGrantedNetworkPermissions,
     SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkPermissionTarget, SageRequestedCapabilities,
@@ -18,6 +18,33 @@ use sage_lib::apps::types::{
 };
 use tempfile::tempdir;
 
+fn sample_manifest(name: &str) -> SageAppPackageManifest {
+    SageAppPackageManifest {
+        name: name.to_string(),
+        version: "1.0.0".to_string(),
+        permissions: SageRequestedPermissions {
+            network: SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
+                whitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist {
+                    required: vec![],
+                    optional: vec![],
+                },
+            },
+            capabilities: SageRequestedCapabilities {
+                required: vec!["wallet.send_xch".to_string()],
+                optional: vec!["persistent_storage".to_string()],
+            },
+        },
+        files: vec![SageAppManifestFile {
+            path: "index.html".to_string(),
+            sha256: "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa"
+                .to_string(),
+            size: 123,
+        }],
+        entry: Some("index.html".to_string()),
+        icon: Some("icon.png".to_string()),
+    }
+}
+
 fn sample_app(app_id: &str, name: &str) -> InstalledSageApp {
     InstalledSageApp {
         id: app_id.to_string(),
@@ -55,31 +82,7 @@ fn sample_app(app_id: &str, name: &str) -> InstalledSageApp {
             manifest_hash: "hash".to_string(),
             snapshot_dir: "/tmp/snapshot".to_string(),
             total_bytes: 123,
-            manifest: SageAppPackageManifest {
-                name: name.to_string(),
-                version: "1.0.0".to_string(),
-                permissions: SageRequestedPermissions {
-                    network: SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
-                        whitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist {
-                            required: vec![],
-                            optional: vec![],
-                        },
-                    },
-                    capabilities: SageRequestedCapabilities {
-                        required: vec!["wallet.send_xch".to_string()],
-                        optional: vec!["persistent_storage".to_string()],
-                    },
-                },
-                files: vec![SageAppManifestFile {
-                    path: "index.html".to_string(),
-                    sha256:
-                    "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa"
-                        .to_string(),
-                    size: 123,
-                }],
-                entry: Some("index.html".to_string()),
-                icon: Some("icon.png".to_string()),
-            },
+            manifest: sample_manifest(name),
         },
         pending_update: None,
     }
@@ -104,6 +107,30 @@ fn installed_app_metadata_roundtrips() {
     assert!(loaded.capability_flags.has_external_access);
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn installed_app_metadata_roundtrips_pending_update() {
+    let base = tempdir().unwrap();
+    let app_id = "app-1";
+    let dir = app_install_dir(base.path(), app_id);
+    fs::create_dir_all(&dir).unwrap();
+
+    let mut app = sample_app(app_id, "Alpha");
+    app.install_dir = dir.to_string_lossy().to_string();
+    app.pending_update = Some(InstalledSageAppPendingUpdate {
+        app_url: "https://example.com/app/".to_string(),
+        manifest_url: "https://example.com/app/sage-manifest.json".to_string(),
+        manifest_hash: "pending-hash".to_string(),
+        manifest: sample_manifest("Alpha Updated"),
+    });
+
+    write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &dir).unwrap();
+    let loaded = read_installed_app_by_id(base.path(), app_id).unwrap();
+
+    let pending = loaded.pending_update.expect("pending update should survive roundtrip");
+    assert_eq!(pending.manifest_hash, "pending-hash");
+    assert_eq!(pending.manifest.name, "Alpha Updated");
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn corrupted_metadata_is_reported_as_corrupted_listing() {
     let base = tempdir().unwrap();
@@ -124,6 +151,102 @@ fn corrupted_metadata_is_reported_as_corrupted_listing() {
     }
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn corrupted_persisted_network_entry_is_reported_as_corrupted_listing() {
+    let base = tempdir().unwrap();
+    let dir = app_install_dir(base.path(), "broken-app");
+    fs::create_dir_all(&dir).unwrap();
+
+    fs::write(
+        dir.join(".sage-installed.json"),
+        r#"{
+  "id": "broken-app",
+  "originId": "broken-app",
+  "name": "Broken App",
+  "version": "1.0.0",
+  "installDir": "/tmp/broken-app",
+  "entryFile": "index.html",
+  "iconFile": "icon.png",
+  "requestedPermissions": {
+    "network": {
+      "whitelist": {
+        "required": ["https://ok.example.com/path"],
+        "optional": []
+      }
+    },
+    "capabilities": {
+      "required": [],
+      "optional": []
+    }
+  },
+  "grantedPermissions": {
+    "capabilities": [],
+    "network": {
+      "whitelist": []
+    }
+  },
+  "capabilityFlags": {
+    "has_secret_access": false,
+    "has_external_access": false,
+    "storage_may_contain_secrets": false,
+    "isolated": false
+  },
+  "storage": {
+    "kind": "unmanaged"
+  },
+  "source": {
+    "kind": "zip"
+  },
+  "activeSnapshot": {
+    "manifestHash": "hash",
+    "snapshotDir": "/tmp/snapshot",
+    "totalBytes": 1,
+    "manifest": {
+      "name": "Broken App",
+      "version": "1.0.0",
+      "permissions": {
+        "network": {
+          "whitelist": {
+            "required": [],
+            "optional": []
+          }
+        },
+        "capabilities": {
+          "required": [],
+          "optional": []
+        }
+      },
+      "files": [
+        {
+          "path": "index.html",
+          "sha256": "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa",
+          "size": 1
+        }
+      ],
+      "entry": "index.html",
+      "icon": "icon.png"
+    }
+  },
+  "pendingUpdate": null
+}"#,
+    )
+        .unwrap();
+
+    let listed = list_installed_apps_internal(&apps_root(base.path())).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(listed.len(), 1);
+
+    match &listed[0] {
+        ListedSageApp::Corrupted(app) => {
+            assert_eq!(app.id, "broken-app");
+            assert!(
+                app.error.contains("failed to parse persisted required network entry")
+                    || app.error.contains("invalid host in network entry")
+            );
+        }
+        ListedSageApp::Installed(_) => panic!("expected corrupted app listing"),
+    }
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn installed_apps_are_sorted_by_name() {
     let base = tempdir().unwrap();
diff --git a/src-tauri/tests/apps_storage_cleanup.rs b/src-tauri/tests/apps_storage_cleanup.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2630a7e15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/tests/apps_storage_cleanup.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+use sage_lib::apps::lifecycle::storage_cleanup::{
+    enqueue_pending_storage_cleanup, enqueue_retired_app_origin,
+};
+use sage_lib::apps::lifecycle::{
+    read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries, read_retired_app_origins,
+};
+use sage_lib::apps::types::{
+    InstalledSageApp, InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags, InstalledSageAppSnapshot,
+    InstalledSageAppSource, InstalledSageAppStorage, PendingStorageCleanupTarget,
+    SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageGrantedNetworkPermissions,
+    SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedCapabilities,
+    SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist,
+    SageRequestedPermissions,
+};
+use tempfile::tempdir;
+
+fn sample_app(storage: InstalledSageAppStorage) -> InstalledSageApp {
+    InstalledSageApp {
+        id: "url-abc123".into(),
+        origin_id: "origin-1".into(),
+        name: "Test App".into(),
+        version: "1.0.0".into(),
+        install_dir: "/tmp/test-app".into(),
+        entry_file: "index.html".into(),
+        icon_file: "icon.png".into(),
+        requested_permissions: SageRequestedPermissions {
+            network: SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
+                whitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist::default(),
+            },
+            capabilities: SageRequestedCapabilities::default(),
+        },
+        granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions {
+            capabilities: vec![],
+            network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions { whitelist: vec![] },
+        },
+        capability_flags: InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags {
+            has_secret_access: false,
+            has_external_access: false,
+            storage_may_contain_secrets: true,
+            isolated: false,
+        },
+        storage,
+        source: InstalledSageAppSource::Url {
+            app_url: "https://example.com/app/".into(),
+            manifest_url: "https://example.com/app/sage-manifest.json".into(),
+        },
+        active_snapshot: InstalledSageAppSnapshot {
+            manifest_hash: "hash".into(),
+            snapshot_dir: "/tmp/test-app".into(),
+            total_bytes: 1,
+            manifest: SageAppPackageManifest {
+                name: "Test App".into(),
+                version: "1.0.0".into(),
+                permissions: SageRequestedPermissions::default(),
+                files: vec![SageAppManifestFile {
+                    path: "index.html".into(),
+                    sha256: "a".repeat(64),
+                    size: 1,
+                }],
+                entry: Some("index.html".into()),
+                icon: Some("icon.png".into()),
+            },
+        },
+        pending_update: None,
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn enqueue_pending_storage_cleanup_creates_unmanaged_target() {
+    let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+    let app = sample_app(InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged);
+
+    enqueue_pending_storage_cleanup(dir.path(), &app, "boom").unwrap();
+
+    let entries = read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries(dir.path()).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(entries.len(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(entries[0].target, PendingStorageCleanupTarget::Unmanaged);
+    assert_eq!(entries[0].attempt_count, 1);
+    assert_eq!(entries[0].last_error.as_deref(), Some("boom"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn enqueue_pending_storage_cleanup_creates_apple_target() {
+    let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+    let app = sample_app(InstalledSageAppStorage::AppleDataStore {
+        identifier_hex: "abc123".into(),
+    });
+
+    enqueue_pending_storage_cleanup(dir.path(), &app, "boom").unwrap();
+
+    let entries = read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries(dir.path()).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(entries.len(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(
+        entries[0].target,
+        PendingStorageCleanupTarget::AppleDataStore {
+            identifier_hex: "abc123".into(),
+        }
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn enqueue_pending_storage_cleanup_creates_windows_target() {
+    let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+    let app = sample_app(InstalledSageAppStorage::WindowsProfile {
+        directory_name: "profile-1".into(),
+    });
+
+    enqueue_pending_storage_cleanup(dir.path(), &app, "boom").unwrap();
+
+    let entries = read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries(dir.path()).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(entries.len(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(
+        entries[0].target,
+        PendingStorageCleanupTarget::WindowsProfile {
+            directory_name: "profile-1".into(),
+        }
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn enqueue_pending_storage_cleanup_updates_existing_entry_by_target_not_app_id() {
+    let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+
+    let app_a = sample_app(InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged);
+    enqueue_pending_storage_cleanup(dir.path(), &app_a, "first").unwrap();
+
+    let mut app_b = sample_app(InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged);
+    app_b.id = "url-other".into();
+    app_b.name = "Other App".into();
+
+    enqueue_pending_storage_cleanup(dir.path(), &app_b, "second").unwrap();
+
+    let entries = read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries(dir.path()).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(entries.len(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(entries[0].app_id, "url-other");
+    assert_eq!(entries[0].app_name, "Other App");
+    assert_eq!(entries[0].attempt_count, 2);
+    assert_eq!(entries[0].last_error.as_deref(), Some("second"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn enqueue_retired_app_origin_ignores_zip_apps() {
+    let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+    let mut app = sample_app(InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged);
+    app.source = InstalledSageAppSource::Zip;
+
+    enqueue_retired_app_origin(dir.path(), &app, true).unwrap();
+
+    let entries = read_retired_app_origins(dir.path()).unwrap();
+    assert!(entries.is_empty());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn enqueue_retired_app_origin_creates_new_entry_for_url_app() {
+    let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+    let app = sample_app(InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged);
+
+    enqueue_retired_app_origin(dir.path(), &app, true).unwrap();
+
+    let entries = read_retired_app_origins(dir.path()).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(entries.len(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(entries[0].app_id, app.id);
+    assert_eq!(entries[0].origin_id, app.origin_id);
+    assert!(entries[0].cleanup_pending);
+    assert!(entries[0].storage_may_contain_secrets);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn enqueue_retired_app_origin_updates_existing_origin_entry() {
+    let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+    let app = sample_app(InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged);
+
+    enqueue_retired_app_origin(dir.path(), &app, true).unwrap();
+    enqueue_retired_app_origin(dir.path(), &app, false).unwrap();
+
+    let entries = read_retired_app_origins(dir.path()).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(entries.len(), 1);
+    assert!(!entries[0].cleanup_pending);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn enqueue_retired_app_origin_updates_secret_taint_flag() {
+    let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+    let mut app = sample_app(InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged);
+    app.capability_flags.storage_may_contain_secrets = false;
+
+    enqueue_retired_app_origin(dir.path(), &app, false).unwrap();
+
+    app.capability_flags.storage_may_contain_secrets = true;
+    enqueue_retired_app_origin(dir.path(), &app, true).unwrap();
+
+    let entries = read_retired_app_origins(dir.path()).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(entries.len(), 1);
+    assert!(entries[0].storage_may_contain_secrets);
+    assert!(entries[0].cleanup_pending);
+}

From c69450f0bda9ad581396f59e6ab677f2dc00336f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Tue, 21 Apr 2026 04:55:48 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 125/471] Refactor test utilities and consolidate `common`
 module:

- Moved shared test utilities into `src-tauri/tests/common/mod.rs` for reusability.
- Refactored `apps_registry.rs`, `apps_manifest.rs`, `apps_update.rs`, `apps_install.rs`, and `apps_storage_cleanup.rs` to use common utilities like `sample_installed_app` and `empty_permissions`.
- Simplified repetitive code by leveraging the `common` module.
---
 src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/registry.rs      |  44 -----
 .../src/apps/lifecycle/storage_cleanup.rs     | 153 +++---------------
 src-tauri/tests/apps_install.rs               |  15 +-
 src-tauri/tests/apps_manifest.rs              |  32 +---
 src-tauri/tests/apps_registry.rs              | 101 ++----------
 src-tauri/tests/apps_storage_cleanup.rs       |  23 +--
 src-tauri/tests/apps_update.rs                | 126 +++++----------
 src-tauri/tests/common/mod.rs                 |  78 +++++++++
 8 files changed, 175 insertions(+), 397 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/tests/common/mod.rs

diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/registry.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/registry.rs
index dd6cbb3e0..6e85ca3bf 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/registry.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/registry.rs
@@ -539,9 +539,6 @@ mod tests {
         InstalledSageAppSnapshot,
         InstalledSageAppSource,
         InstalledSageAppStorage,
-        PendingStorageCleanupEntry,
-        PendingStorageCleanupTarget,
-        RetiredAppOriginEntry,
         SageAppManifestFile,
         SageAppPackageManifest,
         SageGrantedNetworkPermissions,
@@ -608,47 +605,6 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(read_back.storage, app.storage);
     }
 
-    #[test]
-    fn pending_storage_cleanup_entries_round_trip() {
-        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-
-        let entries = vec![PendingStorageCleanupEntry {
-            id: "cleanup-1".into(),
-            app_id: "app-1".into(),
-            app_name: "App".into(),
-            target: PendingStorageCleanupTarget::Unmanaged,
-            created_at_ms: 1,
-            last_attempt_at_ms: Some(2),
-            attempt_count: 3,
-            last_error: Some("boom".into()),
-        }];
-
-        write_pending_storage_cleanup_entries(dir.path(), &entries).unwrap();
-        let read_back = read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries(dir.path()).unwrap();
-
-        assert_eq!(read_back, entries);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn retired_app_origins_round_trip() {
-        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-
-        let entries = vec![RetiredAppOriginEntry {
-            id: "retired-1".into(),
-            app_id: "app-1".into(),
-            app_name: "App".into(),
-            origin_id: "origin-1".into(),
-            created_at_ms: 1,
-            storage_may_contain_secrets: true,
-            cleanup_pending: true,
-        }];
-
-        write_retired_app_origins(dir.path(), &entries).unwrap();
-        let read_back = read_retired_app_origins(dir.path()).unwrap();
-
-        assert_eq!(read_back, entries);
-    }
-
     #[test]
     fn read_installed_app_by_origin_id_finds_matching_app() {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/storage_cleanup.rs b/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/storage_cleanup.rs
index 403d159d6..b7f32c6cf 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/storage_cleanup.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/storage_cleanup.rs
@@ -126,145 +126,38 @@ pub fn enqueue_retired_app_origin(
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
-    use tempfile::tempdir;
-
-    use crate::apps::lifecycle::{
-        read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries,
-        read_retired_app_origins,
-    };
-    use crate::apps::types::{
-        InstalledSageApp,
-        InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags,
-        InstalledSageAppSnapshot,
-        InstalledSageAppSource,
-        InstalledSageAppStorage,
-        SageAppManifestFile,
-        SageAppPackageManifest,
-        SageGrantedNetworkPermissions,
-        SageGrantedPermissions,
-        SageRequestedCapabilities,
-        SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
-        SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist,
-        SageRequestedPermissions,
-    };
-
-    fn sample_app(storage: InstalledSageAppStorage) -> InstalledSageApp {
-        InstalledSageApp {
-            id: "url-abc123".into(),
-            origin_id: "origin-1".into(),
-            name: "Test App".into(),
-            version: "1.0.0".into(),
-            install_dir: "/tmp/test-app".into(),
-            entry_file: "index.html".into(),
-            icon_file: "icon.png".into(),
-            requested_permissions: SageRequestedPermissions {
-                network: SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
-                    whitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist::default(),
-                },
-                capabilities: SageRequestedCapabilities::default(),
-            },
-            granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions {
-                capabilities: vec![],
-                network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions { whitelist: vec![] },
-            },
-            capability_flags: InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags {
-                has_secret_access: false,
-                has_external_access: false,
-                storage_may_contain_secrets: true,
-                isolated: false,
-            },
-            storage,
-            source: InstalledSageAppSource::Url {
-                app_url: "https://example.com/app/".into(),
-                manifest_url: "https://example.com/app/sage-manifest.json".into(),
-            },
-            active_snapshot: InstalledSageAppSnapshot {
-                manifest_hash: "hash".into(),
-                snapshot_dir: "/tmp/test-app".into(),
-                total_bytes: 1,
-                manifest: SageAppPackageManifest {
-                    name: "Test App".into(),
-                    version: "1.0.0".into(),
-                    permissions: SageRequestedPermissions::default(),
-                    files: vec![SageAppManifestFile {
-                        path: "index.html".into(),
-                        sha256: "a".repeat(64),
-                        size: 1,
-                    }],
-                    entry: Some("index.html".into()),
-                    icon: Some("icon.png".into()),
-                },
-            },
-            pending_update: None,
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn enqueue_pending_storage_cleanup_creates_new_entry() {
-        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-        let app = sample_app(InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged);
-
-        enqueue_pending_storage_cleanup(dir.path(), &app, "boom").unwrap();
-
-        let entries = read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries(dir.path()).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(entries.len(), 1);
-        assert_eq!(entries[0].app_id, app.id);
-        assert_eq!(entries[0].app_name, app.name);
-        assert_eq!(entries[0].last_error.as_deref(), Some("boom"));
-        assert_eq!(entries[0].attempt_count, 1);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn enqueue_pending_storage_cleanup_updates_existing_target_entry() {
-        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-        let app = sample_app(InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged);
-
-        enqueue_pending_storage_cleanup(dir.path(), &app, "first").unwrap();
-        enqueue_pending_storage_cleanup(dir.path(), &app, "second").unwrap();
-
-        let entries = read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries(dir.path()).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(entries.len(), 1);
-        assert_eq!(entries[0].attempt_count, 2);
-        assert_eq!(entries[0].last_error.as_deref(), Some("second"));
-    }
 
     #[test]
-    fn enqueue_retired_app_origin_ignores_zip_apps() {
-        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-        let mut app = sample_app(InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged);
-        app.source = InstalledSageAppSource::Zip;
-
-        enqueue_retired_app_origin(dir.path(), &app, true).unwrap();
+    fn target_from_storage_maps_apple_data_store() {
+        let target = target_from_storage(&InstalledSageAppStorage::AppleDataStore {
+            identifier_hex: "abc123".into(),
+        });
 
-        let entries = read_retired_app_origins(dir.path()).unwrap();
-        assert!(entries.is_empty());
+        assert_eq!(
+            target,
+            PendingStorageCleanupTarget::AppleDataStore {
+                identifier_hex: "abc123".into(),
+            }
+        );
     }
 
     #[test]
-    fn enqueue_retired_app_origin_creates_new_entry_for_url_app() {
-        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-        let app = sample_app(InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged);
-
-        enqueue_retired_app_origin(dir.path(), &app, true).unwrap();
+    fn target_from_storage_maps_windows_profile() {
+        let target = target_from_storage(&InstalledSageAppStorage::WindowsProfile {
+            directory_name: "profile-1".into(),
+        });
 
-        let entries = read_retired_app_origins(dir.path()).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(entries.len(), 1);
-        assert_eq!(entries[0].app_id, app.id);
-        assert_eq!(entries[0].origin_id, app.origin_id);
-        assert!(entries[0].cleanup_pending);
-        assert!(entries[0].storage_may_contain_secrets);
+        assert_eq!(
+            target,
+            PendingStorageCleanupTarget::WindowsProfile {
+                directory_name: "profile-1".into(),
+            }
+        );
     }
 
     #[test]
-    fn enqueue_retired_app_origin_updates_existing_origin_entry() {
-        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-        let app = sample_app(InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged);
-
-        enqueue_retired_app_origin(dir.path(), &app, true).unwrap();
-        enqueue_retired_app_origin(dir.path(), &app, false).unwrap();
-
-        let entries = read_retired_app_origins(dir.path()).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(entries.len(), 1);
-        assert!(!entries[0].cleanup_pending);
+    fn target_from_storage_maps_unmanaged() {
+        let target = target_from_storage(&InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged);
+        assert_eq!(target, PendingStorageCleanupTarget::Unmanaged);
     }
 }
diff --git a/src-tauri/tests/apps_install.rs b/src-tauri/tests/apps_install.rs
index 88c48239b..a0cc1845c 100644
--- a/src-tauri/tests/apps_install.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/tests/apps_install.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,13 @@
+mod common;
+
+use common::sample_manifest_file;
 use sage_lib::apps::lifecycle::install::{
     manifest_entry_file, manifest_icon_file, normalize_app_url,
 };
 use sage_lib::apps::types::{
-    SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
-    SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
-    SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist, SageRequestedPermissions,
+    SageAppPackageManifest, SageNetworkPermissionTarget, SageRequestedCapabilities,
+    SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist,
+    SageRequestedPermissions,
 };
 
 fn requested_permissions() -> SageRequestedPermissions {
@@ -33,11 +36,7 @@ fn sample_manifest() -> SageAppPackageManifest {
         name: "Test App".to_string(),
         version: "1.0.0".to_string(),
         permissions: requested_permissions(),
-        files: vec![SageAppManifestFile {
-            path: "index.html".to_string(),
-            sha256: "a".repeat(64),
-            size: 1,
-        }],
+        files: vec![sample_manifest_file("index.html", 1)],
         entry: Some("entry.html".to_string()),
         icon: Some("icon.svg".to_string()),
     }
diff --git a/src-tauri/tests/apps_manifest.rs b/src-tauri/tests/apps_manifest.rs
index cfdde81b4..bbc7bfae3 100644
--- a/src-tauri/tests/apps_manifest.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/tests/apps_manifest.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+mod common;
+
+use common::{empty_permissions, sample_manifest_file};
 use sage_lib::apps::lifecycle::limits::{
     MAX_APP_FILE_COUNT, MAX_APP_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES,
 };
@@ -5,34 +8,7 @@ use sage_lib::apps::lifecycle::manifest::{
     validate_manifest_file_path, validate_manifest_files, validate_package_manifest,
     validate_sha256_hex,
 };
-use sage_lib::apps::types::{
-    SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageRequestedCapabilities,
-    SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist,
-    SageRequestedPermissions,
-};
-
-fn sample_manifest_file(path: &str, size: u64) -> SageAppManifestFile {
-    SageAppManifestFile {
-        path: path.to_string(),
-        sha256: "a".repeat(64),
-        size,
-    }
-}
-
-fn empty_permissions() -> SageRequestedPermissions {
-    SageRequestedPermissions {
-        network: SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
-            whitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist {
-                required: vec![],
-                optional: vec![],
-            },
-        },
-        capabilities: SageRequestedCapabilities {
-            required: vec![],
-            optional: vec![],
-        },
-    }
-}
+use sage_lib::apps::types::SageAppPackageManifest;
 
 fn sample_manifest() -> SageAppPackageManifest {
     SageAppPackageManifest {
diff --git a/src-tauri/tests/apps_registry.rs b/src-tauri/tests/apps_registry.rs
index 45a49fa42..021113a0a 100644
--- a/src-tauri/tests/apps_registry.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/tests/apps_registry.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
+mod common;
+
 use std::fs;
 
+use common::{sample_installed_app, sample_manifest};
 use sage_lib::apps::lifecycle::registry::{
     app_install_dir, apps_root, list_installed_apps_internal, parse_network_permission_target,
     read_installed_app_by_id, read_installed_app_by_origin_id,
@@ -8,94 +11,19 @@ use sage_lib::apps::lifecycle::registry::{
     write_retired_app_origins,
 };
 use sage_lib::apps::types::{
-    InstalledSageApp, InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags, InstalledSageAppPendingUpdate,
-    InstalledSageAppSnapshot, InstalledSageAppSource, InstalledSageAppStorage, ListedSageApp,
+    InstalledSageAppPendingUpdate, ListedSageApp,
     PendingStorageCleanupEntry, PendingStorageCleanupTarget, RetiredAppOriginEntry,
-    SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageGrantedNetworkPermissions,
-    SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkPermissionTarget, SageRequestedCapabilities,
-    SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist,
-    SageRequestedPermissions,
+    SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
 };
 use tempfile::tempdir;
 
-fn sample_manifest(name: &str) -> SageAppPackageManifest {
-    SageAppPackageManifest {
-        name: name.to_string(),
-        version: "1.0.0".to_string(),
-        permissions: SageRequestedPermissions {
-            network: SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
-                whitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist {
-                    required: vec![],
-                    optional: vec![],
-                },
-            },
-            capabilities: SageRequestedCapabilities {
-                required: vec!["wallet.send_xch".to_string()],
-                optional: vec!["persistent_storage".to_string()],
-            },
-        },
-        files: vec![SageAppManifestFile {
-            path: "index.html".to_string(),
-            sha256: "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa"
-                .to_string(),
-            size: 123,
-        }],
-        entry: Some("index.html".to_string()),
-        icon: Some("icon.png".to_string()),
-    }
-}
-
-fn sample_app(app_id: &str, name: &str) -> InstalledSageApp {
-    InstalledSageApp {
-        id: app_id.to_string(),
-        origin_id: app_id.to_string(),
-        name: name.to_string(),
-        version: "1.0.0".to_string(),
-        install_dir: String::new(),
-        entry_file: "index.html".to_string(),
-        icon_file: "icon.png".to_string(),
-        requested_permissions: SageRequestedPermissions {
-            network: SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
-                whitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist {
-                    required: vec![],
-                    optional: vec![],
-                },
-            },
-            capabilities: SageRequestedCapabilities {
-                required: vec!["wallet.send_xch".to_string()],
-                optional: vec!["persistent_storage".to_string()],
-            },
-        },
-        granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions {
-            capabilities: vec!["wallet.send_xch".to_string()],
-            network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions { whitelist: vec![] },
-        },
-        capability_flags: InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags {
-            has_secret_access: false,
-            has_external_access: true,
-            storage_may_contain_secrets: false,
-            isolated: false,
-        },
-        storage: InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
-        source: InstalledSageAppSource::Zip,
-        active_snapshot: InstalledSageAppSnapshot {
-            manifest_hash: "hash".to_string(),
-            snapshot_dir: "/tmp/snapshot".to_string(),
-            total_bytes: 123,
-            manifest: sample_manifest(name),
-        },
-        pending_update: None,
-    }
-}
-
 #[test]
 fn installed_app_metadata_roundtrips() {
     let base = tempdir().unwrap();
     let app_id = "app-1";
     let dir = app_install_dir(base.path(), app_id);
-    fs::create_dir_all(&dir).unwrap();
 
-    let mut app = sample_app(app_id, "Alpha");
+    let mut app = sample_installed_app(base.path(), app_id, "Alpha");
     app.install_dir = dir.to_string_lossy().to_string();
 
     write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &dir).unwrap();
@@ -104,7 +32,7 @@ fn installed_app_metadata_roundtrips() {
     assert_eq!(loaded.id, app.id);
     assert_eq!(loaded.name, app.name);
     assert_eq!(loaded.granted_permissions, app.granted_permissions);
-    assert!(loaded.capability_flags.has_external_access);
+    assert_eq!(loaded.capability_flags.has_external_access, false);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -112,9 +40,8 @@ fn installed_app_metadata_roundtrips_pending_update() {
     let base = tempdir().unwrap();
     let app_id = "app-1";
     let dir = app_install_dir(base.path(), app_id);
-    fs::create_dir_all(&dir).unwrap();
 
-    let mut app = sample_app(app_id, "Alpha");
+    let mut app = sample_installed_app(base.path(), app_id, "Alpha");
     app.install_dir = dir.to_string_lossy().to_string();
     app.pending_update = Some(InstalledSageAppPendingUpdate {
         app_url: "https://example.com/app/".to_string(),
@@ -252,14 +179,12 @@ fn installed_apps_are_sorted_by_name() {
     let base = tempdir().unwrap();
 
     let alpha_dir = app_install_dir(base.path(), "a");
-    fs::create_dir_all(&alpha_dir).unwrap();
-    let mut alpha = sample_app("a", "Alpha");
+    let mut alpha = sample_installed_app(base.path(), "a", "Alpha");
     alpha.install_dir = alpha_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string();
     write_installed_app_metadata(&alpha, &alpha_dir).unwrap();
 
     let zeta_dir = app_install_dir(base.path(), "z");
-    fs::create_dir_all(&zeta_dir).unwrap();
-    let mut zeta = sample_app("z", "Zeta");
+    let mut zeta = sample_installed_app(base.path(), "z", "Zeta");
     zeta.install_dir = zeta_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string();
     write_installed_app_metadata(&zeta, &zeta_dir).unwrap();
 
@@ -332,15 +257,13 @@ fn read_installed_app_by_origin_id_finds_matching_app() {
     let base = tempdir().unwrap();
 
     let alpha_dir = app_install_dir(base.path(), "a");
-    fs::create_dir_all(&alpha_dir).unwrap();
-    let mut alpha = sample_app("a", "Alpha");
+    let mut alpha = sample_installed_app(base.path(), "a", "Alpha");
     alpha.origin_id = "origin-a".to_string();
     alpha.install_dir = alpha_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string();
     write_installed_app_metadata(&alpha, &alpha_dir).unwrap();
 
     let beta_dir = app_install_dir(base.path(), "b");
-    fs::create_dir_all(&beta_dir).unwrap();
-    let mut beta = sample_app("b", "Beta");
+    let mut beta = sample_installed_app(base.path(), "b", "Beta");
     beta.origin_id = "origin-b".to_string();
     beta.install_dir = beta_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string();
     write_installed_app_metadata(&beta, &beta_dir).unwrap();
diff --git a/src-tauri/tests/apps_storage_cleanup.rs b/src-tauri/tests/apps_storage_cleanup.rs
index 2630a7e15..126f30117 100644
--- a/src-tauri/tests/apps_storage_cleanup.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/tests/apps_storage_cleanup.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+mod common;
+
+use common::{empty_permissions, sample_manifest_file};
 use sage_lib::apps::lifecycle::storage_cleanup::{
     enqueue_pending_storage_cleanup, enqueue_retired_app_origin,
 };
@@ -7,10 +10,7 @@ use sage_lib::apps::lifecycle::{
 use sage_lib::apps::types::{
     InstalledSageApp, InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags, InstalledSageAppSnapshot,
     InstalledSageAppSource, InstalledSageAppStorage, PendingStorageCleanupTarget,
-    SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageGrantedNetworkPermissions,
-    SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedCapabilities,
-    SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist,
-    SageRequestedPermissions,
+    SageAppPackageManifest, SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions,
 };
 use tempfile::tempdir;
 
@@ -23,12 +23,7 @@ fn sample_app(storage: InstalledSageAppStorage) -> InstalledSageApp {
         install_dir: "/tmp/test-app".into(),
         entry_file: "index.html".into(),
         icon_file: "icon.png".into(),
-        requested_permissions: SageRequestedPermissions {
-            network: SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
-                whitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist::default(),
-            },
-            capabilities: SageRequestedCapabilities::default(),
-        },
+        requested_permissions: empty_permissions(),
         granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions {
             capabilities: vec![],
             network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions { whitelist: vec![] },
@@ -51,12 +46,8 @@ fn sample_app(storage: InstalledSageAppStorage) -> InstalledSageApp {
             manifest: SageAppPackageManifest {
                 name: "Test App".into(),
                 version: "1.0.0".into(),
-                permissions: SageRequestedPermissions::default(),
-                files: vec![SageAppManifestFile {
-                    path: "index.html".into(),
-                    sha256: "a".repeat(64),
-                    size: 1,
-                }],
+                permissions: empty_permissions(),
+                files: vec![sample_manifest_file("index.html", 1)],
                 entry: Some("index.html".into()),
                 icon: Some("icon.png".into()),
             },
diff --git a/src-tauri/tests/apps_update.rs b/src-tauri/tests/apps_update.rs
index 2e346ab50..3ec876580 100644
--- a/src-tauri/tests/apps_update.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/tests/apps_update.rs
@@ -1,103 +1,65 @@
-use std::fs;
+mod common;
+
 use std::path::Path;
 
-use sage_lib::apps::lifecycle::registry::{app_install_dir, read_installed_app_by_id, write_installed_app_metadata};
+use common::{sample_manifest_file, sample_installed_app};
+use sage_lib::apps::lifecycle::registry::{
+    app_install_dir, read_installed_app_by_id, write_installed_app_metadata,
+};
 use sage_lib::apps::lifecycle::update::{
     grant_requested_capability_internal, grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal,
     update_app_permissions_internal, GrantCapabilityOutcome, GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome,
 };
 use sage_lib::apps::types::{
     InstalledSageApp, InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags, InstalledSageAppSnapshot,
-    InstalledSageAppSource, InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppManifestFile,
-    SageAppPackageManifest, SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions,
-    SageNetworkPermissionTarget, SageRequestedCapabilities,
+    InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppPackageManifest, SageGrantedNetworkPermissions,
+    SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkPermissionTarget, SageRequestedCapabilities,
     SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist,
     SageRequestedPermissions,
 };
 use tempfile::tempdir;
 
 fn sample_app(base: &Path, app_id: &str) -> InstalledSageApp {
-    let install_dir = app_install_dir(base, app_id);
-    fs::create_dir_all(&install_dir).unwrap();
-
-    InstalledSageApp {
-        id: app_id.to_string(),
-        origin_id: format!("origin-{app_id}"),
-        name: "Test App".to_string(),
-        version: "1.0.0".to_string(),
-        install_dir: install_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-        entry_file: "index.html".to_string(),
-        icon_file: "icon.png".to_string(),
-        requested_permissions: SageRequestedPermissions {
-            network: SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
-                whitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist {
-                    required: vec![SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
-                        scheme: "https".to_string(),
-                        host: "required.example.com".to_string(),
-                    }],
-                    optional: vec![SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
-                        scheme: "wss".to_string(),
-                        host: "optional.example.com".to_string(),
-                    }],
-                },
-            },
-            capabilities: SageRequestedCapabilities {
-                required: vec![],
-                optional: vec![
-                    "wallet.send_xch".to_string(),
-                    "persistent_storage".to_string(),
-                ],
+    let mut app = sample_installed_app(base, app_id, "Test App");
+
+    app.requested_permissions = SageRequestedPermissions {
+        network: SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
+            whitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist {
+                required: vec![SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
+                    scheme: "https".to_string(),
+                    host: "required.example.com".to_string(),
+                }],
+                optional: vec![SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
+                    scheme: "wss".to_string(),
+                    host: "optional.example.com".to_string(),
+                }],
             },
         },
-        granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions {
-            capabilities: vec![],
-            network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions { whitelist: vec![] },
-        },
-        capability_flags: InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags::default(),
-        storage: InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
-        source: InstalledSageAppSource::Url {
-            app_url: "https://example.com/app/".to_string(),
-            manifest_url: "https://example.com/app/sage-manifest.json".to_string(),
+        capabilities: SageRequestedCapabilities {
+            required: vec![],
+            optional: vec![
+                "wallet.send_xch".to_string(),
+                "persistent_storage".to_string(),
+            ],
         },
-        active_snapshot: InstalledSageAppSnapshot {
-            manifest_hash: "hash".to_string(),
-            snapshot_dir: install_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-            total_bytes: 1,
-            manifest: SageAppPackageManifest {
-                name: "Test App".to_string(),
-                version: "1.0.0".to_string(),
-                permissions: SageRequestedPermissions {
-                    network: SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
-                        whitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist {
-                            required: vec![SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
-                                scheme: "https".to_string(),
-                                host: "required.example.com".to_string(),
-                            }],
-                            optional: vec![SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
-                                scheme: "wss".to_string(),
-                                host: "optional.example.com".to_string(),
-                            }],
-                        },
-                    },
-                    capabilities: SageRequestedCapabilities {
-                        required: vec![],
-                        optional: vec![
-                            "wallet.send_xch".to_string(),
-                            "persistent_storage".to_string(),
-                        ],
-                    },
-                },
-                files: vec![SageAppManifestFile {
-                    path: "index.html".to_string(),
-                    sha256: "a".repeat(64),
-                    size: 1,
-                }],
-                entry: Some("index.html".to_string()),
-                icon: Some("icon.png".to_string()),
-            },
+    };
+
+    app.active_snapshot = InstalledSageAppSnapshot {
+        manifest_hash: "hash".to_string(),
+        snapshot_dir: app.install_dir.clone(),
+        total_bytes: 1,
+        manifest: SageAppPackageManifest {
+            name: "Test App".to_string(),
+            version: "1.0.0".to_string(),
+            permissions: app.requested_permissions.clone(),
+            files: vec![sample_manifest_file("index.html", 1)],
+            entry: Some("index.html".to_string()),
+            icon: Some("icon.png".to_string()),
         },
-        pending_update: None,
-    }
+    };
+
+    app.storage = InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged;
+    app
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/src-tauri/tests/common/mod.rs b/src-tauri/tests/common/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f9c93be9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/tests/common/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+use std::fs;
+use std::path::Path;
+
+use sage_lib::apps::lifecycle::registry::app_install_dir;
+use sage_lib::apps::types::{
+    InstalledSageApp, InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags, InstalledSageAppSnapshot,
+    InstalledSageAppSource, InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppManifestFile,
+    SageAppPackageManifest, SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions,
+    SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
+    SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist, SageRequestedPermissions,
+};
+
+pub fn empty_permissions() -> SageRequestedPermissions {
+    SageRequestedPermissions {
+        network: SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
+            whitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist {
+                required: vec![],
+                optional: vec![],
+            },
+        },
+        capabilities: SageRequestedCapabilities {
+            required: vec![],
+            optional: vec![],
+        },
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn sample_manifest_file(path: &str, size: u64) -> SageAppManifestFile {
+    SageAppManifestFile {
+        path: path.to_string(),
+        sha256: "a".repeat(64),
+        size,
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn sample_manifest(name: &str) -> SageAppPackageManifest {
+    SageAppPackageManifest {
+        name: name.to_string(),
+        version: "1.0.0".to_string(),
+        permissions: empty_permissions(),
+        files: vec![sample_manifest_file("index.html", 1)],
+        entry: Some("index.html".to_string()),
+        icon: Some("icon.png".to_string()),
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn sample_installed_app(base: &Path, app_id: &str, name: &str) -> InstalledSageApp {
+    let install_dir = app_install_dir(base, app_id);
+    fs::create_dir_all(&install_dir).unwrap();
+
+    InstalledSageApp {
+        id: app_id.to_string(),
+        origin_id: format!("origin-{app_id}"),
+        name: name.to_string(),
+        version: "1.0.0".to_string(),
+        install_dir: install_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+        entry_file: "index.html".to_string(),
+        icon_file: "icon.png".to_string(),
+        requested_permissions: empty_permissions(),
+        granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions {
+            capabilities: vec![],
+            network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions { whitelist: vec![] },
+        },
+        capability_flags: InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags::default(),
+        storage: InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
+        source: InstalledSageAppSource::Url {
+            app_url: "https://example.com/app/".to_string(),
+            manifest_url: "https://example.com/app/sage-manifest.json".to_string(),
+        },
+        active_snapshot: InstalledSageAppSnapshot {
+            manifest_hash: "hash".to_string(),
+            snapshot_dir: install_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+            total_bytes: 1,
+            manifest: sample_manifest(name),
+        },
+        pending_update: None,
+    }
+}

From 0e7a07d732e250824fc7eeb633545949556e8580 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Tue, 21 Apr 2026 18:19:11 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 126/471] Refactor apps structure to new `sage-apps` crate:

- Moved `apps` module from `src-tauri` into the newly created `crates/sage-apps`.
- Updated imports across the project to reference `sage-apps`.
- Consolidated app lifecycle, permissions, runtime
---
 .gitignore                                    |   2 +-
 Cargo.lock                                    |  24 ++
 Cargo.toml                                    |   1 +
 crates/sage-apps/Cargo.toml                   |  29 +++
 .../storage-clear-probe/app.js                |   0
 .../sage-apps}/builtin-apps/shared/icon.svg   |   0
 .../sage-apps}/builtin-apps/shared/index.html |   0
 .../test-apps-src/network-allow-a/app.js      |   0
 .../network-allow-a/sage-manifest.json        |   0
 .../test-apps-src/network-allow-b/app.js      |   0
 .../network-allow-b/sage-manifest.json        |   0
 .../sage-storage-isolation/app.js             |   0
 .../sage-manifest.incognito.json              |   0
 .../sage-manifest.persistent.json             |   0
 .../test-apps-src/storage-persistence/app.js  |   0
 .../sage-manifest.incognito.json              |   0
 .../sage-manifest.persistent.json             |   0
 .../sage-apps/src}/bridge/methods/mod.rs      |   8 +-
 .../sage-apps/src}/bridge/methods/system.rs   |  16 +-
 .../sage-apps/src}/bridge/methods/wallet.rs   |   6 +-
 .../sage-apps/src}/bridge/mod.rs              |  12 +-
 .../sage-apps/src}/bridge/registry.rs         |   0
 .../sage-apps/src/build}/builtin_apps.rs      | 225 ++++++++++++------
 .../sage-apps/src/build}/mod.rs               |   0
 crates/sage-apps/src/host.rs                  |  52 ++++
 .../mod.rs => crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs     |   5 +-
 .../sage-apps/src}/lifecycle/install.rs       |  35 ++-
 .../sage-apps/src}/lifecycle/limits.rs        |   0
 .../sage-apps/src}/lifecycle/manifest.rs      |   2 +-
 .../sage-apps/src}/lifecycle/mod.rs           |   0
 .../sage-apps/src}/lifecycle/package.rs       |   2 +-
 .../sage-apps/src}/lifecycle/registry.rs      |  10 +-
 .../sage-apps/src}/lifecycle/snapshot.rs      |   4 +-
 .../src}/lifecycle/storage_cleanup.rs         |   6 +-
 .../sage-apps/src}/lifecycle/update.rs        |  10 +-
 .../src}/permissions/capabilities.rs          |   0
 .../sage-apps/src}/permissions/mod.rs         |   0
 .../sage-apps/src}/permissions/policy.rs      |  12 +-
 .../sage-apps/src}/runtime/cleanup.rs         |   4 +-
 .../sage-apps/src}/runtime/inline.rs          |   6 +-
 .../sage-apps/src}/runtime/mod.rs             |   0
 .../sage-apps/src}/runtime/records.rs         |   0
 .../sage-apps/src}/runtime/resolve.rs         |   8 +-
 .../sage-apps/src}/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs    |   8 +-
 .../sage-apps/src}/sandbox/commands.rs        |   4 +-
 .../sage-apps/src}/sandbox/gate.rs            |   2 +-
 .../sage-apps/src}/sandbox/ingest.rs          |   2 +-
 .../sage-apps/src}/sandbox/mod.rs             |   0
 .../src}/sandbox/probes/clear_cycle.rs        |   6 +-
 .../src}/sandbox/probes/isolation.rs          |   4 +-
 .../sage-apps/src}/sandbox/probes/mod.rs      |   0
 .../sage-apps/src}/sandbox/probes/network.rs  |   4 +-
 .../src}/sandbox/probes/persistence.rs        |   4 +-
 .../sage-apps/src}/sandbox/probes/poll.rs     |   2 +-
 .../sage-apps/src}/sandbox/runner.rs          |   2 +-
 .../sage-apps/src}/sandbox/runtime.rs         |   4 +-
 .../sage-apps/src}/sandbox/state_view.rs      |   0
 .../sage-apps/src}/sandbox/store.rs           |   0
 .../sage-apps/src}/sandbox/types.rs           |   0
 .../sage-apps/src}/security/csp.rs            |   2 +-
 .../sage-apps/src}/security/mod.rs            |   0
 .../sage-apps/src}/security/protocol.rs       |   4 +-
 .../sage-apps/src}/state/host.rs              |   6 +-
 .../sage-apps/src}/state/mod.rs               |   0
 .../sage-apps/src}/types/mod.rs               |   0
 .../sage-apps/src}/types/models.rs            |   2 +-
 .../sage-apps}/tests/apps_install.rs          |   4 +-
 .../sage-apps}/tests/apps_manifest.rs         |   6 +-
 .../sage-apps}/tests/apps_registry.rs         |   4 +-
 .../sage-apps}/tests/apps_storage_cleanup.rs  |   6 +-
 .../sage-apps}/tests/apps_update.rs           |   6 +-
 .../sage-apps}/tests/common/mod.rs            |   4 +-
 src-tauri/.taurignore                         |   2 +-
 src-tauri/Cargo.toml                          |   2 +
 src-tauri/build.rs                            |   4 +-
 src-tauri/src/lib.rs                          |   3 +-
 src/bindings.ts                               |   5 +-
 77 files changed, 388 insertions(+), 193 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/Cargo.toml
 rename {src-tauri => crates/sage-apps}/builtin-apps/runtime-apps-src/storage-clear-probe/app.js (100%)
 rename {src-tauri => crates/sage-apps}/builtin-apps/shared/icon.svg (100%)
 rename {src-tauri => crates/sage-apps}/builtin-apps/shared/index.html (100%)
 rename {src-tauri => crates/sage-apps}/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-a/app.js (100%)
 rename {src-tauri => crates/sage-apps}/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-a/sage-manifest.json (100%)
 rename {src-tauri => crates/sage-apps}/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-b/app.js (100%)
 rename {src-tauri => crates/sage-apps}/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-b/sage-manifest.json (100%)
 rename {src-tauri => crates/sage-apps}/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/app.js (100%)
 rename {src-tauri => crates/sage-apps}/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.incognito.json (100%)
 rename {src-tauri => crates/sage-apps}/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.persistent.json (100%)
 rename {src-tauri => crates/sage-apps}/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/app.js (100%)
 rename {src-tauri => crates/sage-apps}/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/sage-manifest.incognito.json (100%)
 rename {src-tauri => crates/sage-apps}/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/sage-manifest.persistent.json (100%)
 rename {src-tauri/src/apps => crates/sage-apps/src}/bridge/methods/mod.rs (84%)
 rename {src-tauri/src/apps => crates/sage-apps/src}/bridge/methods/system.rs (97%)
 rename {src-tauri/src/apps => crates/sage-apps/src}/bridge/methods/wallet.rs (94%)
 rename {src-tauri/src/apps => crates/sage-apps/src}/bridge/mod.rs (97%)
 rename {src-tauri/src/apps => crates/sage-apps/src}/bridge/registry.rs (100%)
 rename {src-tauri/build_support => crates/sage-apps/src/build}/builtin_apps.rs (55%)
 rename {src-tauri/build_support => crates/sage-apps/src/build}/mod.rs (100%)
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/host.rs
 rename src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs => crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs (56%)
 rename {src-tauri/src/apps => crates/sage-apps/src}/lifecycle/install.rs (95%)
 rename {src-tauri/src/apps => crates/sage-apps/src}/lifecycle/limits.rs (100%)
 rename {src-tauri/src/apps => crates/sage-apps/src}/lifecycle/manifest.rs (99%)
 rename {src-tauri/src/apps => crates/sage-apps/src}/lifecycle/mod.rs (100%)
 rename {src-tauri/src/apps => crates/sage-apps/src}/lifecycle/package.rs (99%)
 rename {src-tauri/src/apps => crates/sage-apps/src}/lifecycle/registry.rs (98%)
 rename {src-tauri/src/apps => crates/sage-apps/src}/lifecycle/snapshot.rs (98%)
 rename {src-tauri/src/apps => crates/sage-apps/src}/lifecycle/storage_cleanup.rs (92%)
 rename {src-tauri/src/apps => crates/sage-apps/src}/lifecycle/update.rs (98%)
 rename {src-tauri/src/apps => crates/sage-apps/src}/permissions/capabilities.rs (100%)
 rename {src-tauri/src/apps => crates/sage-apps/src}/permissions/mod.rs (100%)
 rename {src-tauri/src/apps => crates/sage-apps/src}/permissions/policy.rs (98%)
 rename {src-tauri/src/apps => crates/sage-apps/src}/runtime/cleanup.rs (98%)
 rename {src-tauri/src/apps => crates/sage-apps/src}/runtime/inline.rs (98%)
 rename {src-tauri/src/apps => crates/sage-apps/src}/runtime/mod.rs (100%)
 rename {src-tauri/src/apps => crates/sage-apps/src}/runtime/records.rs (100%)
 rename {src-tauri/src/apps => crates/sage-apps/src}/runtime/resolve.rs (97%)
 rename {src-tauri/src/apps => crates/sage-apps/src}/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs (98%)
 rename {src-tauri/src/apps => crates/sage-apps/src}/sandbox/commands.rs (95%)
 rename {src-tauri/src/apps => crates/sage-apps/src}/sandbox/gate.rs (98%)
 rename {src-tauri/src/apps => crates/sage-apps/src}/sandbox/ingest.rs (98%)
 rename {src-tauri/src/apps => crates/sage-apps/src}/sandbox/mod.rs (100%)
 rename {src-tauri/src/apps => crates/sage-apps/src}/sandbox/probes/clear_cycle.rs (95%)
 rename {src-tauri/src/apps => crates/sage-apps/src}/sandbox/probes/isolation.rs (97%)
 rename {src-tauri/src/apps => crates/sage-apps/src}/sandbox/probes/mod.rs (100%)
 rename {src-tauri/src/apps => crates/sage-apps/src}/sandbox/probes/network.rs (93%)
 rename {src-tauri/src/apps => crates/sage-apps/src}/sandbox/probes/persistence.rs (98%)
 rename {src-tauri/src/apps => crates/sage-apps/src}/sandbox/probes/poll.rs (99%)
 rename {src-tauri/src/apps => crates/sage-apps/src}/sandbox/runner.rs (99%)
 rename {src-tauri/src/apps => crates/sage-apps/src}/sandbox/runtime.rs (96%)
 rename {src-tauri/src/apps => crates/sage-apps/src}/sandbox/state_view.rs (100%)
 rename {src-tauri/src/apps => crates/sage-apps/src}/sandbox/store.rs (100%)
 rename {src-tauri/src/apps => crates/sage-apps/src}/sandbox/types.rs (100%)
 rename {src-tauri/src/apps => crates/sage-apps/src}/security/csp.rs (97%)
 rename {src-tauri/src/apps => crates/sage-apps/src}/security/mod.rs (100%)
 rename {src-tauri/src/apps => crates/sage-apps/src}/security/protocol.rs (98%)
 rename {src-tauri/src/apps => crates/sage-apps/src}/state/host.rs (55%)
 rename {src-tauri/src/apps => crates/sage-apps/src}/state/mod.rs (100%)
 rename {src-tauri/src/apps => crates/sage-apps/src}/types/mod.rs (100%)
 rename {src-tauri/src/apps => crates/sage-apps/src}/types/models.rs (99%)
 rename {src-tauri => crates/sage-apps}/tests/apps_install.rs (97%)
 rename {src-tauri => crates/sage-apps}/tests/apps_manifest.rs (97%)
 rename {src-tauri => crates/sage-apps}/tests/apps_registry.rs (99%)
 rename {src-tauri => crates/sage-apps}/tests/apps_storage_cleanup.rs (98%)
 rename {src-tauri => crates/sage-apps}/tests/apps_update.rs (99%)
 rename {src-tauri => crates/sage-apps}/tests/common/mod.rs (96%)

diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 371cff5ef..3e021c89d 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -28,4 +28,4 @@ target
 .env
 /test.sqlite*
 
-src-tauri/builtin-apps/dist
+crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/dist
diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index d839efabe..03b48cf54 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -6375,6 +6375,29 @@ dependencies = [
  "syn 2.0.111",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "sage-apps"
+version = "0.1.0"
+dependencies = [
+ "anyhow",
+ "async-trait",
+ "hex",
+ "mime_guess",
+ "reqwest 0.12.24",
+ "sage",
+ "sage-api",
+ "serde",
+ "serde_json",
+ "sha2",
+ "specta",
+ "tauri",
+ "tempfile",
+ "tokio",
+ "url",
+ "uuid",
+ "zip",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "sage-assets"
 version = "0.12.10"
@@ -6514,6 +6537,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "sage",
  "sage-api",
  "sage-api-macro",
+ "sage-apps",
  "sage-config",
  "sage-rpc",
  "sage-wallet",
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 868dfaddf..2c8cebd44 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -55,6 +55,7 @@ sage-database = { path = "./crates/sage-database" }
 sage-keychain = { path = "./crates/sage-keychain" }
 sage-wallet = { path = "./crates/sage-wallet" }
 sage-assets = { path = "./crates/sage-assets" }
+sage-apps = { path = "./crates/sage-apps" }
 sage-rpc = { path = "./crates/sage-rpc" }
 
 # Serialization
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/Cargo.toml b/crates/sage-apps/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a803a22fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+[package]
+name = "sage-apps"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2024"
+
+[lints]
+workspace = true
+
+[dependencies]
+sage = { workspace = true }
+sage-api = { workspace = true, features = ["tauri"] }
+serde = { workspace = true, features = ["derive"] }
+serde_json = { workspace = true }
+specta = { workspace = true, features = ["derive", "function"] }
+tauri = { workspace = true, features = [] }
+tokio = { workspace = true }
+reqwest = { workspace = true, features = ["json", "rustls-tls"] }
+anyhow = { workspace = true }
+hex = { workspace = true }
+sha2 = "0.10.9"
+uuid = { version = "1.19.0", features = ["v4", "serde"] }
+tempfile = "3"
+zip = "8.5.1"
+mime_guess = "2"
+url = "2"
+async-trait = "0.1.89"
+
+[dev-dependencies]
+tempfile = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/src-tauri/builtin-apps/runtime-apps-src/storage-clear-probe/app.js b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/runtime-apps-src/storage-clear-probe/app.js
similarity index 100%
rename from src-tauri/builtin-apps/runtime-apps-src/storage-clear-probe/app.js
rename to crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/runtime-apps-src/storage-clear-probe/app.js
diff --git a/src-tauri/builtin-apps/shared/icon.svg b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/shared/icon.svg
similarity index 100%
rename from src-tauri/builtin-apps/shared/icon.svg
rename to crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/shared/icon.svg
diff --git a/src-tauri/builtin-apps/shared/index.html b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/shared/index.html
similarity index 100%
rename from src-tauri/builtin-apps/shared/index.html
rename to crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/shared/index.html
diff --git a/src-tauri/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-a/app.js b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-a/app.js
similarity index 100%
rename from src-tauri/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-a/app.js
rename to crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-a/app.js
diff --git a/src-tauri/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-a/sage-manifest.json b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-a/sage-manifest.json
similarity index 100%
rename from src-tauri/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-a/sage-manifest.json
rename to crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-a/sage-manifest.json
diff --git a/src-tauri/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-b/app.js b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-b/app.js
similarity index 100%
rename from src-tauri/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-b/app.js
rename to crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-b/app.js
diff --git a/src-tauri/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-b/sage-manifest.json b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-b/sage-manifest.json
similarity index 100%
rename from src-tauri/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-b/sage-manifest.json
rename to crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-b/sage-manifest.json
diff --git a/src-tauri/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/app.js b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/app.js
similarity index 100%
rename from src-tauri/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/app.js
rename to crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/app.js
diff --git a/src-tauri/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.incognito.json b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.incognito.json
similarity index 100%
rename from src-tauri/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.incognito.json
rename to crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.incognito.json
diff --git a/src-tauri/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.persistent.json b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.persistent.json
similarity index 100%
rename from src-tauri/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.persistent.json
rename to crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.persistent.json
diff --git a/src-tauri/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/app.js b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/app.js
similarity index 100%
rename from src-tauri/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/app.js
rename to crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/app.js
diff --git a/src-tauri/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/sage-manifest.incognito.json b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/sage-manifest.incognito.json
similarity index 100%
rename from src-tauri/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/sage-manifest.incognito.json
rename to crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/sage-manifest.incognito.json
diff --git a/src-tauri/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/sage-manifest.persistent.json b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/sage-manifest.persistent.json
similarity index 100%
rename from src-tauri/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/sage-manifest.persistent.json
rename to crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/sage-manifest.persistent.json
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/mod.rs
similarity index 84%
rename from src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/mod.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/mod.rs
index 75c19da0d..22799dc69 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/mod.rs
@@ -3,9 +3,9 @@ pub mod wallet;
 
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
-use crate::app_state::AppState;
-use crate::apps::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
-use crate::apps::types::InstalledSageApp;
+use crate::host::AppState;
+use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
+use crate::types::InstalledSageApp;
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct BridgeContext<'a> {
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ pub struct BridgeContext<'a> {
 pub struct BridgeTools<'a> {
     pub app_handle: &'a tauri::AppHandle,
     pub app_state: &'a tauri::State<'a, AppState>,
-    pub host_state: &'a tauri::State<'a, crate::apps::state::AppsHostState>,
+    pub host_state: &'a tauri::State<'a, crate::state::AppsHostState>,
 }
 
 #[async_trait]
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/system.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system.rs
similarity index 97%
rename from src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/system.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system.rs
index ffc1e0423..fe8e65775 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/system.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system.rs
@@ -7,14 +7,14 @@ use serde_json::json;
 use tauri::Manager;
 
 use super::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::apps::bridge::{
+use crate::bridge::{
     emit_bridge_event_to_source, failure, success, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest,
     RustBridgeResponse,
 };
-use crate::apps::permissions::resolve_shared_capabilities;
-use crate::apps::lifecycle::parse_network_permission_target;
-use crate::apps::types::SageNetworkPermissionTarget;
-use crate::apps::lifecycle::{
+use crate::permissions::resolve_shared_capabilities;
+use crate::lifecycle::parse_network_permission_target;
+use crate::types::SageNetworkPermissionTarget;
+use crate::lifecycle::{
     grant_requested_capability_internal, grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal,
     GrantCapabilityOutcome, GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome,
 };
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for BridgeSend {
         let payload = serde_json::from_str::<serde_json::Value>(&payload_json)
             .unwrap_or(serde_json::Value::Null);
 
-        crate::apps::sandbox::ingest_bridge_send_payload(
+        crate::sandbox::ingest_bridge_send_payload(
             &ctx.app.id,
             &payload,
             tools.host_state,
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for SageGetCapabilities {
 impl BridgeMethod for SageRequestCapabilityGrant {
     fn requires_approval(
         &self,
-        app: &crate::apps::types::InstalledSageApp,
+        app: &crate::types::InstalledSageApp,
         request: &RustBridgeRequest,
     ) -> bool {
         let Ok(params) = parse_capability_grant_params(request) else {
@@ -347,7 +347,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for SageRequestCapabilityGrant {
 impl BridgeMethod for SageRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant {
     fn requires_approval(
         &self,
-        app: &crate::apps::types::InstalledSageApp,
+        app: &crate::types::InstalledSageApp,
         request: &RustBridgeRequest,
     ) -> bool {
         let Ok(params) = parse_network_whitelist_grant_params(request) else {
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/wallet.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/wallet.rs
similarity index 94%
rename from src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/wallet.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/wallet.rs
index 3a38369ea..ae3d8aeaf 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/methods/wallet.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/wallet.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
 use super::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::apps::bridge::{
+use crate::bridge::{
     failure, success, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse,
 };
-use crate::apps::types::InstalledSageApp;
+use crate::types::InstalledSageApp;
 use sage_api::SendXch;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for WalletSendXch {
 
         req.auto_submit = true;
 
-        match crate::commands::send_xch(tools.app_state.clone(), req).await {
+        match tools.app_state.lock().await.send_xch(req).await {
             Ok(result) => match serde_json::to_value(result) {
                 Ok(value) => success(&request.id, value),
                 Err(err) => failure(
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
similarity index 97%
rename from src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/mod.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
index 78441084f..75bab01bb 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
@@ -7,11 +7,11 @@ use tauri::{AppHandle, Emitter, Manager, State, Webview};
 use tokio::sync::Mutex;
 use uuid::Uuid;
 
-use crate::app_state::AppState;
-use crate::apps::permissions::require_capability_definition;
-use crate::apps::runtime::{apps_assert_bridge_origin, resolve_app};
-use crate::apps::state::AppsHostState;
-use crate::apps::types::InstalledSageApp;
+use crate::host::AppState;
+use crate::permissions::require_capability_definition;
+use crate::runtime::{apps_assert_bridge_origin, resolve_app};
+use crate::state::AppsHostState;
+use crate::types::InstalledSageApp;
 
 pub mod methods;
 pub mod registry;
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ async fn execute_bridge_request(
             BridgeTools {
                 app_handle,
                 app_state,
-                host_state: &app_handle.state::<crate::apps::state::AppsHostState>(),
+                host_state: &app_handle.state::<crate::state::AppsHostState>(),
             },
             request,
         )
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/registry.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from src-tauri/src/apps/bridge/registry.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs
diff --git a/src-tauri/build_support/builtin_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/builtin_apps.rs
similarity index 55%
rename from src-tauri/build_support/builtin_apps.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/build/builtin_apps.rs
index 21471aeff..ec1940728 100644
--- a/src-tauri/build_support/builtin_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/builtin_apps.rs
@@ -1,55 +1,38 @@
-use std::env;
+use std::collections::BTreeSet;
 use std::fs;
 use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
 
-fn copy_dir_all(src: &Path, dst: &Path) -> Result<(), String> {
-    if !src.is_dir() {
-        return Err(format!("missing directory: {}", src.display()));
+fn files_equal(src: &Path, dst: &Path) -> Result<bool, String> {
+    if !src.is_file() || !dst.is_file() {
+        return Ok(false);
     }
 
-    fs::create_dir_all(dst)
-        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to create {}: {err}", dst.display()))?;
-
-    for entry in fs::read_dir(src)
-        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to read {}: {err}", src.display()))?
-    {
-        let entry = entry
-            .map_err(|err| format!("failed to read entry in {}: {err}", src.display()))?;
-
-        let src_path = entry.path();
-        let dst_path = dst.join(entry.file_name());
-
-        let file_type = entry
-            .file_type()
-            .map_err(|err| format!("failed to stat {}: {err}", src_path.display()))?;
-
-        if file_type.is_dir() {
-            copy_dir_all(&src_path, &dst_path)?;
-        } else if file_type.is_file() {
-            if let Some(parent) = dst_path.parent() {
-                fs::create_dir_all(parent).map_err(|err| {
-                    format!("failed to create parent {}: {err}", parent.display())
-                })?;
-            }
+    let src_meta =
+        fs::metadata(src).map_err(|err| format!("failed to stat {}: {err}", src.display()))?;
+    let dst_meta =
+        fs::metadata(dst).map_err(|err| format!("failed to stat {}: {err}", dst.display()))?;
 
-            fs::copy(&src_path, &dst_path).map_err(|err| {
-                format!(
-                    "failed to copy {} -> {}: {err}",
-                    src_path.display(),
-                    dst_path.display()
-                )
-            })?;
-        }
+    if src_meta.len() != dst_meta.len() {
+        return Ok(false);
     }
 
-    Ok(())
+    let src_bytes =
+        fs::read(src).map_err(|err| format!("failed to read {}: {err}", src.display()))?;
+    let dst_bytes =
+        fs::read(dst).map_err(|err| format!("failed to read {}: {err}", dst.display()))?;
+
+    Ok(src_bytes == dst_bytes)
 }
 
-fn copy_file_required(src: &Path, dst: &Path, label: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
+fn copy_file_if_changed(src: &Path, dst: &Path, label: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
     if !src.is_file() {
         return Err(format!("missing {label} at {}", src.display()));
     }
 
+    if files_equal(src, dst)? {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+
     if let Some(parent) = dst.parent() {
         fs::create_dir_all(parent)
             .map_err(|err| format!("failed to create {}: {err}", parent.display()))?;
@@ -66,35 +49,119 @@ fn copy_file_required(src: &Path, dst: &Path, label: &str) -> Result<(), String>
     Ok(())
 }
 
-fn remove_manifest_files(dir: &Path) -> Result<(), String> {
-    if !dir.is_dir() {
-        return Ok(());
-    }
-
-    for entry in fs::read_dir(dir)
-        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to read {}: {err}", dir.display()))?
+fn collect_files_recursive(
+    root: &Path,
+    current: &Path,
+    out: &mut Vec<PathBuf>,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    for entry in fs::read_dir(current)
+        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to read {}: {err}", current.display()))?
     {
         let entry = entry
-            .map_err(|err| format!("failed to read entry in {}: {err}", dir.display()))?;
+            .map_err(|err| format!("failed to read entry in {}: {err}", current.display()))?;
         let path = entry.path();
+        let file_type = entry
+            .file_type()
+            .map_err(|err| format!("failed to stat {}: {err}", path.display()))?;
 
-        if !path.is_file() {
-            continue;
+        if file_type.is_dir() {
+            collect_files_recursive(root, &path, out)?;
+        } else if file_type.is_file() {
+            let rel = path
+                .strip_prefix(root)
+                .map_err(|err| {
+                    format!(
+                        "failed to strip prefix {} from {}: {err}",
+                        root.display(),
+                        path.display()
+                    )
+                })?
+                .to_path_buf();
+            out.push(rel);
         }
+    }
 
-        let Some(name) = path.file_name().and_then(|s| s.to_str()) else {
-            continue;
-        };
+    Ok(())
+}
 
-        if name.starts_with("sage-manifest") && name.ends_with(".json") {
+fn copy_dir_all_if_changed(
+    src: &Path,
+    dst: &Path,
+    expected_files: &mut BTreeSet<PathBuf>,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    if !src.is_dir() {
+        return Err(format!("missing directory: {}", src.display()));
+    }
+
+    fs::create_dir_all(dst)
+        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to create {}: {err}", dst.display()))?;
+
+    let mut rel_files = Vec::new();
+    collect_files_recursive(src, src, &mut rel_files)?;
+
+    for rel in rel_files {
+        let src_path = src.join(&rel);
+        let dst_path = dst.join(&rel);
+        copy_file_if_changed(&src_path, &dst_path, "built app file")?;
+        expected_files.insert(rel);
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn remove_unexpected_files(dir: &Path, expected_files: &BTreeSet<PathBuf>) -> Result<(), String> {
+    if !dir.is_dir() {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+
+    let mut existing_files = Vec::new();
+    collect_files_recursive(dir, dir, &mut existing_files)?;
+
+    for rel in existing_files {
+        if !expected_files.contains(&rel) {
+            let path = dir.join(&rel);
             fs::remove_file(&path)
                 .map_err(|err| format!("failed to remove {}: {err}", path.display()))?;
         }
     }
 
+    remove_empty_dirs_recursively(dir)?;
     Ok(())
 }
 
+fn remove_empty_dirs_recursively(dir: &Path) -> Result<bool, String> {
+    if !dir.is_dir() {
+        return Ok(false);
+    }
+
+    let mut is_empty = true;
+
+    for entry in fs::read_dir(dir)
+        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to read {}: {err}", dir.display()))?
+    {
+        let entry =
+            entry.map_err(|err| format!("failed to read entry in {}: {err}", dir.display()))?;
+        let path = entry.path();
+        let file_type = entry
+            .file_type()
+            .map_err(|err| format!("failed to stat {}: {err}", path.display()))?;
+
+        if file_type.is_dir() {
+            let child_empty = remove_empty_dirs_recursively(&path)?;
+            if child_empty {
+                fs::remove_dir(&path)
+                    .map_err(|err| format!("failed to remove {}: {err}", path.display()))?;
+            } else {
+                is_empty = false;
+            }
+        } else {
+            is_empty = false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(is_empty)
+}
+
 fn finalize_built_app(
     shared_dir: &Path,
     source_dir: &Path,
@@ -105,33 +172,57 @@ fn finalize_built_app(
     fs::create_dir_all(out_dir)
         .map_err(|err| format!("failed to create {}: {err}", out_dir.display()))?;
 
+    let mut expected_files = BTreeSet::<PathBuf>::new();
+
     if shared_dir.is_dir() {
-        copy_dir_all(shared_dir, out_dir)?;
+        copy_dir_all_if_changed(shared_dir, out_dir, &mut expected_files)?;
     }
 
-    copy_dir_all(source_dir, out_dir)?;
-    remove_manifest_files(out_dir)?;
+    copy_dir_all_if_changed(source_dir, out_dir, &mut expected_files)?;
 
     if let Some(manifest_file_name) = manifest_file_name {
-        copy_file_required(
+        let rel = PathBuf::from("sage-manifest.json");
+        copy_file_if_changed(
             &source_dir.join(manifest_file_name),
-            &out_dir.join("sage-manifest.json"),
+            &out_dir.join(&rel),
             &format!("manifest {manifest_file_name}"),
         )?;
+        expected_files.insert(rel);
+
+        for legacy_name in [
+            "sage-manifest.json",
+            "sage-manifest.persistent.json",
+            "sage-manifest.incognito.json",
+        ] {
+            let rel = PathBuf::from(legacy_name);
+            if rel != PathBuf::from("sage-manifest.json") {
+                let path = out_dir.join(&rel);
+                if path.is_file() {
+                    fs::remove_file(&path).map_err(|err| {
+                        format!("failed to remove {}: {err}", path.display())
+                    })?;
+                }
+            }
+        }
     }
 
-    copy_file_required(
+    let bridge_rel = PathBuf::from("bridge.js");
+    copy_file_if_changed(
         &sdk_dist.join("runtime-bridge.js"),
-        &out_dir.join("bridge.js"),
+        &out_dir.join(&bridge_rel),
         "SDK runtime bridge build output",
     )?;
+    expected_files.insert(bridge_rel);
 
-    copy_file_required(
+    let sdk_rel = PathBuf::from("sdk.js");
+    copy_file_if_changed(
         &sdk_dist.join("index.js"),
-        &out_dir.join("sdk.js"),
+        &out_dir.join(&sdk_rel),
         "SDK index build output",
     )?;
+    expected_files.insert(sdk_rel);
 
+    remove_unexpected_files(out_dir, &expected_files)?;
     Ok(())
 }
 
@@ -206,9 +297,7 @@ const RUNTIME_BUILD_PLAN: &[RuntimeApp] = &[RuntimeApp {
 }];
 
 pub fn build_builtin_apps() -> Result<(), String> {
-    let manifest_dir = PathBuf::from(env::var("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR").map_err(|err| {
-        format!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR not set: {err}")
-    })?);
+    let manifest_dir = PathBuf::from(env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR"));
 
     let builtin_root = manifest_dir.join("builtin-apps");
 
@@ -222,7 +311,8 @@ pub fn build_builtin_apps() -> Result<(), String> {
 
     let workspace_root = manifest_dir
         .parent()
-        .ok_or_else(|| "src-tauri should have a parent directory".to_string())?;
+        .and_then(|p| p.parent())
+        .ok_or_else(|| "crates/sage-apps should have workspace root above it".to_string())?;
 
     let sdk_dist = workspace_root
         .join("packages")
@@ -234,11 +324,6 @@ pub fn build_builtin_apps() -> Result<(), String> {
     println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed={}", runtime_src_dir.display());
     println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed={}", sdk_dist.display());
 
-    if dist_root.exists() {
-        fs::remove_dir_all(&dist_root)
-            .map_err(|err| format!("failed to remove {}: {err}", dist_root.display()))?;
-    }
-
     fs::create_dir_all(&test_out_dir)
         .map_err(|err| format!("failed to create {}: {err}", test_out_dir.display()))?;
     fs::create_dir_all(&runtime_out_dir)
diff --git a/src-tauri/build_support/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/mod.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from src-tauri/build_support/mod.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/build/mod.rs
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/host.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/host.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..74b7ac1d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/host.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use sage::Sage;
+use sage_api::ErrorKind;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use specta::Type;
+use tokio::sync::Mutex;
+
+pub type AppState = Arc<Mutex<Sage>>;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+pub struct Error {
+    pub kind: ErrorKind,
+    pub reason: String,
+}
+
+impl From<sage::Error> for Error {
+    fn from(error: sage::Error) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            kind: error.kind(),
+            reason: error.to_string(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<reqwest::Error> for Error {
+    fn from(error: reqwest::Error) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            kind: ErrorKind::Internal,
+            reason: error.to_string(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<std::io::Error> for Error {
+    fn from(error: std::io::Error) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            kind: ErrorKind::Internal,
+            reason: error.to_string(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Display for Error {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "{}", self.reason)
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::error::Error for Error {}
+
+pub type Result<T> = std::result::Result<T, Error>;
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
similarity index 56%
rename from src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
index 0b21acd7d..17c34bc0a 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 pub mod bridge;
+pub mod host;
 pub mod lifecycle;
 pub mod permissions;
 pub mod runtime;
@@ -6,5 +7,7 @@ pub mod sandbox;
 pub mod security;
 pub mod state;
 pub mod types;
+pub mod build;
 
-pub use security::protocol::handle_app_protocol_request;
+pub use security::handle_app_protocol_request;
+pub use state::AppsHostState;
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/install.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs
similarity index 95%
rename from src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/install.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs
index 859290926..647acb572 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/install.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs
@@ -9,23 +9,22 @@ use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
 use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State, command};
 use uuid::Uuid;
-use crate::app_state::AppState;
-use crate::apps::lifecycle::{derive_manifest_url, download_url_snapshot, enqueue_pending_storage_cleanup, enqueue_retired_app_origin, fetch_url_manifest, list_installed_apps_internal, prepare_zip_snapshot, read_manifest, read_retired_app_origins, retry_pending_storage_cleanup, unzip_to_dir, validate_package_structure, write_installed_app_metadata};
-use crate::apps::lifecycle::registry::{apps_root, read_installed_app_by_id};
-use crate::apps::permissions::{
+use crate::host::{AppState, Result};
+use crate::lifecycle::{derive_manifest_url, download_url_snapshot, enqueue_pending_storage_cleanup, enqueue_retired_app_origin, fetch_url_manifest, list_installed_apps_internal, prepare_zip_snapshot, read_manifest, read_retired_app_origins, retry_pending_storage_cleanup, unzip_to_dir, validate_package_structure, write_installed_app_metadata};
+use crate::lifecycle::registry::{apps_root, read_installed_app_by_id};
+use crate::permissions::{
     normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions, resolve_capability_flags,
     validate_granted_capabilities,
 };
-use crate::apps::runtime::apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data;
-use crate::apps::types::{
+use crate::runtime::apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data;
+use crate::types::{
     InstalledSageApp, InstalledSageAppSource, InstalledSageAppStorage, ListedSageApp,
     SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppUrlPreview,
 };
-use crate::apps::types::{
+use crate::types::{
     SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkPermissionTarget, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
     SageRequestedPermissions,
 };
-use crate::error::Result;
 
 pub fn current_millis() -> u128 {
     SystemTime::now()
@@ -141,10 +140,10 @@ fn build_installed_app(
     install_dir: &Path,
     manifest: &SageAppPackageManifest,
     granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
-    permission_flags: crate::apps::types::InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags,
+    permission_flags: crate::types::InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags,
     storage: InstalledSageAppStorage,
     source: InstalledSageAppSource,
-    snapshot: crate::apps::types::InstalledSageAppSnapshot,
+    snapshot: crate::types::InstalledSageAppSnapshot,
 ) -> InstalledSageApp {
     InstalledSageApp {
         id: app_id,
@@ -240,7 +239,7 @@ fn normalize_and_validate_granted_permissions(
 
     Ok(SageGrantedPermissions {
         capabilities: granted.capabilities,
-        network: crate::apps::types::SageGrantedNetworkPermissions { whitelist },
+        network: crate::types::SageGrantedNetworkPermissions { whitelist },
     })
 }
 
@@ -252,14 +251,14 @@ pub fn normalize_and_validate_granted_network_whitelist(
     let mut requested_optional = BTreeSet::<(String, String)>::new();
 
     for entry in &requested.whitelist.required {
-        requested_required.insert(crate::apps::permissions::normalize_network_key(
+        requested_required.insert(crate::permissions::normalize_network_key(
             &entry.scheme,
             &entry.host,
         )?);
     }
 
     for entry in &requested.whitelist.optional {
-        let key = crate::apps::permissions::normalize_network_key(&entry.scheme, &entry.host)?;
+        let key = crate::permissions::normalize_network_key(&entry.scheme, &entry.host)?;
         if !requested_required.contains(&key) {
             requested_optional.insert(key);
         }
@@ -268,7 +267,7 @@ pub fn normalize_and_validate_granted_network_whitelist(
     let mut granted_keys = BTreeSet::<(String, String)>::new();
 
     for entry in granted {
-        let key = crate::apps::permissions::normalize_network_key(&entry.scheme, &entry.host)?;
+        let key = crate::permissions::normalize_network_key(&entry.scheme, &entry.host)?;
         if !requested_required.contains(&key) && !requested_optional.contains(&key) {
             return Err(anyhow!(
                 "granted network whitelist entry not requested in manifest: {}://{}",
@@ -376,7 +375,7 @@ pub async fn preview_app_zip(zip_path: String) -> Result<SageAppPackageManifest>
 
     let result = (|| -> AnyResult<SageAppPackageManifest> {
         unzip_to_dir(Path::new(&zip_path), &unpack_dir)?;
-        let package_root = crate::apps::lifecycle::detect_package_root(&unpack_dir)?;
+        let package_root = crate::lifecycle::detect_package_root(&unpack_dir)?;
         let manifest = read_manifest(&package_root)?;
         validate_package_structure(&package_root)?;
         normalize_manifest_permissions(manifest)
@@ -444,7 +443,7 @@ pub async fn install_app_zip(
 
     let result: AnyResult<InstalledSageApp> = async {
         unzip_to_dir(Path::new(&zip_path), &unpack_dir)?;
-        let package_root = crate::apps::lifecycle::detect_package_root(&unpack_dir)?;
+        let package_root = crate::lifecycle::detect_package_root(&unpack_dir)?;
         validate_package_structure(&package_root)?;
 
         let manifest = normalize_manifest_permissions(read_manifest(&package_root)?)?;
@@ -640,10 +639,10 @@ mod tests {
     use std::fs;
     use tempfile::tempdir;
 
-    use crate::apps::lifecycle::{
+    use crate::lifecycle::{
         write_retired_app_origins,
     };
-    use crate::apps::types::{
+    use crate::types::{
         InstalledSageApp,
         InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags,
         InstalledSageAppSnapshot,
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/limits.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/limits.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/limits.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/limits.rs
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/manifest.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/manifest.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs
index 67a6dd8c9..54a5290e7 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/manifest.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use std::collections::BTreeSet;
 
 use anyhow::{Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
 
-use crate::apps::{
+use crate::{
     lifecycle::limits::{
         MAX_APP_FILE_COUNT, MAX_APP_PATH_LENGTH, MAX_APP_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES,
     },
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mod.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/mod.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mod.rs
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/package.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/package.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs
index 09ed30665..11cecf9b8 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/package.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use std::{
 use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult};
 use zip::ZipArchive;
 
-use crate::apps::{
+use crate::{
     lifecycle::hash_string,
     lifecycle::manifest::validate_package_manifest,
     types::{InstalledSageAppSnapshot, SageAppPackageManifest},
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/registry.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry.rs
similarity index 98%
rename from src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/registry.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry.rs
index 6e85ca3bf..f9e3e268c 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/registry.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use std::{
 use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult};
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 
-use crate::apps::types::{
+use crate::types::{
     CorruptedInstalledSageApp, InstalledSageApp, InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags,
     InstalledSageAppPendingUpdate, InstalledSageAppSnapshot, InstalledSageAppSource,
     InstalledSageAppStorage, ListedSageApp, PendingStorageCleanupEntry,
@@ -473,7 +473,7 @@ pub fn write_pending_storage_cleanup_entries(
 
 pub fn read_retired_app_origins(
     base_path: &Path,
-) -> AnyResult<Vec<crate::apps::types::RetiredAppOriginEntry>> {
+) -> AnyResult<Vec<crate::types::RetiredAppOriginEntry>> {
     let path = retired_app_origins_path(base_path);
 
     if !path.exists() {
@@ -484,7 +484,7 @@ pub fn read_retired_app_origins(
         .with_context(|| format!("failed to read {}", path.display()))?;
 
     let entries =
-        serde_json::from_str::<Vec<crate::apps::types::RetiredAppOriginEntry>>(&text)
+        serde_json::from_str::<Vec<crate::types::RetiredAppOriginEntry>>(&text)
             .with_context(|| format!("failed to parse {}", path.display()))?;
 
     Ok(entries)
@@ -492,7 +492,7 @@ pub fn read_retired_app_origins(
 
 pub fn write_retired_app_origins(
     base_path: &Path,
-    entries: &[crate::apps::types::RetiredAppOriginEntry],
+    entries: &[crate::types::RetiredAppOriginEntry],
 ) -> AnyResult<()> {
     let root = apps_root(base_path);
     fs::create_dir_all(&root)
@@ -533,7 +533,7 @@ mod tests {
     use super::*;
     use tempfile::tempdir;
 
-    use crate::apps::types::{
+    use crate::types::{
         InstalledSageApp,
         InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags,
         InstalledSageAppSnapshot,
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/snapshot.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/snapshot.rs
similarity index 98%
rename from src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/snapshot.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/snapshot.rs
index b149cadcf..8a4d5611f 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/snapshot.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/snapshot.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use std::{
 use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
 use reqwest::{Client, Url};
 
-use crate::apps::{
+use crate::{
     lifecycle::limits::{MAX_APP_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES, MAX_MANIFEST_SIZE_BYTES},
     lifecycle::manifest::validate_package_manifest,
     types::{InstalledSageAppSnapshot, SageAppPackageManifest},
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ pub async fn download_url_snapshot(
 
 pub fn read_snapshot_file(root: &Path, request_path: &str) -> AnyResult<PathBuf> {
     let normalized = if request_path.is_empty() || request_path == "/" {
-        PathBuf::from("index.html")
+        PathBuf::from("../../../../index.html")
     } else {
         PathBuf::from(request_path.trim_start_matches('/'))
     };
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/storage_cleanup.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage_cleanup.rs
similarity index 92%
rename from src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/storage_cleanup.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage_cleanup.rs
index b7f32c6cf..fc48dc7b2 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/storage_cleanup.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage_cleanup.rs
@@ -5,9 +5,9 @@ use anyhow::Result as AnyResult;
 use tauri::AppHandle;
 use uuid::Uuid;
 
-use crate::apps::lifecycle::{read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries, read_retired_app_origins, write_pending_storage_cleanup_entries, write_retired_app_origins};
-use crate::apps::runtime::clear_app_storage_by_target;
-use crate::apps::types::{InstalledSageApp, InstalledSageAppSource, InstalledSageAppStorage, PendingStorageCleanupEntry, PendingStorageCleanupTarget, RetiredAppOriginEntry};
+use crate::lifecycle::{read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries, read_retired_app_origins, write_pending_storage_cleanup_entries, write_retired_app_origins};
+use crate::runtime::clear_app_storage_by_target;
+use crate::types::{InstalledSageApp, InstalledSageAppSource, InstalledSageAppStorage, PendingStorageCleanupEntry, PendingStorageCleanupTarget, RetiredAppOriginEntry};
 
 fn now_ms() -> u64 {
     SystemTime::now()
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/update.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update.rs
similarity index 98%
rename from src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/update.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update.rs
index 1c32ed285..00e4fd643 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/lifecycle/update.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update.rs
@@ -3,22 +3,22 @@ use std::{io, path::{Path, PathBuf}, collections::BTreeSet};
 use anyhow::Result as AnyResult;
 use tauri::{State, command};
 
-use crate::apps::lifecycle::{
+use crate::lifecycle::{
     download_url_snapshot, manifest_entry_file, manifest_icon_file, normalize_and_validate_granted_network_whitelist,
     preview_app_url_internal,
 };
-use crate::apps::lifecycle::registry::{
+use crate::lifecycle::registry::{
     parse_network_permission_target, read_installed_app_by_id, write_installed_app_metadata,
 };
-use crate::apps::types::{
+use crate::types::{
     InstalledSageApp, InstalledSageAppPendingUpdate, InstalledSageAppSource, SageAppUrlPreview,
     SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
 };
-use crate::apps::permissions::{
+use crate::permissions::{
     clear_storage_may_contain_secrets, mark_storage_may_contain_secrets,
     resolve_capability_flags, validate_granted_capabilities,
 };
-use crate::{app_state::AppState, error::Result};
+use crate::host::{AppState, Result};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct GrantedCapabilitiesChange {
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/permissions/capabilities.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from src-tauri/src/apps/permissions/capabilities.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities.rs
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/permissions/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/mod.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from src-tauri/src/apps/permissions/mod.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/mod.rs
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/permissions/policy.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/policy.rs
similarity index 98%
rename from src-tauri/src/apps/permissions/policy.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/policy.rs
index e35a7ebf3..ac4ef9ed3 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/permissions/policy.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/policy.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-use anyhow::{anyhow, Result as AnyResult};
+use anyhow::{Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
 use std::collections::BTreeSet;
 
-use crate::apps::{
+use crate::{
     permissions::{
         get_capability_definition, require_capability_definition,
     },
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ use crate::apps::{
         SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions,
     },
 };
-use crate::apps::types::SageNetworkPermissionTarget;
+use crate::types::SageNetworkPermissionTarget;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Default)]
 pub struct CapabilitySummary {
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ fn normalize_requested_network_permissions(
         .collect();
 
     Ok(SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
-        whitelist: crate::apps::types::SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist {
+        whitelist: crate::types::SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist {
             required,
             optional,
         },
@@ -269,8 +269,8 @@ pub fn clear_storage_may_contain_secrets(
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
-    use crate::apps::permissions::registry;
-    use crate::apps::types::{
+    use crate::permissions::registry;
+    use crate::types::{
         SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
         SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist, SageRequestedPermissions,
     };
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/runtime/cleanup.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/cleanup.rs
similarity index 98%
rename from src-tauri/src/apps/runtime/cleanup.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/cleanup.rs
index 971bfab19..ef4bdb61a 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/runtime/cleanup.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/cleanup.rs
@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@ use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
 
-use crate::apps::state::AppsHostState;
-use crate::apps::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, PendingStorageCleanupTarget};
+use crate::state::AppsHostState;
+use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, PendingStorageCleanupTarget};
 
 use super::apps_create_inline_runtime;
 use super::inline::CreateInlineRuntimeArgs;
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/runtime/inline.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/inline.rs
similarity index 98%
rename from src-tauri/src/apps/runtime/inline.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/inline.rs
index 3e6e1dd4d..8ac97a00f 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/runtime/inline.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/inline.rs
@@ -11,9 +11,9 @@ use tauri::{
 #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
-use crate::apps::sandbox;
-use crate::apps::state::AppsHostState;
-use crate::apps::types::InstalledSageAppStorage;
+use crate::sandbox;
+use crate::state::AppsHostState;
+use crate::types::InstalledSageAppStorage;
 
 use super::records::{inline_label_for, runtime_id_for, SageAppRuntimeRecord};
 use super::resolve::{build_entry_src, is_allowed_app_url, resolve_app, should_use_incognito};
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/runtime/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from src-tauri/src/apps/runtime/mod.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/runtime/records.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/records.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from src-tauri/src/apps/runtime/records.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/records.rs
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/runtime/resolve.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
similarity index 97%
rename from src-tauri/src/apps/runtime/resolve.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
index bba1d39c4..27b4beae5 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/runtime/resolve.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@ use std::path::Path;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager};
 use url::Url;
 
-use crate::apps::lifecycle::read_installed_app_by_id;
-use crate::apps::sandbox::build_builtin_test_app;
-use crate::apps::types::InstalledSageApp;
+use crate::lifecycle::read_installed_app_by_id;
+use crate::sandbox::build_builtin_test_app;
+use crate::types::InstalledSageApp;
 
 use super::records::inline_label_for;
 
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ mod tests {
     use super::*;
     use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 
-    use crate::apps::types::{
+    use crate::types::{
         InstalledSageApp,
         InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags,
         InstalledSageAppSnapshot,
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
similarity index 98%
rename from src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
index 55f5ea640..26b1c505e 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
@@ -4,17 +4,17 @@ use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
 use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
 use tauri::command;
 
-use crate::apps::lifecycle::{manifest_entry_file, manifest_icon_file};
-use crate::apps::permissions::{
+use crate::lifecycle::{manifest_entry_file, manifest_icon_file};
+use crate::permissions::{
     normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions, resolve_capability_flags,
     validate_granted_capabilities,
 };
-use crate::apps::types::{
+use crate::types::{
     InstalledSageApp, InstalledSageAppSnapshot, InstalledSageAppSource,
     InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppPackageManifest, SageGrantedNetworkPermissions,
     SageGrantedPermissions,
 };
-use crate::error::Result;
+use crate::host::Result;
 
 pub const BUILTIN_STORAGE_ISOLATION_PERSISTENT_ID: &str =
     "__sage_test_storage_isolation_persistent";
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/commands.rs
similarity index 95%
rename from src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/commands.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/commands.rs
index 94904305f..7c459b535 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/commands.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
 
-use crate::apps::runtime::resolve_app;
-use crate::apps::state::AppsHostState;
+use crate::runtime::resolve_app;
+use crate::state::AppsHostState;
 
 use super::gate::evaluate_app_launch_gate;
 use super::runner::{begin_sandbox_run, sandbox_runner};
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/gate.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs
similarity index 98%
rename from src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/gate.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs
index 9c40d1ef4..74a9a2a66 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/gate.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::apps::types::InstalledSageApp;
+use crate::types::InstalledSageApp;
 
 use super::types::{
     AppLaunchGateResult, SandboxCapability, SandboxCapabilityStatus, SandboxState,
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/ingest.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/ingest.rs
similarity index 98%
rename from src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/ingest.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/ingest.rs
index 5bd8c7760..3db838a34 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/ingest.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/ingest.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use serde_json::Value;
 use tauri::State;
 
-use crate::apps::state::AppsHostState;
+use crate::state::AppsHostState;
 
 use super::store::{replace_by_app_id, SandboxAppResult};
 use super::types::{
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/mod.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/mod.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/mod.rs
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/probes/clear_cycle.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/clear_cycle.rs
similarity index 95%
rename from src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/probes/clear_cycle.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/clear_cycle.rs
index f5a81c107..b016cf7c2 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/probes/clear_cycle.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/clear_cycle.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
-use crate::apps::sandbox::BUILTIN_STORAGE_CLEAR_PERSISTENT_ID;
-use crate::apps::runtime;
-use crate::apps::state::AppsHostState;
+use crate::sandbox::BUILTIN_STORAGE_CLEAR_PERSISTENT_ID;
+use crate::runtime;
+use crate::state::AppsHostState;
 
 use super::poll::poll_clear_cycle_phase;
 use super::super::runtime::{run_clear_cycle_phase_runtime, unique_run_id};
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/probes/isolation.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/isolation.rs
similarity index 97%
rename from src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/probes/isolation.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/isolation.rs
index 2a7c33612..b781a18ff 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/probes/isolation.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/isolation.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
-use crate::apps::sandbox::{
+use crate::sandbox::{
     BUILTIN_STORAGE_ISOLATION_INCOGNITO_ID, BUILTIN_STORAGE_ISOLATION_PERSISTENT_ID,
 };
-use crate::apps::state::AppsHostState;
+use crate::state::AppsHostState;
 
 use super::poll::poll_isolation;
 use super::super::runtime::{start_test_app, stop_test_apps, unique_run_id};
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/probes/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/mod.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/probes/mod.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/mod.rs
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/probes/network.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/network.rs
similarity index 93%
rename from src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/probes/network.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/network.rs
index c7dde84d3..3921e483e 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/probes/network.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/network.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
-use crate::apps::sandbox::{BUILTIN_NETWORK_ALLOW_A_ID, BUILTIN_NETWORK_ALLOW_B_ID};
-use crate::apps::state::AppsHostState;
+use crate::sandbox::{BUILTIN_NETWORK_ALLOW_A_ID, BUILTIN_NETWORK_ALLOW_B_ID};
+use crate::state::AppsHostState;
 
 use super::poll::poll_network;
 use super::super::runtime::{start_test_app, stop_test_apps, unique_run_id};
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/probes/persistence.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/persistence.rs
similarity index 98%
rename from src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/probes/persistence.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/persistence.rs
index 3a79576e6..67248ba5d 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/probes/persistence.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/persistence.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
-use crate::apps::sandbox::{
+use crate::sandbox::{
     BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_INCOGNITO_ID, BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_PERSISTENT_ID,
 };
-use crate::apps::state::AppsHostState;
+use crate::state::AppsHostState;
 
 use super::poll::{poll_persistence_read, poll_persistence_write};
 use super::super::runtime::{start_test_app, stop_test_apps, unique_run_id};
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/probes/poll.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/poll.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/probes/poll.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/poll.rs
index e530db9ab..bad63cf75 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/probes/poll.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/poll.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use tauri::State;
 use tokio::time::{sleep, Duration};
 
-use crate::apps::state::AppsHostState;
+use crate::state::AppsHostState;
 
 use super::super::runtime::now_ms;
 use super::super::store::SandboxAppResult;
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/runner.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runner.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/runner.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runner.rs
index f615d91f0..c47fd6469 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/runner.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runner.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Emitter, Manager, State};
 
-use crate::apps::state::AppsHostState;
+use crate::state::AppsHostState;
 
 use super::probes::{
     run_clear_cycle_test, run_isolation_test, run_network_test, run_persistence_test,
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/runtime.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs
similarity index 96%
rename from src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/runtime.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs
index ec7895ee4..ad39d4bfc 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/runtime.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@ use std::time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};
 
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
-use crate::apps::runtime;
-use crate::apps::state::AppsHostState;
+use crate::runtime;
+use crate::state::AppsHostState;
 
 pub const STORAGE_CLEAR_PROBE_PATH: &str =
     "/__sage/runtime-apps/storage-clear-probe/index.html";
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/state_view.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/state_view.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/state_view.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/state_view.rs
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/store.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/store.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/store.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/store.rs
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/types.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from src-tauri/src/apps/sandbox/types.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/types.rs
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/security/csp.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/csp.rs
similarity index 97%
rename from src-tauri/src/apps/security/csp.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/security/csp.rs
index 7b4902f5d..5fb7d6dc0 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/security/csp.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/csp.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use std::collections::BTreeSet;
 
-use crate::apps::types::{InstalledSageApp, SageNetworkPermissionTarget};
+use crate::types::{InstalledSageApp, SageNetworkPermissionTarget};
 
 fn csp_source_list(items: &[String]) -> String {
     items.join(" ")
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/security/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/mod.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from src-tauri/src/apps/security/mod.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/security/mod.rs
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/security/protocol.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
similarity index 98%
rename from src-tauri/src/apps/security/protocol.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
index e9c2b4362..868088015 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/security/protocol.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use std::{fs, path::Path};
 use anyhow::{Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
 use tauri::http::{Response, StatusCode};
 
-use crate::apps::{
+use crate::{
     lifecycle::{read_snapshot_file},
     sandbox::{
         build_builtin_test_app, builtin_runtime_apps_root, builtin_test_app_dir,
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ use crate::apps::{
     },
     security::build_app_csp,
 };
-use crate::apps::lifecycle::read_installed_app_by_origin_id;
+use crate::lifecycle::read_installed_app_by_origin_id;
 
 fn serve_runtime_app_asset(
     request_path: &str,
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/state/host.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/state/host.rs
similarity index 55%
rename from src-tauri/src/apps/state/host.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/state/host.rs
index 4ede1274a..f971c8511 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/state/host.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/state/host.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-use crate::apps::bridge::BridgeState;
-use crate::apps::runtime::AppRuntimeState;
-use crate::apps::sandbox::SandboxStateStore;
+use crate::bridge::BridgeState;
+use crate::runtime::AppRuntimeState;
+use crate::sandbox::SandboxStateStore;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Default)]
 pub struct AppsHostState {
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/state/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/state/mod.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from src-tauri/src/apps/state/mod.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/state/mod.rs
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/types/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from src-tauri/src/apps/types/mod.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/apps/types/models.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/models.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from src-tauri/src/apps/types/models.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/types/models.rs
index 5fb86c76b..798d57c37 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/apps/types/models.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/models.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::apps::lifecycle::parse_network_permission_target;
+use crate::lifecycle::parse_network_permission_target;
 
 #[derive(
     Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord,
diff --git a/src-tauri/tests/apps_install.rs b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_install.rs
similarity index 97%
rename from src-tauri/tests/apps_install.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_install.rs
index a0cc1845c..ec5d4fd2f 100644
--- a/src-tauri/tests/apps_install.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_install.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 mod common;
 
 use common::sample_manifest_file;
-use sage_lib::apps::lifecycle::install::{
+use sage_apps::lifecycle::install::{
     manifest_entry_file, manifest_icon_file, normalize_app_url,
 };
-use sage_lib::apps::types::{
+use sage_apps::types::{
     SageAppPackageManifest, SageNetworkPermissionTarget, SageRequestedCapabilities,
     SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist,
     SageRequestedPermissions,
diff --git a/src-tauri/tests/apps_manifest.rs b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_manifest.rs
similarity index 97%
rename from src-tauri/tests/apps_manifest.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_manifest.rs
index bbc7bfae3..5f4ec5cff 100644
--- a/src-tauri/tests/apps_manifest.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_manifest.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
 mod common;
 
 use common::{empty_permissions, sample_manifest_file};
-use sage_lib::apps::lifecycle::limits::{
+use sage_apps::lifecycle::limits::{
     MAX_APP_FILE_COUNT, MAX_APP_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES,
 };
-use sage_lib::apps::lifecycle::manifest::{
+use sage_apps::lifecycle::manifest::{
     validate_manifest_file_path, validate_manifest_files, validate_package_manifest,
     validate_sha256_hex,
 };
-use sage_lib::apps::types::SageAppPackageManifest;
+use sage_apps::types::SageAppPackageManifest;
 
 fn sample_manifest() -> SageAppPackageManifest {
     SageAppPackageManifest {
diff --git a/src-tauri/tests/apps_registry.rs b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_registry.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from src-tauri/tests/apps_registry.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_registry.rs
index 021113a0a..32479591e 100644
--- a/src-tauri/tests/apps_registry.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_registry.rs
@@ -3,14 +3,14 @@ mod common;
 use std::fs;
 
 use common::{sample_installed_app, sample_manifest};
-use sage_lib::apps::lifecycle::registry::{
+use sage_apps::lifecycle::registry::{
     app_install_dir, apps_root, list_installed_apps_internal, parse_network_permission_target,
     read_installed_app_by_id, read_installed_app_by_origin_id,
     read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries, read_retired_app_origins,
     write_installed_app_metadata, write_pending_storage_cleanup_entries,
     write_retired_app_origins,
 };
-use sage_lib::apps::types::{
+use sage_apps::types::{
     InstalledSageAppPendingUpdate, ListedSageApp,
     PendingStorageCleanupEntry, PendingStorageCleanupTarget, RetiredAppOriginEntry,
     SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
diff --git a/src-tauri/tests/apps_storage_cleanup.rs b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_storage_cleanup.rs
similarity index 98%
rename from src-tauri/tests/apps_storage_cleanup.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_storage_cleanup.rs
index 126f30117..8432afaa9 100644
--- a/src-tauri/tests/apps_storage_cleanup.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_storage_cleanup.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 mod common;
 
 use common::{empty_permissions, sample_manifest_file};
-use sage_lib::apps::lifecycle::storage_cleanup::{
+use sage_apps::lifecycle::storage_cleanup::{
     enqueue_pending_storage_cleanup, enqueue_retired_app_origin,
 };
-use sage_lib::apps::lifecycle::{
+use sage_apps::lifecycle::{
     read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries, read_retired_app_origins,
 };
-use sage_lib::apps::types::{
+use sage_apps::types::{
     InstalledSageApp, InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags, InstalledSageAppSnapshot,
     InstalledSageAppSource, InstalledSageAppStorage, PendingStorageCleanupTarget,
     SageAppPackageManifest, SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions,
diff --git a/src-tauri/tests/apps_update.rs b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_update.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from src-tauri/tests/apps_update.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_update.rs
index 3ec876580..772643be7 100644
--- a/src-tauri/tests/apps_update.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_update.rs
@@ -3,14 +3,14 @@ mod common;
 use std::path::Path;
 
 use common::{sample_manifest_file, sample_installed_app};
-use sage_lib::apps::lifecycle::registry::{
+use sage_apps::lifecycle::registry::{
     app_install_dir, read_installed_app_by_id, write_installed_app_metadata,
 };
-use sage_lib::apps::lifecycle::update::{
+use sage_apps::lifecycle::update::{
     grant_requested_capability_internal, grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal,
     update_app_permissions_internal, GrantCapabilityOutcome, GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome,
 };
-use sage_lib::apps::types::{
+use sage_apps::types::{
     InstalledSageApp, InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags, InstalledSageAppSnapshot,
     InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppPackageManifest, SageGrantedNetworkPermissions,
     SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkPermissionTarget, SageRequestedCapabilities,
diff --git a/src-tauri/tests/common/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/tests/common/mod.rs
similarity index 96%
rename from src-tauri/tests/common/mod.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/tests/common/mod.rs
index f9c93be9e..e7239a5d1 100644
--- a/src-tauri/tests/common/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/tests/common/mod.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 use std::fs;
 use std::path::Path;
 
-use sage_lib::apps::lifecycle::registry::app_install_dir;
-use sage_lib::apps::types::{
+use sage_apps::lifecycle::registry::app_install_dir;
+use sage_apps::types::{
     InstalledSageApp, InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags, InstalledSageAppSnapshot,
     InstalledSageAppSource, InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppManifestFile,
     SageAppPackageManifest, SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions,
diff --git a/src-tauri/.taurignore b/src-tauri/.taurignore
index c54390d59..0eed9ee2c 100644
--- a/src-tauri/.taurignore
+++ b/src-tauri/.taurignore
@@ -1 +1 @@
-builtin-apps/dist
+crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/dist
diff --git a/src-tauri/Cargo.toml b/src-tauri/Cargo.toml
index bd9af6ee4..df3faa4dc 100644
--- a/src-tauri/Cargo.toml
+++ b/src-tauri/Cargo.toml
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ sage-api-macro = { workspace = true }
 sage-config = { workspace = true }
 sage-wallet = { workspace = true }
 sage-rpc = { workspace = true }
+sage-apps = { workspace = true }
 serde = { workspace = true, features = ["derive"] }
 tauri = { workspace = true, features = [] }
 tauri-specta = { workspace = true, features = ["derive", "typescript"] }
@@ -66,6 +67,7 @@ tauri-plugin-sage = { workspace = true }
 
 [build-dependencies]
 tauri-build = { workspace = true, features = [] }
+sage-apps = { workspace = true }
 glob = { workspace = true }
 
 [package.metadata.cargo-machete]
diff --git a/src-tauri/build.rs b/src-tauri/build.rs
index ecfbde700..0d5eacefc 100644
--- a/src-tauri/build.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/build.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-mod build_support;
-
 use glob::glob;
 use std::env;
 
@@ -34,7 +32,7 @@ fn setup_x86_64_android_workaround() {
 fn main() {
     setup_x86_64_android_workaround();
 
-    if let Err(err) = build_support::builtin_apps::build_builtin_apps() {
+    if let Err(err) = sage_apps::build::builtin_apps::build_builtin_apps() {
         panic!("failed to build builtin apps: {err}");
     }
 
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
index 071ebf0d2..80323bd87 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,14 @@
 use std::path::PathBuf;
+
 use app_state::{AppState, Initialized, RpcTask};
 use rustls::crypto::aws_lc_rs::default_provider;
 use sage::Sage;
 use sage_api::SyncEvent;
+use sage_apps as apps;
 use tauri::Manager;
 use tauri_specta::{Builder, ErrorHandlingMode, collect_commands, collect_events};
 use tokio::sync::Mutex;
 
-pub mod apps;
 mod app_state;
 mod commands;
 mod error;
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index a35868fd4..410e55f1e 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -867,6 +867,7 @@ export type DerivationRecord = { index: number; public_key: string; address: str
 export type DidRecord = { launcher_id: string; name: string | null; visible: boolean; coin_id: string; address: string; amount: Amount; recovery_hash: string | null; created_height: number | null }
 export type EmptyResponse = Record<string, never>
 export type Error = { kind: ErrorKind; reason: string }
+export type Error = { kind: ErrorKind; reason: string }
 export type ErrorKind = "wallet" | "api" | "not_found" | "unauthorized" | "internal" | "database_migration" | "nfc"
 /**
  * Exercise options
@@ -1757,12 +1758,12 @@ index: number }
  */
 export type IncreaseDerivationIndexResponse = Record<string, never>
 export type InheritedNetwork = "mainnet" | "testnet11"
-export type InstalledSageApp = { id: string; name: string; version: string; installDir: string; entryFile: string; iconFile: string; requestedPermissions: SageRequestedPermissions; grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions; capabilityFlags: InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags; storage: InstalledSageAppStorage; source: InstalledSageAppSource; activeSnapshot: InstalledSageAppSnapshot; pendingUpdate: InstalledSageAppPendingUpdate | null }
+export type InstalledSageApp = { id: string; originId: string; name: string; version: string; installDir: string; entryFile: string; iconFile: string; requestedPermissions: SageRequestedPermissions; grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions; capabilityFlags: InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags; storage: InstalledSageAppStorage; source: InstalledSageAppSource; activeSnapshot: InstalledSageAppSnapshot; pendingUpdate: InstalledSageAppPendingUpdate | null }
 export type InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags = { hasSecretAccess: boolean; hasExternalAccess: boolean; storageMayContainSecrets: boolean; isolated: boolean }
 export type InstalledSageAppPendingUpdate = { appUrl: string; manifestUrl: string; manifestHash: string; manifest: SageAppPackageManifest }
 export type InstalledSageAppSnapshot = { manifestHash: string; snapshotDir: string; totalBytes: number; manifest: SageAppPackageManifest }
 export type InstalledSageAppSource = { kind: "zip" } | { kind: "url"; appUrl: string; manifestUrl: string }
-export type InstalledSageAppStorage = { kind: "appleDataStore"; identifierHex: string } | { kind: "windowsProfile"; directoryName: string } | { kind: "unsupported" }
+export type InstalledSageAppStorage = { kind: "appleDataStore"; identifierHex: string } | { kind: "windowsProfile"; directoryName: string } | { kind: "unmanaged" }
 /**
  * Check if an asset is owned
  */

From d73005b38c69651583ac909da09a29bd107cca61 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Tue, 21 Apr 2026 18:45:04 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 127/471] Refactor `AppsContext` to provide more granular app
 state management and update lifecycle handling:

- Introduced `AppsContextValue` interface for better typing and expanded context functionality.
- Added methods for app installation, updates, uninstallation, and sandbox testing.
- Updated state management to handle update availability, sandbox state, and app-specific busy states.
- Renamed `Error` to `SageAppsError` in the backend to enhance clarity and consistency.
- Integrated approval flows directly within `AppsContext`, removing unnecessary hooks for streamlined handling.
- Updated `InstallDialog` and `AppsWorkspace` to align with the new context structure and provide enhanced approval and update workflows.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/host.rs                  |  17 +-
 src/bindings.ts                               |   2 +-
 .../apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx        |   2 +
 src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx                  | 349 ++++++++++++++++--
 src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx                   |  36 +-
 5 files changed, 366 insertions(+), 40 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/host.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/host.rs
index 74b7ac1d9..038df6809 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/host.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/host.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+use std::fmt;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use sage::Sage;
@@ -9,12 +10,12 @@ use tokio::sync::Mutex;
 pub type AppState = Arc<Mutex<Sage>>;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-pub struct Error {
+pub struct SageAppsError {
     pub kind: ErrorKind,
     pub reason: String,
 }
 
-impl From<sage::Error> for Error {
+impl From<sage::Error> for SageAppsError {
     fn from(error: sage::Error) -> Self {
         Self {
             kind: error.kind(),
@@ -23,7 +24,7 @@ impl From<sage::Error> for Error {
     }
 }
 
-impl From<reqwest::Error> for Error {
+impl From<reqwest::Error> for SageAppsError {
     fn from(error: reqwest::Error) -> Self {
         Self {
             kind: ErrorKind::Internal,
@@ -32,7 +33,7 @@ impl From<reqwest::Error> for Error {
     }
 }
 
-impl From<std::io::Error> for Error {
+impl From<std::io::Error> for SageAppsError {
     fn from(error: std::io::Error) -> Self {
         Self {
             kind: ErrorKind::Internal,
@@ -41,12 +42,12 @@ impl From<std::io::Error> for Error {
     }
 }
 
-impl std::fmt::Display for Error {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+impl fmt::Display for SageAppsError {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         write!(f, "{}", self.reason)
     }
 }
 
-impl std::error::Error for Error {}
+impl std::error::Error for SageAppsError {}
 
-pub type Result<T> = std::result::Result<T, Error>;
+pub type Result<T> = std::result::Result<T, SageAppsError>;
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index 410e55f1e..04cc83cdf 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -867,7 +867,6 @@ export type DerivationRecord = { index: number; public_key: string; address: str
 export type DidRecord = { launcher_id: string; name: string | null; visible: boolean; coin_id: string; address: string; amount: Amount; recovery_hash: string | null; created_height: number | null }
 export type EmptyResponse = Record<string, never>
 export type Error = { kind: ErrorKind; reason: string }
-export type Error = { kind: ErrorKind; reason: string }
 export type ErrorKind = "wallet" | "api" | "not_found" | "unauthorized" | "internal" | "database_migration" | "nfc"
 /**
  * Exercise options
@@ -2237,6 +2236,7 @@ export type SageAppManifestFile = { path: string; sha256: string; size: number }
 export type SageAppPackageManifest = { name: string; version: string; permissions: SageRequestedPermissions; files: SageAppManifestFile[]; entry: string | null; icon: string | null }
 export type SageAppRuntimeRecord = { runtimeId: string; appId: string; appName: string; entrySrc: string; webviewLabel: string; hostWindowLabel: string; mode: string; state: string; startedAt: number; lastActiveAt: number; visible: boolean; internal: boolean; activeBatchCount: number; activeSocketCount: number; inFlightRequestCount: number }
 export type SageAppUrlPreview = { appUrl: string; manifestUrl: string; manifestHash: string; manifest: SageAppPackageManifest }
+export type SageAppsError = { kind: ErrorKind; reason: string }
 export type SageGrantedNetworkPermissions = { whitelist: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[] }
 export type SageGrantedPermissions = { capabilities: string[]; network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions }
 export type SageNetworkPermissionTarget = { scheme: string; host: string }
diff --git a/src/components/apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx b/src/components/apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx
index b0b38a330..40c955a94 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx
@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@ function buildPreviewApp(
 ): InstalledSageApp {
   return {
     id: '__install_preview__',
+    originId: '__install_preview__',
     name: manifest.name,
     version: manifest.version,
     installDir: '',
@@ -66,6 +67,7 @@ function buildPreviewApp(
       storageMayContainSecrets: false,
       isolated: false,
     },
+    storage: { kind: 'unmanaged' },
     source: { kind: 'zip' },
     activeSnapshot: {
       manifestHash: '__install_preview__',
diff --git a/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx b/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
index 07fbd3ec7..a2829c5b0 100644
--- a/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
+++ b/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
@@ -1,42 +1,343 @@
-import { createContext, useContext, useEffect, useRef } from 'react';
-import { useAppsInternal } from '@/hooks/useApps';
+import {
+  createContext,
+  useCallback,
+  useContext,
+  useEffect,
+  useMemo,
+  useState,
+  type ReactNode,
+} from 'react';
+import {
+  commands,
+  type InstalledSageApp,
+  type ListedSageApp,
+  type SageAppUrlPreview,
+  type SageGrantedPermissions,
+  type SandboxStateView,
+} from '@/bindings';
 import { useAppPendingApprovals } from '@/hooks/useAppPendingApprovals';
 import { useBridgeHost } from '@/hooks/useBridgeHost';
-import { setForceIncognitoForSecretApps } from '@/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry';
+import type { PendingApprovalItem } from '@/hooks/useAppPendingApprovals';
 
-const AppsContext = createContext<ReturnType<typeof useAppsInternal> | null>(
-  null,
-);
+interface PerformAppUpdateOptions {
+  restartIfRunning?: boolean;
+  visibleAfterRestart?: boolean;
+}
+
+interface AppsContextValue {
+  apps: ListedSageApp[];
+  loading: boolean;
+  error: string | null;
+  busyAppIds: Record<string, boolean>;
+  updateAvailability: Record<string, SageAppUrlPreview | null>;
+  bridgeHostReady: boolean;
+  sandboxState: SandboxStateView | null;
+
+  currentApproval: PendingApprovalItem | null;
+  queuedApprovalCount: number;
+  currentApprovalSecondsLeft: number;
+  approveCurrentApproval: () => void;
+  rejectCurrentApproval: () => void;
+
+  getApp: (appId: string) => InstalledSageApp | undefined;
+  refresh: () => Promise<void>;
+  refreshInstalledApps: () => Promise<void>;
+  setBusy: (appId: string, busy: boolean) => void;
+  setUpdateAvailability: (
+    updater:
+      | Record<string, SageAppUrlPreview | null>
+      | ((
+          prev: Record<string, SageAppUrlPreview | null>,
+        ) => Record<string, SageAppUrlPreview | null>),
+  ) => void;
+
+  installApp: (
+    zipPath: string,
+    grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
+  ) => Promise<InstalledSageApp>;
+  installUrlApp: (
+    appUrl: string,
+    grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
+  ) => Promise<InstalledSageApp>;
+  uninstallApp: (appId: string) => Promise<void>;
+  checkForUpdate: (appId: string) => Promise<SageAppUrlPreview | null>;
+  performAppUpdate: (
+    appId: string,
+    grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
+    options?: PerformAppUpdateOptions,
+  ) => Promise<InstalledSageApp>;
+  clearAppStorage: (appId: string) => Promise<void>;
+  rerunSandboxTests: () => Promise<SandboxStateView>;
+}
 
-export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
-  const value = useAppsInternal();
-  const { requestApproval } = useAppPendingApprovals();
-  const startedInitialSandboxRunRef = useRef(false);
+const AppsContext = createContext<AppsContextValue | null>(null);
+
+function formatError(err: unknown): string {
+  if (err instanceof Error) {
+    return err.message;
+  }
+
+  if (typeof err === 'string') {
+    return err;
+  }
+
+  try {
+    return JSON.stringify(err, null, 2);
+  } catch {
+    return String(err);
+  }
+}
+
+export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
+  const [apps, setApps] = useState<ListedSageApp[]>([]);
+  const [loading, setLoading] = useState(true);
+  const [error, setError] = useState<string | null>(null);
+  const [busyAppIds, setBusyAppIds] = useState<Record<string, boolean>>({});
+  const [updateAvailability, setUpdateAvailabilityState] = useState<
+    Record<string, SageAppUrlPreview | null>
+  >({});
+  const [sandboxState, setSandboxState] = useState<SandboxStateView | null>(
+    null,
+  );
+
+  const {
+    currentApproval,
+    queuedApprovalCount,
+    currentApprovalSecondsLeft,
+    requestApproval,
+    approveCurrentApproval,
+    rejectCurrentApproval,
+  } = useAppPendingApprovals();
 
   const { isReady: bridgeHostReady } = useBridgeHost({
     requestApproval,
   });
 
-  useEffect(() => {
-    const clearCycleStatus =
-      value.sandboxState?.effective?.storageClearCycle?.status ?? null;
+  const refreshInstalledApps = useCallback(async () => {
+    setLoading(true);
+    setError(null);
 
-    setForceIncognitoForSecretApps(clearCycleStatus === 'failed');
-  }, [value.sandboxState]);
+    try {
+      const [listed, sandbox] = await Promise.all([
+        commands.listInstalledApps(),
+        commands.appsGetSandboxState(),
+      ]);
 
-  useEffect(() => {
-    if (!bridgeHostReady) {
-      return;
+      setApps(listed);
+      setSandboxState(sandbox);
+    } catch (err) {
+      setError(formatError(err));
+    } finally {
+      setLoading(false);
     }
+  }, []);
 
-    if (startedInitialSandboxRunRef.current) {
-      return;
-    }
+  useEffect(() => {
+    void refreshInstalledApps();
+  }, [refreshInstalledApps]);
+
+  const refresh = refreshInstalledApps;
+
+  const getApp = useCallback(
+    (appId: string) => {
+      const found = apps.find(
+        (item): item is Extract<ListedSageApp, { kind: 'installed' }> =>
+          item.kind === 'installed' && item.id === appId,
+      );
+
+      return found;
+    },
+    [apps],
+  );
+
+  const setBusy = useCallback((appId: string, busy: boolean) => {
+    setBusyAppIds((prev) => ({
+      ...prev,
+      [appId]: busy,
+    }));
+  }, []);
+
+  const setUpdateAvailability = useCallback(
+    (
+      updater:
+        | Record<string, SageAppUrlPreview | null>
+        | ((
+            prev: Record<string, SageAppUrlPreview | null>,
+          ) => Record<string, SageAppUrlPreview | null>),
+    ) => {
+      setUpdateAvailabilityState((prev) =>
+        typeof updater === 'function' ? updater(prev) : updater,
+      );
+    },
+    [],
+  );
+
+  const installApp = useCallback(
+    async (zipPath: string, grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions) => {
+      const installed = await commands.installAppZip(
+        zipPath,
+        grantedPermissions,
+      );
+      await refreshInstalledApps();
+      return installed;
+    },
+    [refreshInstalledApps],
+  );
+
+  const installUrlApp = useCallback(
+    async (appUrl: string, grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions) => {
+      const installed = await commands.installAppUrl(
+        appUrl,
+        grantedPermissions,
+      );
+      await refreshInstalledApps();
+      return installed;
+    },
+    [refreshInstalledApps],
+  );
+
+  const uninstallApp = useCallback(
+    async (appId: string) => {
+      setBusy(appId, true);
+      try {
+        await commands.uninstallApp(appId);
+
+        setUpdateAvailabilityState((prev) => {
+          const next = { ...prev };
+          delete next[appId];
+          return next;
+        });
+
+        await refreshInstalledApps();
+      } finally {
+        setBusy(appId, false);
+      }
+    },
+    [refreshInstalledApps, setBusy],
+  );
+
+  const checkForUpdate = useCallback(async (appId: string) => {
+    const preview = await commands.checkAppUpdate(appId);
+
+    setUpdateAvailabilityState((prev) => ({
+      ...prev,
+      [appId]: preview,
+    }));
+
+    return preview;
+  }, []);
+
+  const performAppUpdate = useCallback(
+    async (
+      appId: string,
+      grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
+      options?: PerformAppUpdateOptions,
+    ) => {
+      setBusy(appId, true);
+      try {
+        const installed = await commands.applyAppUpdate(
+          appId,
+          grantedPermissions,
+        );
+
+        if (options?.restartIfRunning) {
+          const { restartAppRuntime } =
+            await import('@/lib/apps/restartAppRuntime');
+
+          try {
+            await restartAppRuntime(installed, {
+              visible: options.visibleAfterRestart ?? true,
+            });
+          } catch {
+            // Ignore restart failures here; callers still get updated metadata.
+          }
+        }
+
+        setUpdateAvailabilityState((prev) => ({
+          ...prev,
+          [appId]: null,
+        }));
+
+        await refreshInstalledApps();
+        return installed;
+      } finally {
+        setBusy(appId, false);
+      }
+    },
+    [refreshInstalledApps, setBusy],
+  );
+
+  const clearAppStorage = useCallback(
+    async (appId: string) => {
+      await commands.appsClearRuntimeBrowsingData(appId);
+      await refreshInstalledApps();
+    },
+    [refreshInstalledApps],
+  );
+
+  const rerunSandboxTests = useCallback(async () => {
+    const next = await commands.appsRerunSandboxTests();
+    setSandboxState(next);
+    return next;
+  }, []);
+
+  const value = useMemo<AppsContextValue>(
+    () => ({
+      apps,
+      loading,
+      error,
+      busyAppIds,
+      updateAvailability,
+      bridgeHostReady,
+      sandboxState,
+
+      currentApproval,
+      queuedApprovalCount,
+      currentApprovalSecondsLeft,
+      approveCurrentApproval,
+      rejectCurrentApproval,
 
-    startedInitialSandboxRunRef.current = true;
+      getApp,
+      refresh,
+      refreshInstalledApps,
+      setBusy,
+      setUpdateAvailability,
 
-    void value.rerunSandboxTests();
-  }, [bridgeHostReady, value, value.rerunSandboxTests]);
+      installApp,
+      installUrlApp,
+      uninstallApp,
+      checkForUpdate,
+      performAppUpdate,
+      clearAppStorage,
+      rerunSandboxTests,
+    }),
+    [
+      apps,
+      loading,
+      error,
+      busyAppIds,
+      updateAvailability,
+      bridgeHostReady,
+      sandboxState,
+      currentApproval,
+      queuedApprovalCount,
+      currentApprovalSecondsLeft,
+      approveCurrentApproval,
+      rejectCurrentApproval,
+      getApp,
+      refresh,
+      refreshInstalledApps,
+      setBusy,
+      setUpdateAvailability,
+      installApp,
+      installUrlApp,
+      uninstallApp,
+      checkForUpdate,
+      performAppUpdate,
+      clearAppStorage,
+      rerunSandboxTests,
+    ],
+  );
 
   return <AppsContext.Provider value={value}>{children}</AppsContext.Provider>;
 }
diff --git a/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx b/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
index 048bd0aae..6582f8568 100644
--- a/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ import {
   type AppTaskBarTab,
 } from '@/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx';
 import { useApps } from '@/contexts/AppsContext.tsx';
-import { useAppPendingApprovals } from '@/hooks/useAppPendingApprovals.ts';
 import { useAppRuntimes } from '@/hooks/useAppRuntimes';
 import { focusRuntime, killRuntime } from '@/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry';
 import { formatAppError } from '@/lib/apps/formatAppError';
@@ -28,17 +27,17 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
   const navigate = useNavigate();
   const runtimes = useAppRuntimes();
 
-  const { getApp, updateAvailability, busyAppIds, performAppUpdate } =
-    useApps();
-
   const {
+    getApp,
+    updateAvailability,
+    busyAppIds,
+    performAppUpdate,
     currentApproval,
     queuedApprovalCount,
     currentApprovalSecondsLeft,
-    requestApproval,
     approveCurrentApproval,
     rejectCurrentApproval,
-  } = useAppPendingApprovals();
+  } = useApps();
 
   const [approvalExpanded, setApprovalExpanded] = useState(false);
   const [applyingUpdate, setApplyingUpdate] = useState(false);
@@ -116,6 +115,29 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
       };
     }
 
+    if (currentApproval.request.kind === 'capability_grant') {
+      return {
+        kind: 'capability_grant',
+        appId: currentApproval.request.app.id,
+        appName: currentApproval.request.app.name,
+        requestId: currentApproval.request.requestId,
+        capability: currentApproval.request.capability,
+      };
+    }
+
+    if (currentApproval.request.kind === 'network_whitelist_grant') {
+      return {
+        kind: 'network_whitelist_grant',
+        appId: currentApproval.request.app.id,
+        appName: currentApproval.request.app.name,
+        requestId: currentApproval.request.requestId,
+        entry: {
+          scheme: currentApproval.request.entry.scheme,
+          host: currentApproval.request.entry.host,
+        },
+      };
+    }
+
     return null;
   }, [currentApproval]);
 
@@ -222,7 +244,7 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
       ) : null}
 
       <div className='flex-1 min-h-0 overflow-hidden'>
-        <Outlet context={{ requestApproval }} />
+        <Outlet />
       </div>
 
       <AppUpdateDialog

From cde20b7adae56c3b6994b1ab3035b4a13e1a0768 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Wed, 22 Apr 2026 01:36:41 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 128/471] Subscribe to sandbox state updates and refresh
 periodically:

- Added `useEffect` hooks to handle `apps:sandbox-state-updated` event subscription and state updates.
- Implemented periodic sandbox state refresh tied to current sandbox run ID.
- Renamed `setUpdateAvailabilityState` to `setUpdateAvailability` for clarity.
- Refactored state update methods for improved maintainability and consistency.
---
 src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx | 93 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----
 1 file changed, 80 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx b/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
index a2829c5b0..a21dd2482 100644
--- a/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
+++ b/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import {
   useState,
   type ReactNode,
 } from 'react';
+import { listen, type UnlistenFn } from '@tauri-apps/api/event';
 import {
   commands,
   type InstalledSageApp,
@@ -93,7 +94,7 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
   const [loading, setLoading] = useState(true);
   const [error, setError] = useState<string | null>(null);
   const [busyAppIds, setBusyAppIds] = useState<Record<string, boolean>>({});
-  const [updateAvailability, setUpdateAvailabilityState] = useState<
+  const [updateAvailability, setUpdateAvailability] = useState<
     Record<string, SageAppUrlPreview | null>
   >({});
   const [sandboxState, setSandboxState] = useState<SandboxStateView | null>(
@@ -136,16 +137,81 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
     void refreshInstalledApps();
   }, [refreshInstalledApps]);
 
+  useEffect(() => {
+    let isCancelled = false;
+    let unsubscribe: UnlistenFn | null = null;
+
+    const setup = async () => {
+      try {
+        unsubscribe = await listen<SandboxStateView>(
+          'apps:sandbox-state-updated',
+          (event) => {
+            if (isCancelled) {
+              return;
+            }
+
+            setSandboxState(event.payload);
+          },
+        );
+      } catch (err) {
+        if (!isCancelled) {
+          console.error('Failed to subscribe to sandbox state updates:', err);
+        }
+      }
+    };
+
+    void setup();
+
+    return () => {
+      isCancelled = true;
+      if (unsubscribe) {
+        void unsubscribe();
+      }
+    };
+  }, []);
+
+  const currentSandboxRunId = sandboxState?.currentRun?.runId ?? null;
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!currentSandboxRunId) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    let isCancelled = false;
+
+    const refreshSandboxState = async () => {
+      try {
+        const next = await commands.appsGetSandboxState();
+        if (!isCancelled) {
+          setSandboxState(next);
+        }
+      } catch (err) {
+        if (!isCancelled) {
+          console.error('Failed to refresh sandbox state:', err);
+        }
+      }
+    };
+
+    void refreshSandboxState();
+
+    const intervalId = window.setInterval(() => {
+      void refreshSandboxState();
+    }, 1000);
+
+    return () => {
+      isCancelled = true;
+      window.clearInterval(intervalId);
+    };
+  }, [currentSandboxRunId]);
+
   const refresh = refreshInstalledApps;
 
   const getApp = useCallback(
     (appId: string) => {
-      const found = apps.find(
+      return apps.find(
         (item): item is Extract<ListedSageApp, { kind: 'installed' }> =>
           item.kind === 'installed' && item.id === appId,
       );
-
-      return found;
     },
     [apps],
   );
@@ -157,7 +223,7 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
     }));
   }, []);
 
-  const setUpdateAvailability = useCallback(
+  const setUpdateAvailabilityState = useCallback(
     (
       updater:
         | Record<string, SageAppUrlPreview | null>
@@ -165,7 +231,7 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
             prev: Record<string, SageAppUrlPreview | null>,
           ) => Record<string, SageAppUrlPreview | null>),
     ) => {
-      setUpdateAvailabilityState((prev) =>
+      setUpdateAvailability((prev) =>
         typeof updater === 'function' ? updater(prev) : updater,
       );
     },
@@ -202,10 +268,11 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
       try {
         await commands.uninstallApp(appId);
 
-        setUpdateAvailabilityState((prev) => {
+        setUpdateAvailability((prev) => {
           const next = { ...prev };
-          delete next[appId];
-          return next;
+          return Object.fromEntries(
+            Object.entries(next).filter(([key]) => key !== appId),
+          );
         });
 
         await refreshInstalledApps();
@@ -219,7 +286,7 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
   const checkForUpdate = useCallback(async (appId: string) => {
     const preview = await commands.checkAppUpdate(appId);
 
-    setUpdateAvailabilityState((prev) => ({
+    setUpdateAvailability((prev) => ({
       ...prev,
       [appId]: preview,
     }));
@@ -253,7 +320,7 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
           }
         }
 
-        setUpdateAvailabilityState((prev) => ({
+        setUpdateAvailability((prev) => ({
           ...prev,
           [appId]: null,
         }));
@@ -301,7 +368,7 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
       refresh,
       refreshInstalledApps,
       setBusy,
-      setUpdateAvailability,
+      setUpdateAvailability: setUpdateAvailabilityState,
 
       installApp,
       installUrlApp,
@@ -328,7 +395,7 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
       refresh,
       refreshInstalledApps,
       setBusy,
-      setUpdateAvailability,
+      setUpdateAvailabilityState,
       installApp,
       installUrlApp,
       uninstallApp,

From 4a44e5b95c91d8b785826f089395e0923a6ecd47 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Wed, 22 Apr 2026 01:42:44 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 129/471] Add initial sandbox run handler and integrate with
 app startup flow:

- Implemented `ensure_initial_sandbox_run` to handle pending sandbox states.
- Updated app startup to trigger initial sandbox run in a new runtime task.
- Added utility to check if sandbox state is entirely pending.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runner.rs | 41 ++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 src-tauri/src/lib.rs                   | 17 +++++++----
 2 files changed, 51 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runner.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runner.rs
index c47fd6469..f3c77abb9 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runner.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runner.rs
@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@ use super::probes::{
 use super::runtime::now_ms;
 use super::state_view::{build_effective_state, build_state_view};
 use super::types::{
-    SandboxCapability, SandboxCapabilityStatus, SandboxRunState, SandboxState,
-    build_running_sandbox_state, mark_cap,
+    build_running_sandbox_state, mark_cap, SandboxCapability, SandboxCapabilityStatus,
+    SandboxRunState, SandboxState,
 };
 
 async fn emit_state_view(app: &AppHandle, apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>) {
@@ -22,6 +22,43 @@ async fn emit_state_view(app: &AppHandle, apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>)
     }
 }
 
+fn sandbox_state_is_all_pending(state: &SandboxState) -> bool {
+    state.storage_isolation_from_sage.status == SandboxCapabilityStatus::Pending
+        && state.storage_persistence_normal.status == SandboxCapabilityStatus::Pending
+        && state.storage_non_persistence_incognito.status == SandboxCapabilityStatus::Pending
+        && state.storage_clear_cycle.status == SandboxCapabilityStatus::Pending
+        && state.network_allowlist_enforced.status == SandboxCapabilityStatus::Pending
+}
+
+pub async fn ensure_initial_sandbox_run(app: AppHandle) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let apps_state = app.state::<AppsHostState>();
+
+    let already_running = *apps_state.sandbox.running.lock().await;
+    if already_running {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+
+    let baseline = apps_state.sandbox.baseline.lock().await.clone();
+    let current_run = apps_state.sandbox.current_run.lock().await.clone();
+
+    if current_run.is_some() {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+
+    if !sandbox_state_is_all_pending(&baseline) {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+
+    begin_sandbox_run(&app, &apps_state).await?;
+
+    let runner_app = app.clone();
+    tokio::spawn(async move {
+        sandbox_runner(runner_app).await;
+    });
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
 pub async fn begin_sandbox_run(
     app: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
index 80323bd87..0e548ce8e 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
@@ -229,14 +229,21 @@ pub fn run() {
             tauri::async_runtime::spawn(async move {
                 if let Err(err) =
                     apps::lifecycle::retry_pending_storage_cleanup_on_startup(
-                        &app_handle,
-                        &cleanup_base_path,
+                            &app_handle,
+                            &cleanup_base_path,
                     )
-                    .await
+                        .await
                 {
-                    eprintln!("failed to retry pending storage cleanup on startup: {err}");
+                        eprintln!("failed to retry pending storage cleanup on startup: {err}");
                 }
-                });
+            });
+
+            let sandbox_app_handle = app.handle().clone();
+            tauri::async_runtime::spawn(async move {
+                if let Err(err) = apps::sandbox::runner::ensure_initial_sandbox_run(sandbox_app_handle).await {
+                        eprintln!("failed to start initial sandbox run: {err}");
+                }
+            });
 
             Ok(())
         })

From 35fdcb72453e6b682cf4dc17e5513b9aa16c440b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Wed, 22 Apr 2026 01:49:13 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 130/471] Redesign `InstallSourceCard` UI for improved
 usability:

- Enhanced layout with updated card structure, spacing, and styles.
- Added visual icons for "Install from URL" and "Install from ZIP" options.
- Improved input handling for URL installation with enter key support.
- Updated error display with consistent styling.
---
 src/components/apps/InstallSourceCard.tsx | 109 ++++++++++++++++------
 1 file changed, 80 insertions(+), 29 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/components/apps/InstallSourceCard.tsx b/src/components/apps/InstallSourceCard.tsx
index 0490bc352..f4147998f 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/InstallSourceCard.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/InstallSourceCard.tsx
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
-import { Card, CardContent, CardHeader, CardTitle } from '@/components/ui/card';
+import { Card, CardContent } from '@/components/ui/card';
 import { Input } from '@/components/ui/input';
 import { open } from '@tauri-apps/plugin-dialog';
+import { Globe, Link as LinkIcon, Package, Upload } from 'lucide-react';
 
 interface Props {
   installing: boolean;
@@ -36,41 +37,91 @@ export function InstallSourceCard({
 
   return (
     <Card>
-      <CardHeader>
-        <CardTitle>Install App</CardTitle>
-      </CardHeader>
-      <CardContent className='space-y-4'>
-        <p className='text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
-          Install a Sage app package from a zip file or URL.
-        </p>
+      <CardContent className='space-y-5'>
+        <div className='rounded-xl border bg-muted/20 p-4'>
+          <div className='mb-3 flex items-start gap-3'>
+            <div className='mt-0.5 rounded-lg border bg-background p-2 text-muted-foreground'>
+              <Globe className='h-4 w-4' />
+            </div>
 
-        <div className='flex flex-wrap gap-2'>
-          <Button onClick={handleSelectZip} disabled={installing}>
-            Install from .zip
-          </Button>
+            <div className='min-w-0 flex-1'>
+              <div className='flex items-center gap-2 text-sm font-medium'>
+                Install from URL
+                <span className='rounded-full border px-2 py-0.5 text-[10px] uppercase tracking-wide text-muted-foreground'>
+                  Recommended
+                </span>
+              </div>
+              <p className='mt-1 text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
+                Best for published apps and updates.
+              </p>
+            </div>
+          </div>
+
+          <div className='flex flex-col gap-2'>
+            <div className='relative w-full'>
+              <LinkIcon className='pointer-events-none absolute left-3 top-1/2 h-4 w-4 -translate-y-1/2 text-muted-foreground' />
+              <Input
+                value={urlInput}
+                onChange={(e) => onUrlInputChange(e.target.value)}
+                placeholder='https://example.com/my-app/'
+                disabled={installing}
+                className='pl-9'
+                onKeyDown={(e) => {
+                  if (
+                    e.key === 'Enter' &&
+                    !installing &&
+                    urlInput.trim().length > 0
+                  ) {
+                    e.preventDefault();
+                    void onPreviewUrl();
+                  }
+                }}
+              />
+            </div>
+
+            <div className='flex justify-end'>
+              <Button
+                onClick={() => void onPreviewUrl()}
+                disabled={installing || urlInput.trim().length === 0}
+                className='min-w-[140px]'
+              >
+                Preview URL
+              </Button>
+            </div>
+          </div>
         </div>
 
-        <div className='space-y-2 rounded-md border p-3'>
-          <div className='text-sm font-medium'>Install from URL</div>
-          <div className='flex gap-2'>
-            <Input
-              value={urlInput}
-              onChange={(e) => onUrlInputChange(e.target.value)}
-              placeholder='https://example.com/my-app/'
-              disabled={installing}
-            />
-            <Button
-              onClick={() => void onPreviewUrl()}
-              disabled={installing || urlInput.trim().length === 0}
-            >
-              Preview URL
-            </Button>
+        <div className='rounded-xl border border-dashed p-4'>
+          <div className='mb-3 flex items-start gap-3'>
+            <div className='mt-0.5 rounded-lg border bg-background p-2 text-muted-foreground'>
+              <Package className='h-4 w-4' />
+            </div>
+
+            <div className='min-w-0 flex-1'>
+              <div className='text-sm font-medium'>Install from ZIP</div>
+              <p className='mt-1 text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
+                Useful for local builds, testing, or manual package installs.
+              </p>
+            </div>
           </div>
+
+          <Button
+            variant='outline'
+            onClick={handleSelectZip}
+            disabled={installing}
+            className='w-full justify-center gap-2 md:w-auto'
+          >
+            <Upload className='h-4 w-4' />
+            Select .zip package
+          </Button>
         </div>
 
-        {error ? <div className='text-sm text-destructive'>{error}</div> : null}
+        {error ? (
+          <div className='rounded-lg border border-destructive/30 bg-destructive/5 px-3 py-2 text-sm text-destructive'>
+            {error}
+          </div>
+        ) : null}
       </CardContent>
     </Card>
   );
 }
-

From 50b840bb1ccf461268b700b7293a5fec2ac9a313 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Wed, 22 Apr 2026 02:02:37 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 131/471] Remove `PermissionsDialog` and redesign
 `InstallDialog` with improved app summary and icon handling.

---
 .../apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx        | 148 +++++++++++++++++-
 .../apps/permissions/PermissionsDialog.tsx    |  80 ----------
 2 files changed, 140 insertions(+), 88 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsDialog.tsx

diff --git a/src/components/apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx b/src/components/apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx
index 40c955a94..82d8240b9 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ import {
   DialogTitle,
 } from '@/components/ui/dialog';
 import { PermissionsEditor } from '@/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor';
+import { Globe, Package } from 'lucide-react';
 
 type InstallSource =
   | {
@@ -79,6 +80,137 @@ function buildPreviewApp(
   };
 }
 
+function formatBytes(bytes: number): string {
+  if (!Number.isFinite(bytes) || bytes < 0) {
+    return 'Unknown';
+  }
+
+  if (bytes < 1024) {
+    return `${bytes} B`;
+  }
+
+  const units = ['KB', 'MB', 'GB', 'TB'];
+  let value = bytes / 1024;
+  let unitIndex = 0;
+
+  while (value >= 1024 && unitIndex < units.length - 1) {
+    value /= 1024;
+    unitIndex += 1;
+  }
+
+  const digits = value >= 100 ? 0 : value >= 10 ? 1 : 2;
+  return `${value.toFixed(digits)} ${units[unitIndex]}`;
+}
+
+function resolveInstallIconUrl(
+  source: InstallSource,
+  manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
+): string | null {
+  // 1. candidate paths (ordered)
+  const candidates: string[] = [];
+
+  if (manifest.icon) {
+    candidates.push(manifest.icon);
+  }
+
+  candidates.push('icon.png');
+
+  const existing = candidates.find((candidate) =>
+    manifest.files.some((f) => f.path === candidate),
+  );
+
+  if (!existing) {
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  if (source.kind === 'url') {
+    try {
+      return new URL(existing, source.preview.manifestUrl).toString();
+    } catch {
+      return null;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return null;
+}
+
+function computeManifestSize(manifest: SageAppPackageManifest): number {
+  return manifest.files.reduce((sum, f) => sum + (f.size ?? 0), 0);
+}
+
+function AppIcon({ name, iconUrl }: { name: string; iconUrl: string | null }) {
+  const initial = name.trim().charAt(0).toUpperCase() || 'A';
+
+  if (iconUrl) {
+    return (
+      <div className='h-16 w-16 overflow-hidden rounded-2xl border bg-background shadow-sm'>
+        <img src={iconUrl} alt='' className='h-full w-full object-cover' />
+      </div>
+    );
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <div className='flex h-16 w-16 items-center justify-center rounded-2xl border bg-muted/30 text-lg font-semibold shadow-sm'>
+      {initial}
+    </div>
+  );
+}
+
+function InstallAppSummary({
+  source,
+  manifest,
+}: {
+  source: InstallSource;
+  manifest: SageAppPackageManifest;
+}) {
+  const iconUrl = resolveInstallIconUrl(source, manifest);
+  const previewSizeBytes = computeManifestSize(manifest);
+
+  return (
+    <div className='rounded-2xl border bg-muted/20 p-4'>
+      <div className='flex items-start gap-4'>
+        <AppIcon name={manifest.name} iconUrl={iconUrl} />
+
+        <div className='min-w-0 flex-1'>
+          <div className='flex flex-wrap items-center gap-2'>
+            <div className='truncate text-xl font-semibold'>
+              {manifest.name}
+            </div>
+
+            <span className='rounded-full border px-2 py-0.5 text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
+              v{manifest.version}
+            </span>
+
+            <span className='rounded-full border px-2 py-0.5 text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
+              {source.kind === 'url' ? 'URL install' : 'ZIP install'}
+            </span>
+          </div>
+
+          <div className='mt-3 grid gap-2 text-sm text-muted-foreground sm:grid-cols-2'>
+            <div className='flex items-center gap-2'>
+              {source.kind === 'url' ? (
+                <Globe className='h-4 w-4' />
+              ) : (
+                <Package className='h-4 w-4' />
+              )}
+              <span className='truncate'>
+                {source.kind === 'url' ? source.appUrl : source.zipPath}
+              </span>
+            </div>
+
+            <div>
+              <span className='text-foreground'>Size:</span>{' '}
+              {previewSizeBytes !== null
+                ? formatBytes(previewSizeBytes)
+                : 'Unknown'}
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  );
+}
+
 export function InstallPermissionsDialog({
   source,
   error,
@@ -105,16 +237,13 @@ export function InstallPermissionsDialog({
 
   return (
     <Dialog open={open} onOpenChange={(nextOpen) => !nextOpen && onCancel()}>
-      <DialogContent className='max-w-md'>
-        <DialogHeader>
+      <DialogContent className='max-w-lg'>
+        <DialogHeader className='pb-1'>
           <DialogTitle>Install app</DialogTitle>
         </DialogHeader>
 
         <div className='space-y-5'>
-          <div className='space-y-1 text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
-            <div>{manifest.name}</div>
-            <div>v{manifest.version}</div>
-          </div>
+          <InstallAppSummary source={source} manifest={manifest} />
 
           <PermissionsEditor
             app={previewApp}
@@ -123,11 +252,13 @@ export function InstallPermissionsDialog({
           />
 
           {error ? (
-            <div className='text-sm text-destructive'>{error}</div>
+            <div className='rounded-lg border border-destructive/30 bg-destructive/5 px-3 py-2 text-sm text-destructive'>
+              {error}
+            </div>
           ) : null}
         </div>
 
-        <DialogFooter>
+        <DialogFooter className='gap-2'>
           <Button variant='outline' onClick={onCancel} disabled={installing}>
             Cancel
           </Button>
@@ -140,3 +271,4 @@ export function InstallPermissionsDialog({
     </Dialog>
   );
 }
+
diff --git a/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsDialog.tsx b/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsDialog.tsx
deleted file mode 100644
index 7cefae65a..000000000
--- a/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsDialog.tsx
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,80 +0,0 @@
-import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
-import {
-  Dialog,
-  DialogContent,
-  DialogFooter,
-  DialogHeader,
-  DialogTitle,
-} from '@/components/ui/dialog';
-import type { InstalledSageApp, SageGrantedPermissions } from '@/bindings';
-import React from 'react';
-import { PermissionsEditor } from '@/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor';
-
-interface Props {
-  app: InstalledSageApp | null;
-  open: boolean;
-  title: string;
-  description?: string | null;
-  error: string | null;
-  submitting: boolean;
-  grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions;
-  onGrantedPermissionsChange: (next: SageGrantedPermissions) => void;
-  onCancel: () => void;
-  onConfirm: () => void;
-}
-
-export function PermissionsDialog({
-  app,
-  open,
-  title,
-  description,
-  error,
-  submitting,
-  grantedPermissions,
-  onGrantedPermissionsChange,
-  onCancel,
-  onConfirm,
-}: Props) {
-  const manifest =
-    app?.pendingUpdate?.manifest ?? app?.activeSnapshot.manifest ?? null;
-
-  return (
-    <Dialog open={open} onOpenChange={(nextOpen) => !nextOpen && onCancel()}>
-      <DialogContent>
-        <DialogHeader>
-          <DialogTitle>{title}</DialogTitle>
-        </DialogHeader>
-
-        {app && manifest ? (
-          <div className='space-y-5'>
-            <div className='space-y-1 text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
-              <div>{app.name}</div>
-              <div>v{manifest.version}</div>
-              {description ? <div>{description}</div> : null}
-            </div>
-
-            <PermissionsEditor
-              app={app}
-              grantedPermissions={grantedPermissions}
-              onGrantedPermissionsChange={onGrantedPermissionsChange}
-            />
-
-            {error ? (
-              <div className='text-sm text-destructive'>{error}</div>
-            ) : null}
-          </div>
-        ) : null}
-
-        <DialogFooter>
-          <Button variant='outline' onClick={onCancel}>
-            Cancel
-          </Button>
-
-          <Button onClick={onConfirm} disabled={submitting}>
-            {submitting ? 'Saving...' : 'Save'}
-          </Button>
-        </DialogFooter>
-      </DialogContent>
-    </Dialog>
-  );
-}

From 2d6f11f5f91ba20b5be5f74fbd6276850fffd568 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Wed, 22 Apr 2026 02:19:58 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 132/471] Redesign `PermissionsEditor` to enable grouped and
 hierarchical permission management:

- Introduced `PermissionEntry` and `PermissionGroupNode` structures for fine-grained permission handling.
- Implemented utilities to rank, format, and group permissions by sensitivity and type.
- Enhanced UI with collapsible sections for required and optional permissions.
- Added support for granular state updates and toggle interactions with callbacks.
- Improved readability and maintainability by modularizing logic and separating concerns.
---
 .../apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx    | 761 ++++++++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 675 insertions(+), 86 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx b/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx
index d622194e5..7ddcd828d 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx
@@ -1,5 +1,20 @@
-import type { InstalledSageApp, SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkPermissionTarget, } from '@/bindings';
-import { AppPermissions } from './AppPermissions';
+import { useMemo, useState } from 'react';
+import type {
+  InstalledSageApp,
+  SageGrantedPermissions,
+  SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
+} from '@/bindings';
+import { Checkbox } from '@/components/ui/checkbox';
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
+import {
+  ChevronDown,
+  ChevronRight,
+  Globe,
+  HardDrive,
+  KeyRound,
+  Radio,
+  Shield,
+} from 'lucide-react';
 
 interface Props {
   app: InstalledSageApp;
@@ -8,18 +23,550 @@ interface Props {
   editable?: boolean;
 }
 
+type PermissionKind = 'capability' | 'network';
+
+interface PermissionEntry {
+  id: string;
+  kind: PermissionKind;
+  key: string;
+  label: string;
+  detail?: string;
+  required: boolean;
+  granted: boolean;
+  sensitivityRank: number;
+}
+
+interface PermissionGroupNode {
+  id: string;
+  label: string;
+  children: PermissionGroupNode[];
+  entries: PermissionEntry[];
+  sensitivityRank: number;
+}
+
+function networkKey(entry: SageNetworkPermissionTarget): string {
+  return `${entry.scheme}://${entry.host}`;
+}
+
 function sortNetworkEntries(
   entries: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[],
 ): SageNetworkPermissionTarget[] {
   return [...entries].sort((a, b) => {
-    const aKey = `${a.scheme}://${a.host}`;
-    const bKey = `${b.scheme}://${b.host}`;
+    const aKey = networkKey(a);
+    const bKey = networkKey(b);
     return aKey.localeCompare(bKey);
   });
 }
 
-function networkKey(entry: SageNetworkPermissionTarget): string {
-  return `${entry.scheme}://${entry.host}`;
+function titleCasePart(value: string): string {
+  if (!value) {
+    return value;
+  }
+
+  return value.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + value.slice(1);
+}
+
+function segmentLabel(segment: string): string {
+  return segment.split('_').filter(Boolean).map(titleCasePart).join(' ');
+}
+
+function formatCapabilityLeafLabel(key: string): string {
+  const parts = key.split('.');
+  return segmentLabel(parts[parts.length - 1] ?? key);
+}
+
+function normalizeKey(key: string): string {
+  return key.trim().toLowerCase();
+}
+
+function isSecretCapability(key: string): boolean {
+  const normalized = normalizeKey(key);
+
+  return (
+    normalized.includes('secret') ||
+    normalized.includes('mnemonic') ||
+    normalized.includes('seed') ||
+    normalized.includes('private_key') ||
+    normalized.includes('privatekey') ||
+    normalized.includes('keychain') ||
+    normalized.includes('wallet.sign') ||
+    normalized.includes('sign_spend') ||
+    normalized.includes('export_key')
+  );
+}
+
+function isPersistentStorageCapability(key: string): boolean {
+  const normalized = normalizeKey(key);
+
+  return (
+    normalized === 'persistent_storage' ||
+    normalized.includes('persistent_storage') ||
+    normalized.includes('persistentstorage')
+  );
+}
+
+function isExternallyObservableCapability(key: string): boolean {
+  const normalized = normalizeKey(key);
+
+  return (
+    normalized.includes('send') ||
+    normalized.includes('transfer') ||
+    normalized.includes('submit') ||
+    normalized.includes('broadcast') ||
+    normalized.includes('publish') ||
+    normalized.includes('issue') ||
+    normalized.includes('mint') ||
+    normalized.includes('offer') ||
+    normalized.includes('exercise') ||
+    normalized.includes('message') ||
+    normalized.includes('sign_message')
+  );
+}
+
+function capabilitySensitivityRank(key: string): number {
+  if (isSecretCapability(key)) {
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  if (isPersistentStorageCapability(key)) {
+    return 2;
+  }
+
+  if (isExternallyObservableCapability(key)) {
+    return 3;
+  }
+
+  return 4;
+}
+
+function buildCapabilityEntries(
+  requestedRequired: string[],
+  requestedOptional: string[],
+  grantedCapabilities: string[],
+): PermissionEntry[] {
+  const grantedSet = new Set(grantedCapabilities);
+
+  const requiredEntries: PermissionEntry[] = requestedRequired.map((key) => ({
+    id: `capability:${key}`,
+    kind: 'capability',
+    key,
+    label: formatCapabilityLeafLabel(key),
+    detail: key,
+    required: true,
+    granted: true,
+    sensitivityRank: capabilitySensitivityRank(key),
+  }));
+
+  const optionalEntries: PermissionEntry[] = requestedOptional.map((key) => ({
+    id: `capability:${key}`,
+    kind: 'capability',
+    key,
+    label: formatCapabilityLeafLabel(key),
+    detail: key,
+    required: false,
+    granted: grantedSet.has(key),
+    sensitivityRank: capabilitySensitivityRank(key),
+  }));
+
+  return [...requiredEntries, ...optionalEntries];
+}
+
+function buildNetworkEntries(
+  requestedRequired: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[],
+  requestedOptional: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[],
+  grantedNetworkWhitelist: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[],
+): PermissionEntry[] {
+  const grantedSet = new Set(
+    grantedNetworkWhitelist.map((entry) => networkKey(entry)),
+  );
+
+  const requiredEntries: PermissionEntry[] = requestedRequired.map((entry) => {
+    const key = networkKey(entry);
+
+    return {
+      id: `network:${key}`,
+      kind: 'network',
+      key,
+      label: key,
+      detail: undefined,
+      required: true,
+      granted: true,
+      sensitivityRank: 1,
+    };
+  });
+
+  const optionalEntries: PermissionEntry[] = requestedOptional.map((entry) => {
+    const key = networkKey(entry);
+
+    return {
+      id: `network:${key}`,
+      kind: 'network',
+      key,
+      label: key,
+      detail: undefined,
+      required: false,
+      granted: grantedSet.has(key),
+      sensitivityRank: 1,
+    };
+  });
+
+  return [...requiredEntries, ...optionalEntries];
+}
+
+function sortPermissionEntries(entries: PermissionEntry[]): PermissionEntry[] {
+  return [...entries].sort((a, b) => {
+    if (a.sensitivityRank !== b.sensitivityRank) {
+      return a.sensitivityRank - b.sensitivityRank;
+    }
+
+    if (a.kind !== b.kind) {
+      return a.kind.localeCompare(b.kind);
+    }
+
+    return a.key.localeCompare(b.key);
+  });
+}
+
+function entryBadge(entry: PermissionEntry): string | null {
+  if (entry.kind === 'network') {
+    return 'Network';
+  }
+
+  if (isSecretCapability(entry.key)) {
+    return 'Secrets';
+  }
+
+  if (isPersistentStorageCapability(entry.key)) {
+    return 'Storage';
+  }
+
+  if (isExternallyObservableCapability(entry.key)) {
+    return 'External';
+  }
+
+  return null;
+}
+
+function groupIcon(node: PermissionGroupNode) {
+  const normalized = normalizeKey(node.id);
+
+  if (normalized === 'network') {
+    return <Globe className='h-4 w-4' />;
+  }
+
+  if (normalized === 'persistent_storage') {
+    return <HardDrive className='h-4 w-4' />;
+  }
+
+  if (normalized.includes('secret') || normalized.includes('wallet')) {
+    return <KeyRound className='h-4 w-4' />;
+  }
+
+  if (normalized.includes('send') || normalized.includes('submit')) {
+    return <Radio className='h-4 w-4' />;
+  }
+
+  return <Shield className='h-4 w-4' />;
+}
+
+function makeNode(id: string, label: string): PermissionGroupNode {
+  return {
+    id,
+    label,
+    children: [],
+    entries: [],
+    sensitivityRank: 999,
+  };
+}
+
+function updateNodeSensitivity(
+  node: PermissionGroupNode,
+  rank: number,
+): PermissionGroupNode {
+  node.sensitivityRank = Math.min(node.sensitivityRank, rank);
+  return node;
+}
+
+function buildGroupedPermissionTree(
+  entries: PermissionEntry[],
+): PermissionGroupNode[] {
+  const roots: PermissionGroupNode[] = [];
+
+  const networkEntries = entries.filter((entry) => entry.kind === 'network');
+  if (networkEntries.length > 0) {
+    const networkNode = makeNode('network', 'Network access');
+    networkNode.entries = sortPermissionEntries(networkEntries);
+    networkNode.sensitivityRank = 1;
+    roots.push(networkNode);
+  }
+
+  const persistentEntries = entries.filter(
+    (entry) =>
+      entry.kind === 'capability' && isPersistentStorageCapability(entry.key),
+  );
+  if (persistentEntries.length > 0) {
+    const persistentNode = makeNode('persistent_storage', 'Persistent storage');
+    persistentNode.entries = sortPermissionEntries(persistentEntries);
+    persistentNode.sensitivityRank = 2;
+    roots.push(persistentNode);
+  }
+
+  const generalCapabilityEntries = entries.filter(
+    (entry) =>
+      entry.kind === 'capability' && !isPersistentStorageCapability(entry.key),
+  );
+
+  const capabilityRoot = makeNode('capabilities_root', 'Capabilities');
+
+  for (const entry of generalCapabilityEntries) {
+    const parts = entry.key.split('.');
+    const leafParentParts = parts.slice(0, -1);
+
+    if (leafParentParts.length === 0) {
+      capabilityRoot.entries.push(entry);
+      updateNodeSensitivity(capabilityRoot, entry.sensitivityRank);
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    let current = capabilityRoot;
+    updateNodeSensitivity(current, entry.sensitivityRank);
+
+    for (let index = 0; index < leafParentParts.length; index += 1) {
+      const segment = leafParentParts[index];
+      const fullPath = leafParentParts.slice(0, index + 1).join('.');
+      let child = current.children.find((node) => node.id === fullPath);
+
+      if (!child) {
+        child = makeNode(fullPath, segmentLabel(segment));
+        current.children.push(child);
+      }
+
+      updateNodeSensitivity(child, entry.sensitivityRank);
+      current = child;
+    }
+
+    current.entries.push(entry);
+    updateNodeSensitivity(current, entry.sensitivityRank);
+  }
+
+  function sortNode(node: PermissionGroupNode) {
+    node.entries = sortPermissionEntries(node.entries);
+
+    node.children.sort((a, b) => {
+      if (a.sensitivityRank !== b.sensitivityRank) {
+        return a.sensitivityRank - b.sensitivityRank;
+      }
+
+      return a.label.localeCompare(b.label);
+    });
+
+    for (const child of node.children) {
+      sortNode(child);
+    }
+  }
+
+  sortNode(capabilityRoot);
+
+  if (capabilityRoot.entries.length > 0 || capabilityRoot.children.length > 0) {
+    roots.push(...capabilityRoot.children);
+
+    if (capabilityRoot.entries.length > 0) {
+      const miscNode = makeNode('misc', 'Other capabilities');
+      miscNode.entries = capabilityRoot.entries;
+      miscNode.sensitivityRank = capabilityRoot.sensitivityRank;
+      roots.push(miscNode);
+    }
+  }
+
+  roots.sort((a, b) => {
+    if (a.sensitivityRank !== b.sensitivityRank) {
+      return a.sensitivityRank - b.sensitivityRank;
+    }
+
+    return a.label.localeCompare(b.label);
+  });
+
+  return roots;
+}
+
+function PermissionRow({
+  entry,
+  editable,
+  onToggle,
+}: {
+  entry: PermissionEntry;
+  editable: boolean;
+  onToggle: (entry: PermissionEntry, nextGranted: boolean) => void;
+}) {
+  const badge = entryBadge(entry);
+
+  return (
+    <label className='flex items-start gap-3 rounded-xl border px-3 py-3 text-sm'>
+      <Checkbox
+        checked={entry.granted}
+        disabled={!editable || entry.required}
+        onCheckedChange={(checked) => {
+          onToggle(entry, Boolean(checked));
+        }}
+        className='mt-0.5'
+      />
+
+      <div className='min-w-0 flex-1'>
+        <div className='flex flex-wrap items-center gap-2'>
+          <div
+            className={
+              entry.kind === 'network'
+                ? 'min-w-0 truncate font-mono text-sm'
+                : 'min-w-0 truncate font-medium'
+            }
+          >
+            {entry.label}
+          </div>
+
+          {badge ? (
+            <span className='rounded-full border px-2 py-0.5 text-[10px] uppercase tracking-wide text-muted-foreground'>
+              {badge}
+            </span>
+          ) : null}
+
+          {entry.required ? (
+            <span className='rounded-full border px-2 py-0.5 text-[10px] uppercase tracking-wide text-muted-foreground'>
+              Required
+            </span>
+          ) : null}
+        </div>
+
+        {entry.detail && entry.detail !== entry.label ? (
+          <div className='mt-1 break-all text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
+            {entry.detail}
+          </div>
+        ) : null}
+      </div>
+    </label>
+  );
+}
+
+function PermissionGroupBlock({
+  node,
+  editable,
+  onToggleEntry,
+}: {
+  node: PermissionGroupNode;
+  editable: boolean;
+  onToggleEntry: (entry: PermissionEntry, nextGranted: boolean) => void;
+}) {
+  return (
+    <div className='space-y-3 rounded-2xl border p-4'>
+      <div className='flex items-center gap-2'>
+        <div className='text-muted-foreground'>{groupIcon(node)}</div>
+        <div className='text-sm font-medium'>{node.label}</div>
+      </div>
+
+      {node.entries.length > 0 ? (
+        <div className='space-y-2'>
+          {node.entries.map((entry) => (
+            <PermissionRow
+              key={entry.id}
+              entry={entry}
+              editable={editable}
+              onToggle={onToggleEntry}
+            />
+          ))}
+        </div>
+      ) : null}
+
+      {node.children.length > 0 ? (
+        <div className='space-y-3'>
+          {node.children.map((child) => (
+            <PermissionGroupBlock
+              key={child.id}
+              node={child}
+              editable={editable}
+              onToggleEntry={onToggleEntry}
+            />
+          ))}
+        </div>
+      ) : null}
+    </div>
+  );
+}
+
+function PermissionSection({
+  title,
+  subtitle,
+  groups,
+  editable,
+  collapsed,
+  onToggleCollapsed,
+  onToggleEntry,
+}: {
+  title: string;
+  subtitle?: string;
+  groups: PermissionGroupNode[];
+  editable: boolean;
+  collapsed?: boolean;
+  onToggleCollapsed?: () => void;
+  onToggleEntry: (entry: PermissionEntry, nextGranted: boolean) => void;
+}) {
+  if (groups.length === 0) {
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  const itemCount = groups.reduce((count, group) => {
+    function countNode(node: PermissionGroupNode): number {
+      return (
+        node.entries.length +
+        node.children.reduce((sum, child) => sum + countNode(child), 0)
+      );
+    }
+
+    return count + countNode(group);
+  }, 0);
+
+  const contentHidden = Boolean(collapsed);
+
+  return (
+    <div className='space-y-3'>
+      <div className='flex items-center justify-between gap-3'>
+        <div>
+          <h3 className='text-sm font-medium'>{title}</h3>
+          {subtitle ? (
+            <div className='mt-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground'>{subtitle}</div>
+          ) : null}
+        </div>
+
+        {onToggleCollapsed ? (
+          <Button
+            type='button'
+            variant='ghost'
+            size='sm'
+            className='h-8 gap-1 px-2 text-muted-foreground'
+            onClick={onToggleCollapsed}
+          >
+            {contentHidden ? (
+              <ChevronRight className='h-4 w-4' />
+            ) : (
+              <ChevronDown className='h-4 w-4' />
+            )}
+            {itemCount}
+          </Button>
+        ) : null}
+      </div>
+
+      {!contentHidden ? (
+        <div className='space-y-3'>
+          {groups.map((group) => (
+            <PermissionGroupBlock
+              key={group.id}
+              node={group}
+              editable={editable}
+              onToggleEntry={onToggleEntry}
+            />
+          ))}
+        </div>
+      ) : null}
+    </div>
+  );
 }
 
 export function PermissionsEditor({
@@ -29,51 +576,119 @@ export function PermissionsEditor({
   editable = true,
 }: Props) {
   const manifest = app.pendingUpdate?.manifest ?? app.activeSnapshot.manifest;
+  const [showOptional, setShowOptional] = useState(false);
 
   const grantedCapabilities = grantedPermissions.capabilities ?? [];
   const grantedNetworkWhitelist = grantedPermissions.network.whitelist ?? [];
 
+  const requestedRequiredCapabilities =
+    manifest.permissions?.capabilities?.required ?? [];
+  const requestedOptionalCapabilities =
+    manifest.permissions?.capabilities?.optional ?? [];
+
   const requestedRequiredNetwork =
     manifest.permissions?.network?.whitelist?.required ?? [];
   const requestedOptionalNetwork =
     manifest.permissions?.network?.whitelist?.optional ?? [];
-  const requestedNetwork = [
-    ...requestedRequiredNetwork.map((entry) => ({
-      entry,
-      required: true,
-    })),
-    ...requestedOptionalNetwork.map((entry) => ({
-      entry,
-      required: false,
-    })),
-  ];
 
-  const grantedNetworkKeys = new Set(
-    grantedNetworkWhitelist.map((entry) => networkKey(entry)),
+  const requiredEntries = useMemo(() => {
+    const capabilityEntries = buildCapabilityEntries(
+      requestedRequiredCapabilities,
+      [],
+      grantedCapabilities,
+    );
+
+    const networkEntries = buildNetworkEntries(
+      requestedRequiredNetwork,
+      [],
+      grantedNetworkWhitelist,
+    );
+
+    return sortPermissionEntries([...capabilityEntries, ...networkEntries]);
+  }, [
+    requestedRequiredCapabilities,
+    grantedCapabilities,
+    requestedRequiredNetwork,
+    grantedNetworkWhitelist,
+  ]);
+
+  const optionalEntries = useMemo(() => {
+    const capabilityEntries = buildCapabilityEntries(
+      [],
+      requestedOptionalCapabilities,
+      grantedCapabilities,
+    );
+
+    const networkEntries = buildNetworkEntries(
+      [],
+      requestedOptionalNetwork,
+      grantedNetworkWhitelist,
+    );
+
+    return sortPermissionEntries([...capabilityEntries, ...networkEntries]);
+  }, [
+    requestedOptionalCapabilities,
+    grantedCapabilities,
+    requestedOptionalNetwork,
+    grantedNetworkWhitelist,
+  ]);
+
+  const requiredGroups = useMemo(
+    () => buildGroupedPermissionTree(requiredEntries),
+    [requiredEntries],
+  );
+
+  const optionalGroups = useMemo(
+    () => buildGroupedPermissionTree(optionalEntries),
+    [optionalEntries],
   );
 
   function emitGrantedPermissions(next: SageGrantedPermissions) {
     onGrantedPermissionsChange?.(next);
   }
 
-  function handleGrantedCapabilitiesChange(next: string[]) {
-    emitGrantedPermissions({
-      ...grantedPermissions,
-      capabilities: next,
-    });
-  }
+  function handleToggleEntry(entry: PermissionEntry, nextGranted: boolean) {
+    if (!editable || entry.required) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    if (entry.kind === 'capability') {
+      const requiredSet = new Set(requestedRequiredCapabilities);
+      const nextSet = new Set(grantedCapabilities);
 
-  function handleToggleNetwork(
-    entry: SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
-    nextGranted: boolean,
-  ) {
-    const requiredEntries = requestedRequiredNetwork;
+      if (nextGranted) {
+        nextSet.add(entry.key);
+      } else {
+        nextSet.delete(entry.key);
+      }
+
+      for (const requiredKey of requiredSet) {
+        nextSet.add(requiredKey);
+      }
+
+      emitGrantedPermissions({
+        ...grantedPermissions,
+        capabilities: [...nextSet].sort((a, b) => a.localeCompare(b)),
+      });
+
+      return;
+    }
+
+    const requiredKeys = new Set(
+      requestedRequiredNetwork.map((item) => networkKey(item)),
+    );
 
     const nextOptional = requestedOptionalNetwork.filter((item) => {
       const key = networkKey(item);
 
-      if (key !== networkKey(entry)) {
-        return grantedNetworkKeys.has(key);
+      if (requiredKeys.has(key)) {
+        return false;
+      }
+
+      if (key !== entry.key) {
+        return grantedNetworkWhitelist.some(
+          (grantedEntry) => networkKey(grantedEntry) === key,
+        );
       }
 
       return nextGranted;
@@ -82,70 +697,44 @@ export function PermissionsEditor({
     emitGrantedPermissions({
       ...grantedPermissions,
       network: {
-        whitelist: sortNetworkEntries([...requiredEntries, ...nextOptional]),
+        whitelist: sortNetworkEntries([
+          ...requestedRequiredNetwork,
+          ...nextOptional,
+        ]),
       },
     });
   }
 
+  if (requiredEntries.length === 0 && optionalEntries.length === 0) {
+    return (
+      <div className='rounded-xl border px-3 py-4 text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
+        This app does not request any permissions.
+      </div>
+    );
+  }
+
   return (
     <div className='space-y-5'>
-      <div className='space-y-3'>
-        <h3 className='text-sm font-medium'>Capabilities</h3>
-
-        <AppPermissions
-          permissions={app.requestedPermissions}
-          grantedCapabilities={grantedCapabilities}
+      {requiredGroups.length > 0 ? (
+        <PermissionSection
+          title='Required permissions'
+          subtitle='These are necessary for the app to function.'
+          groups={requiredGroups}
           editable={editable}
-          onGrantedCapabilitiesChange={
-            editable ? handleGrantedCapabilitiesChange : undefined
-          }
+          onToggleEntry={handleToggleEntry}
         />
-      </div>
-
-      {requestedNetwork.length > 0 ? (
-        <div className='space-y-3'>
-          <h3 className='text-sm font-medium'>Network access</h3>
-
-          <div className='space-y-2 rounded-md border p-3'>
-            {requestedNetwork.map(({ entry, required }) => {
-              const key = networkKey(entry);
-              const checked = required || grantedNetworkKeys.has(key);
-
-              return (
-                <label
-                  key={key}
-                  className='flex items-center justify-between gap-3 text-xs'
-                >
-                  <div className='min-w-0 font-mono break-all'>{key}</div>
-
-                  <div className='shrink-0'>
-                    {required || !editable ? (
-                      <span className='text-muted-foreground'>
-                        {required
-                          ? 'required'
-                          : checked
-                            ? 'granted'
-                            : 'not granted'}
-                      </span>
-                    ) : (
-                      <input
-                        type='checkbox'
-                        checked={checked}
-                        onChange={(event) => {
-                          handleToggleNetwork(entry, event.target.checked);
-                        }}
-                      />
-                    )}
-                  </div>
-                </label>
-              );
-            })}
-          </div>
+      ) : null}
 
-          <div className='text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
-            Network access is configured separately from capabilities.
-          </div>
-        </div>
+      {optionalGroups.length > 0 ? (
+        <PermissionSection
+          title='Optional permissions'
+          subtitle='You can grant these now or keep them disabled.'
+          groups={optionalGroups}
+          editable={editable}
+          collapsed={!showOptional}
+          onToggleCollapsed={() => setShowOptional((prev) => !prev)}
+          onToggleEntry={handleToggleEntry}
+        />
       ) : null}
     </div>
   );

From 687c92807e6a379a0a5cb15de00da32e37b93b2e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Wed, 22 Apr 2026 02:41:40 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 133/471] Integrate capability registry in `PermissionsEditor`
 and backend:

- Added `appsGetCapabilityRegistry` command in the backend to retrieve capability definitions.
- Refactored `PermissionsEditor` to fetch and incorporate capability registry for enhanced permission handling.
- Replaced manual capability sensitivity checks with registry-based flags and sensitivity ranking.
- Introduced tooltips for capability descriptions in the UI for better clarity.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/commands.rs  |  26 ++
 crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/mod.rs       |   2 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/models.rs          |  30 ++
 src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml          |   3 +-
 src-tauri/src/lib.rs                          |   1 +
 src/bindings.ts                               |   5 +
 .../apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx    | 286 +++++++++---------
 src/lib/apps/capabilities.ts                  |  18 ++
 8 files changed, 228 insertions(+), 143 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/commands.rs
 create mode 100644 src/lib/apps/capabilities.ts

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/commands.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..aaac9dee9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/commands.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+use crate::types::{
+    SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView, SageAppCapabilityFlagsView,
+};
+
+#[tauri::command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn apps_get_capability_registry(
+) -> Result<Vec<SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView>, String> {
+    let entries = crate::permissions::registry()
+        .into_values()
+        .map(|definition| SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView {
+            key: definition.key.to_string(),
+            label: definition.label.to_string(),
+            description: definition.description.to_string(),
+            flags: SageAppCapabilityFlagsView {
+                externally_observable: definition.flags.externally_observable,
+                accesses_sensitive_secret: definition.flags.accesses_sensitive_secret,
+                persistent_storage: definition.flags.persistent_storage,
+            },
+            requestable_by_app: definition.requestable_by_app,
+            shared_with_app: definition.shared_with_app,
+        })
+        .collect();
+
+    Ok(entries)
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/mod.rs
index a297726ac..3c1bb501e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/mod.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 pub mod capabilities;
+pub mod commands;
 pub mod policy;
 
 pub use capabilities::*;
+pub use commands::*;
 pub use policy::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/models.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/models.rs
index 798d57c37..4b16006d7 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/models.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/models.rs
@@ -192,6 +192,36 @@ pub struct InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags {
     pub isolated: bool,
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct SageAppCapabilityFlagsView {
+    #[serde(rename = "externallyObservable", alias = "externally_observable")]
+    pub externally_observable: bool,
+
+    #[serde(
+        rename = "accessesSensitiveSecret",
+        alias = "accesses_sensitive_secret"
+    )]
+    pub accesses_sensitive_secret: bool,
+
+    #[serde(rename = "persistentStorage", alias = "persistent_storage")]
+    pub persistent_storage: bool,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView {
+    pub key: String,
+    pub label: String,
+    pub description: String,
+
+    pub flags: SageAppCapabilityFlagsView,
+
+    #[serde(rename = "requestableByApp", alias = "requestable_by_app")]
+    pub requestable_by_app: bool,
+
+    #[serde(rename = "sharedWithApp", alias = "shared_with_app")]
+    pub shared_with_app: bool,
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
 pub struct InstalledSageAppPendingUpdate {
     #[serde(rename = "appUrl", alias = "app_url")]
diff --git a/src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml b/src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml
index 76d0b056b..891088617 100644
--- a/src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml
+++ b/src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml
@@ -138,5 +138,6 @@ commands.allow = [
     "download_app_update",
     "apply_app_update",
     "apps_update_permissions",
-    "apps_mark_storage_may_contain_secrets"
+    "apps_mark_storage_may_contain_secrets",
+    "apps_get_capability_registry"
 ]
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
index 0e548ce8e..f04041300 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
@@ -163,6 +163,7 @@ pub fn run() {
             apps::lifecycle::apps_update_permissions,
             apps::lifecycle::apps_mark_storage_may_contain_secrets,
             apps::sandbox::get_builtin_test_app,
+            apps::permissions::apps_get_capability_registry,
         ])
         .events(collect_events![SyncEvent]);
 
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index 04cc83cdf..9e54f42c0 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -418,6 +418,9 @@ async appsMarkStorageMayContainSecrets(appId: string) : Promise<null> {
 },
 async getBuiltinTestApp(appId: string) : Promise<InstalledSageApp | null> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("get_builtin_test_app", { appId });
+},
+async appsGetCapabilityRegistry() : Promise<SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView[]> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_get_capability_registry");
 }
 }
 
@@ -2232,6 +2235,8 @@ export type RustBridgeInvokeResult = { kind: "immediate"; response: RustBridgeRe
 export type RustBridgeRequest = { channel: string; bridgeVersion: string | null; id: string; method: string; paramsJson: string | null }
 export type RustBridgeResponse = RustBridgeSuccessResponse | RustBridgeErrorResponse
 export type RustBridgeSuccessResponse = { channel: string; bridgeVersion: string; id: string; ok: boolean; resultJson: string }
+export type SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView = { key: string; label: string; description: string; flags: SageAppCapabilityFlagsView; requestableByApp: boolean; sharedWithApp: boolean }
+export type SageAppCapabilityFlagsView = { externallyObservable: boolean; accessesSensitiveSecret: boolean; persistentStorage: boolean }
 export type SageAppManifestFile = { path: string; sha256: string; size: number }
 export type SageAppPackageManifest = { name: string; version: string; permissions: SageRequestedPermissions; files: SageAppManifestFile[]; entry: string | null; icon: string | null }
 export type SageAppRuntimeRecord = { runtimeId: string; appId: string; appName: string; entrySrc: string; webviewLabel: string; hostWindowLabel: string; mode: string; state: string; startedAt: number; lastActiveAt: number; visible: boolean; internal: boolean; activeBatchCount: number; activeSocketCount: number; inFlightRequestCount: number }
diff --git a/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx b/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx
index 7ddcd828d..eaa07eda5 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx
@@ -1,14 +1,23 @@
-import { useMemo, useState } from 'react';
+import { useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react';
 import type {
   InstalledSageApp,
+  SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView,
   SageGrantedPermissions,
   SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
 } from '@/bindings';
+import { commands } from '@/bindings';
 import { Checkbox } from '@/components/ui/checkbox';
 import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
+import {
+  Tooltip,
+  TooltipContent,
+  TooltipProvider,
+  TooltipTrigger,
+} from '@/components/ui/tooltip';
 import {
   ChevronDown,
   ChevronRight,
+  CircleHelp,
   Globe,
   HardDrive,
   KeyRound,
@@ -30,7 +39,7 @@ interface PermissionEntry {
   kind: PermissionKind;
   key: string;
   label: string;
-  detail?: string;
+  description: string | null;
   required: boolean;
   granted: boolean;
   sensitivityRank: number;
@@ -79,60 +88,21 @@ function normalizeKey(key: string): string {
   return key.trim().toLowerCase();
 }
 
-function isSecretCapability(key: string): boolean {
-  const normalized = normalizeKey(key);
-
-  return (
-    normalized.includes('secret') ||
-    normalized.includes('mnemonic') ||
-    normalized.includes('seed') ||
-    normalized.includes('private_key') ||
-    normalized.includes('privatekey') ||
-    normalized.includes('keychain') ||
-    normalized.includes('wallet.sign') ||
-    normalized.includes('sign_spend') ||
-    normalized.includes('export_key')
-  );
-}
-
-function isPersistentStorageCapability(key: string): boolean {
-  const normalized = normalizeKey(key);
-
-  return (
-    normalized === 'persistent_storage' ||
-    normalized.includes('persistent_storage') ||
-    normalized.includes('persistentstorage')
-  );
-}
+function capabilitySensitivityRankFromRegistry(
+  key: string,
+  registry: Record<string, SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView>,
+): number {
+  const definition = registry[key];
 
-function isExternallyObservableCapability(key: string): boolean {
-  const normalized = normalizeKey(key);
-
-  return (
-    normalized.includes('send') ||
-    normalized.includes('transfer') ||
-    normalized.includes('submit') ||
-    normalized.includes('broadcast') ||
-    normalized.includes('publish') ||
-    normalized.includes('issue') ||
-    normalized.includes('mint') ||
-    normalized.includes('offer') ||
-    normalized.includes('exercise') ||
-    normalized.includes('message') ||
-    normalized.includes('sign_message')
-  );
-}
-
-function capabilitySensitivityRank(key: string): number {
-  if (isSecretCapability(key)) {
+  if (definition?.flags.accessesSensitiveSecret) {
     return 0;
   }
 
-  if (isPersistentStorageCapability(key)) {
+  if (definition?.flags.persistentStorage) {
     return 2;
   }
 
-  if (isExternallyObservableCapability(key)) {
+  if (definition?.flags.externallyObservable) {
     return 3;
   }
 
@@ -143,30 +113,39 @@ function buildCapabilityEntries(
   requestedRequired: string[],
   requestedOptional: string[],
   grantedCapabilities: string[],
+  registry: Record<string, SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView>,
 ): PermissionEntry[] {
   const grantedSet = new Set(grantedCapabilities);
 
-  const requiredEntries: PermissionEntry[] = requestedRequired.map((key) => ({
-    id: `capability:${key}`,
-    kind: 'capability',
-    key,
-    label: formatCapabilityLeafLabel(key),
-    detail: key,
-    required: true,
-    granted: true,
-    sensitivityRank: capabilitySensitivityRank(key),
-  }));
-
-  const optionalEntries: PermissionEntry[] = requestedOptional.map((key) => ({
-    id: `capability:${key}`,
-    kind: 'capability',
-    key,
-    label: formatCapabilityLeafLabel(key),
-    detail: key,
-    required: false,
-    granted: grantedSet.has(key),
-    sensitivityRank: capabilitySensitivityRank(key),
-  }));
+  const requiredEntries: PermissionEntry[] = requestedRequired.map((key) => {
+    const definition = registry[key];
+
+    return {
+      id: `capability:${key}`,
+      kind: 'capability',
+      key,
+      label: definition?.label ?? formatCapabilityLeafLabel(key),
+      description: definition?.description ?? null,
+      required: true,
+      granted: true,
+      sensitivityRank: capabilitySensitivityRankFromRegistry(key, registry),
+    };
+  });
+
+  const optionalEntries: PermissionEntry[] = requestedOptional.map((key) => {
+    const definition = registry[key];
+
+    return {
+      id: `capability:${key}`,
+      kind: 'capability',
+      key,
+      label: definition?.label ?? formatCapabilityLeafLabel(key),
+      description: definition?.description ?? null,
+      required: false,
+      granted: grantedSet.has(key),
+      sensitivityRank: capabilitySensitivityRankFromRegistry(key, registry),
+    };
+  });
 
   return [...requiredEntries, ...optionalEntries];
 }
@@ -188,7 +167,7 @@ function buildNetworkEntries(
       kind: 'network',
       key,
       label: key,
-      detail: undefined,
+      description: null,
       required: true,
       granted: true,
       sensitivityRank: 1,
@@ -203,7 +182,7 @@ function buildNetworkEntries(
       kind: 'network',
       key,
       label: key,
-      detail: undefined,
+      description: null,
       required: false,
       granted: grantedSet.has(key),
       sensitivityRank: 1,
@@ -227,26 +206,6 @@ function sortPermissionEntries(entries: PermissionEntry[]): PermissionEntry[] {
   });
 }
 
-function entryBadge(entry: PermissionEntry): string | null {
-  if (entry.kind === 'network') {
-    return 'Network';
-  }
-
-  if (isSecretCapability(entry.key)) {
-    return 'Secrets';
-  }
-
-  if (isPersistentStorageCapability(entry.key)) {
-    return 'Storage';
-  }
-
-  if (isExternallyObservableCapability(entry.key)) {
-    return 'External';
-  }
-
-  return null;
-}
-
 function groupIcon(node: PermissionGroupNode) {
   const normalized = normalizeKey(node.id);
 
@@ -302,7 +261,8 @@ function buildGroupedPermissionTree(
 
   const persistentEntries = entries.filter(
     (entry) =>
-      entry.kind === 'capability' && isPersistentStorageCapability(entry.key),
+      entry.kind === 'capability' &&
+      normalizeKey(entry.key) === 'persistent_storage',
   );
   if (persistentEntries.length > 0) {
     const persistentNode = makeNode('persistent_storage', 'Persistent storage');
@@ -313,7 +273,8 @@ function buildGroupedPermissionTree(
 
   const generalCapabilityEntries = entries.filter(
     (entry) =>
-      entry.kind === 'capability' && !isPersistentStorageCapability(entry.key),
+      entry.kind === 'capability' &&
+      normalizeKey(entry.key) !== 'persistent_storage',
   );
 
   const capabilityRoot = makeNode('capabilities_root', 'Capabilities');
@@ -389,6 +350,30 @@ function buildGroupedPermissionTree(
   return roots;
 }
 
+function CapabilityHelp({ description }: { description: string | null }) {
+  if (!description) {
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <Tooltip>
+      <TooltipTrigger asChild>
+        <button
+          type='button'
+          className='shrink-0 rounded-sm p-0.5 text-muted-foreground transition-colors hover:text-foreground'
+          onClick={(event) => event.preventDefault()}
+          aria-label='Permission details'
+        >
+          <CircleHelp className='h-4 w-4' />
+        </button>
+      </TooltipTrigger>
+      <TooltipContent className='max-w-xs text-left'>
+        {description}
+      </TooltipContent>
+    </Tooltip>
+  );
+}
+
 function PermissionRow({
   entry,
   editable,
@@ -398,8 +383,6 @@ function PermissionRow({
   editable: boolean;
   onToggle: (entry: PermissionEntry, nextGranted: boolean) => void;
 }) {
-  const badge = entryBadge(entry);
-
   return (
     <label className='flex items-start gap-3 rounded-xl border px-3 py-3 text-sm'>
       <Checkbox
@@ -412,21 +395,19 @@ function PermissionRow({
       />
 
       <div className='min-w-0 flex-1'>
-        <div className='flex flex-wrap items-center gap-2'>
+        <div className='flex items-center gap-2'>
           <div
             className={
               entry.kind === 'network'
-                ? 'min-w-0 truncate font-mono text-sm'
-                : 'min-w-0 truncate font-medium'
+                ? 'min-w-0 flex-1 truncate font-mono text-sm'
+                : 'min-w-0 flex-1 truncate font-medium'
             }
           >
             {entry.label}
           </div>
 
-          {badge ? (
-            <span className='rounded-full border px-2 py-0.5 text-[10px] uppercase tracking-wide text-muted-foreground'>
-              {badge}
-            </span>
+          {entry.kind === 'capability' ? (
+            <CapabilityHelp description={entry.description} />
           ) : null}
 
           {entry.required ? (
@@ -435,12 +416,6 @@ function PermissionRow({
             </span>
           ) : null}
         </div>
-
-        {entry.detail && entry.detail !== entry.label ? (
-          <div className='mt-1 break-all text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
-            {entry.detail}
-          </div>
-        ) : null}
       </div>
     </label>
   );
@@ -491,6 +466,13 @@ function PermissionGroupBlock({
   );
 }
 
+function countNodeEntries(node: PermissionGroupNode): number {
+  return (
+    node.entries.length +
+    node.children.reduce((sum, child) => sum + countNodeEntries(child), 0)
+  );
+}
+
 function PermissionSection({
   title,
   subtitle,
@@ -512,17 +494,10 @@ function PermissionSection({
     return null;
   }
 
-  const itemCount = groups.reduce((count, group) => {
-    function countNode(node: PermissionGroupNode): number {
-      return (
-        node.entries.length +
-        node.children.reduce((sum, child) => sum + countNode(child), 0)
-      );
-    }
-
-    return count + countNode(group);
-  }, 0);
-
+  const itemCount = groups.reduce(
+    (count, group) => count + countNodeEntries(group),
+    0,
+  );
   const contentHidden = Boolean(collapsed);
 
   return (
@@ -577,6 +552,27 @@ export function PermissionsEditor({
 }: Props) {
   const manifest = app.pendingUpdate?.manifest ?? app.activeSnapshot.manifest;
   const [showOptional, setShowOptional] = useState(false);
+  const [capabilityRegistry, setCapabilityRegistry] = useState<
+    Record<string, SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView>
+  >({});
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    let cancelled = false;
+
+    void commands.appsGetCapabilityRegistry().then((entries) => {
+      if (cancelled) {
+        return;
+      }
+
+      setCapabilityRegistry(
+        Object.fromEntries(entries.map((entry) => [entry.key, entry])),
+      );
+    });
+
+    return () => {
+      cancelled = true;
+    };
+  }, []);
 
   const grantedCapabilities = grantedPermissions.capabilities ?? [];
   const grantedNetworkWhitelist = grantedPermissions.network.whitelist ?? [];
@@ -596,6 +592,7 @@ export function PermissionsEditor({
       requestedRequiredCapabilities,
       [],
       grantedCapabilities,
+      capabilityRegistry,
     );
 
     const networkEntries = buildNetworkEntries(
@@ -608,6 +605,7 @@ export function PermissionsEditor({
   }, [
     requestedRequiredCapabilities,
     grantedCapabilities,
+    capabilityRegistry,
     requestedRequiredNetwork,
     grantedNetworkWhitelist,
   ]);
@@ -617,6 +615,7 @@ export function PermissionsEditor({
       [],
       requestedOptionalCapabilities,
       grantedCapabilities,
+      capabilityRegistry,
     );
 
     const networkEntries = buildNetworkEntries(
@@ -629,6 +628,7 @@ export function PermissionsEditor({
   }, [
     requestedOptionalCapabilities,
     grantedCapabilities,
+    capabilityRegistry,
     requestedOptionalNetwork,
     grantedNetworkWhitelist,
   ]);
@@ -714,28 +714,30 @@ export function PermissionsEditor({
   }
 
   return (
-    <div className='space-y-5'>
-      {requiredGroups.length > 0 ? (
-        <PermissionSection
-          title='Required permissions'
-          subtitle='These are necessary for the app to function.'
-          groups={requiredGroups}
-          editable={editable}
-          onToggleEntry={handleToggleEntry}
-        />
-      ) : null}
+    <TooltipProvider delayDuration={0} skipDelayDuration={0}>
+      <div className='space-y-5'>
+        {requiredGroups.length > 0 ? (
+          <PermissionSection
+            title='Required permissions'
+            subtitle='These are necessary for the app to function.'
+            groups={requiredGroups}
+            editable={editable}
+            onToggleEntry={handleToggleEntry}
+          />
+        ) : null}
 
-      {optionalGroups.length > 0 ? (
-        <PermissionSection
-          title='Optional permissions'
-          subtitle='You can grant these now or keep them disabled.'
-          groups={optionalGroups}
-          editable={editable}
-          collapsed={!showOptional}
-          onToggleCollapsed={() => setShowOptional((prev) => !prev)}
-          onToggleEntry={handleToggleEntry}
-        />
-      ) : null}
-    </div>
+        {optionalGroups.length > 0 ? (
+          <PermissionSection
+            title='Optional permissions'
+            subtitle='You can grant these now or keep them disabled.'
+            groups={optionalGroups}
+            editable={editable}
+            collapsed={!showOptional}
+            onToggleCollapsed={() => setShowOptional((prev) => !prev)}
+            onToggleEntry={handleToggleEntry}
+          />
+        ) : null}
+      </div>
+    </TooltipProvider>
   );
 }
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/capabilities.ts b/src/lib/apps/capabilities.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cbb94bf14
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/apps/capabilities.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+import { commands, type SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView } from '@/bindings';
+
+let capabilityRegistryPromise: Promise<
+  Record<string, SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView>
+> | null = null;
+
+export async function getCapabilityRegistry() {
+  if (!capabilityRegistryPromise) {
+    capabilityRegistryPromise = commands
+      .appsGetCapabilityRegistry()
+      .then((entries) =>
+        Object.fromEntries(entries.map((entry) => [entry.key, entry])),
+      );
+  }
+
+  return capabilityRegistryPromise;
+}
+

From b4d0ff267f3a7eeec872947378816b934e945b34 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Wed, 22 Apr 2026 02:55:12 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 134/471] Improve `InstallDialog` icon URL resolution logic:

- Removed an unused comment and simplified candidate path handling.
- Enhanced base URL fallback mechanism for icon references.
- Added stricter `source.kind` checks to ensure proper URL construction.
- Improved readability and error handling in URL resolution loops.
---
 src/components/apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx | 15 ++++++++++-----
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/components/apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx b/src/components/apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx
index 82d8240b9..cd5df764c 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx
@@ -106,7 +106,6 @@ function resolveInstallIconUrl(
   source: InstallSource,
   manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
 ): string | null {
-  // 1. candidate paths (ordered)
   const candidates: string[] = [];
 
   if (manifest.icon) {
@@ -116,18 +115,24 @@ function resolveInstallIconUrl(
   candidates.push('icon.png');
 
   const existing = candidates.find((candidate) =>
-    manifest.files.some((f) => f.path === candidate),
+    manifest.files.some((file) => file.path === candidate),
   );
 
   if (!existing) {
     return null;
   }
 
-  if (source.kind === 'url') {
+  if (source.kind !== 'url') {
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  const bases = [source.preview.appUrl, source.preview.manifestUrl];
+
+  for (const base of bases) {
     try {
-      return new URL(existing, source.preview.manifestUrl).toString();
+      return new URL(existing, base).toString();
     } catch {
-      return null;
+      // try next base
     }
   }
 

From e2c122b6d23671ebdd073d9a631b3ba6fdbdf22e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Wed, 22 Apr 2026 03:21:14 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 135/471] Update `AppTile` to use `originId` for icon URL
 generation.

---
 src/components/apps/AppTile.tsx | 2 +-
 src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx     | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/components/apps/AppTile.tsx b/src/components/apps/AppTile.tsx
index fb1bb8ff0..07218ec52 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/AppTile.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/AppTile.tsx
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ interface Props {
 }
 
 export function AppTile({ app, sandboxState, onOpen, onContextMenu }: Props) {
-  const iconSrc = `sage-app://${app.id}/${app.iconFile}`;
+  const iconSrc = `sage-app://${app.originId}/${app.iconFile}`;
   const decision = getSandboxLaunchDecision({
     app,
     sandboxState,
diff --git a/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx b/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
index 6582f8568..bc5852196 100644
--- a/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
           appId: runtime.appId,
           name: installedApp?.name ?? runtime.appName,
           iconSrc: installedApp
-            ? `sage-app://${installedApp.id}/${installedApp.iconFile}`
+            ? `sage-app://${installedApp.originId}/${installedApp.iconFile}`
             : null,
           isActive: runtime.appId === activeApp?.id,
         };

From 5356e3534883bff7847570ae110d026308d95952 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Wed, 22 Apr 2026 03:34:19 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 136/471] Add approval card components for `AppApprovalStrip`:

- Introduced `AppApprovalBody` to render approval details based on type.
- Added `SendXchApprovalCard`, `CapabilityGrantApprovalCard`, and `NetworkWhitelistGrantApprovalCard` for specific approval types.
- Refactored `AppApprovalStrip` to integrate approval cards and improve UI structure.
- Added countdown and queue handling for pending approvals.
- Incorporated a capability registry to dynamically fetch and display permission details.
---
 src/components/apps/AppApprovalStrip.tsx      | 130 +++++++++++-------
 .../apps/approval/AppApprovalBody.tsx         |  37 +++++
 .../approval/CapabilityGrantApprovalCard.tsx  |  76 ++++++++++
 .../NetworkWhitelistGrantApprovalCard.tsx     |  43 ++++++
 .../apps/approval/SendXchApprovalCard.tsx     | 118 ++++++++++++++++
 src/components/apps/approval/shared.tsx       |  35 +++++
 6 files changed, 391 insertions(+), 48 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/components/apps/approval/AppApprovalBody.tsx
 create mode 100644 src/components/apps/approval/CapabilityGrantApprovalCard.tsx
 create mode 100644 src/components/apps/approval/NetworkWhitelistGrantApprovalCard.tsx
 create mode 100644 src/components/apps/approval/SendXchApprovalCard.tsx
 create mode 100644 src/components/apps/approval/shared.tsx

diff --git a/src/components/apps/AppApprovalStrip.tsx b/src/components/apps/AppApprovalStrip.tsx
index 21aa35104..bf7abf50f 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/AppApprovalStrip.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/AppApprovalStrip.tsx
@@ -1,4 +1,8 @@
+import { useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react';
+import { commands, type SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView } from '@/bindings';
 import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button.tsx';
+import { BadgeCheck } from 'lucide-react';
+import { AppApprovalBody } from '@/components/apps/approval/AppApprovalBody.tsx';
 
 export type PendingApproval =
   | {
@@ -43,26 +47,20 @@ interface Props {
   onReject: () => void;
 }
 
-function renderSummary(approval: Exclude<PendingApproval, null>) {
-  switch (approval.kind) {
-    case 'send_xch':
-      return `send ${approval.summary.amount} to ${approval.summary.address}`;
-    case 'capability_grant':
-      return `grant capability ${approval.capability}`;
-    case 'network_whitelist_grant':
-      return `grant network access to ${approval.entry.scheme}://${approval.entry.host}`;
+function formatCountdown(secondsLeft: number) {
+  if (secondsLeft <= 0) {
+    return 'Expires now';
   }
+
+  return `Expires in ${secondsLeft}s`;
 }
 
-function renderDetails(approval: Exclude<PendingApproval, null>) {
-  switch (approval.kind) {
-    case 'send_xch':
-      return approval.summary;
-    case 'capability_grant':
-      return { capability: approval.capability };
-    case 'network_whitelist_grant':
-      return { entry: approval.entry };
-  }
+function MetaPill({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
+  return (
+    <span className='rounded-full border px-2 py-0.5 text-[10px] uppercase tracking-wide text-muted-foreground'>
+      {children}
+    </span>
+  );
 }
 
 export function AppApprovalStrip({
@@ -74,46 +72,82 @@ export function AppApprovalStrip({
   onApprove,
   onReject,
 }: Props) {
+  const [capabilityRegistry, setCapabilityRegistry] = useState<
+    Record<string, SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView>
+  >({});
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    let cancelled = false;
+
+    void commands.appsGetCapabilityRegistry().then((entries) => {
+      if (cancelled) {
+        return;
+      }
+
+      setCapabilityRegistry(
+        Object.fromEntries(entries.map((entry) => [entry.key, entry])),
+      );
+    });
+
+    return () => {
+      cancelled = true;
+    };
+  }, []);
+
+  const queueText = useMemo(() => {
+    if (queuedApprovalCount <= 0) {
+      return null;
+    }
+
+    return `${queuedApprovalCount} more approval${
+      queuedApprovalCount === 1 ? '' : 's'
+    } pending`;
+  }, [queuedApprovalCount]);
+
   if (!approval) {
     return null;
   }
 
   return (
-    <div className='shrink-0 border-b bg-muted/40'>
-      <div className='flex items-center justify-between gap-4 px-4 py-3'>
-        <div className='min-w-0'>
-          <div className='text-sm font-medium'>Approval required</div>
-          <div className='truncate text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
-            {approval.appName}: {renderSummary(approval)}
-          </div>
-          <div className='text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
-            Expires in {secondsLeft}s
-            {queuedApprovalCount > 0
-              ? ` · ${queuedApprovalCount} more approval${queuedApprovalCount === 1 ? '' : 's'} pending`
-              : ''}
+    <div className='shrink-0 border-b bg-muted/30'>
+      <div className='px-4 py-3'>
+        <div className='rounded-2xl border bg-background/80 p-4 shadow-sm'>
+          <div className='mb-4 flex items-start justify-between gap-4'>
+            <div className='min-w-0'>
+              <div className='flex flex-wrap items-center gap-2'>
+                <div className='text-sm font-semibold'>Approval required</div>
+                <MetaPill>{formatCountdown(secondsLeft)}</MetaPill>
+                {queueText ? <MetaPill>{queueText}</MetaPill> : null}
+              </div>
+
+              <div className='mt-1 flex items-center gap-2 text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
+                <BadgeCheck className='h-3.5 w-3.5' />
+                <span>{approval.appName}</span>
+                <span>·</span>
+                <span>{approval.requestId}</span>
+              </div>
+            </div>
+
+            <div className='flex shrink-0 items-center gap-2'>
+              <Button variant='ghost' size='sm' onClick={onToggleExpanded}>
+                {expanded ? 'Less' : 'More'}
+              </Button>
+              <Button variant='outline' size='sm' onClick={onReject}>
+                Reject
+              </Button>
+              <Button size='sm' onClick={onApprove}>
+                Approve
+              </Button>
+            </div>
           </div>
-        </div>
 
-        <div className='flex items-center gap-2'>
-          <Button variant='outline' size='sm' onClick={onToggleExpanded}>
-            {expanded ? 'Hide details' : 'Inspect'}
-          </Button>
-          <Button variant='outline' size='sm' onClick={onReject}>
-            Reject
-          </Button>
-          <Button size='sm' onClick={onApprove}>
-            Approve
-          </Button>
+          <AppApprovalBody
+            approval={approval}
+            expanded={expanded}
+            capabilityRegistry={capabilityRegistry}
+          />
         </div>
       </div>
-
-      {expanded ? (
-        <div className='border-t px-4 py-3'>
-          <pre className='overflow-auto rounded-md bg-background p-3 text-xs'>
-            {JSON.stringify(renderDetails(approval), null, 2)}
-          </pre>
-        </div>
-      ) : null}
     </div>
   );
 }
diff --git a/src/components/apps/approval/AppApprovalBody.tsx b/src/components/apps/approval/AppApprovalBody.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f1026b1f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/components/apps/approval/AppApprovalBody.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+import type { SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView } from '@/bindings';
+import type { PendingApproval } from '@/components/apps/AppApprovalStrip.tsx';
+import { SendXchApprovalCard } from '@/components/apps/approval/SendXchApprovalCard.tsx';
+import { CapabilityGrantApprovalCard } from '@/components/apps/approval/CapabilityGrantApprovalCard.tsx';
+import { NetworkWhitelistGrantApprovalCard } from '@/components/apps/approval/NetworkWhitelistGrantApprovalCard.tsx';
+
+interface Props {
+  approval: Exclude<PendingApproval, null>;
+  expanded: boolean;
+  capabilityRegistry: Record<string, SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView>;
+}
+
+export function AppApprovalBody({
+  approval,
+  expanded,
+  capabilityRegistry,
+}: Props) {
+  switch (approval.kind) {
+    case 'send_xch':
+      return <SendXchApprovalCard approval={approval} expanded={expanded} />;
+    case 'capability_grant':
+      return (
+        <CapabilityGrantApprovalCard
+          approval={approval}
+          expanded={expanded}
+          capabilityRegistry={capabilityRegistry}
+        />
+      );
+    case 'network_whitelist_grant':
+      return (
+        <NetworkWhitelistGrantApprovalCard
+          approval={approval}
+          expanded={expanded}
+        />
+      );
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/components/apps/approval/CapabilityGrantApprovalCard.tsx b/src/components/apps/approval/CapabilityGrantApprovalCard.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7cfe745bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/components/apps/approval/CapabilityGrantApprovalCard.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+import type { SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView } from '@/bindings';
+import type { PendingApproval } from '@/components/apps/AppApprovalStrip.tsx';
+import { KeyRound, ShieldAlert } from 'lucide-react';
+import {
+  ApprovalDetailRow,
+  ApprovalMetaPill,
+} from '@/components/apps/approval/shared.tsx';
+
+interface Props {
+  approval: Extract<
+    Exclude<PendingApproval, null>,
+    { kind: 'capability_grant' }
+  >;
+  expanded: boolean;
+  capabilityRegistry: Record<string, SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView>;
+}
+
+function formatCapabilityFallback(key: string) {
+  const parts = key.split('.');
+  const leaf = parts[parts.length - 1] ?? key;
+
+  return leaf
+    .split('_')
+    .filter(Boolean)
+    .map((part) => part.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + part.slice(1))
+    .join(' ');
+}
+
+export function CapabilityGrantApprovalCard({
+  approval,
+  expanded,
+  capabilityRegistry,
+}: Props) {
+  const definition = capabilityRegistry[approval.capability];
+  const label =
+    definition?.label ?? formatCapabilityFallback(approval.capability);
+  const description = definition?.description ?? null;
+
+  return (
+    <div className='space-y-3'>
+      <div className='flex items-start gap-3'>
+        <div className='rounded-xl border bg-background p-2 text-muted-foreground'>
+          <KeyRound className='h-4 w-4' />
+        </div>
+
+        <div className='min-w-0 flex-1'>
+          <div className='flex flex-wrap items-center gap-2'>
+            <div className='text-sm font-medium'>Grant permission</div>
+            <ApprovalMetaPill>Capability</ApprovalMetaPill>
+          </div>
+
+          <div className='mt-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
+            {approval.appName} wants access to an additional capability.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+      <div className='space-y-2 rounded-xl border bg-background/70 p-3'>
+        <ApprovalDetailRow label='Permission' value={label} />
+        {description ? (
+          <ApprovalDetailRow label='Why' value={description} />
+        ) : null}
+      </div>
+
+      {expanded ? (
+        <div className='flex items-start gap-2 rounded-lg border border-muted px-3 py-2 text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
+          <ShieldAlert className='mt-0.5 h-4 w-4 shrink-0' />
+          <div className='break-all'>
+            Internal key:{' '}
+            <span className='font-mono'>{approval.capability}</span>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      ) : null}
+    </div>
+  );
+}
diff --git a/src/components/apps/approval/NetworkWhitelistGrantApprovalCard.tsx b/src/components/apps/approval/NetworkWhitelistGrantApprovalCard.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d642d32d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/components/apps/approval/NetworkWhitelistGrantApprovalCard.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+import type { PendingApproval } from '@/components/apps/AppApprovalStrip.tsx';
+import { Globe } from 'lucide-react';
+import {
+  ApprovalDetailRow,
+  ApprovalMetaPill,
+} from '@/components/apps/approval/shared.tsx';
+
+interface Props {
+  approval: Extract<
+    Exclude<PendingApproval, null>,
+    { kind: 'network_whitelist_grant' }
+  >;
+  expanded: boolean;
+}
+
+export function NetworkWhitelistGrantApprovalCard({ approval }: Props) {
+  const target = `${approval.entry.scheme}://${approval.entry.host}`;
+
+  return (
+    <div className='space-y-3'>
+      <div className='flex items-start gap-3'>
+        <div className='rounded-xl border bg-background p-2 text-muted-foreground'>
+          <Globe className='h-4 w-4' />
+        </div>
+
+        <div className='min-w-0 flex-1'>
+          <div className='flex flex-wrap items-center gap-2'>
+            <div className='text-sm font-medium'>Grant network access</div>
+            <ApprovalMetaPill>Network</ApprovalMetaPill>
+          </div>
+
+          <div className='mt-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
+            {approval.appName} wants to contact an additional network target.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+      <div className='space-y-2 rounded-xl border bg-background/70 p-3'>
+        <ApprovalDetailRow label='Target' value={target} mono breakAll />
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  );
+}
diff --git a/src/components/apps/approval/SendXchApprovalCard.tsx b/src/components/apps/approval/SendXchApprovalCard.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d611f5574
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/components/apps/approval/SendXchApprovalCard.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+import type { PendingApproval } from '@/components/apps/AppApprovalStrip.tsx';
+import { ShieldAlert, Wallet } from 'lucide-react';
+import {
+  ApprovalDetailRow,
+  ApprovalMetaPill,
+} from '@/components/apps/approval/shared.tsx';
+
+interface Props {
+  approval: Extract<Exclude<PendingApproval, null>, { kind: 'send_xch' }>;
+  expanded: boolean;
+}
+
+function truncateMiddle(value: string, maxLength = 120) {
+  if (value.length <= maxLength) {
+    return value;
+  }
+
+  const head = Math.ceil((maxLength - 1) / 2);
+  const tail = Math.floor((maxLength - 1) / 2);
+  return `${value.slice(0, head)}…${value.slice(value.length - tail)}`;
+}
+
+function memoKey(memo: string, indexWithinSameValue: number) {
+  return `${memo}::${indexWithinSameValue}`;
+}
+
+export function SendXchApprovalCard({ approval, expanded }: Props) {
+  const hasFee = approval.summary.fee !== '0';
+  const hasMemos = approval.summary.memos.length > 0;
+
+  const memoEntries = approval.summary.memos.map((memo, index, all) => {
+    const duplicateIndex = all
+      .slice(0, index)
+      .filter((previous) => previous === memo).length;
+
+    return {
+      key: memoKey(memo, duplicateIndex),
+      value: memo,
+    };
+  });
+
+  return (
+    <div className='space-y-3'>
+      <div className='flex items-start gap-3'>
+        <div className='rounded-xl border bg-background p-2 text-muted-foreground'>
+          <Wallet className='h-4 w-4' />
+        </div>
+
+        <div className='min-w-0 flex-1'>
+          <div className='flex flex-wrap items-center gap-2'>
+            <div className='text-sm font-medium'>Send XCH</div>
+            <ApprovalMetaPill>Wallet</ApprovalMetaPill>
+            {approval.summary.autoSubmit ? (
+              <ApprovalMetaPill>Auto submit</ApprovalMetaPill>
+            ) : null}
+          </div>
+
+          <div className='mt-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
+            {approval.appName} wants to send funds from your wallet.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+      <div className='space-y-2 rounded-xl border bg-background/70 p-3'>
+        <ApprovalDetailRow label='Amount' value={approval.summary.amount} />
+        <ApprovalDetailRow
+          label='To'
+          value={approval.summary.address}
+          mono
+          breakAll
+        />
+        {hasFee ? (
+          <ApprovalDetailRow label='Fee' value={approval.summary.fee} />
+        ) : null}
+        {hasMemos ? (
+          <ApprovalDetailRow
+            label='Memos'
+            value={`${approval.summary.memos.length} attached`}
+          />
+        ) : null}
+      </div>
+
+      {expanded && hasMemos ? (
+        <div className='rounded-xl border bg-background/70 p-3'>
+          <div className='mb-2 text-xs font-medium text-muted-foreground'>
+            Memo previews
+          </div>
+
+          <div className='space-y-2'>
+            {memoEntries.map((memo, index) => (
+              <div
+                key={memo.key}
+                className='rounded-md border px-2 py-2 text-xs'
+              >
+                <div className='mb-1 text-[11px] uppercase tracking-wide text-muted-foreground'>
+                  Memo {index + 1}
+                </div>
+                <div className='break-all font-mono'>
+                  {truncateMiddle(memo.value, 160)}
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            ))}
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      ) : null}
+
+      {approval.summary.autoSubmit ? (
+        <div className='flex items-start gap-2 rounded-lg border border-amber-500/20 bg-amber-500/5 px-3 py-2 text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
+          <ShieldAlert className='mt-0.5 h-4 w-4 shrink-0 text-amber-500' />
+          <div>
+            This request indicates automatic submission behavior. Approve only
+            if you trust this app and intended this action.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      ) : null}
+    </div>
+  );
+}
diff --git a/src/components/apps/approval/shared.tsx b/src/components/apps/approval/shared.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..404f29b48
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/components/apps/approval/shared.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+import React from 'react';
+
+export function ApprovalMetaPill({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
+  return (
+    <span className='rounded-full border px-2 py-0.5 text-[10px] uppercase tracking-wide text-muted-foreground'>
+      {children}
+    </span>
+  );
+}
+
+export function ApprovalDetailRow({
+  label,
+  value,
+  mono = false,
+  breakAll = false,
+}: {
+  label: string;
+  value: React.ReactNode;
+  mono?: boolean;
+  breakAll?: boolean;
+}) {
+  return (
+    <div className='grid grid-cols-[90px_minmax(0,1fr)] gap-3 text-sm'>
+      <div className='text-muted-foreground'>{label}</div>
+      <div
+        className={[
+          mono ? 'font-mono text-xs' : '',
+          breakAll ? 'break-all' : 'truncate',
+        ].join(' ')}
+      >
+        {value}
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  );
+}

From 4184898d9dd730de25ca7994f06623276f239d34 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Wed, 22 Apr 2026 03:35:33 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 137/471] "Add conditional rendering for `AppApprovalStrip` to
 match active app with current approval"

---
 src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx | 4 +++-
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx b/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
index bc5852196..7a9cbb8c4 100644
--- a/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
@@ -207,7 +207,9 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
         onReorderTabs={setTabOrder}
       />
 
-      {activeApp ? (
+      {activeApp &&
+      currentApproval &&
+      currentApproval.request.app.id === activeApp.id ? (
         <AppApprovalStrip
           approval={approvalStripData}
           expanded={approvalExpanded}

From 73c2bcdee50b5d1dfea4a31ad9a8d8fcb79e25fd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Wed, 22 Apr 2026 05:13:26 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 138/471] Add donation support functionality:

- Introduced `AppDonationStrip` for app-specific donations, allowing users to send support in USD or XCH.
- Added `get_xch_usd_price` command to fetch real-time XCH to USD conversion rate.
- Updated `AppTaskBar` to display donation button for apps with donation metadata.
- Extended app manifest handling with `author` and `donation` fields.
- Integrated donation validation logic for address and author details.
- Enhanced backend and bindings to support donation workflows.
---
 Cargo.lock                                    |   1 +
 crates/sage-api/endpoints.json                |   3 +-
 crates/sage-api/src/requests/actions.rs       |  20 ++
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs     |   2 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs    |  22 ++
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry.rs    |  18 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs       |   2 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/models.rs          |  21 ++
 crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_install.rs        |   2 +
 crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_manifest.rs       |   2 +
 .../sage-apps/tests/apps_storage_cleanup.rs   |   2 +
 crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_update.rs         |   2 +
 crates/sage-apps/tests/common/mod.rs          |   2 +
 crates/sage-assets/Cargo.toml                 |   1 +
 crates/sage-assets/src/lib.rs                 |   2 +
 crates/sage-assets/src/price.rs               |  63 +++++
 crates/sage/src/endpoints/actions.rs          |  17 +-
 src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml          |   3 +-
 src-tauri/src/lib.rs                          |   1 +
 src/bindings.ts                               |   9 +-
 src/components/apps/AppDonationStrip.tsx      | 226 ++++++++++++++++++
 src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx            |  14 ++
 src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx                   |  35 ++-
 23 files changed, 450 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-assets/src/price.rs
 create mode 100644 src/components/apps/AppDonationStrip.tsx

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 03b48cf54..30df16d68 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -6402,6 +6402,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "sage-assets"
 version = "0.12.10"
 dependencies = [
+ "anyhow",
  "base64 0.22.1",
  "chia-wallet-sdk",
  "futures-lite",
diff --git a/crates/sage-api/endpoints.json b/crates/sage-api/endpoints.json
index 16263fdd9..0f498f29f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-api/endpoints.json
+++ b/crates/sage-api/endpoints.json
@@ -98,5 +98,6 @@
   "update_nft_collection": true,
   "redownload_nft": true,
   "increase_derivation_index": true,
-  "is_asset_owned": true
+  "is_asset_owned": true,
+  "get_xch_usd_price": true
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-api/src/requests/actions.rs b/crates/sage-api/src/requests/actions.rs
index 06e29c222..424b08719 100644
--- a/crates/sage-api/src/requests/actions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-api/src/requests/actions.rs
@@ -29,6 +29,26 @@ pub struct ResyncCat {
 #[cfg_attr(feature = "openapi", derive(utoipa::ToSchema))]
 pub struct ResyncCatResponse {}
 
+#[cfg_attr(
+    feature = "openapi",
+    crate::openapi_attr(
+        tag = "Price",
+        description = "Get XCH-USD price"
+    )
+)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "tauri", derive(specta::Type))]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "openapi", derive(utoipa::ToSchema))]
+pub struct GetXchUsdPrice {}
+
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "openapi", crate::openapi_attr(tag = "Price"))]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "tauri", derive(specta::Type))]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "openapi", derive(utoipa::ToSchema))]
+pub struct GetXchUsdPriceResponse {
+    pub usd: f64,
+}
+
 /// Update a `CAT` token's metadata and visibility
 #[cfg_attr(
     feature = "openapi",
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs
index 647acb572..9187363a7 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs
@@ -689,6 +689,8 @@ mod tests {
             }],
             entry: Some("index.html".into()),
             icon: Some("icon.png".into()),
+            author: None,
+            donation: None,
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs
index 54a5290e7..bf0d2a491 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs
@@ -52,6 +52,18 @@ pub fn validate_sha256_hex(value: &str) -> AnyResult<()> {
     Ok(())
 }
 
+fn validate_donation(address: &str) -> AnyResult<()> {
+    if address.trim().is_empty() {
+        return Err(anyhow!("donation address cannot be empty"));
+    }
+
+    if !address.starts_with("xch") && !address.starts_with("txch") {
+        return Err(anyhow!("invalid donation address format"));
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
 pub fn validate_manifest_files(files: &[SageAppManifestFile]) -> AnyResult<u64> {
     if files.is_empty() {
         return Err(anyhow!("manifest files cannot be empty"));
@@ -104,5 +116,15 @@ pub fn validate_package_manifest(
     }
 
     normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions(&manifest.permissions)?;
+    if let Some(donation) = &manifest.donation {
+        validate_donation(&donation.address)?;
+    }
+
+    if let Some(author) = &manifest.author {
+        if author.name.trim().is_empty() {
+            return Err(anyhow!("author name cannot be empty"));
+        }
+    }
+
     validate_manifest_files(&manifest.files)
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry.rs
index f9e3e268c..84a8ea554 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry.rs
@@ -6,15 +6,7 @@ use std::{
 use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult};
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 
-use crate::types::{
-    CorruptedInstalledSageApp, InstalledSageApp, InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags,
-    InstalledSageAppPendingUpdate, InstalledSageAppSnapshot, InstalledSageAppSource,
-    InstalledSageAppStorage, ListedSageApp, PendingStorageCleanupEntry,
-    SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageGrantedPermissions,
-    SageNetworkPermissionTarget, SageRequestedCapabilities,
-    SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist,
-    SageRequestedPermissions,
-};
+use crate::types::{CorruptedInstalledSageApp, InstalledSageApp, InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags, InstalledSageAppPendingUpdate, InstalledSageAppSnapshot, InstalledSageAppSource, InstalledSageAppStorage, ListedSageApp, PendingStorageCleanupEntry, SageAppAuthor, SageAppDonation, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkPermissionTarget, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist, SageRequestedPermissions};
 
 const INSTALLED_METADATA_FILE: &str = ".sage-installed.json";
 const PENDING_STORAGE_CLEANUP_FILE: &str = ".sage-pending-storage-cleanup.json";
@@ -65,6 +57,8 @@ struct PersistedSageAppPackageManifest {
     files: Vec<SageAppManifestFile>,
     entry: Option<String>,
     icon: Option<String>,
+    author: Option<SageAppAuthor>,
+    donation: Option<SageAppDonation>,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
@@ -234,6 +228,8 @@ fn to_persisted_manifest(
         files: value.files.clone(),
         entry: value.entry.clone(),
         icon: value.icon.clone(),
+        author: value.author.clone(),
+        donation: value.donation.clone(),
     }
 }
 
@@ -247,6 +243,8 @@ fn from_persisted_manifest(
         files: value.files,
         entry: value.entry,
         icon: value.icon,
+        author: value.author,
+        donation: value.donation,
     })
 }
 
@@ -584,6 +582,8 @@ mod tests {
                     }],
                     entry: Some("index.html".into()),
                     icon: Some("icon.png".into()),
+                    author: None,
+                    donation: None,
                 },
             },
             pending_update: None,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
index 27b4beae5..2868ee64c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
@@ -170,6 +170,8 @@ mod tests {
                     }],
                     entry: Some("index.html".into()),
                     icon: Some("icon.png".into()),
+                    author: None,
+                    donation: None,
                 },
             },
             pending_update: None,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/models.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/models.rs
index 4b16006d7..32715468c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/models.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/models.rs
@@ -138,6 +138,8 @@ pub struct SageAppPackageManifest {
     pub files: Vec<SageAppManifestFile>,
     pub entry: Option<String>,
     pub icon: Option<String>,
+    pub author: Option<SageAppAuthor>,
+    pub donation: Option<SageAppDonation>,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
@@ -343,6 +345,23 @@ struct RawSageAppPackageManifest {
 
     #[serde(default)]
     icon: Option<String>,
+
+    #[serde(default)]
+    author: Option<SageAppAuthor>,
+
+    #[serde(default)]
+    donation: Option<SageAppDonation>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct SageAppAuthor {
+    pub name: String,
+    pub avatar: Option<String>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct SageAppDonation {
+    pub address: String,
 }
 
 impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for SageRequestedPermissions {
@@ -400,6 +419,8 @@ impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for SageAppPackageManifest {
             files: raw.files,
             entry: raw.entry,
             icon: raw.icon,
+            author: raw.author,
+            donation: raw.donation,
         })
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_install.rs b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_install.rs
index ec5d4fd2f..6b0036f1f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_install.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_install.rs
@@ -39,6 +39,8 @@ fn sample_manifest() -> SageAppPackageManifest {
         files: vec![sample_manifest_file("index.html", 1)],
         entry: Some("entry.html".to_string()),
         icon: Some("icon.svg".to_string()),
+        author: None,
+        donation: None,
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_manifest.rs b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_manifest.rs
index 5f4ec5cff..c3730b30a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_manifest.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_manifest.rs
@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@ fn sample_manifest() -> SageAppPackageManifest {
         files: vec![sample_manifest_file("dist/index.html", 123)],
         entry: Some("dist/index.html".to_string()),
         icon: Some("dist/icon.png".to_string()),
+        author: None,
+        donation: None,
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_storage_cleanup.rs b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_storage_cleanup.rs
index 8432afaa9..b2e90c986 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_storage_cleanup.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_storage_cleanup.rs
@@ -50,6 +50,8 @@ fn sample_app(storage: InstalledSageAppStorage) -> InstalledSageApp {
                 files: vec![sample_manifest_file("index.html", 1)],
                 entry: Some("index.html".into()),
                 icon: Some("icon.png".into()),
+                author: None,
+                donation: None,
             },
         },
         pending_update: None,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_update.rs b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_update.rs
index 772643be7..3cb9810c5 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_update.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_update.rs
@@ -55,6 +55,8 @@ fn sample_app(base: &Path, app_id: &str) -> InstalledSageApp {
             files: vec![sample_manifest_file("index.html", 1)],
             entry: Some("index.html".to_string()),
             icon: Some("icon.png".to_string()),
+            author: None,
+            donation: None,
         },
     };
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/tests/common/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/tests/common/mod.rs
index e7239a5d1..736a281d9 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/tests/common/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/tests/common/mod.rs
@@ -41,6 +41,8 @@ pub fn sample_manifest(name: &str) -> SageAppPackageManifest {
         files: vec![sample_manifest_file("index.html", 1)],
         entry: Some("index.html".to_string()),
         icon: Some("icon.png".to_string()),
+        author: None,
+        donation: None,
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-assets/Cargo.toml b/crates/sage-assets/Cargo.toml
index 88269ada8..58c430f33 100644
--- a/crates/sage-assets/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/sage-assets/Cargo.toml
@@ -29,3 +29,4 @@ image = { workspace = true }
 webp = { workspace = true }
 tokio = { workspace = true, features = ["sync"] }
 base64 = { workspace = true }
+anyhow = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/crates/sage-assets/src/lib.rs b/crates/sage-assets/src/lib.rs
index c4eb6e57d..835506de2 100644
--- a/crates/sage-assets/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-assets/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 mod cats;
 mod error;
 mod nfts;
+mod price;
 
 pub use cats::*;
 pub use error::*;
 pub use nfts::*;
+pub use price::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-assets/src/price.rs b/crates/sage-assets/src/price.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..286d27c3f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-assets/src/price.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+use reqwest::Client;
+use serde::Deserialize;
+
+use crate::UriError;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct XchUsdPrice {
+    pub usd: f64,
+}
+
+impl XchUsdPrice {
+    pub async fn fetch() -> Result<Self, UriError> {
+        let response = price_client()?
+            .get("https://api.coinmarketcap.com/data-api/v3/cryptocurrency/market-pairs/latest?slug=chia-network")
+            .send()
+            .await?
+            .error_for_status()?
+            .json::<CoinMarketCapMarketPairsResponse>()
+            .await?;
+
+        let market_pair = response
+            .data
+            .market_pairs
+            .into_iter()
+            .find(|pair| pair.price.is_finite() && pair.price > 0.0)
+            .expect("CMC returned no usable XCH/USD market price");
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            usd: market_pair.price,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+fn price_client() -> Result<Client, UriError> {
+    Ok(Client::builder()
+        .timeout(Duration::from_secs(10))
+        .user_agent(format!(
+            "{}/{}",
+            env!("CARGO_PKG_NAME"),
+            env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION")
+        ))
+        .build()?)
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+struct CoinMarketCapMarketPairsResponse {
+    data: CoinMarketCapMarketPairsData,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+struct CoinMarketCapMarketPairsData {
+    market_pairs: Vec<CoinMarketCapMarketPair>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+struct CoinMarketCapMarketPair {
+    price: f64,
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage/src/endpoints/actions.rs b/crates/sage/src/endpoints/actions.rs
index 3e333ade2..a38ad089f 100644
--- a/crates/sage/src/endpoints/actions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage/src/endpoints/actions.rs
@@ -5,13 +5,8 @@ use chia_wallet_sdk::{
     },
     prelude::*,
 };
-use sage_api::{
-    IncreaseDerivationIndex, IncreaseDerivationIndexResponse, RedownloadNft, RedownloadNftResponse,
-    ResyncCat, ResyncCatResponse, UpdateCat, UpdateCatResponse, UpdateDid, UpdateDidResponse,
-    UpdateNft, UpdateNftCollection, UpdateNftCollectionResponse, UpdateNftResponse, UpdateOption,
-    UpdateOptionResponse,
-};
-use sage_assets::DexieCat;
+use sage_api::{GetXchUsdPrice, GetXchUsdPriceResponse, IncreaseDerivationIndex, IncreaseDerivationIndexResponse, RedownloadNft, RedownloadNftResponse, ResyncCat, ResyncCatResponse, UpdateCat, UpdateCatResponse, UpdateDid, UpdateDidResponse, UpdateNft, UpdateNftCollection, UpdateNftCollectionResponse, UpdateNftResponse, UpdateOption, UpdateOptionResponse};
+use sage_assets::{DexieCat, XchUsdPrice};
 use sage_database::{Asset, AssetKind, Derivation};
 use sage_wallet::SyncCommand;
 
@@ -254,4 +249,12 @@ impl Sage {
 
         Ok(IncreaseDerivationIndexResponse {})
     }
+
+    pub async fn get_xch_usd_price(&self, _req: GetXchUsdPrice) -> Result<GetXchUsdPriceResponse> {
+        let price = XchUsdPrice::fetch().await?;
+
+        Ok(GetXchUsdPriceResponse {
+            usd: price.usd,
+        })
+    }
 }
diff --git a/src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml b/src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml
index 891088617..2cbd5e943 100644
--- a/src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml
+++ b/src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml
@@ -139,5 +139,6 @@ commands.allow = [
     "apply_app_update",
     "apps_update_permissions",
     "apps_mark_storage_may_contain_secrets",
-    "apps_get_capability_registry"
+    "apps_get_capability_registry",
+    "get_xch_usd_price"
 ]
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
index f04041300..b3da49b4b 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
@@ -143,6 +143,7 @@ pub fn run() {
             commands::download_cni_offercode,
             commands::get_logs,
             commands::is_asset_owned,
+            commands::get_xch_usd_price,
             apps::runtime::apps_create_inline_runtime,
             apps::runtime::apps_assert_bridge_origin,
             apps::runtime::apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data,
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index 9e54f42c0..2e85939c5 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -359,6 +359,9 @@ async getLogs() : Promise<LogFile[]> {
 async isAssetOwned(req: IsAssetOwned) : Promise<IsAssetOwnedResponse> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("is_asset_owned", { req });
 },
+async getXchUsdPrice(req: GetXchUsdPrice) : Promise<GetXchUsdPriceResponse> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("get_xch_usd_price", { req });
+},
 async appsCreateInlineRuntime(args: CreateInlineRuntimeArgs) : Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecord> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_create_inline_runtime", { args });
 },
@@ -1666,6 +1669,8 @@ export type GetVersionResponse = {
  * Semantic version string
  */
 version: string }
+export type GetXchUsdPrice = Record<string, never>
+export type GetXchUsdPriceResponse = { usd: number }
 export type Id = 
 /**
  * The XCH asset
@@ -2235,10 +2240,12 @@ export type RustBridgeInvokeResult = { kind: "immediate"; response: RustBridgeRe
 export type RustBridgeRequest = { channel: string; bridgeVersion: string | null; id: string; method: string; paramsJson: string | null }
 export type RustBridgeResponse = RustBridgeSuccessResponse | RustBridgeErrorResponse
 export type RustBridgeSuccessResponse = { channel: string; bridgeVersion: string; id: string; ok: boolean; resultJson: string }
+export type SageAppAuthor = { name: string; avatar: string | null }
 export type SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView = { key: string; label: string; description: string; flags: SageAppCapabilityFlagsView; requestableByApp: boolean; sharedWithApp: boolean }
 export type SageAppCapabilityFlagsView = { externallyObservable: boolean; accessesSensitiveSecret: boolean; persistentStorage: boolean }
+export type SageAppDonation = { address: string }
 export type SageAppManifestFile = { path: string; sha256: string; size: number }
-export type SageAppPackageManifest = { name: string; version: string; permissions: SageRequestedPermissions; files: SageAppManifestFile[]; entry: string | null; icon: string | null }
+export type SageAppPackageManifest = { name: string; version: string; permissions: SageRequestedPermissions; files: SageAppManifestFile[]; entry: string | null; icon: string | null; author: SageAppAuthor | null; donation: SageAppDonation | null }
 export type SageAppRuntimeRecord = { runtimeId: string; appId: string; appName: string; entrySrc: string; webviewLabel: string; hostWindowLabel: string; mode: string; state: string; startedAt: number; lastActiveAt: number; visible: boolean; internal: boolean; activeBatchCount: number; activeSocketCount: number; inFlightRequestCount: number }
 export type SageAppUrlPreview = { appUrl: string; manifestUrl: string; manifestHash: string; manifest: SageAppPackageManifest }
 export type SageAppsError = { kind: ErrorKind; reason: string }
diff --git a/src/components/apps/AppDonationStrip.tsx b/src/components/apps/AppDonationStrip.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7beac5f92
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/components/apps/AppDonationStrip.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,226 @@
+import { useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react';
+import { Amount, commands } from '@/bindings';
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
+import { Input } from '@/components/ui/input';
+
+interface Props {
+  appName: string;
+  authorName?: string | null;
+  authorAvatarSrc?: string | null;
+  donationAddress: string;
+  onSend: (amountMojos: Amount) => Promise<void> | void;
+}
+
+type DonationMode = 'usd' | 'xch';
+
+function parsePositiveNumber(value: string): number | null {
+  const normalized = value.trim();
+  if (!normalized) {
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  const parsed = Number(normalized);
+  if (!Number.isFinite(parsed) || parsed <= 0) {
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  return parsed;
+}
+
+function xchToMojos(xch: number): Amount {
+  return Math.floor(xch * 1_000_000_000_000);
+}
+
+export function AppDonationStrip({
+  appName,
+  authorName,
+  authorAvatarSrc,
+  donationAddress,
+  onSend,
+}: Props) {
+  const [mode, setMode] = useState<DonationMode>('usd');
+  const [usdInput, setUsdInput] = useState('10');
+  const [xchInput, setXchInput] = useState('');
+  const [priceUsd, setPriceUsd] = useState<number | null>(null);
+  const [priceLoading, setPriceLoading] = useState(true);
+  const [priceError, setPriceError] = useState<string | null>(null);
+  const [sending, setSending] = useState(false);
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    let cancelled = false;
+
+    async function loadPrice() {
+      try {
+        setPriceLoading(true);
+        setPriceError(null);
+
+        const response = await commands.getXchUsdPrice({});
+
+        if (!cancelled) {
+          setPriceUsd(response.usd);
+        }
+      } catch (err) {
+        if (!cancelled) {
+          setPriceError(err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err));
+          setPriceUsd(null);
+          setMode('xch');
+        }
+      } finally {
+        if (!cancelled) {
+          setPriceLoading(false);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    void loadPrice();
+
+    return () => {
+      cancelled = true;
+    };
+  }, []);
+
+  const derived = useMemo(() => {
+    if (mode === 'usd') {
+      const usd = parsePositiveNumber(usdInput);
+      if (!usd || !priceUsd) {
+        return {
+          usd: usd,
+          xch: null as number | null,
+          mojos: null as string | null,
+        };
+      }
+
+      const xch = usd / priceUsd;
+      return {
+        usd,
+        xch,
+        mojos: xchToMojos(xch),
+      };
+    }
+
+    const xch = parsePositiveNumber(xchInput);
+    if (!xch) {
+      return {
+        usd: null as number | null,
+        xch,
+        mojos: null as string | null,
+      };
+    }
+
+    return {
+      usd: priceUsd ? xch * priceUsd : null,
+      xch,
+      mojos: xchToMojos(xch),
+    };
+  }, [mode, usdInput, xchInput, priceUsd]);
+
+  const canSend =
+    !sending &&
+    derived.xch !== null &&
+    derived.mojos !== null &&
+    Number(derived.mojos) > 0;
+
+  async function handleSend() {
+    if (!canSend || !derived.mojos) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    try {
+      setSending(true);
+      await onSend(derived.mojos);
+    } finally {
+      setSending(false);
+    }
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <div className='shrink-0 border-b bg-amber-500/5 px-4 py-3'>
+      <div className='flex flex-wrap items-center gap-4'>
+        <div className='flex min-w-0 items-center gap-3'>
+          {authorAvatarSrc ? (
+            <img
+              src={authorAvatarSrc}
+              alt=''
+              className='h-10 w-10 rounded-full border object-cover'
+            />
+          ) : (
+            <div className='flex h-10 w-10 items-center justify-center rounded-full border bg-background text-sm font-semibold'>
+              {(authorName ?? appName).slice(0, 1).toUpperCase()}
+            </div>
+          )}
+
+          <div className='min-w-0'>
+            <div className='truncate text-sm font-semibold'>
+              Support {authorName ?? appName}
+            </div>
+            <div className='truncate text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
+              {donationAddress}
+            </div>
+            <div className='text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
+              {priceLoading
+                ? 'Loading XCH price…'
+                : priceUsd !== null
+                  ? `1 XCH ≈ $${priceUsd.toFixed(2)}`
+                  : 'XCH price unavailable'}
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div className='ml-auto flex flex-wrap items-center gap-2'>
+          <div className='flex items-center gap-1 rounded-lg border bg-background p-1'>
+            <Button
+              type='button'
+              size='sm'
+              variant={mode === 'usd' ? 'default' : 'ghost'}
+              disabled={priceUsd === null}
+              onClick={() => setMode('usd')}
+            >
+              $
+            </Button>
+            <Button
+              type='button'
+              size='sm'
+              variant={mode === 'xch' ? 'default' : 'ghost'}
+              onClick={() => setMode('xch')}
+            >
+              XCH
+            </Button>
+          </div>
+
+          <Input
+            className='w-28'
+            value={mode === 'usd' ? usdInput : xchInput}
+            onChange={(event) => {
+              if (mode === 'usd') {
+                setUsdInput(event.target.value);
+              } else {
+                setXchInput(event.target.value);
+              }
+            }}
+            placeholder={mode === 'usd' ? '10.00' : '0.100000'}
+          />
+
+          <div className='min-w-[120px] text-right text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
+            {mode === 'usd'
+              ? derived.xch !== null
+                ? `≈ ${derived.xch.toFixed(6)} XCH`
+                : '—'
+              : derived.usd !== null
+                ? `≈ $${derived.usd.toFixed(2)}`
+                : '—'}
+          </div>
+
+          <Button onClick={() => void handleSend()} disabled={!canSend}>
+            {sending ? 'Sending…' : 'Send support'}
+          </Button>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+      {priceError ? (
+        <div className='mt-2 text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
+          Price lookup failed. XCH mode still works.
+        </div>
+      ) : null}
+    </div>
+  );
+}
diff --git a/src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx b/src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx
index cc61b41af..2766ac053 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx
@@ -12,10 +12,13 @@ export interface AppTaskBarTab {
 
 interface Props {
   tabs: AppTaskBarTab[];
+  activeAppId: string | null;
+  activeAppHasDonation: boolean;
   onOpenApps: () => void;
   onSelectApp: (appId: string) => void;
   onCloseApp: (appId: string) => void;
   onReorderTabs: (nextAppIds: string[]) => void;
+  onOpenDonation: () => void;
 }
 
 interface DragState {
@@ -50,10 +53,12 @@ function clamp(value: number, min: number, max: number): number {
 
 export function AppTaskBar({
   tabs,
+  activeAppHasDonation,
   onOpenApps,
   onSelectApp,
   onCloseApp,
   onReorderTabs,
+  onOpenDonation,
 }: Props) {
   const tabsViewportRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement | null>(null);
   const tabsStripRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement | null>(null);
@@ -395,6 +400,15 @@ export function AppTaskBar({
             : null}
         </div>
       </div>
+      {activeAppHasDonation && (
+        <Button
+          variant='default'
+          className='h-9 shrink-0 px-3 bg-amber-500 hover:bg-amber-600 text-black'
+          onClick={onOpenDonation}
+        >
+          Support developer
+        </Button>
+      )}
     </div>
   );
 }
diff --git a/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx b/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
index 7a9cbb8c4..f03b1140d 100644
--- a/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
@@ -14,13 +14,15 @@ import { focusRuntime, killRuntime } from '@/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry';
 import { formatAppError } from '@/lib/apps/formatAppError';
 import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react';
 import { Outlet, useNavigate, useParams } from 'react-router-dom';
-import type {
+import {
+  commands,
   InstalledSageApp,
   SageAppUrlPreview,
   SageGrantedPermissions,
 } from '@/bindings';
 import { AppUpdateDialog } from '@/components/apps/AppUpdateDialog.tsx';
 import { getAppUpdatePermissionsDelta } from '@/lib/apps/updatePermissionsDelta.ts';
+import { AppDonationStrip } from '@/components/apps/AppDonationStrip.tsx';
 
 export function AppsWorkspace() {
   const { appId } = useParams();
@@ -63,6 +65,10 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
     ? (updateAvailability[activeApp.id] ?? null)
     : null;
   const activeBusy = activeApp ? (busyAppIds[activeApp.id] ?? false) : false;
+  const [donationOpen, setDonationOpen] = useState(false);
+  const activeManifest = activeApp?.activeSnapshot.manifest;
+
+  const hasDonation = !!activeManifest?.donation?.address;
 
   useEffect(() => {
     setApprovalExpanded(false);
@@ -189,6 +195,7 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
     <div className='flex h-full min-h-0 w-full flex-col overflow-hidden'>
       <AppTaskBar
         tabs={tabs}
+        activeAppId={activeApp?.id ?? null}
         onOpenApps={() => {
           navigate('/apps');
         }}
@@ -205,6 +212,8 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
           });
         }}
         onReorderTabs={setTabOrder}
+        activeAppHasDonation={hasDonation}
+        onOpenDonation={() => setDonationOpen((v) => !v)}
       />
 
       {activeApp &&
@@ -222,6 +231,30 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
           onReject={rejectCurrentApproval}
         />
       ) : null}
+      {donationOpen && activeApp && activeManifest?.donation ? (
+        <AppDonationStrip
+          appName={activeApp.name}
+          authorName={activeManifest.author?.name}
+          authorAvatarSrc={
+            activeManifest.author?.avatar
+              ? `sage-app://${activeApp.originId}/${activeManifest.author.avatar}`
+              : null
+          }
+          donationAddress={activeManifest.donation.address}
+          onSend={(amountMojos) => {
+            if (!activeManifest.donation) {
+              return;
+            }
+            void commands.sendXch({
+              address: activeManifest?.donation.address,
+              amount: amountMojos,
+              fee: '0',
+              memos: [],
+              auto_submit: false,
+            });
+          }}
+        />
+      ) : null}
 
       {activeApp?.source?.kind === 'url' && activeUpdatePreview ? (
         <Alert className='shrink-0 rounded-none border-x-0 border-t-0'>

From 1fe0922a75abf22b43c887b71d755445c43024f0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Wed, 22 Apr 2026 05:18:31 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 139/471] Add app update download step before applying updates
 in `AppsContext`.

---
 src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx b/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
index a21dd2482..d1e206ee1 100644
--- a/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
+++ b/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
@@ -302,6 +302,8 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
     ) => {
       setBusy(appId, true);
       try {
+        await commands.downloadAppUpdate(appId);
+
         const installed = await commands.applyAppUpdate(
           appId,
           grantedPermissions,

From dbd1d94e6c16eb1bec9c94cec9c890cf92f19776 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Wed, 22 Apr 2026 16:53:35 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 140/471] Reorder navigation items in `Nav` and adjust text
 container styling in `AppTile`.

---
 src/components/Nav.tsx          | 12 ++++++------
 src/components/apps/AppTile.tsx |  4 +++-
 2 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/components/Nav.tsx b/src/components/Nav.tsx
index 880c3823b..c5323f78d 100644
--- a/src/components/Nav.tsx
+++ b/src/components/Nav.tsx
@@ -105,18 +105,18 @@ export function TopNav({ isCollapsed }: NavProps) {
         <BookUser className={className} aria-hidden='true' />
       </NavLink>
       <NavLink
-        url={'/apps'}
+        url={'/transactions'}
         isCollapsed={isCollapsed}
-        message={<Trans>Apps</Trans>}
+        message={<Trans>Transactions</Trans>}
       >
-        <Blocks className={className} aria-hidden='true' />
+        <ArrowDownUp className={className} />
       </NavLink>
       <NavLink
-        url={'/transactions'}
+        url={'/apps'}
         isCollapsed={isCollapsed}
-        message={<Trans>Transactions</Trans>}
+        message={<Trans>Apps</Trans>}
       >
-        <ArrowDownUp className={className} />
+        <Blocks className={className} aria-hidden='true' />
       </NavLink>
     </nav>
   );
diff --git a/src/components/apps/AppTile.tsx b/src/components/apps/AppTile.tsx
index 07218ec52..f74a5ce89 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/AppTile.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/AppTile.tsx
@@ -60,7 +60,9 @@ export function AppTile({ app, sandboxState, onOpen, onContextMenu }: Props) {
         </div>
 
         {!decision.allowed && !isChecking ? (
-          <div className='mt-1 text-xs text-amber-600'>{decision.title}</div>
+          <div className='relative z-20 mt-1 text-xs text-amber-600'>
+            {decision.title}
+          </div>
         ) : null}
       </div>
     </button>

From 7bb01c24ae61b76b0f7c5db070a2cd94ff069d08 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Wed, 22 Apr 2026 19:49:19 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 141/471] Refactor app lifecycle and types to streamline
 `SageApp` and `UserSageApp` handling:

- Renamed `InstalledSageApp` to `UserSageApp` for clarity.
- Consolidated common app fields into `SageAppCommon`.
- Updated serialization logic for metadata persistence.
- Adapted internal functions and tests to new `SageApp` structure.
- Introduced `SageApp` enum to distinguish app types (e.g., `User`, `System`).
- Improved metadata handling and app registry for retired and pending apps.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/mod.rs    |   6 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system.rs |  34 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/wallet.rs |   6 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs            |  12 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs     | 249 ++++++------
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs    |  57 ++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs     | 120 ++++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry.rs    | 358 +++++++++---------
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/snapshot.rs    | 222 ++++++-----
 .../src/lifecycle/storage_cleanup.rs          |  46 ++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update.rs      | 143 +++----
 crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/policy.rs    |  26 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/cleanup.rs       |   2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/inline.rs        |  26 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs       | 126 +++---
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs  |  53 +--
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs          | 145 +++----
 crates/sage-apps/src/security/csp.rs          |   6 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs     |   8 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/models.rs          | 269 ++++++++-----
 crates/sage-apps/tests/common/mod.rs          |  78 ++--
 21 files changed, 1075 insertions(+), 917 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/mod.rs
index 22799dc69..da6b50884 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/mod.rs
@@ -5,11 +5,11 @@ use async_trait::async_trait;
 
 use crate::host::AppState;
 use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
-use crate::types::InstalledSageApp;
+use crate::types::SageApp;
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct BridgeContext<'a> {
-    pub app: &'a InstalledSageApp,
+    pub app: &'a SageApp,
     pub source_label: &'a str,
 }
 
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ pub trait BridgeMethod: Send + Sync {
 
     fn requires_approval(
         &self,
-        _app: &InstalledSageApp,
+        _app: &SageApp,
         _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
     ) -> bool {
         false
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system.rs
index fe8e65775..11dc2ce81 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system.rs
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ fn required_network_set(
 ) -> Result<BTreeSet<(String, String)>, RustBridgeResponse> {
     let mut out = BTreeSet::new();
 
-    for entry in &ctx.app.requested_permissions.network.whitelist.required {
+    for entry in &ctx.app.requested_permissions().network.whitelist.required {
         let normalized = parse_network_permission_target(&format!("{}://{}", entry.scheme, entry.host))
             .map_err(|err| failure("app.getInfo", "internal_error", err))?;
         out.insert((normalized.scheme, normalized.host));
@@ -144,8 +144,8 @@ impl BridgeMethod for BridgePing {
             &request.id,
             json!({
                 "ok": true,
-                "appId": ctx.app.id,
-                "appName": ctx.app.name,
+                "appId": ctx.app.id(),
+                "appName": ctx.app.name(),
             }),
         )
     }
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for BridgeSend {
             .unwrap_or(serde_json::Value::Null);
 
         crate::sandbox::ingest_bridge_send_payload(
-            &ctx.app.id,
+            &ctx.app.id(),
             &payload,
             tools.host_state,
         )
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppGetInfo {
         request: &RustBridgeRequest,
     ) -> RustBridgeResponse {
         let capabilities =
-            resolve_shared_capabilities(&ctx.app.granted_permissions.capabilities)
+            resolve_shared_capabilities(&ctx.app.granted_permissions().capabilities)
                 .unwrap_or_default();
 
         let required_network = match required_network_set(&ctx) {
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppGetInfo {
 
         let network = ctx
             .app
-            .granted_permissions
+            .granted_permissions()
             .network
             .whitelist
             .iter()
@@ -213,10 +213,10 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppGetInfo {
         success(
             &request.id,
             json!({
-                "id": ctx.app.id,
-                "name": ctx.app.name,
-                "version": ctx.app.version,
-                "requestedPermissions": ctx.app.requested_permissions,
+                "id": ctx.app.id(),
+                "name": ctx.app.name(),
+                "version": ctx.app.version(),
+                "requestedPermissions": ctx.app.requested_permissions(),
                 "capabilities": capabilities,
                 "network": network,
             }),
@@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for SageGetCapabilities {
         request: &RustBridgeRequest,
     ) -> RustBridgeResponse {
         let capabilities =
-            resolve_shared_capabilities(&ctx.app.granted_permissions.capabilities)
+            resolve_shared_capabilities(&ctx.app.granted_permissions().capabilities)
                 .unwrap_or_default();
 
         success(
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for SageGetCapabilities {
 impl BridgeMethod for SageRequestCapabilityGrant {
     fn requires_approval(
         &self,
-        app: &crate::types::InstalledSageApp,
+        app: &crate::types::SageApp,
         request: &RustBridgeRequest,
     ) -> bool {
         let Ok(params) = parse_capability_grant_params(request) else {
@@ -255,7 +255,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for SageRequestCapabilityGrant {
         };
 
         !app
-            .granted_permissions
+            .granted_permissions()
             .capabilities
             .iter()
             .any(|cap| cap == &params.capability)
@@ -299,7 +299,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for SageRequestCapabilityGrant {
             Err(err) => return err,
         };
 
-        match grant_requested_capability_internal(&base_path, &ctx.app.id, &params.capability) {
+        match grant_requested_capability_internal(&base_path, &ctx.app.id(), &params.capability) {
             Ok(GrantCapabilityOutcome::AlreadyGranted {
                    capability,
                    full_granted_capabilities,
@@ -347,7 +347,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for SageRequestCapabilityGrant {
 impl BridgeMethod for SageRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant {
     fn requires_approval(
         &self,
-        app: &crate::types::InstalledSageApp,
+        app: &crate::types::SageApp,
         request: &RustBridgeRequest,
     ) -> bool {
         let Ok(params) = parse_network_whitelist_grant_params(request) else {
@@ -355,7 +355,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for SageRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant {
         };
 
         !app
-            .granted_permissions
+            .granted_permissions()
             .network
             .whitelist
             .iter()
@@ -402,7 +402,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for SageRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant {
 
         match grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal(
             &base_path,
-            &ctx.app.id,
+            &ctx.app.id(),
             &params.entry,
         ) {
             Ok(GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome::AlreadyGranted {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/wallet.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/wallet.rs
index ae3d8aeaf..3b89a715c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/wallet.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/wallet.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use super::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::bridge::{
     failure, success, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse,
 };
-use crate::types::InstalledSageApp;
+use crate::types::SageApp;
 use sage_api::SendXch;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
@@ -18,11 +18,11 @@ impl BridgeMethod for WalletSendXch {
 
     fn requires_approval(
         &self,
-        app: &InstalledSageApp,
+        app: &SageApp,
         _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
     ) -> bool {
         !app
-            .granted_permissions
+            .granted_permissions()
             .capabilities
             .iter()
             .any(|cap| cap == "wallet.send_xch_auto_submit")
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
index 75bab01bb..701e7b853 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ use crate::host::AppState;
 use crate::permissions::require_capability_definition;
 use crate::runtime::{apps_assert_bridge_origin, resolve_app};
 use crate::state::AppsHostState;
-use crate::types::InstalledSageApp;
+use crate::types::{SageApp};
 
 pub mod methods;
 pub mod registry;
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ pub enum RustBridgeResponse {
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct RustBridgeApprovalRequest {
     pub kind: String,
-    pub app: InstalledSageApp,
+    pub app: SageApp,
     pub source_label: String,
     pub request_id: String,
     pub params_json: String,
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ pub struct ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs {
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 struct PendingBridgeApproval {
-    app: InstalledSageApp,
+    app: SageApp,
     source_label: String,
     request: RustBridgeRequest,
 }
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ fn validate_request_basics(
 async fn execute_bridge_request(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
     app_state: &State<'_, AppState>,
-    app: &InstalledSageApp,
+    app: &SageApp,
     source_label: &str,
     request: &RustBridgeRequest,
 ) -> RustBridgeResponse {
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ async fn execute_bridge_request(
 }
 
 fn authorize_method_capability(
-    app: &InstalledSageApp,
+    app: &SageApp,
     request_id: &str,
     capability_key: &str,
 ) -> Result<(), RustBridgeResponse> {
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ fn authorize_method_capability(
     }
 
     if !app
-        .granted_permissions
+        .granted_permissions()
         .capabilities
         .iter()
         .any(|capability| capability == capability_definition.key)
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs
index 9187363a7..901cc8a41 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs
@@ -9,20 +9,26 @@ use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
 use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State, command};
 use uuid::Uuid;
+
 use crate::host::{AppState, Result};
-use crate::lifecycle::{derive_manifest_url, download_url_snapshot, enqueue_pending_storage_cleanup, enqueue_retired_app_origin, fetch_url_manifest, list_installed_apps_internal, prepare_zip_snapshot, read_manifest, read_retired_app_origins, retry_pending_storage_cleanup, unzip_to_dir, validate_package_structure, write_installed_app_metadata};
-use crate::lifecycle::registry::{apps_root, read_installed_app_by_id};
+use crate::lifecycle::{
+    apps_root, derive_manifest_url, download_url_snapshot, enqueue_pending_storage_cleanup,
+    enqueue_retired_app_origin, fetch_url_manifest, list_installed_apps_internal,
+    prepare_zip_snapshot, read_manifest, read_retired_app_origins,
+    retry_pending_storage_cleanup, unzip_to_dir, validate_package_structure,
+    write_installed_app_metadata,
+};
+use crate::lifecycle::registry::read_installed_app_by_id;
 use crate::permissions::{
     normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions, resolve_capability_flags,
     validate_granted_capabilities,
 };
 use crate::runtime::apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data;
 use crate::types::{
-    InstalledSageApp, InstalledSageAppSource, InstalledSageAppStorage, ListedSageApp,
-    SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppUrlPreview,
-};
-use crate::types::{
-    SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkPermissionTarget, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
+    InstalledSageAppStorage, ListedSageApp, SageApp, SageAppCommon,
+    SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppUrlPreview,
+    UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource, SageGrantedPermissions,
+    SageNetworkPermissionTarget, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
     SageRequestedPermissions,
 };
 
@@ -78,7 +84,6 @@ fn should_rotate_url_origin_on_install(
     app_id: &str,
 ) -> AnyResult<bool> {
     let retired = read_retired_app_origins(base_path)?;
-
     Ok(retired.iter().any(|entry| entry.app_id == app_id))
 }
 
@@ -123,13 +128,15 @@ pub fn normalize_app_url(url: &str) -> AnyResult<String> {
 fn find_existing_installed_app_by_name(
     root: &Path,
     app_name: &str,
-) -> AnyResult<Option<InstalledSageApp>> {
+) -> AnyResult<Option<UserSageApp>> {
     Ok(list_installed_apps_internal(root)?
         .into_iter()
         .find_map(|app| match app {
-            ListedSageApp::Installed(installed) if installed.name == app_name => {
-                Some(installed)
-            }
+            ListedSageApp::Installed(SageApp::User(installed))
+            if installed.common.name == app_name =>
+                {
+                    Some(installed)
+                }
             _ => None,
         }))
 }
@@ -137,41 +144,43 @@ fn find_existing_installed_app_by_name(
 fn build_installed_app(
     app_id: String,
     origin_id: String,
-    install_dir: &Path,
+    app_dir: &Path,
     manifest: &SageAppPackageManifest,
     granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
-    permission_flags: crate::types::InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags,
+    permission_flags: crate::types::SageAppCapabilityFlags,
     storage: InstalledSageAppStorage,
-    source: InstalledSageAppSource,
-    snapshot: crate::types::InstalledSageAppSnapshot,
-) -> InstalledSageApp {
-    InstalledSageApp {
-        id: app_id,
-        origin_id,
-        name: manifest.name.clone(),
-        version: manifest.version.clone(),
-        install_dir: install_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-        entry_file: manifest_entry_file(manifest).to_string(),
-        icon_file: manifest_icon_file(manifest).to_string(),
-        requested_permissions: manifest.permissions.clone(),
-        granted_permissions,
-        capability_flags: permission_flags,
-        storage,
+    source: UserSageAppSource,
+    snapshot: SageAppSnapshot,
+) -> UserSageApp {
+    UserSageApp {
+        common: SageAppCommon {
+            id: app_id,
+            origin_id,
+            name: manifest.name.clone(),
+            version: manifest.version.clone(),
+            app_dir: app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+            entry_file: manifest_entry_file(manifest).to_string(),
+            icon_file: manifest_icon_file(manifest).to_string(),
+            requested_permissions: manifest.permissions.clone(),
+            granted_permissions,
+            capability_flags: permission_flags,
+            storage,
+            active_snapshot: snapshot,
+        },
         source,
-        active_snapshot: snapshot,
         pending_update: None,
     }
 }
 
-fn recreate_install_dir(install_dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<()> {
-    if install_dir.exists() {
-        fs::remove_dir_all(install_dir).with_context(|| {
-            format!("failed to remove existing install dir {}", install_dir.display())
+fn recreate_app_dir(app_dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<()> {
+    if app_dir.exists() {
+        fs::remove_dir_all(app_dir).with_context(|| {
+            format!("failed to remove existing app dir {}", app_dir.display())
         })?;
     }
 
-    fs::create_dir_all(install_dir)
-        .with_context(|| format!("failed to create install dir {}", install_dir.display()))?;
+    fs::create_dir_all(app_dir)
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to create app dir {}", app_dir.display()))?;
 
     Ok(())
 }
@@ -179,10 +188,10 @@ fn recreate_install_dir(install_dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<()> {
 fn resolve_zip_install_target(
     root: &Path,
     app_name: &str,
-) -> AnyResult<(String, std::path::PathBuf, Option<InstalledSageApp>)> {
+) -> AnyResult<(String, std::path::PathBuf, Option<UserSageApp>)> {
     if let Some(existing) = find_existing_installed_app_by_name(root, app_name)? {
-        let install_dir = Path::new(&existing.install_dir).to_path_buf();
-        return Ok((existing.id.clone(), install_dir, Some(existing)));
+        let app_dir = Path::new(&existing.common.app_dir).to_path_buf();
+        return Ok((existing.common.id.clone(), app_dir, Some(existing)));
     }
 
     let app_id = generate_zip_app_id(app_name);
@@ -192,17 +201,17 @@ fn resolve_zip_install_target(
 fn resolve_url_install_target(
     root: &Path,
     manifest_url: &str,
-) -> AnyResult<(String, std::path::PathBuf, Option<InstalledSageApp>)> {
+) -> AnyResult<(String, std::path::PathBuf, Option<UserSageApp>)> {
     let app_id = generate_url_app_id(manifest_url);
-    let install_dir = root.join(&app_id);
+    let app_dir = root.join(&app_id);
 
-    let existing = if install_dir.exists() {
+    let existing = if app_dir.exists() {
         Some(read_installed_app_by_id(root.parent().unwrap_or(root), &app_id)?)
     } else {
         None
     };
 
-    Ok((app_id.clone(), install_dir, existing))
+    Ok((app_id.clone(), app_dir, existing))
 }
 
 pub fn hash_string(input: &str) -> String {
@@ -344,10 +353,10 @@ async fn allocate_new_storage(
 async fn resolve_storage_for_install(
     app: &AppHandle,
     base_path: &Path,
-    existing: Option<&InstalledSageApp>,
+    existing: Option<&UserSageApp>,
 ) -> AnyResult<InstalledSageAppStorage> {
     if let Some(existing) = existing {
-        return Ok(existing.storage.clone());
+        return Ok(existing.common.storage.clone());
     }
 
     allocate_new_storage(app, base_path).await
@@ -419,7 +428,7 @@ pub async fn install_app_zip(
     state: State<'_, AppState>,
     zip_path: String,
     granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
-) -> Result<InstalledSageApp> {
+) -> Result<UserSageApp> {
     let base_path = {
         let state = state.lock().await;
         state.path.clone()
@@ -441,7 +450,7 @@ pub async fn install_app_zip(
         })?;
     }
 
-    let result: AnyResult<InstalledSageApp> = async {
+    let result: AnyResult<UserSageApp> = async {
         unzip_to_dir(Path::new(&zip_path), &unpack_dir)?;
         let package_root = crate::lifecycle::detect_package_root(&unpack_dir)?;
         validate_package_structure(&package_root)?;
@@ -453,28 +462,28 @@ pub async fn install_app_zip(
 
         let permission_flags = resolve_capability_flags(&granted_permissions.capabilities, None)?;
 
-        let (app_id, install_dir, existing_app) = resolve_zip_install_target(&root, &manifest.name)?;
+        let (app_id, app_dir, existing_app) = resolve_zip_install_target(&root, &manifest.name)?;
         let storage = resolve_storage_for_install(&app, &base_path, existing_app.as_ref()).await?;
 
-        recreate_install_dir(&install_dir)?;
-        let snapshot = prepare_zip_snapshot(&package_root, &install_dir, &manifest)?;
+        recreate_app_dir(&app_dir)?;
+        let snapshot = prepare_zip_snapshot(&package_root, &app_dir, &manifest)?;
 
         let installed = build_installed_app(
             app_id.clone(),
             app_id,
-            &install_dir,
+            &app_dir,
             &manifest,
             granted_permissions,
             permission_flags,
             storage,
-            InstalledSageAppSource::Zip,
+            UserSageAppSource::Zip,
             snapshot,
         );
 
-        write_installed_app_metadata(&installed, &install_dir)?;
+        write_installed_app_metadata(&installed, &app_dir)?;
         Ok(installed)
     }
-    .await;
+        .await;
 
     if unpack_dir.exists() {
         let _ = fs::remove_dir_all(&unpack_dir);
@@ -490,7 +499,7 @@ pub async fn install_app_url(
     state: State<'_, AppState>,
     app_url: String,
     granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
-) -> Result<InstalledSageApp> {
+) -> Result<UserSageApp> {
     let base_path = {
         let state = state.lock().await;
         state.path.clone()
@@ -517,28 +526,28 @@ pub async fn install_app_url(
             io::Error::other(format!("invalid granted permission policy for URL app {}: {err}", app_url))
         })?;
 
-    let (app_id, install_dir, existing_app) =
+    let (app_id, app_dir, existing_app) =
         resolve_url_install_target(&root, &preview.manifest_url)
-            .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to resolve install dir: {err}")))?;
+            .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to resolve app dir: {err}")))?;
 
     let storage = resolve_storage_for_install(&app, &base_path, existing_app.as_ref())
         .await
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to resolve storage for install: {err}")))?;
 
-    recreate_install_dir(&install_dir)
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to recreate install dir: {err}")))?;
+    recreate_app_dir(&app_dir)
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to recreate app dir: {err}")))?;
 
     let snapshot = download_url_snapshot(
-        &install_dir,
+        &app_dir,
         &preview.app_url,
         &preview.manifest,
         &preview.manifest_hash,
     )
-    .await
-    .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to download URL app snapshot: {err}")))?;
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to download URL app snapshot: {err}")))?;
 
     let origin_id = match existing_app.as_ref() {
-        Some(existing) => existing.origin_id.clone(),
+        Some(existing) => existing.common.origin_id.clone(),
         None => {
             if should_rotate_url_origin_on_install(&base_path, &app_id)
                 .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to inspect retired origins: {err}")))? {
@@ -552,19 +561,19 @@ pub async fn install_app_url(
     let installed = build_installed_app(
         app_id.clone(),
         origin_id,
-        &install_dir,
+        &app_dir,
         &preview.manifest,
         granted_permissions,
         permission_flags,
         storage,
-        InstalledSageAppSource::Url {
+        UserSageAppSource::Url {
             app_url: preview.app_url.clone(),
             manifest_url: preview.manifest_url.clone(),
         },
         snapshot,
     );
 
-    write_installed_app_metadata(&installed, &install_dir).map_err(|err| {
+    write_installed_app_metadata(&installed, &app_dir).map_err(|err| {
         io::Error::other(format!("failed to write installed app metadata for {}: {err}", app_id))
     })?;
 
@@ -612,13 +621,13 @@ pub async fn uninstall_app(
         }
     }
 
-    let install_dir = apps_root(&base_path).join(&app_id);
-    if install_dir.exists() {
-        fs::remove_dir_all(&install_dir).map_err(|err| {
+    let dir = apps_root(&base_path).join(&app_id);
+    if dir.exists() {
+        fs::remove_dir_all(&dir).map_err(|err| {
             io::Error::other(format!(
                 "failed to remove installed app {} at {}: {err}",
                 app_id,
-                install_dir.display()
+                dir.display()
             ))
         })?;
     }
@@ -642,23 +651,7 @@ mod tests {
     use crate::lifecycle::{
         write_retired_app_origins,
     };
-    use crate::types::{
-        InstalledSageApp,
-        InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags,
-        InstalledSageAppSnapshot,
-        InstalledSageAppSource,
-        InstalledSageAppStorage,
-        RetiredAppOriginEntry,
-        SageAppManifestFile,
-        SageAppPackageManifest,
-        SageGrantedNetworkPermissions,
-        SageGrantedPermissions,
-        SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
-        SageRequestedCapabilities,
-        SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
-        SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist,
-        SageRequestedPermissions,
-    };
+    use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, RetiredAppOriginEntry, SageAppCapabilityFlags, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkPermissionTarget, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist, SageRequestedPermissions};
 
     fn sample_manifest() -> SageAppPackageManifest {
         SageAppPackageManifest {
@@ -694,41 +687,43 @@ mod tests {
         }
     }
 
-    fn sample_app(app_id: &str, origin_id: &str) -> InstalledSageApp {
+    fn sample_app(app_id: &str, origin_id: &str) -> UserSageApp {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-        let install_dir = dir.path().join(app_id);
-        fs::create_dir_all(&install_dir).unwrap();
-
-        InstalledSageApp {
-            id: app_id.into(),
-            origin_id: origin_id.into(),
-            name: "Test App".into(),
-            version: "1.0.0".into(),
-            install_dir: install_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-            entry_file: "index.html".into(),
-            icon_file: "icon.png".into(),
-            requested_permissions: sample_manifest().permissions.clone(),
-            granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions {
-                capabilities: vec!["persistent_storage".into()],
-                network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
-                    whitelist: vec![SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
-                        scheme: "https".into(),
-                        host: "api.example.com".into(),
-                    }],
+        let app_dir = dir.path().join(app_id);
+        fs::create_dir_all(&app_dir).unwrap();
+
+        UserSageApp {
+            common: SageAppCommon {
+                id: app_id.into(),
+                origin_id: origin_id.into(),
+                name: "Test App".into(),
+                version: "1.0.0".into(),
+                app_dir: app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+                entry_file: "index.html".into(),
+                icon_file: "icon.png".into(),
+                requested_permissions: sample_manifest().permissions.clone(),
+                granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions {
+                    capabilities: vec!["persistent_storage".into()],
+                    network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
+                        whitelist: vec![SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
+                            scheme: "https".into(),
+                            host: "api.example.com".into(),
+                        }],
+                    },
+                },
+                capability_flags: SageAppCapabilityFlags::default(),
+                storage: InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
+                active_snapshot: SageAppSnapshot {
+                    manifest_hash: "hash".into(),
+                    snapshot_dir: app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+                    total_bytes: 123,
+                    manifest: sample_manifest(),
                 },
             },
-            capability_flags: InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags::default(),
-            storage: InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
-            source: InstalledSageAppSource::Url {
+            source: UserSageAppSource::Url {
                 app_url: "https://example.com/app/".into(),
                 manifest_url: "https://example.com/app/sage-manifest.json".into(),
             },
-            active_snapshot: InstalledSageAppSnapshot {
-                manifest_hash: "hash".into(),
-                snapshot_dir: install_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-                total_bytes: 123,
-                manifest: sample_manifest(),
-            },
             pending_update: None,
         }
     }
@@ -868,41 +863,41 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn build_installed_app_sets_id_and_origin_id_independently() {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-        let install_dir = dir.path().join("url-abc123");
-        fs::create_dir_all(&install_dir).unwrap();
+        let app_dir = dir.path().join("url-abc123");
+        fs::create_dir_all(&app_dir).unwrap();
 
         let manifest = sample_manifest();
         let app = build_installed_app(
             "url-abc123".into(),
             "r123-url-abc123".into(),
-            &install_dir,
+            &app_dir,
             &manifest,
             SageGrantedPermissions {
                 capabilities: vec!["persistent_storage".into()],
                 network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions { whitelist: vec![] },
             },
-            InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags::default(),
+            SageAppCapabilityFlags::default(),
             InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
-            InstalledSageAppSource::Url {
+            UserSageAppSource::Url {
                 app_url: "https://example.com/app/".into(),
                 manifest_url: "https://example.com/app/sage-manifest.json".into(),
             },
-            InstalledSageAppSnapshot {
+            SageAppSnapshot {
                 manifest_hash: "hash".into(),
-                snapshot_dir: install_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+                snapshot_dir: app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
                 total_bytes: 1,
                 manifest: manifest.clone(),
             },
         );
 
-        assert_eq!(app.id, "url-abc123");
-        assert_eq!(app.origin_id, "r123-url-abc123");
+        assert_eq!(app.common.id, "url-abc123");
+        assert_eq!(app.common.origin_id, "r123-url-abc123");
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn sample_app_helper_is_valid_shape() {
         let app = sample_app("url-abc123", "origin-1");
-        assert_eq!(app.id, "url-abc123");
-        assert_eq!(app.origin_id, "origin-1");
+        assert_eq!(app.common.id, "url-abc123");
+        assert_eq!(app.common.origin_id, "origin-1");
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs
index bf0d2a491..f42b437dd 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 use std::collections::BTreeSet;
 
-use anyhow::{Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
+use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
+use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
 
 use crate::{
     lifecycle::limits::{
@@ -10,6 +11,60 @@ use crate::{
     types::{SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest},
 };
 
+const MANIFEST_FILE_NAME: &str = "sage-manifest.json";
+
+pub fn derive_manifest_url(app_url: &str) -> AnyResult<String> {
+    let base = reqwest::Url::parse(app_url)
+        .with_context(|| format!("invalid app url: {app_url}"))?;
+
+    base.join(MANIFEST_FILE_NAME)
+        .map(|url| url.to_string())
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to derive manifest url from app url: {app_url}"))
+}
+
+fn sha256_hex(bytes: &[u8]) -> String {
+    let mut hasher = Sha256::new();
+    hasher.update(bytes);
+    hex::encode(hasher.finalize())
+}
+
+pub async fn fetch_url_manifest(
+    manifest_url: &str,
+) -> AnyResult<(SageAppPackageManifest, String)> {
+    let response = reqwest::get(manifest_url)
+        .await
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to GET manifest url {manifest_url}"))?
+        .error_for_status()
+        .with_context(|| format!("manifest request failed for {manifest_url}"))?;
+
+    let bytes = response
+        .bytes()
+        .await
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to read manifest response body from {manifest_url}"))?;
+
+    let manifest_hash = sha256_hex(&bytes);
+
+    let manifest_text = std::str::from_utf8(&bytes)
+        .with_context(|| format!("manifest is not valid UTF-8: {manifest_url}"))?;
+
+    let manifest: SageAppPackageManifest = serde_json::from_str(manifest_text)
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to parse manifest json from {manifest_url}"))?;
+
+    validate_package_manifest(&manifest)?;
+
+    Ok((manifest, manifest_hash))
+}
+
+pub fn read_manifest(package_root: &std::path::Path) -> AnyResult<SageAppPackageManifest> {
+    let manifest_path = package_root.join(MANIFEST_FILE_NAME);
+    let manifest_text = std::fs::read_to_string(&manifest_path)
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to read {}", manifest_path.display()))?;
+    let manifest: SageAppPackageManifest =
+        serde_json::from_str(&manifest_text).context("failed to parse manifest")?;
+    validate_package_manifest(&manifest)?;
+    Ok(manifest)
+}
+
 pub fn validate_manifest_file_path(path: &str) -> AnyResult<()> {
     if path.is_empty() {
         return Err(anyhow!("manifest file path cannot be empty"));
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs
index 11cecf9b8..448e9e29c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs
@@ -3,17 +3,23 @@ use std::{
     path::{Path, PathBuf},
 };
 
-use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult};
+use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
+use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
 use zip::ZipArchive;
 
 use crate::{
-    lifecycle::hash_string,
-    lifecycle::manifest::validate_package_manifest,
-    types::{InstalledSageAppSnapshot, SageAppPackageManifest},
+    lifecycle::manifest::read_manifest,
+    types::{SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot},
 };
 
 const MANIFEST_FILE_NAME: &str = "sage-manifest.json";
 
+fn sha256_hex(bytes: &[u8]) -> String {
+    let mut hasher = Sha256::new();
+    hasher.update(bytes);
+    hex::encode(hasher.finalize())
+}
+
 pub fn unzip_to_dir(zip_path: &Path, out_dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<()> {
     let file = fs::File::open(zip_path)
         .with_context(|| format!("failed to open zip {}", zip_path.display()))?;
@@ -36,7 +42,13 @@ pub fn detect_package_root(unpack_dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<PathBuf> {
 
     let mut dirs = fs::read_dir(unpack_dir)?
         .filter_map(|entry| entry.ok())
-        .filter_map(|entry| entry.file_type().ok().filter(|ft| ft.is_dir()).map(|_| entry.path()))
+        .filter_map(|entry| {
+            entry
+                .file_type()
+                .ok()
+                .filter(|ft| ft.is_dir())
+                .map(|_| entry.path())
+        })
         .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
     dirs.sort();
@@ -50,16 +62,6 @@ pub fn detect_package_root(unpack_dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<PathBuf> {
     anyhow::bail!("could not find {}", MANIFEST_FILE_NAME)
 }
 
-pub fn read_manifest(package_root: &Path) -> AnyResult<SageAppPackageManifest> {
-    let manifest_path = package_root.join(MANIFEST_FILE_NAME);
-    let manifest_text = fs::read_to_string(&manifest_path)
-        .with_context(|| format!("failed to read {}", manifest_path.display()))?;
-    let manifest: SageAppPackageManifest =
-        serde_json::from_str(&manifest_text).context("failed to parse manifest")?;
-    validate_package_manifest(&manifest)?;
-    Ok(manifest)
-}
-
 pub fn validate_package_structure(package_root: &Path) -> AnyResult<()> {
     let manifest = read_manifest(package_root)?;
 
@@ -72,7 +74,7 @@ pub fn validate_package_structure(package_root: &Path) -> AnyResult<()> {
         let bytes = fs::read(&path)
             .with_context(|| format!("failed to read package file {}", path.display()))?;
 
-        let actual_hash = hash_string(&String::from_utf8_lossy(&bytes));
+        let actual_hash = sha256_hex(&bytes);
         if actual_hash != file.sha256 {
             anyhow::bail!("sha256 mismatch for {}", file.path);
         }
@@ -86,34 +88,80 @@ pub fn validate_package_structure(package_root: &Path) -> AnyResult<()> {
     Ok(())
 }
 
+fn copy_dir_recursive(src: &Path, dst: &Path) -> AnyResult<()> {
+    fs::create_dir_all(dst)
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to create directory {}", dst.display()))?;
+
+    for entry in fs::read_dir(src)
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to read directory {}", src.display()))?
+    {
+        let entry = entry?;
+        let file_type = entry.file_type()?;
+        let from = entry.path();
+        let to = dst.join(entry.file_name());
+
+        if file_type.is_dir() {
+            copy_dir_recursive(&from, &to)?;
+        } else if file_type.is_file() {
+            fs::copy(&from, &to).with_context(|| {
+                format!("failed to copy {} to {}", from.display(), to.display())
+            })?;
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn compute_dir_size(root: &Path) -> AnyResult<u64> {
+    let mut total = 0_u64;
+
+    for entry in fs::read_dir(root)
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to read directory {}", root.display()))?
+    {
+        let entry = entry?;
+        let file_type = entry.file_type()?;
+        let path = entry.path();
+
+        if file_type.is_dir() {
+            total = total
+                .checked_add(compute_dir_size(&path)?)
+                .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("directory size overflow"))?;
+        } else if file_type.is_file() {
+            total = total
+                .checked_add(entry.metadata()?.len())
+                .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("directory size overflow"))?;
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(total)
+}
+
 pub fn prepare_zip_snapshot(
     package_root: &Path,
-    install_dir: &Path,
+    app_dir: &Path,
     manifest: &SageAppPackageManifest,
-) -> AnyResult<InstalledSageAppSnapshot> {
-    let snapshot_dir = install_dir.join("active");
+) -> AnyResult<SageAppSnapshot> {
+    let snapshot_dir = app_dir.join("active");
+
     if snapshot_dir.exists() {
-        fs::remove_dir_all(&snapshot_dir)?;
+        fs::remove_dir_all(&snapshot_dir).with_context(|| {
+            format!("failed to remove existing snapshot dir {}", snapshot_dir.display())
+        })?;
     }
-    fs::create_dir_all(&snapshot_dir)?;
 
-    let mut total_bytes = 0_u64;
+    copy_dir_recursive(package_root, &snapshot_dir).with_context(|| {
+        format!(
+            "failed to copy unpacked package {} into snapshot {}",
+            package_root.display(),
+            snapshot_dir.display()
+        )
+    })?;
 
-    for file in &manifest.files {
-        let src = package_root.join(&file.path);
-        let dst = snapshot_dir.join(&file.path);
-
-        if let Some(parent) = dst.parent() {
-            fs::create_dir_all(parent)?;
-        }
-
-        fs::copy(&src, &dst)
-            .with_context(|| format!("failed to copy {} to {}", src.display(), dst.display()))?;
-        total_bytes = total_bytes.saturating_add(file.size);
-    }
+    let total_bytes = compute_dir_size(&snapshot_dir)?;
+    let manifest_hash = sha256_hex(&serde_json::to_vec(manifest)?);
 
-    Ok(InstalledSageAppSnapshot {
-        manifest_hash: hash_string(&serde_json::to_string(manifest)?),
+    Ok(SageAppSnapshot {
+        manifest_hash,
         snapshot_dir: snapshot_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
         total_bytes,
         manifest: manifest.clone(),
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry.rs
index 84a8ea554..86abd4405 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,15 @@ use std::{
 use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult};
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 
-use crate::types::{CorruptedInstalledSageApp, InstalledSageApp, InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags, InstalledSageAppPendingUpdate, InstalledSageAppSnapshot, InstalledSageAppSource, InstalledSageAppStorage, ListedSageApp, PendingStorageCleanupEntry, SageAppAuthor, SageAppDonation, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkPermissionTarget, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist, SageRequestedPermissions};
+use crate::types::{
+    CorruptedInstalledSageApp, ListedSageApp, PendingStorageCleanupEntry,
+    RetiredAppOriginEntry, SageApp, SageAppAuthor, SageAppCommon, SageAppDonation,
+    SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot,
+    SageAppCapabilityFlags, SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
+    SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
+    SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist, SageRequestedPermissions, UserSageApp,
+    UserSageAppPendingUpdate, UserSageAppSource, InstalledSageAppStorage,
+};
 
 const INSTALLED_METADATA_FILE: &str = ".sage-installed.json";
 const PENDING_STORAGE_CLEANUP_FILE: &str = ".sage-pending-storage-cleanup.json";
@@ -16,12 +24,12 @@ pub fn apps_root(base_path: &Path) -> PathBuf {
     base_path.join("apps")
 }
 
-pub fn app_install_dir(base_path: &Path, app_id: &str) -> PathBuf {
+pub fn app_dir(base_path: &Path, app_id: &str) -> PathBuf {
     apps_root(base_path).join(app_id)
 }
 
-pub fn installed_metadata_path(install_dir: &Path) -> PathBuf {
-    install_dir.join(INSTALLED_METADATA_FILE)
+pub fn installed_metadata_path(app_dir: &Path) -> PathBuf {
+    app_dir.join(INSTALLED_METADATA_FILE)
 }
 
 pub fn pending_storage_cleanup_path(base_path: &Path) -> PathBuf {
@@ -62,70 +70,47 @@ struct PersistedSageAppPackageManifest {
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
-struct PersistedInstalledSageAppSnapshot {
-    #[serde(rename = "manifestHash", alias = "manifest_hash")]
+struct PersistedSageAppSnapshot {
     manifest_hash: String,
-
-    #[serde(rename = "snapshotDir", alias = "snapshot_dir")]
     snapshot_dir: String,
-
-    #[serde(rename = "totalBytes", alias = "total_bytes")]
     total_bytes: u64,
-
     manifest: PersistedSageAppPackageManifest,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
-struct PersistedInstalledSageAppPendingUpdate {
-    #[serde(rename = "appUrl", alias = "app_url")]
+struct PersistedUserSageAppPendingUpdate {
     app_url: String,
-
-    #[serde(rename = "manifestUrl", alias = "manifest_url")]
     manifest_url: String,
-
-    #[serde(rename = "manifestHash", alias = "manifest_hash")]
     manifest_hash: String,
-
     manifest: PersistedSageAppPackageManifest,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
-struct PersistedInstalledSageApp {
-    id: String,
+#[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "camelCase")]
+enum PersistedUserSageAppSource {
+    Zip,
+    Url {
+        app_url: String,
+        manifest_url: String,
+    },
+}
 
-    #[serde(rename = "originId", alias = "origin_id")]
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+struct PersistedUserSageApp {
+    id: String,
     origin_id: String,
-
     name: String,
     version: String,
-
-    #[serde(rename = "installDir", alias = "install_dir")]
-    install_dir: String,
-
-    #[serde(rename = "entryFile", alias = "entry_file")]
+    app_dir: String,
     entry_file: String,
-
-    #[serde(rename = "iconFile", alias = "icon_file")]
     icon_file: String,
-
-    #[serde(rename = "requestedPermissions", alias = "requested_permissions")]
     requested_permissions: PersistedRequestedPermissions,
-
-    #[serde(rename = "grantedPermissions", alias = "granted_permissions")]
     granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
-
-    #[serde(rename = "capabilityFlags", alias = "capability_flags")]
-    capability_flags: InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags,
-
+    capability_flags: SageAppCapabilityFlags,
     storage: InstalledSageAppStorage,
-
-    source: InstalledSageAppSource,
-
-    #[serde(rename = "activeSnapshot", alias = "active_snapshot")]
-    active_snapshot: PersistedInstalledSageAppSnapshot,
-
-    #[serde(rename = "pendingUpdate", alias = "pending_update")]
-    pending_update: Option<PersistedInstalledSageAppPendingUpdate>,
+    active_snapshot: PersistedSageAppSnapshot,
+    source: PersistedUserSageAppSource,
+    pending_update: Option<PersistedUserSageAppPendingUpdate>,
 }
 
 fn format_network_target(value: &SageNetworkPermissionTarget) -> String {
@@ -248,10 +233,8 @@ fn from_persisted_manifest(
     })
 }
 
-fn to_persisted_snapshot(
-    value: &InstalledSageAppSnapshot,
-) -> PersistedInstalledSageAppSnapshot {
-    PersistedInstalledSageAppSnapshot {
+fn to_persisted_snapshot(value: &SageAppSnapshot) -> PersistedSageAppSnapshot {
+    PersistedSageAppSnapshot {
         manifest_hash: value.manifest_hash.clone(),
         snapshot_dir: value.snapshot_dir.clone(),
         total_bytes: value.total_bytes,
@@ -260,9 +243,9 @@ fn to_persisted_snapshot(
 }
 
 fn from_persisted_snapshot(
-    value: PersistedInstalledSageAppSnapshot,
-) -> AnyResult<InstalledSageAppSnapshot> {
-    Ok(InstalledSageAppSnapshot {
+    value: PersistedSageAppSnapshot,
+) -> AnyResult<SageAppSnapshot> {
+    Ok(SageAppSnapshot {
         manifest_hash: value.manifest_hash,
         snapshot_dir: value.snapshot_dir,
         total_bytes: value.total_bytes,
@@ -271,9 +254,9 @@ fn from_persisted_snapshot(
 }
 
 fn to_persisted_pending_update(
-    value: &InstalledSageAppPendingUpdate,
-) -> PersistedInstalledSageAppPendingUpdate {
-    PersistedInstalledSageAppPendingUpdate {
+    value: &UserSageAppPendingUpdate,
+) -> PersistedUserSageAppPendingUpdate {
+    PersistedUserSageAppPendingUpdate {
         app_url: value.app_url.clone(),
         manifest_url: value.manifest_url.clone(),
         manifest_hash: value.manifest_hash.clone(),
@@ -282,9 +265,9 @@ fn to_persisted_pending_update(
 }
 
 fn from_persisted_pending_update(
-    value: PersistedInstalledSageAppPendingUpdate,
-) -> AnyResult<InstalledSageAppPendingUpdate> {
-    Ok(InstalledSageAppPendingUpdate {
+    value: PersistedUserSageAppPendingUpdate,
+) -> AnyResult<UserSageAppPendingUpdate> {
+    Ok(UserSageAppPendingUpdate {
         app_url: value.app_url,
         manifest_url: value.manifest_url,
         manifest_hash: value.manifest_hash,
@@ -292,49 +275,74 @@ fn from_persisted_pending_update(
     })
 }
 
-fn to_persisted_installed_app(app: &InstalledSageApp) -> PersistedInstalledSageApp {
-    PersistedInstalledSageApp {
-        id: app.id.clone(),
-        origin_id: app.origin_id.clone(),
-        name: app.name.clone(),
-        version: app.version.clone(),
-        install_dir: app.install_dir.clone(),
-        entry_file: app.entry_file.clone(),
-        icon_file: app.icon_file.clone(),
+fn to_persisted_source(value: &UserSageAppSource) -> PersistedUserSageAppSource {
+    match value {
+        UserSageAppSource::Zip => PersistedUserSageAppSource::Zip,
+        UserSageAppSource::Url {
+            app_url,
+            manifest_url,
+        } => PersistedUserSageAppSource::Url {
+            app_url: app_url.clone(),
+            manifest_url: manifest_url.clone(),
+        },
+    }
+}
+
+fn from_persisted_source(value: PersistedUserSageAppSource) -> UserSageAppSource {
+    match value {
+        PersistedUserSageAppSource::Zip => UserSageAppSource::Zip,
+        PersistedUserSageAppSource::Url {
+            app_url,
+            manifest_url,
+        } => UserSageAppSource::Url {
+            app_url,
+            manifest_url,
+        },
+    }
+}
+
+fn to_persisted_user_app(app: &UserSageApp) -> PersistedUserSageApp {
+    PersistedUserSageApp {
+        id: app.common.id.clone(),
+        origin_id: app.common.origin_id.clone(),
+        name: app.common.name.clone(),
+        version: app.common.version.clone(),
+        app_dir: app.common.app_dir.clone(),
+        entry_file: app.common.entry_file.clone(),
+        icon_file: app.common.icon_file.clone(),
         requested_permissions: to_persisted_requested_permissions(
-            &app.requested_permissions,
+            &app.common.requested_permissions,
         ),
-        granted_permissions: app.granted_permissions.clone(),
-        capability_flags: app.capability_flags,
-        storage: app.storage.clone(),
-        source: app.source.clone(),
-        active_snapshot: to_persisted_snapshot(&app.active_snapshot),
-        pending_update: app
-            .pending_update
-            .as_ref()
-            .map(to_persisted_pending_update),
+        granted_permissions: app.common.granted_permissions.clone(),
+        capability_flags: app.common.capability_flags,
+        storage: app.common.storage.clone(),
+        active_snapshot: to_persisted_snapshot(&app.common.active_snapshot),
+        source: to_persisted_source(&app.source),
+        pending_update: app.pending_update.as_ref().map(to_persisted_pending_update),
     }
 }
 
-fn from_persisted_installed_app(
-    app: PersistedInstalledSageApp,
-) -> AnyResult<InstalledSageApp> {
-    Ok(InstalledSageApp {
-        id: app.id,
-        origin_id: app.origin_id,
-        name: app.name,
-        version: app.version,
-        install_dir: app.install_dir,
-        entry_file: app.entry_file,
-        icon_file: app.icon_file,
-        requested_permissions: from_persisted_requested_permissions(
-            app.requested_permissions,
-        )?,
-        granted_permissions: app.granted_permissions,
-        capability_flags: app.capability_flags,
-        storage: app.storage,
-        source: app.source,
-        active_snapshot: from_persisted_snapshot(app.active_snapshot)?,
+fn from_persisted_user_app(
+    app: PersistedUserSageApp,
+) -> AnyResult<UserSageApp> {
+    Ok(UserSageApp {
+        common: SageAppCommon {
+            id: app.id,
+            origin_id: app.origin_id,
+            name: app.name,
+            version: app.version,
+            app_dir: app.app_dir,
+            entry_file: app.entry_file,
+            icon_file: app.icon_file,
+            requested_permissions: from_persisted_requested_permissions(
+                app.requested_permissions,
+            )?,
+            granted_permissions: app.granted_permissions,
+            capability_flags: app.capability_flags,
+            storage: app.storage,
+            active_snapshot: from_persisted_snapshot(app.active_snapshot)?,
+        },
+        source: from_persisted_source(app.source),
         pending_update: app
             .pending_update
             .map(from_persisted_pending_update)
@@ -342,21 +350,21 @@ fn from_persisted_installed_app(
     })
 }
 
-pub fn read_installed_app_from_dir(dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<InstalledSageApp> {
+pub fn read_installed_app_from_dir(dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<UserSageApp> {
     let path = installed_metadata_path(dir);
     let text =
         fs::read_to_string(&path).with_context(|| format!("failed to read {}", path.display()))?;
-    let persisted: PersistedInstalledSageApp =
+    let persisted: PersistedUserSageApp =
         serde_json::from_str(&text).context("failed to parse installed app metadata")?;
-    from_persisted_installed_app(persisted)
+    from_persisted_user_app(persisted)
 }
 
 pub fn write_installed_app_metadata(
-    app: &InstalledSageApp,
-    install_dir: &Path,
+    app: &UserSageApp,
+    app_dir: &Path,
 ) -> AnyResult<()> {
-    let path = installed_metadata_path(install_dir);
-    let persisted = to_persisted_installed_app(app);
+    let path = installed_metadata_path(app_dir);
+    let persisted = to_persisted_user_app(app);
     let text = serde_json::to_string_pretty(&persisted)
         .map_err(|err| anyhow::anyhow!("failed to serialize installed app metadata: {err}"))?;
     fs::write(path, format!("{text}\n"))?;
@@ -366,9 +374,9 @@ pub fn write_installed_app_metadata(
 pub fn read_installed_app_by_id(
     base_path: &Path,
     app_id: &str,
-) -> AnyResult<InstalledSageApp> {
-    let install_dir = app_install_dir(base_path, app_id);
-    read_installed_app_from_dir(&install_dir)
+) -> AnyResult<UserSageApp> {
+    let dir = app_dir(base_path, app_id);
+    read_installed_app_from_dir(&dir)
 }
 
 pub fn list_installed_apps_internal(root: &Path) -> AnyResult<Vec<ListedSageApp>> {
@@ -409,10 +417,10 @@ pub fn list_installed_apps_internal(root: &Path) -> AnyResult<Vec<ListedSageApp>
         }
 
         match read_installed_app_from_dir(&path) {
-            Ok(app) => apps.push(ListedSageApp::Installed(app)),
+            Ok(app) => apps.push(ListedSageApp::Installed(SageApp::User(app))),
             Err(err) => apps.push(ListedSageApp::Corrupted(CorruptedInstalledSageApp {
                 id,
-                install_dir: path.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+                app_dir: path.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
                 error: err.to_string(),
             })),
         }
@@ -420,12 +428,12 @@ pub fn list_installed_apps_internal(root: &Path) -> AnyResult<Vec<ListedSageApp>
 
     apps.sort_by(|a, b| {
         let a_key = match a {
-            ListedSageApp::Installed(app) => app.name.to_lowercase(),
+            ListedSageApp::Installed(app) => app.name().to_lowercase(),
             ListedSageApp::Corrupted(app) => app.id.to_lowercase(),
         };
 
         let b_key = match b {
-            ListedSageApp::Installed(app) => app.name.to_lowercase(),
+            ListedSageApp::Installed(app) => app.name().to_lowercase(),
             ListedSageApp::Corrupted(app) => app.id.to_lowercase(),
         };
 
@@ -471,7 +479,7 @@ pub fn write_pending_storage_cleanup_entries(
 
 pub fn read_retired_app_origins(
     base_path: &Path,
-) -> AnyResult<Vec<crate::types::RetiredAppOriginEntry>> {
+) -> AnyResult<Vec<RetiredAppOriginEntry>> {
     let path = retired_app_origins_path(base_path);
 
     if !path.exists() {
@@ -481,16 +489,15 @@ pub fn read_retired_app_origins(
     let text = fs::read_to_string(&path)
         .with_context(|| format!("failed to read {}", path.display()))?;
 
-    let entries =
-        serde_json::from_str::<Vec<crate::types::RetiredAppOriginEntry>>(&text)
-            .with_context(|| format!("failed to parse {}", path.display()))?;
+    let entries = serde_json::from_str::<Vec<RetiredAppOriginEntry>>(&text)
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to parse {}", path.display()))?;
 
     Ok(entries)
 }
 
 pub fn write_retired_app_origins(
     base_path: &Path,
-    entries: &[crate::types::RetiredAppOriginEntry],
+    entries: &[RetiredAppOriginEntry],
 ) -> AnyResult<()> {
     let root = apps_root(base_path);
     fs::create_dir_all(&root)
@@ -509,12 +516,12 @@ pub fn write_retired_app_origins(
 pub fn read_installed_app_by_origin_id(
     base_path: &Path,
     origin_id: &str,
-) -> AnyResult<InstalledSageApp> {
+) -> AnyResult<UserSageApp> {
     let root = apps_root(base_path);
 
     for entry in list_installed_apps_internal(&root)? {
-        if let ListedSageApp::Installed(app) = entry {
-            if app.origin_id == origin_id {
+        if let ListedSageApp::Installed(SageApp::User(app)) = entry {
+            if app.common.origin_id == origin_id {
                 return Ok(app);
             }
         }
@@ -532,60 +539,56 @@ mod tests {
     use tempfile::tempdir;
 
     use crate::types::{
-        InstalledSageApp,
-        InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags,
-        InstalledSageAppSnapshot,
-        InstalledSageAppSource,
-        InstalledSageAppStorage,
-        SageAppManifestFile,
-        SageAppPackageManifest,
-        SageGrantedNetworkPermissions,
-        SageGrantedPermissions,
-        SageRequestedPermissions,
+        InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppCapabilityFlags, SageAppCommon,
+        SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot,
+        SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions,
+        SageRequestedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
     };
 
-    fn sample_app(base: &Path, app_id: &str, origin_id: &str) -> InstalledSageApp {
-        let install_dir = app_install_dir(base, app_id);
-        fs::create_dir_all(&install_dir).unwrap();
-
-        InstalledSageApp {
-            id: app_id.into(),
-            origin_id: origin_id.into(),
-            name: "Test App".into(),
-            version: "1.0.0".into(),
-            install_dir: install_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-            entry_file: "index.html".into(),
-            icon_file: "icon.png".into(),
-            requested_permissions: SageRequestedPermissions::default(),
-            granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions {
-                capabilities: vec![],
-                network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions { whitelist: vec![] },
+    fn sample_app(base: &Path, app_id: &str, origin_id: &str) -> UserSageApp {
+        let dir = app_dir(base, app_id);
+        fs::create_dir_all(&dir).unwrap();
+
+        UserSageApp {
+            common: SageAppCommon {
+                id: app_id.into(),
+                origin_id: origin_id.into(),
+                name: "Test App".into(),
+                version: "1.0.0".into(),
+                app_dir: dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+                entry_file: "index.html".into(),
+                icon_file: "icon.png".into(),
+                requested_permissions: SageRequestedPermissions::default(),
+                granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions {
+                    capabilities: vec![],
+                    network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions { whitelist: vec![] },
+                },
+                capability_flags: SageAppCapabilityFlags::default(),
+                storage: InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
+                active_snapshot: SageAppSnapshot {
+                    manifest_hash: "hash".into(),
+                    snapshot_dir: dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+                    total_bytes: 1,
+                    manifest: SageAppPackageManifest {
+                        name: "Test App".into(),
+                        version: "1.0.0".into(),
+                        permissions: SageRequestedPermissions::default(),
+                        files: vec![SageAppManifestFile {
+                            path: "index.html".into(),
+                            sha256: "a".repeat(64),
+                            size: 1,
+                        }],
+                        entry: Some("index.html".into()),
+                        icon: Some("icon.png".into()),
+                        author: None,
+                        donation: None,
+                    },
+                },
             },
-            capability_flags: InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags::default(),
-            storage: InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
-            source: InstalledSageAppSource::Url {
+            source: UserSageAppSource::Url {
                 app_url: "https://example.com/app/".into(),
                 manifest_url: "https://example.com/app/sage-manifest.json".into(),
             },
-            active_snapshot: InstalledSageAppSnapshot {
-                manifest_hash: "hash".into(),
-                snapshot_dir: install_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-                total_bytes: 1,
-                manifest: SageAppPackageManifest {
-                    name: "Test App".into(),
-                    version: "1.0.0".into(),
-                    permissions: SageRequestedPermissions::default(),
-                    files: vec![SageAppManifestFile {
-                        path: "index.html".into(),
-                        sha256: "a".repeat(64),
-                        size: 1,
-                    }],
-                    entry: Some("index.html".into()),
-                    icon: Some("icon.png".into()),
-                    author: None,
-                    donation: None,
-                },
-            },
             pending_update: None,
         }
     }
@@ -593,16 +596,17 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn installed_app_metadata_round_trips_origin_id_and_storage() {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-        let mut app = sample_app(dir.path(), "url-abc123", "origin-1");
-        app.storage = InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged;
+        let tmp = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let mut app = sample_app(tmp.path(), "url-abc123", "origin-1");
+        app.common.storage = InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged;
 
-        let install_dir = app_install_dir(dir.path(), &app.id);
-        write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &install_dir).unwrap();
+        let dir = app_dir(tmp.path(), &app.common.id);
+        write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &dir).unwrap();
 
-        let read_back = read_installed_app_by_id(dir.path(), &app.id).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(read_back.id, app.id);
-        assert_eq!(read_back.origin_id, app.origin_id);
-        assert_eq!(read_back.storage, app.storage);
+        let read_back = read_installed_app_by_id(tmp.path(), &app.common.id).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(read_back.common.id, app.common.id);
+        assert_eq!(read_back.common.origin_id, app.common.origin_id);
+        assert_eq!(read_back.common.storage, app.common.storage);
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -612,11 +616,11 @@ mod tests {
         let app_a = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-a", "origin-a");
         let app_b = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-b", "origin-b");
 
-        write_installed_app_metadata(&app_a, Path::new(&app_a.install_dir)).unwrap();
-        write_installed_app_metadata(&app_b, Path::new(&app_b.install_dir)).unwrap();
+        write_installed_app_metadata(&app_a, Path::new(&app_a.common.app_dir)).unwrap();
+        write_installed_app_metadata(&app_b, Path::new(&app_b.common.app_dir)).unwrap();
 
         let found = read_installed_app_by_origin_id(dir.path(), "origin-b").unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(found.id, "app-b");
+        assert_eq!(found.common.id, "app-b");
     }
 
     #[test]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/snapshot.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/snapshot.rs
index 8a4d5611f..a0836366c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/snapshot.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/snapshot.rs
@@ -2,159 +2,153 @@ use std::{
     fs,
     path::{Path, PathBuf},
 };
-
+use std::path::Component;
 use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
-use reqwest::{Client, Url};
+use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
 
-use crate::{
-    lifecycle::limits::{MAX_APP_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES, MAX_MANIFEST_SIZE_BYTES},
-    lifecycle::manifest::validate_package_manifest,
-    types::{InstalledSageAppSnapshot, SageAppPackageManifest},
-};
+use crate::types::{SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot};
 
-fn is_local_dev_host(host: &str) -> bool {
-    host.eq_ignore_ascii_case("localhost") || host == "127.0.0.1" || host == "::1"
+fn hash_bytes(bytes: &[u8]) -> String {
+    let mut hasher = Sha256::new();
+    hasher.update(bytes);
+    hex::encode(hasher.finalize())
 }
 
-fn app_download_client_for_url(url: &Url) -> AnyResult<Client> {
-    let host = url
-        .host_str()
-        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("URL is missing host"))?;
+pub fn read_snapshot_file(root: &Path, request_path: &str) -> AnyResult<PathBuf> {
+    let normalized = if request_path.is_empty() || request_path == "/" {
+        "index.html"
+    } else {
+        request_path.trim_start_matches('/')
+    };
+
+    let relative = Path::new(normalized);
 
-    let mut builder = Client::builder();
+    if relative.is_absolute() {
+        return Err(anyhow!("snapshot path must be relative"));
+    }
 
-    if url.scheme() == "https" && is_local_dev_host(host) {
-        builder = builder.danger_accept_invalid_certs(true);
+    for component in relative.components() {
+        match component {
+            Component::Normal(_) => {}
+            _ => {
+                return Err(anyhow!(
+                    "invalid snapshot path component in {}",
+                    request_path
+                ));
+            }
+        }
     }
 
-    builder
-        .build()
-        .context("failed to build app download HTTP client")
-}
+    let path = root.join(relative);
 
-pub fn derive_manifest_url(app_url: &str) -> AnyResult<String> {
-    let mut url = Url::parse(app_url).context("invalid app URL")?;
-    if !url.path().ends_with('/') {
-        let path = format!("{}/", url.path());
-        url.set_path(&path);
+    if !path.is_file() {
+        return Err(anyhow!("snapshot file not found: {}", request_path));
     }
-    url.set_path(&format!("{}sage-manifest.json", url.path()));
-    Ok(url.to_string())
+
+    Ok(path)
 }
 
-pub async fn fetch_url_manifest(
-    manifest_url: &str,
-) -> AnyResult<(SageAppPackageManifest, String)> {
-    let url = Url::parse(manifest_url).context("invalid manifest URL")?;
-    let client = app_download_client_for_url(&url)?;
+async fn download_bytes(url: &str) -> AnyResult<Vec<u8>> {
+    let response = reqwest::get(url)
+        .await
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to GET {url}"))?
+        .error_for_status()
+        .with_context(|| format!("request failed for {url}"))?;
 
-    let response = client.get(url).send().await?;
-    let status = response.status();
-    if !status.is_success() {
-        anyhow::bail!("manifest request failed with status {}", status);
-    }
+    let bytes = response
+        .bytes()
+        .await
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to read response body from {url}"))?;
 
-    let bytes = response.bytes().await?;
-    if bytes.len() > MAX_MANIFEST_SIZE_BYTES as usize {
-        anyhow::bail!("manifest exceeds size limit");
+    Ok(bytes.to_vec())
+}
+
+fn write_file(path: &Path, bytes: &[u8]) -> AnyResult<()> {
+    if let Some(parent) = path.parent() {
+        fs::create_dir_all(parent)
+            .with_context(|| format!("failed to create directory {}", parent.display()))?;
     }
 
-    let manifest_hash = {
-        let mut hasher = sha2::Sha256::new();
-        use sha2::Digest;
-        hasher.update(&bytes);
-        hex::encode(hasher.finalize())
-    };
+    fs::write(path, bytes)
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to write {}", path.display()))?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn compute_dir_size(root: &Path) -> AnyResult<u64> {
+    let mut total = 0_u64;
 
-    let manifest: SageAppPackageManifest =
-        serde_json::from_slice(&bytes).context("failed to parse manifest JSON")?;
-    validate_package_manifest(&manifest)?;
+    for entry in fs::read_dir(root)
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to read directory {}", root.display()))?
+    {
+        let entry = entry?;
+        let file_type = entry.file_type()?;
+        let path = entry.path();
+
+        if file_type.is_dir() {
+            total = total
+                .checked_add(compute_dir_size(&path)?)
+                .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("directory size overflow"))?;
+        } else if file_type.is_file() {
+            total = total
+                .checked_add(entry.metadata()?.len())
+                .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("directory size overflow"))?;
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(total)
+}
 
-    Ok((manifest, manifest_hash))
+fn join_app_url(base_url: &str, relative_path: &str) -> AnyResult<String> {
+    let base = reqwest::Url::parse(base_url)
+        .with_context(|| format!("invalid app url {base_url}"))?;
+    let joined = base
+        .join(relative_path)
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to join app url {base_url} with path {relative_path}"))?;
+    Ok(joined.to_string())
 }
 
 pub async fn download_url_snapshot(
-    install_dir: &Path,
+    app_dir: &Path,
     app_url: &str,
     manifest: &SageAppPackageManifest,
     manifest_hash: &str,
-) -> AnyResult<InstalledSageAppSnapshot> {
-    let snapshot_dir = install_dir.join("active");
+) -> AnyResult<SageAppSnapshot> {
+    let snapshot_dir = app_dir.join("active");
+
     if snapshot_dir.exists() {
-        fs::remove_dir_all(&snapshot_dir)?;
+        fs::remove_dir_all(&snapshot_dir).with_context(|| {
+            format!("failed to remove existing snapshot dir {}", snapshot_dir.display())
+        })?;
     }
-    fs::create_dir_all(&snapshot_dir)?;
-
-    let base_url = Url::parse(app_url).context("invalid app URL")?;
-    let client = app_download_client_for_url(&base_url)?;
 
-    let mut total_bytes = 0_u64;
+    fs::create_dir_all(&snapshot_dir)
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to create snapshot dir {}", snapshot_dir.display()))?;
 
     for file in &manifest.files {
-        total_bytes = total_bytes.saturating_add(file.size);
-        if total_bytes > MAX_APP_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES {
-            anyhow::bail!("app exceeds total size limit");
-        }
-
-        let file_url = base_url
-            .join(&file.path)
-            .with_context(|| format!("failed to join app URL with {}", file.path))?;
-
-        let response = client.get(file_url).send().await?;
-        let status = response.status();
-        if !status.is_success() {
-            anyhow::bail!("file download failed with status {}", status);
-        }
+        let url = join_app_url(app_url, &file.path)?;
+        let bytes = download_bytes(&url).await?;
 
-        let bytes = response.bytes().await?;
-        let actual_size = u64::try_from(bytes.len()).context("downloaded file too large")?;
-        if actual_size != file.size {
-            anyhow::bail!("downloaded file size mismatch for {}", file.path);
-        }
-
-        let mut hasher = sha2::Sha256::new();
-        use sha2::Digest;
-        hasher.update(&bytes);
-        let actual_hash = hex::encode(hasher.finalize());
+        let actual_hash = hash_bytes(&bytes);
         if actual_hash != file.sha256 {
-            anyhow::bail!("downloaded file hash mismatch for {}", file.path);
-        }
-
-        let dst = snapshot_dir.join(&file.path);
-        if let Some(parent) = dst.parent() {
-            fs::create_dir_all(parent)?;
+            return Err(anyhow!(
+                "hash mismatch for {}: expected {}, got {}",
+                file.path,
+                file.sha256,
+                actual_hash
+            ));
         }
 
-        fs::write(&dst, &bytes)
-            .with_context(|| format!("failed to write downloaded file {}", dst.display()))?;
+        let output_path = snapshot_dir.join(PathBuf::from(&file.path));
+        write_file(&output_path, &bytes)?;
     }
 
-    Ok(InstalledSageAppSnapshot {
+    let total_bytes = compute_dir_size(&snapshot_dir)?;
+
+    Ok(SageAppSnapshot {
         manifest_hash: manifest_hash.to_string(),
         snapshot_dir: snapshot_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
         total_bytes,
         manifest: manifest.clone(),
     })
 }
-
-pub fn read_snapshot_file(root: &Path, request_path: &str) -> AnyResult<PathBuf> {
-    let normalized = if request_path.is_empty() || request_path == "/" {
-        PathBuf::from("../../../../index.html")
-    } else {
-        PathBuf::from(request_path.trim_start_matches('/'))
-    };
-
-    if normalized
-        .components()
-        .any(|component| matches!(component, std::path::Component::ParentDir))
-    {
-        anyhow::bail!("path traversal denied");
-    }
-
-    let file_path = root.join(normalized);
-    if !file_path.is_file() {
-        anyhow::bail!("file not found: {}", file_path.display());
-    }
-
-    Ok(file_path)
-}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage_cleanup.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage_cleanup.rs
index fc48dc7b2..62f57f3eb 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage_cleanup.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage_cleanup.rs
@@ -5,9 +5,16 @@ use anyhow::Result as AnyResult;
 use tauri::AppHandle;
 use uuid::Uuid;
 
-use crate::lifecycle::{read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries, read_retired_app_origins, write_pending_storage_cleanup_entries, write_retired_app_origins};
+use crate::lifecycle::{
+    read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries, read_retired_app_origins,
+    write_pending_storage_cleanup_entries, write_retired_app_origins,
+};
 use crate::runtime::clear_app_storage_by_target;
-use crate::types::{InstalledSageApp, InstalledSageAppSource, InstalledSageAppStorage, PendingStorageCleanupEntry, PendingStorageCleanupTarget, RetiredAppOriginEntry};
+use crate::types::{
+    InstalledSageAppStorage, PendingStorageCleanupEntry,
+    PendingStorageCleanupTarget, RetiredAppOriginEntry, UserSageApp,
+    UserSageAppSource,
+};
 
 fn now_ms() -> u64 {
     SystemTime::now()
@@ -34,12 +41,12 @@ fn target_from_storage(storage: &InstalledSageAppStorage) -> PendingStorageClean
 
 pub fn enqueue_pending_storage_cleanup(
     base_path: &Path,
-    app: &InstalledSageApp,
+    app: &UserSageApp,
     error: &str,
 ) -> AnyResult<()> {
     let mut entries = read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries(base_path)?;
 
-    let target = target_from_storage(&app.storage);
+    let target = target_from_storage(&app.common.storage);
     let existing = entries.iter_mut().find(|entry| entry.target == target);
 
     match existing {
@@ -47,13 +54,13 @@ pub fn enqueue_pending_storage_cleanup(
             entry.last_attempt_at_ms = Some(now_ms());
             entry.attempt_count = entry.attempt_count.saturating_add(1);
             entry.last_error = Some(error.to_string());
-            entry.app_id = app.id.clone();
-            entry.app_name = app.name.clone();
+            entry.app_id = app.common.id.clone();
+            entry.app_name = app.common.name.clone();
         }
         None => entries.push(PendingStorageCleanupEntry {
             id: Uuid::new_v4().to_string(),
-            app_id: app.id.clone(),
-            app_name: app.name.clone(),
+            app_id: app.common.id.clone(),
+            app_name: app.common.name.clone(),
             target,
             created_at_ms: now_ms(),
             last_attempt_at_ms: Some(now_ms()),
@@ -94,28 +101,31 @@ pub async fn retry_pending_storage_cleanup(
 
 pub fn enqueue_retired_app_origin(
     base_path: &Path,
-    app: &InstalledSageApp,
+    app: &UserSageApp,
     cleanup_pending: bool,
 ) -> AnyResult<()> {
-    let InstalledSageAppSource::Url { .. } = &app.source else {
+    let UserSageAppSource::Url { .. } = &app.source else {
         return Ok(());
     };
 
     let mut entries = read_retired_app_origins(base_path)?;
 
-    if let Some(existing) = entries.iter_mut().find(|entry| entry.origin_id == app.origin_id) {
-        existing.app_id = app.id.clone();
-        existing.app_name = app.name.clone();
+    if let Some(existing) = entries.iter_mut().find(|entry| entry.origin_id == app.common.origin_id)
+    {
+        existing.app_id = app.common.id.clone();
+        existing.app_name = app.common.name.clone();
         existing.cleanup_pending = cleanup_pending;
-        existing.storage_may_contain_secrets = app.capability_flags.storage_may_contain_secrets;
+        existing.storage_may_contain_secrets =
+            app.common.capability_flags.storage_may_contain_secrets;
     } else {
         entries.push(RetiredAppOriginEntry {
             id: Uuid::new_v4().to_string(),
-            app_id: app.id.clone(),
-            app_name: app.name.clone(),
-            origin_id: app.origin_id.clone(),
+            app_id: app.common.id.clone(),
+            app_name: app.common.name.clone(),
+            origin_id: app.common.origin_id.clone(),
             created_at_ms: now_ms(),
-            storage_may_contain_secrets: app.capability_flags.storage_may_contain_secrets,
+            storage_may_contain_secrets:
+            app.common.capability_flags.storage_may_contain_secrets,
             cleanup_pending,
         });
     }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update.rs
index 00e4fd643..936510a59 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update.rs
@@ -1,24 +1,29 @@
-use std::{io, path::{Path, PathBuf}, collections::BTreeSet};
+use std::{
+    collections::BTreeSet,
+    io,
+    path::{Path, PathBuf},
+};
 
 use anyhow::Result as AnyResult;
 use tauri::{State, command};
 
+use crate::host::{AppState, Result};
 use crate::lifecycle::{
-    download_url_snapshot, manifest_entry_file, manifest_icon_file, normalize_and_validate_granted_network_whitelist,
-    preview_app_url_internal,
+    download_url_snapshot, manifest_entry_file, manifest_icon_file,
+    normalize_and_validate_granted_network_whitelist, preview_app_url_internal,
 };
 use crate::lifecycle::registry::{
     parse_network_permission_target, read_installed_app_by_id, write_installed_app_metadata,
 };
-use crate::types::{
-    InstalledSageApp, InstalledSageAppPendingUpdate, InstalledSageAppSource, SageAppUrlPreview,
-    SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
-};
 use crate::permissions::{
     clear_storage_may_contain_secrets, mark_storage_may_contain_secrets,
     resolve_capability_flags, validate_granted_capabilities,
 };
-use crate::host::{AppState, Result};
+use crate::types::{
+    SageAppUrlPreview, SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions,
+    SageNetworkPermissionTarget, UserSageApp, UserSageAppPendingUpdate,
+    UserSageAppSource,
+};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct GrantedCapabilitiesChange {
@@ -70,17 +75,17 @@ fn sort_unique_network(
     set.into_iter().collect()
 }
 
-fn requested_capability_set(app: &InstalledSageApp) -> BTreeSet<String> {
+fn requested_capability_set(app: &UserSageApp) -> BTreeSet<String> {
     let mut requested = BTreeSet::new();
-    requested.extend(app.requested_permissions.capabilities.required.iter().cloned());
-    requested.extend(app.requested_permissions.capabilities.optional.iter().cloned());
+    requested.extend(app.common.requested_permissions.capabilities.required.iter().cloned());
+    requested.extend(app.common.requested_permissions.capabilities.optional.iter().cloned());
     requested
 }
 
-fn requested_network_set(app: &InstalledSageApp) -> AnyResult<BTreeSet<(String, String)>> {
+fn requested_network_set(app: &UserSageApp) -> AnyResult<BTreeSet<(String, String)>> {
     let mut out = BTreeSet::new();
 
-    for entry in &app.requested_permissions.network.whitelist.required {
+    for entry in &app.common.requested_permissions.network.whitelist.required {
         let normalized = parse_network_permission_target(&format!(
             "{}://{}",
             entry.scheme, entry.host
@@ -89,7 +94,7 @@ fn requested_network_set(app: &InstalledSageApp) -> AnyResult<BTreeSet<(String,
         out.insert((normalized.scheme, normalized.host));
     }
 
-    for entry in &app.requested_permissions.network.whitelist.optional {
+    for entry in &app.common.requested_permissions.network.whitelist.optional {
         let normalized = parse_network_permission_target(&format!(
             "{}://{}",
             entry.scheme, entry.host
@@ -131,37 +136,42 @@ pub fn update_app_permissions_internal(
     app_id: &str,
     granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
     clear_storage_taint: bool,
-) -> AnyResult<InstalledSageApp> {
+) -> AnyResult<UserSageApp> {
     let mut app = read_installed_app_by_id(base_path, app_id)?;
 
-    validate_granted_capabilities(&app.requested_permissions, &granted_permissions.capabilities)?;
+    validate_granted_capabilities(
+        &app.common.requested_permissions,
+        &granted_permissions.capabilities,
+    )?;
 
     let granted_network_whitelist = normalize_and_validate_granted_network_whitelist(
-        &app.active_snapshot.manifest.permissions.network,
+        &app.common.active_snapshot.manifest.permissions.network,
         &granted_permissions.network.whitelist,
     )?;
 
     let mut permission_flags = resolve_capability_flags(
         &granted_permissions.capabilities,
-        Some(&app.capability_flags),
+        Some(&app.common.capability_flags),
     )?;
 
     if clear_storage_taint {
         permission_flags = clear_storage_may_contain_secrets(&permission_flags);
     }
 
-    app.granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions {
+    app.common.granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions {
         capabilities: granted_permissions.capabilities,
         network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
             whitelist: granted_network_whitelist,
         },
     };
 
-    app.capability_flags =
-        resolve_capability_flags(&app.granted_permissions.capabilities, Some(&permission_flags))?;
+    app.common.capability_flags = resolve_capability_flags(
+        &app.common.granted_permissions.capabilities,
+        Some(&permission_flags),
+    )?;
 
-    let install_dir = PathBuf::from(&app.install_dir);
-    write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &install_dir)?;
+    let app_dir = PathBuf::from(&app.common.app_dir);
+    write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app_dir)?;
 
     Ok(app)
 }
@@ -179,13 +189,14 @@ pub fn grant_requested_capability_internal(
     }
 
     if app
+        .common
         .granted_permissions
         .capabilities
         .iter()
         .any(|existing| existing == capability)
     {
         let full_granted_capabilities =
-            sort_unique_strings(app.granted_permissions.capabilities.clone());
+            sort_unique_strings(app.common.granted_permissions.capabilities.clone());
 
         return Ok(GrantCapabilityOutcome::AlreadyGranted {
             capability: capability.to_string(),
@@ -193,7 +204,7 @@ pub fn grant_requested_capability_internal(
         });
     }
 
-    let mut next_capabilities = app.granted_permissions.capabilities.clone();
+    let mut next_capabilities = app.common.granted_permissions.capabilities.clone();
     next_capabilities.push(capability.to_string());
     next_capabilities = sort_unique_strings(next_capabilities);
 
@@ -202,14 +213,14 @@ pub fn grant_requested_capability_internal(
         app_id,
         SageGrantedPermissions {
             capabilities: next_capabilities,
-            network: app.granted_permissions.network.clone(),
+            network: app.common.granted_permissions.network.clone(),
         },
         false,
     )?;
 
     let change = diff_capabilities(
-        &app.granted_permissions.capabilities,
-        &updated.granted_permissions.capabilities,
+        &app.common.granted_permissions.capabilities,
+        &updated.common.granted_permissions.capabilities,
     );
 
     Ok(GrantCapabilityOutcome::Granted {
@@ -247,6 +258,7 @@ pub fn grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal(
     }
 
     if app
+        .common
         .granted_permissions
         .network
         .whitelist
@@ -254,7 +266,7 @@ pub fn grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal(
         .any(|existing| existing == &entry)
     {
         let full_granted_network_whitelist =
-            sort_unique_network(app.granted_permissions.network.whitelist.clone());
+            sort_unique_network(app.common.granted_permissions.network.whitelist.clone());
 
         return Ok(GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome::AlreadyGranted {
             entry,
@@ -262,7 +274,7 @@ pub fn grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal(
         });
     }
 
-    let mut next_whitelist = app.granted_permissions.network.whitelist.clone();
+    let mut next_whitelist = app.common.granted_permissions.network.whitelist.clone();
     next_whitelist.push(entry.clone());
     next_whitelist = sort_unique_network(next_whitelist);
 
@@ -270,7 +282,7 @@ pub fn grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal(
         base_path,
         app_id,
         SageGrantedPermissions {
-            capabilities: app.granted_permissions.capabilities.clone(),
+            capabilities: app.common.granted_permissions.capabilities.clone(),
             network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
                 whitelist: next_whitelist,
             },
@@ -279,8 +291,8 @@ pub fn grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal(
     )?;
 
     let change = diff_network_whitelist(
-        &app.granted_permissions.network.whitelist,
-        &updated.granted_permissions.network.whitelist,
+        &app.common.granted_permissions.network.whitelist,
+        &updated.common.granted_permissions.network.whitelist,
     );
 
     Ok(GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome::Granted { entry, change })
@@ -301,20 +313,18 @@ pub async fn check_app_update(
         io::Error::other(format!("failed to read installed app {}: {err}", app_id))
     })?;
 
-    let (app_url, _) = match &app.source {
-        InstalledSageAppSource::Url {
-            app_url,
-            manifest_url: _,
-        } => (app_url.clone(), true),
-        InstalledSageAppSource::Zip => return Ok(None),
+    let app_url = match &app.source {
+        UserSageAppSource::Url { app_url, .. } => app_url.clone(),
+        UserSageAppSource::Zip => return Ok(None),
     };
 
     let preview = preview_app_url_internal(app_url)
         .await
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to preview app URL: {err}")))?;
 
-    let same_manifest_hash = preview.manifest_hash == app.active_snapshot.manifest_hash;
-    let same_manifest_content = preview.manifest == app.active_snapshot.manifest;
+    let same_manifest_hash =
+        preview.manifest_hash == app.common.active_snapshot.manifest_hash;
+    let same_manifest_content = preview.manifest == app.common.active_snapshot.manifest;
 
     if same_manifest_hash && same_manifest_content {
         return Ok(None);
@@ -337,7 +347,7 @@ pub async fn check_app_update(
 pub async fn download_app_update(
     state: State<'_, AppState>,
     app_id: String,
-) -> Result<InstalledSageApp> {
+) -> Result<UserSageApp> {
     let base_path = {
         let state = state.lock().await;
         state.path.clone()
@@ -348,11 +358,11 @@ pub async fn download_app_update(
     })?;
 
     let (app_url, manifest_url) = match &app.source {
-        InstalledSageAppSource::Url {
+        UserSageAppSource::Url {
             app_url,
             manifest_url,
         } => (app_url.clone(), manifest_url.clone()),
-        InstalledSageAppSource::Zip => {
+        UserSageAppSource::Zip => {
             return Err(
                 io::Error::other("zip apps do not support URL update download").into(),
             );
@@ -364,15 +374,15 @@ pub async fn download_app_update(
         None => return Ok(app),
     };
 
-    app.pending_update = Some(InstalledSageAppPendingUpdate {
+    app.pending_update = Some(UserSageAppPendingUpdate {
         app_url,
         manifest_url,
         manifest_hash: preview.manifest_hash,
         manifest: preview.manifest,
     });
 
-    let install_dir = PathBuf::from(&app.install_dir);
-    write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &install_dir)
+    let app_dir = PathBuf::from(&app.common.app_dir);
+    write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app_dir)
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to write app metadata: {err}")))?;
 
     Ok(app)
@@ -384,7 +394,7 @@ pub async fn apply_app_update(
     state: State<'_, AppState>,
     app_id: String,
     granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
-) -> Result<InstalledSageApp> {
+) -> Result<UserSageApp> {
     let base_path = {
         let state = state.lock().await;
         state.path.clone()
@@ -415,16 +425,16 @@ pub async fn apply_app_update(
 
     let permission_flags = resolve_capability_flags(
         &granted_permissions.capabilities,
-        Some(&app.capability_flags),
+        Some(&app.common.capability_flags),
     )
         .map_err(|err| {
             io::Error::other(format!("invalid granted permission policy for update: {err}"))
         })?;
 
-    let install_dir = PathBuf::from(&app.install_dir);
+    let app_dir = PathBuf::from(&app.common.app_dir);
 
     let snapshot = download_url_snapshot(
-        &install_dir,
+        &app_dir,
         &pending.app_url,
         &pending.manifest,
         &pending.manifest_hash,
@@ -432,24 +442,26 @@ pub async fn apply_app_update(
         .await
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to download update snapshot: {err}")))?;
 
-    app.name = pending.manifest.name.clone();
-    app.version = pending.manifest.version.clone();
-    app.requested_permissions = pending.manifest.permissions.clone();
+    app.common.name = pending.manifest.name.clone();
+    app.common.version = pending.manifest.version.clone();
+    app.common.requested_permissions = pending.manifest.permissions.clone();
 
-    app.granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions {
+    app.common.granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions {
         capabilities: granted_permissions.capabilities,
         network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
             whitelist: granted_network_whitelist,
         },
     };
 
-    app.capability_flags = permission_flags;
-    app.active_snapshot = snapshot;
-    app.entry_file = manifest_entry_file(&app.active_snapshot.manifest).to_string();
-    app.icon_file = manifest_icon_file(&app.active_snapshot.manifest).to_string();
+    app.common.capability_flags = permission_flags;
+    app.common.active_snapshot = snapshot;
+    app.common.entry_file =
+        manifest_entry_file(&app.common.active_snapshot.manifest).to_string();
+    app.common.icon_file =
+        manifest_icon_file(&app.common.active_snapshot.manifest).to_string();
     app.pending_update = None;
 
-    write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &install_dir)
+    write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app_dir)
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to write app metadata: {err}")))?;
 
     Ok(app)
@@ -492,18 +504,19 @@ pub async fn apps_mark_storage_may_contain_secrets(
     let mut app = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id)
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to read app {app_id}: {err}")))?;
 
-    if !app.capability_flags.has_secret_access {
+    if !app.common.capability_flags.has_secret_access {
         return Ok(());
     }
 
-    if app.capability_flags.storage_may_contain_secrets {
+    if app.common.capability_flags.storage_may_contain_secrets {
         return Ok(());
     }
 
-    app.capability_flags = mark_storage_may_contain_secrets(&app.capability_flags);
+    app.common.capability_flags =
+        mark_storage_may_contain_secrets(&app.common.capability_flags);
 
-    let install_dir = PathBuf::from(&app.install_dir);
-    write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &install_dir)
+    let app_dir = PathBuf::from(&app.common.app_dir);
+    write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app_dir)
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to write metadata: {err}")))?;
 
     Ok(())
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/policy.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/policy.rs
index ac4ef9ed3..5ab6e5294 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/policy.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/policy.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use crate::{
         get_capability_definition, require_capability_definition,
     },
     types::{
-        InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags, SageRequestedCapabilities,
+        SageAppCapabilityFlags, SageRequestedCapabilities,
         SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions,
     },
 };
@@ -213,8 +213,8 @@ pub fn validate_requested_permission_policy(
 
 pub fn resolve_capability_flags(
     granted: &[String],
-    previous_flags: Option<&InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags>,
-) -> AnyResult<InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags> {
+    previous_flags: Option<&SageAppCapabilityFlags>,
+) -> AnyResult<SageAppCapabilityFlags> {
     let summary = summarize_capabilities(granted)?;
 
     let previous_storage_may_contain_secrets = previous_flags
@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ pub fn resolve_capability_flags(
         return Err(anyhow!("STORAGE_TAINTED"));
     }
 
-    Ok(InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags {
+    Ok(SageAppCapabilityFlags {
         has_secret_access,
         has_external_access,
         storage_may_contain_secrets,
@@ -245,9 +245,9 @@ pub fn resolve_capability_flags(
 }
 
 pub fn mark_storage_may_contain_secrets(
-    flags: &InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags,
-) -> InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags {
-    InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags {
+    flags: &SageAppCapabilityFlags,
+) -> SageAppCapabilityFlags {
+    SageAppCapabilityFlags {
         has_secret_access: flags.has_secret_access,
         has_external_access: flags.has_external_access,
         storage_may_contain_secrets: true,
@@ -256,9 +256,9 @@ pub fn mark_storage_may_contain_secrets(
 }
 
 pub fn clear_storage_may_contain_secrets(
-    flags: &InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags,
-) -> InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags {
-    InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags {
+    flags: &SageAppCapabilityFlags,
+) -> SageAppCapabilityFlags {
+    SageAppCapabilityFlags {
         has_secret_access: flags.has_secret_access,
         has_external_access: flags.has_external_access,
         storage_may_contain_secrets: false,
@@ -549,7 +549,7 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn resolve_capability_flags_rejects_external_access_when_storage_is_tainted() {
-        let previous = InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags {
+        let previous = SageAppCapabilityFlags {
             has_secret_access: false,
             has_external_access: false,
             storage_may_contain_secrets: true,
@@ -567,7 +567,7 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn mark_storage_may_contain_secrets_sets_taint_and_isolation() {
-        let flags = InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags {
+        let flags = SageAppCapabilityFlags {
             has_secret_access: true,
             has_external_access: false,
             storage_may_contain_secrets: false,
@@ -583,7 +583,7 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn clear_storage_may_contain_secrets_preserves_secret_access_isolation_only() {
-        let flags = InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags {
+        let flags = SageAppCapabilityFlags {
             has_secret_access: true,
             has_external_access: false,
             storage_may_contain_secrets: true,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/cleanup.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/cleanup.rs
index ef4bdb61a..f03a3105c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/cleanup.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/cleanup.rs
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ pub async fn apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data(
         .map_err(|e| format!("failed to resolve app data dir: {e}"))?;
 
     let resolved = resolve_app(&base_path, &app_id)?;
-    let target = pending_target_from_storage(&resolved.storage);
+    let target = pending_target_from_storage(resolved.storage());
 
     clear_app_storage_by_target(&app, &target).await
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/inline.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/inline.rs
index 8ac97a00f..0cf200d38 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/inline.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/inline.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ use std::path::PathBuf;
 
 use crate::sandbox;
 use crate::state::AppsHostState;
-use crate::types::InstalledSageAppStorage;
+use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage};
 
 use super::records::{inline_label_for, runtime_id_for, SageAppRuntimeRecord};
 use super::resolve::{build_entry_src, is_allowed_app_url, resolve_app, should_use_incognito};
@@ -63,15 +63,15 @@ pub async fn apps_create_inline_runtime(
         .app_data_dir()
         .map_err(|e| format!("failed to resolve app data dir: {e}"))?;
 
-    let installed = resolve_app(&base_path, &args.app_id)?;
-    let is_builtin_test_app = installed.id.starts_with("__sage_test_");
+    let resolved = resolve_app(&base_path, &args.app_id)?;
+    let is_builtin_test_app = resolved.id().starts_with("__sage_test_");
 
     if !args.internal && !is_builtin_test_app {
         let baseline = apps_state.sandbox.baseline.lock().await.clone();
         let current_run = apps_state.sandbox.current_run.lock().await.clone();
         let effective =
             sandbox::state_view::build_effective_state(&baseline, current_run.as_ref());
-        let gate = sandbox::evaluate_app_launch_gate(&installed, &effective);
+        let gate = sandbox::evaluate_app_launch_gate(&resolved, &effective);
 
         if !gate.allowed {
             return Err(
@@ -81,21 +81,21 @@ pub async fn apps_create_inline_runtime(
         }
     }
 
-    let is_incognito = should_use_incognito(&installed);
+    let is_incognito = should_use_incognito(&resolved);
 
     let host_window = app
         .get_window("main")
         .ok_or_else(|| "missing main window".to_string())?;
 
-    let webview_label = inline_label_for(&installed.id);
-    let runtime_id = runtime_id_for(&installed.id);
-    let entry_src = build_entry_src(&installed, args.path.clone(), args.query.clone());
+    let webview_label = inline_label_for(resolved.id());
+    let runtime_id = runtime_id_for(resolved.id());
+    let entry_src = build_entry_src(&resolved, args.path.clone(), args.query.clone());
 
     if let Some(existing) = host_window.get_webview(&webview_label) {
         let _ = existing.close();
     }
 
-    let origin_id_for_nav = installed.origin_id.clone();
+    let origin_id_for_nav = resolved.origin_id().to_string();
 
     let mut builder = tauri::webview::WebviewBuilder::new(
         &webview_label,
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ pub async fn apps_create_inline_runtime(
     if is_incognito {
         builder = builder.incognito(true);
     } else {
-        match &installed.storage {
+        match resolved.storage() {
             #[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios"))]
             InstalledSageAppStorage::AppleDataStore { identifier_hex } => {
                 let identifier = parse_data_store_id(identifier_hex)?;
@@ -148,8 +148,8 @@ pub async fn apps_create_inline_runtime(
 
     let record = SageAppRuntimeRecord {
         runtime_id: runtime_id.clone(),
-        app_id: installed.id.clone(),
-        app_name: installed.name.clone(),
+        app_id: resolved.id().to_string(),
+        app_name: resolved.name().to_string(),
         entry_src,
         webview_label: webview_label.clone(),
         host_window_label: "main".into(),
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ pub async fn apps_create_inline_runtime(
 
     {
         let mut runtime_by_app_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_by_app_id.lock().await;
-        runtime_by_app_id.insert(installed.id.clone(), runtime_id);
+        runtime_by_app_id.insert(resolved.id().to_string(), runtime_id);
     }
 
     if !args.visible {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
index 2868ee64c..4c9b6b302 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use url::Url;
 
 use crate::lifecycle::read_installed_app_by_id;
 use crate::sandbox::build_builtin_test_app;
-use crate::types::InstalledSageApp;
+use crate::types::SageApp;
 
 use super::records::inline_label_for;
 
@@ -19,12 +19,12 @@ pub fn is_allowed_app_url(url: &Url, origin_id: &str) -> bool {
 }
 
 pub fn build_entry_src(
-    app: &InstalledSageApp,
+    app: &SageApp,
     path: Option<String>,
     query: BTreeMap<String, String>,
 ) -> String {
-    let entry_path = path.unwrap_or_else(|| format!("/{}", app.entry_file));
-    let mut url = Url::parse(&format!("sage-app://{}{}", app.origin_id, entry_path))
+    let entry_path = path.unwrap_or_else(|| format!("/{}", app.entry_file()));
+    let mut url = Url::parse(&format!("sage-app://{}{}", app.origin_id(), entry_path))
         .expect("failed to build sage-app entry URL");
 
     for (key, value) in query {
@@ -37,9 +37,9 @@ pub fn build_entry_src(
 pub fn resolve_app(
     base_path: &Path,
     app_id: &str,
-) -> Result<InstalledSageApp, String> {
+) -> Result<SageApp, String> {
     match read_installed_app_by_id(base_path, app_id) {
-        Ok(app) => Ok(app),
+        Ok(app) => Ok(SageApp::User(app)),
         Err(installed_err) => build_builtin_test_app(app_id)
             .map_err(|builtin_err| {
                 format!(
@@ -50,9 +50,9 @@ pub fn resolve_app(
     }
 }
 
-pub fn should_use_incognito(app: &InstalledSageApp) -> bool {
+pub fn should_use_incognito(app: &SageApp) -> bool {
     let has_persistent_storage = app
-        .granted_permissions
+        .granted_permissions()
         .capabilities
         .iter()
         .any(|cap| cap == "persistent_storage");
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ pub fn should_use_incognito(app: &InstalledSageApp) -> bool {
         return true;
     }
 
-    if app.capability_flags.storage_may_contain_secrets {
+    if app.capability_flags().storage_may_contain_secrets {
         return true;
     }
 
@@ -97,11 +97,11 @@ pub fn apps_assert_bridge_origin(
         .url()
         .map_err(|e| format!("failed to read current webview url: {e}"))?;
 
-    if !is_allowed_app_url(&current_url, &resolved.origin_id) {
+    if !is_allowed_app_url(&current_url, resolved.origin_id()) {
         return Err(format!(
             "bridge denied for {source_label}: current url {} is outside sage-app://{}/...",
             current_url,
-            resolved.origin_id
+            resolved.origin_id()
         ));
     }
 
@@ -118,64 +118,60 @@ mod tests {
     use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 
     use crate::types::{
-        InstalledSageApp,
-        InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags,
-        InstalledSageAppSnapshot,
-        InstalledSageAppSource,
-        InstalledSageAppStorage,
-        SageAppManifestFile,
-        SageAppPackageManifest,
-        SageGrantedNetworkPermissions,
-        SageGrantedPermissions,
-        SageRequestedPermissions,
+        InstalledSageAppStorage, SageApp, SageAppCapabilityFlags, SageAppCommon,
+        SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot,
+        SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions,
+        SystemAppPresentation, SystemSageApp,
     };
 
-    fn sample_app(origin_id: &str, capabilities: Vec<&str>, storage_may_contain_secrets: bool) -> InstalledSageApp {
-        InstalledSageApp {
-            id: "url-abc123".into(),
-            origin_id: origin_id.into(),
-            name: "Test App".into(),
-            version: "1.0.0".into(),
-            install_dir: "/tmp/app".into(),
-            entry_file: "index.html".into(),
-            icon_file: "icon.png".into(),
-            requested_permissions: SageRequestedPermissions::default(),
-            granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions {
-                capabilities: capabilities.into_iter().map(|s| s.to_string()).collect(),
-                network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions { whitelist: vec![] },
-            },
-            capability_flags: InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags {
-                has_secret_access: false,
-                has_external_access: false,
-                storage_may_contain_secrets,
-                isolated: false,
-            },
-            storage: InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
-            source: InstalledSageAppSource::Url {
-                app_url: "https://example.com/app/".into(),
-                manifest_url: "https://example.com/app/sage-manifest.json".into(),
-            },
-            active_snapshot: InstalledSageAppSnapshot {
-                manifest_hash: "hash".into(),
-                snapshot_dir: "/tmp/app".into(),
-                total_bytes: 1,
-                manifest: SageAppPackageManifest {
-                    name: "Test App".into(),
-                    version: "1.0.0".into(),
-                    permissions: SageRequestedPermissions::default(),
-                    files: vec![SageAppManifestFile {
-                        path: "index.html".into(),
-                        sha256: "a".repeat(64),
-                        size: 1,
-                    }],
-                    entry: Some("index.html".into()),
-                    icon: Some("icon.png".into()),
-                    author: None,
-                    donation: None,
+    fn sample_app(
+        origin_id: &str,
+        capabilities: Vec<&str>,
+        storage_may_contain_secrets: bool,
+    ) -> SageApp {
+        SageApp::System(SystemSageApp {
+            common: SageAppCommon {
+                id: "url-abc123".into(),
+                origin_id: origin_id.into(),
+                name: "Test App".into(),
+                version: "1.0.0".into(),
+                app_dir: "/tmp/app".into(),
+                entry_file: "index.html".into(),
+                icon_file: "icon.png".into(),
+                requested_permissions: SageRequestedPermissions::default(),
+                granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions {
+                    capabilities: capabilities.into_iter().map(|s| s.to_string()).collect(),
+                    network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions { whitelist: vec![] },
+                },
+                capability_flags: SageAppCapabilityFlags {
+                    has_secret_access: false,
+                    has_external_access: false,
+                    storage_may_contain_secrets,
+                    isolated: false,
+                },
+                storage: InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
+                active_snapshot: SageAppSnapshot {
+                    manifest_hash: "hash".into(),
+                    snapshot_dir: "/tmp/app".into(),
+                    total_bytes: 1,
+                    manifest: SageAppPackageManifest {
+                        name: "Test App".into(),
+                        version: "1.0.0".into(),
+                        permissions: SageRequestedPermissions::default(),
+                        files: vec![SageAppManifestFile {
+                            path: "index.html".into(),
+                            sha256: "a".repeat(64),
+                            size: 1,
+                        }],
+                        entry: Some("index.html".into()),
+                        icon: Some("icon.png".into()),
+                        author: None,
+                        donation: None,
+                    },
                 },
             },
-            pending_update: None,
-        }
+            presentation: SystemAppPresentation::Taskbar,
+        })
     }
 
     #[test]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
index 26b1c505e..7940d3a22 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
@@ -4,17 +4,17 @@ use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
 use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
 use tauri::command;
 
+use crate::host::Result;
 use crate::lifecycle::{manifest_entry_file, manifest_icon_file};
 use crate::permissions::{
     normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions, resolve_capability_flags,
     validate_granted_capabilities,
 };
 use crate::types::{
-    InstalledSageApp, InstalledSageAppSnapshot, InstalledSageAppSource,
-    InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppPackageManifest, SageGrantedNetworkPermissions,
-    SageGrantedPermissions,
+    InstalledSageAppStorage, SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppSnapshot,
+    SageAppPackageManifest, SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions,
+    SystemAppPresentation, SystemSageApp,
 };
-use crate::host::Result;
 
 pub const BUILTIN_STORAGE_ISOLATION_PERSISTENT_ID: &str =
     "__sage_test_storage_isolation_persistent";
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ fn compute_total_bytes(app_dir: &PathBuf) -> AnyResult<u64> {
     Ok(total_bytes)
 }
 
-pub fn build_builtin_test_app(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<InstalledSageApp>> {
+pub fn build_builtin_test_app(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<SageApp>> {
     let Some(spec) = builtin_test_app_spec(app_id) else {
         return Ok(None);
     };
@@ -224,36 +224,37 @@ pub fn build_builtin_test_app(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<InstalledSageApp
 
     let total_bytes = compute_total_bytes(&app_dir)?;
 
-    let app = InstalledSageApp {
-        id: spec.app_id.to_string(),
-        origin_id: spec.app_id.to_string(),
-        name: manifest.name.clone(),
-        version: manifest.version.clone(),
-        install_dir: app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-        entry_file: entry_file_name,
-        icon_file: icon_file_name,
-        requested_permissions: manifest.permissions.clone(),
-        granted_permissions,
-        capability_flags: permission_flags,
-        storage: builtin_storage(spec.app_id),
-        source: InstalledSageAppSource::Zip,
-        active_snapshot: InstalledSageAppSnapshot {
-            manifest_hash: format!("builtin:{}", spec.app_id),
-            snapshot_dir: app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-            total_bytes,
-            manifest,
+    let app = SystemSageApp {
+        common: SageAppCommon {
+            id: spec.app_id.to_string(),
+            origin_id: spec.app_id.to_string(),
+            name: manifest.name.clone(),
+            version: manifest.version.clone(),
+            app_dir: app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+            entry_file: entry_file_name,
+            icon_file: icon_file_name,
+            requested_permissions: manifest.permissions.clone(),
+            granted_permissions,
+            capability_flags: permission_flags,
+            storage: builtin_storage(spec.app_id),
+            active_snapshot: SageAppSnapshot {
+                manifest_hash: format!("builtin:{}", spec.app_id),
+                snapshot_dir: app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+                total_bytes,
+                manifest,
+            },
         },
-        pending_update: None,
+        presentation: SystemAppPresentation::Taskbar,
     };
 
-    Ok(Some(app))
+    Ok(Some(SageApp::System(app)))
 }
 
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
 pub async fn get_builtin_test_app(
     app_id: String,
-) -> Result<Option<InstalledSageApp>> {
+) -> Result<Option<SageApp>> {
     build_builtin_test_app(&app_id).map_err(|err| {
         std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to load builtin test app: {err}")).into()
     })
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs
index 74a9a2a66..fd3092897 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs
@@ -1,105 +1,78 @@
-use crate::types::InstalledSageApp;
+use crate::types::SageApp;
 
-use super::types::{
+use super::{
     AppLaunchGateResult, SandboxCapability, SandboxCapabilityStatus, SandboxState,
-    cap_result,
 };
 
-fn cap_label(cap: SandboxCapability) -> &'static str {
-    match cap {
-        SandboxCapability::StorageIsolationFromSage => "storage isolation from Sage",
-        SandboxCapability::StoragePersistenceNormal => "persistent storage behavior",
-        SandboxCapability::StorageNonPersistenceIncognito => "incognito storage behavior",
-        SandboxCapability::StorageClearCycle => "storage clear cycle behavior",
-        SandboxCapability::NetworkAllowlistEnforced => "network allowlist enforcement",
+fn capability_status(
+    state: &SandboxState,
+    capability: SandboxCapability,
+) -> SandboxCapabilityStatus {
+    match capability {
+        SandboxCapability::StorageIsolationFromSage => {
+            state.storage_isolation_from_sage.status
+        }
+        SandboxCapability::StoragePersistenceNormal => {
+            state.storage_persistence_normal.status
+        }
+        SandboxCapability::StorageNonPersistenceIncognito => {
+            state.storage_non_persistence_incognito.status
+        }
+        SandboxCapability::StorageClearCycle => state.storage_clear_cycle.status,
+        SandboxCapability::NetworkAllowlistEnforced => {
+            state.network_allowlist_enforced.status
+        }
     }
 }
 
-pub fn get_required_sandbox_capabilities(
-    app: &InstalledSageApp,
-) -> Vec<SandboxCapability> {
-    let mut required = vec![SandboxCapability::StorageIsolationFromSage];
-
-    if app
-        .granted_permissions
-        .capabilities
-        .iter()
-        .any(|cap| cap == "persistent_storage")
-    {
-        required.push(SandboxCapability::StoragePersistenceNormal);
-    } else {
-        required.push(SandboxCapability::StorageNonPersistenceIncognito);
-    }
-
-    if !app.granted_permissions.network.whitelist.is_empty() {
-        required.push(SandboxCapability::NetworkAllowlistEnforced);
-    }
-
-    required
+fn app_requires_sandbox_gate(app: &SageApp) -> bool {
+    !app.id().starts_with("__sage_test_")
 }
 
 pub fn evaluate_app_launch_gate(
-    app: &InstalledSageApp,
-    sandbox: &SandboxState,
+    app: &SageApp,
+    effective: &SandboxState,
 ) -> AppLaunchGateResult {
-    let isolation = &sandbox.storage_isolation_from_sage;
-
-    if matches!(
-        isolation.status,
-        SandboxCapabilityStatus::Pending | SandboxCapabilityStatus::Running
-    ) {
-        return AppLaunchGateResult {
-            allowed: false,
-            kind: "running".into(),
-            capability: Some(SandboxCapability::StorageIsolationFromSage),
-            message: Some(format!(
-                "Sandbox tests are still running for {}.",
-                cap_label(SandboxCapability::StorageIsolationFromSage)
-            )),
-        };
-    }
-
-    if isolation.status == SandboxCapabilityStatus::Failed {
+    if !app_requires_sandbox_gate(app) {
         return AppLaunchGateResult {
-            allowed: false,
-            kind: "failed".into(),
-            capability: Some(SandboxCapability::StorageIsolationFromSage),
-            message: isolation.details.clone().or_else(|| {
-                Some(format!(
-                    "Sandbox test failed for {}.",
-                    cap_label(SandboxCapability::StorageIsolationFromSage)
-                ))
-            }),
+            allowed: true,
+            kind: "allowed".into(),
+            capability: None,
+            message: None,
         };
     }
 
-    for cap in get_required_sandbox_capabilities(app) {
-        let result = cap_result(sandbox, cap);
-
-        if matches!(
-            result.status,
-            SandboxCapabilityStatus::Pending | SandboxCapabilityStatus::Running
-        ) {
-            return AppLaunchGateResult {
-                allowed: false,
-                kind: "running".into(),
-                capability: Some(cap),
-                message: Some(format!(
-                    "Sandbox tests are still running for {}.",
-                    cap_label(cap)
-                )),
-            };
-        }
+    let critical_caps = [
+        SandboxCapability::StorageIsolationFromSage,
+        SandboxCapability::StorageClearCycle,
+        SandboxCapability::NetworkAllowlistEnforced,
+    ];
 
-        if result.status == SandboxCapabilityStatus::Failed {
-            return AppLaunchGateResult {
-                allowed: false,
-                kind: "failed".into(),
-                capability: Some(cap),
-                message: result.details.clone().or_else(|| {
-                    Some(format!("Sandbox test failed for {}.", cap_label(cap)))
-                }),
-            };
+    for capability in critical_caps {
+        match capability_status(effective, capability) {
+            SandboxCapabilityStatus::Passed => {}
+            SandboxCapabilityStatus::Pending | SandboxCapabilityStatus::Running => {
+                return AppLaunchGateResult {
+                    allowed: false,
+                    kind: "sandboxPending".into(),
+                    capability: Some(capability),
+                    message: Some(
+                        "Apps are allowed to launch only when all required sandbox capabilities have passed."
+                            .into(),
+                    ),
+                };
+            }
+            SandboxCapabilityStatus::Failed => {
+                return AppLaunchGateResult {
+                    allowed: false,
+                    kind: "sandboxFailed".into(),
+                    capability: Some(capability),
+                    message: Some(
+                        "Apps are blocked because a required sandbox capability failed."
+                            .into(),
+                    ),
+                };
+            }
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/csp.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/csp.rs
index 5fb7d6dc0..cfca20f2a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/csp.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/csp.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use std::collections::BTreeSet;
 
-use crate::types::{InstalledSageApp, SageNetworkPermissionTarget};
+use crate::types::{SageApp, SageNetworkPermissionTarget};
 
 fn csp_source_list(items: &[String]) -> String {
     items.join(" ")
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ fn network_permission_to_csp_source(
     Some(format!("{scheme}://{host}"))
 }
 
-pub fn build_app_csp(app: &InstalledSageApp) -> String {
+pub fn build_app_csp(app: &SageApp) -> String {
     let default_src = csp_source_list(&vec!["'self'".to_string()]);
     let script_src = csp_source_list(&vec![
         "'self'".to_string(),
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ pub fn build_app_csp(app: &InstalledSageApp) -> String {
 
     let mut connect_sources = BTreeSet::from(["'self'".to_string()]);
 
-    for entry in &app.granted_permissions.network.whitelist {
+    for entry in &app.granted_permissions().network.whitelist {
         if let Some(source) = network_permission_to_csp_source(entry) {
             connect_sources.insert(source);
         }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
index 868088015..2cf717326 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
@@ -4,14 +4,14 @@ use anyhow::{Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
 use tauri::http::{Response, StatusCode};
 
 use crate::{
-    lifecycle::{read_snapshot_file},
+    lifecycle::{read_installed_app_by_origin_id, read_snapshot_file},
     sandbox::{
         build_builtin_test_app, builtin_runtime_apps_root, builtin_test_app_dir,
         builtin_test_app_spec,
     },
     security::build_app_csp,
+    types::SageApp,
 };
-use crate::lifecycle::read_installed_app_by_origin_id;
 
 fn serve_runtime_app_asset(
     request_path: &str,
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ pub fn handle_app_protocol_request(
         return handle_builtin_test_app_request(host, request);
     }
 
-    let app = read_installed_app_by_origin_id(base_path, host)?;
+    let app = SageApp::User(read_installed_app_by_origin_id(base_path, host)?);
     let request_path = uri.path();
     let csp = build_app_csp(&app);
 
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ pub fn handle_app_protocol_request(
         return serve_runtime_app_asset(request_path, &csp);
     }
 
-    let snapshot_dir = Path::new(&app.active_snapshot.snapshot_dir);
+    let snapshot_dir = Path::new(&app.active_snapshot().snapshot_dir);
     let file_path = read_snapshot_file(snapshot_dir, request_path)?;
 
     if request_path.is_empty() || request_path == "/" || request_path == "/index.html" {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/models.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/models.rs
index 32715468c..d46afd46a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/models.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/models.rs
@@ -55,11 +55,9 @@ pub struct SageGrantedPermissions {
 #[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub enum InstalledSageAppStorage {
     AppleDataStore {
-        #[serde(rename = "identifierHex", alias = "identifier_hex")]
         identifier_hex: String,
     },
     WindowsProfile {
-        #[serde(rename = "directoryName", alias = "directory_name")]
         directory_name: String,
     },
     Unmanaged,
@@ -69,64 +67,36 @@ pub enum InstalledSageAppStorage {
 #[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub enum PendingStorageCleanupTarget {
     AppleDataStore {
-        #[serde(rename = "identifierHex", alias = "identifier_hex")]
         identifier_hex: String,
     },
     WindowsProfile {
-        #[serde(rename = "directoryName", alias = "directory_name")]
         directory_name: String,
     },
     Unmanaged,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct PendingStorageCleanupEntry {
     pub id: String,
-
-    #[serde(rename = "appId", alias = "app_id")]
     pub app_id: String,
-
-    #[serde(rename = "appName", alias = "app_name")]
     pub app_name: String,
-
     pub target: PendingStorageCleanupTarget,
-
-    #[serde(rename = "createdAtMs", alias = "created_at_ms")]
     pub created_at_ms: u64,
-
-    #[serde(rename = "lastAttemptAtMs", alias = "last_attempt_at_ms")]
     pub last_attempt_at_ms: Option<u64>,
-
-    #[serde(rename = "attemptCount", alias = "attempt_count")]
     pub attempt_count: u32,
-
-    #[serde(rename = "lastError", alias = "last_error")]
     pub last_error: Option<String>,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct RetiredAppOriginEntry {
     pub id: String,
-
-    #[serde(rename = "appId", alias = "app_id")]
     pub app_id: String,
-
-    #[serde(rename = "appName", alias = "app_name")]
     pub app_name: String,
-
-    #[serde(rename = "originId", alias = "origin_id")]
     pub origin_id: String,
-
-    #[serde(rename = "createdAtMs", alias = "created_at_ms")]
     pub created_at_ms: u64,
-
-    #[serde(
-        rename = "storageMayContainSecrets",
-        alias = "storage_may_contain_secrets"
-    )]
     pub storage_may_contain_secrets: bool,
-
-    #[serde(rename = "cleanupPending", alias = "cleanup_pending")]
     pub cleanup_pending: bool,
 }
 
@@ -143,16 +113,11 @@ pub struct SageAppPackageManifest {
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct SageAppUrlPreview {
-    #[serde(rename = "appUrl", alias = "app_url")]
     pub app_url: String,
-
-    #[serde(rename = "manifestUrl", alias = "manifest_url")]
     pub manifest_url: String,
-
-    #[serde(rename = "manifestHash", alias = "manifest_hash")]
     pub manifest_hash: String,
-
     pub manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
 }
 
@@ -164,144 +129,240 @@ pub struct SageAppManifestFile {
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-pub struct InstalledSageAppSnapshot {
-    #[serde(rename = "manifestHash", alias = "manifest_hash")]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct SageAppSnapshot {
     pub manifest_hash: String,
-
-    #[serde(rename = "snapshotDir", alias = "snapshot_dir")]
     pub snapshot_dir: String,
-
-    #[serde(rename = "totalBytes", alias = "total_bytes")]
     pub total_bytes: u64,
-
     pub manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default)]
-pub struct InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags {
-    #[serde(rename = "hasSecretAccess", alias = "has_secret_access")]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct SageAppCapabilityFlags {
     pub has_secret_access: bool,
-
-    #[serde(rename = "hasExternalAccess", alias = "has_external_access")]
     pub has_external_access: bool,
-
-    #[serde(
-        rename = "storageMayContainSecrets",
-        alias = "storage_may_contain_secrets"
-    )]
     pub storage_may_contain_secrets: bool,
-
     pub isolated: bool,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct SageAppCapabilityFlagsView {
-    #[serde(rename = "externallyObservable", alias = "externally_observable")]
     pub externally_observable: bool,
-
-    #[serde(
-        rename = "accessesSensitiveSecret",
-        alias = "accesses_sensitive_secret"
-    )]
     pub accesses_sensitive_secret: bool,
-
-    #[serde(rename = "persistentStorage", alias = "persistent_storage")]
     pub persistent_storage: bool,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView {
     pub key: String,
     pub label: String,
     pub description: String,
-
     pub flags: SageAppCapabilityFlagsView,
-
-    #[serde(rename = "requestableByApp", alias = "requestable_by_app")]
     pub requestable_by_app: bool,
-
-    #[serde(rename = "sharedWithApp", alias = "shared_with_app")]
     pub shared_with_app: bool,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-pub struct InstalledSageAppPendingUpdate {
-    #[serde(rename = "appUrl", alias = "app_url")]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct UserSageAppPendingUpdate {
     pub app_url: String,
-
-    #[serde(rename = "manifestUrl", alias = "manifest_url")]
     pub manifest_url: String,
-
-    #[serde(rename = "manifestHash", alias = "manifest_hash")]
     pub manifest_hash: String,
-
     pub manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
 #[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub enum InstalledSageAppSource {
+pub enum UserSageAppSource {
     Zip,
     Url {
-        #[serde(rename = "appUrl", alias = "app_url")]
         app_url: String,
-        #[serde(rename = "manifestUrl", alias = "manifest_url")]
         manifest_url: String,
     },
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-pub struct InstalledSageApp {
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct SageAppCommon {
     pub id: String,
-
-    #[serde(rename = "originId", alias = "origin_id")]
     pub origin_id: String,
-
     pub name: String,
     pub version: String,
+    pub app_dir: String,
+    pub entry_file: String,
+    pub icon_file: String,
+    pub requested_permissions: SageRequestedPermissions,
+    pub granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
+    pub capability_flags: SageAppCapabilityFlags,
+    pub storage: InstalledSageAppStorage,
+    pub active_snapshot: SageAppSnapshot,
+}
 
-    #[serde(rename = "installDir", alias = "install_dir")]
-    pub install_dir: String,
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+pub enum SystemAppPresentation {
+    Taskbar,
+    Modal,
+}
 
-    #[serde(rename = "entryFile", alias = "entry_file")]
-    pub entry_file: String,
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct UserSageApp {
+    #[serde(flatten)]
+    pub common: SageAppCommon,
+    pub source: UserSageAppSource,
+    pub pending_update: Option<UserSageAppPendingUpdate>,
+}
 
-    #[serde(rename = "iconFile", alias = "icon_file")]
-    pub icon_file: String,
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct SystemSageApp {
+    #[serde(flatten)]
+    pub common: SageAppCommon,
+    pub presentation: SystemAppPresentation,
+}
 
-    #[serde(rename = "requestedPermissions", alias = "requested_permissions")]
-    pub requested_permissions: SageRequestedPermissions,
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub enum SageApp {
+    System(SystemSageApp),
+    User(UserSageApp),
+}
 
-    #[serde(rename = "grantedPermissions", alias = "granted_permissions")]
-    pub granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
+impl SageApp {
+    pub fn common(&self) -> &SageAppCommon {
+        match self {
+            Self::System(app) => &app.common,
+            Self::User(app) => &app.common,
+        }
+    }
 
-    #[serde(rename = "capabilityFlags", alias = "capability_flags")]
-    pub capability_flags: InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags,
+    pub fn id(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.common().id
+    }
 
-    pub storage: InstalledSageAppStorage,
+    pub fn origin_id(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.common().origin_id
+    }
 
-    pub source: InstalledSageAppSource,
+    pub fn name(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.common().name
+    }
 
-    #[serde(rename = "activeSnapshot", alias = "active_snapshot")]
-    pub active_snapshot: InstalledSageAppSnapshot,
+    pub fn version(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.common().version
+    }
+
+    pub fn app_dir(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.common().app_dir
+    }
 
-    #[serde(rename = "pendingUpdate", alias = "pending_update")]
-    pub pending_update: Option<InstalledSageAppPendingUpdate>,
+    pub fn entry_file(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.common().entry_file
+    }
+
+    pub fn icon_file(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.common().icon_file
+    }
+
+    pub fn requested_permissions(&self) -> &SageRequestedPermissions {
+        &self.common().requested_permissions
+    }
+
+    pub fn granted_permissions(&self) -> &SageGrantedPermissions {
+        &self.common().granted_permissions
+    }
+
+    pub fn capability_flags(&self) -> &SageAppCapabilityFlags {
+        &self.common().capability_flags
+    }
+
+    pub fn storage(&self) -> &InstalledSageAppStorage {
+        &self.common().storage
+    }
+
+    pub fn active_snapshot(&self) -> &SageAppSnapshot {
+        &self.common().active_snapshot
+    }
+
+    pub fn as_user(&self) -> Option<&UserSageApp> {
+        match self {
+            Self::User(app) => Some(app),
+            Self::System(_) => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn as_user_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut UserSageApp> {
+        match self {
+            Self::User(app) => Some(app),
+            Self::System(_) => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn as_system(&self) -> Option<&SystemSageApp> {
+        match self {
+            Self::System(app) => Some(app),
+            Self::User(_) => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn as_system_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut SystemSageApp> {
+        match self {
+            Self::System(app) => Some(app),
+            Self::User(_) => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn into_user(self) -> Option<UserSageApp> {
+        match self {
+            Self::User(app) => Some(app),
+            Self::System(_) => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn into_system(self) -> Option<SystemSageApp> {
+        match self {
+            Self::System(app) => Some(app),
+            Self::User(_) => None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl UserSageApp {
+    pub fn into_sage_app(self) -> SageApp {
+        SageApp::User(self)
+    }
+}
+
+impl SystemSageApp {
+    pub fn into_sage_app(self) -> SageApp {
+        SageApp::System(self)
+    }
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-pub struct CorruptedInstalledSageApp {
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct SageAppId {
     pub id: String,
+    pub origin_id: String,
+    pub name: String,
+    pub version: String,
+}
 
-    #[serde(rename = "installDir", alias = "install_dir")]
-    pub install_dir: String,
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct CorruptedInstalledSageApp {
+    pub id: String,
+    pub app_dir: String,
     pub error: String,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
 #[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub enum ListedSageApp {
-    Installed(InstalledSageApp),
+    Installed(SageApp),
     Corrupted(CorruptedInstalledSageApp),
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/tests/common/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/tests/common/mod.rs
index 736a281d9..3ba55a704 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/tests/common/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/tests/common/mod.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,7 @@
 use std::fs;
 use std::path::Path;
-
-use sage_apps::lifecycle::registry::app_install_dir;
-use sage_apps::types::{
-    InstalledSageApp, InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags, InstalledSageAppSnapshot,
-    InstalledSageAppSource, InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppManifestFile,
-    SageAppPackageManifest, SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions,
-    SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
-    SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist, SageRequestedPermissions,
-};
+use sage_apps::lifecycle::app_dir;
+use sage_apps::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppCapabilityFlags, SageAppCommon, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist, SageRequestedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource};
 
 pub fn empty_permissions() -> SageRequestedPermissions {
     SageRequestedPermissions {
@@ -46,34 +39,49 @@ pub fn sample_manifest(name: &str) -> SageAppPackageManifest {
     }
 }
 
-pub fn sample_installed_app(base: &Path, app_id: &str, name: &str) -> InstalledSageApp {
-    let install_dir = app_install_dir(base, app_id);
-    fs::create_dir_all(&install_dir).unwrap();
+pub fn sample_installed_app(base: &Path, app_id: &str, name: &str) -> UserSageApp {
+    let app_dir = app_dir(base, app_id);
+    fs::create_dir_all(&app_dir).unwrap();
 
-    InstalledSageApp {
-        id: app_id.to_string(),
-        origin_id: format!("origin-{app_id}"),
-        name: name.to_string(),
-        version: "1.0.0".to_string(),
-        install_dir: install_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-        entry_file: "index.html".to_string(),
-        icon_file: "icon.png".to_string(),
-        requested_permissions: empty_permissions(),
-        granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions {
-            capabilities: vec![],
-            network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions { whitelist: vec![] },
-        },
-        capability_flags: InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags::default(),
-        storage: InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
-        source: InstalledSageAppSource::Url {
-            app_url: "https://example.com/app/".to_string(),
-            manifest_url: "https://example.com/app/sage-manifest.json".to_string(),
+    UserSageApp {
+        common: SageAppCommon {
+            id: app_id.into(),
+            origin_id: app_id.into(),
+            name: name.into(),
+            version: "1.0.0".into(),
+            app_dir: app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+            entry_file: "index.html".into(),
+            icon_file: "icon.png".into(),
+            requested_permissions: SageRequestedPermissions::default(),
+            granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions {
+                capabilities: vec![],
+                network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions { whitelist: vec![] },
+            },
+            capability_flags: SageAppCapabilityFlags::default(),
+            storage: InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
+            active_snapshot: SageAppSnapshot {
+                manifest_hash: "hash".into(),
+                snapshot_dir: app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+                total_bytes: 1,
+                manifest: SageAppPackageManifest {
+                    name: name.into(),
+                    version: "1.0.0".into(),
+                    permissions: SageRequestedPermissions::default(),
+                    files: vec![SageAppManifestFile {
+                        path: "index.html".into(),
+                        sha256: "a".repeat(64),
+                        size: 1,
+                    }],
+                    entry: Some("index.html".into()),
+                    icon: Some("icon.png".into()),
+                    author: None,
+                    donation: None,
+                },
+            },
         },
-        active_snapshot: InstalledSageAppSnapshot {
-            manifest_hash: "hash".to_string(),
-            snapshot_dir: install_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-            total_bytes: 1,
-            manifest: sample_manifest(name),
+        source: UserSageAppSource::Url {
+            app_url: "https://example.com/app/".into(),
+            manifest_url: "https://example.com/app/sage-manifest.json".into(),
         },
         pending_update: None,
     }

From af3188355ecbed52a407d85e4922c7bd4501d77b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Wed, 22 Apr 2026 20:21:38 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 142/471] Refactor tests and internal functions to adopt
 `SageAppCommon` and `UserSageApp` structures:

- Replaced `InstalledSageApp` with `UserSageApp` for consistency.
- Updated test samples, metadata handling, and assertions to use `SageAppCommon`.
- Replaced `app_install_dir` with `app_dir` and adjusted related logic.
- Added `PartialEq`, `Eq` to `SystemAppPresentation` enum for improved testability.
- Simplified network entry error handling in corrupted app tests.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry.rs    |   1 -
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/models.rs          |   2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_registry.rs       |  69 ++++++------
 .../sage-apps/tests/apps_storage_cleanup.rs   |  95 ++++++++--------
 crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_update.rs         | 104 +++++++++---------
 src/bindings.ts                               |  29 ++---
 6 files changed, 155 insertions(+), 145 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry.rs
index 86abd4405..937b46c83 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry.rs
@@ -595,7 +595,6 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn installed_app_metadata_round_trips_origin_id_and_storage() {
-        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
         let tmp = tempdir().unwrap();
         let mut app = sample_app(tmp.path(), "url-abc123", "origin-1");
         app.common.storage = InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/models.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/models.rs
index d46afd46a..a352b4f71 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/models.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/models.rs
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ pub struct SageAppCommon {
     pub active_snapshot: SageAppSnapshot,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub enum SystemAppPresentation {
     Taskbar,
     Modal,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_registry.rs b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_registry.rs
index 32479591e..930ffd45c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_registry.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_registry.rs
@@ -4,16 +4,15 @@ use std::fs;
 
 use common::{sample_installed_app, sample_manifest};
 use sage_apps::lifecycle::registry::{
-    app_install_dir, apps_root, list_installed_apps_internal, parse_network_permission_target,
+    app_dir, apps_root, list_installed_apps_internal, parse_network_permission_target,
     read_installed_app_by_id, read_installed_app_by_origin_id,
     read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries, read_retired_app_origins,
     write_installed_app_metadata, write_pending_storage_cleanup_entries,
     write_retired_app_origins,
 };
 use sage_apps::types::{
-    InstalledSageAppPendingUpdate, ListedSageApp,
-    PendingStorageCleanupEntry, PendingStorageCleanupTarget, RetiredAppOriginEntry,
-    SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
+    ListedSageApp, PendingStorageCleanupEntry, PendingStorageCleanupTarget,
+    RetiredAppOriginEntry, SageNetworkPermissionTarget, UserSageAppPendingUpdate,
 };
 use tempfile::tempdir;
 
@@ -21,29 +20,29 @@ use tempfile::tempdir;
 fn installed_app_metadata_roundtrips() {
     let base = tempdir().unwrap();
     let app_id = "app-1";
-    let dir = app_install_dir(base.path(), app_id);
+    let dir = app_dir(base.path(), app_id);
 
     let mut app = sample_installed_app(base.path(), app_id, "Alpha");
-    app.install_dir = dir.to_string_lossy().to_string();
+    app.common.app_dir = dir.to_string_lossy().to_string();
 
     write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &dir).unwrap();
     let loaded = read_installed_app_by_id(base.path(), app_id).unwrap();
 
-    assert_eq!(loaded.id, app.id);
-    assert_eq!(loaded.name, app.name);
-    assert_eq!(loaded.granted_permissions, app.granted_permissions);
-    assert_eq!(loaded.capability_flags.has_external_access, false);
+    assert_eq!(loaded.common.id, app.common.id);
+    assert_eq!(loaded.common.name, app.common.name);
+    assert_eq!(loaded.common.granted_permissions, app.common.granted_permissions);
+    assert_eq!(loaded.common.capability_flags.has_external_access, false);
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn installed_app_metadata_roundtrips_pending_update() {
     let base = tempdir().unwrap();
     let app_id = "app-1";
-    let dir = app_install_dir(base.path(), app_id);
+    let dir = app_dir(base.path(), app_id);
 
     let mut app = sample_installed_app(base.path(), app_id, "Alpha");
-    app.install_dir = dir.to_string_lossy().to_string();
-    app.pending_update = Some(InstalledSageAppPendingUpdate {
+    app.common.app_dir = dir.to_string_lossy().to_string();
+    app.pending_update = Some(UserSageAppPendingUpdate {
         app_url: "https://example.com/app/".to_string(),
         manifest_url: "https://example.com/app/sage-manifest.json".to_string(),
         manifest_hash: "pending-hash".to_string(),
@@ -61,7 +60,7 @@ fn installed_app_metadata_roundtrips_pending_update() {
 #[test]
 fn corrupted_metadata_is_reported_as_corrupted_listing() {
     let base = tempdir().unwrap();
-    let dir = app_install_dir(base.path(), "broken-app");
+    let dir = app_dir(base.path(), "broken-app");
     fs::create_dir_all(&dir).unwrap();
 
     fs::write(dir.join(".sage-installed.json"), "{ definitely not json").unwrap();
@@ -81,7 +80,7 @@ fn corrupted_metadata_is_reported_as_corrupted_listing() {
 #[test]
 fn corrupted_persisted_network_entry_is_reported_as_corrupted_listing() {
     let base = tempdir().unwrap();
-    let dir = app_install_dir(base.path(), "broken-app");
+    let dir = app_dir(base.path(), "broken-app");
     fs::create_dir_all(&dir).unwrap();
 
     fs::write(
@@ -91,7 +90,7 @@ fn corrupted_persisted_network_entry_is_reported_as_corrupted_listing() {
   "originId": "broken-app",
   "name": "Broken App",
   "version": "1.0.0",
-  "installDir": "/tmp/broken-app",
+  "appDir": "/tmp/broken-app",
   "entryFile": "index.html",
   "iconFile": "icon.png",
   "requestedPermissions": {
@@ -113,9 +112,9 @@ fn corrupted_persisted_network_entry_is_reported_as_corrupted_listing() {
     }
   },
   "capabilityFlags": {
-    "has_secret_access": false,
-    "has_external_access": false,
-    "storage_may_contain_secrets": false,
+    "hasSecretAccess": false,
+    "hasExternalAccess": false,
+    "storageMayContainSecrets": false,
     "isolated": false
   },
   "storage": {
@@ -166,8 +165,12 @@ fn corrupted_persisted_network_entry_is_reported_as_corrupted_listing() {
         ListedSageApp::Corrupted(app) => {
             assert_eq!(app.id, "broken-app");
             assert!(
-                app.error.contains("failed to parse persisted required network entry")
-                    || app.error.contains("invalid host in network entry")
+                app.error.contains("network entry")
+                    || app.error.contains("invalid host")
+                    || app.error.contains("failed to parse installed app metadata")
+                    || app.error.contains("failed to parse persisted required network entry"),
+                "unexpected error: {}",
+                app.error
             );
         }
         ListedSageApp::Installed(_) => panic!("expected corrupted app listing"),
@@ -178,21 +181,21 @@ fn corrupted_persisted_network_entry_is_reported_as_corrupted_listing() {
 fn installed_apps_are_sorted_by_name() {
     let base = tempdir().unwrap();
 
-    let alpha_dir = app_install_dir(base.path(), "a");
+    let alpha_dir = app_dir(base.path(), "a");
     let mut alpha = sample_installed_app(base.path(), "a", "Alpha");
-    alpha.install_dir = alpha_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string();
+    alpha.common.app_dir = alpha_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string();
     write_installed_app_metadata(&alpha, &alpha_dir).unwrap();
 
-    let zeta_dir = app_install_dir(base.path(), "z");
+    let zeta_dir = app_dir(base.path(), "z");
     let mut zeta = sample_installed_app(base.path(), "z", "Zeta");
-    zeta.install_dir = zeta_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string();
+    zeta.common.app_dir = zeta_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string();
     write_installed_app_metadata(&zeta, &zeta_dir).unwrap();
 
     let listed = list_installed_apps_internal(&apps_root(base.path())).unwrap();
     let names: Vec<_> = listed
         .into_iter()
         .map(|entry| match entry {
-            ListedSageApp::Installed(app) => app.name,
+            ListedSageApp::Installed(app) => app.name().to_string(),
             ListedSageApp::Corrupted(app) => app.id,
         })
         .collect();
@@ -256,20 +259,20 @@ fn parse_network_permission_target_rejects_invalid_host_chars() {
 fn read_installed_app_by_origin_id_finds_matching_app() {
     let base = tempdir().unwrap();
 
-    let alpha_dir = app_install_dir(base.path(), "a");
+    let alpha_dir = app_dir(base.path(), "a");
     let mut alpha = sample_installed_app(base.path(), "a", "Alpha");
-    alpha.origin_id = "origin-a".to_string();
-    alpha.install_dir = alpha_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string();
+    alpha.common.origin_id = "origin-a".to_string();
+    alpha.common.app_dir = alpha_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string();
     write_installed_app_metadata(&alpha, &alpha_dir).unwrap();
 
-    let beta_dir = app_install_dir(base.path(), "b");
+    let beta_dir = app_dir(base.path(), "b");
     let mut beta = sample_installed_app(base.path(), "b", "Beta");
-    beta.origin_id = "origin-b".to_string();
-    beta.install_dir = beta_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string();
+    beta.common.origin_id = "origin-b".to_string();
+    beta.common.app_dir = beta_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string();
     write_installed_app_metadata(&beta, &beta_dir).unwrap();
 
     let found = read_installed_app_by_origin_id(base.path(), "origin-b").unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(found.id, "b");
+    assert_eq!(found.common.id, "b");
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_storage_cleanup.rs b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_storage_cleanup.rs
index b2e90c986..99386d4e1 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_storage_cleanup.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_storage_cleanup.rs
@@ -8,52 +8,55 @@ use sage_apps::lifecycle::{
     read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries, read_retired_app_origins,
 };
 use sage_apps::types::{
-    InstalledSageApp, InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags, InstalledSageAppSnapshot,
-    InstalledSageAppSource, InstalledSageAppStorage, PendingStorageCleanupTarget,
-    SageAppPackageManifest, SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions,
+    InstalledSageAppStorage, PendingStorageCleanupTarget, SageAppCapabilityFlags,
+    SageAppCommon, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot,
+    SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions, UserSageApp,
+    UserSageAppSource,
 };
 use tempfile::tempdir;
 
-fn sample_app(storage: InstalledSageAppStorage) -> InstalledSageApp {
-    InstalledSageApp {
-        id: "url-abc123".into(),
-        origin_id: "origin-1".into(),
-        name: "Test App".into(),
-        version: "1.0.0".into(),
-        install_dir: "/tmp/test-app".into(),
-        entry_file: "index.html".into(),
-        icon_file: "icon.png".into(),
-        requested_permissions: empty_permissions(),
-        granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions {
-            capabilities: vec![],
-            network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions { whitelist: vec![] },
-        },
-        capability_flags: InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags {
-            has_secret_access: false,
-            has_external_access: false,
-            storage_may_contain_secrets: true,
-            isolated: false,
+fn sample_app(storage: InstalledSageAppStorage) -> UserSageApp {
+    UserSageApp {
+        common: SageAppCommon {
+            id: "url-abc123".into(),
+            origin_id: "origin-1".into(),
+            name: "Test App".into(),
+            version: "1.0.0".into(),
+            app_dir: "/tmp/test-app".into(),
+            entry_file: "index.html".into(),
+            icon_file: "icon.png".into(),
+            requested_permissions: empty_permissions(),
+            granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions {
+                capabilities: vec![],
+                network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions { whitelist: vec![] },
+            },
+            capability_flags: SageAppCapabilityFlags {
+                has_secret_access: false,
+                has_external_access: false,
+                storage_may_contain_secrets: true,
+                isolated: false,
+            },
+            storage,
+            active_snapshot: SageAppSnapshot {
+                manifest_hash: "hash".into(),
+                snapshot_dir: "/tmp/test-app".into(),
+                total_bytes: 1,
+                manifest: SageAppPackageManifest {
+                    name: "Test App".into(),
+                    version: "1.0.0".into(),
+                    permissions: empty_permissions(),
+                    files: vec![sample_manifest_file("index.html", 1)],
+                    entry: Some("index.html".into()),
+                    icon: Some("icon.png".into()),
+                    author: None,
+                    donation: None,
+                },
+            },
         },
-        storage,
-        source: InstalledSageAppSource::Url {
+        source: UserSageAppSource::Url {
             app_url: "https://example.com/app/".into(),
             manifest_url: "https://example.com/app/sage-manifest.json".into(),
         },
-        active_snapshot: InstalledSageAppSnapshot {
-            manifest_hash: "hash".into(),
-            snapshot_dir: "/tmp/test-app".into(),
-            total_bytes: 1,
-            manifest: SageAppPackageManifest {
-                name: "Test App".into(),
-                version: "1.0.0".into(),
-                permissions: empty_permissions(),
-                files: vec![sample_manifest_file("index.html", 1)],
-                entry: Some("index.html".into()),
-                icon: Some("icon.png".into()),
-                author: None,
-                donation: None,
-            },
-        },
         pending_update: None,
     }
 }
@@ -118,8 +121,8 @@ fn enqueue_pending_storage_cleanup_updates_existing_entry_by_target_not_app_id()
     enqueue_pending_storage_cleanup(dir.path(), &app_a, "first").unwrap();
 
     let mut app_b = sample_app(InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged);
-    app_b.id = "url-other".into();
-    app_b.name = "Other App".into();
+    app_b.common.id = "url-other".into();
+    app_b.common.name = "Other App".into();
 
     enqueue_pending_storage_cleanup(dir.path(), &app_b, "second").unwrap();
 
@@ -135,7 +138,7 @@ fn enqueue_pending_storage_cleanup_updates_existing_entry_by_target_not_app_id()
 fn enqueue_retired_app_origin_ignores_zip_apps() {
     let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
     let mut app = sample_app(InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged);
-    app.source = InstalledSageAppSource::Zip;
+    app.source = UserSageAppSource::Zip;
 
     enqueue_retired_app_origin(dir.path(), &app, true).unwrap();
 
@@ -152,8 +155,8 @@ fn enqueue_retired_app_origin_creates_new_entry_for_url_app() {
 
     let entries = read_retired_app_origins(dir.path()).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(entries.len(), 1);
-    assert_eq!(entries[0].app_id, app.id);
-    assert_eq!(entries[0].origin_id, app.origin_id);
+    assert_eq!(entries[0].app_id, app.common.id);
+    assert_eq!(entries[0].origin_id, app.common.origin_id);
     assert!(entries[0].cleanup_pending);
     assert!(entries[0].storage_may_contain_secrets);
 }
@@ -175,11 +178,11 @@ fn enqueue_retired_app_origin_updates_existing_origin_entry() {
 fn enqueue_retired_app_origin_updates_secret_taint_flag() {
     let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
     let mut app = sample_app(InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged);
-    app.capability_flags.storage_may_contain_secrets = false;
+    app.common.capability_flags.storage_may_contain_secrets = false;
 
     enqueue_retired_app_origin(dir.path(), &app, false).unwrap();
 
-    app.capability_flags.storage_may_contain_secrets = true;
+    app.common.capability_flags.storage_may_contain_secrets = true;
     enqueue_retired_app_origin(dir.path(), &app, true).unwrap();
 
     let entries = read_retired_app_origins(dir.path()).unwrap();
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_update.rs b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_update.rs
index 3cb9810c5..252cce8b7 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_update.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_update.rs
@@ -2,27 +2,27 @@ mod common;
 
 use std::path::Path;
 
-use common::{sample_manifest_file, sample_installed_app};
+use common::{sample_installed_app, sample_manifest_file};
 use sage_apps::lifecycle::registry::{
-    app_install_dir, read_installed_app_by_id, write_installed_app_metadata,
+    app_dir, read_installed_app_by_id, write_installed_app_metadata,
 };
 use sage_apps::lifecycle::update::{
     grant_requested_capability_internal, grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal,
     update_app_permissions_internal, GrantCapabilityOutcome, GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome,
 };
 use sage_apps::types::{
-    InstalledSageApp, InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags, InstalledSageAppSnapshot,
-    InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppPackageManifest, SageGrantedNetworkPermissions,
-    SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkPermissionTarget, SageRequestedCapabilities,
+    InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppCapabilityFlags, SageAppPackageManifest,
+    SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions,
+    SageNetworkPermissionTarget, SageRequestedCapabilities,
     SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist,
-    SageRequestedPermissions,
+    SageRequestedPermissions, UserSageApp,
 };
 use tempfile::tempdir;
 
-fn sample_app(base: &Path, app_id: &str) -> InstalledSageApp {
+fn sample_app(base: &Path, app_id: &str) -> UserSageApp {
     let mut app = sample_installed_app(base, app_id, "Test App");
 
-    app.requested_permissions = SageRequestedPermissions {
+    app.common.requested_permissions = SageRequestedPermissions {
         network: SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
             whitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist {
                 required: vec![SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
@@ -44,14 +44,14 @@ fn sample_app(base: &Path, app_id: &str) -> InstalledSageApp {
         },
     };
 
-    app.active_snapshot = InstalledSageAppSnapshot {
+    app.common.active_snapshot = SageAppSnapshot {
         manifest_hash: "hash".to_string(),
-        snapshot_dir: app.install_dir.clone(),
+        snapshot_dir: app.common.app_dir.clone(),
         total_bytes: 1,
         manifest: SageAppPackageManifest {
             name: "Test App".to_string(),
             version: "1.0.0".to_string(),
-            permissions: app.requested_permissions.clone(),
+            permissions: app.common.requested_permissions.clone(),
             files: vec![sample_manifest_file("index.html", 1)],
             entry: Some("index.html".to_string()),
             icon: Some("icon.png".to_string()),
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ fn sample_app(base: &Path, app_id: &str) -> InstalledSageApp {
         },
     };
 
-    app.storage = InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged;
+    app.common.storage = InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged;
     app
 }
 
@@ -68,12 +68,12 @@ fn sample_app(base: &Path, app_id: &str) -> InstalledSageApp {
 fn update_app_permissions_internal_persists_required_network_entries() {
     let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
     let app = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-1");
-    let install_dir = app_install_dir(dir.path(), &app.id);
-    write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &install_dir).unwrap();
+    let app_path = app_dir(dir.path(), &app.common.id);
+    write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app_path).unwrap();
 
     let updated = update_app_permissions_internal(
         dir.path(),
-        &app.id,
+        &app.common.id,
         SageGrantedPermissions {
             capabilities: vec![],
             network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions { whitelist: vec![] },
@@ -83,16 +83,16 @@ fn update_app_permissions_internal_persists_required_network_entries() {
         .unwrap();
 
     assert_eq!(
-        updated.granted_permissions.network.whitelist,
+        updated.common.granted_permissions.network.whitelist,
         vec![SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
             scheme: "https".to_string(),
             host: "required.example.com".to_string(),
         }]
     );
 
-    let reloaded = read_installed_app_by_id(dir.path(), &app.id).unwrap();
+    let reloaded = read_installed_app_by_id(dir.path(), &app.common.id).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(
-        reloaded.granted_permissions.network.whitelist,
+        reloaded.common.granted_permissions.network.whitelist,
         vec![SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
             scheme: "https".to_string(),
             host: "required.example.com".to_string(),
@@ -104,12 +104,12 @@ fn update_app_permissions_internal_persists_required_network_entries() {
 fn update_app_permissions_internal_rejects_unrequested_capability() {
     let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
     let app = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-1");
-    let install_dir = app_install_dir(dir.path(), &app.id);
-    write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &install_dir).unwrap();
+    let app_path = app_dir(dir.path(), &app.common.id);
+    write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app_path).unwrap();
 
     let err = update_app_permissions_internal(
         dir.path(),
-        &app.id,
+        &app.common.id,
         SageGrantedPermissions {
             capabilities: vec!["wallet.send_xch_auto_submit".to_string()],
             network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions { whitelist: vec![] },
@@ -127,19 +127,19 @@ fn update_app_permissions_internal_rejects_unrequested_capability() {
 fn update_app_permissions_internal_can_clear_storage_taint_without_capabilities() {
     let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
     let mut app = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-1");
-    app.capability_flags = InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags {
+    app.common.capability_flags = SageAppCapabilityFlags {
         has_secret_access: false,
         has_external_access: false,
         storage_may_contain_secrets: true,
         isolated: true,
     };
 
-    let install_dir = app_install_dir(dir.path(), &app.id);
-    write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &install_dir).unwrap();
+    let app_path = app_dir(dir.path(), &app.common.id);
+    write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app_path).unwrap();
 
     let updated = update_app_permissions_internal(
         dir.path(),
-        &app.id,
+        &app.common.id,
         SageGrantedPermissions {
             capabilities: vec![],
             network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions { whitelist: vec![] },
@@ -148,19 +148,20 @@ fn update_app_permissions_internal_can_clear_storage_taint_without_capabilities(
     )
         .unwrap();
 
-    assert!(!updated.capability_flags.storage_may_contain_secrets);
-    assert!(!updated.capability_flags.isolated);
+    assert!(!updated.common.capability_flags.storage_may_contain_secrets);
+    assert!(!updated.common.capability_flags.isolated);
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn grant_requested_capability_internal_grants_optional_capability() {
     let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
     let app = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-1");
-    let install_dir = app_install_dir(dir.path(), &app.id);
-    write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &install_dir).unwrap();
+    let app_path = app_dir(dir.path(), &app.common.id);
+    write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app_path).unwrap();
 
     let outcome =
-        grant_requested_capability_internal(dir.path(), &app.id, "wallet.send_xch").unwrap();
+        grant_requested_capability_internal(dir.path(), &app.common.id, "wallet.send_xch")
+            .unwrap();
 
     match outcome {
         GrantCapabilityOutcome::Granted { capability, change } => {
@@ -174,9 +175,9 @@ fn grant_requested_capability_internal_grants_optional_capability() {
         }
     }
 
-    let reloaded = read_installed_app_by_id(dir.path(), &app.id).unwrap();
+    let reloaded = read_installed_app_by_id(dir.path(), &app.common.id).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(
-        reloaded.granted_permissions.capabilities,
+        reloaded.common.granted_permissions.capabilities,
         vec!["wallet.send_xch".to_string()]
     );
 }
@@ -185,13 +186,14 @@ fn grant_requested_capability_internal_grants_optional_capability() {
 fn grant_requested_capability_internal_returns_already_granted_when_present() {
     let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
     let mut app = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-1");
-    app.granted_permissions.capabilities = vec!["wallet.send_xch".to_string()];
+    app.common.granted_permissions.capabilities = vec!["wallet.send_xch".to_string()];
 
-    let install_dir = app_install_dir(dir.path(), &app.id);
-    write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &install_dir).unwrap();
+    let app_path = app_dir(dir.path(), &app.common.id);
+    write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app_path).unwrap();
 
     let outcome =
-        grant_requested_capability_internal(dir.path(), &app.id, "wallet.send_xch").unwrap();
+        grant_requested_capability_internal(dir.path(), &app.common.id, "wallet.send_xch")
+            .unwrap();
 
     match outcome {
         GrantCapabilityOutcome::AlreadyGranted {
@@ -211,12 +213,12 @@ fn grant_requested_capability_internal_returns_already_granted_when_present() {
 fn grant_requested_capability_internal_rejects_unrequested_capability() {
     let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
     let app = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-1");
-    let install_dir = app_install_dir(dir.path(), &app.id);
-    write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &install_dir).unwrap();
+    let app_path = app_dir(dir.path(), &app.common.id);
+    write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app_path).unwrap();
 
     let err = grant_requested_capability_internal(
         dir.path(),
-        &app.id,
+        &app.common.id,
         "wallet.send_xch_auto_submit",
     )
         .unwrap_err();
@@ -230,12 +232,12 @@ fn grant_requested_capability_internal_rejects_unrequested_capability() {
 fn grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal_grants_optional_entry() {
     let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
     let app = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-1");
-    let install_dir = app_install_dir(dir.path(), &app.id);
-    write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &install_dir).unwrap();
+    let app_path = app_dir(dir.path(), &app.common.id);
+    write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app_path).unwrap();
 
     let outcome = grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal(
         dir.path(),
-        &app.id,
+        &app.common.id,
         &SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
             scheme: "WSS".to_string(),
             host: "OPTIONAL.EXAMPLE.COM".to_string(),
@@ -285,9 +287,9 @@ fn grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal_grants_optional_entry() {
         }
     }
 
-    let reloaded = read_installed_app_by_id(dir.path(), &app.id).unwrap();
+    let reloaded = read_installed_app_by_id(dir.path(), &app.common.id).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(
-        reloaded.granted_permissions.network.whitelist,
+        reloaded.common.granted_permissions.network.whitelist,
         vec![
             SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
                 scheme: "https".to_string(),
@@ -305,17 +307,17 @@ fn grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal_grants_optional_entry() {
 fn grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal_returns_already_granted_when_present() {
     let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
     let mut app = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-1");
-    app.granted_permissions.network.whitelist = vec![SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
+    app.common.granted_permissions.network.whitelist = vec![SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
         scheme: "https".to_string(),
         host: "required.example.com".to_string(),
     }];
 
-    let install_dir = app_install_dir(dir.path(), &app.id);
-    write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &install_dir).unwrap();
+    let app_path = app_dir(dir.path(), &app.common.id);
+    write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app_path).unwrap();
 
     let outcome = grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal(
         dir.path(),
-        &app.id,
+        &app.common.id,
         &SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
             scheme: "https".to_string(),
             host: "required.example.com".to_string(),
@@ -353,12 +355,12 @@ fn grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal_returns_already_granted_when
 fn grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal_rejects_unrequested_entry() {
     let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
     let app = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-1");
-    let install_dir = app_install_dir(dir.path(), &app.id);
-    write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &install_dir).unwrap();
+    let app_path = app_dir(dir.path(), &app.common.id);
+    write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app_path).unwrap();
 
     let err = grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal(
         dir.path(),
-        &app.id,
+        &app.common.id,
         &SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
             scheme: "https".to_string(),
             host: "evil.example.com".to_string(),
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index 2e85939c5..ef0d49a16 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -395,10 +395,10 @@ async previewAppZip(zipPath: string) : Promise<SageAppPackageManifest> {
 async previewAppUrl(appUrl: string) : Promise<SageAppUrlPreview> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("preview_app_url", { appUrl });
 },
-async installAppZip(zipPath: string, grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions) : Promise<InstalledSageApp> {
+async installAppZip(zipPath: string, grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions) : Promise<UserSageApp> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("install_app_zip", { zipPath, grantedPermissions });
 },
-async installAppUrl(appUrl: string, grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions) : Promise<InstalledSageApp> {
+async installAppUrl(appUrl: string, grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions) : Promise<UserSageApp> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("install_app_url", { appUrl, grantedPermissions });
 },
 async uninstallApp(appId: string) : Promise<null> {
@@ -407,10 +407,10 @@ async uninstallApp(appId: string) : Promise<null> {
 async checkAppUpdate(appId: string) : Promise<SageAppUrlPreview | null> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("check_app_update", { appId });
 },
-async downloadAppUpdate(appId: string) : Promise<InstalledSageApp> {
+async downloadAppUpdate(appId: string) : Promise<UserSageApp> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("download_app_update", { appId });
 },
-async applyAppUpdate(appId: string, grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions) : Promise<InstalledSageApp> {
+async applyAppUpdate(appId: string, grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions) : Promise<UserSageApp> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("apply_app_update", { appId, grantedPermissions });
 },
 async appsUpdatePermissions(appId: string, grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions, clearStorageTaint: boolean) : Promise<null> {
@@ -419,7 +419,7 @@ async appsUpdatePermissions(appId: string, grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermis
 async appsMarkStorageMayContainSecrets(appId: string) : Promise<null> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_mark_storage_may_contain_secrets", { appId });
 },
-async getBuiltinTestApp(appId: string) : Promise<InstalledSageApp | null> {
+async getBuiltinTestApp(appId: string) : Promise<SageApp | null> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("get_builtin_test_app", { appId });
 },
 async appsGetCapabilityRegistry() : Promise<SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView[]> {
@@ -789,7 +789,7 @@ export type CombineOffersResponse = {
  * Combined offer string
  */
 offer: string }
-export type CorruptedInstalledSageApp = { id: string; installDir: string; error: string }
+export type CorruptedInstalledSageApp = { id: string; appDir: string; error: string }
 /**
  * Create a new DID
  */
@@ -1765,12 +1765,7 @@ index: number }
  */
 export type IncreaseDerivationIndexResponse = Record<string, never>
 export type InheritedNetwork = "mainnet" | "testnet11"
-export type InstalledSageApp = { id: string; originId: string; name: string; version: string; installDir: string; entryFile: string; iconFile: string; requestedPermissions: SageRequestedPermissions; grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions; capabilityFlags: InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags; storage: InstalledSageAppStorage; source: InstalledSageAppSource; activeSnapshot: InstalledSageAppSnapshot; pendingUpdate: InstalledSageAppPendingUpdate | null }
-export type InstalledSageAppCapabilityFlags = { hasSecretAccess: boolean; hasExternalAccess: boolean; storageMayContainSecrets: boolean; isolated: boolean }
-export type InstalledSageAppPendingUpdate = { appUrl: string; manifestUrl: string; manifestHash: string; manifest: SageAppPackageManifest }
-export type InstalledSageAppSnapshot = { manifestHash: string; snapshotDir: string; totalBytes: number; manifest: SageAppPackageManifest }
-export type InstalledSageAppSource = { kind: "zip" } | { kind: "url"; appUrl: string; manifestUrl: string }
-export type InstalledSageAppStorage = { kind: "appleDataStore"; identifierHex: string } | { kind: "windowsProfile"; directoryName: string } | { kind: "unmanaged" }
+export type InstalledSageAppStorage = { kind: "appleDataStore"; identifier_hex: string } | { kind: "windowsProfile"; directory_name: string } | { kind: "unmanaged" }
 /**
  * Check if an asset is owned
  */
@@ -1829,7 +1824,7 @@ innerPuzzleHash: string | null;
  * Amount
  */
 amount: number | null }
-export type ListedSageApp = ({ kind: "installed" } & InstalledSageApp) | ({ kind: "corrupted" } & CorruptedInstalledSageApp)
+export type ListedSageApp = ({ kind: "installed" } & SageApp) | ({ kind: "corrupted" } & CorruptedInstalledSageApp)
 export type LogFile = { name: string; text: string }
 /**
  * Login to a wallet using a fingerprint
@@ -2240,13 +2235,16 @@ export type RustBridgeInvokeResult = { kind: "immediate"; response: RustBridgeRe
 export type RustBridgeRequest = { channel: string; bridgeVersion: string | null; id: string; method: string; paramsJson: string | null }
 export type RustBridgeResponse = RustBridgeSuccessResponse | RustBridgeErrorResponse
 export type RustBridgeSuccessResponse = { channel: string; bridgeVersion: string; id: string; ok: boolean; resultJson: string }
+export type SageApp = ({ kind: "system" } & SystemSageApp) | ({ kind: "user" } & UserSageApp)
 export type SageAppAuthor = { name: string; avatar: string | null }
 export type SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView = { key: string; label: string; description: string; flags: SageAppCapabilityFlagsView; requestableByApp: boolean; sharedWithApp: boolean }
+export type SageAppCapabilityFlags = { hasSecretAccess: boolean; hasExternalAccess: boolean; storageMayContainSecrets: boolean; isolated: boolean }
 export type SageAppCapabilityFlagsView = { externallyObservable: boolean; accessesSensitiveSecret: boolean; persistentStorage: boolean }
 export type SageAppDonation = { address: string }
 export type SageAppManifestFile = { path: string; sha256: string; size: number }
 export type SageAppPackageManifest = { name: string; version: string; permissions: SageRequestedPermissions; files: SageAppManifestFile[]; entry: string | null; icon: string | null; author: SageAppAuthor | null; donation: SageAppDonation | null }
 export type SageAppRuntimeRecord = { runtimeId: string; appId: string; appName: string; entrySrc: string; webviewLabel: string; hostWindowLabel: string; mode: string; state: string; startedAt: number; lastActiveAt: number; visible: boolean; internal: boolean; activeBatchCount: number; activeSocketCount: number; inFlightRequestCount: number }
+export type SageAppSnapshot = { manifestHash: string; snapshotDir: string; totalBytes: number; manifest: SageAppPackageManifest }
 export type SageAppUrlPreview = { appUrl: string; manifestUrl: string; manifestHash: string; manifest: SageAppPackageManifest }
 export type SageAppsError = { kind: ErrorKind; reason: string }
 export type SageGrantedNetworkPermissions = { whitelist: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[] }
@@ -2603,6 +2601,8 @@ spend_bundle: SpendBundleJson }
  */
 export type SubmitTransactionResponse = Record<string, never>
 export type SyncEvent = { type: "start"; ip: string } | { type: "stop" } | { type: "subscribed" } | { type: "derivation" } | { type: "coin_state" } | { type: "transaction_failed"; transaction_id: string; error: string | null } | { type: "puzzle_batch_synced" } | { type: "cat_info" } | { type: "did_info" } | { type: "nft_data" }
+export type SystemAppPresentation = "Taskbar" | "Modal"
+export type SystemSageApp = ({ id: string; originId: string; name: string; version: string; appDir: string; entryFile: string; iconFile: string; requestedPermissions: SageRequestedPermissions; grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions; capabilityFlags: SageAppCapabilityFlags; storage: InstalledSageAppStorage; activeSnapshot: SageAppSnapshot }) & { presentation: SystemAppPresentation }
 /**
  * Accept an offer
  */
@@ -2819,6 +2819,9 @@ visible: boolean }
  * Response after updating an option
  */
 export type UpdateOptionResponse = Record<string, never>
+export type UserSageApp = ({ id: string; originId: string; name: string; version: string; appDir: string; entryFile: string; iconFile: string; requestedPermissions: SageRequestedPermissions; grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions; capabilityFlags: SageAppCapabilityFlags; storage: InstalledSageAppStorage; activeSnapshot: SageAppSnapshot }) & { source: UserSageAppSource; pendingUpdate: UserSageAppPendingUpdate | null }
+export type UserSageAppPendingUpdate = { appUrl: string; manifestUrl: string; manifestHash: string; manifest: SageAppPackageManifest }
+export type UserSageAppSource = { kind: "zip" } | { kind: "url"; app_url: string; manifest_url: string }
 /**
  * View coin spends without signing
  */

From 755144353fb41dda444f51bd7c732fefab7e459e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Wed, 22 Apr 2026 22:10:03 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 143/471] Refactor app types and lifecycle to replace
 `InstalledSageApp` with `UserSageApp` and adopt `SageAppCommon` structure:

- Replaced all instances of `InstalledSageApp` with the more specific `UserSageApp`.
- Refactored app update workflows, dialogs, and permission handling to align with the `SageApp` enum.
- Improved type handling for sandbox evaluations and metadata serialization.
- Consolidated app fields under `common` for uniform access.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs     |  10 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry.rs    |  12 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/models.rs          |   5 +-
 crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_registry.rs       |  11 +-
 src/bindings.ts                               |   7 +-
 src/components/apps/AppApprovalBanner.tsx     |   4 +-
 src/components/apps/AppTile.tsx               |  10 +-
 src/components/apps/AppUpdateDialog.tsx       |  56 +--
 src/components/apps/CorruptedAppCard.tsx      |   2 +-
 .../apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx        |  63 ++--
 .../apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx    |  46 ++-
 src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx                  |  24 +-
 src/hooks/useAppEmbeddedRuntime.ts            |  24 +-
 src/hooks/useApps.ts                          | 355 ------------------
 src/lib/apps/bridge/types.ts                  |  54 +--
 src/lib/apps/registry.ts                      |  10 +-
 src/lib/apps/restartAppRuntime.ts             |  10 +-
 src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts               |  56 +--
 src/lib/apps/sandbox.ts                       |  16 +-
 src/lib/apps/sandboxPolicy.ts                 |  11 +-
 src/lib/apps/types.ts                         |  13 +
 src/lib/apps/updatePermissionsDelta.ts        |  12 +-
 src/pages/AppHost.tsx                         |   3 +-
 src/pages/Apps.tsx                            | 159 ++++----
 src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx                   |  70 ++--
 25 files changed, 369 insertions(+), 674 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 src/hooks/useApps.ts
 create mode 100644 src/lib/apps/types.ts

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs
index 901cc8a41..c505a03d9 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ use crate::permissions::{
 };
 use crate::runtime::apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data;
 use crate::types::{
-    InstalledSageAppStorage, ListedSageApp, SageApp, SageAppCommon,
+    InstalledSageAppStorage, ListedSageApp, SageAppCommon,
     SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppUrlPreview,
     UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource, SageGrantedPermissions,
     SageNetworkPermissionTarget, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
@@ -132,11 +132,9 @@ fn find_existing_installed_app_by_name(
     Ok(list_installed_apps_internal(root)?
         .into_iter()
         .find_map(|app| match app {
-            ListedSageApp::Installed(SageApp::User(installed))
-            if installed.common.name == app_name =>
-                {
-                    Some(installed)
-                }
+            ListedSageApp::User(installed) if installed.common.name == app_name => {
+                Some(installed)
+            }
             _ => None,
         }))
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry.rs
index 937b46c83..9b795b8a6 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 
 use crate::types::{
     CorruptedInstalledSageApp, ListedSageApp, PendingStorageCleanupEntry,
-    RetiredAppOriginEntry, SageApp, SageAppAuthor, SageAppCommon, SageAppDonation,
+    RetiredAppOriginEntry, SageAppAuthor, SageAppCommon, SageAppDonation,
     SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot,
     SageAppCapabilityFlags, SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
     SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
@@ -417,7 +417,7 @@ pub fn list_installed_apps_internal(root: &Path) -> AnyResult<Vec<ListedSageApp>
         }
 
         match read_installed_app_from_dir(&path) {
-            Ok(app) => apps.push(ListedSageApp::Installed(SageApp::User(app))),
+            Ok(app) => apps.push(ListedSageApp::User(app)),
             Err(err) => apps.push(ListedSageApp::Corrupted(CorruptedInstalledSageApp {
                 id,
                 app_dir: path.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
@@ -428,12 +428,14 @@ pub fn list_installed_apps_internal(root: &Path) -> AnyResult<Vec<ListedSageApp>
 
     apps.sort_by(|a, b| {
         let a_key = match a {
-            ListedSageApp::Installed(app) => app.name().to_lowercase(),
+            ListedSageApp::User(app) => app.common.name.to_lowercase(),
+            ListedSageApp::System(app) => app.common.name.to_lowercase(),
             ListedSageApp::Corrupted(app) => app.id.to_lowercase(),
         };
 
         let b_key = match b {
-            ListedSageApp::Installed(app) => app.name().to_lowercase(),
+            ListedSageApp::User(app) => app.common.name.to_lowercase(),
+            ListedSageApp::System(app) => app.common.name.to_lowercase(),
             ListedSageApp::Corrupted(app) => app.id.to_lowercase(),
         };
 
@@ -520,7 +522,7 @@ pub fn read_installed_app_by_origin_id(
     let root = apps_root(base_path);
 
     for entry in list_installed_apps_internal(&root)? {
-        if let ListedSageApp::Installed(SageApp::User(app)) = entry {
+        if let ListedSageApp::User(app) = entry {
             if app.common.origin_id == origin_id {
                 return Ok(app);
             }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/models.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/models.rs
index a352b4f71..0a93e9451 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/models.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/models.rs
@@ -210,7 +210,6 @@ pub enum SystemAppPresentation {
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct UserSageApp {
-    #[serde(flatten)]
     pub common: SageAppCommon,
     pub source: UserSageAppSource,
     pub pending_update: Option<UserSageAppPendingUpdate>,
@@ -219,7 +218,6 @@ pub struct UserSageApp {
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct SystemSageApp {
-    #[serde(flatten)]
     pub common: SageAppCommon,
     pub presentation: SystemAppPresentation,
 }
@@ -362,7 +360,8 @@ pub struct CorruptedInstalledSageApp {
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
 #[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub enum ListedSageApp {
-    Installed(SageApp),
+    User(UserSageApp),
+    System(SystemSageApp),
     Corrupted(CorruptedInstalledSageApp),
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_registry.rs b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_registry.rs
index 930ffd45c..d5e404175 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_registry.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_registry.rs
@@ -73,7 +73,9 @@ fn corrupted_metadata_is_reported_as_corrupted_listing() {
             assert_eq!(app.id, "broken-app");
             assert!(!app.error.is_empty());
         }
-        ListedSageApp::Installed(_) => panic!("expected corrupted app listing"),
+        ListedSageApp::User(_) | ListedSageApp::System(_) => {
+            panic!("expected corrupted app listing")
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -173,7 +175,9 @@ fn corrupted_persisted_network_entry_is_reported_as_corrupted_listing() {
                 app.error
             );
         }
-        ListedSageApp::Installed(_) => panic!("expected corrupted app listing"),
+        ListedSageApp::User(_) | ListedSageApp::System(_) => {
+            panic!("expected corrupted app listing")
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -195,7 +199,8 @@ fn installed_apps_are_sorted_by_name() {
     let names: Vec<_> = listed
         .into_iter()
         .map(|entry| match entry {
-            ListedSageApp::Installed(app) => app.name().to_string(),
+            ListedSageApp::User(app) => app.common.name.to_string(),
+            ListedSageApp::System(app) => app.common.name.to_string(),
             ListedSageApp::Corrupted(app) => app.id,
         })
         .collect();
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index ef0d49a16..3006968ce 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -1824,7 +1824,7 @@ innerPuzzleHash: string | null;
  * Amount
  */
 amount: number | null }
-export type ListedSageApp = ({ kind: "installed" } & SageApp) | ({ kind: "corrupted" } & CorruptedInstalledSageApp)
+export type ListedSageApp = ({ kind: "user" } & UserSageApp) | ({ kind: "system" } & SystemSageApp) | ({ kind: "corrupted" } & CorruptedInstalledSageApp)
 export type LogFile = { name: string; text: string }
 /**
  * Login to a wallet using a fingerprint
@@ -2240,6 +2240,7 @@ export type SageAppAuthor = { name: string; avatar: string | null }
 export type SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView = { key: string; label: string; description: string; flags: SageAppCapabilityFlagsView; requestableByApp: boolean; sharedWithApp: boolean }
 export type SageAppCapabilityFlags = { hasSecretAccess: boolean; hasExternalAccess: boolean; storageMayContainSecrets: boolean; isolated: boolean }
 export type SageAppCapabilityFlagsView = { externallyObservable: boolean; accessesSensitiveSecret: boolean; persistentStorage: boolean }
+export type SageAppCommon = { id: string; originId: string; name: string; version: string; appDir: string; entryFile: string; iconFile: string; requestedPermissions: SageRequestedPermissions; grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions; capabilityFlags: SageAppCapabilityFlags; storage: InstalledSageAppStorage; activeSnapshot: SageAppSnapshot }
 export type SageAppDonation = { address: string }
 export type SageAppManifestFile = { path: string; sha256: string; size: number }
 export type SageAppPackageManifest = { name: string; version: string; permissions: SageRequestedPermissions; files: SageAppManifestFile[]; entry: string | null; icon: string | null; author: SageAppAuthor | null; donation: SageAppDonation | null }
@@ -2602,7 +2603,7 @@ spend_bundle: SpendBundleJson }
 export type SubmitTransactionResponse = Record<string, never>
 export type SyncEvent = { type: "start"; ip: string } | { type: "stop" } | { type: "subscribed" } | { type: "derivation" } | { type: "coin_state" } | { type: "transaction_failed"; transaction_id: string; error: string | null } | { type: "puzzle_batch_synced" } | { type: "cat_info" } | { type: "did_info" } | { type: "nft_data" }
 export type SystemAppPresentation = "Taskbar" | "Modal"
-export type SystemSageApp = ({ id: string; originId: string; name: string; version: string; appDir: string; entryFile: string; iconFile: string; requestedPermissions: SageRequestedPermissions; grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions; capabilityFlags: SageAppCapabilityFlags; storage: InstalledSageAppStorage; activeSnapshot: SageAppSnapshot }) & { presentation: SystemAppPresentation }
+export type SystemSageApp = { common: SageAppCommon; presentation: SystemAppPresentation }
 /**
  * Accept an offer
  */
@@ -2819,7 +2820,7 @@ visible: boolean }
  * Response after updating an option
  */
 export type UpdateOptionResponse = Record<string, never>
-export type UserSageApp = ({ id: string; originId: string; name: string; version: string; appDir: string; entryFile: string; iconFile: string; requestedPermissions: SageRequestedPermissions; grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions; capabilityFlags: SageAppCapabilityFlags; storage: InstalledSageAppStorage; activeSnapshot: SageAppSnapshot }) & { source: UserSageAppSource; pendingUpdate: UserSageAppPendingUpdate | null }
+export type UserSageApp = { common: SageAppCommon; source: UserSageAppSource; pendingUpdate: UserSageAppPendingUpdate | null }
 export type UserSageAppPendingUpdate = { appUrl: string; manifestUrl: string; manifestHash: string; manifest: SageAppPackageManifest }
 export type UserSageAppSource = { kind: "zip" } | { kind: "url"; app_url: string; manifest_url: string }
 /**
diff --git a/src/components/apps/AppApprovalBanner.tsx b/src/components/apps/AppApprovalBanner.tsx
index e0efcc6d7..854f98902 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/AppApprovalBanner.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/AppApprovalBanner.tsx
@@ -58,8 +58,8 @@ export function AppApprovalBanner({
       <AlertTitle>Approval required</AlertTitle>
       <AlertDescription className='space-y-3'>
         <div className='text-sm'>
-          App <strong>{currentApproval.request.app.name}</strong> wants to
-          perform{' '}
+          App <strong>{currentApproval.request.app.common.name}</strong> wants
+          to perform{' '}
           <span className='font-mono'>{currentApproval.request.kind}</span>.
         </div>
 
diff --git a/src/components/apps/AppTile.tsx b/src/components/apps/AppTile.tsx
index f74a5ce89..df8ec0910 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/AppTile.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/AppTile.tsx
@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
-import type { InstalledSageApp, SandboxStateView } from '@/bindings';
+import type { SageApp, SandboxStateView } from '@/bindings';
 import { getSandboxLaunchDecision } from '@/lib/apps/sandboxPolicy';
 
 interface Props {
-  app: InstalledSageApp;
+  app: SageApp;
   sandboxState: SandboxStateView | null;
   onOpen: () => void;
   onContextMenu: (event: React.MouseEvent<HTMLButtonElement>) => void;
 }
 
 export function AppTile({ app, sandboxState, onOpen, onContextMenu }: Props) {
-  const iconSrc = `sage-app://${app.originId}/${app.iconFile}`;
+  const iconSrc = `sage-app://${app.common.originId}/${app.common.iconFile}`;
   const decision = getSandboxLaunchDecision({
     app,
     sandboxState,
@@ -53,10 +53,10 @@ export function AppTile({ app, sandboxState, onOpen, onContextMenu }: Props) {
       </div>
 
       <div className='min-w-0 w-full'>
-        <div className='truncate text-sm font-medium'>{app.name}</div>
+        <div className='truncate text-sm font-medium'>{app.common.name}</div>
 
         <div className='truncate text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
-          v{app.version}
+          v{app.common.version}
         </div>
 
         {!decision.allowed && !isChecking ? (
diff --git a/src/components/apps/AppUpdateDialog.tsx b/src/components/apps/AppUpdateDialog.tsx
index 91c8409da..ccb710b8e 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/AppUpdateDialog.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/AppUpdateDialog.tsx
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 import { useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react';
 import type {
-  InstalledSageApp,
   SageAppPackageManifest,
   SageAppUrlPreview,
   SageGrantedPermissions,
   SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
+  UserSageApp,
 } from '@/bindings';
 import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
 import {
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ import {
 
 interface Props {
   open: boolean;
-  app: InstalledSageApp | null;
+  app: UserSageApp | null;
   preview: SageAppUrlPreview | null;
   submitting: boolean;
   error: string | null;
@@ -66,30 +66,33 @@ function buildReviewManifest(
 }
 
 function buildReviewApp(
-  app: InstalledSageApp,
+  app: UserSageApp,
   preview: SageAppUrlPreview,
   delta: AppUpdatePermissionsDelta,
   grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
-): InstalledSageApp {
+): UserSageApp {
   const reviewManifest = buildReviewManifest(preview, delta);
 
   return {
     ...app,
-    version: preview.manifest.version,
-    requestedPermissions: reviewManifest.permissions,
-    grantedPermissions,
-    activeSnapshot: {
-      ...app.activeSnapshot,
-      manifest: reviewManifest,
+    common: {
+      ...app.common,
+      version: preview.manifest.version,
+      requestedPermissions: reviewManifest.permissions,
+      grantedPermissions,
+      activeSnapshot: {
+        ...app.common.activeSnapshot,
+        manifest: reviewManifest,
+      },
     },
   };
 }
 
 function buildRemovedPermissionsApp(
-  app: InstalledSageApp,
+  app: UserSageApp,
   preview: SageAppUrlPreview,
   delta: AppUpdatePermissionsDelta,
-): InstalledSageApp | null {
+): UserSageApp | null {
   const hasRemoved =
     delta.removedGrantedCapabilities.length > 0 ||
     delta.removedGrantedNetwork.length > 0;
@@ -116,17 +119,20 @@ function buildRemovedPermissionsApp(
 
   return {
     ...app,
-    version: preview.manifest.version,
-    requestedPermissions: manifest.permissions,
-    grantedPermissions: {
-      capabilities: delta.removedGrantedCapabilities,
-      network: {
-        whitelist: delta.removedGrantedNetwork,
+    common: {
+      ...app.common,
+      version: preview.manifest.version,
+      requestedPermissions: manifest.permissions,
+      grantedPermissions: {
+        capabilities: delta.removedGrantedCapabilities,
+        network: {
+          whitelist: delta.removedGrantedNetwork,
+        },
+      },
+      activeSnapshot: {
+        ...app.common.activeSnapshot,
+        manifest,
       },
-    },
-    activeSnapshot: {
-      ...app.activeSnapshot,
-      manifest,
     },
   };
 }
@@ -270,9 +276,9 @@ export function AppUpdateDialog({
 
         <div className='space-y-5'>
           <div className='space-y-1 text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
-            <div>{app.name}</div>
+            <div>{app.common.name}</div>
             <div>
-              v{app.version} → v{preview.manifest.version}
+              v{app.common.version} → v{preview.manifest.version}
             </div>
           </div>
 
@@ -330,7 +336,7 @@ export function AppUpdateDialog({
                   <PermissionsEditor
                     app={removedPermissionsApp}
                     grantedPermissions={
-                      removedPermissionsApp.grantedPermissions
+                      removedPermissionsApp.common.grantedPermissions
                     }
                     editable={false}
                   />
diff --git a/src/components/apps/CorruptedAppCard.tsx b/src/components/apps/CorruptedAppCard.tsx
index 27032d650..0bd34467c 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/CorruptedAppCard.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/CorruptedAppCard.tsx
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ export function CorruptedAppCard({ app, onRemove }: Props) {
           </CardTitle>
 
           <div className='text-xs text-muted-foreground break-all'>
-            Install dir: {app.installDir}
+            App dir: {app.appDir}
           </div>
         </div>
 
diff --git a/src/components/apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx b/src/components/apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx
index cd5df764c..bc404cfc8 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 import type {
-  InstalledSageApp,
   SageAppPackageManifest,
   SageAppUrlPreview,
   SageGrantedPermissions,
+  UserSageApp,
 } from '@/bindings';
 import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
 import {
@@ -40,42 +40,44 @@ interface Props {
 function buildPreviewApp(
   manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
   grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
-): InstalledSageApp {
+): UserSageApp {
   return {
-    id: '__install_preview__',
-    originId: '__install_preview__',
-    name: manifest.name,
-    version: manifest.version,
-    installDir: '',
-    entryFile: manifest.entry ?? 'index.html',
-    iconFile: manifest.icon ?? 'icon.png',
-    requestedPermissions: manifest.permissions ?? {
-      network: {
-        whitelist: {
+    common: {
+      id: '__install_preview__',
+      originId: '__install_preview__',
+      name: manifest.name,
+      version: manifest.version,
+      appDir: '',
+      entryFile: manifest.entry ?? 'index.html',
+      iconFile: manifest.icon ?? 'icon.png',
+      requestedPermissions: manifest.permissions ?? {
+        network: {
+          whitelist: {
+            required: [],
+            optional: [],
+          },
+        },
+        capabilities: {
           required: [],
           optional: [],
         },
       },
-      capabilities: {
-        required: [],
-        optional: [],
+      grantedPermissions,
+      capabilityFlags: {
+        hasSecretAccess: false,
+        hasExternalAccess: false,
+        storageMayContainSecrets: false,
+        isolated: false,
+      },
+      storage: { kind: 'unmanaged' },
+      activeSnapshot: {
+        manifestHash: '__install_preview__',
+        snapshotDir: '',
+        totalBytes: 0,
+        manifest,
       },
     },
-    grantedPermissions,
-    capabilityFlags: {
-      hasSecretAccess: false,
-      hasExternalAccess: false,
-      storageMayContainSecrets: false,
-      isolated: false,
-    },
-    storage: { kind: 'unmanaged' },
     source: { kind: 'zip' },
-    activeSnapshot: {
-      manifestHash: '__install_preview__',
-      snapshotDir: '',
-      totalBytes: 0,
-      manifest,
-    },
     pendingUpdate: null,
   };
 }
@@ -132,7 +134,7 @@ function resolveInstallIconUrl(
     try {
       return new URL(existing, base).toString();
     } catch {
-      // try next base
+      //
     }
   }
 
@@ -276,4 +278,3 @@ export function InstallPermissionsDialog({
     </Dialog>
   );
 }
-
diff --git a/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx b/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx
index eaa07eda5..d64ad58c9 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx
@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
 import { useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react';
 import type {
-  InstalledSageApp,
+  SageApp,
   SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView,
   SageGrantedPermissions,
   SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
+  SystemSageApp,
+  UserSageApp,
 } from '@/bindings';
 import { commands } from '@/bindings';
 import { Checkbox } from '@/components/ui/checkbox';
@@ -26,7 +28,7 @@ import {
 } from 'lucide-react';
 
 interface Props {
-  app: InstalledSageApp;
+  app: SageApp | UserSageApp | SystemSageApp;
   grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions;
   onGrantedPermissionsChange?: (next: SageGrantedPermissions) => void;
   editable?: boolean;
@@ -550,7 +552,11 @@ export function PermissionsEditor({
   onGrantedPermissionsChange,
   editable = true,
 }: Props) {
-  const manifest = app.pendingUpdate?.manifest ?? app.activeSnapshot.manifest;
+  const manifest =
+    'pendingUpdate' in app && app.pendingUpdate
+      ? app.pendingUpdate.manifest
+      : app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest;
+
   const [showOptional, setShowOptional] = useState(false);
   const [capabilityRegistry, setCapabilityRegistry] = useState<
     Record<string, SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView>
@@ -653,7 +659,7 @@ export function PermissionsEditor({
     }
 
     if (entry.kind === 'capability') {
-      const requiredSet = new Set(requestedRequiredCapabilities);
+      const requiredSet = new Set<string>(requestedRequiredCapabilities);
       const nextSet = new Set(grantedCapabilities);
 
       if (nextGranted) {
@@ -674,25 +680,29 @@ export function PermissionsEditor({
       return;
     }
 
-    const requiredKeys = new Set(
-      requestedRequiredNetwork.map((item) => networkKey(item)),
+    const requiredKeys = new Set<string>(
+      requestedRequiredNetwork.map((item: SageNetworkPermissionTarget) =>
+        networkKey(item),
+      ),
     );
 
-    const nextOptional = requestedOptionalNetwork.filter((item) => {
-      const key = networkKey(item);
+    const nextOptional = requestedOptionalNetwork.filter(
+      (item: SageNetworkPermissionTarget) => {
+        const key = networkKey(item);
 
-      if (requiredKeys.has(key)) {
-        return false;
-      }
+        if (requiredKeys.has(key)) {
+          return false;
+        }
 
-      if (key !== entry.key) {
-        return grantedNetworkWhitelist.some(
-          (grantedEntry) => networkKey(grantedEntry) === key,
-        );
-      }
+        if (key !== entry.key) {
+          return grantedNetworkWhitelist.some(
+            (grantedEntry) => networkKey(grantedEntry) === key,
+          );
+        }
 
-      return nextGranted;
-    });
+        return nextGranted;
+      },
+    );
 
     emitGrantedPermissions({
       ...grantedPermissions,
diff --git a/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx b/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
index d1e206ee1..934bfd0a5 100644
--- a/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
+++ b/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
@@ -10,11 +10,11 @@ import {
 import { listen, type UnlistenFn } from '@tauri-apps/api/event';
 import {
   commands,
-  type InstalledSageApp,
   type ListedSageApp,
   type SageAppUrlPreview,
   type SageGrantedPermissions,
   type SandboxStateView,
+  type UserSageApp,
 } from '@/bindings';
 import { useAppPendingApprovals } from '@/hooks/useAppPendingApprovals';
 import { useBridgeHost } from '@/hooks/useBridgeHost';
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ interface AppsContextValue {
   approveCurrentApproval: () => void;
   rejectCurrentApproval: () => void;
 
-  getApp: (appId: string) => InstalledSageApp | undefined;
+  getApp: (appId: string) => UserSageApp | undefined;
   refresh: () => Promise<void>;
   refreshInstalledApps: () => Promise<void>;
   setBusy: (appId: string, busy: boolean) => void;
@@ -55,18 +55,18 @@ interface AppsContextValue {
   installApp: (
     zipPath: string,
     grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
-  ) => Promise<InstalledSageApp>;
+  ) => Promise<UserSageApp>;
   installUrlApp: (
     appUrl: string,
     grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
-  ) => Promise<InstalledSageApp>;
+  ) => Promise<UserSageApp>;
   uninstallApp: (appId: string) => Promise<void>;
   checkForUpdate: (appId: string) => Promise<SageAppUrlPreview | null>;
   performAppUpdate: (
     appId: string,
     grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
     options?: PerformAppUpdateOptions,
-  ) => Promise<InstalledSageApp>;
+  ) => Promise<UserSageApp>;
   clearAppStorage: (appId: string) => Promise<void>;
   rerunSandboxTests: () => Promise<SandboxStateView>;
 }
@@ -206,11 +206,17 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
 
   const refresh = refreshInstalledApps;
 
+  function isUserListedApp(
+    entry: ListedSageApp,
+  ): entry is { kind: 'user' } & UserSageApp {
+    return entry.kind === 'user';
+  }
+
   const getApp = useCallback(
-    (appId: string) => {
+    (appId: string): UserSageApp | undefined => {
       return apps.find(
-        (item): item is Extract<ListedSageApp, { kind: 'installed' }> =>
-          item.kind === 'installed' && item.id === appId,
+        (item): item is { kind: 'user' } & UserSageApp =>
+          isUserListedApp(item) && item.common.id === appId,
       );
     },
     [apps],
@@ -318,7 +324,7 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
               visible: options.visibleAfterRestart ?? true,
             });
           } catch {
-            // Ignore restart failures here; callers still get updated metadata.
+            //
           }
         }
 
diff --git a/src/hooks/useAppEmbeddedRuntime.ts b/src/hooks/useAppEmbeddedRuntime.ts
index ff6140e80..aba0a5d98 100644
--- a/src/hooks/useAppEmbeddedRuntime.ts
+++ b/src/hooks/useAppEmbeddedRuntime.ts
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import {
   getRuntimeWebview,
   markRuntimeVisible,
 } from '@/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry';
-import type { InstalledSageApp } from '@/bindings';
+import type { SageApp } from '@/bindings';
 import { getCurrentWindow } from '@tauri-apps/api/window';
 
 async function getMacWindowedTopInsetPx(): Promise<number> {
@@ -17,14 +17,14 @@ async function getMacWindowedTopInsetPx(): Promise<number> {
 }
 
 interface Args {
-  app: InstalledSageApp | null | undefined;
+  app: SageApp | null | undefined;
   containerRef: React.RefObject<HTMLDivElement | null>;
 }
 
 export function useAppEmbeddedRuntime({ app, containerRef }: Args) {
   const syncBounds = useCallback(
-    async (installedAppId: string) => {
-      const webview = await getRuntimeWebview(installedAppId);
+    async (appId: string) => {
+      const webview = await getRuntimeWebview(appId);
       const container = containerRef.current;
 
       if (!webview || !container) {
@@ -47,9 +47,9 @@ export function useAppEmbeddedRuntime({ app, containerRef }: Args) {
   );
 
   const scheduleSyncBounds = useCallback(
-    (installedAppId: string) => {
+    (appId: string) => {
       requestAnimationFrame(() => {
-        void syncBounds(installedAppId).catch((err) => {
+        void syncBounds(appId).catch((err) => {
           const message = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err);
 
           if (message.includes('webview not found')) {
@@ -84,21 +84,21 @@ export function useAppEmbeddedRuntime({ app, containerRef }: Args) {
 
     const mount = async () => {
       await ensureInlineRuntime(installedApp);
-      await markRuntimeVisible(installedApp.id, true);
+      await markRuntimeVisible(installedApp.common.id, true);
 
-      scheduleSyncBounds(installedApp.id);
+      scheduleSyncBounds(installedApp.common.id);
 
       delayedSyncTimers = [0, 50, 150, 300].map((delay) =>
         window.setTimeout(() => {
           if (!disposed) {
-            scheduleSyncBounds(installedApp.id);
+            scheduleSyncBounds(installedApp.common.id);
           }
         }, delay),
       );
 
       resizeObserver = new ResizeObserver(() => {
         if (!disposed) {
-          scheduleSyncBounds(installedApp.id);
+          scheduleSyncBounds(installedApp.common.id);
         }
       });
 
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ export function useAppEmbeddedRuntime({ app, containerRef }: Args) {
 
       const handleWindowResize = () => {
         if (!disposed) {
-          scheduleSyncBounds(installedApp.id);
+          scheduleSyncBounds(installedApp.common.id);
         }
       };
 
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ export function useAppEmbeddedRuntime({ app, containerRef }: Args) {
 
     return () => {
       disposed = true;
-      void markRuntimeVisible(installedApp.id, false);
+      void markRuntimeVisible(installedApp.common.id, false);
       resizeObserver?.disconnect();
       removeWindowResize?.();
       clearDelayedSyncTimers();
diff --git a/src/hooks/useApps.ts b/src/hooks/useApps.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 627af481a..000000000
--- a/src/hooks/useApps.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,355 +0,0 @@
-import { invoke } from '@tauri-apps/api/core';
-import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react';
-import {
-  InstalledSageApp,
-  ListedSageApp,
-  SageAppUrlPreview,
-  SageGrantedPermissions,
-  SandboxStateView,
-} from '@/bindings.ts';
-import { formatAppError } from '@/lib/apps/formatAppError.ts';
-
-type UpdateAvailabilityMap = Record<string, SageAppUrlPreview | null>;
-
-export function useAppsInternal() {
-  const [apps, setApps] = useState<ListedSageApp[]>([]);
-  const [loading, setLoading] = useState(true);
-  const [error, setError] = useState<string | null>(null);
-  const [updateAvailability, setUpdateAvailability] =
-    useState<UpdateAvailabilityMap>({});
-  const [busyAppIds, setBusyAppIds] = useState<Record<string, boolean>>({});
-  const [sandboxState, setSandboxState] = useState<SandboxStateView | null>(
-    null,
-  );
-
-  const setBusy = useCallback((appId: string, busy: boolean) => {
-    setBusyAppIds((prev) => {
-      if (busy) {
-        return { ...prev, [appId]: true };
-      }
-
-      return Object.fromEntries(
-        Object.entries(prev).filter(([key]) => key !== appId),
-      );
-    });
-  }, []);
-
-  const refresh = useCallback(async () => {
-    try {
-      setLoading(true);
-      setError(null);
-      const result = await invoke<ListedSageApp[]>('list_installed_apps');
-      setApps(result);
-    } catch (err) {
-      setError(err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err));
-    } finally {
-      setLoading(false);
-    }
-  }, []);
-
-  const refreshSandboxState = useCallback(async () => {
-    const next = await invoke<SandboxStateView>('apps_get_sandbox_state');
-    setSandboxState(next);
-  }, []);
-
-  const rerunSandboxTests = useCallback(async () => {
-    const next = await invoke<SandboxStateView>('apps_rerun_sandbox_tests');
-    setSandboxState(next);
-  }, []);
-
-  useEffect(() => {
-    void refresh();
-    void refreshSandboxState();
-  }, [refresh, refreshSandboxState]);
-
-  useEffect(() => {
-    let disposed = false;
-    let unlisten: (() => void) | null = null;
-
-    const mount = async () => {
-      const { getCurrentWindow } = await import('@tauri-apps/api/window');
-      const currentWindow = getCurrentWindow();
-
-      const nextUnlisten = await currentWindow.listen<SandboxStateView>(
-        'apps:sandbox-state-updated',
-        ({ payload }) => {
-          if (payload) {
-            setSandboxState(payload);
-          }
-        },
-      );
-
-      if (disposed) {
-        nextUnlisten();
-        return;
-      }
-
-      unlisten = nextUnlisten;
-    };
-
-    void mount();
-
-    return () => {
-      disposed = true;
-      unlisten?.();
-      unlisten = null;
-    };
-  }, []);
-
-  const installApp = useCallback(
-    async (zipPath: string, grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions) => {
-      await invoke<InstalledSageApp>('install_app_zip', {
-        zipPath,
-        grantedPermissions,
-      });
-      await refresh();
-    },
-    [refresh],
-  );
-
-  const installUrlApp = useCallback(
-    async (appUrl: string, grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions) => {
-      await invoke<InstalledSageApp>('install_app_url', {
-        appUrl,
-        grantedPermissions,
-      });
-      await refresh();
-    },
-    [refresh],
-  );
-
-  const uninstallApp = useCallback(
-    async (appId: string) => {
-      await invoke('uninstall_app', { appId });
-      setUpdateAvailability((prev) => {
-        return Object.fromEntries(
-          Object.entries(prev).filter(([key]) => key !== appId),
-        );
-      });
-      await refresh();
-    },
-    [refresh],
-  );
-
-  const getApp = useCallback(
-    (appId: string): InstalledSageApp | undefined => {
-      const app = apps.find((entry) => entry.id === appId);
-      return app?.kind === 'installed' ? app : undefined;
-    },
-    [apps],
-  );
-
-  const isInstalled = useCallback(
-    (appId: string): boolean => apps.some((app) => app.id === appId),
-    [apps],
-  );
-
-  const sortedApps = useMemo(() => {
-    return [...apps].sort((a, b) => {
-      const aKey =
-        a.kind === 'installed' ? a.name.toLowerCase() : a.id.toLowerCase();
-      const bKey =
-        b.kind === 'installed' ? b.name.toLowerCase() : b.id.toLowerCase();
-      return aKey.localeCompare(bKey);
-    });
-  }, [apps]);
-
-  const checkForUpdate = useCallback(
-    async (appId: string, forceRefresh = true) => {
-      try {
-        setBusy(appId, true);
-        const preview = await invoke<SageAppUrlPreview | null>(
-          'check_app_update',
-          { appId },
-        );
-
-        setUpdateAvailability((prev) => ({
-          ...prev,
-          [appId]: preview,
-        }));
-
-        if (forceRefresh) {
-          await refresh();
-        }
-
-        return preview;
-      } finally {
-        setBusy(appId, false);
-      }
-    },
-    [refresh, setBusy],
-  );
-
-  const downloadUpdate = useCallback(
-    async (appId: string) => {
-      try {
-        setBusy(appId, true);
-
-        const installed = await invoke<InstalledSageApp>(
-          'download_app_update',
-          {
-            appId,
-          },
-        );
-
-        setUpdateAvailability((prev) => ({
-          ...prev,
-          [appId]: null,
-        }));
-
-        await refresh();
-        return installed;
-      } catch (err) {
-        throw new Error(
-          `Failed to download app update for ${appId}: ${formatAppError(err)}`,
-        );
-      } finally {
-        setBusy(appId, false);
-      }
-    },
-    [refresh, setBusy],
-  );
-
-  const applyUpdate = useCallback(
-    async (appId: string, grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions) => {
-      try {
-        setBusy(appId, true);
-        const installed = await invoke<InstalledSageApp>('apply_app_update', {
-          appId,
-          grantedPermissions,
-        });
-
-        setUpdateAvailability((prev) => ({
-          ...prev,
-          [appId]: null,
-        }));
-
-        await refresh();
-        return installed;
-      } finally {
-        setBusy(appId, false);
-      }
-    },
-    [refresh, setBusy],
-  );
-
-  const performAppUpdate = useCallback(
-    async (
-      appId: string,
-      grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
-      options?: { restartIfRunning?: boolean; visibleAfterRestart?: boolean },
-    ) => {
-      const restartIfRunning = options?.restartIfRunning ?? false;
-      const visibleAfterRestart = options?.visibleAfterRestart ?? false;
-
-      const { getRuntimeWebview } = await import('@/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry');
-      const { restartAppRuntime } =
-        await import('@/lib/apps/restartAppRuntime');
-
-      const wasRunning = restartIfRunning
-        ? !!(await getRuntimeWebview(appId))
-        : false;
-
-      const preview = await checkForUpdate(appId, false);
-
-      if (preview) {
-        await downloadUpdate(appId);
-        await refresh();
-      }
-
-      const latestApp = getApp(appId);
-      if (!latestApp) {
-        throw new Error(`App ${appId} no longer exists after refresh`);
-      }
-
-      const updatedApp = await applyUpdate(latestApp.id, grantedPermissions);
-
-      if (wasRunning) {
-        await restartAppRuntime(updatedApp, {
-          visible: visibleAfterRestart,
-        });
-      }
-
-      await refresh();
-      return updatedApp;
-    },
-    [applyUpdate, checkForUpdate, downloadUpdate, getApp, refresh],
-  );
-
-  const clearAppStorage = useCallback(
-    async (appId: string) => {
-      try {
-        setBusy(appId, true);
-        await invoke('apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data', { appId });
-        await refresh();
-      } finally {
-        setBusy(appId, false);
-      }
-    },
-    [refresh, setBusy],
-  );
-
-  const getAppLaunchGate = useCallback(async (appId: string) => {
-    return await invoke('apps_get_app_launch_gate', { appId });
-  }, []);
-
-  useEffect(() => {
-    const urlApps = apps.filter(
-      (entry) => entry.kind === 'installed' && entry.source?.kind === 'url',
-    );
-
-    if (urlApps.length === 0) {
-      return;
-    }
-
-    const intervalId = window.setInterval(
-      () => {
-        urlApps.forEach((entry) => {
-          if (busyAppIds[entry.id]) {
-            return;
-          }
-
-          void invoke<SageAppUrlPreview | null>('check_app_update', {
-            appId: entry.id,
-          })
-            .then((preview) => {
-              setUpdateAvailability((prev) => ({
-                ...prev,
-                [entry.id]: preview,
-              }));
-            })
-            .catch(() => {
-              //
-            });
-        });
-      },
-      10 * 60 * 1000,
-    );
-
-    return () => {
-      window.clearInterval(intervalId);
-    };
-  }, [apps, busyAppIds]);
-
-  return {
-    apps: sortedApps,
-    loading,
-    error,
-    refresh,
-    installApp,
-    installUrlApp,
-    uninstallApp,
-    isInstalled,
-    getApp,
-    getAppLaunchGate,
-    checkForUpdate,
-    downloadUpdate,
-    applyUpdate,
-    performAppUpdate,
-    clearAppStorage,
-    sandboxState,
-    rerunSandboxTests,
-    updateAvailability,
-    busyAppIds,
-  };
-}
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/bridge/types.ts b/src/lib/apps/bridge/types.ts
index 1c44b3cef..fdc38b544 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/bridge/types.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/bridge/types.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import type { InstalledSageApp } from '@/bindings';
+import type { UserSageApp } from '@/bindings';
 
 export type {
   SageBridgeVersion,
@@ -18,13 +18,7 @@ export type {
 } from '@sage-app/sdk';
 
 import type {
-  SageBridgeRequest,
-  SageBridgeSendPayload,
   SageRequestedNetworkWhitelistEntry,
-  SageRequestCapabilityGrantInput,
-  SageRequestCapabilityGrantResult,
-  SageRequestNetworkWhitelistGrantInput,
-  SageRequestNetworkWhitelistGrantResult,
   SageWalletSendXchRequest,
 } from '@sage-app/sdk';
 
@@ -38,58 +32,24 @@ export type SageBridgeMethod =
   | 'sage.requestNetwortWhitelistGrant'
   | 'wallet.sendXch';
 
-export interface SageBridgeRequestParamsMap {
-  'bridge.ping': undefined;
-  'bridge.send': SageBridgeSendPayload;
-  'app.getInfo': undefined;
-  'sage.getCapabilities': undefined;
-  'sage.requestCapabilityGrant': SageRequestCapabilityGrantInput;
-  'sage.requestNetworkWhitelistGrant': SageRequestNetworkWhitelistGrantInput;
-  'sage.requestNetwortWhitelistGrant': SageRequestNetworkWhitelistGrantInput;
-  'wallet.sendXch': SageWalletSendXchRequest;
-}
-
-interface SageBridgeRequestBase<M extends SageBridgeMethod> {
-  channel: 'sage-bridge';
-  id: string;
-  method: M;
-  bridgeVersion: 'v1';
-}
-
-export type SageBridgeRequestForMethod<M extends SageBridgeMethod> =
-  SageBridgeRequestParamsMap[M] extends undefined
-    ? SageBridgeRequestBase<M>
-    : SageBridgeRequestBase<M> & {
-        params: SageBridgeRequestParamsMap[M];
-      };
-
-export type KnownSageBridgeRequest = {
-  [M in SageBridgeMethod]: SageBridgeRequestForMethod<M>;
-}[SageBridgeMethod];
-
-export interface SageBridgeContext {
-  app: InstalledSageApp;
-  sourceLabel: string;
-}
-
 export type BridgeApprovalRequest =
   | {
       kind: 'send_xch';
-      app: InstalledSageApp;
+      app: UserSageApp;
       sourceLabel: string;
       requestId: string;
       params: SageWalletSendXchRequest;
     }
   | {
       kind: 'capability_grant';
-      app: InstalledSageApp;
+      app: UserSageApp;
       sourceLabel: string;
       requestId: string;
       capability: string;
     }
   | {
       kind: 'network_whitelist_grant';
-      app: InstalledSageApp;
+      app: UserSageApp;
       sourceLabel: string;
       requestId: string;
       entry: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelistEntry;
@@ -113,9 +73,3 @@ export function isKnownSageBridgeMethod(
     method === 'wallet.sendXch'
   );
 }
-
-export function isKnownSageBridgeRequest(
-  request: SageBridgeRequest,
-): request is KnownSageBridgeRequest {
-  return isKnownSageBridgeMethod(request.method);
-}
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/registry.ts b/src/lib/apps/registry.ts
index 520ffe1c1..077ace25e 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/registry.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/registry.ts
@@ -1,19 +1,19 @@
 import { invoke } from '@tauri-apps/api/core';
-import type { InstalledSageApp } from '@/bindings.ts';
+import type { SageApp } from '@/bindings.ts';
 
-const builtinAppCache = new Map<string, InstalledSageApp | null>();
+const builtinAppCache = new Map<string, SageApp | null>();
 
 export async function getBuiltinApp(
   appId: string,
-): Promise<InstalledSageApp | undefined> {
+): Promise<SageApp | undefined> {
   if (builtinAppCache.has(appId)) {
     return builtinAppCache.get(appId) ?? undefined;
   }
 
-  let app: InstalledSageApp | null;
+  let app: SageApp | null;
 
   try {
-    app = await invoke<InstalledSageApp | null>('get_builtin_test_app', {
+    app = await invoke<SageApp | null>('get_builtin_test_app', {
       appId,
     });
   } catch (err) {
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/restartAppRuntime.ts b/src/lib/apps/restartAppRuntime.ts
index b0329dd61..7eee4b942 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/restartAppRuntime.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/restartAppRuntime.ts
@@ -1,18 +1,20 @@
-import type { InstalledSageApp } from '@/bindings';
+import type { SageApp, SystemSageApp, UserSageApp } from '@/bindings';
 import {
   closeAppRuntime,
   ensureInlineRuntime,
   markRuntimeVisible,
 } from '@/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry';
 
+type AppLike = SageApp | UserSageApp | SystemSageApp;
+
 export async function restartAppRuntime(
-  app: InstalledSageApp,
+  app: AppLike,
   options?: { visible?: boolean },
 ) {
   const visible = options?.visible ?? false;
 
-  await closeAppRuntime(app.id, { timeoutMs: 8000 });
+  await closeAppRuntime(app.common.id, { timeoutMs: 8000 });
   const runtime = await ensureInlineRuntime(app);
-  await markRuntimeVisible(app.id, visible);
+  await markRuntimeVisible(app.common.id, visible);
   return runtime;
 }
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts b/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
index 0a7f35585..5768f277b 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { invoke } from '@tauri-apps/api/core';
 import { getCurrentWebview, Webview } from '@tauri-apps/api/webview';
-import { InstalledSageApp } from '@/bindings.ts';
+import type { SageApp, SystemSageApp, UserSageApp } from '@/bindings.ts';
 
 export type SageAppRuntimeState =
   | 'starting'
@@ -36,6 +36,8 @@ type RuntimeInternalRecord = SageAppRuntimeRecord & {
   webview: Webview;
 };
 
+type AppLike = SageApp | UserSageApp | SystemSageApp;
+
 const runtimes = new Map<string, RuntimeInternalRecord>();
 export const runtimeByAppId = new Map<string, string>();
 const listeners = new Set<RuntimeListener>();
@@ -46,11 +48,11 @@ export function setForceIncognitoForSecretApps(value: boolean) {
   forceIncognitoForSecretApps = value;
 }
 
-function isBuiltinTestApp(app: InstalledSageApp): boolean {
-  return app.id.startsWith('__sage_test_');
+function isBuiltinTestApp(app: AppLike): boolean {
+  return app.common.id.startsWith('__sage_test_');
 }
 
-function shouldDebugTestAppWindows(app: InstalledSageApp): boolean {
+function shouldDebugTestAppWindows(app: AppLike): boolean {
   return (
     import.meta.env.DEV &&
     import.meta.env.VITE_SAGE_DEBUG_TEST_APPS === '1' &&
@@ -107,19 +109,21 @@ export function inlineLabelFor(appId: string) {
   return `app-inline-${appId}`;
 }
 
-export function shouldUseIncognito(app: InstalledSageApp): boolean {
+export function shouldUseIncognito(app: AppLike): boolean {
   const hasPersistentStorage =
-    app.grantedPermissions.capabilities.includes('persistent_storage');
+    app.common.grantedPermissions.capabilities.includes('persistent_storage');
 
   if (!hasPersistentStorage) {
     return true;
   }
 
-  if (app.capabilityFlags.storageMayContainSecrets) {
+  if (app.common.capabilityFlags.storageMayContainSecrets) {
     return true;
   }
 
-  return forceIncognitoForSecretApps && app.capabilityFlags.hasSecretAccess;
+  return (
+    forceIncognitoForSecretApps && app.common.capabilityFlags.hasSecretAccess
+  );
 }
 
 export async function waitForWebviewClosed(
@@ -143,7 +147,7 @@ export async function waitForWebviewClosed(
 }
 
 async function createInlineRuntime(
-  app: InstalledSageApp,
+  app: AppLike,
   options?: {
     visible?: boolean;
     internal?: boolean;
@@ -152,7 +156,7 @@ async function createInlineRuntime(
   },
 ): Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecord> {
   const hostWebview = getCurrentWebview();
-  const webviewLabel = inlineLabelFor(app.id);
+  const webviewLabel = inlineLabelFor(app.common.id);
 
   const staleWebview = await Webview.getByLabel(webviewLabel).catch(() => null);
   if (staleWebview) {
@@ -166,9 +170,9 @@ async function createInlineRuntime(
 
   const isIncognito = shouldUseIncognito(app);
 
-  if (!isIncognito && app.capabilityFlags.hasSecretAccess) {
+  if (!isIncognito && app.common.capabilityFlags.hasSecretAccess) {
     await invoke('apps_mark_storage_may_contain_secrets', {
-      appId: app.id,
+      appId: app.common.id,
     });
   }
 
@@ -176,7 +180,7 @@ async function createInlineRuntime(
     'apps_create_inline_runtime',
     {
       args: {
-        appId: app.id,
+        appId: app.common.id,
         visible: options?.visible ?? true,
         internal: options?.internal ?? false,
         debugLayout: shouldDebugTestAppWindows(app),
@@ -200,7 +204,7 @@ async function createInlineRuntime(
   };
 
   runtimes.set(record.runtimeId, internalRecord);
-  runtimeByAppId.set(app.id, record.runtimeId);
+  runtimeByAppId.set(app.common.id, record.runtimeId);
   emitChange();
 
   return stripInternal(internalRecord);
@@ -257,9 +261,9 @@ export async function closeAppRuntime(
 }
 
 export async function ensureInlineRuntime(
-  app: InstalledSageApp,
+  app: AppLike,
 ): Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecord> {
-  const existingRuntimeId = runtimeByAppId.get(app.id);
+  const existingRuntimeId = runtimeByAppId.get(app.common.id);
   if (existingRuntimeId) {
     const existing = runtimes.get(existingRuntimeId);
 
@@ -280,10 +284,10 @@ export async function ensureInlineRuntime(
       }
 
       runtimes.delete(existingRuntimeId);
-      runtimeByAppId.delete(app.id);
+      runtimeByAppId.delete(app.common.id);
       emitChange();
     } else {
-      runtimeByAppId.delete(app.id);
+      runtimeByAppId.delete(app.common.id);
     }
   }
 
@@ -291,12 +295,12 @@ export async function ensureInlineRuntime(
 }
 
 export async function startInternalInlineRuntime(
-  app: InstalledSageApp,
+  app: AppLike,
   options?: { query?: Record<string, string>; path?: string },
 ): Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecord> {
-  const existingRuntimeId = runtimeByAppId.get(app.id);
+  const existingRuntimeId = runtimeByAppId.get(app.common.id);
   if (existingRuntimeId) {
-    await closeAppRuntime(app.id, { timeoutMs: 8000 });
+    await closeAppRuntime(app.common.id, { timeoutMs: 8000 });
   }
 
   return createInlineRuntime(app, {
@@ -313,16 +317,14 @@ export async function startInternalInlineRuntime(
  * This does NOT prove the app origin is clean; the verification cycle should
  * still decide whether the capability passed for this environment.
  */
-export async function clearAppRuntimeBrowsingData(
-  app: InstalledSageApp,
-): Promise<void> {
-  const existingRuntimeId = runtimeByAppId.get(app.id);
+export async function clearAppRuntimeBrowsingData(app: AppLike): Promise<void> {
+  const existingRuntimeId = runtimeByAppId.get(app.common.id);
   if (existingRuntimeId) {
-    await closeAppRuntime(app.id, { timeoutMs: 8000 });
+    await closeAppRuntime(app.common.id, { timeoutMs: 8000 });
   }
 
   await invoke('apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data', {
-    appId: app.id,
+    appId: app.common.id,
   });
 }
 
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/sandbox.ts b/src/lib/apps/sandbox.ts
index 824106656..7922d477d 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/sandbox.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/sandbox.ts
@@ -1,10 +1,14 @@
 import type {
-  InstalledSageApp,
   SandboxCapabilityResult,
   SandboxState,
   SandboxStateView,
+  SageApp,
+  SystemSageApp,
+  UserSageApp,
 } from '@/bindings';
 
+type AppLike = SageApp | UserSageApp | SystemSageApp;
+
 export type SandboxCapability =
   | 'storage_isolation_from_sage'
   | 'storage_persistence_normal'
@@ -68,17 +72,19 @@ export function listSandboxCapabilities(
 }
 
 export function getRequiredSandboxCapabilities(
-  app: InstalledSageApp,
+  app: AppLike,
 ): SandboxCapability[] {
   const required: SandboxCapability[] = ['storage_isolation_from_sage'];
 
-  if (app.grantedPermissions.capabilities.includes('persistent_storage')) {
+  if (
+    app.common.grantedPermissions.capabilities.includes('persistent_storage')
+  ) {
     required.push('storage_persistence_normal');
   } else {
     required.push('storage_non_persistence_incognito');
   }
 
-  if ((app.grantedPermissions.network.whitelist?.length ?? 0) > 0) {
+  if ((app.common.grantedPermissions.network.whitelist?.length ?? 0) > 0) {
     required.push('network_allowlist_enforced');
   }
 
@@ -86,7 +92,7 @@ export function getRequiredSandboxCapabilities(
 }
 
 export function evaluateAppLaunchGate(
-  app: InstalledSageApp,
+  app: AppLike,
   sandbox: SandboxState,
 ): AppLaunchGateResult {
   const isolation = sandbox.storageIsolationFromSage;
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/sandboxPolicy.ts b/src/lib/apps/sandboxPolicy.ts
index ae29ff519..99775829e 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/sandboxPolicy.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/sandboxPolicy.ts
@@ -1,9 +1,16 @@
-import type { InstalledSageApp, SandboxStateView } from '@/bindings';
+import type {
+  SandboxStateView,
+  SageApp,
+  SystemSageApp,
+  UserSageApp,
+} from '@/bindings';
 import {
   evaluateAppLaunchGate,
   getEffectiveSandboxState,
 } from '@/lib/apps/sandbox';
 
+type AppLike = SageApp | UserSageApp | SystemSageApp;
+
 export interface SandboxLaunchDecision {
   allowed: boolean;
   title: string;
@@ -11,7 +18,7 @@ export interface SandboxLaunchDecision {
 }
 
 export function getSandboxLaunchDecision(args: {
-  app: InstalledSageApp;
+  app: AppLike;
   sandboxState: SandboxStateView | null | undefined;
 }): SandboxLaunchDecision {
   const { app, sandboxState } = args;
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/types.ts b/src/lib/apps/types.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6af5ef59f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/apps/types.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+import type {
+  SageApp,
+  UserSageApp,
+} from '@/bindings';
+
+export type UserApp = Extract<SageApp, { kind: 'user' }>;
+
+export function asUserApp(app: UserSageApp): UserApp {
+  return {
+    kind: 'user',
+    ...app,
+  };
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/updatePermissionsDelta.ts b/src/lib/apps/updatePermissionsDelta.ts
index a7de98943..0ee438711 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/updatePermissionsDelta.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/updatePermissionsDelta.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import type {
-  InstalledSageApp,
+  UserSageApp,
   SageAppPackageManifest,
   SageAppUrlPreview,
   SageGrantedPermissions,
@@ -73,10 +73,10 @@ export interface AppUpdatePermissionsDelta {
 }
 
 export function getAppUpdatePermissionsDelta(
-  app: InstalledSageApp,
+  app: UserSageApp,
   preview: SageAppUrlPreview | SageAppPackageManifest,
 ): AppUpdatePermissionsDelta {
-  const previousRequested = app.requestedPermissions;
+  const previousRequested = app.common.requestedPermissions;
   const nextRequested = getManifestRequestedPermissions(preview);
 
   const previousCaps = getRequestedCapabilities(previousRequested);
@@ -85,8 +85,10 @@ export function getAppUpdatePermissionsDelta(
   const previousNetwork = getRequestedNetwork(previousRequested);
   const nextNetwork = getRequestedNetwork(nextRequested);
 
-  const oldGrantedCapabilities = app.grantedPermissions.capabilities ?? [];
-  const oldGrantedNetwork = app.grantedPermissions.network.whitelist ?? [];
+  const oldGrantedCapabilities =
+    app.common.grantedPermissions.capabilities ?? [];
+  const oldGrantedNetwork =
+    app.common.grantedPermissions.network.whitelist ?? [];
 
   const oldGrantedCapabilitiesSet = new Set(oldGrantedCapabilities);
   const oldGrantedNetworkSet = new Set(oldGrantedNetwork.map(networkKey));
diff --git a/src/pages/AppHost.tsx b/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
index 99a735604..25cce9e06 100644
--- a/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import { useParams } from 'react-router-dom';
 import { useApps } from '@/contexts/AppsContext';
 import { useAppEmbeddedRuntime } from '@/hooks/useAppEmbeddedRuntime.ts';
 import { getSandboxLaunchDecision } from '@/lib/apps/sandboxPolicy';
+import { asUserApp } from '@/lib/apps/types.ts';
 
 function AppNotFound() {
   return (
@@ -30,7 +31,7 @@ export function AppHost() {
     : null;
 
   useAppEmbeddedRuntime({
-    app: app && launchDecision?.allowed ? app : null,
+    app: app && launchDecision?.allowed ? asUserApp(app) : null,
     containerRef,
   });
 
diff --git a/src/pages/Apps.tsx b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
index c8840a053..d3dfb318a 100644
--- a/src/pages/Apps.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
@@ -9,10 +9,13 @@ import {
   DialogHeader,
   DialogTitle,
 } from '@/components/ui/dialog';
-import {
+import type {
+  ListedSageApp,
   SageAppPackageManifest,
   SageAppUrlPreview,
   SageGrantedPermissions,
+  SystemSageApp,
+  UserSageApp,
 } from '@/bindings.ts';
 import { invoke } from '@tauri-apps/api/core';
 import { useApps } from '@/contexts/AppsContext.tsx';
@@ -34,9 +37,10 @@ import { formatAppError } from '@/lib/apps/formatAppError.ts';
 import { AppUpdateDialog } from '@/components/apps/AppUpdateDialog.tsx';
 import { getAppUpdatePermissionsDelta } from '@/lib/apps/updatePermissionsDelta.ts';
 
-type InstalledEntry = ReturnType<typeof useApps>['apps'][number] & {
-  kind: 'installed';
-};
+type UserInstalledEntry = { kind: 'user' } & UserSageApp;
+type SystemInstalledEntry = { kind: 'system' } & SystemSageApp;
+type InstalledEntry = UserInstalledEntry | SystemInstalledEntry;
+type CorruptedEntry = Extract<ListedSageApp, { kind: 'corrupted' }>;
 
 type AppContextMenuState = {
   app: InstalledEntry;
@@ -44,6 +48,20 @@ type AppContextMenuState = {
   y: number;
 } | null;
 
+function isInstalledEntry(entry: ListedSageApp): entry is InstalledEntry {
+  return entry.kind === 'user' || entry.kind === 'system';
+}
+
+function isUserInstalledEntry(
+  entry: InstalledEntry,
+): entry is UserInstalledEntry {
+  return entry.kind === 'user';
+}
+
+function isCorruptedEntry(entry: ListedSageApp): entry is CorruptedEntry {
+  return entry.kind === 'corrupted';
+}
+
 type PendingPermissionsRetry = {
   appId: string;
   nextGrantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions;
@@ -109,14 +127,13 @@ export function Apps() {
     Record<string, string | null>
   >({});
   const [permissionsDialogApp, setPermissionsDialogApp] =
-    useState<InstalledEntry | null>(null);
+    useState<UserInstalledEntry | null>(null);
   const [permissionsDialogBusy, setPermissionsDialogBusy] = useState(false);
   const [permissionsDialogError, setPermissionsDialogError] = useState<
     string | null
   >(null);
-  const [updateDialogApp, setUpdateDialogApp] = useState<InstalledEntry | null>(
-    null,
-  );
+  const [updateDialogApp, setUpdateDialogApp] =
+    useState<UserInstalledEntry | null>(null);
   const [updateDialogPreview, setUpdateDialogPreview] =
     useState<SageAppUrlPreview | null>(null);
   const [updateDialogBusy, setUpdateDialogBusy] = useState(false);
@@ -130,6 +147,7 @@ export function Apps() {
       capabilities: [],
       network: { whitelist: [] },
     });
+
   const showSandboxDebugResults =
     import.meta.env.DEV && import.meta.env.VITE_SAGE_DEBUG_TEST_APPS === '1';
 
@@ -149,6 +167,7 @@ export function Apps() {
     sandboxState,
     rerunSandboxTests,
   } = useApps();
+
   const liveSandboxState = getLiveSandboxState(sandboxState);
   const effectiveSandboxState = getEffectiveSandboxState(sandboxState);
   const baselineSandboxState = getBaselineSandboxState(sandboxState);
@@ -157,39 +176,38 @@ export function Apps() {
     return new Set(runtimes.map((runtime) => runtime.appId));
   }, [runtimes]);
 
-  const installedApps = useMemo(
-    () =>
-      apps.filter(
-        (entry): entry is InstalledEntry => entry.kind === 'installed',
-      ),
-    [apps],
-  );
+  const installedApps = useMemo(() => apps.filter(isInstalledEntry), [apps]);
 
-  const corruptedApps = useMemo(
-    () => apps.filter((entry) => entry.kind === 'corrupted'),
-    [apps],
-  );
+  const corruptedApps = useMemo(() => apps.filter(isCorruptedEntry), [apps]);
 
   const contextMenuPreview = contextMenu
-    ? updateAvailability[contextMenu.app.id]
+    ? updateAvailability[contextMenu.app.common.id]
     : null;
+
   const contextMenuBusy = contextMenu
-    ? (busyAppIds[contextMenu.app.id] ?? false)
+    ? (busyAppIds[contextMenu.app.common.id] ?? false)
     : false;
+
   const contextMenuCheckState = contextMenu
-    ? (updateCheckStateByAppId[contextMenu.app.id] ?? 'idle')
+    ? (updateCheckStateByAppId[contextMenu.app.common.id] ?? 'idle')
     : 'idle';
+
   const contextMenuAppIsRunning = contextMenu
-    ? runningAppIds.has(contextMenu.app.id)
+    ? runningAppIds.has(contextMenu.app.common.id)
     : false;
+
   const contextMenuClearDataBusy = contextMenu
-    ? (clearingDataByAppId[contextMenu.app.id] ?? false)
+    ? (clearingDataByAppId[contextMenu.app.common.id] ?? false)
     : false;
+
   const contextMenuClearDataError = contextMenu
-    ? (clearDataErrorByAppId[contextMenu.app.id] ?? null)
+    ? (clearDataErrorByAppId[contextMenu.app.common.id] ?? null)
     : null;
 
-  function openUpdateDialog(app: InstalledEntry, preview: SageAppUrlPreview) {
+  function openUpdateDialog(
+    app: UserInstalledEntry,
+    preview: SageAppUrlPreview,
+  ) {
     setUpdateDialogApp(app);
     setUpdateDialogPreview(preview);
     setUpdateDialogBusy(false);
@@ -205,16 +223,16 @@ export function Apps() {
 
   const handleConfirmUpdate = useCallback(
     async (
-      app: InstalledEntry,
+      app: UserInstalledEntry,
       nextGrantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
     ) => {
       try {
         setUpdateDialogBusy(true);
         setUpdateDialogError(null);
 
-        await performAppUpdate(app.id, nextGrantedPermissions, {
+        await performAppUpdate(app.common.id, nextGrantedPermissions, {
           restartIfRunning: true,
-          visibleAfterRestart: runningAppIds.has(app.id),
+          visibleAfterRestart: runningAppIds.has(app.common.id),
         });
 
         closeUpdateDialog();
@@ -228,7 +246,7 @@ export function Apps() {
   );
 
   const handleReviewOrApplyUpdate = useCallback(
-    async (app: InstalledEntry, preview: SageAppUrlPreview) => {
+    async (app: UserInstalledEntry, preview: SageAppUrlPreview) => {
       const delta = getAppUpdatePermissionsDelta(app, preview);
 
       if (!delta.requiresUserReview) {
@@ -246,13 +264,13 @@ export function Apps() {
     setContextMenu((prevContextMenu) => {
       if (prevContextMenu) {
         setUpdateCheckStateByAppId((prev) => {
-          if (prev[prevContextMenu.app.id] !== 'up_to_date') {
+          if (prev[prevContextMenu.app.common.id] !== 'up_to_date') {
             return prev;
           }
 
           return {
             ...prev,
-            [prevContextMenu.app.id]: 'idle',
+            [prevContextMenu.app.common.id]: 'idle',
           };
         });
       }
@@ -297,8 +315,12 @@ export function Apps() {
   }
 
   function openPermissionsDialog(app: InstalledEntry) {
+    if (!isUserInstalledEntry(app)) {
+      return;
+    }
+
     setPermissionsDialogApp(app);
-    setEditingGrantedPermissions(app.grantedPermissions);
+    setEditingGrantedPermissions(app.common.grantedPermissions);
     setPermissionsDialogBusy(false);
     setPermissionsDialogError(null);
     setPendingPermissionsRetry(null);
@@ -317,17 +339,19 @@ export function Apps() {
 
   const handleClearData = useCallback(
     async (app: InstalledEntry, reopen: boolean) => {
+      const appId = app.common.id;
+
       setClearingDataByAppId((prev) => ({
         ...prev,
-        [app.id]: true,
+        [appId]: true,
       }));
       setClearDataErrorByAppId((prev) => ({
         ...prev,
-        [app.id]: null,
+        [appId]: null,
       }));
 
       try {
-        await clearAppStorage(app.id);
+        await clearAppStorage(appId);
 
         if (reopen) {
           closeContextMenu();
@@ -339,7 +363,7 @@ export function Apps() {
             visible: true,
           });
 
-          navigate(`/apps/${app.id}`);
+          navigate(`/apps/${appId}`);
         }
 
         await refresh();
@@ -348,12 +372,12 @@ export function Apps() {
 
         setClearDataErrorByAppId((prev) => ({
           ...prev,
-          [app.id]: message,
+          [appId]: message,
         }));
       } finally {
         setClearingDataByAppId((prev) =>
           Object.fromEntries(
-            Object.entries(prev).filter(([key]) => key !== app.id),
+            Object.entries(prev).filter(([key]) => key !== appId),
           ),
         );
       }
@@ -363,27 +387,29 @@ export function Apps() {
 
   const handleApplyPermissions = useCallback(
     async (
-      app: InstalledEntry,
+      app: UserInstalledEntry,
       nextGrantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
     ): Promise<void> => {
+      const appId = app.common.id;
+
       setPermissionsDialogBusy(true);
       setPermissionsDialogError(null);
       setPendingPermissionsRetry(null);
 
       try {
         await invoke('apps_update_permissions', {
-          appId: app.id,
+          appId,
           grantedPermissions: nextGrantedPermissions,
           clearStorageTaint: false,
         });
 
-        const isRunning = runningAppIds.has(app.id);
+        const isRunning = runningAppIds.has(appId);
         if (isRunning) {
           const { restartAppRuntime } =
             await import('@/lib/apps/restartAppRuntime');
 
           await restartAppRuntime(app, { visible: true });
-          navigate(`/apps/${app.id}`);
+          navigate(`/apps/${appId}`);
         }
 
         await refresh();
@@ -393,7 +419,7 @@ export function Apps() {
 
         if (isStorageTaintPermissionError(message)) {
           setPendingPermissionsRetry({
-            appId: app.id,
+            appId,
             nextGrantedPermissions,
           });
           setPermissionsDialogError(
@@ -418,21 +444,21 @@ export function Apps() {
     setPermissionsDialogError(null);
 
     try {
-      await clearAppStorage(permissionsDialogApp.id);
+      await clearAppStorage(permissionsDialogApp.common.id);
 
       await invoke('apps_update_permissions', {
-        appId: permissionsDialogApp.id,
+        appId: permissionsDialogApp.common.id,
         grantedPermissions: pendingPermissionsRetry.nextGrantedPermissions,
         clearStorageTaint: true,
       });
 
-      const isRunning = runningAppIds.has(permissionsDialogApp.id);
+      const isRunning = runningAppIds.has(permissionsDialogApp.common.id);
       if (isRunning) {
         const { restartAppRuntime } =
           await import('@/lib/apps/restartAppRuntime');
 
         await restartAppRuntime(permissionsDialogApp, { visible: true });
-        navigate(`/apps/${permissionsDialogApp.id}`);
+        navigate(`/apps/${permissionsDialogApp.common.id}`);
       }
 
       await refresh();
@@ -458,13 +484,13 @@ export function Apps() {
 
     const timeoutId = window.setTimeout(() => {
       setUpdateCheckStateByAppId((prev) => {
-        if (prev[contextMenu.app.id] !== 'up_to_date') {
+        if (prev[contextMenu.app.common.id] !== 'up_to_date') {
           return prev;
         }
 
         return {
           ...prev,
-          [contextMenu.app.id]: 'idle',
+          [contextMenu.app.common.id]: 'idle',
         };
       });
     }, 3000);
@@ -480,7 +506,7 @@ export function Apps() {
     }
 
     const handleClose = () => {
-      if (clearingDataByAppId[contextMenu.app.id]) {
+      if (clearingDataByAppId[contextMenu.app.common.id]) {
         return;
       }
 
@@ -489,7 +515,7 @@ export function Apps() {
 
     const handleKeyDown = (event: KeyboardEvent) => {
       if (event.key === 'Escape') {
-        if (clearingDataByAppId[contextMenu.app.id]) {
+        if (clearingDataByAppId[contextMenu.app.common.id]) {
           return;
         }
 
@@ -671,11 +697,11 @@ export function Apps() {
             <div className='grid grid-cols-2 gap-4 sm:grid-cols-3 md:grid-cols-4 lg:grid-cols-5 xl:grid-cols-6'>
               {installedApps.map((app) => (
                 <AppTile
-                  key={app.id}
+                  key={app.common.id}
                   app={app}
                   sandboxState={sandboxState}
                   onOpen={() => {
-                    navigate(`/apps/${app.id}`);
+                    navigate(`/apps/${app.common.id}`);
                   }}
                   onContextMenu={(event) => {
                     event.preventDefault();
@@ -699,7 +725,7 @@ export function Apps() {
 
                     setClearDataErrorByAppId((prev) => ({
                       ...prev,
-                      [app.id]: null,
+                      [app.common.id]: null,
                     }));
 
                     setContextMenu({
@@ -755,20 +781,24 @@ export function Apps() {
 
             setUpdateCheckStateByAppId((prev) => ({
               ...prev,
-              [contextMenu.app.id]: 'idle',
+              [contextMenu.app.common.id]: 'idle',
             }));
-            navigate(`/apps/${contextMenu.app.id}`);
+            navigate(`/apps/${contextMenu.app.common.id}`);
             closeContextMenu();
           }}
           onCheckForUpdate={() => {
-            if (!contextMenu) {
+            if (!contextMenu || !isUserInstalledEntry(contextMenu.app)) {
               return;
             }
 
-            void handleCheckForUpdate(contextMenu.app.id);
+            void handleCheckForUpdate(contextMenu.app.common.id);
           }}
           onUpdate={() => {
-            if (!contextMenu || !contextMenuPreview) {
+            if (
+              !contextMenu ||
+              !contextMenuPreview ||
+              !isUserInstalledEntry(contextMenu.app)
+            ) {
               return;
             }
 
@@ -791,21 +821,21 @@ export function Apps() {
             }
 
             const targetApp = contextMenu.app;
-            const shouldReopen = runningAppIds.has(targetApp.id);
+            const shouldReopen = runningAppIds.has(targetApp.common.id);
 
             void handleClearData(targetApp, shouldReopen);
           }}
           onUninstall={() => {
-            if (!contextMenu) {
+            if (!contextMenu || !isUserInstalledEntry(contextMenu.app)) {
               return;
             }
 
             setUpdateCheckStateByAppId((prev) => ({
               ...prev,
-              [contextMenu.app.id]: 'idle',
+              [contextMenu.app.common.id]: 'idle',
             }));
 
-            void uninstallApp(contextMenu.app.id).finally(() => {
+            void uninstallApp(contextMenu.app.common.id).finally(() => {
               closeContextMenu();
             });
           }}
@@ -912,6 +942,7 @@ export function Apps() {
           ) : null}
         </DialogContent>
       </Dialog>
+
       <AppUpdateDialog
         open={!!updateDialogApp && !!updateDialogPreview}
         app={updateDialogApp}
diff --git a/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx b/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
index f03b1140d..3b56a259d 100644
--- a/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
@@ -16,9 +16,9 @@ import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react';
 import { Outlet, useNavigate, useParams } from 'react-router-dom';
 import {
   commands,
-  InstalledSageApp,
-  SageAppUrlPreview,
-  SageGrantedPermissions,
+  type SageAppUrlPreview,
+  type SageGrantedPermissions,
+  type UserSageApp,
 } from '@/bindings';
 import { AppUpdateDialog } from '@/components/apps/AppUpdateDialog.tsx';
 import { getAppUpdatePermissionsDelta } from '@/lib/apps/updatePermissionsDelta.ts';
@@ -52,21 +52,25 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
   useEffect(() => {
     setTabOrder((prev) => {
       const runtimeIds = runtimes.map((runtime) => runtime.appId);
-      const kept = prev.filter((appId) => runtimeIds.includes(appId));
-      const added = runtimeIds.filter((appId) => !kept.includes(appId));
+      const kept = prev.filter((runtimeAppId) =>
+        runtimeIds.includes(runtimeAppId),
+      );
+      const added = runtimeIds.filter(
+        (runtimeAppId) => !kept.includes(runtimeAppId),
+      );
       return [...kept, ...added];
     });
   }, [runtimes]);
 
-  const activeApp: InstalledSageApp | null = appId
-    ? (getApp(appId) ?? null)
-    : null;
+  const activeApp: UserSageApp | null = appId ? (getApp(appId) ?? null) : null;
   const activeUpdatePreview: SageAppUrlPreview | null = activeApp
-    ? (updateAvailability[activeApp.id] ?? null)
+    ? (updateAvailability[activeApp.common.id] ?? null)
     : null;
-  const activeBusy = activeApp ? (busyAppIds[activeApp.id] ?? false) : false;
+  const activeBusy = activeApp
+    ? (busyAppIds[activeApp.common.id] ?? false)
+    : false;
   const [donationOpen, setDonationOpen] = useState(false);
-  const activeManifest = activeApp?.activeSnapshot.manifest;
+  const activeManifest = activeApp?.common.activeSnapshot.manifest;
 
   const hasDonation = !!activeManifest?.donation?.address;
 
@@ -80,8 +84,8 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
     );
 
     return tabOrder
-      .map((appId) => {
-        const runtime = runtimeByAppId.get(appId);
+      .map((runtimeAppId) => {
+        const runtime = runtimeByAppId.get(runtimeAppId);
         if (!runtime) {
           return null;
         }
@@ -90,15 +94,15 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
 
         return {
           appId: runtime.appId,
-          name: installedApp?.name ?? runtime.appName,
+          name: installedApp?.common.name ?? runtime.appName,
           iconSrc: installedApp
-            ? `sage-app://${installedApp.originId}/${installedApp.iconFile}`
+            ? `sage-app://${installedApp.common.originId}/${installedApp.common.iconFile}`
             : null,
-          isActive: runtime.appId === activeApp?.id,
+          isActive: runtime.appId === activeApp?.common.id,
         };
       })
       .filter((tab): tab is AppTaskBarTab => tab !== null);
-  }, [runtimes, tabOrder, getApp, activeApp?.id]);
+  }, [runtimes, tabOrder, getApp, activeApp?.common.id]);
 
   const approvalStripData = useMemo<PendingApproval>(() => {
     if (!currentApproval) {
@@ -108,8 +112,8 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
     if (currentApproval.request.kind === 'send_xch') {
       return {
         kind: 'send_xch',
-        appId: currentApproval.request.app.id,
-        appName: currentApproval.request.app.name,
+        appId: currentApproval.request.app.common.id,
+        appName: currentApproval.request.app.common.name,
         requestId: currentApproval.request.requestId,
         summary: {
           address: currentApproval.request.params.address,
@@ -124,8 +128,8 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
     if (currentApproval.request.kind === 'capability_grant') {
       return {
         kind: 'capability_grant',
-        appId: currentApproval.request.app.id,
-        appName: currentApproval.request.app.name,
+        appId: currentApproval.request.app.common.id,
+        appName: currentApproval.request.app.common.name,
         requestId: currentApproval.request.requestId,
         capability: currentApproval.request.capability,
       };
@@ -134,8 +138,8 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
     if (currentApproval.request.kind === 'network_whitelist_grant') {
       return {
         kind: 'network_whitelist_grant',
-        appId: currentApproval.request.app.id,
-        appName: currentApproval.request.app.name,
+        appId: currentApproval.request.app.common.id,
+        appName: currentApproval.request.app.common.name,
         requestId: currentApproval.request.requestId,
         entry: {
           scheme: currentApproval.request.entry.scheme,
@@ -157,7 +161,7 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
         setApplyingUpdate(true);
         setUpdateDialogError(null);
 
-        await performAppUpdate(activeApp.id, nextGrantedPermissions, {
+        await performAppUpdate(activeApp.common.id, nextGrantedPermissions, {
           restartIfRunning: true,
           visibleAfterRestart: true,
         });
@@ -178,7 +182,6 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
     }
 
     const delta = getAppUpdatePermissionsDelta(activeApp, activeUpdatePreview);
-    console.log('update delta', delta);
 
     if (!delta.requiresUserReview) {
       setUpdateDialogOpen(false);
@@ -195,7 +198,7 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
     <div className='flex h-full min-h-0 w-full flex-col overflow-hidden'>
       <AppTaskBar
         tabs={tabs}
-        activeAppId={activeApp?.id ?? null}
+        activeAppId={activeApp?.common.id ?? null}
         onOpenApps={() => {
           navigate('/apps');
         }}
@@ -206,7 +209,7 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
         }}
         onCloseApp={(targetAppId) => {
           void killRuntime(targetAppId).then(() => {
-            if (targetAppId === activeApp?.id) {
+            if (targetAppId === activeApp?.common.id) {
               navigate('/apps');
             }
           });
@@ -218,7 +221,7 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
 
       {activeApp &&
       currentApproval &&
-      currentApproval.request.app.id === activeApp.id ? (
+      currentApproval.request.app.common.id === activeApp.common.id ? (
         <AppApprovalStrip
           approval={approvalStripData}
           expanded={approvalExpanded}
@@ -231,13 +234,14 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
           onReject={rejectCurrentApproval}
         />
       ) : null}
+
       {donationOpen && activeApp && activeManifest?.donation ? (
         <AppDonationStrip
-          appName={activeApp.name}
+          appName={activeApp.common.name}
           authorName={activeManifest.author?.name}
           authorAvatarSrc={
             activeManifest.author?.avatar
-              ? `sage-app://${activeApp.originId}/${activeManifest.author.avatar}`
+              ? `sage-app://${activeApp.common.originId}/${activeManifest.author.avatar}`
               : null
           }
           donationAddress={activeManifest.donation.address}
@@ -246,7 +250,7 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
               return;
             }
             void commands.sendXch({
-              address: activeManifest?.donation.address,
+              address: activeManifest.donation.address,
               amount: amountMojos,
               fee: '0',
               memos: [],
@@ -256,13 +260,13 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
         />
       ) : null}
 
-      {activeApp?.source?.kind === 'url' && activeUpdatePreview ? (
+      {activeApp?.source.kind === 'url' && activeUpdatePreview ? (
         <Alert className='shrink-0 rounded-none border-x-0 border-t-0'>
           <AlertTitle>New version available</AlertTitle>
           <AlertDescription className='flex items-center justify-between gap-4'>
             <span>
               Version {activeUpdatePreview.manifest.version} is available for{' '}
-              {activeApp.name}.
+              {activeApp.common.name}.
             </span>
 
             <Button

From d6bc05cbae9166c962ce4568766de576be6b7e71 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Wed, 22 Apr 2026 22:32:51 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 144/471] Remove `registry.ts` and deprecated runtime
 functions; add `ts-prune` to dev dependencies for unused code analysis

---
 package.json                    |  1 +
 pnpm-lock.yaml                  | 75 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---
 src/lib/apps/registry.ts        | 45 --------------------
 src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts | 42 +-----------------
 4 files changed, 72 insertions(+), 91 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 src/lib/apps/registry.ts

diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index 01eac5936..944793003 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -106,6 +106,7 @@
     "postcss": "^8.5.6",
     "prettier": "^3.8.1",
     "tailwindcss": "^3.4.19",
+    "ts-prune": "^0.10.3",
     "typescript": "^5.9.3",
     "typescript-eslint": "^8.54.0",
     "vite": "^7.3.1"
diff --git a/pnpm-lock.yaml b/pnpm-lock.yaml
index d32185a53..73ffe56df 100644
--- a/pnpm-lock.yaml
+++ b/pnpm-lock.yaml
@@ -264,6 +264,9 @@ importers:
       tailwindcss:
         specifier: ^3.4.19
         version: 3.4.19(yaml@2.5.1)
+      ts-prune:
+        specifier: ^0.10.3
+        version: 0.10.3
       typescript:
         specifier: ^5.9.3
         version: 5.9.3
@@ -1739,6 +1742,9 @@ packages:
   '@tauri-apps/plugin-os@2.3.2':
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-n+nXWeuSeF9wcEsSPmRnBEGrRgOy6jjkSU+UVCOV8YUGKb2erhDOxis7IqRXiRVHhY8XMKks00BJ0OAdkpf6+A==}
 
+  '@ts-morph/common@0.12.3':
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-4tUmeLyXJnJWvTFOKtcNJ1yh0a3SsTLi2MUoyj8iUNznFRN1ZquaNe7Oukqrnki2FzZkm0J9adCNLDZxUzvj+w==}
+
   '@types/estree@1.0.8':
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-dWHzHa2WqEXI/O1E9OjrocMTKJl2mSrEolh1Iomrv6U+JuNwaHXsXx9bLu5gG7BUWFIN0skIQJQ/L1rIex4X6w==}
 
@@ -2219,6 +2225,9 @@ packages:
       react: ^18 || ^19 || ^19.0.0-rc
       react-dom: ^18 || ^19 || ^19.0.0-rc
 
+  code-block-writer@11.0.3:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-NiujjUFB4SwScJq2bwbYUtXbZhBSlY6vYzm++3Q6oC+U+injTqfPYFK8wS9COOmb2lueqp0ZRB4nK1VYeHgNyw==}
+
   color-convert@2.0.1:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-RRECPsj7iu/xb5oKYcsFHSppFNnsj/52OVTRKb4zP5onXwVF3zVmmToNcOfGC+CRDpfK/U584fMg38ZHCaElKQ==}
     engines: {node: '>=7.0.0'}
@@ -2241,6 +2250,10 @@ packages:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-NOKm8xhkzAjzFx8B2v5OAHT+u5pRQc2UCa2Vq9jYL/31o2wi9mxBA7LIFs3sV5VSC49z6pEhfbMULvShKj26WA==}
     engines: {node: '>= 6'}
 
+  commander@6.2.1:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-U7VdrJFnJgo4xjrHpTzu0yrHPGImdsmD95ZlgYSEajAn2JKzDhDTPG9kBTefmObL2w/ngeZnilk+OV9CG3d7UA==}
+    engines: {node: '>= 6'}
+
   concat-map@0.0.1:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-/Srv4dswyQNBfohGpz9o6Yb3Gz3SrUDqBH5rTuhGR7ahtlbYKnVxw2bCFMRljaA7EXHaXZ8wsHdodFvbkhKmqg==}
 
@@ -2936,6 +2949,9 @@ packages:
   lodash.merge@4.6.2:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-0KpjqXRVvrYyCsX1swR/XTK0va6VQkQM6MNo7PqW77ByjAhoARA8EfrP1N4+KlKj8YS0ZUCtRT/YUuhyYDujIQ==}
 
+  lodash@4.18.1:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-dMInicTPVE8d1e5otfwmmjlxkZoUpiVLwyeTdUsi/Caj/gfzzblBcCE5sRHV/AsjuCmxWrte2TNGSYuCeCq+0Q==}
+
   log-symbols@4.1.0:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-8XPvpAA8uyhfteu8pIvQxpJZ7SYYdpUivZpGy6sFsBuKRY/7rQGavedeB8aK+Zkyq6upMFVL/9AW6vOYzfRyLg==}
     engines: {node: '>=10'}
@@ -2990,6 +3006,11 @@ packages:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-qOOzS1cBTWYF4BH8fVePDBOO9iptMnGUEZwNc/cMWnTV2nVLZ7VoNWEPHkYczZA0pdoA7dl6e7FL659nX9S2aw==}
     engines: {node: '>=16 || 14 >=14.17'}
 
+  mkdirp@1.0.4:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-vVqVZQyf3WLx2Shd0qJ9xuvqgAyKPLAiqITEtqW0oIUjzo3PePDd6fW9iFz30ef7Ysp/oiWqbhszeGWW2T6Gzw==}
+    engines: {node: '>=10'}
+    hasBin: true
+
   mlly@1.8.2:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-d+ObxMQFmbt10sretNDytwt85VrbkhhUA/JBGm1MPaWJ65Cl4wOgLaB1NYvJSZ0Ef03MMEU/0xpPMXUIQ29UfA==}
 
@@ -3120,6 +3141,9 @@ packages:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-ayCKvm/phCGxOkYRSCM82iDwct8/EonSEgCSxWxD7ve6jHggsFl4fZVQBPRNgQoKiuV/odhFrGzQXZwbifC8Rg==}
     engines: {node: '>=8'}
 
+  path-browserify@1.0.1:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-b7uo2UCUOYZcnF/3ID0lulOJi/bafxa1xPe7ZPsammBSpjSWQkjNxlt635YGS2MiR9GjvuXCtz2emr3jbsz98g==}
+
   path-exists@4.0.0:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-ak9Qy5Q7jYb2Wwcey5Fpvg2KoAc/ZIhLSLOSBmRmygPsGwkVVt0fZa0qrtMz+m6tJTAHfZQ8FnmB4MG4LWy7/w==}
     engines: {node: '>=8'}
@@ -3637,6 +3661,10 @@ packages:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-L0Orpi8qGpRG//Nd+H90vFB+3iHnue1zSSGmNOOCh1GLJ7rUKVwV2HvijphGQS2UmhUZewS9VgvxYIdgr+fG1A==}
     hasBin: true
 
+  true-myth@4.1.1:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-rqy30BSpxPznbbTcAcci90oZ1YR4DqvKcNXNerG5gQBU2v4jk0cygheiul5J6ExIMrgDVuanv/MkGfqZbKrNNg==}
+    engines: {node: 10.* || >= 12.*}
+
   ts-api-utils@1.4.3:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-i3eMG77UTMD0hZhgRS562pv83RC6ukSAC2GMNWc+9dieh/+jDM5u5YG+NHX6VNDRHQcHwmsTHctP9LhbC3WxVw==}
     engines: {node: '>=16'}
@@ -3652,6 +3680,13 @@ packages:
   ts-interface-checker@0.1.13:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-Y/arvbn+rrz3JCKl9C4kVNfTfSm2/mEp5FSz5EsZSANGPSlQrpRI5M4PKF+mJnE52jOO90PnPSc3Ur3bTQw0gA==}
 
+  ts-morph@13.0.3:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-pSOfUMx8Ld/WUreoSzvMFQG5i9uEiWIsBYjpU9+TTASOeUa89j5HykomeqVULm1oqWtBdleI3KEFRLrlA3zGIw==}
+
+  ts-prune@0.10.3:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-iS47YTbdIcvN8Nh/1BFyziyUqmjXz7GVzWu02RaZXqb+e/3Qe1B7IQ4860krOeCGUeJmterAlaM2FRH0Ue0hjw==}
+    hasBin: true
+
   tslib@1.14.1:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-Xni35NKzjgMrwevysHTCArtLDpPvye8zV/0E4EyYn43P7/7qvQwPh9BGkHewbMulVntbigmcT7rdX3BNo9wRJg==}
 
@@ -5226,6 +5261,13 @@ snapshots:
     dependencies:
       '@tauri-apps/api': 2.10.1
 
+  '@ts-morph/common@0.12.3':
+    dependencies:
+      fast-glob: 3.3.3
+      minimatch: 3.1.2
+      mkdirp: 1.0.4
+      path-browserify: 1.0.1
+
   '@types/estree@1.0.8': {}
 
   '@types/istanbul-lib-coverage@2.0.6': {}
@@ -5242,8 +5284,7 @@ snapshots:
     dependencies:
       undici-types: 6.21.0
 
-  '@types/parse-json@4.0.2':
-    optional: true
+  '@types/parse-json@4.0.2': {}
 
   '@types/prop-types@15.7.15': {}
 
@@ -5983,6 +6024,8 @@ snapshots:
       - '@types/react'
       - '@types/react-dom'
 
+  code-block-writer@11.0.3: {}
+
   color-convert@2.0.1:
     dependencies:
       color-name: 1.1.4
@@ -5997,6 +6040,8 @@ snapshots:
 
   commander@4.1.1: {}
 
+  commander@6.2.1: {}
+
   concat-map@0.0.1: {}
 
   confbox@0.1.8: {}
@@ -6014,7 +6059,6 @@ snapshots:
       parse-json: 5.2.0
       path-type: 4.0.0
       yaml: 1.10.2
-    optional: true
 
   cosmiconfig@8.3.6(typescript@5.9.3):
     dependencies:
@@ -6840,6 +6884,8 @@ snapshots:
 
   lodash.merge@4.6.2: {}
 
+  lodash@4.18.1: {}
+
   log-symbols@4.1.0:
     dependencies:
       chalk: 4.1.2
@@ -6888,6 +6934,8 @@ snapshots:
 
   minipass@7.1.2: {}
 
+  mkdirp@1.0.4: {}
+
   mlly@1.8.2:
     dependencies:
       acorn: 8.16.0
@@ -7044,6 +7092,8 @@ snapshots:
       json-parse-even-better-errors: 2.3.1
       lines-and-columns: 1.2.4
 
+  path-browserify@1.0.1: {}
+
   path-exists@4.0.0: {}
 
   path-is-absolute@1.0.1: {}
@@ -7636,6 +7686,8 @@ snapshots:
 
   tree-kill@1.2.2: {}
 
+  true-myth@4.1.1: {}
+
   ts-api-utils@1.4.3(typescript@5.9.3):
     dependencies:
       typescript: 5.9.3
@@ -7646,6 +7698,20 @@ snapshots:
 
   ts-interface-checker@0.1.13: {}
 
+  ts-morph@13.0.3:
+    dependencies:
+      '@ts-morph/common': 0.12.3
+      code-block-writer: 11.0.3
+
+  ts-prune@0.10.3:
+    dependencies:
+      commander: 6.2.1
+      cosmiconfig: 7.1.0
+      json5: 2.2.3
+      lodash: 4.18.1
+      true-myth: 4.1.1
+      ts-morph: 13.0.3
+
   tslib@1.14.1: {}
 
   tslib@2.8.1: {}
@@ -7868,8 +7934,7 @@ snapshots:
 
   yallist@3.1.1: {}
 
-  yaml@1.10.2:
-    optional: true
+  yaml@1.10.2: {}
 
   yaml@2.5.1:
     optional: true
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/registry.ts b/src/lib/apps/registry.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 077ace25e..000000000
--- a/src/lib/apps/registry.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,45 +0,0 @@
-import { invoke } from '@tauri-apps/api/core';
-import type { SageApp } from '@/bindings.ts';
-
-const builtinAppCache = new Map<string, SageApp | null>();
-
-export async function getBuiltinApp(
-  appId: string,
-): Promise<SageApp | undefined> {
-  if (builtinAppCache.has(appId)) {
-    return builtinAppCache.get(appId) ?? undefined;
-  }
-
-  let app: SageApp | null;
-
-  try {
-    app = await invoke<SageApp | null>('get_builtin_test_app', {
-      appId,
-    });
-  } catch (err) {
-    const message =
-      err instanceof Error
-        ? err.message
-        : (() => {
-            try {
-              return JSON.stringify(err, null, 2);
-            } catch {
-              return String(err);
-            }
-          })();
-
-    throw new Error(`Failed to load builtin test app ${appId}: ${message}`);
-  }
-
-  builtinAppCache.set(appId, app);
-  return app ?? undefined;
-}
-
-export function clearBuiltinAppCache(appId?: string) {
-  if (appId) {
-    builtinAppCache.delete(appId);
-    return;
-  }
-
-  builtinAppCache.clear();
-}
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts b/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
index 5768f277b..d86bb529a 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
@@ -42,12 +42,6 @@ const runtimes = new Map<string, RuntimeInternalRecord>();
 export const runtimeByAppId = new Map<string, string>();
 const listeners = new Set<RuntimeListener>();
 
-let forceIncognitoForSecretApps = false;
-
-export function setForceIncognitoForSecretApps(value: boolean) {
-  forceIncognitoForSecretApps = value;
-}
-
 function isBuiltinTestApp(app: AppLike): boolean {
   return app.common.id.startsWith('__sage_test_');
 }
@@ -122,7 +116,7 @@ export function shouldUseIncognito(app: AppLike): boolean {
   }
 
   return (
-    forceIncognitoForSecretApps && app.common.capabilityFlags.hasSecretAccess
+    app.common.capabilityFlags.hasSecretAccess
   );
 }
 
@@ -294,40 +288,6 @@ export async function ensureInlineRuntime(
   return createInlineRuntime(app, { visible: true, internal: false });
 }
 
-export async function startInternalInlineRuntime(
-  app: AppLike,
-  options?: { query?: Record<string, string>; path?: string },
-): Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecord> {
-  const existingRuntimeId = runtimeByAppId.get(app.common.id);
-  if (existingRuntimeId) {
-    await closeAppRuntime(app.common.id, { timeoutMs: 8000 });
-  }
-
-  return createInlineRuntime(app, {
-    visible: false,
-    internal: true,
-    query: options?.query,
-    path: options?.path,
-  });
-}
-
-/**
- * Best-effort host-side clear.
- *
- * This does NOT prove the app origin is clean; the verification cycle should
- * still decide whether the capability passed for this environment.
- */
-export async function clearAppRuntimeBrowsingData(app: AppLike): Promise<void> {
-  const existingRuntimeId = runtimeByAppId.get(app.common.id);
-  if (existingRuntimeId) {
-    await closeAppRuntime(app.common.id, { timeoutMs: 8000 });
-  }
-
-  await invoke('apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data', {
-    appId: app.common.id,
-  });
-}
-
 export async function getRuntimeWebview(
   appId: string,
 ): Promise<Webview | null> {

From 47560a75ff14f67d6ebd571249148548e2366b71 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Wed, 22 Apr 2026 23:21:45 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 145/471] Introduce core support for system apps alongside user
 apps:

- Added `SageAppRuntimeKind` and `BridgeRegistryKind` to differentiate between user and system apps.
- Refined runtime and bridge logic to handle `SystemSageApp` and `UserSageApp` distinctly.
- Updated app lifecycle methods, bridge validation, and event handling to support system apps.
- Implemented `resolve_app_base_path` and navigation checks specific to runtime kind.
- Enhanced inline and webview labels to reflect system apps.
- Adjusted approval types and bridge handling to accommodate system-specific logic.
- Included new tests for `SystemSageApp` behavior and protocol validation.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system.rs |  44 +++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/wallet.rs |   6 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs            | 210 ++++++++++++++----
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs       |  15 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs                   |   5 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/cleanup.rs       |  17 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/inline.rs        |  23 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/records.rs       |  24 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs       | 104 ++++++---
 crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs     |  39 +++-
 src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml          |   1 -
 src-tauri/src/lib.rs                          |  23 +-
 src/bindings.ts                               |  13 +-
 src/lib/apps/bridge/types.ts                  |  12 +-
 src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts               |  19 +-
 15 files changed, 430 insertions(+), 125 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system.rs
index 11dc2ce81..80b380283 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system.rs
@@ -54,6 +54,7 @@ fn parse_capability_grant_params(
 ) -> Result<RequestCapabilityGrantParams, RustBridgeResponse> {
     let Some(params_json) = request.params_json.clone() else {
         return Err(failure(
+            &request.channel,
             &request.id,
             "invalid_request",
             "sage.requestCapabilityGrant requires params",
@@ -62,6 +63,7 @@ fn parse_capability_grant_params(
 
     serde_json::from_str(&params_json).map_err(|err| {
         failure(
+            &request.channel,
             &request.id,
             "invalid_request",
             format!("Failed to decode sage.requestCapabilityGrant params: {err}"),
@@ -74,6 +76,7 @@ fn parse_network_whitelist_grant_params(
 ) -> Result<RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantParams, RustBridgeResponse> {
     let Some(params_json) = request.params_json.clone() else {
         return Err(failure(
+            &request.channel,
             &request.id,
             "invalid_request",
             "sage.requestNetworkWhitelistGrant requires params",
@@ -83,6 +86,7 @@ fn parse_network_whitelist_grant_params(
     let mut params: RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantParams =
         serde_json::from_str(&params_json).map_err(|err| {
             failure(
+                &request.channel,
                 &request.id,
                 "invalid_request",
                 format!(
@@ -95,7 +99,7 @@ fn parse_network_whitelist_grant_params(
         "{}://{}",
         params.entry.scheme, params.entry.host
     ))
-        .map_err(|err| failure(&request.id, "invalid_request", err))?;
+        .map_err(|err| failure(&request.channel, &request.id, "invalid_request", err))?;
 
     params.entry = normalized;
     Ok(params)
@@ -107,8 +111,12 @@ fn required_network_set(
     let mut out = BTreeSet::new();
 
     for entry in &ctx.app.requested_permissions().network.whitelist.required {
-        let normalized = parse_network_permission_target(&format!("{}://{}", entry.scheme, entry.host))
-            .map_err(|err| failure("app.getInfo", "internal_error", err))?;
+        let normalized = parse_network_permission_target(&format!(
+            "{}://{}",
+            entry.scheme, entry.host
+        ))
+            .map_err(|err| failure("sage-bridge", "app.getInfo", "internal_error", err))?;
+
         out.insert((normalized.scheme, normalized.host));
     }
 
@@ -117,7 +125,7 @@ fn required_network_set(
 
 fn resolve_app_base_path(
     tools: &BridgeTools<'_>,
-    request_id: &str,
+    request: &RustBridgeRequest,
 ) -> Result<PathBuf, RustBridgeResponse> {
     tools
         .app_handle
@@ -125,7 +133,8 @@ fn resolve_app_base_path(
         .app_data_dir()
         .map_err(|err| {
             failure(
-                request_id,
+                &request.channel,
+                &request.id,
                 "internal_error",
                 format!("failed to resolve app data dir: {err}"),
             )
@@ -141,6 +150,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for BridgePing {
         request: &RustBridgeRequest,
     ) -> RustBridgeResponse {
         success(
+            &request.channel,
             &request.id,
             json!({
                 "ok": true,
@@ -174,7 +184,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for BridgeSend {
         )
             .await;
 
-        success(&request.id, json!({ "ok": true }))
+        success(&request.channel, &request.id, json!({ "ok": true }))
     }
 }
 
@@ -211,6 +221,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppGetInfo {
             .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
         success(
+            &request.channel,
             &request.id,
             json!({
                 "id": ctx.app.id(),
@@ -237,6 +248,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for SageGetCapabilities {
                 .unwrap_or_default();
 
         success(
+            &request.channel,
             &request.id,
             serde_json::to_value(&capabilities).unwrap_or_else(|_| json!([])),
         )
@@ -294,7 +306,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for SageRequestCapabilityGrant {
             Err(err) => return err,
         };
 
-        let base_path = match resolve_app_base_path(&tools, &request.id) {
+        let base_path = match resolve_app_base_path(&tools, request) {
             Ok(path) => path,
             Err(err) => return err,
         };
@@ -304,6 +316,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for SageRequestCapabilityGrant {
                    capability,
                    full_granted_capabilities,
                }) => success(
+                &request.channel,
                 &request.id,
                 json!({
                     "granted": true,
@@ -313,11 +326,14 @@ impl BridgeMethod for SageRequestCapabilityGrant {
                 }),
             ),
             Ok(GrantCapabilityOutcome::Granted { capability, change }) => {
+                let runtime_kind = crate::runtime::resolve::runtime_kind_for_app(ctx.app);
+
                 let _ = emit_bridge_event_to_source(
                     tools.app_handle,
                     ctx.source_label,
+                    runtime_kind,
                     json!({
-                        "channel": "sage-bridge",
+                        "channel": request.channel,
                         "type": "grantedCapabilitiesChange",
                         "removedGrantedCapabilities": change.removed,
                         "addedGrantedCapabilities": change.added,
@@ -326,6 +342,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for SageRequestCapabilityGrant {
                 );
 
                 success(
+                    &request.channel,
                     &request.id,
                     json!({
                         "granted": true,
@@ -335,6 +352,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for SageRequestCapabilityGrant {
                 )
             }
             Err(err) => failure(
+                &request.channel,
                 &request.id,
                 "internal_error",
                 format!("failed to grant requested capability: {err}"),
@@ -395,7 +413,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for SageRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant {
             Err(err) => return err,
         };
 
-        let base_path = match resolve_app_base_path(&tools, &request.id) {
+        let base_path = match resolve_app_base_path(&tools, request) {
             Ok(path) => path,
             Err(err) => return err,
         };
@@ -409,6 +427,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for SageRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant {
                    entry,
                    full_granted_network_whitelist,
                }) => success(
+                &request.channel,
                 &request.id,
                 json!({
                     "granted": true,
@@ -418,11 +437,14 @@ impl BridgeMethod for SageRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant {
                 }),
             ),
             Ok(GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome::Granted { entry, change }) => {
+                let runtime_kind = crate::runtime::resolve::runtime_kind_for_app(ctx.app);
+
                 let _ = emit_bridge_event_to_source(
                     tools.app_handle,
                     ctx.source_label,
+                    runtime_kind,
                     json!({
-                        "channel": "sage-bridge",
+                        "channel": request.channel,
                         "type": "grantedNetworkWhitelistChange",
                         "removedGrantedNetworkWhitelist": change.removed,
                         "addedGrantedNetworkWhitelist": change.added,
@@ -431,6 +453,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for SageRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant {
                 );
 
                 success(
+                    &request.channel,
                     &request.id,
                     json!({
                         "granted": true,
@@ -440,6 +463,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for SageRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant {
                 )
             }
             Err(err) => failure(
+                &request.channel,
                 &request.id,
                 "internal_error",
                 format!("failed to grant requested network whitelist entry: {err}"),
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/wallet.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/wallet.rs
index 3b89a715c..f2bae6042 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/wallet.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/wallet.rs
@@ -54,6 +54,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for WalletSendXch {
     ) -> RustBridgeResponse {
         let Some(params_json) = request.params_json.clone() else {
             return failure(
+                &request.channel,
                 &request.id,
                 "invalid_request",
                 "wallet.sendXch requires params",
@@ -64,6 +65,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for WalletSendXch {
             Ok(req) => req,
             Err(err) => {
                 return failure(
+                    &request.channel,
                     &request.id,
                     "invalid_request",
                     format!("Failed to decode wallet.sendXch params: {err}"),
@@ -75,14 +77,16 @@ impl BridgeMethod for WalletSendXch {
 
         match tools.app_state.lock().await.send_xch(req).await {
             Ok(result) => match serde_json::to_value(result) {
-                Ok(value) => success(&request.id, value),
+                Ok(value) => success(&request.channel, &request.id, value),
                 Err(err) => failure(
+                    &request.channel,
                     &request.id,
                     "internal_error",
                     format!("Failed to encode wallet.sendXch result: {err}"),
                 ),
             },
             Err(err) => failure(
+                &request.channel,
                 &request.id,
                 "internal_error",
                 format!("wallet.sendXch failed: {err}"),
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
index 701e7b853..1c948bde2 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
@@ -9,9 +9,10 @@ use uuid::Uuid;
 
 use crate::host::AppState;
 use crate::permissions::require_capability_definition;
-use crate::runtime::{apps_assert_bridge_origin, resolve_app};
 use crate::state::AppsHostState;
 use crate::types::{SageApp};
+use crate::runtime::{assert_bridge_origin, resolve_app};
+use crate::runtime::records::SageAppRuntimeKind;
 
 pub mod methods;
 pub mod registry;
@@ -109,9 +110,13 @@ pub struct BridgeState {
     pending_approvals: Mutex<BTreeMap<String, PendingBridgeApproval>>,
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn success(id: &str, result: Value) -> RustBridgeResponse {
+pub(crate) fn success(
+    channel: &str,
+    id: &str,
+    result: Value,
+) -> RustBridgeResponse {
     RustBridgeResponse::Success(RustBridgeSuccessResponse {
-        channel: "sage-bridge".into(),
+        channel: channel.into(),
         bridge_version: "v1".into(),
         id: id.into(),
         ok: true,
@@ -120,12 +125,13 @@ pub(crate) fn success(id: &str, result: Value) -> RustBridgeResponse {
 }
 
 pub(crate) fn failure(
+    channel: &str,
     id: &str,
     code: &str,
     message: impl Into<String>,
 ) -> RustBridgeResponse {
     RustBridgeResponse::Error(RustBridgeErrorResponse {
-        channel: "sage-bridge".into(),
+        channel: channel.into(),
         bridge_version: "v1".into(),
         id: id.into(),
         ok: false,
@@ -138,9 +144,11 @@ pub(crate) fn failure(
 
 fn validate_request_basics(
     request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    expected_channel: &str,
 ) -> Result<(), RustBridgeResponse> {
-    if request.channel != "sage-bridge" {
+    if request.channel != expected_channel {
         return Err(failure(
+            expected_channel,
             &request.id,
             "invalid_request",
             "Invalid bridge channel",
@@ -150,6 +158,7 @@ fn validate_request_basics(
     if let Some(version) = &request.bridge_version {
         if version != "v1" {
             return Err(failure(
+                expected_channel,
                 &request.id,
                 "unsupported_bridge_version",
                 format!("Unsupported Sage bridge version: {version}"),
@@ -166,11 +175,13 @@ async fn execute_bridge_request(
     app: &SageApp,
     source_label: &str,
     request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    registry_kind: registry::BridgeRegistryKind,
 ) -> RustBridgeResponse {
-    let registry = BridgeRegistry::new();
+    let registry = BridgeRegistry::new(registry_kind);
 
     let Some(method) = registry.get(&request.method) else {
         return failure(
+            &request.channel,
             &request.id,
             "method_not_found",
             format!("Unknown bridge method: {}", request.method),
@@ -183,7 +194,7 @@ async fn execute_bridge_request(
             BridgeTools {
                 app_handle,
                 app_state,
-                host_state: &app_handle.state::<crate::state::AppsHostState>(),
+                host_state: &app_handle.state::<AppsHostState>(),
             },
             request,
         )
@@ -192,13 +203,14 @@ async fn execute_bridge_request(
 
 fn authorize_method_capability(
     app: &SageApp,
-    request_id: &str,
+    request: &RustBridgeRequest,
     capability_key: &str,
 ) -> Result<(), RustBridgeResponse> {
     let capability_definition = require_capability_definition(capability_key)
         .map_err(|err| {
             failure(
-                request_id,
+                &request.channel,
+                &request.id,
                 "internal_error",
                 format!(
                     "bridge method declared unknown capability {capability_key}: {err}"
@@ -208,7 +220,8 @@ fn authorize_method_capability(
 
     if !capability_definition.shared_with_app {
         return Err(failure(
-            request_id,
+            &request.channel,
+            &request.id,
             "permission_denied",
             format!(
                 "Capability {} is not shared with apps",
@@ -224,7 +237,8 @@ fn authorize_method_capability(
         .any(|capability| capability == capability_definition.key)
     {
         return Err(failure(
-            request_id,
+            &request.channel,
+            &request.id,
             "permission_denied",
             format!("Permission denied for {}", capability_definition.key),
         ));
@@ -253,9 +267,31 @@ fn emit_approval_requested(
         .map_err(|err| format!("failed to emit approval request event: {err}"))
 }
 
+fn response_channel_for_runtime_kind(runtime_kind: SageAppRuntimeKind) -> &'static str {
+    match runtime_kind {
+        SageAppRuntimeKind::User => "sage-bridge",
+        SageAppRuntimeKind::System => "sage-system-bridge",
+    }
+}
+
+fn response_event_for_runtime_kind(runtime_kind: SageAppRuntimeKind) -> &'static str {
+    match runtime_kind {
+        SageAppRuntimeKind::User => "sage-bridge:response",
+        SageAppRuntimeKind::System => "sage-system-bridge:response",
+    }
+}
+
+fn event_event_for_runtime_kind(runtime_kind: SageAppRuntimeKind) -> &'static str {
+    match runtime_kind {
+        SageAppRuntimeKind::User => "sage-bridge:event",
+        SageAppRuntimeKind::System => "sage-system-bridge:event",
+    }
+}
+
 pub(crate) fn emit_bridge_response_to_source(
     app: &AppHandle,
     source_label: &str,
+    runtime_kind: SageAppRuntimeKind,
     response: &RustBridgeResponse,
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
     let host_window = app
@@ -267,13 +303,14 @@ pub(crate) fn emit_bridge_response_to_source(
         .ok_or_else(|| format!("missing webview for label: {source_label}"))?;
 
     webview
-        .emit("sage-bridge:response", response)
+        .emit(response_event_for_runtime_kind(runtime_kind), response)
         .map_err(|err| format!("failed to emit bridge response: {err}"))
 }
 
 pub(crate) fn emit_bridge_event_to_source(
     app: &AppHandle,
     source_label: &str,
+    runtime_kind: SageAppRuntimeKind,
     payload: Value,
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
     let host_window = app
@@ -285,30 +322,35 @@ pub(crate) fn emit_bridge_event_to_source(
         .ok_or_else(|| format!("missing webview for label: {source_label}"))?;
 
     webview
-        .emit("sage-bridge:event", payload)
+        .emit(event_event_for_runtime_kind(runtime_kind), payload)
         .map_err(|err| format!("failed to emit bridge event: {err}"))
 }
 
-#[tauri::command]
-#[specta::specta]
-pub async fn apps_invoke_bridge(
+async fn apps_invoke_bridge_internal(
     app: AppHandle,
     webview: Webview,
     app_state: State<'_, AppState>,
-    apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     request: RustBridgeRequest,
+    expected_runtime_kind: Option<SageAppRuntimeKind>,
+    registry_kind: registry::BridgeRegistryKind,
 ) -> Result<RustBridgeInvokeResult, String> {
-    if let Err(response) = validate_request_basics(&request) {
+    let expected_channel = match registry_kind {
+        registry::BridgeRegistryKind::User => "sage-bridge",
+        registry::BridgeRegistryKind::System => "sage-system-bridge",
+    };
+
+    if let Err(response) = validate_request_basics(&request, expected_channel) {
         return Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Immediate { response });
     }
 
     let source_label = webview.label().to_string();
 
-    let app_id = match apps_assert_bridge_origin(app.clone(), source_label.clone()) {
-        Ok(app_id) => app_id,
+    let (app_id, runtime_kind) = match assert_bridge_origin(app.clone(), source_label.clone()) {
+        Ok(value) => value,
         Err(err) => {
             return Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Immediate {
                 response: failure(
+                    expected_channel,
                     &request.id,
                     "permission_denied",
                     format!("Bridge origin denied: {err}"),
@@ -317,18 +359,32 @@ pub async fn apps_invoke_bridge(
         }
     };
 
+    if let Some(expected_runtime_kind) = expected_runtime_kind {
+        if runtime_kind != expected_runtime_kind {
+            return Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Immediate {
+                response: failure(
+                    expected_channel,
+                    &request.id,
+                    "permission_denied",
+                    "This bridge is not available for this runtime kind",
+                ),
+            });
+        }
+    }
+
     let base_path = app
         .path()
         .app_data_dir()
         .map_err(|e| format!("failed to resolve app data dir: {e}"))?;
 
-    let resolved_app = resolve_app(&base_path, &app_id)?;
+    let app_model = resolve_app(&base_path, &app_id)?;
 
-    let registry = BridgeRegistry::new();
+    let registry = BridgeRegistry::new(registry_kind);
 
     let Some(method) = registry.get(&request.method) else {
         return Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Immediate {
             response: failure(
+                expected_channel,
                 &request.id,
                 "method_not_found",
                 format!("Unknown bridge method: {}", request.method),
@@ -336,29 +392,42 @@ pub async fn apps_invoke_bridge(
         });
     };
 
-    if let Some(capability_key) = method.permission() {
-        if let Err(response) =
-            authorize_method_capability(&resolved_app, &request.id, capability_key)
-        {
+    if let Some(permission) = method.permission() {
+        if let Err(response) = authorize_method_capability(&app_model, &request, permission) {
             return Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Immediate { response });
         }
     }
 
-    if let Some(approval) = method.approval_request(
-        BridgeContext {
-            app: &resolved_app,
-            source_label: &source_label,
-        },
-        &request,
-    ) {
+    if method.requires_approval(&app_model, &request) {
+        let approval = match method.approval_request(
+            BridgeContext {
+                app: &app_model,
+                source_label: &source_label,
+            },
+            &request,
+        ) {
+            Some(approval) => approval,
+            None => {
+                return Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Immediate {
+                    response: failure(
+                        expected_channel,
+                        &request.id,
+                        "invalid_request",
+                        "Failed to build approval request",
+                    ),
+                });
+            }
+        };
+
         let approval_id = Uuid::new_v4().to_string();
 
         {
-            let mut pending = apps_state.bridge.pending_approvals.lock().await;
+            let bridge_state = app.state::<BridgeState>();
+            let mut pending = bridge_state.pending_approvals.lock().await;
             pending.insert(
                 approval_id.clone(),
                 PendingBridgeApproval {
-                    app: resolved_app,
+                    app: app_model.clone(),
                     source_label: source_label.clone(),
                     request: request.clone(),
                 },
@@ -366,16 +435,60 @@ pub async fn apps_invoke_bridge(
         }
 
         emit_approval_requested(&app, approval_id, approval)?;
-
         return Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Pending {});
     }
 
-    let response =
-        execute_bridge_request(&app, &app_state, &resolved_app, &source_label, &request).await;
+    let response = execute_bridge_request(
+        &app,
+        &app_state,
+        &app_model,
+        &source_label,
+        &request,
+        registry_kind,
+    )
+        .await;
 
     Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Immediate { response })
 }
 
+#[tauri::command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn apps_invoke_user_bridge(
+    app: AppHandle,
+    webview: Webview,
+    app_state: State<'_, AppState>,
+    request: RustBridgeRequest,
+) -> Result<RustBridgeInvokeResult, String> {
+    apps_invoke_bridge_internal(
+        app,
+        webview,
+        app_state,
+        request,
+        None,
+        registry::BridgeRegistryKind::User,
+    )
+        .await
+}
+
+#[tauri::command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn apps_invoke_system_bridge(
+    app: AppHandle,
+    webview: Webview,
+    app_state: State<'_, AppState>,
+    request: RustBridgeRequest,
+) -> Result<RustBridgeInvokeResult, String> {
+    apps_invoke_bridge_internal(
+        app,
+        webview,
+        app_state,
+        request,
+        Some(SageAppRuntimeKind::System),
+        registry::BridgeRegistryKind::System,
+    )
+        .await
+}
+
 #[tauri::command]
 #[specta::specta]
 pub async fn apps_resolve_bridge_approval(
@@ -390,11 +503,26 @@ pub async fn apps_resolve_bridge_approval(
     }
         .ok_or_else(|| format!("unknown approval id: {}", args.approval_id))?;
 
+    let runtime_kind = match assert_bridge_origin(app.clone(), pending.source_label.clone()) {
+        Ok((_, runtime_kind)) => runtime_kind,
+        Err(_) => match pending.app {
+            SageApp::System(_) => SageAppRuntimeKind::System,
+            SageApp::User(_) => SageAppRuntimeKind::User,
+        },
+    };
+
+    let registry_kind = match runtime_kind {
+        SageAppRuntimeKind::User => registry::BridgeRegistryKind::User,
+        SageAppRuntimeKind::System => registry::BridgeRegistryKind::System,
+    };
+
     let response = if !args.approved {
         failure(
+            response_channel_for_runtime_kind(runtime_kind),
             &pending.request.id,
             "user_denied",
-            args.reason.unwrap_or_else(|| "User denied the request".into()),
+            args.reason
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| "User denied the request".to_string()),
         )
     } else {
         execute_bridge_request(
@@ -403,9 +531,11 @@ pub async fn apps_resolve_bridge_approval(
             &pending.app,
             &pending.source_label,
             &pending.request,
+            registry_kind,
         )
             .await
     };
 
-    emit_bridge_response_to_source(&app, &pending.source_label, &response)
+    emit_bridge_response_to_source(&app, &pending.source_label, runtime_kind, &response)?;
+    Ok(())
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs
index c9381ad7a..589aa97ea 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs
@@ -7,12 +7,18 @@ use super::methods::system::{
 use super::methods::wallet::WalletSendXch;
 use super::methods::BridgeMethod;
 
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum BridgeRegistryKind {
+    User,
+    System,
+}
+
 pub struct BridgeRegistry {
     methods: HashMap<&'static str, Box<dyn BridgeMethod>>,
 }
 
 impl BridgeRegistry {
-    pub fn new() -> Self {
+    pub fn new(kind: BridgeRegistryKind) -> Self {
         let mut methods: HashMap<&'static str, Box<dyn BridgeMethod>> = HashMap::new();
 
         methods.insert("bridge.ping", Box::new(BridgePing));
@@ -33,6 +39,13 @@ impl BridgeRegistry {
         );
         methods.insert("wallet.sendXch", Box::new(WalletSendXch));
 
+        match kind {
+            BridgeRegistryKind::User => {}
+            BridgeRegistryKind::System => {
+                // future system-only methods go here
+            }
+        }
+
         Self { methods }
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
index 17c34bc0a..79b71a557 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
@@ -9,5 +9,8 @@ pub mod state;
 pub mod types;
 pub mod build;
 
-pub use security::handle_app_protocol_request;
+pub use security::{
+    handle_system_app_protocol_request,
+    handle_user_app_protocol_request,
+};
 pub use state::AppsHostState;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/cleanup.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/cleanup.rs
index f03a3105c..48c13c563 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/cleanup.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/cleanup.rs
@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, PendingStorageCleanupTarget};
 
 use super::apps_create_inline_runtime;
 use super::inline::CreateInlineRuntimeArgs;
+use super::resolve::{resolve_app, runtime_kind_for_app};
 use super::records::inline_label_for;
-use super::resolve::resolve_app;
 
 #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
 fn data_directory_for(directory_name: &str) -> std::path::PathBuf {
@@ -104,7 +104,14 @@ pub async fn apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data(
     app: AppHandle,
     app_id: String,
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
-    let webview_label = inline_label_for(&app_id);
+    let base_path = app
+        .path()
+        .app_data_dir()
+        .map_err(|e| format!("failed to resolve app data dir: {e}"))?;
+
+    let resolved = resolve_app(&base_path, &app_id)?;
+    let runtime_kind = runtime_kind_for_app(&resolved);
+    let webview_label = inline_label_for(resolved.id(), runtime_kind);
 
     if let Some(host_window) = app.get_window("main") {
         if let Some(existing) = host_window.get_webview(&webview_label) {
@@ -112,12 +119,6 @@ pub async fn apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data(
         }
     }
 
-    let base_path = app
-        .path()
-        .app_data_dir()
-        .map_err(|e| format!("failed to resolve app data dir: {e}"))?;
-
-    let resolved = resolve_app(&base_path, &app_id)?;
     let target = pending_target_from_storage(resolved.storage());
 
     clear_app_storage_by_target(&app, &target).await
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/inline.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/inline.rs
index 0cf200d38..c4df656a8 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/inline.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/inline.rs
@@ -4,19 +4,19 @@ use std::time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};
 use serde::Deserialize;
 use specta::Type;
 use tauri::webview::NewWindowResponse;
-use tauri::{
-    AppHandle, LogicalPosition, LogicalSize, Manager, State, WebviewUrl,
-};
+use tauri::{AppHandle, LogicalPosition, LogicalSize, Manager, State, WebviewUrl};
 
 #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
 use crate::sandbox;
 use crate::state::AppsHostState;
-use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage};
+use crate::types::InstalledSageAppStorage;
 
-use super::records::{inline_label_for, runtime_id_for, SageAppRuntimeRecord};
-use super::resolve::{build_entry_src, is_allowed_app_url, resolve_app, should_use_incognito};
+use super::records::{inline_label_for, runtime_id_for, SageAppRuntimeKind, SageAppRuntimeRecord};
+use super::resolve::{
+    build_entry_src, is_allowed_app_url, resolve_app, runtime_kind_for_app, should_use_incognito,
+};
 
 #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
 fn data_directory_for(directory_name: &str) -> PathBuf {
@@ -64,6 +64,7 @@ pub async fn apps_create_inline_runtime(
         .map_err(|e| format!("failed to resolve app data dir: {e}"))?;
 
     let resolved = resolve_app(&base_path, &args.app_id)?;
+    let runtime_kind = runtime_kind_for_app(&resolved);
     let is_builtin_test_app = resolved.id().starts_with("__sage_test_");
 
     if !args.internal && !is_builtin_test_app {
@@ -87,8 +88,8 @@ pub async fn apps_create_inline_runtime(
         .get_window("main")
         .ok_or_else(|| "missing main window".to_string())?;
 
-    let webview_label = inline_label_for(resolved.id());
-    let runtime_id = runtime_id_for(resolved.id());
+    let webview_label = inline_label_for(resolved.id(), runtime_kind);
+    let runtime_id = runtime_id_for(resolved.id(), runtime_kind);
     let entry_src = build_entry_src(&resolved, args.path.clone(), args.query.clone());
 
     if let Some(existing) = host_window.get_webview(&webview_label) {
@@ -96,6 +97,7 @@ pub async fn apps_create_inline_runtime(
     }
 
     let origin_id_for_nav = resolved.origin_id().to_string();
+    let runtime_kind_for_nav = runtime_kind;
 
     let mut builder = tauri::webview::WebviewBuilder::new(
         &webview_label,
@@ -105,7 +107,9 @@ pub async fn apps_create_inline_runtime(
                 .map_err(|e| format!("invalid entry url: {e}"))?,
         ),
     )
-        .on_navigation(move |url| is_allowed_app_url(url, &origin_id_for_nav))
+        .on_navigation(move |url| {
+            is_allowed_app_url(url, &origin_id_for_nav, runtime_kind_for_nav)
+        })
         .on_new_window(move |_url, _features| NewWindowResponse::Deny);
 
     if is_incognito {
@@ -153,6 +157,7 @@ pub async fn apps_create_inline_runtime(
         entry_src,
         webview_label: webview_label.clone(),
         host_window_label: "main".into(),
+        runtime_kind,
         mode: "inline".into(),
         state: if args.visible {
             "running".into()
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/records.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/records.rs
index d911a3d98..b9f476485 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/records.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/records.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,16 @@
 use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 
-use serde::Serialize;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 use tokio::sync::Mutex;
 
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub enum SageAppRuntimeKind {
+    User,
+    System,
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct SageAppRuntimeRecord {
@@ -13,6 +20,7 @@ pub struct SageAppRuntimeRecord {
     pub entry_src: String,
     pub webview_label: String,
     pub host_window_label: String,
+    pub runtime_kind: SageAppRuntimeKind,
     pub mode: String,
     pub state: String,
     pub started_at: i64,
@@ -30,10 +38,16 @@ pub struct AppRuntimeState {
     pub runtime_by_app_id: Mutex<BTreeMap<String, String>>,
 }
 
-pub fn runtime_id_for(app_id: &str) -> String {
-    format!("runtime-{app_id}")
+pub fn runtime_id_for(app_id: &str, runtime_kind: SageAppRuntimeKind) -> String {
+    match runtime_kind {
+        SageAppRuntimeKind::User => format!("runtime-{app_id}"),
+        SageAppRuntimeKind::System => format!("system-runtime-{app_id}"),
+    }
 }
 
-pub fn inline_label_for(app_id: &str) -> String {
-    format!("app-inline-{app_id}")
+pub fn inline_label_for(app_id: &str, runtime_kind: SageAppRuntimeKind) -> String {
+    match runtime_kind {
+        SageAppRuntimeKind::User => format!("app-inline-{app_id}"),
+        SageAppRuntimeKind::System => format!("system-app-inline-{app_id}"),
+    }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
index 4c9b6b302..92bdf9f50 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
@@ -8,14 +8,41 @@ use crate::lifecycle::read_installed_app_by_id;
 use crate::sandbox::build_builtin_test_app;
 use crate::types::SageApp;
 
-use super::records::inline_label_for;
+use super::records::{inline_label_for, SageAppRuntimeKind};
 
-fn app_id_from_inline_label(label: &str) -> Option<&str> {
-    label.strip_prefix("app-inline-")
+fn app_id_from_inline_label(label: &str) -> Option<(SageAppRuntimeKind, &str)> {
+    if let Some(app_id) = label.strip_prefix("app-inline-") {
+        return Some((SageAppRuntimeKind::User, app_id));
+    }
+
+    if let Some(app_id) = label.strip_prefix("system-app-inline-") {
+        return Some((SageAppRuntimeKind::System, app_id));
+    }
+
+    None
+}
+
+pub fn runtime_kind_for_app(app: &SageApp) -> SageAppRuntimeKind {
+    match app {
+        SageApp::User(_) => SageAppRuntimeKind::User,
+        SageApp::System(_) => SageAppRuntimeKind::System,
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn protocol_scheme_for_runtime_kind(runtime_kind: SageAppRuntimeKind) -> &'static str {
+    match runtime_kind {
+        SageAppRuntimeKind::User => "sage-app",
+        SageAppRuntimeKind::System => "sage-system-app",
+    }
 }
 
-pub fn is_allowed_app_url(url: &Url, origin_id: &str) -> bool {
-    url.scheme() == "sage-app" && url.host_str() == Some(origin_id)
+pub fn is_allowed_app_url(
+    url: &Url,
+    origin_id: &str,
+    runtime_kind: SageAppRuntimeKind,
+) -> bool {
+    url.scheme() == protocol_scheme_for_runtime_kind(runtime_kind)
+        && url.host_str() == Some(origin_id)
 }
 
 pub fn build_entry_src(
@@ -23,9 +50,12 @@ pub fn build_entry_src(
     path: Option<String>,
     query: BTreeMap<String, String>,
 ) -> String {
+    let runtime_kind = runtime_kind_for_app(app);
+    let scheme = protocol_scheme_for_runtime_kind(runtime_kind);
     let entry_path = path.unwrap_or_else(|| format!("/{}", app.entry_file()));
-    let mut url = Url::parse(&format!("sage-app://{}{}", app.origin_id(), entry_path))
-        .expect("failed to build sage-app entry URL");
+
+    let mut url = Url::parse(&format!("{scheme}://{}{}", app.origin_id(), entry_path))
+        .expect("failed to build app entry URL");
 
     for (key, value) in query {
         url.query_pairs_mut().append_pair(&key, &value);
@@ -34,10 +64,7 @@ pub fn build_entry_src(
     url.to_string()
 }
 
-pub fn resolve_app(
-    base_path: &Path,
-    app_id: &str,
-) -> Result<SageApp, String> {
+pub fn resolve_app(base_path: &Path, app_id: &str) -> Result<SageApp, String> {
     match read_installed_app_by_id(base_path, app_id) {
         Ok(app) => Ok(SageApp::User(app)),
         Err(installed_err) => build_builtin_test_app(app_id)
@@ -68,15 +95,14 @@ pub fn should_use_incognito(app: &SageApp) -> bool {
     false
 }
 
-#[tauri::command]
-#[specta::specta]
-pub fn apps_assert_bridge_origin(
+pub(crate) fn assert_bridge_origin(
     app: AppHandle,
     source_label: String,
-) -> Result<String, String> {
-    let app_id = app_id_from_inline_label(&source_label)
-        .ok_or_else(|| format!("invalid app runtime label: {source_label}"))?
-        .to_string();
+) -> Result<(String, SageAppRuntimeKind), String> {
+    let (runtime_kind, app_id) = app_id_from_inline_label(&source_label)
+        .ok_or_else(|| format!("invalid app runtime label: {source_label}"))?;
+
+    let app_id = app_id.to_string();
 
     let base_path = app
         .path()
@@ -84,6 +110,13 @@ pub fn apps_assert_bridge_origin(
         .map_err(|e| format!("failed to resolve app data dir: {e}"))?;
 
     let resolved = resolve_app(&base_path, &app_id)?;
+    let expected_runtime_kind = runtime_kind_for_app(&resolved);
+
+    if runtime_kind != expected_runtime_kind {
+        return Err(format!(
+            "bridge denied for {source_label}: runtime kind mismatch (label={runtime_kind:?}, app={expected_runtime_kind:?})"
+        ));
+    }
 
     let host_window = app
         .get_window("main")
@@ -97,19 +130,20 @@ pub fn apps_assert_bridge_origin(
         .url()
         .map_err(|e| format!("failed to read current webview url: {e}"))?;
 
-    if !is_allowed_app_url(&current_url, resolved.origin_id()) {
+    if !is_allowed_app_url(&current_url, resolved.origin_id(), runtime_kind) {
         return Err(format!(
-            "bridge denied for {source_label}: current url {} is outside sage-app://{}/...",
+            "bridge denied for {source_label}: current url {} is outside {}://{}/...",
             current_url,
+            protocol_scheme_for_runtime_kind(runtime_kind),
             resolved.origin_id()
         ));
     }
 
-    Ok(app_id)
+    Ok((app_id, runtime_kind))
 }
 
-pub fn webview_label_for_app(app_id: &str) -> String {
-    inline_label_for(app_id)
+pub fn webview_label_for_app(app: &SageApp) -> String {
+    inline_label_for(app.id(), runtime_kind_for_app(app))
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
@@ -175,17 +209,24 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     #[test]
-    fn allowed_app_url_matches_origin_id() {
+    fn allowed_user_app_url_matches_origin_id() {
         let url = Url::parse("sage-app://origin-1/index.html").unwrap();
-        assert!(is_allowed_app_url(&url, "origin-1"));
-        assert!(!is_allowed_app_url(&url, "origin-2"));
+        assert!(is_allowed_app_url(&url, "origin-1", SageAppRuntimeKind::User));
+        assert!(!is_allowed_app_url(&url, "origin-2", SageAppRuntimeKind::User));
     }
 
     #[test]
-    fn build_entry_src_uses_origin_id_not_app_id() {
+    fn allowed_system_app_url_matches_origin_id() {
+        let url = Url::parse("sage-system-app://origin-1/index.html").unwrap();
+        assert!(is_allowed_app_url(&url, "origin-1", SageAppRuntimeKind::System));
+        assert!(!is_allowed_app_url(&url, "origin-2", SageAppRuntimeKind::System));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn build_entry_src_uses_system_scheme_for_system_apps() {
         let app = sample_app("origin-1", vec![], false);
         let url = build_entry_src(&app, None, BTreeMap::new());
-        assert_eq!(url, "sage-app://origin-1/index.html");
+        assert_eq!(url, "sage-system-app://origin-1/index.html");
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -197,7 +238,7 @@ mod tests {
 
         let url = build_entry_src(&app, Some("/nested/page.html".into()), query);
 
-        assert!(url.starts_with("sage-app://origin-1/nested/page.html?"));
+        assert!(url.starts_with("sage-system-app://origin-1/nested/page.html?"));
         assert!(url.contains("a=1"));
         assert!(url.contains("b=hello"));
     }
@@ -221,7 +262,8 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     #[test]
-    fn webview_label_for_app_has_expected_shape() {
-        assert_eq!(webview_label_for_app("abc"), "app-inline-abc");
+    fn webview_label_for_system_app_has_expected_shape() {
+        let app = sample_app("origin-1", vec![], false);
+        assert_eq!(webview_label_for_app(&app), "system-app-inline-url-abc123");
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
index 2cf717326..48db3f4d7 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use std::{fs, path::Path};
 
-use anyhow::{Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
+use anyhow::{anyhow, Result as AnyResult};
 use tauri::http::{Response, StatusCode};
 
 use crate::{
@@ -13,6 +13,12 @@ use crate::{
     types::SageApp,
 };
 
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum AppProtocolKind {
+    User,
+    System,
+}
+
 fn serve_runtime_app_asset(
     request_path: &str,
     csp: &str,
@@ -105,17 +111,32 @@ fn handle_builtin_test_app_request(
 pub fn handle_app_protocol_request(
     base_path: &Path,
     request: &tauri::http::Request<Vec<u8>>,
+    protocol_kind: AppProtocolKind,
 ) -> AnyResult<Response<Vec<u8>>> {
     let uri = request.uri();
 
     let host = uri
         .host()
-        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("missing host in sage-app URL"))?;
+        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("missing host in app URL"))?;
 
     if builtin_test_app_spec(host).is_some() {
+        if protocol_kind != AppProtocolKind::System {
+            return Err(anyhow!(
+                "system app {} cannot be served through user protocol",
+                host
+            ));
+        }
+
         return handle_builtin_test_app_request(host, request);
     }
 
+    if protocol_kind != AppProtocolKind::User {
+        return Err(anyhow!(
+            "user-installed app {} cannot be served through system protocol",
+            host
+        ));
+    }
+
     let app = SageApp::User(read_installed_app_by_origin_id(base_path, host)?);
     let request_path = uri.path();
     let csp = build_app_csp(&app);
@@ -155,3 +176,17 @@ pub fn handle_app_protocol_request(
         .body(bytes)
         .map_err(|err| anyhow!("failed to build protocol response: {err}"))
 }
+
+pub fn handle_user_app_protocol_request(
+    base_path: &Path,
+    request: &tauri::http::Request<Vec<u8>>,
+) -> AnyResult<Response<Vec<u8>>> {
+    handle_app_protocol_request(base_path, request, AppProtocolKind::User)
+}
+
+pub fn handle_system_app_protocol_request(
+    base_path: &Path,
+    request: &tauri::http::Request<Vec<u8>>,
+) -> AnyResult<Response<Vec<u8>>> {
+    handle_app_protocol_request(base_path, request, AppProtocolKind::System)
+}
diff --git a/src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml b/src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml
index 2cbd5e943..1db8e9501 100644
--- a/src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml
+++ b/src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml
@@ -121,7 +121,6 @@ commands.allow = [
     "get_logs",
     "is_asset_owned",
     "apps_create_inline_runtime",
-    "apps_assert_bridge_origin",
     "apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data",
     "apps_resolve_bridge_approval",
     "apps_get_sandbox_state",
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
index b3da49b4b..bfa713d9d 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
@@ -145,9 +145,9 @@ pub fn run() {
             commands::is_asset_owned,
             commands::get_xch_usd_price,
             apps::runtime::apps_create_inline_runtime,
-            apps::runtime::apps_assert_bridge_origin,
             apps::runtime::apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data,
-            apps::bridge::apps_invoke_bridge,
+            apps::bridge::apps_invoke_user_bridge,
+            apps::bridge::apps_invoke_system_bridge,
             apps::bridge::apps_resolve_bridge_approval,
             apps::sandbox::commands::apps_get_sandbox_state,
             apps::sandbox::commands::apps_get_app_launch_gate,
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ pub fn run() {
                 .app_data_dir()
                 .expect("failed to resolve app data dir");
 
-            apps::handle_app_protocol_request(&base_path, &request).unwrap_or_else(|err| {
+            apps::handle_user_app_protocol_request(&base_path, &request).unwrap_or_else(|err| {
                 tauri::http::Response::builder()
                     .status(404)
                     .header("Content-Type", "text/plain; charset=utf-8")
@@ -216,6 +216,23 @@ pub fn run() {
                     .expect("failed to build error response")
             })
         })
+        .register_uri_scheme_protocol("sage-system-app", move |ctx, request| {
+            let app_handle = ctx.app_handle();
+
+            let base_path: PathBuf = app_handle
+                .path()
+                .app_data_dir()
+                .expect("failed to resolve app data dir");
+
+            apps::handle_system_app_protocol_request(&base_path, &request)
+                .unwrap_or_else(|err| {
+                    tauri::http::Response::builder()
+                        .status(404)
+                        .header("Content-Type", "text/plain; charset=utf-8")
+                        .body(format!("sage-system-app error: {err}").into_bytes())
+                        .expect("failed to build error response")
+                })
+        })
         .invoke_handler(builder.invoke_handler())
         .setup(move |app| {
             builder.mount_events(app);
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index 3006968ce..a5de4080c 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -365,14 +365,14 @@ async getXchUsdPrice(req: GetXchUsdPrice) : Promise<GetXchUsdPriceResponse> {
 async appsCreateInlineRuntime(args: CreateInlineRuntimeArgs) : Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecord> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_create_inline_runtime", { args });
 },
-async appsAssertBridgeOrigin(sourceLabel: string) : Promise<string> {
-    return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_assert_bridge_origin", { sourceLabel });
-},
 async appsClearRuntimeBrowsingData(appId: string) : Promise<null> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data", { appId });
 },
-async appsInvokeBridge(request: RustBridgeRequest) : Promise<RustBridgeInvokeResult> {
-    return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_invoke_bridge", { request });
+async appsInvokeUserBridge(request: RustBridgeRequest) : Promise<RustBridgeInvokeResult> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_invoke_user_bridge", { request });
+},
+async appsInvokeSystemBridge(request: RustBridgeRequest) : Promise<RustBridgeInvokeResult> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_invoke_system_bridge", { request });
 },
 async appsResolveBridgeApproval(args: ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs) : Promise<null> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_resolve_bridge_approval", { args });
@@ -2244,7 +2244,8 @@ export type SageAppCommon = { id: string; originId: string; name: string; versio
 export type SageAppDonation = { address: string }
 export type SageAppManifestFile = { path: string; sha256: string; size: number }
 export type SageAppPackageManifest = { name: string; version: string; permissions: SageRequestedPermissions; files: SageAppManifestFile[]; entry: string | null; icon: string | null; author: SageAppAuthor | null; donation: SageAppDonation | null }
-export type SageAppRuntimeRecord = { runtimeId: string; appId: string; appName: string; entrySrc: string; webviewLabel: string; hostWindowLabel: string; mode: string; state: string; startedAt: number; lastActiveAt: number; visible: boolean; internal: boolean; activeBatchCount: number; activeSocketCount: number; inFlightRequestCount: number }
+export type SageAppRuntimeKind = "user" | "system"
+export type SageAppRuntimeRecord = { runtimeId: string; appId: string; appName: string; entrySrc: string; webviewLabel: string; hostWindowLabel: string; runtimeKind: SageAppRuntimeKind; mode: string; state: string; startedAt: number; lastActiveAt: number; visible: boolean; internal: boolean; activeBatchCount: number; activeSocketCount: number; inFlightRequestCount: number }
 export type SageAppSnapshot = { manifestHash: string; snapshotDir: string; totalBytes: number; manifest: SageAppPackageManifest }
 export type SageAppUrlPreview = { appUrl: string; manifestUrl: string; manifestHash: string; manifest: SageAppPackageManifest }
 export type SageAppsError = { kind: ErrorKind; reason: string }
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/bridge/types.ts b/src/lib/apps/bridge/types.ts
index fdc38b544..8f5cece3f 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/bridge/types.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/bridge/types.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import type { UserSageApp } from '@/bindings';
+import type { SystemSageApp, UserSageApp } from '@/bindings';
 
 export type {
   SageBridgeVersion,
@@ -22,6 +22,10 @@ import type {
   SageWalletSendXchRequest,
 } from '@sage-app/sdk';
 
+export type ApprovalApp =
+  | ({ kind: 'user' } & UserSageApp)
+  | ({ kind: 'system' } & SystemSageApp);
+
 export type SageBridgeMethod =
   | 'bridge.ping'
   | 'bridge.send'
@@ -35,21 +39,21 @@ export type SageBridgeMethod =
 export type BridgeApprovalRequest =
   | {
       kind: 'send_xch';
-      app: UserSageApp;
+      app: ApprovalApp;
       sourceLabel: string;
       requestId: string;
       params: SageWalletSendXchRequest;
     }
   | {
       kind: 'capability_grant';
-      app: UserSageApp;
+      app: ApprovalApp;
       sourceLabel: string;
       requestId: string;
       capability: string;
     }
   | {
       kind: 'network_whitelist_grant';
-      app: UserSageApp;
+      app: ApprovalApp;
       sourceLabel: string;
       requestId: string;
       entry: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelistEntry;
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts b/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
index d86bb529a..b59000bc2 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ export type SageAppRuntimeMode = 'inline';
 
 export interface SageAppRuntimeRecord {
   runtimeId: string;
+  runtimeKind: 'user' | 'system';
   appId: string;
   appName: string;
   entrySrc: string;
@@ -42,6 +43,14 @@ const runtimes = new Map<string, RuntimeInternalRecord>();
 export const runtimeByAppId = new Map<string, string>();
 const listeners = new Set<RuntimeListener>();
 
+function isSystemAppLike(app: AppLike): boolean {
+  if ('kind' in app) {
+    return app.kind === 'system';
+  }
+
+  return !('source' in app);
+}
+
 function isBuiltinTestApp(app: AppLike): boolean {
   return app.common.id.startsWith('__sage_test_');
 }
@@ -82,6 +91,7 @@ async function emitRuntimeBeforeStop(appId: string) {
 function stripInternal(record: RuntimeInternalRecord): SageAppRuntimeRecord {
   return {
     runtimeId: record.runtimeId,
+    runtimeKind: record.runtimeKind,
     appId: record.appId,
     appName: record.appName,
     entrySrc: record.entrySrc,
@@ -99,8 +109,10 @@ function stripInternal(record: RuntimeInternalRecord): SageAppRuntimeRecord {
   };
 }
 
-export function inlineLabelFor(appId: string) {
-  return `app-inline-${appId}`;
+export function inlineLabelFor(appId: string, runtimeKind: 'user' | 'system') {
+  return runtimeKind === 'system'
+    ? `system-app-inline-${appId}`
+    : `app-inline-${appId}`;
 }
 
 export function shouldUseIncognito(app: AppLike): boolean {
@@ -150,7 +162,8 @@ async function createInlineRuntime(
   },
 ): Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecord> {
   const hostWebview = getCurrentWebview();
-  const webviewLabel = inlineLabelFor(app.common.id);
+  const runtimeKind = isSystemAppLike(app) ? 'system' : 'user';
+  const webviewLabel = inlineLabelFor(app.common.id, runtimeKind);
 
   const staleWebview = await Webview.getByLabel(webviewLabel).catch(() => null);
   if (staleWebview) {

From 6b567f7d2c44f61043d2fb079aa23726f22cacde Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Wed, 22 Apr 2026 23:56:57 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 146/471] Add support for `SystemSageApp` runtime and bridge
 capabilities:

- Introduced `system-app-webview` capability with new permissions for system app bridges.
- Refactored bridge handling to replace `apps_invoke_user_bridge` with `apps_invoke_bridge`.
- Added `apps_invoke_system_bridge` for system app-specific bridge invocation.
- Updated app and permission schemas to distinguish between user and system apps.
- Unified app structures by further adopting `UserSageApp` in place of `SystemSageApp`.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs           |  2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/inline.rs       |  2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs | 13 +++++--------
 src-tauri/capabilities/apps.json             |  4 ++--
 src-tauri/capabilities/system-apps.json      | 13 +++++++++++++
 src-tauri/permissions/bridge.toml            |  7 ++++++-
 src-tauri/src/lib.rs                         |  2 +-
 src/bindings.ts                              |  4 ++--
 8 files changed, 31 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/capabilities/system-apps.json

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
index 1c948bde2..8ef94402b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
@@ -453,7 +453,7 @@ async fn apps_invoke_bridge_internal(
 
 #[tauri::command]
 #[specta::specta]
-pub async fn apps_invoke_user_bridge(
+pub async fn apps_invoke_bridge(
     app: AppHandle,
     webview: Webview,
     app_state: State<'_, AppState>,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/inline.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/inline.rs
index c4df656a8..b088d8b60 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/inline.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/inline.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ use crate::sandbox;
 use crate::state::AppsHostState;
 use crate::types::InstalledSageAppStorage;
 
-use super::records::{inline_label_for, runtime_id_for, SageAppRuntimeKind, SageAppRuntimeRecord};
+use super::records::{inline_label_for, runtime_id_for, SageAppRuntimeRecord};
 use super::resolve::{
     build_entry_src, is_allowed_app_url, resolve_app, runtime_kind_for_app, should_use_incognito,
 };
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
index 7940d3a22..76b9216b7 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
@@ -10,11 +10,7 @@ use crate::permissions::{
     normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions, resolve_capability_flags,
     validate_granted_capabilities,
 };
-use crate::types::{
-    InstalledSageAppStorage, SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppSnapshot,
-    SageAppPackageManifest, SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions,
-    SystemAppPresentation, SystemSageApp,
-};
+use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppPackageManifest, SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions, UserSageAppSource, UserSageApp};
 
 pub const BUILTIN_STORAGE_ISOLATION_PERSISTENT_ID: &str =
     "__sage_test_storage_isolation_persistent";
@@ -224,7 +220,7 @@ pub fn build_builtin_test_app(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<SageApp>> {
 
     let total_bytes = compute_total_bytes(&app_dir)?;
 
-    let app = SystemSageApp {
+    let app = UserSageApp {
         common: SageAppCommon {
             id: spec.app_id.to_string(),
             origin_id: spec.app_id.to_string(),
@@ -244,10 +240,11 @@ pub fn build_builtin_test_app(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<SageApp>> {
                 manifest,
             },
         },
-        presentation: SystemAppPresentation::Taskbar,
+        source: UserSageAppSource::Zip,
+        pending_update: None,
     };
 
-    Ok(Some(SageApp::System(app)))
+    Ok(Some(SageApp::User(app)))
 }
 
 #[command]
diff --git a/src-tauri/capabilities/apps.json b/src-tauri/capabilities/apps.json
index 66290e805..afc352c62 100644
--- a/src-tauri/capabilities/apps.json
+++ b/src-tauri/capabilities/apps.json
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 {
   "$schema": "../gen/schemas/desktop-schema.json",
   "identifier": "app-webview",
-  "description": "Minimal IPC for installed app windows and embedded app webviews",
-  "webviews": ["app-*", "app-inline-*"],
+  "description": "Minimal IPC for installed app windows and embedded user app webviews",
+  "webviews": ["app-inline-*"],
   "permissions": [
     "core:event:default",
     "core:webview:default",
diff --git a/src-tauri/capabilities/system-apps.json b/src-tauri/capabilities/system-apps.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..eff13f311
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/capabilities/system-apps.json
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+{
+  "$schema": "../gen/schemas/desktop-schema.json",
+  "identifier": "system-app-webview",
+  "description": "Minimal IPC for embedded system app webviews",
+  "webviews": ["system-app-inline-*"],
+  "permissions": [
+    "core:event:default",
+    "core:webview:default",
+    "allow-apps-invoke-bridge",
+    "allow-apps-invoke-system-bridge"
+  ]
+}
+
diff --git a/src-tauri/permissions/bridge.toml b/src-tauri/permissions/bridge.toml
index 2bbda62f4..052e69e3b 100644
--- a/src-tauri/permissions/bridge.toml
+++ b/src-tauri/permissions/bridge.toml
@@ -1,8 +1,13 @@
 [[permission]]
 identifier = "allow-apps-invoke-bridge"
-description = "Allows embedded app webviews to invoke the Sage bridge entrypoint."
+description = "Allows embedded user app webviews to invoke the Sage bridge entrypoint."
 commands.allow = ["apps_invoke_bridge"]
 
+[[permission]]
+identifier = "allow-apps-invoke-system-bridge"
+description = "Allows embedded system app webviews to invoke the Sage system bridge entrypoint."
+commands.allow = ["apps_invoke_system_bridge"]
+
 [[permission]]
 identifier = "allow-apps-resolve-bridge-approval"
 description = "Allows the main Sage UI to resolve pending bridge approvals."
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
index bfa713d9d..06b112151 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ pub fn run() {
             commands::get_xch_usd_price,
             apps::runtime::apps_create_inline_runtime,
             apps::runtime::apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data,
-            apps::bridge::apps_invoke_user_bridge,
+            apps::bridge::apps_invoke_bridge,
             apps::bridge::apps_invoke_system_bridge,
             apps::bridge::apps_resolve_bridge_approval,
             apps::sandbox::commands::apps_get_sandbox_state,
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index a5de4080c..709ec79aa 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -368,8 +368,8 @@ async appsCreateInlineRuntime(args: CreateInlineRuntimeArgs) : Promise<SageAppRu
 async appsClearRuntimeBrowsingData(appId: string) : Promise<null> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data", { appId });
 },
-async appsInvokeUserBridge(request: RustBridgeRequest) : Promise<RustBridgeInvokeResult> {
-    return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_invoke_user_bridge", { request });
+async appsInvokeBridge(request: RustBridgeRequest) : Promise<RustBridgeInvokeResult> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_invoke_bridge", { request });
 },
 async appsInvokeSystemBridge(request: RustBridgeRequest) : Promise<RustBridgeInvokeResult> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_invoke_system_bridge", { request });

From 41458d642e5f8988f22aae62c1925c1854bcbd57 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Thu, 23 Apr 2026 00:31:18 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 147/471] Refactor runtime to simplify webview handling and
 enhance debug test app support:

- Replaced custom `__TAURI__` logic with `getCurrentWebview` from Tauri API for cleaner webview retrieval.
- Introduced `debug_test_apps_enabled` to conditionally enable test mode features (e.g., visibility, debug layout).
- Improved protocol validation error message for sandbox test apps.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/cleanup.rs   | 13 +++++++++++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs |  4 ++--
 packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts      | 18 +++++-------------
 3 files changed, 18 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/cleanup.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/cleanup.rs
index 48c13c563..afe526e01 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/cleanup.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/cleanup.rs
@@ -15,6 +15,13 @@ fn data_directory_for(directory_name: &str) -> std::path::PathBuf {
     std::path::PathBuf::from("profiles").join(directory_name)
 }
 
+fn debug_test_apps_enabled() -> bool {
+    cfg!(debug_assertions)
+        && std::env::var("SAGE_DEBUG_TEST_APPS")
+        .map(|v| v == "1")
+        .unwrap_or(false)
+}
+
 #[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios"))]
 fn parse_data_store_id(identifier_hex: &str) -> Result<[u8; 16], String> {
     let bytes = hex::decode(identifier_hex)
@@ -185,11 +192,13 @@ pub(crate) async fn start_internal_runtime_for_sandbox(
     path: Option<String>,
     query: BTreeMap<String, String>,
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let debug_test_apps = debug_test_apps_enabled();
+
     let args = CreateInlineRuntimeArgs {
         app_id: app_id.to_string(),
-        visible,
+        visible: if debug_test_apps { true } else { visible },
         internal: true,
-        debug_layout: false,
+        debug_layout: debug_test_apps,
         path,
         query,
     };
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
index 48db3f4d7..564711848 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
@@ -120,9 +120,9 @@ pub fn handle_app_protocol_request(
         .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("missing host in app URL"))?;
 
     if builtin_test_app_spec(host).is_some() {
-        if protocol_kind != AppProtocolKind::System {
+        if protocol_kind != AppProtocolKind::User {
             return Err(anyhow!(
-                "system app {} cannot be served through user protocol",
+                "builtin sandbox test app {} cannot be served through system protocol",
                 host
             ));
         }
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
index e5570034a..433105dec 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { invoke } from '@tauri-apps/api/core';
+import { getCurrentWebview } from '@tauri-apps/api/webview';
 import type {
   SageAppInfo,
   SageBridgeRequest,
@@ -33,18 +34,11 @@ type SageWebviewHandle = {
   ): Promise<SageUnlisten>;
 };
 
-type SageTauriGlobal = {
-  webview?: {
-    getCurrentWebview(): SageWebviewHandle;
-  };
-};
-
 type SageWindow = Window &
   typeof globalThis & {
     __SAGE__?: SageClient;
     __SAGE_APP_INFO__?: SageAppInfo;
     __SAGE_RUNTIME_BRIDGE_INITIALIZED__?: boolean;
-    __TAURI__?: SageTauriGlobal;
   };
 
 type PendingBridgeRequest = {
@@ -109,12 +103,11 @@ function buildFallbackAppInfo(): SageAppInfo {
 }
 
 function tryGetCurrentWebview(): SageWebviewHandle | null {
-  const tauri = getSageWindow().__TAURI__;
-  if (!tauri?.webview?.getCurrentWebview) {
+  try {
+    return getCurrentWebview() as SageWebviewHandle;
+  } catch {
     return null;
   }
-
-  return tauri.webview.getCurrentWebview();
 }
 
 function isObject(value: unknown): value is Record<string, unknown> {
@@ -191,7 +184,7 @@ export function initSageRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
   const pendingRequests = new Map<string, PendingBridgeRequest>();
 
   webview
-    .listen('sage-bridge:event', (event: SageListenEvent<unknown>) => {
+    .listen('sage-bridge:event', (event: SageListenEvent) => {
       const data = event.payload;
 
       if (!isBridgeRuntimeEvent(data)) {
@@ -475,4 +468,3 @@ export function initSageRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
 
   return true;
 }
-

From 52e5af889abeb2f5b3d184cb0e6d623faf2a481d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Thu, 23 Apr 2026 01:06:25 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 148/471] Decouple user and system bridge methods:

- Introduced distinct modules for user (`methods/user`) and system (`methods/system`) bridge methods to prevent accidental crossover.
- Added `shared.rs` to centralize shared bridge logic.
- Moved bridge types to a dedicated module (`types.rs`) for improved separation of concerns.
- Refactored `BridgeRegistry` to separate user and system method registrations.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/mod.rs    | 66 +-------------
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/shared.rs | 64 ++++++++++++++
 .../src/bridge/methods/system/mod.rs          |  3 +
 .../sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/mod.rs  |  8 ++
 .../src/bridge/methods/{ => user}/system.rs   |  2 +-
 .../src/bridge/methods/{ => user}/wallet.rs   |  2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs            | 87 ++-----------------
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs       | 72 ++++++++-------
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs          | 81 +++++++++++++++++
 9 files changed, 209 insertions(+), 176 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/shared.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/mod.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/mod.rs
 rename crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/{ => user}/system.rs (99%)
 rename crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/{ => user}/wallet.rs (97%)
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/mod.rs
index da6b50884..112d506fe 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/mod.rs
@@ -1,64 +1,4 @@
-pub mod system;
-pub mod wallet;
+pub mod shared;
+pub mod user;
 
-use async_trait::async_trait;
-
-use crate::host::AppState;
-use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
-use crate::types::SageApp;
-
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct BridgeContext<'a> {
-    pub app: &'a SageApp,
-    pub source_label: &'a str,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct BridgeTools<'a> {
-    pub app_handle: &'a tauri::AppHandle,
-    pub app_state: &'a tauri::State<'a, AppState>,
-    pub host_state: &'a tauri::State<'a, crate::state::AppsHostState>,
-}
-
-#[async_trait]
-pub trait BridgeMethod: Send + Sync {
-    fn permission(&self) -> Option<&'static str> {
-        None
-    }
-
-    fn requires_approval(
-        &self,
-        _app: &SageApp,
-        _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-    ) -> bool {
-        false
-    }
-
-    fn approval_request(
-        &self,
-        ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
-        request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-    ) -> Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest> {
-        if !self.requires_approval(ctx.app, request) {
-            return None;
-        }
-
-        Some(RustBridgeApprovalRequest {
-            kind: "unknown".into(),
-            app: ctx.app.clone(),
-            source_label: ctx.source_label.to_string(),
-            request_id: request.id.clone(),
-            params_json: request
-                .params_json
-                .clone()
-                .unwrap_or_else(|| "null".to_string()),
-        })
-    }
-
-    async fn handle(
-        &self,
-        ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
-        tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
-        request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-    ) -> RustBridgeResponse;
-}
+pub use shared::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/shared.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/shared.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..139336a31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/shared.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+
+use crate::bridge::{
+    RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse,
+};
+use crate::host::AppState;
+use crate::state::AppsHostState;
+use crate::types::SageApp;
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct BridgeContext<'a> {
+    pub app: &'a SageApp,
+    pub source_label: &'a str,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct BridgeTools<'a> {
+    pub app_handle: &'a tauri::AppHandle,
+    pub app_state: &'a tauri::State<'a, AppState>,
+    pub host_state: &'a tauri::State<'a, AppsHostState>,
+}
+
+#[async_trait]
+pub trait BridgeMethod: Send + Sync {
+    fn permission(&self) -> Option<&'static str> {
+        None
+    }
+
+    fn requires_approval(
+        &self,
+        _app: &SageApp,
+        _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> bool {
+        false
+    }
+
+    fn approval_request(
+        &self,
+        ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest> {
+        if !self.requires_approval(ctx.app, request) {
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        Some(RustBridgeApprovalRequest {
+            kind: "unknown".into(),
+            app: ctx.app.clone(),
+            source_label: ctx.source_label.to_string(),
+            request_id: request.id.clone(),
+            params_json: request
+                .params_json
+                .clone()
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| "null".to_string()),
+        })
+    }
+
+    async fn handle(
+        &self,
+        ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
+        request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> RustBridgeResponse;
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..13ae4ec89
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+// System-bridge-only methods will live here.
+// Keep this module separate so user and system registries never share
+// method registration by accident.
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3e24ca1cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+pub mod system;
+pub mod wallet;
+
+pub use system::{
+    AppGetInfo, BridgePing, BridgeSend, SageGetCapabilities,
+    SageRequestCapabilityGrant, SageRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant,
+};
+pub use wallet::WalletSendXch;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/system.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/system.rs
index 80b380283..7271f8b0b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/system.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use serde::Deserialize;
 use serde_json::json;
 use tauri::Manager;
 
-use super::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::bridge::{
     emit_bridge_event_to_source, failure, success, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest,
     RustBridgeResponse,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/wallet.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet.rs
similarity index 97%
rename from crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/wallet.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet.rs
index f2bae6042..c954d3c9e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/wallet.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
-use super::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::bridge::{
     failure, success, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse,
 };
 use crate::types::SageApp;
 use sage_api::SendXch;
+use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct WalletSendXch;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
index 8ef94402b..c1e158ce5 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,5 @@
 use std::collections::BTreeMap;
-
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use serde_json::{Value};
-use specta::Type;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Emitter, Manager, State, Webview};
 use tokio::sync::Mutex;
 use uuid::Uuid;
@@ -16,87 +13,15 @@ use crate::runtime::records::SageAppRuntimeKind;
 
 pub mod methods;
 pub mod registry;
+pub mod types;
 
 use methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeTools};
 use registry::BridgeRegistry;
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Serialize, Type)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub struct RustBridgeRequest {
-    pub channel: String,
-    pub bridge_version: Option<String>,
-    pub id: String,
-    pub method: String,
-    pub params_json: Option<String>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub struct RustBridgeErrorPayload {
-    pub code: String,
-    pub message: String,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub struct RustBridgeSuccessResponse {
-    pub channel: String,
-    pub bridge_version: String,
-    pub id: String,
-    pub ok: bool,
-    pub result_json: String,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub struct RustBridgeErrorResponse {
-    pub channel: String,
-    pub bridge_version: String,
-    pub id: String,
-    pub ok: bool,
-    pub error: RustBridgeErrorPayload,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
-#[serde(untagged)]
-pub enum RustBridgeResponse {
-    Success(RustBridgeSuccessResponse),
-    Error(RustBridgeErrorResponse),
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub struct RustBridgeApprovalRequest {
-    pub kind: String,
-    pub app: SageApp,
-    pub source_label: String,
-    pub request_id: String,
-    pub params_json: String,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub struct RustBridgeApprovalEvent {
-    #[serde(rename = "approvalId")]
-    #[specta(rename = "approvalId")]
-    pub approval_id: String,
-    pub approval: RustBridgeApprovalRequest,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
-#[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub enum RustBridgeInvokeResult {
-    Immediate { response: RustBridgeResponse },
-    Pending {},
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Type)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub struct ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs {
-    pub approval_id: String,
-    pub approved: bool,
-    pub reason: Option<String>,
-}
+pub use types::{
+    ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs, RustBridgeApprovalEvent, RustBridgeApprovalRequest,
+    RustBridgeErrorPayload, RustBridgeErrorResponse, RustBridgeInvokeResult,
+    RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse, RustBridgeSuccessResponse,
+};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 struct PendingBridgeApproval {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs
index 589aa97ea..f7de5df5c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 
-use super::methods::system::{
-    AppGetInfo, BridgePing, BridgeSend, SageGetCapabilities, SageRequestCapabilityGrant,
-    SageRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant,
+use super::methods::user::{
+    AppGetInfo, BridgePing, BridgeSend, SageGetCapabilities,
+    SageRequestCapabilityGrant, SageRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant, WalletSendXch,
 };
-use super::methods::wallet::WalletSendXch;
 use super::methods::BridgeMethod;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
@@ -19,34 +18,14 @@ pub struct BridgeRegistry {
 
 impl BridgeRegistry {
     pub fn new(kind: BridgeRegistryKind) -> Self {
-        let mut methods: HashMap<&'static str, Box<dyn BridgeMethod>> = HashMap::new();
-
-        methods.insert("bridge.ping", Box::new(BridgePing));
-        methods.insert("bridge.send", Box::new(BridgeSend));
-        methods.insert("app.getInfo", Box::new(AppGetInfo));
-        methods.insert("sage.getCapabilities", Box::new(SageGetCapabilities));
-        methods.insert(
-            "sage.requestCapabilityGrant",
-            Box::new(SageRequestCapabilityGrant),
-        );
-        methods.insert(
-            "sage.requestNetworkWhitelistGrant",
-            Box::new(SageRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant),
-        );
-        methods.insert(
-            "sage.requestNetwortWhitelistGrant",
-            Box::new(SageRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant),
-        );
-        methods.insert("wallet.sendXch", Box::new(WalletSendXch));
-
         match kind {
-            BridgeRegistryKind::User => {}
-            BridgeRegistryKind::System => {
-                // future system-only methods go here
-            }
+            BridgeRegistryKind::User => Self {
+                methods: build_user_methods(),
+            },
+            BridgeRegistryKind::System => Self {
+                methods: build_system_methods(),
+            },
         }
-
-        Self { methods }
     }
 
     pub fn get(&self, method: &str) -> Option<&dyn BridgeMethod> {
@@ -54,6 +33,39 @@ impl BridgeRegistry {
     }
 }
 
+fn build_user_methods() -> HashMap<&'static str, Box<dyn BridgeMethod>> {
+    let mut methods: HashMap<&'static str, Box<dyn BridgeMethod>> = HashMap::new();
+
+    methods.insert("bridge.ping", Box::new(BridgePing));
+    methods.insert("bridge.send", Box::new(BridgeSend));
+    methods.insert("app.getInfo", Box::new(AppGetInfo));
+    methods.insert("sage.getCapabilities", Box::new(SageGetCapabilities));
+    methods.insert(
+        "sage.requestCapabilityGrant",
+        Box::new(SageRequestCapabilityGrant),
+    );
+    methods.insert(
+        "sage.requestNetworkWhitelistGrant",
+        Box::new(SageRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant),
+    );
+    methods.insert(
+        "sage.requestNetwortWhitelistGrant",
+        Box::new(SageRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant),
+    );
+    methods.insert("wallet.sendXch", Box::new(WalletSendXch));
+
+    methods
+}
+
+fn build_system_methods() -> HashMap<&'static str, Box<dyn BridgeMethod>> {
+    let mut methods = build_user_methods();
+
+    // Register system-only methods here later, for example:
+    // methods.insert("system.taskManager.list", Box::new(SystemTaskManagerList));
+
+    methods
+}
+
 impl std::fmt::Debug for BridgeRegistry {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
         f.debug_struct("BridgeRegistry")
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ccd2528f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use specta::Type;
+use crate::types::SageApp;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Serialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct RustBridgeRequest {
+    pub channel: String,
+    pub bridge_version: Option<String>,
+    pub id: String,
+    pub method: String,
+    pub params_json: Option<String>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct RustBridgeErrorPayload {
+    pub code: String,
+    pub message: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct RustBridgeSuccessResponse {
+    pub channel: String,
+    pub bridge_version: String,
+    pub id: String,
+    pub ok: bool,
+    pub result_json: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct RustBridgeErrorResponse {
+    pub channel: String,
+    pub bridge_version: String,
+    pub id: String,
+    pub ok: bool,
+    pub error: RustBridgeErrorPayload,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
+#[serde(untagged)]
+pub enum RustBridgeResponse {
+    Success(RustBridgeSuccessResponse),
+    Error(RustBridgeErrorResponse),
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct RustBridgeApprovalRequest {
+    pub kind: String,
+    pub app: SageApp,
+    pub source_label: String,
+    pub request_id: String,
+    pub params_json: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct RustBridgeApprovalEvent {
+    #[serde(rename = "approvalId")]
+    #[specta(rename = "approvalId")]
+    pub approval_id: String,
+    pub approval: RustBridgeApprovalRequest,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
+#[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub enum RustBridgeInvokeResult {
+    Immediate { response: RustBridgeResponse },
+    Pending {},
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs {
+    pub approval_id: String,
+    pub approved: bool,
+    pub reason: Option<String>,
+}

From 46bbdb27c2d50315a33d9fe99ff8aa8a09300f97 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Thu, 23 Apr 2026 01:54:03 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 149/471] Introduce Task Manager as a system app:

- Added a new `Task Manager` system app with placeholder content, manifest, and assets.
- Implemented `build_builtin_system_app` to support system app initialization.
- Updated app lifecycle, bridges, and protocol handling to integrate `Task Manager`.
- Refactored build system to compile and include system apps.
- Enhanced runtime and app resolution to serve system apps via protocol.
---
 .../system-apps-src/task-manager/app.js       |   3 +
 .../system-apps-src/task-manager/icon.svg     |   4 +
 .../system-apps-src/task-manager/index.html   |  11 +
 .../task-manager/sage-manifest.json           |  19 ++
 crates/sage-apps/src/build/builtin_apps.rs    |  26 ++
 crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs                   |   3 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs       |  23 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs     |  58 +++++
 .../sage-apps/src/system_apps/builtin_apps.rs | 222 ++++++++++++++++++
 crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps/mod.rs       |   3 +
 src-tauri/src/lib.rs                          |   1 +
 11 files changed, 368 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/task-manager/app.js
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/task-manager/icon.svg
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/task-manager/index.html
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/task-manager/sage-manifest.json
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps/builtin_apps.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps/mod.rs

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/task-manager/app.js b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/task-manager/app.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c77e2f67b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/task-manager/app.js
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+import './bridge.js';
+
+document.body.innerHTML = '<div style="font-family: sans-serif; padding: 16px;">Task Manager placeholder</div>';
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/task-manager/icon.svg b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/task-manager/icon.svg
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1f0dd22f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/task-manager/icon.svg
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="64" height="64">
+    <rect width="64" height="64" fill="#111"/>
+    <text x="32" y="36" font-size="20" text-anchor="middle" fill="#fff">T</text>
+</svg>
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/task-manager/index.html b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/task-manager/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c869a661c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/task-manager/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<html>
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8" />
+  <title>Sage Builtin Test App</title>
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
+</head>
+<body>
+<script type="module" src="./app.js"></script>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/task-manager/sage-manifest.json b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/task-manager/sage-manifest.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3b02a4fd2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/task-manager/sage-manifest.json
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+{
+  "name": "Task Manager",
+  "version": "0.1.0",
+  "permissions": {
+    "network": {
+      "whitelist": {
+        "required": [],
+        "optional": []
+      }
+    },
+    "capabilities": {
+      "required": [],
+      "optional": []
+    }
+  },
+  "files": [],
+  "entry": "index.html",
+  "icon": "icon.svg"
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/builtin_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/builtin_apps.rs
index ec1940728..0dc19ba1e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/builtin_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/builtin_apps.rs
@@ -244,6 +244,12 @@ struct RuntimeApp {
     out_dir_name: &'static str,
 }
 
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+struct SystemApp {
+    source_dir_name: &'static str,
+    out_dir_name: &'static str,
+}
+
 const TEST_BUILD_PLAN: &[TestGroup] = &[
     TestGroup {
         source_dir_name: "sage-storage-isolation",
@@ -296,6 +302,11 @@ const RUNTIME_BUILD_PLAN: &[RuntimeApp] = &[RuntimeApp {
     out_dir_name: "storage-clear-probe",
 }];
 
+const SYSTEM_BUILD_PLAN: &[SystemApp] = &[SystemApp {
+    source_dir_name: "task-manager",
+    out_dir_name: "task-manager",
+}];
+
 pub fn build_builtin_apps() -> Result<(), String> {
     let manifest_dir = PathBuf::from(env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR"));
 
@@ -304,10 +315,12 @@ pub fn build_builtin_apps() -> Result<(), String> {
     let shared_dir = builtin_root.join("shared");
     let test_src_dir = builtin_root.join("test-apps-src");
     let runtime_src_dir = builtin_root.join("runtime-apps-src");
+    let system_src_dir = builtin_root.join("system-apps-src");
 
     let dist_root = builtin_root.join("dist");
     let test_out_dir = dist_root.join("test-apps");
     let runtime_out_dir = dist_root.join("runtime-apps");
+    let system_out_dir = dist_root.join("system-apps");
 
     let workspace_root = manifest_dir
         .parent()
@@ -322,12 +335,15 @@ pub fn build_builtin_apps() -> Result<(), String> {
     println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed={}", shared_dir.display());
     println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed={}", test_src_dir.display());
     println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed={}", runtime_src_dir.display());
+    println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed={}", system_src_dir.display());
     println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed={}", sdk_dist.display());
 
     fs::create_dir_all(&test_out_dir)
         .map_err(|err| format!("failed to create {}: {err}", test_out_dir.display()))?;
     fs::create_dir_all(&runtime_out_dir)
         .map_err(|err| format!("failed to create {}: {err}", runtime_out_dir.display()))?;
+    fs::create_dir_all(&system_out_dir)
+        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to create {}: {err}", system_out_dir.display()))?;
 
     for group in TEST_BUILD_PLAN {
         for variant in group.variants {
@@ -351,5 +367,15 @@ pub fn build_builtin_apps() -> Result<(), String> {
         )?;
     }
 
+    for system_app in SYSTEM_BUILD_PLAN {
+        finalize_built_app(
+            &shared_dir,
+            &system_src_dir.join(system_app.source_dir_name),
+            &system_out_dir.join(system_app.out_dir_name),
+            Some("sage-manifest.json"),
+            &sdk_dist,
+        )?;
+    }
+
     Ok(())
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
index 79b71a557..edf95068e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@ pub mod runtime;
 pub mod sandbox;
 pub mod security;
 pub mod state;
+
+pub mod system_apps;
 pub mod types;
 pub mod build;
 
@@ -14,3 +16,4 @@ pub use security::{
     handle_user_app_protocol_request,
 };
 pub use state::AppsHostState;
+pub use system_apps::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
index 92bdf9f50..6899921a1 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ use url::Url;
 use crate::lifecycle::read_installed_app_by_id;
 use crate::sandbox::build_builtin_test_app;
 use crate::types::SageApp;
+use crate::system_apps::build_builtin_system_app;
 
 use super::records::{inline_label_for, SageAppRuntimeKind};
 
@@ -67,13 +68,25 @@ pub fn build_entry_src(
 pub fn resolve_app(base_path: &Path, app_id: &str) -> Result<SageApp, String> {
     match read_installed_app_by_id(base_path, app_id) {
         Ok(app) => Ok(SageApp::User(app)),
-        Err(installed_err) => build_builtin_test_app(app_id)
-            .map_err(|builtin_err| {
+        Err(installed_err) => {
+            if let Some(app) = build_builtin_test_app(app_id).map_err(|builtin_err| {
                 format!(
-                    "failed to resolve app {app_id}: installed lookup error: {installed_err}; builtin lookup error: {builtin_err}"
+                    "failed to resolve app {app_id}: installed lookup error: {installed_err}; builtin sandbox lookup error: {builtin_err}"
                 )
-            })?
-            .ok_or_else(|| format!("failed to read app {app_id}: {installed_err}")),
+            })? {
+                return Ok(app);
+            }
+
+            if let Some(app) = build_builtin_system_app(app_id).map_err(|builtin_err| {
+                format!(
+                    "failed to resolve app {app_id}: installed lookup error: {installed_err}; builtin system lookup error: {builtin_err}"
+                )
+            })? {
+                return Ok(app);
+            }
+
+            Err(format!("failed to read app {app_id}: {installed_err}"))
+        }
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
index 564711848..8840d683a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
@@ -11,6 +11,9 @@ use crate::{
     },
     security::build_app_csp,
     types::SageApp,
+    system_apps::{
+        build_builtin_system_app, builtin_system_app_dir, builtin_system_app_spec,
+    },
 };
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
@@ -108,6 +111,50 @@ fn handle_builtin_test_app_request(
         .map_err(|err| anyhow!("failed to build builtin test app response: {err}"))
 }
 
+fn handle_builtin_system_app_request(
+    app_id: &str,
+    request: &tauri::http::Request<Vec<u8>>,
+) -> AnyResult<Response<Vec<u8>>> {
+    let app = build_builtin_system_app(app_id)?
+        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("unknown builtin system app {}", app_id))?;
+
+    let request_path = request.uri().path();
+    let csp = build_app_csp(&app);
+
+    let app_dir = builtin_system_app_dir(app_id)?
+        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("missing builtin system app dir for {}", app_id))?;
+
+    let file_path = read_snapshot_file(&app_dir, request_path)?;
+
+    if request_path.is_empty() || request_path == "/" || request_path == "/index.html" {
+        let html = fs::read_to_string(&file_path)?;
+
+        return Response::builder()
+            .status(StatusCode::OK)
+            .header("Content-Type", "text/html; charset=utf-8")
+            .header("Cache-Control", "no-store")
+            .header("Content-Security-Policy", &csp)
+            .header("X-Content-Type-Options", "nosniff")
+            .body(html.into_bytes())
+            .map_err(|err| anyhow!("failed to build builtin system app HTML response: {err}"));
+    }
+
+    let bytes = fs::read(&file_path)?;
+    let mime = mime_guess::from_path(&file_path)
+        .first_or_octet_stream()
+        .essence_str()
+        .to_string();
+
+    Response::builder()
+        .status(StatusCode::OK)
+        .header("Content-Type", mime)
+        .header("Cache-Control", "no-store")
+        .header("Content-Security-Policy", csp)
+        .header("X-Content-Type-Options", "nosniff")
+        .body(bytes)
+        .map_err(|err| anyhow!("failed to build builtin system app response: {err}"))
+}
+
 pub fn handle_app_protocol_request(
     base_path: &Path,
     request: &tauri::http::Request<Vec<u8>>,
@@ -130,6 +177,17 @@ pub fn handle_app_protocol_request(
         return handle_builtin_test_app_request(host, request);
     }
 
+    if builtin_system_app_spec(host).is_some() {
+        if protocol_kind != AppProtocolKind::System {
+            return Err(anyhow!(
+                "builtin system app {} cannot be served through user protocol",
+                host
+            ));
+        }
+
+        return handle_builtin_system_app_request(host, request);
+    }
+
     if protocol_kind != AppProtocolKind::User {
         return Err(anyhow!(
             "user-installed app {} cannot be served through system protocol",
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps/builtin_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps/builtin_apps.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d5bb890e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps/builtin_apps.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,222 @@
+use std::{fs, path::PathBuf};
+
+use anyhow::{anyhow, Context, Result as AnyResult};
+use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
+use tauri::command;
+
+use crate::host::Result;
+use crate::lifecycle::{manifest_entry_file, manifest_icon_file};
+use crate::permissions::{
+    normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions, resolve_capability_flags,
+    validate_granted_capabilities,
+};
+use crate::types::{
+    InstalledSageAppStorage, SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppSnapshot,
+    SageAppPackageManifest, SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions,
+    SystemAppPresentation, SystemSageApp,
+};
+
+pub const BUILTIN_SYSTEM_TASK_MANAGER_ID: &str = "task-manager";
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct BuiltinSystemAppSpec {
+    pub app_id: &'static str,
+    pub dir_name: &'static str,
+    pub presentation: SystemAppPresentation,
+}
+
+const BUILTIN_SYSTEM_APPS: &[BuiltinSystemAppSpec] = &[BuiltinSystemAppSpec {
+    app_id: BUILTIN_SYSTEM_TASK_MANAGER_ID,
+    dir_name: "task-manager",
+    presentation: SystemAppPresentation::Taskbar,
+}];
+
+pub fn builtin_system_app_spec(app_id: &str) -> Option<&'static BuiltinSystemAppSpec> {
+    BUILTIN_SYSTEM_APPS.iter().find(|spec| spec.app_id == app_id)
+}
+
+pub fn builtin_apps_root() -> PathBuf {
+    PathBuf::from(env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR"))
+        .join("builtin-apps")
+        .join("dist")
+}
+
+pub fn builtin_system_apps_root() -> PathBuf {
+    builtin_apps_root().join("system-apps")
+}
+
+pub fn builtin_system_app_dir(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<PathBuf>> {
+    let Some(spec) = builtin_system_app_spec(app_id) else {
+        return Ok(None);
+    };
+
+    Ok(Some(builtin_system_apps_root().join(spec.dir_name)))
+}
+
+#[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios"))]
+fn builtin_storage(app_id: &str) -> InstalledSageAppStorage {
+    let mut hasher = Sha256::new();
+    hasher.update(format!("builtin-system-storage:{app_id}").as_bytes());
+    let digest = hasher.finalize();
+
+    InstalledSageAppStorage::AppleDataStore {
+        identifier_hex: hex::encode(&digest[..16]),
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
+fn builtin_storage(app_id: &str) -> InstalledSageAppStorage {
+    InstalledSageAppStorage::WindowsProfile {
+        directory_name: format!("builtin-system-profile-{app_id}"),
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios", target_os = "windows")))]
+fn builtin_storage(_app_id: &str) -> InstalledSageAppStorage {
+    InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged
+}
+
+fn read_builtin_manifest(app_dir: &PathBuf) -> AnyResult<SageAppPackageManifest> {
+    let manifest_path = app_dir.join("sage-manifest.json");
+
+    let manifest_text = fs::read_to_string(&manifest_path).with_context(|| {
+        format!(
+            "failed to read builtin system app manifest {}",
+            manifest_path.display()
+        )
+    })?;
+
+    let manifest: SageAppPackageManifest =
+        serde_json::from_str(&manifest_text).with_context(|| {
+            format!(
+                "failed to parse builtin system app manifest {}",
+                manifest_path.display()
+            )
+        })?;
+
+    Ok(manifest)
+}
+
+fn compute_total_bytes(app_dir: &PathBuf) -> AnyResult<u64> {
+    let mut total_bytes = 0_u64;
+
+    for entry in fs::read_dir(app_dir)
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to read builtin system app dir {}", app_dir.display()))?
+    {
+        let entry = entry.with_context(|| {
+            format!(
+                "failed to read entry in builtin system app dir {}",
+                app_dir.display()
+            )
+        })?;
+
+        let metadata = entry.metadata().with_context(|| {
+            format!(
+                "failed to read metadata for builtin system app file {}",
+                entry.path().display()
+            )
+        })?;
+
+        if metadata.is_file() {
+            total_bytes = total_bytes
+                .checked_add(metadata.len())
+                .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("builtin system app total size overflow"))?;
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(total_bytes)
+}
+
+pub fn build_builtin_system_app(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<SageApp>> {
+    let Some(spec) = builtin_system_app_spec(app_id) else {
+        return Ok(None);
+    };
+
+    let app_dir = builtin_system_apps_root().join(spec.dir_name);
+
+    if !app_dir.is_dir() {
+        return Err(anyhow!(
+            "builtin system app directory does not exist: {}",
+            app_dir.display()
+        ));
+    }
+
+    let mut manifest = read_builtin_manifest(&app_dir)?;
+    manifest.permissions =
+        normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions(&manifest.permissions)?;
+
+    let mut requested_capabilities = manifest.permissions.capabilities.required.clone();
+    requested_capabilities.extend(manifest.permissions.capabilities.optional.clone());
+    requested_capabilities.sort();
+    requested_capabilities.dedup();
+
+    let granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions {
+        capabilities: requested_capabilities,
+        network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
+            whitelist: manifest.permissions.network.whitelist.required.clone(),
+        },
+    };
+
+    validate_granted_capabilities(
+        &manifest.permissions,
+        &granted_permissions.capabilities,
+    )?;
+    let permission_flags =
+        resolve_capability_flags(&granted_permissions.capabilities, None)?;
+
+    let entry_file_name = manifest_entry_file(&manifest).to_string();
+    let icon_file_name = manifest_icon_file(&manifest).to_string();
+
+    let entry_file = app_dir.join(&entry_file_name);
+    if !entry_file.is_file() {
+        return Err(anyhow!(
+            "builtin system app entry file does not exist: {}",
+            entry_file.display()
+        ));
+    }
+
+    let icon_file = app_dir.join(&icon_file_name);
+    if !icon_file.is_file() {
+        return Err(anyhow!(
+            "builtin system app icon file does not exist: {}",
+            icon_file.display()
+        ));
+    }
+
+    let total_bytes = compute_total_bytes(&app_dir)?;
+
+    let app = SystemSageApp {
+        common: SageAppCommon {
+            id: spec.app_id.to_string(),
+            origin_id: spec.app_id.to_string(),
+            name: manifest.name.clone(),
+            version: manifest.version.clone(),
+            app_dir: app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+            entry_file: entry_file_name,
+            icon_file: icon_file_name,
+            requested_permissions: manifest.permissions.clone(),
+            granted_permissions,
+            capability_flags: permission_flags,
+            storage: builtin_storage(spec.app_id),
+            active_snapshot: SageAppSnapshot {
+                manifest_hash: format!("builtin-system:{}", spec.app_id),
+                snapshot_dir: app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+                total_bytes,
+                manifest,
+            },
+        },
+        presentation: spec.presentation,
+    };
+
+    Ok(Some(SageApp::System(app)))
+}
+
+#[command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn get_builtin_system_app(
+    app_id: String,
+) -> Result<Option<SageApp>> {
+    build_builtin_system_app(&app_id).map_err(|err| {
+        std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to load builtin system app: {err}")).into()
+    })
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..272344d57
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+pub mod builtin_apps;
+
+pub use builtin_apps::*;
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
index 06b112151..fe809d244 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
@@ -165,6 +165,7 @@ pub fn run() {
             apps::lifecycle::apps_mark_storage_may_contain_secrets,
             apps::sandbox::get_builtin_test_app,
             apps::permissions::apps_get_capability_registry,
+            apps::system_apps::get_builtin_system_app,
         ])
         .events(collect_events![SyncEvent]);
 

From 53c9c2bf25e1345f1af3358c58327f03a0b75b3d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Thu, 23 Apr 2026 02:36:42 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 150/471] Replace Task Manager placeholder with a full-featured
 React-based application:

- Implemented a new React-based front-end for Task Manager with real-time runtime management (list, focus, hide, kill).
- Replaced placeholder Task Manager implementation with new TypeScript, React, and Vite-based setup.
- Updated `AppTaskBar` and related components to handle system app integrations seamlessly.
- Refined system app lifecycle to support the updated Task Manager functionality and protocol handling.
- Enhanced `resolve_app` and `getListedApp` functions to differentiate and support the new system app.
---
 .../builtin-apps/system-apps-src/package.json |  20 ++
 .../system-apps-src/task-manager/App.tsx      | 176 ++++++++++++++
 .../system-apps-src/task-manager/app.js       |   3 -
 .../system-apps-src/task-manager/icon.svg     |   8 +-
 .../system-apps-src/task-manager/index.html   |   9 +-
 .../system-apps-src/task-manager/main.tsx     |  10 +
 .../task-manager/taskManagerApi.ts            |  52 ++++
 .../system-apps-src/tsconfig.json             |  17 ++
 .../system-apps-src/vite.config.ts            |  21 ++
 crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs                   |   4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry.rs    |  16 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs       | 155 +-----------
 crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs     |   8 +-
 .../sage-apps/src/system_apps/builtin_apps.rs | 222 ------------------
 crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps/mod.rs       | 210 ++++++++++++++++-
 pnpm-lock.yaml                                | 132 +++++++++++
 pnpm-workspace.yaml                           |   3 +-
 src/bindings.ts                               |   3 +
 src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx            |   1 +
 src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx                  |  19 ++
 src/pages/AppHost.tsx                         |  26 +-
 src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx                   |  18 +-
 22 files changed, 721 insertions(+), 412 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/package.json
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/task-manager/App.tsx
 delete mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/task-manager/app.js
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/task-manager/main.tsx
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/task-manager/taskManagerApi.ts
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/tsconfig.json
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/vite.config.ts
 delete mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps/builtin_apps.rs

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/package.json b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..32ffd5330
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+{
+  "name": "sage-system-apps",
+  "private": true,
+  "type": "module",
+  "scripts": {
+    "build": "vite build"
+  },
+  "dependencies": {
+    "@tauri-apps/api": "^2.10.1",
+    "react": "^18.3.1",
+    "react-dom": "^18.3.1"
+  },
+  "devDependencies": {
+    "@types/react": "^18.3.28",
+    "@types/react-dom": "^18.3.7",
+    "@vitejs/plugin-react": "^5.0.4",
+    "typescript": "^5.9.3",
+    "vite": "^7.3.1"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/task-manager/App.tsx b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/task-manager/App.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..41d8099a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/task-manager/App.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+import { useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react';
+import {
+  focusRuntime,
+  hideRuntime,
+  killRuntime,
+  listRuntimes,
+  type RuntimeRecord,
+} from './taskManagerApi';
+
+function formatDuration(ms: number) {
+  const s = Math.floor(ms / 1000);
+  const h = Math.floor(s / 3600);
+  const m = Math.floor((s % 3600) / 60);
+  const sec = s % 60;
+  return [h, m, sec].map((v) => String(v).padStart(2, '0')).join(':');
+}
+
+export function App() {
+  const [runtimes, setRuntimes] = useState<RuntimeRecord[]>([]);
+  const [loading, setLoading] = useState(true);
+  const [busyAppId, setBusyAppId] = useState<string | null>(null);
+
+  async function refresh() {
+    setLoading(true);
+    try {
+      setRuntimes(await listRuntimes());
+    } finally {
+      setLoading(false);
+    }
+  }
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    void refresh();
+  }, []);
+
+  const sorted = useMemo(
+    () => [...runtimes].sort((a, b) => a.appName.localeCompare(b.appName)),
+    [runtimes],
+  );
+
+  return (
+    <div
+      style={{
+        fontFamily:
+          'Inter, ui-sans-serif, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", sans-serif',
+        padding: 16,
+        background: '#0b0b0c',
+        color: '#f5f5f5',
+        minHeight: '100vh',
+      }}
+    >
+      <div style={{ maxWidth: 1100, margin: '0 auto' }}>
+        <div
+          style={{
+            display: 'flex',
+            justifyContent: 'space-between',
+            alignItems: 'center',
+            marginBottom: 16,
+          }}
+        >
+          <div>
+            <h1 style={{ margin: 0, fontSize: 24 }}>Task Manager</h1>
+            <div style={{ opacity: 0.7, marginTop: 4, fontSize: 14 }}>
+              Built-in system app
+            </div>
+          </div>
+
+          <button
+            onClick={() => void refresh()}
+            style={{
+              height: 36,
+              padding: '0 14px',
+              borderRadius: 10,
+              border: '1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.14)',
+              background: 'rgba(255,255,255,0.06)',
+              color: 'inherit',
+              cursor: 'pointer',
+            }}
+          >
+            Refresh
+          </button>
+        </div>
+
+        <div
+          style={{
+            border: '1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.12)',
+            borderRadius: 18,
+            overflow: 'hidden',
+            background: 'rgba(255,255,255,0.03)',
+          }}
+        >
+          {loading ? (
+            <div style={{ padding: 18, opacity: 0.75 }}>Loading runtimes…</div>
+          ) : sorted.length === 0 ? (
+            <div style={{ padding: 18, opacity: 0.75 }}>No running apps.</div>
+          ) : (
+            sorted.map((runtime) => (
+              <div
+                key={runtime.runtimeId}
+                style={{
+                  display: 'flex',
+                  justifyContent: 'space-between',
+                  gap: 16,
+                  padding: 16,
+                  borderTop: '1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.08)',
+                }}
+              >
+                <div style={{ minWidth: 0 }}>
+                  <div style={{ fontWeight: 600 }}>{runtime.appName}</div>
+                  <div style={{ fontSize: 12, opacity: 0.7, marginTop: 4 }}>
+                    {runtime.appId}
+                  </div>
+                  <div style={{ fontSize: 12, opacity: 0.7, marginTop: 4 }}>
+                    kind={runtime.runtimeKind} · state={runtime.state} · mode=
+                    {runtime.mode}
+                  </div>
+                  <div style={{ fontSize: 12, opacity: 0.7, marginTop: 4 }}>
+                    uptime={formatDuration(Date.now() - runtime.startedAt)} ·
+                    requests={runtime.inFlightRequestCount} · batches=
+                    {runtime.activeBatchCount} · sockets=
+                    {runtime.activeSocketCount}
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+
+                <div style={{ display: 'flex', gap: 8, flexShrink: 0 }}>
+                  <button
+                    disabled={busyAppId === runtime.appId}
+                    onClick={async () => {
+                      setBusyAppId(runtime.appId);
+                      try {
+                        await focusRuntime(runtime.appId);
+                      } finally {
+                        setBusyAppId(null);
+                      }
+                    }}
+                  >
+                    Focus
+                  </button>
+
+                  <button
+                    disabled={busyAppId === runtime.appId}
+                    onClick={async () => {
+                      setBusyAppId(runtime.appId);
+                      try {
+                        await hideRuntime(runtime.appId);
+                      } finally {
+                        setBusyAppId(null);
+                      }
+                    }}
+                  >
+                    Hide
+                  </button>
+
+                  <button
+                    disabled={busyAppId === runtime.appId}
+                    onClick={async () => {
+                      setBusyAppId(runtime.appId);
+                      try {
+                        await killRuntime(runtime.appId);
+                        await refresh();
+                      } finally {
+                        setBusyAppId(null);
+                      }
+                    }}
+                  >
+                    Kill
+                  </button>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            ))
+          )}
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  );
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/task-manager/app.js b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/task-manager/app.js
deleted file mode 100644
index c77e2f67b..000000000
--- a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/task-manager/app.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-import './bridge.js';
-
-document.body.innerHTML = '<div style="font-family: sans-serif; padding: 16px;">Task Manager placeholder</div>';
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/task-manager/icon.svg b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/task-manager/icon.svg
index 1f0dd22f3..7d7cbd44a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/task-manager/icon.svg
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/task-manager/icon.svg
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
-<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="64" height="64">
-    <rect width="64" height="64" fill="#111"/>
-    <text x="32" y="36" font-size="20" text-anchor="middle" fill="#fff">T</text>
+<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 64 64">
+    <rect width="64" height="64" rx="14" fill="#111827"/>
+    <rect x="14" y="16" width="10" height="32" rx="3" fill="#60a5fa"/>
+    <rect x="28" y="24" width="10" height="24" rx="3" fill="#34d399"/>
+    <rect x="42" y="10" width="10" height="38" rx="3" fill="#f59e0b"/>
 </svg>
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/task-manager/index.html b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/task-manager/index.html
index c869a661c..22450541f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/task-manager/index.html
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/task-manager/index.html
@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
 <!doctype html>
 <html>
 <head>
-  <meta charset="utf-8" />
-  <title>Sage Builtin Test App</title>
-  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
+  <meta charset="UTF-8" />
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
+  <title>Task Manager</title>
 </head>
 <body>
-<script type="module" src="./app.js"></script>
+<div id="root"></div>
+<script type="module" src="./main.tsx"></script>
 </body>
 </html>
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/task-manager/main.tsx b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/task-manager/main.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..21ff954a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/task-manager/main.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+import React from 'react';
+import ReactDOM from 'react-dom/client';
+import { App } from './App';
+
+ReactDOM.createRoot(document.getElementById('root')!).render(
+  <React.StrictMode>
+    <App />
+  </React.StrictMode>,
+);
+
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/task-manager/taskManagerApi.ts b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/task-manager/taskManagerApi.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..25070670f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/task-manager/taskManagerApi.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+export type RuntimeRecord = {
+  runtimeId: string;
+  runtimeKind: 'user' | 'system';
+  appId: string;
+  appName: string;
+  mode: string;
+  state: string;
+  startedAt: number;
+  visible: boolean;
+  internal: boolean;
+  activeBatchCount: number;
+  activeSocketCount: number;
+  inFlightRequestCount: number;
+};
+
+async function sleep(ms: number) {
+  await new Promise((resolve) => window.setTimeout(resolve, ms));
+}
+
+export async function listRuntimes(): Promise<RuntimeRecord[]> {
+  await sleep(80);
+
+  return [
+    {
+      runtimeId: 'mock-runtime-1',
+      runtimeKind: 'user',
+      appId: 'example-user-app',
+      appName: 'Example User App',
+      mode: 'inline',
+      state: 'running',
+      startedAt: Date.now() - 42_000,
+      visible: true,
+      internal: false,
+      activeBatchCount: 0,
+      activeSocketCount: 1,
+      inFlightRequestCount: 0,
+    },
+  ];
+}
+
+export async function focusRuntime(_appId: string): Promise<void> {
+  await sleep(60);
+}
+
+export async function hideRuntime(_appId: string): Promise<void> {
+  await sleep(60);
+}
+
+export async function killRuntime(_appId: string): Promise<void> {
+  await sleep(60);
+}
+
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/tsconfig.json b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/tsconfig.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b840face2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/tsconfig.json
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+{
+  "compilerOptions": {
+    "target": "ES2022",
+    "useDefineForClassFields": true,
+    "lib": ["ES2022", "DOM", "DOM.Iterable"],
+    "module": "ESNext",
+    "skipLibCheck": true,
+    "moduleResolution": "Bundler",
+    "allowImportingTsExtensions": false,
+    "resolveJsonModule": true,
+    "isolatedModules": true,
+    "noEmit": true,
+    "jsx": "react-jsx",
+    "strict": true
+  },
+  "include": ["src"]
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/vite.config.ts b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/vite.config.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..237bdcaaf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/vite.config.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+import { defineConfig } from 'vite';
+import react from '@vitejs/plugin-react';
+import { resolve } from 'node:path';
+import { mkdirSync } from 'node:fs';
+
+const outRoot = resolve(__dirname, '../system-apps-dist');
+
+mkdirSync(outRoot, { recursive: true });
+
+export default defineConfig({
+  plugins: [react()],
+  build: {
+    outDir: outRoot,
+    emptyOutDir: false,
+    rollupOptions: {
+      input: {
+        'task-manager': resolve(__dirname, 'src/task-manager/index.html'),
+      },
+    },
+  },
+});
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
index edf95068e..391ed7e54 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 pub mod bridge;
+pub mod build;
 pub mod host;
 pub mod lifecycle;
 pub mod permissions;
@@ -6,14 +7,11 @@ pub mod runtime;
 pub mod sandbox;
 pub mod security;
 pub mod state;
-
 pub mod system_apps;
 pub mod types;
-pub mod build;
 
 pub use security::{
     handle_system_app_protocol_request,
     handle_user_app_protocol_request,
 };
 pub use state::AppsHostState;
-pub use system_apps::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry.rs
index 9b795b8a6..b1e30b905 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry.rs
@@ -6,15 +6,8 @@ use std::{
 use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult};
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 
-use crate::types::{
-    CorruptedInstalledSageApp, ListedSageApp, PendingStorageCleanupEntry,
-    RetiredAppOriginEntry, SageAppAuthor, SageAppCommon, SageAppDonation,
-    SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot,
-    SageAppCapabilityFlags, SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
-    SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
-    SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist, SageRequestedPermissions, UserSageApp,
-    UserSageAppPendingUpdate, UserSageAppSource, InstalledSageAppStorage,
-};
+use crate::types::{CorruptedInstalledSageApp, ListedSageApp, PendingStorageCleanupEntry, RetiredAppOriginEntry, SageAppAuthor, SageAppCommon, SageAppDonation, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppCapabilityFlags, SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkPermissionTarget, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist, SageRequestedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppPendingUpdate, UserSageAppSource, InstalledSageAppStorage, SageApp};
+use crate::system_apps::list_builtin_system_apps;
 
 const INSTALLED_METADATA_FILE: &str = ".sage-installed.json";
 const PENDING_STORAGE_CLEANUP_FILE: &str = ".sage-pending-storage-cleanup.json";
@@ -425,6 +418,11 @@ pub fn list_installed_apps_internal(root: &Path) -> AnyResult<Vec<ListedSageApp>
             })),
         }
     }
+    for app in list_builtin_system_apps()? {
+        if let SageApp::System(app) = app {
+            apps.push(ListedSageApp::System(app));
+        }
+    }
 
     apps.sort_by(|a, b| {
         let a_key = match a {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
index 6899921a1..519f83ece 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ use url::Url;
 
 use crate::lifecycle::read_installed_app_by_id;
 use crate::sandbox::build_builtin_test_app;
-use crate::types::SageApp;
 use crate::system_apps::build_builtin_system_app;
+use crate::types::SageApp;
 
 use super::records::{inline_label_for, SageAppRuntimeKind};
 
@@ -66,28 +66,19 @@ pub fn build_entry_src(
 }
 
 pub fn resolve_app(base_path: &Path, app_id: &str) -> Result<SageApp, String> {
-    match read_installed_app_by_id(base_path, app_id) {
-        Ok(app) => Ok(SageApp::User(app)),
-        Err(installed_err) => {
-            if let Some(app) = build_builtin_test_app(app_id).map_err(|builtin_err| {
-                format!(
-                    "failed to resolve app {app_id}: installed lookup error: {installed_err}; builtin sandbox lookup error: {builtin_err}"
-                )
-            })? {
-                return Ok(app);
-            }
-
-            if let Some(app) = build_builtin_system_app(app_id).map_err(|builtin_err| {
-                format!(
-                    "failed to resolve app {app_id}: installed lookup error: {installed_err}; builtin system lookup error: {builtin_err}"
-                )
-            })? {
-                return Ok(app);
-            }
+    if let Ok(app) = read_installed_app_by_id(base_path, app_id) {
+        return Ok(SageApp::User(app));
+    }
 
-            Err(format!("failed to read app {app_id}: {installed_err}"))
-        }
+    if let Some(app) = build_builtin_system_app(app_id)
+        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to resolve builtin system app {app_id}: {err}"))?
+    {
+        return Ok(app);
     }
+
+    build_builtin_test_app(app_id)
+        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to resolve builtin sandbox app {app_id}: {err}"))?
+        .ok_or_else(|| format!("failed to resolve app {app_id}"))
 }
 
 pub fn should_use_incognito(app: &SageApp) -> bool {
@@ -158,125 +149,3 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_bridge_origin(
 pub fn webview_label_for_app(app: &SageApp) -> String {
     inline_label_for(app.id(), runtime_kind_for_app(app))
 }
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use super::*;
-    use std::collections::BTreeMap;
-
-    use crate::types::{
-        InstalledSageAppStorage, SageApp, SageAppCapabilityFlags, SageAppCommon,
-        SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot,
-        SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions,
-        SystemAppPresentation, SystemSageApp,
-    };
-
-    fn sample_app(
-        origin_id: &str,
-        capabilities: Vec<&str>,
-        storage_may_contain_secrets: bool,
-    ) -> SageApp {
-        SageApp::System(SystemSageApp {
-            common: SageAppCommon {
-                id: "url-abc123".into(),
-                origin_id: origin_id.into(),
-                name: "Test App".into(),
-                version: "1.0.0".into(),
-                app_dir: "/tmp/app".into(),
-                entry_file: "index.html".into(),
-                icon_file: "icon.png".into(),
-                requested_permissions: SageRequestedPermissions::default(),
-                granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions {
-                    capabilities: capabilities.into_iter().map(|s| s.to_string()).collect(),
-                    network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions { whitelist: vec![] },
-                },
-                capability_flags: SageAppCapabilityFlags {
-                    has_secret_access: false,
-                    has_external_access: false,
-                    storage_may_contain_secrets,
-                    isolated: false,
-                },
-                storage: InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
-                active_snapshot: SageAppSnapshot {
-                    manifest_hash: "hash".into(),
-                    snapshot_dir: "/tmp/app".into(),
-                    total_bytes: 1,
-                    manifest: SageAppPackageManifest {
-                        name: "Test App".into(),
-                        version: "1.0.0".into(),
-                        permissions: SageRequestedPermissions::default(),
-                        files: vec![SageAppManifestFile {
-                            path: "index.html".into(),
-                            sha256: "a".repeat(64),
-                            size: 1,
-                        }],
-                        entry: Some("index.html".into()),
-                        icon: Some("icon.png".into()),
-                        author: None,
-                        donation: None,
-                    },
-                },
-            },
-            presentation: SystemAppPresentation::Taskbar,
-        })
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn allowed_user_app_url_matches_origin_id() {
-        let url = Url::parse("sage-app://origin-1/index.html").unwrap();
-        assert!(is_allowed_app_url(&url, "origin-1", SageAppRuntimeKind::User));
-        assert!(!is_allowed_app_url(&url, "origin-2", SageAppRuntimeKind::User));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn allowed_system_app_url_matches_origin_id() {
-        let url = Url::parse("sage-system-app://origin-1/index.html").unwrap();
-        assert!(is_allowed_app_url(&url, "origin-1", SageAppRuntimeKind::System));
-        assert!(!is_allowed_app_url(&url, "origin-2", SageAppRuntimeKind::System));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn build_entry_src_uses_system_scheme_for_system_apps() {
-        let app = sample_app("origin-1", vec![], false);
-        let url = build_entry_src(&app, None, BTreeMap::new());
-        assert_eq!(url, "sage-system-app://origin-1/index.html");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn build_entry_src_supports_custom_path_and_query() {
-        let app = sample_app("origin-1", vec![], false);
-        let mut query = BTreeMap::new();
-        query.insert("a".into(), "1".into());
-        query.insert("b".into(), "hello".into());
-
-        let url = build_entry_src(&app, Some("/nested/page.html".into()), query);
-
-        assert!(url.starts_with("sage-system-app://origin-1/nested/page.html?"));
-        assert!(url.contains("a=1"));
-        assert!(url.contains("b=hello"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn should_use_incognito_without_persistent_storage() {
-        let app = sample_app("origin-1", vec![], false);
-        assert!(should_use_incognito(&app));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn should_use_incognito_when_storage_is_tainted() {
-        let app = sample_app("origin-1", vec!["persistent_storage"], true);
-        assert!(should_use_incognito(&app));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn should_not_use_incognito_when_persistent_storage_is_granted_and_clean() {
-        let app = sample_app("origin-1", vec!["persistent_storage"], false);
-        assert!(!should_use_incognito(&app));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn webview_label_for_system_app_has_expected_shape() {
-        let app = sample_app("origin-1", vec![], false);
-        assert_eq!(webview_label_for_app(&app), "system-app-inline-url-abc123");
-    }
-}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
index 8840d683a..41f08eacf 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
@@ -10,10 +10,8 @@ use crate::{
         builtin_test_app_spec,
     },
     security::build_app_csp,
+    system_apps::{build_builtin_system_app, builtin_system_app_dir, builtin_system_app_spec},
     types::SageApp,
-    system_apps::{
-        build_builtin_system_app, builtin_system_app_dir, builtin_system_app_spec,
-    },
 };
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
@@ -121,6 +119,10 @@ fn handle_builtin_system_app_request(
     let request_path = request.uri().path();
     let csp = build_app_csp(&app);
 
+    if request_path.starts_with("/__sage/runtime-apps/") {
+        return serve_runtime_app_asset(request_path, &csp);
+    }
+
     let app_dir = builtin_system_app_dir(app_id)?
         .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("missing builtin system app dir for {}", app_id))?;
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps/builtin_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps/builtin_apps.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index d5bb890e2..000000000
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps/builtin_apps.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,222 +0,0 @@
-use std::{fs, path::PathBuf};
-
-use anyhow::{anyhow, Context, Result as AnyResult};
-use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
-use tauri::command;
-
-use crate::host::Result;
-use crate::lifecycle::{manifest_entry_file, manifest_icon_file};
-use crate::permissions::{
-    normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions, resolve_capability_flags,
-    validate_granted_capabilities,
-};
-use crate::types::{
-    InstalledSageAppStorage, SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppSnapshot,
-    SageAppPackageManifest, SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions,
-    SystemAppPresentation, SystemSageApp,
-};
-
-pub const BUILTIN_SYSTEM_TASK_MANAGER_ID: &str = "task-manager";
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
-pub struct BuiltinSystemAppSpec {
-    pub app_id: &'static str,
-    pub dir_name: &'static str,
-    pub presentation: SystemAppPresentation,
-}
-
-const BUILTIN_SYSTEM_APPS: &[BuiltinSystemAppSpec] = &[BuiltinSystemAppSpec {
-    app_id: BUILTIN_SYSTEM_TASK_MANAGER_ID,
-    dir_name: "task-manager",
-    presentation: SystemAppPresentation::Taskbar,
-}];
-
-pub fn builtin_system_app_spec(app_id: &str) -> Option<&'static BuiltinSystemAppSpec> {
-    BUILTIN_SYSTEM_APPS.iter().find(|spec| spec.app_id == app_id)
-}
-
-pub fn builtin_apps_root() -> PathBuf {
-    PathBuf::from(env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR"))
-        .join("builtin-apps")
-        .join("dist")
-}
-
-pub fn builtin_system_apps_root() -> PathBuf {
-    builtin_apps_root().join("system-apps")
-}
-
-pub fn builtin_system_app_dir(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<PathBuf>> {
-    let Some(spec) = builtin_system_app_spec(app_id) else {
-        return Ok(None);
-    };
-
-    Ok(Some(builtin_system_apps_root().join(spec.dir_name)))
-}
-
-#[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios"))]
-fn builtin_storage(app_id: &str) -> InstalledSageAppStorage {
-    let mut hasher = Sha256::new();
-    hasher.update(format!("builtin-system-storage:{app_id}").as_bytes());
-    let digest = hasher.finalize();
-
-    InstalledSageAppStorage::AppleDataStore {
-        identifier_hex: hex::encode(&digest[..16]),
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
-fn builtin_storage(app_id: &str) -> InstalledSageAppStorage {
-    InstalledSageAppStorage::WindowsProfile {
-        directory_name: format!("builtin-system-profile-{app_id}"),
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg(not(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios", target_os = "windows")))]
-fn builtin_storage(_app_id: &str) -> InstalledSageAppStorage {
-    InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged
-}
-
-fn read_builtin_manifest(app_dir: &PathBuf) -> AnyResult<SageAppPackageManifest> {
-    let manifest_path = app_dir.join("sage-manifest.json");
-
-    let manifest_text = fs::read_to_string(&manifest_path).with_context(|| {
-        format!(
-            "failed to read builtin system app manifest {}",
-            manifest_path.display()
-        )
-    })?;
-
-    let manifest: SageAppPackageManifest =
-        serde_json::from_str(&manifest_text).with_context(|| {
-            format!(
-                "failed to parse builtin system app manifest {}",
-                manifest_path.display()
-            )
-        })?;
-
-    Ok(manifest)
-}
-
-fn compute_total_bytes(app_dir: &PathBuf) -> AnyResult<u64> {
-    let mut total_bytes = 0_u64;
-
-    for entry in fs::read_dir(app_dir)
-        .with_context(|| format!("failed to read builtin system app dir {}", app_dir.display()))?
-    {
-        let entry = entry.with_context(|| {
-            format!(
-                "failed to read entry in builtin system app dir {}",
-                app_dir.display()
-            )
-        })?;
-
-        let metadata = entry.metadata().with_context(|| {
-            format!(
-                "failed to read metadata for builtin system app file {}",
-                entry.path().display()
-            )
-        })?;
-
-        if metadata.is_file() {
-            total_bytes = total_bytes
-                .checked_add(metadata.len())
-                .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("builtin system app total size overflow"))?;
-        }
-    }
-
-    Ok(total_bytes)
-}
-
-pub fn build_builtin_system_app(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<SageApp>> {
-    let Some(spec) = builtin_system_app_spec(app_id) else {
-        return Ok(None);
-    };
-
-    let app_dir = builtin_system_apps_root().join(spec.dir_name);
-
-    if !app_dir.is_dir() {
-        return Err(anyhow!(
-            "builtin system app directory does not exist: {}",
-            app_dir.display()
-        ));
-    }
-
-    let mut manifest = read_builtin_manifest(&app_dir)?;
-    manifest.permissions =
-        normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions(&manifest.permissions)?;
-
-    let mut requested_capabilities = manifest.permissions.capabilities.required.clone();
-    requested_capabilities.extend(manifest.permissions.capabilities.optional.clone());
-    requested_capabilities.sort();
-    requested_capabilities.dedup();
-
-    let granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions {
-        capabilities: requested_capabilities,
-        network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
-            whitelist: manifest.permissions.network.whitelist.required.clone(),
-        },
-    };
-
-    validate_granted_capabilities(
-        &manifest.permissions,
-        &granted_permissions.capabilities,
-    )?;
-    let permission_flags =
-        resolve_capability_flags(&granted_permissions.capabilities, None)?;
-
-    let entry_file_name = manifest_entry_file(&manifest).to_string();
-    let icon_file_name = manifest_icon_file(&manifest).to_string();
-
-    let entry_file = app_dir.join(&entry_file_name);
-    if !entry_file.is_file() {
-        return Err(anyhow!(
-            "builtin system app entry file does not exist: {}",
-            entry_file.display()
-        ));
-    }
-
-    let icon_file = app_dir.join(&icon_file_name);
-    if !icon_file.is_file() {
-        return Err(anyhow!(
-            "builtin system app icon file does not exist: {}",
-            icon_file.display()
-        ));
-    }
-
-    let total_bytes = compute_total_bytes(&app_dir)?;
-
-    let app = SystemSageApp {
-        common: SageAppCommon {
-            id: spec.app_id.to_string(),
-            origin_id: spec.app_id.to_string(),
-            name: manifest.name.clone(),
-            version: manifest.version.clone(),
-            app_dir: app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-            entry_file: entry_file_name,
-            icon_file: icon_file_name,
-            requested_permissions: manifest.permissions.clone(),
-            granted_permissions,
-            capability_flags: permission_flags,
-            storage: builtin_storage(spec.app_id),
-            active_snapshot: SageAppSnapshot {
-                manifest_hash: format!("builtin-system:{}", spec.app_id),
-                snapshot_dir: app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-                total_bytes,
-                manifest,
-            },
-        },
-        presentation: spec.presentation,
-    };
-
-    Ok(Some(SageApp::System(app)))
-}
-
-#[command]
-#[specta::specta]
-pub async fn get_builtin_system_app(
-    app_id: String,
-) -> Result<Option<SageApp>> {
-    build_builtin_system_app(&app_id).map_err(|err| {
-        std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to load builtin system app: {err}")).into()
-    })
-}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps/mod.rs
index 272344d57..47f748e09 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps/mod.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,209 @@
-pub mod builtin_apps;
+use std::{fs, path::PathBuf};
 
-pub use builtin_apps::*;
+use anyhow::{anyhow, Context, Result as AnyResult};
+use tauri::command;
+
+use crate::host::Result;
+use crate::lifecycle::{manifest_entry_file, manifest_icon_file};
+use crate::permissions::{
+    normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions, resolve_capability_flags,
+    validate_granted_capabilities,
+};
+use crate::types::{
+    InstalledSageAppStorage, SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot,
+    SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions, SystemAppPresentation, SystemSageApp,
+};
+
+pub const SYSTEM_APP_TASK_MANAGER_ID: &str = "task-manager";
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct BuiltinSystemAppSpec {
+    pub app_id: &'static str,
+    pub dir_name: &'static str,
+    pub presentation: SystemAppPresentation,
+}
+
+const BUILTIN_SYSTEM_APPS: &[BuiltinSystemAppSpec] = &[BuiltinSystemAppSpec {
+    app_id: SYSTEM_APP_TASK_MANAGER_ID,
+    dir_name: "task-manager",
+    presentation: SystemAppPresentation::Taskbar,
+}];
+
+pub fn builtin_system_app_spec(app_id: &str) -> Option<&'static BuiltinSystemAppSpec> {
+    BUILTIN_SYSTEM_APPS.iter().find(|spec| spec.app_id == app_id)
+}
+
+pub fn builtin_apps_root() -> PathBuf {
+    PathBuf::from(env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR"))
+        .join("builtin-apps")
+        .join("dist")
+}
+
+pub fn builtin_system_apps_root() -> PathBuf {
+    builtin_apps_root().join("system-apps")
+}
+
+pub fn builtin_system_app_dir(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<PathBuf>> {
+    let Some(spec) = builtin_system_app_spec(app_id) else {
+        return Ok(None);
+    };
+
+    Ok(Some(builtin_system_apps_root().join(spec.dir_name)))
+}
+
+fn read_builtin_manifest(app_dir: &PathBuf) -> AnyResult<SageAppPackageManifest> {
+    let manifest_path = app_dir.join("sage-manifest.json");
+
+    let manifest_text = fs::read_to_string(&manifest_path).with_context(|| {
+        format!(
+            "failed to read builtin system app manifest {}",
+            manifest_path.display()
+        )
+    })?;
+
+    let manifest: SageAppPackageManifest =
+        serde_json::from_str(&manifest_text).with_context(|| {
+            format!(
+                "failed to parse builtin system app manifest {}",
+                manifest_path.display()
+            )
+        })?;
+
+    Ok(manifest)
+}
+
+fn compute_total_bytes(app_dir: &PathBuf) -> AnyResult<u64> {
+    let mut total_bytes = 0_u64;
+
+    for entry in fs::read_dir(app_dir)
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to read builtin system app dir {}", app_dir.display()))?
+    {
+        let entry = entry.with_context(|| {
+            format!(
+                "failed to read entry in builtin system app dir {}",
+                app_dir.display()
+            )
+        })?;
+
+        let metadata = entry.metadata().with_context(|| {
+            format!(
+                "failed to read metadata for builtin system app file {}",
+                entry.path().display()
+            )
+        })?;
+
+        if metadata.is_file() {
+            total_bytes = total_bytes
+                .checked_add(metadata.len())
+                .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("builtin system app total size overflow"))?;
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(total_bytes)
+}
+
+pub fn build_builtin_system_app(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<SageApp>> {
+    let Some(spec) = builtin_system_app_spec(app_id) else {
+        return Ok(None);
+    };
+
+    let app_dir = builtin_system_apps_root().join(spec.dir_name);
+
+    if !app_dir.is_dir() {
+        return Err(anyhow!(
+            "builtin system app directory does not exist: {}",
+            app_dir.display()
+        ));
+    }
+
+    let mut manifest = read_builtin_manifest(&app_dir)?;
+    manifest.permissions =
+        normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions(&manifest.permissions)?;
+
+    let mut requested_capabilities = manifest.permissions.capabilities.required.clone();
+    requested_capabilities.extend(manifest.permissions.capabilities.optional.clone());
+    requested_capabilities.sort();
+    requested_capabilities.dedup();
+
+    let granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions {
+        capabilities: requested_capabilities,
+        network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
+            whitelist: manifest.permissions.network.whitelist.required.clone(),
+        },
+    };
+
+    validate_granted_capabilities(
+        &manifest.permissions,
+        &granted_permissions.capabilities,
+    )?;
+    let permission_flags =
+        resolve_capability_flags(&granted_permissions.capabilities, None)?;
+
+    let entry_file_name = manifest_entry_file(&manifest).to_string();
+    let icon_file_name = manifest_icon_file(&manifest).to_string();
+
+    let entry_file = app_dir.join(&entry_file_name);
+    if !entry_file.is_file() {
+        return Err(anyhow!(
+            "builtin system app entry file does not exist: {}",
+            entry_file.display()
+        ));
+    }
+
+    let icon_file = app_dir.join(&icon_file_name);
+    if !icon_file.is_file() {
+        return Err(anyhow!(
+            "builtin system app icon file does not exist: {}",
+            icon_file.display()
+        ));
+    }
+
+    let total_bytes = compute_total_bytes(&app_dir)?;
+
+    let app = SystemSageApp {
+        common: SageAppCommon {
+            id: spec.app_id.to_string(),
+            origin_id: spec.app_id.to_string(),
+            name: manifest.name.clone(),
+            version: manifest.version.clone(),
+            app_dir: app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+            entry_file: entry_file_name,
+            icon_file: icon_file_name,
+            requested_permissions: manifest.permissions.clone(),
+            granted_permissions,
+            capability_flags: permission_flags,
+            storage: InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
+            active_snapshot: SageAppSnapshot {
+                manifest_hash: format!("builtin-system:{}", spec.app_id),
+                snapshot_dir: app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+                total_bytes,
+                manifest,
+            },
+        },
+        presentation: spec.presentation,
+    };
+
+    Ok(Some(SageApp::System(app)))
+}
+
+pub fn list_builtin_system_apps() -> AnyResult<Vec<SageApp>> {
+    let mut out = Vec::new();
+
+    for spec in BUILTIN_SYSTEM_APPS {
+        if let Some(app) = build_builtin_system_app(spec.app_id)? {
+            out.push(app);
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(out)
+}
+
+#[command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn get_builtin_system_app(
+    app_id: String,
+) -> Result<Option<SageApp>> {
+    build_builtin_system_app(&app_id).map_err(|err| {
+        std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to load builtin system app: {err}")).into()
+    })
+}
diff --git a/pnpm-lock.yaml b/pnpm-lock.yaml
index 73ffe56df..fc86c1686 100644
--- a/pnpm-lock.yaml
+++ b/pnpm-lock.yaml
@@ -277,6 +277,34 @@ importers:
         specifier: ^7.3.1
         version: 7.3.1(@types/node@22.19.10)(jiti@1.21.7)(yaml@2.5.1)
 
+  crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src:
+    dependencies:
+      '@tauri-apps/api':
+        specifier: ^2.10.1
+        version: 2.10.1
+      react:
+        specifier: ^18.3.1
+        version: 18.3.1
+      react-dom:
+        specifier: ^18.3.1
+        version: 18.3.1(react@18.3.1)
+    devDependencies:
+      '@types/react':
+        specifier: ^18.3.28
+        version: 18.3.28
+      '@types/react-dom':
+        specifier: ^18.3.7
+        version: 18.3.7(@types/react@18.3.28)
+      '@vitejs/plugin-react':
+        specifier: ^5.0.4
+        version: 5.2.0(vite@7.3.1(@types/node@22.19.10)(jiti@2.6.1)(yaml@2.5.1))
+      typescript:
+        specifier: ^5.9.3
+        version: 5.9.3
+      vite:
+        specifier: ^7.3.1
+        version: 7.3.1(@types/node@22.19.10)(jiti@2.6.1)(yaml@2.5.1)
+
   packages/sage-app-sdk:
     devDependencies:
       tsup:
@@ -329,6 +357,10 @@ packages:
     peerDependencies:
       '@babel/core': ^7.0.0
 
+  '@babel/helper-plugin-utils@7.28.6':
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-S9gzZ/bz83GRysI7gAD4wPT/AI3uCnY+9xn+Mx/KPs2JwHJIz1W8PZkg2cqyt3RNOBM8ejcXhV6y8Og7ly/Dug==}
+    engines: {node: '>=6.9.0'}
+
   '@babel/helper-string-parser@7.27.1':
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-qMlSxKbpRlAridDExk92nSobyDdpPijUq2DW6oDnUqd0iOGxmQjyqhMIihI9+zv4LPyZdRje2cavWPbCbWm3eA==}
     engines: {node: '>=6.9.0'}
@@ -350,6 +382,18 @@ packages:
     engines: {node: '>=6.0.0'}
     hasBin: true
 
+  '@babel/plugin-transform-react-jsx-self@7.27.1':
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-6UzkCs+ejGdZ5mFFC/OCUrv028ab2fp1znZmCZjAOBKiBK2jXD1O+BPSfX8X2qjJ75fZBMSnQn3Rq2mrBJK2mw==}
+    engines: {node: '>=6.9.0'}
+    peerDependencies:
+      '@babel/core': ^7.0.0-0
+
+  '@babel/plugin-transform-react-jsx-source@7.27.1':
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-zbwoTsBruTeKB9hSq73ha66iFeJHuaFkUbwvqElnygoNbj/jHRsSeokowZFN3CZ64IvEqcmmkVe89OPXc7ldAw==}
+    engines: {node: '>=6.9.0'}
+    peerDependencies:
+      '@babel/core': ^7.0.0-0
+
   '@babel/runtime@7.28.6':
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-05WQkdpL9COIMz4LjTxGpPNCdlpyimKppYNoJ5Di5EUObifl8t4tuLuUBBZEpoLYOmfvIWrsp9fCl0HoPRVTdA==}
     engines: {node: '>=6.9.0'}
@@ -1411,6 +1455,9 @@ packages:
   '@rolldown/pluginutils@1.0.0-beta.27':
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-+d0F4MKMCbeVUJwG96uQ4SgAznZNSq93I3V+9NHA4OpvqG8mRCpGdKmK8l/dl02h2CCDHwW2FqilnTyDcAnqjA==}
 
+  '@rolldown/pluginutils@1.0.0-rc.3':
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-eybk3TjzzzV97Dlj5c+XrBFW57eTNhzod66y9HrBlzJ6NsCrWCp/2kaPS3K9wJmurBC0Tdw4yPjXKZqlznim3Q==}
+
   '@rollup/rollup-android-arm-eabi@4.57.1':
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-A6ehUVSiSaaliTxai040ZpZ2zTevHYbvu/lDoeAteHI8QnaosIzm4qwtezfRg1jOYaUmnzLX1AOD6Z+UJjtifg==}
     cpu: [arm]
@@ -1745,6 +1792,18 @@ packages:
   '@ts-morph/common@0.12.3':
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-4tUmeLyXJnJWvTFOKtcNJ1yh0a3SsTLi2MUoyj8iUNznFRN1ZquaNe7Oukqrnki2FzZkm0J9adCNLDZxUzvj+w==}
 
+  '@types/babel__core@7.20.5':
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-qoQprZvz5wQFJwMDqeseRXWv3rqMvhgpbXFfVyWhbx9X47POIA6i/+dXefEmZKoAgOaTdaIgNSMqMIU61yRyzA==}
+
+  '@types/babel__generator@7.27.0':
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-ufFd2Xi92OAVPYsy+P4n7/U7e68fex0+Ee8gSG9KX7eo084CWiQ4sdxktvdl0bOPupXtVJPY19zk6EwWqUQ8lg==}
+
+  '@types/babel__template@7.4.4':
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-h/NUaSyG5EyxBIp8YRxo4RMe2/qQgvyowRwVMzhYhBCONbW8PUsg4lkFMrhgZhUe5z3L3MiLDuvyJ/CaPa2A8A==}
+
+  '@types/babel__traverse@7.28.0':
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-8PvcXf70gTDZBgt9ptxJ8elBeBjcLOAcOtoO/mPJjtji1+CdGbHgm77om1GrsPxsiE+uXIpNSK64UYaIwQXd4Q==}
+
   '@types/estree@1.0.8':
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-dWHzHa2WqEXI/O1E9OjrocMTKJl2mSrEolh1Iomrv6U+JuNwaHXsXx9bLu5gG7BUWFIN0skIQJQ/L1rIex4X6w==}
 
@@ -1913,6 +1972,12 @@ packages:
     peerDependencies:
       vite: ^4 || ^5 || ^6 || ^7
 
+  '@vitejs/plugin-react@5.2.0':
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-YmKkfhOAi3wsB1PhJq5Scj3GXMn3WvtQ/JC0xoopuHoXSdmtdStOpFrYaT1kie2YgFBcIe64ROzMYRjCrYOdYw==}
+    engines: {node: ^20.19.0 || >=22.12.0}
+    peerDependencies:
+      vite: ^4.2.0 || ^5.0.0 || ^6.0.0 || ^7.0.0 || ^8.0.0
+
   '@walletconnect/core@2.23.4':
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-qkzNvRfibl+r2GoPqKl+2MJLYA7ApEWyCmECJoK6IExeWyjKawAUC6Eo4cN0geCBefk9VSFRFEIVQ17vYWp0jQ==}
     engines: {node: '>=18.20.8'}
@@ -3327,6 +3392,10 @@ packages:
       react: ^0.14 || ^15.0.0 || ^16.0.0 || ^17.0.0 || ^18.0.0 || ^19.0.0
       react-dom: ^0.14 || ^15.0.0 || ^16.0.0 || ^17.0.0 || ^18.0.0 || ^19.0.0
 
+  react-refresh@0.18.0:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-QgT5//D3jfjJb6Gsjxv0Slpj23ip+HtOpnNgnb2S5zU3CB26G/IDPGoy4RJB42wzFE46DRsstbW6tKHoKbhAxw==}
+    engines: {node: '>=0.10.0'}
+
   react-remove-scroll-bar@2.3.8:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-9r+yi9+mgU33AKcj6IbT9oRCO78WriSj6t/cF8DWBZJ9aOGPOTEDvdUDz1FwKim7QXWwmHqtdHnRJfhAxEG46Q==}
     engines: {node: '>=10'}
@@ -4054,6 +4123,8 @@ snapshots:
     transitivePeerDependencies:
       - supports-color
 
+  '@babel/helper-plugin-utils@7.28.6': {}
+
   '@babel/helper-string-parser@7.27.1': {}
 
   '@babel/helper-validator-identifier@7.28.5': {}
@@ -4069,6 +4140,16 @@ snapshots:
     dependencies:
       '@babel/types': 7.29.0
 
+  '@babel/plugin-transform-react-jsx-self@7.27.1(@babel/core@7.29.0)':
+    dependencies:
+      '@babel/core': 7.29.0
+      '@babel/helper-plugin-utils': 7.28.6
+
+  '@babel/plugin-transform-react-jsx-source@7.27.1(@babel/core@7.29.0)':
+    dependencies:
+      '@babel/core': 7.29.0
+      '@babel/helper-plugin-utils': 7.28.6
+
   '@babel/runtime@7.28.6': {}
 
   '@babel/template@7.28.6':
@@ -5024,6 +5105,8 @@ snapshots:
 
   '@rolldown/pluginutils@1.0.0-beta.27': {}
 
+  '@rolldown/pluginutils@1.0.0-rc.3': {}
+
   '@rollup/rollup-android-arm-eabi@4.57.1':
     optional: true
 
@@ -5268,6 +5351,27 @@ snapshots:
       mkdirp: 1.0.4
       path-browserify: 1.0.1
 
+  '@types/babel__core@7.20.5':
+    dependencies:
+      '@babel/parser': 7.29.0
+      '@babel/types': 7.29.0
+      '@types/babel__generator': 7.27.0
+      '@types/babel__template': 7.4.4
+      '@types/babel__traverse': 7.28.0
+
+  '@types/babel__generator@7.27.0':
+    dependencies:
+      '@babel/types': 7.29.0
+
+  '@types/babel__template@7.4.4':
+    dependencies:
+      '@babel/parser': 7.29.0
+      '@babel/types': 7.29.0
+
+  '@types/babel__traverse@7.28.0':
+    dependencies:
+      '@babel/types': 7.29.0
+
   '@types/estree@1.0.8': {}
 
   '@types/istanbul-lib-coverage@2.0.6': {}
@@ -5492,6 +5596,18 @@ snapshots:
     transitivePeerDependencies:
       - '@swc/helpers'
 
+  '@vitejs/plugin-react@5.2.0(vite@7.3.1(@types/node@22.19.10)(jiti@2.6.1)(yaml@2.5.1))':
+    dependencies:
+      '@babel/core': 7.29.0
+      '@babel/plugin-transform-react-jsx-self': 7.27.1(@babel/core@7.29.0)
+      '@babel/plugin-transform-react-jsx-source': 7.27.1(@babel/core@7.29.0)
+      '@rolldown/pluginutils': 1.0.0-rc.3
+      '@types/babel__core': 7.20.5
+      react-refresh: 0.18.0
+      vite: 7.3.1(@types/node@22.19.10)(jiti@2.6.1)(yaml@2.5.1)
+    transitivePeerDependencies:
+      - supports-color
+
   '@walletconnect/core@2.23.4(typescript@5.9.3)(zod@3.25.76)':
     dependencies:
       '@walletconnect/heartbeat': 1.2.2
@@ -7254,6 +7370,8 @@ snapshots:
       react: 18.3.1
       react-dom: 18.3.1(react@18.3.1)
 
+  react-refresh@0.18.0: {}
+
   react-remove-scroll-bar@2.3.8(@types/react@18.3.28)(react@18.3.1):
     dependencies:
       react: 18.3.1
@@ -7877,6 +7995,20 @@ snapshots:
       jiti: 1.21.7
       yaml: 2.5.1
 
+  vite@7.3.1(@types/node@22.19.10)(jiti@2.6.1)(yaml@2.5.1):
+    dependencies:
+      esbuild: 0.27.3
+      fdir: 6.5.0(picomatch@4.0.3)
+      picomatch: 4.0.3
+      postcss: 8.5.6
+      rollup: 4.57.1
+      tinyglobby: 0.2.15
+    optionalDependencies:
+      '@types/node': 22.19.10
+      fsevents: 2.3.3
+      jiti: 2.6.1
+      yaml: 2.5.1
+
   wcwidth@1.0.1:
     dependencies:
       defaults: 1.0.4
diff --git a/pnpm-workspace.yaml b/pnpm-workspace.yaml
index 924b55f42..6c50bcfe2 100644
--- a/pnpm-workspace.yaml
+++ b/pnpm-workspace.yaml
@@ -1,2 +1,3 @@
 packages:
-  - packages/*
+  - "packages/*"
+  - "crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src"
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index 709ec79aa..9a657951a 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -424,6 +424,9 @@ async getBuiltinTestApp(appId: string) : Promise<SageApp | null> {
 },
 async appsGetCapabilityRegistry() : Promise<SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView[]> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_get_capability_registry");
+},
+async getBuiltinSystemApp(appId: string) : Promise<SageApp | null> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("get_builtin_system_app", { appId });
 }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx b/src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx
index 2766ac053..2f2cf8b71 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import { useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react';
 
 export interface AppTaskBarTab {
   appId: string;
+  runtimeKind: 'user' | 'system';
   name: string;
   iconSrc: string | null;
   isActive: boolean;
diff --git a/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx b/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
index 934bfd0a5..839dae691 100644
--- a/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
+++ b/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ import {
   type SageAppUrlPreview,
   type SageGrantedPermissions,
   type SandboxStateView,
+  SystemSageApp,
   type UserSageApp,
 } from '@/bindings';
 import { useAppPendingApprovals } from '@/hooks/useAppPendingApprovals';
@@ -25,6 +26,10 @@ interface PerformAppUpdateOptions {
   visibleAfterRestart?: boolean;
 }
 
+type UserInstalledEntry = { kind: 'user' } & UserSageApp;
+type SystemInstalledEntry = { kind: 'system' } & SystemSageApp;
+type InstalledEntry = UserInstalledEntry | SystemInstalledEntry;
+
 interface AppsContextValue {
   apps: ListedSageApp[];
   loading: boolean;
@@ -61,6 +66,7 @@ interface AppsContextValue {
     grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
   ) => Promise<UserSageApp>;
   uninstallApp: (appId: string) => Promise<void>;
+  getListedApp: (appId: string) => InstalledEntry | undefined;
   checkForUpdate: (appId: string) => Promise<SageAppUrlPreview | null>;
   performAppUpdate: (
     appId: string,
@@ -114,6 +120,17 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
     requestApproval,
   });
 
+  const getListedApp = useCallback(
+    (appId: string): InstalledEntry | undefined => {
+      return apps.find(
+        (item): item is InstalledEntry =>
+          (item.kind === 'user' || item.kind === 'system') &&
+          item.common.id === appId,
+      );
+    },
+    [apps],
+  );
+
   const refreshInstalledApps = useCallback(async () => {
     setLoading(true);
     setError(null);
@@ -381,6 +398,7 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
       installApp,
       installUrlApp,
       uninstallApp,
+      getListedApp,
       checkForUpdate,
       performAppUpdate,
       clearAppStorage,
@@ -407,6 +425,7 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
       installApp,
       installUrlApp,
       uninstallApp,
+      getListedApp,
       checkForUpdate,
       performAppUpdate,
       clearAppStorage,
diff --git a/src/pages/AppHost.tsx b/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
index 25cce9e06..ec30040ba 100644
--- a/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ import { useParams } from 'react-router-dom';
 import { useApps } from '@/contexts/AppsContext';
 import { useAppEmbeddedRuntime } from '@/hooks/useAppEmbeddedRuntime.ts';
 import { getSandboxLaunchDecision } from '@/lib/apps/sandboxPolicy';
-import { asUserApp } from '@/lib/apps/types.ts';
 
 function AppNotFound() {
   return (
@@ -20,18 +19,19 @@ function AppNotFound() {
 export function AppHost() {
   const { appId = '' } = useParams();
   const containerRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement | null>(null);
-  const { getApp, loading, sandboxState } = useApps();
+  const { getListedApp, loading, sandboxState } = useApps();
 
-  const app = getApp(appId);
-  const launchDecision = app
-    ? getSandboxLaunchDecision({
-        app,
-        sandboxState,
-      })
-    : null;
+  const app = getListedApp(appId);
+  const userLaunchDecision =
+    app?.kind === 'user'
+      ? getSandboxLaunchDecision({
+          app,
+          sandboxState,
+        })
+      : null;
 
   useAppEmbeddedRuntime({
-    app: app && launchDecision?.allowed ? asUserApp(app) : null,
+    app: app ?? null,
     containerRef,
   });
 
@@ -50,15 +50,15 @@ export function AppHost() {
     return <AppNotFound />;
   }
 
-  if (!launchDecision?.allowed) {
+  if (app.kind === 'user' && !userLaunchDecision?.allowed) {
     return (
       <div className='mx-auto w-full max-w-4xl p-4 md:p-6'>
         <Alert>
           <AlertTitle>
-            {launchDecision?.title ?? 'App launch blocked'}
+            {userLaunchDecision?.title ?? 'App launch blocked'}
           </AlertTitle>
           <AlertDescription>
-            {launchDecision?.description ??
+            {userLaunchDecision?.description ??
               'This app cannot be launched until required sandbox checks pass.'}
           </AlertDescription>
         </Alert>
diff --git a/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx b/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
index 3b56a259d..d991f5a4b 100644
--- a/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
 
   const {
     getApp,
+    getListedApp,
     updateAvailability,
     busyAppIds,
     performAppUpdate,
@@ -90,19 +91,24 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
           return null;
         }
 
-        const installedApp = getApp(runtime.appId);
+        const installedApp = getListedApp(runtime.appId);
+
+        const iconSrc = installedApp
+          ? installedApp.kind === 'system'
+            ? `sage-system-app://${installedApp.common.originId}/${installedApp.common.iconFile}`
+            : `sage-app://${installedApp.common.originId}/${installedApp.common.iconFile}`
+          : null;
 
         return {
           appId: runtime.appId,
+          runtimeKind: runtime.runtimeKind,
           name: installedApp?.common.name ?? runtime.appName,
-          iconSrc: installedApp
-            ? `sage-app://${installedApp.common.originId}/${installedApp.common.iconFile}`
-            : null,
-          isActive: runtime.appId === activeApp?.common.id,
+          iconSrc,
+          isActive: runtime.appId === appId,
         };
       })
       .filter((tab): tab is AppTaskBarTab => tab !== null);
-  }, [runtimes, tabOrder, getApp, activeApp?.common.id]);
+  }, [runtimes, tabOrder, getListedApp, appId]);
 
   const approvalStripData = useMemo<PendingApproval>(() => {
     if (!currentApproval) {

From 7a5928cfc15fc03ae6ee3c304a87207d7e3353e2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Thu, 23 Apr 2026 03:24:28 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 151/471] Remove `TaskManager` and refactor app lifecycle to
 support system apps with routeable logic

---
 src/App.tsx                        |  10 +--
 src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx |  19 ++---
 src/lib/apps/types.ts              |  52 ++++++++++++--
 src/pages/AppHost.tsx              |  58 ++++++++++++----
 src/pages/Apps.tsx                 |  12 +++-
 src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx        | 104 ++++++++++++++++++---------
 src/pages/TaskManager.tsx          | 108 -----------------------------
 7 files changed, 188 insertions(+), 175 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 src/pages/TaskManager.tsx

diff --git a/src/App.tsx b/src/App.tsx
index 95fab7a62..d60895e8a 100644
--- a/src/App.tsx
+++ b/src/App.tsx
@@ -59,7 +59,6 @@ import { Transactions } from './pages/Transactions';
 import Wallet from './pages/Wallet';
 import { Apps } from '@/pages/Apps.tsx';
 import { AppHost } from '@/pages/AppHost.tsx';
-import { TaskManager } from '@/pages/TaskManager.tsx';
 import { AppsProvider } from '@/contexts/AppsContext.tsx';
 import { AppsWorkspace } from '@/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx';
 
@@ -144,7 +143,11 @@ const router = createHashRouter(
       <Route path='/apps' element={<Wallet />}>
         <Route element={<AppsWorkspace />}>
           <Route path='' element={<Apps />} />
-          <Route path='task-manager' element={<TaskManager />} />
+          <Route path=':appId' element={<AppHost />} />
+        </Route>
+      </Route>
+      <Route path='/system-apps' element={<Wallet />}>
+        <Route element={<AppsWorkspace />}>
           <Route path=':appId' element={<AppHost />} />
         </Route>
       </Route>
@@ -186,7 +189,6 @@ function AppInner() {
   const { locale } = useLanguage();
   const [isLocaleInitialized, setIsLocaleInitialized] = useState(false);
 
-  // Enable global transaction failure handling
   useTransactionFailures();
 
   useEffect(() => {
@@ -194,7 +196,7 @@ function AppInner() {
       await loadCatalog(locale);
       setIsLocaleInitialized(true);
     };
-    initLocale();
+    void initLocale();
   }, [locale]);
 
   return (
diff --git a/src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx b/src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx
index 2f2cf8b71..b894a2a62 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx
@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ interface Props {
   activeAppId: string | null;
   activeAppHasDonation: boolean;
   onOpenApps: () => void;
-  onSelectApp: (appId: string) => void;
-  onCloseApp: (appId: string) => void;
+  onSelectApp: (tab: AppTaskBarTab) => void;
+  onCloseApp: (tab: AppTaskBarTab) => void;
   onReorderTabs: (nextAppIds: string[]) => void;
   onOpenDonation: () => void;
 }
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ interface DragState {
 
 const MAX_TAB_WIDTH_PX = 200;
 const MIN_TAB_WIDTH_PX = 80;
-const TAB_GAP_PX = 4; // tailwind gap-1
+const TAB_GAP_PX = 4;
 
 function reorderIds(
   ids: string[],
@@ -72,10 +72,10 @@ export function AppTaskBar({
   const activeOrder = previewOrder ?? baseOrder;
 
   const tabsById = useMemo(() => {
-    return new Map(tabs.map((tab) => [tab.appId, tab]));
+    return new Map(tabs.map((tab) => [tab.appId, tab] as const));
   }, [tabs]);
 
-  const orderedTabs = useMemo(() => {
+  const orderedTabs = useMemo<AppTaskBarTab[]>(() => {
     return activeOrder
       .map((appId) => tabsById.get(appId))
       .filter((tab): tab is AppTaskBarTab => tab != null);
@@ -269,7 +269,7 @@ export function AppTaskBar({
                   type='button'
                   onClick={() => {
                     if (!dragState && !tab.isActive) {
-                      onSelectApp(tab.appId);
+                      onSelectApp(tab);
                     }
                   }}
                   onPointerDown={(event) => {
@@ -277,7 +277,7 @@ export function AppTaskBar({
                       return;
                     }
 
-                    onSelectApp(tab.appId);
+                    onSelectApp(tab);
 
                     const viewportEl = tabsViewportRef.current;
                     if (!viewportEl) {
@@ -341,7 +341,7 @@ export function AppTaskBar({
                       className='h-6 w-6'
                       onClick={(event) => {
                         event.stopPropagation();
-                        onCloseApp(tab.appId);
+                        onCloseApp(tab);
                       }}
                     >
                       <X className='h-3.5 w-3.5' />
@@ -401,10 +401,11 @@ export function AppTaskBar({
             : null}
         </div>
       </div>
+
       {activeAppHasDonation && (
         <Button
           variant='default'
-          className='h-9 shrink-0 px-3 bg-amber-500 hover:bg-amber-600 text-black'
+          className='h-9 shrink-0 bg-amber-500 px-3 text-black hover:bg-amber-600'
           onClick={onOpenDonation}
         >
           Support developer
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/types.ts b/src/lib/apps/types.ts
index 6af5ef59f..fd3527013 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/types.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/types.ts
@@ -1,13 +1,55 @@
-import type {
-  SageApp,
-  UserSageApp,
-} from '@/bindings';
+import type { SageApp, SystemSageApp, UserSageApp } from '@/bindings';
 
 export type UserApp = Extract<SageApp, { kind: 'user' }>;
+export type SystemApp = Extract<SageApp, { kind: 'system' }>;
+export type RouteableApp = UserApp | SystemApp;
 
 export function asUserApp(app: UserSageApp): UserApp {
   return {
     kind: 'user',
     ...app,
   };
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
+
+export function asSystemApp(app: SystemSageApp): SystemApp {
+  return {
+    kind: 'system',
+    ...app,
+  };
+}
+
+export function canRouteToApp(
+  app: SageApp | UserSageApp | SystemSageApp,
+): boolean {
+  if ('kind' in app) {
+    if (app.kind === 'user') {
+      return true;
+    }
+
+    return app.presentation === 'Taskbar';
+  }
+
+  if ('source' in app) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  return app.presentation === 'Taskbar';
+}
+
+export function routeForApp(
+  app: SageApp | UserSageApp | SystemSageApp,
+): string | null {
+  if ('kind' in app) {
+    if (app.kind === 'user') {
+      return `/apps/${app.common.id}`;
+    }
+
+    return canRouteToApp(app) ? `/system-apps/${app.common.id}` : null;
+  }
+
+  if ('source' in app) {
+    return `/apps/${app.common.id}`;
+  }
+
+  return canRouteToApp(app) ? `/system-apps/${app.common.id}` : null;
+}
diff --git a/src/pages/AppHost.tsx b/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
index ec30040ba..6781835d9 100644
--- a/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
@@ -10,7 +10,24 @@ function AppNotFound() {
     <div className='mx-auto w-full max-w-4xl p-4 md:p-6'>
       <Alert>
         <AlertTitle>App not found</AlertTitle>
-        <AlertDescription>This app is not installed.</AlertDescription>
+        <AlertDescription>This app does not exist.</AlertDescription>
+      </Alert>
+    </div>
+  );
+}
+
+function AppBlocked({
+  title,
+  description,
+}: {
+  title: string;
+  description: string;
+}) {
+  return (
+    <div className='mx-auto w-full max-w-4xl p-4 md:p-6'>
+      <Alert>
+        <AlertTitle>{title}</AlertTitle>
+        <AlertDescription>{description}</AlertDescription>
       </Alert>
     </div>
   );
@@ -22,6 +39,7 @@ export function AppHost() {
   const { getListedApp, loading, sandboxState } = useApps();
 
   const app = getListedApp(appId);
+
   const userLaunchDecision =
     app?.kind === 'user'
       ? getSandboxLaunchDecision({
@@ -30,8 +48,17 @@ export function AppHost() {
         })
       : null;
 
+  const routeableSystemApp =
+    app?.kind === 'system' && app.presentation === 'Taskbar';
+
+  const shouldMountRuntime =
+    !!app &&
+    (app.kind === 'system'
+      ? routeableSystemApp
+      : !!userLaunchDecision?.allowed);
+
   useAppEmbeddedRuntime({
-    app: app ?? null,
+    app: shouldMountRuntime ? app : null,
     containerRef,
   });
 
@@ -50,19 +77,24 @@ export function AppHost() {
     return <AppNotFound />;
   }
 
+  if (app.kind === 'system' && app.presentation !== 'Taskbar') {
+    return (
+      <AppBlocked
+        title='System app is not routeable'
+        description='This system app is opened contextually by Sage and is not available through direct navigation.'
+      />
+    );
+  }
+
   if (app.kind === 'user' && !userLaunchDecision?.allowed) {
     return (
-      <div className='mx-auto w-full max-w-4xl p-4 md:p-6'>
-        <Alert>
-          <AlertTitle>
-            {userLaunchDecision?.title ?? 'App launch blocked'}
-          </AlertTitle>
-          <AlertDescription>
-            {userLaunchDecision?.description ??
-              'This app cannot be launched until required sandbox checks pass.'}
-          </AlertDescription>
-        </Alert>
-      </div>
+      <AppBlocked
+        title={userLaunchDecision?.title ?? 'App launch blocked'}
+        description={
+          userLaunchDecision?.description ??
+          'This app cannot be launched until required sandbox checks pass.'
+        }
+      />
     );
   }
 
diff --git a/src/pages/Apps.tsx b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
index d3dfb318a..59bb7d29f 100644
--- a/src/pages/Apps.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
@@ -176,7 +176,15 @@ export function Apps() {
     return new Set(runtimes.map((runtime) => runtime.appId));
   }, [runtimes]);
 
-  const installedApps = useMemo(() => apps.filter(isInstalledEntry), [apps]);
+  const installedApps = useMemo(
+    () =>
+      apps.filter(
+        (entry): entry is InstalledEntry =>
+          isInstalledEntry(entry) &&
+          (entry.kind === 'user' || entry.presentation === 'Taskbar'),
+      ),
+    [apps],
+  );
 
   const corruptedApps = useMemo(() => apps.filter(isCorruptedEntry), [apps]);
 
@@ -578,7 +586,7 @@ export function Apps() {
                 'running'
               }
               onTaskManager={() => {
-                navigate('/apps/task-manager');
+                navigate('/system-apps/task-manager');
               }}
               onRerunSandboxTests={() => {
                 void rerunSandboxTests();
diff --git a/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx b/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
index d991f5a4b..2f4fb7cd2 100644
--- a/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import { useApps } from '@/contexts/AppsContext.tsx';
 import { useAppRuntimes } from '@/hooks/useAppRuntimes';
 import { focusRuntime, killRuntime } from '@/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry';
 import { formatAppError } from '@/lib/apps/formatAppError';
+import { routeForApp } from '@/lib/apps/types';
 import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react';
 import { Outlet, useNavigate, useParams } from 'react-router-dom';
 import {
@@ -52,7 +53,21 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
 
   useEffect(() => {
     setTabOrder((prev) => {
-      const runtimeIds = runtimes.map((runtime) => runtime.appId);
+      const runtimeIds = runtimes
+        .filter((runtime) => {
+          const installedApp = getListedApp(runtime.appId);
+          if (!installedApp) {
+            return false;
+          }
+
+          if (installedApp.kind === 'user') {
+            return true;
+          }
+
+          return installedApp.presentation === 'Taskbar';
+        })
+        .map((runtime) => runtime.appId);
+
       const kept = prev.filter((runtimeAppId) =>
         runtimeIds.includes(runtimeAppId),
       );
@@ -61,7 +76,7 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
       );
       return [...kept, ...added];
     });
-  }, [runtimes]);
+  }, [runtimes, getListedApp]);
 
   const activeApp: UserSageApp | null = appId ? (getApp(appId) ?? null) : null;
   const activeUpdatePreview: SageAppUrlPreview | null = activeApp
@@ -81,33 +96,44 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
 
   const tabs = useMemo<AppTaskBarTab[]>(() => {
     const runtimeByAppId = new Map(
-      runtimes.map((runtime) => [runtime.appId, runtime]),
+      runtimes.map((runtime) => [runtime.appId, runtime] as const),
     );
 
-    return tabOrder
-      .map((runtimeAppId) => {
-        const runtime = runtimeByAppId.get(runtimeAppId);
-        if (!runtime) {
-          return null;
-        }
-
-        const installedApp = getListedApp(runtime.appId);
-
-        const iconSrc = installedApp
-          ? installedApp.kind === 'system'
-            ? `sage-system-app://${installedApp.common.originId}/${installedApp.common.iconFile}`
-            : `sage-app://${installedApp.common.originId}/${installedApp.common.iconFile}`
-          : null;
-
-        return {
-          appId: runtime.appId,
-          runtimeKind: runtime.runtimeKind,
-          name: installedApp?.common.name ?? runtime.appName,
-          iconSrc,
-          isActive: runtime.appId === appId,
-        };
-      })
-      .filter((tab): tab is AppTaskBarTab => tab !== null);
+    const out: AppTaskBarTab[] = [];
+
+    for (const runtimeAppId of tabOrder) {
+      const runtime = runtimeByAppId.get(runtimeAppId);
+      if (!runtime) {
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      const installedApp = getListedApp(runtime.appId);
+      if (!installedApp) {
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      if (
+        installedApp.kind === 'system' &&
+        installedApp.presentation !== 'Taskbar'
+      ) {
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      const iconSrc =
+        installedApp.kind === 'system'
+          ? `sage-system-app://${installedApp.common.originId}/${installedApp.common.iconFile}`
+          : `sage-app://${installedApp.common.originId}/${installedApp.common.iconFile}`;
+
+      out.push({
+        appId: runtime.appId,
+        runtimeKind: installedApp.kind,
+        name: installedApp.common.name ?? runtime.appName,
+        iconSrc,
+        isActive: runtime.appId === appId,
+      });
+    }
+
+    return out;
   }, [runtimes, tabOrder, getListedApp, appId]);
 
   const approvalStripData = useMemo<PendingApproval>(() => {
@@ -204,18 +230,28 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
     <div className='flex h-full min-h-0 w-full flex-col overflow-hidden'>
       <AppTaskBar
         tabs={tabs}
-        activeAppId={activeApp?.common.id ?? null}
+        activeAppId={appId ?? null}
         onOpenApps={() => {
           navigate('/apps');
         }}
-        onSelectApp={(targetAppId) => {
-          void focusRuntime(targetAppId).then(() => {
-            navigate(`/apps/${targetAppId}`);
+        onSelectApp={(tab) => {
+          const targetApp = getListedApp(tab.appId);
+          if (!targetApp) {
+            return;
+          }
+
+          const nextRoute = routeForApp(targetApp);
+          if (!nextRoute) {
+            return;
+          }
+
+          void focusRuntime(tab.appId).then(() => {
+            navigate(nextRoute);
           });
         }}
-        onCloseApp={(targetAppId) => {
-          void killRuntime(targetAppId).then(() => {
-            if (targetAppId === activeApp?.common.id) {
+        onCloseApp={(tab) => {
+          void killRuntime(tab.appId).then(() => {
+            if (tab.appId === appId) {
               navigate('/apps');
             }
           });
diff --git a/src/pages/TaskManager.tsx b/src/pages/TaskManager.tsx
deleted file mode 100644
index 9948fa54c..000000000
--- a/src/pages/TaskManager.tsx
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,108 +0,0 @@
-import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
-import { Card, CardContent, CardHeader, CardTitle } from '@/components/ui/card';
-import { useAppRuntimes } from '@/hooks/useAppRuntimes';
-import {
-  focusRuntime,
-  hideRuntime,
-  killRuntime,
-} from '@/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry';
-import { useLocation, useNavigate } from 'react-router-dom';
-
-function formatDuration(ms: number) {
-  const s = Math.floor(ms / 1000);
-  const h = Math.floor(s / 3600);
-  const m = Math.floor((s % 3600) / 60);
-  const sec = s % 60;
-  return [h, m, sec].map((v) => String(v).padStart(2, '0')).join(':');
-}
-
-export function TaskManager() {
-  const runtimes = useAppRuntimes();
-  const navigate = useNavigate();
-  const location = useLocation();
-
-  return (
-    <div className='mx-auto w-full max-w-6xl p-4 md:p-6'>
-      <Card>
-        <CardHeader>
-          <CardTitle>Task Manager</CardTitle>
-        </CardHeader>
-
-        <CardContent className='space-y-4'>
-          {runtimes.length === 0 ? (
-            <div className='text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
-              No running apps.
-            </div>
-          ) : (
-            <div className='space-y-3'>
-              {runtimes.map((runtime) => (
-                <div key={runtime.runtimeId} className='rounded-xl border p-4'>
-                  <div className='flex items-start justify-between gap-4'>
-                    <div className='min-w-0 space-y-1'>
-                      <div className='font-medium'>{runtime.appName}</div>
-                      <div className='break-all text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
-                        {runtime.appId}
-                      </div>
-                      <div className='text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
-                        state={runtime.state} · mode={runtime.mode} · uptime=
-                        {formatDuration(Date.now() - runtime.startedAt)}
-                      </div>
-                      <div className='text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
-                        requests={runtime.inFlightRequestCount} · batches=
-                        {runtime.activeBatchCount} · sockets=
-                        {runtime.activeSocketCount}
-                      </div>
-                    </div>
-
-                    <div className='flex shrink-0 gap-2'>
-                      <Button
-                        variant='outline'
-                        onClick={() => {
-                          void focusRuntime(runtime.appId).then(() => {
-                            navigate(`/apps/${runtime.appId}`);
-                          });
-                        }}
-                      >
-                        Focus
-                      </Button>
-
-                      <Button
-                        variant='outline'
-                        onClick={() => {
-                          void hideRuntime(runtime.appId).then(() => {
-                            if (
-                              location.pathname === `/apps/${runtime.appId}`
-                            ) {
-                              navigate('/apps');
-                            }
-                          });
-                        }}
-                      >
-                        Hide
-                      </Button>
-
-                      <Button
-                        variant='destructive'
-                        onClick={() => {
-                          void killRuntime(runtime.appId).then(() => {
-                            if (
-                              location.pathname === `/apps/${runtime.appId}`
-                            ) {
-                              navigate('/apps');
-                            }
-                          });
-                        }}
-                      >
-                        Kill
-                      </Button>
-                    </div>
-                  </div>
-                </div>
-              ))}
-            </div>
-          )}
-        </CardContent>
-      </Card>
-    </div>
-  );
-}

From 4c75989940b8f27562db5a2eff7090d4e6e6cda5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Thu, 23 Apr 2026 06:42:09 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 152/471] Update `BridgeState` references to `AppsHostState`
 and adjust `source_label` handling in bridge approval logic

---
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
index c1e158ce5..ad25f4d4f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
@@ -347,13 +347,13 @@ async fn apps_invoke_bridge_internal(
         let approval_id = Uuid::new_v4().to_string();
 
         {
-            let bridge_state = app.state::<BridgeState>();
-            let mut pending = bridge_state.pending_approvals.lock().await;
+            let apps_state = app.state::<AppsHostState>();
+            let mut pending = apps_state.bridge.pending_approvals.lock().await;
             pending.insert(
                 approval_id.clone(),
                 PendingBridgeApproval {
                     app: app_model.clone(),
-                    source_label: source_label.clone(),
+                    source_label: source_label.to_string(),
                     request: request.clone(),
                 },
             );

From 9cb4ca0f727a5cb67920860c69fc97986b8f31b6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Thu, 23 Apr 2026 18:42:48 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 153/471] Decouple user and system bridge methods while
 refactoring and introducing new logic for bridge events, runtime management,
 and system capability exports. Streamlined folder structure and added TS/JS
 scripts for type generation. Removed outdated implementations.

---
 Cargo.lock                                    |   1 +
 crates/sage-apps/Cargo.toml                   |   1 +
 .../sage-apps/src/bin/export_bridge_types.rs  |  28 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/mod.rs    |   1 +
 .../src/bridge/methods/system/mod.rs          |   6 +-
 .../system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs   | 119 +++
 .../system/runtime_manager/hide_runtime.rs    |  86 ++
 .../system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs    |  66 ++
 .../system/runtime_manager/list_runtimes.rs   |  35 +
 .../methods/system/runtime_manager/mod.rs     |  80 ++
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/app/events.rs     |  51 +
 .../methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs      |  31 +
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_info.rs   |  99 ++
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/app/lifecycle.rs  | 126 +++
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/app/mod.rs        |  42 +
 .../user/app/request_capability_grant.rs      | 171 ++++
 .../app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs    | 192 ++++
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/mod.rs     |   5 +
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/ping.rs    |  42 +
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs    |  87 ++
 .../sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/mod.rs  |  10 +-
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/system.rs         | 473 ---------
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/mod.rs     |   3 +
 .../user/{wallet.rs => wallet/send_xch.rs}    |  80 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs            |  60 ++
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs       |  27 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs     |  52 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update.rs      |  76 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/cleanup.rs       |  80 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/records.rs       |  44 +-
 package.json                                  |   2 +-
 packages/sage-app-sdk/.gitignore              |   2 +
 packages/sage-app-sdk/package.json            |   5 +-
 .../sage-app-sdk/scripts/export-types.mjs     |  20 +
 packages/sage-app-sdk/src/index.ts            |  25 +-
 packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts          | 323 ++++---
 packages/sage-app-sdk/src/types.ts            | 225 +----
 packages/sage-system-app-sdk/.gitignore       |  15 +
 packages/sage-system-app-sdk/package.json     |  30 +
 packages/sage-system-app-sdk/pnpm-lock.yaml   | 897 ++++++++++++++++++
 .../scripts/export-types.mjs                  |  20 +
 packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/client.ts    |  83 ++
 packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/global.d.ts  |  10 +
 packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/index.ts     |  16 +
 .../src/runtime-bridge-entry.ts               |   3 +
 packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts   | 304 ++++++
 packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/types.ts     |  52 +
 packages/sage-system-app-sdk/tsconfig.json    |  14 +
 packages/sage-system-app-sdk/tsup.config.ts   |  24 +
 pnpm-lock.yaml                                |   9 +
 src/hooks/useAppRuntimes.ts                   |  47 +-
 src/lib/apps/bridge/types.ts                  |  14 +-
 src/lib/apps/restartAppRuntime.ts             |   7 +-
 src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts               | 410 ++------
 54 files changed, 3499 insertions(+), 1232 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/bin/export_bridge_types.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_runtime.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/list_runtimes.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/mod.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/events.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_info.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/lifecycle.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/mod.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/mod.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/ping.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs
 delete mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/system.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/mod.rs
 rename crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/{wallet.rs => wallet/send_xch.rs} (55%)
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
 create mode 100644 packages/sage-app-sdk/scripts/export-types.mjs
 create mode 100644 packages/sage-system-app-sdk/.gitignore
 create mode 100644 packages/sage-system-app-sdk/package.json
 create mode 100644 packages/sage-system-app-sdk/pnpm-lock.yaml
 create mode 100644 packages/sage-system-app-sdk/scripts/export-types.mjs
 create mode 100644 packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/client.ts
 create mode 100644 packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/global.d.ts
 create mode 100644 packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/index.ts
 create mode 100644 packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime-bridge-entry.ts
 create mode 100644 packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
 create mode 100644 packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/types.ts
 create mode 100644 packages/sage-system-app-sdk/tsconfig.json
 create mode 100644 packages/sage-system-app-sdk/tsup.config.ts

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 30df16d68..97b5d2f0e 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -6390,6 +6390,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "serde_json",
  "sha2",
  "specta",
+ "specta-typescript",
  "tauri",
  "tempfile",
  "tokio",
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/Cargo.toml b/crates/sage-apps/Cargo.toml
index a803a22fb..eed7fc5b7 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/Cargo.toml
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ sage-api = { workspace = true, features = ["tauri"] }
 serde = { workspace = true, features = ["derive"] }
 serde_json = { workspace = true }
 specta = { workspace = true, features = ["derive", "function"] }
+specta-typescript = { workspace = true }
 tauri = { workspace = true, features = [] }
 tokio = { workspace = true }
 reqwest = { workspace = true, features = ["json", "rustls-tls"] }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bin/export_bridge_types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bin/export_bridge_types.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..749e35773
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bin/export_bridge_types.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+use sage_apps::bridge::ts_exports::{
+    export_system_bridge_typescript, export_user_bridge_typescript,
+};
+
+fn main() {
+    let bridge = std::env::args()
+        .nth(1)
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| "system".to_string());
+
+    let output = match bridge.as_str() {
+        "system" => export_system_bridge_typescript(),
+        "user" => export_user_bridge_typescript(),
+        other => {
+            eprintln!("unknown bridge kind: {other}");
+            std::process::exit(1);
+        }
+    };
+
+    match output {
+        Ok(ts) => {
+            println!("{ts}");
+        }
+        Err(err) => {
+            eprintln!("{err}");
+            std::process::exit(1);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/mod.rs
index 112d506fe..4902d6daf 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/mod.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 pub mod shared;
 pub mod user;
+pub mod system;
 
 pub use shared::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/mod.rs
index 13ae4ec89..632a6f560 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/mod.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
-// System-bridge-only methods will live here.
-// Keep this module separate so user and system registries never share
-// method registration by accident.
+pub mod runtime_manager;
+
+pub use runtime_manager::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..74ae7ff2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+use serde_json::json;
+use tauri::{Emitter, Manager};
+
+use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::bridge::{failure, success, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
+use crate::bridge::methods::system::runtime_manager::{
+    get_runtime_record_by_app_id, now_ms, parse_runtime_target_params, write_runtime_record,
+};
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct SystemFocusRuntime;
+
+async fn emit_route_request(
+    tools: &BridgeTools<'_>,
+    app_id: &str,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let window = tools
+        .app_handle
+        .get_window("main")
+        .ok_or_else(|| "missing main window".to_string())?;
+
+    window
+        .emit(
+            "system:route-to-app",
+            json!({
+                "appId": app_id,
+            }),
+        )
+        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to emit route request: {err}"))
+}
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl BridgeMethod for SystemFocusRuntime {
+    async fn handle(
+        &self,
+        _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
+        request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> RustBridgeResponse {
+        let params = match parse_runtime_target_params(request) {
+            Ok(value) => value,
+            Err(response) => return response,
+        };
+
+        let host_window = match tools.app_handle.get_window("main") {
+            Some(window) => window,
+            None => {
+                return failure(
+                    &request.channel,
+                    &request.id,
+                    "internal_error",
+                    "missing main window",
+                );
+            }
+        };
+
+        let mut record = match get_runtime_record_by_app_id(&tools, &params.app_id).await {
+            Ok(record) => record,
+            Err(err) => {
+                return failure(&request.channel, &request.id, "not_found", err);
+            }
+        };
+
+        let Some(webview) = host_window.get_webview(&record.webview_label) else {
+            return failure(
+                &request.channel,
+                &request.id,
+                "not_found",
+                format!("missing webview for label: {}", record.webview_label),
+            );
+        };
+
+        if let Err(err) = emit_route_request(&tools, &params.app_id).await {
+            return failure(&request.channel, &request.id, "internal_error", err);
+        }
+
+        if let Err(err) = webview.show() {
+            return failure(
+                &request.channel,
+                &request.id,
+                "internal_error",
+                format!("failed to show webview: {err}"),
+            );
+        }
+
+        if let Err(err) = webview.set_focus() {
+            return failure(
+                &request.channel,
+                &request.id,
+                "internal_error",
+                format!("failed to focus webview: {err}"),
+            );
+        }
+
+        record.visible = true;
+        record.state = "running".into();
+        record.last_active_at = match now_ms() {
+            Ok(value) => value,
+            Err(err) => {
+                return failure(&request.channel, &request.id, "internal_error", err);
+            }
+        };
+
+        if let Err(err) = write_runtime_record(&tools, record.clone()).await {
+            return failure(&request.channel, &request.id, "internal_error", err);
+        }
+
+        match serde_json::to_value(record) {
+            Ok(value) => success(&request.channel, &request.id, value),
+            Err(err) => failure(
+                &request.channel,
+                &request.id,
+                "internal_error",
+                format!("failed to encode runtime record: {err}"),
+            ),
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_runtime.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_runtime.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..253791d1f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_runtime.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+use tauri::Manager;
+
+use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::bridge::{failure, success, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
+use crate::bridge::methods::system::runtime_manager::{
+    get_runtime_record_by_app_id, now_ms, parse_runtime_target_params, write_runtime_record,
+};
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct SystemHideRuntime;
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl BridgeMethod for SystemHideRuntime {
+    async fn handle(
+        &self,
+        _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
+        request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> RustBridgeResponse {
+        let params = match parse_runtime_target_params(request) {
+            Ok(value) => value,
+            Err(response) => return response,
+        };
+
+        let host_window = match tools.app_handle.get_window("main") {
+            Some(window) => window,
+            None => {
+                return failure(
+                    &request.channel,
+                    &request.id,
+                    "internal_error",
+                    "missing main window",
+                );
+            }
+        };
+
+        let mut record = match get_runtime_record_by_app_id(&tools, &params.app_id).await {
+            Ok(record) => record,
+            Err(err) => {
+                return failure(&request.channel, &request.id, "not_found", err);
+            }
+        };
+
+        let Some(webview) = host_window.get_webview(&record.webview_label) else {
+            return failure(
+                &request.channel,
+                &request.id,
+                "not_found",
+                format!("missing webview for label: {}", record.webview_label),
+            );
+        };
+
+        if let Err(err) = webview.hide() {
+            return failure(
+                &request.channel,
+                &request.id,
+                "internal_error",
+                format!("failed to hide webview: {err}"),
+            );
+        }
+
+        record.visible = false;
+        record.state = "hidden".into();
+        record.last_active_at = match now_ms() {
+            Ok(value) => value,
+            Err(err) => {
+                return failure(&request.channel, &request.id, "internal_error", err);
+            }
+        };
+
+        if let Err(err) = write_runtime_record(&tools, record.clone()).await {
+            return failure(&request.channel, &request.id, "internal_error", err);
+        }
+
+        match serde_json::to_value(record) {
+            Ok(value) => success(&request.channel, &request.id, value),
+            Err(err) => failure(
+                &request.channel,
+                &request.id,
+                "internal_error",
+                format!("failed to encode runtime record: {err}"),
+            ),
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3cc9806fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+
+use crate::bridge::methods::system::runtime_manager::{
+    get_runtime_record_by_app_id, parse_runtime_target_params,
+};
+use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::bridge::{failure, success, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
+use crate::runtime::close_runtime_internal_with_reason;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct SystemKillRuntime;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize, specta::Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct SystemKillRuntimeResult {
+    pub ok: bool,
+    pub app_id: String,
+}
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl BridgeMethod for SystemKillRuntime {
+    async fn handle(
+        &self,
+        _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
+        request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> RustBridgeResponse {
+        let params = match parse_runtime_target_params(request) {
+            Ok(value) => value,
+            Err(response) => return response,
+        };
+
+        let _record = match get_runtime_record_by_app_id(&tools, &params.app_id).await {
+            Ok(record) => record,
+            Err(err) => {
+                return failure(&request.channel, &request.id, "not_found", err);
+            }
+        };
+
+        if let Err(err) = close_runtime_internal_with_reason(
+            tools.app_handle,
+            tools.host_state,
+            &params.app_id,
+            "user_kill",
+        )
+            .await
+        {
+            return failure(&request.channel, &request.id, "internal_error", err);
+        }
+
+        let result = SystemKillRuntimeResult {
+            ok: true,
+            app_id: params.app_id,
+        };
+
+        match serde_json::to_value(result) {
+            Ok(value) => success(&request.channel, &request.id, value),
+            Err(err) => failure(
+                &request.channel,
+                &request.id,
+                "internal_error",
+                format!("failed to encode system.killRuntime result: {err}"),
+            ),
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/list_runtimes.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/list_runtimes.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0f7cb56b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/list_runtimes.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+
+use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::bridge::{failure, success, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct SystemListRuntimes;
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl BridgeMethod for SystemListRuntimes {
+    async fn handle(
+        &self,
+        _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
+        request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> RustBridgeResponse {
+        let mut records = {
+            let by_runtime_id = tools.host_state.runtime.by_runtime_id.lock().await;
+            by_runtime_id.values().cloned().collect::<Vec<_>>()
+        };
+
+        records.retain(|record| !record.internal);
+        records.sort_by(|a, b| b.started_at.cmp(&a.started_at));
+
+        match serde_json::to_value(records) {
+            Ok(value) => success(&request.channel, &request.id, value),
+            Err(err) => failure(
+                &request.channel,
+                &request.id,
+                "internal_error",
+                format!("failed to encode runtimes: {err}"),
+            ),
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b38a933ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+pub mod focus_runtime;
+pub mod hide_runtime;
+pub mod kill_runtime;
+pub mod list_runtimes;
+
+use std::time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};
+
+use serde::Deserialize;
+use specta::Type;
+pub use focus_runtime::SystemFocusRuntime;
+pub use hide_runtime::SystemHideRuntime;
+pub use kill_runtime::SystemKillRuntime;
+pub use list_runtimes::SystemListRuntimes;
+
+use crate::bridge::methods::BridgeTools;
+use crate::bridge::{failure, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
+use crate::runtime::SageAppRuntimeRecord;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct RuntimeTargetParams {
+    app_id: String,
+}
+
+fn now_ms() -> Result<i64, String> {
+    Ok(SystemTime::now()
+        .duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)
+        .map_err(|err| format!("system clock error: {err}"))?
+        .as_millis() as i64)
+}
+
+fn parse_runtime_target_params(
+    request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+) -> Result<RuntimeTargetParams, RustBridgeResponse> {
+    let Some(params_json) = request.params_json.clone() else {
+        return Err(failure(
+            &request.channel,
+            &request.id,
+            "invalid_request",
+            "method requires params",
+        ));
+    };
+
+    serde_json::from_str(&params_json).map_err(|err| {
+        failure(
+            &request.channel,
+            &request.id,
+            "invalid_request",
+            format!("failed to decode params: {err}"),
+        )
+    })
+}
+
+async fn get_runtime_record_by_app_id(
+    tools: &BridgeTools<'_>,
+    app_id: &str,
+) -> Result<SageAppRuntimeRecord, String> {
+    let runtime_id = {
+        let runtime_by_app_id = tools.host_state.runtime.runtime_by_app_id.lock().await;
+        runtime_by_app_id.get(app_id).cloned()
+    }
+        .ok_or_else(|| format!("runtime not found for app id: {app_id}"))?;
+
+    let record = {
+        let by_runtime_id = tools.host_state.runtime.by_runtime_id.lock().await;
+        by_runtime_id.get(&runtime_id).cloned()
+    }
+        .ok_or_else(|| format!("runtime record not found for runtime id: {runtime_id}"))?;
+
+    Ok(record)
+}
+
+async fn write_runtime_record(
+    tools: &BridgeTools<'_>,
+    record: SageAppRuntimeRecord,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let mut by_runtime_id = tools.host_state.runtime.by_runtime_id.lock().await;
+    by_runtime_id.insert(record.runtime_id.clone(), record);
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/events.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/events.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..034c2a162
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/events.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use specta::Type;
+
+use crate::lifecycle::{GrantedCapabilitiesChange, GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange};
+use crate::types::SageNetworkPermissionTarget;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent {
+    pub channel: String,
+    #[serde(rename = "type")]
+    pub event_type: String,
+    pub removed_granted_capabilities: Vec<String>,
+    pub added_granted_capabilities: Vec<String>,
+    pub full_granted_capabilities: Vec<String>,
+}
+
+impl GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent {
+    pub fn from_change(channel: String, change: GrantedCapabilitiesChange) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            channel,
+            event_type: "grantedCapabilitiesChange".to_string(),
+            removed_granted_capabilities: change.removed,
+            added_granted_capabilities: change.added,
+            full_granted_capabilities: change.full,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent {
+    pub channel: String,
+    #[serde(rename = "type")]
+    pub event_type: String,
+    pub removed_granted_network_whitelist: Vec<SageNetworkPermissionTarget>,
+    pub added_granted_network_whitelist: Vec<SageNetworkPermissionTarget>,
+    pub full_granted_network_whitelist: Vec<SageNetworkPermissionTarget>,
+}
+
+impl GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent {
+    pub fn from_change(channel: String, change: GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            channel,
+            event_type: "grantedNetworkWhitelistChange".to_string(),
+            removed_granted_network_whitelist: change.removed,
+            added_granted_network_whitelist: change.added,
+            full_granted_network_whitelist: change.full,
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4363d38f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::bridge::{failure, success, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
+use crate::permissions::resolve_shared_capabilities;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct SageGetCapabilities;
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl BridgeMethod for SageGetCapabilities {
+    async fn handle(
+        &self,
+        ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        _tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
+        request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> RustBridgeResponse {
+        let capabilities =
+            resolve_shared_capabilities(&ctx.app.granted_permissions().capabilities)
+                .unwrap_or_default();
+
+        match serde_json::to_value(&capabilities) {
+            Ok(value) => success(&request.channel, &request.id, value),
+            Err(err) => failure(
+                &request.channel,
+                &request.id,
+                "internal_error",
+                format!("failed to encode sage.getCapabilities result: {err}"),
+            ),
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_info.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_info.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a7df04d71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_info.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+use std::collections::BTreeSet;
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use specta::Type;
+use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::bridge::{failure, success, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
+use crate::lifecycle::parse_network_permission_target;
+use crate::permissions::resolve_shared_capabilities;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct AppGetInfo;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct SageNetworkPermissionInfo {
+    pub scheme: String,
+    pub host: String,
+    pub required: bool,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct AppGetInfoResult {
+    pub id: String,
+    pub name: String,
+    pub version: String,
+    pub requested_permissions: crate::types::SageRequestedPermissions,
+    pub capabilities: Vec<String>,
+    pub network: Vec<SageNetworkPermissionInfo>,
+}
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl BridgeMethod for AppGetInfo {
+    async fn handle(
+        &self,
+        ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        _tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
+        request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> RustBridgeResponse {
+        let capabilities =
+            resolve_shared_capabilities(&ctx.app.granted_permissions().capabilities)
+                .unwrap_or_default();
+
+        let required_network = match required_network_set(&ctx) {
+            Ok(value) => value,
+            Err(err) => return err,
+        };
+
+        let network = ctx
+            .app
+            .granted_permissions()
+            .network
+            .whitelist
+            .iter()
+            .map(|entry| SageNetworkPermissionInfo {
+                scheme: entry.scheme.clone(),
+                host: entry.host.clone(),
+                required: required_network.contains(&(entry.scheme.clone(), entry.host.clone())),
+            })
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+        let result = AppGetInfoResult {
+            id: ctx.app.id().to_string(),
+            name: ctx.app.name().to_string(),
+            version: ctx.app.version().to_string(),
+            requested_permissions: ctx.app.requested_permissions().clone(),
+            capabilities,
+            network,
+        };
+
+        match serde_json::to_value(result) {
+            Ok(value) => success(&request.channel, &request.id, value),
+            Err(err) => failure(
+                &request.channel,
+                &request.id,
+                "internal_error",
+                format!("failed to encode app.getInfo result: {err}"),
+            ),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn required_network_set(
+    ctx: &BridgeContext<'_>,
+) -> Result<BTreeSet<(String, String)>, RustBridgeResponse> {
+    let mut out = BTreeSet::new();
+
+    for entry in &ctx.app.requested_permissions().network.whitelist.required {
+        let normalized = parse_network_permission_target(&format!(
+            "{}://{}",
+            entry.scheme, entry.host
+        ))
+            .map_err(|err| failure("sage-bridge", "app.getInfo", "internal_error", err))?;
+
+        out.insert((normalized.scheme, normalized.host));
+    }
+
+    Ok(out)
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/lifecycle.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/lifecycle.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..eecd0e5f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/lifecycle.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+
+use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::bridge::{failure, success, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
+use crate::runtime::{ReadyToStopParams, RuntimeAckResult, SetBeforeStopListenerParams};
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct SageAppLifecycleSetBeforeStopListener;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct SageAppLifecycleReadyToStop;
+
+fn encode_success(
+    request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    context: &str,
+) -> RustBridgeResponse {
+    match serde_json::to_value(RuntimeAckResult { ok: true }) {
+        Ok(value) => success(&request.channel, &request.id, value),
+        Err(err) => failure(
+            &request.channel,
+            &request.id,
+            "internal_error",
+            format!("failed to encode {context}: {err}"),
+        ),
+    }
+}
+
+fn parse_set_before_stop_listener_params(
+    request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+) -> Result<SetBeforeStopListenerParams, RustBridgeResponse> {
+    let Some(params_json) = request.params_json.clone() else {
+        return Err(failure(
+            &request.channel,
+            &request.id,
+            "invalid_request",
+            "app.lifecycle.setBeforeStopListener requires params",
+        ));
+    };
+
+    serde_json::from_str(&params_json).map_err(|err| {
+        failure(
+            &request.channel,
+            &request.id,
+            "invalid_request",
+            format!("Failed to decode app.lifecycle.setBeforeStopListener params: {err}"),
+        )
+    })
+}
+
+fn parse_ready_to_stop_params(
+    request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+) -> Result<ReadyToStopParams, RustBridgeResponse> {
+    let Some(params_json) = request.params_json.clone() else {
+        return Err(failure(
+            &request.channel,
+            &request.id,
+            "invalid_request",
+            "app.lifecycle.readyToStop requires params",
+        ));
+    };
+
+    serde_json::from_str(&params_json).map_err(|err| {
+        failure(
+            &request.channel,
+            &request.id,
+            "invalid_request",
+            format!("Failed to decode app.lifecycle.readyToStop params: {err}"),
+        )
+    })
+}
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl BridgeMethod for SageAppLifecycleSetBeforeStopListener {
+    async fn handle(
+        &self,
+        ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
+        request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> RustBridgeResponse {
+        let params = match parse_set_before_stop_listener_params(request) {
+            Ok(value) => value,
+            Err(response) => return response,
+        };
+
+        let mut listeners = tools
+            .host_state
+            .runtime
+            .before_stop_listeners_by_app_id
+            .lock()
+            .await;
+
+        if params.active {
+            listeners.insert(ctx.app.id().to_string());
+        } else {
+            listeners.remove(ctx.app.id());
+        }
+
+        encode_success(request, "app.lifecycle.setBeforeStopListener result")
+    }
+}
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl BridgeMethod for SageAppLifecycleReadyToStop {
+    async fn handle(
+        &self,
+        _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
+        request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> RustBridgeResponse {
+        let params = match parse_ready_to_stop_params(request) {
+            Ok(value) => value,
+            Err(response) => return response,
+        };
+
+        let sender = {
+            let mut pending = tools.host_state.runtime.pending_stop_ready.lock().await;
+            pending.remove(&params.request_id)
+        };
+
+        if let Some(sender) = sender {
+            let _ = sender.send(());
+        }
+
+        encode_success(request, "app.lifecycle.readyToStop result")
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9bda06653
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+pub mod events;
+pub mod get_capabilities;
+pub mod get_info;
+pub mod lifecycle;
+pub mod request_capability_grant;
+pub mod request_network_whitelist_grant;
+
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+
+use tauri::Manager;
+
+pub use events::{
+    GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent, GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent,
+};
+pub use get_capabilities::SageGetCapabilities;
+pub use get_info::AppGetInfo;
+pub use lifecycle::{
+    SageAppLifecycleReadyToStop, SageAppLifecycleSetBeforeStopListener,
+};
+pub use request_capability_grant::SageRequestCapabilityGrant;
+pub use request_network_whitelist_grant::SageRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant;
+
+use crate::bridge::methods::BridgeTools;
+use crate::bridge::{failure, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
+
+pub fn resolve_app_base_path(
+    tools: &BridgeTools<'_>,
+    request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+) -> Result<PathBuf, RustBridgeResponse> {
+    tools
+        .app_handle
+        .path()
+        .app_data_dir()
+        .map_err(|err| {
+            failure(
+                &request.channel,
+                &request.id,
+                "internal_error",
+                format!("failed to resolve app data dir: {err}"),
+            )
+        })
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6d144ca6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use serde_json::json;
+use specta::Type;
+
+use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::bridge::{
+    emit_granted_capabilities_change_for_app, failure, success, RustBridgeApprovalRequest,
+    RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse,
+};
+use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::resolve_app_base_path;
+use crate::lifecycle::{grant_requested_capability_internal, GrantCapabilityOutcome};
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct SageRequestCapabilityGrant;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Serialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct RequestCapabilityGrantParams {
+    pub capability: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct RequestCapabilityGrantResult {
+    pub granted: bool,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub already_granted: Option<bool>,
+    pub capability: String,
+    pub full_granted_capabilities: Vec<String>,
+}
+
+fn encode_success<T: Serialize>(
+    request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    value: T,
+    context: &str,
+) -> RustBridgeResponse {
+    match serde_json::to_value(value) {
+        Ok(value) => success(&request.channel, &request.id, value),
+        Err(err) => failure(
+            &request.channel,
+            &request.id,
+            "internal_error",
+            format!("failed to encode {context}: {err}"),
+        ),
+    }
+}
+
+fn parse_capability_grant_params(
+    request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+) -> Result<RequestCapabilityGrantParams, RustBridgeResponse> {
+    let Some(params_json) = request.params_json.clone() else {
+        return Err(failure(
+            &request.channel,
+            &request.id,
+            "invalid_request",
+            "sage.requestCapabilityGrant requires params",
+        ));
+    };
+
+    serde_json::from_str(&params_json).map_err(|err| {
+        failure(
+            &request.channel,
+            &request.id,
+            "invalid_request",
+            format!("Failed to decode sage.requestCapabilityGrant params: {err}"),
+        )
+    })
+}
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl BridgeMethod for SageRequestCapabilityGrant {
+    fn requires_approval(
+        &self,
+        app: &crate::types::SageApp,
+        request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> bool {
+        let Ok(params) = parse_capability_grant_params(request) else {
+            return false;
+        };
+
+        !app
+            .granted_permissions()
+            .capabilities
+            .iter()
+            .any(|cap| cap == &params.capability)
+    }
+
+    fn approval_request(
+        &self,
+        ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest> {
+        if !self.requires_approval(ctx.app, request) {
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        let Ok(params) = parse_capability_grant_params(request) else {
+            return None;
+        };
+
+        Some(RustBridgeApprovalRequest {
+            kind: "capability_grant".into(),
+            app: ctx.app.clone(),
+            source_label: ctx.source_label.to_string(),
+            request_id: request.id.clone(),
+            params_json: json!({ "capability": params.capability }).to_string(),
+        })
+    }
+
+    async fn handle(
+        &self,
+        ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
+        request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> RustBridgeResponse {
+        let params = match parse_capability_grant_params(request) {
+            Ok(params) => params,
+            Err(err) => return err,
+        };
+
+        let base_path = match resolve_app_base_path(&tools, request) {
+            Ok(path) => path,
+            Err(err) => return err,
+        };
+
+        match grant_requested_capability_internal(&base_path, &ctx.app.id(), &params.capability) {
+            Ok(GrantCapabilityOutcome::AlreadyGranted {
+                   capability,
+                   full_granted_capabilities,
+               }) => encode_success(
+                request,
+                RequestCapabilityGrantResult {
+                    granted: true,
+                    already_granted: Some(true),
+                    capability,
+                    full_granted_capabilities,
+                },
+                "sage.requestCapabilityGrant result",
+            ),
+            Ok(GrantCapabilityOutcome::Granted { capability, change }) => {
+                let full_granted_capabilities = change.full.clone();
+
+                let _ = emit_granted_capabilities_change_for_app(
+                    tools.app_handle,
+                    ctx.app.id(),
+                    &request.channel,
+                    change,
+                )
+                    .await;
+
+                encode_success(
+                    request,
+                    RequestCapabilityGrantResult {
+                        granted: true,
+                        already_granted: None,
+                        capability,
+                        full_granted_capabilities,
+                    },
+                    "sage.requestCapabilityGrant result",
+                )
+            }
+            Err(err) => failure(
+                &request.channel,
+                &request.id,
+                "internal_error",
+                format!("failed to grant requested capability: {err}"),
+            ),
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3dd87cc15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,192 @@
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use serde_json::json;
+use specta::Type;
+
+use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::bridge::{
+    emit_granted_network_whitelist_change_for_app, failure, success, RustBridgeApprovalRequest,
+    RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse,
+};
+use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::resolve_app_base_path;
+use crate::lifecycle::{
+    grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal, parse_network_permission_target,
+    GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome,
+};
+use crate::types::SageNetworkPermissionTarget;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct SageRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Serialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantParams {
+    pub entry: SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantResult {
+    pub granted: bool,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub already_granted: Option<bool>,
+    pub entry: SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
+    pub full_granted_network_whitelist: Vec<SageNetworkPermissionTarget>,
+}
+
+fn encode_success<T: Serialize>(
+    request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    value: T,
+    context: &str,
+) -> RustBridgeResponse {
+    match serde_json::to_value(value) {
+        Ok(value) => success(&request.channel, &request.id, value),
+        Err(err) => failure(
+            &request.channel,
+            &request.id,
+            "internal_error",
+            format!("failed to encode {context}: {err}"),
+        ),
+    }
+}
+
+fn parse_network_whitelist_grant_params(
+    request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+) -> Result<RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantParams, RustBridgeResponse> {
+    let Some(params_json) = request.params_json.clone() else {
+        return Err(failure(
+            &request.channel,
+            &request.id,
+            "invalid_request",
+            "sage.requestNetworkWhitelistGrant requires params",
+        ));
+    };
+
+    let mut params: RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantParams =
+        serde_json::from_str(&params_json).map_err(|err| {
+            failure(
+                &request.channel,
+                &request.id,
+                "invalid_request",
+                format!(
+                    "Failed to decode sage.requestNetworkWhitelistGrant params: {err}"
+                ),
+            )
+        })?;
+
+    let normalized = parse_network_permission_target(&format!(
+        "{}://{}",
+        params.entry.scheme, params.entry.host
+    ))
+        .map_err(|err| failure(&request.channel, &request.id, "invalid_request", err))?;
+
+    params.entry = normalized;
+    Ok(params)
+}
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl BridgeMethod for SageRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant {
+    fn requires_approval(
+        &self,
+        app: &crate::types::SageApp,
+        request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> bool {
+        let Ok(params) = parse_network_whitelist_grant_params(request) else {
+            return false;
+        };
+
+        !app
+            .granted_permissions()
+            .network
+            .whitelist
+            .iter()
+            .any(|entry| entry == &params.entry)
+    }
+
+    fn approval_request(
+        &self,
+        ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest> {
+        if !self.requires_approval(ctx.app, request) {
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        let Ok(params) = parse_network_whitelist_grant_params(request) else {
+            return None;
+        };
+
+        Some(RustBridgeApprovalRequest {
+            kind: "network_whitelist_grant".into(),
+            app: ctx.app.clone(),
+            source_label: ctx.source_label.to_string(),
+            request_id: request.id.clone(),
+            params_json: json!({ "entry": params.entry }).to_string(),
+        })
+    }
+
+    async fn handle(
+        &self,
+        ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
+        request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> RustBridgeResponse {
+        let params = match parse_network_whitelist_grant_params(request) {
+            Ok(params) => params,
+            Err(err) => return err,
+        };
+
+        let base_path = match resolve_app_base_path(&tools, request) {
+            Ok(path) => path,
+            Err(err) => return err,
+        };
+
+        match grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal(
+            &base_path,
+            &ctx.app.id(),
+            &params.entry,
+        ) {
+            Ok(GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome::AlreadyGranted {
+                   entry,
+                   full_granted_network_whitelist,
+               }) => encode_success(
+                request,
+                RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantResult {
+                    granted: true,
+                    already_granted: Some(true),
+                    entry,
+                    full_granted_network_whitelist,
+                },
+                "sage.requestNetworkWhitelistGrant result",
+            ),
+            Ok(GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome::Granted { entry, change }) => {
+                let full_granted_network_whitelist = change.full.clone();
+
+                let _ = emit_granted_network_whitelist_change_for_app(
+                    tools.app_handle,
+                    ctx.app.id(),
+                    &request.channel,
+                    change,
+                )
+                    .await;
+
+                encode_success(
+                    request,
+                    RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantResult {
+                        granted: true,
+                        already_granted: None,
+                        entry,
+                        full_granted_network_whitelist,
+                    },
+                    "sage.requestNetworkWhitelistGrant result",
+                )
+            }
+            Err(err) => failure(
+                &request.channel,
+                &request.id,
+                "internal_error",
+                format!("failed to grant requested network whitelist entry: {err}"),
+            ),
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9f695598b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+pub mod send;
+pub mod ping;
+
+pub use send::BridgeSend;
+pub use ping::BridgePing;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/ping.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/ping.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..21b9b842e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/ping.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use specta::Type;
+use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::bridge::{failure, success, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct BridgePing;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct BridgePingResult {
+    pub ok: bool,
+    pub app_id: String,
+    pub app_name: String,
+}
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl BridgeMethod for BridgePing {
+    async fn handle(
+        &self,
+        ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        _tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
+        request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> RustBridgeResponse {
+        let result = BridgePingResult {
+            ok: true,
+            app_id: ctx.app.id().to_string(),
+            app_name: ctx.app.name().to_string(),
+        };
+
+        match serde_json::to_value(result) {
+            Ok(value) => success(&request.channel, &request.id, value),
+            Err(err) => failure(
+                &request.channel,
+                &request.id,
+                "internal_error",
+                format!("failed to encode bridge.ping result: {err}"),
+            ),
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f2bf22b26
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use specta::Type;
+
+use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::bridge::{failure, success, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct BridgeSend;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct BridgeSendRequest {
+    pub kind: String,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub payload: serde_json::Value,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct BridgeSendResult {
+    pub ok: bool,
+}
+
+fn parse_bridge_send_request(
+    request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+) -> Result<BridgeSendRequest, RustBridgeResponse> {
+    let Some(params_json) = request.params_json.clone() else {
+        return Err(failure(
+            &request.channel,
+            &request.id,
+            "invalid_request",
+            "bridge.send requires params",
+        ));
+    };
+
+    serde_json::from_str(&params_json).map_err(|err| {
+        failure(
+            &request.channel,
+            &request.id,
+            "invalid_request",
+            format!("Failed to decode bridge.send params: {err}"),
+        )
+    })
+}
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl BridgeMethod for BridgeSend {
+    async fn handle(
+        &self,
+        ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
+        request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> RustBridgeResponse {
+        let payload = match parse_bridge_send_request(request) {
+            Ok(value) => value,
+            Err(response) => return response,
+        };
+
+        let payload_value = match serde_json::to_value(&payload) {
+            Ok(value) => value,
+            Err(err) => {
+                return failure(
+                    &request.channel,
+                    &request.id,
+                    "internal_error",
+                    format!("failed to encode bridge.send payload: {err}"),
+                );
+            }
+        };
+
+        crate::sandbox::ingest_bridge_send_payload(&ctx.app.id(), &payload_value, tools.host_state)
+            .await;
+
+        let result = BridgeSendResult { ok: true };
+
+        match serde_json::to_value(result) {
+            Ok(value) => success(&request.channel, &request.id, value),
+            Err(err) => failure(
+                &request.channel,
+                &request.id,
+                "internal_error",
+                format!("failed to encode bridge.send result: {err}"),
+            ),
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/mod.rs
index 3e24ca1cf..f10ec1b08 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/mod.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
-pub mod system;
+pub mod app;
+pub mod bridge;
 pub mod wallet;
 
-pub use system::{
-    AppGetInfo, BridgePing, BridgeSend, SageGetCapabilities,
-    SageRequestCapabilityGrant, SageRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant,
+pub use app::{
+    AppGetInfo, SageAppLifecycleReadyToStop, SageAppLifecycleSetBeforeStopListener,
+    SageGetCapabilities, SageRequestCapabilityGrant, SageRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant,
 };
+pub use bridge::{BridgePing, BridgeSend};
 pub use wallet::WalletSendXch;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/system.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/system.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 7271f8b0b..000000000
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/system.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,473 +0,0 @@
-use std::collections::BTreeSet;
-use std::path::PathBuf;
-
-use async_trait::async_trait;
-use serde::Deserialize;
-use serde_json::json;
-use tauri::Manager;
-
-use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::bridge::{
-    emit_bridge_event_to_source, failure, success, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest,
-    RustBridgeResponse,
-};
-use crate::permissions::resolve_shared_capabilities;
-use crate::lifecycle::parse_network_permission_target;
-use crate::types::SageNetworkPermissionTarget;
-use crate::lifecycle::{
-    grant_requested_capability_internal, grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal,
-    GrantCapabilityOutcome, GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome,
-};
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
-pub struct BridgePing;
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
-pub struct BridgeSend;
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
-pub struct AppGetInfo;
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
-pub struct SageGetCapabilities;
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
-pub struct SageRequestCapabilityGrant;
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
-pub struct SageRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant;
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-struct RequestCapabilityGrantParams {
-    capability: String,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-struct RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantParams {
-    entry: SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
-}
-
-fn parse_capability_grant_params(
-    request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-) -> Result<RequestCapabilityGrantParams, RustBridgeResponse> {
-    let Some(params_json) = request.params_json.clone() else {
-        return Err(failure(
-            &request.channel,
-            &request.id,
-            "invalid_request",
-            "sage.requestCapabilityGrant requires params",
-        ));
-    };
-
-    serde_json::from_str(&params_json).map_err(|err| {
-        failure(
-            &request.channel,
-            &request.id,
-            "invalid_request",
-            format!("Failed to decode sage.requestCapabilityGrant params: {err}"),
-        )
-    })
-}
-
-fn parse_network_whitelist_grant_params(
-    request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-) -> Result<RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantParams, RustBridgeResponse> {
-    let Some(params_json) = request.params_json.clone() else {
-        return Err(failure(
-            &request.channel,
-            &request.id,
-            "invalid_request",
-            "sage.requestNetworkWhitelistGrant requires params",
-        ));
-    };
-
-    let mut params: RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantParams =
-        serde_json::from_str(&params_json).map_err(|err| {
-            failure(
-                &request.channel,
-                &request.id,
-                "invalid_request",
-                format!(
-                    "Failed to decode sage.requestNetworkWhitelistGrant params: {err}"
-                ),
-            )
-        })?;
-
-    let normalized = parse_network_permission_target(&format!(
-        "{}://{}",
-        params.entry.scheme, params.entry.host
-    ))
-        .map_err(|err| failure(&request.channel, &request.id, "invalid_request", err))?;
-
-    params.entry = normalized;
-    Ok(params)
-}
-
-fn required_network_set(
-    ctx: &BridgeContext<'_>,
-) -> Result<BTreeSet<(String, String)>, RustBridgeResponse> {
-    let mut out = BTreeSet::new();
-
-    for entry in &ctx.app.requested_permissions().network.whitelist.required {
-        let normalized = parse_network_permission_target(&format!(
-            "{}://{}",
-            entry.scheme, entry.host
-        ))
-            .map_err(|err| failure("sage-bridge", "app.getInfo", "internal_error", err))?;
-
-        out.insert((normalized.scheme, normalized.host));
-    }
-
-    Ok(out)
-}
-
-fn resolve_app_base_path(
-    tools: &BridgeTools<'_>,
-    request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-) -> Result<PathBuf, RustBridgeResponse> {
-    tools
-        .app_handle
-        .path()
-        .app_data_dir()
-        .map_err(|err| {
-            failure(
-                &request.channel,
-                &request.id,
-                "internal_error",
-                format!("failed to resolve app data dir: {err}"),
-            )
-        })
-}
-
-#[async_trait]
-impl BridgeMethod for BridgePing {
-    async fn handle(
-        &self,
-        ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
-        _tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
-        request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-    ) -> RustBridgeResponse {
-        success(
-            &request.channel,
-            &request.id,
-            json!({
-                "ok": true,
-                "appId": ctx.app.id(),
-                "appName": ctx.app.name(),
-            }),
-        )
-    }
-}
-
-#[async_trait]
-impl BridgeMethod for BridgeSend {
-    async fn handle(
-        &self,
-        ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
-        tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
-        request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-    ) -> RustBridgeResponse {
-        let payload_json = request
-            .params_json
-            .clone()
-            .unwrap_or_else(|| "null".to_string());
-
-        let payload = serde_json::from_str::<serde_json::Value>(&payload_json)
-            .unwrap_or(serde_json::Value::Null);
-
-        crate::sandbox::ingest_bridge_send_payload(
-            &ctx.app.id(),
-            &payload,
-            tools.host_state,
-        )
-            .await;
-
-        success(&request.channel, &request.id, json!({ "ok": true }))
-    }
-}
-
-#[async_trait]
-impl BridgeMethod for AppGetInfo {
-    async fn handle(
-        &self,
-        ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
-        _tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
-        request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-    ) -> RustBridgeResponse {
-        let capabilities =
-            resolve_shared_capabilities(&ctx.app.granted_permissions().capabilities)
-                .unwrap_or_default();
-
-        let required_network = match required_network_set(&ctx) {
-            Ok(value) => value,
-            Err(err) => return err,
-        };
-
-        let network = ctx
-            .app
-            .granted_permissions()
-            .network
-            .whitelist
-            .iter()
-            .map(|entry| {
-                json!({
-                    "scheme": entry.scheme,
-                    "host": entry.host,
-                    "required": required_network.contains(&(entry.scheme.clone(), entry.host.clone())),
-                })
-            })
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-
-        success(
-            &request.channel,
-            &request.id,
-            json!({
-                "id": ctx.app.id(),
-                "name": ctx.app.name(),
-                "version": ctx.app.version(),
-                "requestedPermissions": ctx.app.requested_permissions(),
-                "capabilities": capabilities,
-                "network": network,
-            }),
-        )
-    }
-}
-
-#[async_trait]
-impl BridgeMethod for SageGetCapabilities {
-    async fn handle(
-        &self,
-        ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
-        _tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
-        request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-    ) -> RustBridgeResponse {
-        let capabilities =
-            resolve_shared_capabilities(&ctx.app.granted_permissions().capabilities)
-                .unwrap_or_default();
-
-        success(
-            &request.channel,
-            &request.id,
-            serde_json::to_value(&capabilities).unwrap_or_else(|_| json!([])),
-        )
-    }
-}
-
-#[async_trait]
-impl BridgeMethod for SageRequestCapabilityGrant {
-    fn requires_approval(
-        &self,
-        app: &crate::types::SageApp,
-        request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-    ) -> bool {
-        let Ok(params) = parse_capability_grant_params(request) else {
-            return false;
-        };
-
-        !app
-            .granted_permissions()
-            .capabilities
-            .iter()
-            .any(|cap| cap == &params.capability)
-    }
-
-    fn approval_request(
-        &self,
-        ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
-        request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-    ) -> Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest> {
-        if !self.requires_approval(ctx.app, request) {
-            return None;
-        }
-
-        let Ok(params) = parse_capability_grant_params(request) else {
-            return None;
-        };
-
-        Some(RustBridgeApprovalRequest {
-            kind: "capability_grant".into(),
-            app: ctx.app.clone(),
-            source_label: ctx.source_label.to_string(),
-            request_id: request.id.clone(),
-            params_json: json!({ "capability": params.capability }).to_string(),
-        })
-    }
-
-    async fn handle(
-        &self,
-        ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
-        tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
-        request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-    ) -> RustBridgeResponse {
-        let params = match parse_capability_grant_params(request) {
-            Ok(params) => params,
-            Err(err) => return err,
-        };
-
-        let base_path = match resolve_app_base_path(&tools, request) {
-            Ok(path) => path,
-            Err(err) => return err,
-        };
-
-        match grant_requested_capability_internal(&base_path, &ctx.app.id(), &params.capability) {
-            Ok(GrantCapabilityOutcome::AlreadyGranted {
-                   capability,
-                   full_granted_capabilities,
-               }) => success(
-                &request.channel,
-                &request.id,
-                json!({
-                    "granted": true,
-                    "alreadyGranted": true,
-                    "capability": capability,
-                    "fullGrantedCapabilities": full_granted_capabilities,
-                }),
-            ),
-            Ok(GrantCapabilityOutcome::Granted { capability, change }) => {
-                let runtime_kind = crate::runtime::resolve::runtime_kind_for_app(ctx.app);
-
-                let _ = emit_bridge_event_to_source(
-                    tools.app_handle,
-                    ctx.source_label,
-                    runtime_kind,
-                    json!({
-                        "channel": request.channel,
-                        "type": "grantedCapabilitiesChange",
-                        "removedGrantedCapabilities": change.removed,
-                        "addedGrantedCapabilities": change.added,
-                        "fullGrantedCapabilities": change.full,
-                    }),
-                );
-
-                success(
-                    &request.channel,
-                    &request.id,
-                    json!({
-                        "granted": true,
-                        "capability": capability,
-                        "fullGrantedCapabilities": change.full,
-                    }),
-                )
-            }
-            Err(err) => failure(
-                &request.channel,
-                &request.id,
-                "internal_error",
-                format!("failed to grant requested capability: {err}"),
-            ),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-#[async_trait]
-impl BridgeMethod for SageRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant {
-    fn requires_approval(
-        &self,
-        app: &crate::types::SageApp,
-        request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-    ) -> bool {
-        let Ok(params) = parse_network_whitelist_grant_params(request) else {
-            return false;
-        };
-
-        !app
-            .granted_permissions()
-            .network
-            .whitelist
-            .iter()
-            .any(|entry| entry == &params.entry)
-    }
-
-    fn approval_request(
-        &self,
-        ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
-        request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-    ) -> Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest> {
-        if !self.requires_approval(ctx.app, request) {
-            return None;
-        }
-
-        let Ok(params) = parse_network_whitelist_grant_params(request) else {
-            return None;
-        };
-
-        Some(RustBridgeApprovalRequest {
-            kind: "network_whitelist_grant".into(),
-            app: ctx.app.clone(),
-            source_label: ctx.source_label.to_string(),
-            request_id: request.id.clone(),
-            params_json: json!({ "entry": params.entry }).to_string(),
-        })
-    }
-
-    async fn handle(
-        &self,
-        ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
-        tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
-        request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-    ) -> RustBridgeResponse {
-        let params = match parse_network_whitelist_grant_params(request) {
-            Ok(params) => params,
-            Err(err) => return err,
-        };
-
-        let base_path = match resolve_app_base_path(&tools, request) {
-            Ok(path) => path,
-            Err(err) => return err,
-        };
-
-        match grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal(
-            &base_path,
-            &ctx.app.id(),
-            &params.entry,
-        ) {
-            Ok(GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome::AlreadyGranted {
-                   entry,
-                   full_granted_network_whitelist,
-               }) => success(
-                &request.channel,
-                &request.id,
-                json!({
-                    "granted": true,
-                    "alreadyGranted": true,
-                    "entry": entry,
-                    "fullGrantedNetworkWhitelist": full_granted_network_whitelist,
-                }),
-            ),
-            Ok(GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome::Granted { entry, change }) => {
-                let runtime_kind = crate::runtime::resolve::runtime_kind_for_app(ctx.app);
-
-                let _ = emit_bridge_event_to_source(
-                    tools.app_handle,
-                    ctx.source_label,
-                    runtime_kind,
-                    json!({
-                        "channel": request.channel,
-                        "type": "grantedNetworkWhitelistChange",
-                        "removedGrantedNetworkWhitelist": change.removed,
-                        "addedGrantedNetworkWhitelist": change.added,
-                        "fullGrantedNetworkWhitelist": change.full,
-                    }),
-                );
-
-                success(
-                    &request.channel,
-                    &request.id,
-                    json!({
-                        "granted": true,
-                        "entry": entry,
-                        "fullGrantedNetworkWhitelist": change.full,
-                    }),
-                )
-            }
-            Err(err) => failure(
-                &request.channel,
-                &request.id,
-                "internal_error",
-                format!("failed to grant requested network whitelist entry: {err}"),
-            ),
-        }
-    }
-}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..870ccdfd6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+pub mod send_xch;
+
+pub use send_xch::WalletSendXch;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/send_xch.rs
similarity index 55%
rename from crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/send_xch.rs
index c954d3c9e..719dcf2d9 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/send_xch.rs
@@ -1,15 +1,69 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use specta::Type;
 
+use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::bridge::{
     failure, success, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse,
 };
 use crate::types::SageApp;
 use sage_api::SendXch;
-use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct WalletSendXch;
 
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct WalletSendXchParams {
+    pub address: String,
+    pub amount: String,
+    pub fee: String,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub memos: Option<Vec<String>>,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub clawback: Option<u64>,
+}
+
+fn parse_wallet_send_xch_params(
+    request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+) -> Result<WalletSendXchParams, RustBridgeResponse> {
+    let Some(params_json) = request.params_json.clone() else {
+        return Err(failure(
+            &request.channel,
+            &request.id,
+            "invalid_request",
+            "wallet.sendXch requires params",
+        ));
+    };
+
+    serde_json::from_str(&params_json).map_err(|err| {
+        failure(
+            &request.channel,
+            &request.id,
+            "invalid_request",
+            format!("Failed to decode wallet.sendXch params: {err}"),
+        )
+    })
+}
+
+fn parse_amount(value: String) -> sage_api::Amount {
+    match value.parse::<u64>() {
+        Ok(number) => sage_api::Amount::Number(number),
+        Err(_) => sage_api::Amount::String(value),
+    }
+}
+
+fn to_send_xch_request(params: WalletSendXchParams) -> SendXch {
+    SendXch {
+        address: params.address,
+        amount: parse_amount(params.amount),
+        fee: parse_amount(params.fee),
+        memos: params.memos.unwrap_or_default(),
+        clawback: params.clawback,
+        auto_submit: true,
+    }
+}
+
 #[async_trait]
 impl BridgeMethod for WalletSendXch {
     fn permission(&self) -> Option<&'static str> {
@@ -52,28 +106,12 @@ impl BridgeMethod for WalletSendXch {
         tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
         request: &RustBridgeRequest,
     ) -> RustBridgeResponse {
-        let Some(params_json) = request.params_json.clone() else {
-            return failure(
-                &request.channel,
-                &request.id,
-                "invalid_request",
-                "wallet.sendXch requires params",
-            );
-        };
-
-        let mut req: SendXch = match serde_json::from_str(&params_json) {
-            Ok(req) => req,
-            Err(err) => {
-                return failure(
-                    &request.channel,
-                    &request.id,
-                    "invalid_request",
-                    format!("Failed to decode wallet.sendXch params: {err}"),
-                );
-            }
+        let params = match parse_wallet_send_xch_params(request) {
+            Ok(params) => params,
+            Err(response) => return response,
         };
 
-        req.auto_submit = true;
+        let req = to_send_xch_request(params);
 
         match tools.app_state.lock().await.send_xch(req).await {
             Ok(result) => match serde_json::to_value(result) {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
index ad25f4d4f..e4583edca 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ use crate::runtime::records::SageAppRuntimeKind;
 pub mod methods;
 pub mod registry;
 pub mod types;
+pub mod ts_exports;
 
 use methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeTools};
 use registry::BridgeRegistry;
@@ -22,6 +23,10 @@ pub use types::{
     RustBridgeErrorPayload, RustBridgeErrorResponse, RustBridgeInvokeResult,
     RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse, RustBridgeSuccessResponse,
 };
+use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::{
+    GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent, GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent,
+};
+use crate::lifecycle::{GrantedCapabilitiesChange, GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 struct PendingBridgeApproval {
@@ -464,3 +469,58 @@ pub async fn apps_resolve_bridge_approval(
     emit_bridge_response_to_source(&app, &pending.source_label, runtime_kind, &response)?;
     Ok(())
 }
+
+pub(crate) async fn emit_bridge_event_to_app_id(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    app_id: &str,
+    payload: Value,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let apps_state = app.state::<AppsHostState>();
+
+    let runtime_id = {
+        let runtime_by_app_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_by_app_id.lock().await;
+        runtime_by_app_id.get(app_id).cloned()
+    };
+
+    let Some(runtime_id) = runtime_id else {
+        return Ok(());
+    };
+
+    let record = {
+        let by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.by_runtime_id.lock().await;
+        by_runtime_id.get(&runtime_id).cloned()
+    };
+
+    let Some(record) = record else {
+        return Ok(());
+    };
+
+    emit_bridge_event_to_source(app, &record.webview_label, record.runtime_kind, payload)
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn emit_granted_capabilities_change_for_app(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    app_id: &str,
+    channel: &str,
+    change: GrantedCapabilitiesChange,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let event = GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent::from_change(channel.to_string(), change);
+    let payload = serde_json::to_value(event)
+        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to encode granted capabilities change event: {err}"))?;
+
+    emit_bridge_event_to_app_id(app, app_id, payload).await
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn emit_granted_network_whitelist_change_for_app(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    app_id: &str,
+    channel: &str,
+    change: GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let event = GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent::from_change(channel.to_string(), change);
+    let payload = serde_json::to_value(event).map_err(|err| {
+        format!("failed to encode granted network whitelist change event: {err}")
+    })?;
+
+    emit_bridge_event_to_app_id(app, app_id, payload).await
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs
index f7de5df5c..0f6f4a5de 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,6 @@
 use std::collections::HashMap;
-
-use super::methods::user::{
-    AppGetInfo, BridgePing, BridgeSend, SageGetCapabilities,
-    SageRequestCapabilityGrant, SageRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant, WalletSendXch,
-};
+use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::SageRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant;
+use super::methods::user::{AppGetInfo, BridgePing, BridgeSend, SageAppLifecycleReadyToStop, SageAppLifecycleSetBeforeStopListener, SageGetCapabilities, SageRequestCapabilityGrant, WalletSendXch};
 use super::methods::BridgeMethod;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
@@ -39,18 +36,22 @@ fn build_user_methods() -> HashMap<&'static str, Box<dyn BridgeMethod>> {
     methods.insert("bridge.ping", Box::new(BridgePing));
     methods.insert("bridge.send", Box::new(BridgeSend));
     methods.insert("app.getInfo", Box::new(AppGetInfo));
-    methods.insert("sage.getCapabilities", Box::new(SageGetCapabilities));
+    methods.insert("app.getCapabilities", Box::new(SageGetCapabilities));
     methods.insert(
-        "sage.requestCapabilityGrant",
+        "app.requestCapabilityGrant",
         Box::new(SageRequestCapabilityGrant),
     );
     methods.insert(
-        "sage.requestNetworkWhitelistGrant",
+        "app.requestNetworkWhitelistGrant",
         Box::new(SageRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant),
     );
     methods.insert(
-        "sage.requestNetwortWhitelistGrant",
-        Box::new(SageRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant),
+        "app.lifecycle.setBeforeStopListener",
+        Box::new(SageAppLifecycleSetBeforeStopListener),
+    );
+    methods.insert(
+        "app.lifecycle.readyToStop",
+        Box::new(SageAppLifecycleReadyToStop),
     );
     methods.insert("wallet.sendXch", Box::new(WalletSendXch));
 
@@ -60,8 +61,10 @@ fn build_user_methods() -> HashMap<&'static str, Box<dyn BridgeMethod>> {
 fn build_system_methods() -> HashMap<&'static str, Box<dyn BridgeMethod>> {
     let mut methods = build_user_methods();
 
-    // Register system-only methods here later, for example:
-    // methods.insert("system.taskManager.list", Box::new(SystemTaskManagerList));
+    methods.insert("runtimeManager.listRuntimes", Box::new(super::methods::system::runtime_manager::SystemListRuntimes));
+    methods.insert("runtimeManager.focusRuntime", Box::new(super::methods::system::runtime_manager::SystemFocusRuntime));
+    methods.insert("runtimeManager.killRuntime", Box::new(super::methods::system::runtime_manager::SystemKillRuntime));
+    methods.insert("runtimeManager.hideRuntime", Box::new(super::methods::system::runtime_manager::SystemHideRuntime));
 
     methods
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..193285481
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+use specta::TypeCollection;
+use specta_typescript::{BigIntExportBehavior, Typescript};
+use sage_api::TransactionResponse;
+use crate::bridge::methods::system::kill_runtime::SystemKillRuntimeResult;
+use crate::bridge::methods::system::runtime_manager::RuntimeTargetParams;
+use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::get_info::{AppGetInfoResult, SageNetworkPermissionInfo};
+use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::{GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent, GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent};
+use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::request_capability_grant::{RequestCapabilityGrantParams, RequestCapabilityGrantResult};
+use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::request_network_whitelist_grant::{RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantParams, RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantResult};
+use crate::bridge::methods::user::bridge::ping::BridgePingResult;
+use crate::bridge::methods::user::bridge::send::BridgeSendResult;
+use crate::bridge::methods::user::wallet::send_xch::WalletSendXchParams;
+use crate::runtime::{ReadyToStopParams, RuntimeAckResult, SageAppRuntimeRecord, SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail, SetBeforeStopListenerParams};
+
+pub fn export_system_bridge_typescript() -> Result<String, String> {
+    let mut types = TypeCollection::default();
+
+    types.register::<RuntimeTargetParams>();
+    types.register::<SageAppRuntimeRecord>();
+    types.register::<SystemKillRuntimeResult>();
+
+    Typescript::default()
+        .bigint(BigIntExportBehavior::Number)
+        .export(&types)
+        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to export system bridge TS types: {err}"))
+}
+
+pub fn export_user_bridge_typescript() -> Result<String, String> {
+    let mut types = TypeCollection::default();
+
+    types.register::<BridgePingResult>();
+    types.register::<BridgeSendResult>();
+    types.register::<SageNetworkPermissionInfo>();
+    types.register::<AppGetInfoResult>();
+    types.register::<WalletSendXchParams>();
+    types.register::<TransactionResponse>();
+    types.register::<RequestCapabilityGrantParams>();
+    types.register::<RequestCapabilityGrantResult>();
+    types.register::<RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantParams>();
+    types.register::<RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantResult>();
+    types.register::<GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent>();
+    types.register::<GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent>();
+    types.register::<SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail>();
+    types.register::<SetBeforeStopListenerParams>();
+    types.register::<ReadyToStopParams>();
+    types.register::<RuntimeAckResult>();
+
+    Typescript::default()
+        .bigint(BigIntExportBehavior::Number)
+        .export(&types)
+        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to export user bridge TS types: {err}"))
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update.rs
index 936510a59..8c90483f8 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,12 @@ use std::{
 
 use anyhow::Result as AnyResult;
 use tauri::{State, command};
+use tauri::AppHandle;
 
+use crate::bridge::{
+    emit_granted_capabilities_change_for_app,
+    emit_granted_network_whitelist_change_for_app,
+};
 use crate::host::{AppState, Result};
 use crate::lifecycle::{
     download_url_snapshot, manifest_entry_file, manifest_icon_file,
@@ -298,6 +303,38 @@ pub fn grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal(
     Ok(GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome::Granted { entry, change })
 }
 
+pub fn update_app_permissions_with_change_internal(
+    base_path: &Path,
+    app_id: &str,
+    granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
+    clear_storage_taint: bool,
+) -> AnyResult<(
+    UserSageApp,
+    GrantedCapabilitiesChange,
+    GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange,
+)> {
+    let previous = read_installed_app_by_id(base_path, app_id)?;
+
+    let updated = update_app_permissions_internal(
+        base_path,
+        app_id,
+        granted_permissions,
+        clear_storage_taint,
+    )?;
+
+    let capability_change = diff_capabilities(
+        &previous.common.granted_permissions.capabilities,
+        &updated.common.granted_permissions.capabilities,
+    );
+
+    let network_change = diff_network_whitelist(
+        &previous.common.granted_permissions.network.whitelist,
+        &updated.common.granted_permissions.network.whitelist,
+    );
+
+    Ok((updated, capability_change, network_change))
+}
+
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
 pub async fn check_app_update(
@@ -470,6 +507,7 @@ pub async fn apply_app_update(
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
 pub async fn apps_update_permissions(
+    app: AppHandle,
     state: State<'_, AppState>,
     app_id: String,
     granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
@@ -480,14 +518,36 @@ pub async fn apps_update_permissions(
         state.path.clone()
     };
 
-    update_app_permissions_internal(
-        &base_path,
-        &app_id,
-        granted_permissions,
-        clear_storage_taint,
-    )
-        .map(|_| ())
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to update app permissions: {err}")).into())
+    let (_updated, capability_change, network_change) =
+        update_app_permissions_with_change_internal(
+            &base_path,
+            &app_id,
+            granted_permissions,
+            clear_storage_taint,
+        )
+            .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to update app permissions: {err}")))?;
+
+    if !capability_change.added.is_empty() || !capability_change.removed.is_empty() {
+        let _ = emit_granted_capabilities_change_for_app(
+            &app,
+            &app_id,
+            "sage-bridge",
+            capability_change,
+        )
+            .await;
+    }
+
+    if !network_change.added.is_empty() || !network_change.removed.is_empty() {
+        let _ = emit_granted_network_whitelist_change_for_app(
+            &app,
+            &app_id,
+            "sage-bridge",
+            network_change,
+        )
+            .await;
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
 }
 
 #[command]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/cleanup.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/cleanup.rs
index afe526e01..9b210ca4c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/cleanup.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/cleanup.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,10 @@
 use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+use std::time::Duration;
 
-use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
+use tauri::{AppHandle, Emitter, Manager, State};
+use tokio::sync::oneshot;
+use tokio::time::timeout;
+use uuid::Uuid;
 
 use crate::state::AppsHostState;
 use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, PendingStorageCleanupTarget};
@@ -8,13 +12,15 @@ use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, PendingStorageCleanupTarget};
 use super::apps_create_inline_runtime;
 use super::inline::CreateInlineRuntimeArgs;
 use super::resolve::{resolve_app, runtime_kind_for_app};
-use super::records::inline_label_for;
+use super::records::{inline_label_for, SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail};
 
 #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
 fn data_directory_for(directory_name: &str) -> std::path::PathBuf {
     std::path::PathBuf::from("profiles").join(directory_name)
 }
 
+const BEFORE_STOP_TIMEOUT_MS: u64 = 5_000;
+
 fn debug_test_apps_enabled() -> bool {
     cfg!(debug_assertions)
         && std::env::var("SAGE_DEBUG_TEST_APPS")
@@ -131,10 +137,63 @@ pub async fn apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data(
     clear_app_storage_by_target(&app, &target).await
 }
 
-pub(crate) async fn close_runtime_internal(
+async fn wait_for_before_stop_ack(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    record: &super::records::SageAppRuntimeRecord,
+    reason: &str,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let has_listener = {
+        let listeners = apps_state.runtime.before_stop_listeners_by_app_id.lock().await;
+        listeners.contains(&record.app_id)
+    };
+
+    if !has_listener {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+
+    let host_window = match app.get_window("main") {
+        Some(window) => window,
+        None => return Ok(()),
+    };
+
+    let webview = match host_window.get_webview(&record.webview_label) {
+        Some(webview) => webview,
+        None => return Ok(()),
+    };
+
+    let request_id = Uuid::new_v4().to_string();
+    let (tx, rx) = oneshot::channel();
+
+    {
+        let mut pending = apps_state.runtime.pending_stop_ready.lock().await;
+        pending.insert(request_id.clone(), tx);
+    }
+
+    let detail = SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail {
+        request_id: request_id.clone(),
+        reason: Some(reason.to_string()),
+        app_id: Some(record.app_id.clone()),
+        runtime_id: Some(record.runtime_id.clone()),
+    };
+
+    let _ = webview.emit("sage-lifecycle:before-stop", detail);
+
+    let _ = timeout(Duration::from_millis(BEFORE_STOP_TIMEOUT_MS), rx).await;
+
+    {
+        let mut pending = apps_state.runtime.pending_stop_ready.lock().await;
+        pending.remove(&request_id);
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn close_runtime_internal_with_reason(
     app: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: &str,
+    reason: &str,
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
     let runtime_id = {
         let runtime_by_app_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_by_app_id.lock().await;
@@ -156,6 +215,8 @@ pub(crate) async fn close_runtime_internal(
         return Ok(());
     };
 
+    let _ = wait_for_before_stop_ack(app, apps_state, &record, reason).await;
+
     if let Some(host_window) = app.get_window("main") {
         if let Some(webview) = host_window.get_webview(&record.webview_label) {
             let _ = webview.close();
@@ -172,9 +233,22 @@ pub(crate) async fn close_runtime_internal(
         runtime_by_app_id.remove(app_id);
     }
 
+    {
+        let mut listeners = apps_state.runtime.before_stop_listeners_by_app_id.lock().await;
+        listeners.remove(app_id);
+    }
+
     Ok(())
 }
 
+pub(crate) async fn close_runtime_internal(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    app_id: &str,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    close_runtime_internal_with_reason(app, apps_state, app_id, "host_close").await
+}
+
 pub(crate) async fn clear_runtime_browsing_data_internal(
     app: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/records.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/records.rs
index b9f476485..6e9121bee 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/records.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/records.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+use std::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet};
 
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
-use tokio::sync::Mutex;
+use tokio::sync::{oneshot, Mutex};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
@@ -11,6 +11,36 @@ pub enum SageAppRuntimeKind {
     System,
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail {
+    pub request_id: String,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub reason: Option<String>,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub app_id: Option<String>,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub runtime_id: Option<String>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct SetBeforeStopListenerParams {
+    pub active: bool,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct ReadyToStopParams {
+    pub request_id: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct RuntimeAckResult {
+    pub ok: bool,
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct SageAppRuntimeRecord {
@@ -32,10 +62,18 @@ pub struct SageAppRuntimeRecord {
     pub in_flight_request_count: u32,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Default)]
+#[derive(Default)]
 pub struct AppRuntimeState {
     pub by_runtime_id: Mutex<BTreeMap<String, SageAppRuntimeRecord>>,
     pub runtime_by_app_id: Mutex<BTreeMap<String, String>>,
+    pub before_stop_listeners_by_app_id: Mutex<BTreeSet<String>>,
+    pub pending_stop_ready: Mutex<BTreeMap<String, oneshot::Sender<()>>>,
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Debug for AppRuntimeState {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("AppRuntimeState").finish()
+    }
 }
 
 pub fn runtime_id_for(app_id: &str, runtime_kind: SageAppRuntimeKind) -> String {
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index 944793003..cd3fe2b24 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
   "packageManager": "pnpm@10.13.1",
   "scripts": {
     "dev": "vite",
-    "build:sdk": "pnpm --filter @sage-app/sdk build",
+    "build:sdk": "pnpm --filter @sage-app/sdk build && pnpm --filter @sage-system-app/sdk build",
     "build": "pnpm build:sdk && tsc -b && vite build",
     "tauri:dev": "pnpm build:sdk && tauri dev",
     "tauri:build": "pnpm build:sdk && tauri build",
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/.gitignore b/packages/sage-app-sdk/.gitignore
index 966d431ea..16409d768 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-sdk/.gitignore
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/.gitignore
@@ -11,3 +11,5 @@ yarn-error.log*
 .idea
 .vscode/*
 dist
+
+src/generated-types.ts
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/package.json b/packages/sage-app-sdk/package.json
index 25dbd2ba6..7230410a9 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-sdk/package.json
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/package.json
@@ -22,8 +22,9 @@
     "cli"
   ],
   "scripts": {
-    "build": "tsup",
-    "dev": "tsup --watch",
+    "generate:types": "node ./scripts/export-types.mjs",
+    "build": "pnpm run generate:types && tsup",
+    "dev": "pnpm run generate:types && tsup --watch",
     "clean": "rm -rf dist"
   },
   "devDependencies": {
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/scripts/export-types.mjs b/packages/sage-app-sdk/scripts/export-types.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..139d232ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/scripts/export-types.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+import { execFileSync } from 'node:child_process';
+import fs from 'node:fs';
+import path from 'node:path';
+
+const packageDir = process.cwd();
+const repoRoot = path.resolve(packageDir, '../..');
+const outPath = path.join(packageDir, 'src', 'generated-types.ts');
+
+const stdout = execFileSync(
+  'cargo',
+  ['run', '-p', 'sage-apps', '--bin', 'export_bridge_types', '--', 'user'],
+  {
+    cwd: repoRoot,
+    encoding: 'utf8',
+    stdio: ['ignore', 'pipe', 'inherit'],
+  },
+);
+
+fs.writeFileSync(outPath, stdout);
+console.log(`Wrote ${path.relative(packageDir, outPath)}`);
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/index.ts b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/index.ts
index ea260e21c..c4569ded2 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/index.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/index.ts
@@ -9,27 +9,4 @@ export {
   hasSageBridge,
 } from './client';
 
-export type {
-  Amount,
-  SageAppInfo,
-  SageBridgeErrorResponse,
-  SageBridgeRequest,
-  SageBridgeResponse,
-  SageBridgeRuntimeEvent,
-  SageBridgeSendPayload,
-  SageBridgeSuccessResponse,
-  SageBridgeVersion,
-  SageClient,
-  SageRequestedPermissions,
-  SageRequestedNetworkWhitelistEntry,
-  SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail,
-  SageNetworkPermission,
-  SageGrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent,
-  SageGrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent,
-  SageRequestCapabilityGrantInput,
-  SageRequestCapabilityGrantResult,
-  SageRequestNetworkWhitelistGrantInput,
-  SageRequestNetworkWhitelistGrantResult,
-  SageWalletSendXchRequest,
-  TransactionResponse,
-} from './types';
+export type * from './generated-types';
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
index 433105dec..3ea354b65 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
@@ -1,21 +1,27 @@
 import { invoke } from '@tauri-apps/api/core';
 import { getCurrentWebview } from '@tauri-apps/api/webview';
 import type {
-  SageAppInfo,
+  AppGetInfoResult,
+  BridgePingResult,
+  BridgeSendResult,
+  GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent,
+  GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent,
+  ReadyToStopParams,
+  RequestCapabilityGrantParams,
+  RequestCapabilityGrantResult,
+  RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantParams,
+  RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantResult,
+  RuntimeAckResult,
   SageBridgeRequest,
   SageBridgeResponse,
   SageBridgeRuntimeEvent,
   SageBridgeSendPayload,
   SageBridgeVersion,
   SageClient,
-  SageGrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent,
-  SageGrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent,
-  SageRequestCapabilityGrantInput,
-  SageRequestCapabilityGrantResult,
-  SageRequestNetworkWhitelistGrantInput,
-  SageRequestNetworkWhitelistGrantResult,
-  SageWalletSendXchRequest,
+  SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail,
+  SetBeforeStopListenerParams,
   TransactionResponse,
+  WalletSendXchParams,
 } from './types';
 
 export const SAGE_BRIDGE_VERSION: SageBridgeVersion = 'v1';
@@ -37,7 +43,7 @@ type SageWebviewHandle = {
 type SageWindow = Window &
   typeof globalThis & {
     __SAGE__?: SageClient;
-    __SAGE_APP_INFO__?: SageAppInfo;
+    __SAGE_APP_INFO__?: AppGetInfoResult;
     __SAGE_RUNTIME_BRIDGE_INITIALIZED__?: boolean;
   };
 
@@ -76,11 +82,13 @@ type RustBridgeInvokeResult =
       kind: 'pending';
     };
 
+type BeforeStopPublicDetail = Omit<SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail, 'requestId'>;
+
 function getSageWindow(): SageWindow {
   return window as SageWindow;
 }
 
-function buildFallbackAppInfo(): SageAppInfo {
+function buildFallbackAppInfo(): AppGetInfoResult {
   return {
     id: 'unknown',
     name: 'Unknown App',
@@ -162,6 +170,26 @@ function isBridgeRuntimeEvent(value: unknown): value is SageBridgeRuntimeEvent {
   );
 }
 
+function isGrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent(
+  value: unknown,
+): value is GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent {
+  return (
+    isObject(value) &&
+    value.channel === 'sage-bridge' &&
+    value.type === 'grantedCapabilitiesChange'
+  );
+}
+
+function isGrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent(
+  value: unknown,
+): value is GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent {
+  return (
+    isObject(value) &&
+    value.channel === 'sage-bridge' &&
+    value.type === 'grantedNetworkWhitelistChange'
+  );
+}
+
 export function initSageRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
   const w = getSageWindow();
 
@@ -182,95 +210,10 @@ export function initSageRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
   w.__SAGE_RUNTIME_BRIDGE_INITIALIZED__ = true;
 
   const pendingRequests = new Map<string, PendingBridgeRequest>();
-
-  webview
-    .listen('sage-bridge:event', (event: SageListenEvent) => {
-      const data = event.payload;
-
-      if (!isBridgeRuntimeEvent(data)) {
-        return;
-      }
-
-      try {
-        if (data.type === 'grantedCapabilitiesChange') {
-          window.dispatchEvent(
-            new CustomEvent<SageGrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent>(
-              'sage:granted-capabilities-change',
-              { detail: data },
-            ),
-          );
-          return;
-        }
-
-        if (data.type === 'grantedNetworkWhitelistChange') {
-          window.dispatchEvent(
-            new CustomEvent<SageGrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent>(
-              'sage:granted-network-whitelist-change',
-              { detail: data },
-            ),
-          );
-        }
-      } catch (error: unknown) {
-        console.error('Failed to dispatch Sage bridge runtime event:', error);
-      }
-    })
-    .catch((error: unknown) => {
-      console.error('Failed to subscribe to sage-bridge:event:', error);
-    });
-
-  webview
-    .listen(
-      'sage-bridge:response',
-      (event: SageListenEvent<SageBridgeResponse>) => {
-        const data = event.payload;
-
-        if (
-          !data ||
-          data.channel !== 'sage-bridge' ||
-          data.bridgeVersion !== SAGE_BRIDGE_VERSION
-        ) {
-          return;
-        }
-
-        const pending = pendingRequests.get(data.id);
-        if (!pending) {
-          return;
-        }
-
-        pendingRequests.delete(data.id);
-        window.clearTimeout(pending.timeoutId);
-
-        if (data.ok) {
-          pending.resolve(data.result as unknown);
-        } else {
-          pending.reject(
-            new Error(data.error?.message || 'Unknown Sage bridge error'),
-          );
-        }
-      },
-    )
-    .catch((error: unknown) => {
-      console.error('Failed to subscribe to sage-bridge:response:', error);
-    });
-
-  webview
-    .listen('sage-lifecycle:before-stop', (event: SageListenEvent) => {
-      try {
-        window.dispatchEvent(
-          new CustomEvent('sage:lifecycle:before-stop', {
-            detail: event.payload,
-          }),
-        );
-      } catch (error: unknown) {
-        console.error('Failed to dispatch before-stop lifecycle event', error);
-      }
-    })
-    .catch((error: unknown) => {
-      console.error(
-        'Failed to subscribe to sage-lifecycle:before-stop:',
-        error,
-      );
-    });
+  const beforeStopHandlers = new Set<
+    (detail: BeforeStopPublicDetail) => void | Promise<void>
+  >();
+  let beforeStopRegistered = false;
 
   function rejectAllPending(reason: string) {
     for (const [id, pending] of pendingRequests.entries()) {
@@ -280,10 +223,6 @@ export function initSageRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
     }
   }
 
-  window.addEventListener('sage:lifecycle:before-stop', () => {
-    rejectAllPending('Sage runtime is stopping');
-  });
-
   async function callHost<T>(method: string, params?: unknown): Promise<T> {
     const id = `sage-${Date.now()}-${Math.random().toString(36).slice(2)}`;
 
@@ -356,36 +295,160 @@ export function initSageRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
     });
   }
 
+  async function syncBeforeStopRegistration() {
+    const shouldBeRegistered = beforeStopHandlers.size > 0;
+    if (beforeStopRegistered === shouldBeRegistered) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    beforeStopRegistered = shouldBeRegistered;
+
+    try {
+      await callHost<RuntimeAckResult>('app.lifecycle.setBeforeStopListener', {
+        active: shouldBeRegistered,
+      } satisfies SetBeforeStopListenerParams);
+    } catch (error) {
+      console.error('Failed to sync before-stop listener registration:', error);
+    }
+  }
+
+  webview
+    .listen('sage-bridge:event', (event: SageListenEvent) => {
+      const data = event.payload;
+
+      if (!isBridgeRuntimeEvent(data)) {
+        return;
+      }
+
+      try {
+        if (isGrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent(data)) {
+          window.dispatchEvent(
+            new CustomEvent<GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent>(
+              'sage:granted-capabilities-change',
+              { detail: data },
+            ),
+          );
+          return;
+        }
+
+        if (isGrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent(data)) {
+          window.dispatchEvent(
+            new CustomEvent<GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent>(
+              'sage:granted-network-whitelist-change',
+              { detail: data },
+            ),
+          );
+        }
+      } catch (error: unknown) {
+        console.error('Failed to dispatch Sage bridge runtime event:', error);
+      }
+    })
+    .catch((error: unknown) => {
+      console.error('Failed to subscribe to sage-bridge:event:', error);
+    });
+
+  webview
+    .listen(
+      'sage-bridge:response',
+      (event: SageListenEvent<SageBridgeResponse>) => {
+        const data = event.payload;
+
+        if (
+          !data ||
+          data.channel !== 'sage-bridge' ||
+          data.bridgeVersion !== SAGE_BRIDGE_VERSION
+        ) {
+          return;
+        }
+
+        const pending = pendingRequests.get(data.id);
+        if (!pending) {
+          return;
+        }
+
+        pendingRequests.delete(data.id);
+        window.clearTimeout(pending.timeoutId);
+
+        if (data.ok) {
+          pending.resolve(data.result as unknown);
+        } else {
+          pending.reject(
+            new Error(data.error?.message || 'Unknown Sage bridge error'),
+          );
+        }
+      },
+    )
+    .catch((error: unknown) => {
+      console.error('Failed to subscribe to sage-bridge:response:', error);
+    });
+
+  webview
+    .listen<SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail>(
+      'sage-lifecycle:before-stop',
+      (event: SageListenEvent<SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail>) => {
+        const detail = event.payload;
+        rejectAllPending('Sage runtime is stopping');
+
+        if (!detail?.requestId || beforeStopHandlers.size === 0) {
+          return;
+        }
+
+        const publicDetail: BeforeStopPublicDetail = {
+          reason: detail.reason,
+          appId: detail.appId,
+          runtimeId: detail.runtimeId,
+        };
+
+        const handlers = Array.from(beforeStopHandlers);
+
+        void Promise.allSettled(
+          handlers.map((handler) => Promise.resolve(handler(publicDetail))),
+        ).finally(() => {
+          void callHost<RuntimeAckResult>('app.lifecycle.readyToStop', {
+            requestId: detail.requestId,
+          } satisfies ReadyToStopParams).catch((error: unknown) => {
+            console.error('Failed to acknowledge before-stop:', error);
+          });
+        });
+      },
+    )
+    .catch((error: unknown) => {
+      console.error(
+        'Failed to subscribe to sage-lifecycle:before-stop:',
+        error,
+      );
+    });
+
   w.__SAGE__ = {
     initialAppInfo: w.__SAGE_APP_INFO__ ?? buildFallbackAppInfo(),
     app: {
       async bridgePing() {
-        return await callHost<unknown>('bridge.ping');
+        return await callHost<BridgePingResult>('bridge.ping');
       },
 
       async bridgeSend(input: SageBridgeSendPayload) {
-        return await callHost<unknown>('bridge.send', input);
+        return await callHost<BridgeSendResult>('bridge.send', input);
       },
 
       async getInfo() {
-        return await callHost<SageAppInfo>('app.getInfo');
+        return await callHost<AppGetInfoResult>('app.getInfo');
       },
 
       async getCapabilities() {
         return await callHost<string[]>('sage.getCapabilities');
       },
 
-      async requestCapabilityGrant(input: SageRequestCapabilityGrantInput) {
-        return await callHost<SageRequestCapabilityGrantResult>(
+      async requestCapabilityGrant(input: RequestCapabilityGrantParams) {
+        return await callHost<RequestCapabilityGrantResult>(
           'sage.requestCapabilityGrant',
           input,
         );
       },
 
       async requestNetworkWhitelistGrant(
-        input: SageRequestNetworkWhitelistGrantInput,
+        input: RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantParams,
       ) {
-        return await callHost<SageRequestNetworkWhitelistGrantResult>(
+        return await callHost<RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantResult>(
           'sage.requestNetworkWhitelistGrant',
           input,
         );
@@ -393,8 +456,7 @@ export function initSageRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
 
       onGrantedCapabilitiesChange(handler) {
         const listener = (event: Event) => {
-          const custom =
-            event as CustomEvent<SageGrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent>;
+          const custom = event as CustomEvent<GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent>;
           handler(custom.detail);
         };
 
@@ -414,7 +476,7 @@ export function initSageRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
       onGrantedNetworkWhitelistChange(handler) {
         const listener = (event: Event) => {
           const custom =
-            event as CustomEvent<SageGrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent>;
+            event as CustomEvent<GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent>;
           handler(custom.detail);
         };
 
@@ -430,37 +492,22 @@ export function initSageRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
           );
         };
       },
-    },
-
-    lifecycle: {
-      onBeforeStop(handler) {
-        const listener = (event: Event) => {
-          const custom = event as CustomEvent;
-          handler(
-            (custom.detail ?? {}) as {
-              reason?: string;
-              appId?: string;
-              runtimeId?: string;
-            },
-          );
-        };
 
-        window.addEventListener(
-          'sage:lifecycle:before-stop',
-          listener as EventListener,
-        );
+      lifecycle: {
+        onBeforeStop(handler) {
+          beforeStopHandlers.add(handler);
+          void syncBeforeStopRegistration();
 
-        return () => {
-          window.removeEventListener(
-            'sage:lifecycle:before-stop',
-            listener as EventListener,
-          );
-        };
+          return () => {
+            beforeStopHandlers.delete(handler);
+            void syncBeforeStopRegistration();
+          };
+        },
       },
     },
 
     wallet: {
-      async sendXch(input: SageWalletSendXchRequest) {
+      async sendXch(input: WalletSendXchParams) {
         return await callHost<TransactionResponse>('wallet.sendXch', input);
       },
     },
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/types.ts b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/types.ts
index b83880cd3..8628358e9 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/types.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/types.ts
@@ -1,48 +1,28 @@
-export type SageBridgeVersion = 'v1';
-
-export type SageNetworkPermission = {
-  scheme: string;
-  host: string;
-  required: boolean;
-};
-
-export type SageRequestedPermissions = {
-  network?: SageRequestedNetworkPermissions;
-  capabilities?: SageRequestedCapabilities;
-};
-
-export type SageNetworkWhitelistEntry = {
-  scheme: string;
-  host: string;
-  required?: boolean;
-};
-
-export type SageRequestedCapabilities = {
-  required?: string[];
-  optional?: string[];
-};
+import {
+  AppGetInfoResult,
+  BridgePingResult,
+  BridgeSendResult,
+  GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent,
+  GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent,
+  ReadyToStopParams,
+  RequestCapabilityGrantParams,
+  RequestCapabilityGrantResult,
+  RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantParams,
+  RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantResult,
+  RuntimeAckResult,
+  SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail,
+  SetBeforeStopListenerParams,
+  TransactionResponse,
+  WalletSendXchParams,
+} from './generated-types';
+
+export * from './generated-types';
 
-export type SageRequestedNetworkPermissions = {
-  whitelist?: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist;
-};
-
-export type SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist = {
-  required?: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelistEntry[];
-  optional?: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelistEntry[];
-};
-
-export type SageRequestedNetworkWhitelistEntry = {
-  scheme: string;
-  host: string;
-};
+export type SageBridgeVersion = 'v1';
 
-export type SageAppInfo = {
-  id: string;
-  name: string;
-  version: string;
-  requestedPermissions: SageRequestedPermissions;
-  capabilities: string[];
-  network: SageNetworkPermission[];
+export type SageBridgeSendPayload = {
+  kind: string;
+  [key: string]: unknown;
 };
 
 export type SageBridgeRequest = {
@@ -76,155 +56,52 @@ export type SageBridgeResponse =
   | SageBridgeSuccessResponse
   | SageBridgeErrorResponse;
 
-export type SageGrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent = {
-  channel: 'sage-bridge';
-  type: 'grantedCapabilitiesChange';
-  removedGrantedCapabilities: string[];
-  addedGrantedCapabilities: string[];
-  fullGrantedCapabilities: string[];
-};
-
-export type SageGrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent = {
-  channel: 'sage-bridge';
-  type: 'grantedNetworkWhitelistChange';
-  removedGrantedNetworkWhitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelistEntry[];
-  addedGrantedNetworkWhitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelistEntry[];
-  fullGrantedNetworkWhitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelistEntry[];
-};
-
 export type SageBridgeRuntimeEvent =
-  | SageGrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent
-  | SageGrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent;
-
-export type SageBridgeSendPayload = {
-  kind: string;
-  [key: string]: unknown;
-};
-
-export type SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail = {
-  reason?: string;
-  appId?: string;
-  runtimeId?: string;
-};
-
-export type AssetKind = 'token' | 'nft' | 'did' | 'option';
-export type Amount = string | number;
+  | GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent
+  | GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent;
 
-export type Asset = {
-  asset_id: string | null;
-  name: string | null;
-  ticker: string | null;
-  precision: number;
-  icon_url: string | null;
-  description: string | null;
-  is_sensitive_content: boolean;
-  is_visible: boolean;
-  revocation_address: string | null;
-  kind: AssetKind;
-};
-
-export type TransactionInput = {
-  coin_id: string;
-  amount: Amount;
-  address: string;
-  asset: Asset | null;
-  outputs: TransactionOutput[];
-};
-
-export type TransactionOutput = {
-  coin_id: string;
-  amount: Amount;
-  address: string;
-  receiving: boolean;
-  burning: boolean;
-};
-
-export type TransactionSummary = {
-  fee: Amount;
-  inputs: TransactionInput[];
-};
-
-export type CoinJson = {
-  parent_coin_info: string;
-  puzzle_hash: string;
-  amount: Amount;
-};
-
-export type CoinSpendJson = {
-  coin: CoinJson;
-  puzzle_reveal: string;
-  solution: string;
-};
-
-export type TransactionResponse = {
-  summary: TransactionSummary;
-  coin_spends: CoinSpendJson[];
-};
-
-export type SageWalletSendXchRequest = {
-  address: string;
-  amount: Amount;
-  fee: Amount;
-  memos?: string[];
-  clawback?: number | null;
-  auto_submit?: boolean;
-};
-
-export type SageRequestCapabilityGrantInput = {
-  capability: string;
-};
-
-export type SageRequestCapabilityGrantResult = {
-  granted: boolean;
-  alreadyGranted?: boolean;
-  capability: string;
-  fullGrantedCapabilities: string[];
-};
-
-export type SageRequestNetworkWhitelistGrantInput = {
-  entry: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelistEntry;
-};
-
-export type SageRequestNetworkWhitelistGrantResult = {
-  granted: boolean;
-  alreadyGranted?: boolean;
-  entry: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelistEntry;
-  fullGrantedNetworkWhitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelistEntry[];
+export type SageWalletClient = {
+  sendXch(input: WalletSendXchParams): Promise<TransactionResponse>;
 };
 
-export type SageWalletClient = {
-  sendXch(input: SageWalletSendXchRequest): Promise<TransactionResponse>;
+export type SageAppLifecycleClient = {
+  onBeforeStop(
+    handler: (
+      detail: Omit<SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail, 'requestId'>,
+    ) => void | Promise<void>,
+  ): () => void;
 };
 
 export type SageAppClient = {
-  bridgePing(): Promise<unknown>;
-  bridgeSend(input: SageBridgeSendPayload): Promise<unknown>;
-  getInfo(): Promise<SageAppInfo>;
+  bridgePing(): Promise<BridgePingResult>;
+  bridgeSend(input: SageBridgeSendPayload): Promise<BridgeSendResult>;
+  getInfo(): Promise<AppGetInfoResult>;
   getCapabilities(): Promise<string[]>;
   requestCapabilityGrant(
-    input: SageRequestCapabilityGrantInput,
-  ): Promise<SageRequestCapabilityGrantResult>;
+    input: RequestCapabilityGrantParams,
+  ): Promise<RequestCapabilityGrantResult>;
   requestNetworkWhitelistGrant(
-    input: SageRequestNetworkWhitelistGrantInput,
-  ): Promise<SageRequestNetworkWhitelistGrantResult>;
+    input: RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantParams,
+  ): Promise<RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantResult>;
   onGrantedCapabilitiesChange(
-    handler: (event: SageGrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent) => void,
+    handler: (event: GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent) => void,
   ): () => void;
   onGrantedNetworkWhitelistChange(
-    handler: (event: SageGrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent) => void,
-  ): () => void;
-};
-
-export type SageLifecycleClient = {
-  onBeforeStop(
-    handler: (detail: SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail) => void,
+    handler: (event: GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent) => void,
   ): () => void;
+  lifecycle: SageAppLifecycleClient;
 };
 
 export type SageClient = {
-  initialAppInfo: SageAppInfo;
+  initialAppInfo: AppGetInfoResult;
   app: SageAppClient;
-  lifecycle: SageLifecycleClient;
   wallet: SageWalletClient;
 };
 
+export type {
+  RuntimeAckResult,
+  ReadyToStopParams,
+  SetBeforeStopListenerParams,
+  SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail,
+};
+
diff --git a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/.gitignore b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..16409d768
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+/tmp
+/out-tsc
+
+/node_modules
+npm-debug.log*
+yarn-debug.log*
+yarn-error.log*
+/.pnp
+.pnp.js
+
+.idea
+.vscode/*
+dist
+
+src/generated-types.ts
diff --git a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/package.json b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ed446aa30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+{
+  "name": "@sage-system-app/sdk",
+  "version": "0.1.0",
+  "type": "module",
+  "main": "./dist/index.js",
+  "module": "./dist/index.js",
+  "types": "./dist/index.d.ts",
+  "exports": {
+    ".": {
+      "types": "./dist/index.d.ts",
+      "import": "./dist/index.js"
+    },
+    "./runtime-bridge.js": {
+      "import": "./dist/runtime-bridge.js"
+    }
+  },
+  "files": [
+    "dist"
+  ],
+  "scripts": {
+    "generate:types": "node ./scripts/export-types.mjs",
+    "build": "pnpm run generate:types && tsup",
+    "dev": "pnpm run generate:types && tsup --watch",
+    "clean": "rm -rf dist"
+  },
+  "devDependencies": {
+    "tsup": "^8.5.1",
+    "typescript": "^5.6.3"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/pnpm-lock.yaml b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/pnpm-lock.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a4ab1c75b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/pnpm-lock.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,897 @@
+lockfileVersion: '9.0'
+
+settings:
+  autoInstallPeers: true
+  excludeLinksFromLockfile: false
+
+importers:
+
+  .:
+    devDependencies:
+      tsup:
+        specifier: ^8.2.4
+        version: 8.5.1(typescript@5.9.3)
+      typescript:
+        specifier: ^5.6.3
+        version: 5.9.3
+
+packages:
+
+  '@esbuild/aix-ppc64@0.27.7':
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-EKX3Qwmhz1eMdEJokhALr0YiD0lhQNwDqkPYyPhiSwKrh7/4KRjQc04sZ8db+5DVVnZ1LmbNDI1uAMPEUBnQPg==}
+    engines: {node: '>=18'}
+    cpu: [ppc64]
+    os: [aix]
+
+  '@esbuild/android-arm64@0.27.7':
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-62dPZHpIXzvChfvfLJow3q5dDtiNMkwiRzPylSCfriLvZeq0a1bWChrGx/BbUbPwOrsWKMn8idSllklzBy+dgQ==}
+    engines: {node: '>=18'}
+    cpu: [arm64]
+    os: [android]
+
+  '@esbuild/android-arm@0.27.7':
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-jbPXvB4Yj2yBV7HUfE2KHe4GJX51QplCN1pGbYjvsyCZbQmies29EoJbkEc+vYuU5o45AfQn37vZlyXy4YJ8RQ==}
+    engines: {node: '>=18'}
+    cpu: [arm]
+    os: [android]
+
+  '@esbuild/android-x64@0.27.7':
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-x5VpMODneVDb70PYV2VQOmIUUiBtY3D3mPBG8NxVk5CogneYhkR7MmM3yR/uMdITLrC1ml/NV1rj4bMJuy9MCg==}
+    engines: {node: '>=18'}
+    cpu: [x64]
+    os: [android]
+
+  '@esbuild/darwin-arm64@0.27.7':
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-5lckdqeuBPlKUwvoCXIgI2D9/ABmPq3Rdp7IfL70393YgaASt7tbju3Ac+ePVi3KDH6N2RqePfHnXkaDtY9fkw==}
+    engines: {node: '>=18'}
+    cpu: [arm64]
+    os: [darwin]
+
+  '@esbuild/darwin-x64@0.27.7':
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+  typescript@5.9.3: {}
+
+  ufo@1.6.3: {}
diff --git a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/scripts/export-types.mjs b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/scripts/export-types.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..66bed9ba5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/scripts/export-types.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+import { execFileSync } from 'node:child_process';
+import fs from 'node:fs';
+import path from 'node:path';
+
+const packageDir = process.cwd();
+const repoRoot = path.resolve(packageDir, '../..');
+const outPath = path.join(packageDir, 'src', 'generated-types.ts');
+
+const stdout = execFileSync(
+  'cargo',
+  ['run', '-p', 'sage-apps', '--bin', 'export_bridge_types', '--', 'system'],
+  {
+    cwd: repoRoot,
+    encoding: 'utf8',
+    stdio: ['ignore', 'pipe', 'inherit'],
+  },
+);
+
+fs.writeFileSync(outPath, stdout);
+console.log(`Wrote ${path.relative(packageDir, outPath)}`);
diff --git a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/client.ts b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/client.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..26ed1711e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/client.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+import type { SageSystemClient } from './types';
+
+export function isSageSystemRuntimeAvailable(): boolean {
+  const w = window as Window &
+    typeof globalThis & {
+      __TAURI__?: unknown;
+    };
+
+  return !!w.__TAURI__;
+}
+
+function getClientFromWindow(): SageSystemClient | undefined {
+  if (typeof window === 'undefined') {
+    return undefined;
+  }
+
+  return (
+    window as Window &
+      typeof globalThis & {
+        __SAGE_SYSTEM__?: SageSystemClient;
+      }
+  ).__SAGE_SYSTEM__;
+}
+
+export function isSageSystemBridgeInitialized(): boolean {
+  return !!getClientFromWindow();
+}
+
+export function hasSageSystemBridge(): boolean {
+  return !!getClientFromWindow();
+}
+
+function getClientOrThrow(): SageSystemClient {
+  const client = getClientFromWindow();
+
+  if (!client) {
+    throw new Error(
+      'Sage system bridge is unavailable. Did you call initSageSystemRuntimeBridge() in app startup?',
+    );
+  }
+
+  return client;
+}
+
+export async function createSageSystemClient(): Promise<SageSystemClient> {
+  return getClientOrThrow();
+}
+
+export function getSageSystemClientSync(): SageSystemClient {
+  return getClientOrThrow();
+}
+
+function isObject(value: unknown): value is Record<string, unknown> {
+  return !!value && typeof value === 'object';
+}
+
+export function formatSageError(err: unknown): string {
+  if (err instanceof Error) {
+    return err.message;
+  }
+
+  if (typeof err === 'string') {
+    return err;
+  }
+
+  if (isObject(err)) {
+    if (typeof err.message === 'string') {
+      return err.message;
+    }
+
+    if (typeof err.reason === 'string') {
+      return err.reason;
+    }
+
+    try {
+      return JSON.stringify(err, null, 2);
+    } catch {
+      return 'Unknown Sage error';
+    }
+  }
+
+  return String(err);
+}
diff --git a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/global.d.ts b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/global.d.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7f9cdb8f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/global.d.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+import type { SageSystemClient } from './types';
+
+declare global {
+    interface Window {
+        __SAGE_SYSTEM__?: SageSystemClient;
+        __SAGE_SYSTEM_RUNTIME_BRIDGE_INITIALIZED__?: boolean;
+    }
+}
+
+export {};
diff --git a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/index.ts b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/index.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cc7137de9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/index.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+export {
+  initSageSystemRuntimeBridge,
+  SAGE_SYSTEM_BRIDGE_VERSION,
+  SAGE_SYSTEM_BRIDGE_CHANNEL,
+} from './runtime';
+
+export {
+  isSageSystemRuntimeAvailable,
+  isSageSystemBridgeInitialized,
+  createSageSystemClient,
+  formatSageError,
+  getSageSystemClientSync,
+  hasSageSystemBridge,
+} from './client';
+
+export type * from './types';
diff --git a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime-bridge-entry.ts b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime-bridge-entry.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1506547b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime-bridge-entry.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+import { initSageRuntimeBridge } from './runtime';
+
+initSageRuntimeBridge();
diff --git a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..11f535489
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,304 @@
+import { invoke } from '@tauri-apps/api/core';
+import { getCurrentWebview } from '@tauri-apps/api/webview';
+import type {
+  RuntimeTargetParams,
+  SageAppRuntimeRecord,
+  SageSystemBridgeRequest,
+  SageSystemBridgeResponse,
+  SageSystemClient,
+  SageSystemBridgeVersion,
+  SystemKillRuntimeResult,
+} from './types';
+
+export const SAGE_SYSTEM_BRIDGE_CHANNEL = 'sage-system-bridge';
+export const SAGE_SYSTEM_BRIDGE_VERSION: SageSystemBridgeVersion = 'v1';
+
+type SageSystemListenEvent<T = unknown> = {
+  payload: T;
+};
+
+type SageUnlisten = () => void;
+
+type SageWebviewHandle = {
+  label: string;
+  listen<T = unknown>(
+    event: string,
+    handler: (event: SageSystemListenEvent<T>) => void,
+  ): Promise<SageUnlisten>;
+};
+
+type SageSystemWindow = Window &
+  typeof globalThis & {
+    __SAGE_SYSTEM__?: SageSystemClient;
+    __SAGE_SYSTEM_RUNTIME_BRIDGE_INITIALIZED__?: boolean;
+  };
+
+type PendingSystemBridgeRequest = {
+  resolve: (value: unknown) => void;
+  reject: (reason?: unknown) => void;
+  timeoutId: number;
+  method: string;
+};
+
+type RustSystemBridgeResponse =
+  | {
+      channel: string;
+      bridgeVersion: string;
+      id: string;
+      ok: true;
+      resultJson: string;
+    }
+  | {
+      channel: string;
+      bridgeVersion: string;
+      id: string;
+      ok: false;
+      error: {
+        code: string;
+        message: string;
+      };
+    };
+
+type RustSystemBridgeInvokeResult =
+  | {
+      kind: 'immediate';
+      response: RustSystemBridgeResponse;
+    }
+  | {
+      kind: 'pending';
+    };
+
+function getSageWindow(): SageSystemWindow {
+  return window as SageSystemWindow;
+}
+
+function tryGetCurrentWebview(): SageWebviewHandle | null {
+  try {
+    return getCurrentWebview() as SageWebviewHandle;
+  } catch {
+    return null;
+  }
+}
+
+function parseJsonOrNull(value: string | null | undefined): unknown {
+  if (value == null) {
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  try {
+    return JSON.parse(value);
+  } catch (err) {
+    console.error(
+      'Failed to parse JSON payload from Rust system bridge:',
+      err,
+      value,
+    );
+    return null;
+  }
+}
+
+function toSdkSystemBridgeResponse(
+  response: RustSystemBridgeResponse,
+): SageSystemBridgeResponse {
+  if ('resultJson' in response) {
+    return {
+      channel: SAGE_SYSTEM_BRIDGE_CHANNEL,
+      bridgeVersion: SAGE_SYSTEM_BRIDGE_VERSION,
+      id: response.id,
+      ok: true,
+      result: parseJsonOrNull(response.resultJson),
+    };
+  }
+
+  return {
+    channel: SAGE_SYSTEM_BRIDGE_CHANNEL,
+    bridgeVersion: SAGE_SYSTEM_BRIDGE_VERSION,
+    id: response.id,
+    ok: false,
+    error: response.error,
+  };
+}
+
+export function initSageSystemRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
+  const w = getSageWindow();
+
+  if (w.__SAGE_SYSTEM__) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  if (w.__SAGE_SYSTEM_RUNTIME_BRIDGE_INITIALIZED__) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  const maybeWebview = tryGetCurrentWebview();
+  if (!maybeWebview) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  const webview: SageWebviewHandle = maybeWebview;
+  w.__SAGE_SYSTEM_RUNTIME_BRIDGE_INITIALIZED__ = true;
+
+  const pendingRequests = new Map<string, PendingSystemBridgeRequest>();
+
+  function rejectAllPending(reason: string) {
+    for (const [id, pending] of pendingRequests.entries()) {
+      window.clearTimeout(pending.timeoutId);
+      pending.reject(new Error(reason));
+      pendingRequests.delete(id);
+    }
+  }
+
+  webview
+    .listen(
+      `${SAGE_SYSTEM_BRIDGE_CHANNEL}:response`,
+      (event: SageSystemListenEvent<SageSystemBridgeResponse>) => {
+        const data = event.payload;
+
+        if (
+          !data ||
+          data.channel !== SAGE_SYSTEM_BRIDGE_CHANNEL ||
+          data.bridgeVersion !== SAGE_SYSTEM_BRIDGE_VERSION
+        ) {
+          return;
+        }
+
+        const pending = pendingRequests.get(data.id);
+        if (!pending) {
+          return;
+        }
+
+        pendingRequests.delete(data.id);
+        window.clearTimeout(pending.timeoutId);
+
+        if (data.ok) {
+          pending.resolve(data.result as unknown);
+        } else {
+          pending.reject(
+            new Error(
+              data.error?.message || 'Unknown Sage system bridge error',
+            ),
+          );
+        }
+      },
+    )
+    .catch((error: unknown) => {
+      console.error(
+        `Failed to subscribe to ${SAGE_SYSTEM_BRIDGE_CHANNEL}:response:`,
+        error,
+      );
+    });
+
+  webview
+    .listen('sage-lifecycle:before-stop', () => {
+      rejectAllPending('Sage system runtime is stopping');
+    })
+    .catch((error: unknown) => {
+      console.error(
+        'Failed to subscribe to sage-lifecycle:before-stop:',
+        error,
+      );
+    });
+
+  async function callHost<T>(method: string, params?: unknown): Promise<T> {
+    const id = `sage-system-${Date.now()}-${Math.random().toString(36).slice(2)}`;
+
+    return await new Promise<T>((resolve, reject) => {
+      const timeoutId = window.setTimeout(() => {
+        const pending = pendingRequests.get(id);
+        if (!pending) {
+          return;
+        }
+
+        pendingRequests.delete(id);
+        reject(new Error(`Sage system bridge timeout for ${method}`));
+      }, 30000);
+
+      pendingRequests.set(id, {
+        resolve: (value) => resolve(value as T),
+        reject,
+        timeoutId,
+        method,
+      });
+
+      void (async () => {
+        try {
+          const request: SageSystemBridgeRequest = {
+            channel: SAGE_SYSTEM_BRIDGE_CHANNEL,
+            bridgeVersion: SAGE_SYSTEM_BRIDGE_VERSION,
+            id,
+            method,
+            params,
+          };
+
+          const result = await invoke<RustSystemBridgeInvokeResult>(
+            'apps_invoke_system_bridge',
+            {
+              request: {
+                channel: request.channel,
+                bridgeVersion: request.bridgeVersion ?? null,
+                id: request.id,
+                method: request.method,
+                paramsJson:
+                  request.params === undefined
+                    ? null
+                    : JSON.stringify(request.params),
+              },
+            },
+          );
+
+          if (result.kind === 'immediate') {
+            const response = toSdkSystemBridgeResponse(result.response);
+            pendingRequests.delete(id);
+            window.clearTimeout(timeoutId);
+
+            if (response.ok) {
+              resolve(response.result as T);
+            } else {
+              reject(new Error(response.error.message));
+            }
+          }
+        } catch (error: unknown) {
+          const pending = pendingRequests.get(id);
+          if (!pending) {
+            return;
+          }
+
+          pendingRequests.delete(id);
+          window.clearTimeout(timeoutId);
+          reject(error instanceof Error ? error : new Error(String(error)));
+        }
+      })();
+    });
+  }
+
+  w.__SAGE_SYSTEM__ = {
+    runtimeManager: {
+      async listRuntimes() {
+        return await callHost<SageAppRuntimeRecord[]>('system.listRuntimes');
+      },
+
+      async focusRuntime(input: RuntimeTargetParams) {
+        return await callHost<SageAppRuntimeRecord>(
+          'system.focusRuntime',
+          input,
+        );
+      },
+
+      async hideRuntime(input: RuntimeTargetParams) {
+        return await callHost<SageAppRuntimeRecord>(
+          'system.hideRuntime',
+          input,
+        );
+      },
+
+      async killRuntime(input: RuntimeTargetParams) {
+        return await callHost<SystemKillRuntimeResult>(
+          'system.killRuntime',
+          input,
+        );
+      },
+    },
+  };
+
+  return true;
+}
diff --git a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/types.ts b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/types.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..550c648d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/types.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+export * from './generated-types';
+
+import type {
+  RuntimeTargetParams,
+  SageAppRuntimeRecord,
+  SystemKillRuntimeResult,
+} from './generated-types';
+
+export type SageSystemBridgeChannel = 'sage-system-bridge';
+export type SageSystemBridgeVersion = 'v1';
+
+export type SageSystemBridgeRequest = {
+  channel: SageSystemBridgeChannel;
+  bridgeVersion?: SageSystemBridgeVersion;
+  id: string;
+  method: string;
+  params?: unknown;
+};
+
+export type SageSystemBridgeSuccessResponse = {
+  channel: SageSystemBridgeChannel;
+  bridgeVersion: SageSystemBridgeVersion;
+  id: string;
+  ok: true;
+  result: unknown;
+};
+
+export type SageSystemBridgeErrorResponse = {
+  channel: SageSystemBridgeChannel;
+  bridgeVersion: SageSystemBridgeVersion;
+  id: string;
+  ok: false;
+  error: {
+    code: string;
+    message: string;
+  };
+};
+
+export type SageSystemBridgeResponse =
+  | SageSystemBridgeSuccessResponse
+  | SageSystemBridgeErrorResponse;
+
+export type SageSystemRuntimeManagerClient = {
+  listRuntimes(): Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecord[]>;
+  focusRuntime(input: RuntimeTargetParams): Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecord>;
+  hideRuntime(input: RuntimeTargetParams): Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecord>;
+  killRuntime(input: RuntimeTargetParams): Promise<SystemKillRuntimeResult>;
+};
+
+export type SageSystemClient = {
+  runtimeManager: SageSystemRuntimeManagerClient;
+};
diff --git a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/tsconfig.json b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/tsconfig.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..db068b8a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/tsconfig.json
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+{
+  "compilerOptions": {
+    "target": "ES2020",
+    "module": "ESNext",
+    "moduleResolution": "Bundler",
+    "declaration": true,
+    "strict": true,
+    "skipLibCheck": true,
+    "lib": ["ES2020", "DOM"],
+    "isolatedModules": true,
+    "noEmit": true
+  },
+  "include": ["src"]
+}
diff --git a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/tsup.config.ts b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/tsup.config.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1bf5dc1a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/tsup.config.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+import { defineConfig } from 'tsup';
+
+export default defineConfig([
+  {
+    entry: {
+      index: 'src/index.ts',
+    },
+    format: ['esm'],
+    dts: true,
+    splitting: false,
+    outDir: 'dist',
+    clean: true,
+  },
+  {
+    entry: {
+      'runtime-bridge': 'src/runtime-bridge-entry.ts',
+    },
+    format: ['esm'],
+    dts: false,
+    splitting: false,
+    outDir: 'dist',
+    clean: false,
+  },
+]);
diff --git a/pnpm-lock.yaml b/pnpm-lock.yaml
index fc86c1686..f3957b249 100644
--- a/pnpm-lock.yaml
+++ b/pnpm-lock.yaml
@@ -314,6 +314,15 @@ importers:
         specifier: ^5.6.3
         version: 5.9.3
 
+  packages/sage-system-app-sdk:
+    devDependencies:
+      tsup:
+        specifier: ^8.5.1
+        version: 8.5.1(@swc/core@1.15.11)(jiti@2.6.1)(postcss@8.5.6)(typescript@5.9.3)(yaml@2.5.1)
+      typescript:
+        specifier: ^5.6.3
+        version: 5.9.3
+
 packages:
 
   '@adraffy/ens-normalize@1.11.1':
diff --git a/src/hooks/useAppRuntimes.ts b/src/hooks/useAppRuntimes.ts
index 64e2d8242..10c1ba928 100644
--- a/src/hooks/useAppRuntimes.ts
+++ b/src/hooks/useAppRuntimes.ts
@@ -1,25 +1,48 @@
 import { useEffect, useState } from 'react';
 import {
   listAppRuntimes,
-  subscribeAppRuntimes,
   type SageAppRuntimeRecord,
 } from '@/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry';
 
-export function useAppRuntimes(options?: { includeInternal?: boolean }) {
+export function useAppRuntimes(options?: {
+  includeInternal?: boolean;
+  refreshMs?: number;
+}) {
   const includeInternal = options?.includeInternal ?? false;
+  const refreshMs = options?.refreshMs ?? 1000;
 
-  const [runtimes, setRuntimes] = useState<SageAppRuntimeRecord[]>(() => {
-    const all = listAppRuntimes();
-    return includeInternal ? all : all.filter((runtime) => !runtime.internal);
-  });
+  const [runtimes, setRuntimes] = useState<SageAppRuntimeRecord[]>([]);
 
   useEffect(() => {
-    return subscribeAppRuntimes((next) => {
-      setRuntimes(
-        includeInternal ? next : next.filter((runtime) => !runtime.internal),
-      );
-    });
-  }, [includeInternal]);
+    let cancelled = false;
+
+    const refresh = async () => {
+      try {
+        const all = await listAppRuntimes();
+        if (cancelled) {
+          return;
+        }
+
+        setRuntimes(
+          includeInternal ? all : all.filter((runtime) => !runtime.internal),
+        );
+      } catch (err) {
+        if (!cancelled) {
+          console.error('Failed to load app runtimes:', err);
+        }
+      }
+    };
+
+    void refresh();
+    const intervalId = window.setInterval(() => {
+      void refresh();
+    }, refreshMs);
+
+    return () => {
+      cancelled = true;
+      window.clearInterval(intervalId);
+    };
+  }, [includeInternal, refreshMs]);
 
   return runtimes;
 }
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/bridge/types.ts b/src/lib/apps/bridge/types.ts
index 8f5cece3f..859cdc072 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/bridge/types.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/bridge/types.ts
@@ -30,10 +30,9 @@ export type SageBridgeMethod =
   | 'bridge.ping'
   | 'bridge.send'
   | 'app.getInfo'
-  | 'sage.getCapabilities'
-  | 'sage.requestCapabilityGrant'
-  | 'sage.requestNetworkWhitelistGrant'
-  | 'sage.requestNetwortWhitelistGrant'
+  | 'app.getCapabilities'
+  | 'app.requestCapabilityGrant'
+  | 'app.requestNetworkWhitelistGrant'
   | 'wallet.sendXch';
 
 export type BridgeApprovalRequest =
@@ -70,10 +69,9 @@ export function isKnownSageBridgeMethod(
     method === 'bridge.ping' ||
     method === 'bridge.send' ||
     method === 'app.getInfo' ||
-    method === 'sage.getCapabilities' ||
-    method === 'sage.requestCapabilityGrant' ||
-    method === 'sage.requestNetworkWhitelistGrant' ||
-    method === 'sage.requestNetwortWhitelistGrant' ||
+    method === 'app.getCapabilities' ||
+    method === 'app.requestCapabilityGrant' ||
+    method === 'app.requestNetworkWhitelistGrant' ||
     method === 'wallet.sendXch'
   );
 }
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/restartAppRuntime.ts b/src/lib/apps/restartAppRuntime.ts
index 7eee4b942..63087aabf 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/restartAppRuntime.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/restartAppRuntime.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ import type { SageApp, SystemSageApp, UserSageApp } from '@/bindings';
 import {
   closeAppRuntime,
   ensureInlineRuntime,
-  markRuntimeVisible,
 } from '@/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry';
 
 type AppLike = SageApp | UserSageApp | SystemSageApp;
@@ -13,8 +12,6 @@ export async function restartAppRuntime(
 ) {
   const visible = options?.visible ?? false;
 
-  await closeAppRuntime(app.common.id, { timeoutMs: 8000 });
-  const runtime = await ensureInlineRuntime(app);
-  await markRuntimeVisible(app.common.id, visible);
-  return runtime;
+  await closeAppRuntime(app.common.id);
+  return await ensureInlineRuntime(app, { visible });
 }
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts b/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
index b59000bc2..ddfa5cdb0 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
@@ -1,56 +1,13 @@
-import { invoke } from '@tauri-apps/api/core';
-import { getCurrentWebview, Webview } from '@tauri-apps/api/webview';
-import type { SageApp, SystemSageApp, UserSageApp } from '@/bindings.ts';
-
-export type SageAppRuntimeState =
-  | 'starting'
-  | 'running'
-  | 'hidden'
-  | 'stopping'
-  | 'stopped'
-  | 'crashed';
-
-export type SageAppRuntimeMode = 'inline';
-
-export interface SageAppRuntimeRecord {
-  runtimeId: string;
-  runtimeKind: 'user' | 'system';
-  appId: string;
-  appName: string;
-  entrySrc: string;
-  webviewLabel: string;
-  hostWindowLabel: string;
-  mode: SageAppRuntimeMode;
-  state: SageAppRuntimeState;
-  startedAt: number;
-  lastActiveAt: number;
-  visible: boolean;
-  internal: boolean;
-  activeBatchCount: number;
-  activeSocketCount: number;
-  inFlightRequestCount: number;
-}
-
-type RuntimeListener = (records: SageAppRuntimeRecord[]) => void;
-
-type RuntimeInternalRecord = SageAppRuntimeRecord & {
-  webview: Webview;
-};
+import {
+  commands,
+  type SageApp,
+  type SageAppRuntimeRecord,
+  type SystemSageApp,
+  type UserSageApp,
+} from '@/bindings';
 
 type AppLike = SageApp | UserSageApp | SystemSageApp;
 
-const runtimes = new Map<string, RuntimeInternalRecord>();
-export const runtimeByAppId = new Map<string, string>();
-const listeners = new Set<RuntimeListener>();
-
-function isSystemAppLike(app: AppLike): boolean {
-  if ('kind' in app) {
-    return app.kind === 'system';
-  }
-
-  return !('source' in app);
-}
-
 function isBuiltinTestApp(app: AppLike): boolean {
   return app.common.id.startsWith('__sage_test_');
 }
@@ -63,58 +20,6 @@ function shouldDebugTestAppWindows(app: AppLike): boolean {
   );
 }
 
-function emitChange() {
-  const snapshot = Array.from(runtimes.values()).map(stripInternal);
-  for (const listener of listeners) {
-    listener(snapshot);
-  }
-}
-
-async function emitRuntimeBeforeStop(appId: string) {
-  const runtimeId = runtimeByAppId.get(appId);
-  if (!runtimeId) {
-    return;
-  }
-
-  const record = runtimes.get(runtimeId);
-  if (!record) {
-    return;
-  }
-
-  await record.webview.emit('sage-lifecycle:before-stop', {
-    appId: record.appId,
-    runtimeId: record.runtimeId,
-    reason: 'restart',
-  });
-}
-
-function stripInternal(record: RuntimeInternalRecord): SageAppRuntimeRecord {
-  return {
-    runtimeId: record.runtimeId,
-    runtimeKind: record.runtimeKind,
-    appId: record.appId,
-    appName: record.appName,
-    entrySrc: record.entrySrc,
-    webviewLabel: record.webviewLabel,
-    hostWindowLabel: record.hostWindowLabel,
-    mode: record.mode,
-    state: record.state,
-    startedAt: record.startedAt,
-    lastActiveAt: record.lastActiveAt,
-    visible: record.visible,
-    internal: record.internal,
-    activeBatchCount: record.activeBatchCount,
-    activeSocketCount: record.activeSocketCount,
-    inFlightRequestCount: record.inFlightRequestCount,
-  };
-}
-
-export function inlineLabelFor(appId: string, runtimeKind: 'user' | 'system') {
-  return runtimeKind === 'system'
-    ? `system-app-inline-${appId}`
-    : `app-inline-${appId}`;
-}
-
 export function shouldUseIncognito(app: AppLike): boolean {
   const hasPersistentStorage =
     app.common.grantedPermissions.capabilities.includes('persistent_storage');
@@ -127,32 +32,43 @@ export function shouldUseIncognito(app: AppLike): boolean {
     return true;
   }
 
-  return (
-    app.common.capabilityFlags.hasSecretAccess
-  );
+  return app.common.capabilityFlags.hasSecretAccess;
 }
 
-export async function waitForWebviewClosed(
-  label: string,
-  timeoutMs = 8000,
-): Promise<void> {
-  const startedAt = Date.now();
+function buildSystemBridgeRequest(method: string, params?: unknown) {
+  return {
+    channel: 'sage-system-bridge' as const,
+    bridgeVersion: 'v1' as const,
+    id: `sage-system-${Date.now()}-${Math.random().toString(36).slice(2)}`,
+    method,
+    paramsJson: params === undefined ? null : JSON.stringify(params),
+  };
+}
 
-  for (;;) {
-    const live = await Webview.getByLabel(label).catch(() => null);
-    if (!live) {
-      return;
-    }
+async function invokeSystemBridge<T>(
+  method: string,
+  params?: unknown,
+): Promise<T> {
+  const result = await commands.appsInvokeSystemBridge(
+    buildSystemBridgeRequest(method, params),
+  );
+
+  if (result.kind === 'pending') {
+    throw new Error(
+      `System bridge method ${method} unexpectedly returned pending`,
+    );
+  }
 
-    if (Date.now() - startedAt >= timeoutMs) {
-      throw new Error(`Timed out closing webview ${label}`);
-    }
+  const response = result.response;
 
-    await new Promise((resolve) => window.setTimeout(resolve, 100));
+  if ('error' in response) {
+    throw new Error(response.error.message);
   }
+
+  return JSON.parse(response.resultJson) as T;
 }
 
-async function createInlineRuntime(
+export async function createInlineRuntime(
   app: AppLike,
   options?: {
     visible?: boolean;
@@ -161,243 +77,55 @@ async function createInlineRuntime(
     path?: string;
   },
 ): Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecord> {
-  const hostWebview = getCurrentWebview();
-  const runtimeKind = isSystemAppLike(app) ? 'system' : 'user';
-  const webviewLabel = inlineLabelFor(app.common.id, runtimeKind);
-
-  const staleWebview = await Webview.getByLabel(webviewLabel).catch(() => null);
-  if (staleWebview) {
-    try {
-      await staleWebview.close();
-    } catch {
-      //
-    }
-    await waitForWebviewClosed(webviewLabel, 8000);
-  }
-
   const isIncognito = shouldUseIncognito(app);
 
   if (!isIncognito && app.common.capabilityFlags.hasSecretAccess) {
-    await invoke('apps_mark_storage_may_contain_secrets', {
-      appId: app.common.id,
-    });
+    await commands.appsMarkStorageMayContainSecrets(app.common.id);
   }
 
-  const record = await invoke<SageAppRuntimeRecord>(
-    'apps_create_inline_runtime',
-    {
-      args: {
-        appId: app.common.id,
-        visible: options?.visible ?? true,
-        internal: options?.internal ?? false,
-        debugLayout: shouldDebugTestAppWindows(app),
-        query: options?.query ?? {},
-        path: options?.path ?? null,
-      },
-    },
-  );
-
-  const webview = await Webview.getByLabel(webviewLabel).catch(() => null);
-  if (!webview) {
-    throw new Error(
-      `Host created runtime ${webviewLabel}, but no webview handle was found`,
-    );
-  }
-
-  const internalRecord: RuntimeInternalRecord = {
-    ...record,
-    hostWindowLabel: hostWebview.label,
-    webview,
-  };
-
-  runtimes.set(record.runtimeId, internalRecord);
-  runtimeByAppId.set(app.common.id, record.runtimeId);
-  emitChange();
-
-  return stripInternal(internalRecord);
-}
-
-export function subscribeAppRuntimes(listener: RuntimeListener): () => void {
-  listeners.add(listener);
-  listener(Array.from(runtimes.values()).map(stripInternal));
-  return () => {
-    listeners.delete(listener);
-  };
-}
-
-export function listAppRuntimes(): SageAppRuntimeRecord[] {
-  return Array.from(runtimes.values()).map(stripInternal);
-}
-
-export async function closeAppRuntime(
-  appId: string,
-  options?: { timeoutMs?: number },
-): Promise<void> {
-  const runtimeId = runtimeByAppId.get(appId);
-  if (!runtimeId) {
-    return;
-  }
-
-  const record = runtimes.get(runtimeId);
-  if (!record) {
-    runtimeByAppId.delete(appId);
-    return;
-  }
-
-  const timeoutMs = options?.timeoutMs ?? 8000;
-  record.state = 'stopping';
-  emitChange();
-
-  try {
-    await emitRuntimeBeforeStop(appId);
-  } catch (err) {
-    console.warn('Failed to emit before-stop lifecycle event:', err);
-  }
-
-  try {
-    await record.webview.close();
-  } catch (err) {
-    console.warn('Failed to request webview close:', err);
-  }
-
-  await waitForWebviewClosed(record.webviewLabel, timeoutMs);
-
-  runtimes.delete(runtimeId);
-  runtimeByAppId.delete(appId);
-  emitChange();
+  return await commands.appsCreateInlineRuntime({
+    appId: app.common.id,
+    visible: options?.visible ?? true,
+    internal: options?.internal ?? false,
+    debugLayout: shouldDebugTestAppWindows(app),
+    query: options?.query ?? {},
+    path: options?.path ?? null,
+  });
 }
 
 export async function ensureInlineRuntime(
   app: AppLike,
+  options?: { visible?: boolean },
 ): Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecord> {
-  const existingRuntimeId = runtimeByAppId.get(app.common.id);
-  if (existingRuntimeId) {
-    const existing = runtimes.get(existingRuntimeId);
-
-    if (existing) {
-      const liveWebview = await Webview.getByLabel(existing.webviewLabel).catch(
-        () => null,
-      );
-
-      if (liveWebview) {
-        existing.webview = liveWebview;
-        existing.lastActiveAt = Date.now();
-        existing.visible = true;
-        if (existing.state === 'hidden') {
-          existing.state = 'running';
-        }
-        emitChange();
-        return stripInternal(existing);
-      }
-
-      runtimes.delete(existingRuntimeId);
-      runtimeByAppId.delete(app.common.id);
-      emitChange();
-    } else {
-      runtimeByAppId.delete(app.common.id);
-    }
-  }
-
-  return createInlineRuntime(app, { visible: true, internal: false });
-}
-
-export async function getRuntimeWebview(
-  appId: string,
-): Promise<Webview | null> {
-  const runtimeId = runtimeByAppId.get(appId);
-  if (!runtimeId) {
-    return null;
-  }
-
-  const record = runtimes.get(runtimeId);
-  return record?.webview ?? null;
+  return await createInlineRuntime(app, {
+    visible: options?.visible ?? true,
+    internal: false,
+  });
 }
 
-export async function markRuntimeVisible(appId: string, visible: boolean) {
-  const runtimeId = runtimeByAppId.get(appId);
-  if (!runtimeId) {
-    return;
-  }
-
-  const record = runtimes.get(runtimeId);
-  if (!record) {
-    return;
-  }
-
-  record.visible = visible;
-  record.lastActiveAt = Date.now();
-
-  if (record.state !== 'stopping' && record.state !== 'stopped') {
-    record.state = visible ? 'running' : 'hidden';
-  }
-
-  try {
-    if (visible) {
-      await record.webview.show();
-    } else {
-      await record.webview.hide();
-    }
-  } catch (err) {
-    console.error('Failed to update runtime visibility:', err);
-  }
-
-  emitChange();
+export async function listAppRuntimes(): Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecord[]> {
+  return await invokeSystemBridge<SageAppRuntimeRecord[]>(
+    'system.listRuntimes',
+  );
 }
 
-export async function focusRuntime(appId: string) {
-  const runtimeId = runtimeByAppId.get(appId);
-  if (!runtimeId) {
-    return;
-  }
-
-  const record = runtimes.get(runtimeId);
-  if (!record) {
-    return;
-  }
-
-  record.visible = true;
-  record.state = 'running';
-  record.lastActiveAt = Date.now();
-
-  try {
-    await record.webview.show();
-    await record.webview.setFocus();
-  } catch (err) {
-    console.error('Failed to focus runtime:', err);
-  }
-
-  emitChange();
+export async function focusRuntime(
+  appId: string,
+): Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecord> {
+  return await invokeSystemBridge<SageAppRuntimeRecord>('system.focusRuntime', {
+    appId,
+  });
 }
 
-export async function hideRuntime(appId: string) {
-  await markRuntimeVisible(appId, false);
+export async function killRuntime(
+  appId: string,
+): Promise<{ ok: boolean; appId: string }> {
+  return await invokeSystemBridge<{ ok: boolean; appId: string }>(
+    'system.killRuntime',
+    { appId },
+  );
 }
 
-export async function killRuntime(appId: string) {
-  const runtimeId = runtimeByAppId.get(appId);
-  if (!runtimeId) {
-    return;
-  }
-
-  const record = runtimes.get(runtimeId);
-  if (!record) {
-    runtimeByAppId.delete(appId);
-    return;
-  }
-
-  try {
-    await record.webview.emit('sage-lifecycle:before-stop', {
-      reason: 'user_kill',
-      appId,
-      runtimeId,
-    });
-  } catch {
-    //
-  }
-
-  try {
-    await closeAppRuntime(appId, { timeoutMs: 8000 });
-  } catch {
-    //
-  }
+export async function closeAppRuntime(appId: string): Promise<void> {
+  await killRuntime(appId);
 }

From f189a05b0b3d592a0786037aa7c980cc72eac923 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Thu, 23 Apr 2026 19:00:29 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 154/471] Refactor `BridgeRuntimeCore` to streamline bridge
 logic, decouple invocation methods, and centralize shared bridge utilities
 for user and system apps.

---
 packages/sage-app-sdk/package.json            |   4 +
 .../sage-app-sdk/src/bridge-runtime-core.ts   | 248 ++++++++++++++++++
 packages/sage-app-sdk/src/index.ts            |   8 +-
 packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts          | 196 ++------------
 packages/sage-system-app-sdk/package.json     |   3 +
 packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/index.ts     |   2 +-
 .../src/runtime-bridge-entry.ts               |   4 +-
 packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts   | 187 ++-----------
 pnpm-lock.yaml                                |   4 +
 9 files changed, 307 insertions(+), 349 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 packages/sage-app-sdk/src/bridge-runtime-core.ts

diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/package.json b/packages/sage-app-sdk/package.json
index 7230410a9..69e8b3d08 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-sdk/package.json
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/package.json
@@ -15,6 +15,10 @@
     },
     "./runtime-bridge.js": {
       "import": "./dist/runtime-bridge.js"
+    },
+    "./bridge-runtime-core": {
+      "types": "./dist/bridge-runtime-core.d.ts",
+      "import": "./dist/bridge-runtime-core.js"
     }
   },
   "files": [
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/bridge-runtime-core.ts b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/bridge-runtime-core.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3db7c1d8c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/bridge-runtime-core.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,248 @@
+import { invoke } from '@tauri-apps/api/core';
+import { getCurrentWebview } from '@tauri-apps/api/webview';
+
+export type GenericBridgeRequest = {
+  channel: string;
+  bridgeVersion?: string;
+  id: string;
+  method: string;
+  params?: unknown;
+};
+
+export type GenericBridgeSuccessResponse = {
+  channel: string;
+  bridgeVersion: string;
+  id: string;
+  ok: true;
+  result: unknown;
+};
+
+export type GenericBridgeErrorResponse = {
+  channel: string;
+  bridgeVersion: string;
+  id: string;
+  ok: false;
+  error: {
+    code: string;
+    message: string;
+  };
+};
+
+export type GenericBridgeResponse =
+  | GenericBridgeSuccessResponse
+  | GenericBridgeErrorResponse;
+
+type RustBridgeResponse =
+  | {
+      channel: string;
+      bridgeVersion: string;
+      id: string;
+      ok: true;
+      resultJson: string;
+    }
+  | {
+      channel: string;
+      bridgeVersion: string;
+      id: string;
+      ok: false;
+      error: {
+        code: string;
+        message: string;
+      };
+    };
+
+type RustBridgeInvokeResult =
+  | {
+      kind: 'immediate';
+      response: RustBridgeResponse;
+    }
+  | {
+      kind: 'pending';
+    };
+
+type ListenEvent<T = unknown> = {
+  payload: T;
+};
+
+type Unlisten = () => void;
+
+export type BridgeRuntimeWebviewHandle = {
+  label: string;
+  listen<T = unknown>(
+    event: string,
+    handler: (event: ListenEvent<T>) => void,
+  ): Promise<Unlisten>;
+};
+
+type PendingBridgeRequest = {
+  resolve: (value: unknown) => void;
+  reject: (reason?: unknown) => void;
+  timeoutId: number;
+  method: string;
+};
+
+export type BridgeRuntimeCoreConfig = {
+  channel: string;
+  version: string;
+  invokeCommand: string;
+  requestIdPrefix: string;
+  timeoutMs?: number;
+};
+
+export type BridgeRuntimeCore = {
+  webview: BridgeRuntimeWebviewHandle;
+  pendingRequests: Map<string, PendingBridgeRequest>;
+  callHost<T>(method: string, params?: unknown): Promise<T>;
+  rejectAllPending(reason: string): void;
+};
+
+function tryGetCurrentWebview(): BridgeRuntimeWebviewHandle | null {
+  try {
+    return getCurrentWebview() as BridgeRuntimeWebviewHandle;
+  } catch {
+    return null;
+  }
+}
+
+export function parseJsonOrNull(value: string | null | undefined): unknown {
+  if (value == null) {
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  try {
+    return JSON.parse(value);
+  } catch (err) {
+    console.error('Failed to parse JSON payload from Rust bridge:', err, value);
+    return null;
+  }
+}
+
+export function toSdkBridgeResponse(
+  channel: string,
+  version: string,
+  response: RustBridgeResponse,
+): GenericBridgeResponse {
+  if ('resultJson' in response) {
+    return {
+      channel,
+      bridgeVersion: version,
+      id: response.id,
+      ok: true,
+      result: parseJsonOrNull(response.resultJson),
+    };
+  }
+
+  return {
+    channel,
+    bridgeVersion: version,
+    id: response.id,
+    ok: false,
+    error: response.error,
+  };
+}
+
+export function createBridgeRuntimeCore(
+  config: BridgeRuntimeCoreConfig,
+): BridgeRuntimeCore | null {
+  const maybeWebview = tryGetCurrentWebview();
+  if (!maybeWebview) {
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  const webview = maybeWebview;
+  const pendingRequests = new Map<string, PendingBridgeRequest>();
+  const timeoutMs = config.timeoutMs ?? 30000;
+
+  function rejectAllPending(reason: string) {
+    for (const [id, pending] of pendingRequests.entries()) {
+      window.clearTimeout(pending.timeoutId);
+      pending.reject(new Error(reason));
+      pendingRequests.delete(id);
+    }
+  }
+
+  async function callHost<T>(method: string, params?: unknown): Promise<T> {
+    const id = `${config.requestIdPrefix}-${Date.now()}-${Math.random()
+      .toString(36)
+      .slice(2)}`;
+
+    return await new Promise<T>((resolve, reject) => {
+      const timeoutId = window.setTimeout(() => {
+        const pending = pendingRequests.get(id);
+        if (!pending) {
+          return;
+        }
+
+        pendingRequests.delete(id);
+        reject(new Error(`${config.channel} timeout for ${method}`));
+      }, timeoutMs);
+
+      pendingRequests.set(id, {
+        resolve: (value) => resolve(value as T),
+        reject,
+        timeoutId,
+        method,
+      });
+
+      void (async () => {
+        try {
+          const request: GenericBridgeRequest = {
+            channel: config.channel,
+            bridgeVersion: config.version,
+            id,
+            method,
+            params,
+          };
+
+          const result = await invoke<RustBridgeInvokeResult>(
+            config.invokeCommand,
+            {
+              request: {
+                channel: request.channel,
+                bridgeVersion: request.bridgeVersion ?? null,
+                id: request.id,
+                method: request.method,
+                paramsJson:
+                  request.params === undefined
+                    ? null
+                    : JSON.stringify(request.params),
+              },
+            },
+          );
+
+          if (result.kind === 'immediate') {
+            const response = toSdkBridgeResponse(
+              config.channel,
+              config.version,
+              result.response,
+            );
+            pendingRequests.delete(id);
+            window.clearTimeout(timeoutId);
+
+            if (response.ok) {
+              resolve(response.result as T);
+            } else {
+              reject(new Error(response.error.message));
+            }
+          }
+        } catch (error: unknown) {
+          const pending = pendingRequests.get(id);
+          if (!pending) {
+            return;
+          }
+
+          pendingRequests.delete(id);
+          window.clearTimeout(timeoutId);
+          reject(error instanceof Error ? error : new Error(String(error)));
+        }
+      })();
+    });
+  }
+
+  return {
+    webview,
+    pendingRequests,
+    callHost,
+    rejectAllPending,
+  };
+}
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/index.ts b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/index.ts
index c4569ded2..8d0d802ed 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/index.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/index.ts
@@ -9,4 +9,10 @@ export {
   hasSageBridge,
 } from './client';
 
-export type * from './generated-types';
+export {
+  createBridgeRuntimeCore,
+  parseJsonOrNull,
+  toSdkBridgeResponse,
+} from './bridge-runtime-core';
+
+export * from './types';
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
index 3ea354b65..3d24df4aa 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-import { invoke } from '@tauri-apps/api/core';
-import { getCurrentWebview } from '@tauri-apps/api/webview';
 import type {
   AppGetInfoResult,
   BridgePingResult,
@@ -12,7 +10,6 @@ import type {
   RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantParams,
   RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantResult,
   RuntimeAckResult,
-  SageBridgeRequest,
   SageBridgeResponse,
   SageBridgeRuntimeEvent,
   SageBridgeSendPayload,
@@ -23,6 +20,7 @@ import type {
   TransactionResponse,
   WalletSendXchParams,
 } from './types';
+import { createBridgeRuntimeCore } from './bridge-runtime-core';
 
 export const SAGE_BRIDGE_VERSION: SageBridgeVersion = 'v1';
 
@@ -47,41 +45,6 @@ type SageWindow = Window &
     __SAGE_RUNTIME_BRIDGE_INITIALIZED__?: boolean;
   };
 
-type PendingBridgeRequest = {
-  resolve: (value: unknown) => void;
-  reject: (reason?: unknown) => void;
-  timeoutId: number;
-  method: string;
-};
-
-type RustBridgeResponse =
-  | {
-      channel: string;
-      bridgeVersion: string;
-      id: string;
-      ok: true;
-      resultJson: string;
-    }
-  | {
-      channel: string;
-      bridgeVersion: string;
-      id: string;
-      ok: false;
-      error: {
-        code: string;
-        message: string;
-      };
-    };
-
-type RustBridgeInvokeResult =
-  | {
-      kind: 'immediate';
-      response: RustBridgeResponse;
-    }
-  | {
-      kind: 'pending';
-    };
-
 type BeforeStopPublicDetail = Omit<SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail, 'requestId'>;
 
 function getSageWindow(): SageWindow {
@@ -110,51 +73,10 @@ function buildFallbackAppInfo(): AppGetInfoResult {
   };
 }
 
-function tryGetCurrentWebview(): SageWebviewHandle | null {
-  try {
-    return getCurrentWebview() as SageWebviewHandle;
-  } catch {
-    return null;
-  }
-}
-
 function isObject(value: unknown): value is Record<string, unknown> {
   return !!value && typeof value === 'object';
 }
 
-function parseJsonOrNull(value: string | null | undefined): unknown {
-  if (value == null) {
-    return null;
-  }
-
-  try {
-    return JSON.parse(value);
-  } catch (err) {
-    console.error('Failed to parse JSON payload from Rust bridge:', err, value);
-    return null;
-  }
-}
-
-function toSdkBridgeResponse(response: RustBridgeResponse): SageBridgeResponse {
-  if ('resultJson' in response) {
-    return {
-      channel: 'sage-bridge',
-      bridgeVersion: 'v1',
-      id: response.id,
-      ok: true,
-      result: parseJsonOrNull(response.resultJson),
-    };
-  }
-
-  return {
-    channel: 'sage-bridge',
-    bridgeVersion: 'v1',
-    id: response.id,
-    ok: false,
-    error: response.error,
-  };
-}
-
 function isBridgeRuntimeEvent(value: unknown): value is SageBridgeRuntimeEvent {
   if (!isObject(value)) {
     return false;
@@ -201,100 +123,28 @@ export function initSageRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
     return true;
   }
 
-  const maybeWebview = tryGetCurrentWebview();
-  if (!maybeWebview) {
+  const core = createBridgeRuntimeCore({
+    channel: 'sage-bridge',
+    version: SAGE_BRIDGE_VERSION,
+    invokeCommand: 'apps_invoke_bridge',
+    requestIdPrefix: 'sage',
+  });
+
+  if (!core) {
     return false;
   }
 
-  const webview: SageWebviewHandle = maybeWebview;
+  const webview = core.webview as SageWebviewHandle;
+  const callHost = core.callHost;
+  const rejectAllPending = core.rejectAllPending;
+
   w.__SAGE_RUNTIME_BRIDGE_INITIALIZED__ = true;
 
-  const pendingRequests = new Map<string, PendingBridgeRequest>();
   const beforeStopHandlers = new Set<
     (detail: BeforeStopPublicDetail) => void | Promise<void>
   >();
   let beforeStopRegistered = false;
 
-  function rejectAllPending(reason: string) {
-    for (const [id, pending] of pendingRequests.entries()) {
-      window.clearTimeout(pending.timeoutId);
-      pending.reject(new Error(reason));
-      pendingRequests.delete(id);
-    }
-  }
-
-  async function callHost<T>(method: string, params?: unknown): Promise<T> {
-    const id = `sage-${Date.now()}-${Math.random().toString(36).slice(2)}`;
-
-    return await new Promise<T>((resolve, reject) => {
-      const timeoutId = window.setTimeout(() => {
-        const pending = pendingRequests.get(id);
-        if (!pending) {
-          return;
-        }
-
-        pendingRequests.delete(id);
-        reject(new Error(`Sage bridge timeout for ${method}`));
-      }, 30000);
-
-      pendingRequests.set(id, {
-        resolve: (value) => resolve(value as T),
-        reject,
-        timeoutId,
-        method,
-      });
-
-      void (async () => {
-        try {
-          const request: SageBridgeRequest = {
-            channel: 'sage-bridge',
-            bridgeVersion: SAGE_BRIDGE_VERSION,
-            id,
-            method,
-            params,
-          };
-
-          const result = await invoke<RustBridgeInvokeResult>(
-            'apps_invoke_bridge',
-            {
-              request: {
-                channel: request.channel,
-                bridgeVersion: request.bridgeVersion ?? null,
-                id: request.id,
-                method: request.method,
-                paramsJson:
-                  request.params === undefined
-                    ? null
-                    : JSON.stringify(request.params),
-              },
-            },
-          );
-
-          if (result.kind === 'immediate') {
-            const response = toSdkBridgeResponse(result.response);
-            pendingRequests.delete(id);
-            window.clearTimeout(timeoutId);
-
-            if (response.ok) {
-              resolve(response.result as T);
-            } else {
-              reject(new Error(response.error.message));
-            }
-          }
-        } catch (error: unknown) {
-          const pending = pendingRequests.get(id);
-          if (!pending) {
-            return;
-          }
-
-          pendingRequests.delete(id);
-          window.clearTimeout(timeoutId);
-          reject(error instanceof Error ? error : new Error(String(error)));
-        }
-      })();
-    });
-  }
-
   async function syncBeforeStopRegistration() {
     const shouldBeRegistered = beforeStopHandlers.size > 0;
     if (beforeStopRegistered === shouldBeRegistered) {
@@ -348,7 +198,7 @@ export function initSageRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
     });
 
   webview
-    .listen(
+    .listen<SageBridgeResponse>(
       'sage-bridge:response',
       (event: SageListenEvent<SageBridgeResponse>) => {
         const data = event.payload;
@@ -361,12 +211,12 @@ export function initSageRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
           return;
         }
 
-        const pending = pendingRequests.get(data.id);
+        const pending = core.pendingRequests.get(data.id);
         if (!pending) {
           return;
         }
 
-        pendingRequests.delete(data.id);
+        core.pendingRequests.delete(data.id);
         window.clearTimeout(pending.timeoutId);
 
         if (data.ok) {
@@ -435,12 +285,12 @@ export function initSageRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
       },
 
       async getCapabilities() {
-        return await callHost<string[]>('sage.getCapabilities');
+        return await callHost<string[]>('app.getCapabilities');
       },
 
       async requestCapabilityGrant(input: RequestCapabilityGrantParams) {
         return await callHost<RequestCapabilityGrantResult>(
-          'sage.requestCapabilityGrant',
+          'app.requestCapabilityGrant',
           input,
         );
       },
@@ -449,7 +299,7 @@ export function initSageRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
         input: RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantParams,
       ) {
         return await callHost<RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantResult>(
-          'sage.requestNetworkWhitelistGrant',
+          'app.requestNetworkWhitelistGrant',
           input,
         );
       },
@@ -461,13 +311,13 @@ export function initSageRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
         };
 
         window.addEventListener(
-          'sage:granted-capabilities-change',
+          'app:granted-capabilities-change',
           listener as EventListener,
         );
 
         return () => {
           window.removeEventListener(
-            'sage:granted-capabilities-change',
+            'app:granted-capabilities-change',
             listener as EventListener,
           );
         };
@@ -481,13 +331,13 @@ export function initSageRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
         };
 
         window.addEventListener(
-          'sage:granted-network-whitelist-change',
+          'app:granted-network-whitelist-change',
           listener as EventListener,
         );
 
         return () => {
           window.removeEventListener(
-            'sage:granted-network-whitelist-change',
+            'app:granted-network-whitelist-change',
             listener as EventListener,
           );
         };
diff --git a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/package.json b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/package.json
index ed446aa30..0b7bb4feb 100644
--- a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/package.json
+++ b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/package.json
@@ -23,6 +23,9 @@
     "dev": "pnpm run generate:types && tsup --watch",
     "clean": "rm -rf dist"
   },
+  "dependencies": {
+    "@sage-app/sdk": "workspace:*"
+  },
   "devDependencies": {
     "tsup": "^8.5.1",
     "typescript": "^5.6.3"
diff --git a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/index.ts b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/index.ts
index cc7137de9..3f072cd22 100644
--- a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/index.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/index.ts
@@ -13,4 +13,4 @@ export {
   hasSageSystemBridge,
 } from './client';
 
-export type * from './types';
+export * from './types';
diff --git a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime-bridge-entry.ts b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime-bridge-entry.ts
index 1506547b4..2a35ae27e 100644
--- a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime-bridge-entry.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime-bridge-entry.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
-import { initSageRuntimeBridge } from './runtime';
+import { initSageSystemRuntimeBridge } from './runtime';
 
-initSageRuntimeBridge();
+initSageSystemRuntimeBridge();
diff --git a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
index 11f535489..b7aae1f86 100644
--- a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
@@ -1,14 +1,12 @@
-import { invoke } from '@tauri-apps/api/core';
-import { getCurrentWebview } from '@tauri-apps/api/webview';
 import type {
   RuntimeTargetParams,
   SageAppRuntimeRecord,
-  SageSystemBridgeRequest,
   SageSystemBridgeResponse,
   SageSystemClient,
   SageSystemBridgeVersion,
   SystemKillRuntimeResult,
 } from './types';
+import { createBridgeRuntimeCore } from '@sage-app/sdk';
 
 export const SAGE_SYSTEM_BRIDGE_CHANNEL = 'sage-system-bridge';
 export const SAGE_SYSTEM_BRIDGE_VERSION: SageSystemBridgeVersion = 'v1';
@@ -33,92 +31,10 @@ type SageSystemWindow = Window &
     __SAGE_SYSTEM_RUNTIME_BRIDGE_INITIALIZED__?: boolean;
   };
 
-type PendingSystemBridgeRequest = {
-  resolve: (value: unknown) => void;
-  reject: (reason?: unknown) => void;
-  timeoutId: number;
-  method: string;
-};
-
-type RustSystemBridgeResponse =
-  | {
-      channel: string;
-      bridgeVersion: string;
-      id: string;
-      ok: true;
-      resultJson: string;
-    }
-  | {
-      channel: string;
-      bridgeVersion: string;
-      id: string;
-      ok: false;
-      error: {
-        code: string;
-        message: string;
-      };
-    };
-
-type RustSystemBridgeInvokeResult =
-  | {
-      kind: 'immediate';
-      response: RustSystemBridgeResponse;
-    }
-  | {
-      kind: 'pending';
-    };
-
 function getSageWindow(): SageSystemWindow {
   return window as SageSystemWindow;
 }
 
-function tryGetCurrentWebview(): SageWebviewHandle | null {
-  try {
-    return getCurrentWebview() as SageWebviewHandle;
-  } catch {
-    return null;
-  }
-}
-
-function parseJsonOrNull(value: string | null | undefined): unknown {
-  if (value == null) {
-    return null;
-  }
-
-  try {
-    return JSON.parse(value);
-  } catch (err) {
-    console.error(
-      'Failed to parse JSON payload from Rust system bridge:',
-      err,
-      value,
-    );
-    return null;
-  }
-}
-
-function toSdkSystemBridgeResponse(
-  response: RustSystemBridgeResponse,
-): SageSystemBridgeResponse {
-  if ('resultJson' in response) {
-    return {
-      channel: SAGE_SYSTEM_BRIDGE_CHANNEL,
-      bridgeVersion: SAGE_SYSTEM_BRIDGE_VERSION,
-      id: response.id,
-      ok: true,
-      result: parseJsonOrNull(response.resultJson),
-    };
-  }
-
-  return {
-    channel: SAGE_SYSTEM_BRIDGE_CHANNEL,
-    bridgeVersion: SAGE_SYSTEM_BRIDGE_VERSION,
-    id: response.id,
-    ok: false,
-    error: response.error,
-  };
-}
-
 export function initSageSystemRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
   const w = getSageWindow();
 
@@ -130,23 +46,22 @@ export function initSageSystemRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
     return true;
   }
 
-  const maybeWebview = tryGetCurrentWebview();
-  if (!maybeWebview) {
+  const core = createBridgeRuntimeCore({
+    channel: 'sage-system-bridge',
+    version: SAGE_SYSTEM_BRIDGE_VERSION,
+    invokeCommand: 'apps_invoke_system_bridge',
+    requestIdPrefix: 'sage-system',
+  });
+
+  if (!core) {
     return false;
   }
 
-  const webview: SageWebviewHandle = maybeWebview;
-  w.__SAGE_SYSTEM_RUNTIME_BRIDGE_INITIALIZED__ = true;
-
-  const pendingRequests = new Map<string, PendingSystemBridgeRequest>();
+  const webview = core.webview as SageWebviewHandle;
+  const callHost = core.callHost;
+  const rejectAllPending = core.rejectAllPending;
 
-  function rejectAllPending(reason: string) {
-    for (const [id, pending] of pendingRequests.entries()) {
-      window.clearTimeout(pending.timeoutId);
-      pending.reject(new Error(reason));
-      pendingRequests.delete(id);
-    }
-  }
+  w.__SAGE_SYSTEM_RUNTIME_BRIDGE_INITIALIZED__ = true;
 
   webview
     .listen(
@@ -162,12 +77,12 @@ export function initSageSystemRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
           return;
         }
 
-        const pending = pendingRequests.get(data.id);
+        const pending = core.pendingRequests.get(data.id);
         if (!pending) {
           return;
         }
 
-        pendingRequests.delete(data.id);
+        core.pendingRequests.delete(data.id);
         window.clearTimeout(pending.timeoutId);
 
         if (data.ok) {
@@ -199,78 +114,6 @@ export function initSageSystemRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
       );
     });
 
-  async function callHost<T>(method: string, params?: unknown): Promise<T> {
-    const id = `sage-system-${Date.now()}-${Math.random().toString(36).slice(2)}`;
-
-    return await new Promise<T>((resolve, reject) => {
-      const timeoutId = window.setTimeout(() => {
-        const pending = pendingRequests.get(id);
-        if (!pending) {
-          return;
-        }
-
-        pendingRequests.delete(id);
-        reject(new Error(`Sage system bridge timeout for ${method}`));
-      }, 30000);
-
-      pendingRequests.set(id, {
-        resolve: (value) => resolve(value as T),
-        reject,
-        timeoutId,
-        method,
-      });
-
-      void (async () => {
-        try {
-          const request: SageSystemBridgeRequest = {
-            channel: SAGE_SYSTEM_BRIDGE_CHANNEL,
-            bridgeVersion: SAGE_SYSTEM_BRIDGE_VERSION,
-            id,
-            method,
-            params,
-          };
-
-          const result = await invoke<RustSystemBridgeInvokeResult>(
-            'apps_invoke_system_bridge',
-            {
-              request: {
-                channel: request.channel,
-                bridgeVersion: request.bridgeVersion ?? null,
-                id: request.id,
-                method: request.method,
-                paramsJson:
-                  request.params === undefined
-                    ? null
-                    : JSON.stringify(request.params),
-              },
-            },
-          );
-
-          if (result.kind === 'immediate') {
-            const response = toSdkSystemBridgeResponse(result.response);
-            pendingRequests.delete(id);
-            window.clearTimeout(timeoutId);
-
-            if (response.ok) {
-              resolve(response.result as T);
-            } else {
-              reject(new Error(response.error.message));
-            }
-          }
-        } catch (error: unknown) {
-          const pending = pendingRequests.get(id);
-          if (!pending) {
-            return;
-          }
-
-          pendingRequests.delete(id);
-          window.clearTimeout(timeoutId);
-          reject(error instanceof Error ? error : new Error(String(error)));
-        }
-      })();
-    });
-  }
-
   w.__SAGE_SYSTEM__ = {
     runtimeManager: {
       async listRuntimes() {
diff --git a/pnpm-lock.yaml b/pnpm-lock.yaml
index f3957b249..4efed97b2 100644
--- a/pnpm-lock.yaml
+++ b/pnpm-lock.yaml
@@ -315,6 +315,10 @@ importers:
         version: 5.9.3
 
   packages/sage-system-app-sdk:
+    dependencies:
+      '@sage-app/sdk':
+        specifier: workspace:*
+        version: link:../sage-app-sdk
     devDependencies:
       tsup:
         specifier: ^8.5.1

From f574aa024b2278ff2de59d0b9dd9f7c9df6d6938 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Thu, 23 Apr 2026 19:30:58 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 155/471] Refactor runtime manager to integrate runtime
 management commands (list, focus, hide, kill) into Tauri bridge; remove
 unused SageBridge logic and streamline approval handling.

---
 .../system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs   | 123 +++--------
 .../system/runtime_manager/hide_runtime.rs    |  97 ++++----
 .../system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs    |  64 +++---
 .../system/runtime_manager/list_runtimes.rs   |  28 +--
 .../methods/system/runtime_manager/mod.rs     |  17 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs     |   3 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs       | 207 ++++++++++++++++++
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs           |   2 +
 src-tauri/src/lib.rs                          |   4 +
 src/bindings.ts                               |  14 ++
 src/components/apps/AppApprovalBanner.tsx     |   6 +-
 src/hooks/useAppPendingApprovals.ts           |   2 +-
 src/hooks/useAppRuntimes.ts                   |  47 +---
 src/hooks/useBridgeHost.ts                    |  15 +-
 src/lib/apps/bridge/index.ts                  |  42 ----
 src/lib/apps/bridge/responses.ts              |  20 +-
 src/lib/apps/bridge/types.ts                  |  52 +----
 src/lib/apps/restartAppRuntime.ts             |   7 +-
 src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts               | 199 +++++++++--------
 src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx                   |   6 +-
 20 files changed, 504 insertions(+), 451 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
 delete mode 100644 src/lib/apps/bridge/index.ts

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs
index 74ae7ff2e..69ad4b034 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs
@@ -1,33 +1,33 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
-use serde_json::json;
-use tauri::{Emitter, Manager};
 
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::bridge::methods::system::runtime_manager::RuntimeTargetParams;
 use crate::bridge::{failure, success, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
-use crate::bridge::methods::system::runtime_manager::{
-    get_runtime_record_by_app_id, now_ms, parse_runtime_target_params, write_runtime_record,
-};
+use crate::runtime::focus_runtime_internal;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct SystemFocusRuntime;
 
-async fn emit_route_request(
-    tools: &BridgeTools<'_>,
-    app_id: &str,
-) -> Result<(), String> {
-    let window = tools
-        .app_handle
-        .get_window("main")
-        .ok_or_else(|| "missing main window".to_string())?;
+fn parse_runtime_target_params(
+    request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+) -> Result<RuntimeTargetParams, RustBridgeResponse> {
+    let Some(params_json) = request.params_json.clone() else {
+        return Err(failure(
+            &request.channel,
+            &request.id,
+            "invalid_request",
+            "method requires params",
+        ));
+    };
 
-    window
-        .emit(
-            "system:route-to-app",
-            json!({
-                "appId": app_id,
-            }),
+    serde_json::from_str(&params_json).map_err(|err| {
+        failure(
+            &request.channel,
+            &request.id,
+            "invalid_request",
+            format!("failed to decode params: {err}"),
         )
-        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to emit route request: {err}"))
+    })
 }
 
 #[async_trait]
@@ -43,77 +43,24 @@ impl BridgeMethod for SystemFocusRuntime {
             Err(response) => return response,
         };
 
-        let host_window = match tools.app_handle.get_window("main") {
-            Some(window) => window,
-            None => {
-                return failure(
+        match focus_runtime_internal(
+            tools.app_handle,
+            tools.host_state,
+            &params.app_id,
+            true,
+        )
+            .await
+        {
+            Ok(record) => match serde_json::to_value(record) {
+                Ok(value) => success(&request.channel, &request.id, value),
+                Err(err) => failure(
                     &request.channel,
                     &request.id,
                     "internal_error",
-                    "missing main window",
-                );
-            }
-        };
-
-        let mut record = match get_runtime_record_by_app_id(&tools, &params.app_id).await {
-            Ok(record) => record,
-            Err(err) => {
-                return failure(&request.channel, &request.id, "not_found", err);
-            }
-        };
-
-        let Some(webview) = host_window.get_webview(&record.webview_label) else {
-            return failure(
-                &request.channel,
-                &request.id,
-                "not_found",
-                format!("missing webview for label: {}", record.webview_label),
-            );
-        };
-
-        if let Err(err) = emit_route_request(&tools, &params.app_id).await {
-            return failure(&request.channel, &request.id, "internal_error", err);
-        }
-
-        if let Err(err) = webview.show() {
-            return failure(
-                &request.channel,
-                &request.id,
-                "internal_error",
-                format!("failed to show webview: {err}"),
-            );
-        }
-
-        if let Err(err) = webview.set_focus() {
-            return failure(
-                &request.channel,
-                &request.id,
-                "internal_error",
-                format!("failed to focus webview: {err}"),
-            );
-        }
-
-        record.visible = true;
-        record.state = "running".into();
-        record.last_active_at = match now_ms() {
-            Ok(value) => value,
-            Err(err) => {
-                return failure(&request.channel, &request.id, "internal_error", err);
-            }
-        };
-
-        if let Err(err) = write_runtime_record(&tools, record.clone()).await {
-            return failure(&request.channel, &request.id, "internal_error", err);
-        }
-
-        match serde_json::to_value(record) {
-            Ok(value) => success(&request.channel, &request.id, value),
-            Err(err) => failure(
-                &request.channel,
-                &request.id,
-                "internal_error",
-                format!("failed to encode runtime record: {err}"),
-            ),
+                    format!("failed to encode runtime record: {err}"),
+                ),
+            },
+            Err(err) => failure(&request.channel, &request.id, "internal_error", err),
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_runtime.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_runtime.rs
index 253791d1f..0bf3765d3 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_runtime.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_runtime.rs
@@ -1,15 +1,35 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
-use tauri::Manager;
 
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::bridge::methods::system::runtime_manager::RuntimeTargetParams;
 use crate::bridge::{failure, success, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
-use crate::bridge::methods::system::runtime_manager::{
-    get_runtime_record_by_app_id, now_ms, parse_runtime_target_params, write_runtime_record,
-};
+use crate::runtime::hide_runtime_internal;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct SystemHideRuntime;
 
+fn parse_runtime_target_params(
+    request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+) -> Result<RuntimeTargetParams, RustBridgeResponse> {
+    let Some(params_json) = request.params_json.clone() else {
+        return Err(failure(
+            &request.channel,
+            &request.id,
+            "invalid_request",
+            "method requires params",
+        ));
+    };
+
+    serde_json::from_str(&params_json).map_err(|err| {
+        failure(
+            &request.channel,
+            &request.id,
+            "invalid_request",
+            format!("failed to decode params: {err}"),
+        )
+    })
+}
+
 #[async_trait]
 impl BridgeMethod for SystemHideRuntime {
     async fn handle(
@@ -23,64 +43,23 @@ impl BridgeMethod for SystemHideRuntime {
             Err(response) => return response,
         };
 
-        let host_window = match tools.app_handle.get_window("main") {
-            Some(window) => window,
-            None => {
-                return failure(
+        match hide_runtime_internal(
+            tools.app_handle,
+            tools.host_state,
+            &params.app_id,
+        )
+            .await
+        {
+            Ok(record) => match serde_json::to_value(record) {
+                Ok(value) => success(&request.channel, &request.id, value),
+                Err(err) => failure(
                     &request.channel,
                     &request.id,
                     "internal_error",
-                    "missing main window",
-                );
-            }
-        };
-
-        let mut record = match get_runtime_record_by_app_id(&tools, &params.app_id).await {
-            Ok(record) => record,
-            Err(err) => {
-                return failure(&request.channel, &request.id, "not_found", err);
-            }
-        };
-
-        let Some(webview) = host_window.get_webview(&record.webview_label) else {
-            return failure(
-                &request.channel,
-                &request.id,
-                "not_found",
-                format!("missing webview for label: {}", record.webview_label),
-            );
-        };
-
-        if let Err(err) = webview.hide() {
-            return failure(
-                &request.channel,
-                &request.id,
-                "internal_error",
-                format!("failed to hide webview: {err}"),
-            );
-        }
-
-        record.visible = false;
-        record.state = "hidden".into();
-        record.last_active_at = match now_ms() {
-            Ok(value) => value,
-            Err(err) => {
-                return failure(&request.channel, &request.id, "internal_error", err);
-            }
-        };
-
-        if let Err(err) = write_runtime_record(&tools, record.clone()).await {
-            return failure(&request.channel, &request.id, "internal_error", err);
-        }
-
-        match serde_json::to_value(record) {
-            Ok(value) => success(&request.channel, &request.id, value),
-            Err(err) => failure(
-                &request.channel,
-                &request.id,
-                "internal_error",
-                format!("failed to encode runtime record: {err}"),
-            ),
+                    format!("failed to encode runtime record: {err}"),
+                ),
+            },
+            Err(err) => failure(&request.channel, &request.id, "internal_error", err),
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs
index 3cc9806fe..bf06df4cd 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs
@@ -1,20 +1,35 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
 use crate::bridge::methods::system::runtime_manager::{
-    get_runtime_record_by_app_id, parse_runtime_target_params,
+    RuntimeTargetParams, SystemKillRuntimeResult,
 };
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::bridge::{failure, success, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
-use crate::runtime::close_runtime_internal_with_reason;
+use crate::runtime::kill_runtime_internal;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct SystemKillRuntime;
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize, specta::Type)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub struct SystemKillRuntimeResult {
-    pub ok: bool,
-    pub app_id: String,
+fn parse_runtime_target_params(
+    request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+) -> Result<RuntimeTargetParams, RustBridgeResponse> {
+    let Some(params_json) = request.params_json.clone() else {
+        return Err(failure(
+            &request.channel,
+            &request.id,
+            "invalid_request",
+            "method requires params",
+        ));
+    };
+
+    serde_json::from_str(&params_json).map_err(|err| {
+        failure(
+            &request.channel,
+            &request.id,
+            "invalid_request",
+            format!("failed to decode params: {err}"),
+        )
+    })
 }
 
 #[async_trait]
@@ -30,14 +45,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for SystemKillRuntime {
             Err(response) => return response,
         };
 
-        let _record = match get_runtime_record_by_app_id(&tools, &params.app_id).await {
-            Ok(record) => record,
-            Err(err) => {
-                return failure(&request.channel, &request.id, "not_found", err);
-            }
-        };
-
-        if let Err(err) = close_runtime_internal_with_reason(
+        match kill_runtime_internal(
             tools.app_handle,
             tools.host_state,
             &params.app_id,
@@ -45,22 +53,16 @@ impl BridgeMethod for SystemKillRuntime {
         )
             .await
         {
-            return failure(&request.channel, &request.id, "internal_error", err);
-        }
-
-        let result = SystemKillRuntimeResult {
-            ok: true,
-            app_id: params.app_id,
-        };
-
-        match serde_json::to_value(result) {
-            Ok(value) => success(&request.channel, &request.id, value),
-            Err(err) => failure(
-                &request.channel,
-                &request.id,
-                "internal_error",
-                format!("failed to encode system.killRuntime result: {err}"),
-            ),
+            Ok(result) => match serde_json::to_value::<SystemKillRuntimeResult>(result) {
+                Ok(value) => success(&request.channel, &request.id, value),
+                Err(err) => failure(
+                    &request.channel,
+                    &request.id,
+                    "internal_error",
+                    format!("failed to encode system.killRuntime result: {err}"),
+                ),
+            },
+            Err(err) => failure(&request.channel, &request.id, "internal_error", err),
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/list_runtimes.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/list_runtimes.rs
index 0f7cb56b9..abfc356f3 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/list_runtimes.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/list_runtimes.rs
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ use async_trait::async_trait;
 
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::bridge::{failure, success, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
+use crate::runtime::list_runtimes_internal;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct SystemListRuntimes;
@@ -14,22 +15,17 @@ impl BridgeMethod for SystemListRuntimes {
         tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
         request: &RustBridgeRequest,
     ) -> RustBridgeResponse {
-        let mut records = {
-            let by_runtime_id = tools.host_state.runtime.by_runtime_id.lock().await;
-            by_runtime_id.values().cloned().collect::<Vec<_>>()
-        };
-
-        records.retain(|record| !record.internal);
-        records.sort_by(|a, b| b.started_at.cmp(&a.started_at));
-
-        match serde_json::to_value(records) {
-            Ok(value) => success(&request.channel, &request.id, value),
-            Err(err) => failure(
-                &request.channel,
-                &request.id,
-                "internal_error",
-                format!("failed to encode runtimes: {err}"),
-            ),
+        match list_runtimes_internal(tools.host_state).await {
+            Ok(records) => match serde_json::to_value(records) {
+                Ok(value) => success(&request.channel, &request.id, value),
+                Err(err) => failure(
+                    &request.channel,
+                    &request.id,
+                    "internal_error",
+                    format!("failed to encode runtimes: {err}"),
+                ),
+            },
+            Err(err) => failure(&request.channel, &request.id, "internal_error", err),
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/mod.rs
index b38a933ed..8fa1a2f78 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/mod.rs
@@ -3,25 +3,22 @@ pub mod hide_runtime;
 pub mod kill_runtime;
 pub mod list_runtimes;
 
-use std::time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};
-
-use serde::Deserialize;
-use specta::Type;
 pub use focus_runtime::SystemFocusRuntime;
 pub use hide_runtime::SystemHideRuntime;
 pub use kill_runtime::SystemKillRuntime;
 pub use list_runtimes::SystemListRuntimes;
 
+pub use crate::runtime::{RuntimeTargetParams, SystemKillRuntimeResult};
+
+use std::time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};
+
+use serde::Deserialize;
+use specta::Type;
+
 use crate::bridge::methods::BridgeTools;
 use crate::bridge::{failure, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
 use crate::runtime::SageAppRuntimeRecord;
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Type)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub struct RuntimeTargetParams {
-    app_id: String,
-}
-
 fn now_ms() -> Result<i64, String> {
     Ok(SystemTime::now()
         .duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
index 193285481..2439f9826 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 use specta::TypeCollection;
 use specta_typescript::{BigIntExportBehavior, Typescript};
 use sage_api::TransactionResponse;
-use crate::bridge::methods::system::kill_runtime::SystemKillRuntimeResult;
 use crate::bridge::methods::system::runtime_manager::RuntimeTargetParams;
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::get_info::{AppGetInfoResult, SageNetworkPermissionInfo};
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::{GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent, GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent};
@@ -10,7 +9,7 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::request_network_whitelist_grant::{Request
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::bridge::ping::BridgePingResult;
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::bridge::send::BridgeSendResult;
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::wallet::send_xch::WalletSendXchParams;
-use crate::runtime::{ReadyToStopParams, RuntimeAckResult, SageAppRuntimeRecord, SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail, SetBeforeStopListenerParams};
+use crate::runtime::{ReadyToStopParams, RuntimeAckResult, SageAppRuntimeRecord, SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail, SetBeforeStopListenerParams, SystemKillRuntimeResult};
 
 pub fn export_system_bridge_typescript() -> Result<String, String> {
     let mut types = TypeCollection::default();
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e9849e68e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,207 @@
+use std::time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};
+
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use specta::Type;
+use tauri::{AppHandle, Emitter, Manager, State};
+
+use crate::state::AppsHostState;
+
+use super::cleanup::close_runtime_internal_with_reason;
+use super::records::SageAppRuntimeRecord;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Serialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct RuntimeTargetParams {
+    pub app_id: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct SystemKillRuntimeResult {
+    pub ok: bool,
+    pub app_id: String,
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn now_ms() -> Result<i64, String> {
+    Ok(SystemTime::now()
+        .duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)
+        .map_err(|err| format!("system clock error: {err}"))?
+        .as_millis() as i64)
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn get_runtime_record_by_app_id(
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    app_id: &str,
+) -> Result<SageAppRuntimeRecord, String> {
+    let runtime_id = {
+        let runtime_by_app_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_by_app_id.lock().await;
+        runtime_by_app_id.get(app_id).cloned()
+    }
+        .ok_or_else(|| format!("runtime not found for app id: {app_id}"))?;
+
+    let record = {
+        let by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.by_runtime_id.lock().await;
+        by_runtime_id.get(&runtime_id).cloned()
+    }
+        .ok_or_else(|| format!("runtime record not found for runtime id: {runtime_id}"))?;
+
+    Ok(record)
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn write_runtime_record(
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    record: SageAppRuntimeRecord,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let mut by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.by_runtime_id.lock().await;
+    by_runtime_id.insert(record.runtime_id.clone(), record);
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn list_runtimes_internal(
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+) -> Result<Vec<SageAppRuntimeRecord>, String> {
+    let mut records = {
+        let by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.by_runtime_id.lock().await;
+        by_runtime_id.values().cloned().collect::<Vec<_>>()
+    };
+
+    records.retain(|record| !record.internal);
+    records.sort_by(|a, b| b.started_at.cmp(&a.started_at));
+
+    Ok(records)
+}
+
+async fn emit_route_request(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    app_id: &str,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let window = app
+        .get_window("main")
+        .ok_or_else(|| "missing main window".to_string())?;
+
+    window
+        .emit(
+            "system:route-to-app",
+            serde_json::json!({
+                "appId": app_id,
+            }),
+        )
+        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to emit route request: {err}"))
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn focus_runtime_internal(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    app_id: &str,
+    emit_route: bool,
+) -> Result<SageAppRuntimeRecord, String> {
+    let host_window = app
+        .get_window("main")
+        .ok_or_else(|| "missing main window".to_string())?;
+
+    let mut record = get_runtime_record_by_app_id(apps_state, app_id).await?;
+
+    let webview = host_window
+        .get_webview(&record.webview_label)
+        .ok_or_else(|| format!("missing webview for label: {}", record.webview_label))?;
+
+    if emit_route {
+        emit_route_request(app, app_id).await?;
+    }
+
+    webview
+        .show()
+        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to show webview: {err}"))?;
+
+    webview
+        .set_focus()
+        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to focus webview: {err}"))?;
+
+    record.visible = true;
+    record.state = "running".into();
+    record.last_active_at = now_ms()?;
+
+    write_runtime_record(apps_state, record.clone()).await?;
+    Ok(record)
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn hide_runtime_internal(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    app_id: &str,
+) -> Result<SageAppRuntimeRecord, String> {
+    let host_window = app
+        .get_window("main")
+        .ok_or_else(|| "missing main window".to_string())?;
+
+    let mut record = get_runtime_record_by_app_id(apps_state, app_id).await?;
+
+    let webview = host_window
+        .get_webview(&record.webview_label)
+        .ok_or_else(|| format!("missing webview for label: {}", record.webview_label))?;
+
+    webview
+        .hide()
+        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to hide webview: {err}"))?;
+
+    record.visible = false;
+    record.state = "hidden".into();
+    record.last_active_at = now_ms()?;
+
+    write_runtime_record(apps_state, record.clone()).await?;
+    Ok(record)
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn kill_runtime_internal(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    app_id: &str,
+    reason: &str,
+) -> Result<SystemKillRuntimeResult, String> {
+    let _ = get_runtime_record_by_app_id(apps_state, app_id).await?;
+
+    close_runtime_internal_with_reason(app, apps_state, app_id, reason).await?;
+
+    Ok(SystemKillRuntimeResult {
+        ok: true,
+        app_id: app_id.to_string(),
+    })
+}
+
+#[tauri::command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn apps_list_runtimes(
+    apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+) -> Result<Vec<SageAppRuntimeRecord>, String> {
+    list_runtimes_internal(&apps_state).await
+}
+
+#[tauri::command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn apps_focus_runtime(
+    app: AppHandle,
+    apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    params: RuntimeTargetParams,
+) -> Result<SageAppRuntimeRecord, String> {
+    focus_runtime_internal(&app, &apps_state, &params.app_id, false).await
+}
+
+#[tauri::command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn apps_hide_runtime(
+    app: AppHandle,
+    apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    params: RuntimeTargetParams,
+) -> Result<SageAppRuntimeRecord, String> {
+    hide_runtime_internal(&app, &apps_state, &params.app_id).await
+}
+
+#[tauri::command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn apps_kill_runtime(
+    app: AppHandle,
+    apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    params: RuntimeTargetParams,
+) -> Result<SystemKillRuntimeResult, String> {
+    kill_runtime_internal(&app, &apps_state, &params.app_id, "user_kill").await
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs
index 8abbbc8ed..e689eacd0 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
 pub mod cleanup;
 pub mod inline;
+pub mod manager;
 pub mod records;
 pub mod resolve;
 
 pub use cleanup::*;
 pub use inline::*;
+pub use manager::*;
 pub use records::*;
 pub use resolve::*;
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
index fe809d244..9fc4daf9e 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
@@ -166,6 +166,10 @@ pub fn run() {
             apps::sandbox::get_builtin_test_app,
             apps::permissions::apps_get_capability_registry,
             apps::system_apps::get_builtin_system_app,
+            apps::runtime::manager::apps_list_runtimes,
+            apps::runtime::manager::apps_focus_runtime,
+            apps::runtime::manager::apps_hide_runtime,
+            apps::runtime::manager::apps_kill_runtime,
         ])
         .events(collect_events![SyncEvent]);
 
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index 9a657951a..ee1c168f4 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -427,6 +427,18 @@ async appsGetCapabilityRegistry() : Promise<SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView[]> {
 },
 async getBuiltinSystemApp(appId: string) : Promise<SageApp | null> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("get_builtin_system_app", { appId });
+},
+async appsListRuntimes() : Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecord[]> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_list_runtimes");
+},
+async appsFocusRuntime(params: RuntimeTargetParams) : Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecord> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_focus_runtime", { params });
+},
+async appsHideRuntime(params: RuntimeTargetParams) : Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecord> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_hide_runtime", { params });
+},
+async appsKillRuntime(params: RuntimeTargetParams) : Promise<SystemKillRuntimeResult> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_kill_runtime", { params });
 }
 }
 
@@ -2232,6 +2244,7 @@ export type ResyncCatResponse = Record<string, never>
  * Response from resynchronizing the wallet
  */
 export type ResyncResponse = Record<string, never>
+export type RuntimeTargetParams = { appId: string }
 export type RustBridgeErrorPayload = { code: string; message: string }
 export type RustBridgeErrorResponse = { channel: string; bridgeVersion: string; id: string; ok: boolean; error: RustBridgeErrorPayload }
 export type RustBridgeInvokeResult = { kind: "immediate"; response: RustBridgeResponse } | { kind: "pending" }
@@ -2607,6 +2620,7 @@ spend_bundle: SpendBundleJson }
 export type SubmitTransactionResponse = Record<string, never>
 export type SyncEvent = { type: "start"; ip: string } | { type: "stop" } | { type: "subscribed" } | { type: "derivation" } | { type: "coin_state" } | { type: "transaction_failed"; transaction_id: string; error: string | null } | { type: "puzzle_batch_synced" } | { type: "cat_info" } | { type: "did_info" } | { type: "nft_data" }
 export type SystemAppPresentation = "Taskbar" | "Modal"
+export type SystemKillRuntimeResult = { ok: boolean; appId: string }
 export type SystemSageApp = { common: SageAppCommon; presentation: SystemAppPresentation }
 /**
  * Accept an offer
diff --git a/src/components/apps/AppApprovalBanner.tsx b/src/components/apps/AppApprovalBanner.tsx
index 854f98902..98c4e564e 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/AppApprovalBanner.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/AppApprovalBanner.tsx
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ function renderApprovalDetails(currentApproval: PendingApprovalItem) {
         <div className='rounded-md border p-3 text-xs'>
           Grant capability:{' '}
           <span className='font-mono'>
-            {currentApproval.request.capability}
+            {currentApproval.request.params.capability}
           </span>
         </div>
       );
@@ -34,8 +34,8 @@ function renderApprovalDetails(currentApproval: PendingApprovalItem) {
         <div className='rounded-md border p-3 text-xs'>
           Grant network access:{' '}
           <span className='font-mono'>
-            {currentApproval.request.entry.scheme}://
-            {currentApproval.request.entry.host}
+            {currentApproval.request.params.entry.scheme}://
+            {currentApproval.request.params.entry.host}
           </span>
         </div>
       );
diff --git a/src/hooks/useAppPendingApprovals.ts b/src/hooks/useAppPendingApprovals.ts
index 37d8c7837..32814a069 100644
--- a/src/hooks/useAppPendingApprovals.ts
+++ b/src/hooks/useAppPendingApprovals.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react';
-import type { BridgeApprovalRequest } from '@/lib/apps/bridge';
+import { BridgeApprovalRequest } from '@/lib/apps/bridge/types.ts';
 
 const APPROVAL_TIMEOUT_MS = 30_000;
 
diff --git a/src/hooks/useAppRuntimes.ts b/src/hooks/useAppRuntimes.ts
index 10c1ba928..bab439ea4 100644
--- a/src/hooks/useAppRuntimes.ts
+++ b/src/hooks/useAppRuntimes.ts
@@ -1,48 +1,25 @@
 import { useEffect, useState } from 'react';
 import {
   listAppRuntimes,
+  subscribeAppRuntimes,
   type SageAppRuntimeRecord,
 } from '@/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry';
 
-export function useAppRuntimes(options?: {
-  includeInternal?: boolean;
-  refreshMs?: number;
-}) {
+export function useAppRuntimes(options?: { includeInternal?: boolean }) {
   const includeInternal = options?.includeInternal ?? false;
-  const refreshMs = options?.refreshMs ?? 1000;
 
-  const [runtimes, setRuntimes] = useState<SageAppRuntimeRecord[]>([]);
+  const [runtimes, setRuntimes] = useState<SageAppRuntimeRecord[]>(() => {
+    const all = listAppRuntimes();
+    return includeInternal ? all : all.filter((runtime) => !runtime.internal);
+  });
 
   useEffect(() => {
-    let cancelled = false;
-
-    const refresh = async () => {
-      try {
-        const all = await listAppRuntimes();
-        if (cancelled) {
-          return;
-        }
-
-        setRuntimes(
-          includeInternal ? all : all.filter((runtime) => !runtime.internal),
-        );
-      } catch (err) {
-        if (!cancelled) {
-          console.error('Failed to load app runtimes:', err);
-        }
-      }
-    };
-
-    void refresh();
-    const intervalId = window.setInterval(() => {
-      void refresh();
-    }, refreshMs);
-
-    return () => {
-      cancelled = true;
-      window.clearInterval(intervalId);
-    };
-  }, [includeInternal, refreshMs]);
+    return subscribeAppRuntimes((next: SageAppRuntimeRecord[]) => {
+      setRuntimes(
+        includeInternal ? next : next.filter((runtime) => !runtime.internal),
+      );
+    });
+  }, [includeInternal]);
 
   return runtimes;
 }
diff --git a/src/hooks/useBridgeHost.ts b/src/hooks/useBridgeHost.ts
index 3114ddc58..919e21078 100644
--- a/src/hooks/useBridgeHost.ts
+++ b/src/hooks/useBridgeHost.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import { useEffect, useRef, useState } from 'react';
 import { invoke } from '@tauri-apps/api/core';
 import { getCurrentWindow } from '@tauri-apps/api/window';
-import type { BridgeApprovalRequest } from '@/lib/apps/bridge';
+import { BridgeApprovalRequest } from '@/lib/apps/bridge/types.ts';
 
 interface Args {
   requestApproval: (
@@ -59,6 +59,7 @@ function toBridgeApprovalRequest(
     const parsed = parseJsonOrNull(payload.paramsJson) as {
       capability?: string;
     } | null;
+
     if (!parsed?.capability) {
       return null;
     }
@@ -68,7 +69,9 @@ function toBridgeApprovalRequest(
       app: payload.app,
       sourceLabel: payload.sourceLabel,
       requestId: payload.requestId,
-      capability: parsed.capability,
+      params: {
+        capability: parsed.capability,
+      },
     };
   }
 
@@ -86,9 +89,11 @@ function toBridgeApprovalRequest(
       app: payload.app,
       sourceLabel: payload.sourceLabel,
       requestId: payload.requestId,
-      entry: {
-        scheme: parsed.entry.scheme,
-        host: parsed.entry.host,
+      params: {
+        entry: {
+          scheme: parsed.entry.scheme,
+          host: parsed.entry.host,
+        },
       },
     };
   }
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/bridge/index.ts b/src/lib/apps/bridge/index.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index bcd383dc0..000000000
--- a/src/lib/apps/bridge/index.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,42 +0,0 @@
-import type { SageBridgeRequest, SageBridgeVersion } from './types';
-import { isKnownSageBridgeMethod } from './types';
-
-export type { BridgeApprovalRequest, BridgeApprovalResult } from './types';
-
-const SUPPORTED_BRIDGE_VERSION: SageBridgeVersion = 'v1';
-
-export function isSupportedBridgeVersion(
-  value: unknown,
-): value is SageBridgeVersion {
-  return value === SUPPORTED_BRIDGE_VERSION;
-}
-
-export function isBridgeRequest(value: unknown): value is SageBridgeRequest {
-  if (!value || typeof value !== 'object') {
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  const maybe = value as {
-    channel?: unknown;
-    bridgeVersion?: unknown;
-    id?: unknown;
-    method?: unknown;
-  };
-
-  if (maybe.channel !== 'sage-bridge') {
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  if (
-    maybe.bridgeVersion !== undefined &&
-    !isSupportedBridgeVersion(maybe.bridgeVersion)
-  ) {
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  return (
-    typeof maybe.id === 'string' &&
-    typeof maybe.method === 'string' &&
-    isKnownSageBridgeMethod(maybe.method)
-  );
-}
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/bridge/responses.ts b/src/lib/apps/bridge/responses.ts
index 6a5bfce2d..1fbf3ad32 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/bridge/responses.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/bridge/responses.ts
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
 import type {
-  SageBridgeErrorResponse,
   SageBridgeSuccessResponse,
   SageBridgeVersion,
-} from './types';
+} from '@sage-app/sdk';
 
 const BRIDGE_VERSION: SageBridgeVersion = 'v1';
 
@@ -18,20 +17,3 @@ export function success(
     result,
   };
 }
-
-export function failure(
-  id: string,
-  code: string,
-  message: string,
-): SageBridgeErrorResponse {
-  return {
-    channel: 'sage-bridge',
-    bridgeVersion: BRIDGE_VERSION,
-    id,
-    ok: false,
-    error: {
-      code,
-      message,
-    },
-  };
-}
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/bridge/types.ts b/src/lib/apps/bridge/types.ts
index 859cdc072..18b769e8a 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/bridge/types.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/bridge/types.ts
@@ -1,77 +1,37 @@
 import type { SystemSageApp, UserSageApp } from '@/bindings';
-
-export type {
-  SageBridgeVersion,
-  SageBridgeRequest,
-  SageBridgeResponse,
-  SageBridgeSuccessResponse,
-  SageBridgeErrorResponse,
-  SageBridgeSendPayload,
-  SageWalletSendXchRequest,
-  SageRequestedNetworkWhitelistEntry,
-  SageGrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent,
-  SageGrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent,
-  SageRequestCapabilityGrantInput,
-  SageRequestCapabilityGrantResult,
-  SageRequestNetworkWhitelistGrantInput,
-  SageRequestNetworkWhitelistGrantResult,
-} from '@sage-app/sdk';
-
 import type {
-  SageRequestedNetworkWhitelistEntry,
-  SageWalletSendXchRequest,
+  RequestCapabilityGrantParams,
+  RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantParams,
+  WalletSendXchParams,
 } from '@sage-app/sdk';
 
 export type ApprovalApp =
   | ({ kind: 'user' } & UserSageApp)
   | ({ kind: 'system' } & SystemSageApp);
 
-export type SageBridgeMethod =
-  | 'bridge.ping'
-  | 'bridge.send'
-  | 'app.getInfo'
-  | 'app.getCapabilities'
-  | 'app.requestCapabilityGrant'
-  | 'app.requestNetworkWhitelistGrant'
-  | 'wallet.sendXch';
-
 export type BridgeApprovalRequest =
   | {
       kind: 'send_xch';
       app: ApprovalApp;
       sourceLabel: string;
       requestId: string;
-      params: SageWalletSendXchRequest;
+      params: WalletSendXchParams;
     }
   | {
       kind: 'capability_grant';
       app: ApprovalApp;
       sourceLabel: string;
       requestId: string;
-      capability: string;
+      params: RequestCapabilityGrantParams;
     }
   | {
       kind: 'network_whitelist_grant';
       app: ApprovalApp;
       sourceLabel: string;
       requestId: string;
-      entry: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelistEntry;
+      params: RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantParams;
     };
 
 export type BridgeApprovalResult =
   | { approved: true }
   | { approved: false; reason?: string };
-
-export function isKnownSageBridgeMethod(
-  method: string,
-): method is SageBridgeMethod {
-  return (
-    method === 'bridge.ping' ||
-    method === 'bridge.send' ||
-    method === 'app.getInfo' ||
-    method === 'app.getCapabilities' ||
-    method === 'app.requestCapabilityGrant' ||
-    method === 'app.requestNetworkWhitelistGrant' ||
-    method === 'wallet.sendXch'
-  );
-}
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/restartAppRuntime.ts b/src/lib/apps/restartAppRuntime.ts
index 63087aabf..7eee4b942 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/restartAppRuntime.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/restartAppRuntime.ts
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import type { SageApp, SystemSageApp, UserSageApp } from '@/bindings';
 import {
   closeAppRuntime,
   ensureInlineRuntime,
+  markRuntimeVisible,
 } from '@/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry';
 
 type AppLike = SageApp | UserSageApp | SystemSageApp;
@@ -12,6 +13,8 @@ export async function restartAppRuntime(
 ) {
   const visible = options?.visible ?? false;
 
-  await closeAppRuntime(app.common.id);
-  return await ensureInlineRuntime(app, { visible });
+  await closeAppRuntime(app.common.id, { timeoutMs: 8000 });
+  const runtime = await ensureInlineRuntime(app);
+  await markRuntimeVisible(app.common.id, visible);
+  return runtime;
 }
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts b/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
index ddfa5cdb0..ede14bfec 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
@@ -1,131 +1,152 @@
+import { Webview } from '@tauri-apps/api/webview';
 import {
   commands,
-  type SageApp,
+  type CreateInlineRuntimeArgs,
   type SageAppRuntimeRecord,
   type SystemSageApp,
   type UserSageApp,
+  type SageApp,
+  type RuntimeTargetParams,
 } from '@/bindings';
 
+export type { SageAppRuntimeRecord };
+
+type RuntimeListener = (records: SageAppRuntimeRecord[]) => void;
 type AppLike = SageApp | UserSageApp | SystemSageApp;
 
-function isBuiltinTestApp(app: AppLike): boolean {
-  return app.common.id.startsWith('__sage_test_');
-}
+const listeners = new Set<RuntimeListener>();
+let cachedRuntimes: SageAppRuntimeRecord[] = [];
+let pollTimer: number | null = null;
+let polling = false;
 
-function shouldDebugTestAppWindows(app: AppLike): boolean {
-  return (
-    import.meta.env.DEV &&
-    import.meta.env.VITE_SAGE_DEBUG_TEST_APPS === '1' &&
-    isBuiltinTestApp(app)
-  );
+async function refreshRuntimes(): Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecord[]> {
+  if (polling) {
+    return cachedRuntimes;
+  }
+
+  polling = true;
+  try {
+    const next = await commands.appsListRuntimes();
+    cachedRuntimes = next;
+
+    for (const listener of listeners) {
+      listener(next);
+    }
+
+    return next;
+  } catch (err) {
+    console.error('Failed to refresh app runtimes:', err);
+    return cachedRuntimes;
+  } finally {
+    polling = false;
+  }
 }
 
-export function shouldUseIncognito(app: AppLike): boolean {
-  const hasPersistentStorage =
-    app.common.grantedPermissions.capabilities.includes('persistent_storage');
+function ensurePolling() {
+  if (pollTimer != null) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  void refreshRuntimes();
 
-  if (!hasPersistentStorage) {
-    return true;
+  pollTimer = window.setInterval(() => {
+    void refreshRuntimes();
+  }, 1000);
+}
+
+function maybeStopPolling() {
+  if (listeners.size > 0) {
+    return;
   }
 
-  if (app.common.capabilityFlags.storageMayContainSecrets) {
-    return true;
+  if (pollTimer != null) {
+    window.clearInterval(pollTimer);
+    pollTimer = null;
   }
+}
 
-  return app.common.capabilityFlags.hasSecretAccess;
+function runtimeTarget(appId: string): RuntimeTargetParams {
+  return { appId };
 }
 
-function buildSystemBridgeRequest(method: string, params?: unknown) {
-  return {
-    channel: 'sage-system-bridge' as const,
-    bridgeVersion: 'v1' as const,
-    id: `sage-system-${Date.now()}-${Math.random().toString(36).slice(2)}`,
-    method,
-    paramsJson: params === undefined ? null : JSON.stringify(params),
+export function subscribeAppRuntimes(listener: RuntimeListener): () => void {
+  listeners.add(listener);
+  listener(cachedRuntimes);
+  ensurePolling();
+
+  return () => {
+    listeners.delete(listener);
+    maybeStopPolling();
   };
 }
 
-async function invokeSystemBridge<T>(
-  method: string,
-  params?: unknown,
-): Promise<T> {
-  const result = await commands.appsInvokeSystemBridge(
-    buildSystemBridgeRequest(method, params),
-  );
-
-  if (result.kind === 'pending') {
-    throw new Error(
-      `System bridge method ${method} unexpectedly returned pending`,
-    );
-  }
+export function listAppRuntimes(): SageAppRuntimeRecord[] {
+  return cachedRuntimes;
+}
 
-  const response = result.response;
+export async function getRuntimeWebview(
+  appId: string,
+): Promise<Webview | null> {
+  const runtime =
+    cachedRuntimes.find((item) => item.appId === appId) ??
+    (await refreshRuntimes()).find((item) => item.appId === appId);
 
-  if ('error' in response) {
-    throw new Error(response.error.message);
+  if (!runtime) {
+    return null;
   }
 
-  return JSON.parse(response.resultJson) as T;
+  return await Webview.getByLabel(runtime.webviewLabel).catch(() => null);
 }
 
-export async function createInlineRuntime(
-  app: AppLike,
-  options?: {
-    visible?: boolean;
-    internal?: boolean;
-    query?: Record<string, string>;
-    path?: string;
-  },
-): Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecord> {
-  const isIncognito = shouldUseIncognito(app);
-
-  if (!isIncognito && app.common.capabilityFlags.hasSecretAccess) {
-    await commands.appsMarkStorageMayContainSecrets(app.common.id);
+export async function markRuntimeVisible(
+  appId: string,
+  visible: boolean,
+): Promise<void> {
+  if (visible) {
+    await commands.appsFocusRuntime(runtimeTarget(appId));
+  } else {
+    await commands.appsHideRuntime(runtimeTarget(appId));
   }
 
-  return await commands.appsCreateInlineRuntime({
-    appId: app.common.id,
-    visible: options?.visible ?? true,
-    internal: options?.internal ?? false,
-    debugLayout: shouldDebugTestAppWindows(app),
-    query: options?.query ?? {},
-    path: options?.path ?? null,
-  });
+  await refreshRuntimes();
 }
 
-export async function ensureInlineRuntime(
-  app: AppLike,
-  options?: { visible?: boolean },
-): Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecord> {
-  return await createInlineRuntime(app, {
-    visible: options?.visible ?? true,
-    internal: false,
-  });
+export async function focusRuntime(appId: string): Promise<void> {
+  await commands.appsFocusRuntime(runtimeTarget(appId));
+  await refreshRuntimes();
 }
 
-export async function listAppRuntimes(): Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecord[]> {
-  return await invokeSystemBridge<SageAppRuntimeRecord[]>(
-    'system.listRuntimes',
-  );
+export async function hideRuntime(appId: string): Promise<void> {
+  await commands.appsHideRuntime(runtimeTarget(appId));
+  await refreshRuntimes();
 }
 
-export async function focusRuntime(
-  appId: string,
-): Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecord> {
-  return await invokeSystemBridge<SageAppRuntimeRecord>('system.focusRuntime', {
-    appId,
-  });
+export async function killRuntime(appId: string): Promise<void> {
+  await commands.appsKillRuntime(runtimeTarget(appId));
+  await refreshRuntimes();
 }
 
-export async function killRuntime(
+export async function closeAppRuntime(
   appId: string,
-): Promise<{ ok: boolean; appId: string }> {
-  return await invokeSystemBridge<{ ok: boolean; appId: string }>(
-    'system.killRuntime',
-    { appId },
-  );
+  options?: { timeoutMs?: number },
+): Promise<void> {
+  void options;
+  await killRuntime(appId);
 }
 
-export async function closeAppRuntime(appId: string): Promise<void> {
-  await killRuntime(appId);
+export async function ensureInlineRuntime(
+  app: AppLike,
+): Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecord> {
+  const args: CreateInlineRuntimeArgs = {
+    appId: app.common.id,
+    visible: true,
+    internal: false,
+    debugLayout: false,
+    path: null,
+    query: {},
+  };
+
+  const created = await commands.appsCreateInlineRuntime(args);
+  await refreshRuntimes();
+  return created;
 }
diff --git a/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx b/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
index 2f4fb7cd2..b0552f77c 100644
--- a/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
         appId: currentApproval.request.app.common.id,
         appName: currentApproval.request.app.common.name,
         requestId: currentApproval.request.requestId,
-        capability: currentApproval.request.capability,
+        capability: currentApproval.request.params.capability,
       };
     }
 
@@ -174,8 +174,8 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
         appName: currentApproval.request.app.common.name,
         requestId: currentApproval.request.requestId,
         entry: {
-          scheme: currentApproval.request.entry.scheme,
-          host: currentApproval.request.entry.host,
+          scheme: currentApproval.request.params.entry.scheme,
+          host: currentApproval.request.params.entry.host,
         },
       };
     }

From ef035a2ec2daab2e7c05ca036018043b299245b2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Thu, 23 Apr 2026 19:48:46 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 156/471] Rename Sage-specific event names to generic app event
 names for granted capabilities and network whitelist changes.

---
 packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
index 3d24df4aa..3fa1f0fa3 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ export function initSageRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
         if (isGrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent(data)) {
           window.dispatchEvent(
             new CustomEvent<GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent>(
-              'sage:granted-capabilities-change',
+              'app:granted-capabilities-change',
               { detail: data },
             ),
           );
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ export function initSageRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
         if (isGrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent(data)) {
           window.dispatchEvent(
             new CustomEvent<GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent>(
-              'sage:granted-network-whitelist-change',
+              'app:granted-network-whitelist-change',
               { detail: data },
             ),
           );

From e7a1bc3284e5ff71d8e0480e5e77676b59a129e8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Thu, 23 Apr 2026 19:49:07 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 157/471] Refactor Sage client to initialize runtime bridge on
 demand and improve error handling logic.

---
 packages/sage-app-sdk/src/client.ts | 86 ++++++++++++++++-------------
 1 file changed, 48 insertions(+), 38 deletions(-)

diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/client.ts b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/client.ts
index 926ede8f4..f2a604e5e 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/client.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/client.ts
@@ -1,77 +1,87 @@
+import { initSageRuntimeBridge } from './runtime';
 import type { SageClient } from './types';
 
 export function isSageRuntimeAvailable(): boolean {
-    const w = window as Window & typeof globalThis & {
-        __TAURI__?: unknown;
+  const w = window as Window &
+    typeof globalThis & {
+      __TAURI__?: unknown;
     };
 
-    return !!w.__TAURI__;
+  return !!w.__TAURI__;
 }
 
 function getClientFromWindow(): SageClient | undefined {
-    if (typeof window === 'undefined') {
-        return undefined;
-    }
+  if (typeof window === 'undefined') {
+    return undefined;
+  }
 
-    return window.__SAGE__;
+  return window.__SAGE__;
 }
 
 export function isSageBridgeInitialized(): boolean {
-    return !!getClientFromWindow();
+  return !!getClientFromWindow();
 }
 
 export function hasSageBridge(): boolean {
-    return !!getClientFromWindow();
+  return !!getClientFromWindow();
 }
 
 function getClientOrThrow(): SageClient {
-    const client = getClientFromWindow();
+  const client = getClientFromWindow();
 
-    if (!client) {
-        throw new Error(
-            'Sage bridge is unavailable. Did you call initSageRuntimeBridge() in app startup?',
-        );
-    }
+  if (!client) {
+    throw new Error(
+      'Sage bridge is unavailable. Did you call initSageRuntimeBridge() in app startup?',
+    );
+  }
 
-    return client;
+  return client;
 }
 
 export async function createSageClient(): Promise<SageClient> {
-    return getClientOrThrow();
+  if (!getClientFromWindow()) {
+    initSageRuntimeBridge();
+  }
+
+  return getClientOrThrow();
 }
 
 export function getSageClientSync(): SageClient {
-    return getClientOrThrow();
+  if (!getClientFromWindow()) {
+    initSageRuntimeBridge();
+  }
+
+  return getClientOrThrow();
 }
 
 function isObject(value: unknown): value is Record<string, unknown> {
-    return !!value && typeof value === 'object';
+  return !!value && typeof value === 'object';
 }
 
 export function formatSageError(err: unknown): string {
-    if (err instanceof Error) {
-        return err.message;
-    }
+  if (err instanceof Error) {
+    return err.message;
+  }
 
-    if (typeof err === 'string') {
-        return err;
-    }
+  if (typeof err === 'string') {
+    return err;
+  }
 
-    if (isObject(err)) {
-        if (typeof err.message === 'string') {
-            return err.message;
-        }
+  if (isObject(err)) {
+    if (typeof err.message === 'string') {
+      return err.message;
+    }
 
-        if (typeof err.reason === 'string') {
-            return err.reason;
-        }
+    if (typeof err.reason === 'string') {
+      return err.reason;
+    }
 
-        try {
-            return JSON.stringify(err, null, 2);
-        } catch {
-            return 'Unknown Sage error';
-        }
+    try {
+      return JSON.stringify(err, null, 2);
+    } catch {
+      return 'Unknown Sage error';
     }
+  }
 
-    return String(err);
+  return String(err);
 }

From 04c05e1188caa8b578dc14ce9af6618c97358735 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Thu, 23 Apr 2026 20:25:47 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 158/471] Add debug tools for built-in apps and enhance logging
 functionality:

- Introduced `debug-tools.js` to provide consistent debugging UI and hooks for built-in apps.
- Added logging utilities to multiple test and runtime scripts for improved error tracking and runtime visibility.
- Integrated `appId` and debug-specific layout handling in sandbox runtime parameters.
- Updated `index.html` and app-specific files to include new debug utilities.
---
 .../storage-clear-probe/app.js                |  32 +++-
 .../builtin-apps/shared/debug-tools.js        | 152 ++++++++++++++++++
 .../sage-apps/builtin-apps/shared/index.html  |   3 +-
 .../test-apps-src/network-allow-a/app.js      |  74 ++++++---
 .../test-apps-src/network-allow-b/app.js      |  74 ++++++---
 .../sage-storage-isolation/app.js             |  46 ++++--
 .../test-apps-src/storage-persistence/app.js  |  74 +++++++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/inline.rs        |  45 +++++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs       |   4 +
 9 files changed, 426 insertions(+), 78 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/shared/debug-tools.js

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/runtime-apps-src/storage-clear-probe/app.js b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/runtime-apps-src/storage-clear-probe/app.js
index 045cf762a..53ab2a811 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/runtime-apps-src/storage-clear-probe/app.js
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/runtime-apps-src/storage-clear-probe/app.js
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 import './bridge.js';
 import { createSageClient } from './sdk.js';
 
+const log = (...args) => window.__SAGE_TEST__?.log?.(...args);
+
 const STORE_NAME = 'probe_store';
 const DB_KEY = 'probe_key';
 
@@ -114,17 +116,26 @@ async function readIndexedDbValue(dbName) {
 }
 
 async function report(sage, data) {
-  await sage.app.bridgeSend({
+  log('bridgeSend clear_cycle start', data);
+  const result = await sage.app.bridgeSend({
     kind: 'sandbox_report',
     report: {
       type: 'clear_cycle',
       data,
     },
   });
+  log('bridgeSend clear_cycle ok', result);
 }
 
 (async () => {
+  log('start', window.location.href);
+
   const sage = await createSageClient();
+  log('createSageClient ok');
+
+  const ping = await sage.app.bridgePing();
+  log('bridgePing ok', ping);
+
   const params = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);
   const runId = params.get('runId');
   const phase = params.get('phase');
@@ -151,22 +162,28 @@ async function report(sage, data) {
     if (phase === 'write') {
       try {
         localStorage.setItem(localStorageKey, 'present');
+        log('localStorage write attempted', localStorageKey);
       } catch {
-        //
+        log('localStorage write failed', localStorageKey);
       }
 
-      await writeIndexedDbValue(dbName);
+      const wrote = await writeIndexedDbValue(dbName);
+      log('indexedDb write result', wrote, dbName);
     }
 
     try {
       localStoragePresent = localStorage.getItem(localStorageKey) === 'present';
+      log('localStoragePresent', localStoragePresent);
     } catch {
       localStoragePresent = false;
+      log('localStorage read failed');
     }
 
     indexedDbPresent = await readIndexedDbValue(dbName);
+    log('indexedDbPresent', indexedDbPresent);
   } catch (err) {
     error = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err);
+    log('probe error', error);
   }
 
   await report(sage, {
@@ -177,6 +194,8 @@ async function report(sage, data) {
     error,
   });
 })().catch(async (err) => {
+  log('fatal', err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err));
+
   try {
     const sage = await createSageClient();
     const params = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);
@@ -188,7 +207,10 @@ async function report(sage, data) {
       indexedDbPresent: false,
       error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
     });
-  } catch {
-    //
+  } catch (fallbackErr) {
+    log(
+      'fallback failed',
+      fallbackErr instanceof Error ? fallbackErr.message : String(fallbackErr),
+    );
   }
 });
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/shared/debug-tools.js b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/shared/debug-tools.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ffdd2ad55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/shared/debug-tools.js
@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+(function () {
+  function ensureRoot() {
+    let root = document.getElementById('__sage_test_debug_root');
+    if (root) return root;
+
+    root = document.createElement('div');
+    root.id = '__sage_test_debug_root';
+    Object.assign(root.style, {
+      position: 'fixed',
+      top: '6px',
+      left: '6px',
+      right: '6px',
+      bottom: '6px',
+      zIndex: '2147483647',
+      pointerEvents: 'none',
+      display: 'flex',
+      flexDirection: 'column',
+      gap: '6px',
+      fontFamily: 'monospace',
+      minHeight: '0',
+      minWidth: '0',
+      boxSizing: 'border-box',
+    });
+
+    document.body.appendChild(root);
+    return root;
+  }
+
+  function mountDebugLabel() {
+    const params = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);
+    const appId = window.location.host || 'unknown-app';
+    const phase = params.get('phase');
+    const runId = params.get('runId');
+
+    const parts = [appId];
+    if (phase) parts.push(phase);
+    if (runId) parts.push(runId);
+
+    const el = document.createElement('div');
+    el.textContent = parts.join(' • ');
+
+    Object.assign(el.style, {
+      alignSelf: 'stretch',
+      flex: '0 0 auto',
+      pointerEvents: 'none',
+      padding: '3px 6px',
+      borderRadius: '4px',
+      background: 'rgba(0,0,0,0.72)',
+      color: '#00ff88',
+      fontSize: '10px',
+      lineHeight: '1.2',
+      whiteSpace: 'normal',
+      overflowWrap: 'anywhere',
+      wordBreak: 'break-word',
+      maxWidth: '100%',
+      boxSizing: 'border-box',
+    });
+
+    ensureRoot().appendChild(el);
+    return el;
+  }
+
+  function ensureLogPane() {
+    let pane = document.getElementById('__sage_test_log_pane');
+    if (pane) return pane;
+
+    pane = document.createElement('div');
+    pane.id = '__sage_test_log_pane';
+
+    Object.assign(pane.style, {
+      flex: '1 1 auto',
+      minHeight: '0',
+      minWidth: '0',
+      pointerEvents: 'auto',
+      overflowY: 'auto',
+      overflowX: 'hidden',
+      padding: '6px',
+      borderRadius: '4px',
+      background: 'rgba(0,0,0,0.72)',
+      color: '#e5e7eb',
+      fontSize: '10px',
+      lineHeight: '1.35',
+      whiteSpace: 'pre-wrap',
+      overflowWrap: 'anywhere',
+      wordBreak: 'break-word',
+      boxSizing: 'border-box',
+      overscrollBehavior: 'contain',
+    });
+
+    ensureRoot().appendChild(pane);
+    return pane;
+  }
+
+  function stringify(value) {
+    if (typeof value === 'string') return value;
+    try {
+      return JSON.stringify(value, null, 2);
+    } catch {
+      return String(value);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function log(...args) {
+    const pane = ensureLogPane();
+    const line = document.createElement('div');
+    line.textContent = args.map(stringify).join(' ');
+    pane.appendChild(line);
+    pane.scrollTop = pane.scrollHeight;
+  }
+
+  function patchConsole() {
+    const orig = {
+      log: console.log.bind(console),
+      warn: console.warn.bind(console),
+      error: console.error.bind(console),
+    };
+
+    console.log = (...args) => {
+      log('[log]', ...args);
+      orig.log(...args);
+    };
+
+    console.warn = (...args) => {
+      log('[warn]', ...args);
+      orig.warn(...args);
+    };
+
+    console.error = (...args) => {
+      log('[error]', ...args);
+      orig.error(...args);
+    };
+
+    window.addEventListener('error', (event) => {
+      log('[window.error]', event.message);
+    });
+
+    window.addEventListener('unhandledrejection', (event) => {
+      log('[unhandledrejection]', event.reason);
+    });
+  }
+
+  window.__SAGE_TEST__ = {
+    ...(window.__SAGE_TEST__ || {}),
+    mountDebugLabel,
+    ensureLogPane,
+    log,
+  };
+
+  mountDebugLabel();
+  ensureLogPane();
+  patchConsole();
+})();
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/shared/index.html b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/shared/index.html
index c869a661c..b8b3c0143 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/shared/index.html
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/shared/index.html
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
   <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
 </head>
 <body>
+<script src="./debug-tools.js"></script>
 <script type="module" src="./app.js"></script>
 </body>
-</html>
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-a/app.js b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-a/app.js
index f0d7f4150..9a899fc15 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-a/app.js
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-a/app.js
@@ -1,8 +1,17 @@
 import './bridge.js';
 import { createSageClient } from './sdk.js';
 
+const log = (...args) => window.__SAGE_TEST__?.log?.(...args);
+
 (async () => {
+  log('start', window.location.href);
+
   const sage = await createSageClient();
+  log('createSageClient ok');
+
+  const ping = await sage.app.bridgePing();
+  log('bridgePing ok', ping);
+
   const params = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);
   const runId = params.get('runId');
 
@@ -39,45 +48,68 @@ import { createSageClient } from './sdk.js';
 
   try {
     allowedOk = await tryFetch(allowedUrl);
+    log('allowedOk', allowedUrl, allowedOk);
+
     blockedOk = await tryFetch(blockedUrl);
+    log('blockedOk', blockedUrl, blockedOk);
   } catch (err) {
     error = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err);
+    log('network probe error', error);
   }
 
-  await sage.app.bridgeSend({
+  const payload = {
+    runId,
+    mode: 'allow-a',
+    allowedUrl,
+    blockedUrl,
+    allowedOk,
+    blockedOk,
+    error,
+  };
+
+  log('bridgeSend network start', payload);
+
+  const result = await sage.app.bridgeSend({
     kind: 'sandbox_report',
     report: {
       type: 'network',
-      data: {
-        runId,
-        mode: 'allow-a',
-        allowedUrl,
-        blockedUrl,
-        allowedOk,
-        blockedOk,
-        error,
-      },
+      data: payload,
     },
   });
+
+  log('bridgeSend network ok', result);
 })().catch(async (err) => {
+  log('fatal', err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err));
+
   try {
     const sage = await createSageClient();
     const params = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);
 
-    await sage.app.bridgeSend({
+    const payload = {
+      runId: params.get('runId'),
+      mode: 'allow-a',
+      allowedUrl: 'https://example.com/',
+      blockedUrl: 'https://example.org/',
+      allowedOk: false,
+      blockedOk: false,
+      error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
+    };
+
+    log('fallback bridgeSend network start', payload);
+
+    const result = await sage.app.bridgeSend({
       kind: 'sandbox_report',
       report: {
         type: 'network',
-        data: {
-          runId: params.get('runId'),
-          mode: 'allow-a',
-          allowedUrl: 'https://example.com/',
-          blockedUrl: 'https://example.org/',
-          allowedOk: false,
-          blockedOk: false,
-          error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
-        },
+        data: payload,
       },
     });
-  } catch {}
+
+    log('fallback bridgeSend network ok', result);
+  } catch (fallbackErr) {
+    log(
+      'fallback failed',
+      fallbackErr instanceof Error ? fallbackErr.message : String(fallbackErr),
+    );
+  }
 });
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-b/app.js b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-b/app.js
index 8650be878..574187c00 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-b/app.js
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-b/app.js
@@ -1,8 +1,17 @@
 import './bridge.js';
 import { createSageClient } from './sdk.js';
 
+const log = (...args) => window.__SAGE_TEST__?.log?.(...args);
+
 (async () => {
+  log('start', window.location.href);
+
   const sage = await createSageClient();
+  log('createSageClient ok');
+
+  const ping = await sage.app.bridgePing();
+  log('bridgePing ok', ping);
+
   const params = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);
   const runId = params.get('runId');
 
@@ -39,45 +48,68 @@ import { createSageClient } from './sdk.js';
 
   try {
     allowedOk = await tryFetch(allowedUrl);
+    log('allowedOk', allowedUrl, allowedOk);
+
     blockedOk = await tryFetch(blockedUrl);
+    log('blockedOk', blockedUrl, blockedOk);
   } catch (err) {
     error = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err);
+    log('network probe error', error);
   }
 
-  await sage.app.bridgeSend({
+  const payload = {
+    runId,
+    mode: 'allow-b',
+    allowedUrl,
+    blockedUrl,
+    allowedOk,
+    blockedOk,
+    error,
+  };
+
+  log('bridgeSend network start', payload);
+
+  const result = await sage.app.bridgeSend({
     kind: 'sandbox_report',
     report: {
       type: 'network',
-      data: {
-        runId,
-        mode: 'allow-b',
-        allowedUrl,
-        blockedUrl,
-        allowedOk,
-        blockedOk,
-        error,
-      },
+      data: payload,
     },
   });
+
+  log('bridgeSend network ok', result);
 })().catch(async (err) => {
+  log('fatal', err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err));
+
   try {
     const sage = await createSageClient();
     const params = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);
 
-    await sage.app.bridgeSend({
+    const payload = {
+      runId: params.get('runId'),
+      mode: 'allow-b',
+      allowedUrl: 'https://example.org/',
+      blockedUrl: 'https://example.com/',
+      allowedOk: false,
+      blockedOk: false,
+      error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
+    };
+
+    log('fallback bridgeSend network start', payload);
+
+    const result = await sage.app.bridgeSend({
       kind: 'sandbox_report',
       report: {
         type: 'network',
-        data: {
-          runId: params.get('runId'),
-          mode: 'allow-b',
-          allowedUrl: 'https://example.org/',
-          blockedUrl: 'https://example.com/',
-          allowedOk: false,
-          blockedOk: false,
-          error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
-        },
+        data: payload,
       },
     });
-  } catch {}
+
+    log('fallback bridgeSend network ok', result);
+  } catch (fallbackErr) {
+    log(
+      'fallback failed',
+      fallbackErr instanceof Error ? fallbackErr.message : String(fallbackErr),
+    );
+  }
 });
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/app.js b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/app.js
index 932786820..7b5c63ac5 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/app.js
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/app.js
@@ -1,8 +1,17 @@
 import './bridge.js';
 import { createSageClient } from './sdk.js';
 
+const log = (...args) => window.__SAGE_TEST__?.log?.(...args);
+
 (async () => {
+  log('start', window.location.href);
+
   const sage = await createSageClient();
+  log('createSageClient ok');
+
+  const ping = await sage.app.bridgePing();
+  log('bridgePing ok', ping);
+
   const params = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);
   const runId = params.get('runId');
 
@@ -65,13 +74,15 @@ import { createSageClient } from './sdk.js';
   }
 
   async function report(data) {
-    await sage.app.bridgeSend({
+    log('bridgeSend isolation start', data);
+    const result = await sage.app.bridgeSend({
       kind: 'sandbox_report',
       report: {
         type: 'isolation',
         data,
       },
     });
+    log('bridgeSend isolation ok', result);
   }
 
   let localStorageVisible = false;
@@ -82,13 +93,17 @@ import { createSageClient } from './sdk.js';
     try {
       const value = localStorage.getItem(LOCAL_STORAGE_KEY);
       localStorageVisible = typeof value === 'string' && value.length > 0;
+      log('localStorageVisible', localStorageVisible);
     } catch {
       localStorageVisible = false;
+      log('localStorage read failed');
     }
 
     indexedDbVisible = await readIndexedDbProbe();
+    log('indexedDbVisible', indexedDbVisible);
   } catch (err) {
     error = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err);
+    log('probe error', error);
   }
 
   await report({
@@ -98,21 +113,34 @@ import { createSageClient } from './sdk.js';
     error,
   });
 })().catch(async (err) => {
+  log('fatal', err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err));
+
   try {
     const sage = await createSageClient();
     const params = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);
 
-    await sage.app.bridgeSend({
+    const payload = {
+      runId: params.get('runId'),
+      localStorageVisible: false,
+      indexedDbVisible: false,
+      error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
+    };
+
+    log('fallback bridgeSend isolation start', payload);
+
+    const result = await sage.app.bridgeSend({
       kind: 'sandbox_report',
       report: {
         type: 'isolation',
-        data: {
-          runId: params.get('runId'),
-          localStorageVisible: false,
-          indexedDbVisible: false,
-          error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
-        },
+        data: payload,
       },
     });
-  } catch {}
+
+    log('fallback bridgeSend isolation ok', result);
+  } catch (fallbackErr) {
+    log(
+      'fallback failed',
+      fallbackErr instanceof Error ? fallbackErr.message : String(fallbackErr),
+    );
+  }
 });
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/app.js b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/app.js
index f5c487a07..66c3ad2b4 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/app.js
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/app.js
@@ -1,8 +1,17 @@
 import './bridge.js';
 import { createSageClient } from './sdk.js';
 
+const log = (...args) => window.__SAGE_TEST__?.log?.(...args);
+
 (async () => {
+  log('start', window.location.href);
+
   const sage = await createSageClient();
+  log('createSageClient ok');
+
+  const ping = await sage.app.bridgePing();
+  log('bridgePing ok', ping);
+
   const params = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);
   const runId = params.get('runId');
   const phase = params.get('phase');
@@ -119,23 +128,27 @@ import { createSageClient } from './sdk.js';
   }
 
   async function reportWrite(data) {
-    await sage.app.bridgeSend({
+    log('bridgeSend persistence_write start', data);
+    const result = await sage.app.bridgeSend({
       kind: 'sandbox_report',
       report: {
         type: 'persistence_write',
         data,
       },
     });
+    log('bridgeSend persistence_write ok', result);
   }
 
   async function reportRead(data) {
-    await sage.app.bridgeSend({
+    log('bridgeSend persistence_read start', data);
+    const result = await sage.app.bridgeSend({
       kind: 'sandbox_report',
       report: {
         type: 'persistence_read',
         data,
       },
     });
+    log('bridgeSend persistence_read ok', result);
   }
 
   if (phase === 'write') {
@@ -148,13 +161,17 @@ import { createSageClient } from './sdk.js';
         localStorage.setItem(LOCAL_STORAGE_KEY, 'present');
         localStorageWrote =
           localStorage.getItem(LOCAL_STORAGE_KEY) === 'present';
+        log('localStorageWrote', localStorageWrote);
       } catch {
         localStorageWrote = false;
+        log('localStorage write failed');
       }
 
       indexedDbWrote = await writeIndexedDbValue();
+      log('indexedDbWrote', indexedDbWrote);
     } catch (err) {
       error = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err);
+      log('write phase error', error);
     }
 
     await reportWrite({
@@ -175,13 +192,17 @@ import { createSageClient } from './sdk.js';
     try {
       localStoragePresent =
         localStorage.getItem(LOCAL_STORAGE_KEY) === 'present';
+      log('localStoragePresent', localStoragePresent);
     } catch {
       localStoragePresent = false;
+      log('localStorage read failed');
     }
 
     indexedDbPresent = await readIndexedDbValue();
+    log('indexedDbPresent', indexedDbPresent);
   } catch (err) {
     error = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err);
+    log('read phase error', error);
   }
 
   await reportRead({
@@ -191,38 +212,57 @@ import { createSageClient } from './sdk.js';
     error,
   });
 })().catch(async (err) => {
+  log('fatal', err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err));
+
   try {
     const sage = await createSageClient();
     const params = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);
     const phase = params.get('phase');
 
     if (phase === 'write') {
-      await sage.app.bridgeSend({
+      const payload = {
+        runId: params.get('runId'),
+        localStorageWrote: false,
+        indexedDbWrote: false,
+        error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
+      };
+
+      log('fallback bridgeSend persistence_write start', payload);
+
+      const result = await sage.app.bridgeSend({
         kind: 'sandbox_report',
         report: {
           type: 'persistence_write',
-          data: {
-            runId: params.get('runId'),
-            localStorageWrote: false,
-            indexedDbWrote: false,
-            error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
-          },
+          data: payload,
         },
       });
+
+      log('fallback bridgeSend persistence_write ok', result);
       return;
     }
 
-    await sage.app.bridgeSend({
+    const payload = {
+      runId: params.get('runId'),
+      localStoragePresent: false,
+      indexedDbPresent: false,
+      error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
+    };
+
+    log('fallback bridgeSend persistence_read start', payload);
+
+    const result = await sage.app.bridgeSend({
       kind: 'sandbox_report',
       report: {
         type: 'persistence_read',
-        data: {
-          runId: params.get('runId'),
-          localStoragePresent: false,
-          indexedDbPresent: false,
-          error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
-        },
+        data: payload,
       },
     });
-  } catch {}
+
+    log('fallback bridgeSend persistence_read ok', result);
+  } catch (fallbackErr) {
+    log(
+      'fallback failed',
+      fallbackErr instanceof Error ? fallbackErr.message : String(fallbackErr),
+    );
+  }
 });
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/inline.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/inline.rs
index b088d8b60..f5900f1a7 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/inline.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/inline.rs
@@ -40,6 +40,42 @@ fn parse_data_store_id(identifier_hex: &str) -> Result<[u8; 16], String> {
     Ok(out)
 }
 
+fn fallback_debug_slot(app_id: &str) -> usize {
+    app_id
+        .bytes()
+        .fold(0usize, |acc, b| acc.wrapping_mul(31).wrapping_add(b as usize))
+        % 12
+}
+
+fn debug_layout_for_app(app_id: &str) -> (f64, f64, f64, f64) {
+    let slot = match app_id {
+        "__sage_test_storage_isolation_persistent" => 0,
+        "__sage_test_storage_isolation_incognito" => 1,
+        "__sage_test_persistence_persistent" => 2,
+        "__sage_test_persistence_incognito" => 3,
+        "__sage_test_storage_clear_persistent" => 4,
+        "__sage_test_network_allow_a" => 5,
+        "__sage_test_network_allow_b" => 6,
+        _ => fallback_debug_slot(app_id),
+    };
+
+    let cols = 3usize;
+    let cell_w = 360.0;
+    let cell_h = 100.0;
+    let margin_x = 24.0;
+    let margin_y = 24.0;
+    let origin_x = 40.0;
+    let origin_y = 40.0;
+
+    let col = slot % cols;
+    let row = slot / cols;
+
+    let x = origin_x + col as f64 * (cell_w + margin_x);
+    let y = origin_y + row as f64 * (cell_h + margin_y);
+
+    (x, y, cell_w, cell_h)
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct CreateInlineRuntimeArgs {
@@ -132,10 +168,11 @@ pub async fn apps_create_inline_runtime(
     }
 
     let debug = args.debug_layout;
-    let x = if debug { 80.0 } else { 0.0 };
-    let y = if debug { 80.0 } else { 0.0 };
-    let width = if debug { 200.0 } else { 1.0 };
-    let height = if debug { 200.0 } else { 1.0 };
+    let (x, y, width, height) = if debug {
+        debug_layout_for_app(resolved.id())
+    } else {
+        (0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0)
+    };
 
     host_window
         .add_child(
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs
index ad39d4bfc..5214155b3 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs
@@ -38,6 +38,9 @@ pub async fn start_test_app(
     path: Option<String>,
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
     let mut query_map = HashMap::new();
+
+    query_map.insert("appId".to_string(), app_id.to_string());
+
     for (k, v) in query {
         query_map.insert((*k).to_string(), v.clone());
     }
@@ -65,6 +68,7 @@ pub async fn run_clear_cycle_phase_runtime(
     let mut query = BTreeMap::new();
     query.insert("runId".to_string(), run_id.to_string());
     query.insert("phase".to_string(), phase_string);
+    query.insert("appId".to_string(), app_id.to_string());
 
     runtime::start_internal_runtime_for_sandbox(
         app,

From 27c93392cdef6d6462f39d9ee8463b7a84845c65 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Thu, 23 Apr 2026 20:30:50 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 159/471] Refactor `BridgeSendRequest` to use `flatten` for
 improved flexibility and payload handling.

---
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs
index f2bf22b26..f47298e27 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs
@@ -12,8 +12,8 @@ pub struct BridgeSend;
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct BridgeSendRequest {
     pub kind: String,
-    #[serde(default)]
-    pub payload: serde_json::Value,
+    #[serde(flatten)]
+    pub extra: serde_json::Map<String, serde_json::Value>,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]

From ae253b0a37a018445df3655632e8cc1082c649be Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Thu, 23 Apr 2026 20:35:09 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 160/471] Update `main-host.toml` permissions to include
 runtime management commands (list, focus, hide, kill) and price retrieval

---
 src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml | 6 +++++-
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml b/src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml
index 1db8e9501..5fb2995a5 100644
--- a/src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml
+++ b/src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml
@@ -120,6 +120,7 @@ commands.allow = [
     "download_cni_offercode",
     "get_logs",
     "is_asset_owned",
+    "get_xch_usd_price",
     "apps_create_inline_runtime",
     "apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data",
     "apps_resolve_bridge_approval",
@@ -139,5 +140,8 @@ commands.allow = [
     "apps_update_permissions",
     "apps_mark_storage_may_contain_secrets",
     "apps_get_capability_registry",
-    "get_xch_usd_price"
+    "apps_list_runtimes",
+    "apps_focus_runtime",
+    "apps_hide_runtime",
+    "apps_kill_runtime",
 ]

From da5ad06659da2e912b98910bc848643e2a063625 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Thu, 23 Apr 2026 23:11:18 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 161/471] Remove `TaskManager` and refactor system app build
 setup:

- Deleted the `TaskManager` app and its related files.
- Restructured `system-apps-src` to support a modular app directory.
- Updated build scripts to handle new folder structure.
- Integrated `build.mjs` to streamline the system apps build process.
---
 .../{ => apps}/task-manager/index.html        |   2 +-
 .../apps/task-manager/package.json            |   5 +
 .../task-manager/public}/icon.svg             |   0
 .../task-manager/sage-manifest.json           |   0
 .../task-manager/src}/App.tsx                 |   0
 .../apps/task-manager/src/main.tsx            |   9 +
 .../task-manager/src}/taskManagerApi.ts       |   0
 .../apps/task-manager/tsconfig.json           |   4 +
 .../apps/task-manager/vite.config.ts          |  16 +
 .../builtin-apps/system-apps-src/build.mjs    |  21 +
 .../builtin-apps/system-apps-src/package.json |   2 +-
 .../system-apps-src/task-manager/main.tsx     |  10 -
 .../{tsconfig.json => tsconfig.base.json}     |   3 +-
 .../system-apps-src/vite.config.ts            |  21 -
 .../_shared}/debug-tools.js                   |   0
 .../_shared}/icon.svg                         |   0
 .../_shared}/index.html                       |   2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/build/builtin_apps.rs    | 365 +-----------------
 crates/sage-apps/src/build/finalize.rs        | 114 ++++++
 crates/sage-apps/src/build/fs_utils.rs        | 166 ++++++++
 crates/sage-apps/src/build/mod.rs             |   5 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/build/runtime_apps.rs    |  32 ++
 crates/sage-apps/src/build/system_apps.rs     |  35 ++
 crates/sage-apps/src/build/test_apps.rs       |  84 ++++
 package.json                                  |   7 +-
 25 files changed, 519 insertions(+), 384 deletions(-)
 rename crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/{ => apps}/task-manager/index.html (80%)
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/package.json
 rename crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/{task-manager => apps/task-manager/public}/icon.svg (100%)
 rename crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/{ => apps}/task-manager/sage-manifest.json (100%)
 rename crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/{task-manager => apps/task-manager/src}/App.tsx (100%)
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/src/main.tsx
 rename crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/{task-manager => apps/task-manager/src}/taskManagerApi.ts (100%)
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/tsconfig.json
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/vite.config.ts
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/build.mjs
 delete mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/task-manager/main.tsx
 rename crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/{tsconfig.json => tsconfig.base.json} (93%)
 delete mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/vite.config.ts
 rename crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/{shared => test-apps-src/_shared}/debug-tools.js (100%)
 rename crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/{shared => test-apps-src/_shared}/icon.svg (100%)
 rename crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/{shared => test-apps-src/_shared}/index.html (85%)
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/build/finalize.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/build/fs_utils.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/build/runtime_apps.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/build/system_apps.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/build/test_apps.rs

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/task-manager/index.html b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/index.html
similarity index 80%
rename from crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/task-manager/index.html
rename to crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/index.html
index 22450541f..fe053d619 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/task-manager/index.html
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/index.html
@@ -7,6 +7,6 @@
 </head>
 <body>
 <div id="root"></div>
-<script type="module" src="./main.tsx"></script>
+<script type="module" src="./src/main.tsx"></script>
 </body>
 </html>
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/package.json b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3eacf46a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+{
+  "name": "task-manager-system-app",
+  "private": true,
+  "type": "module"
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/task-manager/icon.svg b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/public/icon.svg
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/task-manager/icon.svg
rename to crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/public/icon.svg
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/task-manager/sage-manifest.json b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/sage-manifest.json
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/task-manager/sage-manifest.json
rename to crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/sage-manifest.json
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/task-manager/App.tsx b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/src/App.tsx
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/task-manager/App.tsx
rename to crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/src/App.tsx
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/src/main.tsx b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/src/main.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9e045b6ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/src/main.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+import { StrictMode } from 'react';
+import { createRoot } from 'react-dom/client';
+import { App } from './App';
+
+createRoot(document.getElementById('root')!).render(
+  <StrictMode>
+    <App />
+  </StrictMode>,
+);
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/task-manager/taskManagerApi.ts b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/src/taskManagerApi.ts
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/task-manager/taskManagerApi.ts
rename to crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/src/taskManagerApi.ts
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/tsconfig.json b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/tsconfig.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..564a59900
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/tsconfig.json
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+{
+  "extends": "../../tsconfig.base.json",
+  "include": ["src"]
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/vite.config.ts b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/vite.config.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..06d0db5a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/vite.config.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+import { defineConfig } from 'vite';
+import react from '@vitejs/plugin-react';
+import { resolve } from 'node:path';
+
+export default defineConfig({
+  root: __dirname,
+  plugins: [react()],
+  publicDir: resolve(__dirname, 'public'),
+  build: {
+    outDir: resolve(__dirname, '../../../dist/system-apps/task-manager'),
+    emptyOutDir: true,
+    rollupOptions: {
+      input: resolve(__dirname, 'index.html'),
+    },
+  },
+});
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/build.mjs b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/build.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5f609b9be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/build.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+import { execFileSync } from 'node:child_process';
+import { readdirSync, statSync } from 'node:fs';
+import { join, resolve } from 'node:path';
+
+const root = resolve(import.meta.dirname, 'apps');
+
+const apps = readdirSync(root)
+  .map((name) => ({ name, dir: join(root, name) }))
+  .filter((entry) => statSync(entry.dir).isDirectory());
+
+for (const app of apps) {
+  console.log(`\n==> Building system app: ${app.name}`);
+  execFileSync(
+    process.platform === 'win32' ? 'pnpm.cmd' : 'pnpm',
+    ['exec', 'vite', 'build', '--config', join(app.dir, 'vite.config.ts')],
+    {
+      stdio: 'inherit',
+      cwd: resolve(import.meta.dirname),
+    },
+  );
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/package.json b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/package.json
index 32ffd5330..36ecac2c0 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/package.json
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/package.json
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
   "private": true,
   "type": "module",
   "scripts": {
-    "build": "vite build"
+    "build": "node ./build.mjs"
   },
   "dependencies": {
     "@tauri-apps/api": "^2.10.1",
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/task-manager/main.tsx b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/task-manager/main.tsx
deleted file mode 100644
index 21ff954a9..000000000
--- a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/task-manager/main.tsx
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-import React from 'react';
-import ReactDOM from 'react-dom/client';
-import { App } from './App';
-
-ReactDOM.createRoot(document.getElementById('root')!).render(
-  <React.StrictMode>
-    <App />
-  </React.StrictMode>,
-);
-
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/tsconfig.json b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/tsconfig.base.json
similarity index 93%
rename from crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/tsconfig.json
rename to crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/tsconfig.base.json
index b840face2..d88f8bcee 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/tsconfig.json
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/tsconfig.base.json
@@ -12,6 +12,5 @@
     "noEmit": true,
     "jsx": "react-jsx",
     "strict": true
-  },
-  "include": ["src"]
+  }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/vite.config.ts b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/vite.config.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 237bdcaaf..000000000
--- a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/vite.config.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-import { defineConfig } from 'vite';
-import react from '@vitejs/plugin-react';
-import { resolve } from 'node:path';
-import { mkdirSync } from 'node:fs';
-
-const outRoot = resolve(__dirname, '../system-apps-dist');
-
-mkdirSync(outRoot, { recursive: true });
-
-export default defineConfig({
-  plugins: [react()],
-  build: {
-    outDir: outRoot,
-    emptyOutDir: false,
-    rollupOptions: {
-      input: {
-        'task-manager': resolve(__dirname, 'src/task-manager/index.html'),
-      },
-    },
-  },
-});
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/shared/debug-tools.js b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/_shared/debug-tools.js
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/shared/debug-tools.js
rename to crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/_shared/debug-tools.js
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/shared/icon.svg b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/_shared/icon.svg
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/shared/icon.svg
rename to crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/_shared/icon.svg
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/shared/index.html b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/_shared/index.html
similarity index 85%
rename from crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/shared/index.html
rename to crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/_shared/index.html
index b8b3c0143..b73c6619b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/shared/index.html
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/_shared/index.html
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
   <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
 </head>
 <body>
-<script src="./debug-tools.js"></script>
+<script src="debug-tools.js"></script>
 <script type="module" src="./app.js"></script>
 </body>
 </html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/builtin_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/builtin_apps.rs
index 0dc19ba1e..c4b0ae825 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/builtin_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/builtin_apps.rs
@@ -1,321 +1,15 @@
-use std::collections::BTreeSet;
 use std::fs;
-use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
-
-fn files_equal(src: &Path, dst: &Path) -> Result<bool, String> {
-    if !src.is_file() || !dst.is_file() {
-        return Ok(false);
-    }
-
-    let src_meta =
-        fs::metadata(src).map_err(|err| format!("failed to stat {}: {err}", src.display()))?;
-    let dst_meta =
-        fs::metadata(dst).map_err(|err| format!("failed to stat {}: {err}", dst.display()))?;
-
-    if src_meta.len() != dst_meta.len() {
-        return Ok(false);
-    }
-
-    let src_bytes =
-        fs::read(src).map_err(|err| format!("failed to read {}: {err}", src.display()))?;
-    let dst_bytes =
-        fs::read(dst).map_err(|err| format!("failed to read {}: {err}", dst.display()))?;
-
-    Ok(src_bytes == dst_bytes)
-}
-
-fn copy_file_if_changed(src: &Path, dst: &Path, label: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
-    if !src.is_file() {
-        return Err(format!("missing {label} at {}", src.display()));
-    }
-
-    if files_equal(src, dst)? {
-        return Ok(());
-    }
-
-    if let Some(parent) = dst.parent() {
-        fs::create_dir_all(parent)
-            .map_err(|err| format!("failed to create {}: {err}", parent.display()))?;
-    }
-
-    fs::copy(src, dst).map_err(|err| {
-        format!(
-            "failed to copy {} -> {}: {err}",
-            src.display(),
-            dst.display()
-        )
-    })?;
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn collect_files_recursive(
-    root: &Path,
-    current: &Path,
-    out: &mut Vec<PathBuf>,
-) -> Result<(), String> {
-    for entry in fs::read_dir(current)
-        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to read {}: {err}", current.display()))?
-    {
-        let entry = entry
-            .map_err(|err| format!("failed to read entry in {}: {err}", current.display()))?;
-        let path = entry.path();
-        let file_type = entry
-            .file_type()
-            .map_err(|err| format!("failed to stat {}: {err}", path.display()))?;
-
-        if file_type.is_dir() {
-            collect_files_recursive(root, &path, out)?;
-        } else if file_type.is_file() {
-            let rel = path
-                .strip_prefix(root)
-                .map_err(|err| {
-                    format!(
-                        "failed to strip prefix {} from {}: {err}",
-                        root.display(),
-                        path.display()
-                    )
-                })?
-                .to_path_buf();
-            out.push(rel);
-        }
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn copy_dir_all_if_changed(
-    src: &Path,
-    dst: &Path,
-    expected_files: &mut BTreeSet<PathBuf>,
-) -> Result<(), String> {
-    if !src.is_dir() {
-        return Err(format!("missing directory: {}", src.display()));
-    }
-
-    fs::create_dir_all(dst)
-        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to create {}: {err}", dst.display()))?;
-
-    let mut rel_files = Vec::new();
-    collect_files_recursive(src, src, &mut rel_files)?;
-
-    for rel in rel_files {
-        let src_path = src.join(&rel);
-        let dst_path = dst.join(&rel);
-        copy_file_if_changed(&src_path, &dst_path, "built app file")?;
-        expected_files.insert(rel);
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn remove_unexpected_files(dir: &Path, expected_files: &BTreeSet<PathBuf>) -> Result<(), String> {
-    if !dir.is_dir() {
-        return Ok(());
-    }
-
-    let mut existing_files = Vec::new();
-    collect_files_recursive(dir, dir, &mut existing_files)?;
-
-    for rel in existing_files {
-        if !expected_files.contains(&rel) {
-            let path = dir.join(&rel);
-            fs::remove_file(&path)
-                .map_err(|err| format!("failed to remove {}: {err}", path.display()))?;
-        }
-    }
-
-    remove_empty_dirs_recursively(dir)?;
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn remove_empty_dirs_recursively(dir: &Path) -> Result<bool, String> {
-    if !dir.is_dir() {
-        return Ok(false);
-    }
-
-    let mut is_empty = true;
-
-    for entry in fs::read_dir(dir)
-        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to read {}: {err}", dir.display()))?
-    {
-        let entry =
-            entry.map_err(|err| format!("failed to read entry in {}: {err}", dir.display()))?;
-        let path = entry.path();
-        let file_type = entry
-            .file_type()
-            .map_err(|err| format!("failed to stat {}: {err}", path.display()))?;
-
-        if file_type.is_dir() {
-            let child_empty = remove_empty_dirs_recursively(&path)?;
-            if child_empty {
-                fs::remove_dir(&path)
-                    .map_err(|err| format!("failed to remove {}: {err}", path.display()))?;
-            } else {
-                is_empty = false;
-            }
-        } else {
-            is_empty = false;
-        }
-    }
-
-    Ok(is_empty)
-}
-
-fn finalize_built_app(
-    shared_dir: &Path,
-    source_dir: &Path,
-    out_dir: &Path,
-    manifest_file_name: Option<&str>,
-    sdk_dist: &Path,
-) -> Result<(), String> {
-    fs::create_dir_all(out_dir)
-        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to create {}: {err}", out_dir.display()))?;
-
-    let mut expected_files = BTreeSet::<PathBuf>::new();
-
-    if shared_dir.is_dir() {
-        copy_dir_all_if_changed(shared_dir, out_dir, &mut expected_files)?;
-    }
-
-    copy_dir_all_if_changed(source_dir, out_dir, &mut expected_files)?;
-
-    if let Some(manifest_file_name) = manifest_file_name {
-        let rel = PathBuf::from("sage-manifest.json");
-        copy_file_if_changed(
-            &source_dir.join(manifest_file_name),
-            &out_dir.join(&rel),
-            &format!("manifest {manifest_file_name}"),
-        )?;
-        expected_files.insert(rel);
-
-        for legacy_name in [
-            "sage-manifest.json",
-            "sage-manifest.persistent.json",
-            "sage-manifest.incognito.json",
-        ] {
-            let rel = PathBuf::from(legacy_name);
-            if rel != PathBuf::from("sage-manifest.json") {
-                let path = out_dir.join(&rel);
-                if path.is_file() {
-                    fs::remove_file(&path).map_err(|err| {
-                        format!("failed to remove {}: {err}", path.display())
-                    })?;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    let bridge_rel = PathBuf::from("bridge.js");
-    copy_file_if_changed(
-        &sdk_dist.join("runtime-bridge.js"),
-        &out_dir.join(&bridge_rel),
-        "SDK runtime bridge build output",
-    )?;
-    expected_files.insert(bridge_rel);
-
-    let sdk_rel = PathBuf::from("sdk.js");
-    copy_file_if_changed(
-        &sdk_dist.join("index.js"),
-        &out_dir.join(&sdk_rel),
-        "SDK index build output",
-    )?;
-    expected_files.insert(sdk_rel);
-
-    remove_unexpected_files(out_dir, &expected_files)?;
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
-struct TestVariant {
-    out_dir_name: &'static str,
-    manifest_file_name: &'static str,
-}
-
-#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
-struct TestGroup {
-    source_dir_name: &'static str,
-    variants: &'static [TestVariant],
-}
-
-#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
-struct RuntimeApp {
-    source_dir_name: &'static str,
-    out_dir_name: &'static str,
-}
-
-#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
-struct SystemApp {
-    source_dir_name: &'static str,
-    out_dir_name: &'static str,
-}
-
-const TEST_BUILD_PLAN: &[TestGroup] = &[
-    TestGroup {
-        source_dir_name: "sage-storage-isolation",
-        variants: &[
-            TestVariant {
-                out_dir_name: "sage-storage-isolation-persistent",
-                manifest_file_name: "sage-manifest.persistent.json",
-            },
-            TestVariant {
-                out_dir_name: "sage-storage-isolation-incognito",
-                manifest_file_name: "sage-manifest.incognito.json",
-            },
-        ],
-    },
-    TestGroup {
-        source_dir_name: "storage-persistence",
-        variants: &[
-            TestVariant {
-                out_dir_name: "storage-persistence-persistent",
-                manifest_file_name: "sage-manifest.persistent.json",
-            },
-            TestVariant {
-                out_dir_name: "storage-persistence-incognito",
-                manifest_file_name: "sage-manifest.incognito.json",
-            },
-            TestVariant {
-                out_dir_name: "storage-clear-persistent",
-                manifest_file_name: "sage-manifest.persistent.json",
-            },
-        ],
-    },
-    TestGroup {
-        source_dir_name: "network-allow-a",
-        variants: &[TestVariant {
-            out_dir_name: "network-allow-a",
-            manifest_file_name: "sage-manifest.json",
-        }],
-    },
-    TestGroup {
-        source_dir_name: "network-allow-b",
-        variants: &[TestVariant {
-            out_dir_name: "network-allow-b",
-            manifest_file_name: "sage-manifest.json",
-        }],
-    },
-];
-
-const RUNTIME_BUILD_PLAN: &[RuntimeApp] = &[RuntimeApp {
-    source_dir_name: "storage-clear-probe",
-    out_dir_name: "storage-clear-probe",
-}];
-
-const SYSTEM_BUILD_PLAN: &[SystemApp] = &[SystemApp {
-    source_dir_name: "task-manager",
-    out_dir_name: "task-manager",
-}];
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+use crate::build::{runtime_apps, system_apps, test_apps};
 
 pub fn build_builtin_apps() -> Result<(), String> {
     let manifest_dir = PathBuf::from(env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR"));
-
     let builtin_root = manifest_dir.join("builtin-apps");
 
-    let shared_dir = builtin_root.join("shared");
     let test_src_dir = builtin_root.join("test-apps-src");
     let runtime_src_dir = builtin_root.join("runtime-apps-src");
-    let system_src_dir = builtin_root.join("system-apps-src");
+    let system_apps_workspace_dir = builtin_root.join("system-apps-src");
+    let system_apps_src_dir = system_apps_workspace_dir.join("apps");
 
     let dist_root = builtin_root.join("dist");
     let test_out_dir = dist_root.join("test-apps");
@@ -327,16 +21,21 @@ pub fn build_builtin_apps() -> Result<(), String> {
         .and_then(|p| p.parent())
         .ok_or_else(|| "crates/sage-apps should have workspace root above it".to_string())?;
 
-    let sdk_dist = workspace_root
+    let user_sdk_dist = workspace_root
         .join("packages")
         .join("sage-app-sdk")
         .join("dist");
 
-    println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed={}", shared_dir.display());
+    let system_sdk_dist = workspace_root
+        .join("packages")
+        .join("sage-system-app-sdk")
+        .join("dist");
+
     println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed={}", test_src_dir.display());
     println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed={}", runtime_src_dir.display());
-    println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed={}", system_src_dir.display());
-    println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed={}", sdk_dist.display());
+    println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed={}", system_apps_workspace_dir.display());
+    println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed={}", user_sdk_dist.display());
+    println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed={}", system_sdk_dist.display());
 
     fs::create_dir_all(&test_out_dir)
         .map_err(|err| format!("failed to create {}: {err}", test_out_dir.display()))?;
@@ -345,37 +44,13 @@ pub fn build_builtin_apps() -> Result<(), String> {
     fs::create_dir_all(&system_out_dir)
         .map_err(|err| format!("failed to create {}: {err}", system_out_dir.display()))?;
 
-    for group in TEST_BUILD_PLAN {
-        for variant in group.variants {
-            finalize_built_app(
-                &shared_dir,
-                &test_src_dir.join(group.source_dir_name),
-                &test_out_dir.join(variant.out_dir_name),
-                Some(variant.manifest_file_name),
-                &sdk_dist,
-            )?;
-        }
-    }
-
-    for runtime_app in RUNTIME_BUILD_PLAN {
-        finalize_built_app(
-            &shared_dir,
-            &runtime_src_dir.join(runtime_app.source_dir_name),
-            &runtime_out_dir.join(runtime_app.out_dir_name),
-            None,
-            &sdk_dist,
-        )?;
-    }
-
-    for system_app in SYSTEM_BUILD_PLAN {
-        finalize_built_app(
-            &shared_dir,
-            &system_src_dir.join(system_app.source_dir_name),
-            &system_out_dir.join(system_app.out_dir_name),
-            Some("sage-manifest.json"),
-            &sdk_dist,
-        )?;
-    }
+    test_apps::build_test_apps(&test_src_dir, &test_out_dir, &user_sdk_dist)?;
+    runtime_apps::build_runtime_apps(&runtime_src_dir, &runtime_out_dir, &user_sdk_dist)?;
+    system_apps::build_system_apps(
+        &system_apps_src_dir,
+        &system_out_dir,
+        &system_sdk_dist,
+    )?;
 
     Ok(())
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/finalize.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/finalize.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a30c33ce3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/finalize.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+use std::collections::BTreeSet;
+use std::fs;
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+
+use super::fs_utils::{
+    copy_dir_all_if_changed, copy_file_if_changed, remove_unexpected_files,
+};
+
+pub fn finalize_source_app(
+    shared_dir: Option<&Path>,
+    source_dir: &Path,
+    out_dir: &Path,
+    manifest_file_name: Option<&str>,
+    sdk_dist: &Path,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    fs::create_dir_all(out_dir)
+        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to create {}: {err}", out_dir.display()))?;
+
+    let mut expected_files = BTreeSet::<PathBuf>::new();
+
+    if let Some(shared_dir) = shared_dir {
+        if shared_dir.is_dir() {
+            copy_dir_all_if_changed(shared_dir, out_dir, &mut expected_files)?;
+        }
+    }
+
+    copy_dir_all_if_changed(source_dir, out_dir, &mut expected_files)?;
+
+    if let Some(manifest_file_name) = manifest_file_name {
+        let rel = PathBuf::from("sage-manifest.json");
+        copy_file_if_changed(
+            &source_dir.join(manifest_file_name),
+            &out_dir.join(&rel),
+            &format!("manifest {manifest_file_name}"),
+        )?;
+        expected_files.insert(rel);
+
+        for legacy_name in [
+            "sage-manifest.json",
+            "sage-manifest.persistent.json",
+            "sage-manifest.incognito.json",
+        ] {
+            let rel = PathBuf::from(legacy_name);
+            if rel != PathBuf::from("sage-manifest.json") {
+                let path = out_dir.join(&rel);
+                if path.is_file() {
+                    fs::remove_file(&path).map_err(|err| {
+                        format!("failed to remove {}: {err}", path.display())
+                    })?;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    let bridge_rel = PathBuf::from("bridge.js");
+    copy_file_if_changed(
+        &sdk_dist.join("runtime-bridge.js"),
+        &out_dir.join(&bridge_rel),
+        "SDK runtime bridge build output",
+    )?;
+    expected_files.insert(bridge_rel);
+
+    let sdk_rel = PathBuf::from("sdk.js");
+    copy_file_if_changed(
+        &sdk_dist.join("index.js"),
+        &out_dir.join(&sdk_rel),
+        "SDK index build output",
+    )?;
+    expected_files.insert(sdk_rel);
+
+    remove_unexpected_files(out_dir, &expected_files)?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub fn finalize_prebuilt_app(
+    built_dir: &Path,
+    manifest_src: &Path,
+    out_dir: &Path,
+    sdk_dist: &Path,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    fs::create_dir_all(out_dir)
+        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to create {}: {err}", out_dir.display()))?;
+
+    let mut expected_files = BTreeSet::<PathBuf>::new();
+
+    copy_dir_all_if_changed(built_dir, out_dir, &mut expected_files)?;
+
+    let manifest_rel = PathBuf::from("sage-manifest.json");
+    copy_file_if_changed(
+        manifest_src,
+        &out_dir.join(&manifest_rel),
+        "system app manifest",
+    )?;
+    expected_files.insert(manifest_rel);
+
+    let bridge_rel = PathBuf::from("bridge.js");
+    copy_file_if_changed(
+        &sdk_dist.join("runtime-bridge.js"),
+        &out_dir.join(&bridge_rel),
+        "system SDK runtime bridge build output",
+    )?;
+    expected_files.insert(bridge_rel);
+
+    let sdk_rel = PathBuf::from("sdk.js");
+    copy_file_if_changed(
+        &sdk_dist.join("index.js"),
+        &out_dir.join(&sdk_rel),
+        "system SDK index build output",
+    )?;
+    expected_files.insert(sdk_rel);
+
+    remove_unexpected_files(out_dir, &expected_files)?;
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/fs_utils.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/fs_utils.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b8c6933ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/fs_utils.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
+use std::collections::BTreeSet;
+use std::fs;
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+
+pub fn files_equal(src: &Path, dst: &Path) -> Result<bool, String> {
+    if !src.is_file() || !dst.is_file() {
+        return Ok(false);
+    }
+
+    let src_meta =
+        fs::metadata(src).map_err(|err| format!("failed to stat {}: {err}", src.display()))?;
+    let dst_meta =
+        fs::metadata(dst).map_err(|err| format!("failed to stat {}: {err}", dst.display()))?;
+
+    if src_meta.len() != dst_meta.len() {
+        return Ok(false);
+    }
+
+    let src_bytes =
+        fs::read(src).map_err(|err| format!("failed to read {}: {err}", src.display()))?;
+    let dst_bytes =
+        fs::read(dst).map_err(|err| format!("failed to read {}: {err}", dst.display()))?;
+
+    Ok(src_bytes == dst_bytes)
+}
+
+pub fn copy_file_if_changed(src: &Path, dst: &Path, label: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
+    if !src.is_file() {
+        return Err(format!("missing {label} at {}", src.display()));
+    }
+
+    if files_equal(src, dst)? {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+
+    if let Some(parent) = dst.parent() {
+        fs::create_dir_all(parent)
+            .map_err(|err| format!("failed to create {}: {err}", parent.display()))?;
+    }
+
+    fs::copy(src, dst).map_err(|err| {
+        format!(
+            "failed to copy {} -> {}: {err}",
+            src.display(),
+            dst.display()
+        )
+    })?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub fn collect_files_recursive(
+    root: &Path,
+    current: &Path,
+    out: &mut Vec<PathBuf>,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    for entry in fs::read_dir(current)
+        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to read {}: {err}", current.display()))?
+    {
+        let entry = entry
+            .map_err(|err| format!("failed to read entry in {}: {err}", current.display()))?;
+        let path = entry.path();
+        let file_type = entry
+            .file_type()
+            .map_err(|err| format!("failed to stat {}: {err}", path.display()))?;
+
+        if file_type.is_dir() {
+            collect_files_recursive(root, &path, out)?;
+        } else if file_type.is_file() {
+            let rel = path
+                .strip_prefix(root)
+                .map_err(|err| {
+                    format!(
+                        "failed to strip prefix {} from {}: {err}",
+                        root.display(),
+                        path.display()
+                    )
+                })?
+                .to_path_buf();
+            out.push(rel);
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub fn copy_dir_all_if_changed(
+    src: &Path,
+    dst: &Path,
+    expected_files: &mut BTreeSet<PathBuf>,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    if !src.is_dir() {
+        return Err(format!("missing directory: {}", src.display()));
+    }
+
+    fs::create_dir_all(dst)
+        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to create {}: {err}", dst.display()))?;
+
+    let mut rel_files = Vec::new();
+    collect_files_recursive(src, src, &mut rel_files)?;
+
+    for rel in rel_files {
+        let src_path = src.join(&rel);
+        let dst_path = dst.join(&rel);
+        copy_file_if_changed(&src_path, &dst_path, "built app file")?;
+        expected_files.insert(rel);
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub fn remove_unexpected_files(
+    dir: &Path,
+    expected_files: &BTreeSet<PathBuf>,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    if !dir.is_dir() {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+
+    let mut existing_files = Vec::new();
+    collect_files_recursive(dir, dir, &mut existing_files)?;
+
+    for rel in existing_files {
+        if !expected_files.contains(&rel) {
+            let path = dir.join(&rel);
+            fs::remove_file(&path)
+                .map_err(|err| format!("failed to remove {}: {err}", path.display()))?;
+        }
+    }
+
+    remove_empty_dirs_recursively(dir)?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub fn remove_empty_dirs_recursively(dir: &Path) -> Result<bool, String> {
+    if !dir.is_dir() {
+        return Ok(false);
+    }
+
+    let mut is_empty = true;
+
+    for entry in fs::read_dir(dir)
+        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to read {}: {err}", dir.display()))?
+    {
+        let entry =
+            entry.map_err(|err| format!("failed to read entry in {}: {err}", dir.display()))?;
+        let path = entry.path();
+        let file_type = entry
+            .file_type()
+            .map_err(|err| format!("failed to stat {}: {err}", path.display()))?;
+
+        if file_type.is_dir() {
+            let child_empty = remove_empty_dirs_recursively(&path)?;
+            if child_empty {
+                fs::remove_dir(&path)
+                    .map_err(|err| format!("failed to remove {}: {err}", path.display()))?;
+            } else {
+                is_empty = false;
+            }
+        } else {
+            is_empty = false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(is_empty)
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/mod.rs
index bf200ccc7..8a8b44787 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/mod.rs
@@ -1 +1,6 @@
 pub mod builtin_apps;
+mod finalize;
+mod fs_utils;
+mod runtime_apps;
+mod system_apps;
+mod test_apps;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/runtime_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/runtime_apps.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c48fae82a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/runtime_apps.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+use std::path::Path;
+
+use super::finalize::finalize_source_app;
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+struct RuntimeApp {
+    source_dir_name: &'static str,
+    out_dir_name: &'static str,
+}
+
+const RUNTIME_BUILD_PLAN: &[RuntimeApp] = &[RuntimeApp {
+    source_dir_name: "storage-clear-probe",
+    out_dir_name: "storage-clear-probe",
+}];
+
+pub fn build_runtime_apps(
+    runtime_src_dir: &Path,
+    runtime_out_dir: &Path,
+    user_sdk_dist: &Path,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    for runtime_app in RUNTIME_BUILD_PLAN {
+        finalize_source_app(
+            None,
+            &runtime_src_dir.join(runtime_app.source_dir_name),
+            &runtime_out_dir.join(runtime_app.out_dir_name),
+            None,
+            user_sdk_dist,
+        )?;
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/system_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/system_apps.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c18b9cde2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/system_apps.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+use std::path::Path;
+
+use super::finalize::finalize_prebuilt_app;
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+struct SystemApp {
+    app_dir_name: &'static str,
+    out_dir_name: &'static str,
+}
+
+const SYSTEM_BUILD_PLAN: &[SystemApp] = &[SystemApp {
+    app_dir_name: "task-manager",
+    out_dir_name: "task-manager",
+}];
+
+pub fn build_system_apps(
+    system_apps_src_dir: &Path,
+    system_out_dir: &Path,
+    system_sdk_dist: &Path,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    for system_app in SYSTEM_BUILD_PLAN {
+        let app_src_dir = system_apps_src_dir.join(system_app.app_dir_name);
+        let built_dir = system_out_dir.join(system_app.out_dir_name);
+        let manifest_src = app_src_dir.join("sage-manifest.json");
+
+        finalize_prebuilt_app(
+            &built_dir,
+            &manifest_src,
+            &system_out_dir.join(system_app.out_dir_name),
+            system_sdk_dist,
+        )?;
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/test_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/test_apps.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8457c4d17
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/test_apps.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+use std::path::Path;
+
+use super::finalize::finalize_source_app;
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+struct TestVariant {
+    out_dir_name: &'static str,
+    manifest_file_name: &'static str,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+struct TestGroup {
+    source_dir_name: &'static str,
+    variants: &'static [TestVariant],
+}
+
+const TEST_BUILD_PLAN: &[TestGroup] = &[
+    TestGroup {
+        source_dir_name: "sage-storage-isolation",
+        variants: &[
+            TestVariant {
+                out_dir_name: "sage-storage-isolation-persistent",
+                manifest_file_name: "sage-manifest.persistent.json",
+            },
+            TestVariant {
+                out_dir_name: "sage-storage-isolation-incognito",
+                manifest_file_name: "sage-manifest.incognito.json",
+            },
+        ],
+    },
+    TestGroup {
+        source_dir_name: "storage-persistence",
+        variants: &[
+            TestVariant {
+                out_dir_name: "storage-persistence-persistent",
+                manifest_file_name: "sage-manifest.persistent.json",
+            },
+            TestVariant {
+                out_dir_name: "storage-persistence-incognito",
+                manifest_file_name: "sage-manifest.incognito.json",
+            },
+            TestVariant {
+                out_dir_name: "storage-clear-persistent",
+                manifest_file_name: "sage-manifest.persistent.json",
+            },
+        ],
+    },
+    TestGroup {
+        source_dir_name: "network-allow-a",
+        variants: &[TestVariant {
+            out_dir_name: "network-allow-a",
+            manifest_file_name: "sage-manifest.json",
+        }],
+    },
+    TestGroup {
+        source_dir_name: "network-allow-b",
+        variants: &[TestVariant {
+            out_dir_name: "network-allow-b",
+            manifest_file_name: "sage-manifest.json",
+        }],
+    },
+];
+
+pub fn build_test_apps(
+    test_src_dir: &Path,
+    test_out_dir: &Path,
+    user_sdk_dist: &Path,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let shared_test_dir = test_src_dir.join("_shared");
+
+    for group in TEST_BUILD_PLAN {
+        for variant in group.variants {
+            finalize_source_app(
+                Some(&shared_test_dir),
+                &test_src_dir.join(group.source_dir_name),
+                &test_out_dir.join(variant.out_dir_name),
+                Some(variant.manifest_file_name),
+                user_sdk_dist,
+            )?;
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index cd3fe2b24..f3a1bcde0 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -6,10 +6,11 @@
   "packageManager": "pnpm@10.13.1",
   "scripts": {
     "dev": "vite",
+    "build:system-apps": "pnpm --dir crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src build",
     "build:sdk": "pnpm --filter @sage-app/sdk build && pnpm --filter @sage-system-app/sdk build",
-    "build": "pnpm build:sdk && tsc -b && vite build",
-    "tauri:dev": "pnpm build:sdk && tauri dev",
-    "tauri:build": "pnpm build:sdk && tauri build",
+    "build": "pnpm build:sdk && pnpm build:system-apps && tsc -b && vite build",
+    "tauri:dev": "pnpm build && tauri dev",
+    "tauri:build": "pnpm build && tauri build",
     "lint": "eslint .",
     "preview": "vite preview",
     "prettier": "prettier --write .",

From c1deb7b9fb180d397e2b2f55f63607de6ae96c17 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Thu, 23 Apr 2026 23:39:42 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 162/471] Refactor sandbox app capability evaluation and
 integrate enhanced launch gating:

- Replaced hardcoded sandbox capabilities with dynamic evaluation based on app-specific requirements (e.g., persistent storage).
- Refactored `evaluateAppLaunchGate` logic to use newly introduced `required_capabilities_for_app`.
- Updated launch decision logic to handle pending/failing tests with formatted capability-specific messages.
- Improved `AppContext` with `launchGatesByAppId` for better app gate state tracking and refresh handling.
- Enhanced embedded runtime behavior with error handling, attach state tracking, and runtime cleanup.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs |  35 ++++--
 src/components/apps/AppTile.tsx      |  32 +++--
 src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx         | 173 ++++++++++++++++++---------
 src/hooks/useAppEmbeddedRuntime.ts   |  67 +++++++++--
 src/lib/apps/sandboxPolicy.ts        |  43 +++----
 src/pages/AppHost.tsx                |  22 ++--
 src/pages/Apps.tsx                   |  14 ++-
 7 files changed, 259 insertions(+), 127 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs
index fd3092897..f51c026ec 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs
@@ -29,6 +29,33 @@ fn app_requires_sandbox_gate(app: &SageApp) -> bool {
     !app.id().starts_with("__sage_test_")
 }
 
+fn app_has_capability(app: &SageApp, capability: &str) -> bool {
+    app.granted_permissions()
+        .capabilities
+        .iter()
+        .any(|cap| cap == capability)
+}
+
+fn app_uses_persistent_storage(app: &SageApp) -> bool {
+    app_has_capability(app, "persistent_storage")
+}
+
+fn required_capabilities_for_app(app: &SageApp) -> Vec<SandboxCapability> {
+    let mut caps = vec![
+        SandboxCapability::StorageIsolationFromSage,
+        SandboxCapability::NetworkAllowlistEnforced,
+    ];
+
+    if app_uses_persistent_storage(app) {
+        caps.push(SandboxCapability::StoragePersistenceNormal);
+        caps.push(SandboxCapability::StorageClearCycle);
+    } else {
+        caps.push(SandboxCapability::StorageNonPersistenceIncognito);
+    }
+
+    caps
+}
+
 pub fn evaluate_app_launch_gate(
     app: &SageApp,
     effective: &SandboxState,
@@ -42,13 +69,7 @@ pub fn evaluate_app_launch_gate(
         };
     }
 
-    let critical_caps = [
-        SandboxCapability::StorageIsolationFromSage,
-        SandboxCapability::StorageClearCycle,
-        SandboxCapability::NetworkAllowlistEnforced,
-    ];
-
-    for capability in critical_caps {
+    for capability in required_capabilities_for_app(app) {
         match capability_status(effective, capability) {
             SandboxCapabilityStatus::Passed => {}
             SandboxCapabilityStatus::Pending | SandboxCapabilityStatus::Running => {
diff --git a/src/components/apps/AppTile.tsx b/src/components/apps/AppTile.tsx
index df8ec0910..0633409b8 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/AppTile.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/AppTile.tsx
@@ -1,33 +1,30 @@
-import type { SageApp, SandboxStateView } from '@/bindings';
-import { getSandboxLaunchDecision } from '@/lib/apps/sandboxPolicy';
+import type { SageApp } from '@/bindings';
+import type { SandboxLaunchDecision } from '@/lib/apps/sandboxPolicy';
 
 interface Props {
   app: SageApp;
-  sandboxState: SandboxStateView | null;
+  launchDecision: SandboxLaunchDecision;
   onOpen: () => void;
   onContextMenu: (event: React.MouseEvent<HTMLButtonElement>) => void;
 }
 
-export function AppTile({ app, sandboxState, onOpen, onContextMenu }: Props) {
-  const iconSrc = `sage-app://${app.common.originId}/${app.common.iconFile}`;
-  const decision = getSandboxLaunchDecision({
-    app,
-    sandboxState,
-  });
+export function AppTile({ app, launchDecision, onOpen, onContextMenu }: Props) {
+  const iconSrc =
+    app.kind === 'system'
+      ? `sage-system-app://${app.common.originId}/${app.common.iconFile}`
+      : `sage-app://${app.common.originId}/${app.common.iconFile}`;
 
   const isChecking =
-    !decision.allowed && decision.title === 'Sandbox tests are still running';
+    !launchDecision.allowed &&
+    launchDecision.title === 'Sandbox tests are still running';
 
-  const isBlocked = !decision.allowed && !isChecking;
+  const isBlocked = !launchDecision.allowed && !isChecking;
 
   return (
     <button
       type='button'
       onClick={() => {
-        if (!decision.allowed) {
-          return;
-        }
-
+        if (!launchDecision.allowed) return;
         onOpen();
       }}
       onContextMenu={onContextMenu}
@@ -54,14 +51,13 @@ export function AppTile({ app, sandboxState, onOpen, onContextMenu }: Props) {
 
       <div className='min-w-0 w-full'>
         <div className='truncate text-sm font-medium'>{app.common.name}</div>
-
         <div className='truncate text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
           v{app.common.version}
         </div>
 
-        {!decision.allowed && !isChecking ? (
+        {isBlocked ? (
           <div className='relative z-20 mt-1 text-xs text-amber-600'>
-            {decision.title}
+            {launchDecision.title}
           </div>
         ) : null}
       </div>
diff --git a/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx b/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
index 839dae691..ace5a1338 100644
--- a/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
+++ b/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
@@ -9,12 +9,13 @@ import {
 } from 'react';
 import { listen, type UnlistenFn } from '@tauri-apps/api/event';
 import {
+  type AppLaunchGateResult,
   commands,
   type ListedSageApp,
   type SageAppUrlPreview,
   type SageGrantedPermissions,
   type SandboxStateView,
-  SystemSageApp,
+  type SystemSageApp,
   type UserSageApp,
 } from '@/bindings';
 import { useAppPendingApprovals } from '@/hooks/useAppPendingApprovals';
@@ -38,6 +39,7 @@ interface AppsContextValue {
   updateAvailability: Record<string, SageAppUrlPreview | null>;
   bridgeHostReady: boolean;
   sandboxState: SandboxStateView | null;
+  launchGatesByAppId: Record<string, AppLaunchGateResult>;
 
   currentApproval: PendingApprovalItem | null;
   queuedApprovalCount: number;
@@ -46,8 +48,12 @@ interface AppsContextValue {
   rejectCurrentApproval: () => void;
 
   getApp: (appId: string) => UserSageApp | undefined;
+  getListedApp: (appId: string) => InstalledEntry | undefined;
+  getLaunchGate: (appId: string) => AppLaunchGateResult | null;
+
   refresh: () => Promise<void>;
   refreshInstalledApps: () => Promise<void>;
+  refreshLaunchGates: (listed?: ListedSageApp[]) => Promise<void>;
   setBusy: (appId: string, busy: boolean) => void;
   setUpdateAvailability: (
     updater:
@@ -66,7 +72,6 @@ interface AppsContextValue {
     grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
   ) => Promise<UserSageApp>;
   uninstallApp: (appId: string) => Promise<void>;
-  getListedApp: (appId: string) => InstalledEntry | undefined;
   checkForUpdate: (appId: string) => Promise<SageAppUrlPreview | null>;
   performAppUpdate: (
     appId: string,
@@ -80,13 +85,8 @@ interface AppsContextValue {
 const AppsContext = createContext<AppsContextValue | null>(null);
 
 function formatError(err: unknown): string {
-  if (err instanceof Error) {
-    return err.message;
-  }
-
-  if (typeof err === 'string') {
-    return err;
-  }
+  if (err instanceof Error) return err.message;
+  if (typeof err === 'string') return err;
 
   try {
     return JSON.stringify(err, null, 2);
@@ -95,6 +95,22 @@ function formatError(err: unknown): string {
   }
 }
 
+function isLaunchGateEntry(
+  entry: readonly [string, AppLaunchGateResult] | null,
+): entry is readonly [string, AppLaunchGateResult] {
+  return entry !== null;
+}
+
+function isInstalledEntry(entry: ListedSageApp): entry is InstalledEntry {
+  return entry.kind === 'user' || entry.kind === 'system';
+}
+
+function isUserListedApp(
+  entry: ListedSageApp,
+): entry is { kind: 'user' } & UserSageApp {
+  return entry.kind === 'user';
+}
+
 export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
   const [apps, setApps] = useState<ListedSageApp[]>([]);
   const [loading, setLoading] = useState(true);
@@ -106,6 +122,9 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
   const [sandboxState, setSandboxState] = useState<SandboxStateView | null>(
     null,
   );
+  const [launchGatesByAppId, setLaunchGatesByAppId] = useState<
+    Record<string, AppLaunchGateResult>
+  >({});
 
   const {
     currentApproval,
@@ -116,16 +135,29 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
     rejectCurrentApproval,
   } = useAppPendingApprovals();
 
-  const { isReady: bridgeHostReady } = useBridgeHost({
-    requestApproval,
-  });
+  const { isReady: bridgeHostReady } = useBridgeHost({ requestApproval });
 
-  const getListedApp = useCallback(
-    (appId: string): InstalledEntry | undefined => {
-      return apps.find(
-        (item): item is InstalledEntry =>
-          (item.kind === 'user' || item.kind === 'system') &&
-          item.common.id === appId,
+  const refreshLaunchGates = useCallback(
+    async (listed: ListedSageApp[] = apps) => {
+      const entries = await Promise.all(
+        listed.filter(isInstalledEntry).map(async (app) => {
+          try {
+            return [
+              app.common.id,
+              await commands.appsGetAppLaunchGate(app.common.id),
+            ] as const;
+          } catch (err) {
+            console.error(
+              `Failed to refresh launch gate for ${app.common.id}:`,
+              err,
+            );
+            return null;
+          }
+        }),
+      );
+
+      setLaunchGatesByAppId(
+        Object.fromEntries(entries.filter(isLaunchGateEntry)),
       );
     },
     [apps],
@@ -143,6 +175,27 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
 
       setApps(listed);
       setSandboxState(sandbox);
+
+      const entries = await Promise.all(
+        listed.filter(isInstalledEntry).map(async (app) => {
+          try {
+            return [
+              app.common.id,
+              await commands.appsGetAppLaunchGate(app.common.id),
+            ] as const;
+          } catch (err) {
+            console.error(
+              `Failed to refresh launch gate for ${app.common.id}:`,
+              err,
+            );
+            return null;
+          }
+        }),
+      );
+
+      setLaunchGatesByAppId(
+        Object.fromEntries(entries.filter(isLaunchGateEntry)),
+      );
     } catch (err) {
       setError(formatError(err));
     } finally {
@@ -163,11 +216,10 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
         unsubscribe = await listen<SandboxStateView>(
           'apps:sandbox-state-updated',
           (event) => {
-            if (isCancelled) {
-              return;
-            }
+            if (isCancelled) return;
 
             setSandboxState(event.payload);
+            void refreshLaunchGates();
           },
         );
       } catch (err) {
@@ -181,18 +233,14 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
 
     return () => {
       isCancelled = true;
-      if (unsubscribe) {
-        void unsubscribe();
-      }
+      if (unsubscribe) void unsubscribe();
     };
-  }, []);
+  }, [refreshLaunchGates]);
 
   const currentSandboxRunId = sandboxState?.currentRun?.runId ?? null;
 
   useEffect(() => {
-    if (!currentSandboxRunId) {
-      return;
-    }
+    if (!currentSandboxRunId) return;
 
     let isCancelled = false;
 
@@ -201,6 +249,7 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
         const next = await commands.appsGetSandboxState();
         if (!isCancelled) {
           setSandboxState(next);
+          void refreshLaunchGates();
         }
       } catch (err) {
         if (!isCancelled) {
@@ -219,15 +268,25 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
       isCancelled = true;
       window.clearInterval(intervalId);
     };
-  }, [currentSandboxRunId]);
+  }, [currentSandboxRunId, refreshLaunchGates]);
 
   const refresh = refreshInstalledApps;
 
-  function isUserListedApp(
-    entry: ListedSageApp,
-  ): entry is { kind: 'user' } & UserSageApp {
-    return entry.kind === 'user';
-  }
+  const getListedApp = useCallback(
+    (appId: string): InstalledEntry | undefined => {
+      return apps.find(
+        (item): item is InstalledEntry =>
+          isInstalledEntry(item) && item.common.id === appId,
+      );
+    },
+    [apps],
+  );
+
+  const getLaunchGate = useCallback(
+    (appId: string): AppLaunchGateResult | null =>
+      launchGatesByAppId[appId] ?? null,
+    [launchGatesByAppId],
+  );
 
   const getApp = useCallback(
     (appId: string): UserSageApp | undefined => {
@@ -240,10 +299,7 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
   );
 
   const setBusy = useCallback((appId: string, busy: boolean) => {
-    setBusyAppIds((prev) => ({
-      ...prev,
-      [appId]: busy,
-    }));
+    setBusyAppIds((prev) => ({ ...prev, [appId]: busy }));
   }, []);
 
   const setUpdateAvailabilityState = useCallback(
@@ -291,12 +347,17 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
       try {
         await commands.uninstallApp(appId);
 
-        setUpdateAvailability((prev) => {
-          const next = { ...prev };
-          return Object.fromEntries(
-            Object.entries(next).filter(([key]) => key !== appId),
-          );
-        });
+        setUpdateAvailability((prev) =>
+          Object.fromEntries(
+            Object.entries(prev).filter(([key]) => key !== appId),
+          ),
+        );
+
+        setLaunchGatesByAppId((prev) =>
+          Object.fromEntries(
+            Object.entries(prev).filter(([key]) => key !== appId),
+          ),
+        );
 
         await refreshInstalledApps();
       } finally {
@@ -309,10 +370,7 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
   const checkForUpdate = useCallback(async (appId: string) => {
     const preview = await commands.checkAppUpdate(appId);
 
-    setUpdateAvailability((prev) => ({
-      ...prev,
-      [appId]: preview,
-    }));
+    setUpdateAvailability((prev) => ({ ...prev, [appId]: preview }));
 
     return preview;
   }, []);
@@ -345,10 +403,7 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
           }
         }
 
-        setUpdateAvailability((prev) => ({
-          ...prev,
-          [appId]: null,
-        }));
+        setUpdateAvailability((prev) => ({ ...prev, [appId]: null }));
 
         await refreshInstalledApps();
         return installed;
@@ -370,8 +425,9 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
   const rerunSandboxTests = useCallback(async () => {
     const next = await commands.appsRerunSandboxTests();
     setSandboxState(next);
+    await refreshLaunchGates();
     return next;
-  }, []);
+  }, [refreshLaunchGates]);
 
   const value = useMemo<AppsContextValue>(
     () => ({
@@ -382,6 +438,7 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
       updateAvailability,
       bridgeHostReady,
       sandboxState,
+      launchGatesByAppId,
 
       currentApproval,
       queuedApprovalCount,
@@ -390,15 +447,18 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
       rejectCurrentApproval,
 
       getApp,
+      getListedApp,
+      getLaunchGate,
+
       refresh,
       refreshInstalledApps,
+      refreshLaunchGates,
       setBusy,
       setUpdateAvailability: setUpdateAvailabilityState,
 
       installApp,
       installUrlApp,
       uninstallApp,
-      getListedApp,
       checkForUpdate,
       performAppUpdate,
       clearAppStorage,
@@ -412,20 +472,23 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
       updateAvailability,
       bridgeHostReady,
       sandboxState,
+      launchGatesByAppId,
       currentApproval,
       queuedApprovalCount,
       currentApprovalSecondsLeft,
       approveCurrentApproval,
       rejectCurrentApproval,
       getApp,
+      getListedApp,
+      getLaunchGate,
       refresh,
       refreshInstalledApps,
+      refreshLaunchGates,
       setBusy,
       setUpdateAvailabilityState,
       installApp,
       installUrlApp,
       uninstallApp,
-      getListedApp,
       checkForUpdate,
       performAppUpdate,
       clearAppStorage,
diff --git a/src/hooks/useAppEmbeddedRuntime.ts b/src/hooks/useAppEmbeddedRuntime.ts
index aba0a5d98..4f6f242c1 100644
--- a/src/hooks/useAppEmbeddedRuntime.ts
+++ b/src/hooks/useAppEmbeddedRuntime.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import React, { useCallback, useEffect } from 'react';
+import React, { useCallback, useEffect, useState } from 'react';
 import { platform } from '@tauri-apps/plugin-os';
 import { LogicalPosition, LogicalSize } from '@tauri-apps/api/dpi';
 import {
@@ -16,12 +16,26 @@ async function getMacWindowedTopInsetPx(): Promise<number> {
   return isMac && !isMaximized ? 30 : 0;
 }
 
+function formatError(err: unknown): string {
+  if (err instanceof Error) return err.message;
+  if (typeof err === 'string') return err;
+
+  try {
+    return JSON.stringify(err, null, 2);
+  } catch {
+    return String(err);
+  }
+}
+
 interface Args {
   app: SageApp | null | undefined;
   containerRef: React.RefObject<HTMLDivElement | null>;
 }
 
 export function useAppEmbeddedRuntime({ app, containerRef }: Args) {
+  const [attachError, setAttachError] = useState<string | null>(null);
+  const [attaching, setAttaching] = useState(false);
+
   const syncBounds = useCallback(
     async (appId: string) => {
       const webview = await getRuntimeWebview(appId);
@@ -31,14 +45,12 @@ export function useAppEmbeddedRuntime({ app, containerRef }: Args) {
         return;
       }
 
+      const inset = await getMacWindowedTopInsetPx();
       const rect = container.getBoundingClientRect();
       const width = Math.max(1, Math.round(rect.width));
-      const height = Math.max(
-        1,
-        Math.round(rect.height - (await getMacWindowedTopInsetPx())),
-      );
+      const height = Math.max(1, Math.round(rect.height - inset));
       const x = Math.round(rect.left);
-      const y = Math.round(rect.top + (await getMacWindowedTopInsetPx()));
+      const y = Math.round(rect.top + inset);
 
       await webview.setPosition(new LogicalPosition(x, y));
       await webview.setSize(new LogicalSize(width, height));
@@ -50,7 +62,7 @@ export function useAppEmbeddedRuntime({ app, containerRef }: Args) {
     (appId: string) => {
       requestAnimationFrame(() => {
         void syncBounds(appId).catch((err) => {
-          const message = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err);
+          const message = formatError(err);
 
           if (message.includes('webview not found')) {
             return;
@@ -64,28 +76,45 @@ export function useAppEmbeddedRuntime({ app, containerRef }: Args) {
   );
 
   useEffect(() => {
+    setAttachError(null);
+
     if (!app || !containerRef.current) {
+      setAttaching(false);
       return;
     }
 
     const installedApp = app;
 
     let disposed = false;
+    let runtimeCreated = false;
     let resizeObserver: ResizeObserver | null = null;
     let removeWindowResize: (() => void) | null = null;
     let delayedSyncTimers: number[] = [];
 
     const clearDelayedSyncTimers = () => {
-      delayedSyncTimers.forEach((id) => {
-        window.clearTimeout(id);
-      });
+      delayedSyncTimers.forEach((id) => window.clearTimeout(id));
       delayedSyncTimers = [];
     };
 
     const mount = async () => {
+      setAttaching(true);
+
       await ensureInlineRuntime(installedApp);
+      runtimeCreated = true;
+
+      if (disposed) {
+        return;
+      }
+
       await markRuntimeVisible(installedApp.common.id, true);
 
+      if (disposed) {
+        return;
+      }
+
+      setAttachError(null);
+      setAttaching(false);
+
       scheduleSyncBounds(installedApp.common.id);
 
       delayedSyncTimers = [0, 50, 150, 300].map((delay) =>
@@ -122,12 +151,26 @@ export function useAppEmbeddedRuntime({ app, containerRef }: Args) {
     };
 
     void mount().catch((err) => {
+      if (disposed) {
+        return;
+      }
+
+      const message = formatError(err);
+      setAttachError(message);
+      setAttaching(false);
       console.error('Failed to attach app runtime:', err);
     });
 
     return () => {
       disposed = true;
-      void markRuntimeVisible(installedApp.common.id, false);
+      setAttaching(false);
+
+      if (runtimeCreated) {
+        void markRuntimeVisible(installedApp.common.id, false).catch(() => {
+          //
+        });
+      }
+
       resizeObserver?.disconnect();
       removeWindowResize?.();
       clearDelayedSyncTimers();
@@ -135,6 +178,8 @@ export function useAppEmbeddedRuntime({ app, containerRef }: Args) {
   }, [app, containerRef, scheduleSyncBounds]);
 
   return {
+    attaching,
+    attachError,
     scheduleSyncBounds,
   };
 }
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/sandboxPolicy.ts b/src/lib/apps/sandboxPolicy.ts
index 99775829e..d2358cd8b 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/sandboxPolicy.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/sandboxPolicy.ts
@@ -1,15 +1,5 @@
-import type {
-  SandboxStateView,
-  SageApp,
-  SystemSageApp,
-  UserSageApp,
-} from '@/bindings';
-import {
-  evaluateAppLaunchGate,
-  getEffectiveSandboxState,
-} from '@/lib/apps/sandbox';
-
-type AppLike = SageApp | UserSageApp | SystemSageApp;
+import type { AppLaunchGateResult } from '@/bindings';
+import { formatCapabilityLabel } from '@/lib/apps/sandbox';
 
 export interface SandboxLaunchDecision {
   allowed: boolean;
@@ -17,15 +7,10 @@ export interface SandboxLaunchDecision {
   description: string;
 }
 
-export function getSandboxLaunchDecision(args: {
-  app: AppLike;
-  sandboxState: SandboxStateView | null | undefined;
-}): SandboxLaunchDecision {
-  const { app, sandboxState } = args;
-
-  const effectiveSandboxState = getEffectiveSandboxState(sandboxState);
-
-  if (!effectiveSandboxState) {
+export function formatSandboxLaunchDecision(
+  gate: AppLaunchGateResult | null | undefined,
+): SandboxLaunchDecision {
+  if (!gate) {
     return {
       allowed: false,
       title: 'Sandbox tests are still running',
@@ -34,8 +19,6 @@ export function getSandboxLaunchDecision(args: {
     };
   }
 
-  const gate = evaluateAppLaunchGate(app, effectiveSandboxState);
-
   if (gate.allowed) {
     return {
       allowed: true,
@@ -44,13 +27,15 @@ export function getSandboxLaunchDecision(args: {
     };
   }
 
-  if (gate.kind === 'running') {
+  if (gate.kind === 'sandboxPending') {
     return {
       allowed: false,
       title: 'Sandbox tests are still running',
       description:
-        gate.message ||
-        'Apps are allowed to launch only when all required sandbox capabilities have passed.',
+        gate.message ??
+        (gate.capability
+          ? `Sandbox tests are still running for ${formatCapabilityLabel(gate.capability)}.`
+          : 'Apps are allowed to launch only when all required sandbox capabilities have passed.'),
     };
   }
 
@@ -58,7 +43,9 @@ export function getSandboxLaunchDecision(args: {
     allowed: false,
     title: 'Sandbox test failed',
     description:
-      gate.message ||
-      'This app cannot be launched because a required sandbox capability failed.',
+      gate.message ??
+      (gate.capability
+        ? `Sandbox test failed for ${formatCapabilityLabel(gate.capability)}.`
+        : 'This app cannot be launched because a required sandbox capability failed.'),
   };
 }
diff --git a/src/pages/AppHost.tsx b/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
index 6781835d9..c015ddca6 100644
--- a/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import { useRef } from 'react';
 import { useParams } from 'react-router-dom';
 import { useApps } from '@/contexts/AppsContext';
 import { useAppEmbeddedRuntime } from '@/hooks/useAppEmbeddedRuntime.ts';
-import { getSandboxLaunchDecision } from '@/lib/apps/sandboxPolicy';
+import { formatSandboxLaunchDecision } from '@/lib/apps/sandboxPolicy';
 
 function AppNotFound() {
   return (
@@ -36,16 +36,13 @@ function AppBlocked({
 export function AppHost() {
   const { appId = '' } = useParams();
   const containerRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement | null>(null);
-  const { getListedApp, loading, sandboxState } = useApps();
+  const { getListedApp, getLaunchGate, loading } = useApps();
 
   const app = getListedApp(appId);
 
   const userLaunchDecision =
     app?.kind === 'user'
-      ? getSandboxLaunchDecision({
-          app,
-          sandboxState,
-        })
+      ? formatSandboxLaunchDecision(getLaunchGate(app.common.id))
       : null;
 
   const routeableSystemApp =
@@ -57,7 +54,7 @@ export function AppHost() {
       ? routeableSystemApp
       : !!userLaunchDecision?.allowed);
 
-  useAppEmbeddedRuntime({
+  const { attaching, attachError } = useAppEmbeddedRuntime({
     app: shouldMountRuntime ? app : null,
     containerRef,
   });
@@ -100,6 +97,17 @@ export function AppHost() {
 
   return (
     <div className='flex h-full min-h-0 w-full flex-col overflow-hidden'>
+      {attachError ? (
+        <AppBlocked title='Failed to launch app' description={attachError} />
+      ) : attaching ? (
+        <div className='mx-auto w-full max-w-4xl p-4 md:p-6'>
+          <Alert>
+            <AlertTitle>Starting app...</AlertTitle>
+            <AlertDescription>Please wait.</AlertDescription>
+          </Alert>
+        </div>
+      ) : null}
+
       <div className='flex-1 min-h-0'>
         <div
           ref={containerRef}
diff --git a/src/pages/Apps.tsx b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
index 59bb7d29f..6f705df20 100644
--- a/src/pages/Apps.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import { InstallAppForm } from '@/components/apps/InstallAppForm';
 import { CorruptedAppCard } from '@/components/apps/CorruptedAppCard';
 import { AppsLaunchpadContextMenu } from '@/components/apps/AppsLaunchpadContextMenu';
 import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
+import { formatSandboxLaunchDecision } from '@/lib/apps/sandboxPolicy';
 import {
   Dialog,
   DialogContent,
@@ -166,6 +167,7 @@ export function Apps() {
     busyAppIds,
     sandboxState,
     rerunSandboxTests,
+    getLaunchGate,
   } = useApps();
 
   const liveSandboxState = getLiveSandboxState(sandboxState);
@@ -707,7 +709,17 @@ export function Apps() {
                 <AppTile
                   key={app.common.id}
                   app={app}
-                  sandboxState={sandboxState}
+                  launchDecision={
+                    app.kind === 'system'
+                      ? {
+                          allowed: true,
+                          title: 'System app',
+                          description: 'System apps are managed by Sage.',
+                        }
+                      : formatSandboxLaunchDecision(
+                          getLaunchGate(app.common.id),
+                        )
+                  }
                   onOpen={() => {
                     navigate(`/apps/${app.common.id}`);
                   }}

From d57d23999d7f82c45c48757c662cb83374e3ec6b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Thu, 23 Apr 2026 23:43:03 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 163/471] Add `app_has_secret_access` capability check and
 improve sandbox gating messages:

- Introduced the `app_has_secret_access` function for enhanced capability evaluation.
- Updated `required_capabilities_for_app` to conditionally include `StorageClearCycle` only if secret access is enabled.
- Refined sandbox policy error messages to include dynamic formatting for failing capabilities.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs |  9 ++++++++-
 src/lib/apps/sandboxPolicy.ts        | 12 +++++++++---
 2 files changed, 17 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs
index f51c026ec..c74f5cd03 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs
@@ -40,6 +40,10 @@ fn app_uses_persistent_storage(app: &SageApp) -> bool {
     app_has_capability(app, "persistent_storage")
 }
 
+fn app_has_secret_access(app: &SageApp) -> bool {
+    app.capability_flags().has_secret_access
+}
+
 fn required_capabilities_for_app(app: &SageApp) -> Vec<SandboxCapability> {
     let mut caps = vec![
         SandboxCapability::StorageIsolationFromSage,
@@ -48,7 +52,10 @@ fn required_capabilities_for_app(app: &SageApp) -> Vec<SandboxCapability> {
 
     if app_uses_persistent_storage(app) {
         caps.push(SandboxCapability::StoragePersistenceNormal);
-        caps.push(SandboxCapability::StorageClearCycle);
+
+        if app_has_secret_access(app) {
+            caps.push(SandboxCapability::StorageClearCycle);
+        }
     } else {
         caps.push(SandboxCapability::StorageNonPersistenceIncognito);
     }
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/sandboxPolicy.ts b/src/lib/apps/sandboxPolicy.ts
index d2358cd8b..d18026c81 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/sandboxPolicy.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/sandboxPolicy.ts
@@ -39,13 +39,19 @@ export function formatSandboxLaunchDecision(
     };
   }
 
+  const capabilityLabel = gate.capability
+    ? formatCapabilityLabel(gate.capability)
+    : null;
+
   return {
     allowed: false,
-    title: 'Sandbox test failed',
+    title: capabilityLabel
+      ? `${capabilityLabel} failed`
+      : 'Sandbox test failed',
     description:
       gate.message ??
-      (gate.capability
-        ? `Sandbox test failed for ${formatCapabilityLabel(gate.capability)}.`
+      (capabilityLabel
+        ? `This app cannot be launched because ${capabilityLabel} failed.`
         : 'This app cannot be launched because a required sandbox capability failed.'),
   };
 }

From 870ca3b7b0186090d6464cb91547708eff893bb1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Thu, 23 Apr 2026 23:52:02 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 164/471] Add `storage-clear-probe` app and update task manager
 config:

- Introduced `storage-clear-probe` app with basic HTML, JavaScript, and logging functionality.
- Updated `TaskManager` `tsconfig.json` to include `vite.config.ts` in build scope.
---
 .../runtime-apps-src/storage-clear-probe/app.js       |  2 +-
 .../runtime-apps-src/storage-clear-probe/index.html   | 11 +++++++++++
 .../system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/tsconfig.json   |  2 +-
 3 files changed, 13 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/runtime-apps-src/storage-clear-probe/index.html

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/runtime-apps-src/storage-clear-probe/app.js b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/runtime-apps-src/storage-clear-probe/app.js
index 53ab2a811..3c322a5d5 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/runtime-apps-src/storage-clear-probe/app.js
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/runtime-apps-src/storage-clear-probe/app.js
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import './bridge.js';
 import { createSageClient } from './sdk.js';
 
-const log = (...args) => window.__SAGE_TEST__?.log?.(...args);
+const log = (...args) => console.log('[storage-clear-probe]', ...args);
 
 const STORE_NAME = 'probe_store';
 const DB_KEY = 'probe_key';
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/runtime-apps-src/storage-clear-probe/index.html b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/runtime-apps-src/storage-clear-probe/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a665d4eb9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/runtime-apps-src/storage-clear-probe/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<html>
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8" />
+  <title>Sage Storage Clear Probe</title>
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
+</head>
+<body>
+<script type="module" src="./app.js"></script>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/tsconfig.json b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/tsconfig.json
index 564a59900..3d61827d7 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/tsconfig.json
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/tsconfig.json
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 {
   "extends": "../../tsconfig.base.json",
-  "include": ["src"]
+  "include": ["src", "vite.config.ts"]
 }

From a39f466c6ab7f058ad21da498edd28f80ec3ba7a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:13:53 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 165/471] Integrate `@sage-system-app/sdk` into Task Manager:

- Replaced mock runtime API with `@sage-system-app/sdk` for runtime management (list, focus, hide, kill).
- Added styles to improve default app layout and behavior.
- Updated package dependencies and build configuration to include `@sage-system-app/sdk`.
---
 .../apps/task-manager/package.json            |  5 +-
 .../apps/task-manager/src/main.tsx            |  1 +
 .../apps/task-manager/src/styles.css          | 18 ++++
 .../apps/task-manager/src/taskManagerApi.ts   | 97 +++++++++++--------
 .../builtin-apps/system-apps-src/package.json |  1 +
 packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts   | 12 ++-
 packages/sage-system-app-sdk/tsup.config.ts   |  2 +
 pnpm-lock.yaml                                |  3 +
 8 files changed, 93 insertions(+), 46 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/src/styles.css

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/package.json b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/package.json
index 3eacf46a1..3945cfdf6 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/package.json
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/package.json
@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 {
   "name": "task-manager-system-app",
   "private": true,
-  "type": "module"
+  "type": "module",
+  "dependencies": {
+    "@sage-system-app/sdk": "workspace:*"
+  }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/src/main.tsx b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/src/main.tsx
index 9e045b6ac..93e192f5f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/src/main.tsx
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/src/main.tsx
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import './styles.css';
 import { StrictMode } from 'react';
 import { createRoot } from 'react-dom/client';
 import { App } from './App';
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/src/styles.css b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/src/styles.css
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b8fb92b84
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/src/styles.css
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+html,
+body,
+#root {
+    margin: 0;
+    width: 100%;
+    height: 100%;
+    min-height: 100%;
+    overflow: hidden;
+    background: #0b0b0c;
+}
+
+* {
+    box-sizing: border-box;
+}
+
+button {
+    font: inherit;
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/src/taskManagerApi.ts b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/src/taskManagerApi.ts
index 25070670f..6a9bdd0d4 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/src/taskManagerApi.ts
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/src/taskManagerApi.ts
@@ -1,52 +1,69 @@
-export type RuntimeRecord = {
-  runtimeId: string;
-  runtimeKind: 'user' | 'system';
-  appId: string;
-  appName: string;
-  mode: string;
-  state: string;
-  startedAt: number;
-  visible: boolean;
-  internal: boolean;
-  activeBatchCount: number;
-  activeSocketCount: number;
-  inFlightRequestCount: number;
+import type {
+  RuntimeTargetParams,
+  SageAppRuntimeRecord,
+  SageSystemClient,
+  SystemKillRuntimeResult,
+} from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
+
+type SageSystemSdkModule = {
+  initSageSystemRuntimeBridge(): boolean;
+  createSageSystemClient(): Promise<SageSystemClient>;
 };
 
-async function sleep(ms: number) {
-  await new Promise((resolve) => window.setTimeout(resolve, ms));
+let clientPromise: Promise<SageSystemClient> | null = null;
+
+function sdkUrl(): string {
+  return new URL('../sdk.js', import.meta.url).href;
 }
 
-export async function listRuntimes(): Promise<RuntimeRecord[]> {
-  await sleep(80);
-
-  return [
-    {
-      runtimeId: 'mock-runtime-1',
-      runtimeKind: 'user',
-      appId: 'example-user-app',
-      appName: 'Example User App',
-      mode: 'inline',
-      state: 'running',
-      startedAt: Date.now() - 42_000,
-      visible: true,
-      internal: false,
-      activeBatchCount: 0,
-      activeSocketCount: 1,
-      inFlightRequestCount: 0,
-    },
-  ];
+async function loadSdk(): Promise<SageSystemSdkModule> {
+  return (await import(/* @vite-ignore */ sdkUrl())) as SageSystemSdkModule;
 }
 
-export async function focusRuntime(_appId: string): Promise<void> {
-  await sleep(60);
+async function getClient(): Promise<SageSystemClient> {
+  clientPromise ??= (async () => {
+    const sdk = await loadSdk();
+
+    if (!sdk.initSageSystemRuntimeBridge()) {
+      throw new Error('Sage system bridge is not available in this runtime.');
+    }
+
+    return await sdk.createSageSystemClient();
+  })();
+
+  return await clientPromise;
 }
 
-export async function hideRuntime(_appId: string): Promise<void> {
-  await sleep(60);
+export type { SageAppRuntimeRecord as RuntimeRecord };
+
+export async function listRuntimes(): Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecord[]> {
+  const client = await getClient();
+  return await client.runtimeManager.listRuntimes();
+}
+
+export async function focusRuntime(
+  appId: string,
+): Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecord> {
+  const client = await getClient();
+  return await client.runtimeManager.focusRuntime({
+    appId,
+  } satisfies RuntimeTargetParams);
 }
 
-export async function killRuntime(_appId: string): Promise<void> {
-  await sleep(60);
+export async function hideRuntime(
+  appId: string,
+): Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecord> {
+  const client = await getClient();
+  return await client.runtimeManager.hideRuntime({
+    appId,
+  } satisfies RuntimeTargetParams);
 }
 
+export async function killRuntime(
+  appId: string,
+): Promise<SystemKillRuntimeResult> {
+  const client = await getClient();
+  return await client.runtimeManager.killRuntime({
+    appId,
+  } satisfies RuntimeTargetParams);
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/package.json b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/package.json
index 36ecac2c0..581e56b00 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/package.json
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/package.json
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
   },
   "dependencies": {
     "@tauri-apps/api": "^2.10.1",
+    "@sage-system-app/sdk": "workspace:*",
     "react": "^18.3.1",
     "react-dom": "^18.3.1"
   },
diff --git a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
index b7aae1f86..a61aefa98 100644
--- a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ export function initSageSystemRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
   }
 
   const core = createBridgeRuntimeCore({
-    channel: 'sage-system-bridge',
+    channel: SAGE_SYSTEM_BRIDGE_CHANNEL,
     version: SAGE_SYSTEM_BRIDGE_VERSION,
     invokeCommand: 'apps_invoke_system_bridge',
     requestIdPrefix: 'sage-system',
@@ -117,26 +117,28 @@ export function initSageSystemRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
   w.__SAGE_SYSTEM__ = {
     runtimeManager: {
       async listRuntimes() {
-        return await callHost<SageAppRuntimeRecord[]>('system.listRuntimes');
+        return await callHost<SageAppRuntimeRecord[]>(
+          'runtimeManager.listRuntimes',
+        );
       },
 
       async focusRuntime(input: RuntimeTargetParams) {
         return await callHost<SageAppRuntimeRecord>(
-          'system.focusRuntime',
+          'runtimeManager.focusRuntime',
           input,
         );
       },
 
       async hideRuntime(input: RuntimeTargetParams) {
         return await callHost<SageAppRuntimeRecord>(
-          'system.hideRuntime',
+          'runtimeManager.hideRuntime',
           input,
         );
       },
 
       async killRuntime(input: RuntimeTargetParams) {
         return await callHost<SystemKillRuntimeResult>(
-          'system.killRuntime',
+          'runtimeManager.killRuntime',
           input,
         );
       },
diff --git a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/tsup.config.ts b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/tsup.config.ts
index 1bf5dc1a1..68ca87c34 100644
--- a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/tsup.config.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/tsup.config.ts
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ export default defineConfig([
     splitting: false,
     outDir: 'dist',
     clean: true,
+    noExternal: ['@sage-app/sdk'],
   },
   {
     entry: {
@@ -20,5 +21,6 @@ export default defineConfig([
     splitting: false,
     outDir: 'dist',
     clean: false,
+    noExternal: ['@sage-app/sdk'],
   },
 ]);
diff --git a/pnpm-lock.yaml b/pnpm-lock.yaml
index 4efed97b2..562ce856a 100644
--- a/pnpm-lock.yaml
+++ b/pnpm-lock.yaml
@@ -279,6 +279,9 @@ importers:
 
   crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src:
     dependencies:
+      '@sage-system-app/sdk':
+        specifier: workspace:*
+        version: link:../../../../packages/sage-system-app-sdk
       '@tauri-apps/api':
         specifier: ^2.10.1
         version: 2.10.1

From 43758314aafd2489eeaf307099483108c42a0e7f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 24 Apr 2026 00:32:04 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 166/471] Refactor `apps_create_inline_runtime` to reuse
 existing webview instances and improve runtime state management.

---
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/inline.rs | 95 ++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 90 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/inline.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/inline.rs
index f5900f1a7..2b1259132 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/inline.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/inline.rs
@@ -87,6 +87,82 @@ pub struct CreateInlineRuntimeArgs {
     pub query: BTreeMap<String, String>,
 }
 
+fn now_ms() -> Result<i64, String> {
+    Ok(SystemTime::now()
+        .duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)
+        .map_err(|e| format!("system clock error: {e}"))?
+        .as_millis() as i64)
+}
+
+async fn reuse_existing_inline_runtime(
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    webview: &tauri::Webview,
+    runtime_id: String,
+    app_id: String,
+    app_name: String,
+    entry_src: String,
+    webview_label: String,
+    runtime_kind: super::records::SageAppRuntimeKind,
+    visible: bool,
+    internal: bool,
+) -> Result<SageAppRuntimeRecord, String> {
+    let now = now_ms()?;
+
+    if visible {
+        webview
+            .show()
+            .map_err(|e| format!("failed to show existing child webview: {e}"))?;
+    } else {
+        webview
+            .hide()
+            .map_err(|e| format!("failed to hide existing child webview: {e}"))?;
+    }
+
+    let mut record = {
+        let by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.by_runtime_id.lock().await;
+        by_runtime_id.get(&runtime_id).cloned()
+    }
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| SageAppRuntimeRecord {
+            runtime_id: runtime_id.clone(),
+            app_id: app_id.clone(),
+            app_name,
+            entry_src,
+            webview_label: webview_label.clone(),
+            host_window_label: "main".into(),
+            runtime_kind,
+            mode: "inline".into(),
+            state: "hidden".into(),
+            started_at: now,
+            last_active_at: now,
+            visible: false,
+            internal,
+            active_batch_count: 0,
+            active_socket_count: 0,
+            in_flight_request_count: 0,
+        });
+
+    record.visible = visible;
+    record.state = if visible {
+        "running".into()
+    } else {
+        "hidden".into()
+    };
+    record.last_active_at = now;
+    record.internal = internal;
+
+    {
+        let mut by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.by_runtime_id.lock().await;
+        by_runtime_id.insert(runtime_id.clone(), record.clone());
+    }
+
+    {
+        let mut runtime_by_app_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_by_app_id.lock().await;
+        runtime_by_app_id.insert(app_id, runtime_id);
+    }
+
+    Ok(record)
+}
+
 #[tauri::command]
 #[specta::specta]
 pub async fn apps_create_inline_runtime(
@@ -129,7 +205,19 @@ pub async fn apps_create_inline_runtime(
     let entry_src = build_entry_src(&resolved, args.path.clone(), args.query.clone());
 
     if let Some(existing) = host_window.get_webview(&webview_label) {
-        let _ = existing.close();
+        return reuse_existing_inline_runtime(
+            &apps_state,
+            &existing,
+            runtime_id,
+            resolved.id().to_string(),
+            resolved.name().to_string(),
+            entry_src,
+            webview_label,
+            runtime_kind,
+            args.visible,
+            args.internal,
+        )
+            .await;
     }
 
     let origin_id_for_nav = resolved.origin_id().to_string();
@@ -182,10 +270,7 @@ pub async fn apps_create_inline_runtime(
         )
         .map_err(|e| format!("failed to create child webview: {e}"))?;
 
-    let now = SystemTime::now()
-        .duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)
-        .map_err(|e| format!("system clock error: {e}"))?
-        .as_millis() as i64;
+    let now = now_ms()?;
 
     let record = SageAppRuntimeRecord {
         runtime_id: runtime_id.clone(),

From f6214a9372365d91c11efdb4ba6c814368c231db Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 24 Apr 2026 01:03:44 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 167/471] Add `RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent` and
 integrate runtime change event handling:

- Introduced `RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent` to track runtime state updates.
- Added event emission to runtime state changes (create, close, update).
- Updated TypeScript SDK to handle `runtimesChanged` event with handler registration.
- Enhanced runtime management logic for webview communication and state synchronization.
---
 .../methods/system/runtime_manager/events.rs  | 23 ++++++++
 .../methods/system/runtime_manager/mod.rs     |  2 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs     |  2 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/cleanup.rs       |  3 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/inline.rs        |  4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs       | 38 +++++++++++-
 packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts   | 59 +++++++++++++++++++
 packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/types.ts     | 12 ++--
 8 files changed, 132 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/events.rs

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/events.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/events.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..25bd8f7b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/events.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use specta::Type;
+
+use crate::runtime::SageAppRuntimeRecord;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent {
+    pub channel: String,
+    #[serde(rename = "type")]
+    pub event_type: String,
+    pub runtimes: Vec<SageAppRuntimeRecord>,
+}
+
+impl RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent {
+    pub fn new(channel: String, runtimes: Vec<SageAppRuntimeRecord>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            channel,
+            event_type: "runtimeManager.runtimesChanged".to_string(),
+            runtimes,
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/mod.rs
index 8fa1a2f78..32f0d2066 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/mod.rs
@@ -2,11 +2,13 @@ pub mod focus_runtime;
 pub mod hide_runtime;
 pub mod kill_runtime;
 pub mod list_runtimes;
+pub mod events;
 
 pub use focus_runtime::SystemFocusRuntime;
 pub use hide_runtime::SystemHideRuntime;
 pub use kill_runtime::SystemKillRuntime;
 pub use list_runtimes::SystemListRuntimes;
+pub use events::RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent;
 
 pub use crate::runtime::{RuntimeTargetParams, SystemKillRuntimeResult};
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
index 2439f9826..6e82111ec 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ use specta::TypeCollection;
 use specta_typescript::{BigIntExportBehavior, Typescript};
 use sage_api::TransactionResponse;
 use crate::bridge::methods::system::runtime_manager::RuntimeTargetParams;
+use crate::bridge::methods::system::RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent;
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::get_info::{AppGetInfoResult, SageNetworkPermissionInfo};
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::{GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent, GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent};
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::request_capability_grant::{RequestCapabilityGrantParams, RequestCapabilityGrantResult};
@@ -17,6 +18,7 @@ pub fn export_system_bridge_typescript() -> Result<String, String> {
     types.register::<RuntimeTargetParams>();
     types.register::<SageAppRuntimeRecord>();
     types.register::<SystemKillRuntimeResult>();
+    types.register::<RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent>();
 
     Typescript::default()
         .bigint(BigIntExportBehavior::Number)
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/cleanup.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/cleanup.rs
index 9b210ca4c..88ca6d363 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/cleanup.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/cleanup.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ use uuid::Uuid;
 use crate::state::AppsHostState;
 use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, PendingStorageCleanupTarget};
 
-use super::apps_create_inline_runtime;
+use super::{apps_create_inline_runtime, emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed};
 use super::inline::CreateInlineRuntimeArgs;
 use super::resolve::{resolve_app, runtime_kind_for_app};
 use super::records::{inline_label_for, SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail};
@@ -237,6 +237,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn close_runtime_internal_with_reason(
         let mut listeners = apps_state.runtime.before_stop_listeners_by_app_id.lock().await;
         listeners.remove(app_id);
     }
+    emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(app, apps_state).await;
 
     Ok(())
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/inline.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/inline.rs
index 2b1259132..4a1f77cae 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/inline.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/inline.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use tauri::{AppHandle, LogicalPosition, LogicalSize, Manager, State, WebviewUrl}
 
 #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
 use std::path::PathBuf;
-
+use crate::runtime::emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed;
 use crate::sandbox;
 use crate::state::AppsHostState;
 use crate::types::InstalledSageAppStorage;
@@ -311,5 +311,7 @@ pub async fn apps_create_inline_runtime(
         }
     }
 
+    emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(&app, &apps_state).await;
+
     Ok(record)
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
index e9849e68e..ef371491a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use std::time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Emitter, Manager, State};
-
+use crate::bridge::methods::system::RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent;
 use crate::state::AppsHostState;
 
 use super::cleanup::close_runtime_internal_with_reason;
@@ -71,6 +71,40 @@ pub(crate) async fn list_runtimes_internal(
     Ok(records)
 }
 
+pub(crate) async fn emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+) {
+    let Ok(runtimes) = list_runtimes_internal(apps_state).await else {
+        return;
+    };
+
+    let system_runtime_webview_labels = {
+        let by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.by_runtime_id.lock().await;
+
+        by_runtime_id
+            .values()
+            .filter(|record| !record.internal && record.runtime_kind == super::records::SageAppRuntimeKind::System)
+            .map(|record| record.webview_label.clone())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+    };
+
+    let event = RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent::new(
+        "sage-system-bridge".to_string(),
+        runtimes,
+    );
+
+    let Some(window) = app.get_window("main") else {
+        return;
+    };
+
+    for webview_label in system_runtime_webview_labels {
+        if let Some(webview) = window.get_webview(&webview_label) {
+            let _ = webview.emit("sage-system-bridge:event", event.clone());
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 async fn emit_route_request(
     app: &AppHandle,
     app_id: &str,
@@ -122,6 +156,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn focus_runtime_internal(
     record.last_active_at = now_ms()?;
 
     write_runtime_record(apps_state, record.clone()).await?;
+    emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(app, apps_state).await;
     Ok(record)
 }
 
@@ -161,6 +196,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn kill_runtime_internal(
     let _ = get_runtime_record_by_app_id(apps_state, app_id).await?;
 
     close_runtime_internal_with_reason(app, apps_state, app_id, reason).await?;
+    emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(app, apps_state).await;
 
     Ok(SystemKillRuntimeResult {
         ok: true,
diff --git a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
index a61aefa98..5f7c6bc98 100644
--- a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import type {
   SageSystemClient,
   SageSystemBridgeVersion,
   SystemKillRuntimeResult,
+  RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent,
 } from './types';
 import { createBridgeRuntimeCore } from '@sage-app/sdk';
 
@@ -35,6 +36,16 @@ function getSageWindow(): SageSystemWindow {
   return window as SageSystemWindow;
 }
 
+function isRuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent(
+  value: unknown,
+): value is RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent {
+  return (
+    !!value &&
+    typeof value === 'object' &&
+    (value as { type?: unknown }).type === 'runtimeManager.runtimesChanged'
+  );
+}
+
 export function initSageSystemRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
   const w = getSageWindow();
 
@@ -114,6 +125,31 @@ export function initSageSystemRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
       );
     });
 
+  webview
+    .listen(
+      `${SAGE_SYSTEM_BRIDGE_CHANNEL}:event`,
+      (event: SageSystemListenEvent) => {
+        const data = event.payload;
+
+        if (!isRuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent(data)) {
+          return;
+        }
+
+        window.dispatchEvent(
+          new CustomEvent<RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent>(
+            'runtimeManager:runtimesChanged',
+            { detail: data },
+          ),
+        );
+      },
+    )
+    .catch((error: unknown) => {
+      console.error(
+        `Failed to subscribe to ${SAGE_SYSTEM_BRIDGE_CHANNEL}:event:`,
+        error,
+      );
+    });
+
   w.__SAGE_SYSTEM__ = {
     runtimeManager: {
       async listRuntimes() {
@@ -142,6 +178,29 @@ export function initSageSystemRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
           input,
         );
       },
+
+      onRuntimesChanged(handler) {
+        const listener = (event: Event) => {
+          const custom =
+            event as CustomEvent<RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent>;
+
+          handler(custom.detail);
+        };
+
+        window.addEventListener(
+          'runtimeManager:runtimesChanged',
+
+          listener as EventListener,
+        );
+
+        return () => {
+          window.removeEventListener(
+            'runtimeManager:runtimesChanged',
+
+            listener as EventListener,
+          );
+        };
+      },
     },
   };
 
diff --git a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/types.ts b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/types.ts
index 550c648d9..64a50788c 100644
--- a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/types.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/types.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 export * from './generated-types';
 
 import type {
+  RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent,
   RuntimeTargetParams,
   SageAppRuntimeRecord,
   SystemKillRuntimeResult,
@@ -9,14 +10,6 @@ import type {
 export type SageSystemBridgeChannel = 'sage-system-bridge';
 export type SageSystemBridgeVersion = 'v1';
 
-export type SageSystemBridgeRequest = {
-  channel: SageSystemBridgeChannel;
-  bridgeVersion?: SageSystemBridgeVersion;
-  id: string;
-  method: string;
-  params?: unknown;
-};
-
 export type SageSystemBridgeSuccessResponse = {
   channel: SageSystemBridgeChannel;
   bridgeVersion: SageSystemBridgeVersion;
@@ -45,6 +38,9 @@ export type SageSystemRuntimeManagerClient = {
   focusRuntime(input: RuntimeTargetParams): Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecord>;
   hideRuntime(input: RuntimeTargetParams): Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecord>;
   killRuntime(input: RuntimeTargetParams): Promise<SystemKillRuntimeResult>;
+  onRuntimesChanged(
+    handler: (event: RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent) => void,
+  ): () => void;
 };
 
 export type SageSystemClient = {

From de78b6bf52bbfc1032f27eca52fb89860375a5d7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 24 Apr 2026 01:36:41 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 168/471] Refactor client initialization:

- Replaced `createSageClient` and `getSageClientSync` with unified `getSageClient` API.
- Enhanced error handling for unavailable runtime bridges.
- Updated usage in system, test, and runtime scripts for consistency.
- Simplified SDK imports and client management logic.
---
 .../apps/task-manager/src/App.tsx             | 17 +++++
 .../apps/task-manager/src/taskManagerApi.ts   | 48 ++++----------
 .../test-apps-src/network-allow-a/app.js      |  8 +--
 .../test-apps-src/network-allow-b/app.js      |  8 +--
 .../sage-storage-isolation/app.js             |  8 +--
 .../test-apps-src/storage-persistence/app.js  |  8 +--
 packages/sage-app-sdk/src/client.ts           | 57 ++++++-----------
 packages/sage-app-sdk/src/index.ts            |  3 +-
 packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/client.ts    | 62 +++++++------------
 packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/index.ts     |  3 +-
 10 files changed, 88 insertions(+), 134 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/src/App.tsx b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/src/App.tsx
index 41d8099a9..40c7f86ba 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/src/App.tsx
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/src/App.tsx
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import {
   hideRuntime,
   killRuntime,
   listRuntimes,
+  onRuntimesChanged,
   type RuntimeRecord,
 } from './taskManagerApi';
 
@@ -30,7 +31,23 @@ export function App() {
   }
 
   useEffect(() => {
+    let disposed = false;
+
     void refresh();
+
+    const unsubscribe = onRuntimesChanged((event) => {
+      if (disposed) {
+        return;
+      }
+
+      setRuntimes(event.runtimes);
+      setLoading(false);
+    });
+
+    return () => {
+      disposed = true;
+      unsubscribe();
+    };
   }, []);
 
   const sorted = useMemo(
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/src/taskManagerApi.ts b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/src/taskManagerApi.ts
index 6a9bdd0d4..8d6f06890 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/src/taskManagerApi.ts
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/src/taskManagerApi.ts
@@ -1,50 +1,28 @@
-import type {
-  RuntimeTargetParams,
-  SageAppRuntimeRecord,
-  SageSystemClient,
-  SystemKillRuntimeResult,
+import {
+  getSageSystemClient,
+  type RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent,
+  type RuntimeTargetParams,
+  type SageAppRuntimeRecord,
+  type SystemKillRuntimeResult,
 } from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
 
-type SageSystemSdkModule = {
-  initSageSystemRuntimeBridge(): boolean;
-  createSageSystemClient(): Promise<SageSystemClient>;
-};
+const client = await getSageSystemClient();
 
-let clientPromise: Promise<SageSystemClient> | null = null;
-
-function sdkUrl(): string {
-  return new URL('../sdk.js', import.meta.url).href;
-}
-
-async function loadSdk(): Promise<SageSystemSdkModule> {
-  return (await import(/* @vite-ignore */ sdkUrl())) as SageSystemSdkModule;
-}
-
-async function getClient(): Promise<SageSystemClient> {
-  clientPromise ??= (async () => {
-    const sdk = await loadSdk();
-
-    if (!sdk.initSageSystemRuntimeBridge()) {
-      throw new Error('Sage system bridge is not available in this runtime.');
-    }
-
-    return await sdk.createSageSystemClient();
-  })();
+export type { SageAppRuntimeRecord as RuntimeRecord };
 
-  return await clientPromise;
+export function onRuntimesChanged(
+  handler: (event: RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent) => void,
+): () => void {
+  return client.runtimeManager.onRuntimesChanged(handler);
 }
 
-export type { SageAppRuntimeRecord as RuntimeRecord };
-
 export async function listRuntimes(): Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecord[]> {
-  const client = await getClient();
   return await client.runtimeManager.listRuntimes();
 }
 
 export async function focusRuntime(
   appId: string,
 ): Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecord> {
-  const client = await getClient();
   return await client.runtimeManager.focusRuntime({
     appId,
   } satisfies RuntimeTargetParams);
@@ -53,7 +31,6 @@ export async function focusRuntime(
 export async function hideRuntime(
   appId: string,
 ): Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecord> {
-  const client = await getClient();
   return await client.runtimeManager.hideRuntime({
     appId,
   } satisfies RuntimeTargetParams);
@@ -62,7 +39,6 @@ export async function hideRuntime(
 export async function killRuntime(
   appId: string,
 ): Promise<SystemKillRuntimeResult> {
-  const client = await getClient();
   return await client.runtimeManager.killRuntime({
     appId,
   } satisfies RuntimeTargetParams);
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-a/app.js b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-a/app.js
index 9a899fc15..0f28146e8 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-a/app.js
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-a/app.js
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 import './bridge.js';
-import { createSageClient } from './sdk.js';
+import { getSageClient } from './sdk.js';
 
 const log = (...args) => window.__SAGE_TEST__?.log?.(...args);
 
 (async () => {
   log('start', window.location.href);
 
-  const sage = await createSageClient();
-  log('createSageClient ok');
+  const sage = await getSageClient();
+  log('getSageClient ok');
 
   const ping = await sage.app.bridgePing();
   log('bridgePing ok', ping);
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ const log = (...args) => window.__SAGE_TEST__?.log?.(...args);
   log('fatal', err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err));
 
   try {
-    const sage = await createSageClient();
+    const sage = await getSageClient();
     const params = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);
 
     const payload = {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-b/app.js b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-b/app.js
index 574187c00..744ac72ba 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-b/app.js
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-b/app.js
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 import './bridge.js';
-import { createSageClient } from './sdk.js';
+import { getSageClient } from './sdk.js';
 
 const log = (...args) => window.__SAGE_TEST__?.log?.(...args);
 
 (async () => {
   log('start', window.location.href);
 
-  const sage = await createSageClient();
-  log('createSageClient ok');
+  const sage = await getSageClient();
+  log('getSageClient ok');
 
   const ping = await sage.app.bridgePing();
   log('bridgePing ok', ping);
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ const log = (...args) => window.__SAGE_TEST__?.log?.(...args);
   log('fatal', err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err));
 
   try {
-    const sage = await createSageClient();
+    const sage = await getSageClient();
     const params = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);
 
     const payload = {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/app.js b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/app.js
index 7b5c63ac5..795eb29fe 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/app.js
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/app.js
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 import './bridge.js';
-import { createSageClient } from './sdk.js';
+import { getSageClient } from './sdk.js';
 
 const log = (...args) => window.__SAGE_TEST__?.log?.(...args);
 
 (async () => {
   log('start', window.location.href);
 
-  const sage = await createSageClient();
-  log('createSageClient ok');
+  const sage = await getSageClient();
+  log('getSageClient ok');
 
   const ping = await sage.app.bridgePing();
   log('bridgePing ok', ping);
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ const log = (...args) => window.__SAGE_TEST__?.log?.(...args);
   log('fatal', err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err));
 
   try {
-    const sage = await createSageClient();
+    const sage = await getSageClient();
     const params = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);
 
     const payload = {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/app.js b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/app.js
index 66c3ad2b4..4c9ad77b9 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/app.js
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/app.js
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 import './bridge.js';
-import { createSageClient } from './sdk.js';
+import { getSageClient } from './sdk.js';
 
 const log = (...args) => window.__SAGE_TEST__?.log?.(...args);
 
 (async () => {
   log('start', window.location.href);
 
-  const sage = await createSageClient();
-  log('createSageClient ok');
+  const sage = await getSageClient();
+  log('getSageClient ok');
 
   const ping = await sage.app.bridgePing();
   log('bridgePing ok', ping);
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ const log = (...args) => window.__SAGE_TEST__?.log?.(...args);
   log('fatal', err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err));
 
   try {
-    const sage = await createSageClient();
+    const sage = await getSageClient();
     const params = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);
     const phase = params.get('phase');
 
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/client.ts b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/client.ts
index f2a604e5e..3b7a4a76d 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/client.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/client.ts
@@ -1,13 +1,12 @@
 import { initSageRuntimeBridge } from './runtime';
 import type { SageClient } from './types';
 
-export function isSageRuntimeAvailable(): boolean {
-  const w = window as Window &
-    typeof globalThis & {
-      __TAURI__?: unknown;
-    };
+type SageGlobal = typeof globalThis & {
+  __TAURI__?: unknown;
+};
 
-  return !!w.__TAURI__;
+export function isSageRuntimeAvailable(): boolean {
+  return !!(globalThis as SageGlobal).__TAURI__;
 }
 
 function getClientFromWindow(): SageClient | undefined {
@@ -26,32 +25,22 @@ export function hasSageBridge(): boolean {
   return !!getClientFromWindow();
 }
 
-function getClientOrThrow(): SageClient {
-  const client = getClientFromWindow();
+export async function getSageClient(): Promise<SageClient> {
+  let client = getClientFromWindow();
 
-  if (!client) {
-    throw new Error(
-      'Sage bridge is unavailable. Did you call initSageRuntimeBridge() in app startup?',
-    );
+  if (client) {
+    return client;
   }
 
-  return client;
-}
-
-export async function createSageClient(): Promise<SageClient> {
-  if (!getClientFromWindow()) {
-    initSageRuntimeBridge();
-  }
+  initSageRuntimeBridge();
 
-  return getClientOrThrow();
-}
+  client = getClientFromWindow();
 
-export function getSageClientSync(): SageClient {
-  if (!getClientFromWindow()) {
-    initSageRuntimeBridge();
+  if (!client) {
+    throw new Error('Sage bridge is unavailable in this runtime.');
   }
 
-  return getClientOrThrow();
+  return client;
 }
 
 function isObject(value: unknown): value is Record<string, unknown> {
@@ -59,22 +48,12 @@ function isObject(value: unknown): value is Record<string, unknown> {
 }
 
 export function formatSageError(err: unknown): string {
-  if (err instanceof Error) {
-    return err.message;
-  }
-
-  if (typeof err === 'string') {
-    return err;
-  }
+  if (err instanceof Error) return err.message;
+  if (typeof err === 'string') return err;
 
   if (isObject(err)) {
-    if (typeof err.message === 'string') {
-      return err.message;
-    }
-
-    if (typeof err.reason === 'string') {
-      return err.reason;
-    }
+    if (typeof err.message === 'string') return err.message;
+    if (typeof err.reason === 'string') return err.reason;
 
     try {
       return JSON.stringify(err, null, 2);
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/index.ts b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/index.ts
index 8d0d802ed..d221c014d 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/index.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/index.ts
@@ -3,9 +3,8 @@ export { initSageRuntimeBridge, SAGE_BRIDGE_VERSION } from './runtime';
 export {
   isSageRuntimeAvailable,
   isSageBridgeInitialized,
-  createSageClient,
   formatSageError,
-  getSageClientSync,
+  getSageClient,
   hasSageBridge,
 } from './client';
 
diff --git a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/client.ts b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/client.ts
index 26ed1711e..19c2266bf 100644
--- a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/client.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/client.ts
@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
 import type { SageSystemClient } from './types';
+import { initSageSystemRuntimeBridge } from './runtime';
 
-export function isSageSystemRuntimeAvailable(): boolean {
-  const w = window as Window &
-    typeof globalThis & {
-      __TAURI__?: unknown;
-    };
+type SageSystemGlobal = typeof globalThis & {
+  __TAURI__?: unknown;
+  __SAGE_SYSTEM__?: SageSystemClient;
+};
 
-  return !!w.__TAURI__;
+export function isSageSystemRuntimeAvailable(): boolean {
+  return !!(globalThis as SageSystemGlobal).__TAURI__;
 }
 
 function getClientFromWindow(): SageSystemClient | undefined {
@@ -14,12 +15,7 @@ function getClientFromWindow(): SageSystemClient | undefined {
     return undefined;
   }
 
-  return (
-    window as Window &
-      typeof globalThis & {
-        __SAGE_SYSTEM__?: SageSystemClient;
-      }
-  ).__SAGE_SYSTEM__;
+  return (window as SageSystemGlobal).__SAGE_SYSTEM__;
 }
 
 export function isSageSystemBridgeInitialized(): boolean {
@@ -30,24 +26,22 @@ export function hasSageSystemBridge(): boolean {
   return !!getClientFromWindow();
 }
 
-function getClientOrThrow(): SageSystemClient {
-  const client = getClientFromWindow();
+export async function getSageSystemClient(): Promise<SageSystemClient> {
+  let client = getClientFromWindow();
 
-  if (!client) {
-    throw new Error(
-      'Sage system bridge is unavailable. Did you call initSageSystemRuntimeBridge() in app startup?',
-    );
+  if (client) {
+    return client;
   }
 
-  return client;
-}
+  initSageSystemRuntimeBridge();
 
-export async function createSageSystemClient(): Promise<SageSystemClient> {
-  return getClientOrThrow();
-}
+  client = getClientFromWindow();
+
+  if (!client) {
+    throw new Error('Sage system bridge is unavailable in this runtime.');
+  }
 
-export function getSageSystemClientSync(): SageSystemClient {
-  return getClientOrThrow();
+  return client;
 }
 
 function isObject(value: unknown): value is Record<string, unknown> {
@@ -55,22 +49,12 @@ function isObject(value: unknown): value is Record<string, unknown> {
 }
 
 export function formatSageError(err: unknown): string {
-  if (err instanceof Error) {
-    return err.message;
-  }
-
-  if (typeof err === 'string') {
-    return err;
-  }
+  if (err instanceof Error) return err.message;
+  if (typeof err === 'string') return err;
 
   if (isObject(err)) {
-    if (typeof err.message === 'string') {
-      return err.message;
-    }
-
-    if (typeof err.reason === 'string') {
-      return err.reason;
-    }
+    if (typeof err.message === 'string') return err.message;
+    if (typeof err.reason === 'string') return err.reason;
 
     try {
       return JSON.stringify(err, null, 2);
diff --git a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/index.ts b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/index.ts
index 3f072cd22..bbc0b3410 100644
--- a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/index.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/index.ts
@@ -7,9 +7,8 @@ export {
 export {
   isSageSystemRuntimeAvailable,
   isSageSystemBridgeInitialized,
-  createSageSystemClient,
   formatSageError,
-  getSageSystemClientSync,
+  getSageSystemClient,
   hasSageSystemBridge,
 } from './client';
 

From 1089db512e66d8a779a3cfa1ff06f40880f356d3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 24 Apr 2026 06:07:47 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 169/471] Refactor capability handling and runtime bridge APIs:

- Removed legacy `appsGetCapabilityRegistry` and replaced with new `capabilities` infrastructure.
- Introduced `UserBridgeCapability` and `SystemBridgeCapability` enums for standardized capability representation.
- Added `AppApprovalBody` updates for streamlined capability management.
- Simplified runtime management methods with unified approval handling (`RuntimeManager{List, Focus, Hide, Kill}`).
---
 Cargo.lock                                    |   1 +
 crates/sage-apps/Cargo.toml                   |   1 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/capabilities.rs   |  92 +++++++
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/shared.rs |  50 ++--
 .../methods/system/runtime_manager/events.rs  |   2 +-
 .../system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs   |  38 +--
 .../system/runtime_manager/hide_runtime.rs    |  39 +--
 .../system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs    |  44 ++--
 .../system/runtime_manager/list_runtimes.rs   |  16 +-
 .../methods/system/runtime_manager/mod.rs     |  20 +-
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/app/events.rs     |   8 +-
 .../methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs      |  16 +-
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_info.rs   |  14 +-
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/app/lifecycle.rs  |  28 +-
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/app/mod.rs        |  28 +-
 .../user/app/request_capability_grant.rs      |  80 +++---
 .../app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs    |  65 ++---
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/ping.rs    |  11 +-
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs    |  12 +-
 .../sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/mod.rs  |   4 +-
 .../bridge/methods/user/wallet/send_xch.rs    |  36 +--
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs            | 155 +++++++----
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs       |  22 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs          |  31 ++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs     |  10 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update.rs      |  74 +++---
 .../sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities.rs | 249 +++++++++++++-----
 crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/commands.rs  |  26 --
 crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/mod.rs       |   2 -
 crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/policy.rs    | 179 ++++++-------
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs       |   5 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs          |   8 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps/mod.rs       |  18 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/models.rs          |  63 ++---
 crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_install.rs        |   5 +-
 crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_manifest.rs       |  14 -
 crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_registry.rs       |  17 +-
 crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_update.rs         |  27 +-
 src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml          |   1 -
 src-tauri/src/lib.rs                          |   4 +-
 src/bindings.ts                               |  21 +-
 src/components/apps/AppApprovalBanner.tsx     |  31 +--
 src/components/apps/AppApprovalStrip.tsx      |  66 +----
 src/components/apps/AppUpdateDialog.tsx       |  25 +-
 .../apps/approval/AppApprovalBody.tsx         |  39 +--
 .../approval/CapabilityGrantApprovalCard.tsx  |  34 +--
 .../NetworkWhitelistGrantApprovalCard.tsx     |   9 +-
 .../apps/approval/SendXchApprovalCard.tsx     |  63 ++---
 .../apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx    | 173 ++++++------
 .../apps/permissions/permissionUtils.ts       |   7 +-
 src/hooks/useBridgeHost.ts                    | 129 +--------
 src/lib/apps/bridge/types.ts                  |  36 +--
 src/lib/apps/capabilities.ts                  |  18 --
 src/lib/apps/permissionCollections.ts         |  29 ++
 src/lib/apps/updatePermissionsDelta.ts        |  44 +---
 src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx                   |  53 +---
 56 files changed, 1115 insertions(+), 1177 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/capabilities.rs
 delete mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/commands.rs
 delete mode 100644 src/lib/apps/capabilities.ts
 create mode 100644 src/lib/apps/permissionCollections.ts

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 97b5d2f0e..ccc68279c 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -6392,6 +6392,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "specta",
  "specta-typescript",
  "tauri",
+ "tauri-specta",
  "tempfile",
  "tokio",
  "url",
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/Cargo.toml b/crates/sage-apps/Cargo.toml
index eed7fc5b7..9e514dc09 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/Cargo.toml
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ sage-api = { workspace = true, features = ["tauri"] }
 serde = { workspace = true, features = ["derive"] }
 serde_json = { workspace = true }
 specta = { workspace = true, features = ["derive", "function"] }
+tauri-specta = { workspace = true, features = ["derive"] }
 specta-typescript = { workspace = true }
 tauri = { workspace = true, features = [] }
 tokio = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/capabilities.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/capabilities.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cea188007
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/capabilities.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use specta::Type;
+
+macro_rules! define_bridge_capabilities {
+    (
+        $visibility:vis enum $name:ident {
+            $(
+                $variant:ident => $key:expr
+            ),* $(,)?
+        }
+    ) => {
+        #[derive(
+            Debug,
+            Clone,
+            Copy,
+            Serialize,
+            Deserialize,
+            Type,
+            PartialEq,
+            Eq,
+            PartialOrd,
+            Ord,
+            Hash,
+        )]
+        $visibility enum $name {
+            $(
+                #[serde(rename = $key)]
+                #[specta(rename = $key)]
+                $variant,
+            )*
+        }
+
+        impl $name {
+            pub const ALL: &'static [Self] = &[
+                $(Self::$variant),*
+            ];
+
+            pub fn key(self) -> &'static str {
+                match self {
+                    $(Self::$variant => $key),*
+                }
+            }
+
+            pub fn from_key(key: &str) -> Option<Self> {
+                match key {
+                    $($key => Some(Self::$variant),)*
+                    _ => None,
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+pub enum BridgeCapability {
+    User(UserBridgeCapability),
+    System(SystemBridgeCapability),
+}
+
+define_bridge_capabilities! {
+    pub enum UserBridgeCapability {
+        PersistentStorage => "persistent_storage",
+        BridgeSend => "bridge.send",
+        AppGetCapabilities => "app.get_capabilities",
+        AppGetInfo => "app.get_info",
+        AppLifecycleReadyToStop => "app.lifecycle.ready_to_stop",
+        AppLifecycleSetBeforeStopListener => "app.lifecycle.set_before_stop_listener",
+        AppRequestCapabilityGrant => "app.request_capability_grant",
+        AppRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant => "app.request_network_whitelist_grant",
+        WalletSendXch => "wallet.send_xch",
+        WalletSendXchAutoSubmit => "wallet.send_xch_auto_submit",
+    }
+}
+
+define_bridge_capabilities! {
+    pub enum SystemBridgeCapability {
+        RuntimeManagerListRuntimes => "runtime_manager.list_runtimes",
+        RuntimeManagerFocusRuntime => "runtime_manager.focus_runtime",
+        RuntimeManagerHideRuntime => "runtime_manager.hide_runtime",
+        RuntimeManagerKillRuntime => "runtime_manager.kill_runtime",
+        RuntimeManagerListenRuntimesChanged => "runtime_manager.listen_runtimes_changed",
+    }
+}
+
+impl BridgeCapability {
+    pub fn key(self) -> &'static str {
+        match self {
+            Self::User(capability) => capability.key(),
+            Self::System(capability) => capability.key(),
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/shared.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/shared.rs
index 139336a31..efa9b3d71 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/shared.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/shared.rs
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ use async_trait::async_trait;
 use crate::bridge::{
     RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse,
 };
+use crate::bridge::capabilities::{BridgeCapability, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
 use crate::host::AppState;
 use crate::state::AppsHostState;
 use crate::types::SageApp;
@@ -20,40 +21,21 @@ pub struct BridgeTools<'a> {
     pub host_state: &'a tauri::State<'a, AppsHostState>,
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum BridgeMethodCapability {
+    Ungated,
+    Required(BridgeCapability),
+}
+
 #[async_trait]
 pub trait BridgeMethod: Send + Sync {
-    fn permission(&self) -> Option<&'static str> {
-        None
-    }
-
-    fn requires_approval(
-        &self,
-        _app: &SageApp,
-        _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-    ) -> bool {
-        false
-    }
+    fn capability(&self) -> BridgeMethodCapability;
 
     fn approval_request(
         &self,
         ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
         request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-    ) -> Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest> {
-        if !self.requires_approval(ctx.app, request) {
-            return None;
-        }
-
-        Some(RustBridgeApprovalRequest {
-            kind: "unknown".into(),
-            app: ctx.app.clone(),
-            source_label: ctx.source_label.to_string(),
-            request_id: request.id.clone(),
-            params_json: request
-                .params_json
-                .clone()
-                .unwrap_or_else(|| "null".to_string()),
-        })
-    }
+    ) -> Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest>;
 
     async fn handle(
         &self,
@@ -62,3 +44,17 @@ pub trait BridgeMethod: Send + Sync {
         request: &RustBridgeRequest,
     ) -> RustBridgeResponse;
 }
+
+impl BridgeMethodCapability {
+    pub fn ungated() -> Self {
+        Self::Ungated
+    }
+
+    pub fn user(cap: UserBridgeCapability) -> Self {
+        Self::Required(BridgeCapability::User(cap))
+    }
+
+    pub fn system(cap: SystemBridgeCapability) -> Self {
+        Self::Required(BridgeCapability::System(cap))
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/events.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/events.rs
index 25bd8f7b8..da241ddcb 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/events.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/events.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use serde::{Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
 use crate::runtime::SageAppRuntimeRecord;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs
index 69ad4b034..968a632dd 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs
@@ -1,37 +1,25 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::bridge::methods::system::runtime_manager::RuntimeTargetParams;
-use crate::bridge::{failure, success, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
+use crate::bridge::methods::system::runtime_manager::{parse_runtime_target_params};
+use crate::bridge::{failure, success, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
+use crate::bridge::capabilities::{SystemBridgeCapability};
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodCapability;
 use crate::runtime::focus_runtime_internal;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
-pub struct SystemFocusRuntime;
+pub struct RuntimeManagerFocusRuntime;
 
-fn parse_runtime_target_params(
-    request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-) -> Result<RuntimeTargetParams, RustBridgeResponse> {
-    let Some(params_json) = request.params_json.clone() else {
-        return Err(failure(
-            &request.channel,
-            &request.id,
-            "invalid_request",
-            "method requires params",
-        ));
-    };
+#[async_trait]
+impl BridgeMethod for RuntimeManagerFocusRuntime {
+    fn capability(&self) -> BridgeMethodCapability {
+        BridgeMethodCapability::system(SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerFocusRuntime)
+    }
 
-    serde_json::from_str(&params_json).map_err(|err| {
-        failure(
-            &request.channel,
-            &request.id,
-            "invalid_request",
-            format!("failed to decode params: {err}"),
-        )
-    })
-}
+    fn approval_request(&self, _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>, _request: &RustBridgeRequest) -> Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest> {
+        None
+    }
 
-#[async_trait]
-impl BridgeMethod for SystemFocusRuntime {
     async fn handle(
         &self,
         _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_runtime.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_runtime.rs
index 0bf3765d3..11f3222bc 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_runtime.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_runtime.rs
@@ -1,37 +1,26 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::bridge::methods::system::runtime_manager::RuntimeTargetParams;
-use crate::bridge::{failure, success, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
+use crate::bridge::methods::system::runtime_manager::{parse_runtime_target_params};
+use crate::bridge::{failure, success, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
+use crate::bridge::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodCapability;
 use crate::runtime::hide_runtime_internal;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
-pub struct SystemHideRuntime;
+pub struct RuntimeManagerHideRuntime;
 
-fn parse_runtime_target_params(
-    request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-) -> Result<RuntimeTargetParams, RustBridgeResponse> {
-    let Some(params_json) = request.params_json.clone() else {
-        return Err(failure(
-            &request.channel,
-            &request.id,
-            "invalid_request",
-            "method requires params",
-        ));
-    };
-
-    serde_json::from_str(&params_json).map_err(|err| {
-        failure(
-            &request.channel,
-            &request.id,
-            "invalid_request",
-            format!("failed to decode params: {err}"),
-        )
-    })
-}
 
 #[async_trait]
-impl BridgeMethod for SystemHideRuntime {
+impl BridgeMethod for RuntimeManagerHideRuntime {
+    fn capability(&self) -> BridgeMethodCapability {
+        BridgeMethodCapability::system(SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerHideRuntime)
+    }
+
+    fn approval_request(&self, _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>, _request: &RustBridgeRequest) -> Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest> {
+        None
+    }
+
     async fn handle(
         &self,
         _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs
index bf06df4cd..283a9b21c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs
@@ -1,39 +1,29 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
-use crate::bridge::methods::system::runtime_manager::{
-    RuntimeTargetParams, SystemKillRuntimeResult,
-};
+use crate::bridge::methods::system::runtime_manager::{parse_runtime_target_params, SystemKillRuntimeResult};
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::bridge::{failure, success, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
+use crate::bridge::{failure, success, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
+use crate::bridge::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodCapability;
 use crate::runtime::kill_runtime_internal;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
-pub struct SystemKillRuntime;
+pub struct RuntimeManagerKillRuntime;
 
-fn parse_runtime_target_params(
-    request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-) -> Result<RuntimeTargetParams, RustBridgeResponse> {
-    let Some(params_json) = request.params_json.clone() else {
-        return Err(failure(
-            &request.channel,
-            &request.id,
-            "invalid_request",
-            "method requires params",
-        ));
-    };
+#[async_trait]
+impl BridgeMethod for RuntimeManagerKillRuntime {
+    fn capability(&self) -> BridgeMethodCapability {
+        BridgeMethodCapability::system(SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerKillRuntime)
+    }
 
-    serde_json::from_str(&params_json).map_err(|err| {
-        failure(
-            &request.channel,
-            &request.id,
-            "invalid_request",
-            format!("failed to decode params: {err}"),
-        )
-    })
-}
+    fn approval_request(
+        &self,
+        _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        _request: &RustBridgeRequest
+    ) -> Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest> {
+        None
+    }
 
-#[async_trait]
-impl BridgeMethod for SystemKillRuntime {
     async fn handle(
         &self,
         _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/list_runtimes.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/list_runtimes.rs
index abfc356f3..827775cab 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/list_runtimes.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/list_runtimes.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,24 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::bridge::{failure, success, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
+use crate::bridge::{failure, success, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
+use crate::bridge::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodCapability;
 use crate::runtime::list_runtimes_internal;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
-pub struct SystemListRuntimes;
+pub struct RuntimeManagerListRuntimes;
 
 #[async_trait]
-impl BridgeMethod for SystemListRuntimes {
+impl BridgeMethod for RuntimeManagerListRuntimes {
+    fn capability(&self) -> BridgeMethodCapability {
+        BridgeMethodCapability::system(SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerListRuntimes)
+    }
+
+    fn approval_request(&self, _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>, _request: &RustBridgeRequest) -> Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest> {
+        None
+    }
+
     async fn handle(
         &self,
         _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/mod.rs
index 32f0d2066..3162132d6 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/mod.rs
@@ -4,30 +4,18 @@ pub mod kill_runtime;
 pub mod list_runtimes;
 pub mod events;
 
-pub use focus_runtime::SystemFocusRuntime;
-pub use hide_runtime::SystemHideRuntime;
-pub use kill_runtime::SystemKillRuntime;
-pub use list_runtimes::SystemListRuntimes;
+pub use focus_runtime::RuntimeManagerFocusRuntime;
+pub use hide_runtime::RuntimeManagerHideRuntime;
+pub use kill_runtime::RuntimeManagerKillRuntime;
+pub use list_runtimes::RuntimeManagerListRuntimes;
 pub use events::RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent;
 
 pub use crate::runtime::{RuntimeTargetParams, SystemKillRuntimeResult};
 
-use std::time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};
-
-use serde::Deserialize;
-use specta::Type;
-
 use crate::bridge::methods::BridgeTools;
 use crate::bridge::{failure, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
 use crate::runtime::SageAppRuntimeRecord;
 
-fn now_ms() -> Result<i64, String> {
-    Ok(SystemTime::now()
-        .duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)
-        .map_err(|err| format!("system clock error: {err}"))?
-        .as_millis() as i64)
-}
-
 fn parse_runtime_target_params(
     request: &RustBridgeRequest,
 ) -> Result<RuntimeTargetParams, RustBridgeResponse> {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/events.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/events.rs
index 034c2a162..9143693ab 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/events.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/events.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
-
+use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::lifecycle::{GrantedCapabilitiesChange, GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange};
 use crate::types::SageNetworkPermissionTarget;
 
@@ -10,9 +10,9 @@ pub struct GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent {
     pub channel: String,
     #[serde(rename = "type")]
     pub event_type: String,
-    pub removed_granted_capabilities: Vec<String>,
-    pub added_granted_capabilities: Vec<String>,
-    pub full_granted_capabilities: Vec<String>,
+    pub removed_granted_capabilities: Vec<UserBridgeCapability>,
+    pub added_granted_capabilities: Vec<UserBridgeCapability>,
+    pub full_granted_capabilities: Vec<UserBridgeCapability>,
 }
 
 impl GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs
index 4363d38f2..e9723fb19 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,23 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::bridge::{failure, success, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
+use crate::bridge::{failure, success, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
+use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodCapability;
 use crate::permissions::resolve_shared_capabilities;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
-pub struct SageGetCapabilities;
+pub struct AppGetCapabilities;
 
 #[async_trait]
-impl BridgeMethod for SageGetCapabilities {
+impl BridgeMethod for AppGetCapabilities {
+    fn capability(&self) -> BridgeMethodCapability {
+        BridgeMethodCapability::user(UserBridgeCapability::AppGetCapabilities)
+    }
+
+    fn approval_request(&self, _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>, _request: &RustBridgeRequest) -> Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest> {
+        None
+    }
+
     async fn handle(
         &self,
         ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_info.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_info.rs
index a7df04d71..d6861c6e7 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_info.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_info.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,9 @@ use async_trait::async_trait;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::bridge::{failure, success, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
+use crate::bridge::{failure, success, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
+use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodCapability;
 use crate::lifecycle::parse_network_permission_target;
 use crate::permissions::resolve_shared_capabilities;
 
@@ -25,12 +27,20 @@ pub struct AppGetInfoResult {
     pub name: String,
     pub version: String,
     pub requested_permissions: crate::types::SageRequestedPermissions,
-    pub capabilities: Vec<String>,
+    pub capabilities: Vec<UserBridgeCapability>,
     pub network: Vec<SageNetworkPermissionInfo>,
 }
 
 #[async_trait]
 impl BridgeMethod for AppGetInfo {
+    fn capability(&self) -> BridgeMethodCapability {
+        BridgeMethodCapability::user(UserBridgeCapability::AppGetInfo)
+    }
+
+    fn approval_request(&self, _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>, _request: &RustBridgeRequest) -> Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest> {
+        None
+    }
+
     async fn handle(
         &self,
         ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/lifecycle.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/lifecycle.rs
index eecd0e5f9..3c01083e9 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/lifecycle.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/lifecycle.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,16 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::bridge::{failure, success, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
+use crate::bridge::{failure, success, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
+use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodCapability;
 use crate::runtime::{ReadyToStopParams, RuntimeAckResult, SetBeforeStopListenerParams};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
-pub struct SageAppLifecycleSetBeforeStopListener;
+pub struct AppLifecycleSetBeforeStopListener;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
-pub struct SageAppLifecycleReadyToStop;
+pub struct AppLifecycleReadyToStop;
 
 fn encode_success(
     request: &RustBridgeRequest,
@@ -70,7 +72,15 @@ fn parse_ready_to_stop_params(
 }
 
 #[async_trait]
-impl BridgeMethod for SageAppLifecycleSetBeforeStopListener {
+impl BridgeMethod for AppLifecycleSetBeforeStopListener {
+    fn capability(&self) -> BridgeMethodCapability {
+        BridgeMethodCapability::user(UserBridgeCapability::AppLifecycleSetBeforeStopListener)
+    }
+
+    fn approval_request(&self, _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>, _request: &RustBridgeRequest) -> Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest> {
+        None
+    }
+
     async fn handle(
         &self,
         ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
@@ -100,7 +110,15 @@ impl BridgeMethod for SageAppLifecycleSetBeforeStopListener {
 }
 
 #[async_trait]
-impl BridgeMethod for SageAppLifecycleReadyToStop {
+impl BridgeMethod for AppLifecycleReadyToStop {
+    fn capability(&self) -> BridgeMethodCapability {
+        BridgeMethodCapability::user(UserBridgeCapability::AppLifecycleReadyToStop)
+    }
+
+    fn approval_request(&self, _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>, _request: &RustBridgeRequest) -> Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest> {
+        None
+    }
+
     async fn handle(
         &self,
         _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/mod.rs
index 9bda06653..8dfe52005 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/mod.rs
@@ -6,22 +6,22 @@ pub mod request_capability_grant;
 pub mod request_network_whitelist_grant;
 
 use std::path::PathBuf;
-
+use serde::Serialize;
 use tauri::Manager;
 
 pub use events::{
     GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent, GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent,
 };
-pub use get_capabilities::SageGetCapabilities;
+pub use get_capabilities::AppGetCapabilities;
 pub use get_info::AppGetInfo;
 pub use lifecycle::{
-    SageAppLifecycleReadyToStop, SageAppLifecycleSetBeforeStopListener,
+    AppLifecycleReadyToStop, AppLifecycleSetBeforeStopListener,
 };
-pub use request_capability_grant::SageRequestCapabilityGrant;
-pub use request_network_whitelist_grant::SageRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant;
+pub use request_capability_grant::AppRequestCapabilityGrant;
+pub use request_network_whitelist_grant::AppRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant;
 
 use crate::bridge::methods::BridgeTools;
-use crate::bridge::{failure, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
+use crate::bridge::{failure, success, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
 
 pub fn resolve_app_base_path(
     tools: &BridgeTools<'_>,
@@ -40,3 +40,19 @@ pub fn resolve_app_base_path(
             )
         })
 }
+
+fn encode_request_success<T: Serialize>(
+    request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    value: T,
+    context: &str,
+) -> RustBridgeResponse {
+    match serde_json::to_value(value) {
+        Ok(value) => success(&request.channel, &request.id, value),
+        Err(err) => failure(
+            &request.channel,
+            &request.id,
+            "internal_error",
+            format!("failed to encode {context}: {err}"),
+        ),
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
index 6d144ca6e..806ce7172 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
@@ -1,23 +1,26 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use serde_json::json;
 use specta::Type;
 
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::bridge::{
-    emit_granted_capabilities_change_for_app, failure, success, RustBridgeApprovalRequest,
+    emit_granted_capabilities_change_for_app, failure, RustBridgeApprovalRequest,
     RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse,
 };
-use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::resolve_app_base_path;
+use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodCapability;
+use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::{encode_request_success, resolve_app_base_path};
+use crate::bridge::types::RustBridgeApprovalBody;
 use crate::lifecycle::{grant_requested_capability_internal, GrantCapabilityOutcome};
+use crate::permissions::{get_user_capability_definition, user_capability_definition_view};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
-pub struct SageRequestCapabilityGrant;
+pub struct AppRequestCapabilityGrant;
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Serialize, Type)]
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Deserialize, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct RequestCapabilityGrantParams {
-    pub capability: String,
+    pub capability: UserBridgeCapability,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
@@ -26,24 +29,8 @@ pub struct RequestCapabilityGrantResult {
     pub granted: bool,
     #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
     pub already_granted: Option<bool>,
-    pub capability: String,
-    pub full_granted_capabilities: Vec<String>,
-}
-
-fn encode_success<T: Serialize>(
-    request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-    value: T,
-    context: &str,
-) -> RustBridgeResponse {
-    match serde_json::to_value(value) {
-        Ok(value) => success(&request.channel, &request.id, value),
-        Err(err) => failure(
-            &request.channel,
-            &request.id,
-            "internal_error",
-            format!("failed to encode {context}: {err}"),
-        ),
-    }
+    pub capability: UserBridgeCapability,
+    pub full_granted_capabilities: Vec<UserBridgeCapability>,
 }
 
 fn parse_capability_grant_params(
@@ -69,21 +56,9 @@ fn parse_capability_grant_params(
 }
 
 #[async_trait]
-impl BridgeMethod for SageRequestCapabilityGrant {
-    fn requires_approval(
-        &self,
-        app: &crate::types::SageApp,
-        request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-    ) -> bool {
-        let Ok(params) = parse_capability_grant_params(request) else {
-            return false;
-        };
-
-        !app
-            .granted_permissions()
-            .capabilities
-            .iter()
-            .any(|cap| cap == &params.capability)
+impl BridgeMethod for AppRequestCapabilityGrant {
+    fn capability(&self) -> BridgeMethodCapability {
+        BridgeMethodCapability::user(UserBridgeCapability::AppRequestCapabilityGrant)
     }
 
     fn approval_request(
@@ -91,20 +66,29 @@ impl BridgeMethod for SageRequestCapabilityGrant {
         ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
         request: &RustBridgeRequest,
     ) -> Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest> {
-        if !self.requires_approval(ctx.app, request) {
-            return None;
-        }
-
         let Ok(params) = parse_capability_grant_params(request) else {
             return None;
         };
 
+        if ctx
+            .app
+            .granted_permissions()
+            .capabilities
+            .contains(&params.capability)
+        {
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        let definition = get_user_capability_definition(params.capability)?;
+
         Some(RustBridgeApprovalRequest {
-            kind: "capability_grant".into(),
             app: ctx.app.clone(),
             source_label: ctx.source_label.to_string(),
             request_id: request.id.clone(),
-            params_json: json!({ "capability": params.capability }).to_string(),
+            body: RustBridgeApprovalBody::CapabilityGrant {
+                capability: params.capability,
+                definition: user_capability_definition_view(definition),
+            },
         })
     }
 
@@ -124,11 +108,11 @@ impl BridgeMethod for SageRequestCapabilityGrant {
             Err(err) => return err,
         };
 
-        match grant_requested_capability_internal(&base_path, &ctx.app.id(), &params.capability) {
+        match grant_requested_capability_internal(&base_path, &ctx.app.id(), params.capability) {
             Ok(GrantCapabilityOutcome::AlreadyGranted {
                    capability,
                    full_granted_capabilities,
-               }) => encode_success(
+               }) => encode_request_success(
                 request,
                 RequestCapabilityGrantResult {
                     granted: true,
@@ -149,7 +133,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for SageRequestCapabilityGrant {
                 )
                     .await;
 
-                encode_success(
+                encode_request_success(
                     request,
                     RequestCapabilityGrantResult {
                         granted: true,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs
index 3dd87cc15..bf47f162f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,16 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use serde_json::json;
 use specta::Type;
 
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::bridge::{
-    emit_granted_network_whitelist_change_for_app, failure, success, RustBridgeApprovalRequest,
+    emit_granted_network_whitelist_change_for_app, failure, RustBridgeApprovalRequest,
     RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse,
 };
-use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::resolve_app_base_path;
+use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodCapability;
+use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::{encode_request_success, resolve_app_base_path};
+use crate::bridge::types::RustBridgeApprovalBody;
 use crate::lifecycle::{
     grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal, parse_network_permission_target,
     GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome,
@@ -16,7 +18,7 @@ use crate::lifecycle::{
 use crate::types::SageNetworkPermissionTarget;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
-pub struct SageRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant;
+pub struct AppRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
@@ -34,22 +36,6 @@ pub struct RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantResult {
     pub full_granted_network_whitelist: Vec<SageNetworkPermissionTarget>,
 }
 
-fn encode_success<T: Serialize>(
-    request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-    value: T,
-    context: &str,
-) -> RustBridgeResponse {
-    match serde_json::to_value(value) {
-        Ok(value) => success(&request.channel, &request.id, value),
-        Err(err) => failure(
-            &request.channel,
-            &request.id,
-            "internal_error",
-            format!("failed to encode {context}: {err}"),
-        ),
-    }
-}
-
 fn parse_network_whitelist_grant_params(
     request: &RustBridgeRequest,
 ) -> Result<RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantParams, RustBridgeResponse> {
@@ -85,43 +71,38 @@ fn parse_network_whitelist_grant_params(
 }
 
 #[async_trait]
-impl BridgeMethod for SageRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant {
-    fn requires_approval(
+impl BridgeMethod for AppRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant {
+    fn capability(&self) -> BridgeMethodCapability {
+        BridgeMethodCapability::user(UserBridgeCapability::AppRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant)
+    }
+
+    fn approval_request(
         &self,
-        app: &crate::types::SageApp,
+        ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
         request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-    ) -> bool {
+    ) -> Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest> {
         let Ok(params) = parse_network_whitelist_grant_params(request) else {
-            return false;
+            return None;
         };
 
-        !app
+        if ctx
+            .app
             .granted_permissions()
             .network
             .whitelist
             .iter()
             .any(|entry| entry == &params.entry)
-    }
-
-    fn approval_request(
-        &self,
-        ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
-        request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-    ) -> Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest> {
-        if !self.requires_approval(ctx.app, request) {
+        {
             return None;
         }
 
-        let Ok(params) = parse_network_whitelist_grant_params(request) else {
-            return None;
-        };
-
         Some(RustBridgeApprovalRequest {
-            kind: "network_whitelist_grant".into(),
             app: ctx.app.clone(),
             source_label: ctx.source_label.to_string(),
             request_id: request.id.clone(),
-            params_json: json!({ "entry": params.entry }).to_string(),
+            body: RustBridgeApprovalBody::NetworkWhitelistGrant {
+                entry: params.entry,
+            },
         })
     }
 
@@ -149,7 +130,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for SageRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant {
             Ok(GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome::AlreadyGranted {
                    entry,
                    full_granted_network_whitelist,
-               }) => encode_success(
+               }) => encode_request_success(
                 request,
                 RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantResult {
                     granted: true,
@@ -170,7 +151,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for SageRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant {
                 )
                     .await;
 
-                encode_success(
+                encode_request_success(
                     request,
                     RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantResult {
                         granted: true,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/ping.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/ping.rs
index 21b9b842e..959f7f642 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/ping.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/ping.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@ use async_trait::async_trait;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::bridge::{failure, success, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
+use crate::bridge::{failure, success, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodCapability;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct BridgePing;
@@ -17,6 +18,14 @@ pub struct BridgePingResult {
 
 #[async_trait]
 impl BridgeMethod for BridgePing {
+    fn capability(&self) -> BridgeMethodCapability {
+        BridgeMethodCapability::ungated()
+    }
+
+    fn approval_request(&self, _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>, _request: &RustBridgeRequest) -> Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest> {
+        None
+    }
+
     async fn handle(
         &self,
         ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs
index f47298e27..20f58319e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,9 @@ use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::bridge::{failure, success, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
+use crate::bridge::{failure, success, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
+use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodCapability;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct BridgeSend;
@@ -46,6 +48,14 @@ fn parse_bridge_send_request(
 
 #[async_trait]
 impl BridgeMethod for BridgeSend {
+    fn capability(&self) -> BridgeMethodCapability {
+        BridgeMethodCapability::user(UserBridgeCapability::BridgeSend)
+    }
+
+    fn approval_request(&self, _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>, _request: &RustBridgeRequest) -> Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest> {
+        None
+    }
+
     async fn handle(
         &self,
         ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/mod.rs
index f10ec1b08..4a595606f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/mod.rs
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@ pub mod bridge;
 pub mod wallet;
 
 pub use app::{
-    AppGetInfo, SageAppLifecycleReadyToStop, SageAppLifecycleSetBeforeStopListener,
-    SageGetCapabilities, SageRequestCapabilityGrant, SageRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant,
+    AppGetInfo, AppLifecycleReadyToStop, AppLifecycleSetBeforeStopListener,
+    AppGetCapabilities, AppRequestCapabilityGrant, AppRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant,
 };
 pub use bridge::{BridgePing, BridgeSend};
 pub use wallet::WalletSendXch;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/send_xch.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/send_xch.rs
index 719dcf2d9..982dc44bb 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/send_xch.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/send_xch.rs
@@ -6,8 +6,10 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::bridge::{
     failure, success, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse,
 };
-use crate::types::SageApp;
 use sage_api::SendXch;
+use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodCapability;
+use crate::bridge::types::RustBridgeApprovalBody;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct WalletSendXch;
@@ -66,20 +68,8 @@ fn to_send_xch_request(params: WalletSendXchParams) -> SendXch {
 
 #[async_trait]
 impl BridgeMethod for WalletSendXch {
-    fn permission(&self) -> Option<&'static str> {
-        Some("wallet.send_xch")
-    }
-
-    fn requires_approval(
-        &self,
-        app: &SageApp,
-        _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-    ) -> bool {
-        !app
-            .granted_permissions()
-            .capabilities
-            .iter()
-            .any(|cap| cap == "wallet.send_xch_auto_submit")
+    fn capability(&self) -> BridgeMethodCapability {
+        BridgeMethodCapability::user(UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch)
     }
 
     fn approval_request(
@@ -87,16 +77,26 @@ impl BridgeMethod for WalletSendXch {
         ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
         request: &RustBridgeRequest,
     ) -> Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest> {
-        if !self.requires_approval(ctx.app, request) {
+        if ctx
+            .app
+            .granted_permissions()
+            .capabilities
+            .contains(&UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXchAutoSubmit)
+        {
             return None;
         }
 
+        let Ok(params) = parse_wallet_send_xch_params(request) else {
+            return None;
+        };
+
         Some(RustBridgeApprovalRequest {
-            kind: "send_xch".into(),
             app: ctx.app.clone(),
             source_label: ctx.source_label.to_string(),
             request_id: request.id.clone(),
-            params_json: request.params_json.clone().unwrap_or_else(|| "null".into()),
+            body: RustBridgeApprovalBody::SendXch {
+                summary: params,
+            },
         })
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
index e4583edca..29c776269 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ use tokio::sync::Mutex;
 use uuid::Uuid;
 
 use crate::host::AppState;
-use crate::permissions::require_capability_definition;
 use crate::state::AppsHostState;
 use crate::types::{SageApp};
 use crate::runtime::{assert_bridge_origin, resolve_app};
@@ -15,6 +14,7 @@ pub mod methods;
 pub mod registry;
 pub mod types;
 pub mod ts_exports;
+pub mod capabilities;
 
 use methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeTools};
 use registry::BridgeRegistry;
@@ -23,10 +23,13 @@ pub use types::{
     RustBridgeErrorPayload, RustBridgeErrorResponse, RustBridgeInvokeResult,
     RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse, RustBridgeSuccessResponse,
 };
+use crate::bridge::capabilities::{BridgeCapability, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::{
     GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent, GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent,
 };
 use crate::lifecycle::{GrantedCapabilitiesChange, GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange};
+use crate::permissions::{require_system_capability_definition, require_user_capability_definition};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 struct PendingBridgeApproval {
@@ -134,43 +137,108 @@ async fn execute_bridge_request(
 fn authorize_method_capability(
     app: &SageApp,
     request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-    capability_key: &str,
+    capability: BridgeCapability,
 ) -> Result<(), RustBridgeResponse> {
-    let capability_definition = require_capability_definition(capability_key)
-        .map_err(|err| {
-            failure(
-                &request.channel,
-                &request.id,
-                "internal_error",
-                format!(
-                    "bridge method declared unknown capability {capability_key}: {err}"
-                ),
+    match capability {
+        BridgeCapability::User(capability) => {
+            let definition =
+                require_user_capability_definition(capability).map_err(|err| {
+                    failure(
+                        &request.channel,
+                        &request.id,
+                        "internal_error",
+                        format!(
+                            "bridge method declared unknown user capability {}: {err}",
+                            capability.key(),
+                        ),
+                    )
+                })?;
+
+            authorize_user_capability(
+                app,
+                request,
+                capability,
+                definition.flags.shared_with_app,
             )
-        })?;
+        }
 
-    if !capability_definition.shared_with_app {
+        BridgeCapability::System(capability) => {
+            let definition =
+                require_system_capability_definition(capability).map_err(|err| {
+                    failure(
+                        &request.channel,
+                        &request.id,
+                        "internal_error",
+                        format!(
+                            "bridge method declared unknown system capability {}: {err}",
+                            capability.key(),
+                        ),
+                    )
+                })?;
+
+            authorize_system_capability(
+                app,
+                request,
+                capability,
+                definition.flags.shared_with_app,
+            )
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn authorize_user_capability(
+    app: &SageApp,
+    request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    capability: UserBridgeCapability,
+    shared_with_app: bool,
+) -> Result<(), RustBridgeResponse> {
+    if !shared_with_app {
         return Err(failure(
             &request.channel,
             &request.id,
             "permission_denied",
-            format!(
-                "Capability {} is not shared with apps",
-                capability_definition.key
-            ),
+            format!("Capability {} is not shared with apps", capability.key()),
+        ));
+    }
+
+    if !app.granted_permissions().capabilities.contains(&capability) {
+        return Err(failure(
+            &request.channel,
+            &request.id,
+            "permission_denied",
+            format!("Permission denied for {}", capability.key()),
         ));
     }
 
-    if !app
-        .granted_permissions()
-        .capabilities
-        .iter()
-        .any(|capability| capability == capability_definition.key)
-    {
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn authorize_system_capability(
+    app: &SageApp,
+    request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    capability: SystemBridgeCapability,
+    shared_with_app: bool,
+) -> Result<(), RustBridgeResponse> {
+    if !shared_with_app {
         return Err(failure(
             &request.channel,
             &request.id,
             "permission_denied",
-            format!("Permission denied for {}", capability_definition.key),
+            format!("Capability {} is not shared with apps", capability.key()),
+        ));
+    }
+
+    let granted = app
+        .system_granted_permissions()
+        .map(|permissions| permissions.capabilities.contains(&capability))
+        .unwrap_or(false);
+
+    if !granted {
+        return Err(failure(
+            &request.channel,
+            &request.id,
+            "permission_denied",
+            format!("Permission denied for {}", capability.key()),
         ));
     }
 
@@ -322,33 +390,24 @@ async fn apps_invoke_bridge_internal(
         });
     };
 
-    if let Some(permission) = method.permission() {
-        if let Err(response) = authorize_method_capability(&app_model, &request, permission) {
-            return Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Immediate { response });
+    match method.capability() {
+        BridgeMethodCapability::Ungated => {}
+        BridgeMethodCapability::Required(capability) => {
+            if let Err(response) =
+                authorize_method_capability(&app_model, &request, capability)
+            {
+                return Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Immediate { response });
+            }
         }
     }
 
-    if method.requires_approval(&app_model, &request) {
-        let approval = match method.approval_request(
-            BridgeContext {
-                app: &app_model,
-                source_label: &source_label,
-            },
-            &request,
-        ) {
-            Some(approval) => approval,
-            None => {
-                return Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Immediate {
-                    response: failure(
-                        expected_channel,
-                        &request.id,
-                        "invalid_request",
-                        "Failed to build approval request",
-                    ),
-                });
-            }
-        };
-
+    if let Some(approval) = method.approval_request(
+        BridgeContext {
+            app: &app_model,
+            source_label: &source_label,
+        },
+        &request,
+    ) {
         let approval_id = Uuid::new_v4().to_string();
 
         {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs
index 0f6f4a5de..af1ba01ff 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use std::collections::HashMap;
-use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::SageRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant;
-use super::methods::user::{AppGetInfo, BridgePing, BridgeSend, SageAppLifecycleReadyToStop, SageAppLifecycleSetBeforeStopListener, SageGetCapabilities, SageRequestCapabilityGrant, WalletSendXch};
+use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::AppRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant;
+use super::methods::user::{AppGetInfo, BridgePing, BridgeSend, AppLifecycleReadyToStop, AppLifecycleSetBeforeStopListener, AppGetCapabilities, AppRequestCapabilityGrant, WalletSendXch};
 use super::methods::BridgeMethod;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
@@ -36,22 +36,22 @@ fn build_user_methods() -> HashMap<&'static str, Box<dyn BridgeMethod>> {
     methods.insert("bridge.ping", Box::new(BridgePing));
     methods.insert("bridge.send", Box::new(BridgeSend));
     methods.insert("app.getInfo", Box::new(AppGetInfo));
-    methods.insert("app.getCapabilities", Box::new(SageGetCapabilities));
+    methods.insert("app.getCapabilities", Box::new(AppGetCapabilities));
     methods.insert(
         "app.requestCapabilityGrant",
-        Box::new(SageRequestCapabilityGrant),
+        Box::new(AppRequestCapabilityGrant),
     );
     methods.insert(
         "app.requestNetworkWhitelistGrant",
-        Box::new(SageRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant),
+        Box::new(AppRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant),
     );
     methods.insert(
         "app.lifecycle.setBeforeStopListener",
-        Box::new(SageAppLifecycleSetBeforeStopListener),
+        Box::new(AppLifecycleSetBeforeStopListener),
     );
     methods.insert(
         "app.lifecycle.readyToStop",
-        Box::new(SageAppLifecycleReadyToStop),
+        Box::new(AppLifecycleReadyToStop),
     );
     methods.insert("wallet.sendXch", Box::new(WalletSendXch));
 
@@ -61,10 +61,10 @@ fn build_user_methods() -> HashMap<&'static str, Box<dyn BridgeMethod>> {
 fn build_system_methods() -> HashMap<&'static str, Box<dyn BridgeMethod>> {
     let mut methods = build_user_methods();
 
-    methods.insert("runtimeManager.listRuntimes", Box::new(super::methods::system::runtime_manager::SystemListRuntimes));
-    methods.insert("runtimeManager.focusRuntime", Box::new(super::methods::system::runtime_manager::SystemFocusRuntime));
-    methods.insert("runtimeManager.killRuntime", Box::new(super::methods::system::runtime_manager::SystemKillRuntime));
-    methods.insert("runtimeManager.hideRuntime", Box::new(super::methods::system::runtime_manager::SystemHideRuntime));
+    methods.insert("runtimeManager.listRuntimes", Box::new(super::methods::system::runtime_manager::RuntimeManagerListRuntimes));
+    methods.insert("runtimeManager.focusRuntime", Box::new(super::methods::system::runtime_manager::RuntimeManagerFocusRuntime));
+    methods.insert("runtimeManager.killRuntime", Box::new(super::methods::system::runtime_manager::RuntimeManagerKillRuntime));
+    methods.insert("runtimeManager.hideRuntime", Box::new(super::methods::system::runtime_manager::RuntimeManagerHideRuntime));
 
     methods
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs
index ccd2528f8..5ffc4f8e2 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
-use crate::types::SageApp;
+use tauri_specta::Event;
+use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::bridge::methods::user::wallet::send_xch::WalletSendXchParams;
+use crate::types::{SageApp, SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView, SageNetworkPermissionTarget};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
@@ -46,21 +49,35 @@ pub enum RustBridgeResponse {
     Error(RustBridgeErrorResponse),
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct RustBridgeApprovalRequest {
-    pub kind: String,
     pub app: SageApp,
     pub source_label: String,
     pub request_id: String,
-    pub params_json: String,
+
+    #[serde(flatten)]
+    pub body: RustBridgeApprovalBody,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub enum RustBridgeApprovalBody {
+    SendXch {
+        summary: WalletSendXchParams,
+    },
+    CapabilityGrant {
+        capability: UserBridgeCapability,
+        definition: SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView,
+    },
+    NetworkWhitelistGrant {
+        entry: SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
+    },
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Event)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct RustBridgeApprovalEvent {
-    #[serde(rename = "approvalId")]
-    #[specta(rename = "approvalId")]
     pub approval_id: String,
     pub approval: RustBridgeApprovalRequest,
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs
index c505a03d9..bc555e1a2 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs
@@ -645,7 +645,7 @@ mod tests {
     use super::*;
     use std::fs;
     use tempfile::tempdir;
-
+    use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
     use crate::lifecycle::{
         write_retired_app_origins,
     };
@@ -669,8 +669,8 @@ mod tests {
                     },
                 },
                 capabilities: SageRequestedCapabilities {
-                    required: vec!["persistent_storage".into()],
-                    optional: vec!["wallet.send_xch".into()],
+                    required: vec![UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage],
+                    optional: vec![UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch],
                 },
             },
             files: vec![SageAppManifestFile {
@@ -701,7 +701,7 @@ mod tests {
                 icon_file: "icon.png".into(),
                 requested_permissions: sample_manifest().permissions.clone(),
                 granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions {
-                    capabilities: vec!["persistent_storage".into()],
+                    capabilities: vec![UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage],
                     network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
                         whitelist: vec![SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
                             scheme: "https".into(),
@@ -871,7 +871,7 @@ mod tests {
             &app_dir,
             &manifest,
             SageGrantedPermissions {
-                capabilities: vec!["persistent_storage".into()],
+                capabilities: vec![UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage],
                 network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions { whitelist: vec![] },
             },
             SageAppCapabilityFlags::default(),
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update.rs
index 8c90483f8..0faed29c5 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update.rs
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ use crate::bridge::{
     emit_granted_capabilities_change_for_app,
     emit_granted_network_whitelist_change_for_app,
 };
+use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::host::{AppState, Result};
 use crate::lifecycle::{
     download_url_snapshot, manifest_entry_file, manifest_icon_file,
@@ -32,9 +33,9 @@ use crate::types::{
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct GrantedCapabilitiesChange {
-    pub removed: Vec<String>,
-    pub added: Vec<String>,
-    pub full: Vec<String>,
+    pub removed: Vec<UserBridgeCapability>,
+    pub added: Vec<UserBridgeCapability>,
+    pub full: Vec<UserBridgeCapability>,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
@@ -47,11 +48,11 @@ pub struct GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange {
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub enum GrantCapabilityOutcome {
     AlreadyGranted {
-        capability: String,
-        full_granted_capabilities: Vec<String>,
+        capability: UserBridgeCapability,
+        full_granted_capabilities: Vec<UserBridgeCapability>,
     },
     Granted {
-        capability: String,
+        capability: UserBridgeCapability,
         change: GrantedCapabilitiesChange,
     },
 }
@@ -80,11 +81,11 @@ fn sort_unique_network(
     set.into_iter().collect()
 }
 
-fn requested_capability_set(app: &UserSageApp) -> BTreeSet<String> {
-    let mut requested = BTreeSet::new();
-    requested.extend(app.common.requested_permissions.capabilities.required.iter().cloned());
-    requested.extend(app.common.requested_permissions.capabilities.optional.iter().cloned());
-    requested
+fn requested_capability_set(app: &UserSageApp) -> BTreeSet<UserBridgeCapability> {
+    let mut out = BTreeSet::new();
+    out.extend(app.common.requested_permissions.capabilities.required.iter().copied());
+    out.extend(app.common.requested_permissions.capabilities.optional.iter().copied());
+    out
 }
 
 fn requested_network_set(app: &UserSageApp) -> AnyResult<BTreeSet<(String, String)>> {
@@ -111,13 +112,18 @@ fn requested_network_set(app: &UserSageApp) -> AnyResult<BTreeSet<(String, Strin
     Ok(out)
 }
 
-fn diff_capabilities(previous: &[String], next: &[String]) -> GrantedCapabilitiesChange {
-    let previous_set: BTreeSet<String> = previous.iter().cloned().collect();
-    let next_set: BTreeSet<String> = next.iter().cloned().collect();
+fn diff_capabilities(
+    previous: &[UserBridgeCapability],
+    next: &[UserBridgeCapability],
+) -> GrantedCapabilitiesChange {
+    let previous_set: BTreeSet<UserBridgeCapability> =
+        previous.iter().copied().collect();
+    let next_set: BTreeSet<UserBridgeCapability> =
+        next.iter().copied().collect();
 
     GrantedCapabilitiesChange {
-        removed: previous_set.difference(&next_set).cloned().collect(),
-        added: next_set.difference(&previous_set).cloned().collect(),
+        removed: previous_set.difference(&next_set).copied().collect(),
+        added: next_set.difference(&previous_set).copied().collect(),
         full: next.to_vec(),
     }
 }
@@ -136,6 +142,12 @@ fn diff_network_whitelist(
     }
 }
 
+fn sort_unique_capabilities(
+    capabilities: Vec<UserBridgeCapability>,
+) -> Vec<UserBridgeCapability> {
+    capabilities.into_iter().collect::<BTreeSet<_>>().into_iter().collect()
+}
+
 pub fn update_app_permissions_internal(
     base_path: &Path,
     app_id: &str,
@@ -184,34 +196,31 @@ pub fn update_app_permissions_internal(
 pub fn grant_requested_capability_internal(
     base_path: &Path,
     app_id: &str,
-    capability: &str,
+    capability: UserBridgeCapability,
 ) -> AnyResult<GrantCapabilityOutcome> {
     let app = read_installed_app_by_id(base_path, app_id)?;
 
     let requested = requested_capability_set(&app);
-    if !requested.contains(capability) {
-        anyhow::bail!("Capability was not requested by app manifest: {capability}");
+    if !requested.contains(&capability) {
+        anyhow::bail!(
+            "Capability was not requested by app manifest: {}",
+            capability.key()
+        );
     }
 
-    if app
-        .common
-        .granted_permissions
-        .capabilities
-        .iter()
-        .any(|existing| existing == capability)
-    {
+    if app.common.granted_permissions.capabilities.contains(&capability) {
         let full_granted_capabilities =
-            sort_unique_strings(app.common.granted_permissions.capabilities.clone());
+            sort_unique_capabilities(app.common.granted_permissions.capabilities.clone());
 
         return Ok(GrantCapabilityOutcome::AlreadyGranted {
-            capability: capability.to_string(),
+            capability,
             full_granted_capabilities,
         });
     }
 
     let mut next_capabilities = app.common.granted_permissions.capabilities.clone();
-    next_capabilities.push(capability.to_string());
-    next_capabilities = sort_unique_strings(next_capabilities);
+    next_capabilities.push(capability);
+    next_capabilities = sort_unique_capabilities(next_capabilities);
 
     let updated = update_app_permissions_internal(
         base_path,
@@ -228,10 +237,7 @@ pub fn grant_requested_capability_internal(
         &updated.common.granted_permissions.capabilities,
     );
 
-    Ok(GrantCapabilityOutcome::Granted {
-        capability: capability.to_string(),
-        change,
-    })
+    Ok(GrantCapabilityOutcome::Granted { capability, change })
 }
 
 pub fn grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal(
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities.rs
index 447abd004..3e7f523be 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities.rs
@@ -1,86 +1,217 @@
 use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 
+use crate::bridge::capabilities::{SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
+use crate::types::{SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView, SageAppCapabilityFlagsView};
+
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct CapabilityFlags {
     pub externally_observable: bool,
     pub accesses_sensitive_secret: bool,
     pub persistent_storage: bool,
+    pub requestable_by_app: bool,
+    pub shared_with_app: bool,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
-pub struct CapabilityDefinition {
-    pub key: &'static str,
+pub struct CapabilityDefinition<C> {
+    pub capability: C,
     pub label: &'static str,
     pub description: &'static str,
     pub flags: CapabilityFlags,
-    pub requestable_by_app: bool,
-    pub shared_with_app: bool,
 }
 
-pub fn get_capability_definition(key: &str) -> Option<CapabilityDefinition> {
-    registry().get(key).copied()
-}
+pub type UserCapabilityDefinition = CapabilityDefinition<UserBridgeCapability>;
+pub type SystemCapabilityDefinition = CapabilityDefinition<SystemBridgeCapability>;
 
-pub fn require_capability_definition(
-    key: &str,
-) -> anyhow::Result<CapabilityDefinition> {
-    get_capability_definition(key)
-        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("unknown capability: {}", key))
-}
-
-pub fn registry() -> BTreeMap<&'static str, CapabilityDefinition> {
-    let mut map = BTreeMap::new();
-
-    map.insert(
-        "persistent_storage",
-        CapabilityDefinition {
-            key: "persistent_storage",
-            label: "Persistent storage",
-            description:
-            "Allows the app to store data on this device between sessions.",
-            flags: CapabilityFlags {
-                externally_observable: false,
-                accesses_sensitive_secret: false,
-                persistent_storage: true,
-            },
+const USER_CAPABILITY_DEFINITIONS: &[UserCapabilityDefinition] = &[
+    UserCapabilityDefinition {
+        capability: UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage,
+        label: "Persistent storage",
+        description: "Allows the app to store data on this device between sessions.",
+        flags: CapabilityFlags {
+            externally_observable: false,
+            accesses_sensitive_secret: false,
+            persistent_storage: true,
             requestable_by_app: true,
             shared_with_app: false,
         },
-    );
-
-    map.insert(
-        "wallet.send_xch",
-        CapabilityDefinition {
-            key: "wallet.send_xch",
-            label: "Send XCH",
-            description:
-            "Allows the app to request XCH transactions from your wallet.",
-            flags: CapabilityFlags {
-                externally_observable: true,
-                accesses_sensitive_secret: false,
-                persistent_storage: false,
-            },
+    },
+    UserCapabilityDefinition {
+        capability: UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
+        label: "Send XCH",
+        description: "Allows the app to request XCH transactions from your wallet.",
+        flags: CapabilityFlags {
+            externally_observable: true,
+            accesses_sensitive_secret: false,
+            persistent_storage: false,
             requestable_by_app: true,
             shared_with_app: true,
         },
-    );
-
-    map.insert(
-        "wallet.send_xch_auto_submit",
-        CapabilityDefinition {
-            key: "wallet.send_xch_auto_submit",
-            label: "Automatic XCH send",
-            description:
-            "Allows the app to submit XCH transactions without asking for per-transaction approval.",
-            flags: CapabilityFlags {
-                externally_observable: false,
-                accesses_sensitive_secret: false,
-                persistent_storage: false,
-            },
+    },
+    UserCapabilityDefinition {
+        capability: UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXchAutoSubmit,
+        label: "Automatic XCH send",
+        description: "Allows the app to submit XCH transactions without asking for per-transaction approval.",
+        flags: CapabilityFlags {
+            externally_observable: false,
+            accesses_sensitive_secret: false,
+            persistent_storage: false,
             requestable_by_app: false,
             shared_with_app: false,
         },
-    );
+    },
+];
+
+const SYSTEM_CAPABILITY_DEFINITIONS: &[SystemCapabilityDefinition] = &[
+    SystemCapabilityDefinition {
+        capability: SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerListRuntimes,
+        label: "List app runtimes",
+        description: "Allows the system app to inspect running Sage app runtimes.",
+        flags: CapabilityFlags {
+            externally_observable: false,
+            accesses_sensitive_secret: false,
+            persistent_storage: false,
+            requestable_by_app: false,
+            shared_with_app: true,
+        },
+    },
+    SystemCapabilityDefinition {
+        capability: SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerFocusRuntime,
+        label: "Focus app runtimes",
+        description: "Allows the system app to focus running Sage app runtimes.",
+        flags: CapabilityFlags {
+            externally_observable: true,
+            accesses_sensitive_secret: false,
+            persistent_storage: false,
+            requestable_by_app: false,
+            shared_with_app: true,
+        },
+    },
+    SystemCapabilityDefinition {
+        capability: SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerHideRuntime,
+        label: "Hide app runtimes",
+        description: "Allows the system app to hide running Sage app runtimes.",
+        flags: CapabilityFlags {
+            externally_observable: true,
+            accesses_sensitive_secret: false,
+            persistent_storage: false,
+            requestable_by_app: false,
+            shared_with_app: true,
+        },
+    },
+    SystemCapabilityDefinition {
+        capability: SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerKillRuntime,
+        label: "Kill app runtimes",
+        description: "Allows the system app to stop running Sage app runtimes.",
+        flags: CapabilityFlags {
+            externally_observable: true,
+            accesses_sensitive_secret: false,
+            persistent_storage: false,
+            requestable_by_app: false,
+            shared_with_app: true,
+        },
+    },
+    SystemCapabilityDefinition {
+        capability: SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerListenRuntimesChanged,
+        label: "Observe runtime changes",
+        description: "Allows the system app to receive events when Sage app runtimes change.",
+        flags: CapabilityFlags {
+            externally_observable: false,
+            accesses_sensitive_secret: false,
+            persistent_storage: false,
+            requestable_by_app: false,
+            shared_with_app: true,
+        },
+    },
+];
 
-    map
+fn registry_from_definitions<C>(
+    definitions: &'static [CapabilityDefinition<C>],
+) -> BTreeMap<C, CapabilityDefinition<C>>
+where
+    C: Copy + Ord,
+{
+    definitions
+        .iter()
+        .copied()
+        .map(|definition| (definition.capability, definition))
+        .collect()
+}
+
+pub fn user_registry() -> BTreeMap<UserBridgeCapability, UserCapabilityDefinition> {
+    registry_from_definitions(USER_CAPABILITY_DEFINITIONS)
+}
+
+pub fn system_registry() -> BTreeMap<SystemBridgeCapability, SystemCapabilityDefinition> {
+    registry_from_definitions(SYSTEM_CAPABILITY_DEFINITIONS)
+}
+
+pub fn get_user_capability_definition(
+    capability: UserBridgeCapability,
+) -> Option<UserCapabilityDefinition> {
+    user_registry().get(&capability).copied()
+}
+
+pub fn require_user_capability_definition(
+    capability: UserBridgeCapability,
+) -> anyhow::Result<UserCapabilityDefinition> {
+    get_user_capability_definition(capability).ok_or_else(|| {
+        anyhow::anyhow!("unknown user capability: {}", capability.key())
+    })
+}
+
+pub fn get_system_capability_definition(
+    capability: SystemBridgeCapability,
+) -> Option<SystemCapabilityDefinition> {
+    system_registry().get(&capability).copied()
+}
+
+pub fn require_system_capability_definition(
+    capability: SystemBridgeCapability,
+) -> anyhow::Result<SystemCapabilityDefinition> {
+    get_system_capability_definition(capability).ok_or_else(|| {
+        anyhow::anyhow!("unknown system capability: {}", capability.key())
+    })
+}
+
+pub fn get_user_capability_definition_by_key(
+    key: &str,
+) -> Option<UserCapabilityDefinition> {
+    USER_CAPABILITY_DEFINITIONS
+        .iter()
+        .copied()
+        .find(|definition| definition.capability.key() == key)
+}
+
+pub fn get_system_capability_definition_by_key(
+    key: &str,
+) -> Option<SystemCapabilityDefinition> {
+    SYSTEM_CAPABILITY_DEFINITIONS
+        .iter()
+        .copied()
+        .find(|definition| definition.capability.key() == key)
+}
+
+pub fn require_user_capability_definition_by_key(
+    key: &str,
+) -> anyhow::Result<UserCapabilityDefinition> {
+    get_user_capability_definition_by_key(key)
+        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("unknown user capability: {}", key))
+}
+
+pub fn user_capability_definition_view(
+    definition: UserCapabilityDefinition,
+) -> SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView {
+    SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView {
+        key: definition.capability.key().to_string(),
+        label: definition.label.to_string(),
+        description: definition.description.to_string(),
+        flags: SageAppCapabilityFlagsView {
+            externally_observable: definition.flags.externally_observable,
+            accesses_sensitive_secret: definition.flags.accesses_sensitive_secret,
+            persistent_storage: definition.flags.persistent_storage,
+            requestable_by_app: definition.flags.requestable_by_app,
+            shared_with_app: definition.flags.shared_with_app,
+        },
+    }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/commands.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index aaac9dee9..000000000
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/commands.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-use crate::types::{
-    SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView, SageAppCapabilityFlagsView,
-};
-
-#[tauri::command]
-#[specta::specta]
-pub async fn apps_get_capability_registry(
-) -> Result<Vec<SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView>, String> {
-    let entries = crate::permissions::registry()
-        .into_values()
-        .map(|definition| SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView {
-            key: definition.key.to_string(),
-            label: definition.label.to_string(),
-            description: definition.description.to_string(),
-            flags: SageAppCapabilityFlagsView {
-                externally_observable: definition.flags.externally_observable,
-                accesses_sensitive_secret: definition.flags.accesses_sensitive_secret,
-                persistent_storage: definition.flags.persistent_storage,
-            },
-            requestable_by_app: definition.requestable_by_app,
-            shared_with_app: definition.shared_with_app,
-        })
-        .collect();
-
-    Ok(entries)
-}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/mod.rs
index 3c1bb501e..a297726ac 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/mod.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 pub mod capabilities;
-pub mod commands;
 pub mod policy;
 
 pub use capabilities::*;
-pub use commands::*;
 pub use policy::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/policy.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/policy.rs
index 5ab6e5294..9cf1f4398 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/policy.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/policy.rs
@@ -1,16 +1,15 @@
-use anyhow::{Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
+use anyhow::{anyhow, Result as AnyResult};
 use std::collections::BTreeSet;
 
+use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::{
-    permissions::{
-        get_capability_definition, require_capability_definition,
-    },
+    permissions::{get_user_capability_definition, user_registry},
     types::{
-        SageAppCapabilityFlags, SageRequestedCapabilities,
-        SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions,
+        SageAppCapabilityFlags, SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
+        SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
+        SageRequestedPermissions,
     },
 };
-use crate::types::SageNetworkPermissionTarget;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Default)]
 pub struct CapabilitySummary {
@@ -25,31 +24,33 @@ fn normalize_capability_keys(
     let mut required = BTreeSet::new();
     let mut optional = BTreeSet::new();
 
-    for key in &capabilities.required {
-        let definition = require_capability_definition(key)?;
+    for capability in &capabilities.required {
+        let definition = get_user_capability_definition(*capability)
+            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("unknown capability: {}", capability.key()))?;
 
-        if !definition.requestable_by_app {
+        if !definition.flags.requestable_by_app {
             return Err(anyhow!(
                 "capability is not requestable by apps: {}",
-                key
+                capability.key()
             ));
         }
 
-        required.insert(key.clone());
+        required.insert(*capability);
     }
 
-    for key in &capabilities.optional {
-        let definition = require_capability_definition(key)?;
+    for capability in &capabilities.optional {
+        let definition = get_user_capability_definition(*capability)
+            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("unknown capability: {}", capability.key()))?;
 
-        if !definition.requestable_by_app {
+        if !definition.flags.requestable_by_app {
             return Err(anyhow!(
                 "capability is not requestable by apps: {}",
-                key
+                capability.key()
             ));
         }
 
-        if !required.contains(key) {
-            optional.insert(key.clone());
+        if !required.contains(capability) {
+            optional.insert(*capability);
         }
     }
 
@@ -99,8 +100,7 @@ fn normalize_requested_network_entries(
 fn normalize_requested_network_permissions(
     permissions: &SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
 ) -> AnyResult<SageRequestedNetworkPermissions> {
-    let required =
-        normalize_requested_network_entries(&permissions.whitelist.required)?;
+    let required = normalize_requested_network_entries(&permissions.whitelist.required)?;
 
     let required_keys: BTreeSet<_> = required
         .iter()
@@ -109,16 +109,11 @@ fn normalize_requested_network_permissions(
 
     let optional = normalize_requested_network_entries(&permissions.whitelist.optional)?
         .into_iter()
-        .filter(|entry| {
-            !required_keys.contains(&(entry.scheme.clone(), entry.host.clone()))
-        })
+        .filter(|entry| !required_keys.contains(&(entry.scheme.clone(), entry.host.clone())))
         .collect();
 
     Ok(SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
-        whitelist: crate::types::SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist {
-            required,
-            optional,
-        },
+        whitelist: crate::types::SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist { required, optional },
     })
 }
 
@@ -136,38 +131,40 @@ pub fn normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions(
 
 pub fn validate_granted_capabilities(
     permissions: &SageRequestedPermissions,
-    granted: &[String],
+    granted: &[UserBridgeCapability],
 ) -> AnyResult<()> {
     let mut allowed = BTreeSet::new();
-    allowed.extend(permissions.capabilities.required.iter().cloned());
-    allowed.extend(permissions.capabilities.optional.iter().cloned());
+    allowed.extend(permissions.capabilities.required.iter().copied());
+    allowed.extend(permissions.capabilities.optional.iter().copied());
 
-    let granted_set: BTreeSet<_> = granted.iter().cloned().collect();
+    let granted_set: BTreeSet<_> = granted.iter().copied().collect();
 
-    for key in &granted_set {
-        if !allowed.contains(key) {
+    for capability in &granted_set {
+        if !allowed.contains(capability) {
             return Err(anyhow!(
                 "granted permission not requested in manifest: {}",
-                key
+                capability.key()
             ));
         }
     }
 
-    for key in &permissions.capabilities.required {
-        if !granted_set.contains(key) {
-            return Err(anyhow!("missing required permission: {}", key));
+    for capability in &permissions.capabilities.required {
+        if !granted_set.contains(capability) {
+            return Err(anyhow!("missing required permission: {}", capability.key()));
         }
     }
 
     Ok(())
 }
 
-pub fn summarize_capabilities(keys: &[String]) -> AnyResult<CapabilitySummary> {
+pub fn summarize_capabilities(
+    capabilities: &[UserBridgeCapability],
+) -> AnyResult<CapabilitySummary> {
     let mut summary = CapabilitySummary::default();
 
-    for key in keys {
-        let def = get_capability_definition(key)
-            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("unknown capability: {}", key))?;
+    for capability in capabilities {
+        let def = get_user_capability_definition(*capability)
+            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("unknown capability: {}", capability.key()))?;
 
         summary.externally_observable |= def.flags.externally_observable;
         summary.accesses_sensitive_secret |= def.flags.accesses_sensitive_secret;
@@ -178,15 +175,16 @@ pub fn summarize_capabilities(keys: &[String]) -> AnyResult<CapabilitySummary> {
 }
 
 pub fn resolve_shared_capabilities(
-    granted_capabilities: &[String],
-) -> AnyResult<Vec<String>> {
+    granted_capabilities: &[UserBridgeCapability],
+) -> AnyResult<Vec<UserBridgeCapability>> {
     let mut shared = BTreeSet::new();
 
-    for key in granted_capabilities {
-        let definition = require_capability_definition(key)?;
+    for capability in granted_capabilities {
+        let definition = get_user_capability_definition(*capability)
+            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("unknown capability: {}", capability.key()))?;
 
-        if definition.shared_with_app {
-            shared.insert(key.clone());
+        if definition.flags.shared_with_app {
+            shared.insert(*capability);
         }
     }
 
@@ -197,8 +195,8 @@ pub fn validate_requested_permission_policy(
     permissions: &SageRequestedPermissions,
 ) -> AnyResult<()> {
     let mut requested = Vec::new();
-    requested.extend(permissions.capabilities.required.iter().cloned());
-    requested.extend(permissions.capabilities.optional.iter().cloned());
+    requested.extend(permissions.capabilities.required.iter().copied());
+    requested.extend(permissions.capabilities.optional.iter().copied());
 
     let summary = summarize_capabilities(&requested)?;
 
@@ -212,7 +210,7 @@ pub fn validate_requested_permission_policy(
 }
 
 pub fn resolve_capability_flags(
-    granted: &[String],
+    granted: &[UserBridgeCapability],
     previous_flags: Option<&SageAppCapabilityFlags>,
 ) -> AnyResult<SageAppCapabilityFlags> {
     let summary = summarize_capabilities(granted)?;
@@ -223,7 +221,6 @@ pub fn resolve_capability_flags(
 
     let has_secret_access = summary.accesses_sensitive_secret;
     let has_external_access = summary.externally_observable;
-
     let storage_may_contain_secrets = previous_storage_may_contain_secrets;
 
     if has_external_access && has_secret_access {
@@ -269,7 +266,7 @@ pub fn clear_storage_may_contain_secrets(
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
-    use crate::permissions::registry;
+    use crate::permissions::user_registry;
     use crate::types::{
         SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
         SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist, SageRequestedPermissions,
@@ -290,39 +287,34 @@ mod tests {
         }
     }
 
-    fn first_non_requestable_capability() -> String {
-        registry()
+    fn first_non_requestable_capability() -> UserBridgeCapability {
+        user_registry()
             .values()
-            .find(|definition| !definition.requestable_by_app)
+            .find(|definition| !definition.flags.requestable_by_app)
             .unwrap_or_else(|| {
-                panic!(
-                    "test requires at least one capability with requestable_by_app = false"
-                )
+                panic!("test requires at least one capability with requestable_by_app = false")
             })
-            .key
-            .to_string()
+            .capability
     }
 
-    fn first_shared_capability() -> String {
-        registry()
+    fn first_shared_capability() -> UserBridgeCapability {
+        user_registry()
             .values()
-            .find(|definition| definition.shared_with_app)
+            .find(|definition| definition.flags.shared_with_app)
             .unwrap_or_else(|| {
                 panic!("test requires at least one capability with shared_with_app = true")
             })
-            .key
-            .to_string()
+            .capability
     }
 
-    fn first_non_shared_capability() -> String {
-        registry()
+    fn first_non_shared_capability() -> UserBridgeCapability {
+        user_registry()
             .values()
-            .find(|definition| !definition.shared_with_app)
+            .find(|definition| !definition.flags.shared_with_app)
             .unwrap_or_else(|| {
                 panic!("test requires at least one capability with shared_with_app = false")
             })
-            .key
-            .to_string()
+            .capability
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -337,7 +329,7 @@ mod tests {
 
         let message = err.to_string();
         assert!(
-            message.contains(&non_requestable),
+            message.contains(&non_requestable.key()),
             "error should mention rejected capability, got: {message}"
         );
     }
@@ -354,7 +346,7 @@ mod tests {
 
         let message = err.to_string();
         assert!(
-            message.contains(&non_requestable),
+            message.contains(&non_requestable.key()),
             "error should mention rejected capability, got: {message}"
         );
     }
@@ -399,11 +391,11 @@ mod tests {
     fn normalize_requested_permissions_deduplicates_and_sorts_capabilities() {
         let mut requested = empty_requested_permissions();
         requested.capabilities.required = vec![
-            "wallet.send_xch".to_string(),
-            "wallet.send_xch".to_string(),
+            UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
+            UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
         ];
         requested.capabilities.optional = vec![
-            "wallet.send_xch".to_string(),
+            UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
         ];
 
         let normalized = normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions(&requested)
@@ -411,7 +403,7 @@ mod tests {
 
         assert_eq!(
             normalized.capabilities.required,
-            vec!["wallet.send_xch".to_string()]
+            vec![UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch]
         );
         assert!(normalized.capabilities.optional.is_empty());
     }
@@ -463,13 +455,13 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn validate_granted_capabilities_rejects_unrequested_capability() {
         let mut requested = empty_requested_permissions();
-        requested.capabilities.required = vec!["wallet.send_xch".to_string()];
+        requested.capabilities.required = vec![UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch];
 
         let err = validate_granted_capabilities(
             &requested,
             &vec![
-                "wallet.send_xch".to_string(),
-                "persistent_storage".to_string(),
+                UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
+                UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage,
             ],
         )
             .expect_err("expected unrequested capability to be rejected");
@@ -483,13 +475,13 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn validate_granted_capabilities_rejects_missing_required_capability() {
         let mut requested = empty_requested_permissions();
-        requested.capabilities.required = vec!["wallet.send_xch".to_string()];
+        requested.capabilities.required = vec![UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch];
 
         let err = validate_granted_capabilities(&requested, &[])
             .expect_err("expected missing required capability to be rejected");
 
         assert!(
-            err.to_string().contains("wallet.send_xch"),
+            err.to_string().contains(UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch.key()),
             "error should mention missing required capability"
         );
     }
@@ -497,34 +489,23 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn validate_granted_capabilities_allows_subset_of_optional_capabilities() {
         let mut requested = empty_requested_permissions();
-        requested.capabilities.required = vec!["wallet.send_xch".to_string()];
-        requested.capabilities.optional = vec!["persistent_storage".to_string()];
+        requested.capabilities.required = vec![UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch];
+        requested.capabilities.optional = vec![UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage];
 
         validate_granted_capabilities(
             &requested,
-            &vec!["wallet.send_xch".to_string()],
+            &vec![UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch],
         )
             .expect("expected optional capability to be omittable");
     }
 
-    #[test]
-    fn summarize_capabilities_rejects_unknown_capability() {
-        let err = summarize_capabilities(&vec!["does.not.exist".to_string()])
-            .expect_err("expected unknown capability to be rejected");
-
-        assert!(
-            err.to_string().contains("unknown capability"),
-            "error should mention unknown capability"
-        );
-    }
-
     #[test]
     #[ignore = "enable once a capability with accesses_sensitive_secret = true exists"]
     fn requested_permissions_policy_rejects_secret_and_external_combination() {
         let mut requested = empty_requested_permissions();
         requested.capabilities.required = vec![
-            "wallet.send_xch".to_string(),
-            "wallet.send_xch_auto_submit".to_string(),
+            UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
+            UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXchAutoSubmit,
         ];
 
         let err = validate_requested_permission_policy(&requested)
@@ -538,7 +519,7 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn resolve_capability_flags_sets_expected_flags_for_shared_send_capability() {
-        let flags = resolve_capability_flags(&vec!["wallet.send_xch".to_string()], None)
+        let flags = resolve_capability_flags(&vec![UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch], None)
             .expect("expected capability flags to resolve");
 
         assert!(flags.has_external_access);
@@ -557,7 +538,7 @@ mod tests {
         };
 
         let err = resolve_capability_flags(
-            &vec!["wallet.send_xch".to_string()],
+            &vec![UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch],
             Some(&previous),
         )
             .expect_err("expected tainted storage to block externally observable capability");
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
index 519f83ece..6735bb87a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use std::path::Path;
 
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager};
 use url::Url;
-
+use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::lifecycle::read_installed_app_by_id;
 use crate::sandbox::build_builtin_test_app;
 use crate::system_apps::build_builtin_system_app;
@@ -85,8 +85,7 @@ pub fn should_use_incognito(app: &SageApp) -> bool {
     let has_persistent_storage = app
         .granted_permissions()
         .capabilities
-        .iter()
-        .any(|cap| cap == "persistent_storage");
+        .contains(&UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage);
 
     if !has_persistent_storage {
         return true;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs
index c74f5cd03..6d77c39a6 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::types::SageApp;
 
 use super::{
@@ -29,15 +30,14 @@ fn app_requires_sandbox_gate(app: &SageApp) -> bool {
     !app.id().starts_with("__sage_test_")
 }
 
-fn app_has_capability(app: &SageApp, capability: &str) -> bool {
+fn app_has_capability(app: &SageApp, capability: UserBridgeCapability) -> bool {
     app.granted_permissions()
         .capabilities
-        .iter()
-        .any(|cap| cap == capability)
+        .contains(&capability)
 }
 
 fn app_uses_persistent_storage(app: &SageApp) -> bool {
-    app_has_capability(app, "persistent_storage")
+    app_has_capability(app, UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage)
 }
 
 fn app_has_secret_access(app: &SageApp) -> bool {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps/mod.rs
index 47f748e09..9adb820f1 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps/mod.rs
@@ -2,17 +2,14 @@ use std::{fs, path::PathBuf};
 
 use anyhow::{anyhow, Context, Result as AnyResult};
 use tauri::command;
-
+use crate::bridge::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
 use crate::host::Result;
 use crate::lifecycle::{manifest_entry_file, manifest_icon_file};
 use crate::permissions::{
     normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions, resolve_capability_flags,
     validate_granted_capabilities,
 };
-use crate::types::{
-    InstalledSageAppStorage, SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot,
-    SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions, SystemAppPresentation, SystemSageApp,
-};
+use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions, SageGrantedSystemPermissions, SystemAppPresentation, SystemSageApp};
 
 pub const SYSTEM_APP_TASK_MANAGER_ID: &str = "task-manager";
 
@@ -21,12 +18,20 @@ pub struct BuiltinSystemAppSpec {
     pub app_id: &'static str,
     pub dir_name: &'static str,
     pub presentation: SystemAppPresentation,
+    pub system_capabilities: &'static [SystemBridgeCapability],
 }
 
 const BUILTIN_SYSTEM_APPS: &[BuiltinSystemAppSpec] = &[BuiltinSystemAppSpec {
     app_id: SYSTEM_APP_TASK_MANAGER_ID,
     dir_name: "task-manager",
     presentation: SystemAppPresentation::Taskbar,
+    system_capabilities: &[
+        SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerListRuntimes,
+        SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerFocusRuntime,
+        SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerHideRuntime,
+        SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerKillRuntime,
+        SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerListenRuntimesChanged,
+    ],
 }];
 
 pub fn builtin_system_app_spec(app_id: &str) -> Option<&'static BuiltinSystemAppSpec> {
@@ -181,6 +186,9 @@ pub fn build_builtin_system_app(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<SageApp>> {
             },
         },
         presentation: spec.presentation,
+        system_granted_permissions: SageGrantedSystemPermissions {
+            capabilities: spec.system_capabilities.to_vec(),
+        }
     };
 
     Ok(Some(SageApp::System(app)))
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/models.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/models.rs
index 0a93e9451..81065ade5 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/models.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/models.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
+use crate::bridge::capabilities::{SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
 use crate::lifecycle::parse_network_permission_target;
 
 #[derive(
@@ -22,12 +23,10 @@ pub struct SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
     pub whitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist,
 }
 
-#[derive(
-    Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq,
-)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct SageRequestedCapabilities {
-    pub required: Vec<String>,
-    pub optional: Vec<String>,
+    pub required: Vec<UserBridgeCapability>,
+    pub optional: Vec<UserBridgeCapability>,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
@@ -36,42 +35,36 @@ pub struct SageRequestedPermissions {
     pub capabilities: SageRequestedCapabilities,
 }
 
-#[derive(
-    Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq,
-)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
     pub whitelist: Vec<SageNetworkPermissionTarget>,
 }
 
-#[derive(
-    Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq,
-)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct SageGrantedPermissions {
-    pub capabilities: Vec<String>,
+    pub capabilities: Vec<UserBridgeCapability>,
     pub network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions,
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct SageGrantedSystemPermissions {
+    pub capabilities: Vec<SystemBridgeCapability>,
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
 #[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub enum InstalledSageAppStorage {
-    AppleDataStore {
-        identifier_hex: String,
-    },
-    WindowsProfile {
-        directory_name: String,
-    },
+    AppleDataStore { identifier_hex: String },
+    WindowsProfile { directory_name: String },
     Unmanaged,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
 #[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub enum PendingStorageCleanupTarget {
-    AppleDataStore {
-        identifier_hex: String,
-    },
-    WindowsProfile {
-        directory_name: String,
-    },
+    AppleDataStore { identifier_hex: String },
+    WindowsProfile { directory_name: String },
     Unmanaged,
 }
 
@@ -152,6 +145,8 @@ pub struct SageAppCapabilityFlagsView {
     pub externally_observable: bool,
     pub accesses_sensitive_secret: bool,
     pub persistent_storage: bool,
+    pub requestable_by_app: bool,
+    pub shared_with_app: bool,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
@@ -161,8 +156,6 @@ pub struct SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView {
     pub label: String,
     pub description: String,
     pub flags: SageAppCapabilityFlagsView,
-    pub requestable_by_app: bool,
-    pub shared_with_app: bool,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
@@ -219,6 +212,7 @@ pub struct UserSageApp {
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct SystemSageApp {
     pub common: SageAppCommon,
+    pub system_granted_permissions: SageGrantedSystemPermissions,
     pub presentation: SystemAppPresentation,
 }
 
@@ -273,6 +267,13 @@ impl SageApp {
         &self.common().granted_permissions
     }
 
+    pub fn system_granted_permissions(&self) -> Option<&SageGrantedSystemPermissions> {
+        match self {
+            Self::System(app) => Some(&app.system_granted_permissions),
+            Self::User(_) => None,
+        }
+    }
+
     pub fn capability_flags(&self) -> &SageAppCapabilityFlags {
         &self.common().capability_flags
     }
@@ -436,10 +437,7 @@ impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for SageRequestedPermissions {
             .whitelist
             .required
             .into_iter()
-            .map(|value| {
-                parse_network_permission_target(&value)
-                    .map_err(serde::de::Error::custom)
-            })
+            .map(|value| parse_network_permission_target(&value).map_err(serde::de::Error::custom))
             .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
 
         let optional_network = raw
@@ -447,10 +445,7 @@ impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for SageRequestedPermissions {
             .whitelist
             .optional
             .into_iter()
-            .map(|value| {
-                parse_network_permission_target(&value)
-                    .map_err(serde::de::Error::custom)
-            })
+            .map(|value| parse_network_permission_target(&value).map_err(serde::de::Error::custom))
             .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
 
         Ok(SageRequestedPermissions {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_install.rs b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_install.rs
index 6b0036f1f..0a7561383 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_install.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_install.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 mod common;
 
 use common::sample_manifest_file;
+use sage_apps::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
 use sage_apps::lifecycle::install::{
     manifest_entry_file, manifest_icon_file, normalize_app_url,
 };
@@ -25,8 +26,8 @@ fn requested_permissions() -> SageRequestedPermissions {
             },
         },
         capabilities: SageRequestedCapabilities {
-            required: vec!["wallet.send_xch".to_string()],
-            optional: vec!["persistent_storage".to_string()],
+            required: vec![UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch],
+            optional: vec![UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage],
         },
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_manifest.rs b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_manifest.rs
index c3730b30a..ee37f2417 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_manifest.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_manifest.rs
@@ -143,20 +143,6 @@ fn validate_package_manifest_rejects_blank_version() {
     assert!(err.to_string().contains("manifest version cannot be empty"));
 }
 
-#[test]
-fn validate_package_manifest_rejects_invalid_requested_capability() {
-    let mut manifest = sample_manifest();
-    manifest.permissions.capabilities.required =
-        vec!["definitely.not.a.real.capability".to_string()];
-
-    let err = validate_package_manifest(&manifest).unwrap_err();
-    let msg = err.to_string();
-    assert!(
-        msg.contains("unknown capability") || msg.contains("definitely.not.a.real.capability"),
-        "unexpected error: {msg}"
-    );
-}
-
 #[test]
 fn validate_package_manifest_returns_total_size_when_valid() {
     let manifest = sample_manifest();
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_registry.rs b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_registry.rs
index d5e404175..bf130641f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_registry.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_registry.rs
@@ -34,6 +34,13 @@ fn installed_app_metadata_roundtrips() {
     assert_eq!(loaded.common.capability_flags.has_external_access, false);
 }
 
+fn without_system_apps(listed: Vec<ListedSageApp>) -> Vec<ListedSageApp> {
+    listed
+        .into_iter()
+        .filter(|entry| !matches!(entry, ListedSageApp::System(_)))
+        .collect()
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn installed_app_metadata_roundtrips_pending_update() {
     let base = tempdir().unwrap();
@@ -65,7 +72,7 @@ fn corrupted_metadata_is_reported_as_corrupted_listing() {
 
     fs::write(dir.join(".sage-installed.json"), "{ definitely not json").unwrap();
 
-    let listed = list_installed_apps_internal(&apps_root(base.path())).unwrap();
+    let listed = without_system_apps(list_installed_apps_internal(&apps_root(base.path())).unwrap());
     assert_eq!(listed.len(), 1);
 
     match &listed[0] {
@@ -160,7 +167,7 @@ fn corrupted_persisted_network_entry_is_reported_as_corrupted_listing() {
     )
         .unwrap();
 
-    let listed = list_installed_apps_internal(&apps_root(base.path())).unwrap();
+    let listed = without_system_apps(list_installed_apps_internal(&apps_root(base.path())).unwrap());
     assert_eq!(listed.len(), 1);
 
     match &listed[0] {
@@ -195,7 +202,7 @@ fn installed_apps_are_sorted_by_name() {
     zeta.common.app_dir = zeta_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string();
     write_installed_app_metadata(&zeta, &zeta_dir).unwrap();
 
-    let listed = list_installed_apps_internal(&apps_root(base.path())).unwrap();
+    let listed = without_system_apps(list_installed_apps_internal(&apps_root(base.path())).unwrap());
     let names: Vec<_> = listed
         .into_iter()
         .map(|entry| match entry {
@@ -214,7 +221,7 @@ fn list_installed_apps_ignores_tmp_directories() {
     let root = apps_root(base.path());
     fs::create_dir_all(root.join(".tmp-123")).unwrap();
 
-    let listed = list_installed_apps_internal(&root).unwrap();
+    let listed = without_system_apps(list_installed_apps_internal(&apps_root(base.path())).unwrap());
     assert!(listed.is_empty());
 }
 
@@ -224,7 +231,7 @@ fn list_installed_apps_ignores_directories_without_metadata() {
     let root = apps_root(base.path());
     fs::create_dir_all(root.join("missing-metadata")).unwrap();
 
-    let listed = list_installed_apps_internal(&root).unwrap();
+    let listed = without_system_apps(list_installed_apps_internal(&apps_root(base.path())).unwrap());
     assert!(listed.is_empty());
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_update.rs b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_update.rs
index 252cce8b7..66a8d542c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_update.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_update.rs
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ use sage_apps::types::{
     SageRequestedPermissions, UserSageApp,
 };
 use tempfile::tempdir;
+use sage_apps::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
 
 fn sample_app(base: &Path, app_id: &str) -> UserSageApp {
     let mut app = sample_installed_app(base, app_id, "Test App");
@@ -38,8 +39,8 @@ fn sample_app(base: &Path, app_id: &str) -> UserSageApp {
         capabilities: SageRequestedCapabilities {
             required: vec![],
             optional: vec![
-                "wallet.send_xch".to_string(),
-                "persistent_storage".to_string(),
+                UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
+                UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage,
             ],
         },
     };
@@ -111,7 +112,7 @@ fn update_app_permissions_internal_rejects_unrequested_capability() {
         dir.path(),
         &app.common.id,
         SageGrantedPermissions {
-            capabilities: vec!["wallet.send_xch_auto_submit".to_string()],
+            capabilities: vec![UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXchAutoSubmit],
             network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions { whitelist: vec![] },
         },
         false,
@@ -160,15 +161,15 @@ fn grant_requested_capability_internal_grants_optional_capability() {
     write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app_path).unwrap();
 
     let outcome =
-        grant_requested_capability_internal(dir.path(), &app.common.id, "wallet.send_xch")
+        grant_requested_capability_internal(dir.path(), &app.common.id, UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch)
             .unwrap();
 
     match outcome {
         GrantCapabilityOutcome::Granted { capability, change } => {
-            assert_eq!(capability, "wallet.send_xch");
-            assert_eq!(change.added, vec!["wallet.send_xch".to_string()]);
+            assert_eq!(capability, UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch);
+            assert_eq!(change.added, vec![UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch]);
             assert!(change.removed.is_empty());
-            assert_eq!(change.full, vec!["wallet.send_xch".to_string()]);
+            assert_eq!(change.full, vec![UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch]);
         }
         GrantCapabilityOutcome::AlreadyGranted { .. } => {
             panic!("expected capability to be newly granted")
@@ -178,7 +179,7 @@ fn grant_requested_capability_internal_grants_optional_capability() {
     let reloaded = read_installed_app_by_id(dir.path(), &app.common.id).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(
         reloaded.common.granted_permissions.capabilities,
-        vec!["wallet.send_xch".to_string()]
+        vec![UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch]
     );
 }
 
@@ -186,13 +187,13 @@ fn grant_requested_capability_internal_grants_optional_capability() {
 fn grant_requested_capability_internal_returns_already_granted_when_present() {
     let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
     let mut app = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-1");
-    app.common.granted_permissions.capabilities = vec!["wallet.send_xch".to_string()];
+    app.common.granted_permissions.capabilities = vec![UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch];
 
     let app_path = app_dir(dir.path(), &app.common.id);
     write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app_path).unwrap();
 
     let outcome =
-        grant_requested_capability_internal(dir.path(), &app.common.id, "wallet.send_xch")
+        grant_requested_capability_internal(dir.path(), &app.common.id, UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch)
             .unwrap();
 
     match outcome {
@@ -200,8 +201,8 @@ fn grant_requested_capability_internal_returns_already_granted_when_present() {
             capability,
             full_granted_capabilities,
         } => {
-            assert_eq!(capability, "wallet.send_xch");
-            assert_eq!(full_granted_capabilities, vec!["wallet.send_xch".to_string()]);
+            assert_eq!(capability, UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch);
+            assert_eq!(full_granted_capabilities, vec![UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch]);
         }
         GrantCapabilityOutcome::Granted { .. } => {
             panic!("expected already-granted outcome")
@@ -219,7 +220,7 @@ fn grant_requested_capability_internal_rejects_unrequested_capability() {
     let err = grant_requested_capability_internal(
         dir.path(),
         &app.common.id,
-        "wallet.send_xch_auto_submit",
+        UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXchAutoSubmit,
     )
         .unwrap_err();
 
diff --git a/src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml b/src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml
index 5fb2995a5..d7acb5c06 100644
--- a/src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml
+++ b/src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml
@@ -139,7 +139,6 @@ commands.allow = [
     "apply_app_update",
     "apps_update_permissions",
     "apps_mark_storage_may_contain_secrets",
-    "apps_get_capability_registry",
     "apps_list_runtimes",
     "apps_focus_runtime",
     "apps_hide_runtime",
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
index 9fc4daf9e..bab8c021c 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ mod error;
 
 #[cfg(all(debug_assertions, not(mobile)))]
 use specta_typescript::{BigIntExportBehavior, Typescript};
+use sage_apps::bridge::RustBridgeApprovalEvent;
 
 #[cfg_attr(mobile, tauri::mobile_entry_point)]
 pub fn run() {
@@ -164,14 +165,13 @@ pub fn run() {
             apps::lifecycle::apps_update_permissions,
             apps::lifecycle::apps_mark_storage_may_contain_secrets,
             apps::sandbox::get_builtin_test_app,
-            apps::permissions::apps_get_capability_registry,
             apps::system_apps::get_builtin_system_app,
             apps::runtime::manager::apps_list_runtimes,
             apps::runtime::manager::apps_focus_runtime,
             apps::runtime::manager::apps_hide_runtime,
             apps::runtime::manager::apps_kill_runtime,
         ])
-        .events(collect_events![SyncEvent]);
+        .events(collect_events![SyncEvent, RustBridgeApprovalEvent]);
 
     #[cfg(all(debug_assertions, not(mobile)))]
     builder
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index ee1c168f4..d7a3fe4cc 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -422,9 +422,6 @@ async appsMarkStorageMayContainSecrets(appId: string) : Promise<null> {
 async getBuiltinTestApp(appId: string) : Promise<SageApp | null> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("get_builtin_test_app", { appId });
 },
-async appsGetCapabilityRegistry() : Promise<SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView[]> {
-    return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_get_capability_registry");
-},
 async getBuiltinSystemApp(appId: string) : Promise<SageApp | null> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("get_builtin_system_app", { appId });
 },
@@ -446,8 +443,10 @@ async appsKillRuntime(params: RuntimeTargetParams) : Promise<SystemKillRuntimeRe
 
 
 export const events = __makeEvents__<{
+rustBridgeApprovalEvent: RustBridgeApprovalEvent,
 syncEvent: SyncEvent
 }>({
+rustBridgeApprovalEvent: "rust-bridge-approval-event",
 syncEvent: "sync-event"
 })
 
@@ -2245,6 +2244,8 @@ export type ResyncCatResponse = Record<string, never>
  */
 export type ResyncResponse = Record<string, never>
 export type RuntimeTargetParams = { appId: string }
+export type RustBridgeApprovalEvent = { approvalId: string; approval: RustBridgeApprovalRequest }
+export type RustBridgeApprovalRequest = ({ kind: "sendXch"; summary: WalletSendXchParams } | { kind: "capabilityGrant"; capability: UserBridgeCapability; definition: SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView } | { kind: "networkWhitelistGrant"; entry: SageNetworkPermissionTarget }) & { app: SageApp; sourceLabel: string; requestId: string }
 export type RustBridgeErrorPayload = { code: string; message: string }
 export type RustBridgeErrorResponse = { channel: string; bridgeVersion: string; id: string; ok: boolean; error: RustBridgeErrorPayload }
 export type RustBridgeInvokeResult = { kind: "immediate"; response: RustBridgeResponse } | { kind: "pending" }
@@ -2253,9 +2254,9 @@ export type RustBridgeResponse = RustBridgeSuccessResponse | RustBridgeErrorResp
 export type RustBridgeSuccessResponse = { channel: string; bridgeVersion: string; id: string; ok: boolean; resultJson: string }
 export type SageApp = ({ kind: "system" } & SystemSageApp) | ({ kind: "user" } & UserSageApp)
 export type SageAppAuthor = { name: string; avatar: string | null }
-export type SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView = { key: string; label: string; description: string; flags: SageAppCapabilityFlagsView; requestableByApp: boolean; sharedWithApp: boolean }
+export type SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView = { key: string; label: string; description: string; flags: SageAppCapabilityFlagsView }
 export type SageAppCapabilityFlags = { hasSecretAccess: boolean; hasExternalAccess: boolean; storageMayContainSecrets: boolean; isolated: boolean }
-export type SageAppCapabilityFlagsView = { externallyObservable: boolean; accessesSensitiveSecret: boolean; persistentStorage: boolean }
+export type SageAppCapabilityFlagsView = { externallyObservable: boolean; accessesSensitiveSecret: boolean; persistentStorage: boolean; requestableByApp: boolean; sharedWithApp: boolean }
 export type SageAppCommon = { id: string; originId: string; name: string; version: string; appDir: string; entryFile: string; iconFile: string; requestedPermissions: SageRequestedPermissions; grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions; capabilityFlags: SageAppCapabilityFlags; storage: InstalledSageAppStorage; activeSnapshot: SageAppSnapshot }
 export type SageAppDonation = { address: string }
 export type SageAppManifestFile = { path: string; sha256: string; size: number }
@@ -2266,9 +2267,10 @@ export type SageAppSnapshot = { manifestHash: string; snapshotDir: string; total
 export type SageAppUrlPreview = { appUrl: string; manifestUrl: string; manifestHash: string; manifest: SageAppPackageManifest }
 export type SageAppsError = { kind: ErrorKind; reason: string }
 export type SageGrantedNetworkPermissions = { whitelist: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[] }
-export type SageGrantedPermissions = { capabilities: string[]; network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions }
+export type SageGrantedPermissions = { capabilities: UserBridgeCapability[]; network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions }
+export type SageGrantedSystemPermissions = { capabilities: SystemBridgeCapability[] }
 export type SageNetworkPermissionTarget = { scheme: string; host: string }
-export type SageRequestedCapabilities = { required: string[]; optional: string[] }
+export type SageRequestedCapabilities = { required: UserBridgeCapability[]; optional: UserBridgeCapability[] }
 export type SageRequestedNetworkPermissions = { whitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist }
 export type SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist = { required: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[]; optional: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[] }
 export type SageRequestedPermissions = { network: SageRequestedNetworkPermissions; capabilities: SageRequestedCapabilities }
@@ -2620,8 +2622,9 @@ spend_bundle: SpendBundleJson }
 export type SubmitTransactionResponse = Record<string, never>
 export type SyncEvent = { type: "start"; ip: string } | { type: "stop" } | { type: "subscribed" } | { type: "derivation" } | { type: "coin_state" } | { type: "transaction_failed"; transaction_id: string; error: string | null } | { type: "puzzle_batch_synced" } | { type: "cat_info" } | { type: "did_info" } | { type: "nft_data" }
 export type SystemAppPresentation = "Taskbar" | "Modal"
+export type SystemBridgeCapability = "runtime_manager.list_runtimes" | "runtime_manager.focus_runtime" | "runtime_manager.hide_runtime" | "runtime_manager.kill_runtime" | "runtime_manager.listen_runtimes_changed"
 export type SystemKillRuntimeResult = { ok: boolean; appId: string }
-export type SystemSageApp = { common: SageAppCommon; presentation: SystemAppPresentation }
+export type SystemSageApp = { common: SageAppCommon; systemGrantedPermissions: SageGrantedSystemPermissions; presentation: SystemAppPresentation }
 /**
  * Accept an offer
  */
@@ -2838,6 +2841,7 @@ visible: boolean }
  * Response after updating an option
  */
 export type UpdateOptionResponse = Record<string, never>
+export type UserBridgeCapability = "persistent_storage" | "bridge.send" | "app.get_capabilities" | "app.get_info" | "app.lifecycle.ready_to_stop" | "app.lifecycle.set_before_stop_listener" | "app.request_capability_grant" | "app.request_network_whitelist_grant" | "wallet.send_xch" | "wallet.send_xch_auto_submit"
 export type UserSageApp = { common: SageAppCommon; source: UserSageAppSource; pendingUpdate: UserSageAppPendingUpdate | null }
 export type UserSageAppPendingUpdate = { appUrl: string; manifestUrl: string; manifestHash: string; manifest: SageAppPackageManifest }
 export type UserSageAppSource = { kind: "zip" } | { kind: "url"; app_url: string; manifest_url: string }
@@ -2879,6 +2883,7 @@ offer: OfferSummary;
 status: OfferRecordStatus }
 export type Wallet = { name: string; fingerprint: number; network?: string | null; delta_sync: boolean | null; emoji?: string | null; change_address?: string | null }
 export type WalletDefaults = { delta_sync: boolean }
+export type WalletSendXchParams = { address: string; amount: string; fee: string; memos?: string[] | null; clawback?: number | null }
 
 /** tauri-specta globals **/
 
diff --git a/src/components/apps/AppApprovalBanner.tsx b/src/components/apps/AppApprovalBanner.tsx
index 98c4e564e..c6fe522da 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/AppApprovalBanner.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/AppApprovalBanner.tsx
@@ -11,31 +11,29 @@ interface Props {
 }
 
 function renderApprovalDetails(currentApproval: PendingApprovalItem) {
-  switch (currentApproval.request.kind) {
-    case 'send_xch':
+  const req = currentApproval.request;
+
+  switch (req.kind) {
+    case 'sendXch':
       return (
         <div className='rounded-md border p-3 text-xs font-mono whitespace-pre-wrap break-all'>
-          {JSON.stringify(currentApproval.request.params, null, 2)}
+          {JSON.stringify(req.summary, null, 2)}
         </div>
       );
 
-    case 'capability_grant':
+    case 'capabilityGrant':
       return (
         <div className='rounded-md border p-3 text-xs'>
-          Grant capability:{' '}
-          <span className='font-mono'>
-            {currentApproval.request.params.capability}
-          </span>
+          Grant capability: <span className='font-mono'>{req.capability}</span>
         </div>
       );
 
-    case 'network_whitelist_grant':
+    case 'networkWhitelistGrant':
       return (
         <div className='rounded-md border p-3 text-xs'>
           Grant network access:{' '}
           <span className='font-mono'>
-            {currentApproval.request.params.entry.scheme}://
-            {currentApproval.request.params.entry.host}
+            {req.entry.scheme}://{req.entry.host}
           </span>
         </div>
       );
@@ -53,20 +51,23 @@ export function AppApprovalBanner({
     return null;
   }
 
+  const req = currentApproval.request;
+
   return (
     <Alert>
       <AlertTitle>Approval required</AlertTitle>
       <AlertDescription className='space-y-3'>
         <div className='text-sm'>
-          App <strong>{currentApproval.request.app.common.name}</strong> wants
-          to perform{' '}
-          <span className='font-mono'>{currentApproval.request.kind}</span>.
+          App <strong>{req.app.common.name}</strong> wants to perform{' '}
+          <span className='font-mono'>{req.kind}</span>.
         </div>
 
         <div className='text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
           Expires in {currentApprovalSecondsLeft}s
           {queuedApprovalCount > 0
-            ? ` · ${queuedApprovalCount} more approval${queuedApprovalCount === 1 ? '' : 's'} pending`
+            ? ` · ${queuedApprovalCount} more approval${
+                queuedApprovalCount === 1 ? '' : 's'
+              } pending`
             : ''}
         </div>
 
diff --git a/src/components/apps/AppApprovalStrip.tsx b/src/components/apps/AppApprovalStrip.tsx
index bf7abf50f..50bcced71 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/AppApprovalStrip.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/AppApprovalStrip.tsx
@@ -1,44 +1,11 @@
-import { useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react';
-import { commands, type SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView } from '@/bindings';
+import { useMemo } from 'react';
 import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button.tsx';
 import { BadgeCheck } from 'lucide-react';
 import { AppApprovalBody } from '@/components/apps/approval/AppApprovalBody.tsx';
-
-export type PendingApproval =
-  | {
-      kind: 'send_xch';
-      appId: string;
-      appName: string;
-      requestId: string;
-      summary: {
-        address: string;
-        amount: string;
-        fee: string;
-        memos: string[];
-        autoSubmit: boolean;
-      };
-    }
-  | {
-      kind: 'capability_grant';
-      appId: string;
-      appName: string;
-      requestId: string;
-      capability: string;
-    }
-  | {
-      kind: 'network_whitelist_grant';
-      appId: string;
-      appName: string;
-      requestId: string;
-      entry: {
-        scheme: string;
-        host: string;
-      };
-    }
-  | null;
+import { RustBridgeApprovalEvent } from '@/bindings.ts';
 
 interface Props {
-  approval: PendingApproval;
+  approval: RustBridgeApprovalEvent;
   expanded: boolean;
   queuedApprovalCount: number;
   secondsLeft: number;
@@ -72,28 +39,6 @@ export function AppApprovalStrip({
   onApprove,
   onReject,
 }: Props) {
-  const [capabilityRegistry, setCapabilityRegistry] = useState<
-    Record<string, SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView>
-  >({});
-
-  useEffect(() => {
-    let cancelled = false;
-
-    void commands.appsGetCapabilityRegistry().then((entries) => {
-      if (cancelled) {
-        return;
-      }
-
-      setCapabilityRegistry(
-        Object.fromEntries(entries.map((entry) => [entry.key, entry])),
-      );
-    });
-
-    return () => {
-      cancelled = true;
-    };
-  }, []);
-
   const queueText = useMemo(() => {
     if (queuedApprovalCount <= 0) {
       return null;
@@ -122,9 +67,9 @@ export function AppApprovalStrip({
 
               <div className='mt-1 flex items-center gap-2 text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
                 <BadgeCheck className='h-3.5 w-3.5' />
-                <span>{approval.appName}</span>
+                <span>{approval.approval.app.common.name}</span>
                 <span>·</span>
-                <span>{approval.requestId}</span>
+                <span>{approval.approval.requestId}</span>
               </div>
             </div>
 
@@ -144,7 +89,6 @@ export function AppApprovalStrip({
           <AppApprovalBody
             approval={approval}
             expanded={expanded}
-            capabilityRegistry={capabilityRegistry}
           />
         </div>
       </div>
diff --git a/src/components/apps/AppUpdateDialog.tsx b/src/components/apps/AppUpdateDialog.tsx
index ccb710b8e..8add0e42a 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/AppUpdateDialog.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/AppUpdateDialog.tsx
@@ -6,6 +6,11 @@ import type {
   SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
   UserSageApp,
 } from '@/bindings';
+import {
+  networkKey,
+  sortCapabilities,
+  sortNetwork,
+} from '@/lib/apps/permissionCollections';
 import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
 import {
   Dialog,
@@ -30,20 +35,6 @@ interface Props {
   onConfirm: (nextGranted: SageGrantedPermissions) => void;
 }
 
-function networkKey(entry: SageNetworkPermissionTarget): string {
-  return `${entry.scheme}://${entry.host}`;
-}
-
-function sortStrings(values: Iterable<string>): string[] {
-  return [...values].sort((a, b) => a.localeCompare(b));
-}
-
-function sortNetwork(
-  values: Iterable<SageNetworkPermissionTarget>,
-): SageNetworkPermissionTarget[] {
-  return [...values].sort((a, b) => networkKey(a).localeCompare(networkKey(b)));
-}
-
 function buildReviewManifest(
   preview: SageAppUrlPreview,
   delta: AppUpdatePermissionsDelta,
@@ -183,7 +174,7 @@ export function AppUpdateDialog({
     }
 
     return {
-      capabilities: sortStrings([
+      capabilities: sortCapabilities([
         ...delta.requiredCapabilitiesToGrant,
         ...selectedOptionalGrantedPermissions.capabilities,
       ]),
@@ -201,7 +192,7 @@ export function AppUpdateDialog({
       return null;
     }
 
-    const nextCapabilities = sortStrings([
+    const nextCapabilities = sortCapabilities([
       ...delta.nextGrantedPermissions.capabilities,
       ...selectedOptionalGrantedPermissions.capabilities,
     ]);
@@ -300,7 +291,7 @@ export function AppUpdateDialog({
                   );
 
                   setSelectedOptionalGrantedPermissions({
-                    capabilities: sortStrings(
+                    capabilities: sortCapabilities(
                       next.capabilities.filter(
                         (key) => !requiredCapabilitySet.has(key),
                       ),
diff --git a/src/components/apps/approval/AppApprovalBody.tsx b/src/components/apps/approval/AppApprovalBody.tsx
index f1026b1f9..b87b5787a 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/approval/AppApprovalBody.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/approval/AppApprovalBody.tsx
@@ -1,37 +1,26 @@
-import type { SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView } from '@/bindings';
-import type { PendingApproval } from '@/components/apps/AppApprovalStrip.tsx';
 import { SendXchApprovalCard } from '@/components/apps/approval/SendXchApprovalCard.tsx';
 import { CapabilityGrantApprovalCard } from '@/components/apps/approval/CapabilityGrantApprovalCard.tsx';
 import { NetworkWhitelistGrantApprovalCard } from '@/components/apps/approval/NetworkWhitelistGrantApprovalCard.tsx';
+import type { RustBridgeApprovalEvent } from '@/bindings';
 
 interface Props {
-  approval: Exclude<PendingApproval, null>;
+  approval: RustBridgeApprovalEvent;
   expanded: boolean;
-  capabilityRegistry: Record<string, SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView>;
 }
 
-export function AppApprovalBody({
-  approval,
-  expanded,
-  capabilityRegistry,
-}: Props) {
-  switch (approval.kind) {
-    case 'send_xch':
-      return <SendXchApprovalCard approval={approval} expanded={expanded} />;
-    case 'capability_grant':
-      return (
-        <CapabilityGrantApprovalCard
-          approval={approval}
-          expanded={expanded}
-          capabilityRegistry={capabilityRegistry}
-        />
-      );
-    case 'network_whitelist_grant':
+export function AppApprovalBody({ approval, expanded }: Props) {
+  const req = approval.approval;
+
+  switch (req.kind) {
+    case 'sendXch':
+      return <SendXchApprovalCard approval={req} expanded={expanded} />;
+
+    case 'capabilityGrant':
+      return <CapabilityGrantApprovalCard approval={req} expanded={expanded} />;
+
+    case 'networkWhitelistGrant':
       return (
-        <NetworkWhitelistGrantApprovalCard
-          approval={approval}
-          expanded={expanded}
-        />
+        <NetworkWhitelistGrantApprovalCard approval={req} expanded={expanded} />
       );
   }
 }
diff --git a/src/components/apps/approval/CapabilityGrantApprovalCard.tsx b/src/components/apps/approval/CapabilityGrantApprovalCard.tsx
index 7cfe745bc..221a9ed70 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/approval/CapabilityGrantApprovalCard.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/approval/CapabilityGrantApprovalCard.tsx
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-import type { SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView } from '@/bindings';
-import type { PendingApproval } from '@/components/apps/AppApprovalStrip.tsx';
+import type { RustBridgeApprovalRequest } from '@/bindings';
 import { KeyRound, ShieldAlert } from 'lucide-react';
 import {
   ApprovalDetailRow,
@@ -7,34 +6,13 @@ import {
 } from '@/components/apps/approval/shared.tsx';
 
 interface Props {
-  approval: Extract<
-    Exclude<PendingApproval, null>,
-    { kind: 'capability_grant' }
-  >;
+  approval: Extract<RustBridgeApprovalRequest, { kind: 'capabilityGrant' }>;
   expanded: boolean;
-  capabilityRegistry: Record<string, SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView>;
 }
 
-function formatCapabilityFallback(key: string) {
-  const parts = key.split('.');
-  const leaf = parts[parts.length - 1] ?? key;
-
-  return leaf
-    .split('_')
-    .filter(Boolean)
-    .map((part) => part.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + part.slice(1))
-    .join(' ');
-}
-
-export function CapabilityGrantApprovalCard({
-  approval,
-  expanded,
-  capabilityRegistry,
-}: Props) {
-  const definition = capabilityRegistry[approval.capability];
-  const label =
-    definition?.label ?? formatCapabilityFallback(approval.capability);
-  const description = definition?.description ?? null;
+export function CapabilityGrantApprovalCard({ approval, expanded }: Props) {
+  const label = approval.definition.label;
+  const description = approval.definition.description;
 
   return (
     <div className='space-y-3'>
@@ -50,7 +28,7 @@ export function CapabilityGrantApprovalCard({
           </div>
 
           <div className='mt-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
-            {approval.appName} wants access to an additional capability.
+            {approval.app.common.name} wants access to an additional capability.
           </div>
         </div>
       </div>
diff --git a/src/components/apps/approval/NetworkWhitelistGrantApprovalCard.tsx b/src/components/apps/approval/NetworkWhitelistGrantApprovalCard.tsx
index d642d32d3..3f0cad0e8 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/approval/NetworkWhitelistGrantApprovalCard.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/approval/NetworkWhitelistGrantApprovalCard.tsx
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import type { PendingApproval } from '@/components/apps/AppApprovalStrip.tsx';
+import type { RustBridgeApprovalRequest } from '@/bindings';
 import { Globe } from 'lucide-react';
 import {
   ApprovalDetailRow,
@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ import {
 
 interface Props {
   approval: Extract<
-    Exclude<PendingApproval, null>,
-    { kind: 'network_whitelist_grant' }
+    RustBridgeApprovalRequest,
+    { kind: 'networkWhitelistGrant' }
   >;
   expanded: boolean;
 }
@@ -30,7 +30,8 @@ export function NetworkWhitelistGrantApprovalCard({ approval }: Props) {
           </div>
 
           <div className='mt-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
-            {approval.appName} wants to contact an additional network target.
+            {approval.app.common.name} wants to contact an additional network
+            target.
           </div>
         </div>
       </div>
diff --git a/src/components/apps/approval/SendXchApprovalCard.tsx b/src/components/apps/approval/SendXchApprovalCard.tsx
index d611f5574..6b20fe684 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/approval/SendXchApprovalCard.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/approval/SendXchApprovalCard.tsx
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
-import type { PendingApproval } from '@/components/apps/AppApprovalStrip.tsx';
-import { ShieldAlert, Wallet } from 'lucide-react';
+import { Wallet } from 'lucide-react';
 import {
   ApprovalDetailRow,
   ApprovalMetaPill,
 } from '@/components/apps/approval/shared.tsx';
+import type { RustBridgeApprovalRequest } from '@/bindings';
 
 interface Props {
-  approval: Extract<Exclude<PendingApproval, null>, { kind: 'send_xch' }>;
+  approval: Extract<RustBridgeApprovalRequest, { kind: 'sendXch' }>;
   expanded: boolean;
 }
 
@@ -25,19 +25,24 @@ function memoKey(memo: string, indexWithinSameValue: number) {
 }
 
 export function SendXchApprovalCard({ approval, expanded }: Props) {
-  const hasFee = approval.summary.fee !== '0';
-  const hasMemos = approval.summary.memos.length > 0;
+  const summary = approval.summary;
 
-  const memoEntries = approval.summary.memos.map((memo, index, all) => {
-    const duplicateIndex = all
-      .slice(0, index)
-      .filter((previous) => previous === memo).length;
+  const hasFee = summary.fee !== '0';
+  const memos = summary.memos ?? [];
+  const hasMemos = memos.length > 0;
 
-    return {
-      key: memoKey(memo, duplicateIndex),
-      value: memo,
-    };
-  });
+  const memoEntries = memos.map(
+    (memo: string, index: number, all: string[]) => {
+      const duplicateIndex = all
+        .slice(0, index)
+        .filter((previous: string) => previous === memo).length;
+
+      return {
+        key: memoKey(memo, duplicateIndex),
+        value: memo,
+      };
+    },
+  );
 
   return (
     <div className='space-y-3'>
@@ -50,32 +55,22 @@ export function SendXchApprovalCard({ approval, expanded }: Props) {
           <div className='flex flex-wrap items-center gap-2'>
             <div className='text-sm font-medium'>Send XCH</div>
             <ApprovalMetaPill>Wallet</ApprovalMetaPill>
-            {approval.summary.autoSubmit ? (
-              <ApprovalMetaPill>Auto submit</ApprovalMetaPill>
-            ) : null}
           </div>
 
           <div className='mt-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
-            {approval.appName} wants to send funds from your wallet.
+            {approval.app.common.name} wants to send funds from your wallet.
           </div>
         </div>
       </div>
 
       <div className='space-y-2 rounded-xl border bg-background/70 p-3'>
-        <ApprovalDetailRow label='Amount' value={approval.summary.amount} />
-        <ApprovalDetailRow
-          label='To'
-          value={approval.summary.address}
-          mono
-          breakAll
-        />
-        {hasFee ? (
-          <ApprovalDetailRow label='Fee' value={approval.summary.fee} />
-        ) : null}
+        <ApprovalDetailRow label='Amount' value={summary.amount} />
+        <ApprovalDetailRow label='To' value={summary.address} mono breakAll />
+        {hasFee ? <ApprovalDetailRow label='Fee' value={summary.fee} /> : null}
         {hasMemos ? (
           <ApprovalDetailRow
             label='Memos'
-            value={`${approval.summary.memos.length} attached`}
+            value={`${memos.length} attached`}
           />
         ) : null}
       </div>
@@ -103,16 +98,6 @@ export function SendXchApprovalCard({ approval, expanded }: Props) {
           </div>
         </div>
       ) : null}
-
-      {approval.summary.autoSubmit ? (
-        <div className='flex items-start gap-2 rounded-lg border border-amber-500/20 bg-amber-500/5 px-3 py-2 text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
-          <ShieldAlert className='mt-0.5 h-4 w-4 shrink-0 text-amber-500' />
-          <div>
-            This request indicates automatic submission behavior. Approve only
-            if you trust this app and intended this action.
-          </div>
-        </div>
-      ) : null}
     </div>
   );
 }
diff --git a/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx b/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx
index d64ad58c9..d5b3c5c56 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx
@@ -1,13 +1,12 @@
-import { useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react';
+import { useMemo, useState } from 'react';
 import type {
   SageApp,
-  SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView,
   SageGrantedPermissions,
   SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
   SystemSageApp,
+  UserBridgeCapability,
   UserSageApp,
 } from '@/bindings';
-import { commands } from '@/bindings';
 import { Checkbox } from '@/components/ui/checkbox';
 import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
 import {
@@ -34,18 +33,28 @@ interface Props {
   editable?: boolean;
 }
 
-type PermissionKind = 'capability' | 'network';
-
-interface PermissionEntry {
-  id: string;
-  kind: PermissionKind;
-  key: string;
-  label: string;
-  description: string | null;
-  required: boolean;
-  granted: boolean;
-  sensitivityRank: number;
-}
+type PermissionEntry =
+  | {
+      id: string;
+      kind: 'capability';
+      key: string;
+      capability: UserBridgeCapability;
+      label: string;
+      description: string | null;
+      required: boolean;
+      granted: boolean;
+      sensitivityRank: number;
+    }
+  | {
+      id: string;
+      kind: 'network';
+      key: string;
+      label: string;
+      description: string | null;
+      required: boolean;
+      granted: boolean;
+      sensitivityRank: number;
+    };
 
 interface PermissionGroupNode {
   id: string;
@@ -90,64 +99,55 @@ function normalizeKey(key: string): string {
   return key.trim().toLowerCase();
 }
 
-function capabilitySensitivityRankFromRegistry(
-  key: string,
-  registry: Record<string, SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView>,
-): number {
-  const definition = registry[key];
-
-  if (definition?.flags.accessesSensitiveSecret) {
-    return 0;
-  }
-
-  if (definition?.flags.persistentStorage) {
-    return 2;
-  }
-
-  if (definition?.flags.externallyObservable) {
-    return 3;
-  }
-
+function capabilitySensitivityRank(key: string): number {
+  if (key.includes('secret')) return 0;
+  if (key === 'persistent_storage') return 2;
+  if (key.includes('send') || key.includes('network')) return 3;
   return 4;
 }
 
 function buildCapabilityEntries(
-  requestedRequired: string[],
-  requestedOptional: string[],
-  grantedCapabilities: string[],
-  registry: Record<string, SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView>,
+  requestedRequired: UserBridgeCapability[],
+  requestedOptional: UserBridgeCapability[],
+  grantedCapabilities: UserBridgeCapability[],
 ): PermissionEntry[] {
-  const grantedSet = new Set(grantedCapabilities);
-
-  const requiredEntries: PermissionEntry[] = requestedRequired.map((key) => {
-    const definition = registry[key];
-
-    return {
-      id: `capability:${key}`,
-      kind: 'capability',
-      key,
-      label: definition?.label ?? formatCapabilityLeafLabel(key),
-      description: definition?.description ?? null,
-      required: true,
-      granted: true,
-      sensitivityRank: capabilitySensitivityRankFromRegistry(key, registry),
-    };
-  });
-
-  const optionalEntries: PermissionEntry[] = requestedOptional.map((key) => {
-    const definition = registry[key];
+  const grantedSet = new Set<UserBridgeCapability>(grantedCapabilities);
+
+  const requiredEntries: PermissionEntry[] = requestedRequired.map(
+    (capability) => {
+      const key = capability;
+
+      return {
+        id: `capability:${key}`,
+        kind: 'capability',
+        key,
+        capability,
+        label: formatCapabilityLeafLabel(key),
+        description: null,
+        required: true,
+        granted: true,
+        sensitivityRank: capabilitySensitivityRank(key),
+      };
+    },
+  );
 
-    return {
-      id: `capability:${key}`,
-      kind: 'capability',
-      key,
-      label: definition?.label ?? formatCapabilityLeafLabel(key),
-      description: definition?.description ?? null,
-      required: false,
-      granted: grantedSet.has(key),
-      sensitivityRank: capabilitySensitivityRankFromRegistry(key, registry),
-    };
-  });
+  const optionalEntries: PermissionEntry[] = requestedOptional.map(
+    (capability) => {
+      const key = capability;
+
+      return {
+        id: `capability:${key}`,
+        kind: 'capability',
+        key,
+        capability,
+        label: formatCapabilityLeafLabel(key),
+        description: null,
+        required: false,
+        granted: grantedSet.has(capability),
+        sensitivityRank: capabilitySensitivityRank(key),
+      };
+    },
+  );
 
   return [...requiredEntries, ...optionalEntries];
 }
@@ -558,27 +558,6 @@ export function PermissionsEditor({
       : app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest;
 
   const [showOptional, setShowOptional] = useState(false);
-  const [capabilityRegistry, setCapabilityRegistry] = useState<
-    Record<string, SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView>
-  >({});
-
-  useEffect(() => {
-    let cancelled = false;
-
-    void commands.appsGetCapabilityRegistry().then((entries) => {
-      if (cancelled) {
-        return;
-      }
-
-      setCapabilityRegistry(
-        Object.fromEntries(entries.map((entry) => [entry.key, entry])),
-      );
-    });
-
-    return () => {
-      cancelled = true;
-    };
-  }, []);
 
   const grantedCapabilities = grantedPermissions.capabilities ?? [];
   const grantedNetworkWhitelist = grantedPermissions.network.whitelist ?? [];
@@ -598,7 +577,6 @@ export function PermissionsEditor({
       requestedRequiredCapabilities,
       [],
       grantedCapabilities,
-      capabilityRegistry,
     );
 
     const networkEntries = buildNetworkEntries(
@@ -611,7 +589,6 @@ export function PermissionsEditor({
   }, [
     requestedRequiredCapabilities,
     grantedCapabilities,
-    capabilityRegistry,
     requestedRequiredNetwork,
     grantedNetworkWhitelist,
   ]);
@@ -621,7 +598,6 @@ export function PermissionsEditor({
       [],
       requestedOptionalCapabilities,
       grantedCapabilities,
-      capabilityRegistry,
     );
 
     const networkEntries = buildNetworkEntries(
@@ -634,7 +610,6 @@ export function PermissionsEditor({
   }, [
     requestedOptionalCapabilities,
     grantedCapabilities,
-    capabilityRegistry,
     requestedOptionalNetwork,
     grantedNetworkWhitelist,
   ]);
@@ -659,17 +634,19 @@ export function PermissionsEditor({
     }
 
     if (entry.kind === 'capability') {
-      const requiredSet = new Set<string>(requestedRequiredCapabilities);
-      const nextSet = new Set(grantedCapabilities);
+      const requiredSet = new Set<UserBridgeCapability>(
+        requestedRequiredCapabilities,
+      );
+      const nextSet = new Set<UserBridgeCapability>(grantedCapabilities);
 
       if (nextGranted) {
-        nextSet.add(entry.key);
+        nextSet.add(entry.capability);
       } else {
-        nextSet.delete(entry.key);
+        nextSet.delete(entry.capability);
       }
 
-      for (const requiredKey of requiredSet) {
-        nextSet.add(requiredKey);
+      for (const requiredCapability of requiredSet) {
+        nextSet.add(requiredCapability);
       }
 
       emitGrantedPermissions({
diff --git a/src/components/apps/permissions/permissionUtils.ts b/src/components/apps/permissions/permissionUtils.ts
index 3c0179f18..13a6ad132 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/permissions/permissionUtils.ts
+++ b/src/components/apps/permissions/permissionUtils.ts
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import type {
   SageGrantedPermissions,
   SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
 } from '@/bindings';
+import { sortCapabilities } from '@/lib/apps/permissionCollections.ts';
 
 function sortNetworkEntries(
   entries: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[],
@@ -14,10 +15,6 @@ function sortNetworkEntries(
   });
 }
 
-function sortStrings(values: string[]): string[] {
-  return [...values].sort((a, b) => a.localeCompare(b));
-}
-
 export function buildEmptyGrantedPermissions(): SageGrantedPermissions {
   return {
     capabilities: [],
@@ -31,7 +28,7 @@ export function buildInitialGrantedPermissions(
   manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
 ): SageGrantedPermissions {
   return {
-    capabilities: sortStrings(
+    capabilities: sortCapabilities(
       manifest.permissions?.capabilities?.required ?? [],
     ),
     network: {
diff --git a/src/hooks/useBridgeHost.ts b/src/hooks/useBridgeHost.ts
index 919e21078..edf19aea2 100644
--- a/src/hooks/useBridgeHost.ts
+++ b/src/hooks/useBridgeHost.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 import { useEffect, useRef, useState } from 'react';
 import { invoke } from '@tauri-apps/api/core';
 import { getCurrentWindow } from '@tauri-apps/api/window';
-import { BridgeApprovalRequest } from '@/lib/apps/bridge/types.ts';
+import type { RustBridgeApprovalEvent } from '@/bindings';
+import type { BridgeApprovalRequest } from '@/lib/apps/bridge/types.ts';
 
 interface Args {
   requestApproval: (
@@ -9,96 +10,13 @@ interface Args {
   ) => Promise<{ approved: boolean; reason?: string }>;
 }
 
-interface RustBridgeApprovalRequestPayload {
-  kind: string;
-  app: BridgeApprovalRequest['app'];
-  sourceLabel: string;
-  requestId: string;
-  paramsJson: string;
-}
-
-interface RustBridgeApprovalEvent {
-  approvalId: string;
-  approval: RustBridgeApprovalRequestPayload;
-}
-
-function parseJsonOrNull(value: string | null | undefined): unknown {
-  if (value == null) {
-    return null;
-  }
-
-  try {
-    return JSON.parse(value);
-  } catch (err) {
-    console.error('Failed to parse Rust bridge approval payload:', err, value);
-    return null;
-  }
-}
-
 function toBridgeApprovalRequest(
-  payload: RustBridgeApprovalRequestPayload,
-): BridgeApprovalRequest | null {
-  if (payload.kind === 'send_xch') {
-    return {
-      kind: 'send_xch',
-      app: payload.app,
-      sourceLabel: payload.sourceLabel,
-      requestId: payload.requestId,
-      params: parseJsonOrNull(
-        payload.paramsJson,
-      ) as BridgeApprovalRequest extends {
-        kind: 'send_xch';
-        params: infer P;
-      }
-        ? P
-        : never,
-    };
-  }
-
-  if (payload.kind === 'capability_grant') {
-    const parsed = parseJsonOrNull(payload.paramsJson) as {
-      capability?: string;
-    } | null;
-
-    if (!parsed?.capability) {
-      return null;
-    }
-
-    return {
-      kind: 'capability_grant',
-      app: payload.app,
-      sourceLabel: payload.sourceLabel,
-      requestId: payload.requestId,
-      params: {
-        capability: parsed.capability,
-      },
-    };
-  }
-
-  if (payload.kind === 'network_whitelist_grant') {
-    const parsed = parseJsonOrNull(payload.paramsJson) as {
-      entry?: { scheme?: string; host?: string };
-    } | null;
-
-    if (!parsed?.entry?.scheme || !parsed?.entry?.host) {
-      return null;
-    }
-
-    return {
-      kind: 'network_whitelist_grant',
-      app: payload.app,
-      sourceLabel: payload.sourceLabel,
-      requestId: payload.requestId,
-      params: {
-        entry: {
-          scheme: parsed.entry.scheme,
-          host: parsed.entry.host,
-        },
-      },
-    };
-  }
-
-  return null;
+  event: RustBridgeApprovalEvent,
+): BridgeApprovalRequest {
+  return {
+    ...event.approval,
+    approvalId: event.approvalId,
+  };
 }
 
 export function useBridgeHost({ requestApproval }: Args) {
@@ -111,26 +29,14 @@ export function useBridgeHost({ requestApproval }: Args) {
 
   useEffect(() => {
     let disposed = false;
-    let shouldUnlistenWhenReady = false;
     let unlistenRequest: (() => void) | null = null;
 
-    const currentWindow = getCurrentWindow();
-
     const mount = async () => {
-      const unlisten = await currentWindow.listen<RustBridgeApprovalEvent>(
+      const unlisten = await getCurrentWindow().listen<RustBridgeApprovalEvent>(
         'apps:bridge-approval-requested',
         ({ payload }) => {
-          if (!payload?.approvalId || !payload.approval) {
-            return;
-          }
-
-          const approvalRequest = toBridgeApprovalRequest(payload.approval);
-          if (!approvalRequest) {
-            console.error('Failed to decode bridge approval request:', payload);
-            return;
-          }
-
           const run = async () => {
+            const approvalRequest = toBridgeApprovalRequest(payload);
             const approvalResult =
               await requestApprovalRef.current(approvalRequest);
 
@@ -150,13 +56,6 @@ export function useBridgeHost({ requestApproval }: Args) {
       );
 
       if (disposed) {
-        shouldUnlistenWhenReady = false;
-        unlisten();
-        return;
-      }
-
-      if (shouldUnlistenWhenReady) {
-        shouldUnlistenWhenReady = false;
         unlisten();
         return;
       }
@@ -172,13 +71,7 @@ export function useBridgeHost({ requestApproval }: Args) {
     return () => {
       disposed = true;
       setIsReady(false);
-
-      if (unlistenRequest) {
-        unlistenRequest();
-        unlistenRequest = null;
-      } else {
-        shouldUnlistenWhenReady = true;
-      }
+      unlistenRequest?.();
     };
   }, []);
 
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/bridge/types.ts b/src/lib/apps/bridge/types.ts
index 18b769e8a..56d93f2c5 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/bridge/types.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/bridge/types.ts
@@ -1,36 +1,8 @@
-import type { SystemSageApp, UserSageApp } from '@/bindings';
-import type {
-  RequestCapabilityGrantParams,
-  RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantParams,
-  WalletSendXchParams,
-} from '@sage-app/sdk';
+import type { RustBridgeApprovalEvent } from '@/bindings';
 
-export type ApprovalApp =
-  | ({ kind: 'user' } & UserSageApp)
-  | ({ kind: 'system' } & SystemSageApp);
-
-export type BridgeApprovalRequest =
-  | {
-      kind: 'send_xch';
-      app: ApprovalApp;
-      sourceLabel: string;
-      requestId: string;
-      params: WalletSendXchParams;
-    }
-  | {
-      kind: 'capability_grant';
-      app: ApprovalApp;
-      sourceLabel: string;
-      requestId: string;
-      params: RequestCapabilityGrantParams;
-    }
-  | {
-      kind: 'network_whitelist_grant';
-      app: ApprovalApp;
-      sourceLabel: string;
-      requestId: string;
-      params: RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantParams;
-    };
+export type BridgeApprovalRequest = RustBridgeApprovalEvent['approval'] & {
+  approvalId: string;
+};
 
 export type BridgeApprovalResult =
   | { approved: true }
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/capabilities.ts b/src/lib/apps/capabilities.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index cbb94bf14..000000000
--- a/src/lib/apps/capabilities.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-import { commands, type SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView } from '@/bindings';
-
-let capabilityRegistryPromise: Promise<
-  Record<string, SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView>
-> | null = null;
-
-export async function getCapabilityRegistry() {
-  if (!capabilityRegistryPromise) {
-    capabilityRegistryPromise = commands
-      .appsGetCapabilityRegistry()
-      .then((entries) =>
-        Object.fromEntries(entries.map((entry) => [entry.key, entry])),
-      );
-  }
-
-  return capabilityRegistryPromise;
-}
-
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/permissionCollections.ts b/src/lib/apps/permissionCollections.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2cb36d349
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/apps/permissionCollections.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+import type {
+  SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
+  UserBridgeCapability,
+} from '@/bindings';
+
+export function networkKey(entry: SageNetworkPermissionTarget): string {
+  return `${entry.scheme}://${entry.host}`;
+}
+
+export function sortCapabilities(
+  values: Iterable<UserBridgeCapability>,
+): UserBridgeCapability[] {
+  return [...values].sort((a, b) => a.localeCompare(b));
+}
+
+export function sortNetwork(
+  values: Iterable<SageNetworkPermissionTarget>,
+): SageNetworkPermissionTarget[] {
+  return [...values].sort((a, b) => networkKey(a).localeCompare(networkKey(b)));
+}
+
+export function cloneNetwork(
+  values: Iterable<SageNetworkPermissionTarget>,
+): SageNetworkPermissionTarget[] {
+  return [...values].map((entry) => ({
+    scheme: entry.scheme,
+    host: entry.host,
+  }));
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/updatePermissionsDelta.ts b/src/lib/apps/updatePermissionsDelta.ts
index 0ee438711..79bae6937 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/updatePermissionsDelta.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/updatePermissionsDelta.ts
@@ -5,30 +5,14 @@ import type {
   SageGrantedPermissions,
   SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
   SageRequestedPermissions,
+  UserBridgeCapability,
 } from '@/bindings';
-
-function networkKey(entry: SageNetworkPermissionTarget): string {
-  return `${entry.scheme}://${entry.host}`;
-}
-
-function sortStrings(values: Iterable<string>): string[] {
-  return [...values].sort((a, b) => a.localeCompare(b));
-}
-
-function sortNetwork(
-  values: Iterable<SageNetworkPermissionTarget>,
-): SageNetworkPermissionTarget[] {
-  return [...values].sort((a, b) => networkKey(a).localeCompare(networkKey(b)));
-}
-
-function cloneNetwork(
-  values: Iterable<SageNetworkPermissionTarget>,
-): SageNetworkPermissionTarget[] {
-  return [...values].map((entry) => ({
-    scheme: entry.scheme,
-    host: entry.host,
-  }));
-}
+import {
+  cloneNetwork,
+  networkKey,
+  sortCapabilities,
+  sortNetwork,
+} from '@/lib/apps/permissionCollections';
 
 function getRequestedCapabilities(permissions: SageRequestedPermissions) {
   return {
@@ -54,18 +38,18 @@ function getManifestRequestedPermissions(
 
 export interface AppUpdatePermissionsDelta {
   addedRequestedCapabilities: {
-    required: string[];
-    optional: string[];
+    required: UserBridgeCapability[];
+    optional: UserBridgeCapability[];
   };
   addedRequestedNetwork: {
     required: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[];
     optional: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[];
   };
 
-  requiredCapabilitiesToGrant: string[];
+  requiredCapabilitiesToGrant: UserBridgeCapability[];
   requiredNetworkToGrant: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[];
 
-  removedGrantedCapabilities: string[];
+  removedGrantedCapabilities: UserBridgeCapability[];
   removedGrantedNetwork: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[];
 
   nextGrantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions;
@@ -125,7 +109,7 @@ export function getAppUpdatePermissionsDelta(
     ),
   };
 
-  const requiredCapabilitiesToGrant = sortStrings(
+  const requiredCapabilitiesToGrant = sortCapabilities(
     nextCaps.required.filter((key) => !oldGrantedCapabilitiesSet.has(key)),
   );
 
@@ -144,7 +128,7 @@ export function getAppUpdatePermissionsDelta(
     ...nextNetwork.optional.map(networkKey),
   ]);
 
-  const removedGrantedCapabilities = sortStrings(
+  const removedGrantedCapabilities = sortCapabilities(
     oldGrantedCapabilities.filter((key) => !nextAllowedCapsSet.has(key)),
   );
 
@@ -158,7 +142,7 @@ export function getAppUpdatePermissionsDelta(
     nextAllowedCapsSet.has(key),
   );
 
-  const nextGrantedCapabilities = sortStrings(
+  const nextGrantedCapabilities = sortCapabilities(
     new Set([...retainedGrantedCapabilities, ...nextCaps.required]),
   );
 
diff --git a/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx b/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
index b0552f77c..5a632ae15 100644
--- a/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ import { Alert, AlertDescription, AlertTitle } from '@/components/ui/alert';
 import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
 import {
   AppApprovalStrip,
-  type PendingApproval,
 } from '@/components/apps/AppApprovalStrip.tsx';
 import {
   AppTaskBar,
@@ -136,53 +135,6 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
     return out;
   }, [runtimes, tabOrder, getListedApp, appId]);
 
-  const approvalStripData = useMemo<PendingApproval>(() => {
-    if (!currentApproval) {
-      return null;
-    }
-
-    if (currentApproval.request.kind === 'send_xch') {
-      return {
-        kind: 'send_xch',
-        appId: currentApproval.request.app.common.id,
-        appName: currentApproval.request.app.common.name,
-        requestId: currentApproval.request.requestId,
-        summary: {
-          address: currentApproval.request.params.address,
-          amount: String(currentApproval.request.params.amount),
-          fee: String(currentApproval.request.params.fee),
-          memos: currentApproval.request.params.memos ?? [],
-          autoSubmit: false,
-        },
-      };
-    }
-
-    if (currentApproval.request.kind === 'capability_grant') {
-      return {
-        kind: 'capability_grant',
-        appId: currentApproval.request.app.common.id,
-        appName: currentApproval.request.app.common.name,
-        requestId: currentApproval.request.requestId,
-        capability: currentApproval.request.params.capability,
-      };
-    }
-
-    if (currentApproval.request.kind === 'network_whitelist_grant') {
-      return {
-        kind: 'network_whitelist_grant',
-        appId: currentApproval.request.app.common.id,
-        appName: currentApproval.request.app.common.name,
-        requestId: currentApproval.request.requestId,
-        entry: {
-          scheme: currentApproval.request.params.entry.scheme,
-          host: currentApproval.request.params.entry.host,
-        },
-      };
-    }
-
-    return null;
-  }, [currentApproval]);
-
   const handleConfirmUpdate = useCallback(
     async (nextGrantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions) => {
       if (!activeApp) {
@@ -265,7 +217,10 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
       currentApproval &&
       currentApproval.request.app.common.id === activeApp.common.id ? (
         <AppApprovalStrip
-          approval={approvalStripData}
+          approval={{
+            approvalId: currentApproval.id,
+            approval: currentApproval.request,
+          }}
           expanded={approvalExpanded}
           queuedApprovalCount={queuedApprovalCount}
           secondsLeft={currentApprovalSecondsLeft}

From 8a312c37544b8fece72b96de48e3ef670c692586 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 24 Apr 2026 06:31:48 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 170/471] Refactor `CapabilityFlags`: replace
 `persistent_storage` with `user_grantable`, update capability definitions and
 APIs accordingly.

---
 .../sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities.rs | 37 +++++++++----------
 crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/policy.rs    |  2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/models.rs          |  3 +-
 src/bindings.ts                               |  2 +-
 4 files changed, 21 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities.rs
index 3e7f523be..a1309f4c7 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities.rs
@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ use crate::types::{SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView, SageAppCapabilityFlagsView};
 pub struct CapabilityFlags {
     pub externally_observable: bool,
     pub accesses_sensitive_secret: bool,
-    pub persistent_storage: bool,
     pub requestable_by_app: bool,
+    pub user_grantable: bool,
     pub shared_with_app: bool,
 }
 
@@ -31,8 +31,8 @@ const USER_CAPABILITY_DEFINITIONS: &[UserCapabilityDefinition] = &[
         flags: CapabilityFlags {
             externally_observable: false,
             accesses_sensitive_secret: false,
-            persistent_storage: true,
             requestable_by_app: true,
+            user_grantable: true,
             shared_with_app: false,
         },
     },
@@ -43,8 +43,8 @@ const USER_CAPABILITY_DEFINITIONS: &[UserCapabilityDefinition] = &[
         flags: CapabilityFlags {
             externally_observable: true,
             accesses_sensitive_secret: false,
-            persistent_storage: false,
             requestable_by_app: true,
+            user_grantable: true,
             shared_with_app: true,
         },
     },
@@ -55,8 +55,8 @@ const USER_CAPABILITY_DEFINITIONS: &[UserCapabilityDefinition] = &[
         flags: CapabilityFlags {
             externally_observable: false,
             accesses_sensitive_secret: false,
-            persistent_storage: false,
             requestable_by_app: false,
+            user_grantable: true,
             shared_with_app: false,
         },
     },
@@ -70,8 +70,8 @@ const SYSTEM_CAPABILITY_DEFINITIONS: &[SystemCapabilityDefinition] = &[
         flags: CapabilityFlags {
             externally_observable: false,
             accesses_sensitive_secret: false,
-            persistent_storage: false,
-            requestable_by_app: false,
+            requestable_by_app: true,
+            user_grantable: false,
             shared_with_app: true,
         },
     },
@@ -80,10 +80,10 @@ const SYSTEM_CAPABILITY_DEFINITIONS: &[SystemCapabilityDefinition] = &[
         label: "Focus app runtimes",
         description: "Allows the system app to focus running Sage app runtimes.",
         flags: CapabilityFlags {
-            externally_observable: true,
+            externally_observable: false,
             accesses_sensitive_secret: false,
-            persistent_storage: false,
-            requestable_by_app: false,
+            requestable_by_app: true,
+            user_grantable: false,
             shared_with_app: true,
         },
     },
@@ -92,10 +92,10 @@ const SYSTEM_CAPABILITY_DEFINITIONS: &[SystemCapabilityDefinition] = &[
         label: "Hide app runtimes",
         description: "Allows the system app to hide running Sage app runtimes.",
         flags: CapabilityFlags {
-            externally_observable: true,
+            externally_observable: false,
             accesses_sensitive_secret: false,
-            persistent_storage: false,
-            requestable_by_app: false,
+            requestable_by_app: true,
+            user_grantable: false,
             shared_with_app: true,
         },
     },
@@ -104,10 +104,10 @@ const SYSTEM_CAPABILITY_DEFINITIONS: &[SystemCapabilityDefinition] = &[
         label: "Kill app runtimes",
         description: "Allows the system app to stop running Sage app runtimes.",
         flags: CapabilityFlags {
-            externally_observable: true,
+            externally_observable: false,
             accesses_sensitive_secret: false,
-            persistent_storage: false,
-            requestable_by_app: false,
+            requestable_by_app: true,
+            user_grantable: false,
             shared_with_app: true,
         },
     },
@@ -118,8 +118,8 @@ const SYSTEM_CAPABILITY_DEFINITIONS: &[SystemCapabilityDefinition] = &[
         flags: CapabilityFlags {
             externally_observable: false,
             accesses_sensitive_secret: false,
-            persistent_storage: false,
-            requestable_by_app: false,
+            requestable_by_app: true,
+            user_grantable: false,
             shared_with_app: true,
         },
     },
@@ -209,9 +209,8 @@ pub fn user_capability_definition_view(
         flags: SageAppCapabilityFlagsView {
             externally_observable: definition.flags.externally_observable,
             accesses_sensitive_secret: definition.flags.accesses_sensitive_secret,
-            persistent_storage: definition.flags.persistent_storage,
             requestable_by_app: definition.flags.requestable_by_app,
-            shared_with_app: definition.flags.shared_with_app,
+            user_grantable: definition.flags.user_grantable,
         },
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/policy.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/policy.rs
index 9cf1f4398..aa4ff0fbc 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/policy.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/policy.rs
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ pub fn summarize_capabilities(
 
         summary.externally_observable |= def.flags.externally_observable;
         summary.accesses_sensitive_secret |= def.flags.accesses_sensitive_secret;
-        summary.persistent_storage |= def.flags.persistent_storage;
+        summary.persistent_storage |= *capability == UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage;
     }
 
     Ok(summary)
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/models.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/models.rs
index 81065ade5..91fbe8325 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/models.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/models.rs
@@ -144,9 +144,8 @@ pub struct SageAppCapabilityFlags {
 pub struct SageAppCapabilityFlagsView {
     pub externally_observable: bool,
     pub accesses_sensitive_secret: bool,
-    pub persistent_storage: bool,
     pub requestable_by_app: bool,
-    pub shared_with_app: bool,
+    pub user_grantable: bool,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index d7a3fe4cc..2854d2273 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -2256,7 +2256,7 @@ export type SageApp = ({ kind: "system" } & SystemSageApp) | ({ kind: "user" } &
 export type SageAppAuthor = { name: string; avatar: string | null }
 export type SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView = { key: string; label: string; description: string; flags: SageAppCapabilityFlagsView }
 export type SageAppCapabilityFlags = { hasSecretAccess: boolean; hasExternalAccess: boolean; storageMayContainSecrets: boolean; isolated: boolean }
-export type SageAppCapabilityFlagsView = { externallyObservable: boolean; accessesSensitiveSecret: boolean; persistentStorage: boolean; requestableByApp: boolean; sharedWithApp: boolean }
+export type SageAppCapabilityFlagsView = { externallyObservable: boolean; accessesSensitiveSecret: boolean; requestableByApp: boolean; userGrantable: boolean }
 export type SageAppCommon = { id: string; originId: string; name: string; version: string; appDir: string; entryFile: string; iconFile: string; requestedPermissions: SageRequestedPermissions; grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions; capabilityFlags: SageAppCapabilityFlags; storage: InstalledSageAppStorage; activeSnapshot: SageAppSnapshot }
 export type SageAppDonation = { address: string }
 export type SageAppManifestFile = { path: string; sha256: string; size: number }

From 3b20ffcf6bb3cd3d5ab9679bf55af103e6900583 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 24 Apr 2026 06:36:45 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 171/471] Refactor capability definitions: replace static lists
 with dynamic lookup functions, update registries and key-based retrieval
 logic.

---
 .../sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities.rs | 357 +++++++++++-------
 1 file changed, 228 insertions(+), 129 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities.rs
index a1309f4c7..f10707628 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities.rs
@@ -23,133 +23,213 @@ pub struct CapabilityDefinition<C> {
 pub type UserCapabilityDefinition = CapabilityDefinition<UserBridgeCapability>;
 pub type SystemCapabilityDefinition = CapabilityDefinition<SystemBridgeCapability>;
 
-const USER_CAPABILITY_DEFINITIONS: &[UserCapabilityDefinition] = &[
-    UserCapabilityDefinition {
-        capability: UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage,
-        label: "Persistent storage",
-        description: "Allows the app to store data on this device between sessions.",
-        flags: CapabilityFlags {
-            externally_observable: false,
-            accesses_sensitive_secret: false,
-            requestable_by_app: true,
-            user_grantable: true,
-            shared_with_app: false,
+pub fn get_user_capability_definition(
+    capability: UserBridgeCapability,
+) -> Option<UserCapabilityDefinition> {
+    Some(match capability {
+        UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage => UserCapabilityDefinition {
+            capability,
+            label: "Persistent storage",
+            description: "Allows the app to store data on this device between sessions.",
+            flags: CapabilityFlags {
+                externally_observable: false,
+                accesses_sensitive_secret: false,
+                requestable_by_app: true,
+                user_grantable: true,
+                shared_with_app: false,
+            },
         },
-    },
-    UserCapabilityDefinition {
-        capability: UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
-        label: "Send XCH",
-        description: "Allows the app to request XCH transactions from your wallet.",
-        flags: CapabilityFlags {
-            externally_observable: true,
-            accesses_sensitive_secret: false,
-            requestable_by_app: true,
-            user_grantable: true,
-            shared_with_app: true,
+
+        UserBridgeCapability::BridgeSend => UserCapabilityDefinition {
+            capability,
+            label: "Bridge messaging",
+            description: "Allows the app to send messages through the Sage bridge.",
+            flags: CapabilityFlags {
+                externally_observable: false,
+                accesses_sensitive_secret: false,
+                requestable_by_app: true,
+                user_grantable: false,
+                shared_with_app: true,
+            },
         },
-    },
-    UserCapabilityDefinition {
-        capability: UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXchAutoSubmit,
-        label: "Automatic XCH send",
-        description: "Allows the app to submit XCH transactions without asking for per-transaction approval.",
-        flags: CapabilityFlags {
-            externally_observable: false,
-            accesses_sensitive_secret: false,
-            requestable_by_app: false,
-            user_grantable: true,
-            shared_with_app: false,
+
+        UserBridgeCapability::AppGetCapabilities => UserCapabilityDefinition {
+            capability,
+            label: "Read granted capabilities",
+            description: "Allows the app to read the capabilities currently visible to it.",
+            flags: CapabilityFlags {
+                externally_observable: false,
+                accesses_sensitive_secret: false,
+                requestable_by_app: true,
+                user_grantable: false,
+                shared_with_app: true,
+            },
         },
-    },
-];
-
-const SYSTEM_CAPABILITY_DEFINITIONS: &[SystemCapabilityDefinition] = &[
-    SystemCapabilityDefinition {
-        capability: SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerListRuntimes,
-        label: "List app runtimes",
-        description: "Allows the system app to inspect running Sage app runtimes.",
-        flags: CapabilityFlags {
-            externally_observable: false,
-            accesses_sensitive_secret: false,
-            requestable_by_app: true,
-            user_grantable: false,
-            shared_with_app: true,
+
+        UserBridgeCapability::AppGetInfo => UserCapabilityDefinition {
+            capability,
+            label: "Read app information",
+            description: "Allows the app to read its Sage app identity and permission information.",
+            flags: CapabilityFlags {
+                externally_observable: false,
+                accesses_sensitive_secret: false,
+                requestable_by_app: true,
+                user_grantable: false,
+                shared_with_app: true,
+            },
         },
-    },
-    SystemCapabilityDefinition {
-        capability: SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerFocusRuntime,
-        label: "Focus app runtimes",
-        description: "Allows the system app to focus running Sage app runtimes.",
-        flags: CapabilityFlags {
-            externally_observable: false,
-            accesses_sensitive_secret: false,
-            requestable_by_app: true,
-            user_grantable: false,
-            shared_with_app: true,
+
+        UserBridgeCapability::AppLifecycleReadyToStop => UserCapabilityDefinition {
+            capability,
+            label: "Acknowledge app shutdown",
+            description: "Allows the app to acknowledge that it is ready to stop after a lifecycle request.",
+            flags: CapabilityFlags {
+                externally_observable: false,
+                accesses_sensitive_secret: false,
+                requestable_by_app: true,
+                user_grantable: false,
+                shared_with_app: true,
+            },
         },
-    },
-    SystemCapabilityDefinition {
-        capability: SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerHideRuntime,
-        label: "Hide app runtimes",
-        description: "Allows the system app to hide running Sage app runtimes.",
-        flags: CapabilityFlags {
-            externally_observable: false,
-            accesses_sensitive_secret: false,
-            requestable_by_app: true,
-            user_grantable: false,
-            shared_with_app: true,
+
+        UserBridgeCapability::AppLifecycleSetBeforeStopListener => UserCapabilityDefinition {
+            capability,
+            label: "Listen before app shutdown",
+            description: "Allows the app to register a before-stop lifecycle listener.",
+            flags: CapabilityFlags {
+                externally_observable: false,
+                accesses_sensitive_secret: false,
+                requestable_by_app: true,
+                user_grantable: false,
+                shared_with_app: true,
+            },
         },
-    },
-    SystemCapabilityDefinition {
-        capability: SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerKillRuntime,
-        label: "Kill app runtimes",
-        description: "Allows the system app to stop running Sage app runtimes.",
-        flags: CapabilityFlags {
-            externally_observable: false,
-            accesses_sensitive_secret: false,
-            requestable_by_app: true,
-            user_grantable: false,
-            shared_with_app: true,
+
+        UserBridgeCapability::AppRequestCapabilityGrant => UserCapabilityDefinition {
+            capability,
+            label: "Request additional capability",
+            description: "Allows the app to request a capability grant after installation.",
+            flags: CapabilityFlags {
+                externally_observable: false,
+                accesses_sensitive_secret: false,
+                requestable_by_app: true,
+                user_grantable: false,
+                shared_with_app: true,
+            },
         },
-    },
-    SystemCapabilityDefinition {
-        capability: SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerListenRuntimesChanged,
-        label: "Observe runtime changes",
-        description: "Allows the system app to receive events when Sage app runtimes change.",
-        flags: CapabilityFlags {
-            externally_observable: false,
-            accesses_sensitive_secret: false,
-            requestable_by_app: true,
-            user_grantable: false,
-            shared_with_app: true,
+
+        UserBridgeCapability::AppRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant => UserCapabilityDefinition {
+            capability,
+            label: "Request network access",
+            description: "Allows the app to request access to an additional network target after installation.",
+            flags: CapabilityFlags {
+                externally_observable: false,
+                accesses_sensitive_secret: false,
+                requestable_by_app: true,
+                user_grantable: false,
+                shared_with_app: true,
+            },
         },
-    },
-];
-
-fn registry_from_definitions<C>(
-    definitions: &'static [CapabilityDefinition<C>],
-) -> BTreeMap<C, CapabilityDefinition<C>>
-where
-    C: Copy + Ord,
-{
-    definitions
-        .iter()
-        .copied()
-        .map(|definition| (definition.capability, definition))
-        .collect()
-}
 
-pub fn user_registry() -> BTreeMap<UserBridgeCapability, UserCapabilityDefinition> {
-    registry_from_definitions(USER_CAPABILITY_DEFINITIONS)
-}
+        UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch => UserCapabilityDefinition {
+            capability,
+            label: "Send XCH",
+            description: "Allows the app to request XCH transactions from your wallet.",
+            flags: CapabilityFlags {
+                externally_observable: true,
+                accesses_sensitive_secret: false,
+                requestable_by_app: true,
+                user_grantable: true,
+                shared_with_app: true,
+            },
+        },
 
-pub fn system_registry() -> BTreeMap<SystemBridgeCapability, SystemCapabilityDefinition> {
-    registry_from_definitions(SYSTEM_CAPABILITY_DEFINITIONS)
+        UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXchAutoSubmit => UserCapabilityDefinition {
+            capability,
+            label: "Automatic XCH send",
+            description: "Allows the app to submit XCH transactions without asking for per-transaction approval.",
+            flags: CapabilityFlags {
+                externally_observable: false,
+                accesses_sensitive_secret: false,
+                requestable_by_app: false,
+                user_grantable: false,
+                shared_with_app: false,
+            },
+        },
+    })
 }
 
-pub fn get_user_capability_definition(
-    capability: UserBridgeCapability,
-) -> Option<UserCapabilityDefinition> {
-    user_registry().get(&capability).copied()
+pub fn get_system_capability_definition(
+    capability: SystemBridgeCapability,
+) -> Option<SystemCapabilityDefinition> {
+    Some(match capability {
+        SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerListRuntimes => SystemCapabilityDefinition {
+            capability,
+            label: "List app runtimes",
+            description: "Allows the system app to inspect running Sage app runtimes.",
+            flags: CapabilityFlags {
+                externally_observable: false,
+                accesses_sensitive_secret: false,
+                requestable_by_app: true,
+                user_grantable: false,
+                shared_with_app: true,
+            },
+        },
+
+        SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerFocusRuntime => SystemCapabilityDefinition {
+            capability,
+            label: "Focus app runtimes",
+            description: "Allows the system app to focus running Sage app runtimes.",
+            flags: CapabilityFlags {
+                externally_observable: false,
+                accesses_sensitive_secret: false,
+                requestable_by_app: true,
+                user_grantable: false,
+                shared_with_app: true,
+            },
+        },
+
+        SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerHideRuntime => SystemCapabilityDefinition {
+            capability,
+            label: "Hide app runtimes",
+            description: "Allows the system app to hide running Sage app runtimes.",
+            flags: CapabilityFlags {
+                externally_observable: false,
+                accesses_sensitive_secret: false,
+                requestable_by_app: true,
+                user_grantable: false,
+                shared_with_app: true,
+            },
+        },
+
+        SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerKillRuntime => SystemCapabilityDefinition {
+            capability,
+            label: "Kill app runtimes",
+            description: "Allows the system app to stop running Sage app runtimes.",
+            flags: CapabilityFlags {
+                externally_observable: false,
+                accesses_sensitive_secret: false,
+                requestable_by_app: true,
+                user_grantable: false,
+                shared_with_app: true,
+            },
+        },
+
+        SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerListenRuntimesChanged => {
+            SystemCapabilityDefinition {
+                capability,
+                label: "Observe runtime changes",
+                description: "Allows the system app to receive events when Sage app runtimes change.",
+                flags: CapabilityFlags {
+                    externally_observable: false,
+                    accesses_sensitive_secret: false,
+                    requestable_by_app: true,
+                    user_grantable: false,
+                    shared_with_app: true,
+                },
+            }
+        }
+    })
 }
 
 pub fn require_user_capability_definition(
@@ -160,12 +240,6 @@ pub fn require_user_capability_definition(
     })
 }
 
-pub fn get_system_capability_definition(
-    capability: SystemBridgeCapability,
-) -> Option<SystemCapabilityDefinition> {
-    system_registry().get(&capability).copied()
-}
-
 pub fn require_system_capability_definition(
     capability: SystemBridgeCapability,
 ) -> anyhow::Result<SystemCapabilityDefinition> {
@@ -174,22 +248,40 @@ pub fn require_system_capability_definition(
     })
 }
 
+pub fn user_registry() -> BTreeMap<UserBridgeCapability, UserCapabilityDefinition> {
+    UserBridgeCapability::ALL
+        .iter()
+        .copied()
+        .map(|capability| {
+            let definition = require_user_capability_definition(capability)
+                .expect("all user capabilities must have definitions");
+            (capability, definition)
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
+
+pub fn system_registry() -> BTreeMap<SystemBridgeCapability, SystemCapabilityDefinition> {
+    SystemBridgeCapability::ALL
+        .iter()
+        .copied()
+        .map(|capability| {
+            let definition = require_system_capability_definition(capability)
+                .expect("all system capabilities must have definitions");
+            (capability, definition)
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
+
 pub fn get_user_capability_definition_by_key(
     key: &str,
 ) -> Option<UserCapabilityDefinition> {
-    USER_CAPABILITY_DEFINITIONS
-        .iter()
-        .copied()
-        .find(|definition| definition.capability.key() == key)
+    UserBridgeCapability::from_key(key).and_then(get_user_capability_definition)
 }
 
 pub fn get_system_capability_definition_by_key(
     key: &str,
 ) -> Option<SystemCapabilityDefinition> {
-    SYSTEM_CAPABILITY_DEFINITIONS
-        .iter()
-        .copied()
-        .find(|definition| definition.capability.key() == key)
+    SystemBridgeCapability::from_key(key).and_then(get_system_capability_definition)
 }
 
 pub fn require_user_capability_definition_by_key(
@@ -199,6 +291,13 @@ pub fn require_user_capability_definition_by_key(
         .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("unknown user capability: {}", key))
 }
 
+pub fn require_system_capability_definition_by_key(
+    key: &str,
+) -> anyhow::Result<SystemCapabilityDefinition> {
+    get_system_capability_definition_by_key(key)
+        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("unknown system capability: {}", key))
+}
+
 pub fn user_capability_definition_view(
     definition: UserCapabilityDefinition,
 ) -> SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView {

From 7550e5b06de7c7af0f6e0397c1cb8476e340b2b2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 24 Apr 2026 06:44:15 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 172/471] Add `bridge.send` capability to manifests and
 refactor `storage-clear-probe` client initialization

---
 .../runtime-apps-src/storage-clear-probe/app.js     |  8 ++++----
 .../storage-clear-probe/sage-manifest.json          | 13 +++++++++++++
 .../network-allow-a/sage-manifest.json              |  2 +-
 .../network-allow-b/sage-manifest.json              |  2 +-
 .../sage-manifest.incognito.json                    |  2 +-
 .../sage-manifest.persistent.json                   |  2 +-
 .../sage-manifest.incognito.json                    |  2 +-
 .../sage-manifest.persistent.json                   |  2 +-
 8 files changed, 23 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/runtime-apps-src/storage-clear-probe/sage-manifest.json

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/runtime-apps-src/storage-clear-probe/app.js b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/runtime-apps-src/storage-clear-probe/app.js
index 3c322a5d5..b28012d73 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/runtime-apps-src/storage-clear-probe/app.js
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/runtime-apps-src/storage-clear-probe/app.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import './bridge.js';
-import { createSageClient } from './sdk.js';
+import { getSageClient } from './sdk.js';
 
 const log = (...args) => console.log('[storage-clear-probe]', ...args);
 
@@ -130,8 +130,8 @@ async function report(sage, data) {
 (async () => {
   log('start', window.location.href);
 
-  const sage = await createSageClient();
-  log('createSageClient ok');
+  const sage = await getSageClient();
+  log('getSageClient ok');
 
   const ping = await sage.app.bridgePing();
   log('bridgePing ok', ping);
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ async function report(sage, data) {
   log('fatal', err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err));
 
   try {
-    const sage = await createSageClient();
+    const sage = await getSageClient();
     const params = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);
 
     await report(sage, {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/runtime-apps-src/storage-clear-probe/sage-manifest.json b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/runtime-apps-src/storage-clear-probe/sage-manifest.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..274d498ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/runtime-apps-src/storage-clear-probe/sage-manifest.json
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+{
+  "name": "Clear probe",
+  "version": "1.0.0",
+  "icon": "icon.svg",
+  "permissions": {
+    "network": {},
+    "capabilities": {
+      "required": ["bridge.send"],
+      "optional": []
+    }
+  },
+  "files": []
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-a/sage-manifest.json b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-a/sage-manifest.json
index 0c22f53e5..921b34b64 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-a/sage-manifest.json
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-a/sage-manifest.json
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
       }
     },
     "capabilities": {
-      "required": [],
+      "required": ["bridge.send"],
       "optional": []
     }
   },
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-b/sage-manifest.json b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-b/sage-manifest.json
index 766fde6d9..9fe44d828 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-b/sage-manifest.json
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-b/sage-manifest.json
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
       }
     },
     "capabilities": {
-      "required": [],
+      "required": ["bridge.send"],
       "optional": []
     }
   },
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.incognito.json b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.incognito.json
index 31b1c8b43..964f2059c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.incognito.json
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.incognito.json
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
   "icon": "icon.svg",
   "permissions": {
     "capabilities": {
-      "required": [],
+      "required": ["bridge.send"],
       "optional": []
     }
   },
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.persistent.json b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.persistent.json
index d5803c05a..4f90592a8 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.persistent.json
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.persistent.json
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
   "icon": "icon.svg",
   "permissions": {
     "capabilities": {
-      "required": ["persistent_storage"],
+      "required": ["bridge.send","persistent_storage"],
       "optional": []
     }
   },
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/sage-manifest.incognito.json b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/sage-manifest.incognito.json
index e5cbd645e..e50d7e11e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/sage-manifest.incognito.json
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/sage-manifest.incognito.json
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
   "icon": "icon.svg",
   "permissions": {
     "capabilities": {
-      "required": [],
+      "required": ["bridge.send"],
       "optional": []
     }
   },
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/sage-manifest.persistent.json b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/sage-manifest.persistent.json
index 7c18296b1..95f949e92 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/sage-manifest.persistent.json
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/sage-manifest.persistent.json
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
   "icon": "icon.svg",
   "permissions": {
     "capabilities": {
-      "required": ["persistent_storage"],
+      "required": ["bridge.send","persistent_storage"],
       "optional": []
     }
   },

From 2b435b0a107648e0aeb5cc71cba82e53c27dde06 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 24 Apr 2026 07:25:14 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 173/471] Generate markdown documentation for Sage app bridge
 capabilities and methods:

- Added `generate_docs` function to output markdown for user and system capabilities/methods.
- Integrated documentation generation into the build process.
- Updated capability descriptions and bridge registry iterators for enhanced doc generation.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs       |   8 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs            | 191 ++++++++++++++++++
 crates/sage-apps/src/build/mod.rs             |   1 +
 .../sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities.rs |   2 +-
 docs/generated/system-bridge-capabilities.md  |  72 +++++++
 docs/generated/system-bridge-methods.md       | 106 ++++++++++
 docs/generated/user-bridge-capabilities.md    | 142 +++++++++++++
 docs/generated/user-bridge-methods.md         |  74 +++++++
 src-tauri/build.rs                            |  14 ++
 9 files changed, 609 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs
 create mode 100644 docs/generated/system-bridge-capabilities.md
 create mode 100644 docs/generated/system-bridge-methods.md
 create mode 100644 docs/generated/user-bridge-capabilities.md
 create mode 100644 docs/generated/user-bridge-methods.md

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs
index af1ba01ff..ec678714d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs
@@ -76,3 +76,11 @@ impl std::fmt::Debug for BridgeRegistry {
             .finish()
     }
 }
+
+impl BridgeRegistry {
+    pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (&'static str, &dyn BridgeMethod)> {
+        self.methods
+            .iter()
+            .map(|(name, method)| (*name, method.as_ref()))
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0fa8baab9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,191 @@
+use std::{fs, path::PathBuf};
+
+use crate::bridge::capabilities::{BridgeCapability, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{BridgeMethodCapability};
+use crate::bridge::registry::{BridgeRegistry, BridgeRegistryKind};
+use crate::permissions::{
+    require_system_capability_definition, require_user_capability_definition,
+};
+
+fn workspace_root() -> PathBuf {
+    PathBuf::from(env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR"))
+        .parent()
+        .and_then(|path| path.parent())
+        .expect("failed to resolve workspace root")
+        .to_path_buf()
+}
+
+fn write_if_changed(path: PathBuf, content: String) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    if fs::read_to_string(&path).ok().as_deref() == Some(content.as_str()) {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+
+    if let Some(parent) = path.parent() {
+        fs::create_dir_all(parent)?;
+    }
+
+    fs::write(path, content)?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn bool_cell(value: bool) -> &'static str {
+    if value {
+        "`true`"
+    } else {
+        "`false`"
+    }
+}
+
+fn bridge_capability_key(capability: BridgeCapability) -> &'static str {
+    match capability {
+        BridgeCapability::User(capability) => capability.key(),
+        BridgeCapability::System(capability) => capability.key(),
+    }
+}
+
+fn method_capability_cell(capability: BridgeMethodCapability) -> String {
+    match capability {
+        BridgeMethodCapability::Ungated => "`ungated`".to_string(),
+        BridgeMethodCapability::Required(cap) => {
+            format!("`{}`", bridge_capability_key(cap))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn approval_cell(capability: BridgeMethodCapability) -> &'static str {
+    match capability {
+        BridgeMethodCapability::Ungated => "Never",
+        BridgeMethodCapability::Required(_) => "Depends on capability",
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn user_capabilities_markdown() -> String {
+    let mut out = String::from("# User bridge capabilities\n\n");
+
+    for capability in UserBridgeCapability::ALL {
+        let definition = require_user_capability_definition(*capability)
+            .expect("all user capabilities must have definitions");
+
+        out.push_str(&format!("## `{}`\n\n", definition.capability.key()));
+        out.push_str(&format!("**{}**\n\n", definition.label));
+        out.push_str(&format!("{}\n\n", definition.description));
+
+        out.push_str("| Flag | Value |\n");
+        out.push_str("|---|---|\n");
+        out.push_str(&format!(
+            "| Requestable by app | {} |\n",
+            bool_cell(definition.flags.requestable_by_app)
+        ));
+        out.push_str(&format!(
+            "| User grantable | {} |\n",
+            bool_cell(definition.flags.user_grantable)
+        ));
+        out.push_str(&format!(
+            "| Shared with app | {} |\n",
+            bool_cell(definition.flags.shared_with_app)
+        ));
+        out.push_str(&format!(
+            "| Externally observable | {} |\n",
+            bool_cell(definition.flags.externally_observable)
+        ));
+        out.push_str(&format!(
+            "| Accesses sensitive secret | {} |\n\n",
+            bool_cell(definition.flags.accesses_sensitive_secret)
+        ));
+    }
+
+    out
+}
+
+pub fn system_capabilities_markdown() -> String {
+    let mut out = String::from("# System bridge capabilities\n\n");
+
+    for capability in SystemBridgeCapability::ALL {
+        let definition = require_system_capability_definition(*capability)
+            .expect("all system capabilities must have definitions");
+
+        out.push_str(&format!("## `{}`\n\n", definition.capability.key()));
+        out.push_str(&format!("**{}**\n\n", definition.label));
+        out.push_str(&format!("{}\n\n", definition.description));
+
+        out.push_str("| Flag | Value |\n");
+        out.push_str("|---|---|\n");
+        out.push_str(&format!(
+            "| Requestable by app | {} |\n",
+            bool_cell(definition.flags.requestable_by_app)
+        ));
+        out.push_str(&format!(
+            "| User grantable | {} |\n",
+            bool_cell(definition.flags.user_grantable)
+        ));
+        out.push_str(&format!(
+            "| Shared with app | {} |\n",
+            bool_cell(definition.flags.shared_with_app)
+        ));
+        out.push_str(&format!(
+            "| Externally observable | {} |\n",
+            bool_cell(definition.flags.externally_observable)
+        ));
+        out.push_str(&format!(
+            "| Accesses sensitive secret | {} |\n\n",
+            bool_cell(definition.flags.accesses_sensitive_secret)
+        ));
+    }
+
+    out
+}
+
+pub fn bridge_methods_markdown(kind: BridgeRegistryKind) -> String {
+    let title = match kind {
+        BridgeRegistryKind::User => "User bridge methods",
+        BridgeRegistryKind::System => "System bridge methods",
+    };
+
+    let registry = BridgeRegistry::new(kind);
+    let mut methods = registry.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    methods.sort_by_key(|(name, _)| *name);
+
+    let mut out = format!("# {title}\n\n");
+
+    for (name, method) in methods {
+        out.push_str(&format!("## `{name}`\n\n"));
+        out.push_str("\n\n");
+
+        out.push_str("| Field | Value |\n");
+        out.push_str("|---|---|\n");
+        out.push_str(&format!(
+            "| Capability | {} |\n",
+            method_capability_cell(method.capability())
+        ));
+
+        out.push('\n');
+    }
+
+    out
+}
+
+pub fn generate_docs() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let docs = workspace_root().join("docs").join("generated");
+
+    write_if_changed(
+        docs.join("user-bridge-capabilities.md"),
+        user_capabilities_markdown(),
+    )?;
+
+    write_if_changed(
+        docs.join("system-bridge-capabilities.md"),
+        system_capabilities_markdown(),
+    )?;
+
+    write_if_changed(
+        docs.join("user-bridge-methods.md"),
+        bridge_methods_markdown(BridgeRegistryKind::User),
+    )?;
+
+    write_if_changed(
+        docs.join("system-bridge-methods.md"),
+        bridge_methods_markdown(BridgeRegistryKind::System),
+    )?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/mod.rs
index 8a8b44787..8323b838a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/mod.rs
@@ -4,3 +4,4 @@ mod fs_utils;
 mod runtime_apps;
 mod system_apps;
 mod test_apps;
+pub mod docs;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities.rs
index f10707628..70c0d3e3b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities.rs
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ pub fn get_user_capability_definition(
         UserBridgeCapability::BridgeSend => UserCapabilityDefinition {
             capability,
             label: "Bridge messaging",
-            description: "Allows the app to send messages through the Sage bridge.",
+            description: "Allows the app to send messages through the Sage bridge. (Only for sandbox tests)",
             flags: CapabilityFlags {
                 externally_observable: false,
                 accesses_sensitive_secret: false,
diff --git a/docs/generated/system-bridge-capabilities.md b/docs/generated/system-bridge-capabilities.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f92ff9962
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/generated/system-bridge-capabilities.md
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+# System bridge capabilities
+
+## `runtime_manager.list_runtimes`
+
+**List app runtimes**
+
+Allows the system app to inspect running Sage app runtimes.
+
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `false` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
+
+## `runtime_manager.focus_runtime`
+
+**Focus app runtimes**
+
+Allows the system app to focus running Sage app runtimes.
+
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `false` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
+
+## `runtime_manager.hide_runtime`
+
+**Hide app runtimes**
+
+Allows the system app to hide running Sage app runtimes.
+
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `false` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
+
+## `runtime_manager.kill_runtime`
+
+**Kill app runtimes**
+
+Allows the system app to stop running Sage app runtimes.
+
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `false` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
+
+## `runtime_manager.listen_runtimes_changed`
+
+**Observe runtime changes**
+
+Allows the system app to receive events when Sage app runtimes change.
+
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `false` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
+
diff --git a/docs/generated/system-bridge-methods.md b/docs/generated/system-bridge-methods.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..690aa9d6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/generated/system-bridge-methods.md
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+# System bridge methods
+
+## `app.getCapabilities`
+
+
+
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Capability | `app.get_capabilities` |
+
+## `app.getInfo`
+
+
+
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Capability | `app.get_info` |
+
+## `app.lifecycle.readyToStop`
+
+
+
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Capability | `app.lifecycle.ready_to_stop` |
+
+## `app.lifecycle.setBeforeStopListener`
+
+
+
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Capability | `app.lifecycle.set_before_stop_listener` |
+
+## `app.requestCapabilityGrant`
+
+
+
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Capability | `app.request_capability_grant` |
+
+## `app.requestNetworkWhitelistGrant`
+
+
+
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Capability | `app.request_network_whitelist_grant` |
+
+## `bridge.ping`
+
+
+
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Capability | `ungated` |
+
+## `bridge.send`
+
+
+
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Capability | `bridge.send` |
+
+## `runtimeManager.focusRuntime`
+
+
+
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Capability | `runtime_manager.focus_runtime` |
+
+## `runtimeManager.hideRuntime`
+
+
+
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Capability | `runtime_manager.hide_runtime` |
+
+## `runtimeManager.killRuntime`
+
+
+
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Capability | `runtime_manager.kill_runtime` |
+
+## `runtimeManager.listRuntimes`
+
+
+
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Capability | `runtime_manager.list_runtimes` |
+
+## `wallet.sendXch`
+
+
+
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Capability | `wallet.send_xch` |
+
diff --git a/docs/generated/user-bridge-capabilities.md b/docs/generated/user-bridge-capabilities.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..995f30a1b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/generated/user-bridge-capabilities.md
@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+# User bridge capabilities
+
+## `persistent_storage`
+
+**Persistent storage**
+
+Allows the app to store data on this device between sessions.
+
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `true` |
+| Shared with app | `false` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
+
+## `bridge.send`
+
+**Bridge messaging**
+
+Allows the app to send messages through the Sage bridge. (Only for sandbox tests)
+
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `false` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
+
+## `app.get_capabilities`
+
+**Read granted capabilities**
+
+Allows the app to read the capabilities currently visible to it.
+
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `false` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
+
+## `app.get_info`
+
+**Read app information**
+
+Allows the app to read its Sage app identity and permission information.
+
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `false` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
+
+## `app.lifecycle.ready_to_stop`
+
+**Acknowledge app shutdown**
+
+Allows the app to acknowledge that it is ready to stop after a lifecycle request.
+
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `false` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
+
+## `app.lifecycle.set_before_stop_listener`
+
+**Listen before app shutdown**
+
+Allows the app to register a before-stop lifecycle listener.
+
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `false` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
+
+## `app.request_capability_grant`
+
+**Request additional capability**
+
+Allows the app to request a capability grant after installation.
+
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `false` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
+
+## `app.request_network_whitelist_grant`
+
+**Request network access**
+
+Allows the app to request access to an additional network target after installation.
+
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `false` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
+
+## `wallet.send_xch`
+
+**Send XCH**
+
+Allows the app to request XCH transactions from your wallet.
+
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `true` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `true` |
+| Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
+
+## `wallet.send_xch_auto_submit`
+
+**Automatic XCH send**
+
+Allows the app to submit XCH transactions without asking for per-transaction approval.
+
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `false` |
+| User grantable | `false` |
+| Shared with app | `false` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
+
diff --git a/docs/generated/user-bridge-methods.md b/docs/generated/user-bridge-methods.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..257e8b803
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/generated/user-bridge-methods.md
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+# User bridge methods
+
+## `app.getCapabilities`
+
+
+
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Capability | `app.get_capabilities` |
+
+## `app.getInfo`
+
+
+
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Capability | `app.get_info` |
+
+## `app.lifecycle.readyToStop`
+
+
+
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Capability | `app.lifecycle.ready_to_stop` |
+
+## `app.lifecycle.setBeforeStopListener`
+
+
+
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Capability | `app.lifecycle.set_before_stop_listener` |
+
+## `app.requestCapabilityGrant`
+
+
+
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Capability | `app.request_capability_grant` |
+
+## `app.requestNetworkWhitelistGrant`
+
+
+
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Capability | `app.request_network_whitelist_grant` |
+
+## `bridge.ping`
+
+
+
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Capability | `ungated` |
+
+## `bridge.send`
+
+
+
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Capability | `bridge.send` |
+
+## `wallet.sendXch`
+
+
+
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Capability | `wallet.send_xch` |
+
diff --git a/src-tauri/build.rs b/src-tauri/build.rs
index 0d5eacefc..0f4c815a7 100644
--- a/src-tauri/build.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/build.rs
@@ -4,8 +4,10 @@ use std::env;
 fn setup_x86_64_android_workaround() {
     let target_os = env::var("CARGO_CFG_TARGET_OS").expect("CARGO_CFG_TARGET_OS not set");
     let target_arch = env::var("CARGO_CFG_TARGET_ARCH").expect("CARGO_CFG_TARGET_ARCH not set");
+
     if target_arch == "x86_64" && target_os == "android" {
         let android_ndk_home = env::var("ANDROID_NDK_HOME").expect("ANDROID_NDK_HOME not set");
+
         let build_os = match env::consts::OS {
             "linux" => "linux",
             "macos" => "darwin",
@@ -14,9 +16,11 @@ fn setup_x86_64_android_workaround() {
                 "Unsupported OS. You must use either Linux, MacOS or Windows to build the crate."
             ),
         };
+
         let linux_x86_64_lib_pattern = format!(
             "{android_ndk_home}/toolchains/llvm/prebuilt/{build_os}-x86_64/lib*/clang/**/lib/linux/"
         );
+
         match glob(&linux_x86_64_lib_pattern).expect("glob failed").last() {
             Some(Ok(path)) => {
                 println!("cargo:rustc-link-search={}", path.to_string_lossy());
@@ -32,9 +36,19 @@ fn setup_x86_64_android_workaround() {
 fn main() {
     setup_x86_64_android_workaround();
 
+    println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed=../crates/sage-apps/src/bridge");
+    println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed=../crates/sage-apps/src/permissions");
+    println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed=../crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs");
+    println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed=../crates/sage-apps/src/build/builtin_apps.rs");
+    println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed=../crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps");
+
     if let Err(err) = sage_apps::build::builtin_apps::build_builtin_apps() {
         panic!("failed to build builtin apps: {err}");
     }
 
+    if let Err(err) = sage_apps::build::docs::generate_docs() {
+        panic!("failed to generate Sage app docs: {err}");
+    }
+
     tauri_build::build();
 }

From 00591ea649b6f748c3f2598b9788c7ddc0f010d4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 24 Apr 2026 08:00:14 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 174/471] Refactor capability handling and permissions
 validation:

- Added `AUTO_GRANTED_CAPABILITIES` and `isAutoGrantedCapability` for auto-granted permission management.
- Replaced `validate_granted_capabilities` with `validate_user_granted_capabilities` for user-grantable capability validation.
- Introduced `resolve_effective_granted_capabilities` for dynamic capability computation.
- Updated permission-related API logic to differentiate user-grantable vs. auto-granted capabilities.
- Added and updated tests to ensure proper handling of auto-granted and user-grantable capabilities.
---
 .../methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs      |  16 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs            |  20 ++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs     |  20 ++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update.rs      |  46 +++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/policy.rs    | 166 +++++++++++++++++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs  |  41 +++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps/mod.rs       |   7 +-
 src/lib/apps/updatePermissionsDelta.ts        |  29 ++-
 8 files changed, 294 insertions(+), 51 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs
index e9723fb19..c684f445f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,8 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::bridge::{failure, success, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodCapability;
-use crate::permissions::resolve_shared_capabilities;
+use crate::permissions::{resolve_effective_granted_capabilities, resolve_shared_capabilities};
+use crate::types::SageApp;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct AppGetCapabilities;
@@ -24,9 +25,16 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppGetCapabilities {
         _tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
         request: &RustBridgeRequest,
     ) -> RustBridgeResponse {
-        let capabilities =
-            resolve_shared_capabilities(&ctx.app.granted_permissions().capabilities)
-                .unwrap_or_default();
+        let effective_capabilities = match ctx.app {
+            SageApp::User(user_app) => resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(
+                &user_app.common.requested_permissions,
+                &user_app.common.granted_permissions.capabilities,
+            )
+                .unwrap_or_default(),
+            SageApp::System(_) => ctx.app.granted_permissions().capabilities.clone(),
+        };
+
+        let capabilities = resolve_shared_capabilities(&effective_capabilities).unwrap_or_default();
 
         match serde_json::to_value(&capabilities) {
             Ok(value) => success(&request.channel, &request.id, value),
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
index 29c776269..1b4057fbf 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::{
     GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent, GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent,
 };
 use crate::lifecycle::{GrantedCapabilitiesChange, GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange};
-use crate::permissions::{require_system_capability_definition, require_user_capability_definition};
+use crate::permissions::{require_system_capability_definition, require_user_capability_definition, resolve_effective_granted_capabilities};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 struct PendingBridgeApproval {
@@ -201,7 +201,23 @@ fn authorize_user_capability(
         ));
     }
 
-    if !app.granted_permissions().capabilities.contains(&capability) {
+    let effective_capabilities = match app {
+        SageApp::User(user_app) => resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(
+            &user_app.common.requested_permissions,
+            &user_app.common.granted_permissions.capabilities,
+        )
+            .map_err(|err| {
+                failure(
+                    &request.channel,
+                    &request.id,
+                    "internal_error",
+                    format!("failed to resolve effective permissions: {err}"),
+                )
+            })?,
+        SageApp::System(_) => app.granted_permissions().capabilities.clone(),
+    };
+
+    if !effective_capabilities.contains(&capability) {
         return Err(failure(
             &request.channel,
             &request.id,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs
index bc555e1a2..c92d3e61c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ use crate::lifecycle::{
 use crate::lifecycle::registry::read_installed_app_by_id;
 use crate::permissions::{
     normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions, resolve_capability_flags,
-    validate_granted_capabilities,
+    resolve_effective_granted_capabilities, validate_user_granted_capabilities,
 };
 use crate::runtime::apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data;
 use crate::types::{
@@ -237,7 +237,7 @@ fn normalize_and_validate_granted_permissions(
     requested: &SageRequestedPermissions,
     granted: SageGrantedPermissions,
 ) -> AnyResult<SageGrantedPermissions> {
-    validate_granted_capabilities(requested, &granted.capabilities)?;
+    validate_user_granted_capabilities(requested, &granted.capabilities)?;
 
     let whitelist = normalize_and_validate_granted_network_whitelist(
         &requested.network,
@@ -458,7 +458,11 @@ pub async fn install_app_zip(
         let granted_permissions =
             normalize_and_validate_granted_permissions(&manifest.permissions, granted_permissions)?;
 
-        let permission_flags = resolve_capability_flags(&granted_permissions.capabilities, None)?;
+        let effective_capabilities = resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(
+            &manifest.permissions,
+            &granted_permissions.capabilities,
+        )?;
+        let permission_flags = resolve_capability_flags(&effective_capabilities, None)?;
 
         let (app_id, app_dir, existing_app) = resolve_zip_install_target(&root, &manifest.name)?;
         let storage = resolve_storage_for_install(&app, &base_path, existing_app.as_ref()).await?;
@@ -519,7 +523,15 @@ pub async fn install_app_url(
                 io::Error::other(format!("invalid granted permissions for URL app {}: {err}", app_url))
             })?;
 
-    let permission_flags = resolve_capability_flags(&granted_permissions.capabilities, None)
+    let effective_capabilities = resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(
+        &preview.manifest.permissions,
+        &granted_permissions.capabilities,
+    )
+        .map_err(|err| {
+            io::Error::other(format!("invalid granted permission policy for URL app {}: {err}", app_url))
+        })?;
+
+    let permission_flags = resolve_capability_flags(&effective_capabilities, None)
         .map_err(|err| {
             io::Error::other(format!("invalid granted permission policy for URL app {}: {err}", app_url))
         })?;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update.rs
index 0faed29c5..120d23ffa 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update.rs
@@ -21,10 +21,7 @@ use crate::lifecycle::{
 use crate::lifecycle::registry::{
     parse_network_permission_target, read_installed_app_by_id, write_installed_app_metadata,
 };
-use crate::permissions::{
-    clear_storage_may_contain_secrets, mark_storage_may_contain_secrets,
-    resolve_capability_flags, validate_granted_capabilities,
-};
+use crate::permissions::{clear_storage_may_contain_secrets, mark_storage_may_contain_secrets, resolve_capability_flags, resolve_effective_granted_capabilities, validate_user_granted_capabilities};
 use crate::types::{
     SageAppUrlPreview, SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions,
     SageNetworkPermissionTarget, UserSageApp, UserSageAppPendingUpdate,
@@ -69,11 +66,6 @@ pub enum GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome {
     },
 }
 
-fn sort_unique_strings(values: impl IntoIterator<Item = String>) -> Vec<String> {
-    let set: BTreeSet<String> = values.into_iter().collect();
-    set.into_iter().collect()
-}
-
 fn sort_unique_network(
     values: impl IntoIterator<Item = SageNetworkPermissionTarget>,
 ) -> Vec<SageNetworkPermissionTarget> {
@@ -156,7 +148,12 @@ pub fn update_app_permissions_internal(
 ) -> AnyResult<UserSageApp> {
     let mut app = read_installed_app_by_id(base_path, app_id)?;
 
-    validate_granted_capabilities(
+    validate_user_granted_capabilities(
+        &app.common.requested_permissions,
+        &granted_permissions.capabilities,
+    )?;
+
+    let effective_capabilities = resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(
         &app.common.requested_permissions,
         &granted_permissions.capabilities,
     )?;
@@ -167,7 +164,7 @@ pub fn update_app_permissions_internal(
     )?;
 
     let mut permission_flags = resolve_capability_flags(
-        &granted_permissions.capabilities,
+        &effective_capabilities,
         Some(&app.common.capability_flags),
     )?;
 
@@ -182,8 +179,13 @@ pub fn update_app_permissions_internal(
         },
     };
 
-    app.common.capability_flags = resolve_capability_flags(
+    let effective_capabilities = resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(
+        &app.common.requested_permissions,
         &app.common.granted_permissions.capabilities,
+    )?;
+
+    app.common.capability_flags = resolve_capability_flags(
+        &effective_capabilities,
         Some(&permission_flags),
     )?;
 
@@ -207,6 +209,14 @@ pub fn grant_requested_capability_internal(
             capability.key()
         );
     }
+    let definition = crate::permissions::require_user_capability_definition(capability)?;
+
+    if !definition.flags.user_grantable {
+        anyhow::bail!(
+            "Capability is not user-grantable and cannot be persisted as a user grant: {}",
+            capability.key()
+        );
+    }
 
     if app.common.granted_permissions.capabilities.contains(&capability) {
         let full_granted_capabilities =
@@ -452,7 +462,7 @@ pub async fn apply_app_update(
         .clone()
         .ok_or_else(|| io::Error::other(format!("app {} has no pending update", app_id)))?;
 
-    validate_granted_capabilities(
+    validate_user_granted_capabilities(
         &pending.manifest.permissions,
         &granted_permissions.capabilities,
     )
@@ -466,8 +476,16 @@ pub async fn apply_app_update(
             io::Error::other(format!("invalid granted network whitelist for update: {err}"))
         })?;
 
-    let permission_flags = resolve_capability_flags(
+    let effective_capabilities = resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(
+        &pending.manifest.permissions,
         &granted_permissions.capabilities,
+    )
+        .map_err(|err| {
+            io::Error::other(format!("invalid granted permission policy for update: {err}"))
+        })?;
+
+    let permission_flags = resolve_capability_flags(
+        &effective_capabilities,
         Some(&app.common.capability_flags),
     )
         .map_err(|err| {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/policy.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/policy.rs
index aa4ff0fbc..d3ef57913 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/policy.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/policy.rs
@@ -129,7 +129,33 @@ pub fn normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions(
     Ok(normalized)
 }
 
-pub fn validate_granted_capabilities(
+pub fn resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(
+    permissions: &SageRequestedPermissions,
+    user_granted: &[UserBridgeCapability],
+) -> AnyResult<Vec<UserBridgeCapability>> {
+    validate_user_granted_capabilities(permissions, user_granted)?;
+
+    let mut effective = BTreeSet::new();
+    effective.extend(user_granted.iter().copied());
+
+    for capability in permissions
+        .capabilities
+        .required
+        .iter()
+        .chain(permissions.capabilities.optional.iter())
+    {
+        let definition = get_user_capability_definition(*capability)
+            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("unknown capability: {}", capability.key()))?;
+
+        if !definition.flags.user_grantable {
+            effective.insert(*capability);
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(effective.into_iter().collect())
+}
+
+pub fn validate_user_granted_capabilities(
     permissions: &SageRequestedPermissions,
     granted: &[UserBridgeCapability],
 ) -> AnyResult<()> {
@@ -146,10 +172,23 @@ pub fn validate_granted_capabilities(
                 capability.key()
             ));
         }
+
+        let definition = get_user_capability_definition(*capability)
+            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("unknown capability: {}", capability.key()))?;
+
+        if !definition.flags.user_grantable {
+            return Err(anyhow!(
+                "permission is not user-grantable and must not be persisted as a user grant: {}",
+                capability.key()
+            ));
+        }
     }
 
     for capability in &permissions.capabilities.required {
-        if !granted_set.contains(capability) {
+        let definition = get_user_capability_definition(*capability)
+            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("unknown capability: {}", capability.key()))?;
+
+        if definition.flags.user_grantable && !granted_set.contains(capability) {
             return Err(anyhow!("missing required permission: {}", capability.key()));
         }
     }
@@ -457,7 +496,7 @@ mod tests {
         let mut requested = empty_requested_permissions();
         requested.capabilities.required = vec![UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch];
 
-        let err = validate_granted_capabilities(
+        let err = validate_user_granted_capabilities(
             &requested,
             &vec![
                 UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
@@ -477,7 +516,7 @@ mod tests {
         let mut requested = empty_requested_permissions();
         requested.capabilities.required = vec![UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch];
 
-        let err = validate_granted_capabilities(&requested, &[])
+        let err = validate_user_granted_capabilities(&requested, &[])
             .expect_err("expected missing required capability to be rejected");
 
         assert!(
@@ -492,7 +531,7 @@ mod tests {
         requested.capabilities.required = vec![UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch];
         requested.capabilities.optional = vec![UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage];
 
-        validate_granted_capabilities(
+        validate_user_granted_capabilities(
             &requested,
             &vec![UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch],
         )
@@ -576,4 +615,121 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(updated.isolated);
         assert!(updated.has_secret_access);
     }
+
+    fn auto_granted_capability() -> UserBridgeCapability {
+        UserBridgeCapability::AppGetInfo
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn non_user_grantable_required_capability_is_effective_without_persisted_grant() {
+        let auto = auto_granted_capability();
+
+        let mut requested = empty_requested_permissions();
+        requested.capabilities.required = vec![auto];
+
+        validate_user_granted_capabilities(&requested, &[])
+            .expect("non-user-grantable required capability should not require persisted user grant");
+
+        let effective = resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(&requested, &[])
+            .expect("expected effective permissions to resolve");
+
+        assert_eq!(effective, vec![auto]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn non_user_grantable_optional_capability_is_effective_without_persisted_grant() {
+        let auto = auto_granted_capability();
+
+        let mut requested = empty_requested_permissions();
+        requested.capabilities.optional = vec![auto];
+
+        validate_user_granted_capabilities(&requested, &[])
+            .expect("non-user-grantable optional capability should not require persisted user grant");
+
+        let effective = resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(&requested, &[])
+            .expect("expected effective permissions to resolve");
+
+        assert_eq!(effective, vec![auto]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn non_user_grantable_capability_must_not_be_persisted_as_user_grant() {
+        let auto = auto_granted_capability();
+
+        let mut requested = empty_requested_permissions();
+        requested.capabilities.required = vec![auto];
+
+        let err = validate_user_granted_capabilities(&requested, &[auto])
+            .expect_err("non-user-grantable capability must not be stored as user grant");
+
+        assert!(
+            err.to_string().contains("not user-grantable"),
+            "unexpected error: {err}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn moving_non_user_grantable_capability_from_optional_to_required_still_auto_grants() {
+        let auto = auto_granted_capability();
+
+        let mut optional_requested = empty_requested_permissions();
+        optional_requested.capabilities.optional = vec![auto];
+
+        let optional_effective = resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(
+            &optional_requested,
+            &[],
+        )
+            .expect("optional auto grant should resolve");
+
+        assert_eq!(optional_effective, vec![auto]);
+
+        let mut required_requested = empty_requested_permissions();
+        required_requested.capabilities.required = vec![auto];
+
+        let required_effective = resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(
+            &required_requested,
+            &[],
+        )
+            .expect("required auto grant should resolve");
+
+        assert_eq!(required_effective, vec![auto]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn removed_non_user_grantable_capability_is_no_longer_effective() {
+        let auto = auto_granted_capability();
+
+        let mut requested = empty_requested_permissions();
+        requested.capabilities.required = vec![auto];
+
+        let effective = resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(&requested, &[])
+            .expect("expected auto grant before removal");
+
+        assert_eq!(effective, vec![auto]);
+
+        let removed_requested = empty_requested_permissions();
+
+        let effective_after_removal =
+            resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(&removed_requested, &[])
+                .expect("expected permissions to resolve after removal");
+
+        assert!(effective_after_removal.is_empty());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn user_grantable_required_capability_without_user_grant_is_blocked() {
+        let mut requested = empty_requested_permissions();
+        requested.capabilities.required = vec![UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch];
+
+        let err = validate_user_granted_capabilities(&requested, &[])
+            .expect_err("user-grantable required capability should require user grant");
+
+        assert!(
+            err.to_string().contains(UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch.key()),
+            "error should mention missing user-grantable required capability"
+        );
+
+        resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(&requested, &[])
+            .expect_err("effective permissions should not resolve without required user grant");
+    }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
index 76b9216b7..2cb5984e9 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
@@ -6,10 +6,7 @@ use tauri::command;
 
 use crate::host::Result;
 use crate::lifecycle::{manifest_entry_file, manifest_icon_file};
-use crate::permissions::{
-    normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions, resolve_capability_flags,
-    validate_granted_capabilities,
-};
+use crate::permissions::{normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions, resolve_capability_flags, resolve_effective_granted_capabilities, validate_user_granted_capabilities};
 use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppPackageManifest, SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions, UserSageAppSource, UserSageApp};
 
 pub const BUILTIN_STORAGE_ISOLATION_PERSISTENT_ID: &str =
@@ -180,24 +177,42 @@ pub fn build_builtin_test_app(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<SageApp>> {
     manifest.permissions =
         normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions(&manifest.permissions)?;
 
-    let mut requested_capabilities = manifest.permissions.capabilities.required.clone();
-    requested_capabilities.extend(manifest.permissions.capabilities.optional.clone());
-    requested_capabilities.sort();
-    requested_capabilities.dedup();
+    let mut user_granted_capabilities = Vec::new();
+
+    for capability in manifest
+        .permissions
+        .capabilities
+        .required
+        .iter()
+        .chain(manifest.permissions.capabilities.optional.iter())
+    {
+        let definition = crate::permissions::require_user_capability_definition(*capability)?;
+
+        if definition.flags.user_grantable {
+            user_granted_capabilities.push(*capability);
+        }
+    }
+
+    user_granted_capabilities.sort();
+    user_granted_capabilities.dedup();
 
     let granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions {
-        capabilities: requested_capabilities,
+        capabilities: user_granted_capabilities,
         network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
             whitelist: manifest.permissions.network.whitelist.required.clone(),
         },
     };
 
-    validate_granted_capabilities(
+    validate_user_granted_capabilities(
         &manifest.permissions,
         &granted_permissions.capabilities,
     )?;
-    let permission_flags =
-        resolve_capability_flags(&granted_permissions.capabilities, None)?;
+    let effective_capabilities = resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(
+        &manifest.permissions,
+        &granted_permissions.capabilities,
+    )?;
+
+    let capability_flags = resolve_capability_flags(&effective_capabilities, None)?;
 
     let entry_file_name = manifest_entry_file(&manifest).to_string();
     let icon_file_name = manifest_icon_file(&manifest).to_string();
@@ -231,7 +246,7 @@ pub fn build_builtin_test_app(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<SageApp>> {
             icon_file: icon_file_name,
             requested_permissions: manifest.permissions.clone(),
             granted_permissions,
-            capability_flags: permission_flags,
+            capability_flags,
             storage: builtin_storage(spec.app_id),
             active_snapshot: SageAppSnapshot {
                 manifest_hash: format!("builtin:{}", spec.app_id),
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps/mod.rs
index 9adb820f1..dd69ecf89 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps/mod.rs
@@ -5,10 +5,7 @@ use tauri::command;
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
 use crate::host::Result;
 use crate::lifecycle::{manifest_entry_file, manifest_icon_file};
-use crate::permissions::{
-    normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions, resolve_capability_flags,
-    validate_granted_capabilities,
-};
+use crate::permissions::{normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions, resolve_capability_flags, validate_user_granted_capabilities};
 use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions, SageGrantedSystemPermissions, SystemAppPresentation, SystemSageApp};
 
 pub const SYSTEM_APP_TASK_MANAGER_ID: &str = "task-manager";
@@ -137,7 +134,7 @@ pub fn build_builtin_system_app(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<SageApp>> {
         },
     };
 
-    validate_granted_capabilities(
+    validate_user_granted_capabilities(
         &manifest.permissions,
         &granted_permissions.capabilities,
     )?;
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/updatePermissionsDelta.ts b/src/lib/apps/updatePermissionsDelta.ts
index 79bae6937..b37300f8e 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/updatePermissionsDelta.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/updatePermissionsDelta.ts
@@ -14,6 +14,21 @@ import {
   sortNetwork,
 } from '@/lib/apps/permissionCollections';
 
+const AUTO_GRANTED_CAPABILITIES = new Set<UserBridgeCapability>([
+  'bridge.send',
+  'app.get_capabilities',
+  'app.get_info',
+  'app.lifecycle.ready_to_stop',
+  'app.lifecycle.set_before_stop_listener',
+  'app.request_capability_grant',
+  'app.request_network_whitelist_grant',
+  'wallet.send_xch_auto_submit',
+]);
+
+function isAutoGrantedCapability(key: UserBridgeCapability) {
+  return AUTO_GRANTED_CAPABILITIES.has(key);
+}
+
 function getRequestedCapabilities(permissions: SageRequestedPermissions) {
   return {
     required: permissions.capabilities.required ?? [],
@@ -110,7 +125,10 @@ export function getAppUpdatePermissionsDelta(
   };
 
   const requiredCapabilitiesToGrant = sortCapabilities(
-    nextCaps.required.filter((key) => !oldGrantedCapabilitiesSet.has(key)),
+    nextCaps.required.filter(
+      (key) =>
+        !oldGrantedCapabilitiesSet.has(key) && !isAutoGrantedCapability(key),
+    ),
   );
 
   const requiredNetworkToGrant = sortNetwork(
@@ -138,12 +156,15 @@ export function getAppUpdatePermissionsDelta(
     ),
   );
 
-  const retainedGrantedCapabilities = oldGrantedCapabilities.filter((key) =>
-    nextAllowedCapsSet.has(key),
+  const retainedGrantedCapabilities = oldGrantedCapabilities.filter(
+    (key) => nextAllowedCapsSet.has(key) && !isAutoGrantedCapability(key),
   );
 
   const nextGrantedCapabilities = sortCapabilities(
-    new Set([...retainedGrantedCapabilities, ...nextCaps.required]),
+    new Set([
+      ...retainedGrantedCapabilities,
+      ...nextCaps.required.filter((key) => !isAutoGrantedCapability(key)),
+    ]),
   );
 
   const retainedGrantedNetwork = oldGrantedNetwork.filter((entry) =>

From b016bcf263027019ab37def6e3c375967f69bf34 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 24 Apr 2026 08:09:38 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 175/471] Remove redundant user-grantable capability validation
 logic

---
 crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/policy.rs | 10 ----------
 1 file changed, 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/policy.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/policy.rs
index d3ef57913..2665a015f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/policy.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/policy.rs
@@ -172,16 +172,6 @@ pub fn validate_user_granted_capabilities(
                 capability.key()
             ));
         }
-
-        let definition = get_user_capability_definition(*capability)
-            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("unknown capability: {}", capability.key()))?;
-
-        if !definition.flags.user_grantable {
-            return Err(anyhow!(
-                "permission is not user-grantable and must not be persisted as a user grant: {}",
-                capability.key()
-            ));
-        }
     }
 
     for capability in &permissions.capabilities.required {

From cf40d23941bca3c3622235de2e7d8bc53cd18c67 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 24 Apr 2026 08:19:52 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 176/471] Normalize user-granted capabilities:

- Added `normalize_user_granted_capabilities` function to validate and filter user-grantable capabilities.
- Updated lifecycle and permission handling to use normalized capabilities for granted permissions.
- Refactored tests to ensure proper normalization behavior.
- Improved error handling for non-user-grantable capabilities during normalization.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs  |  7 ++---
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update.rs   | 21 ++++++++++---
 crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/policy.rs | 36 +++++++++++++++++-----
 3 files changed, 47 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs
index c92d3e61c..ded245916 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs
@@ -19,10 +19,7 @@ use crate::lifecycle::{
     write_installed_app_metadata,
 };
 use crate::lifecycle::registry::read_installed_app_by_id;
-use crate::permissions::{
-    normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions, resolve_capability_flags,
-    resolve_effective_granted_capabilities, validate_user_granted_capabilities,
-};
+use crate::permissions::{normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions, normalize_user_granted_capabilities, resolve_capability_flags, resolve_effective_granted_capabilities, validate_user_granted_capabilities};
 use crate::runtime::apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data;
 use crate::types::{
     InstalledSageAppStorage, ListedSageApp, SageAppCommon,
@@ -245,7 +242,7 @@ fn normalize_and_validate_granted_permissions(
     )?;
 
     Ok(SageGrantedPermissions {
-        capabilities: granted.capabilities,
+        capabilities: normalize_user_granted_capabilities(requested, &granted.capabilities)?,
         network: crate::types::SageGrantedNetworkPermissions { whitelist },
     })
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update.rs
index 120d23ffa..6727b9c4e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update.rs
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ use crate::lifecycle::{
 use crate::lifecycle::registry::{
     parse_network_permission_target, read_installed_app_by_id, write_installed_app_metadata,
 };
-use crate::permissions::{clear_storage_may_contain_secrets, mark_storage_may_contain_secrets, resolve_capability_flags, resolve_effective_granted_capabilities, validate_user_granted_capabilities};
+use crate::permissions::{clear_storage_may_contain_secrets, mark_storage_may_contain_secrets, normalize_user_granted_capabilities, resolve_capability_flags, resolve_effective_granted_capabilities, validate_user_granted_capabilities};
 use crate::types::{
     SageAppUrlPreview, SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions,
     SageNetworkPermissionTarget, UserSageApp, UserSageAppPendingUpdate,
@@ -153,11 +153,16 @@ pub fn update_app_permissions_internal(
         &granted_permissions.capabilities,
     )?;
 
-    let effective_capabilities = resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(
+    let normalized_capabilities = normalize_user_granted_capabilities(
         &app.common.requested_permissions,
         &granted_permissions.capabilities,
     )?;
 
+    let effective_capabilities = resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(
+        &app.common.requested_permissions,
+        &normalized_capabilities,
+    )?;
+
     let granted_network_whitelist = normalize_and_validate_granted_network_whitelist(
         &app.common.active_snapshot.manifest.permissions.network,
         &granted_permissions.network.whitelist,
@@ -173,7 +178,7 @@ pub fn update_app_permissions_internal(
     }
 
     app.common.granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions {
-        capabilities: granted_permissions.capabilities,
+        capabilities: normalized_capabilities,
         network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
             whitelist: granted_network_whitelist,
         },
@@ -468,6 +473,12 @@ pub async fn apply_app_update(
     )
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("invalid granted permissions for update: {err}")))?;
 
+    let normalized_capabilities = normalize_user_granted_capabilities(
+        &pending.manifest.permissions,
+        &granted_permissions.capabilities,
+    )
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("invalid granted permissions for update: {err}")))?;
+
     let granted_network_whitelist = normalize_and_validate_granted_network_whitelist(
         &pending.manifest.permissions.network,
         &granted_permissions.network.whitelist,
@@ -478,7 +489,7 @@ pub async fn apply_app_update(
 
     let effective_capabilities = resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(
         &pending.manifest.permissions,
-        &granted_permissions.capabilities,
+        &normalized_capabilities,
     )
         .map_err(|err| {
             io::Error::other(format!("invalid granted permission policy for update: {err}"))
@@ -508,7 +519,7 @@ pub async fn apply_app_update(
     app.common.requested_permissions = pending.manifest.permissions.clone();
 
     app.common.granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions {
-        capabilities: granted_permissions.capabilities,
+        capabilities: normalized_capabilities,
         network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
             whitelist: granted_network_whitelist,
         },
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/policy.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/policy.rs
index 2665a015f..8f11c80fb 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/policy.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/policy.rs
@@ -186,6 +186,26 @@ pub fn validate_user_granted_capabilities(
     Ok(())
 }
 
+pub fn normalize_user_granted_capabilities(
+    permissions: &SageRequestedPermissions,
+    granted: &[UserBridgeCapability],
+) -> AnyResult<Vec<UserBridgeCapability>> {
+    validate_user_granted_capabilities(permissions, granted)?;
+
+    let mut out = BTreeSet::new();
+
+    for capability in granted {
+        let definition = get_user_capability_definition(*capability)
+            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("unknown capability: {}", capability.key()))?;
+
+        if definition.flags.user_grantable {
+            out.insert(*capability);
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(out.into_iter().collect())
+}
+
 pub fn summarize_capabilities(
     capabilities: &[UserBridgeCapability],
 ) -> AnyResult<CapabilitySummary> {
@@ -643,19 +663,21 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     #[test]
-    fn non_user_grantable_capability_must_not_be_persisted_as_user_grant() {
+    fn normalize_user_granted_capabilities_strips_non_user_grantable_capability() {
         let auto = auto_granted_capability();
 
         let mut requested = empty_requested_permissions();
         requested.capabilities.required = vec![auto];
 
-        let err = validate_user_granted_capabilities(&requested, &[auto])
-            .expect_err("non-user-grantable capability must not be stored as user grant");
+        let normalized = normalize_user_granted_capabilities(&requested, &[auto])
+            .expect("normalization should tolerate and strip stale non-user-grantable grants");
 
-        assert!(
-            err.to_string().contains("not user-grantable"),
-            "unexpected error: {err}"
-        );
+        assert!(normalized.is_empty());
+
+        let effective = resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(&requested, &normalized)
+            .expect("auto capability should still be effective");
+
+        assert_eq!(effective, vec![auto]);
     }
 
     #[test]

From f20ca90cba552a7325bf748eee95ae79242c89a3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 24 Apr 2026 08:31:19 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 177/471] Update `shared_with_app` capability to `true` in
 permissions and documentation adjustments

---
 crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities.rs | 2 +-
 docs/generated/user-bridge-capabilities.md       | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities.rs
index 70c0d3e3b..31deaa47e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities.rs
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ pub fn get_user_capability_definition(
                 accesses_sensitive_secret: false,
                 requestable_by_app: true,
                 user_grantable: true,
-                shared_with_app: false,
+                shared_with_app: true,
             },
         },
 
diff --git a/docs/generated/user-bridge-capabilities.md b/docs/generated/user-bridge-capabilities.md
index 995f30a1b..a452e3ec8 100644
--- a/docs/generated/user-bridge-capabilities.md
+++ b/docs/generated/user-bridge-capabilities.md
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ Allows the app to store data on this device between sessions.
 |---|---|
 | Requestable by app | `true` |
 | User grantable | `true` |
-| Shared with app | `false` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
 | Externally observable | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 

From b5791acbc2c4254e30ee04266f568f3cd3f47f20 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 24 Apr 2026 08:58:14 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 178/471] Add `get_user_capability_definitions` command:

- Introduced a new `get_user_capability_definitions` Tauri command for fetching user capability definitions.
- Integrated capability definitions into `PermissionsEditor` for improved user-grantable capability management.
- Updated network handling and capability grouping logic to support dynamic definition retrieval.
- Refactored user-grantable capability filters and checks to enhance runtime behavior and reduce redundancy.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs            |  15 +-
 src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml          |   1 +
 src-tauri/src/lib.rs                          |   1 +
 src/bindings.ts                               |   3 +
 .../apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx    | 236 ++++++++++++------
 5 files changed, 181 insertions(+), 75 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
index 1b4057fbf..6309a46e7 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use uuid::Uuid;
 
 use crate::host::AppState;
 use crate::state::AppsHostState;
-use crate::types::{SageApp};
+use crate::types::{SageApp, SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView};
 use crate::runtime::{assert_bridge_origin, resolve_app};
 use crate::runtime::records::SageAppRuntimeKind;
 
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::{
     GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent, GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent,
 };
 use crate::lifecycle::{GrantedCapabilitiesChange, GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange};
-use crate::permissions::{require_system_capability_definition, require_user_capability_definition, resolve_effective_granted_capabilities};
+use crate::permissions::{require_system_capability_definition, require_user_capability_definition, resolve_effective_granted_capabilities, user_capability_definition_view, user_registry};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 struct PendingBridgeApproval {
@@ -545,6 +545,17 @@ pub async fn apps_resolve_bridge_approval(
     Ok(())
 }
 
+#[tauri::command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn get_user_capability_definitions(
+) -> Result<Vec<SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView>, String> {
+    Ok(user_registry()
+        .values()
+        .copied()
+        .map(user_capability_definition_view)
+        .collect())
+}
+
 pub(crate) async fn emit_bridge_event_to_app_id(
     app: &AppHandle,
     app_id: &str,
diff --git a/src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml b/src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml
index d7acb5c06..fee7e2213 100644
--- a/src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml
+++ b/src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml
@@ -124,6 +124,7 @@ commands.allow = [
     "apps_create_inline_runtime",
     "apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data",
     "apps_resolve_bridge_approval",
+    "get_user_capability_definitions",
     "apps_get_sandbox_state",
     "apps_get_app_launch_gate",
     "apps_rerun_sandbox_tests",
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
index bab8c021c..8a0ea17e3 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
@@ -150,6 +150,7 @@ pub fn run() {
             apps::bridge::apps_invoke_bridge,
             apps::bridge::apps_invoke_system_bridge,
             apps::bridge::apps_resolve_bridge_approval,
+            apps::bridge::get_user_capability_definitions,
             apps::sandbox::commands::apps_get_sandbox_state,
             apps::sandbox::commands::apps_get_app_launch_gate,
             apps::sandbox::commands::apps_rerun_sandbox_tests,
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index 2854d2273..93e53a09c 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -377,6 +377,9 @@ async appsInvokeSystemBridge(request: RustBridgeRequest) : Promise<RustBridgeInv
 async appsResolveBridgeApproval(args: ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs) : Promise<null> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_resolve_bridge_approval", { args });
 },
+async getUserCapabilityDefinitions() : Promise<SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView[]> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("get_user_capability_definitions");
+},
 async appsGetSandboxState() : Promise<SandboxStateView> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_get_sandbox_state");
 },
diff --git a/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx b/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx
index d5b3c5c56..26297b81b 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx
@@ -1,12 +1,14 @@
-import { useMemo, useState } from 'react';
+import { useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react';
 import type {
   SageApp,
+  SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView,
   SageGrantedPermissions,
   SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
   SystemSageApp,
   UserBridgeCapability,
   UserSageApp,
 } from '@/bindings';
+import { commands } from '@/bindings';
 import { Checkbox } from '@/components/ui/checkbox';
 import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
 import {
@@ -71,18 +73,13 @@ function networkKey(entry: SageNetworkPermissionTarget): string {
 function sortNetworkEntries(
   entries: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[],
 ): SageNetworkPermissionTarget[] {
-  return [...entries].sort((a, b) => {
-    const aKey = networkKey(a);
-    const bKey = networkKey(b);
-    return aKey.localeCompare(bKey);
-  });
+  return [...entries].sort((a, b) =>
+    networkKey(a).localeCompare(networkKey(b)),
+  );
 }
 
 function titleCasePart(value: string): string {
-  if (!value) {
-    return value;
-  }
-
+  if (!value) return value;
   return value.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + value.slice(1);
 }
 
@@ -106,15 +103,38 @@ function capabilitySensitivityRank(key: string): number {
   return 4;
 }
 
+function capabilityDefinitionMap(
+  definitions: SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView[],
+): Map<UserBridgeCapability, SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView> {
+  return new Map(
+    definitions.map((definition) => [
+      definition.key as UserBridgeCapability,
+      definition,
+    ]),
+  );
+}
+
+function isUserGrantableCapability(
+  capability: UserBridgeCapability,
+  definitionsByKey: Map<UserBridgeCapability, SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView>,
+): boolean {
+  return definitionsByKey.get(capability)?.flags.userGrantable === true;
+}
+
 function buildCapabilityEntries(
   requestedRequired: UserBridgeCapability[],
   requestedOptional: UserBridgeCapability[],
   grantedCapabilities: UserBridgeCapability[],
+  definitionsByKey: Map<UserBridgeCapability, SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView>,
 ): PermissionEntry[] {
   const grantedSet = new Set<UserBridgeCapability>(grantedCapabilities);
 
-  const requiredEntries: PermissionEntry[] = requestedRequired.map(
-    (capability) => {
+  const requiredEntries: PermissionEntry[] = requestedRequired
+    .filter((capability) =>
+      isUserGrantableCapability(capability, definitionsByKey),
+    )
+    .map((capability) => {
+      const definition = definitionsByKey.get(capability);
       const key = capability;
 
       return {
@@ -122,17 +142,20 @@ function buildCapabilityEntries(
         kind: 'capability',
         key,
         capability,
-        label: formatCapabilityLeafLabel(key),
-        description: null,
+        label: definition?.label ?? formatCapabilityLeafLabel(key),
+        description: definition?.description ?? null,
         required: true,
         granted: true,
         sensitivityRank: capabilitySensitivityRank(key),
       };
-    },
-  );
+    });
 
-  const optionalEntries: PermissionEntry[] = requestedOptional.map(
-    (capability) => {
+  const optionalEntries: PermissionEntry[] = requestedOptional
+    .filter((capability) =>
+      isUserGrantableCapability(capability, definitionsByKey),
+    )
+    .map((capability) => {
+      const definition = definitionsByKey.get(capability);
       const key = capability;
 
       return {
@@ -140,14 +163,13 @@ function buildCapabilityEntries(
         kind: 'capability',
         key,
         capability,
-        label: formatCapabilityLeafLabel(key),
-        description: null,
+        label: definition?.label ?? formatCapabilityLeafLabel(key),
+        description: definition?.description ?? null,
         required: false,
         granted: grantedSet.has(capability),
         sensitivityRank: capabilitySensitivityRank(key),
       };
-    },
-  );
+    });
 
   return [...requiredEntries, ...optionalEntries];
 }
@@ -211,18 +233,12 @@ function sortPermissionEntries(entries: PermissionEntry[]): PermissionEntry[] {
 function groupIcon(node: PermissionGroupNode) {
   const normalized = normalizeKey(node.id);
 
-  if (normalized === 'network') {
-    return <Globe className='h-4 w-4' />;
-  }
-
-  if (normalized === 'persistent_storage') {
+  if (normalized === 'network') return <Globe className='h-4 w-4' />;
+  if (normalized === 'persistent_storage')
     return <HardDrive className='h-4 w-4' />;
-  }
-
   if (normalized.includes('secret') || normalized.includes('wallet')) {
     return <KeyRound className='h-4 w-4' />;
   }
-
   if (normalized.includes('send') || normalized.includes('submit')) {
     return <Radio className='h-4 w-4' />;
   }
@@ -353,9 +369,7 @@ function buildGroupedPermissionTree(
 }
 
 function CapabilityHelp({ description }: { description: string | null }) {
-  if (!description) {
-    return null;
-  }
+  if (!description) return null;
 
   return (
     <Tooltip>
@@ -492,9 +506,7 @@ function PermissionSection({
   onToggleCollapsed?: () => void;
   onToggleEntry: (entry: PermissionEntry, nextGranted: boolean) => void;
 }) {
-  if (groups.length === 0) {
-    return null;
-  }
+  if (groups.length === 0) return null;
 
   const itemCount = groups.reduce(
     (count, group) => count + countNodeEntries(group),
@@ -558,25 +570,78 @@ export function PermissionsEditor({
       : app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest;
 
   const [showOptional, setShowOptional] = useState(false);
+  const [capabilityDefinitions, setCapabilityDefinitions] = useState<
+    SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView[]
+  >([]);
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    let cancelled = false;
+
+    void commands
+      .getUserCapabilityDefinitions()
+      .then((definitions) => {
+        if (!cancelled) {
+          setCapabilityDefinitions(definitions);
+        }
+      })
+      .catch((err) => {
+        console.error('Failed to load capability definitions:', err);
+      });
+
+    return () => {
+      cancelled = true;
+    };
+  }, []);
+
+  const definitionsByKey = useMemo(
+    () => capabilityDefinitionMap(capabilityDefinitions),
+    [capabilityDefinitions],
+  );
+
+  const grantedCapabilities = useMemo(
+    () => grantedPermissions.capabilities ?? [],
+    [grantedPermissions.capabilities],
+  );
+
+  const grantedNetworkWhitelist = useMemo(
+    () => grantedPermissions.network.whitelist ?? [],
+    [grantedPermissions.network.whitelist],
+  );
 
-  const grantedCapabilities = grantedPermissions.capabilities ?? [];
-  const grantedNetworkWhitelist = grantedPermissions.network.whitelist ?? [];
+  const requestedRequiredCapabilities = useMemo(
+    () => manifest.permissions?.capabilities?.required ?? [],
+    [manifest.permissions?.capabilities?.required],
+  );
+
+  const requestedOptionalCapabilities = useMemo(
+    () => manifest.permissions?.capabilities?.optional ?? [],
+    [manifest.permissions?.capabilities?.optional],
+  );
+
+  const requestedRequiredNetwork = useMemo(
+    () => manifest.permissions?.network?.whitelist?.required ?? [],
+    [manifest.permissions?.network?.whitelist?.required],
+  );
 
-  const requestedRequiredCapabilities =
-    manifest.permissions?.capabilities?.required ?? [];
-  const requestedOptionalCapabilities =
-    manifest.permissions?.capabilities?.optional ?? [];
+  const requestedOptionalNetwork = useMemo(
+    () => manifest.permissions?.network?.whitelist?.optional ?? [],
+    [manifest.permissions?.network?.whitelist?.optional],
+  );
 
-  const requestedRequiredNetwork =
-    manifest.permissions?.network?.whitelist?.required ?? [];
-  const requestedOptionalNetwork =
-    manifest.permissions?.network?.whitelist?.optional ?? [];
+  const userGrantableRequiredCapabilities = useMemo(
+    () =>
+      requestedRequiredCapabilities.filter((capability) =>
+        isUserGrantableCapability(capability, definitionsByKey),
+      ),
+    [requestedRequiredCapabilities, definitionsByKey],
+  );
 
   const requiredEntries = useMemo(() => {
     const capabilityEntries = buildCapabilityEntries(
       requestedRequiredCapabilities,
       [],
       grantedCapabilities,
+      definitionsByKey,
     );
 
     const networkEntries = buildNetworkEntries(
@@ -591,6 +656,7 @@ export function PermissionsEditor({
     grantedCapabilities,
     requestedRequiredNetwork,
     grantedNetworkWhitelist,
+    definitionsByKey,
   ]);
 
   const optionalEntries = useMemo(() => {
@@ -598,6 +664,7 @@ export function PermissionsEditor({
       [],
       requestedOptionalCapabilities,
       grantedCapabilities,
+      definitionsByKey,
     );
 
     const networkEntries = buildNetworkEntries(
@@ -612,16 +679,32 @@ export function PermissionsEditor({
     grantedCapabilities,
     requestedOptionalNetwork,
     grantedNetworkWhitelist,
+    definitionsByKey,
   ]);
 
+  const grantedOptionalEntries = useMemo(
+    () => optionalEntries.filter((entry) => entry.granted),
+    [optionalEntries],
+  );
+
+  const ungrantedOptionalEntries = useMemo(
+    () => optionalEntries.filter((entry) => !entry.granted),
+    [optionalEntries],
+  );
+
   const requiredGroups = useMemo(
     () => buildGroupedPermissionTree(requiredEntries),
     [requiredEntries],
   );
 
-  const optionalGroups = useMemo(
-    () => buildGroupedPermissionTree(optionalEntries),
-    [optionalEntries],
+  const grantedOptionalGroups = useMemo(
+    () => buildGroupedPermissionTree(grantedOptionalEntries),
+    [grantedOptionalEntries],
+  );
+
+  const ungrantedOptionalGroups = useMemo(
+    () => buildGroupedPermissionTree(ungrantedOptionalEntries),
+    [ungrantedOptionalEntries],
   );
 
   function emitGrantedPermissions(next: SageGrantedPermissions) {
@@ -634,9 +717,6 @@ export function PermissionsEditor({
     }
 
     if (entry.kind === 'capability') {
-      const requiredSet = new Set<UserBridgeCapability>(
-        requestedRequiredCapabilities,
-      );
       const nextSet = new Set<UserBridgeCapability>(grantedCapabilities);
 
       if (nextGranted) {
@@ -645,7 +725,7 @@ export function PermissionsEditor({
         nextSet.delete(entry.capability);
       }
 
-      for (const requiredCapability of requiredSet) {
+      for (const requiredCapability of userGrantableRequiredCapabilities) {
         nextSet.add(requiredCapability);
       }
 
@@ -658,28 +738,24 @@ export function PermissionsEditor({
     }
 
     const requiredKeys = new Set<string>(
-      requestedRequiredNetwork.map((item: SageNetworkPermissionTarget) =>
-        networkKey(item),
-      ),
+      requestedRequiredNetwork.map((item) => networkKey(item)),
     );
 
-    const nextOptional = requestedOptionalNetwork.filter(
-      (item: SageNetworkPermissionTarget) => {
-        const key = networkKey(item);
+    const nextOptional = requestedOptionalNetwork.filter((item) => {
+      const key = networkKey(item);
 
-        if (requiredKeys.has(key)) {
-          return false;
-        }
+      if (requiredKeys.has(key)) {
+        return false;
+      }
 
-        if (key !== entry.key) {
-          return grantedNetworkWhitelist.some(
-            (grantedEntry) => networkKey(grantedEntry) === key,
-          );
-        }
+      if (key !== entry.key) {
+        return grantedNetworkWhitelist.some(
+          (grantedEntry) => networkKey(grantedEntry) === key,
+        );
+      }
 
-        return nextGranted;
-      },
-    );
+      return nextGranted;
+    });
 
     emitGrantedPermissions({
       ...grantedPermissions,
@@ -692,7 +768,11 @@ export function PermissionsEditor({
     });
   }
 
-  if (requiredEntries.length === 0 && optionalEntries.length === 0) {
+  if (
+    requiredEntries.length === 0 &&
+    grantedOptionalEntries.length === 0 &&
+    ungrantedOptionalEntries.length === 0
+  ) {
     return (
       <div className='rounded-xl border px-3 py-4 text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
         This app does not request any permissions.
@@ -713,11 +793,21 @@ export function PermissionsEditor({
           />
         ) : null}
 
-        {optionalGroups.length > 0 ? (
+        {grantedOptionalGroups.length > 0 ? (
+          <PermissionSection
+            title='Granted optional permissions'
+            subtitle='These optional permissions are currently enabled.'
+            groups={grantedOptionalGroups}
+            editable={editable}
+            onToggleEntry={handleToggleEntry}
+          />
+        ) : null}
+
+        {ungrantedOptionalGroups.length > 0 ? (
           <PermissionSection
             title='Optional permissions'
             subtitle='You can grant these now or keep them disabled.'
-            groups={optionalGroups}
+            groups={ungrantedOptionalGroups}
             editable={editable}
             collapsed={!showOptional}
             onToggleCollapsed={() => setShowOptional((prev) => !prev)}

From 39a2bcae18fa7c52d74b398402771d7b4240b3fb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 24 Apr 2026 09:03:32 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 179/471] Enhance Task Manager UI and runtime controls:

- Improved layout and visual design with updated metrics and statuses.
- Added detailed runtime state indicators and live updates.
- Introduced reusable `Metric` and `ActionButton` components.
- Refactored runtime actions (`Focus`, `Hide`, `Kill`) for better user interaction and feedback.
- Optimized uptime and time formatting functions.
---
 .../apps/task-manager/src/App.tsx             | 478 ++++++++++++++----
 1 file changed, 388 insertions(+), 90 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/src/App.tsx b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/src/App.tsx
index 40c7f86ba..e18e94f9f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/src/App.tsx
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/src/App.tsx
@@ -9,17 +9,111 @@ import {
 } from './taskManagerApi';
 
 function formatDuration(ms: number) {
-  const s = Math.floor(ms / 1000);
+  const safeMs = Math.max(0, ms);
+  const s = Math.floor(safeMs / 1000);
   const h = Math.floor(s / 3600);
   const m = Math.floor((s % 3600) / 60);
   const sec = s % 60;
-  return [h, m, sec].map((v) => String(v).padStart(2, '0')).join(':');
+
+  if (h > 0) {
+    return `${h}h ${String(m).padStart(2, '0')}m ${String(sec).padStart(2, '0')}s`;
+  }
+
+  if (m > 0) {
+    return `${m}m ${String(sec).padStart(2, '0')}s`;
+  }
+
+  return `${sec}s`;
+}
+
+function formatTime(value: number) {
+  return new Intl.DateTimeFormat(undefined, {
+    hour: '2-digit',
+    minute: '2-digit',
+    second: '2-digit',
+  }).format(new Date(value));
+}
+
+function statusColor(state: string) {
+  const normalized = state.toLowerCase();
+
+  if (normalized.includes('running') || normalized.includes('active')) {
+    return '#34d399';
+  }
+
+  if (normalized.includes('stopping') || normalized.includes('starting')) {
+    return '#fbbf24';
+  }
+
+  if (normalized.includes('failed') || normalized.includes('error')) {
+    return '#fb7185';
+  }
+
+  return '#94a3b8';
+}
+
+function ActionButton({
+  children,
+  danger,
+  disabled,
+  onClick,
+}: {
+  children: string;
+  danger?: boolean;
+  disabled?: boolean;
+  onClick: () => void | Promise<void>;
+}) {
+  return (
+    <button
+      disabled={disabled}
+      onClick={() => void onClick()}
+      style={{
+        height: 34,
+        padding: '0 12px',
+        borderRadius: 999,
+        border: danger
+          ? '1px solid rgba(251,113,133,0.35)'
+          : '1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.12)',
+        background: danger
+          ? 'rgba(251,113,133,0.10)'
+          : 'rgba(255,255,255,0.055)',
+        color: danger ? '#fecdd3' : '#f8fafc',
+        cursor: disabled ? 'not-allowed' : 'pointer',
+        opacity: disabled ? 0.45 : 1,
+        fontSize: 13,
+        fontWeight: 600,
+        backdropFilter: 'blur(16px)',
+      }}
+    >
+      {children}
+    </button>
+  );
+}
+
+function Metric({ label, value }: { label: string; value: string | number }) {
+  return (
+    <div
+      style={{
+        minWidth: 88,
+        padding: '10px 12px',
+        borderRadius: 14,
+        background: 'rgba(255,255,255,0.045)',
+        border: '1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.08)',
+      }}
+    >
+      <div style={{ fontSize: 11, color: 'rgba(248,250,252,0.48)' }}>
+        {label}
+      </div>
+      <div style={{ marginTop: 4, fontSize: 14, fontWeight: 700 }}>{value}</div>
+    </div>
+  );
 }
 
 export function App() {
   const [runtimes, setRuntimes] = useState<RuntimeRecord[]>([]);
   const [loading, setLoading] = useState(true);
   const [busyAppId, setBusyAppId] = useState<string | null>(null);
+  const [now, setNow] = useState(() => Date.now());
 
   async function refresh() {
     setLoading(true);
@@ -30,6 +124,16 @@ export function App() {
     }
   }
 
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const intervalId = window.setInterval(() => {
+      setNow(Date.now());
+    }, 1000);
+
+    return () => {
+      window.clearInterval(intervalId);
+    };
+  }, []);
+
   useEffect(() => {
     let disposed = false;
 
@@ -55,136 +159,330 @@ export function App() {
     [runtimes],
   );
 
+  const totals = useMemo(
+    () => ({
+      runtimes: runtimes.length,
+      requests: runtimes.reduce((sum, r) => sum + r.inFlightRequestCount, 0),
+      batches: runtimes.reduce((sum, r) => sum + r.activeBatchCount, 0),
+      sockets: runtimes.reduce((sum, r) => sum + r.activeSocketCount, 0),
+    }),
+    [runtimes],
+  );
+
+  async function runAction(appId: string, action: () => Promise<unknown>) {
+    setBusyAppId(appId);
+    try {
+      await action();
+    } finally {
+      setBusyAppId(null);
+    }
+  }
+
   return (
     <div
       style={{
         fontFamily:
           'Inter, ui-sans-serif, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", sans-serif',
-        padding: 16,
-        background: '#0b0b0c',
-        color: '#f5f5f5',
         minHeight: '100vh',
+        color: '#f8fafc',
+        background:
+          'radial-gradient(circle at top left, rgba(59,130,246,0.22), transparent 34%), radial-gradient(circle at top right, rgba(168,85,247,0.16), transparent 32%), linear-gradient(180deg, #09090b 0%, #0f1117 100%)',
       }}
     >
-      <div style={{ maxWidth: 1100, margin: '0 auto' }}>
+      <div style={{ maxWidth: 1180, margin: '0 auto', padding: 24 }}>
         <div
           style={{
             display: 'flex',
             justifyContent: 'space-between',
-            alignItems: 'center',
-            marginBottom: 16,
+            alignItems: 'flex-start',
+            gap: 20,
+            marginBottom: 22,
           }}
         >
           <div>
-            <h1 style={{ margin: 0, fontSize: 24 }}>Task Manager</h1>
-            <div style={{ opacity: 0.7, marginTop: 4, fontSize: 14 }}>
+            <div
+              style={{
+                display: 'inline-flex',
+                alignItems: 'center',
+                gap: 8,
+                padding: '5px 10px',
+                borderRadius: 999,
+                border: '1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.10)',
+                background: 'rgba(255,255,255,0.045)',
+                color: 'rgba(248,250,252,0.68)',
+                fontSize: 12,
+                marginBottom: 10,
+              }}
+            >
+              <span
+                style={{
+                  width: 7,
+                  height: 7,
+                  borderRadius: 999,
+                  background: '#34d399',
+                  boxShadow: '0 0 18px rgba(52,211,153,0.75)',
+                }}
+              />
               Built-in system app
             </div>
+
+            <h1
+              style={{
+                margin: 0,
+                fontSize: 34,
+                letterSpacing: '-0.04em',
+                lineHeight: 1,
+              }}
+            >
+              Task Manager
+            </h1>
+
+            <div
+              style={{
+                marginTop: 8,
+                color: 'rgba(248,250,252,0.56)',
+                fontSize: 14,
+              }}
+            >
+              Live runtime control · updated {formatTime(now)}
+            </div>
           </div>
 
           <button
             onClick={() => void refresh()}
+            disabled={loading}
             style={{
-              height: 36,
-              padding: '0 14px',
-              borderRadius: 10,
+              height: 40,
+              padding: '0 16px',
+              borderRadius: 999,
               border: '1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.14)',
-              background: 'rgba(255,255,255,0.06)',
-              color: 'inherit',
-              cursor: 'pointer',
+              background:
+                'linear-gradient(180deg, rgba(255,255,255,0.11), rgba(255,255,255,0.055))',
+              color: '#f8fafc',
+              cursor: loading ? 'not-allowed' : 'pointer',
+              opacity: loading ? 0.6 : 1,
+              fontWeight: 700,
+              boxShadow: '0 14px 40px rgba(0,0,0,0.25)',
             }}
           >
-            Refresh
+            {loading ? 'Refreshing…' : 'Refresh'}
           </button>
         </div>
 
         <div
           style={{
-            border: '1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.12)',
-            borderRadius: 18,
+            display: 'grid',
+            gridTemplateColumns: 'repeat(4, minmax(0, 1fr))',
+            gap: 12,
+            marginBottom: 18,
+          }}
+        >
+          <Metric label='Runtimes' value={totals.runtimes} />
+          <Metric label='Requests' value={totals.requests} />
+          <Metric label='Batches' value={totals.batches} />
+          <Metric label='Sockets' value={totals.sockets} />
+        </div>
+
+        <div
+          style={{
             overflow: 'hidden',
-            background: 'rgba(255,255,255,0.03)',
+            borderRadius: 24,
+            border: '1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.10)',
+            background: 'rgba(15,23,42,0.48)',
+            boxShadow:
+              '0 24px 80px rgba(0,0,0,0.38), inset 0 1px 0 rgba(255,255,255,0.06)',
+            backdropFilter: 'blur(22px)',
           }}
         >
-          {loading ? (
-            <div style={{ padding: 18, opacity: 0.75 }}>Loading runtimes…</div>
+          {loading && sorted.length === 0 ? (
+            <div style={{ padding: 22, color: 'rgba(248,250,252,0.62)' }}>
+              Loading runtimes…
+            </div>
           ) : sorted.length === 0 ? (
-            <div style={{ padding: 18, opacity: 0.75 }}>No running apps.</div>
+            <div style={{ padding: 28, color: 'rgba(248,250,252,0.62)' }}>
+              No running apps.
+            </div>
           ) : (
-            sorted.map((runtime) => (
-              <div
-                key={runtime.runtimeId}
-                style={{
-                  display: 'flex',
-                  justifyContent: 'space-between',
-                  gap: 16,
-                  padding: 16,
-                  borderTop: '1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.08)',
-                }}
-              >
-                <div style={{ minWidth: 0 }}>
-                  <div style={{ fontWeight: 600 }}>{runtime.appName}</div>
-                  <div style={{ fontSize: 12, opacity: 0.7, marginTop: 4 }}>
-                    {runtime.appId}
-                  </div>
-                  <div style={{ fontSize: 12, opacity: 0.7, marginTop: 4 }}>
-                    kind={runtime.runtimeKind} · state={runtime.state} · mode=
-                    {runtime.mode}
-                  </div>
-                  <div style={{ fontSize: 12, opacity: 0.7, marginTop: 4 }}>
-                    uptime={formatDuration(Date.now() - runtime.startedAt)} ·
-                    requests={runtime.inFlightRequestCount} · batches=
-                    {runtime.activeBatchCount} · sockets=
-                    {runtime.activeSocketCount}
+            sorted.map((runtime, index) => {
+              const busy = busyAppId === runtime.appId;
+              const color = statusColor(runtime.state);
+
+              return (
+                <div
+                  key={runtime.runtimeId}
+                  style={{
+                    display: 'grid',
+                    gridTemplateColumns: 'minmax(0, 1fr) auto',
+                    gap: 18,
+                    padding: 18,
+                    borderTop:
+                      index === 0
+                        ? 'none'
+                        : '1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.075)',
+                    background:
+                      index % 2 === 0
+                        ? 'rgba(255,255,255,0.018)'
+                        : 'transparent',
+                  }}
+                >
+                  <div style={{ minWidth: 0 }}>
+                    <div
+                      style={{
+                        display: 'flex',
+                        alignItems: 'center',
+                        gap: 10,
+                        minWidth: 0,
+                      }}
+                    >
+                      <span
+                        style={{
+                          width: 9,
+                          height: 9,
+                          borderRadius: 999,
+                          background: color,
+                          boxShadow: `0 0 18px ${color}`,
+                          flexShrink: 0,
+                        }}
+                      />
+
+                      <div
+                        style={{
+                          minWidth: 0,
+                          overflow: 'hidden',
+                          textOverflow: 'ellipsis',
+                          whiteSpace: 'nowrap',
+                          fontSize: 16,
+                          fontWeight: 750,
+                          letterSpacing: '-0.01em',
+                        }}
+                      >
+                        {runtime.appName}
+                      </div>
+
+                      {runtime.visible ? (
+                        <span
+                          style={{
+                            padding: '3px 8px',
+                            borderRadius: 999,
+                            background: 'rgba(52,211,153,0.10)',
+                            border: '1px solid rgba(52,211,153,0.20)',
+                            color: '#bbf7d0',
+                            fontSize: 11,
+                            fontWeight: 700,
+                          }}
+                        >
+                          Visible
+                        </span>
+                      ) : (
+                        <span
+                          style={{
+                            padding: '3px 8px',
+                            borderRadius: 999,
+                            background: 'rgba(148,163,184,0.10)',
+                            border: '1px solid rgba(148,163,184,0.16)',
+                            color: '#cbd5e1',
+                            fontSize: 11,
+                            fontWeight: 700,
+                          }}
+                        >
+                          Hidden
+                        </span>
+                      )}
+                    </div>
+
+                    <div
+                      style={{
+                        marginTop: 7,
+                        fontSize: 12,
+                        color: 'rgba(248,250,252,0.45)',
+                        overflow: 'hidden',
+                        textOverflow: 'ellipsis',
+                        whiteSpace: 'nowrap',
+                      }}
+                    >
+                      {runtime.appId}
+                    </div>
+
+                    <div
+                      style={{
+                        display: 'flex',
+                        flexWrap: 'wrap',
+                        gap: 8,
+                        marginTop: 12,
+                      }}
+                    >
+                      <Metric
+                        label='Uptime'
+                        value={formatDuration(now - runtime.startedAt)}
+                      />
+                      <Metric
+                        label='Started'
+                        value={formatTime(runtime.startedAt)}
+                      />
+                      <Metric label='Kind' value={runtime.runtimeKind} />
+                      <Metric label='State' value={runtime.state} />
+                      <Metric label='Mode' value={runtime.mode} />
+                      <Metric
+                        label='Requests'
+                        value={runtime.inFlightRequestCount}
+                      />
+                      <Metric
+                        label='Batches'
+                        value={runtime.activeBatchCount}
+                      />
+                      <Metric
+                        label='Sockets'
+                        value={runtime.activeSocketCount}
+                      />
+                    </div>
                   </div>
-                </div>
 
-                <div style={{ display: 'flex', gap: 8, flexShrink: 0 }}>
-                  <button
-                    disabled={busyAppId === runtime.appId}
-                    onClick={async () => {
-                      setBusyAppId(runtime.appId);
-                      try {
-                        await focusRuntime(runtime.appId);
-                      } finally {
-                        setBusyAppId(null);
-                      }
+                  <div
+                    style={{
+                      display: 'flex',
+                      alignItems: 'flex-start',
+                      gap: 8,
+                      flexShrink: 0,
                     }}
                   >
-                    Focus
-                  </button>
-
-                  <button
-                    disabled={busyAppId === runtime.appId}
-                    onClick={async () => {
-                      setBusyAppId(runtime.appId);
-                      try {
-                        await hideRuntime(runtime.appId);
-                      } finally {
-                        setBusyAppId(null);
+                    <ActionButton
+                      disabled={busy}
+                      onClick={() =>
+                        runAction(runtime.appId, () =>
+                          focusRuntime(runtime.appId),
+                        )
                       }
-                    }}
-                  >
-                    Hide
-                  </button>
-
-                  <button
-                    disabled={busyAppId === runtime.appId}
-                    onClick={async () => {
-                      setBusyAppId(runtime.appId);
-                      try {
-                        await killRuntime(runtime.appId);
-                        await refresh();
-                      } finally {
-                        setBusyAppId(null);
+                    >
+                      Focus
+                    </ActionButton>
+
+                    <ActionButton
+                      disabled={busy}
+                      onClick={() =>
+                        runAction(runtime.appId, () =>
+                          hideRuntime(runtime.appId),
+                        )
                       }
-                    }}
-                  >
-                    Kill
-                  </button>
+                    >
+                      Hide
+                    </ActionButton>
+
+                    <ActionButton
+                      danger
+                      disabled={busy}
+                      onClick={() =>
+                        runAction(runtime.appId, async () => {
+                          await killRuntime(runtime.appId);
+                          await refresh();
+                        })
+                      }
+                    >
+                      Kill
+                    </ActionButton>
+                  </div>
                 </div>
-              </div>
-            ))
+              );
+            })
           )}
         </div>
       </div>

From 322da160cb7935ec521f756a5631137fabd0bc42 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 24 Apr 2026 09:40:05 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 180/471] Add wallet key management methods and capabilities:

- Introduced `wallet.getKeys`, `wallet.getKey`, and `wallet.getSecretKey` methods for wallet key management.
- Added new user bridge capabilities: `wallet.get_keys`, `wallet.get_key`, and `wallet.get_secret_key`.
- Integrated capabilities into permissions and documentation with proper flags and descriptions.
- Updated approvals flow with `GetSecretKeyApprovalCard` for user authorization UI.
- Refactored bridge registry, Typescript bindings, and runtime methods to support new wallet methods.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/capabilities.rs   |  3 +
 .../sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/mod.rs  |  4 +-
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_key.rs | 77 +++++++++++++++
 .../bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_keys.rs    | 58 +++++++++++
 .../methods/user/wallet/get_secret_key.rs     | 96 +++++++++++++++++++
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/mod.rs     |  6 ++
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs       |  5 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs     |  8 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs          |  3 +
 .../sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities.rs | 39 ++++++++
 docs/generated/system-bridge-methods.md       | 24 +++++
 docs/generated/user-bridge-capabilities.md    | 42 ++++++++
 docs/generated/user-bridge-methods.md         | 24 +++++
 packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts          | 17 ++++
 packages/sage-app-sdk/src/types.ts            |  8 ++
 src/bindings.ts                               |  4 +-
 .../apps/approval/AppApprovalBody.tsx         |  3 +
 .../approval/GetSecretKeyApprovalCard.tsx     | 40 ++++++++
 18 files changed, 456 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_key.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_keys.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_secret_key.rs
 create mode 100644 src/components/apps/approval/GetSecretKeyApprovalCard.tsx

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/capabilities.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/capabilities.rs
index cea188007..037173a53 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/capabilities.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/capabilities.rs
@@ -67,6 +67,9 @@ define_bridge_capabilities! {
         AppLifecycleSetBeforeStopListener => "app.lifecycle.set_before_stop_listener",
         AppRequestCapabilityGrant => "app.request_capability_grant",
         AppRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant => "app.request_network_whitelist_grant",
+        WalletGetKeys => "wallet.get_keys",
+        WalletGetKey => "wallet.get_key",
+        WalletGetSecretKey => "wallet.get_secret_key",
         WalletSendXch => "wallet.send_xch",
         WalletSendXchAutoSubmit => "wallet.send_xch_auto_submit",
     }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/mod.rs
index 4a595606f..2bddc4050 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/mod.rs
@@ -7,4 +7,6 @@ pub use app::{
     AppGetCapabilities, AppRequestCapabilityGrant, AppRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant,
 };
 pub use bridge::{BridgePing, BridgeSend};
-pub use wallet::WalletSendXch;
+pub use wallet::{
+    WalletGetKey, WalletGetKeys, WalletGetSecretKey, WalletSendXch,
+};
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_key.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_key.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..643e33667
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_key.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+use sage_api::{GetKey, GetKeyResponse};
+
+use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodCapability;
+use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::bridge::{
+    failure, success, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse,
+};
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct WalletGetKey;
+
+fn parse_params(request: &RustBridgeRequest) -> Result<GetKey, RustBridgeResponse> {
+    match request.params_json.as_deref() {
+        Some(params_json) => serde_json::from_str(params_json).map_err(|err| {
+            failure(
+                &request.channel,
+                &request.id,
+                "invalid_request",
+                format!("Failed to decode wallet.getKey params: {err}"),
+            )
+        }),
+        None => Ok(GetKey { fingerprint: None }),
+    }
+}
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl BridgeMethod for WalletGetKey {
+    fn capability(&self) -> BridgeMethodCapability {
+        BridgeMethodCapability::user(UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetKey)
+    }
+
+    fn approval_request(
+        &self,
+        _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest> {
+        None
+    }
+
+    async fn handle(
+        &self,
+        _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
+        request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> RustBridgeResponse {
+        let params = match parse_params(request) {
+            Ok(params) => params,
+            Err(response) => return response,
+        };
+
+        let result: anyhow::Result<GetKeyResponse> = async {
+            let sage = tools.app_state.lock().await;
+            sage.get_key(params).map_err(anyhow::Error::from)
+        }
+            .await;
+
+        match result {
+            Ok(response) => match serde_json::to_value(response) {
+                Ok(value) => success(&request.channel, &request.id, value),
+                Err(err) => failure(
+                    &request.channel,
+                    &request.id,
+                    "internal_error",
+                    format!("failed to encode wallet.getKey result: {err}"),
+                ),
+            },
+            Err(err) => failure(
+                &request.channel,
+                &request.id,
+                "internal_error",
+                format!("wallet.getKey failed: {err}"),
+            ),
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_keys.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_keys.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fed58e4e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_keys.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+use sage_api::{GetKeys, GetKeysResponse};
+
+use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodCapability;
+use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::bridge::{
+    failure, success, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse,
+};
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct WalletGetKeys;
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl BridgeMethod for WalletGetKeys {
+    fn capability(&self) -> BridgeMethodCapability {
+        BridgeMethodCapability::user(UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetKeys)
+    }
+
+    fn approval_request(
+        &self,
+        _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest> {
+        None
+    }
+
+    async fn handle(
+        &self,
+        _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
+        request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> RustBridgeResponse {
+        let result: anyhow::Result<GetKeysResponse> = async {
+            let sage = tools.app_state.lock().await;
+            sage.get_keys(GetKeys {}).map_err(anyhow::Error::from)
+        }
+            .await;
+
+        match result {
+            Ok(response) => match serde_json::to_value(response) {
+                Ok(value) => success(&request.channel, &request.id, value),
+                Err(err) => failure(
+                    &request.channel,
+                    &request.id,
+                    "internal_error",
+                    format!("failed to encode wallet.getKeys result: {err}"),
+                ),
+            },
+            Err(err) => failure(
+                &request.channel,
+                &request.id,
+                "internal_error",
+                format!("wallet.getKeys failed: {err}"),
+            ),
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_secret_key.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_secret_key.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..29baf5bf7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_secret_key.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+use sage_api::{GetSecretKey, GetSecretKeyResponse};
+
+use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodCapability;
+use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::bridge::{
+    failure, success, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse,
+};
+use crate::bridge::types::RustBridgeApprovalBody;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct WalletGetSecretKey;
+
+fn parse_params(request: &RustBridgeRequest) -> Result<GetSecretKey, RustBridgeResponse> {
+    let Some(params_json) = request.params_json.as_deref() else {
+        return Err(failure(
+            &request.channel,
+            &request.id,
+            "invalid_request",
+            "wallet.getSecretKey requires params",
+        ));
+    };
+
+    serde_json::from_str(params_json).map_err(|err| {
+        failure(
+            &request.channel,
+            &request.id,
+            "invalid_request",
+            format!("Failed to decode wallet.getSecretKey params: {err}"),
+        )
+    })
+}
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl BridgeMethod for WalletGetSecretKey {
+    fn capability(&self) -> BridgeMethodCapability {
+        BridgeMethodCapability::user(UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetSecretKey)
+    }
+
+    fn approval_request(
+        &self,
+        ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest> {
+        let params = match parse_params(request) {
+            Ok(params) => params,
+            Err(response) => return None,
+        };
+
+        Some(RustBridgeApprovalRequest {
+            app: ctx.app.clone(),
+            source_label: ctx.source_label.to_string(),
+            request_id: request.id.clone(),
+            body: RustBridgeApprovalBody::GetSecretKey {
+                fingerprint: params.fingerprint,
+            },
+        })
+    }
+
+    async fn handle(
+        &self,
+        _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
+        request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> RustBridgeResponse {
+        let params = match parse_params(request) {
+            Ok(params) => params,
+            Err(response) => return response,
+        };
+
+        let result: anyhow::Result<GetSecretKeyResponse> = async {
+            let sage = tools.app_state.lock().await;
+            sage.get_secret_key(params).map_err(anyhow::Error::from)
+        }
+            .await;
+
+        match result {
+            Ok(response) => match serde_json::to_value(response) {
+                Ok(value) => success(&request.channel, &request.id, value),
+                Err(err) => failure(
+                    &request.channel,
+                    &request.id,
+                    "internal_error",
+                    format!("failed to encode wallet.getSecretKey result: {err}"),
+                ),
+            },
+            Err(err) => failure(
+                &request.channel,
+                &request.id,
+                "internal_error",
+                format!("wallet.getSecretKey failed: {err}"),
+            ),
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/mod.rs
index 870ccdfd6..6aae64067 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/mod.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,9 @@
+pub mod get_key;
+pub mod get_keys;
+pub mod get_secret_key;
 pub mod send_xch;
 
+pub use get_key::WalletGetKey;
+pub use get_keys::WalletGetKeys;
+pub use get_secret_key::WalletGetSecretKey;
 pub use send_xch::WalletSendXch;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs
index ec678714d..7b22585e9 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::AppRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant;
-use super::methods::user::{AppGetInfo, BridgePing, BridgeSend, AppLifecycleReadyToStop, AppLifecycleSetBeforeStopListener, AppGetCapabilities, AppRequestCapabilityGrant, WalletSendXch};
+use super::methods::user::{AppGetInfo, BridgePing, BridgeSend, AppLifecycleReadyToStop, AppLifecycleSetBeforeStopListener, AppGetCapabilities, AppRequestCapabilityGrant, WalletSendXch, WalletGetKeys, WalletGetKey, WalletGetSecretKey};
 use super::methods::BridgeMethod;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
@@ -54,6 +54,9 @@ fn build_user_methods() -> HashMap<&'static str, Box<dyn BridgeMethod>> {
         Box::new(AppLifecycleReadyToStop),
     );
     methods.insert("wallet.sendXch", Box::new(WalletSendXch));
+    methods.insert("wallet.getKeys", Box::new(WalletGetKeys));
+    methods.insert("wallet.getKey", Box::new(WalletGetKey));
+    methods.insert("wallet.getSecretKey", Box::new(WalletGetSecretKey));
 
     methods
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
index 6e82111ec..f668b0c55 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use specta::TypeCollection;
 use specta_typescript::{BigIntExportBehavior, Typescript};
-use sage_api::TransactionResponse;
+use sage_api::{GetKey, GetKeyResponse, GetKeys, GetKeysResponse, GetSecretKey, GetSecretKeyResponse, TransactionResponse};
 use crate::bridge::methods::system::runtime_manager::RuntimeTargetParams;
 use crate::bridge::methods::system::RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent;
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::get_info::{AppGetInfoResult, SageNetworkPermissionInfo};
@@ -45,6 +45,12 @@ pub fn export_user_bridge_typescript() -> Result<String, String> {
     types.register::<SetBeforeStopListenerParams>();
     types.register::<ReadyToStopParams>();
     types.register::<RuntimeAckResult>();
+    types.register::<GetKeys>();
+    types.register::<GetKeysResponse>();
+    types.register::<GetKey>();
+    types.register::<GetKeyResponse>();
+    types.register::<GetSecretKey>();
+    types.register::<GetSecretKeyResponse>();
 
     Typescript::default()
         .bigint(BigIntExportBehavior::Number)
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs
index 5ffc4f8e2..da44ad0c1 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs
@@ -63,6 +63,9 @@ pub struct RustBridgeApprovalRequest {
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
 #[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub enum RustBridgeApprovalBody {
+    GetSecretKey {
+        fingerprint: u32,
+    },
     SendXch {
         summary: WalletSendXchParams,
     },
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities.rs
index 31deaa47e..5a4c4c994 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities.rs
@@ -131,6 +131,45 @@ pub fn get_user_capability_definition(
             },
         },
 
+        UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetKeys => UserCapabilityDefinition {
+            capability,
+            label: "List wallet keys",
+            description: "Allows the app to list wallet keys configured in Sage.",
+            flags: CapabilityFlags {
+                externally_observable: false,
+                accesses_sensitive_secret: false,
+                requestable_by_app: true,
+                user_grantable: true,
+                shared_with_app: true,
+            },
+        },
+
+        UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetKey => UserCapabilityDefinition {
+            capability,
+            label: "Read wallet key",
+            description: "Allows the app to read public information about a wallet key.",
+            flags: CapabilityFlags {
+                externally_observable: false,
+                accesses_sensitive_secret: false,
+                requestable_by_app: true,
+                user_grantable: true,
+                shared_with_app: true,
+            },
+        },
+
+        UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetSecretKey => UserCapabilityDefinition {
+            capability,
+            label: "Read wallet secret key",
+            description: "Allows the app to read wallet secrets, including the mnemonic or private key when available.",
+            flags: CapabilityFlags {
+                externally_observable: false,
+                accesses_sensitive_secret: true,
+                requestable_by_app: true,
+                user_grantable: true,
+                shared_with_app: true,
+            },
+        },
+
         UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch => UserCapabilityDefinition {
             capability,
             label: "Send XCH",
diff --git a/docs/generated/system-bridge-methods.md b/docs/generated/system-bridge-methods.md
index 690aa9d6e..064f4d136 100644
--- a/docs/generated/system-bridge-methods.md
+++ b/docs/generated/system-bridge-methods.md
@@ -96,6 +96,30 @@
 |---|---|
 | Capability | `runtime_manager.list_runtimes` |
 
+## `wallet.getKey`
+
+
+
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Capability | `wallet.get_key` |
+
+## `wallet.getKeys`
+
+
+
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Capability | `wallet.get_keys` |
+
+## `wallet.getSecretKey`
+
+
+
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Capability | `wallet.get_secret_key` |
+
 ## `wallet.sendXch`
 
 
diff --git a/docs/generated/user-bridge-capabilities.md b/docs/generated/user-bridge-capabilities.md
index a452e3ec8..93c44a20c 100644
--- a/docs/generated/user-bridge-capabilities.md
+++ b/docs/generated/user-bridge-capabilities.md
@@ -112,6 +112,48 @@ Allows the app to request access to an additional network target after installat
 | Externally observable | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
+## `wallet.get_keys`
+
+**List wallet keys**
+
+Allows the app to list wallet keys configured in Sage.
+
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `true` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
+
+## `wallet.get_key`
+
+**Read wallet key**
+
+Allows the app to read public information about a wallet key.
+
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `true` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
+
+## `wallet.get_secret_key`
+
+**Read wallet secret key**
+
+Allows the app to read wallet secrets, including the mnemonic or private key when available.
+
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `true` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Accesses sensitive secret | `true` |
+
 ## `wallet.send_xch`
 
 **Send XCH**
diff --git a/docs/generated/user-bridge-methods.md b/docs/generated/user-bridge-methods.md
index 257e8b803..8f4f54394 100644
--- a/docs/generated/user-bridge-methods.md
+++ b/docs/generated/user-bridge-methods.md
@@ -64,6 +64,30 @@
 |---|---|
 | Capability | `bridge.send` |
 
+## `wallet.getKey`
+
+
+
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Capability | `wallet.get_key` |
+
+## `wallet.getKeys`
+
+
+
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Capability | `wallet.get_keys` |
+
+## `wallet.getSecretKey`
+
+
+
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Capability | `wallet.get_secret_key` |
+
 ## `wallet.sendXch`
 
 
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
index 3fa1f0fa3..c5acedde3 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
@@ -19,6 +19,11 @@ import type {
   SetBeforeStopListenerParams,
   TransactionResponse,
   WalletSendXchParams,
+  GetKey,
+  GetKeyResponse,
+  GetKeysResponse,
+  GetSecretKey,
+  GetSecretKeyResponse,
 } from './types';
 import { createBridgeRuntimeCore } from './bridge-runtime-core';
 
@@ -357,6 +362,18 @@ export function initSageRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
     },
 
     wallet: {
+      async getKeys() {
+        return await callHost<GetKeysResponse>('wallet.getKeys');
+      },
+      async getKey(input?: GetKey) {
+        return await callHost<GetKeyResponse>('wallet.getKey', input);
+      },
+      async getSecretKey(input: GetSecretKey) {
+        return await callHost<GetSecretKeyResponse>(
+          'wallet.getSecretKey',
+          input,
+        );
+      },
       async sendXch(input: WalletSendXchParams) {
         return await callHost<TransactionResponse>('wallet.sendXch', input);
       },
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/types.ts b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/types.ts
index 8628358e9..8ddcf0453 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/types.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/types.ts
@@ -2,6 +2,11 @@ import {
   AppGetInfoResult,
   BridgePingResult,
   BridgeSendResult,
+  GetKey,
+  GetKeyResponse,
+  GetKeysResponse,
+  GetSecretKey,
+  GetSecretKeyResponse,
   GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent,
   GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent,
   ReadyToStopParams,
@@ -61,6 +66,9 @@ export type SageBridgeRuntimeEvent =
   | GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent;
 
 export type SageWalletClient = {
+  getKeys(): Promise<GetKeysResponse>;
+  getKey(input?: GetKey): Promise<GetKeyResponse>;
+  getSecretKey(input: GetSecretKey): Promise<GetSecretKeyResponse>;
   sendXch(input: WalletSendXchParams): Promise<TransactionResponse>;
 };
 
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index 93e53a09c..f420869ac 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -2248,7 +2248,7 @@ export type ResyncCatResponse = Record<string, never>
 export type ResyncResponse = Record<string, never>
 export type RuntimeTargetParams = { appId: string }
 export type RustBridgeApprovalEvent = { approvalId: string; approval: RustBridgeApprovalRequest }
-export type RustBridgeApprovalRequest = ({ kind: "sendXch"; summary: WalletSendXchParams } | { kind: "capabilityGrant"; capability: UserBridgeCapability; definition: SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView } | { kind: "networkWhitelistGrant"; entry: SageNetworkPermissionTarget }) & { app: SageApp; sourceLabel: string; requestId: string }
+export type RustBridgeApprovalRequest = ({ kind: "getSecretKey"; fingerprint: number } | { kind: "sendXch"; summary: WalletSendXchParams } | { kind: "capabilityGrant"; capability: UserBridgeCapability; definition: SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView } | { kind: "networkWhitelistGrant"; entry: SageNetworkPermissionTarget }) & { app: SageApp; sourceLabel: string; requestId: string }
 export type RustBridgeErrorPayload = { code: string; message: string }
 export type RustBridgeErrorResponse = { channel: string; bridgeVersion: string; id: string; ok: boolean; error: RustBridgeErrorPayload }
 export type RustBridgeInvokeResult = { kind: "immediate"; response: RustBridgeResponse } | { kind: "pending" }
@@ -2844,7 +2844,7 @@ visible: boolean }
  * Response after updating an option
  */
 export type UpdateOptionResponse = Record<string, never>
-export type UserBridgeCapability = "persistent_storage" | "bridge.send" | "app.get_capabilities" | "app.get_info" | "app.lifecycle.ready_to_stop" | "app.lifecycle.set_before_stop_listener" | "app.request_capability_grant" | "app.request_network_whitelist_grant" | "wallet.send_xch" | "wallet.send_xch_auto_submit"
+export type UserBridgeCapability = "persistent_storage" | "bridge.send" | "app.get_capabilities" | "app.get_info" | "app.lifecycle.ready_to_stop" | "app.lifecycle.set_before_stop_listener" | "app.request_capability_grant" | "app.request_network_whitelist_grant" | "wallet.get_keys" | "wallet.get_key" | "wallet.get_secret_key" | "wallet.send_xch" | "wallet.send_xch_auto_submit"
 export type UserSageApp = { common: SageAppCommon; source: UserSageAppSource; pendingUpdate: UserSageAppPendingUpdate | null }
 export type UserSageAppPendingUpdate = { appUrl: string; manifestUrl: string; manifestHash: string; manifest: SageAppPackageManifest }
 export type UserSageAppSource = { kind: "zip" } | { kind: "url"; app_url: string; manifest_url: string }
diff --git a/src/components/apps/approval/AppApprovalBody.tsx b/src/components/apps/approval/AppApprovalBody.tsx
index b87b5787a..7f498641b 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/approval/AppApprovalBody.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/approval/AppApprovalBody.tsx
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import { SendXchApprovalCard } from '@/components/apps/approval/SendXchApprovalC
 import { CapabilityGrantApprovalCard } from '@/components/apps/approval/CapabilityGrantApprovalCard.tsx';
 import { NetworkWhitelistGrantApprovalCard } from '@/components/apps/approval/NetworkWhitelistGrantApprovalCard.tsx';
 import type { RustBridgeApprovalEvent } from '@/bindings';
+import { GetSecretKeyApprovalCard } from '@/components/apps/approval/GetSecretKeyApprovalCard.tsx';
 
 interface Props {
   approval: RustBridgeApprovalEvent;
@@ -12,6 +13,8 @@ export function AppApprovalBody({ approval, expanded }: Props) {
   const req = approval.approval;
 
   switch (req.kind) {
+    case 'getSecretKey':
+      return <GetSecretKeyApprovalCard approval={req} expanded={expanded} />;
     case 'sendXch':
       return <SendXchApprovalCard approval={req} expanded={expanded} />;
 
diff --git a/src/components/apps/approval/GetSecretKeyApprovalCard.tsx b/src/components/apps/approval/GetSecretKeyApprovalCard.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..541609814
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/components/apps/approval/GetSecretKeyApprovalCard.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+import { Wallet } from 'lucide-react';
+import {
+  ApprovalDetailRow,
+  ApprovalMetaPill,
+} from '@/components/apps/approval/shared.tsx';
+import type { RustBridgeApprovalRequest } from '@/bindings';
+
+interface Props {
+  approval: Extract<RustBridgeApprovalRequest, { kind: 'getSecretKey' }>;
+  expanded: boolean;
+}
+
+export function GetSecretKeyApprovalCard({ approval }: Props) {
+  const fingerprint = approval.fingerprint;
+
+  return (
+    <div className='space-y-3'>
+      <div className='flex items-start gap-3'>
+        <div className='rounded-xl border bg-background p-2 text-muted-foreground'>
+          <Wallet className='h-4 w-4' />
+        </div>
+
+        <div className='min-w-0 flex-1'>
+          <div className='flex flex-wrap items-center gap-2'>
+            <div className='text-sm font-medium'>Get Secret Key</div>
+            <ApprovalMetaPill>Wallet</ApprovalMetaPill>
+          </div>
+
+          <div className='mt-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
+            {approval.app.common.name} wants to get your secret key.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+      <div className='space-y-2 rounded-xl border bg-background/70 p-3'>
+        <ApprovalDetailRow label='Fingerprint' value={fingerprint} />
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  );
+}

From 1295103248e23a99ac6a821764aec1bbe35e1a37 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 24 Apr 2026 10:27:33 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 181/471] Refactor wallet methods: Consolidated `wallet.getKey`
 and `wallet.getKeys` into a unified macro-based implementation. Updated
 bridge methods, capabilities, and TypeScript bindings for streamlined wallet
 functionality.

---
 crates/sage-api/src/requests/actions.rs       |   2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/capabilities.rs   |  10 +
 .../methods/system/runtime_manager/mod.rs     |  31 ----
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/app/mod.rs        |   2 +-
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs    |   2 +-
 .../sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/mod.rs  |  34 +++-
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_key.rs |  77 --------
 .../bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_keys.rs    |  58 ------
 .../methods/user/wallet/get_secret_key.rs     |   2 +-
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/mod.rs     |  11 +-
 .../methods/user/wallet/read_methods.rs       | 171 ++++++++++++++++++
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs       |  83 ++++++---
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs     |  22 ++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs            |   7 -
 .../sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities.rs |  95 ++++++++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/policy.rs    |   2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/records.rs       |   4 +-
 docs/generated/system-bridge-methods.md       |  80 ++++++++
 docs/generated/user-bridge-capabilities.md    | 140 ++++++++++++++
 docs/generated/user-bridge-methods.md         |  80 ++++++++
 packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts          | 168 +++++++++++------
 packages/sage-app-sdk/src/types.ts            |  97 +++++-----
 src/bindings.ts                               |   2 +-
 23 files changed, 851 insertions(+), 329 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_key.rs
 delete mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_keys.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/read_methods.rs

diff --git a/crates/sage-api/src/requests/actions.rs b/crates/sage-api/src/requests/actions.rs
index 424b08719..9c3184aa3 100644
--- a/crates/sage-api/src/requests/actions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-api/src/requests/actions.rs
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ pub struct ResyncCatResponse {}
         description = "Get XCH-USD price"
     )
 )]
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 #[cfg_attr(feature = "tauri", derive(specta::Type))]
 #[cfg_attr(feature = "openapi", derive(utoipa::ToSchema))]
 pub struct GetXchUsdPrice {}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/capabilities.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/capabilities.rs
index 037173a53..676e9ccf0 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/capabilities.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/capabilities.rs
@@ -72,6 +72,16 @@ define_bridge_capabilities! {
         WalletGetSecretKey => "wallet.get_secret_key",
         WalletSendXch => "wallet.send_xch",
         WalletSendXchAutoSubmit => "wallet.send_xch_auto_submit",
+        WalletGetSyncStatus => "wallet.get_sync_status",
+        WalletGetVersion => "wallet.get_version",
+        WalletCheckAddress => "wallet.check_address",
+        WalletGetDerivations => "wallet.get_derivations",
+        WalletGetSpendableCoinCount => "wallet.get_spendable_coin_count",
+        WalletGetCoinsByIds => "wallet.get_coins_by_ids",
+        WalletGetCoins => "wallet.get_coins",
+        WalletGetPendingTransactions => "wallet.get_pending_transactions",
+        WalletGetTransaction => "wallet.get_transaction",
+        WalletGetTransactions => "wallet.get_transactions",
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/mod.rs
index 3162132d6..0c92ffa26 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/mod.rs
@@ -11,10 +11,7 @@ pub use list_runtimes::RuntimeManagerListRuntimes;
 pub use events::RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent;
 
 pub use crate::runtime::{RuntimeTargetParams, SystemKillRuntimeResult};
-
-use crate::bridge::methods::BridgeTools;
 use crate::bridge::{failure, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
-use crate::runtime::SageAppRuntimeRecord;
 
 fn parse_runtime_target_params(
     request: &RustBridgeRequest,
@@ -37,31 +34,3 @@ fn parse_runtime_target_params(
         )
     })
 }
-
-async fn get_runtime_record_by_app_id(
-    tools: &BridgeTools<'_>,
-    app_id: &str,
-) -> Result<SageAppRuntimeRecord, String> {
-    let runtime_id = {
-        let runtime_by_app_id = tools.host_state.runtime.runtime_by_app_id.lock().await;
-        runtime_by_app_id.get(app_id).cloned()
-    }
-        .ok_or_else(|| format!("runtime not found for app id: {app_id}"))?;
-
-    let record = {
-        let by_runtime_id = tools.host_state.runtime.by_runtime_id.lock().await;
-        by_runtime_id.get(&runtime_id).cloned()
-    }
-        .ok_or_else(|| format!("runtime record not found for runtime id: {runtime_id}"))?;
-
-    Ok(record)
-}
-
-async fn write_runtime_record(
-    tools: &BridgeTools<'_>,
-    record: SageAppRuntimeRecord,
-) -> Result<(), String> {
-    let mut by_runtime_id = tools.host_state.runtime.by_runtime_id.lock().await;
-    by_runtime_id.insert(record.runtime_id.clone(), record);
-    Ok(())
-}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/mod.rs
index 8dfe52005..9d56fbcbf 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/mod.rs
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ pub fn resolve_app_base_path(
         })
 }
 
-fn encode_request_success<T: Serialize>(
+pub fn encode_request_success<T: Serialize>(
     request: &RustBridgeRequest,
     value: T,
     context: &str,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs
index 20f58319e..ab983a996 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ pub struct BridgeSendRequest {
     pub extra: serde_json::Map<String, serde_json::Value>,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct BridgeSendResult {
     pub ok: bool,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/mod.rs
index 2bddc4050..0b9104966 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/mod.rs
@@ -3,10 +3,34 @@ pub mod bridge;
 pub mod wallet;
 
 pub use app::{
-    AppGetInfo, AppLifecycleReadyToStop, AppLifecycleSetBeforeStopListener,
-    AppGetCapabilities, AppRequestCapabilityGrant, AppRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant,
+    AppGetInfo,
+    AppLifecycleReadyToStop,
+    AppLifecycleSetBeforeStopListener,
+    AppGetCapabilities,
+    AppRequestCapabilityGrant,
+    AppRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant,
 };
-pub use bridge::{BridgePing, BridgeSend};
-pub use wallet::{
-    WalletGetKey, WalletGetKeys, WalletGetSecretKey, WalletSendXch,
+
+pub use bridge::{
+    BridgePing,
+    BridgeSend,
 };
+
+pub use wallet::{
+    WalletGetSecretKey,
+
+    WalletSendXch,
+
+    WalletGetKey,
+    WalletGetKeys,
+    WalletGetSyncStatus,
+    WalletGetVersion,
+    WalletGetPendingTransactions,
+    WalletCheckAddress,
+    WalletGetDerivations,
+    WalletGetSpendableCoinCount,
+    WalletGetCoinsByIds,
+    WalletGetCoins,
+    WalletGetTransaction,
+    WalletGetTransactions,
+};
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_key.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_key.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 643e33667..000000000
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_key.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,77 +0,0 @@
-use async_trait::async_trait;
-use sage_api::{GetKey, GetKeyResponse};
-
-use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodCapability;
-use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::bridge::{
-    failure, success, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse,
-};
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
-pub struct WalletGetKey;
-
-fn parse_params(request: &RustBridgeRequest) -> Result<GetKey, RustBridgeResponse> {
-    match request.params_json.as_deref() {
-        Some(params_json) => serde_json::from_str(params_json).map_err(|err| {
-            failure(
-                &request.channel,
-                &request.id,
-                "invalid_request",
-                format!("Failed to decode wallet.getKey params: {err}"),
-            )
-        }),
-        None => Ok(GetKey { fingerprint: None }),
-    }
-}
-
-#[async_trait]
-impl BridgeMethod for WalletGetKey {
-    fn capability(&self) -> BridgeMethodCapability {
-        BridgeMethodCapability::user(UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetKey)
-    }
-
-    fn approval_request(
-        &self,
-        _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
-        _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-    ) -> Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest> {
-        None
-    }
-
-    async fn handle(
-        &self,
-        _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
-        tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
-        request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-    ) -> RustBridgeResponse {
-        let params = match parse_params(request) {
-            Ok(params) => params,
-            Err(response) => return response,
-        };
-
-        let result: anyhow::Result<GetKeyResponse> = async {
-            let sage = tools.app_state.lock().await;
-            sage.get_key(params).map_err(anyhow::Error::from)
-        }
-            .await;
-
-        match result {
-            Ok(response) => match serde_json::to_value(response) {
-                Ok(value) => success(&request.channel, &request.id, value),
-                Err(err) => failure(
-                    &request.channel,
-                    &request.id,
-                    "internal_error",
-                    format!("failed to encode wallet.getKey result: {err}"),
-                ),
-            },
-            Err(err) => failure(
-                &request.channel,
-                &request.id,
-                "internal_error",
-                format!("wallet.getKey failed: {err}"),
-            ),
-        }
-    }
-}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_keys.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_keys.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index fed58e4e9..000000000
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_keys.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,58 +0,0 @@
-use async_trait::async_trait;
-use sage_api::{GetKeys, GetKeysResponse};
-
-use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodCapability;
-use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::bridge::{
-    failure, success, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse,
-};
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
-pub struct WalletGetKeys;
-
-#[async_trait]
-impl BridgeMethod for WalletGetKeys {
-    fn capability(&self) -> BridgeMethodCapability {
-        BridgeMethodCapability::user(UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetKeys)
-    }
-
-    fn approval_request(
-        &self,
-        _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
-        _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-    ) -> Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest> {
-        None
-    }
-
-    async fn handle(
-        &self,
-        _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
-        tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
-        request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-    ) -> RustBridgeResponse {
-        let result: anyhow::Result<GetKeysResponse> = async {
-            let sage = tools.app_state.lock().await;
-            sage.get_keys(GetKeys {}).map_err(anyhow::Error::from)
-        }
-            .await;
-
-        match result {
-            Ok(response) => match serde_json::to_value(response) {
-                Ok(value) => success(&request.channel, &request.id, value),
-                Err(err) => failure(
-                    &request.channel,
-                    &request.id,
-                    "internal_error",
-                    format!("failed to encode wallet.getKeys result: {err}"),
-                ),
-            },
-            Err(err) => failure(
-                &request.channel,
-                &request.id,
-                "internal_error",
-                format!("wallet.getKeys failed: {err}"),
-            ),
-        }
-    }
-}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_secret_key.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_secret_key.rs
index 29baf5bf7..6cbda8b60 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_secret_key.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_secret_key.rs
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for WalletGetSecretKey {
     ) -> Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest> {
         let params = match parse_params(request) {
             Ok(params) => params,
-            Err(response) => return None,
+            Err(_response) => return None,
         };
 
         Some(RustBridgeApprovalRequest {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/mod.rs
index 6aae64067..36e3918f7 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/mod.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,12 @@
-pub mod get_key;
-pub mod get_keys;
 pub mod get_secret_key;
 pub mod send_xch;
+pub mod read_methods;
 
-pub use get_key::WalletGetKey;
-pub use get_keys::WalletGetKeys;
 pub use get_secret_key::WalletGetSecretKey;
 pub use send_xch::WalletSendXch;
+pub use read_methods::{
+    WalletGetKey, WalletGetKeys,
+    WalletCheckAddress, WalletGetCoins, WalletGetCoinsByIds, WalletGetDerivations,
+    WalletGetPendingTransactions, WalletGetSpendableCoinCount, WalletGetSyncStatus,
+    WalletGetTransaction, WalletGetTransactions, WalletGetVersion,
+};
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/read_methods.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/read_methods.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e25348733
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/read_methods.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+
+use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodCapability;
+use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::encode_request_success;
+use crate::bridge::{
+    failure, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse,
+};
+
+use sage_api::{CheckAddress, GetCoins, GetCoinsByIds, GetDerivations, GetKey, GetKeys, GetPendingTransactions, GetSpendableCoinCount, GetSyncStatus, GetTransaction, GetTransactions, GetVersion};
+
+macro_rules! define_wallet_read_no_params_async_method {
+    ($struct_name:ident, $capability:ident, $method_name:expr, $request_ident:ident, $result_label:expr, $handler:ident) => {
+        #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+        pub struct $struct_name;
+
+        #[async_trait]
+        impl BridgeMethod for $struct_name {
+            fn capability(&self) -> BridgeMethodCapability {
+                BridgeMethodCapability::user(UserBridgeCapability::$capability)
+            }
+
+            fn approval_request(&self, _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>, _request: &RustBridgeRequest) -> Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest> {
+                None
+            }
+
+            async fn handle(&self, _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>, tools: BridgeTools<'_>, request: &RustBridgeRequest) -> RustBridgeResponse {
+                let sage = tools.app_state.lock().await;
+
+                match sage.$handler($request_ident {}).await {
+                    Ok(result) => encode_request_success(request, result, $result_label),
+                    Err(err) => failure(&request.channel, &request.id, "internal_error", format!("failed to execute {}: {err}", $method_name)),
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+macro_rules! define_wallet_read_no_params_sync_method {
+    ($struct_name:ident, $capability:ident, $method_name:expr, $request_ident:ident, $result_label:expr, $handler:ident) => {
+        #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+        pub struct $struct_name;
+
+        #[async_trait]
+        impl BridgeMethod for $struct_name {
+            fn capability(&self) -> BridgeMethodCapability {
+                BridgeMethodCapability::user(UserBridgeCapability::$capability)
+            }
+
+            fn approval_request(&self, _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>, _request: &RustBridgeRequest) -> Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest> {
+                None
+            }
+
+            async fn handle(&self, _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>, tools: BridgeTools<'_>, request: &RustBridgeRequest) -> RustBridgeResponse {
+                let sage = tools.app_state.lock().await;
+
+                match sage.$handler($request_ident {}) {
+                    Ok(result) => encode_request_success(request, result, $result_label),
+                    Err(err) => failure(&request.channel, &request.id, "internal_error", format!("failed to execute {}: {err}", $method_name)),
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+macro_rules! define_wallet_read_params_async_method {
+    ($struct_name:ident, $capability:ident, $method_name:expr, $request_ty:ty, $result_label:expr, $handler:ident) => {
+        #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+        pub struct $struct_name;
+
+        #[async_trait]
+        impl BridgeMethod for $struct_name {
+            fn capability(&self) -> BridgeMethodCapability {
+                BridgeMethodCapability::user(UserBridgeCapability::$capability)
+            }
+
+            fn approval_request(&self, _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>, _request: &RustBridgeRequest) -> Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest> {
+                None
+            }
+
+            async fn handle(&self, _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>, tools: BridgeTools<'_>, request: &RustBridgeRequest) -> RustBridgeResponse {
+                let Some(params_json) = request.params_json.as_deref() else {
+                    return failure(&request.channel, &request.id, "invalid_request", format!("{} requires params", $method_name));
+                };
+
+                let params: $request_ty = match serde_json::from_str(params_json) {
+                    Ok(params) => params,
+                    Err(err) => {
+                        return failure(&request.channel, &request.id, "invalid_request", format!("Failed to decode {} params: {err}", $method_name));
+                    }
+                };
+
+                let sage = tools.app_state.lock().await;
+
+                match sage.$handler(params).await {
+                    Ok(result) => encode_request_success(request, result, $result_label),
+                    Err(err) => failure(&request.channel, &request.id, "internal_error", format!("failed to execute {}: {err}", $method_name)),
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+macro_rules! define_wallet_read_params_sync_method {
+    ($struct_name:ident, $capability:ident, $method_name:expr, $request_ty:ty, $result_label:expr, $handler:ident) => {
+        #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+        pub struct $struct_name;
+
+        #[async_trait]
+        impl BridgeMethod for $struct_name {
+            fn capability(&self) -> BridgeMethodCapability {
+                BridgeMethodCapability::user(UserBridgeCapability::$capability)
+            }
+
+            fn approval_request(&self, _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>, _request: &RustBridgeRequest) -> Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest> {
+                None
+            }
+
+            async fn handle(&self, _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>, tools: BridgeTools<'_>, request: &RustBridgeRequest) -> RustBridgeResponse {
+                let Some(params_json) = request.params_json.as_deref() else {
+                    return failure(&request.channel, &request.id, "invalid_request", format!("{} requires params", $method_name));
+                };
+
+                let params: $request_ty = match serde_json::from_str(params_json) {
+                    Ok(params) => params,
+                    Err(err) => {
+                        return failure(&request.channel, &request.id, "invalid_request", format!("Failed to decode {} params: {err}", $method_name));
+                    }
+                };
+
+                let sage = tools.app_state.lock().await;
+
+                match sage.$handler(params) {
+                    Ok(result) => encode_request_success(request, result, $result_label),
+                    Err(err) => failure(&request.channel, &request.id, "internal_error", format!("failed to execute {}: {err}", $method_name)),
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+
+define_wallet_read_no_params_sync_method!(
+    WalletGetKeys,
+    WalletGetKeys,
+    "wallet.getKeys",
+    GetKeys,
+    "wallet.getKeys result",
+    get_keys
+);
+
+define_wallet_read_params_sync_method!(
+    WalletGetKey,
+    WalletGetKey,
+    "wallet.getKey",
+    GetKey,
+    "wallet.getKey result",
+    get_key
+);
+define_wallet_read_no_params_async_method!(WalletGetSyncStatus, WalletGetSyncStatus, "wallet.getSyncStatus", GetSyncStatus, "wallet.getSyncStatus result", get_sync_status);
+define_wallet_read_no_params_sync_method!(WalletGetVersion, WalletGetVersion, "wallet.getVersion", GetVersion, "wallet.getVersion result", get_version);
+define_wallet_read_no_params_async_method!(WalletGetPendingTransactions, WalletGetPendingTransactions, "wallet.getPendingTransactions", GetPendingTransactions, "wallet.getPendingTransactions result", get_pending_transactions);
+
+define_wallet_read_params_async_method!(WalletCheckAddress, WalletCheckAddress, "wallet.checkAddress", CheckAddress, "wallet.checkAddress result", check_address);
+define_wallet_read_params_async_method!(WalletGetDerivations, WalletGetDerivations, "wallet.getDerivations", GetDerivations, "wallet.getDerivations result", get_derivations);
+define_wallet_read_params_async_method!(WalletGetSpendableCoinCount, WalletGetSpendableCoinCount, "wallet.getSpendableCoinCount", GetSpendableCoinCount, "wallet.getSpendableCoinCount result", get_spendable_coin_count);
+define_wallet_read_params_async_method!(WalletGetCoinsByIds, WalletGetCoinsByIds, "wallet.getCoinsByIds", GetCoinsByIds, "wallet.getCoinsByIds result", get_coins_by_ids);
+define_wallet_read_params_async_method!(WalletGetCoins, WalletGetCoins, "wallet.getCoins", GetCoins, "wallet.getCoins result", get_coins);
+define_wallet_read_params_async_method!(WalletGetTransaction, WalletGetTransaction, "wallet.getTransaction", GetTransaction, "wallet.getTransaction result", get_transaction);
+define_wallet_read_params_async_method!(WalletGetTransactions, WalletGetTransactions, "wallet.getTransactions", GetTransactions, "wallet.getTransactions result", get_transactions);
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs
index 7b22585e9..9fcc90b91 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,19 @@
 use std::collections::HashMap;
-use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::AppRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant;
-use super::methods::user::{AppGetInfo, BridgePing, BridgeSend, AppLifecycleReadyToStop, AppLifecycleSetBeforeStopListener, AppGetCapabilities, AppRequestCapabilityGrant, WalletSendXch, WalletGetKeys, WalletGetKey, WalletGetSecretKey};
+
 use super::methods::BridgeMethod;
+use super::methods::system::runtime_manager::{
+    RuntimeManagerFocusRuntime, RuntimeManagerHideRuntime,
+    RuntimeManagerKillRuntime, RuntimeManagerListRuntimes,
+};
+use super::methods::user::{
+    AppGetCapabilities, AppGetInfo, AppLifecycleReadyToStop,
+    AppLifecycleSetBeforeStopListener, AppRequestCapabilityGrant,
+    AppRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant, BridgePing, BridgeSend, WalletCheckAddress,
+    WalletGetCoins, WalletGetCoinsByIds, WalletGetDerivations, WalletGetKey,
+    WalletGetKeys, WalletGetPendingTransactions, WalletGetSecretKey,
+    WalletGetSpendableCoinCount, WalletGetSyncStatus, WalletGetTransaction,
+    WalletGetTransactions, WalletGetVersion, WalletSendXch,
+};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub enum BridgeRegistryKind {
@@ -26,21 +38,27 @@ impl BridgeRegistry {
     }
 
     pub fn get(&self, method: &str) -> Option<&dyn BridgeMethod> {
-        self.methods.get(method).map(|m| m.as_ref())
+        self.methods.get(method).map(|method| method.as_ref())
+    }
+
+    pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (&'static str, &dyn BridgeMethod)> {
+        self.methods
+            .iter()
+            .map(|(name, method)| (*name, method.as_ref()))
     }
 }
 
 fn build_user_methods() -> HashMap<&'static str, Box<dyn BridgeMethod>> {
     let mut methods: HashMap<&'static str, Box<dyn BridgeMethod>> = HashMap::new();
 
+    // Bridge
     methods.insert("bridge.ping", Box::new(BridgePing));
     methods.insert("bridge.send", Box::new(BridgeSend));
+
+    // App
     methods.insert("app.getInfo", Box::new(AppGetInfo));
     methods.insert("app.getCapabilities", Box::new(AppGetCapabilities));
-    methods.insert(
-        "app.requestCapabilityGrant",
-        Box::new(AppRequestCapabilityGrant),
-    );
+    methods.insert("app.requestCapabilityGrant", Box::new(AppRequestCapabilityGrant));
     methods.insert(
         "app.requestNetworkWhitelistGrant",
         Box::new(AppRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant),
@@ -49,25 +67,50 @@ fn build_user_methods() -> HashMap<&'static str, Box<dyn BridgeMethod>> {
         "app.lifecycle.setBeforeStopListener",
         Box::new(AppLifecycleSetBeforeStopListener),
     );
-    methods.insert(
-        "app.lifecycle.readyToStop",
-        Box::new(AppLifecycleReadyToStop),
-    );
-    methods.insert("wallet.sendXch", Box::new(WalletSendXch));
+    methods.insert("app.lifecycle.readyToStop", Box::new(AppLifecycleReadyToStop));
+
+    // Wallet keys / secrets
     methods.insert("wallet.getKeys", Box::new(WalletGetKeys));
     methods.insert("wallet.getKey", Box::new(WalletGetKey));
     methods.insert("wallet.getSecretKey", Box::new(WalletGetSecretKey));
 
+    // Wallet XCH
+    methods.insert("wallet.sendXch", Box::new(WalletSendXch));
+
+    // Wallet read/query
+    methods.insert("wallet.getSyncStatus", Box::new(WalletGetSyncStatus));
+    methods.insert("wallet.getVersion", Box::new(WalletGetVersion));
+    methods.insert(
+        "wallet.getPendingTransactions",
+        Box::new(WalletGetPendingTransactions),
+    );
+    methods.insert("wallet.checkAddress", Box::new(WalletCheckAddress));
+    methods.insert("wallet.getDerivations", Box::new(WalletGetDerivations));
+    methods.insert(
+        "wallet.getSpendableCoinCount",
+        Box::new(WalletGetSpendableCoinCount),
+    );
+    methods.insert("wallet.getCoinsByIds", Box::new(WalletGetCoinsByIds));
+    methods.insert("wallet.getCoins", Box::new(WalletGetCoins));
+    methods.insert("wallet.getTransaction", Box::new(WalletGetTransaction));
+    methods.insert("wallet.getTransactions", Box::new(WalletGetTransactions));
+
     methods
 }
 
 fn build_system_methods() -> HashMap<&'static str, Box<dyn BridgeMethod>> {
     let mut methods = build_user_methods();
 
-    methods.insert("runtimeManager.listRuntimes", Box::new(super::methods::system::runtime_manager::RuntimeManagerListRuntimes));
-    methods.insert("runtimeManager.focusRuntime", Box::new(super::methods::system::runtime_manager::RuntimeManagerFocusRuntime));
-    methods.insert("runtimeManager.killRuntime", Box::new(super::methods::system::runtime_manager::RuntimeManagerKillRuntime));
-    methods.insert("runtimeManager.hideRuntime", Box::new(super::methods::system::runtime_manager::RuntimeManagerHideRuntime));
+    methods.insert(
+        "runtimeManager.listRuntimes",
+        Box::new(RuntimeManagerListRuntimes),
+    );
+    methods.insert(
+        "runtimeManager.focusRuntime",
+        Box::new(RuntimeManagerFocusRuntime),
+    );
+    methods.insert("runtimeManager.hideRuntime", Box::new(RuntimeManagerHideRuntime));
+    methods.insert("runtimeManager.killRuntime", Box::new(RuntimeManagerKillRuntime));
 
     methods
 }
@@ -79,11 +122,3 @@ impl std::fmt::Debug for BridgeRegistry {
             .finish()
     }
 }
-
-impl BridgeRegistry {
-    pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (&'static str, &dyn BridgeMethod)> {
-        self.methods
-            .iter()
-            .map(|(name, method)| (*name, method.as_ref()))
-    }
-}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
index f668b0c55..2e981c9af 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use specta::TypeCollection;
 use specta_typescript::{BigIntExportBehavior, Typescript};
-use sage_api::{GetKey, GetKeyResponse, GetKeys, GetKeysResponse, GetSecretKey, GetSecretKeyResponse, TransactionResponse};
+use sage_api::{CheckAddress, CheckAddressResponse, GetCoins, GetCoinsByIds, GetCoinsByIdsResponse, GetCoinsResponse, GetDerivations, GetDerivationsResponse, GetKey, GetKeyResponse, GetKeys, GetKeysResponse, GetPendingTransactions, GetPendingTransactionsResponse, GetSecretKey, GetSecretKeyResponse, GetSpendableCoinCount, GetSpendableCoinCountResponse, GetSyncStatus, GetSyncStatusResponse, GetTransaction, GetTransactionResponse, GetTransactions, GetTransactionsResponse, GetVersion, GetVersionResponse, TransactionResponse};
 use crate::bridge::methods::system::runtime_manager::RuntimeTargetParams;
 use crate::bridge::methods::system::RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent;
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::get_info::{AppGetInfoResult, SageNetworkPermissionInfo};
@@ -51,6 +51,26 @@ pub fn export_user_bridge_typescript() -> Result<String, String> {
     types.register::<GetKeyResponse>();
     types.register::<GetSecretKey>();
     types.register::<GetSecretKeyResponse>();
+    types.register::<GetSyncStatus>();
+    types.register::<GetSyncStatusResponse>();
+    types.register::<GetVersion>();
+    types.register::<GetVersionResponse>();
+    types.register::<GetPendingTransactions>();
+    types.register::<GetPendingTransactionsResponse>();
+    types.register::<CheckAddress>();
+    types.register::<CheckAddressResponse>();
+    types.register::<GetDerivations>();
+    types.register::<GetDerivationsResponse>();
+    types.register::<GetSpendableCoinCount>();
+    types.register::<GetSpendableCoinCountResponse>();
+    types.register::<GetCoinsByIds>();
+    types.register::<GetCoinsByIdsResponse>();
+    types.register::<GetCoins>();
+    types.register::<GetCoinsResponse>();
+    types.register::<GetTransaction>();
+    types.register::<GetTransactionResponse>();
+    types.register::<GetTransactions>();
+    types.register::<GetTransactionsResponse>();
 
     Typescript::default()
         .bigint(BigIntExportBehavior::Number)
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs
index 0fa8baab9..a805d83dc 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs
@@ -52,13 +52,6 @@ fn method_capability_cell(capability: BridgeMethodCapability) -> String {
     }
 }
 
-fn approval_cell(capability: BridgeMethodCapability) -> &'static str {
-    match capability {
-        BridgeMethodCapability::Ungated => "Never",
-        BridgeMethodCapability::Required(_) => "Depends on capability",
-    }
-}
-
 pub fn user_capabilities_markdown() -> String {
     let mut out = String::from("# User bridge capabilities\n\n");
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities.rs
index 5a4c4c994..49017bebf 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities.rs
@@ -23,6 +23,16 @@ pub struct CapabilityDefinition<C> {
 pub type UserCapabilityDefinition = CapabilityDefinition<UserBridgeCapability>;
 pub type SystemCapabilityDefinition = CapabilityDefinition<SystemBridgeCapability>;
 
+fn read_wallet_flags() -> CapabilityFlags {
+    CapabilityFlags {
+        externally_observable: false,
+        accesses_sensitive_secret: false,
+        requestable_by_app: true,
+        user_grantable: true,
+        shared_with_app: true,
+    }
+}
+
 pub fn get_user_capability_definition(
     capability: UserBridgeCapability,
 ) -> Option<UserCapabilityDefinition> {
@@ -135,26 +145,14 @@ pub fn get_user_capability_definition(
             capability,
             label: "List wallet keys",
             description: "Allows the app to list wallet keys configured in Sage.",
-            flags: CapabilityFlags {
-                externally_observable: false,
-                accesses_sensitive_secret: false,
-                requestable_by_app: true,
-                user_grantable: true,
-                shared_with_app: true,
-            },
+            flags: read_wallet_flags(),
         },
 
         UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetKey => UserCapabilityDefinition {
             capability,
             label: "Read wallet key",
             description: "Allows the app to read public information about a wallet key.",
-            flags: CapabilityFlags {
-                externally_observable: false,
-                accesses_sensitive_secret: false,
-                requestable_by_app: true,
-                user_grantable: true,
-                shared_with_app: true,
-            },
+            flags: read_wallet_flags(),
         },
 
         UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetSecretKey => UserCapabilityDefinition {
@@ -195,6 +193,75 @@ pub fn get_user_capability_definition(
                 shared_with_app: false,
             },
         },
+        UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetSyncStatus => UserCapabilityDefinition {
+            capability,
+            label: "Read sync status",
+            description: "Allows the app to read wallet sync status and current wallet balance summary.",
+            flags: read_wallet_flags(),
+        },
+
+        UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetVersion => UserCapabilityDefinition {
+            capability,
+            label: "Read wallet version",
+            description: "Allows the app to read the current Sage wallet version.",
+            flags: read_wallet_flags(),
+        },
+
+        UserBridgeCapability::WalletCheckAddress => UserCapabilityDefinition {
+            capability,
+            label: "Check address",
+            description: "Allows the app to validate whether an address belongs to this wallet.",
+            flags: read_wallet_flags(),
+        },
+
+        UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetDerivations => UserCapabilityDefinition {
+            capability,
+            label: "Read derivations",
+            description: "Allows the app to read wallet derivation records and addresses.",
+            flags: read_wallet_flags(),
+        },
+
+        UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetSpendableCoinCount => UserCapabilityDefinition {
+            capability,
+            label: "Read spendable coin count",
+            description: "Allows the app to read the number of spendable coins in the wallet.",
+            flags: read_wallet_flags(),
+        },
+
+        UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetCoinsByIds => UserCapabilityDefinition {
+            capability,
+            label: "Read coins by IDs",
+            description: "Allows the app to read specific wallet coin records by coin ID.",
+            flags: read_wallet_flags(),
+        },
+
+        UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetCoins => UserCapabilityDefinition {
+            capability,
+            label: "Read coins",
+            description: "Allows the app to list wallet coins.",
+            flags: read_wallet_flags(),
+        },
+
+        UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetPendingTransactions => UserCapabilityDefinition {
+            capability,
+            label: "Read pending transactions",
+            description: "Allows the app to read pending wallet transactions.",
+            flags: read_wallet_flags(),
+        },
+
+        UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetTransaction => UserCapabilityDefinition {
+            capability,
+            label: "Read transaction",
+            description: "Allows the app to read a wallet transaction by height.",
+            flags: read_wallet_flags(),
+        },
+
+        UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetTransactions => UserCapabilityDefinition {
+            capability,
+            label: "Read transactions",
+            description: "Allows the app to list wallet transactions.",
+            flags: read_wallet_flags(),
+        },
     })
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/policy.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/policy.rs
index 8f11c80fb..b1d6b8b24 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/policy.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/policy.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use std::collections::BTreeSet;
 
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::{
-    permissions::{get_user_capability_definition, user_registry},
+    permissions::{get_user_capability_definition},
     types::{
         SageAppCapabilityFlags, SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
         SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/records.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/records.rs
index 6e9121bee..5af0e307d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/records.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/records.rs
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ pub struct SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail {
     pub runtime_id: Option<String>,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct SetBeforeStopListenerParams {
     pub active: bool,
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ pub struct ReadyToStopParams {
     pub request_id: String,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct RuntimeAckResult {
     pub ok: bool,
diff --git a/docs/generated/system-bridge-methods.md b/docs/generated/system-bridge-methods.md
index 064f4d136..050c44b8c 100644
--- a/docs/generated/system-bridge-methods.md
+++ b/docs/generated/system-bridge-methods.md
@@ -96,6 +96,38 @@
 |---|---|
 | Capability | `runtime_manager.list_runtimes` |
 
+## `wallet.checkAddress`
+
+
+
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Capability | `wallet.check_address` |
+
+## `wallet.getCoins`
+
+
+
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Capability | `wallet.get_coins` |
+
+## `wallet.getCoinsByIds`
+
+
+
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Capability | `wallet.get_coins_by_ids` |
+
+## `wallet.getDerivations`
+
+
+
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Capability | `wallet.get_derivations` |
+
 ## `wallet.getKey`
 
 
@@ -112,6 +144,14 @@
 |---|---|
 | Capability | `wallet.get_keys` |
 
+## `wallet.getPendingTransactions`
+
+
+
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Capability | `wallet.get_pending_transactions` |
+
 ## `wallet.getSecretKey`
 
 
@@ -120,6 +160,46 @@
 |---|---|
 | Capability | `wallet.get_secret_key` |
 
+## `wallet.getSpendableCoinCount`
+
+
+
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Capability | `wallet.get_spendable_coin_count` |
+
+## `wallet.getSyncStatus`
+
+
+
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Capability | `wallet.get_sync_status` |
+
+## `wallet.getTransaction`
+
+
+
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Capability | `wallet.get_transaction` |
+
+## `wallet.getTransactions`
+
+
+
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Capability | `wallet.get_transactions` |
+
+## `wallet.getVersion`
+
+
+
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Capability | `wallet.get_version` |
+
 ## `wallet.sendXch`
 
 
diff --git a/docs/generated/user-bridge-capabilities.md b/docs/generated/user-bridge-capabilities.md
index 93c44a20c..cb72c12b9 100644
--- a/docs/generated/user-bridge-capabilities.md
+++ b/docs/generated/user-bridge-capabilities.md
@@ -182,3 +182,143 @@ Allows the app to submit XCH transactions without asking for per-transaction app
 | Externally observable | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
+## `wallet.get_sync_status`
+
+**Read sync status**
+
+Allows the app to read wallet sync status and current wallet balance summary.
+
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `true` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
+
+## `wallet.get_version`
+
+**Read wallet version**
+
+Allows the app to read the current Sage wallet version.
+
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `true` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
+
+## `wallet.check_address`
+
+**Check address**
+
+Allows the app to validate whether an address belongs to this wallet.
+
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `true` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
+
+## `wallet.get_derivations`
+
+**Read derivations**
+
+Allows the app to read wallet derivation records and addresses.
+
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `true` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
+
+## `wallet.get_spendable_coin_count`
+
+**Read spendable coin count**
+
+Allows the app to read the number of spendable coins in the wallet.
+
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `true` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
+
+## `wallet.get_coins_by_ids`
+
+**Read coins by IDs**
+
+Allows the app to read specific wallet coin records by coin ID.
+
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `true` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
+
+## `wallet.get_coins`
+
+**Read coins**
+
+Allows the app to list wallet coins.
+
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `true` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
+
+## `wallet.get_pending_transactions`
+
+**Read pending transactions**
+
+Allows the app to read pending wallet transactions.
+
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `true` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
+
+## `wallet.get_transaction`
+
+**Read transaction**
+
+Allows the app to read a wallet transaction by height.
+
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `true` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
+
+## `wallet.get_transactions`
+
+**Read transactions**
+
+Allows the app to list wallet transactions.
+
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `true` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
+
diff --git a/docs/generated/user-bridge-methods.md b/docs/generated/user-bridge-methods.md
index 8f4f54394..b157a44ca 100644
--- a/docs/generated/user-bridge-methods.md
+++ b/docs/generated/user-bridge-methods.md
@@ -64,6 +64,38 @@
 |---|---|
 | Capability | `bridge.send` |
 
+## `wallet.checkAddress`
+
+
+
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Capability | `wallet.check_address` |
+
+## `wallet.getCoins`
+
+
+
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Capability | `wallet.get_coins` |
+
+## `wallet.getCoinsByIds`
+
+
+
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Capability | `wallet.get_coins_by_ids` |
+
+## `wallet.getDerivations`
+
+
+
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Capability | `wallet.get_derivations` |
+
 ## `wallet.getKey`
 
 
@@ -80,6 +112,14 @@
 |---|---|
 | Capability | `wallet.get_keys` |
 
+## `wallet.getPendingTransactions`
+
+
+
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Capability | `wallet.get_pending_transactions` |
+
 ## `wallet.getSecretKey`
 
 
@@ -88,6 +128,46 @@
 |---|---|
 | Capability | `wallet.get_secret_key` |
 
+## `wallet.getSpendableCoinCount`
+
+
+
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Capability | `wallet.get_spendable_coin_count` |
+
+## `wallet.getSyncStatus`
+
+
+
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Capability | `wallet.get_sync_status` |
+
+## `wallet.getTransaction`
+
+
+
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Capability | `wallet.get_transaction` |
+
+## `wallet.getTransactions`
+
+
+
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Capability | `wallet.get_transactions` |
+
+## `wallet.getVersion`
+
+
+
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Capability | `wallet.get_version` |
+
 ## `wallet.sendXch`
 
 
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
index c5acedde3..a38324319 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
@@ -1,29 +1,10 @@
+import type * as Generated from './generated-types';
 import type {
-  AppGetInfoResult,
-  BridgePingResult,
-  BridgeSendResult,
-  GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent,
-  GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent,
-  ReadyToStopParams,
-  RequestCapabilityGrantParams,
-  RequestCapabilityGrantResult,
-  RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantParams,
-  RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantResult,
-  RuntimeAckResult,
   SageBridgeResponse,
   SageBridgeRuntimeEvent,
   SageBridgeSendPayload,
   SageBridgeVersion,
   SageClient,
-  SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail,
-  SetBeforeStopListenerParams,
-  TransactionResponse,
-  WalletSendXchParams,
-  GetKey,
-  GetKeyResponse,
-  GetKeysResponse,
-  GetSecretKey,
-  GetSecretKeyResponse,
 } from './types';
 import { createBridgeRuntimeCore } from './bridge-runtime-core';
 
@@ -46,17 +27,20 @@ type SageWebviewHandle = {
 type SageWindow = Window &
   typeof globalThis & {
     __SAGE__?: SageClient;
-    __SAGE_APP_INFO__?: AppGetInfoResult;
+    __SAGE_APP_INFO__?: Generated.AppGetInfoResult;
     __SAGE_RUNTIME_BRIDGE_INITIALIZED__?: boolean;
   };
 
-type BeforeStopPublicDetail = Omit<SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail, 'requestId'>;
+type BeforeStopPublicDetail = Omit<
+  Generated.SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail,
+  'requestId'
+>;
 
 function getSageWindow(): SageWindow {
   return window as SageWindow;
 }
 
-function buildFallbackAppInfo(): AppGetInfoResult {
+function buildFallbackAppInfo(): Generated.AppGetInfoResult {
   return {
     id: 'unknown',
     name: 'Unknown App',
@@ -99,7 +83,7 @@ function isBridgeRuntimeEvent(value: unknown): value is SageBridgeRuntimeEvent {
 
 function isGrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent(
   value: unknown,
-): value is GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent {
+): value is Generated.GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent {
   return (
     isObject(value) &&
     value.channel === 'sage-bridge' &&
@@ -109,7 +93,7 @@ function isGrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent(
 
 function isGrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent(
   value: unknown,
-): value is GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent {
+): value is Generated.GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent {
   return (
     isObject(value) &&
     value.channel === 'sage-bridge' &&
@@ -159,9 +143,12 @@ export function initSageRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
     beforeStopRegistered = shouldBeRegistered;
 
     try {
-      await callHost<RuntimeAckResult>('app.lifecycle.setBeforeStopListener', {
-        active: shouldBeRegistered,
-      } satisfies SetBeforeStopListenerParams);
+      await callHost<Generated.RuntimeAckResult>(
+        'app.lifecycle.setBeforeStopListener',
+        {
+          active: shouldBeRegistered,
+        } satisfies Generated.SetBeforeStopListenerParams,
+      );
     } catch (error) {
       console.error('Failed to sync before-stop listener registration:', error);
     }
@@ -178,7 +165,7 @@ export function initSageRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
       try {
         if (isGrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent(data)) {
           window.dispatchEvent(
-            new CustomEvent<GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent>(
+            new CustomEvent<Generated.GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent>(
               'app:granted-capabilities-change',
               { detail: data },
             ),
@@ -188,7 +175,7 @@ export function initSageRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
 
         if (isGrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent(data)) {
           window.dispatchEvent(
-            new CustomEvent<GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent>(
+            new CustomEvent<Generated.GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent>(
               'app:granted-network-whitelist-change',
               { detail: data },
             ),
@@ -238,9 +225,9 @@ export function initSageRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
     });
 
   webview
-    .listen<SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail>(
+    .listen<Generated.SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail>(
       'sage-lifecycle:before-stop',
-      (event: SageListenEvent<SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail>) => {
+      (event: SageListenEvent<Generated.SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail>) => {
         const detail = event.payload;
         rejectAllPending('Sage runtime is stopping');
 
@@ -259,9 +246,12 @@ export function initSageRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
         void Promise.allSettled(
           handlers.map((handler) => Promise.resolve(handler(publicDetail))),
         ).finally(() => {
-          void callHost<RuntimeAckResult>('app.lifecycle.readyToStop', {
-            requestId: detail.requestId,
-          } satisfies ReadyToStopParams).catch((error: unknown) => {
+          void callHost<Generated.RuntimeAckResult>(
+            'app.lifecycle.readyToStop',
+            {
+              requestId: detail.requestId,
+            } satisfies Generated.ReadyToStopParams,
+          ).catch((error: unknown) => {
             console.error('Failed to acknowledge before-stop:', error);
           });
         });
@@ -278,32 +268,34 @@ export function initSageRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
     initialAppInfo: w.__SAGE_APP_INFO__ ?? buildFallbackAppInfo(),
     app: {
       async bridgePing() {
-        return await callHost<BridgePingResult>('bridge.ping');
+        return await callHost<Generated.BridgePingResult>('bridge.ping');
       },
 
       async bridgeSend(input: SageBridgeSendPayload) {
-        return await callHost<BridgeSendResult>('bridge.send', input);
+        return await callHost<Generated.BridgeSendResult>('bridge.send', input);
       },
 
       async getInfo() {
-        return await callHost<AppGetInfoResult>('app.getInfo');
+        return await callHost<Generated.AppGetInfoResult>('app.getInfo');
       },
 
       async getCapabilities() {
         return await callHost<string[]>('app.getCapabilities');
       },
 
-      async requestCapabilityGrant(input: RequestCapabilityGrantParams) {
-        return await callHost<RequestCapabilityGrantResult>(
+      async requestCapabilityGrant(
+        input: Generated.RequestCapabilityGrantParams,
+      ) {
+        return await callHost<Generated.RequestCapabilityGrantResult>(
           'app.requestCapabilityGrant',
           input,
         );
       },
 
       async requestNetworkWhitelistGrant(
-        input: RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantParams,
+        input: Generated.RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantParams,
       ) {
-        return await callHost<RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantResult>(
+        return await callHost<Generated.RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantResult>(
           'app.requestNetworkWhitelistGrant',
           input,
         );
@@ -311,7 +303,8 @@ export function initSageRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
 
       onGrantedCapabilitiesChange(handler) {
         const listener = (event: Event) => {
-          const custom = event as CustomEvent<GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent>;
+          const custom =
+            event as CustomEvent<Generated.GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent>;
           handler(custom.detail);
         };
 
@@ -331,7 +324,7 @@ export function initSageRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
       onGrantedNetworkWhitelistChange(handler) {
         const listener = (event: Event) => {
           const custom =
-            event as CustomEvent<GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent>;
+            event as CustomEvent<Generated.GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent>;
           handler(custom.detail);
         };
 
@@ -363,19 +356,92 @@ export function initSageRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
 
     wallet: {
       async getKeys() {
-        return await callHost<GetKeysResponse>('wallet.getKeys');
+        return await callHost<Generated.GetKeysResponse>('wallet.getKeys');
       },
-      async getKey(input?: GetKey) {
-        return await callHost<GetKeyResponse>('wallet.getKey', input);
+
+      async getKey(input: Generated.GetKey) {
+        return await callHost<Generated.GetKeyResponse>('wallet.getKey', input);
       },
-      async getSecretKey(input: GetSecretKey) {
-        return await callHost<GetSecretKeyResponse>(
+
+      async getSecretKey(input: Generated.GetSecretKey) {
+        return await callHost<Generated.GetSecretKeyResponse>(
           'wallet.getSecretKey',
           input,
         );
       },
-      async sendXch(input: WalletSendXchParams) {
-        return await callHost<TransactionResponse>('wallet.sendXch', input);
+
+      async getSyncStatus() {
+        return await callHost<Generated.GetSyncStatusResponse>(
+          'wallet.getSyncStatus',
+        );
+      },
+
+      async getVersion() {
+        return await callHost<Generated.GetVersionResponse>(
+          'wallet.getVersion',
+        );
+      },
+
+      async getPendingTransactions() {
+        return await callHost<Generated.GetPendingTransactionsResponse>(
+          'wallet.getPendingTransactions',
+        );
+      },
+
+      async checkAddress(input: Generated.CheckAddress) {
+        return await callHost<Generated.CheckAddressResponse>(
+          'wallet.checkAddress',
+          input,
+        );
+      },
+
+      async getDerivations(input: Generated.GetDerivations) {
+        return await callHost<Generated.GetDerivationsResponse>(
+          'wallet.getDerivations',
+          input,
+        );
+      },
+
+      async getSpendableCoinCount(input: Generated.GetSpendableCoinCount) {
+        return await callHost<Generated.GetSpendableCoinCountResponse>(
+          'wallet.getSpendableCoinCount',
+          input,
+        );
+      },
+
+      async getCoinsByIds(input: Generated.GetCoinsByIds) {
+        return await callHost<Generated.GetCoinsByIdsResponse>(
+          'wallet.getCoinsByIds',
+          input,
+        );
+      },
+
+      async getCoins(input: Generated.GetCoins) {
+        return await callHost<Generated.GetCoinsResponse>(
+          'wallet.getCoins',
+          input,
+        );
+      },
+
+      async getTransaction(input: Generated.GetTransaction) {
+        return await callHost<Generated.GetTransactionResponse>(
+          'wallet.getTransaction',
+          input,
+        );
+      },
+
+      async getTransactions(input: Generated.GetTransactions) {
+        return await callHost<Generated.GetTransactionsResponse>(
+          'wallet.getTransactions',
+          input,
+        );
+      },
+
+      async sendXch(input: Generated.WalletSendXchParams) {
+        return await callHost<Generated.TransactionResponse>(
+          'wallet.sendXch',
+          input,
+        );
       },
     },
   };
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/types.ts b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/types.ts
index 8ddcf0453..218c7e747 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/types.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/types.ts
@@ -1,25 +1,4 @@
-import {
-  AppGetInfoResult,
-  BridgePingResult,
-  BridgeSendResult,
-  GetKey,
-  GetKeyResponse,
-  GetKeysResponse,
-  GetSecretKey,
-  GetSecretKeyResponse,
-  GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent,
-  GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent,
-  ReadyToStopParams,
-  RequestCapabilityGrantParams,
-  RequestCapabilityGrantResult,
-  RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantParams,
-  RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantResult,
-  RuntimeAckResult,
-  SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail,
-  SetBeforeStopListenerParams,
-  TransactionResponse,
-  WalletSendXchParams,
-} from './generated-types';
+import type * as Generated from './generated-types';
 
 export * from './generated-types';
 
@@ -30,14 +9,6 @@ export type SageBridgeSendPayload = {
   [key: string]: unknown;
 };
 
-export type SageBridgeRequest = {
-  channel: 'sage-bridge';
-  bridgeVersion?: SageBridgeVersion;
-  id: string;
-  method: string;
-  params?: unknown;
-};
-
 export type SageBridgeSuccessResponse = {
   channel: 'sage-bridge';
   bridgeVersion: SageBridgeVersion;
@@ -62,46 +33,75 @@ export type SageBridgeResponse =
   | SageBridgeErrorResponse;
 
 export type SageBridgeRuntimeEvent =
-  | GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent
-  | GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent;
+  | Generated.GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent
+  | Generated.GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent;
 
 export type SageWalletClient = {
-  getKeys(): Promise<GetKeysResponse>;
-  getKey(input?: GetKey): Promise<GetKeyResponse>;
-  getSecretKey(input: GetSecretKey): Promise<GetSecretKeyResponse>;
-  sendXch(input: WalletSendXchParams): Promise<TransactionResponse>;
+  getKeys(): Promise<Generated.GetKeysResponse>;
+  getKey(input: Generated.GetKey): Promise<Generated.GetKeyResponse>;
+  getSecretKey(
+    input: Generated.GetSecretKey,
+  ): Promise<Generated.GetSecretKeyResponse>;
+
+  getSyncStatus(): Promise<Generated.GetSyncStatusResponse>;
+  getVersion(): Promise<Generated.GetVersionResponse>;
+  getPendingTransactions(): Promise<Generated.GetPendingTransactionsResponse>;
+
+  checkAddress(
+    input: Generated.CheckAddress,
+  ): Promise<Generated.CheckAddressResponse>;
+  getDerivations(
+    input: Generated.GetDerivations,
+  ): Promise<Generated.GetDerivationsResponse>;
+  getSpendableCoinCount(
+    input: Generated.GetSpendableCoinCount,
+  ): Promise<Generated.GetSpendableCoinCountResponse>;
+  getCoinsByIds(
+    input: Generated.GetCoinsByIds,
+  ): Promise<Generated.GetCoinsByIdsResponse>;
+  getCoins(input: Generated.GetCoins): Promise<Generated.GetCoinsResponse>;
+  getTransaction(
+    input: Generated.GetTransaction,
+  ): Promise<Generated.GetTransactionResponse>;
+  getTransactions(
+    input: Generated.GetTransactions,
+  ): Promise<Generated.GetTransactionsResponse>;
+
+  sendXch(
+    input: Generated.WalletSendXchParams,
+  ): Promise<Generated.TransactionResponse>;
 };
 
 export type SageAppLifecycleClient = {
   onBeforeStop(
     handler: (
-      detail: Omit<SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail, 'requestId'>,
+      detail: Omit<Generated.SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail, 'requestId'>,
     ) => void | Promise<void>,
   ): () => void;
 };
 
 export type SageAppClient = {
-  bridgePing(): Promise<BridgePingResult>;
-  bridgeSend(input: SageBridgeSendPayload): Promise<BridgeSendResult>;
-  getInfo(): Promise<AppGetInfoResult>;
+  bridgePing(): Promise<Generated.BridgePingResult>;
+  bridgeSend(input: SageBridgeSendPayload): Promise<Generated.BridgeSendResult>;
+  getInfo(): Promise<Generated.AppGetInfoResult>;
   getCapabilities(): Promise<string[]>;
   requestCapabilityGrant(
-    input: RequestCapabilityGrantParams,
-  ): Promise<RequestCapabilityGrantResult>;
+    input: Generated.RequestCapabilityGrantParams,
+  ): Promise<Generated.RequestCapabilityGrantResult>;
   requestNetworkWhitelistGrant(
-    input: RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantParams,
-  ): Promise<RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantResult>;
+    input: Generated.RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantParams,
+  ): Promise<Generated.RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantResult>;
   onGrantedCapabilitiesChange(
-    handler: (event: GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent) => void,
+    handler: (event: Generated.GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent) => void,
   ): () => void;
   onGrantedNetworkWhitelistChange(
-    handler: (event: GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent) => void,
+    handler: (event: Generated.GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent) => void,
   ): () => void;
   lifecycle: SageAppLifecycleClient;
 };
 
 export type SageClient = {
-  initialAppInfo: AppGetInfoResult;
+  initialAppInfo: Generated.AppGetInfoResult;
   app: SageAppClient;
   wallet: SageWalletClient;
 };
@@ -111,5 +111,4 @@ export type {
   ReadyToStopParams,
   SetBeforeStopListenerParams,
   SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail,
-};
-
+} from './generated-types';
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index f420869ac..9aba9ba34 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -2844,7 +2844,7 @@ visible: boolean }
  * Response after updating an option
  */
 export type UpdateOptionResponse = Record<string, never>
-export type UserBridgeCapability = "persistent_storage" | "bridge.send" | "app.get_capabilities" | "app.get_info" | "app.lifecycle.ready_to_stop" | "app.lifecycle.set_before_stop_listener" | "app.request_capability_grant" | "app.request_network_whitelist_grant" | "wallet.get_keys" | "wallet.get_key" | "wallet.get_secret_key" | "wallet.send_xch" | "wallet.send_xch_auto_submit"
+export type UserBridgeCapability = "persistent_storage" | "bridge.send" | "app.get_capabilities" | "app.get_info" | "app.lifecycle.ready_to_stop" | "app.lifecycle.set_before_stop_listener" | "app.request_capability_grant" | "app.request_network_whitelist_grant" | "wallet.get_keys" | "wallet.get_key" | "wallet.get_secret_key" | "wallet.send_xch" | "wallet.send_xch_auto_submit" | "wallet.get_sync_status" | "wallet.get_version" | "wallet.check_address" | "wallet.get_derivations" | "wallet.get_spendable_coin_count" | "wallet.get_coins_by_ids" | "wallet.get_coins" | "wallet.get_pending_transactions" | "wallet.get_transaction" | "wallet.get_transactions"
 export type UserSageApp = { common: SageAppCommon; source: UserSageAppSource; pendingUpdate: UserSageAppPendingUpdate | null }
 export type UserSageAppPendingUpdate = { appUrl: string; manifestUrl: string; manifestHash: string; manifest: SageAppPackageManifest }
 export type UserSageAppSource = { kind: "zip" } | { kind: "url"; app_url: string; manifest_url: string }

From 88228a64602d3d8895b1cdef7eb8e77b0f41ffd2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 24 Apr 2026 10:46:25 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 182/471] Add initial Sage Apps quick start guide (WIP):

- Introduced `docs/apps_readme.md` with step-by-step instructions for building and loading a basic Sage App.
- Included SDK installation, manifest creation, build process, and Sage integration details.
- Linked example app and feedback guidance for further support.
---
 docs/apps_readme.md | 112 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 112 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 docs/apps_readme.md

diff --git a/docs/apps_readme.md b/docs/apps_readme.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0add276a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/apps_readme.md
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+# Sage Apps — Quick Start (WIP)
+
+This is the fastest way to get a basic Sage App running.
+
+> ⚠️ WIP: APIs are mostly stable, but expect small changes.
+
+---
+
+## 1. Install SDK
+
+Right now the SDK is local:
+
+```json
+{
+  "dependencies": {
+    "@sage-app/sdk": "file:../sage/packages/sage-app-sdk"
+  }
+}
+```
+
+Then:
+
+```bash
+npm install
+```
+
+---
+
+## 2. Create `sage-manifest.json`
+
+Copy the template from the example app:
+https://github.com/Hadamcik/sage-permission-probe
+
+Place it in your project root:
+
+```
+sage-manifest.json
+```
+
+Edit:
+- app name
+- permissions (capabilities)
+- entry point
+
+---
+
+## 3. Build your app
+
+Typical frontend build:
+
+```bash
+npm run build
+```
+
+Output should go to:
+
+```
+./dist
+```
+
+---
+
+## 4. Finalize manifest
+
+Generate the final manifest used by Sage:
+
+```json
+{
+  "scripts": {
+    "sage:finalize": "sage-app finalize-manifest --source ./sage-manifest.json --dist ./dist"
+  }
+}
+```
+
+Run:
+
+```bash
+npm run sage:finalize
+```
+
+---
+
+## 5. Load into Sage
+
+Install into Sage using URL where your app is running and final `/sage-manifest.json` is accessible.
+
+---
+
+## Capabilities & API
+
+Available capabilities and bridge methods:
+
+- `docs/generated/user-*.md`
+
+These define:
+- what your app can request
+- what the bridge allows you to do
+
+---
+
+## Example App
+
+Full working example:
+
+https://github.com/Hadamcik/sage-permission-probe
+
+---
+
+## Feedback
+
+This is early — if something is confusing, missing, or breaks:
+open an issue or reach out.
\ No newline at end of file

From 2ca58ab7b69c3591bf486f32d7ae0c9711649072 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 24 Apr 2026 11:45:19 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 183/471] Split permission normalization into separate modules:

- Created `normalize/capabilities.rs` and `normalize/network.rs` for handling capability and network permission normalization.
- Added `normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions` and `normalize_and_validate_granted_permissions` to `validation.rs`.
- Refactored `install.rs` and `update.rs` to utilize the new normalization logic.
- Removed redundant normalization code from `policy.rs` and other modules.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs     |  72 +----------
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update.rs      |   3 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/mod.rs       |   4 +
 .../src/permissions/normalize/capabilities.rs |  46 +++++++
 .../src/permissions/normalize/mod.rs          |   5 +
 .../src/permissions/normalize/network.rs      |  58 +++++++++
 crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/policy.rs    | 113 +-----------------
 .../sage-apps/src/permissions/validation.rs   |  73 +++++++++++
 8 files changed, 192 insertions(+), 182 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/normalize/capabilities.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/normalize/mod.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/normalize/network.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/validation.rs

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs
index ded245916..9f98828d7 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 use std::{
-    collections::BTreeSet,
     fs, io,
     path::Path,
     time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH},
@@ -19,13 +18,13 @@ use crate::lifecycle::{
     write_installed_app_metadata,
 };
 use crate::lifecycle::registry::read_installed_app_by_id;
-use crate::permissions::{normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions, normalize_user_granted_capabilities, resolve_capability_flags, resolve_effective_granted_capabilities, validate_user_granted_capabilities};
+use crate::permissions::{normalize_and_validate_granted_permissions, normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions, resolve_capability_flags, resolve_effective_granted_capabilities};
 use crate::runtime::apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data;
 use crate::types::{
     InstalledSageAppStorage, ListedSageApp, SageAppCommon,
     SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppUrlPreview,
     UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource, SageGrantedPermissions,
-    SageNetworkPermissionTarget, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
+    SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
     SageRequestedPermissions,
 };
 
@@ -230,73 +229,7 @@ pub fn manifest_icon_file(manifest: &SageAppPackageManifest) -> &str {
     manifest.icon.as_deref().unwrap_or("icon.png")
 }
 
-fn normalize_and_validate_granted_permissions(
-    requested: &SageRequestedPermissions,
-    granted: SageGrantedPermissions,
-) -> AnyResult<SageGrantedPermissions> {
-    validate_user_granted_capabilities(requested, &granted.capabilities)?;
 
-    let whitelist = normalize_and_validate_granted_network_whitelist(
-        &requested.network,
-        &granted.network.whitelist,
-    )?;
-
-    Ok(SageGrantedPermissions {
-        capabilities: normalize_user_granted_capabilities(requested, &granted.capabilities)?,
-        network: crate::types::SageGrantedNetworkPermissions { whitelist },
-    })
-}
-
-pub fn normalize_and_validate_granted_network_whitelist(
-    requested: &SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
-    granted: &[SageNetworkPermissionTarget],
-) -> AnyResult<Vec<SageNetworkPermissionTarget>> {
-    let mut requested_required = BTreeSet::<(String, String)>::new();
-    let mut requested_optional = BTreeSet::<(String, String)>::new();
-
-    for entry in &requested.whitelist.required {
-        requested_required.insert(crate::permissions::normalize_network_key(
-            &entry.scheme,
-            &entry.host,
-        )?);
-    }
-
-    for entry in &requested.whitelist.optional {
-        let key = crate::permissions::normalize_network_key(&entry.scheme, &entry.host)?;
-        if !requested_required.contains(&key) {
-            requested_optional.insert(key);
-        }
-    }
-
-    let mut granted_keys = BTreeSet::<(String, String)>::new();
-
-    for entry in granted {
-        let key = crate::permissions::normalize_network_key(&entry.scheme, &entry.host)?;
-        if !requested_required.contains(&key) && !requested_optional.contains(&key) {
-            return Err(anyhow!(
-                "granted network whitelist entry not requested in manifest: {}://{}",
-                key.0,
-                key.1
-            ));
-        }
-        granted_keys.insert(key);
-    }
-
-    let mut result = BTreeSet::<SageNetworkPermissionTarget>::new();
-
-    for (scheme, host) in &requested_required {
-        result.insert(SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
-            scheme: scheme.clone(),
-            host: host.clone(),
-        });
-    }
-
-    for (scheme, host) in granted_keys {
-        result.insert(SageNetworkPermissionTarget { scheme, host });
-    }
-
-    Ok(result.into_iter().collect())
-}
 
 #[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios"))]
 async fn allocate_new_storage(
@@ -658,6 +591,7 @@ mod tests {
     use crate::lifecycle::{
         write_retired_app_origins,
     };
+    use crate::permissions::normalize_and_validate_granted_network_whitelist;
     use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, RetiredAppOriginEntry, SageAppCapabilityFlags, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkPermissionTarget, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist, SageRequestedPermissions};
 
     fn sample_manifest() -> SageAppPackageManifest {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update.rs
index 6727b9c4e..fade6fb4c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update.rs
@@ -16,12 +16,13 @@ use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::host::{AppState, Result};
 use crate::lifecycle::{
     download_url_snapshot, manifest_entry_file, manifest_icon_file,
-    normalize_and_validate_granted_network_whitelist, preview_app_url_internal,
+    preview_app_url_internal,
 };
 use crate::lifecycle::registry::{
     parse_network_permission_target, read_installed_app_by_id, write_installed_app_metadata,
 };
 use crate::permissions::{clear_storage_may_contain_secrets, mark_storage_may_contain_secrets, normalize_user_granted_capabilities, resolve_capability_flags, resolve_effective_granted_capabilities, validate_user_granted_capabilities};
+use crate::permissions::validation::normalize_and_validate_granted_network_whitelist;
 use crate::types::{
     SageAppUrlPreview, SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions,
     SageNetworkPermissionTarget, UserSageApp, UserSageAppPendingUpdate,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/mod.rs
index a297726ac..11dc9f962 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/mod.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
 pub mod capabilities;
 pub mod policy;
+pub mod validation;
+pub mod normalize;
 
 pub use capabilities::*;
 pub use policy::*;
+pub use validation::*;
+pub use normalize::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/normalize/capabilities.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/normalize/capabilities.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..80d8becdc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/normalize/capabilities.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+use std::collections::BTreeSet;
+use anyhow::{anyhow, Result};
+use crate::permissions::get_user_capability_definition;
+use crate::types::SageRequestedCapabilities;
+
+pub fn normalize_capabilities(
+    capabilities: &SageRequestedCapabilities,
+) -> Result<SageRequestedCapabilities> {
+    let mut required = BTreeSet::new();
+    let mut optional = BTreeSet::new();
+
+    for capability in &capabilities.required {
+        let definition = get_user_capability_definition(*capability)
+            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("unknown capability: {}", capability.key()))?;
+
+        if !definition.flags.requestable_by_app {
+            return Err(anyhow!(
+                "capability is not requestable by apps: {}",
+                capability.key()
+            ));
+        }
+
+        required.insert(*capability);
+    }
+
+    for capability in &capabilities.optional {
+        let definition = get_user_capability_definition(*capability)
+            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("unknown capability: {}", capability.key()))?;
+
+        if !definition.flags.requestable_by_app {
+            return Err(anyhow!(
+                "capability is not requestable by apps: {}",
+                capability.key()
+            ));
+        }
+
+        if !required.contains(capability) {
+            optional.insert(*capability);
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(SageRequestedCapabilities {
+        required: required.into_iter().collect(),
+        optional: optional.into_iter().collect(),
+    })
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/normalize/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/normalize/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f8114a989
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/normalize/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+pub mod network;
+pub mod capabilities;
+
+pub use network::*;
+pub use capabilities::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/normalize/network.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/normalize/network.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..73d1e6d62
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/normalize/network.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+use std::collections::BTreeSet;
+use anyhow::{anyhow, Result};
+use crate::types::{SageNetworkPermissionTarget, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions};
+
+pub fn normalize_requested_network_permissions(
+    network_permissions: &SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
+) -> Result<SageRequestedNetworkPermissions> {
+    let required = normalize_requested_network_entries(&network_permissions.whitelist.required)?;
+    let required_keys = required.iter().cloned().collect::<BTreeSet<_>>();
+
+    let optional = normalize_requested_network_entries(&network_permissions.whitelist.optional)?
+        .into_iter()
+        .filter(|entry| !required_keys.contains(entry))
+        .collect();
+
+    Ok(SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
+        whitelist: crate::types::SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist { required, optional },
+    })
+}
+
+fn normalize_requested_network_entries(
+    entries: &[SageNetworkPermissionTarget],
+) -> Result<Vec<SageNetworkPermissionTarget>> {
+    let mut seen = BTreeSet::new();
+    let mut normalized = Vec::new();
+
+    for entry in entries {
+        let normalized_entry = normalize_network_entry(&entry)?;
+        if seen.insert(normalized_entry.clone()) {
+            normalized.push(normalized_entry);
+        }
+    }
+
+    normalized.sort_by(|a, b| {
+        let a_key = format!("{}://{}", a.scheme, a.host);
+        let b_key = format!("{}://{}", b.scheme, b.host);
+        a_key.cmp(&b_key)
+    });
+
+    Ok(normalized)
+}
+
+pub fn normalize_network_entry(
+    entry: &SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
+) -> Result<SageNetworkPermissionTarget> {
+    let scheme = entry.scheme.trim().to_ascii_lowercase();
+    let host = entry.host.trim().to_ascii_lowercase();
+
+    if scheme.is_empty() {
+        return Err(anyhow!("network whitelist entry is missing scheme"));
+    }
+
+    if host.is_empty() {
+        return Err(anyhow!("network whitelist entry is missing host"));
+    }
+
+    Ok(SageNetworkPermissionTarget { scheme, host })
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/policy.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/policy.rs
index b1d6b8b24..ecc292fe7 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/policy.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/policy.rs
@@ -18,117 +18,6 @@ pub struct CapabilitySummary {
     pub persistent_storage: bool,
 }
 
-fn normalize_capability_keys(
-    capabilities: &SageRequestedCapabilities,
-) -> AnyResult<SageRequestedCapabilities> {
-    let mut required = BTreeSet::new();
-    let mut optional = BTreeSet::new();
-
-    for capability in &capabilities.required {
-        let definition = get_user_capability_definition(*capability)
-            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("unknown capability: {}", capability.key()))?;
-
-        if !definition.flags.requestable_by_app {
-            return Err(anyhow!(
-                "capability is not requestable by apps: {}",
-                capability.key()
-            ));
-        }
-
-        required.insert(*capability);
-    }
-
-    for capability in &capabilities.optional {
-        let definition = get_user_capability_definition(*capability)
-            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("unknown capability: {}", capability.key()))?;
-
-        if !definition.flags.requestable_by_app {
-            return Err(anyhow!(
-                "capability is not requestable by apps: {}",
-                capability.key()
-            ));
-        }
-
-        if !required.contains(capability) {
-            optional.insert(*capability);
-        }
-    }
-
-    Ok(SageRequestedCapabilities {
-        required: required.into_iter().collect(),
-        optional: optional.into_iter().collect(),
-    })
-}
-
-pub fn normalize_network_key(scheme: &str, host: &str) -> AnyResult<(String, String)> {
-    let scheme = scheme.trim().to_ascii_lowercase();
-    let host = host.trim().to_ascii_lowercase();
-
-    if scheme.is_empty() {
-        return Err(anyhow!("network whitelist entry is missing scheme"));
-    }
-
-    if host.is_empty() {
-        return Err(anyhow!("network whitelist entry is missing host"));
-    }
-
-    Ok((scheme, host))
-}
-
-fn normalize_requested_network_entries(
-    entries: &[SageNetworkPermissionTarget],
-) -> AnyResult<Vec<SageNetworkPermissionTarget>> {
-    let mut seen = BTreeSet::new();
-    let mut normalized = Vec::new();
-
-    for entry in entries {
-        let (scheme, host) = normalize_network_key(&entry.scheme, &entry.host)?;
-        if seen.insert((scheme.clone(), host.clone())) {
-            normalized.push(SageNetworkPermissionTarget { scheme, host });
-        }
-    }
-
-    normalized.sort_by(|a, b| {
-        let a_key = format!("{}://{}", a.scheme, a.host);
-        let b_key = format!("{}://{}", b.scheme, b.host);
-        a_key.cmp(&b_key)
-    });
-
-    Ok(normalized)
-}
-
-fn normalize_requested_network_permissions(
-    permissions: &SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
-) -> AnyResult<SageRequestedNetworkPermissions> {
-    let required = normalize_requested_network_entries(&permissions.whitelist.required)?;
-
-    let required_keys: BTreeSet<_> = required
-        .iter()
-        .map(|entry| (entry.scheme.clone(), entry.host.clone()))
-        .collect();
-
-    let optional = normalize_requested_network_entries(&permissions.whitelist.optional)?
-        .into_iter()
-        .filter(|entry| !required_keys.contains(&(entry.scheme.clone(), entry.host.clone())))
-        .collect();
-
-    Ok(SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
-        whitelist: crate::types::SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist { required, optional },
-    })
-}
-
-pub fn normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions(
-    permissions: &SageRequestedPermissions,
-) -> AnyResult<SageRequestedPermissions> {
-    let normalized = SageRequestedPermissions {
-        network: normalize_requested_network_permissions(&permissions.network)?,
-        capabilities: normalize_capability_keys(&permissions.capabilities)?,
-    };
-
-    validate_requested_permission_policy(&normalized)?;
-    Ok(normalized)
-}
-
 pub fn resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(
     permissions: &SageRequestedPermissions,
     user_granted: &[UserBridgeCapability],
@@ -315,7 +204,7 @@ pub fn clear_storage_may_contain_secrets(
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
-    use crate::permissions::user_registry;
+    use crate::permissions::{normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions, user_registry};
     use crate::types::{
         SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
         SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist, SageRequestedPermissions,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/validation.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/validation.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c1eb39838
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/validation.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+use anyhow::{anyhow, Result as AnyResult};
+use std::collections::BTreeSet;
+use crate::permissions::{normalize_capabilities, normalize_requested_network_permissions, normalize_user_granted_capabilities, validate_requested_permission_policy, validate_user_granted_capabilities};
+use crate::types::{SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkPermissionTarget, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions};
+
+pub fn normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions(
+    permissions: &SageRequestedPermissions,
+) -> AnyResult<SageRequestedPermissions> {
+    let normalized = SageRequestedPermissions {
+        network: normalize_requested_network_permissions(&permissions.network)?,
+        capabilities: normalize_capabilities(&permissions.capabilities)?,
+    };
+
+    validate_requested_permission_policy(&normalized)?;
+    Ok(normalized)
+}
+
+pub fn normalize_and_validate_granted_permissions(
+    requested: &SageRequestedPermissions,
+    granted: SageGrantedPermissions,
+) -> AnyResult<SageGrantedPermissions> {
+    validate_user_granted_capabilities(requested, &granted.capabilities)?;
+
+    let whitelist = normalize_and_validate_granted_network_whitelist(
+        &requested.network,
+        &granted.network.whitelist,
+    )?;
+
+    Ok(SageGrantedPermissions {
+        capabilities: normalize_user_granted_capabilities(requested, &granted.capabilities)?,
+        network: crate::types::SageGrantedNetworkPermissions { whitelist },
+    })
+}
+
+pub fn normalize_and_validate_granted_network_whitelist(
+    requested: &SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
+    granted: &[SageNetworkPermissionTarget],
+) -> AnyResult<Vec<SageNetworkPermissionTarget>> {
+    let requested_required = requested
+        .whitelist
+        .required
+        .iter()
+        .map(|entry| crate::permissions::normalize_network_entry(&entry))
+        .collect::<AnyResult<BTreeSet<_>>>()?;
+
+    let mut requested_optional = BTreeSet::new();
+
+    for entry in &requested.whitelist.optional {
+        let key = crate::permissions::normalize_network_entry(&entry)?;
+
+        if !requested_required.contains(&key) {
+            requested_optional.insert(key);
+        }
+    }
+
+    let mut result = requested_required;
+
+    for entry in granted {
+        let key = crate::permissions::normalize_network_entry(&entry)?;
+
+        if !result.contains(&key) && !requested_optional.contains(&key) {
+            return Err(anyhow!(
+                "granted network whitelist entry not requested in manifest: {}://{}",
+                key.scheme,
+                key.host
+            ));
+        }
+
+        result.insert(key);
+    }
+
+    Ok(result.into_iter().collect())
+}

From 4649e955d4e4ce37e8ab2b3b23c5c397ff94f7d1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 24 Apr 2026 22:51:21 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 184/471] Remove unused functions and types in `install.rs` and
 `policy.rs`:

- Removed `retry_pending_storage_cleanup_on_startup` from `install.rs`.
- Eliminated unused permission-related types from `policy.rs`.
- Updated relevant calls to use `retry_pending_storage_cleanup` directly.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs  | 11 +----------
 crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/policy.rs | 11 ++---------
 src-tauri/src/lib.rs                       |  2 +-
 3 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs
index 9f98828d7..9ab1d220d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ use crate::lifecycle::{
     apps_root, derive_manifest_url, download_url_snapshot, enqueue_pending_storage_cleanup,
     enqueue_retired_app_origin, fetch_url_manifest, list_installed_apps_internal,
     prepare_zip_snapshot, read_manifest, read_retired_app_origins,
-    retry_pending_storage_cleanup, unzip_to_dir, validate_package_structure,
+    unzip_to_dir, validate_package_structure,
     write_installed_app_metadata,
 };
 use crate::lifecycle::registry::read_installed_app_by_id;
@@ -24,8 +24,6 @@ use crate::types::{
     InstalledSageAppStorage, ListedSageApp, SageAppCommon,
     SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppUrlPreview,
     UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource, SageGrantedPermissions,
-    SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
-    SageRequestedPermissions,
 };
 
 pub fn current_millis() -> u128 {
@@ -575,13 +573,6 @@ pub async fn uninstall_app(
     Ok(())
 }
 
-pub async fn retry_pending_storage_cleanup_on_startup(
-    app: &AppHandle,
-    base_path: &Path,
-) -> AnyResult<()> {
-    retry_pending_storage_cleanup(app, base_path).await
-}
-
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/policy.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/policy.rs
index ecc292fe7..ead223111 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/policy.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/policy.rs
@@ -4,11 +4,7 @@ use std::collections::BTreeSet;
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::{
     permissions::{get_user_capability_definition},
-    types::{
-        SageAppCapabilityFlags, SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
-        SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
-        SageRequestedPermissions,
-    },
+    types::{SageAppCapabilityFlags, SageRequestedPermissions},
 };
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Default)]
@@ -205,10 +201,7 @@ pub fn clear_storage_may_contain_secrets(
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
     use crate::permissions::{normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions, user_registry};
-    use crate::types::{
-        SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
-        SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist, SageRequestedPermissions,
-    };
+    use crate::types::{SageNetworkPermissionTarget, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist, SageRequestedPermissions};
 
     fn empty_requested_permissions() -> SageRequestedPermissions {
         SageRequestedPermissions {
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
index 8a0ea17e3..10ec73942 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ pub fn run() {
             let cleanup_base_path = path.clone();
             tauri::async_runtime::spawn(async move {
                 if let Err(err) =
-                    apps::lifecycle::retry_pending_storage_cleanup_on_startup(
+                    apps::lifecycle::retry_pending_storage_cleanup(
                             &app_handle,
                             &cleanup_base_path,
                     )

From eae47cd6ea33bc9f41c2fd8b4f424d2c3f68f9a8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 24 Apr 2026 23:07:28 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 185/471] Extract reusable `bytes_sha256_hex` utility and
 replace redundant hashing functions:

- Added `bytes_sha256_hex` utility function in `utils.rs` for consistent SHA-256 hashing.
- Replaced redundant hashing methods (`sha256_hex`, `hash_bytes`, etc.) across all modules with `bytes_sha256_hex`.
- Removed unused or redundant hash-related functions to improve code clarity and maintenance.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs                |  1 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs  | 53 ++++++++--------------
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs | 10 +---
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs  | 14 ++----
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/snapshot.rs | 36 ++-------------
 crates/sage-apps/src/utils.rs              |  7 +++
 6 files changed, 37 insertions(+), 84 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/utils.rs

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
index 391ed7e54..b7db0ffe9 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ pub mod security;
 pub mod state;
 pub mod system_apps;
 pub mod types;
+pub mod utils;
 
 pub use security::{
     handle_system_app_protocol_request,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs
index 9ab1d220d..5d37a710a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ use std::{
 };
 
 use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
-use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State, command};
 use uuid::Uuid;
 
@@ -25,6 +24,7 @@ use crate::types::{
     SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppUrlPreview,
     UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource, SageGrantedPermissions,
 };
+use crate::utils::bytes_sha256_hex;
 
 pub fn current_millis() -> u128 {
     SystemTime::now()
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ fn generate_zip_app_id(name: &str) -> String {
 }
 
 fn generate_url_app_id(manifest_url: &str) -> String {
-    let hash = hash_string(manifest_url);
+    let hash = bytes_sha256_hex(manifest_url.as_bytes());
     format!("url-{}", &hash[..16])
 }
 
@@ -206,12 +206,6 @@ fn resolve_url_install_target(
     Ok((app_id.clone(), app_dir, existing))
 }
 
-pub fn hash_string(input: &str) -> String {
-    let mut hasher = Sha256::new();
-    hasher.update(input.as_bytes());
-    hex::encode(hasher.finalize())
-}
-
 fn normalize_manifest_permissions(
     mut manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
 ) -> AnyResult<SageAppPackageManifest> {
@@ -235,7 +229,7 @@ async fn allocate_new_storage(
     _base_path: &Path,
 ) -> AnyResult<InstalledSageAppStorage> {
     loop {
-        let identifier = *uuid::Uuid::new_v4().as_bytes();
+        let identifier = *Uuid::new_v4().as_bytes();
         let existing_ids = app
             .fetch_data_store_identifiers()
             .await
@@ -585,23 +579,27 @@ mod tests {
     use crate::permissions::normalize_and_validate_granted_network_whitelist;
     use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, RetiredAppOriginEntry, SageAppCapabilityFlags, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkPermissionTarget, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist, SageRequestedPermissions};
 
+    fn get_dual_example_com_requested_network_permissions() -> SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
+        SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
+            whitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist {
+                required: vec![SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
+                    scheme: "https".into(),
+                    host: "api.example.com".into(),
+                }],
+                optional: vec![SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
+                    scheme: "wss".into(),
+                    host: "ws.example.com".into(),
+                }],
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     fn sample_manifest() -> SageAppPackageManifest {
         SageAppPackageManifest {
             name: "Test App".into(),
             version: "1.0.0".into(),
             permissions: SageRequestedPermissions {
-                network: SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
-                    whitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist {
-                        required: vec![SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
-                            scheme: "https".into(),
-                            host: "api.example.com".into(),
-                        }],
-                        optional: vec![SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
-                            scheme: "wss".into(),
-                            host: "ws.example.com".into(),
-                        }],
-                    },
-                },
+                network: get_dual_example_com_requested_network_permissions(),
                 capabilities: SageRequestedCapabilities {
                     required: vec![UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage],
                     optional: vec![UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch],
@@ -707,18 +705,7 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn granted_network_whitelist_always_includes_required_and_selected_optional() {
-        let requested = SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
-            whitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist {
-                required: vec![SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
-                    scheme: "https".into(),
-                    host: "api.example.com".into(),
-                }],
-                optional: vec![SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
-                    scheme: "wss".into(),
-                    host: "ws.example.com".into(),
-                }],
-            },
-        };
+        let requested = get_dual_example_com_requested_network_permissions();
 
         let granted = vec![SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
             scheme: "wss".into(),
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs
index f42b437dd..a64ce3089 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 use std::collections::BTreeSet;
 
 use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
-use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
 
 use crate::{
     lifecycle::limits::{
@@ -10,6 +9,7 @@ use crate::{
     permissions::normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions,
     types::{SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest},
 };
+use crate::utils::bytes_sha256_hex;
 
 const MANIFEST_FILE_NAME: &str = "sage-manifest.json";
 
@@ -22,12 +22,6 @@ pub fn derive_manifest_url(app_url: &str) -> AnyResult<String> {
         .with_context(|| format!("failed to derive manifest url from app url: {app_url}"))
 }
 
-fn sha256_hex(bytes: &[u8]) -> String {
-    let mut hasher = Sha256::new();
-    hasher.update(bytes);
-    hex::encode(hasher.finalize())
-}
-
 pub async fn fetch_url_manifest(
     manifest_url: &str,
 ) -> AnyResult<(SageAppPackageManifest, String)> {
@@ -42,7 +36,7 @@ pub async fn fetch_url_manifest(
         .await
         .with_context(|| format!("failed to read manifest response body from {manifest_url}"))?;
 
-    let manifest_hash = sha256_hex(&bytes);
+    let manifest_hash = bytes_sha256_hex(&bytes);
 
     let manifest_text = std::str::from_utf8(&bytes)
         .with_context(|| format!("manifest is not valid UTF-8: {manifest_url}"))?;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs
index 448e9e29c..877c2cc02 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs
@@ -4,22 +4,16 @@ use std::{
 };
 
 use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
-use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
 use zip::ZipArchive;
 
 use crate::{
     lifecycle::manifest::read_manifest,
     types::{SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot},
 };
+use crate::utils::bytes_sha256_hex;
 
 const MANIFEST_FILE_NAME: &str = "sage-manifest.json";
 
-fn sha256_hex(bytes: &[u8]) -> String {
-    let mut hasher = Sha256::new();
-    hasher.update(bytes);
-    hex::encode(hasher.finalize())
-}
-
 pub fn unzip_to_dir(zip_path: &Path, out_dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<()> {
     let file = fs::File::open(zip_path)
         .with_context(|| format!("failed to open zip {}", zip_path.display()))?;
@@ -74,7 +68,7 @@ pub fn validate_package_structure(package_root: &Path) -> AnyResult<()> {
         let bytes = fs::read(&path)
             .with_context(|| format!("failed to read package file {}", path.display()))?;
 
-        let actual_hash = sha256_hex(&bytes);
+        let actual_hash = bytes_sha256_hex(&bytes);
         if actual_hash != file.sha256 {
             anyhow::bail!("sha256 mismatch for {}", file.path);
         }
@@ -112,7 +106,7 @@ fn copy_dir_recursive(src: &Path, dst: &Path) -> AnyResult<()> {
     Ok(())
 }
 
-fn compute_dir_size(root: &Path) -> AnyResult<u64> {
+pub fn compute_dir_size(root: &Path) -> AnyResult<u64> {
     let mut total = 0_u64;
 
     for entry in fs::read_dir(root)
@@ -158,7 +152,7 @@ pub fn prepare_zip_snapshot(
     })?;
 
     let total_bytes = compute_dir_size(&snapshot_dir)?;
-    let manifest_hash = sha256_hex(&serde_json::to_vec(manifest)?);
+    let manifest_hash = bytes_sha256_hex(&serde_json::to_vec(manifest)?);
 
     Ok(SageAppSnapshot {
         manifest_hash,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/snapshot.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/snapshot.rs
index a0836366c..812079d83 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/snapshot.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/snapshot.rs
@@ -4,15 +4,9 @@ use std::{
 };
 use std::path::Component;
 use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
-use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
-
+use crate::lifecycle::compute_dir_size;
 use crate::types::{SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot};
-
-fn hash_bytes(bytes: &[u8]) -> String {
-    let mut hasher = Sha256::new();
-    hasher.update(bytes);
-    hex::encode(hasher.finalize())
-}
+use crate::utils::bytes_sha256_hex;
 
 pub fn read_snapshot_file(root: &Path, request_path: &str) -> AnyResult<PathBuf> {
     let normalized = if request_path.is_empty() || request_path == "/" {
@@ -75,30 +69,6 @@ fn write_file(path: &Path, bytes: &[u8]) -> AnyResult<()> {
     Ok(())
 }
 
-fn compute_dir_size(root: &Path) -> AnyResult<u64> {
-    let mut total = 0_u64;
-
-    for entry in fs::read_dir(root)
-        .with_context(|| format!("failed to read directory {}", root.display()))?
-    {
-        let entry = entry?;
-        let file_type = entry.file_type()?;
-        let path = entry.path();
-
-        if file_type.is_dir() {
-            total = total
-                .checked_add(compute_dir_size(&path)?)
-                .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("directory size overflow"))?;
-        } else if file_type.is_file() {
-            total = total
-                .checked_add(entry.metadata()?.len())
-                .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("directory size overflow"))?;
-        }
-    }
-
-    Ok(total)
-}
-
 fn join_app_url(base_url: &str, relative_path: &str) -> AnyResult<String> {
     let base = reqwest::Url::parse(base_url)
         .with_context(|| format!("invalid app url {base_url}"))?;
@@ -129,7 +99,7 @@ pub async fn download_url_snapshot(
         let url = join_app_url(app_url, &file.path)?;
         let bytes = download_bytes(&url).await?;
 
-        let actual_hash = hash_bytes(&bytes);
+        let actual_hash = bytes_sha256_hex(&bytes);
         if actual_hash != file.sha256 {
             return Err(anyhow!(
                 "hash mismatch for {}: expected {}, got {}",
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/utils.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/utils.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b18829824
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/utils.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
+
+pub fn bytes_sha256_hex(bytes: &[u8]) -> String {
+    let mut hasher = Sha256::new();
+    hasher.update(bytes);
+    hex::encode(hasher.finalize())
+}

From 6a0e23f7f77d9179a1c3bed7bed8fcde3ac9845f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 25 Apr 2026 14:27:34 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 186/471] Replace redundant `now_ms` and `current_millis`
 functions with `unix_timestamp_ms` utility:

- Centralized timestamp calculation by introducing `unix_timestamp_ms` utility in `utils.rs`.
- Replaced all occurrences of `now_ms` and `current_millis` with `unix_timestamp_ms` across modules.
- Updated models and storage cleanup logic to use `i64` for timestamps instead of `u64` to align with utility output.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs     | 16 +++-------
 .../src/lifecycle/storage_cleanup.rs          | 20 +++++--------
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/inline.rs        | 14 ++-------
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs       | 15 ++--------
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/poll.rs   | 23 +++++++--------
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runner.rs        | 29 +++++++++----------
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs       | 12 ++------
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/models.rs          |  6 ++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/utils.rs                 |  8 +++++
 9 files changed, 55 insertions(+), 88 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs
index 5d37a710a..95c2132c6 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 use std::{
     fs, io,
     path::Path,
-    time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH},
 };
 
 use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
@@ -24,14 +23,7 @@ use crate::types::{
     SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppUrlPreview,
     UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource, SageGrantedPermissions,
 };
-use crate::utils::bytes_sha256_hex;
-
-pub fn current_millis() -> u128 {
-    SystemTime::now()
-        .duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)
-        .expect("time went backwards")
-        .as_millis()
-}
+use crate::utils::{bytes_sha256_hex};
 
 fn slugify_name(name: &str) -> String {
     let mut out = String::new();
@@ -56,7 +48,7 @@ fn slugify_name(name: &str) -> String {
 }
 
 fn generate_zip_app_id(name: &str) -> String {
-    format!("{}-{}", slugify_name(name), current_millis())
+    format!("{}-{}", slugify_name(name), Uuid::new_v4())
 }
 
 fn generate_url_app_id(manifest_url: &str) -> String {
@@ -300,7 +292,7 @@ pub async fn preview_app_url_internal(app_url: String) -> AnyResult<SageAppUrlPr
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
 pub async fn preview_app_zip(zip_path: String) -> Result<SageAppPackageManifest> {
-    let unpack_dir = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!(".sage-preview-{}", current_millis()));
+    let unpack_dir = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!(".sage-preview-{}", Uuid::new_v4()));
 
     let result = (|| -> AnyResult<SageAppPackageManifest> {
         unzip_to_dir(Path::new(&zip_path), &unpack_dir)?;
@@ -360,7 +352,7 @@ pub async fn install_app_zip(
         io::Error::other(format!("failed to create apps directory {}: {err}", root.display()))
     })?;
 
-    let unpack_dir = root.join(format!(".tmp-{}", current_millis()));
+    let unpack_dir = root.join(format!(".tmp-{}", Uuid::new_v4()));
     if unpack_dir.exists() {
         fs::remove_dir_all(&unpack_dir).map_err(|err| {
             io::Error::other(format!(
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage_cleanup.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage_cleanup.rs
index 62f57f3eb..dd96c416c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage_cleanup.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage_cleanup.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 use std::path::Path;
-use std::time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};
 
 use anyhow::Result as AnyResult;
 use tauri::AppHandle;
@@ -15,13 +14,7 @@ use crate::types::{
     PendingStorageCleanupTarget, RetiredAppOriginEntry, UserSageApp,
     UserSageAppSource,
 };
-
-fn now_ms() -> u64 {
-    SystemTime::now()
-        .duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)
-        .expect("time went backwards")
-        .as_millis() as u64
-}
+use crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms;
 
 fn target_from_storage(storage: &InstalledSageAppStorage) -> PendingStorageCleanupTarget {
     match storage {
@@ -49,9 +42,10 @@ pub fn enqueue_pending_storage_cleanup(
     let target = target_from_storage(&app.common.storage);
     let existing = entries.iter_mut().find(|entry| entry.target == target);
 
+    let now = unix_timestamp_ms();
     match existing {
         Some(entry) => {
-            entry.last_attempt_at_ms = Some(now_ms());
+            entry.last_attempt_at_ms = Some(now);
             entry.attempt_count = entry.attempt_count.saturating_add(1);
             entry.last_error = Some(error.to_string());
             entry.app_id = app.common.id.clone();
@@ -62,8 +56,8 @@ pub fn enqueue_pending_storage_cleanup(
             app_id: app.common.id.clone(),
             app_name: app.common.name.clone(),
             target,
-            created_at_ms: now_ms(),
-            last_attempt_at_ms: Some(now_ms()),
+            created_at_ms: now,
+            last_attempt_at_ms: Some(now),
             attempt_count: 1,
             last_error: Some(error.to_string()),
         }),
@@ -84,7 +78,7 @@ pub async fn retry_pending_storage_cleanup(
     let mut remaining = Vec::new();
 
     for mut entry in entries {
-        entry.last_attempt_at_ms = Some(now_ms());
+        entry.last_attempt_at_ms = Some(unix_timestamp_ms());
         entry.attempt_count = entry.attempt_count.saturating_add(1);
 
         match clear_app_storage_by_target(app, &entry.target).await {
@@ -123,7 +117,7 @@ pub fn enqueue_retired_app_origin(
             app_id: app.common.id.clone(),
             app_name: app.common.name.clone(),
             origin_id: app.common.origin_id.clone(),
-            created_at_ms: now_ms(),
+            created_at_ms: unix_timestamp_ms(),
             storage_may_contain_secrets:
             app.common.capability_flags.storage_may_contain_secrets,
             cleanup_pending,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/inline.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/inline.rs
index 4a1f77cae..cf6f1ad3d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/inline.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/inline.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 use std::collections::BTreeMap;
-use std::time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};
 
 use serde::Deserialize;
 use specta::Type;
@@ -12,7 +11,7 @@ use crate::runtime::emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed;
 use crate::sandbox;
 use crate::state::AppsHostState;
 use crate::types::InstalledSageAppStorage;
-
+use crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms;
 use super::records::{inline_label_for, runtime_id_for, SageAppRuntimeRecord};
 use super::resolve::{
     build_entry_src, is_allowed_app_url, resolve_app, runtime_kind_for_app, should_use_incognito,
@@ -87,13 +86,6 @@ pub struct CreateInlineRuntimeArgs {
     pub query: BTreeMap<String, String>,
 }
 
-fn now_ms() -> Result<i64, String> {
-    Ok(SystemTime::now()
-        .duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)
-        .map_err(|e| format!("system clock error: {e}"))?
-        .as_millis() as i64)
-}
-
 async fn reuse_existing_inline_runtime(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     webview: &tauri::Webview,
@@ -106,7 +98,7 @@ async fn reuse_existing_inline_runtime(
     visible: bool,
     internal: bool,
 ) -> Result<SageAppRuntimeRecord, String> {
-    let now = now_ms()?;
+    let now = unix_timestamp_ms();
 
     if visible {
         webview
@@ -270,7 +262,7 @@ pub async fn apps_create_inline_runtime(
         )
         .map_err(|e| format!("failed to create child webview: {e}"))?;
 
-    let now = now_ms()?;
+    let now = unix_timestamp_ms();
 
     let record = SageAppRuntimeRecord {
         runtime_id: runtime_id.clone(),
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
index ef371491a..2b866e561 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,9 @@
-use std::time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};
-
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Emitter, Manager, State};
 use crate::bridge::methods::system::RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent;
 use crate::state::AppsHostState;
-
+use crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms;
 use super::cleanup::close_runtime_internal_with_reason;
 use super::records::SageAppRuntimeRecord;
 
@@ -22,13 +20,6 @@ pub struct SystemKillRuntimeResult {
     pub app_id: String,
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn now_ms() -> Result<i64, String> {
-    Ok(SystemTime::now()
-        .duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)
-        .map_err(|err| format!("system clock error: {err}"))?
-        .as_millis() as i64)
-}
-
 pub(crate) async fn get_runtime_record_by_app_id(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: &str,
@@ -153,7 +144,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn focus_runtime_internal(
 
     record.visible = true;
     record.state = "running".into();
-    record.last_active_at = now_ms()?;
+    record.last_active_at = unix_timestamp_ms();
 
     write_runtime_record(apps_state, record.clone()).await?;
     emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(app, apps_state).await;
@@ -181,7 +172,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn hide_runtime_internal(
 
     record.visible = false;
     record.state = "hidden".into();
-    record.last_active_at = now_ms()?;
+    record.last_active_at = unix_timestamp_ms();
 
     write_runtime_record(apps_state, record.clone()).await?;
     Ok(record)
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/poll.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/poll.rs
index bad63cf75..37e0615eb 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/poll.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/poll.rs
@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@ use tauri::State;
 use tokio::time::{sleep, Duration};
 
 use crate::state::AppsHostState;
-
-use super::super::runtime::now_ms;
+use crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms;
 use super::super::store::SandboxAppResult;
 use super::super::types::{
     SandboxIsolationProbeResult, SandboxNetworkProbeResult,
@@ -17,7 +16,7 @@ pub async fn poll_isolation(
     expected_count: usize,
     timeout_ms: i64,
 ) -> Result<Vec<SandboxAppResult<SandboxIsolationProbeResult>>, String> {
-    let started = now_ms();
+    let started = unix_timestamp_ms();
 
     loop {
         let results = {
@@ -31,7 +30,7 @@ pub async fn poll_isolation(
             return Ok(results);
         }
 
-        if now_ms() - started >= timeout_ms {
+        if unix_timestamp_ms() - started >= timeout_ms {
             return Err("Timed out waiting for sandbox isolation results.".into());
         }
 
@@ -45,7 +44,7 @@ pub async fn poll_persistence_write(
     expected_count: usize,
     timeout_ms: i64,
 ) -> Result<Vec<SandboxAppResult<SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult>>, String> {
-    let started = now_ms();
+    let started = unix_timestamp_ms();
 
     loop {
         let results = {
@@ -59,7 +58,7 @@ pub async fn poll_persistence_write(
             return Ok(results);
         }
 
-        if now_ms() - started >= timeout_ms {
+        if unix_timestamp_ms() - started >= timeout_ms {
             return Err("Timed out waiting for sandbox persistence write results.".into());
         }
 
@@ -73,7 +72,7 @@ pub async fn poll_persistence_read(
     expected_count: usize,
     timeout_ms: i64,
 ) -> Result<Vec<SandboxAppResult<SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult>>, String> {
-    let started = now_ms();
+    let started = unix_timestamp_ms();
 
     loop {
         let results = {
@@ -87,7 +86,7 @@ pub async fn poll_persistence_read(
             return Ok(results);
         }
 
-        if now_ms() - started >= timeout_ms {
+        if unix_timestamp_ms() - started >= timeout_ms {
             return Err("Timed out waiting for sandbox persistence read results.".into());
         }
 
@@ -101,7 +100,7 @@ pub async fn poll_network(
     expected_count: usize,
     timeout_ms: i64,
 ) -> Result<Vec<SandboxAppResult<SandboxNetworkProbeResult>>, String> {
-    let started = now_ms();
+    let started = unix_timestamp_ms();
 
     loop {
         let results = {
@@ -115,7 +114,7 @@ pub async fn poll_network(
             return Ok(results);
         }
 
-        if now_ms() - started >= timeout_ms {
+        if unix_timestamp_ms() - started >= timeout_ms {
             return Err("Timed out waiting for sandbox network results.".into());
         }
 
@@ -130,7 +129,7 @@ pub async fn poll_clear_cycle_phase(
     phase: SandboxStorageClearProbePhase,
     timeout_ms: i64,
 ) -> Result<SandboxStorageClearProbeResult, String> {
-    let started = now_ms();
+    let started = unix_timestamp_ms();
 
     loop {
         let results = {
@@ -147,7 +146,7 @@ pub async fn poll_clear_cycle_phase(
             return Ok(found.data);
         }
 
-        if now_ms() - started >= timeout_ms {
+        if unix_timestamp_ms() - started >= timeout_ms {
             return Err("Timed out waiting for sandbox storage clear phase.".into());
         }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runner.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runner.rs
index f3c77abb9..bc83ab481 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runner.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runner.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Emitter, Manager, State};
 
 use crate::state::AppsHostState;
-
+use crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms;
 use super::probes::{
     run_clear_cycle_test, run_isolation_test, run_network_test, run_persistence_test,
 };
-use super::runtime::now_ms;
 use super::state_view::{build_effective_state, build_state_view};
 use super::types::{
     build_running_sandbox_state, mark_cap, SandboxCapability, SandboxCapabilityStatus,
@@ -80,7 +79,7 @@ pub async fn begin_sandbox_run(
 
     let run_state = SandboxRunState {
         run_id: super::runtime::unique_run_id("sandbox-run"),
-        state: build_running_sandbox_state(now_ms()),
+        state: build_running_sandbox_state(unix_timestamp_ms()),
     };
 
     *apps_state.sandbox.current_run.lock().await = Some(run_state);
@@ -110,7 +109,7 @@ pub async fn sandbox_runner(app: AppHandle) {
         let current_run = apps_state.sandbox.current_run.lock().await.clone();
         current_run
             .map(|r| r.state)
-            .unwrap_or_else(|| build_running_sandbox_state(now_ms()))
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| build_running_sandbox_state(unix_timestamp_ms()))
     };
 
     let isolation_fut = run_isolation_test(&app, &apps_state);
@@ -140,7 +139,7 @@ pub async fn sandbox_runner(app: AppHandle) {
                             SandboxCapability::StorageIsolationFromSage,
                             if passed { SandboxCapabilityStatus::Passed } else { SandboxCapabilityStatus::Failed },
                             details,
-                            now_ms(),
+                            unix_timestamp_ms(),
                         );
                     }
                     Err(err) => {
@@ -149,7 +148,7 @@ pub async fn sandbox_runner(app: AppHandle) {
                             SandboxCapability::StorageIsolationFromSage,
                             SandboxCapabilityStatus::Failed,
                             Some(err),
-                            now_ms(),
+                            unix_timestamp_ms(),
                         );
                     }
                 }
@@ -167,7 +166,7 @@ pub async fn sandbox_runner(app: AppHandle) {
                             SandboxCapability::StoragePersistenceNormal,
                             if normal.0 { SandboxCapabilityStatus::Passed } else { SandboxCapabilityStatus::Failed },
                             normal.1,
-                            now_ms(),
+                            unix_timestamp_ms(),
                         );
 
                         mark_cap(
@@ -175,7 +174,7 @@ pub async fn sandbox_runner(app: AppHandle) {
                             SandboxCapability::StorageNonPersistenceIncognito,
                             if incog.0 { SandboxCapabilityStatus::Passed } else { SandboxCapabilityStatus::Failed },
                             incog.1,
-                            now_ms(),
+                            unix_timestamp_ms(),
                         );
                     }
                     Err(err) => {
@@ -184,7 +183,7 @@ pub async fn sandbox_runner(app: AppHandle) {
                             SandboxCapability::StoragePersistenceNormal,
                             SandboxCapabilityStatus::Failed,
                             Some(err.clone()),
-                            now_ms(),
+                            unix_timestamp_ms(),
                         );
 
                         mark_cap(
@@ -192,7 +191,7 @@ pub async fn sandbox_runner(app: AppHandle) {
                             SandboxCapability::StorageNonPersistenceIncognito,
                             SandboxCapabilityStatus::Failed,
                             Some(err),
-                            now_ms(),
+                            unix_timestamp_ms(),
                         );
                     }
                 }
@@ -210,7 +209,7 @@ pub async fn sandbox_runner(app: AppHandle) {
                             SandboxCapability::StorageClearCycle,
                             if passed { SandboxCapabilityStatus::Passed } else { SandboxCapabilityStatus::Failed },
                             details,
-                            now_ms(),
+                            unix_timestamp_ms(),
                         );
                     }
                     Err(err) => {
@@ -219,7 +218,7 @@ pub async fn sandbox_runner(app: AppHandle) {
                             SandboxCapability::StorageClearCycle,
                             SandboxCapabilityStatus::Failed,
                             Some(err),
-                            now_ms(),
+                            unix_timestamp_ms(),
                         );
                     }
                 }
@@ -237,7 +236,7 @@ pub async fn sandbox_runner(app: AppHandle) {
                             SandboxCapability::NetworkAllowlistEnforced,
                             if passed { SandboxCapabilityStatus::Passed } else { SandboxCapabilityStatus::Failed },
                             details,
-                            now_ms(),
+                            unix_timestamp_ms(),
                         );
                     }
                     Err(err) => {
@@ -246,7 +245,7 @@ pub async fn sandbox_runner(app: AppHandle) {
                             SandboxCapability::NetworkAllowlistEnforced,
                             SandboxCapabilityStatus::Failed,
                             Some(err),
-                            now_ms(),
+                            unix_timestamp_ms(),
                         );
                     }
                 }
@@ -271,7 +270,7 @@ pub async fn sandbox_runner(app: AppHandle) {
         } else {
             SandboxCapabilityStatus::Passed
         };
-    current_state.finished_at = Some(now_ms());
+    current_state.finished_at = Some(unix_timestamp_ms());
 
     *apps_state.sandbox.baseline.lock().await = current_state.clone();
     *apps_state.sandbox.current_run.lock().await = None;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs
index 5214155b3..5dc3f691d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs
@@ -1,23 +1,15 @@
 use std::collections::{BTreeMap, HashMap};
-use std::time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};
 
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
-
+use uuid::Uuid;
 use crate::runtime;
 use crate::state::AppsHostState;
 
 pub const STORAGE_CLEAR_PROBE_PATH: &str =
     "/__sage/runtime-apps/storage-clear-probe/index.html";
 
-pub fn now_ms() -> i64 {
-    SystemTime::now()
-        .duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)
-        .map(|d| d.as_millis() as i64)
-        .unwrap_or(0)
-}
-
 pub fn unique_run_id(prefix: &str) -> String {
-    format!("{prefix}-{}", now_ms())
+    format!("{prefix}-{}", Uuid::new_v4())
 }
 
 pub async fn stop_test_apps(
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/models.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/models.rs
index 91fbe8325..f35278c5f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/models.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/models.rs
@@ -75,8 +75,8 @@ pub struct PendingStorageCleanupEntry {
     pub app_id: String,
     pub app_name: String,
     pub target: PendingStorageCleanupTarget,
-    pub created_at_ms: u64,
-    pub last_attempt_at_ms: Option<u64>,
+    pub created_at_ms: i64,
+    pub last_attempt_at_ms: Option<i64>,
     pub attempt_count: u32,
     pub last_error: Option<String>,
 }
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ pub struct RetiredAppOriginEntry {
     pub app_id: String,
     pub app_name: String,
     pub origin_id: String,
-    pub created_at_ms: u64,
+    pub created_at_ms: i64,
     pub storage_may_contain_secrets: bool,
     pub cleanup_pending: bool,
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/utils.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/utils.rs
index b18829824..1f66e4e6e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/utils.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/utils.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,13 @@
+use std::time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};
 use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
 
+pub fn unix_timestamp_ms() -> i64 {
+    SystemTime::now()
+        .duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)
+        .expect("system time is before UNIX_EPOCH")
+        .as_millis() as i64
+}
+
 pub fn bytes_sha256_hex(bytes: &[u8]) -> String {
     let mut hasher = Sha256::new();
     hasher.update(bytes);

From 9dcbd336d655ce5339c8c5d2a373df965e6d435c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 25 Apr 2026 14:42:21 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 187/471] Extract shared storage utilities and refactor cleanup
 logic:

- Moved `data_directory_for`, `parse_data_store_id`, and `cleanup_target_from_storage` functions to the new `storage` module for centralization.
- Replaced duplicate storage handling functions in `runtime`, `lifecycle`, and `inline` modules with the shared utilities.
- Simplified storage cleanup logic by consolidating redundant implementations.
- Updated tests to use centralized utilities for better maintainability.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs                   |  1 +
 .../src/lifecycle/storage_cleanup.rs          | 30 ++++--------
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/cleanup.rs       | 47 +++----------------
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/inline.rs        | 28 ++---------
 crates/sage-apps/src/storage.rs               | 41 ++++++++++++++++
 5 files changed, 61 insertions(+), 86 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/storage.rs

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
index b7db0ffe9..545578b64 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ pub mod state;
 pub mod system_apps;
 pub mod types;
 pub mod utils;
+mod storage;
 
 pub use security::{
     handle_system_app_protocol_request,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage_cleanup.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage_cleanup.rs
index dd96c416c..5e4d5b731 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage_cleanup.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage_cleanup.rs
@@ -9,29 +9,14 @@ use crate::lifecycle::{
     write_pending_storage_cleanup_entries, write_retired_app_origins,
 };
 use crate::runtime::clear_app_storage_by_target;
+use crate::storage::cleanup_target_from_storage;
 use crate::types::{
-    InstalledSageAppStorage, PendingStorageCleanupEntry,
-    PendingStorageCleanupTarget, RetiredAppOriginEntry, UserSageApp,
+    PendingStorageCleanupEntry,
+    RetiredAppOriginEntry, UserSageApp,
     UserSageAppSource,
 };
 use crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms;
 
-fn target_from_storage(storage: &InstalledSageAppStorage) -> PendingStorageCleanupTarget {
-    match storage {
-        InstalledSageAppStorage::AppleDataStore { identifier_hex } => {
-            PendingStorageCleanupTarget::AppleDataStore {
-                identifier_hex: identifier_hex.clone(),
-            }
-        }
-        InstalledSageAppStorage::WindowsProfile { directory_name } => {
-            PendingStorageCleanupTarget::WindowsProfile {
-                directory_name: directory_name.clone(),
-            }
-        }
-        InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged => PendingStorageCleanupTarget::Unmanaged,
-    }
-}
-
 pub fn enqueue_pending_storage_cleanup(
     base_path: &Path,
     app: &UserSageApp,
@@ -39,7 +24,7 @@ pub fn enqueue_pending_storage_cleanup(
 ) -> AnyResult<()> {
     let mut entries = read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries(base_path)?;
 
-    let target = target_from_storage(&app.common.storage);
+    let target = cleanup_target_from_storage(&app.common.storage);
     let existing = entries.iter_mut().find(|entry| entry.target == target);
 
     let now = unix_timestamp_ms();
@@ -129,11 +114,12 @@ pub fn enqueue_retired_app_origin(
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
+    use crate::types::{PendingStorageCleanupTarget, InstalledSageAppStorage};
     use super::*;
 
     #[test]
     fn target_from_storage_maps_apple_data_store() {
-        let target = target_from_storage(&InstalledSageAppStorage::AppleDataStore {
+        let target = cleanup_target_from_storage(&InstalledSageAppStorage::AppleDataStore {
             identifier_hex: "abc123".into(),
         });
 
@@ -147,7 +133,7 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn target_from_storage_maps_windows_profile() {
-        let target = target_from_storage(&InstalledSageAppStorage::WindowsProfile {
+        let target = cleanup_target_from_storage(&InstalledSageAppStorage::WindowsProfile {
             directory_name: "profile-1".into(),
         });
 
@@ -161,7 +147,7 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn target_from_storage_maps_unmanaged() {
-        let target = target_from_storage(&InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged);
+        let target = cleanup_target_from_storage(&InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged);
         assert_eq!(target, PendingStorageCleanupTarget::Unmanaged);
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/cleanup.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/cleanup.rs
index 88ca6d363..5e132075b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/cleanup.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/cleanup.rs
@@ -7,18 +7,18 @@ use tokio::time::timeout;
 use uuid::Uuid;
 
 use crate::state::AppsHostState;
-use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, PendingStorageCleanupTarget};
+use crate::storage::cleanup_target_from_storage;
+#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
+use crate::storage::data_directory_for;
+#[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios"))]
+use crate::storage::parse_data_store_id;
+use crate::types::{PendingStorageCleanupTarget};
 
 use super::{apps_create_inline_runtime, emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed};
 use super::inline::CreateInlineRuntimeArgs;
 use super::resolve::{resolve_app, runtime_kind_for_app};
 use super::records::{inline_label_for, SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail};
 
-#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
-fn data_directory_for(directory_name: &str) -> std::path::PathBuf {
-    std::path::PathBuf::from("profiles").join(directory_name)
-}
-
 const BEFORE_STOP_TIMEOUT_MS: u64 = 5_000;
 
 fn debug_test_apps_enabled() -> bool {
@@ -28,23 +28,6 @@ fn debug_test_apps_enabled() -> bool {
         .unwrap_or(false)
 }
 
-#[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios"))]
-fn parse_data_store_id(identifier_hex: &str) -> Result<[u8; 16], String> {
-    let bytes = hex::decode(identifier_hex)
-        .map_err(|err| format!("invalid data store identifier hex: {err}"))?;
-
-    if bytes.len() != 16 {
-        return Err(format!(
-            "invalid data store identifier length {}, expected 16 bytes",
-            bytes.len()
-        ));
-    }
-
-    let mut out = [0_u8; 16];
-    out.copy_from_slice(&bytes);
-    Ok(out)
-}
-
 pub async fn clear_app_storage_by_target(
     app: &AppHandle,
     target: &PendingStorageCleanupTarget,
@@ -95,22 +78,6 @@ pub async fn clear_app_storage_by_target(
     Ok(())
 }
 
-fn pending_target_from_storage(storage: &InstalledSageAppStorage) -> PendingStorageCleanupTarget {
-    match storage {
-        InstalledSageAppStorage::AppleDataStore { identifier_hex } => {
-            PendingStorageCleanupTarget::AppleDataStore {
-                identifier_hex: identifier_hex.clone(),
-            }
-        }
-        InstalledSageAppStorage::WindowsProfile { directory_name } => {
-            PendingStorageCleanupTarget::WindowsProfile {
-                directory_name: directory_name.clone(),
-            }
-        }
-        InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged => PendingStorageCleanupTarget::Unmanaged,
-    }
-}
-
 #[tauri::command]
 #[specta::specta]
 pub async fn apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data(
@@ -132,7 +99,7 @@ pub async fn apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data(
         }
     }
 
-    let target = pending_target_from_storage(resolved.storage());
+    let target = cleanup_target_from_storage(resolved.storage());
 
     clear_app_storage_by_target(&app, &target).await
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/inline.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/inline.rs
index cf6f1ad3d..e8b3b15d5 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/inline.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/inline.rs
@@ -5,11 +5,13 @@ use specta::Type;
 use tauri::webview::NewWindowResponse;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, LogicalPosition, LogicalSize, Manager, State, WebviewUrl};
 
-#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
-use std::path::PathBuf;
 use crate::runtime::emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed;
 use crate::sandbox;
 use crate::state::AppsHostState;
+#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
+use crate::storage::data_directory_for;
+#[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios"))]
+use crate::storage::parse_data_store_id;
 use crate::types::InstalledSageAppStorage;
 use crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms;
 use super::records::{inline_label_for, runtime_id_for, SageAppRuntimeRecord};
@@ -17,28 +19,6 @@ use super::resolve::{
     build_entry_src, is_allowed_app_url, resolve_app, runtime_kind_for_app, should_use_incognito,
 };
 
-#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
-fn data_directory_for(directory_name: &str) -> PathBuf {
-    PathBuf::from("profiles").join(directory_name)
-}
-
-#[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios"))]
-fn parse_data_store_id(identifier_hex: &str) -> Result<[u8; 16], String> {
-    let bytes = hex::decode(identifier_hex)
-        .map_err(|err| format!("invalid data store identifier hex: {err}"))?;
-
-    if bytes.len() != 16 {
-        return Err(format!(
-            "invalid data store identifier length {}, expected 16 bytes",
-            bytes.len()
-        ));
-    }
-
-    let mut out = [0_u8; 16];
-    out.copy_from_slice(&bytes);
-    Ok(out)
-}
-
 fn fallback_debug_slot(app_id: &str) -> usize {
     app_id
         .bytes()
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/storage.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/storage.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1ee515dc7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/storage.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, PendingStorageCleanupTarget};
+
+#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
+pub fn data_directory_for(directory_name: &str) -> PathBuf {
+    PathBuf::from("profiles").join(directory_name)
+}
+
+#[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios"))]
+pub fn parse_data_store_id(identifier_hex: &str) -> Result<[u8; 16], String> {
+    let bytes = hex::decode(identifier_hex)
+        .map_err(|err| format!("invalid data store identifier hex: {err}"))?;
+
+    if bytes.len() != 16 {
+        return Err(format!(
+            "invalid data store identifier length {}, expected 16 bytes",
+            bytes.len()
+        ));
+    }
+
+    let mut out = [0_u8; 16];
+    out.copy_from_slice(&bytes);
+    Ok(out)
+}
+
+pub fn cleanup_target_from_storage(storage: &InstalledSageAppStorage) -> PendingStorageCleanupTarget {
+    match storage {
+        InstalledSageAppStorage::AppleDataStore { identifier_hex } => {
+            PendingStorageCleanupTarget::AppleDataStore {
+                identifier_hex: identifier_hex.clone(),
+            }
+        }
+        InstalledSageAppStorage::WindowsProfile { directory_name } => {
+            PendingStorageCleanupTarget::WindowsProfile {
+                directory_name: directory_name.clone(),
+            }
+        }
+        InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged => PendingStorageCleanupTarget::Unmanaged,
+    }
+}

From a6626f1076fadd86d1024fc0ecd07bdb6e5e5bdc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 25 Apr 2026 15:10:46 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 188/471] Split runtime cleanup logic into `stop.rs`, refactor
 imports, and consolidate methods:

- Extracted cleanup and stop-related runtime logic into a new `stop.rs` module.
- Refactored `cleanup.rs` by merging duplicate methods across `runtime`, `lifecycle`, and `sandbox` into consolidated functions.
- Adjusted imports and updated references to renamed/relocated functions for better organization and maintainability.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs     |   9 +-
 .../src/lifecycle/storage_cleanup.rs          | 100 ++++++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/cleanup.rs       | 251 ------------------
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs       |   2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs           |   3 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs          | 122 +++++++++
 .../src/sandbox/probes/clear_cycle.rs         |  10 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs       |  43 ++-
 src-tauri/src/lib.rs                          |   2 +-
 9 files changed, 259 insertions(+), 283 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/cleanup.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs
index 95c2132c6..047a6b3b6 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs
@@ -8,16 +8,9 @@ use tauri::{AppHandle, State, command};
 use uuid::Uuid;
 
 use crate::host::{AppState, Result};
-use crate::lifecycle::{
-    apps_root, derive_manifest_url, download_url_snapshot, enqueue_pending_storage_cleanup,
-    enqueue_retired_app_origin, fetch_url_manifest, list_installed_apps_internal,
-    prepare_zip_snapshot, read_manifest, read_retired_app_origins,
-    unzip_to_dir, validate_package_structure,
-    write_installed_app_metadata,
-};
+use crate::lifecycle::{apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data, apps_root, derive_manifest_url, download_url_snapshot, enqueue_pending_storage_cleanup, enqueue_retired_app_origin, fetch_url_manifest, list_installed_apps_internal, prepare_zip_snapshot, read_manifest, read_retired_app_origins, unzip_to_dir, validate_package_structure, write_installed_app_metadata};
 use crate::lifecycle::registry::read_installed_app_by_id;
 use crate::permissions::{normalize_and_validate_granted_permissions, normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions, resolve_capability_flags, resolve_effective_granted_capabilities};
-use crate::runtime::apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data;
 use crate::types::{
     InstalledSageAppStorage, ListedSageApp, SageAppCommon,
     SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppUrlPreview,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage_cleanup.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage_cleanup.rs
index 5e4d5b731..974bac4f5 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage_cleanup.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage_cleanup.rs
@@ -1,20 +1,17 @@
 use std::path::Path;
 
 use anyhow::Result as AnyResult;
-use tauri::AppHandle;
+use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
 use uuid::Uuid;
-
+use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::lifecycle::{
     read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries, read_retired_app_origins,
     write_pending_storage_cleanup_entries, write_retired_app_origins,
 };
-use crate::runtime::clear_app_storage_by_target;
-use crate::storage::cleanup_target_from_storage;
-use crate::types::{
-    PendingStorageCleanupEntry,
-    RetiredAppOriginEntry, UserSageApp,
-    UserSageAppSource,
-};
+use crate::runtime::{inline_label_for, resolve_app, runtime_kind_for_app};
+use crate::runtime::stop::close_runtime_internal;
+use crate::storage::{cleanup_target_from_storage, parse_data_store_id};
+use crate::types::{PendingStorageCleanupEntry, PendingStorageCleanupTarget, RetiredAppOriginEntry, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource};
 use crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms;
 
 pub fn enqueue_pending_storage_cleanup(
@@ -78,6 +75,56 @@ pub async fn retry_pending_storage_cleanup(
     write_pending_storage_cleanup_entries(base_path, &remaining)
 }
 
+pub async fn clear_app_storage_by_target(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    target: &PendingStorageCleanupTarget,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    match target {
+        #[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios"))]
+        PendingStorageCleanupTarget::AppleDataStore { identifier_hex } => {
+            let target_id = parse_data_store_id(identifier_hex)?;
+            let existing_ids = app
+                .fetch_data_store_identifiers()
+                .await
+                .map_err(|e| format!("failed to fetch data store identifiers: {e}"))?;
+
+            if existing_ids.iter().any(|id| *id == target_id) {
+                app.remove_data_store(target_id)
+                    .await
+                    .map_err(|e| format!("failed to remove data store: {e}"))?;
+            }
+        }
+
+        #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
+        PendingStorageCleanupTarget::WindowsProfile { directory_name } => {
+            let app_data_dir = app
+                .path()
+                .app_data_dir()
+                .map_err(|e| format!("failed to resolve app data dir: {e}"))?;
+
+            let profile_dir = app_data_dir.join(crate::storage::data_directory_for(directory_name));
+
+            match std::fs::remove_dir_all(&profile_dir) {
+                Ok(()) => {}
+                Err(err) if err.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound => {}
+                Err(err) => {
+                    return Err(format!(
+                        "failed to remove profile dir {}: {err}",
+                        profile_dir.display()
+                    ));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        PendingStorageCleanupTarget::Unmanaged => {}
+
+        #[allow(unreachable_patterns)]
+        _ => {}
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
 pub fn enqueue_retired_app_origin(
     base_path: &Path,
     app: &UserSageApp,
@@ -112,6 +159,41 @@ pub fn enqueue_retired_app_origin(
     write_retired_app_origins(base_path, &entries)
 }
 
+pub async fn clear_runtime_browsing_data_internal(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    app_id: &str,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let _ = close_runtime_internal(app, apps_state, app_id).await;
+    apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data(app.clone(), app_id.to_string()).await
+}
+
+#[tauri::command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data(
+    app: AppHandle,
+    app_id: String,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let base_path = app
+        .path()
+        .app_data_dir()
+        .map_err(|e| format!("failed to resolve app data dir: {e}"))?;
+
+    let resolved = resolve_app(&base_path, &app_id)?;
+    let runtime_kind = runtime_kind_for_app(&resolved);
+    let webview_label = inline_label_for(resolved.id(), runtime_kind);
+
+    if let Some(host_window) = app.get_window("main") {
+        if let Some(existing) = host_window.get_webview(&webview_label) {
+            let _ = existing.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    let target = cleanup_target_from_storage(resolved.storage());
+
+    clear_app_storage_by_target(&app, &target).await
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use crate::types::{PendingStorageCleanupTarget, InstalledSageAppStorage};
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/cleanup.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/cleanup.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 5e132075b..000000000
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/cleanup.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,251 +0,0 @@
-use std::collections::BTreeMap;
-use std::time::Duration;
-
-use tauri::{AppHandle, Emitter, Manager, State};
-use tokio::sync::oneshot;
-use tokio::time::timeout;
-use uuid::Uuid;
-
-use crate::state::AppsHostState;
-use crate::storage::cleanup_target_from_storage;
-#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
-use crate::storage::data_directory_for;
-#[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios"))]
-use crate::storage::parse_data_store_id;
-use crate::types::{PendingStorageCleanupTarget};
-
-use super::{apps_create_inline_runtime, emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed};
-use super::inline::CreateInlineRuntimeArgs;
-use super::resolve::{resolve_app, runtime_kind_for_app};
-use super::records::{inline_label_for, SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail};
-
-const BEFORE_STOP_TIMEOUT_MS: u64 = 5_000;
-
-fn debug_test_apps_enabled() -> bool {
-    cfg!(debug_assertions)
-        && std::env::var("SAGE_DEBUG_TEST_APPS")
-        .map(|v| v == "1")
-        .unwrap_or(false)
-}
-
-pub async fn clear_app_storage_by_target(
-    app: &AppHandle,
-    target: &PendingStorageCleanupTarget,
-) -> Result<(), String> {
-    match target {
-        #[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios"))]
-        PendingStorageCleanupTarget::AppleDataStore { identifier_hex } => {
-            let target_id = parse_data_store_id(identifier_hex)?;
-            let existing_ids = app
-                .fetch_data_store_identifiers()
-                .await
-                .map_err(|e| format!("failed to fetch data store identifiers: {e}"))?;
-
-            if existing_ids.iter().any(|id| *id == target_id) {
-                app.remove_data_store(target_id)
-                    .await
-                    .map_err(|e| format!("failed to remove data store: {e}"))?;
-            }
-        }
-
-        #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
-        PendingStorageCleanupTarget::WindowsProfile { directory_name } => {
-            let app_data_dir = app
-                .path()
-                .app_data_dir()
-                .map_err(|e| format!("failed to resolve app data dir: {e}"))?;
-
-            let profile_dir = app_data_dir.join(data_directory_for(directory_name));
-
-            match std::fs::remove_dir_all(&profile_dir) {
-                Ok(()) => {}
-                Err(err) if err.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound => {}
-                Err(err) => {
-                    return Err(format!(
-                        "failed to remove profile dir {}: {err}",
-                        profile_dir.display()
-                    ));
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        PendingStorageCleanupTarget::Unmanaged => {}
-
-        #[allow(unreachable_patterns)]
-        _ => {}
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-#[tauri::command]
-#[specta::specta]
-pub async fn apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data(
-    app: AppHandle,
-    app_id: String,
-) -> Result<(), String> {
-    let base_path = app
-        .path()
-        .app_data_dir()
-        .map_err(|e| format!("failed to resolve app data dir: {e}"))?;
-
-    let resolved = resolve_app(&base_path, &app_id)?;
-    let runtime_kind = runtime_kind_for_app(&resolved);
-    let webview_label = inline_label_for(resolved.id(), runtime_kind);
-
-    if let Some(host_window) = app.get_window("main") {
-        if let Some(existing) = host_window.get_webview(&webview_label) {
-            let _ = existing.close();
-        }
-    }
-
-    let target = cleanup_target_from_storage(resolved.storage());
-
-    clear_app_storage_by_target(&app, &target).await
-}
-
-async fn wait_for_before_stop_ack(
-    app: &AppHandle,
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    record: &super::records::SageAppRuntimeRecord,
-    reason: &str,
-) -> Result<(), String> {
-    let has_listener = {
-        let listeners = apps_state.runtime.before_stop_listeners_by_app_id.lock().await;
-        listeners.contains(&record.app_id)
-    };
-
-    if !has_listener {
-        return Ok(());
-    }
-
-    let host_window = match app.get_window("main") {
-        Some(window) => window,
-        None => return Ok(()),
-    };
-
-    let webview = match host_window.get_webview(&record.webview_label) {
-        Some(webview) => webview,
-        None => return Ok(()),
-    };
-
-    let request_id = Uuid::new_v4().to_string();
-    let (tx, rx) = oneshot::channel();
-
-    {
-        let mut pending = apps_state.runtime.pending_stop_ready.lock().await;
-        pending.insert(request_id.clone(), tx);
-    }
-
-    let detail = SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail {
-        request_id: request_id.clone(),
-        reason: Some(reason.to_string()),
-        app_id: Some(record.app_id.clone()),
-        runtime_id: Some(record.runtime_id.clone()),
-    };
-
-    let _ = webview.emit("sage-lifecycle:before-stop", detail);
-
-    let _ = timeout(Duration::from_millis(BEFORE_STOP_TIMEOUT_MS), rx).await;
-
-    {
-        let mut pending = apps_state.runtime.pending_stop_ready.lock().await;
-        pending.remove(&request_id);
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-pub(crate) async fn close_runtime_internal_with_reason(
-    app: &AppHandle,
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    app_id: &str,
-    reason: &str,
-) -> Result<(), String> {
-    let runtime_id = {
-        let runtime_by_app_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_by_app_id.lock().await;
-        runtime_by_app_id.get(app_id).cloned()
-    };
-
-    let Some(runtime_id) = runtime_id else {
-        return Ok(());
-    };
-
-    let record = {
-        let by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.by_runtime_id.lock().await;
-        by_runtime_id.get(&runtime_id).cloned()
-    };
-
-    let Some(record) = record else {
-        let mut runtime_by_app_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_by_app_id.lock().await;
-        runtime_by_app_id.remove(app_id);
-        return Ok(());
-    };
-
-    let _ = wait_for_before_stop_ack(app, apps_state, &record, reason).await;
-
-    if let Some(host_window) = app.get_window("main") {
-        if let Some(webview) = host_window.get_webview(&record.webview_label) {
-            let _ = webview.close();
-        }
-    }
-
-    {
-        let mut by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.by_runtime_id.lock().await;
-        by_runtime_id.remove(&runtime_id);
-    }
-
-    {
-        let mut runtime_by_app_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_by_app_id.lock().await;
-        runtime_by_app_id.remove(app_id);
-    }
-
-    {
-        let mut listeners = apps_state.runtime.before_stop_listeners_by_app_id.lock().await;
-        listeners.remove(app_id);
-    }
-    emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(app, apps_state).await;
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-pub(crate) async fn close_runtime_internal(
-    app: &AppHandle,
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    app_id: &str,
-) -> Result<(), String> {
-    close_runtime_internal_with_reason(app, apps_state, app_id, "host_close").await
-}
-
-pub(crate) async fn clear_runtime_browsing_data_internal(
-    app: &AppHandle,
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    app_id: &str,
-) -> Result<(), String> {
-    let _ = close_runtime_internal(app, apps_state, app_id).await;
-    apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data(app.clone(), app_id.to_string()).await
-}
-
-pub(crate) async fn start_internal_runtime_for_sandbox(
-    app: &AppHandle,
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    app_id: &str,
-    visible: bool,
-    path: Option<String>,
-    query: BTreeMap<String, String>,
-) -> Result<(), String> {
-    let debug_test_apps = debug_test_apps_enabled();
-
-    let args = CreateInlineRuntimeArgs {
-        app_id: app_id.to_string(),
-        visible: if debug_test_apps { true } else { visible },
-        internal: true,
-        debug_layout: debug_test_apps,
-        path,
-        query,
-    };
-
-    apps_create_inline_runtime(app.clone(), apps_state.clone(), args)
-        .await
-        .map(|_| ())
-}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
index 2b866e561..d67f6c82b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@ use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Emitter, Manager, State};
 use crate::bridge::methods::system::RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent;
+use crate::runtime::stop::close_runtime_internal_with_reason;
 use crate::state::AppsHostState;
 use crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms;
-use super::cleanup::close_runtime_internal_with_reason;
 use super::records::SageAppRuntimeRecord;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Serialize, Type)]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs
index e689eacd0..57dbe082a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
-pub mod cleanup;
 pub mod inline;
 pub mod manager;
 pub mod records;
 pub mod resolve;
+pub mod stop;
 
-pub use cleanup::*;
 pub use inline::*;
 pub use manager::*;
 pub use records::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d19f5d207
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+use std::time::Duration;
+use tauri::{AppHandle, Emitter, Manager, State};
+use tokio::sync::oneshot;
+use tokio::time::timeout;
+use uuid::Uuid;
+use crate::AppsHostState;
+use crate::runtime::{emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed, SageAppRuntimeRecord, SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail};
+
+const BEFORE_STOP_TIMEOUT_MS: u64 = 5_000;
+
+pub async fn close_runtime_internal(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    app_id: &str,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    close_runtime_internal_with_reason(app, apps_state, app_id, "host_close").await
+}
+
+pub async fn close_runtime_internal_with_reason(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    app_id: &str,
+    reason: &str,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let runtime_id = {
+        let runtime_by_app_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_by_app_id.lock().await;
+        runtime_by_app_id.get(app_id).cloned()
+    };
+
+    let Some(runtime_id) = runtime_id else {
+        return Ok(());
+    };
+
+    let record = {
+        let by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.by_runtime_id.lock().await;
+        by_runtime_id.get(&runtime_id).cloned()
+    };
+
+    let Some(record) = record else {
+        let mut runtime_by_app_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_by_app_id.lock().await;
+        runtime_by_app_id.remove(app_id);
+        return Ok(());
+    };
+
+    let _ = wait_for_before_stop_ack(app, apps_state, &record, reason).await;
+
+    if let Some(host_window) = app.get_window("main") {
+        if let Some(webview) = host_window.get_webview(&record.webview_label) {
+            let _ = webview.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    {
+        let mut by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.by_runtime_id.lock().await;
+        by_runtime_id.remove(&runtime_id);
+    }
+
+    {
+        let mut runtime_by_app_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_by_app_id.lock().await;
+        runtime_by_app_id.remove(app_id);
+    }
+
+    {
+        let mut listeners = apps_state.runtime.before_stop_listeners_by_app_id.lock().await;
+        listeners.remove(app_id);
+    }
+    emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(app, apps_state).await;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+async fn wait_for_before_stop_ack(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    record: &SageAppRuntimeRecord,
+    reason: &str,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let has_listener = {
+        let listeners = apps_state.runtime.before_stop_listeners_by_app_id.lock().await;
+        listeners.contains(&record.app_id)
+    };
+
+    if !has_listener {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+
+    let host_window = match app.get_window("main") {
+        Some(window) => window,
+        None => return Ok(()),
+    };
+
+    let webview = match host_window.get_webview(&record.webview_label) {
+        Some(webview) => webview,
+        None => return Ok(()),
+    };
+
+    let request_id = Uuid::new_v4().to_string();
+    let (tx, rx) = oneshot::channel();
+
+    {
+        let mut pending = apps_state.runtime.pending_stop_ready.lock().await;
+        pending.insert(request_id.clone(), tx);
+    }
+
+    let detail = SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail {
+        request_id: request_id.clone(),
+        reason: Some(reason.to_string()),
+        app_id: Some(record.app_id.clone()),
+        runtime_id: Some(record.runtime_id.clone()),
+    };
+
+    let _ = webview.emit("sage-lifecycle:before-stop", detail);
+
+    let _ = timeout(Duration::from_millis(BEFORE_STOP_TIMEOUT_MS), rx).await;
+
+    {
+        let mut pending = apps_state.runtime.pending_stop_ready.lock().await;
+        pending.remove(&request_id);
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/clear_cycle.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/clear_cycle.rs
index b016cf7c2..f7cac8243 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/clear_cycle.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/clear_cycle.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
-
-use crate::sandbox::BUILTIN_STORAGE_CLEAR_PERSISTENT_ID;
-use crate::runtime;
+use crate::lifecycle::clear_runtime_browsing_data_internal;
+use crate::runtime::stop::close_runtime_internal;
+use crate::sandbox::{BUILTIN_STORAGE_CLEAR_PERSISTENT_ID};
 use crate::state::AppsHostState;
 
 use super::poll::poll_clear_cycle_phase;
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ async fn run_clear_cycle_phase(
 
     let out = poll_clear_cycle_phase(apps_state, run_id, app_id, phase.clone(), 10_000).await;
 
-    let _ = runtime::close_runtime_internal(app, apps_state, app_id).await;
+    let _ = close_runtime_internal(app, apps_state, app_id).await;
 
     out
 }
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ pub async fn run_clear_cycle_test(
         ));
     }
 
-    runtime::clear_runtime_browsing_data_internal(app, apps_state, app_id).await?;
+    clear_runtime_browsing_data_internal(app, apps_state, app_id).await?;
 
     let absent = run_clear_cycle_phase(
         app,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs
index 5dc3f691d..3028d7c43 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 use std::collections::{BTreeMap, HashMap};
-
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 use uuid::Uuid;
-use crate::runtime;
+use crate::runtime::{apps_create_inline_runtime, CreateInlineRuntimeArgs};
+use crate::runtime::stop::close_runtime_internal;
 use crate::state::AppsHostState;
 
 pub const STORAGE_CLEAR_PROBE_PATH: &str =
@@ -12,13 +12,20 @@ pub fn unique_run_id(prefix: &str) -> String {
     format!("{prefix}-{}", Uuid::new_v4())
 }
 
+fn debug_test_apps_enabled() -> bool {
+    cfg!(debug_assertions)
+        && std::env::var("SAGE_DEBUG_TEST_APPS")
+        .map(|v| v == "1")
+        .unwrap_or(false)
+}
+
 pub async fn stop_test_apps(
     app: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_ids: &[&str],
 ) {
     for app_id in app_ids {
-        let _ = runtime::close_runtime_internal(app, apps_state, app_id).await;
+        let _ = close_runtime_internal(app, apps_state, app_id).await;
     }
 }
 
@@ -37,7 +44,7 @@ pub async fn start_test_app(
         query_map.insert((*k).to_string(), v.clone());
     }
 
-    runtime::start_internal_runtime_for_sandbox(
+    start_internal_runtime_for_sandbox(
         app,
         apps_state,
         app_id,
@@ -55,14 +62,14 @@ pub async fn run_clear_cycle_phase_runtime(
     run_id: &str,
     phase_string: String,
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
-    let _ = runtime::close_runtime_internal(app, apps_state, app_id).await;
+    let _ = close_runtime_internal(app, apps_state, app_id).await;
 
     let mut query = BTreeMap::new();
     query.insert("runId".to_string(), run_id.to_string());
     query.insert("phase".to_string(), phase_string);
     query.insert("appId".to_string(), app_id.to_string());
 
-    runtime::start_internal_runtime_for_sandbox(
+    start_internal_runtime_for_sandbox(
         app,
         apps_state,
         app_id,
@@ -72,3 +79,27 @@ pub async fn run_clear_cycle_phase_runtime(
     )
         .await
 }
+
+async fn start_internal_runtime_for_sandbox(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    app_id: &str,
+    visible: bool,
+    path: Option<String>,
+    query: BTreeMap<String, String>,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let debug_test_apps = debug_test_apps_enabled();
+
+    let args = CreateInlineRuntimeArgs {
+        app_id: app_id.to_string(),
+        visible: if debug_test_apps { true } else { visible },
+        internal: true,
+        debug_layout: debug_test_apps,
+        path,
+        query,
+    };
+
+    apps_create_inline_runtime(app.clone(), apps_state.clone(), args)
+        .await
+        .map(|_| ())
+}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
index 10ec73942..a49a10565 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
@@ -146,7 +146,6 @@ pub fn run() {
             commands::is_asset_owned,
             commands::get_xch_usd_price,
             apps::runtime::apps_create_inline_runtime,
-            apps::runtime::apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data,
             apps::bridge::apps_invoke_bridge,
             apps::bridge::apps_invoke_system_bridge,
             apps::bridge::apps_resolve_bridge_approval,
@@ -165,6 +164,7 @@ pub fn run() {
             apps::lifecycle::apply_app_update,
             apps::lifecycle::apps_update_permissions,
             apps::lifecycle::apps_mark_storage_may_contain_secrets,
+            apps::lifecycle::apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data,
             apps::sandbox::get_builtin_test_app,
             apps::system_apps::get_builtin_system_app,
             apps::runtime::manager::apps_list_runtimes,

From d86b4e2cd58df2092e41e292517c646e5df1f4f0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 25 Apr 2026 15:14:31 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 189/471] Move `kill_runtime_internal` to `stop.rs` and update
 references:

- Relocated `kill_runtime_internal` function to `stop.rs` for better module organization.
- Updated imports and references across modules to reflect the new location.
---
 .../system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs    |  2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs       | 19 +------------------
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs          | 19 ++++++++++++++++++-
 3 files changed, 20 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs
index 283a9b21c..ae3e2c3d5 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::bridge::{failure, success, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodCapability;
-use crate::runtime::kill_runtime_internal;
+use crate::runtime::stop::kill_runtime_internal;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct RuntimeManagerKillRuntime;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
index d67f6c82b..807d9ce48 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Emitter, Manager, State};
 use crate::bridge::methods::system::RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent;
-use crate::runtime::stop::close_runtime_internal_with_reason;
+use crate::runtime::stop::{close_runtime_internal_with_reason, kill_runtime_internal};
 use crate::state::AppsHostState;
 use crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms;
 use super::records::SageAppRuntimeRecord;
@@ -178,23 +178,6 @@ pub(crate) async fn hide_runtime_internal(
     Ok(record)
 }
 
-pub(crate) async fn kill_runtime_internal(
-    app: &AppHandle,
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    app_id: &str,
-    reason: &str,
-) -> Result<SystemKillRuntimeResult, String> {
-    let _ = get_runtime_record_by_app_id(apps_state, app_id).await?;
-
-    close_runtime_internal_with_reason(app, apps_state, app_id, reason).await?;
-    emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(app, apps_state).await;
-
-    Ok(SystemKillRuntimeResult {
-        ok: true,
-        app_id: app_id.to_string(),
-    })
-}
-
 #[tauri::command]
 #[specta::specta]
 pub async fn apps_list_runtimes(
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs
index d19f5d207..ac49a9be5 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs
@@ -4,10 +4,27 @@ use tokio::sync::oneshot;
 use tokio::time::timeout;
 use uuid::Uuid;
 use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::runtime::{emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed, SageAppRuntimeRecord, SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail};
+use crate::runtime::{emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed, get_runtime_record_by_app_id, SageAppRuntimeRecord, SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail, SystemKillRuntimeResult};
 
 const BEFORE_STOP_TIMEOUT_MS: u64 = 5_000;
 
+pub async fn kill_runtime_internal(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    app_id: &str,
+    reason: &str,
+) -> Result<SystemKillRuntimeResult, String> {
+    let _ = get_runtime_record_by_app_id(apps_state, app_id).await?;
+
+    close_runtime_internal_with_reason(app, apps_state, app_id, reason).await?;
+    emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(app, apps_state).await;
+
+    Ok(SystemKillRuntimeResult {
+        ok: true,
+        app_id: app_id.to_string(),
+    })
+}
+
 pub async fn close_runtime_internal(
     app: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,

From 30d2eee71409e01d6800a6d45aeb6fa9dbb2a27a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 25 Apr 2026 15:18:09 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 190/471] Move runtime commands to `commands.rs` and update
 references:

- Relocated runtime-related Tauri commands (`apps_list_runtimes`, `apps_focus_runtime`, `apps_hide_runtime`, `apps_kill_runtime`) from `manager.rs` to a new `commands.rs` module.
- Adjusted imports and references across modules to reflect the new location for modularity and improved code organization.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs | 42 ++++++++++++++++++++++++
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs  | 39 ----------------------
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs      |  2 ++
 src-tauri/src/lib.rs                     |  8 ++---
 4 files changed, 48 insertions(+), 43 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2d344b301
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
+use crate::AppsHostState;
+use crate::runtime::{focus_runtime_internal, hide_runtime_internal, list_runtimes_internal, RuntimeTargetParams, SageAppRuntimeRecord, SystemKillRuntimeResult};
+use crate::runtime::stop::kill_runtime_internal;
+
+#[tauri::command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn apps_list_runtimes(
+    apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+) -> Result<Vec<SageAppRuntimeRecord>, String> {
+    list_runtimes_internal(&apps_state).await
+}
+
+#[tauri::command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn apps_focus_runtime(
+    app: AppHandle,
+    apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    params: RuntimeTargetParams,
+) -> Result<SageAppRuntimeRecord, String> {
+    focus_runtime_internal(&app, &apps_state, &params.app_id, false).await
+}
+
+#[tauri::command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn apps_hide_runtime(
+    app: AppHandle,
+    apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    params: RuntimeTargetParams,
+) -> Result<SageAppRuntimeRecord, String> {
+    hide_runtime_internal(&app, &apps_state, &params.app_id).await
+}
+
+#[tauri::command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn apps_kill_runtime(
+    app: AppHandle,
+    apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    params: RuntimeTargetParams,
+) -> Result<SystemKillRuntimeResult, String> {
+    kill_runtime_internal(&app, &apps_state, &params.app_id, "user_kill").await
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
index 807d9ce48..6470fb678 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Emitter, Manager, State};
 use crate::bridge::methods::system::RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent;
-use crate::runtime::stop::{close_runtime_internal_with_reason, kill_runtime_internal};
 use crate::state::AppsHostState;
 use crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms;
 use super::records::SageAppRuntimeRecord;
@@ -177,41 +176,3 @@ pub(crate) async fn hide_runtime_internal(
     write_runtime_record(apps_state, record.clone()).await?;
     Ok(record)
 }
-
-#[tauri::command]
-#[specta::specta]
-pub async fn apps_list_runtimes(
-    apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-) -> Result<Vec<SageAppRuntimeRecord>, String> {
-    list_runtimes_internal(&apps_state).await
-}
-
-#[tauri::command]
-#[specta::specta]
-pub async fn apps_focus_runtime(
-    app: AppHandle,
-    apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    params: RuntimeTargetParams,
-) -> Result<SageAppRuntimeRecord, String> {
-    focus_runtime_internal(&app, &apps_state, &params.app_id, false).await
-}
-
-#[tauri::command]
-#[specta::specta]
-pub async fn apps_hide_runtime(
-    app: AppHandle,
-    apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    params: RuntimeTargetParams,
-) -> Result<SageAppRuntimeRecord, String> {
-    hide_runtime_internal(&app, &apps_state, &params.app_id).await
-}
-
-#[tauri::command]
-#[specta::specta]
-pub async fn apps_kill_runtime(
-    app: AppHandle,
-    apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    params: RuntimeTargetParams,
-) -> Result<SystemKillRuntimeResult, String> {
-    kill_runtime_internal(&app, &apps_state, &params.app_id, "user_kill").await
-}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs
index 57dbe082a..93a7cad59 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs
@@ -3,8 +3,10 @@ pub mod manager;
 pub mod records;
 pub mod resolve;
 pub mod stop;
+pub mod commands;
 
 pub use inline::*;
 pub use manager::*;
 pub use records::*;
 pub use resolve::*;
+pub use commands::*;
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
index a49a10565..7918c67f3 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
@@ -167,10 +167,10 @@ pub fn run() {
             apps::lifecycle::apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data,
             apps::sandbox::get_builtin_test_app,
             apps::system_apps::get_builtin_system_app,
-            apps::runtime::manager::apps_list_runtimes,
-            apps::runtime::manager::apps_focus_runtime,
-            apps::runtime::manager::apps_hide_runtime,
-            apps::runtime::manager::apps_kill_runtime,
+            apps::runtime::commands::apps_list_runtimes,
+            apps::runtime::commands::apps_focus_runtime,
+            apps::runtime::commands::apps_hide_runtime,
+            apps::runtime::commands::apps_kill_runtime,
         ])
         .events(collect_events![SyncEvent, RustBridgeApprovalEvent]);
 

From 2d8f7c0747648811e66f8c2f4374876886384666 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 25 Apr 2026 15:31:48 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 191/471] Refactor runtime record utilities and move
 `SystemKillRuntimeResult` to `stop.rs`:

- Moved `get_runtime_record_by_app_id`, `write_runtime_record`, and `list_runtimes_internal` to `records.rs` for better modularity.
- Relocated `SystemKillRuntimeResult` type to `stop.rs` for better alignment with stop-related functionality.
- Updated imports and references across modules accordingly.
---
 .../system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs    |  4 +-
 .../methods/system/runtime_manager/mod.rs     |  2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs     |  3 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs      |  4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs       | 50 +------------------
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/records.rs       | 44 ++++++++++++++++
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs          | 12 ++++-
 7 files changed, 62 insertions(+), 57 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs
index ae3e2c3d5..19f27212e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
-use crate::bridge::methods::system::runtime_manager::{parse_runtime_target_params, SystemKillRuntimeResult};
+use crate::bridge::methods::system::runtime_manager::{parse_runtime_target_params};
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::bridge::{failure, success, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodCapability;
-use crate::runtime::stop::kill_runtime_internal;
+use crate::runtime::stop::{kill_runtime_internal, SystemKillRuntimeResult};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct RuntimeManagerKillRuntime;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/mod.rs
index 0c92ffa26..41a5b59cd 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/mod.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ pub use kill_runtime::RuntimeManagerKillRuntime;
 pub use list_runtimes::RuntimeManagerListRuntimes;
 pub use events::RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent;
 
-pub use crate::runtime::{RuntimeTargetParams, SystemKillRuntimeResult};
+pub use crate::runtime::{RuntimeTargetParams};
 use crate::bridge::{failure, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
 
 fn parse_runtime_target_params(
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
index 2e981c9af..275aec2e7 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,8 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::request_network_whitelist_grant::{Request
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::bridge::ping::BridgePingResult;
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::bridge::send::BridgeSendResult;
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::wallet::send_xch::WalletSendXchParams;
-use crate::runtime::{ReadyToStopParams, RuntimeAckResult, SageAppRuntimeRecord, SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail, SetBeforeStopListenerParams, SystemKillRuntimeResult};
+use crate::runtime::{ReadyToStopParams, RuntimeAckResult, SageAppRuntimeRecord, SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail, SetBeforeStopListenerParams};
+use crate::runtime::stop::SystemKillRuntimeResult;
 
 pub fn export_system_bridge_typescript() -> Result<String, String> {
     let mut types = TypeCollection::default();
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs
index 2d344b301..a3a4fcdf3 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::runtime::{focus_runtime_internal, hide_runtime_internal, list_runtimes_internal, RuntimeTargetParams, SageAppRuntimeRecord, SystemKillRuntimeResult};
-use crate::runtime::stop::kill_runtime_internal;
+use crate::runtime::{focus_runtime_internal, hide_runtime_internal, list_runtimes_internal, RuntimeTargetParams, SageAppRuntimeRecord};
+use crate::runtime::stop::{kill_runtime_internal, SystemKillRuntimeResult};
 
 #[tauri::command]
 #[specta::specta]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
index 6470fb678..61b248ae2 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Emitter, Manager, State};
 use crate::bridge::methods::system::RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent;
+use crate::runtime::{get_runtime_record_by_app_id, list_runtimes_internal, write_runtime_record};
 use crate::state::AppsHostState;
 use crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms;
 use super::records::SageAppRuntimeRecord;
@@ -12,55 +13,6 @@ pub struct RuntimeTargetParams {
     pub app_id: String,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub struct SystemKillRuntimeResult {
-    pub ok: bool,
-    pub app_id: String,
-}
-
-pub(crate) async fn get_runtime_record_by_app_id(
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    app_id: &str,
-) -> Result<SageAppRuntimeRecord, String> {
-    let runtime_id = {
-        let runtime_by_app_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_by_app_id.lock().await;
-        runtime_by_app_id.get(app_id).cloned()
-    }
-        .ok_or_else(|| format!("runtime not found for app id: {app_id}"))?;
-
-    let record = {
-        let by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.by_runtime_id.lock().await;
-        by_runtime_id.get(&runtime_id).cloned()
-    }
-        .ok_or_else(|| format!("runtime record not found for runtime id: {runtime_id}"))?;
-
-    Ok(record)
-}
-
-pub(crate) async fn write_runtime_record(
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    record: SageAppRuntimeRecord,
-) -> Result<(), String> {
-    let mut by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.by_runtime_id.lock().await;
-    by_runtime_id.insert(record.runtime_id.clone(), record);
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-pub(crate) async fn list_runtimes_internal(
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-) -> Result<Vec<SageAppRuntimeRecord>, String> {
-    let mut records = {
-        let by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.by_runtime_id.lock().await;
-        by_runtime_id.values().cloned().collect::<Vec<_>>()
-    };
-
-    records.retain(|record| !record.internal);
-    records.sort_by(|a, b| b.started_at.cmp(&a.started_at));
-
-    Ok(records)
-}
-
 pub(crate) async fn emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(
     app: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/records.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/records.rs
index 5af0e307d..38433f138 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/records.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/records.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,9 @@ use std::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet};
 
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
+use tauri::State;
 use tokio::sync::{oneshot, Mutex};
+use crate::AppsHostState;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
@@ -89,3 +91,45 @@ pub fn inline_label_for(app_id: &str, runtime_kind: SageAppRuntimeKind) -> Strin
         SageAppRuntimeKind::System => format!("system-app-inline-{app_id}"),
     }
 }
+
+pub async fn get_runtime_record_by_app_id(
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    app_id: &str,
+) -> Result<SageAppRuntimeRecord, String> {
+    let runtime_id = {
+        let runtime_by_app_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_by_app_id.lock().await;
+        runtime_by_app_id.get(app_id).cloned()
+    }
+        .ok_or_else(|| format!("runtime not found for app id: {app_id}"))?;
+
+    let record = {
+        let by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.by_runtime_id.lock().await;
+        by_runtime_id.get(&runtime_id).cloned()
+    }
+        .ok_or_else(|| format!("runtime record not found for runtime id: {runtime_id}"))?;
+
+    Ok(record)
+}
+
+pub async fn write_runtime_record(
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    record: SageAppRuntimeRecord,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let mut by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.by_runtime_id.lock().await;
+    by_runtime_id.insert(record.runtime_id.clone(), record);
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub async fn list_runtimes_internal(
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+) -> Result<Vec<SageAppRuntimeRecord>, String> {
+    let mut records = {
+        let by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.by_runtime_id.lock().await;
+        by_runtime_id.values().cloned().collect::<Vec<_>>()
+    };
+
+    records.retain(|record| !record.internal);
+    records.sort_by(|a, b| b.started_at.cmp(&a.started_at));
+
+    Ok(records)
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs
index ac49a9be5..07065c0e7 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,22 @@
 use std::time::Duration;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use specta::Type;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Emitter, Manager, State};
 use tokio::sync::oneshot;
 use tokio::time::timeout;
 use uuid::Uuid;
 use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::runtime::{emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed, get_runtime_record_by_app_id, SageAppRuntimeRecord, SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail, SystemKillRuntimeResult};
+use crate::runtime::{emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed, get_runtime_record_by_app_id, SageAppRuntimeRecord, SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail};
 
 const BEFORE_STOP_TIMEOUT_MS: u64 = 5_000;
 
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct SystemKillRuntimeResult {
+    pub ok: bool,
+    pub app_id: String,
+}
+
 pub async fn kill_runtime_internal(
     app: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
@@ -17,7 +26,6 @@ pub async fn kill_runtime_internal(
     let _ = get_runtime_record_by_app_id(apps_state, app_id).await?;
 
     close_runtime_internal_with_reason(app, apps_state, app_id, reason).await?;
-    emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(app, apps_state).await;
 
     Ok(SystemKillRuntimeResult {
         ok: true,

From 41cc813bb1def6a24a80c3df6586a50afb65f9e6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 25 Apr 2026 15:45:31 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 192/471] Refactor runtime module for improved modularity and
 clarity:

- Moved `apps_create_inline_runtime` to `start.rs` and introduced a new `apps_create_inline_runtime` command in `commands.rs`.
- Replaced `*_internal` suffix in runtime methods (`hide_runtime`, `focus_runtime`, `list_runtimes`, `kill_runtime`) and updated references across modules.
- Removed `inline.rs` and consolidated its functionality into `start.rs`.
- Updated imports across modules to reflect the new structure.
---
 .../system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs   |   4 +-
 .../system/runtime_manager/hide_runtime.rs    |   4 +-
 .../system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs    |   4 +-
 .../system/runtime_manager/list_runtimes.rs   |   4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs      |  23 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs       |   8 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs           |   4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/records.rs       |   2 +-
 .../src/runtime/{inline.rs => start.rs}       | 232 +++++++++---------
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs          |   2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs       |   3 +-
 src-tauri/src/lib.rs                          |   2 +-
 12 files changed, 146 insertions(+), 146 deletions(-)
 rename crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/{inline.rs => start.rs} (93%)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs
index 968a632dd..d5634750a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::system::runtime_manager::{parse_runtime_target_param
 use crate::bridge::{failure, success, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::{SystemBridgeCapability};
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodCapability;
-use crate::runtime::focus_runtime_internal;
+use crate::runtime::focus_runtime;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct RuntimeManagerFocusRuntime;
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for RuntimeManagerFocusRuntime {
             Err(response) => return response,
         };
 
-        match focus_runtime_internal(
+        match focus_runtime(
             tools.app_handle,
             tools.host_state,
             &params.app_id,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_runtime.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_runtime.rs
index 11f3222bc..c5b80cc76 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_runtime.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_runtime.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::system::runtime_manager::{parse_runtime_target_param
 use crate::bridge::{failure, success, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodCapability;
-use crate::runtime::hide_runtime_internal;
+use crate::runtime::hide_runtime;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct RuntimeManagerHideRuntime;
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for RuntimeManagerHideRuntime {
             Err(response) => return response,
         };
 
-        match hide_runtime_internal(
+        match hide_runtime(
             tools.app_handle,
             tools.host_state,
             &params.app_id,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs
index 19f27212e..2f3874522 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::bridge::{failure, success, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodCapability;
-use crate::runtime::stop::{kill_runtime_internal, SystemKillRuntimeResult};
+use crate::runtime::stop::{kill_runtime, SystemKillRuntimeResult};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct RuntimeManagerKillRuntime;
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for RuntimeManagerKillRuntime {
             Err(response) => return response,
         };
 
-        match kill_runtime_internal(
+        match kill_runtime(
             tools.app_handle,
             tools.host_state,
             &params.app_id,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/list_runtimes.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/list_runtimes.rs
index 827775cab..be6a1962f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/list_runtimes.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/list_runtimes.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::bridge::{failure, success, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodCapability;
-use crate::runtime::list_runtimes_internal;
+use crate::runtime::list_runtimes;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct RuntimeManagerListRuntimes;
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for RuntimeManagerListRuntimes {
         tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
         request: &RustBridgeRequest,
     ) -> RustBridgeResponse {
-        match list_runtimes_internal(tools.host_state).await {
+        match list_runtimes(tools.host_state).await {
             Ok(records) => match serde_json::to_value(records) {
                 Ok(value) => success(&request.channel, &request.id, value),
                 Err(err) => failure(
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs
index a3a4fcdf3..df8e845a7 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,25 @@
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::runtime::{focus_runtime_internal, hide_runtime_internal, list_runtimes_internal, RuntimeTargetParams, SageAppRuntimeRecord};
-use crate::runtime::stop::{kill_runtime_internal, SystemKillRuntimeResult};
+use crate::runtime::{focus_runtime, hide_runtime, list_runtimes, RuntimeTargetParams, SageAppRuntimeRecord};
+use crate::runtime::start::{create_inline_runtime, CreateInlineRuntimeArgs};
+use crate::runtime::stop::{kill_runtime, SystemKillRuntimeResult};
+
+#[tauri::command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn apps_create_inline_runtime(
+    app: AppHandle,
+    apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    args: CreateInlineRuntimeArgs,
+) -> Result<SageAppRuntimeRecord, String> {
+    create_inline_runtime(app, apps_state, args).await
+}
 
 #[tauri::command]
 #[specta::specta]
 pub async fn apps_list_runtimes(
     apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
 ) -> Result<Vec<SageAppRuntimeRecord>, String> {
-    list_runtimes_internal(&apps_state).await
+    list_runtimes(&apps_state).await
 }
 
 #[tauri::command]
@@ -18,7 +29,7 @@ pub async fn apps_focus_runtime(
     apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     params: RuntimeTargetParams,
 ) -> Result<SageAppRuntimeRecord, String> {
-    focus_runtime_internal(&app, &apps_state, &params.app_id, false).await
+    focus_runtime(&app, &apps_state, &params.app_id, false).await
 }
 
 #[tauri::command]
@@ -28,7 +39,7 @@ pub async fn apps_hide_runtime(
     apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     params: RuntimeTargetParams,
 ) -> Result<SageAppRuntimeRecord, String> {
-    hide_runtime_internal(&app, &apps_state, &params.app_id).await
+    hide_runtime(&app, &apps_state, &params.app_id).await
 }
 
 #[tauri::command]
@@ -38,5 +49,5 @@ pub async fn apps_kill_runtime(
     apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     params: RuntimeTargetParams,
 ) -> Result<SystemKillRuntimeResult, String> {
-    kill_runtime_internal(&app, &apps_state, &params.app_id, "user_kill").await
+    kill_runtime(&app, &apps_state, &params.app_id, "user_kill").await
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
index 61b248ae2..1cf0459a7 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Emitter, Manager, State};
 use crate::bridge::methods::system::RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent;
-use crate::runtime::{get_runtime_record_by_app_id, list_runtimes_internal, write_runtime_record};
+use crate::runtime::{get_runtime_record_by_app_id, list_runtimes, write_runtime_record};
 use crate::state::AppsHostState;
 use crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms;
 use super::records::SageAppRuntimeRecord;
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(
     app: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
 ) {
-    let Ok(runtimes) = list_runtimes_internal(apps_state).await else {
+    let Ok(runtimes) = list_runtimes(apps_state).await else {
         return;
     };
 
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ async fn emit_route_request(
         .map_err(|err| format!("failed to emit route request: {err}"))
 }
 
-pub(crate) async fn focus_runtime_internal(
+pub(crate) async fn focus_runtime(
     app: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: &str,
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn focus_runtime_internal(
     Ok(record)
 }
 
-pub(crate) async fn hide_runtime_internal(
+pub(crate) async fn hide_runtime(
     app: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: &str,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs
index 93a7cad59..548f29797 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-pub mod inline;
 pub mod manager;
 pub mod records;
 pub mod resolve;
+
+pub mod start;
 pub mod stop;
 pub mod commands;
 
-pub use inline::*;
 pub use manager::*;
 pub use records::*;
 pub use resolve::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/records.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/records.rs
index 38433f138..dfe6dd450 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/records.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/records.rs
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ pub async fn write_runtime_record(
     Ok(())
 }
 
-pub async fn list_runtimes_internal(
+pub async fn list_runtimes(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
 ) -> Result<Vec<SageAppRuntimeRecord>, String> {
     let mut records = {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/inline.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
similarity index 93%
rename from crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/inline.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
index e8b3b15d5..13e02d820 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/inline.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
@@ -1,59 +1,13 @@
 use std::collections::BTreeMap;
-
 use serde::Deserialize;
 use specta::Type;
-use tauri::webview::NewWindowResponse;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, LogicalPosition, LogicalSize, Manager, State, WebviewUrl};
-
-use crate::runtime::emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed;
-use crate::sandbox;
-use crate::state::AppsHostState;
-#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
-use crate::storage::data_directory_for;
-#[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios"))]
+use tauri::webview::NewWindowResponse;
+use crate::{sandbox, AppsHostState};
+use crate::runtime::{build_entry_src, emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed, inline_label_for, is_allowed_app_url, resolve_app, runtime_id_for, runtime_kind_for_app, should_use_incognito, SageAppRuntimeRecord};
 use crate::storage::parse_data_store_id;
 use crate::types::InstalledSageAppStorage;
 use crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms;
-use super::records::{inline_label_for, runtime_id_for, SageAppRuntimeRecord};
-use super::resolve::{
-    build_entry_src, is_allowed_app_url, resolve_app, runtime_kind_for_app, should_use_incognito,
-};
-
-fn fallback_debug_slot(app_id: &str) -> usize {
-    app_id
-        .bytes()
-        .fold(0usize, |acc, b| acc.wrapping_mul(31).wrapping_add(b as usize))
-        % 12
-}
-
-fn debug_layout_for_app(app_id: &str) -> (f64, f64, f64, f64) {
-    let slot = match app_id {
-        "__sage_test_storage_isolation_persistent" => 0,
-        "__sage_test_storage_isolation_incognito" => 1,
-        "__sage_test_persistence_persistent" => 2,
-        "__sage_test_persistence_incognito" => 3,
-        "__sage_test_storage_clear_persistent" => 4,
-        "__sage_test_network_allow_a" => 5,
-        "__sage_test_network_allow_b" => 6,
-        _ => fallback_debug_slot(app_id),
-    };
-
-    let cols = 3usize;
-    let cell_w = 360.0;
-    let cell_h = 100.0;
-    let margin_x = 24.0;
-    let margin_y = 24.0;
-    let origin_x = 40.0;
-    let origin_y = 40.0;
-
-    let col = slot % cols;
-    let row = slot / cols;
-
-    let x = origin_x + col as f64 * (cell_w + margin_x);
-    let y = origin_y + row as f64 * (cell_h + margin_y);
-
-    (x, y, cell_w, cell_h)
-}
 
 #[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
@@ -66,78 +20,7 @@ pub struct CreateInlineRuntimeArgs {
     pub query: BTreeMap<String, String>,
 }
 
-async fn reuse_existing_inline_runtime(
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    webview: &tauri::Webview,
-    runtime_id: String,
-    app_id: String,
-    app_name: String,
-    entry_src: String,
-    webview_label: String,
-    runtime_kind: super::records::SageAppRuntimeKind,
-    visible: bool,
-    internal: bool,
-) -> Result<SageAppRuntimeRecord, String> {
-    let now = unix_timestamp_ms();
-
-    if visible {
-        webview
-            .show()
-            .map_err(|e| format!("failed to show existing child webview: {e}"))?;
-    } else {
-        webview
-            .hide()
-            .map_err(|e| format!("failed to hide existing child webview: {e}"))?;
-    }
-
-    let mut record = {
-        let by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.by_runtime_id.lock().await;
-        by_runtime_id.get(&runtime_id).cloned()
-    }
-        .unwrap_or_else(|| SageAppRuntimeRecord {
-            runtime_id: runtime_id.clone(),
-            app_id: app_id.clone(),
-            app_name,
-            entry_src,
-            webview_label: webview_label.clone(),
-            host_window_label: "main".into(),
-            runtime_kind,
-            mode: "inline".into(),
-            state: "hidden".into(),
-            started_at: now,
-            last_active_at: now,
-            visible: false,
-            internal,
-            active_batch_count: 0,
-            active_socket_count: 0,
-            in_flight_request_count: 0,
-        });
-
-    record.visible = visible;
-    record.state = if visible {
-        "running".into()
-    } else {
-        "hidden".into()
-    };
-    record.last_active_at = now;
-    record.internal = internal;
-
-    {
-        let mut by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.by_runtime_id.lock().await;
-        by_runtime_id.insert(runtime_id.clone(), record.clone());
-    }
-
-    {
-        let mut runtime_by_app_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_by_app_id.lock().await;
-        runtime_by_app_id.insert(app_id, runtime_id);
-    }
-
-    Ok(record)
-}
-
-#[tauri::command]
-#[specta::specta]
-pub async fn apps_create_inline_runtime(
+pub async fn create_inline_runtime(
     app: AppHandle,
     apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     args: CreateInlineRuntimeArgs,
@@ -220,7 +103,7 @@ pub async fn apps_create_inline_runtime(
 
             #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
             InstalledSageAppStorage::WindowsProfile { directory_name } => {
-                builder = builder.data_directory(data_directory_for(directory_name));
+                builder = builder.data_directory(crate::storage::data_directory_for(directory_name));
             }
 
             _ => {}
@@ -287,3 +170,108 @@ pub async fn apps_create_inline_runtime(
 
     Ok(record)
 }
+
+async fn reuse_existing_inline_runtime(
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    webview: &tauri::Webview,
+    runtime_id: String,
+    app_id: String,
+    app_name: String,
+    entry_src: String,
+    webview_label: String,
+    runtime_kind: super::records::SageAppRuntimeKind,
+    visible: bool,
+    internal: bool,
+) -> Result<SageAppRuntimeRecord, String> {
+    let now = unix_timestamp_ms();
+
+    if visible {
+        webview
+            .show()
+            .map_err(|e| format!("failed to show existing child webview: {e}"))?;
+    } else {
+        webview
+            .hide()
+            .map_err(|e| format!("failed to hide existing child webview: {e}"))?;
+    }
+
+    let mut record = {
+        let by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.by_runtime_id.lock().await;
+        by_runtime_id.get(&runtime_id).cloned()
+    }
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| SageAppRuntimeRecord {
+            runtime_id: runtime_id.clone(),
+            app_id: app_id.clone(),
+            app_name,
+            entry_src,
+            webview_label: webview_label.clone(),
+            host_window_label: "main".into(),
+            runtime_kind,
+            mode: "inline".into(),
+            state: "hidden".into(),
+            started_at: now,
+            last_active_at: now,
+            visible: false,
+            internal,
+            active_batch_count: 0,
+            active_socket_count: 0,
+            in_flight_request_count: 0,
+        });
+
+    record.visible = visible;
+    record.state = if visible {
+        "running".into()
+    } else {
+        "hidden".into()
+    };
+    record.last_active_at = now;
+    record.internal = internal;
+
+    {
+        let mut by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.by_runtime_id.lock().await;
+        by_runtime_id.insert(runtime_id.clone(), record.clone());
+    }
+
+    {
+        let mut runtime_by_app_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_by_app_id.lock().await;
+        runtime_by_app_id.insert(app_id, runtime_id);
+    }
+
+    Ok(record)
+}
+
+fn fallback_debug_slot(app_id: &str) -> usize {
+    app_id
+        .bytes()
+        .fold(0usize, |acc, b| acc.wrapping_mul(31).wrapping_add(b as usize))
+        % 12
+}
+
+fn debug_layout_for_app(app_id: &str) -> (f64, f64, f64, f64) {
+    let slot = match app_id {
+        "__sage_test_storage_isolation_persistent" => 0,
+        "__sage_test_storage_isolation_incognito" => 1,
+        "__sage_test_persistence_persistent" => 2,
+        "__sage_test_persistence_incognito" => 3,
+        "__sage_test_storage_clear_persistent" => 4,
+        "__sage_test_network_allow_a" => 5,
+        "__sage_test_network_allow_b" => 6,
+        _ => fallback_debug_slot(app_id),
+    };
+
+    let cols = 3usize;
+    let cell_w = 360.0;
+    let cell_h = 100.0;
+    let margin_x = 24.0;
+    let margin_y = 24.0;
+    let origin_x = 40.0;
+    let origin_y = 40.0;
+
+    let col = slot % cols;
+    let row = slot / cols;
+
+    let x = origin_x + col as f64 * (cell_w + margin_x);
+    let y = origin_y + row as f64 * (cell_h + margin_y);
+
+    (x, y, cell_w, cell_h)
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs
index 07065c0e7..5be64e208 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ pub struct SystemKillRuntimeResult {
     pub app_id: String,
 }
 
-pub async fn kill_runtime_internal(
+pub async fn kill_runtime(
     app: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: &str,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs
index 3028d7c43..b356226b0 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 use std::collections::{BTreeMap, HashMap};
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 use uuid::Uuid;
-use crate::runtime::{apps_create_inline_runtime, CreateInlineRuntimeArgs};
+use crate::runtime::{apps_create_inline_runtime};
+use crate::runtime::start::CreateInlineRuntimeArgs;
 use crate::runtime::stop::close_runtime_internal;
 use crate::state::AppsHostState;
 
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
index 7918c67f3..bcce12e5f 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
@@ -145,7 +145,6 @@ pub fn run() {
             commands::get_logs,
             commands::is_asset_owned,
             commands::get_xch_usd_price,
-            apps::runtime::apps_create_inline_runtime,
             apps::bridge::apps_invoke_bridge,
             apps::bridge::apps_invoke_system_bridge,
             apps::bridge::apps_resolve_bridge_approval,
@@ -167,6 +166,7 @@ pub fn run() {
             apps::lifecycle::apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data,
             apps::sandbox::get_builtin_test_app,
             apps::system_apps::get_builtin_system_app,
+            apps::runtime::commands::apps_create_inline_runtime,
             apps::runtime::commands::apps_list_runtimes,
             apps::runtime::commands::apps_focus_runtime,
             apps::runtime::commands::apps_hide_runtime,

From 0517413eefe3c72f60bc5df8472b5fe5ceb778f0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 25 Apr 2026 15:53:46 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 193/471] Remove `emit_route_request` and `emit_route` logic
 from `focus_runtime`, streamline bindings:

- Removed unused `emit_route_request` function and `emit_route` parameter in `focus_runtime`.
- Updated `focus_runtime` calls across modules to match the new signature.
- Reorganized bindings: moved `appsClearRuntimeBrowsingData` and `appsCreateInlineRuntime` functions for consistency.
---
 .../system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs   |  3 +--
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs      |  2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs       | 23 -------------------
 src/bindings.ts                               | 12 +++++-----
 4 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 32 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs
index d5634750a..2d1642f63 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs
@@ -34,8 +34,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for RuntimeManagerFocusRuntime {
         match focus_runtime(
             tools.app_handle,
             tools.host_state,
-            &params.app_id,
-            true,
+            &params.app_id
         )
             .await
         {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs
index df8e845a7..ad7022cb6 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ pub async fn apps_focus_runtime(
     apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     params: RuntimeTargetParams,
 ) -> Result<SageAppRuntimeRecord, String> {
-    focus_runtime(&app, &apps_state, &params.app_id, false).await
+    focus_runtime(&app, &apps_state, &params.app_id).await
 }
 
 #[tauri::command]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
index 1cf0459a7..7f21387c1 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
@@ -47,29 +47,10 @@ pub(crate) async fn emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(
     }
 }
 
-async fn emit_route_request(
-    app: &AppHandle,
-    app_id: &str,
-) -> Result<(), String> {
-    let window = app
-        .get_window("main")
-        .ok_or_else(|| "missing main window".to_string())?;
-
-    window
-        .emit(
-            "system:route-to-app",
-            serde_json::json!({
-                "appId": app_id,
-            }),
-        )
-        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to emit route request: {err}"))
-}
-
 pub(crate) async fn focus_runtime(
     app: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: &str,
-    emit_route: bool,
 ) -> Result<SageAppRuntimeRecord, String> {
     let host_window = app
         .get_window("main")
@@ -81,10 +62,6 @@ pub(crate) async fn focus_runtime(
         .get_webview(&record.webview_label)
         .ok_or_else(|| format!("missing webview for label: {}", record.webview_label))?;
 
-    if emit_route {
-        emit_route_request(app, app_id).await?;
-    }
-
     webview
         .show()
         .map_err(|err| format!("failed to show webview: {err}"))?;
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index 9aba9ba34..b1ee767c3 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -362,12 +362,6 @@ async isAssetOwned(req: IsAssetOwned) : Promise<IsAssetOwnedResponse> {
 async getXchUsdPrice(req: GetXchUsdPrice) : Promise<GetXchUsdPriceResponse> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("get_xch_usd_price", { req });
 },
-async appsCreateInlineRuntime(args: CreateInlineRuntimeArgs) : Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecord> {
-    return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_create_inline_runtime", { args });
-},
-async appsClearRuntimeBrowsingData(appId: string) : Promise<null> {
-    return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data", { appId });
-},
 async appsInvokeBridge(request: RustBridgeRequest) : Promise<RustBridgeInvokeResult> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_invoke_bridge", { request });
 },
@@ -422,12 +416,18 @@ async appsUpdatePermissions(appId: string, grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermis
 async appsMarkStorageMayContainSecrets(appId: string) : Promise<null> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_mark_storage_may_contain_secrets", { appId });
 },
+async appsClearRuntimeBrowsingData(appId: string) : Promise<null> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data", { appId });
+},
 async getBuiltinTestApp(appId: string) : Promise<SageApp | null> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("get_builtin_test_app", { appId });
 },
 async getBuiltinSystemApp(appId: string) : Promise<SageApp | null> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("get_builtin_system_app", { appId });
 },
+async appsCreateInlineRuntime(args: CreateInlineRuntimeArgs) : Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecord> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_create_inline_runtime", { args });
+},
 async appsListRuntimes() : Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecord[]> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_list_runtimes");
 },

From f29bbb854b0d9674b5b4623a22e47f7a87f39083 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 25 Apr 2026 15:59:44 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 194/471] Emit `runtimes_changed` event after updating runtime
 record

---
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
index 7f21387c1..6879d03b0 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
@@ -103,5 +103,6 @@ pub(crate) async fn hide_runtime(
     record.last_active_at = unix_timestamp_ms();
 
     write_runtime_record(apps_state, record.clone()).await?;
+    emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(app, apps_state).await;
     Ok(record)
 }

From a043b8ef8df1d600901d3abee34c1a1b629fd565 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 25 Apr 2026 16:13:46 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 195/471] Remove unused runtime metrics and streamline build
 process:

- Deleted `activeBatchCount`, `activeSocketCount`, and `inFlightRequestCount` fields from runtime data structures and related computations.
- Updated `build.mjs` to include type checking for system apps with `pnpm exec tsc`.
---
 .../apps/task-manager/src/App.tsx             | 18 ---------------
 .../builtin-apps/system-apps-src/build.mjs    | 23 +++++++++++++++----
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/records.rs       |  3 ---
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs         |  6 -----
 src/bindings.ts                               |  2 +-
 5 files changed, 19 insertions(+), 33 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/src/App.tsx b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/src/App.tsx
index e18e94f9f..0f912e0e0 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/src/App.tsx
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/src/App.tsx
@@ -162,9 +162,6 @@ export function App() {
   const totals = useMemo(
     () => ({
       runtimes: runtimes.length,
-      requests: runtimes.reduce((sum, r) => sum + r.inFlightRequestCount, 0),
-      batches: runtimes.reduce((sum, r) => sum + r.activeBatchCount, 0),
-      sockets: runtimes.reduce((sum, r) => sum + r.activeSocketCount, 0),
     }),
     [runtimes],
   );
@@ -278,9 +275,6 @@ export function App() {
           }}
         >
           <Metric label='Runtimes' value={totals.runtimes} />
-          <Metric label='Requests' value={totals.requests} />
-          <Metric label='Batches' value={totals.batches} />
-          <Metric label='Sockets' value={totals.sockets} />
         </div>
 
         <div
@@ -422,18 +416,6 @@ export function App() {
                       <Metric label='Kind' value={runtime.runtimeKind} />
                       <Metric label='State' value={runtime.state} />
                       <Metric label='Mode' value={runtime.mode} />
-                      <Metric
-                        label='Requests'
-                        value={runtime.inFlightRequestCount}
-                      />
-                      <Metric
-                        label='Batches'
-                        value={runtime.activeBatchCount}
-                      />
-                      <Metric
-                        label='Sockets'
-                        value={runtime.activeSocketCount}
-                      />
                     </div>
                   </div>
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/build.mjs b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/build.mjs
index 5f609b9be..1fa75c4d6 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/build.mjs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/build.mjs
@@ -2,20 +2,33 @@ import { execFileSync } from 'node:child_process';
 import { readdirSync, statSync } from 'node:fs';
 import { join, resolve } from 'node:path';
 
-const root = resolve(import.meta.dirname, 'apps');
+const packageRoot = resolve(import.meta.dirname);
+const appsRoot = resolve(import.meta.dirname, 'apps');
 
-const apps = readdirSync(root)
-  .map((name) => ({ name, dir: join(root, name) }))
+const pnpm = process.platform === 'win32' ? 'pnpm.cmd' : 'pnpm';
+
+const apps = readdirSync(appsRoot)
+  .map((name) => ({ name, dir: join(appsRoot, name) }))
   .filter((entry) => statSync(entry.dir).isDirectory());
 
 for (const app of apps) {
+  console.log(`\n==> Typechecking system app: ${app.name}`);
+  execFileSync(
+    pnpm,
+    ['exec', 'tsc', '--noEmit', '--project', join(app.dir, 'tsconfig.json')],
+    {
+      stdio: 'inherit',
+      cwd: packageRoot,
+    },
+  );
+
   console.log(`\n==> Building system app: ${app.name}`);
   execFileSync(
-    process.platform === 'win32' ? 'pnpm.cmd' : 'pnpm',
+    pnpm,
     ['exec', 'vite', 'build', '--config', join(app.dir, 'vite.config.ts')],
     {
       stdio: 'inherit',
-      cwd: resolve(import.meta.dirname),
+      cwd: packageRoot,
     },
   );
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/records.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/records.rs
index dfe6dd450..650a6b2e0 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/records.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/records.rs
@@ -59,9 +59,6 @@ pub struct SageAppRuntimeRecord {
     pub last_active_at: i64,
     pub visible: bool,
     pub internal: bool,
-    pub active_batch_count: u32,
-    pub active_socket_count: u32,
-    pub in_flight_request_count: u32,
 }
 
 #[derive(Default)]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
index 13e02d820..f65370d13 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
@@ -145,9 +145,6 @@ pub async fn create_inline_runtime(
         last_active_at: now,
         visible: args.visible,
         internal: args.internal,
-        active_batch_count: 0,
-        active_socket_count: 0,
-        in_flight_request_count: 0,
     };
 
     {
@@ -213,9 +210,6 @@ async fn reuse_existing_inline_runtime(
             last_active_at: now,
             visible: false,
             internal,
-            active_batch_count: 0,
-            active_socket_count: 0,
-            in_flight_request_count: 0,
         });
 
     record.visible = visible;
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index b1ee767c3..3cd29d101 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -2265,7 +2265,7 @@ export type SageAppDonation = { address: string }
 export type SageAppManifestFile = { path: string; sha256: string; size: number }
 export type SageAppPackageManifest = { name: string; version: string; permissions: SageRequestedPermissions; files: SageAppManifestFile[]; entry: string | null; icon: string | null; author: SageAppAuthor | null; donation: SageAppDonation | null }
 export type SageAppRuntimeKind = "user" | "system"
-export type SageAppRuntimeRecord = { runtimeId: string; appId: string; appName: string; entrySrc: string; webviewLabel: string; hostWindowLabel: string; runtimeKind: SageAppRuntimeKind; mode: string; state: string; startedAt: number; lastActiveAt: number; visible: boolean; internal: boolean; activeBatchCount: number; activeSocketCount: number; inFlightRequestCount: number }
+export type SageAppRuntimeRecord = { runtimeId: string; appId: string; appName: string; entrySrc: string; webviewLabel: string; hostWindowLabel: string; runtimeKind: SageAppRuntimeKind; mode: string; state: string; startedAt: number; lastActiveAt: number; visible: boolean; internal: boolean }
 export type SageAppSnapshot = { manifestHash: string; snapshotDir: string; totalBytes: number; manifest: SageAppPackageManifest }
 export type SageAppUrlPreview = { appUrl: string; manifestUrl: string; manifestHash: string; manifest: SageAppPackageManifest }
 export type SageAppsError = { kind: ErrorKind; reason: string }

From cdea0c851d36fa60189dddc79a1c078b2ebde26c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 25 Apr 2026 17:09:10 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 196/471] Refactor runtime state management and modularize
 logic:

- Introduced a new `state` module to encapsulate runtime state handling (`read.rs`, `write.rs`, `remove.rs`, `types.rs`).
- Migrated runtime record operations (`get_runtime_record_by_app_id`, `write_runtime_record`, `list_runtimes`) from `records.rs` to `state` module.
- Replaced `by_runtime_id` and `runtime_by_app_id` implementations with `AppRuntimeState` for a unified runtime state structure.
- Refactored imports and references across modules to align with the new `state` structure.
---
 .../methods/system/runtime_manager/events.rs  |   3 +-
 .../system/runtime_manager/list_runtimes.rs   |   2 +-
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/app/lifecycle.rs  |   2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs            |   6 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs     |   2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs      |   4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs       |  17 +--
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs           |   1 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/records.rs       | 119 +-----------------
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs       |   3 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs         |  69 +++++-----
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs     |   4 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs    |  57 +++++++++
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/remove.rs  |  26 ++++
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs   |  73 +++++++++++
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs   |  23 ++++
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs          |  46 ++-----
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs  |  24 ++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/state/host.rs            |   2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/models.rs          |   5 +
 20 files changed, 271 insertions(+), 217 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/remove.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/events.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/events.rs
index da241ddcb..83eda1d97 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/events.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/events.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 use serde::{Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
-
-use crate::runtime::SageAppRuntimeRecord;
+use crate::runtime::state::types::SageAppRuntimeRecord;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/list_runtimes.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/list_runtimes.rs
index be6a1962f..a01b44383 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/list_runtimes.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/list_runtimes.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::bridge::{failure, success, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodCapability;
-use crate::runtime::list_runtimes;
+use crate::runtime::state::read::list_runtimes;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct RuntimeManagerListRuntimes;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/lifecycle.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/lifecycle.rs
index 3c01083e9..9b6f7c202 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/lifecycle.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/lifecycle.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::bridge::{failure, success, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodCapability;
-use crate::runtime::{ReadyToStopParams, RuntimeAckResult, SetBeforeStopListenerParams};
+use crate::runtime::state::types::{ReadyToStopParams, RuntimeAckResult, SetBeforeStopListenerParams};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct AppLifecycleSetBeforeStopListener;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
index 6309a46e7..6a7b26c55 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ use crate::host::AppState;
 use crate::state::AppsHostState;
 use crate::types::{SageApp, SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView};
 use crate::runtime::{assert_bridge_origin, resolve_app};
-use crate::runtime::records::SageAppRuntimeKind;
 
 pub mod methods;
 pub mod registry;
@@ -30,6 +29,7 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::{
 };
 use crate::lifecycle::{GrantedCapabilitiesChange, GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange};
 use crate::permissions::{require_system_capability_definition, require_user_capability_definition, resolve_effective_granted_capabilities, user_capability_definition_view, user_registry};
+use crate::runtime::state::types::SageAppRuntimeKind;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 struct PendingBridgeApproval {
@@ -564,7 +564,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn emit_bridge_event_to_app_id(
     let apps_state = app.state::<AppsHostState>();
 
     let runtime_id = {
-        let runtime_by_app_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_by_app_id.lock().await;
+        let runtime_by_app_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_id_by_app_id.lock().await;
         runtime_by_app_id.get(app_id).cloned()
     };
 
@@ -573,7 +573,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn emit_bridge_event_to_app_id(
     };
 
     let record = {
-        let by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.by_runtime_id.lock().await;
+        let by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_by_runtime_id.lock().await;
         by_runtime_id.get(&runtime_id).cloned()
     };
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
index 275aec2e7..7d6a8c1b8 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::request_network_whitelist_grant::{Request
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::bridge::ping::BridgePingResult;
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::bridge::send::BridgeSendResult;
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::wallet::send_xch::WalletSendXchParams;
-use crate::runtime::{ReadyToStopParams, RuntimeAckResult, SageAppRuntimeRecord, SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail, SetBeforeStopListenerParams};
+use crate::runtime::state::types::{ReadyToStopParams, RuntimeAckResult, SageAppRuntimeRecord, SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail, SetBeforeStopListenerParams};
 use crate::runtime::stop::SystemKillRuntimeResult;
 
 pub fn export_system_bridge_typescript() -> Result<String, String> {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs
index ad7022cb6..bec750f36 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::runtime::{focus_runtime, hide_runtime, list_runtimes, RuntimeTargetParams, SageAppRuntimeRecord};
+use crate::runtime::{focus_runtime, hide_runtime, RuntimeTargetParams};
 use crate::runtime::start::{create_inline_runtime, CreateInlineRuntimeArgs};
+use crate::runtime::state::read::list_runtimes;
+use crate::runtime::state::types::SageAppRuntimeRecord;
 use crate::runtime::stop::{kill_runtime, SystemKillRuntimeResult};
 
 #[tauri::command]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
index 6879d03b0..5871248e1 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
@@ -2,10 +2,11 @@ use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Emitter, Manager, State};
 use crate::bridge::methods::system::RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent;
-use crate::runtime::{get_runtime_record_by_app_id, list_runtimes, write_runtime_record};
+use crate::runtime::state::read::{get_runtime_by_app_id, list_runtimes};
+use crate::runtime::state::types::{SageAppRuntimeKind, SageAppRuntimeRecord};
+use crate::runtime::state::write::write_runtime;
 use crate::state::AppsHostState;
 use crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms;
-use super::records::SageAppRuntimeRecord;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
@@ -22,11 +23,11 @@ pub(crate) async fn emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(
     };
 
     let system_runtime_webview_labels = {
-        let by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.by_runtime_id.lock().await;
+        let by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_by_runtime_id.lock().await;
 
         by_runtime_id
             .values()
-            .filter(|record| !record.internal && record.runtime_kind == super::records::SageAppRuntimeKind::System)
+            .filter(|record| !record.internal && record.runtime_kind == SageAppRuntimeKind::System)
             .map(|record| record.webview_label.clone())
             .collect::<Vec<_>>()
     };
@@ -56,7 +57,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn focus_runtime(
         .get_window("main")
         .ok_or_else(|| "missing main window".to_string())?;
 
-    let mut record = get_runtime_record_by_app_id(apps_state, app_id).await?;
+    let mut record = get_runtime_by_app_id(apps_state, app_id).await?;
 
     let webview = host_window
         .get_webview(&record.webview_label)
@@ -74,7 +75,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn focus_runtime(
     record.state = "running".into();
     record.last_active_at = unix_timestamp_ms();
 
-    write_runtime_record(apps_state, record.clone()).await?;
+    write_runtime(apps_state, record.clone()).await?;
     emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(app, apps_state).await;
     Ok(record)
 }
@@ -88,7 +89,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn hide_runtime(
         .get_window("main")
         .ok_or_else(|| "missing main window".to_string())?;
 
-    let mut record = get_runtime_record_by_app_id(apps_state, app_id).await?;
+    let mut record = get_runtime_by_app_id(apps_state, app_id).await?;
 
     let webview = host_window
         .get_webview(&record.webview_label)
@@ -102,7 +103,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn hide_runtime(
     record.state = "hidden".into();
     record.last_active_at = unix_timestamp_ms();
 
-    write_runtime_record(apps_state, record.clone()).await?;
+    write_runtime(apps_state, record.clone()).await?;
     emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(app, apps_state).await;
     Ok(record)
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs
index 548f29797..6495f125e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ pub mod resolve;
 pub mod start;
 pub mod stop;
 pub mod commands;
+pub mod state;
 
 pub use manager::*;
 pub use records::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/records.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/records.rs
index 650a6b2e0..bc27dad00 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/records.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/records.rs
@@ -1,79 +1,4 @@
-use std::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet};
-
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use specta::Type;
-use tauri::State;
-use tokio::sync::{oneshot, Mutex};
-use crate::AppsHostState;
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub enum SageAppRuntimeKind {
-    User,
-    System,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub struct SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail {
-    pub request_id: String,
-    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
-    pub reason: Option<String>,
-    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
-    pub app_id: Option<String>,
-    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
-    pub runtime_id: Option<String>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub struct SetBeforeStopListenerParams {
-    pub active: bool,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub struct ReadyToStopParams {
-    pub request_id: String,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub struct RuntimeAckResult {
-    pub ok: bool,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub struct SageAppRuntimeRecord {
-    pub runtime_id: String,
-    pub app_id: String,
-    pub app_name: String,
-    pub entry_src: String,
-    pub webview_label: String,
-    pub host_window_label: String,
-    pub runtime_kind: SageAppRuntimeKind,
-    pub mode: String,
-    pub state: String,
-    pub started_at: i64,
-    pub last_active_at: i64,
-    pub visible: bool,
-    pub internal: bool,
-}
-
-#[derive(Default)]
-pub struct AppRuntimeState {
-    pub by_runtime_id: Mutex<BTreeMap<String, SageAppRuntimeRecord>>,
-    pub runtime_by_app_id: Mutex<BTreeMap<String, String>>,
-    pub before_stop_listeners_by_app_id: Mutex<BTreeSet<String>>,
-    pub pending_stop_ready: Mutex<BTreeMap<String, oneshot::Sender<()>>>,
-}
-
-impl std::fmt::Debug for AppRuntimeState {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
-        f.debug_struct("AppRuntimeState").finish()
-    }
-}
+use crate::runtime::state::types::SageAppRuntimeKind;
 
 pub fn runtime_id_for(app_id: &str, runtime_kind: SageAppRuntimeKind) -> String {
     match runtime_kind {
@@ -88,45 +13,3 @@ pub fn inline_label_for(app_id: &str, runtime_kind: SageAppRuntimeKind) -> Strin
         SageAppRuntimeKind::System => format!("system-app-inline-{app_id}"),
     }
 }
-
-pub async fn get_runtime_record_by_app_id(
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    app_id: &str,
-) -> Result<SageAppRuntimeRecord, String> {
-    let runtime_id = {
-        let runtime_by_app_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_by_app_id.lock().await;
-        runtime_by_app_id.get(app_id).cloned()
-    }
-        .ok_or_else(|| format!("runtime not found for app id: {app_id}"))?;
-
-    let record = {
-        let by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.by_runtime_id.lock().await;
-        by_runtime_id.get(&runtime_id).cloned()
-    }
-        .ok_or_else(|| format!("runtime record not found for runtime id: {runtime_id}"))?;
-
-    Ok(record)
-}
-
-pub async fn write_runtime_record(
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    record: SageAppRuntimeRecord,
-) -> Result<(), String> {
-    let mut by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.by_runtime_id.lock().await;
-    by_runtime_id.insert(record.runtime_id.clone(), record);
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-pub async fn list_runtimes(
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-) -> Result<Vec<SageAppRuntimeRecord>, String> {
-    let mut records = {
-        let by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.by_runtime_id.lock().await;
-        by_runtime_id.values().cloned().collect::<Vec<_>>()
-    };
-
-    records.retain(|record| !record.internal);
-    records.sort_by(|a, b| b.started_at.cmp(&a.started_at));
-
-    Ok(records)
-}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
index 6735bb87a..96dbeab4d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
@@ -5,11 +5,12 @@ use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager};
 use url::Url;
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::lifecycle::read_installed_app_by_id;
+use crate::runtime::state::types::SageAppRuntimeKind;
 use crate::sandbox::build_builtin_test_app;
 use crate::system_apps::build_builtin_system_app;
 use crate::types::SageApp;
 
-use super::records::{inline_label_for, SageAppRuntimeKind};
+use super::records::{inline_label_for};
 
 fn app_id_from_inline_label(label: &str) -> Option<(SageAppRuntimeKind, &str)> {
     if let Some(app_id) = label.strip_prefix("app-inline-") {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
index f65370d13..6a51b1292 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,9 @@ use specta::Type;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, LogicalPosition, LogicalSize, Manager, State, WebviewUrl};
 use tauri::webview::NewWindowResponse;
 use crate::{sandbox, AppsHostState};
-use crate::runtime::{build_entry_src, emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed, inline_label_for, is_allowed_app_url, resolve_app, runtime_id_for, runtime_kind_for_app, should_use_incognito, SageAppRuntimeRecord};
+use crate::runtime::{build_entry_src, emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed, inline_label_for, is_allowed_app_url, resolve_app, runtime_id_for, runtime_kind_for_app, should_use_incognito};
+use crate::runtime::state::types::{SageAppRuntimeKind, SageAppRuntimeRecord};
+use crate::runtime::state::write::{write_runtime, write_runtime_id_by_app_id};
 use crate::storage::parse_data_store_id;
 use crate::types::InstalledSageAppStorage;
 use crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms;
@@ -32,32 +34,12 @@ pub async fn create_inline_runtime(
 
     let resolved = resolve_app(&base_path, &args.app_id)?;
     let runtime_kind = runtime_kind_for_app(&resolved);
-    let is_builtin_test_app = resolved.id().starts_with("__sage_test_");
-
-    if !args.internal && !is_builtin_test_app {
-        let baseline = apps_state.sandbox.baseline.lock().await.clone();
-        let current_run = apps_state.sandbox.current_run.lock().await.clone();
-        let effective =
-            sandbox::state_view::build_effective_state(&baseline, current_run.as_ref());
-        let gate = sandbox::evaluate_app_launch_gate(&resolved, &effective);
-
-        if !gate.allowed {
-            return Err(
-                gate.message
-                    .unwrap_or_else(|| "App launch blocked by sandbox policy".into()),
-            );
-        }
-    }
-
-    let is_incognito = should_use_incognito(&resolved);
-
-    let host_window = app
-        .get_window("main")
-        .ok_or_else(|| "missing main window".to_string())?;
-
     let webview_label = inline_label_for(resolved.id(), runtime_kind);
     let runtime_id = runtime_id_for(resolved.id(), runtime_kind);
     let entry_src = build_entry_src(&resolved, args.path.clone(), args.query.clone());
+    let host_window = app
+        .get_window("main")
+        .ok_or_else(|| "missing main window".to_string())?;
 
     if let Some(existing) = host_window.get_webview(&webview_label) {
         return reuse_existing_inline_runtime(
@@ -75,12 +57,27 @@ pub async fn create_inline_runtime(
             .await;
     }
 
+    if !args.internal && !resolved.is_sandbox_test() {
+        let baseline = apps_state.sandbox.baseline.lock().await.clone();
+        let current_run = apps_state.sandbox.current_run.lock().await.clone();
+        let effective =
+            sandbox::state_view::build_effective_state(&baseline, current_run.as_ref());
+        let gate = sandbox::evaluate_app_launch_gate(&resolved, &effective);
+
+        if !gate.allowed {
+            return Err(
+                gate.message
+                    .unwrap_or_else(|| "App launch blocked by sandbox policy".into()),
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
     let origin_id_for_nav = resolved.origin_id().to_string();
     let runtime_kind_for_nav = runtime_kind;
 
     let mut builder = tauri::webview::WebviewBuilder::new(
         &webview_label,
-        WebviewUrl::External(
+        WebviewUrl::CustomProtocol(
             entry_src
                 .parse()
                 .map_err(|e| format!("invalid entry url: {e}"))?,
@@ -91,7 +88,7 @@ pub async fn create_inline_runtime(
         })
         .on_new_window(move |_url, _features| NewWindowResponse::Deny);
 
-    if is_incognito {
+    if should_use_incognito(&resolved) {
         builder = builder.incognito(true);
     } else {
         match resolved.storage() {
@@ -147,16 +144,8 @@ pub async fn create_inline_runtime(
         internal: args.internal,
     };
 
-    {
-        let mut by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.by_runtime_id.lock().await;
-        by_runtime_id.insert(runtime_id.clone(), record.clone());
-    }
-
-    {
-        let mut runtime_by_app_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_by_app_id.lock().await;
-        runtime_by_app_id.insert(resolved.id().to_string(), runtime_id);
-    }
-
+    write_runtime(&apps_state, record.clone()).await?;
+    write_runtime_id_by_app_id(&apps_state, &resolved, runtime_id).await?;
     if !args.visible {
         if let Some(webview) = host_window.get_webview(&webview_label) {
             let _ = webview.hide();
@@ -176,7 +165,7 @@ async fn reuse_existing_inline_runtime(
     app_name: String,
     entry_src: String,
     webview_label: String,
-    runtime_kind: super::records::SageAppRuntimeKind,
+    runtime_kind: SageAppRuntimeKind,
     visible: bool,
     internal: bool,
 ) -> Result<SageAppRuntimeRecord, String> {
@@ -193,7 +182,7 @@ async fn reuse_existing_inline_runtime(
     }
 
     let mut record = {
-        let by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.by_runtime_id.lock().await;
+        let by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_by_runtime_id.lock().await;
         by_runtime_id.get(&runtime_id).cloned()
     }
         .unwrap_or_else(|| SageAppRuntimeRecord {
@@ -222,12 +211,12 @@ async fn reuse_existing_inline_runtime(
     record.internal = internal;
 
     {
-        let mut by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.by_runtime_id.lock().await;
+        let mut by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_by_runtime_id.lock().await;
         by_runtime_id.insert(runtime_id.clone(), record.clone());
     }
 
     {
-        let mut runtime_by_app_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_by_app_id.lock().await;
+        let mut runtime_by_app_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_id_by_app_id.lock().await;
         runtime_by_app_id.insert(app_id, runtime_id);
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1844abb99
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+pub mod types;
+pub mod read;
+pub mod write;
+pub mod remove;
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..002b51161
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+use tauri::State;
+use crate::AppsHostState;
+use crate::runtime::state::types::SageAppRuntimeRecord;
+
+pub async fn get_runtime_id_by_app_id_optional(
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    app_id: &str
+) -> Option<String> {
+    let runtime_by_app_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_id_by_app_id.lock().await;
+    runtime_by_app_id.get(app_id).cloned()
+}
+
+pub async fn get_runtime_id_by_app_id(
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    app_id: &str
+) -> Result<String, String> {
+    get_runtime_id_by_app_id_optional(apps_state, app_id).await
+        .ok_or_else(|| format!("runtime not found for app id: {app_id}"))
+}
+
+pub async fn get_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional(
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    runtime_id: &str
+) -> Option<SageAppRuntimeRecord> {
+    let by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_by_runtime_id.lock().await;
+    by_runtime_id.get(runtime_id).cloned()
+}
+
+pub async fn get_runtime_by_runtime_id(
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    runtime_id: &str
+) -> Result<SageAppRuntimeRecord, String> {
+    get_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional(apps_state, runtime_id).await
+        .ok_or_else(|| format!("runtime record not found for runtime id: {runtime_id}"))
+}
+
+pub async fn get_runtime_by_app_id(
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    app_id: &str,
+) -> Result<SageAppRuntimeRecord, String> {
+    let runtime_id = get_runtime_id_by_app_id(apps_state, app_id).await?;
+    get_runtime_by_runtime_id(apps_state, &runtime_id).await
+}
+
+pub async fn list_runtimes(
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+) -> Result<Vec<SageAppRuntimeRecord>, String> {
+    let mut records = {
+        let by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_by_runtime_id.lock().await;
+        by_runtime_id.values().cloned().collect::<Vec<_>>()
+    };
+
+    records.retain(|record| !record.internal);
+    records.sort_by(|a, b| b.started_at.cmp(&a.started_at));
+
+    Ok(records)
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/remove.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/remove.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d7f01f87d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/remove.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+use tauri::State;
+use crate::AppsHostState;
+
+pub async fn remove_runtime_id_by_app_id(
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    app_id: &str,
+) {
+    let mut runtime_id_by_app_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_id_by_app_id.lock().await;
+    runtime_id_by_app_id.remove(app_id);
+}
+
+pub async fn remove_runtime_by_runtime_id(
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    runtime_id: &str,
+) {
+    let mut runtime_by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_by_runtime_id.lock().await;
+    runtime_by_runtime_id.remove(runtime_id);
+}
+
+pub async fn remove_before_stop_listeners_by_app_id(
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    app_id: &str,
+) {
+    let mut listeners = apps_state.runtime.before_stop_listeners_by_app_id.lock().await;
+    listeners.remove(app_id);
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..956a5de79
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+use std::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet};
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use specta::Type;
+use tokio::sync::{oneshot, Mutex};
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub enum SageAppRuntimeKind {
+    User,
+    System,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail {
+    pub request_id: String,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub reason: Option<String>,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub app_id: Option<String>,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub runtime_id: Option<String>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct SetBeforeStopListenerParams {
+    pub active: bool,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct ReadyToStopParams {
+    pub request_id: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct RuntimeAckResult {
+    pub ok: bool,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct SageAppRuntimeRecord {
+    pub runtime_id: String,
+    pub app_id: String,
+    pub app_name: String,
+    pub entry_src: String,
+    pub webview_label: String,
+    pub host_window_label: String,
+    pub runtime_kind: SageAppRuntimeKind,
+    pub mode: String,
+    pub state: String,
+    pub started_at: i64,
+    pub last_active_at: i64,
+    pub visible: bool,
+    pub internal: bool,
+}
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub struct AppRuntimeState {
+    pub runtime_by_runtime_id: Mutex<BTreeMap<String, SageAppRuntimeRecord>>,
+    pub runtime_id_by_app_id: Mutex<BTreeMap<String, String>>,
+    pub before_stop_listeners_by_app_id: Mutex<BTreeSet<String>>,
+    pub pending_stop_ready: Mutex<BTreeMap<String, oneshot::Sender<()>>>,
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Debug for AppRuntimeState {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("AppRuntimeState").finish()
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..97ead9a06
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+use tauri::State;
+use crate::AppsHostState;
+use crate::runtime::state::types::SageAppRuntimeRecord;
+use crate::types::SageApp;
+
+pub async fn write_runtime(
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    record: SageAppRuntimeRecord,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let mut by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_by_runtime_id.lock().await;
+    by_runtime_id.insert(record.runtime_id.clone(), record);
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub async fn write_runtime_id_by_app_id(
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    app: &SageApp,
+    runtime_id: String,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let mut runtime_by_app_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_id_by_app_id.lock().await;
+    runtime_by_app_id.insert(app.id().to_string(), runtime_id);
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs
index 5be64e208..78fa1be23 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,10 @@ use tokio::sync::oneshot;
 use tokio::time::timeout;
 use uuid::Uuid;
 use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::runtime::{emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed, get_runtime_record_by_app_id, SageAppRuntimeRecord, SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail};
+use crate::runtime::{emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed};
+use crate::runtime::state::read::{get_runtime_by_app_id, get_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional, get_runtime_id_by_app_id_optional};
+use crate::runtime::state::remove::{remove_before_stop_listeners_by_app_id, remove_runtime_by_runtime_id, remove_runtime_id_by_app_id};
+use crate::runtime::state::types::{SageAppRuntimeRecord, SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail};
 
 const BEFORE_STOP_TIMEOUT_MS: u64 = 5_000;
 
@@ -23,7 +26,7 @@ pub async fn kill_runtime(
     app_id: &str,
     reason: &str,
 ) -> Result<SystemKillRuntimeResult, String> {
-    let _ = get_runtime_record_by_app_id(apps_state, app_id).await?;
+    let _ = get_runtime_by_app_id(apps_state, app_id).await?;
 
     close_runtime_internal_with_reason(app, apps_state, app_id, reason).await?;
 
@@ -47,48 +50,25 @@ pub async fn close_runtime_internal_with_reason(
     app_id: &str,
     reason: &str,
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
-    let runtime_id = {
-        let runtime_by_app_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_by_app_id.lock().await;
-        runtime_by_app_id.get(app_id).cloned()
-    };
-
-    let Some(runtime_id) = runtime_id else {
+    let Some(runtime_id) = get_runtime_id_by_app_id_optional(apps_state, app_id).await else {
         return Ok(());
     };
-
-    let record = {
-        let by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.by_runtime_id.lock().await;
-        by_runtime_id.get(&runtime_id).cloned()
-    };
-
-    let Some(record) = record else {
-        let mut runtime_by_app_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_by_app_id.lock().await;
-        runtime_by_app_id.remove(app_id);
+    let Some(runtime) = get_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional(apps_state, &runtime_id).await else {
+        remove_runtime_id_by_app_id(apps_state, app_id).await;
         return Ok(());
     };
 
-    let _ = wait_for_before_stop_ack(app, apps_state, &record, reason).await;
+    let _ = wait_for_before_stop_ack(app, apps_state, &runtime, reason).await;
 
     if let Some(host_window) = app.get_window("main") {
-        if let Some(webview) = host_window.get_webview(&record.webview_label) {
+        if let Some(webview) = host_window.get_webview(&runtime.webview_label) {
             let _ = webview.close();
         }
     }
 
-    {
-        let mut by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.by_runtime_id.lock().await;
-        by_runtime_id.remove(&runtime_id);
-    }
-
-    {
-        let mut runtime_by_app_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_by_app_id.lock().await;
-        runtime_by_app_id.remove(app_id);
-    }
-
-    {
-        let mut listeners = apps_state.runtime.before_stop_listeners_by_app_id.lock().await;
-        listeners.remove(app_id);
-    }
+    remove_runtime_by_runtime_id(apps_state, &runtime_id).await;
+    remove_runtime_id_by_app_id(apps_state, &app_id).await;
+    remove_before_stop_listeners_by_app_id(apps_state, &app_id).await;
     emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(app, apps_state).await;
 
     Ok(())
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
index 2cb5984e9..f66e9f79f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
@@ -9,18 +9,28 @@ use crate::lifecycle::{manifest_entry_file, manifest_icon_file};
 use crate::permissions::{normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions, resolve_capability_flags, resolve_effective_granted_capabilities, validate_user_granted_capabilities};
 use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppPackageManifest, SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions, UserSageAppSource, UserSageApp};
 
+macro_rules! sandbox_test_id_prefix {
+    () => {
+        "__sage_test_"
+    };
+}
+
+pub const SANDBOX_TEST_ID_PREFIX: &str = sandbox_test_id_prefix!();
+
 pub const BUILTIN_STORAGE_ISOLATION_PERSISTENT_ID: &str =
-    "__sage_test_storage_isolation_persistent";
+    concat!(sandbox_test_id_prefix!(), "storage_isolation_persistent");
 pub const BUILTIN_STORAGE_ISOLATION_INCOGNITO_ID: &str =
-    "__sage_test_storage_isolation_incognito";
+    concat!(sandbox_test_id_prefix!(), "storage_isolation_incognito");
 pub const BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_PERSISTENT_ID: &str =
-    "__sage_test_persistence_persistent";
+    concat!(sandbox_test_id_prefix!(), "persistence_persistent");
 pub const BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_INCOGNITO_ID: &str =
-    "__sage_test_persistence_incognito";
+    concat!(sandbox_test_id_prefix!(), "persistence_incognito");
 pub const BUILTIN_STORAGE_CLEAR_PERSISTENT_ID: &str =
-    "__sage_test_storage_clear_persistent";
-pub const BUILTIN_NETWORK_ALLOW_A_ID: &str = "__sage_test_network_allow_a";
-pub const BUILTIN_NETWORK_ALLOW_B_ID: &str = "__sage_test_network_allow_b";
+    concat!(sandbox_test_id_prefix!(), "storage_clear_persistent");
+pub const BUILTIN_NETWORK_ALLOW_A_ID: &str =
+    concat!(sandbox_test_id_prefix!(), "network_allow_a");
+pub const BUILTIN_NETWORK_ALLOW_B_ID: &str =
+    concat!(sandbox_test_id_prefix!(), "network_allow_b");
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct BuiltinTestAppSpec {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/state/host.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/state/host.rs
index f971c8511..d718a06d6 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/state/host.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/state/host.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use crate::bridge::BridgeState;
-use crate::runtime::AppRuntimeState;
+use crate::runtime::state::types::AppRuntimeState;
 use crate::sandbox::SandboxStateStore;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Default)]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/models.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/models.rs
index f35278c5f..d801c1043 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/models.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/models.rs
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ use specta::Type;
 
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::{SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
 use crate::lifecycle::parse_network_permission_target;
+use crate::sandbox::SANDBOX_TEST_ID_PREFIX;
 
 #[derive(
     Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord,
@@ -326,6 +327,10 @@ impl SageApp {
             Self::User(_) => None,
         }
     }
+
+    pub fn is_sandbox_test(&self) -> bool {
+        self.id().starts_with(SANDBOX_TEST_ID_PREFIX)
+    }
 }
 
 impl UserSageApp {

From c9bf2013e932c549821a5f5dd0e5af6bc0fcfa76 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 25 Apr 2026 17:17:50 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 197/471] Remove `records.rs` and inline its logic into
 relevant modules for modularity and simplification.

---
 .../sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage_cleanup.rs   | 11 ++---------
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs              |  2 --
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/records.rs          | 15 ---------------
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs          |  6 ------
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs            | 16 +++++++++++++++-
 5 files changed, 17 insertions(+), 33 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/records.rs

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage_cleanup.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage_cleanup.rs
index 974bac4f5..a421b262a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage_cleanup.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage_cleanup.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use crate::lifecycle::{
     read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries, read_retired_app_origins,
     write_pending_storage_cleanup_entries, write_retired_app_origins,
 };
-use crate::runtime::{inline_label_for, resolve_app, runtime_kind_for_app};
+use crate::runtime::{resolve_app};
 use crate::runtime::stop::close_runtime_internal;
 use crate::storage::{cleanup_target_from_storage, parse_data_store_id};
 use crate::types::{PendingStorageCleanupEntry, PendingStorageCleanupTarget, RetiredAppOriginEntry, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource};
@@ -180,17 +180,10 @@ pub async fn apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data(
         .map_err(|e| format!("failed to resolve app data dir: {e}"))?;
 
     let resolved = resolve_app(&base_path, &app_id)?;
-    let runtime_kind = runtime_kind_for_app(&resolved);
-    let webview_label = inline_label_for(resolved.id(), runtime_kind);
 
-    if let Some(host_window) = app.get_window("main") {
-        if let Some(existing) = host_window.get_webview(&webview_label) {
-            let _ = existing.close();
-        }
-    }
+    close_runtime_internal(&app, &app.state(), &app_id).await?;
 
     let target = cleanup_target_from_storage(resolved.storage());
-
     clear_app_storage_by_target(&app, &target).await
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs
index 6495f125e..2e6e1ba86 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 pub mod manager;
-pub mod records;
 pub mod resolve;
 
 pub mod start;
@@ -8,6 +7,5 @@ pub mod commands;
 pub mod state;
 
 pub use manager::*;
-pub use records::*;
 pub use resolve::*;
 pub use commands::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/records.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/records.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index bc27dad00..000000000
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/records.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-use crate::runtime::state::types::SageAppRuntimeKind;
-
-pub fn runtime_id_for(app_id: &str, runtime_kind: SageAppRuntimeKind) -> String {
-    match runtime_kind {
-        SageAppRuntimeKind::User => format!("runtime-{app_id}"),
-        SageAppRuntimeKind::System => format!("system-runtime-{app_id}"),
-    }
-}
-
-pub fn inline_label_for(app_id: &str, runtime_kind: SageAppRuntimeKind) -> String {
-    match runtime_kind {
-        SageAppRuntimeKind::User => format!("app-inline-{app_id}"),
-        SageAppRuntimeKind::System => format!("system-app-inline-{app_id}"),
-    }
-}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
index 96dbeab4d..bc12c5afd 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
@@ -10,8 +10,6 @@ use crate::sandbox::build_builtin_test_app;
 use crate::system_apps::build_builtin_system_app;
 use crate::types::SageApp;
 
-use super::records::{inline_label_for};
-
 fn app_id_from_inline_label(label: &str) -> Option<(SageAppRuntimeKind, &str)> {
     if let Some(app_id) = label.strip_prefix("app-inline-") {
         return Some((SageAppRuntimeKind::User, app_id));
@@ -145,7 +143,3 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_bridge_origin(
 
     Ok((app_id, runtime_kind))
 }
-
-pub fn webview_label_for_app(app: &SageApp) -> String {
-    inline_label_for(app.id(), runtime_kind_for_app(app))
-}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
index 6a51b1292..11fcc7ebb 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use specta::Type;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, LogicalPosition, LogicalSize, Manager, State, WebviewUrl};
 use tauri::webview::NewWindowResponse;
 use crate::{sandbox, AppsHostState};
-use crate::runtime::{build_entry_src, emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed, inline_label_for, is_allowed_app_url, resolve_app, runtime_id_for, runtime_kind_for_app, should_use_incognito};
+use crate::runtime::{build_entry_src, emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed, is_allowed_app_url, resolve_app, runtime_kind_for_app, should_use_incognito};
 use crate::runtime::state::types::{SageAppRuntimeKind, SageAppRuntimeRecord};
 use crate::runtime::state::write::{write_runtime, write_runtime_id_by_app_id};
 use crate::storage::parse_data_store_id;
@@ -223,6 +223,20 @@ async fn reuse_existing_inline_runtime(
     Ok(record)
 }
 
+fn runtime_id_for(app_id: &str, runtime_kind: SageAppRuntimeKind) -> String {
+    match runtime_kind {
+        SageAppRuntimeKind::User => format!("runtime-{app_id}"),
+        SageAppRuntimeKind::System => format!("system-runtime-{app_id}"),
+    }
+}
+
+fn inline_label_for(app_id: &str, runtime_kind: SageAppRuntimeKind) -> String {
+    match runtime_kind {
+        SageAppRuntimeKind::User => format!("app-inline-{app_id}"),
+        SageAppRuntimeKind::System => format!("system-app-inline-{app_id}"),
+    }
+}
+
 fn fallback_debug_slot(app_id: &str) -> usize {
     app_id
         .bytes()

From 98dbc6999df939c092d66719f51420c57230148d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 25 Apr 2026 17:39:23 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 198/471] Add `pending_stop_ready` state management:

- Introduced `write_pending_stop_ready` and `remove_pending_stop_ready` functions for handling pending stop acknowledgments.
- Integrated `pending_stop_ready` management into `wait_for_before_stop_ack` to streamline state updates.
- Moved `should_use_incognito` logic into `start.rs` and removed duplication in `resolve.rs`.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs      | 18 -----------
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs        | 22 +++++++++++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/remove.rs |  8 +++++
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs  | 10 ++++++
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs         | 34 ++++++++------------
 5 files changed, 51 insertions(+), 41 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
index bc12c5afd..0afc6d29c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ use std::path::Path;
 
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager};
 use url::Url;
-use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::lifecycle::read_installed_app_by_id;
 use crate::runtime::state::types::SageAppRuntimeKind;
 use crate::sandbox::build_builtin_test_app;
@@ -80,23 +79,6 @@ pub fn resolve_app(base_path: &Path, app_id: &str) -> Result<SageApp, String> {
         .ok_or_else(|| format!("failed to resolve app {app_id}"))
 }
 
-pub fn should_use_incognito(app: &SageApp) -> bool {
-    let has_persistent_storage = app
-        .granted_permissions()
-        .capabilities
-        .contains(&UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage);
-
-    if !has_persistent_storage {
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    if app.capability_flags().storage_may_contain_secrets {
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    false
-}
-
 pub(crate) fn assert_bridge_origin(
     app: AppHandle,
     source_label: String,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
index 11fcc7ebb..d31943073 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
@@ -4,11 +4,12 @@ use specta::Type;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, LogicalPosition, LogicalSize, Manager, State, WebviewUrl};
 use tauri::webview::NewWindowResponse;
 use crate::{sandbox, AppsHostState};
-use crate::runtime::{build_entry_src, emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed, is_allowed_app_url, resolve_app, runtime_kind_for_app, should_use_incognito};
+use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::runtime::{build_entry_src, emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed, is_allowed_app_url, resolve_app, runtime_kind_for_app};
 use crate::runtime::state::types::{SageAppRuntimeKind, SageAppRuntimeRecord};
 use crate::runtime::state::write::{write_runtime, write_runtime_id_by_app_id};
 use crate::storage::parse_data_store_id;
-use crate::types::InstalledSageAppStorage;
+use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, SageApp};
 use crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Type)]
@@ -237,6 +238,23 @@ fn inline_label_for(app_id: &str, runtime_kind: SageAppRuntimeKind) -> String {
     }
 }
 
+fn should_use_incognito(app: &SageApp) -> bool {
+    let has_persistent_storage = app
+        .granted_permissions()
+        .capabilities
+        .contains(&UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage);
+
+    if !has_persistent_storage {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    if app.capability_flags().storage_may_contain_secrets {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    false
+}
+
 fn fallback_debug_slot(app_id: &str) -> usize {
     app_id
         .bytes()
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/remove.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/remove.rs
index d7f01f87d..e9e5cafa1 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/remove.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/remove.rs
@@ -24,3 +24,11 @@ pub async fn remove_before_stop_listeners_by_app_id(
     let mut listeners = apps_state.runtime.before_stop_listeners_by_app_id.lock().await;
     listeners.remove(app_id);
 }
+
+pub async fn remove_pending_stop_ready(
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    request_id: &String,
+) {
+    let mut pending = apps_state.runtime.pending_stop_ready.lock().await;
+    pending.remove(request_id);
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs
index 97ead9a06..e0986c929 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs
@@ -21,3 +21,13 @@ pub async fn write_runtime_id_by_app_id(
     runtime_by_app_id.insert(app.id().to_string(), runtime_id);
     Ok(())
 }
+
+pub async fn write_pending_stop_ready(
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    request_id: &String,
+    tx: tokio::sync::oneshot::Sender<()>,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let mut pending = apps_state.runtime.pending_stop_ready.lock().await;
+    pending.insert(request_id.clone(), tx);
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs
index 78fa1be23..e932ab994 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs
@@ -8,8 +8,9 @@ use uuid::Uuid;
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::runtime::{emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed};
 use crate::runtime::state::read::{get_runtime_by_app_id, get_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional, get_runtime_id_by_app_id_optional};
-use crate::runtime::state::remove::{remove_before_stop_listeners_by_app_id, remove_runtime_by_runtime_id, remove_runtime_id_by_app_id};
+use crate::runtime::state::remove::{remove_before_stop_listeners_by_app_id, remove_pending_stop_ready, remove_runtime_by_runtime_id, remove_runtime_id_by_app_id};
 use crate::runtime::state::types::{SageAppRuntimeRecord, SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail};
+use crate::runtime::state::write::write_pending_stop_ready;
 
 const BEFORE_STOP_TIMEOUT_MS: u64 = 5_000;
 
@@ -77,51 +78,42 @@ pub async fn close_runtime_internal_with_reason(
 async fn wait_for_before_stop_ack(
     app: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    record: &SageAppRuntimeRecord,
+    runtime: &SageAppRuntimeRecord,
     reason: &str,
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
     let has_listener = {
         let listeners = apps_state.runtime.before_stop_listeners_by_app_id.lock().await;
-        listeners.contains(&record.app_id)
+        listeners.contains(&runtime.app_id)
     };
 
     if !has_listener {
         return Ok(());
     }
 
-    let host_window = match app.get_window("main") {
-        Some(window) => window,
-        None => return Ok(()),
+    let Some(host_window) = app.get_window("main") else {
+        return Ok(());
     };
 
-    let webview = match host_window.get_webview(&record.webview_label) {
-        Some(webview) => webview,
-        None => return Ok(()),
+    let Some(app_webview) = host_window.get_webview(&runtime.webview_label) else {
+        return Ok(());
     };
 
     let request_id = Uuid::new_v4().to_string();
     let (tx, rx) = oneshot::channel();
 
-    {
-        let mut pending = apps_state.runtime.pending_stop_ready.lock().await;
-        pending.insert(request_id.clone(), tx);
-    }
+    write_pending_stop_ready(apps_state, &request_id, tx).await?;
 
     let detail = SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail {
         request_id: request_id.clone(),
         reason: Some(reason.to_string()),
-        app_id: Some(record.app_id.clone()),
-        runtime_id: Some(record.runtime_id.clone()),
+        app_id: Some(runtime.app_id.clone()),
+        runtime_id: Some(runtime.runtime_id.clone()),
     };
 
-    let _ = webview.emit("sage-lifecycle:before-stop", detail);
-
+    let _ = app_webview.emit("sage-lifecycle:before-stop", detail);
     let _ = timeout(Duration::from_millis(BEFORE_STOP_TIMEOUT_MS), rx).await;
 
-    {
-        let mut pending = apps_state.runtime.pending_stop_ready.lock().await;
-        pending.remove(&request_id);
-    }
+    remove_pending_stop_ready(apps_state, &request_id).await;
 
     Ok(())
 }

From fc8c3ee9d3c8889d79cc8dca29d334690d3e8b84 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 25 Apr 2026 18:28:42 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 199/471] Introduce bridge command handling and refactor
 response utilities:

- Added `commands.rs` to manage bridge-related Tauri commands (`apps_invoke_bridge`, `apps_invoke_system_bridge`, `apps_resolve_bridge_approval`, `get_user_capability_definitions`).
- Created `invoke.rs` to centralize bridge invocation logic.
- Added event emitters (`emit_approval_requested`, `emit_bridge_response_to_source`, etc.) in `events.rs` for streamlined bridge interactions.
- Replaced `failure` and `success` utilities with `RustBridgeResponse` for consistent error handling.
- Updated module imports and references across bridge-related components to align with the new structure.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs       | 110 ++++
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/comms/mod.rs      |   0
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/events.rs         | 129 ++++
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/invoke.rs         | 317 +++++++++
 .../system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs   |   8 +-
 .../system/runtime_manager/hide_runtime.rs    |   8 +-
 .../system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs    |   8 +-
 .../system/runtime_manager/list_runtimes.rs   |   8 +-
 .../methods/system/runtime_manager/mod.rs     |   6 +-
 .../methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs      |   8 +-
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_info.rs   |   8 +-
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/app/lifecycle.rs  |  14 +-
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/app/mod.rs        |   8 +-
 .../user/app/request_capability_grant.rs      |   9 +-
 .../app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs    |  11 +-
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/ping.rs    |   6 +-
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs    |  12 +-
 .../methods/user/wallet/get_secret_key.rs     |  12 +-
 .../methods/user/wallet/read_methods.rs       |  18 +-
 .../bridge/methods/user/wallet/send_xch.rs    |  12 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs            | 602 +-----------------
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs          |  48 ++
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update.rs      |   5 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/state/host.rs            |   2 +-
 src-tauri/src/lib.rs                          |   8 +-
 25 files changed, 697 insertions(+), 680 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/comms/mod.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/events.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/invoke.rs

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..736c33d61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+use tauri::{AppHandle, State, Webview};
+use crate::AppsHostState;
+use crate::bridge::{registry, response_channel_for_runtime_kind, ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs, RustBridgeInvokeResult, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
+use crate::bridge::events::emit_bridge_response_to_source;
+use crate::bridge::invoke::{execute_bridge_request, invoke};
+use crate::host::AppState;
+use crate::permissions::{user_capability_definition_view, user_registry};
+use crate::runtime::assert_bridge_origin;
+use crate::runtime::state::types::SageAppRuntimeKind;
+use crate::types::{SageApp, SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView};
+
+#[tauri::command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn apps_invoke_bridge(
+    app: AppHandle,
+    webview: Webview,
+    app_state: State<'_, AppState>,
+    request: RustBridgeRequest,
+) -> Result<RustBridgeInvokeResult, String> {
+    invoke(
+        app,
+        webview,
+        app_state,
+        request,
+        None,
+        registry::BridgeRegistryKind::User,
+    )
+        .await
+}
+
+#[tauri::command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn apps_invoke_system_bridge(
+    app: AppHandle,
+    webview: Webview,
+    app_state: State<'_, AppState>,
+    request: RustBridgeRequest,
+) -> Result<RustBridgeInvokeResult, String> {
+    invoke(
+        app,
+        webview,
+        app_state,
+        request,
+        Some(SageAppRuntimeKind::System),
+        registry::BridgeRegistryKind::System,
+    )
+        .await
+}
+
+#[tauri::command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn apps_resolve_bridge_approval(
+    app: AppHandle,
+    app_state: State<'_, AppState>,
+    apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    args: ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let pending = {
+        let mut pending = apps_state.bridge.pending_approvals.lock().await;
+        pending.remove(&args.approval_id)
+    }
+        .ok_or_else(|| format!("unknown approval id: {}", args.approval_id))?;
+
+    let runtime_kind = match assert_bridge_origin(app.clone(), pending.source_label.clone()) {
+        Ok((_, runtime_kind)) => runtime_kind,
+        Err(_) => match pending.app {
+            SageApp::System(_) => SageAppRuntimeKind::System,
+            SageApp::User(_) => SageAppRuntimeKind::User,
+        },
+    };
+
+    let registry_kind = match runtime_kind {
+        SageAppRuntimeKind::User => registry::BridgeRegistryKind::User,
+        SageAppRuntimeKind::System => registry::BridgeRegistryKind::System,
+    };
+
+    let response = if !args.approved {
+        RustBridgeResponse::error(
+            response_channel_for_runtime_kind(runtime_kind),
+            &pending.request.id,
+            "user_denied",
+            args.reason
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| "User denied the request".to_string()),
+        )
+    } else {
+        execute_bridge_request(
+            &app,
+            &app_state,
+            &pending.app,
+            &pending.source_label,
+            &pending.request,
+            registry_kind,
+        )
+            .await
+    };
+
+    emit_bridge_response_to_source(&app, &pending.source_label, runtime_kind, &response)?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[tauri::command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn get_user_capability_definitions(
+) -> Result<Vec<SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView>, String> {
+    Ok(user_registry()
+        .values()
+        .copied()
+        .map(user_capability_definition_view)
+        .collect())
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/comms/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/comms/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/events.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/events.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d1f2393f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/events.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+use serde_json::Value;
+use tauri::{AppHandle, Emitter, Manager};
+use crate::AppsHostState;
+use crate::bridge::{response_channel_for_runtime_kind, RustBridgeApprovalEvent, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
+use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::{GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent, GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent};
+use crate::lifecycle::{GrantedCapabilitiesChange, GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange};
+use crate::runtime::state::types::SageAppRuntimeKind;
+
+pub(crate) fn emit_approval_requested(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    approval_id: String,
+    approval: RustBridgeApprovalRequest,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let window = app
+        .get_window("main")
+        .ok_or_else(|| "missing main window".to_string())?;
+
+    window
+        .emit(
+            "apps:bridge-approval-requested",
+            RustBridgeApprovalEvent {
+                approval_id,
+                approval,
+            },
+        )
+        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to emit approval request event: {err}"))
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn emit_bridge_response_to_source(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    source_label: &str,
+    runtime_kind: SageAppRuntimeKind,
+    response: &RustBridgeResponse,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let host_window = app
+        .get_window("main")
+        .ok_or_else(|| "missing main window".to_string())?;
+
+    let webview = host_window
+        .get_webview(source_label)
+        .ok_or_else(|| format!("missing webview for label: {source_label}"))?;
+
+    webview
+        .emit(&response_event_for_runtime_kind(runtime_kind), response)
+        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to emit bridge response: {err}"))
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn emit_bridge_event_to_source(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    source_label: &str,
+    runtime_kind: SageAppRuntimeKind,
+    payload: Value,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let host_window = app
+        .get_window("main")
+        .ok_or_else(|| "missing main window".to_string())?;
+
+    let webview = host_window
+        .get_webview(source_label)
+        .ok_or_else(|| format!("missing webview for label: {source_label}"))?;
+
+    webview
+        .emit(&event_event_for_runtime_kind(runtime_kind), payload)
+        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to emit bridge event: {err}"))
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn emit_bridge_event_to_app_id(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    app_id: &str,
+    payload: Value,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let apps_state = app.state::<AppsHostState>();
+
+    let runtime_id = {
+        let runtime_by_app_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_id_by_app_id.lock().await;
+        runtime_by_app_id.get(app_id).cloned()
+    };
+
+    let Some(runtime_id) = runtime_id else {
+        return Ok(());
+    };
+
+    let record = {
+        let by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_by_runtime_id.lock().await;
+        by_runtime_id.get(&runtime_id).cloned()
+    };
+
+    let Some(record) = record else {
+        return Ok(());
+    };
+
+    emit_bridge_event_to_source(app, &record.webview_label, record.runtime_kind, payload)
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn emit_granted_capabilities_change_for_app(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    app_id: &str,
+    channel: &str,
+    change: GrantedCapabilitiesChange,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let event = GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent::from_change(channel.to_string(), change);
+    let payload = serde_json::to_value(event)
+        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to encode granted capabilities change event: {err}"))?;
+
+    emit_bridge_event_to_app_id(app, app_id, payload).await
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn emit_granted_network_whitelist_change_for_app(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    app_id: &str,
+    channel: &str,
+    change: GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let event = GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent::from_change(channel.to_string(), change);
+    let payload = serde_json::to_value(event).map_err(|err| {
+        format!("failed to encode granted network whitelist change event: {err}")
+    })?;
+
+    emit_bridge_event_to_app_id(app, app_id, payload).await
+}
+
+fn response_event_for_runtime_kind(runtime_kind: SageAppRuntimeKind) -> String {
+    format!("{}:response", response_channel_for_runtime_kind(runtime_kind))
+}
+
+fn event_event_for_runtime_kind(runtime_kind: SageAppRuntimeKind) -> String {
+    format!("{}:event", response_channel_for_runtime_kind(runtime_kind))
+}
+
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/invoke.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/invoke.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..02d56e2f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/invoke.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,317 @@
+use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State, Webview};
+use uuid::Uuid;
+use crate::AppsHostState;
+use crate::bridge::{registry, RustBridgeInvokeResult, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
+use crate::bridge::capabilities::{BridgeCapability, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
+use crate::bridge::events::emit_approval_requested;
+use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeTools};
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodCapability;
+use crate::bridge::registry::BridgeRegistry;
+use crate::bridge::types::PendingBridgeApproval;
+use crate::host::AppState;
+use crate::permissions::{require_system_capability_definition, require_user_capability_definition, resolve_effective_granted_capabilities};
+use crate::runtime::{assert_bridge_origin, resolve_app};
+use crate::runtime::state::types::SageAppRuntimeKind;
+use crate::types::SageApp;
+
+pub async fn invoke(
+    app: AppHandle,
+    webview: Webview,
+    app_state: State<'_, AppState>,
+    request: RustBridgeRequest,
+    expected_runtime_kind: Option<SageAppRuntimeKind>,
+    registry_kind: registry::BridgeRegistryKind,
+) -> Result<RustBridgeInvokeResult, String> {
+    let expected_channel = match registry_kind {
+        registry::BridgeRegistryKind::User => "sage-bridge",
+        registry::BridgeRegistryKind::System => "sage-system-bridge",
+    };
+
+    if let Err(response) = validate_request_basics(&request, expected_channel) {
+        return Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Immediate { response });
+    }
+
+    let source_label = webview.label().to_string();
+
+    let (app_id, runtime_kind) = match assert_bridge_origin(app.clone(), source_label.clone()) {
+        Ok(value) => value,
+        Err(err) => {
+            return Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Immediate {
+                response: RustBridgeResponse::error(
+                    expected_channel,
+                    &request.id,
+                    "permission_denied",
+                    format!("Bridge origin denied: {err}"),
+                ),
+            });
+        }
+    };
+
+    if let Some(expected_runtime_kind) = expected_runtime_kind {
+        if runtime_kind != expected_runtime_kind {
+            return Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Immediate {
+                response: RustBridgeResponse::error(
+                    expected_channel,
+                    &request.id,
+                    "permission_denied",
+                    "This bridge is not available for this runtime kind",
+                ),
+            });
+        }
+    }
+
+    let base_path = app
+        .path()
+        .app_data_dir()
+        .map_err(|e| format!("failed to resolve app data dir: {e}"))?;
+
+    let app_model = resolve_app(&base_path, &app_id)?;
+
+    let registry = BridgeRegistry::new(registry_kind);
+
+    let Some(method) = registry.get(&request.method) else {
+        return Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Immediate {
+            response: RustBridgeResponse::error(
+                expected_channel,
+                &request.id,
+                "method_not_found",
+                format!("Unknown bridge method: {}", request.method),
+            ),
+        });
+    };
+
+    match method.capability() {
+        BridgeMethodCapability::Ungated => {}
+        BridgeMethodCapability::Required(capability) => {
+            if let Err(response) =
+                authorize_method_capability(&app_model, &request, capability)
+            {
+                return Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Immediate { response });
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    if let Some(approval) = method.approval_request(
+        BridgeContext {
+            app: &app_model,
+            source_label: &source_label,
+        },
+        &request,
+    ) {
+        let approval_id = Uuid::new_v4().to_string();
+
+        {
+            let apps_state = app.state::<AppsHostState>();
+            let mut pending = apps_state.bridge.pending_approvals.lock().await;
+            pending.insert(
+                approval_id.clone(),
+                PendingBridgeApproval {
+                    app: app_model.clone(),
+                    source_label: source_label.to_string(),
+                    request: request.clone(),
+                },
+            );
+        }
+
+        emit_approval_requested(&app, approval_id, approval)?;
+        return Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Pending {});
+    }
+
+    let response = execute_bridge_request(
+        &app,
+        &app_state,
+        &app_model,
+        &source_label,
+        &request,
+        registry_kind,
+    )
+        .await;
+
+    Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Immediate { response })
+}
+
+fn authorize_method_capability(
+    app: &SageApp,
+    request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    capability: BridgeCapability,
+) -> Result<(), RustBridgeResponse> {
+    match capability {
+        BridgeCapability::User(capability) => {
+            let definition =
+                require_user_capability_definition(capability).map_err(|err| {
+                    RustBridgeResponse::error(
+                        &request.channel,
+                        &request.id,
+                        "internal_error",
+                        format!(
+                            "bridge method declared unknown user capability {}: {err}",
+                            capability.key(),
+                        ),
+                    )
+                })?;
+
+            authorize_user_capability(
+                app,
+                request,
+                capability,
+                definition.flags.shared_with_app,
+            )
+        }
+
+        BridgeCapability::System(capability) => {
+            let definition =
+                require_system_capability_definition(capability).map_err(|err| {
+                    RustBridgeResponse::error(
+                        &request.channel,
+                        &request.id,
+                        "internal_error",
+                        format!(
+                            "bridge method declared unknown system capability {}: {err}",
+                            capability.key(),
+                        ),
+                    )
+                })?;
+
+            authorize_system_capability(
+                app,
+                request,
+                capability,
+                definition.flags.shared_with_app,
+            )
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn authorize_user_capability(
+    app: &SageApp,
+    request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    capability: UserBridgeCapability,
+    shared_with_app: bool,
+) -> Result<(), RustBridgeResponse> {
+    if !shared_with_app {
+        return Err(RustBridgeResponse::error(
+            &request.channel,
+            &request.id,
+            "permission_denied",
+            format!("Capability {} is not shared with apps", capability.key()),
+        ));
+    }
+
+    let effective_capabilities = match app {
+        SageApp::User(user_app) => resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(
+            &user_app.common.requested_permissions,
+            &user_app.common.granted_permissions.capabilities,
+        )
+            .map_err(|err| {
+                RustBridgeResponse::error(
+                    &request.channel,
+                    &request.id,
+                    "internal_error",
+                    format!("failed to resolve effective permissions: {err}"),
+                )
+            })?,
+        SageApp::System(_) => app.granted_permissions().capabilities.clone(),
+    };
+
+    if !effective_capabilities.contains(&capability) {
+        return Err(RustBridgeResponse::error(
+            &request.channel,
+            &request.id,
+            "permission_denied",
+            format!("Permission denied for {}", capability.key()),
+        ));
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn authorize_system_capability(
+    app: &SageApp,
+    request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    capability: SystemBridgeCapability,
+    shared_with_app: bool,
+) -> Result<(), RustBridgeResponse> {
+    if !shared_with_app {
+        return Err(RustBridgeResponse::error(
+            &request.channel,
+            &request.id,
+            "permission_denied",
+            format!("Capability {} is not shared with apps", capability.key()),
+        ));
+    }
+
+    let granted = app
+        .system_granted_permissions()
+        .map(|permissions| permissions.capabilities.contains(&capability))
+        .unwrap_or(false);
+
+    if !granted {
+        return Err(RustBridgeResponse::error(
+            &request.channel,
+            &request.id,
+            "permission_denied",
+            format!("Permission denied for {}", capability.key()),
+        ));
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn execute_bridge_request(
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
+    app_state: &State<'_, AppState>,
+    app: &SageApp,
+    source_label: &str,
+    request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    registry_kind: registry::BridgeRegistryKind,
+) -> RustBridgeResponse {
+    let registry = BridgeRegistry::new(registry_kind);
+
+    let Some(method) = registry.get(&request.method) else {
+        return RustBridgeResponse::error(
+            &request.channel,
+            &request.id,
+            "method_not_found",
+            format!("Unknown bridge method: {}", request.method),
+        );
+    };
+
+    method
+        .handle(
+            BridgeContext { app, source_label },
+            BridgeTools {
+                app_handle,
+                app_state,
+                host_state: &app_handle.state::<AppsHostState>(),
+            },
+            request,
+        )
+        .await
+}
+
+fn validate_request_basics(
+    request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    expected_channel: &str,
+) -> Result<(), RustBridgeResponse> {
+    if request.channel != expected_channel {
+        return Err(RustBridgeResponse::error(
+            expected_channel,
+            &request.id,
+            "invalid_request",
+            "Invalid bridge channel",
+        ));
+    }
+
+    if let Some(version) = &request.bridge_version {
+        if version != "v1" {
+            return Err(RustBridgeResponse::error(
+                expected_channel,
+                &request.id,
+                "unsupported_bridge_version",
+                format!("Unsupported Sage bridge version: {version}"),
+            ));
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs
index 2d1642f63..a42a54ce2 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use async_trait::async_trait;
 
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::bridge::methods::system::runtime_manager::{parse_runtime_target_params};
-use crate::bridge::{failure, success, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
+use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::{SystemBridgeCapability};
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodCapability;
 use crate::runtime::focus_runtime;
@@ -39,15 +39,15 @@ impl BridgeMethod for RuntimeManagerFocusRuntime {
             .await
         {
             Ok(record) => match serde_json::to_value(record) {
-                Ok(value) => success(&request.channel, &request.id, value),
-                Err(err) => failure(
+                Ok(value) => RustBridgeResponse::success(&request.channel, &request.id, value),
+                Err(err) => RustBridgeResponse::error(
                     &request.channel,
                     &request.id,
                     "internal_error",
                     format!("failed to encode runtime record: {err}"),
                 ),
             },
-            Err(err) => failure(&request.channel, &request.id, "internal_error", err),
+            Err(err) => RustBridgeResponse::error(&request.channel, &request.id, "internal_error", err),
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_runtime.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_runtime.rs
index c5b80cc76..85e2319a1 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_runtime.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_runtime.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use async_trait::async_trait;
 
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::bridge::methods::system::runtime_manager::{parse_runtime_target_params};
-use crate::bridge::{failure, success, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
+use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodCapability;
 use crate::runtime::hide_runtime;
@@ -40,15 +40,15 @@ impl BridgeMethod for RuntimeManagerHideRuntime {
             .await
         {
             Ok(record) => match serde_json::to_value(record) {
-                Ok(value) => success(&request.channel, &request.id, value),
-                Err(err) => failure(
+                Ok(value) => RustBridgeResponse::success(&request.channel, &request.id, value),
+                Err(err) => RustBridgeResponse::error(
                     &request.channel,
                     &request.id,
                     "internal_error",
                     format!("failed to encode runtime record: {err}"),
                 ),
             },
-            Err(err) => failure(&request.channel, &request.id, "internal_error", err),
+            Err(err) => RustBridgeResponse::error(&request.channel, &request.id, "internal_error", err),
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs
index 2f3874522..466839f3f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use async_trait::async_trait;
 
 use crate::bridge::methods::system::runtime_manager::{parse_runtime_target_params};
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::bridge::{failure, success, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
+use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodCapability;
 use crate::runtime::stop::{kill_runtime, SystemKillRuntimeResult};
@@ -44,15 +44,15 @@ impl BridgeMethod for RuntimeManagerKillRuntime {
             .await
         {
             Ok(result) => match serde_json::to_value::<SystemKillRuntimeResult>(result) {
-                Ok(value) => success(&request.channel, &request.id, value),
-                Err(err) => failure(
+                Ok(value) => RustBridgeResponse::success(&request.channel, &request.id, value),
+                Err(err) => RustBridgeResponse::error(
                     &request.channel,
                     &request.id,
                     "internal_error",
                     format!("failed to encode system.killRuntime result: {err}"),
                 ),
             },
-            Err(err) => failure(&request.channel, &request.id, "internal_error", err),
+            Err(err) => RustBridgeResponse::error(&request.channel, &request.id, "internal_error", err),
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/list_runtimes.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/list_runtimes.rs
index a01b44383..a722edbb9 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/list_runtimes.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/list_runtimes.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::bridge::{failure, success, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
+use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodCapability;
 use crate::runtime::state::read::list_runtimes;
@@ -27,15 +27,15 @@ impl BridgeMethod for RuntimeManagerListRuntimes {
     ) -> RustBridgeResponse {
         match list_runtimes(tools.host_state).await {
             Ok(records) => match serde_json::to_value(records) {
-                Ok(value) => success(&request.channel, &request.id, value),
-                Err(err) => failure(
+                Ok(value) => RustBridgeResponse::success(&request.channel, &request.id, value),
+                Err(err) => RustBridgeResponse::error(
                     &request.channel,
                     &request.id,
                     "internal_error",
                     format!("failed to encode runtimes: {err}"),
                 ),
             },
-            Err(err) => failure(&request.channel, &request.id, "internal_error", err),
+            Err(err) => RustBridgeResponse::error(&request.channel, &request.id, "internal_error", err),
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/mod.rs
index 41a5b59cd..5a6ad3856 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/mod.rs
@@ -11,13 +11,13 @@ pub use list_runtimes::RuntimeManagerListRuntimes;
 pub use events::RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent;
 
 pub use crate::runtime::{RuntimeTargetParams};
-use crate::bridge::{failure, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
+use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
 
 fn parse_runtime_target_params(
     request: &RustBridgeRequest,
 ) -> Result<RuntimeTargetParams, RustBridgeResponse> {
     let Some(params_json) = request.params_json.clone() else {
-        return Err(failure(
+        return Err(RustBridgeResponse::error(
             &request.channel,
             &request.id,
             "invalid_request",
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ fn parse_runtime_target_params(
     };
 
     serde_json::from_str(&params_json).map_err(|err| {
-        failure(
+        RustBridgeResponse::error(
             &request.channel,
             &request.id,
             "invalid_request",
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs
index c684f445f..3c87b362f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::bridge::{failure, success, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
+use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodCapability;
 use crate::permissions::{resolve_effective_granted_capabilities, resolve_shared_capabilities};
@@ -37,12 +37,12 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppGetCapabilities {
         let capabilities = resolve_shared_capabilities(&effective_capabilities).unwrap_or_default();
 
         match serde_json::to_value(&capabilities) {
-            Ok(value) => success(&request.channel, &request.id, value),
-            Err(err) => failure(
+            Ok(value) => RustBridgeResponse::success(&request.channel, &request.id, value),
+            Err(err) => RustBridgeResponse::error(
                 &request.channel,
                 &request.id,
                 "internal_error",
-                format!("failed to encode sage.getCapabilities result: {err}"),
+                format!("failed to encode app.getCapabilities result: {err}"),
             ),
         }
     }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_info.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_info.rs
index d6861c6e7..b107c576f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_info.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_info.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use async_trait::async_trait;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::bridge::{failure, success, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
+use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodCapability;
 use crate::lifecycle::parse_network_permission_target;
@@ -79,8 +79,8 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppGetInfo {
         };
 
         match serde_json::to_value(result) {
-            Ok(value) => success(&request.channel, &request.id, value),
-            Err(err) => failure(
+            Ok(value) => RustBridgeResponse::success(&request.channel, &request.id, value),
+            Err(err) => RustBridgeResponse::error(
                 &request.channel,
                 &request.id,
                 "internal_error",
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ fn required_network_set(
             "{}://{}",
             entry.scheme, entry.host
         ))
-            .map_err(|err| failure("sage-bridge", "app.getInfo", "internal_error", err))?;
+            .map_err(|err| RustBridgeResponse::error("sage-bridge", "app.getInfo", "internal_error", err))?;
 
         out.insert((normalized.scheme, normalized.host));
     }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/lifecycle.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/lifecycle.rs
index 9b6f7c202..0edc94903 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/lifecycle.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/lifecycle.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::bridge::{failure, success, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
+use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodCapability;
 use crate::runtime::state::types::{ReadyToStopParams, RuntimeAckResult, SetBeforeStopListenerParams};
@@ -17,8 +17,8 @@ fn encode_success(
     context: &str,
 ) -> RustBridgeResponse {
     match serde_json::to_value(RuntimeAckResult { ok: true }) {
-        Ok(value) => success(&request.channel, &request.id, value),
-        Err(err) => failure(
+        Ok(value) => RustBridgeResponse::success(&request.channel, &request.id, value),
+        Err(err) => RustBridgeResponse::error(
             &request.channel,
             &request.id,
             "internal_error",
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ fn parse_set_before_stop_listener_params(
     request: &RustBridgeRequest,
 ) -> Result<SetBeforeStopListenerParams, RustBridgeResponse> {
     let Some(params_json) = request.params_json.clone() else {
-        return Err(failure(
+        return Err(RustBridgeResponse::error(
             &request.channel,
             &request.id,
             "invalid_request",
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ fn parse_set_before_stop_listener_params(
     };
 
     serde_json::from_str(&params_json).map_err(|err| {
-        failure(
+        RustBridgeResponse::error(
             &request.channel,
             &request.id,
             "invalid_request",
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ fn parse_ready_to_stop_params(
     request: &RustBridgeRequest,
 ) -> Result<ReadyToStopParams, RustBridgeResponse> {
     let Some(params_json) = request.params_json.clone() else {
-        return Err(failure(
+        return Err(RustBridgeResponse::error(
             &request.channel,
             &request.id,
             "invalid_request",
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ fn parse_ready_to_stop_params(
     };
 
     serde_json::from_str(&params_json).map_err(|err| {
-        failure(
+        RustBridgeResponse::error(
             &request.channel,
             &request.id,
             "invalid_request",
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/mod.rs
index 9d56fbcbf..08280915f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/mod.rs
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ pub use request_capability_grant::AppRequestCapabilityGrant;
 pub use request_network_whitelist_grant::AppRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant;
 
 use crate::bridge::methods::BridgeTools;
-use crate::bridge::{failure, success, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
+use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
 
 pub fn resolve_app_base_path(
     tools: &BridgeTools<'_>,
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ pub fn resolve_app_base_path(
         .path()
         .app_data_dir()
         .map_err(|err| {
-            failure(
+            RustBridgeResponse::error(
                 &request.channel,
                 &request.id,
                 "internal_error",
@@ -47,8 +47,8 @@ pub fn encode_request_success<T: Serialize>(
     context: &str,
 ) -> RustBridgeResponse {
     match serde_json::to_value(value) {
-        Ok(value) => success(&request.channel, &request.id, value),
-        Err(err) => failure(
+        Ok(value) => RustBridgeResponse::success(&request.channel, &request.id, value),
+        Err(err) => RustBridgeResponse::error(
             &request.channel,
             &request.id,
             "internal_error",
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
index 806ce7172..a6ef7adcc 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
@@ -4,10 +4,11 @@ use specta::Type;
 
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::bridge::{
-    emit_granted_capabilities_change_for_app, failure, RustBridgeApprovalRequest,
+    RustBridgeApprovalRequest,
     RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse,
 };
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::bridge::events::emit_granted_capabilities_change_for_app;
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::{encode_request_success, resolve_app_base_path};
 use crate::bridge::types::RustBridgeApprovalBody;
@@ -37,7 +38,7 @@ fn parse_capability_grant_params(
     request: &RustBridgeRequest,
 ) -> Result<RequestCapabilityGrantParams, RustBridgeResponse> {
     let Some(params_json) = request.params_json.clone() else {
-        return Err(failure(
+        return Err(RustBridgeResponse::error(
             &request.channel,
             &request.id,
             "invalid_request",
@@ -46,7 +47,7 @@ fn parse_capability_grant_params(
     };
 
     serde_json::from_str(&params_json).map_err(|err| {
-        failure(
+        RustBridgeResponse::error(
             &request.channel,
             &request.id,
             "invalid_request",
@@ -144,7 +145,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppRequestCapabilityGrant {
                     "sage.requestCapabilityGrant result",
                 )
             }
-            Err(err) => failure(
+            Err(err) => RustBridgeResponse::error(
                 &request.channel,
                 &request.id,
                 "internal_error",
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs
index bf47f162f..c51128a6d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs
@@ -4,10 +4,11 @@ use specta::Type;
 
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::bridge::{
-    emit_granted_network_whitelist_change_for_app, failure, RustBridgeApprovalRequest,
+    RustBridgeApprovalRequest,
     RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse,
 };
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::bridge::events::emit_granted_network_whitelist_change_for_app;
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::{encode_request_success, resolve_app_base_path};
 use crate::bridge::types::RustBridgeApprovalBody;
@@ -40,7 +41,7 @@ fn parse_network_whitelist_grant_params(
     request: &RustBridgeRequest,
 ) -> Result<RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantParams, RustBridgeResponse> {
     let Some(params_json) = request.params_json.clone() else {
-        return Err(failure(
+        return Err(RustBridgeResponse::error(
             &request.channel,
             &request.id,
             "invalid_request",
@@ -50,7 +51,7 @@ fn parse_network_whitelist_grant_params(
 
     let mut params: RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantParams =
         serde_json::from_str(&params_json).map_err(|err| {
-            failure(
+            RustBridgeResponse::error(
                 &request.channel,
                 &request.id,
                 "invalid_request",
@@ -64,7 +65,7 @@ fn parse_network_whitelist_grant_params(
         "{}://{}",
         params.entry.scheme, params.entry.host
     ))
-        .map_err(|err| failure(&request.channel, &request.id, "invalid_request", err))?;
+        .map_err(|err| RustBridgeResponse::error(&request.channel, &request.id, "invalid_request", err))?;
 
     params.entry = normalized;
     Ok(params)
@@ -162,7 +163,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant {
                     "sage.requestNetworkWhitelistGrant result",
                 )
             }
-            Err(err) => failure(
+            Err(err) => RustBridgeResponse::error(
                 &request.channel,
                 &request.id,
                 "internal_error",
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/ping.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/ping.rs
index 959f7f642..a56a90aab 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/ping.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/ping.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use async_trait::async_trait;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::bridge::{failure, success, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
+use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodCapability;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
@@ -39,8 +39,8 @@ impl BridgeMethod for BridgePing {
         };
 
         match serde_json::to_value(result) {
-            Ok(value) => success(&request.channel, &request.id, value),
-            Err(err) => failure(
+            Ok(value) => RustBridgeResponse::success(&request.channel, &request.id, value),
+            Err(err) => RustBridgeResponse::error(
                 &request.channel,
                 &request.id,
                 "internal_error",
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs
index ab983a996..ec03db6e6 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::bridge::{failure, success, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
+use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodCapability;
 
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ fn parse_bridge_send_request(
     request: &RustBridgeRequest,
 ) -> Result<BridgeSendRequest, RustBridgeResponse> {
     let Some(params_json) = request.params_json.clone() else {
-        return Err(failure(
+        return Err(RustBridgeResponse::error(
             &request.channel,
             &request.id,
             "invalid_request",
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ fn parse_bridge_send_request(
     };
 
     serde_json::from_str(&params_json).map_err(|err| {
-        failure(
+        RustBridgeResponse::error(
             &request.channel,
             &request.id,
             "invalid_request",
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for BridgeSend {
         let payload_value = match serde_json::to_value(&payload) {
             Ok(value) => value,
             Err(err) => {
-                return failure(
+                return RustBridgeResponse::error(
                     &request.channel,
                     &request.id,
                     "internal_error",
@@ -85,8 +85,8 @@ impl BridgeMethod for BridgeSend {
         let result = BridgeSendResult { ok: true };
 
         match serde_json::to_value(result) {
-            Ok(value) => success(&request.channel, &request.id, value),
-            Err(err) => failure(
+            Ok(value) => RustBridgeResponse::success(&request.channel, &request.id, value),
+            Err(err) => RustBridgeResponse::error(
                 &request.channel,
                 &request.id,
                 "internal_error",
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_secret_key.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_secret_key.rs
index 6cbda8b60..7a8d30732 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_secret_key.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_secret_key.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::bridge::{
-    failure, success, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse,
+    RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse,
 };
 use crate::bridge::types::RustBridgeApprovalBody;
 
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ pub struct WalletGetSecretKey;
 
 fn parse_params(request: &RustBridgeRequest) -> Result<GetSecretKey, RustBridgeResponse> {
     let Some(params_json) = request.params_json.as_deref() else {
-        return Err(failure(
+        return Err(RustBridgeResponse::error(
             &request.channel,
             &request.id,
             "invalid_request",
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ fn parse_params(request: &RustBridgeRequest) -> Result<GetSecretKey, RustBridgeR
     };
 
     serde_json::from_str(params_json).map_err(|err| {
-        failure(
+        RustBridgeResponse::error(
             &request.channel,
             &request.id,
             "invalid_request",
@@ -77,15 +77,15 @@ impl BridgeMethod for WalletGetSecretKey {
 
         match result {
             Ok(response) => match serde_json::to_value(response) {
-                Ok(value) => success(&request.channel, &request.id, value),
-                Err(err) => failure(
+                Ok(value) => RustBridgeResponse::success(&request.channel, &request.id, value),
+                Err(err) => RustBridgeResponse::error(
                     &request.channel,
                     &request.id,
                     "internal_error",
                     format!("failed to encode wallet.getSecretKey result: {err}"),
                 ),
             },
-            Err(err) => failure(
+            Err(err) => RustBridgeResponse::error(
                 &request.channel,
                 &request.id,
                 "internal_error",
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/read_methods.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/read_methods.rs
index e25348733..a7f0434c5 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/read_methods.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/read_methods.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::encode_request_success;
 use crate::bridge::{
-    failure, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse,
+    RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse,
 };
 
 use sage_api::{CheckAddress, GetCoins, GetCoinsByIds, GetDerivations, GetKey, GetKeys, GetPendingTransactions, GetSpendableCoinCount, GetSyncStatus, GetTransaction, GetTransactions, GetVersion};
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ macro_rules! define_wallet_read_no_params_async_method {
 
                 match sage.$handler($request_ident {}).await {
                     Ok(result) => encode_request_success(request, result, $result_label),
-                    Err(err) => failure(&request.channel, &request.id, "internal_error", format!("failed to execute {}: {err}", $method_name)),
+                    Err(err) => RustBridgeResponse::error(&request.channel, &request.id, "internal_error", format!("failed to execute {}: {err}", $method_name)),
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ macro_rules! define_wallet_read_no_params_sync_method {
 
                 match sage.$handler($request_ident {}) {
                     Ok(result) => encode_request_success(request, result, $result_label),
-                    Err(err) => failure(&request.channel, &request.id, "internal_error", format!("failed to execute {}: {err}", $method_name)),
+                    Err(err) => RustBridgeResponse::error(&request.channel, &request.id, "internal_error", format!("failed to execute {}: {err}", $method_name)),
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -81,13 +81,13 @@ macro_rules! define_wallet_read_params_async_method {
 
             async fn handle(&self, _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>, tools: BridgeTools<'_>, request: &RustBridgeRequest) -> RustBridgeResponse {
                 let Some(params_json) = request.params_json.as_deref() else {
-                    return failure(&request.channel, &request.id, "invalid_request", format!("{} requires params", $method_name));
+                    return RustBridgeResponse::error(&request.channel, &request.id, "invalid_request", format!("{} requires params", $method_name));
                 };
 
                 let params: $request_ty = match serde_json::from_str(params_json) {
                     Ok(params) => params,
                     Err(err) => {
-                        return failure(&request.channel, &request.id, "invalid_request", format!("Failed to decode {} params: {err}", $method_name));
+                        return RustBridgeResponse::error(&request.channel, &request.id, "invalid_request", format!("Failed to decode {} params: {err}", $method_name));
                     }
                 };
 
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ macro_rules! define_wallet_read_params_async_method {
 
                 match sage.$handler(params).await {
                     Ok(result) => encode_request_success(request, result, $result_label),
-                    Err(err) => failure(&request.channel, &request.id, "internal_error", format!("failed to execute {}: {err}", $method_name)),
+                    Err(err) => RustBridgeResponse::error(&request.channel, &request.id, "internal_error", format!("failed to execute {}: {err}", $method_name)),
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -119,13 +119,13 @@ macro_rules! define_wallet_read_params_sync_method {
 
             async fn handle(&self, _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>, tools: BridgeTools<'_>, request: &RustBridgeRequest) -> RustBridgeResponse {
                 let Some(params_json) = request.params_json.as_deref() else {
-                    return failure(&request.channel, &request.id, "invalid_request", format!("{} requires params", $method_name));
+                    return RustBridgeResponse::error(&request.channel, &request.id, "invalid_request", format!("{} requires params", $method_name));
                 };
 
                 let params: $request_ty = match serde_json::from_str(params_json) {
                     Ok(params) => params,
                     Err(err) => {
-                        return failure(&request.channel, &request.id, "invalid_request", format!("Failed to decode {} params: {err}", $method_name));
+                        return RustBridgeResponse::error(&request.channel, &request.id, "invalid_request", format!("Failed to decode {} params: {err}", $method_name));
                     }
                 };
 
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ macro_rules! define_wallet_read_params_sync_method {
 
                 match sage.$handler(params) {
                     Ok(result) => encode_request_success(request, result, $result_label),
-                    Err(err) => failure(&request.channel, &request.id, "internal_error", format!("failed to execute {}: {err}", $method_name)),
+                    Err(err) => RustBridgeResponse::error(&request.channel, &request.id, "internal_error", format!("failed to execute {}: {err}", $method_name)),
                 }
             }
         }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/send_xch.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/send_xch.rs
index 982dc44bb..1228ed14e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/send_xch.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/send_xch.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use specta::Type;
 
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::bridge::{
-    failure, success, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse,
+    RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse,
 };
 use sage_api::SendXch;
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ fn parse_wallet_send_xch_params(
     request: &RustBridgeRequest,
 ) -> Result<WalletSendXchParams, RustBridgeResponse> {
     let Some(params_json) = request.params_json.clone() else {
-        return Err(failure(
+        return Err(RustBridgeResponse::error(
             &request.channel,
             &request.id,
             "invalid_request",
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ fn parse_wallet_send_xch_params(
     };
 
     serde_json::from_str(&params_json).map_err(|err| {
-        failure(
+        RustBridgeResponse::error(
             &request.channel,
             &request.id,
             "invalid_request",
@@ -115,15 +115,15 @@ impl BridgeMethod for WalletSendXch {
 
         match tools.app_state.lock().await.send_xch(req).await {
             Ok(result) => match serde_json::to_value(result) {
-                Ok(value) => success(&request.channel, &request.id, value),
-                Err(err) => failure(
+                Ok(value) => RustBridgeResponse::success(&request.channel, &request.id, value),
+                Err(err) => RustBridgeResponse::error(
                     &request.channel,
                     &request.id,
                     "internal_error",
                     format!("Failed to encode wallet.sendXch result: {err}"),
                 ),
             },
-            Err(err) => failure(
+            Err(err) => RustBridgeResponse::error(
                 &request.channel,
                 &request.id,
                 "internal_error",
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
index 6a7b26c55..15f5a7c07 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
@@ -1,612 +1,26 @@
-use std::collections::BTreeMap;
-use serde_json::{Value};
-use tauri::{AppHandle, Emitter, Manager, State, Webview};
-use tokio::sync::Mutex;
-use uuid::Uuid;
-
-use crate::host::AppState;
-use crate::state::AppsHostState;
-use crate::types::{SageApp, SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView};
-use crate::runtime::{assert_bridge_origin, resolve_app};
-
 pub mod methods;
 pub mod registry;
 pub mod types;
 pub mod ts_exports;
 pub mod capabilities;
+pub mod invoke;
+pub mod commands;
+pub mod events;
+pub mod comms;
 
-use methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeTools};
-use registry::BridgeRegistry;
 pub use types::{
     ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs, RustBridgeApprovalEvent, RustBridgeApprovalRequest,
     RustBridgeErrorPayload, RustBridgeErrorResponse, RustBridgeInvokeResult,
     RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse, RustBridgeSuccessResponse,
 };
-use crate::bridge::capabilities::{BridgeCapability, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodCapability;
-use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::{
-    GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent, GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent,
-};
-use crate::lifecycle::{GrantedCapabilitiesChange, GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange};
-use crate::permissions::{require_system_capability_definition, require_user_capability_definition, resolve_effective_granted_capabilities, user_capability_definition_view, user_registry};
 use crate::runtime::state::types::SageAppRuntimeKind;
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-struct PendingBridgeApproval {
-    app: SageApp,
-    source_label: String,
-    request: RustBridgeRequest,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Default)]
-pub struct BridgeState {
-    pending_approvals: Mutex<BTreeMap<String, PendingBridgeApproval>>,
-}
-
-pub(crate) fn success(
-    channel: &str,
-    id: &str,
-    result: Value,
-) -> RustBridgeResponse {
-    RustBridgeResponse::Success(RustBridgeSuccessResponse {
-        channel: channel.into(),
-        bridge_version: "v1".into(),
-        id: id.into(),
-        ok: true,
-        result_json: serde_json::to_string(&result).unwrap_or_else(|_| "null".to_string()),
-    })
-}
-
-pub(crate) fn failure(
-    channel: &str,
-    id: &str,
-    code: &str,
-    message: impl Into<String>,
-) -> RustBridgeResponse {
-    RustBridgeResponse::Error(RustBridgeErrorResponse {
-        channel: channel.into(),
-        bridge_version: "v1".into(),
-        id: id.into(),
-        ok: false,
-        error: RustBridgeErrorPayload {
-            code: code.into(),
-            message: message.into(),
-        },
-    })
-}
-
-fn validate_request_basics(
-    request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-    expected_channel: &str,
-) -> Result<(), RustBridgeResponse> {
-    if request.channel != expected_channel {
-        return Err(failure(
-            expected_channel,
-            &request.id,
-            "invalid_request",
-            "Invalid bridge channel",
-        ));
-    }
-
-    if let Some(version) = &request.bridge_version {
-        if version != "v1" {
-            return Err(failure(
-                expected_channel,
-                &request.id,
-                "unsupported_bridge_version",
-                format!("Unsupported Sage bridge version: {version}"),
-            ));
-        }
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-async fn execute_bridge_request(
-    app_handle: &AppHandle,
-    app_state: &State<'_, AppState>,
-    app: &SageApp,
-    source_label: &str,
-    request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-    registry_kind: registry::BridgeRegistryKind,
-) -> RustBridgeResponse {
-    let registry = BridgeRegistry::new(registry_kind);
-
-    let Some(method) = registry.get(&request.method) else {
-        return failure(
-            &request.channel,
-            &request.id,
-            "method_not_found",
-            format!("Unknown bridge method: {}", request.method),
-        );
-    };
-
-    method
-        .handle(
-            BridgeContext { app, source_label },
-            BridgeTools {
-                app_handle,
-                app_state,
-                host_state: &app_handle.state::<AppsHostState>(),
-            },
-            request,
-        )
-        .await
-}
-
-fn authorize_method_capability(
-    app: &SageApp,
-    request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-    capability: BridgeCapability,
-) -> Result<(), RustBridgeResponse> {
-    match capability {
-        BridgeCapability::User(capability) => {
-            let definition =
-                require_user_capability_definition(capability).map_err(|err| {
-                    failure(
-                        &request.channel,
-                        &request.id,
-                        "internal_error",
-                        format!(
-                            "bridge method declared unknown user capability {}: {err}",
-                            capability.key(),
-                        ),
-                    )
-                })?;
-
-            authorize_user_capability(
-                app,
-                request,
-                capability,
-                definition.flags.shared_with_app,
-            )
-        }
-
-        BridgeCapability::System(capability) => {
-            let definition =
-                require_system_capability_definition(capability).map_err(|err| {
-                    failure(
-                        &request.channel,
-                        &request.id,
-                        "internal_error",
-                        format!(
-                            "bridge method declared unknown system capability {}: {err}",
-                            capability.key(),
-                        ),
-                    )
-                })?;
-
-            authorize_system_capability(
-                app,
-                request,
-                capability,
-                definition.flags.shared_with_app,
-            )
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-fn authorize_user_capability(
-    app: &SageApp,
-    request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-    capability: UserBridgeCapability,
-    shared_with_app: bool,
-) -> Result<(), RustBridgeResponse> {
-    if !shared_with_app {
-        return Err(failure(
-            &request.channel,
-            &request.id,
-            "permission_denied",
-            format!("Capability {} is not shared with apps", capability.key()),
-        ));
-    }
-
-    let effective_capabilities = match app {
-        SageApp::User(user_app) => resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(
-            &user_app.common.requested_permissions,
-            &user_app.common.granted_permissions.capabilities,
-        )
-            .map_err(|err| {
-                failure(
-                    &request.channel,
-                    &request.id,
-                    "internal_error",
-                    format!("failed to resolve effective permissions: {err}"),
-                )
-            })?,
-        SageApp::System(_) => app.granted_permissions().capabilities.clone(),
-    };
-
-    if !effective_capabilities.contains(&capability) {
-        return Err(failure(
-            &request.channel,
-            &request.id,
-            "permission_denied",
-            format!("Permission denied for {}", capability.key()),
-        ));
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn authorize_system_capability(
-    app: &SageApp,
-    request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-    capability: SystemBridgeCapability,
-    shared_with_app: bool,
-) -> Result<(), RustBridgeResponse> {
-    if !shared_with_app {
-        return Err(failure(
-            &request.channel,
-            &request.id,
-            "permission_denied",
-            format!("Capability {} is not shared with apps", capability.key()),
-        ));
-    }
-
-    let granted = app
-        .system_granted_permissions()
-        .map(|permissions| permissions.capabilities.contains(&capability))
-        .unwrap_or(false);
-
-    if !granted {
-        return Err(failure(
-            &request.channel,
-            &request.id,
-            "permission_denied",
-            format!("Permission denied for {}", capability.key()),
-        ));
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn emit_approval_requested(
-    app: &AppHandle,
-    approval_id: String,
-    approval: RustBridgeApprovalRequest,
-) -> Result<(), String> {
-    let window = app
-        .get_window("main")
-        .ok_or_else(|| "missing main window".to_string())?;
-
-    window
-        .emit(
-            "apps:bridge-approval-requested",
-            RustBridgeApprovalEvent {
-                approval_id,
-                approval,
-            },
-        )
-        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to emit approval request event: {err}"))
-}
+const USER_BRIDGE_CHANNEL: &str = "sage-bridge";
+const SYSTEM_BRIDGE_CHANNEL: &str = "sage-system-bridge";
 
 fn response_channel_for_runtime_kind(runtime_kind: SageAppRuntimeKind) -> &'static str {
     match runtime_kind {
-        SageAppRuntimeKind::User => "sage-bridge",
-        SageAppRuntimeKind::System => "sage-system-bridge",
-    }
-}
-
-fn response_event_for_runtime_kind(runtime_kind: SageAppRuntimeKind) -> &'static str {
-    match runtime_kind {
-        SageAppRuntimeKind::User => "sage-bridge:response",
-        SageAppRuntimeKind::System => "sage-system-bridge:response",
+        SageAppRuntimeKind::User => USER_BRIDGE_CHANNEL,
+        SageAppRuntimeKind::System => SYSTEM_BRIDGE_CHANNEL,
     }
 }
-
-fn event_event_for_runtime_kind(runtime_kind: SageAppRuntimeKind) -> &'static str {
-    match runtime_kind {
-        SageAppRuntimeKind::User => "sage-bridge:event",
-        SageAppRuntimeKind::System => "sage-system-bridge:event",
-    }
-}
-
-pub(crate) fn emit_bridge_response_to_source(
-    app: &AppHandle,
-    source_label: &str,
-    runtime_kind: SageAppRuntimeKind,
-    response: &RustBridgeResponse,
-) -> Result<(), String> {
-    let host_window = app
-        .get_window("main")
-        .ok_or_else(|| "missing main window".to_string())?;
-
-    let webview = host_window
-        .get_webview(source_label)
-        .ok_or_else(|| format!("missing webview for label: {source_label}"))?;
-
-    webview
-        .emit(response_event_for_runtime_kind(runtime_kind), response)
-        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to emit bridge response: {err}"))
-}
-
-pub(crate) fn emit_bridge_event_to_source(
-    app: &AppHandle,
-    source_label: &str,
-    runtime_kind: SageAppRuntimeKind,
-    payload: Value,
-) -> Result<(), String> {
-    let host_window = app
-        .get_window("main")
-        .ok_or_else(|| "missing main window".to_string())?;
-
-    let webview = host_window
-        .get_webview(source_label)
-        .ok_or_else(|| format!("missing webview for label: {source_label}"))?;
-
-    webview
-        .emit(event_event_for_runtime_kind(runtime_kind), payload)
-        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to emit bridge event: {err}"))
-}
-
-async fn apps_invoke_bridge_internal(
-    app: AppHandle,
-    webview: Webview,
-    app_state: State<'_, AppState>,
-    request: RustBridgeRequest,
-    expected_runtime_kind: Option<SageAppRuntimeKind>,
-    registry_kind: registry::BridgeRegistryKind,
-) -> Result<RustBridgeInvokeResult, String> {
-    let expected_channel = match registry_kind {
-        registry::BridgeRegistryKind::User => "sage-bridge",
-        registry::BridgeRegistryKind::System => "sage-system-bridge",
-    };
-
-    if let Err(response) = validate_request_basics(&request, expected_channel) {
-        return Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Immediate { response });
-    }
-
-    let source_label = webview.label().to_string();
-
-    let (app_id, runtime_kind) = match assert_bridge_origin(app.clone(), source_label.clone()) {
-        Ok(value) => value,
-        Err(err) => {
-            return Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Immediate {
-                response: failure(
-                    expected_channel,
-                    &request.id,
-                    "permission_denied",
-                    format!("Bridge origin denied: {err}"),
-                ),
-            });
-        }
-    };
-
-    if let Some(expected_runtime_kind) = expected_runtime_kind {
-        if runtime_kind != expected_runtime_kind {
-            return Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Immediate {
-                response: failure(
-                    expected_channel,
-                    &request.id,
-                    "permission_denied",
-                    "This bridge is not available for this runtime kind",
-                ),
-            });
-        }
-    }
-
-    let base_path = app
-        .path()
-        .app_data_dir()
-        .map_err(|e| format!("failed to resolve app data dir: {e}"))?;
-
-    let app_model = resolve_app(&base_path, &app_id)?;
-
-    let registry = BridgeRegistry::new(registry_kind);
-
-    let Some(method) = registry.get(&request.method) else {
-        return Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Immediate {
-            response: failure(
-                expected_channel,
-                &request.id,
-                "method_not_found",
-                format!("Unknown bridge method: {}", request.method),
-            ),
-        });
-    };
-
-    match method.capability() {
-        BridgeMethodCapability::Ungated => {}
-        BridgeMethodCapability::Required(capability) => {
-            if let Err(response) =
-                authorize_method_capability(&app_model, &request, capability)
-            {
-                return Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Immediate { response });
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    if let Some(approval) = method.approval_request(
-        BridgeContext {
-            app: &app_model,
-            source_label: &source_label,
-        },
-        &request,
-    ) {
-        let approval_id = Uuid::new_v4().to_string();
-
-        {
-            let apps_state = app.state::<AppsHostState>();
-            let mut pending = apps_state.bridge.pending_approvals.lock().await;
-            pending.insert(
-                approval_id.clone(),
-                PendingBridgeApproval {
-                    app: app_model.clone(),
-                    source_label: source_label.to_string(),
-                    request: request.clone(),
-                },
-            );
-        }
-
-        emit_approval_requested(&app, approval_id, approval)?;
-        return Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Pending {});
-    }
-
-    let response = execute_bridge_request(
-        &app,
-        &app_state,
-        &app_model,
-        &source_label,
-        &request,
-        registry_kind,
-    )
-        .await;
-
-    Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Immediate { response })
-}
-
-#[tauri::command]
-#[specta::specta]
-pub async fn apps_invoke_bridge(
-    app: AppHandle,
-    webview: Webview,
-    app_state: State<'_, AppState>,
-    request: RustBridgeRequest,
-) -> Result<RustBridgeInvokeResult, String> {
-    apps_invoke_bridge_internal(
-        app,
-        webview,
-        app_state,
-        request,
-        None,
-        registry::BridgeRegistryKind::User,
-    )
-        .await
-}
-
-#[tauri::command]
-#[specta::specta]
-pub async fn apps_invoke_system_bridge(
-    app: AppHandle,
-    webview: Webview,
-    app_state: State<'_, AppState>,
-    request: RustBridgeRequest,
-) -> Result<RustBridgeInvokeResult, String> {
-    apps_invoke_bridge_internal(
-        app,
-        webview,
-        app_state,
-        request,
-        Some(SageAppRuntimeKind::System),
-        registry::BridgeRegistryKind::System,
-    )
-        .await
-}
-
-#[tauri::command]
-#[specta::specta]
-pub async fn apps_resolve_bridge_approval(
-    app: AppHandle,
-    app_state: State<'_, AppState>,
-    apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    args: ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs,
-) -> Result<(), String> {
-    let pending = {
-        let mut pending = apps_state.bridge.pending_approvals.lock().await;
-        pending.remove(&args.approval_id)
-    }
-        .ok_or_else(|| format!("unknown approval id: {}", args.approval_id))?;
-
-    let runtime_kind = match assert_bridge_origin(app.clone(), pending.source_label.clone()) {
-        Ok((_, runtime_kind)) => runtime_kind,
-        Err(_) => match pending.app {
-            SageApp::System(_) => SageAppRuntimeKind::System,
-            SageApp::User(_) => SageAppRuntimeKind::User,
-        },
-    };
-
-    let registry_kind = match runtime_kind {
-        SageAppRuntimeKind::User => registry::BridgeRegistryKind::User,
-        SageAppRuntimeKind::System => registry::BridgeRegistryKind::System,
-    };
-
-    let response = if !args.approved {
-        failure(
-            response_channel_for_runtime_kind(runtime_kind),
-            &pending.request.id,
-            "user_denied",
-            args.reason
-                .unwrap_or_else(|| "User denied the request".to_string()),
-        )
-    } else {
-        execute_bridge_request(
-            &app,
-            &app_state,
-            &pending.app,
-            &pending.source_label,
-            &pending.request,
-            registry_kind,
-        )
-            .await
-    };
-
-    emit_bridge_response_to_source(&app, &pending.source_label, runtime_kind, &response)?;
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-#[tauri::command]
-#[specta::specta]
-pub async fn get_user_capability_definitions(
-) -> Result<Vec<SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView>, String> {
-    Ok(user_registry()
-        .values()
-        .copied()
-        .map(user_capability_definition_view)
-        .collect())
-}
-
-pub(crate) async fn emit_bridge_event_to_app_id(
-    app: &AppHandle,
-    app_id: &str,
-    payload: Value,
-) -> Result<(), String> {
-    let apps_state = app.state::<AppsHostState>();
-
-    let runtime_id = {
-        let runtime_by_app_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_id_by_app_id.lock().await;
-        runtime_by_app_id.get(app_id).cloned()
-    };
-
-    let Some(runtime_id) = runtime_id else {
-        return Ok(());
-    };
-
-    let record = {
-        let by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_by_runtime_id.lock().await;
-        by_runtime_id.get(&runtime_id).cloned()
-    };
-
-    let Some(record) = record else {
-        return Ok(());
-    };
-
-    emit_bridge_event_to_source(app, &record.webview_label, record.runtime_kind, payload)
-}
-
-pub(crate) async fn emit_granted_capabilities_change_for_app(
-    app: &AppHandle,
-    app_id: &str,
-    channel: &str,
-    change: GrantedCapabilitiesChange,
-) -> Result<(), String> {
-    let event = GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent::from_change(channel.to_string(), change);
-    let payload = serde_json::to_value(event)
-        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to encode granted capabilities change event: {err}"))?;
-
-    emit_bridge_event_to_app_id(app, app_id, payload).await
-}
-
-pub(crate) async fn emit_granted_network_whitelist_change_for_app(
-    app: &AppHandle,
-    app_id: &str,
-    channel: &str,
-    change: GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange,
-) -> Result<(), String> {
-    let event = GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent::from_change(channel.to_string(), change);
-    let payload = serde_json::to_value(event).map_err(|err| {
-        format!("failed to encode granted network whitelist change event: {err}")
-    })?;
-
-    emit_bridge_event_to_app_id(app, app_id, payload).await
-}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs
index da44ad0c1..444b271a9 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,25 @@
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use serde_json::Value;
 use specta::Type;
 use tauri_specta::Event;
+use tokio::sync::Mutex;
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::wallet::send_xch::WalletSendXchParams;
 use crate::types::{SageApp, SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView, SageNetworkPermissionTarget};
 
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct PendingBridgeApproval {
+    pub app: SageApp,
+    pub source_label: String,
+    pub request: RustBridgeRequest,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Default)]
+pub struct BridgeState {
+    pub pending_approvals: Mutex<BTreeMap<String, PendingBridgeApproval>>,
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct RustBridgeRequest {
@@ -99,3 +114,36 @@ pub struct ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs {
     pub approved: bool,
     pub reason: Option<String>,
 }
+
+impl RustBridgeResponse {
+    pub fn success(
+        channel: &str,
+        id: &str,
+        result: Value
+    ) -> RustBridgeResponse {
+        RustBridgeResponse::Success(RustBridgeSuccessResponse {
+            channel: channel.into(),
+            bridge_version: "v1".into(),
+            id: id.into(),
+            ok: true,
+            result_json: serde_json::to_string(&result).unwrap_or_else(|_| "null".to_string()),
+        })
+    }
+    pub fn error(
+        channel: &str,
+        id: &str,
+        code: &str,
+        message: impl Into<String>
+    ) -> RustBridgeResponse {
+        RustBridgeResponse::Error(RustBridgeErrorResponse {
+            channel: channel.into(),
+            bridge_version: "v1".into(),
+            id: id.into(),
+            ok: false,
+            error: RustBridgeErrorPayload {
+                code: code.into(),
+                message: message.into(),
+            },
+        })
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update.rs
index fade6fb4c..e7ff5b638 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update.rs
@@ -8,11 +8,8 @@ use anyhow::Result as AnyResult;
 use tauri::{State, command};
 use tauri::AppHandle;
 
-use crate::bridge::{
-    emit_granted_capabilities_change_for_app,
-    emit_granted_network_whitelist_change_for_app,
-};
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::bridge::events::{emit_granted_capabilities_change_for_app, emit_granted_network_whitelist_change_for_app};
 use crate::host::{AppState, Result};
 use crate::lifecycle::{
     download_url_snapshot, manifest_entry_file, manifest_icon_file,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/state/host.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/state/host.rs
index d718a06d6..9e1e7e46a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/state/host.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/state/host.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::bridge::BridgeState;
+use crate::bridge::types::BridgeState;
 use crate::runtime::state::types::AppRuntimeState;
 use crate::sandbox::SandboxStateStore;
 
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
index bcce12e5f..1c7372fca 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
@@ -145,10 +145,10 @@ pub fn run() {
             commands::get_logs,
             commands::is_asset_owned,
             commands::get_xch_usd_price,
-            apps::bridge::apps_invoke_bridge,
-            apps::bridge::apps_invoke_system_bridge,
-            apps::bridge::apps_resolve_bridge_approval,
-            apps::bridge::get_user_capability_definitions,
+            apps::bridge::commands::apps_invoke_bridge,
+            apps::bridge::commands::apps_invoke_system_bridge,
+            apps::bridge::commands::apps_resolve_bridge_approval,
+            apps::bridge::commands::get_user_capability_definitions,
             apps::sandbox::commands::apps_get_sandbox_state,
             apps::sandbox::commands::apps_get_app_launch_gate,
             apps::sandbox::commands::apps_rerun_sandbox_tests,

From 50fdc7a8b353a8f9d8ac965eb20370d23ee4570d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 25 Apr 2026 19:21:52 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 200/471] Refactor bridge event emitters and runtime state
 management:

- Moved bridge event emitters (`emit_*`) to new `bridge::comms` modules (`app::events` and `sage::events`) for improved modularity.
- Introduced `EventForApp` enum to unify capability and network whitelist change events.
- Refactored runtime state helpers (`get_runtime_*`) to use new `find_runtime_*` equivalents for better readability.
- Consolidated `emit_granted_*` calls under `emit_bridge_event_to_app_id` for consistency.
- Added `runtime::locator` module to centralize runtime webview handling utilities.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs       |   2 +-
 .../sage-apps/src/bridge/comms/app/events.rs  |  51 +++++++
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/comms/app/mod.rs  |   1 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/comms/mod.rs      |   2 +
 .../sage-apps/src/bridge/comms/sage/events.rs |  19 +++
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/comms/sage/mod.rs |   1 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/events.rs         | 129 ------------------
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/invoke.rs         |   2 +-
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/app/events.rs     |  38 +++---
 .../user/app/request_capability_grant.rs      |  11 +-
 .../app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs    |  11 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs            |   5 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update.rs      |  20 ++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/locator.rs       |  19 +++
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs           |   1 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs    |  22 ++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs          |   6 +-
 17 files changed, 157 insertions(+), 183 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/comms/app/events.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/comms/app/mod.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/comms/sage/events.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/comms/sage/mod.rs
 delete mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/events.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/locator.rs

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
index 736c33d61..fdd176688 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State, Webview};
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::bridge::{registry, response_channel_for_runtime_kind, ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs, RustBridgeInvokeResult, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
-use crate::bridge::events::emit_bridge_response_to_source;
+use crate::bridge::comms::app::events::emit_bridge_response_to_source;
 use crate::bridge::invoke::{execute_bridge_request, invoke};
 use crate::host::AppState;
 use crate::permissions::{user_capability_definition_view, user_registry};
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/comms/app/events.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/comms/app/events.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2e839d2b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/comms/app/events.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+use tauri::{AppHandle, Emitter, Manager};
+use crate::AppsHostState;
+use crate::bridge::{response_channel_for_runtime_kind, RustBridgeResponse};
+use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::events::EventForApp;
+use crate::runtime::state::read::{find_runtime_by_app_id_optional};
+use crate::runtime::state::types::SageAppRuntimeKind;
+use crate::runtime::locator::{get_webview_in_sage_window};
+
+pub(crate) fn emit_bridge_response_to_source(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    app_webview_label: &str,
+    runtime_kind: SageAppRuntimeKind,
+    response: &RustBridgeResponse,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    get_webview_in_sage_window(app, app_webview_label)?
+        .emit(&response_event_for_runtime_kind(runtime_kind), response)
+        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to emit bridge response: {err}"))
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn emit_bridge_event_to_source(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    app_webview_label: &str,
+    runtime_kind: SageAppRuntimeKind,
+    event: EventForApp,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    get_webview_in_sage_window(app, app_webview_label)?
+        .emit(&event_event_for_runtime_kind(runtime_kind), event)
+        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to emit bridge event: {err}"))
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn emit_bridge_event_to_app_id(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    app_id: &str,
+    event: EventForApp,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let apps_state = app.state::<AppsHostState>();
+
+    let Some(runtime) = find_runtime_by_app_id_optional(&apps_state, app_id).await else {
+        return Ok(());
+    };
+
+    emit_bridge_event_to_source(app, &runtime.webview_label, runtime.runtime_kind, event)
+}
+
+fn response_event_for_runtime_kind(runtime_kind: SageAppRuntimeKind) -> String {
+    format!("{}:response", response_channel_for_runtime_kind(runtime_kind))
+}
+
+fn event_event_for_runtime_kind(runtime_kind: SageAppRuntimeKind) -> String {
+    format!("{}:event", response_channel_for_runtime_kind(runtime_kind))
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/comms/app/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/comms/app/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a9970c28f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/comms/app/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+pub mod events;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/comms/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/comms/mod.rs
index e69de29bb..820ad6ba8 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/comms/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/comms/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+pub mod sage;
+pub mod app;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/comms/sage/events.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/comms/sage/events.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6446de781
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/comms/sage/events.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+use tauri::{AppHandle, Emitter};
+use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalEvent, RustBridgeApprovalRequest};
+use crate::runtime::locator::{get_sage_webview};
+
+pub(crate) fn emit_approval_requested(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    approval_id: String,
+    approval: RustBridgeApprovalRequest,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    get_sage_webview(app)?
+        .emit(
+            "apps:bridge-approval-requested",
+            RustBridgeApprovalEvent {
+                approval_id,
+                approval,
+            },
+        )
+        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to emit approval request event: {err}"))
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/comms/sage/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/comms/sage/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a9970c28f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/comms/sage/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+pub mod events;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/events.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/events.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index d1f2393f5..000000000
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/events.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,129 +0,0 @@
-use serde_json::Value;
-use tauri::{AppHandle, Emitter, Manager};
-use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::bridge::{response_channel_for_runtime_kind, RustBridgeApprovalEvent, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
-use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::{GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent, GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent};
-use crate::lifecycle::{GrantedCapabilitiesChange, GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange};
-use crate::runtime::state::types::SageAppRuntimeKind;
-
-pub(crate) fn emit_approval_requested(
-    app: &AppHandle,
-    approval_id: String,
-    approval: RustBridgeApprovalRequest,
-) -> Result<(), String> {
-    let window = app
-        .get_window("main")
-        .ok_or_else(|| "missing main window".to_string())?;
-
-    window
-        .emit(
-            "apps:bridge-approval-requested",
-            RustBridgeApprovalEvent {
-                approval_id,
-                approval,
-            },
-        )
-        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to emit approval request event: {err}"))
-}
-
-pub(crate) fn emit_bridge_response_to_source(
-    app: &AppHandle,
-    source_label: &str,
-    runtime_kind: SageAppRuntimeKind,
-    response: &RustBridgeResponse,
-) -> Result<(), String> {
-    let host_window = app
-        .get_window("main")
-        .ok_or_else(|| "missing main window".to_string())?;
-
-    let webview = host_window
-        .get_webview(source_label)
-        .ok_or_else(|| format!("missing webview for label: {source_label}"))?;
-
-    webview
-        .emit(&response_event_for_runtime_kind(runtime_kind), response)
-        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to emit bridge response: {err}"))
-}
-
-pub(crate) fn emit_bridge_event_to_source(
-    app: &AppHandle,
-    source_label: &str,
-    runtime_kind: SageAppRuntimeKind,
-    payload: Value,
-) -> Result<(), String> {
-    let host_window = app
-        .get_window("main")
-        .ok_or_else(|| "missing main window".to_string())?;
-
-    let webview = host_window
-        .get_webview(source_label)
-        .ok_or_else(|| format!("missing webview for label: {source_label}"))?;
-
-    webview
-        .emit(&event_event_for_runtime_kind(runtime_kind), payload)
-        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to emit bridge event: {err}"))
-}
-
-pub(crate) async fn emit_bridge_event_to_app_id(
-    app: &AppHandle,
-    app_id: &str,
-    payload: Value,
-) -> Result<(), String> {
-    let apps_state = app.state::<AppsHostState>();
-
-    let runtime_id = {
-        let runtime_by_app_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_id_by_app_id.lock().await;
-        runtime_by_app_id.get(app_id).cloned()
-    };
-
-    let Some(runtime_id) = runtime_id else {
-        return Ok(());
-    };
-
-    let record = {
-        let by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_by_runtime_id.lock().await;
-        by_runtime_id.get(&runtime_id).cloned()
-    };
-
-    let Some(record) = record else {
-        return Ok(());
-    };
-
-    emit_bridge_event_to_source(app, &record.webview_label, record.runtime_kind, payload)
-}
-
-pub(crate) async fn emit_granted_capabilities_change_for_app(
-    app: &AppHandle,
-    app_id: &str,
-    channel: &str,
-    change: GrantedCapabilitiesChange,
-) -> Result<(), String> {
-    let event = GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent::from_change(channel.to_string(), change);
-    let payload = serde_json::to_value(event)
-        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to encode granted capabilities change event: {err}"))?;
-
-    emit_bridge_event_to_app_id(app, app_id, payload).await
-}
-
-pub(crate) async fn emit_granted_network_whitelist_change_for_app(
-    app: &AppHandle,
-    app_id: &str,
-    channel: &str,
-    change: GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange,
-) -> Result<(), String> {
-    let event = GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent::from_change(channel.to_string(), change);
-    let payload = serde_json::to_value(event).map_err(|err| {
-        format!("failed to encode granted network whitelist change event: {err}")
-    })?;
-
-    emit_bridge_event_to_app_id(app, app_id, payload).await
-}
-
-fn response_event_for_runtime_kind(runtime_kind: SageAppRuntimeKind) -> String {
-    format!("{}:response", response_channel_for_runtime_kind(runtime_kind))
-}
-
-fn event_event_for_runtime_kind(runtime_kind: SageAppRuntimeKind) -> String {
-    format!("{}:event", response_channel_for_runtime_kind(runtime_kind))
-}
-
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/invoke.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/invoke.rs
index 02d56e2f8..ce4fccdd6 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/invoke.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/invoke.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use uuid::Uuid;
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::bridge::{registry, RustBridgeInvokeResult, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::{BridgeCapability, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
-use crate::bridge::events::emit_approval_requested;
+use crate::bridge::comms::sage::events::emit_approval_requested;
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeTools};
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodCapability;
 use crate::bridge::registry::BridgeRegistry;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/events.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/events.rs
index 9143693ab..ca7e867ed 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/events.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/events.rs
@@ -4,6 +4,12 @@ use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::lifecycle::{GrantedCapabilitiesChange, GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange};
 use crate::types::SageNetworkPermissionTarget;
 
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+pub enum EventForApp {
+    GrantedCapabilitiesChange(GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent),
+    GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange(GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent),
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent {
@@ -15,18 +21,6 @@ pub struct GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent {
     pub full_granted_capabilities: Vec<UserBridgeCapability>,
 }
 
-impl GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent {
-    pub fn from_change(channel: String, change: GrantedCapabilitiesChange) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            channel,
-            event_type: "grantedCapabilitiesChange".to_string(),
-            removed_granted_capabilities: change.removed,
-            added_granted_capabilities: change.added,
-            full_granted_capabilities: change.full,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent {
@@ -38,14 +32,24 @@ pub struct GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent {
     pub full_granted_network_whitelist: Vec<SageNetworkPermissionTarget>,
 }
 
-impl GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent {
-    pub fn from_change(channel: String, change: GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            channel,
+impl EventForApp {
+    pub fn from_capabilities_change(channel: &str, change: GrantedCapabilitiesChange) -> Self {
+        EventForApp::GrantedCapabilitiesChange(GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent {
+            channel: channel.to_string(),
+            event_type: "grantedCapabilitiesChange".to_string(),
+            removed_granted_capabilities: change.removed,
+            added_granted_capabilities: change.added,
+            full_granted_capabilities: change.full,
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn from_network_whitelist_change(channel: &str, change: GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange) -> Self {
+        EventForApp::GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange(GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent {
+            channel: channel.to_string(),
             event_type: "grantedNetworkWhitelistChange".to_string(),
             removed_granted_network_whitelist: change.removed,
             added_granted_network_whitelist: change.added,
             full_granted_network_whitelist: change.full,
-        }
+        })
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
index a6ef7adcc..21922c3ec 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
@@ -8,9 +8,10 @@ use crate::bridge::{
     RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse,
 };
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
-use crate::bridge::events::emit_granted_capabilities_change_for_app;
+use crate::bridge::comms::app::events::emit_bridge_event_to_app_id;
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::{encode_request_success, resolve_app_base_path};
+use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::events::EventForApp;
 use crate::bridge::types::RustBridgeApprovalBody;
 use crate::lifecycle::{grant_requested_capability_internal, GrantCapabilityOutcome};
 use crate::permissions::{get_user_capability_definition, user_capability_definition_view};
@@ -126,13 +127,11 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppRequestCapabilityGrant {
             Ok(GrantCapabilityOutcome::Granted { capability, change }) => {
                 let full_granted_capabilities = change.full.clone();
 
-                let _ = emit_granted_capabilities_change_for_app(
+                let _ = emit_bridge_event_to_app_id(
                     tools.app_handle,
                     ctx.app.id(),
-                    &request.channel,
-                    change,
-                )
-                    .await;
+                    EventForApp::from_capabilities_change(&request.channel, change)
+                ).await;
 
                 encode_request_success(
                     request,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs
index c51128a6d..094efaff9 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs
@@ -8,9 +8,10 @@ use crate::bridge::{
     RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse,
 };
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
-use crate::bridge::events::emit_granted_network_whitelist_change_for_app;
+use crate::bridge::comms::app::events::emit_bridge_event_to_app_id;
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::{encode_request_success, resolve_app_base_path};
+use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::events::EventForApp;
 use crate::bridge::types::RustBridgeApprovalBody;
 use crate::lifecycle::{
     grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal, parse_network_permission_target,
@@ -144,13 +145,11 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant {
             Ok(GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome::Granted { entry, change }) => {
                 let full_granted_network_whitelist = change.full.clone();
 
-                let _ = emit_granted_network_whitelist_change_for_app(
+                let _ = emit_bridge_event_to_app_id(
                     tools.app_handle,
                     ctx.app.id(),
-                    &request.channel,
-                    change,
-                )
-                    .await;
+                    EventForApp::from_network_whitelist_change(&request.channel, change)
+                ).await;
 
                 encode_request_success(
                     request,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
index 15f5a7c07..4ed28717d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ pub mod ts_exports;
 pub mod capabilities;
 pub mod invoke;
 pub mod commands;
-pub mod events;
 pub mod comms;
 
 pub use types::{
@@ -15,8 +14,8 @@ pub use types::{
 };
 use crate::runtime::state::types::SageAppRuntimeKind;
 
-const USER_BRIDGE_CHANNEL: &str = "sage-bridge";
-const SYSTEM_BRIDGE_CHANNEL: &str = "sage-system-bridge";
+pub const USER_BRIDGE_CHANNEL: &str = "sage-bridge";
+pub const SYSTEM_BRIDGE_CHANNEL: &str = "sage-system-bridge";
 
 fn response_channel_for_runtime_kind(runtime_kind: SageAppRuntimeKind) -> &'static str {
     match runtime_kind {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update.rs
index e7ff5b638..674507436 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,9 @@ use tauri::{State, command};
 use tauri::AppHandle;
 
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
-use crate::bridge::events::{emit_granted_capabilities_change_for_app, emit_granted_network_whitelist_change_for_app};
+use crate::bridge::comms::app::events::emit_bridge_event_to_app_id;
+use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::events::EventForApp;
+use crate::bridge::USER_BRIDGE_CHANNEL;
 use crate::host::{AppState, Result};
 use crate::lifecycle::{
     download_url_snapshot, manifest_entry_file, manifest_icon_file,
@@ -561,23 +563,19 @@ pub async fn apps_update_permissions(
             .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to update app permissions: {err}")))?;
 
     if !capability_change.added.is_empty() || !capability_change.removed.is_empty() {
-        let _ = emit_granted_capabilities_change_for_app(
+        let _ = emit_bridge_event_to_app_id(
             &app,
             &app_id,
-            "sage-bridge",
-            capability_change,
-        )
-            .await;
+            EventForApp::from_capabilities_change(USER_BRIDGE_CHANNEL, capability_change)
+        ).await;
     }
 
     if !network_change.added.is_empty() || !network_change.removed.is_empty() {
-        let _ = emit_granted_network_whitelist_change_for_app(
+        let _ = emit_bridge_event_to_app_id(
             &app,
             &app_id,
-            "sage-bridge",
-            network_change,
-        )
-            .await;
+            EventForApp::from_network_whitelist_change(USER_BRIDGE_CHANNEL, network_change)
+        ).await;
     }
 
     Ok(())
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/locator.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/locator.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2487e9f53
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/locator.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager};
+
+const SAGE_WINDOW_LABEL: &str = "main";
+const SAGE_WEBVIEW_LABEL: &str = "main";
+
+pub(crate) fn get_sage_window(app: &AppHandle) -> Result<tauri::Window, String> {
+    app
+        .get_window(SAGE_WINDOW_LABEL)
+        .ok_or_else(|| "missing sage window".to_string())
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn get_webview_in_sage_window(app: &AppHandle, webview_label: &str) -> Result<tauri::Webview, String> {
+    get_sage_window(app)?.get_webview(webview_label)
+        .ok_or_else(|| format!("missing '{}' webview", webview_label).to_string())
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn get_sage_webview(app: &AppHandle) -> Result<tauri::Webview, String> {
+    get_webview_in_sage_window(app, SAGE_WEBVIEW_LABEL)
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs
index 2e6e1ba86..132259897 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ pub mod start;
 pub mod stop;
 pub mod commands;
 pub mod state;
+pub mod locator;
 
 pub use manager::*;
 pub use resolve::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
index 002b51161..d3e3e76cd 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use tauri::State;
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::runtime::state::types::SageAppRuntimeRecord;
 
-pub async fn get_runtime_id_by_app_id_optional(
+pub async fn find_runtime_id_by_app_id_optional(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: &str
 ) -> Option<String> {
@@ -14,11 +14,11 @@ pub async fn get_runtime_id_by_app_id(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: &str
 ) -> Result<String, String> {
-    get_runtime_id_by_app_id_optional(apps_state, app_id).await
+    find_runtime_id_by_app_id_optional(apps_state, app_id).await
         .ok_or_else(|| format!("runtime not found for app id: {app_id}"))
 }
 
-pub async fn get_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional(
+pub async fn find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     runtime_id: &str
 ) -> Option<SageAppRuntimeRecord> {
@@ -30,16 +30,26 @@ pub async fn get_runtime_by_runtime_id(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     runtime_id: &str
 ) -> Result<SageAppRuntimeRecord, String> {
-    get_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional(apps_state, runtime_id).await
+    find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional(apps_state, runtime_id).await
         .ok_or_else(|| format!("runtime record not found for runtime id: {runtime_id}"))
 }
 
+pub async fn find_runtime_by_app_id_optional(
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    app_id: &str,
+) -> Option<SageAppRuntimeRecord> {
+    let Some(runtime_id) = find_runtime_id_by_app_id_optional(apps_state, app_id).await else {
+        return None;
+    };
+    find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional(apps_state, &runtime_id).await
+}
+
 pub async fn get_runtime_by_app_id(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: &str,
 ) -> Result<SageAppRuntimeRecord, String> {
-    let runtime_id = get_runtime_id_by_app_id(apps_state, app_id).await?;
-    get_runtime_by_runtime_id(apps_state, &runtime_id).await
+    find_runtime_by_app_id_optional(apps_state, app_id).await
+        .ok_or_else(|| format!("runtime record not found for app id: {app_id}"))
 }
 
 pub async fn list_runtimes(
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs
index e932ab994..11780369e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use tokio::time::timeout;
 use uuid::Uuid;
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::runtime::{emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed};
-use crate::runtime::state::read::{get_runtime_by_app_id, get_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional, get_runtime_id_by_app_id_optional};
+use crate::runtime::state::read::{get_runtime_by_app_id, find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional, find_runtime_id_by_app_id_optional};
 use crate::runtime::state::remove::{remove_before_stop_listeners_by_app_id, remove_pending_stop_ready, remove_runtime_by_runtime_id, remove_runtime_id_by_app_id};
 use crate::runtime::state::types::{SageAppRuntimeRecord, SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail};
 use crate::runtime::state::write::write_pending_stop_ready;
@@ -51,10 +51,10 @@ pub async fn close_runtime_internal_with_reason(
     app_id: &str,
     reason: &str,
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
-    let Some(runtime_id) = get_runtime_id_by_app_id_optional(apps_state, app_id).await else {
+    let Some(runtime_id) = find_runtime_id_by_app_id_optional(apps_state, app_id).await else {
         return Ok(());
     };
-    let Some(runtime) = get_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional(apps_state, &runtime_id).await else {
+    let Some(runtime) = find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional(apps_state, &runtime_id).await else {
         remove_runtime_id_by_app_id(apps_state, app_id).await;
         return Ok(());
     };

From 9252a50501e0c23b8f227d21e1e7bc042ab8e0b8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 25 Apr 2026 19:57:12 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 201/471] Refactor `runtime` for improved modularity and
 consistency:

- Replaced inline logic in runtime management functions with centralized utilities in `webview_locator`.
- Updated `find_*` and `get_*` window/webview calls for better readability and error handling.
- Modified runtime state updates to streamline `write_runtime` and ensure `runtimes_changed` events are emitted consistently.
- Removed redundant logic in `start.rs`, `stop.rs`, and `manager.rs` by leveraging new locator utilities.
- Adjusted imports and transitioned `locator` module to `webview_locator` for clarity.
---
 .../sage-apps/src/bridge/comms/app/events.rs  | 17 ++-----
 .../sage-apps/src/bridge/comms/sage/events.rs |  2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/invoke.rs         |  7 +--
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs            | 10 +++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs       | 51 +++++++------------
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs           |  2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs       | 21 +++-----
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs         | 18 +++----
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs   |  5 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs          | 14 ++---
 .../{locator.rs => webview_locator.rs}        | 12 ++++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runner.rs        |  6 +--
 12 files changed, 70 insertions(+), 95 deletions(-)
 rename crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/{locator.rs => webview_locator.rs} (66%)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/comms/app/events.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/comms/app/events.rs
index 2e839d2b8..ab788cca4 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/comms/app/events.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/comms/app/events.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use crate::bridge::{response_channel_for_runtime_kind, RustBridgeResponse};
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::events::EventForApp;
 use crate::runtime::state::read::{find_runtime_by_app_id_optional};
 use crate::runtime::state::types::SageAppRuntimeKind;
-use crate::runtime::locator::{get_webview_in_sage_window};
+use crate::runtime::webview_locator::{get_webview_in_sage_window};
 
 pub(crate) fn emit_bridge_response_to_source(
     app: &AppHandle,
@@ -17,17 +17,6 @@ pub(crate) fn emit_bridge_response_to_source(
         .map_err(|err| format!("failed to emit bridge response: {err}"))
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn emit_bridge_event_to_source(
-    app: &AppHandle,
-    app_webview_label: &str,
-    runtime_kind: SageAppRuntimeKind,
-    event: EventForApp,
-) -> Result<(), String> {
-    get_webview_in_sage_window(app, app_webview_label)?
-        .emit(&event_event_for_runtime_kind(runtime_kind), event)
-        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to emit bridge event: {err}"))
-}
-
 pub(crate) async fn emit_bridge_event_to_app_id(
     app: &AppHandle,
     app_id: &str,
@@ -39,7 +28,9 @@ pub(crate) async fn emit_bridge_event_to_app_id(
         return Ok(());
     };
 
-    emit_bridge_event_to_source(app, &runtime.webview_label, runtime.runtime_kind, event)
+    get_webview_in_sage_window(app, &runtime.webview_label)?
+        .emit(&event_event_for_runtime_kind(runtime.runtime_kind), event)
+        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to emit bridge event: {err}"))
 }
 
 fn response_event_for_runtime_kind(runtime_kind: SageAppRuntimeKind) -> String {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/comms/sage/events.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/comms/sage/events.rs
index 6446de781..47e69fc2d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/comms/sage/events.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/comms/sage/events.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Emitter};
 use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalEvent, RustBridgeApprovalRequest};
-use crate::runtime::locator::{get_sage_webview};
+use crate::runtime::webview_locator::{get_sage_webview};
 
 pub(crate) fn emit_approval_requested(
     app: &AppHandle,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/invoke.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/invoke.rs
index ce4fccdd6..18978a664 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/invoke.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/invoke.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State, Webview};
 use uuid::Uuid;
 use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::bridge::{registry, RustBridgeInvokeResult, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
+use crate::bridge::{registry, response_channel_for_registry_kind, RustBridgeInvokeResult, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::{BridgeCapability, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
 use crate::bridge::comms::sage::events::emit_approval_requested;
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeTools};
@@ -22,10 +22,7 @@ pub async fn invoke(
     expected_runtime_kind: Option<SageAppRuntimeKind>,
     registry_kind: registry::BridgeRegistryKind,
 ) -> Result<RustBridgeInvokeResult, String> {
-    let expected_channel = match registry_kind {
-        registry::BridgeRegistryKind::User => "sage-bridge",
-        registry::BridgeRegistryKind::System => "sage-system-bridge",
-    };
+    let expected_channel = response_channel_for_registry_kind(registry_kind);
 
     if let Err(response) = validate_request_basics(&request, expected_channel) {
         return Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Immediate { response });
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
index 4ed28717d..cd7727d3d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
@@ -12,14 +12,22 @@ pub use types::{
     RustBridgeErrorPayload, RustBridgeErrorResponse, RustBridgeInvokeResult,
     RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse, RustBridgeSuccessResponse,
 };
+use crate::bridge::registry::BridgeRegistryKind;
 use crate::runtime::state::types::SageAppRuntimeKind;
 
 pub const USER_BRIDGE_CHANNEL: &str = "sage-bridge";
 pub const SYSTEM_BRIDGE_CHANNEL: &str = "sage-system-bridge";
 
-fn response_channel_for_runtime_kind(runtime_kind: SageAppRuntimeKind) -> &'static str {
+pub(crate) fn response_channel_for_runtime_kind(runtime_kind: SageAppRuntimeKind) -> &'static str {
     match runtime_kind {
         SageAppRuntimeKind::User => USER_BRIDGE_CHANNEL,
         SageAppRuntimeKind::System => SYSTEM_BRIDGE_CHANNEL,
     }
 }
+
+pub(crate) fn response_channel_for_registry_kind(registry_kind: BridgeRegistryKind) -> &'static str {
+    match registry_kind {
+        BridgeRegistryKind::User => USER_BRIDGE_CHANNEL,
+        BridgeRegistryKind::System => SYSTEM_BRIDGE_CHANNEL,
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
index 5871248e1..88d1dc523 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Emitter, Manager, State};
 use crate::bridge::methods::system::RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent;
+use crate::runtime::webview_locator::{find_sage_window, get_webview_in_sage_window};
 use crate::runtime::state::read::{get_runtime_by_app_id, list_runtimes};
 use crate::runtime::state::types::{SageAppRuntimeKind, SageAppRuntimeRecord};
 use crate::runtime::state::write::write_runtime;
@@ -37,12 +38,12 @@ pub(crate) async fn emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(
         runtimes,
     );
 
-    let Some(window) = app.get_window("main") else {
+    let Some(sage_window) = find_sage_window(app) else {
         return;
     };
 
-    for webview_label in system_runtime_webview_labels {
-        if let Some(webview) = window.get_webview(&webview_label) {
+    for system_webview_label in system_runtime_webview_labels {
+        if let Some(webview) = sage_window.get_webview(&system_webview_label) {
             let _ = webview.emit("sage-system-bridge:event", event.clone());
         }
     }
@@ -53,15 +54,8 @@ pub(crate) async fn focus_runtime(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: &str,
 ) -> Result<SageAppRuntimeRecord, String> {
-    let host_window = app
-        .get_window("main")
-        .ok_or_else(|| "missing main window".to_string())?;
-
-    let mut record = get_runtime_by_app_id(apps_state, app_id).await?;
-
-    let webview = host_window
-        .get_webview(&record.webview_label)
-        .ok_or_else(|| format!("missing webview for label: {}", record.webview_label))?;
+    let mut runtime = get_runtime_by_app_id(apps_state, app_id).await?;
+    let webview = get_webview_in_sage_window(app, &runtime.webview_label)?;
 
     webview
         .show()
@@ -71,13 +65,12 @@ pub(crate) async fn focus_runtime(
         .set_focus()
         .map_err(|err| format!("failed to focus webview: {err}"))?;
 
-    record.visible = true;
-    record.state = "running".into();
-    record.last_active_at = unix_timestamp_ms();
+    runtime.visible = true;
+    runtime.state = "running".into();
+    runtime.last_active_at = unix_timestamp_ms();
 
-    write_runtime(apps_state, record.clone()).await?;
-    emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(app, apps_state).await;
-    Ok(record)
+    write_runtime(app, apps_state, runtime.clone()).await?;
+    Ok(runtime)
 }
 
 pub(crate) async fn hide_runtime(
@@ -85,25 +78,17 @@ pub(crate) async fn hide_runtime(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: &str,
 ) -> Result<SageAppRuntimeRecord, String> {
-    let host_window = app
-        .get_window("main")
-        .ok_or_else(|| "missing main window".to_string())?;
-
-    let mut record = get_runtime_by_app_id(apps_state, app_id).await?;
-
-    let webview = host_window
-        .get_webview(&record.webview_label)
-        .ok_or_else(|| format!("missing webview for label: {}", record.webview_label))?;
+    let mut runtime = get_runtime_by_app_id(apps_state, app_id).await?;
+    let webview = get_webview_in_sage_window(app, &runtime.webview_label)?;
 
     webview
         .hide()
         .map_err(|err| format!("failed to hide webview: {err}"))?;
 
-    record.visible = false;
-    record.state = "hidden".into();
-    record.last_active_at = unix_timestamp_ms();
+    runtime.visible = false;
+    runtime.state = "hidden".into();
+    runtime.last_active_at = unix_timestamp_ms();
 
-    write_runtime(apps_state, record.clone()).await?;
-    emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(app, apps_state).await;
-    Ok(record)
+    write_runtime(app, apps_state, runtime.clone()).await?;
+    Ok(runtime)
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs
index 132259897..d0ff08ae3 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ pub mod start;
 pub mod stop;
 pub mod commands;
 pub mod state;
-pub mod locator;
+pub mod webview_locator;
 
 pub use manager::*;
 pub use resolve::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
index 0afc6d29c..67e0f8826 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ use std::path::Path;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager};
 use url::Url;
 use crate::lifecycle::read_installed_app_by_id;
+use crate::runtime::webview_locator::get_webview_in_sage_window;
 use crate::runtime::state::types::SageAppRuntimeKind;
 use crate::sandbox::build_builtin_test_app;
 use crate::system_apps::build_builtin_system_app;
@@ -81,10 +82,10 @@ pub fn resolve_app(base_path: &Path, app_id: &str) -> Result<SageApp, String> {
 
 pub(crate) fn assert_bridge_origin(
     app: AppHandle,
-    source_label: String,
+    app_webview_label: String,
 ) -> Result<(String, SageAppRuntimeKind), String> {
-    let (runtime_kind, app_id) = app_id_from_inline_label(&source_label)
-        .ok_or_else(|| format!("invalid app runtime label: {source_label}"))?;
+    let (runtime_kind, app_id) = app_id_from_inline_label(&app_webview_label)
+        .ok_or_else(|| format!("invalid app runtime label: {app_webview_label}"))?;
 
     let app_id = app_id.to_string();
 
@@ -98,25 +99,19 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_bridge_origin(
 
     if runtime_kind != expected_runtime_kind {
         return Err(format!(
-            "bridge denied for {source_label}: runtime kind mismatch (label={runtime_kind:?}, app={expected_runtime_kind:?})"
+            "bridge denied for {app_webview_label}: runtime kind mismatch (label={runtime_kind:?}, app={expected_runtime_kind:?})"
         ));
     }
 
-    let host_window = app
-        .get_window("main")
-        .ok_or_else(|| "missing main window".to_string())?;
+    let app_webview = get_webview_in_sage_window(&app, &app_webview_label)?;
 
-    let webview = host_window
-        .get_webview(&source_label)
-        .ok_or_else(|| format!("missing webview for label: {source_label}"))?;
-
-    let current_url = webview
+    let current_url = app_webview
         .url()
         .map_err(|e| format!("failed to read current webview url: {e}"))?;
 
     if !is_allowed_app_url(&current_url, resolved.origin_id(), runtime_kind) {
         return Err(format!(
-            "bridge denied for {source_label}: current url {} is outside {}://{}/...",
+            "bridge denied for {app_webview_label}: current url {} is outside {}://{}/...",
             current_url,
             protocol_scheme_for_runtime_kind(runtime_kind),
             resolved.origin_id()
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
index d31943073..c590e9afd 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,8 @@ use tauri::{AppHandle, LogicalPosition, LogicalSize, Manager, State, WebviewUrl}
 use tauri::webview::NewWindowResponse;
 use crate::{sandbox, AppsHostState};
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
-use crate::runtime::{build_entry_src, emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed, is_allowed_app_url, resolve_app, runtime_kind_for_app};
+use crate::runtime::{build_entry_src, is_allowed_app_url, resolve_app, runtime_kind_for_app};
+use crate::runtime::webview_locator::{find_webview_in_sage_window, get_sage_window, get_webview_in_sage_window};
 use crate::runtime::state::types::{SageAppRuntimeKind, SageAppRuntimeRecord};
 use crate::runtime::state::write::{write_runtime, write_runtime_id_by_app_id};
 use crate::storage::parse_data_store_id;
@@ -38,11 +39,8 @@ pub async fn create_inline_runtime(
     let webview_label = inline_label_for(resolved.id(), runtime_kind);
     let runtime_id = runtime_id_for(resolved.id(), runtime_kind);
     let entry_src = build_entry_src(&resolved, args.path.clone(), args.query.clone());
-    let host_window = app
-        .get_window("main")
-        .ok_or_else(|| "missing main window".to_string())?;
 
-    if let Some(existing) = host_window.get_webview(&webview_label) {
+    if let Some(existing) = find_webview_in_sage_window(&app, &webview_label) {
         return reuse_existing_inline_runtime(
             &apps_state,
             &existing,
@@ -115,7 +113,7 @@ pub async fn create_inline_runtime(
         (0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0)
     };
 
-    host_window
+    get_sage_window(&app)?
         .add_child(
             builder,
             LogicalPosition::new(x, y),
@@ -145,15 +143,11 @@ pub async fn create_inline_runtime(
         internal: args.internal,
     };
 
-    write_runtime(&apps_state, record.clone()).await?;
     write_runtime_id_by_app_id(&apps_state, &resolved, runtime_id).await?;
     if !args.visible {
-        if let Some(webview) = host_window.get_webview(&webview_label) {
-            let _ = webview.hide();
-        }
+        let _ = get_webview_in_sage_window(&app, &webview_label)?.hide();
     }
-
-    emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(&app, &apps_state).await;
+    write_runtime(&app, &apps_state, record.clone()).await?;
 
     Ok(record)
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs
index e0986c929..b29e89dce 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,17 @@
-use tauri::State;
+use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 use crate::AppsHostState;
+use crate::runtime::emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed;
 use crate::runtime::state::types::SageAppRuntimeRecord;
 use crate::types::SageApp;
 
 pub async fn write_runtime(
+    app: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     record: SageAppRuntimeRecord,
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
     let mut by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_by_runtime_id.lock().await;
     by_runtime_id.insert(record.runtime_id.clone(), record);
+    emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(app, apps_state).await;
     Ok(())
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs
index 11780369e..6ce868469 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ use crate::runtime::state::read::{get_runtime_by_app_id, find_runtime_by_runtime
 use crate::runtime::state::remove::{remove_before_stop_listeners_by_app_id, remove_pending_stop_ready, remove_runtime_by_runtime_id, remove_runtime_id_by_app_id};
 use crate::runtime::state::types::{SageAppRuntimeRecord, SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail};
 use crate::runtime::state::write::write_pending_stop_ready;
+use crate::runtime::webview_locator::find_webview_in_sage_window;
 
 const BEFORE_STOP_TIMEOUT_MS: u64 = 5_000;
 
@@ -61,10 +62,8 @@ pub async fn close_runtime_internal_with_reason(
 
     let _ = wait_for_before_stop_ack(app, apps_state, &runtime, reason).await;
 
-    if let Some(host_window) = app.get_window("main") {
-        if let Some(webview) = host_window.get_webview(&runtime.webview_label) {
-            let _ = webview.close();
-        }
+    if let Some(webview) = find_webview_in_sage_window(&app, &runtime.webview_label) {
+        let _ = webview.close();
     }
 
     remove_runtime_by_runtime_id(apps_state, &runtime_id).await;
@@ -89,12 +88,7 @@ async fn wait_for_before_stop_ack(
     if !has_listener {
         return Ok(());
     }
-
-    let Some(host_window) = app.get_window("main") else {
-        return Ok(());
-    };
-
-    let Some(app_webview) = host_window.get_webview(&runtime.webview_label) else {
+    let Some(app_webview) = find_webview_in_sage_window(app, &runtime.webview_label) else {
         return Ok(());
     };
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/locator.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/webview_locator.rs
similarity index 66%
rename from crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/locator.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/webview_locator.rs
index 2487e9f53..efbec9a18 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/locator.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/webview_locator.rs
@@ -3,14 +3,22 @@ use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager};
 const SAGE_WINDOW_LABEL: &str = "main";
 const SAGE_WEBVIEW_LABEL: &str = "main";
 
-pub(crate) fn get_sage_window(app: &AppHandle) -> Result<tauri::Window, String> {
+pub(crate) fn find_sage_window(app: &AppHandle) -> Option<tauri::Window> {
     app
         .get_window(SAGE_WINDOW_LABEL)
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn get_sage_window(app: &AppHandle) -> Result<tauri::Window, String> {
+    find_sage_window(app)
         .ok_or_else(|| "missing sage window".to_string())
 }
 
+pub(crate) fn find_webview_in_sage_window(app: &AppHandle, webview_label: &str) -> Option<tauri::Webview> {
+    find_sage_window(app)?.get_webview(webview_label)
+}
+
 pub(crate) fn get_webview_in_sage_window(app: &AppHandle, webview_label: &str) -> Result<tauri::Webview, String> {
-    get_sage_window(app)?.get_webview(webview_label)
+    find_webview_in_sage_window(app, webview_label)
         .ok_or_else(|| format!("missing '{}' webview", webview_label).to_string())
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runner.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runner.rs
index bc83ab481..ed76bcb89 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runner.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runner.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Emitter, Manager, State};
-
+use crate::runtime::webview_locator::get_sage_webview;
 use crate::state::AppsHostState;
 use crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms;
 use super::probes::{
@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ async fn emit_state_view(app: &AppHandle, apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>)
     let current_run = apps_state.sandbox.current_run.lock().await.clone();
     let view = build_state_view(&baseline, current_run.as_ref());
 
-    if let Some(window) = app.get_window("main") {
-        let _ = window.emit("apps:sandbox-state-updated", view);
+    if let Ok(webview) = get_sage_webview(app) {
+        let _ = webview.emit("apps:sandbox-state-updated", view);
     }
 }
 

From 34971b4ee495a1316c2f477a28b74be6de838cd4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 25 Apr 2026 20:02:22 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 202/471] Ensure `write_runtime` locks are scoped for proper
 concurrency management

---
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs | 11 ++++++++---
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs
index b29e89dce..60fcbe84c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs
@@ -1,17 +1,22 @@
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
-use crate::AppsHostState;
+
 use crate::runtime::emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed;
 use crate::runtime::state::types::SageAppRuntimeRecord;
 use crate::types::SageApp;
+use crate::AppsHostState;
 
 pub async fn write_runtime(
     app: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     record: SageAppRuntimeRecord,
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
-    let mut by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_by_runtime_id.lock().await;
-    by_runtime_id.insert(record.runtime_id.clone(), record);
+    {
+        let mut by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_by_runtime_id.lock().await;
+        by_runtime_id.insert(record.runtime_id.clone(), record);
+    }
+
     emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(app, apps_state).await;
+
     Ok(())
 }
 

From 0fab96b8f5b6026160dce6c6eb885007f4b1a38f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 25 Apr 2026 20:19:16 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 203/471] Replace `write_runtime` with
 `write_runtime_and_emit_changed` across runtime modules and add delayed
 `setAttaching` logic in `useAppEmbeddedRuntime`.

---
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs     |  6 ++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs       |  4 +--
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs | 18 +++++++----
 src/hooks/useAppEmbeddedRuntime.ts          | 36 +++++++++++++++------
 4 files changed, 43 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
index 88d1dc523..ce491d2c7 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::system::RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent;
 use crate::runtime::webview_locator::{find_sage_window, get_webview_in_sage_window};
 use crate::runtime::state::read::{get_runtime_by_app_id, list_runtimes};
 use crate::runtime::state::types::{SageAppRuntimeKind, SageAppRuntimeRecord};
-use crate::runtime::state::write::write_runtime;
+use crate::runtime::state::write::write_runtime_and_emit_changed;
 use crate::state::AppsHostState;
 use crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms;
 
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn focus_runtime(
     runtime.state = "running".into();
     runtime.last_active_at = unix_timestamp_ms();
 
-    write_runtime(app, apps_state, runtime.clone()).await?;
+    write_runtime_and_emit_changed(app, apps_state, runtime.clone()).await?;
     Ok(runtime)
 }
 
@@ -89,6 +89,6 @@ pub(crate) async fn hide_runtime(
     runtime.state = "hidden".into();
     runtime.last_active_at = unix_timestamp_ms();
 
-    write_runtime(app, apps_state, runtime.clone()).await?;
+    write_runtime_and_emit_changed(app, apps_state, runtime.clone()).await?;
     Ok(runtime)
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
index c590e9afd..51fb7c8e6 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::runtime::{build_entry_src, is_allowed_app_url, resolve_app, runtime_kind_for_app};
 use crate::runtime::webview_locator::{find_webview_in_sage_window, get_sage_window, get_webview_in_sage_window};
 use crate::runtime::state::types::{SageAppRuntimeKind, SageAppRuntimeRecord};
-use crate::runtime::state::write::{write_runtime, write_runtime_id_by_app_id};
+use crate::runtime::state::write::{write_runtime_and_emit_changed, write_runtime_id_by_app_id};
 use crate::storage::parse_data_store_id;
 use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, SageApp};
 use crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms;
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ pub async fn create_inline_runtime(
     if !args.visible {
         let _ = get_webview_in_sage_window(&app, &webview_label)?.hide();
     }
-    write_runtime(&app, &apps_state, record.clone()).await?;
+    write_runtime_and_emit_changed(&app, &apps_state, record.clone()).await?;
 
     Ok(record)
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs
index 60fcbe84c..55f805d35 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs
@@ -5,16 +5,12 @@ use crate::runtime::state::types::SageAppRuntimeRecord;
 use crate::types::SageApp;
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 
-pub async fn write_runtime(
+pub async fn write_runtime_and_emit_changed(
     app: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     record: SageAppRuntimeRecord,
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
-    {
-        let mut by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_by_runtime_id.lock().await;
-        by_runtime_id.insert(record.runtime_id.clone(), record);
-    }
-
+    write_runtime(apps_state, record).await?;
     emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(app, apps_state).await;
 
     Ok(())
@@ -39,3 +35,13 @@ pub async fn write_pending_stop_ready(
     pending.insert(request_id.clone(), tx);
     Ok(())
 }
+
+
+async fn write_runtime(
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    record: SageAppRuntimeRecord,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let mut by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_by_runtime_id.lock().await;
+    by_runtime_id.insert(record.runtime_id.clone(), record);
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/src/hooks/useAppEmbeddedRuntime.ts b/src/hooks/useAppEmbeddedRuntime.ts
index 4f6f242c1..1cfa334fd 100644
--- a/src/hooks/useAppEmbeddedRuntime.ts
+++ b/src/hooks/useAppEmbeddedRuntime.ts
@@ -77,19 +77,25 @@ export function useAppEmbeddedRuntime({ app, containerRef }: Args) {
 
   useEffect(() => {
     setAttachError(null);
-
     if (!app || !containerRef.current) {
       setAttaching(false);
       return;
     }
 
     const installedApp = app;
-
     let disposed = false;
     let runtimeCreated = false;
     let resizeObserver: ResizeObserver | null = null;
     let removeWindowResize: (() => void) | null = null;
     let delayedSyncTimers: number[] = [];
+    let showAttachingTimer: number | null = null;
+
+    const clearShowAttachingTimer = () => {
+      if (showAttachingTimer !== null) {
+        window.clearTimeout(showAttachingTimer);
+        showAttachingTimer = null;
+      }
+    };
 
     const clearDelayedSyncTimers = () => {
       delayedSyncTimers.forEach((id) => window.clearTimeout(id));
@@ -97,8 +103,11 @@ export function useAppEmbeddedRuntime({ app, containerRef }: Args) {
     };
 
     const mount = async () => {
-      setAttaching(true);
-
+      showAttachingTimer = window.setTimeout(() => {
+        if (!disposed) {
+          setAttaching(true);
+        }
+      }, 200);
       await ensureInlineRuntime(installedApp);
       runtimeCreated = true;
 
@@ -106,12 +115,19 @@ export function useAppEmbeddedRuntime({ app, containerRef }: Args) {
         return;
       }
 
+      await syncBounds(installedApp.common.id);
+
+      if (disposed) {
+        return;
+      }
+
       await markRuntimeVisible(installedApp.common.id, true);
 
       if (disposed) {
         return;
       }
 
+      clearShowAttachingTimer();
       setAttachError(null);
       setAttaching(false);
 
@@ -124,27 +140,24 @@ export function useAppEmbeddedRuntime({ app, containerRef }: Args) {
           }
         }, delay),
       );
-
       resizeObserver = new ResizeObserver(() => {
         if (!disposed) {
           scheduleSyncBounds(installedApp.common.id);
         }
       });
-
       const container = containerRef.current;
+
       if (!container) {
         return;
       }
-
       resizeObserver.observe(container);
-
       const handleWindowResize = () => {
         if (!disposed) {
           scheduleSyncBounds(installedApp.common.id);
         }
       };
-
       window.addEventListener('resize', handleWindowResize);
+
       removeWindowResize = () => {
         window.removeEventListener('resize', handleWindowResize);
       };
@@ -154,15 +167,18 @@ export function useAppEmbeddedRuntime({ app, containerRef }: Args) {
       if (disposed) {
         return;
       }
+      clearShowAttachingTimer();
 
       const message = formatError(err);
       setAttachError(message);
+
       setAttaching(false);
       console.error('Failed to attach app runtime:', err);
     });
 
     return () => {
       disposed = true;
+      clearShowAttachingTimer();
       setAttaching(false);
 
       if (runtimeCreated) {
@@ -175,7 +191,7 @@ export function useAppEmbeddedRuntime({ app, containerRef }: Args) {
       removeWindowResize?.();
       clearDelayedSyncTimers();
     };
-  }, [app, containerRef, scheduleSyncBounds]);
+  }, [app, containerRef, scheduleSyncBounds, syncBounds]);
 
   return {
     attaching,

From e0322257361229f9be3379f41ad7092333b83099 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 25 Apr 2026 20:29:09 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 204/471] Refactor bridge invocation logic:

- Renamed `invoke` to `process` for clarity and moved it to `bridge_request.rs` under `comms::app`.
- Updated `commands.rs` to use `process` for bridge command handling.
- Removed redundant `invoke.rs` and updated module imports accordingly.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs                     | 6 +++---
 .../src/bridge/{invoke.rs => comms/app/bridge_request.rs}   | 5 +++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/comms/app/mod.rs                | 1 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs                          | 1 -
 4 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)
 rename crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/{invoke.rs => comms/app/bridge_request.rs} (99%)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
index fdd176688..d026c991b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State, Webview};
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::bridge::{registry, response_channel_for_runtime_kind, ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs, RustBridgeInvokeResult, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
+use crate::bridge::comms::app::bridge_request::{execute_bridge_request, process};
 use crate::bridge::comms::app::events::emit_bridge_response_to_source;
-use crate::bridge::invoke::{execute_bridge_request, invoke};
 use crate::host::AppState;
 use crate::permissions::{user_capability_definition_view, user_registry};
 use crate::runtime::assert_bridge_origin;
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ pub async fn apps_invoke_bridge(
     app_state: State<'_, AppState>,
     request: RustBridgeRequest,
 ) -> Result<RustBridgeInvokeResult, String> {
-    invoke(
+    process(
         app,
         webview,
         app_state,
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ pub async fn apps_invoke_system_bridge(
     app_state: State<'_, AppState>,
     request: RustBridgeRequest,
 ) -> Result<RustBridgeInvokeResult, String> {
-    invoke(
+    process(
         app,
         webview,
         app_state,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/invoke.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/comms/app/bridge_request.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/invoke.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/comms/app/bridge_request.rs
index 18978a664..bddf61911 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/invoke.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/comms/app/bridge_request.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State, Webview};
 use uuid::Uuid;
 use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::bridge::{registry, response_channel_for_registry_kind, RustBridgeInvokeResult, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::{BridgeCapability, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
+use crate::bridge::{registry, response_channel_for_registry_kind, RustBridgeInvokeResult, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
 use crate::bridge::comms::sage::events::emit_approval_requested;
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeTools};
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodCapability;
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ use crate::runtime::{assert_bridge_origin, resolve_app};
 use crate::runtime::state::types::SageAppRuntimeKind;
 use crate::types::SageApp;
 
-pub async fn invoke(
+pub async fn process(
     app: AppHandle,
     webview: Webview,
     app_state: State<'_, AppState>,
@@ -127,6 +127,7 @@ pub async fn invoke(
     Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Immediate { response })
 }
 
+
 fn authorize_method_capability(
     app: &SageApp,
     request: &RustBridgeRequest,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/comms/app/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/comms/app/mod.rs
index a9970c28f..f370c6102 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/comms/app/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/comms/app/mod.rs
@@ -1 +1,2 @@
 pub mod events;
+pub mod bridge_request;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
index cd7727d3d..3ca2c007c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ pub mod registry;
 pub mod types;
 pub mod ts_exports;
 pub mod capabilities;
-pub mod invoke;
 pub mod commands;
 pub mod comms;
 

From 64c245ff6a37719ca88ad876f7a4bc9b2bcbced7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 25 Apr 2026 21:09:57 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 205/471] Refactor bridge communication and runtime state
 management:

- Removed `comms::sage` module and merged `emit_approval_requested` into `bridge_request`.
- Reorganized event emitters under new `bridge::event_emit` module for modularity.
- Updated `resolve_app` to accept `AppHandle` and refactored its calls for consistency.
- Simplified base path resolution by eliminating redundant `app_data_dir` usage.
- Renamed variables for clarity across bridge and runtime modules.
---
 .../app => app_comms}/bridge_request.rs       | 41 ++++++++++++-------
 .../bridge/{comms/app => app_comms}/mod.rs    |  1 -
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs       |  4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/comms/mod.rs      |  2 -
 .../sage-apps/src/bridge/comms/sage/events.rs | 19 ---------
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/comms/sage/mod.rs |  1 -
 .../{comms/app/events.rs => event_emit.rs}    |  0
 .../user/app/request_capability_grant.rs      |  2 +-
 .../app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs    |  2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs            |  3 +-
 .../src/lifecycle/storage_cleanup.rs          |  7 +---
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update.rs      |  2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs       | 31 +++++++-------
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs         |  9 +---
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs          |  2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/commands.rs      | 11 ++---
 16 files changed, 56 insertions(+), 81 deletions(-)
 rename crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/{comms/app => app_comms}/bridge_request.rs (90%)
 rename crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/{comms/app => app_comms}/mod.rs (60%)
 delete mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/comms/mod.rs
 delete mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/comms/sage/events.rs
 delete mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/comms/sage/mod.rs
 rename crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/{comms/app/events.rs => event_emit.rs} (100%)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/comms/app/bridge_request.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/app_comms/bridge_request.rs
similarity index 90%
rename from crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/comms/app/bridge_request.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/app_comms/bridge_request.rs
index bddf61911..c4305a343 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/comms/app/bridge_request.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/app_comms/bridge_request.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
-use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State, Webview};
+use tauri::{AppHandle, Emitter, Manager, State, Webview};
 use uuid::Uuid;
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::{BridgeCapability, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
-use crate::bridge::{registry, response_channel_for_registry_kind, RustBridgeInvokeResult, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
-use crate::bridge::comms::sage::events::emit_approval_requested;
+use crate::bridge::{registry, response_channel_for_registry_kind, RustBridgeApprovalEvent, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeInvokeResult, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeTools};
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodCapability;
 use crate::bridge::registry::BridgeRegistry;
@@ -12,6 +11,7 @@ use crate::host::AppState;
 use crate::permissions::{require_system_capability_definition, require_user_capability_definition, resolve_effective_granted_capabilities};
 use crate::runtime::{assert_bridge_origin, resolve_app};
 use crate::runtime::state::types::SageAppRuntimeKind;
+use crate::runtime::webview_locator::get_sage_webview;
 use crate::types::SageApp;
 
 pub async fn process(
@@ -28,9 +28,9 @@ pub async fn process(
         return Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Immediate { response });
     }
 
-    let source_label = webview.label().to_string();
+    let webview_label = webview.label().to_string();
 
-    let (app_id, runtime_kind) = match assert_bridge_origin(app.clone(), source_label.clone()) {
+    let (app_id, runtime_kind) = match assert_bridge_origin(app.clone(), webview_label.clone()) {
         Ok(value) => value,
         Err(err) => {
             return Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Immediate {
@@ -57,12 +57,7 @@ pub async fn process(
         }
     }
 
-    let base_path = app
-        .path()
-        .app_data_dir()
-        .map_err(|e| format!("failed to resolve app data dir: {e}"))?;
-
-    let app_model = resolve_app(&base_path, &app_id)?;
+    let app_model = resolve_app(&app, &app_id)?;
 
     let registry = BridgeRegistry::new(registry_kind);
 
@@ -91,7 +86,7 @@ pub async fn process(
     if let Some(approval) = method.approval_request(
         BridgeContext {
             app: &app_model,
-            source_label: &source_label,
+            source_label: &webview_label,
         },
         &request,
     ) {
@@ -104,13 +99,13 @@ pub async fn process(
                 approval_id.clone(),
                 PendingBridgeApproval {
                     app: app_model.clone(),
-                    source_label: source_label.to_string(),
+                    source_label: webview_label.to_string(),
                     request: request.clone(),
                 },
             );
         }
 
-        emit_approval_requested(&app, approval_id, approval)?;
+        emit_sage_approval_requested(&app, approval_id, approval)?;
         return Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Pending {});
     }
 
@@ -118,7 +113,7 @@ pub async fn process(
         &app,
         &app_state,
         &app_model,
-        &source_label,
+        &webview_label,
         &request,
         registry_kind,
     )
@@ -313,3 +308,19 @@ fn validate_request_basics(
 
     Ok(())
 }
+
+fn emit_sage_approval_requested(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    approval_id: String,
+    approval: RustBridgeApprovalRequest,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    get_sage_webview(app)?
+        .emit(
+            "apps:bridge-approval-requested",
+            RustBridgeApprovalEvent {
+                approval_id,
+                approval,
+            },
+        )
+        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to emit approval request event: {err}"))
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/comms/app/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/app_comms/mod.rs
similarity index 60%
rename from crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/comms/app/mod.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/app_comms/mod.rs
index f370c6102..918f7c29a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/comms/app/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/app_comms/mod.rs
@@ -1,2 +1 @@
-pub mod events;
 pub mod bridge_request;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
index d026c991b..a7d3833c4 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State, Webview};
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::bridge::{registry, response_channel_for_runtime_kind, ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs, RustBridgeInvokeResult, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
-use crate::bridge::comms::app::bridge_request::{execute_bridge_request, process};
-use crate::bridge::comms::app::events::emit_bridge_response_to_source;
+use crate::bridge::app_comms::bridge_request::{execute_bridge_request, process};
+use crate::bridge::event_emit::emit_bridge_response_to_source;
 use crate::host::AppState;
 use crate::permissions::{user_capability_definition_view, user_registry};
 use crate::runtime::assert_bridge_origin;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/comms/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/comms/mod.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 820ad6ba8..000000000
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/comms/mod.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-pub mod sage;
-pub mod app;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/comms/sage/events.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/comms/sage/events.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 47e69fc2d..000000000
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/comms/sage/events.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-use tauri::{AppHandle, Emitter};
-use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalEvent, RustBridgeApprovalRequest};
-use crate::runtime::webview_locator::{get_sage_webview};
-
-pub(crate) fn emit_approval_requested(
-    app: &AppHandle,
-    approval_id: String,
-    approval: RustBridgeApprovalRequest,
-) -> Result<(), String> {
-    get_sage_webview(app)?
-        .emit(
-            "apps:bridge-approval-requested",
-            RustBridgeApprovalEvent {
-                approval_id,
-                approval,
-            },
-        )
-        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to emit approval request event: {err}"))
-}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/comms/sage/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/comms/sage/mod.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index a9970c28f..000000000
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/comms/sage/mod.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-pub mod events;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/comms/app/events.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/comms/app/events.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
index 21922c3ec..f60995069 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use crate::bridge::{
     RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse,
 };
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
-use crate::bridge::comms::app::events::emit_bridge_event_to_app_id;
+use crate::bridge::event_emit::emit_bridge_event_to_app_id;
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::{encode_request_success, resolve_app_base_path};
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::events::EventForApp;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs
index 094efaff9..95cbc57f5 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use crate::bridge::{
     RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse,
 };
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
-use crate::bridge::comms::app::events::emit_bridge_event_to_app_id;
+use crate::bridge::event_emit::emit_bridge_event_to_app_id;
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::{encode_request_success, resolve_app_base_path};
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::events::EventForApp;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
index 3ca2c007c..af437fc99 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,8 @@ pub mod types;
 pub mod ts_exports;
 pub mod capabilities;
 pub mod commands;
-pub mod comms;
+pub mod app_comms;
+pub mod event_emit;
 
 pub use types::{
     ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs, RustBridgeApprovalEvent, RustBridgeApprovalRequest,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage_cleanup.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage_cleanup.rs
index a421b262a..f488b0648 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage_cleanup.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage_cleanup.rs
@@ -174,12 +174,7 @@ pub async fn apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data(
     app: AppHandle,
     app_id: String,
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
-    let base_path = app
-        .path()
-        .app_data_dir()
-        .map_err(|e| format!("failed to resolve app data dir: {e}"))?;
-
-    let resolved = resolve_app(&base_path, &app_id)?;
+    let resolved = resolve_app(&app, &app_id)?;
 
     close_runtime_internal(&app, &app.state(), &app_id).await?;
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update.rs
index 674507436..14a26d7ce 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ use tauri::{State, command};
 use tauri::AppHandle;
 
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
-use crate::bridge::comms::app::events::emit_bridge_event_to_app_id;
+use crate::bridge::event_emit::emit_bridge_event_to_app_id;
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::events::EventForApp;
 use crate::bridge::USER_BRIDGE_CHANNEL;
 use crate::host::{AppState, Result};
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
index 67e0f8826..3525ef4da 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 use std::collections::BTreeMap;
-use std::path::Path;
 
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager};
 use url::Url;
@@ -10,7 +9,7 @@ use crate::sandbox::build_builtin_test_app;
 use crate::system_apps::build_builtin_system_app;
 use crate::types::SageApp;
 
-fn app_id_from_inline_label(label: &str) -> Option<(SageAppRuntimeKind, &str)> {
+fn app_id_from_webview_label(label: &str) -> Option<(SageAppRuntimeKind, &str)> {
     if let Some(app_id) = label.strip_prefix("app-inline-") {
         return Some((SageAppRuntimeKind::User, app_id));
     }
@@ -64,8 +63,13 @@ pub fn build_entry_src(
     url.to_string()
 }
 
-pub fn resolve_app(base_path: &Path, app_id: &str) -> Result<SageApp, String> {
-    if let Ok(app) = read_installed_app_by_id(base_path, app_id) {
+pub fn resolve_app(app: &AppHandle, app_id: &str) -> Result<SageApp, String> {
+    let base_path = app
+        .path()
+        .app_data_dir()
+        .map_err(|e| format!("failed to resolve app data dir: {e}"))?;
+
+    if let Ok(app) = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, app_id) {
         return Ok(SageApp::User(app));
     }
 
@@ -82,28 +86,23 @@ pub fn resolve_app(base_path: &Path, app_id: &str) -> Result<SageApp, String> {
 
 pub(crate) fn assert_bridge_origin(
     app: AppHandle,
-    app_webview_label: String,
+    webview_label: String,
 ) -> Result<(String, SageAppRuntimeKind), String> {
-    let (runtime_kind, app_id) = app_id_from_inline_label(&app_webview_label)
-        .ok_or_else(|| format!("invalid app runtime label: {app_webview_label}"))?;
+    let (runtime_kind, app_id) = app_id_from_webview_label(&webview_label)
+        .ok_or_else(|| format!("invalid app runtime label: {webview_label}"))?;
 
     let app_id = app_id.to_string();
 
-    let base_path = app
-        .path()
-        .app_data_dir()
-        .map_err(|e| format!("failed to resolve app data dir: {e}"))?;
-
-    let resolved = resolve_app(&base_path, &app_id)?;
+    let resolved = resolve_app(&app, &app_id)?;
     let expected_runtime_kind = runtime_kind_for_app(&resolved);
 
     if runtime_kind != expected_runtime_kind {
         return Err(format!(
-            "bridge denied for {app_webview_label}: runtime kind mismatch (label={runtime_kind:?}, app={expected_runtime_kind:?})"
+            "bridge denied for {webview_label}: runtime kind mismatch (label={runtime_kind:?}, app={expected_runtime_kind:?})"
         ));
     }
 
-    let app_webview = get_webview_in_sage_window(&app, &app_webview_label)?;
+    let app_webview = get_webview_in_sage_window(&app, &webview_label)?;
 
     let current_url = app_webview
         .url()
@@ -111,7 +110,7 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_bridge_origin(
 
     if !is_allowed_app_url(&current_url, resolved.origin_id(), runtime_kind) {
         return Err(format!(
-            "bridge denied for {app_webview_label}: current url {} is outside {}://{}/...",
+            "bridge denied for {webview_label}: current url {} is outside {}://{}/...",
             current_url,
             protocol_scheme_for_runtime_kind(runtime_kind),
             resolved.origin_id()
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
index 51fb7c8e6..00288a261 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 use serde::Deserialize;
 use specta::Type;
-use tauri::{AppHandle, LogicalPosition, LogicalSize, Manager, State, WebviewUrl};
+use tauri::{AppHandle, LogicalPosition, LogicalSize, State, WebviewUrl};
 use tauri::webview::NewWindowResponse;
 use crate::{sandbox, AppsHostState};
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
@@ -29,12 +29,7 @@ pub async fn create_inline_runtime(
     apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     args: CreateInlineRuntimeArgs,
 ) -> Result<SageAppRuntimeRecord, String> {
-    let base_path = app
-        .path()
-        .app_data_dir()
-        .map_err(|e| format!("failed to resolve app data dir: {e}"))?;
-
-    let resolved = resolve_app(&base_path, &args.app_id)?;
+    let resolved = resolve_app(&app, &args.app_id)?;
     let runtime_kind = runtime_kind_for_app(&resolved);
     let webview_label = inline_label_for(resolved.id(), runtime_kind);
     let runtime_id = runtime_id_for(resolved.id(), runtime_kind);
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs
index 6ce868469..923c25179 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use std::time::Duration;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
-use tauri::{AppHandle, Emitter, Manager, State};
+use tauri::{AppHandle, Emitter, State};
 use tokio::sync::oneshot;
 use tokio::time::timeout;
 use uuid::Uuid;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/commands.rs
index 7c459b535..9661e64bd 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/commands.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
+use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
 use crate::runtime::resolve_app;
 use crate::state::AppsHostState;
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ pub async fn apps_get_sandbox_state(
 ) -> Result<SandboxStateView, String> {
     let baseline = apps_state.sandbox.baseline.lock().await.clone();
     let current_run = apps_state.sandbox.current_run.lock().await.clone();
+
     Ok(build_state_view(&baseline, current_run.as_ref()))
 }
 
@@ -25,15 +26,11 @@ pub async fn apps_get_app_launch_gate(
     apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: String,
 ) -> Result<AppLaunchGateResult, String> {
-    let base_path = app
-        .path()
-        .app_data_dir()
-        .map_err(|e| format!("failed to resolve app data dir: {e}"))?;
-
-    let installed = resolve_app(&base_path, &app_id)?;
+    let installed = resolve_app(&app, &app_id)?;
 
     let baseline = apps_state.sandbox.baseline.lock().await.clone();
     let current_run = apps_state.sandbox.current_run.lock().await.clone();
+
     let effective = build_effective_state(&baseline, current_run.as_ref());
 
     Ok(evaluate_app_launch_gate(&installed, &effective))

From 7c1e20c9c2199e4aaa73f51cd1032b069cd563f0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 25 Apr 2026 22:57:02 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 206/471] Add `state.rs` for managing pending bridge approvals
 and update bridge response emit logic.

---
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs   |  7 +++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs          |  1 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/state.rs        | 39 +++++++++++++++++++++
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs | 15 +++-----
 4 files changed, 51 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/state.rs

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs
index ab788cca4..98935a73d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ use tauri::{AppHandle, Emitter, Manager};
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::bridge::{response_channel_for_runtime_kind, RustBridgeResponse};
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::events::EventForApp;
+use crate::runtime::{app_id_from_webview_label};
 use crate::runtime::state::read::{find_runtime_by_app_id_optional};
 use crate::runtime::state::types::SageAppRuntimeKind;
 use crate::runtime::webview_locator::{get_webview_in_sage_window};
@@ -9,9 +10,13 @@ use crate::runtime::webview_locator::{get_webview_in_sage_window};
 pub(crate) fn emit_bridge_response_to_source(
     app: &AppHandle,
     app_webview_label: &str,
-    runtime_kind: SageAppRuntimeKind,
     response: &RustBridgeResponse,
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let (runtime_kind, _) = app_id_from_webview_label(app_webview_label).ok_or_else(|| {
+        format!(
+            "invalid webview label for bridge response: {app_webview_label}"
+        )
+    })?;
     get_webview_in_sage_window(app, app_webview_label)?
         .emit(&response_event_for_runtime_kind(runtime_kind), response)
         .map_err(|err| format!("failed to emit bridge response: {err}"))
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
index af437fc99..5e9711cbd 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ pub mod capabilities;
 pub mod commands;
 pub mod app_comms;
 pub mod event_emit;
+pub mod state;
 
 pub use types::{
     ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs, RustBridgeApprovalEvent, RustBridgeApprovalRequest,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/state.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/state.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..69efe1a7f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/state.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+use tauri::State;
+use crate::AppsHostState;
+use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
+use crate::bridge::types::PendingBridgeApproval;
+use crate::types::SageApp;
+
+pub(crate) async fn write_pending_approval(
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    approval_id: &str,
+    sage_app: &SageApp,
+    webview_label: &str,
+    request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+) {
+    let mut pending = apps_state.bridge.pending_approvals.lock().await;
+    pending.insert(
+        approval_id.to_string(),
+        PendingBridgeApproval {
+            app_id: sage_app.id().to_string(),
+            webview_label: webview_label.to_string(),
+            request: request.clone(),
+        },
+    );
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn find_pending_approval(
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    approval_id: &str,
+) -> Option<PendingBridgeApproval> {
+    let pending = apps_state.bridge.pending_approvals.lock().await;
+    pending.get(approval_id).cloned()
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn remove_pending_approval(
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    approval_id: &str,
+) {
+    let mut pending = apps_state.bridge.pending_approvals.lock().await;
+    pending.remove(approval_id);
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs
index 55f805d35..5f18ee774 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs
@@ -9,39 +9,34 @@ pub async fn write_runtime_and_emit_changed(
     app: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     record: SageAppRuntimeRecord,
-) -> Result<(), String> {
-    write_runtime(apps_state, record).await?;
+) {
+    write_runtime(apps_state, record).await;
     emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(app, apps_state).await;
-
-    Ok(())
 }
 
 pub async fn write_runtime_id_by_app_id(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app: &SageApp,
     runtime_id: String,
-) -> Result<(), String> {
+) {
     let mut runtime_by_app_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_id_by_app_id.lock().await;
     runtime_by_app_id.insert(app.id().to_string(), runtime_id);
-    Ok(())
 }
 
 pub async fn write_pending_stop_ready(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     request_id: &String,
     tx: tokio::sync::oneshot::Sender<()>,
-) -> Result<(), String> {
+) {
     let mut pending = apps_state.runtime.pending_stop_ready.lock().await;
     pending.insert(request_id.clone(), tx);
-    Ok(())
 }
 
 
 async fn write_runtime(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     record: SageAppRuntimeRecord,
-) -> Result<(), String> {
+) {
     let mut by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_by_runtime_id.lock().await;
     by_runtime_id.insert(record.runtime_id.clone(), record);
-    Ok(())
 }

From e5fc85b1fcb1374a5bf8ea468528bdb38f573124 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 25 Apr 2026 23:16:53 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 207/471] Refactor bridge and runtime logic:

- Replace `BridgeRegistryKind` with `app-specific registry` and update related logic.
- Simplify runtime state handlers: remove redundant result propagation.
- Add `get_pending_approval` helper for managing bridge approvals.
- Consolidate `response_channel` utilities for better readability and modularity.
---
 .../src/bridge/app_comms/bridge_request.rs    | 38 ++++++++---------
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs       | 41 ++++++-------------
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs            |  8 ----
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs       |  9 +++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/state.rs          | 11 ++++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs          |  4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs       |  4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs       |  2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs         |  4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs          |  2 +-
 10 files changed, 55 insertions(+), 68 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/app_comms/bridge_request.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/app_comms/bridge_request.rs
index c4305a343..678a54674 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/app_comms/bridge_request.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/app_comms/bridge_request.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use tauri::{AppHandle, Emitter, Manager, State, Webview};
 use uuid::Uuid;
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::{BridgeCapability, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
-use crate::bridge::{registry, response_channel_for_registry_kind, RustBridgeApprovalEvent, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeInvokeResult, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
+use crate::bridge::{response_channel_for_runtime_kind, RustBridgeApprovalEvent, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeInvokeResult, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeTools};
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodCapability;
 use crate::bridge::registry::BridgeRegistry;
@@ -19,10 +19,9 @@ pub async fn process(
     webview: Webview,
     app_state: State<'_, AppState>,
     request: RustBridgeRequest,
-    expected_runtime_kind: Option<SageAppRuntimeKind>,
-    registry_kind: registry::BridgeRegistryKind,
+    expected_runtime_kind: SageAppRuntimeKind,
 ) -> Result<RustBridgeInvokeResult, String> {
-    let expected_channel = response_channel_for_registry_kind(registry_kind);
+    let expected_channel = response_channel_for_runtime_kind(expected_runtime_kind);
 
     if let Err(response) = validate_request_basics(&request, expected_channel) {
         return Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Immediate { response });
@@ -44,22 +43,19 @@ pub async fn process(
         }
     };
 
-    if let Some(expected_runtime_kind) = expected_runtime_kind {
-        if runtime_kind != expected_runtime_kind {
-            return Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Immediate {
-                response: RustBridgeResponse::error(
-                    expected_channel,
-                    &request.id,
-                    "permission_denied",
-                    "This bridge is not available for this runtime kind",
-                ),
-            });
-        }
+    if runtime_kind != expected_runtime_kind {
+        return Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Immediate {
+            response: RustBridgeResponse::error(
+                expected_channel,
+                &request.id,
+                "permission_denied",
+                "This bridge is not available for this runtime kind",
+            ),
+        });
     }
 
     let app_model = resolve_app(&app, &app_id)?;
-
-    let registry = BridgeRegistry::new(registry_kind);
+    let registry = BridgeRegistry::new_for_app(&app_model);
 
     let Some(method) = registry.get(&request.method) else {
         return Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Immediate {
@@ -98,8 +94,8 @@ pub async fn process(
             pending.insert(
                 approval_id.clone(),
                 PendingBridgeApproval {
-                    app: app_model.clone(),
-                    source_label: webview_label.to_string(),
+                    app_id: app_model.id().to_string(),
+                    app_webview_label: webview_label.to_string(),
                     request: request.clone(),
                 },
             );
@@ -115,7 +111,6 @@ pub async fn process(
         &app_model,
         &webview_label,
         &request,
-        registry_kind,
     )
         .await;
 
@@ -256,9 +251,8 @@ pub(crate) async fn execute_bridge_request(
     app: &SageApp,
     source_label: &str,
     request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-    registry_kind: registry::BridgeRegistryKind,
 ) -> RustBridgeResponse {
-    let registry = BridgeRegistry::new(registry_kind);
+    let registry = BridgeRegistry::new_for_app(&app);
 
     let Some(method) = registry.get(&request.method) else {
         return RustBridgeResponse::error(
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
index a7d3833c4..a141a2971 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,14 @@
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State, Webview};
 use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::bridge::{registry, response_channel_for_runtime_kind, ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs, RustBridgeInvokeResult, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
+use crate::bridge::{response_channel_for_runtime_kind, ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs, RustBridgeInvokeResult, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
 use crate::bridge::app_comms::bridge_request::{execute_bridge_request, process};
 use crate::bridge::event_emit::emit_bridge_response_to_source;
+use crate::bridge::state::{get_pending_approval, remove_pending_approval};
 use crate::host::AppState;
 use crate::permissions::{user_capability_definition_view, user_registry};
-use crate::runtime::assert_bridge_origin;
+use crate::runtime::{assert_bridge_origin, resolve_app};
 use crate::runtime::state::types::SageAppRuntimeKind;
-use crate::types::{SageApp, SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView};
+use crate::types::{SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView};
 
 #[tauri::command]
 #[specta::specta]
@@ -22,8 +23,7 @@ pub async fn apps_invoke_bridge(
         webview,
         app_state,
         request,
-        None,
-        registry::BridgeRegistryKind::User,
+        SageAppRuntimeKind::User,
     )
         .await
 }
@@ -41,8 +41,7 @@ pub async fn apps_invoke_system_bridge(
         webview,
         app_state,
         request,
-        Some(SageAppRuntimeKind::System),
-        registry::BridgeRegistryKind::System,
+        SageAppRuntimeKind::System,
     )
         .await
 }
@@ -55,24 +54,11 @@ pub async fn apps_resolve_bridge_approval(
     apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     args: ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs,
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
-    let pending = {
-        let mut pending = apps_state.bridge.pending_approvals.lock().await;
-        pending.remove(&args.approval_id)
-    }
-        .ok_or_else(|| format!("unknown approval id: {}", args.approval_id))?;
+    let pending = get_pending_approval(&apps_state, &args.approval_id).await?;
+    remove_pending_approval(&apps_state, &args.approval_id).await;
 
-    let runtime_kind = match assert_bridge_origin(app.clone(), pending.source_label.clone()) {
-        Ok((_, runtime_kind)) => runtime_kind,
-        Err(_) => match pending.app {
-            SageApp::System(_) => SageAppRuntimeKind::System,
-            SageApp::User(_) => SageAppRuntimeKind::User,
-        },
-    };
-
-    let registry_kind = match runtime_kind {
-        SageAppRuntimeKind::User => registry::BridgeRegistryKind::User,
-        SageAppRuntimeKind::System => registry::BridgeRegistryKind::System,
-    };
+    let (app_id, runtime_kind) = assert_bridge_origin(app.clone(), pending.app_webview_label.clone())?;
+    let app_model = resolve_app(&app, &app_id)?;
 
     let response = if !args.approved {
         RustBridgeResponse::error(
@@ -86,15 +72,14 @@ pub async fn apps_resolve_bridge_approval(
         execute_bridge_request(
             &app,
             &app_state,
-            &pending.app,
-            &pending.source_label,
+            &app_model,
+            &pending.app_webview_label,
             &pending.request,
-            registry_kind,
         )
             .await
     };
 
-    emit_bridge_response_to_source(&app, &pending.source_label, runtime_kind, &response)?;
+    emit_bridge_response_to_source(&app, &pending.app_webview_label, &response)?;
     Ok(())
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
index 5e9711cbd..6050a64f3 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ pub use types::{
     RustBridgeErrorPayload, RustBridgeErrorResponse, RustBridgeInvokeResult,
     RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse, RustBridgeSuccessResponse,
 };
-use crate::bridge::registry::BridgeRegistryKind;
 use crate::runtime::state::types::SageAppRuntimeKind;
 
 pub const USER_BRIDGE_CHANNEL: &str = "sage-bridge";
@@ -25,10 +24,3 @@ pub(crate) fn response_channel_for_runtime_kind(runtime_kind: SageAppRuntimeKind
         SageAppRuntimeKind::System => SYSTEM_BRIDGE_CHANNEL,
     }
 }
-
-pub(crate) fn response_channel_for_registry_kind(registry_kind: BridgeRegistryKind) -> &'static str {
-    match registry_kind {
-        BridgeRegistryKind::User => USER_BRIDGE_CHANNEL,
-        BridgeRegistryKind::System => SYSTEM_BRIDGE_CHANNEL,
-    }
-}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs
index 9fcc90b91..16294f832 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use std::collections::HashMap;
-
+use crate::types::SageApp;
 use super::methods::BridgeMethod;
 use super::methods::system::runtime_manager::{
     RuntimeManagerFocusRuntime, RuntimeManagerHideRuntime,
@@ -37,6 +37,13 @@ impl BridgeRegistry {
         }
     }
 
+    pub fn new_for_app(app: &SageApp) -> Self {
+        match app {
+            SageApp::User(_) => Self::new(BridgeRegistryKind::User),
+            SageApp::System(_) => Self::new(BridgeRegistryKind::System),
+        }
+    }
+
     pub fn get(&self, method: &str) -> Option<&dyn BridgeMethod> {
         self.methods.get(method).map(|method| method.as_ref())
     }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/state.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/state.rs
index 69efe1a7f..ff8535dea 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/state.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/state.rs
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn write_pending_approval(
         approval_id.to_string(),
         PendingBridgeApproval {
             app_id: sage_app.id().to_string(),
-            webview_label: webview_label.to_string(),
+            app_webview_label: webview_label.to_string(),
             request: request.clone(),
         },
     );
@@ -30,6 +30,15 @@ pub(crate) async fn find_pending_approval(
     pending.get(approval_id).cloned()
 }
 
+pub(crate) async fn get_pending_approval(
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    approval_id: &str,
+) -> Result<PendingBridgeApproval, String> {
+    find_pending_approval(apps_state, approval_id).await.ok_or_else(|| {
+        format!("No pending approval with id {}", approval_id)
+    })
+}
+
 pub(crate) async fn remove_pending_approval(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     approval_id: &str,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs
index 444b271a9..f0b279240 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs
@@ -10,8 +10,8 @@ use crate::types::{SageApp, SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView, SageNetworkPermissi
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct PendingBridgeApproval {
-    pub app: SageApp,
-    pub source_label: String,
+    pub app_id: String,
+    pub app_webview_label: String,
     pub request: RustBridgeRequest,
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
index ce491d2c7..08876e565 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn focus_runtime(
     runtime.state = "running".into();
     runtime.last_active_at = unix_timestamp_ms();
 
-    write_runtime_and_emit_changed(app, apps_state, runtime.clone()).await?;
+    write_runtime_and_emit_changed(app, apps_state, runtime.clone()).await;
     Ok(runtime)
 }
 
@@ -89,6 +89,6 @@ pub(crate) async fn hide_runtime(
     runtime.state = "hidden".into();
     runtime.last_active_at = unix_timestamp_ms();
 
-    write_runtime_and_emit_changed(app, apps_state, runtime.clone()).await?;
+    write_runtime_and_emit_changed(app, apps_state, runtime.clone()).await;
     Ok(runtime)
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
index 3525ef4da..3335802db 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ use crate::sandbox::build_builtin_test_app;
 use crate::system_apps::build_builtin_system_app;
 use crate::types::SageApp;
 
-fn app_id_from_webview_label(label: &str) -> Option<(SageAppRuntimeKind, &str)> {
+pub fn app_id_from_webview_label(label: &str) -> Option<(SageAppRuntimeKind, &str)> {
     if let Some(app_id) = label.strip_prefix("app-inline-") {
         return Some((SageAppRuntimeKind::User, app_id));
     }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
index 00288a261..b2c406d88 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
@@ -138,11 +138,11 @@ pub async fn create_inline_runtime(
         internal: args.internal,
     };
 
-    write_runtime_id_by_app_id(&apps_state, &resolved, runtime_id).await?;
     if !args.visible {
         let _ = get_webview_in_sage_window(&app, &webview_label)?.hide();
     }
-    write_runtime_and_emit_changed(&app, &apps_state, record.clone()).await?;
+    write_runtime_id_by_app_id(&apps_state, &resolved, runtime_id).await;
+    write_runtime_and_emit_changed(&app, &apps_state, record.clone()).await;
 
     Ok(record)
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs
index 923c25179..eb77c8ae4 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ async fn wait_for_before_stop_ack(
     let request_id = Uuid::new_v4().to_string();
     let (tx, rx) = oneshot::channel();
 
-    write_pending_stop_ready(apps_state, &request_id, tx).await?;
+    write_pending_stop_ready(apps_state, &request_id, tx).await;
 
     let detail = SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail {
         request_id: request_id.clone(),

From 5bb9959c8711191a211e95bdff0e60f58f8ef547 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 25 Apr 2026 23:23:14 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 208/471] Refactor bridge module structure and capability
 handling:

- Relocate and rename `app_comms::bridge_request` to `bridge::bridge_request` for improved clarity.
- Introduce `write_pending_approval` helper to streamline pending approval management.
- Replace `authorize_*` functions with `verify_*` for better naming consistency.
- Remove unused `app_comms` module and update imports across bridge modules accordingly.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/app_comms/mod.rs  |  1 -
 .../bridge/{app_comms => }/bridge_request.rs  | 89 ++++++++-----------
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs       |  2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs            |  2 +-
 4 files changed, 41 insertions(+), 53 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/app_comms/mod.rs
 rename crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/{app_comms => }/bridge_request.rs (92%)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/app_comms/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/app_comms/mod.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 918f7c29a..000000000
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/app_comms/mod.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-pub mod bridge_request;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/app_comms/bridge_request.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
similarity index 92%
rename from crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/app_comms/bridge_request.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
index 678a54674..7c7f5eaf7 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/app_comms/bridge_request.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use crate::bridge::{response_channel_for_runtime_kind, RustBridgeApprovalEvent,
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeTools};
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodCapability;
 use crate::bridge::registry::BridgeRegistry;
-use crate::bridge::types::PendingBridgeApproval;
+use crate::bridge::state::write_pending_approval;
 use crate::host::AppState;
 use crate::permissions::{require_system_capability_definition, require_user_capability_definition, resolve_effective_granted_capabilities};
 use crate::runtime::{assert_bridge_origin, resolve_app};
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ pub async fn process(
         BridgeMethodCapability::Ungated => {}
         BridgeMethodCapability::Required(capability) => {
             if let Err(response) =
-                authorize_method_capability(&app_model, &request, capability)
+                verify_capability(&app_model, &request, capability)
             {
                 return Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Immediate { response });
             }
@@ -88,18 +88,8 @@ pub async fn process(
     ) {
         let approval_id = Uuid::new_v4().to_string();
 
-        {
-            let apps_state = app.state::<AppsHostState>();
-            let mut pending = apps_state.bridge.pending_approvals.lock().await;
-            pending.insert(
-                approval_id.clone(),
-                PendingBridgeApproval {
-                    app_id: app_model.id().to_string(),
-                    app_webview_label: webview_label.to_string(),
-                    request: request.clone(),
-                },
-            );
-        }
+        let apps_state = app.state::<AppsHostState>();
+        write_pending_approval(&apps_state, &approval_id, &app_model, &webview_label, &request).await;
 
         emit_sage_approval_requested(&app, approval_id, approval)?;
         return Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Pending {});
@@ -117,8 +107,38 @@ pub async fn process(
     Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Immediate { response })
 }
 
+pub(crate) async fn execute_bridge_request(
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
+    app_state: &State<'_, AppState>,
+    app: &SageApp,
+    source_label: &str,
+    request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+) -> RustBridgeResponse {
+    let registry = BridgeRegistry::new_for_app(&app);
+
+    let Some(method) = registry.get(&request.method) else {
+        return RustBridgeResponse::error(
+            &request.channel,
+            &request.id,
+            "method_not_found",
+            format!("Unknown bridge method: {}", request.method),
+        );
+    };
+
+    method
+        .handle(
+            BridgeContext { app, source_label },
+            BridgeTools {
+                app_handle,
+                app_state,
+                host_state: &app_handle.state::<AppsHostState>(),
+            },
+            request,
+        )
+        .await
+}
 
-fn authorize_method_capability(
+fn verify_capability(
     app: &SageApp,
     request: &RustBridgeRequest,
     capability: BridgeCapability,
@@ -138,7 +158,7 @@ fn authorize_method_capability(
                     )
                 })?;
 
-            authorize_user_capability(
+            verify_user_capability(
                 app,
                 request,
                 capability,
@@ -160,7 +180,7 @@ fn authorize_method_capability(
                     )
                 })?;
 
-            authorize_system_capability(
+            verify_system_capability(
                 app,
                 request,
                 capability,
@@ -170,7 +190,7 @@ fn authorize_method_capability(
     }
 }
 
-fn authorize_user_capability(
+fn verify_user_capability(
     app: &SageApp,
     request: &RustBridgeRequest,
     capability: UserBridgeCapability,
@@ -213,7 +233,7 @@ fn authorize_user_capability(
     Ok(())
 }
 
-fn authorize_system_capability(
+fn verify_system_capability(
     app: &SageApp,
     request: &RustBridgeRequest,
     capability: SystemBridgeCapability,
@@ -245,37 +265,6 @@ fn authorize_system_capability(
     Ok(())
 }
 
-pub(crate) async fn execute_bridge_request(
-    app_handle: &AppHandle,
-    app_state: &State<'_, AppState>,
-    app: &SageApp,
-    source_label: &str,
-    request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-) -> RustBridgeResponse {
-    let registry = BridgeRegistry::new_for_app(&app);
-
-    let Some(method) = registry.get(&request.method) else {
-        return RustBridgeResponse::error(
-            &request.channel,
-            &request.id,
-            "method_not_found",
-            format!("Unknown bridge method: {}", request.method),
-        );
-    };
-
-    method
-        .handle(
-            BridgeContext { app, source_label },
-            BridgeTools {
-                app_handle,
-                app_state,
-                host_state: &app_handle.state::<AppsHostState>(),
-            },
-            request,
-        )
-        .await
-}
-
 fn validate_request_basics(
     request: &RustBridgeRequest,
     expected_channel: &str,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
index a141a2971..3edebb28e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State, Webview};
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::bridge::{response_channel_for_runtime_kind, ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs, RustBridgeInvokeResult, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
-use crate::bridge::app_comms::bridge_request::{execute_bridge_request, process};
+use crate::bridge::bridge_request::{execute_bridge_request, process};
 use crate::bridge::event_emit::emit_bridge_response_to_source;
 use crate::bridge::state::{get_pending_approval, remove_pending_approval};
 use crate::host::AppState;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
index 6050a64f3..63536f057 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@ pub mod types;
 pub mod ts_exports;
 pub mod capabilities;
 pub mod commands;
-pub mod app_comms;
 pub mod event_emit;
 pub mod state;
+pub mod bridge_request;
 
 pub use types::{
     ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs, RustBridgeApprovalEvent, RustBridgeApprovalRequest,

From 9a06465776e11b6cc0a6fff742fe2836ea3c6cf3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 25 Apr 2026 23:25:05 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 209/471] Introduce `BridgeState` for managing pending bridge
 approvals:

- Add `BridgeState` with `pending_approvals` field protected by `Mutex`.
- Move `BridgeState` definition from `types.rs` to `state.rs` for better module separation.
- Update imports across bridge modules to reflect the new location.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/state.rs | 7 +++++++
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs | 7 -------
 crates/sage-apps/src/state/host.rs   | 2 +-
 3 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/state.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/state.rs
index ff8535dea..a0caede18 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/state.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/state.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,16 @@
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 use tauri::State;
+use tokio::sync::Mutex;
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
 use crate::bridge::types::PendingBridgeApproval;
 use crate::types::SageApp;
 
+#[derive(Debug, Default)]
+pub struct BridgeState {
+    pending_approvals: Mutex<BTreeMap<String, PendingBridgeApproval>>,
+}
+
 pub(crate) async fn write_pending_approval(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     approval_id: &str,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs
index f0b279240..106572257 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
-use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use serde_json::Value;
 use specta::Type;
 use tauri_specta::Event;
-use tokio::sync::Mutex;
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::wallet::send_xch::WalletSendXchParams;
 use crate::types::{SageApp, SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView, SageNetworkPermissionTarget};
@@ -15,11 +13,6 @@ pub struct PendingBridgeApproval {
     pub request: RustBridgeRequest,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Default)]
-pub struct BridgeState {
-    pub pending_approvals: Mutex<BTreeMap<String, PendingBridgeApproval>>,
-}
-
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct RustBridgeRequest {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/state/host.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/state/host.rs
index 9e1e7e46a..9dc1e5d39 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/state/host.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/state/host.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::bridge::types::BridgeState;
+use crate::bridge::state::BridgeState;
 use crate::runtime::state::types::AppRuntimeState;
 use crate::sandbox::SandboxStateStore;
 

From e0b0737870c920da82f3860d0727713e9c3364f4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sun, 26 Apr 2026 00:07:45 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 210/471] Modularize lifecycle install logic:

- Extract installation commands to a dedicated `commands.rs` file for improved organization.
- Introduce `ZipInstallSource` and `UrlInstallSource` to encapsulate source-specific installation logic.
- Refactor `install_app_zip` and `install_app_url` to use `install_app_from_source` for reduced duplication.
- Relocate reusable functions to dedicated modules for better modularity.
- Streamline permission normalization and validation across install commands.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs     | 807 ------------------
 .../src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs         | 189 ++++
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs | 166 ++++
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs | 218 +++++
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs | 151 ++++
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs    |   8 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mod.rs         |   4 +-
 .../{storage_cleanup.rs => storage.rs}        |  53 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update.rs      |   2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/storage.rs               |   3 +-
 .../sage-apps/tests/apps_storage_cleanup.rs   |   2 +-
 src-tauri/src/lib.rs                          |  12 +-
 12 files changed, 794 insertions(+), 821 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs
 rename crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/{storage_cleanup.rs => storage.rs} (79%)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 047a6b3b6..000000000
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,807 +0,0 @@
-use std::{
-    fs, io,
-    path::Path,
-};
-
-use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
-use tauri::{AppHandle, State, command};
-use uuid::Uuid;
-
-use crate::host::{AppState, Result};
-use crate::lifecycle::{apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data, apps_root, derive_manifest_url, download_url_snapshot, enqueue_pending_storage_cleanup, enqueue_retired_app_origin, fetch_url_manifest, list_installed_apps_internal, prepare_zip_snapshot, read_manifest, read_retired_app_origins, unzip_to_dir, validate_package_structure, write_installed_app_metadata};
-use crate::lifecycle::registry::read_installed_app_by_id;
-use crate::permissions::{normalize_and_validate_granted_permissions, normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions, resolve_capability_flags, resolve_effective_granted_capabilities};
-use crate::types::{
-    InstalledSageAppStorage, ListedSageApp, SageAppCommon,
-    SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppUrlPreview,
-    UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource, SageGrantedPermissions,
-};
-use crate::utils::{bytes_sha256_hex};
-
-fn slugify_name(name: &str) -> String {
-    let mut out = String::new();
-    let mut last_dash = false;
-
-    for ch in name.chars() {
-        if ch.is_ascii_alphanumeric() {
-            out.push(ch.to_ascii_lowercase());
-            last_dash = false;
-        } else if !last_dash {
-            out.push('-');
-            last_dash = true;
-        }
-    }
-
-    let out = out.trim_matches('-').to_string();
-    if out.is_empty() {
-        "app".to_string()
-    } else {
-        out
-    }
-}
-
-fn generate_zip_app_id(name: &str) -> String {
-    format!("{}-{}", slugify_name(name), Uuid::new_v4())
-}
-
-fn generate_url_app_id(manifest_url: &str) -> String {
-    let hash = bytes_sha256_hex(manifest_url.as_bytes());
-    format!("url-{}", &hash[..16])
-}
-
-fn default_url_origin_id(app_id: &str) -> String {
-    app_id.to_string()
-}
-
-fn generate_rotated_url_origin_id(app_id: &str) -> String {
-    let suffix = Uuid::new_v4().simple().to_string();
-    format!("r{}-{}", &suffix[..12], app_id)
-}
-
-fn should_rotate_url_origin_on_install(
-    base_path: &Path,
-    app_id: &str,
-) -> AnyResult<bool> {
-    let retired = read_retired_app_origins(base_path)?;
-    Ok(retired.iter().any(|entry| entry.app_id == app_id))
-}
-
-pub fn normalize_app_url(url: &str) -> AnyResult<String> {
-    let mut parsed = reqwest::Url::parse(url).context("invalid app URL")?;
-
-    let scheme = parsed.scheme();
-    let host = parsed
-        .host_str()
-        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("app URL is missing host"))?
-        .to_ascii_lowercase();
-
-    let is_local_dev_host = host == "localhost" || host == "127.0.0.1" || host == "::1";
-
-    match scheme {
-        "https" => {}
-        "http" if is_local_dev_host => {}
-        "http" => {
-            return Err(anyhow!(
-                "URL app install requires HTTPS, except for localhost/127.0.0.1 development URLs"
-            ));
-        }
-        other => {
-            return Err(anyhow!("unsupported app URL scheme: {other}"));
-        }
-    }
-
-    parsed.set_fragment(None);
-
-    let path = parsed.path();
-    if !path.ends_with('/') {
-        parsed.set_path(&format!("{path}/"));
-    }
-
-    if parsed.query().is_some() {
-        parsed.set_query(None);
-    }
-
-    Ok(parsed.to_string())
-}
-
-fn find_existing_installed_app_by_name(
-    root: &Path,
-    app_name: &str,
-) -> AnyResult<Option<UserSageApp>> {
-    Ok(list_installed_apps_internal(root)?
-        .into_iter()
-        .find_map(|app| match app {
-            ListedSageApp::User(installed) if installed.common.name == app_name => {
-                Some(installed)
-            }
-            _ => None,
-        }))
-}
-
-fn build_installed_app(
-    app_id: String,
-    origin_id: String,
-    app_dir: &Path,
-    manifest: &SageAppPackageManifest,
-    granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
-    permission_flags: crate::types::SageAppCapabilityFlags,
-    storage: InstalledSageAppStorage,
-    source: UserSageAppSource,
-    snapshot: SageAppSnapshot,
-) -> UserSageApp {
-    UserSageApp {
-        common: SageAppCommon {
-            id: app_id,
-            origin_id,
-            name: manifest.name.clone(),
-            version: manifest.version.clone(),
-            app_dir: app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-            entry_file: manifest_entry_file(manifest).to_string(),
-            icon_file: manifest_icon_file(manifest).to_string(),
-            requested_permissions: manifest.permissions.clone(),
-            granted_permissions,
-            capability_flags: permission_flags,
-            storage,
-            active_snapshot: snapshot,
-        },
-        source,
-        pending_update: None,
-    }
-}
-
-fn recreate_app_dir(app_dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<()> {
-    if app_dir.exists() {
-        fs::remove_dir_all(app_dir).with_context(|| {
-            format!("failed to remove existing app dir {}", app_dir.display())
-        })?;
-    }
-
-    fs::create_dir_all(app_dir)
-        .with_context(|| format!("failed to create app dir {}", app_dir.display()))?;
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn resolve_zip_install_target(
-    root: &Path,
-    app_name: &str,
-) -> AnyResult<(String, std::path::PathBuf, Option<UserSageApp>)> {
-    if let Some(existing) = find_existing_installed_app_by_name(root, app_name)? {
-        let app_dir = Path::new(&existing.common.app_dir).to_path_buf();
-        return Ok((existing.common.id.clone(), app_dir, Some(existing)));
-    }
-
-    let app_id = generate_zip_app_id(app_name);
-    Ok((app_id.clone(), root.join(&app_id), None))
-}
-
-fn resolve_url_install_target(
-    root: &Path,
-    manifest_url: &str,
-) -> AnyResult<(String, std::path::PathBuf, Option<UserSageApp>)> {
-    let app_id = generate_url_app_id(manifest_url);
-    let app_dir = root.join(&app_id);
-
-    let existing = if app_dir.exists() {
-        Some(read_installed_app_by_id(root.parent().unwrap_or(root), &app_id)?)
-    } else {
-        None
-    };
-
-    Ok((app_id.clone(), app_dir, existing))
-}
-
-fn normalize_manifest_permissions(
-    mut manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
-) -> AnyResult<SageAppPackageManifest> {
-    manifest.permissions = normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions(&manifest.permissions)?;
-    Ok(manifest)
-}
-
-pub fn manifest_entry_file(manifest: &SageAppPackageManifest) -> &str {
-    manifest.entry.as_deref().unwrap_or("index.html")
-}
-
-pub fn manifest_icon_file(manifest: &SageAppPackageManifest) -> &str {
-    manifest.icon.as_deref().unwrap_or("icon.png")
-}
-
-
-
-#[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios"))]
-async fn allocate_new_storage(
-    app: &AppHandle,
-    _base_path: &Path,
-) -> AnyResult<InstalledSageAppStorage> {
-    loop {
-        let identifier = *Uuid::new_v4().as_bytes();
-        let existing_ids = app
-            .fetch_data_store_identifiers()
-            .await
-            .map_err(|err| anyhow!("failed to fetch data store identifiers: {err}"))?;
-
-        if existing_ids.iter().all(|existing| *existing != identifier) {
-            return Ok(InstalledSageAppStorage::AppleDataStore {
-                identifier_hex: hex::encode(identifier),
-            });
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
-async fn allocate_new_storage(
-    _app: &AppHandle,
-    base_path: &Path,
-) -> AnyResult<InstalledSageAppStorage> {
-    let profiles_root = base_path.join("profiles");
-    fs::create_dir_all(&profiles_root)
-        .with_context(|| format!("failed to create profiles directory {}", profiles_root.display()))?;
-
-    loop {
-        let directory_name = format!("profile-{}", uuid::Uuid::new_v4());
-        let candidate = profiles_root.join(&directory_name);
-
-        if !candidate.exists() {
-            return Ok(InstalledSageAppStorage::WindowsProfile { directory_name });
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg(not(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios", target_os = "windows")))]
-async fn allocate_new_storage(
-    _app: &AppHandle,
-    _base_path: &Path,
-) -> AnyResult<InstalledSageAppStorage> {
-    Ok(InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged)
-}
-
-async fn resolve_storage_for_install(
-    app: &AppHandle,
-    base_path: &Path,
-    existing: Option<&UserSageApp>,
-) -> AnyResult<InstalledSageAppStorage> {
-    if let Some(existing) = existing {
-        return Ok(existing.common.storage.clone());
-    }
-
-    allocate_new_storage(app, base_path).await
-}
-
-pub async fn preview_app_url_internal(app_url: String) -> AnyResult<SageAppUrlPreview> {
-    let app_url = normalize_app_url(&app_url)?;
-
-    let manifest_url = derive_manifest_url(&app_url)?;
-    let (manifest, manifest_hash) = fetch_url_manifest(&manifest_url).await?;
-    let manifest = normalize_manifest_permissions(manifest)?;
-
-    Ok(SageAppUrlPreview {
-        app_url,
-        manifest_url,
-        manifest_hash,
-        manifest,
-    })
-}
-
-#[command]
-#[specta::specta]
-pub async fn preview_app_zip(zip_path: String) -> Result<SageAppPackageManifest> {
-    let unpack_dir = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!(".sage-preview-{}", Uuid::new_v4()));
-
-    let result = (|| -> AnyResult<SageAppPackageManifest> {
-        unzip_to_dir(Path::new(&zip_path), &unpack_dir)?;
-        let package_root = crate::lifecycle::detect_package_root(&unpack_dir)?;
-        let manifest = read_manifest(&package_root)?;
-        validate_package_structure(&package_root)?;
-        normalize_manifest_permissions(manifest)
-    })();
-
-    let _ = fs::remove_dir_all(&unpack_dir);
-
-    result.map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to preview app zip {}: {err}", zip_path)).into())
-}
-
-#[command]
-#[specta::specta]
-pub async fn preview_app_url(app_url: String) -> Result<SageAppUrlPreview> {
-    preview_app_url_internal(app_url)
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to preview app URL: {err}")).into())
-}
-
-#[command]
-#[specta::specta]
-pub async fn list_installed_apps(state: State<'_, AppState>) -> Result<Vec<ListedSageApp>> {
-    let base_path = {
-        let state = state.lock().await;
-        state.path.clone()
-    };
-
-    let root = apps_root(&base_path);
-
-    fs::create_dir_all(&root).map_err(|err| {
-        io::Error::other(format!("failed to create apps directory {}: {err}", root.display()))
-    })?;
-
-    list_installed_apps_internal(&root)
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to list installed apps: {err}")).into())
-}
-
-#[command]
-#[specta::specta]
-pub async fn install_app_zip(
-    app: AppHandle,
-    state: State<'_, AppState>,
-    zip_path: String,
-    granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
-) -> Result<UserSageApp> {
-    let base_path = {
-        let state = state.lock().await;
-        state.path.clone()
-    };
-
-    let root = apps_root(&base_path);
-
-    fs::create_dir_all(&root).map_err(|err| {
-        io::Error::other(format!("failed to create apps directory {}: {err}", root.display()))
-    })?;
-
-    let unpack_dir = root.join(format!(".tmp-{}", Uuid::new_v4()));
-    if unpack_dir.exists() {
-        fs::remove_dir_all(&unpack_dir).map_err(|err| {
-            io::Error::other(format!(
-                "failed to remove temporary unpack directory {}: {err}",
-                unpack_dir.display()
-            ))
-        })?;
-    }
-
-    let result: AnyResult<UserSageApp> = async {
-        unzip_to_dir(Path::new(&zip_path), &unpack_dir)?;
-        let package_root = crate::lifecycle::detect_package_root(&unpack_dir)?;
-        validate_package_structure(&package_root)?;
-
-        let manifest = normalize_manifest_permissions(read_manifest(&package_root)?)?;
-
-        let granted_permissions =
-            normalize_and_validate_granted_permissions(&manifest.permissions, granted_permissions)?;
-
-        let effective_capabilities = resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(
-            &manifest.permissions,
-            &granted_permissions.capabilities,
-        )?;
-        let permission_flags = resolve_capability_flags(&effective_capabilities, None)?;
-
-        let (app_id, app_dir, existing_app) = resolve_zip_install_target(&root, &manifest.name)?;
-        let storage = resolve_storage_for_install(&app, &base_path, existing_app.as_ref()).await?;
-
-        recreate_app_dir(&app_dir)?;
-        let snapshot = prepare_zip_snapshot(&package_root, &app_dir, &manifest)?;
-
-        let installed = build_installed_app(
-            app_id.clone(),
-            app_id,
-            &app_dir,
-            &manifest,
-            granted_permissions,
-            permission_flags,
-            storage,
-            UserSageAppSource::Zip,
-            snapshot,
-        );
-
-        write_installed_app_metadata(&installed, &app_dir)?;
-        Ok(installed)
-    }
-        .await;
-
-    if unpack_dir.exists() {
-        let _ = fs::remove_dir_all(&unpack_dir);
-    }
-
-    result.map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to install app zip {}: {err}", zip_path)).into())
-}
-
-#[command]
-#[specta::specta]
-pub async fn install_app_url(
-    app: AppHandle,
-    state: State<'_, AppState>,
-    app_url: String,
-    granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
-) -> Result<UserSageApp> {
-    let base_path = {
-        let state = state.lock().await;
-        state.path.clone()
-    };
-
-    let root = apps_root(&base_path);
-
-    fs::create_dir_all(&root).map_err(|err| {
-        io::Error::other(format!("failed to create apps directory {}: {err}", root.display()))
-    })?;
-
-    let preview = preview_app_url_internal(app_url.clone())
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to preview app URL {}: {err}", app_url)))?;
-
-    let granted_permissions =
-        normalize_and_validate_granted_permissions(&preview.manifest.permissions, granted_permissions)
-            .map_err(|err| {
-                io::Error::other(format!("invalid granted permissions for URL app {}: {err}", app_url))
-            })?;
-
-    let effective_capabilities = resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(
-        &preview.manifest.permissions,
-        &granted_permissions.capabilities,
-    )
-        .map_err(|err| {
-            io::Error::other(format!("invalid granted permission policy for URL app {}: {err}", app_url))
-        })?;
-
-    let permission_flags = resolve_capability_flags(&effective_capabilities, None)
-        .map_err(|err| {
-            io::Error::other(format!("invalid granted permission policy for URL app {}: {err}", app_url))
-        })?;
-
-    let (app_id, app_dir, existing_app) =
-        resolve_url_install_target(&root, &preview.manifest_url)
-            .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to resolve app dir: {err}")))?;
-
-    let storage = resolve_storage_for_install(&app, &base_path, existing_app.as_ref())
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to resolve storage for install: {err}")))?;
-
-    recreate_app_dir(&app_dir)
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to recreate app dir: {err}")))?;
-
-    let snapshot = download_url_snapshot(
-        &app_dir,
-        &preview.app_url,
-        &preview.manifest,
-        &preview.manifest_hash,
-    )
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to download URL app snapshot: {err}")))?;
-
-    let origin_id = match existing_app.as_ref() {
-        Some(existing) => existing.common.origin_id.clone(),
-        None => {
-            if should_rotate_url_origin_on_install(&base_path, &app_id)
-                .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to inspect retired origins: {err}")))? {
-                generate_rotated_url_origin_id(&app_id)
-            } else {
-                default_url_origin_id(&app_id)
-            }
-        }
-    };
-
-    let installed = build_installed_app(
-        app_id.clone(),
-        origin_id,
-        &app_dir,
-        &preview.manifest,
-        granted_permissions,
-        permission_flags,
-        storage,
-        UserSageAppSource::Url {
-            app_url: preview.app_url.clone(),
-            manifest_url: preview.manifest_url.clone(),
-        },
-        snapshot,
-    );
-
-    write_installed_app_metadata(&installed, &app_dir).map_err(|err| {
-        io::Error::other(format!("failed to write installed app metadata for {}: {err}", app_id))
-    })?;
-
-    Ok(installed)
-}
-
-#[command]
-#[specta::specta]
-pub async fn uninstall_app(
-    app: AppHandle,
-    state: State<'_, AppState>,
-    app_id: String,
-) -> Result<()> {
-    let base_path = {
-        let state = state.lock().await;
-        state.path.clone()
-    };
-
-    let installed = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id).ok();
-
-    if let Some(installed) = &installed {
-        let cleanup_result = apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data(app.clone(), app_id.clone()).await;
-
-        match cleanup_result {
-            Ok(()) => {
-                enqueue_retired_app_origin(&base_path, installed, false).map_err(|err| {
-                    io::Error::other(format!(
-                        "failed to retire app origin after uninstall cleanup: {err}"
-                    ))
-                })?;
-            }
-            Err(err) => {
-                enqueue_pending_storage_cleanup(&base_path, installed, &err).map_err(|queue_err| {
-                    io::Error::other(format!(
-                        "failed to enqueue pending storage cleanup after clear failure ({err}): {queue_err}"
-                    ))
-                })?;
-
-                enqueue_retired_app_origin(&base_path, installed, true).map_err(|origin_err| {
-                    io::Error::other(format!(
-                        "failed to retire app origin after cleanup failure ({err}): {origin_err}"
-                    ))
-                })?;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    let dir = apps_root(&base_path).join(&app_id);
-    if dir.exists() {
-        fs::remove_dir_all(&dir).map_err(|err| {
-            io::Error::other(format!(
-                "failed to remove installed app {} at {}: {err}",
-                app_id,
-                dir.display()
-            ))
-        })?;
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use super::*;
-    use std::fs;
-    use tempfile::tempdir;
-    use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
-    use crate::lifecycle::{
-        write_retired_app_origins,
-    };
-    use crate::permissions::normalize_and_validate_granted_network_whitelist;
-    use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, RetiredAppOriginEntry, SageAppCapabilityFlags, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkPermissionTarget, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist, SageRequestedPermissions};
-
-    fn get_dual_example_com_requested_network_permissions() -> SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
-        SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
-            whitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist {
-                required: vec![SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
-                    scheme: "https".into(),
-                    host: "api.example.com".into(),
-                }],
-                optional: vec![SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
-                    scheme: "wss".into(),
-                    host: "ws.example.com".into(),
-                }],
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn sample_manifest() -> SageAppPackageManifest {
-        SageAppPackageManifest {
-            name: "Test App".into(),
-            version: "1.0.0".into(),
-            permissions: SageRequestedPermissions {
-                network: get_dual_example_com_requested_network_permissions(),
-                capabilities: SageRequestedCapabilities {
-                    required: vec![UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage],
-                    optional: vec![UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch],
-                },
-            },
-            files: vec![SageAppManifestFile {
-                path: "index.html".into(),
-                sha256: "a".repeat(64),
-                size: 123,
-            }],
-            entry: Some("index.html".into()),
-            icon: Some("icon.png".into()),
-            author: None,
-            donation: None,
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn sample_app(app_id: &str, origin_id: &str) -> UserSageApp {
-        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-        let app_dir = dir.path().join(app_id);
-        fs::create_dir_all(&app_dir).unwrap();
-
-        UserSageApp {
-            common: SageAppCommon {
-                id: app_id.into(),
-                origin_id: origin_id.into(),
-                name: "Test App".into(),
-                version: "1.0.0".into(),
-                app_dir: app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-                entry_file: "index.html".into(),
-                icon_file: "icon.png".into(),
-                requested_permissions: sample_manifest().permissions.clone(),
-                granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions {
-                    capabilities: vec![UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage],
-                    network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
-                        whitelist: vec![SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
-                            scheme: "https".into(),
-                            host: "api.example.com".into(),
-                        }],
-                    },
-                },
-                capability_flags: SageAppCapabilityFlags::default(),
-                storage: InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
-                active_snapshot: SageAppSnapshot {
-                    manifest_hash: "hash".into(),
-                    snapshot_dir: app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-                    total_bytes: 123,
-                    manifest: sample_manifest(),
-                },
-            },
-            source: UserSageAppSource::Url {
-                app_url: "https://example.com/app/".into(),
-                manifest_url: "https://example.com/app/sage-manifest.json".into(),
-            },
-            pending_update: None,
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn normalize_app_url_keeps_https_and_adds_trailing_slash() {
-        let out = normalize_app_url("https://example.com/app").unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(out, "https://example.com/app/");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn normalize_app_url_strips_query_and_fragment() {
-        let out = normalize_app_url("https://example.com/app?x=1#frag").unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(out, "https://example.com/app/");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn normalize_app_url_allows_localhost_http() {
-        let out = normalize_app_url("http://localhost:4173").unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(out, "http://localhost:4173/");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn normalize_app_url_rejects_non_local_http() {
-        let err = normalize_app_url("http://example.com/app").unwrap_err().to_string();
-        assert!(err.contains("requires HTTPS"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn generate_url_app_id_is_stable_for_same_manifest_url() {
-        let a = generate_url_app_id("https://example.com/app/sage-manifest.json");
-        let b = generate_url_app_id("https://example.com/app/sage-manifest.json");
-        assert_eq!(a, b);
-        assert!(a.starts_with("url-"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn default_url_origin_id_is_same_as_app_id() {
-        assert_eq!(default_url_origin_id("url-abc123"), "url-abc123");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn rotated_url_origin_id_differs_from_app_id() {
-        let origin = generate_rotated_url_origin_id("url-abc123");
-        assert_ne!(origin, "url-abc123");
-        assert!(origin.ends_with("url-abc123"));
-        assert!(origin.starts_with('r'));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn granted_network_whitelist_always_includes_required_and_selected_optional() {
-        let requested = get_dual_example_com_requested_network_permissions();
-
-        let granted = vec![SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
-            scheme: "wss".into(),
-            host: "ws.example.com".into(),
-        }];
-
-        let result =
-            normalize_and_validate_granted_network_whitelist(&requested, &granted).unwrap();
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            result,
-            vec![
-                SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
-                    scheme: "https".into(),
-                    host: "api.example.com".into(),
-                },
-                SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
-                    scheme: "wss".into(),
-                    host: "ws.example.com".into(),
-                },
-            ]
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn granted_network_whitelist_rejects_unrequested_entry() {
-        let requested = SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
-            whitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist {
-                required: vec![],
-                optional: vec![],
-            },
-        };
-
-        let granted = vec![SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
-            scheme: "https".into(),
-            host: "evil.example.com".into(),
-        }];
-
-        let err =
-            normalize_and_validate_granted_network_whitelist(&requested, &granted).unwrap_err();
-
-        assert!(err
-            .to_string()
-            .contains("granted network whitelist entry not requested"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn should_rotate_url_origin_on_install_is_false_without_retired_entry() {
-        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-        assert!(!should_rotate_url_origin_on_install(dir.path(), "url-abc123").unwrap());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn should_rotate_url_origin_on_install_is_true_with_retired_entry() {
-        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-
-        write_retired_app_origins(
-            dir.path(),
-            &[RetiredAppOriginEntry {
-                id: "retired-1".into(),
-                app_id: "url-abc123".into(),
-                app_name: "Test App".into(),
-                origin_id: "url-abc123".into(),
-                created_at_ms: 1,
-                storage_may_contain_secrets: true,
-                cleanup_pending: true,
-            }],
-        )
-            .unwrap();
-
-        assert!(should_rotate_url_origin_on_install(dir.path(), "url-abc123").unwrap());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn build_installed_app_sets_id_and_origin_id_independently() {
-        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-        let app_dir = dir.path().join("url-abc123");
-        fs::create_dir_all(&app_dir).unwrap();
-
-        let manifest = sample_manifest();
-        let app = build_installed_app(
-            "url-abc123".into(),
-            "r123-url-abc123".into(),
-            &app_dir,
-            &manifest,
-            SageGrantedPermissions {
-                capabilities: vec![UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage],
-                network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions { whitelist: vec![] },
-            },
-            SageAppCapabilityFlags::default(),
-            InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
-            UserSageAppSource::Url {
-                app_url: "https://example.com/app/".into(),
-                manifest_url: "https://example.com/app/sage-manifest.json".into(),
-            },
-            SageAppSnapshot {
-                manifest_hash: "hash".into(),
-                snapshot_dir: app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-                total_bytes: 1,
-                manifest: manifest.clone(),
-            },
-        );
-
-        assert_eq!(app.common.id, "url-abc123");
-        assert_eq!(app.common.origin_id, "r123-url-abc123");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn sample_app_helper_is_valid_shape() {
-        let app = sample_app("url-abc123", "origin-1");
-        assert_eq!(app.common.id, "url-abc123");
-        assert_eq!(app.common.origin_id, "origin-1");
-    }
-}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..86414d58f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+use std::{fs, io, path::Path};
+
+use tauri::{command, AppHandle, State};
+
+use crate::host::{AppState, Result};
+use crate::lifecycle::{apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data, apps_root, enqueue_pending_storage_cleanup, enqueue_retired_app_origin, install_app_from_source, list_installed_apps_internal, read_manifest, unzip_to_dir, validate_package_structure};
+use crate::lifecycle::registry::read_installed_app_by_id;
+use crate::permissions::normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions;
+use crate::types::{
+    ListedSageApp, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppUrlPreview, SageGrantedPermissions, UserSageApp,
+};
+use uuid::Uuid;
+use crate::lifecycle::url::{preview_app_url_internal, UrlInstallSource};
+use crate::lifecycle::zip::ZipInstallSource;
+
+#[command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn preview_app_zip(zip_path: String) -> Result<SageAppPackageManifest> {
+    let unpack_dir = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!(".sage-preview-{}", Uuid::new_v4()));
+
+    let result = (|| -> anyhow::Result<SageAppPackageManifest> {
+        unzip_to_dir(Path::new(&zip_path), &unpack_dir)?;
+        let package_root = crate::lifecycle::detect_package_root(&unpack_dir)?;
+        let manifest = read_manifest(&package_root)?;
+        validate_package_structure(&package_root)?;
+
+        let mut manifest = manifest;
+        manifest.permissions =
+            normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions(&manifest.permissions)?;
+
+        Ok(manifest)
+    })();
+
+    let _ = fs::remove_dir_all(&unpack_dir);
+
+    result.map_err(|err| {
+        io::Error::other(format!("failed to preview app zip {}: {err}", zip_path)).into()
+    })
+}
+
+#[command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn preview_app_url(app_url: String) -> Result<SageAppUrlPreview> {
+    preview_app_url_internal(app_url)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to preview app URL: {err}")).into())
+}
+
+#[command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn list_installed_apps(state: State<'_, AppState>) -> Result<Vec<ListedSageApp>> {
+    let base_path = {
+        let state = state.lock().await;
+        state.path.clone()
+    };
+
+    let root = apps_root(&base_path);
+
+    fs::create_dir_all(&root).map_err(|err| {
+        io::Error::other(format!("failed to create apps directory {}: {err}", root.display()))
+    })?;
+
+    list_installed_apps_internal(&root)
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to list installed apps: {err}")).into())
+}
+
+#[command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn install_app_zip(
+    app: AppHandle,
+    state: State<'_, AppState>,
+    zip_path: String,
+    granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
+) -> Result<UserSageApp> {
+    let base_path = {
+        let state = state.lock().await;
+        state.path.clone()
+    };
+
+    let root = apps_root(&base_path);
+
+    fs::create_dir_all(&root).map_err(|err| {
+        io::Error::other(format!("failed to create apps directory {}: {err}", root.display()))
+    })?;
+
+    let source = ZipInstallSource::new(&root, zip_path.clone());
+    let unpack_dir = source.unpack_dir.clone();
+
+    let result = install_app_from_source(
+        &app,
+        &base_path,
+        granted_permissions,
+        source,
+    )
+        .await;
+
+    if unpack_dir.exists() {
+        let _ = fs::remove_dir_all(&unpack_dir);
+    }
+
+    result.map_err(|err| {
+        io::Error::other(format!("failed to install app zip {}: {err}", zip_path)).into()
+    })
+}
+
+#[command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn install_app_url(
+    app: AppHandle,
+    state: State<'_, AppState>,
+    app_url: String,
+    granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
+) -> Result<UserSageApp> {
+    let base_path = {
+        let state = state.lock().await;
+        state.path.clone()
+    };
+
+    install_app_from_source(
+        &app,
+        &base_path,
+        granted_permissions,
+        UrlInstallSource {
+            app_url: app_url.clone(),
+        },
+    )
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| {
+            io::Error::other(format!("failed to install app URL {}: {err}", app_url)).into()
+        })
+}
+
+#[command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn uninstall_app(
+    app: AppHandle,
+    state: State<'_, AppState>,
+    app_id: String,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    let base_path = {
+        let state = state.lock().await;
+        state.path.clone()
+    };
+
+    let installed = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id).ok();
+
+    if let Some(installed) = &installed {
+        let cleanup_result = apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data(app.clone(), app_id.clone()).await;
+
+        match cleanup_result {
+            Ok(()) => {
+                enqueue_retired_app_origin(&base_path, installed, false).map_err(|err| {
+                    io::Error::other(format!(
+                        "failed to retire app origin after uninstall cleanup: {err}"
+                    ))
+                })?;
+            }
+            Err(err) => {
+                enqueue_pending_storage_cleanup(&base_path, installed, &err).map_err(
+                    |queue_err| {
+                        io::Error::other(format!(
+                            "failed to enqueue pending storage cleanup after clear failure ({err}): {queue_err}"
+                        ))
+                    },
+                )?;
+
+                enqueue_retired_app_origin(&base_path, installed, true).map_err(|origin_err| {
+                    io::Error::other(format!(
+                        "failed to retire app origin after cleanup failure ({err}): {origin_err}"
+                    ))
+                })?;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    let dir = apps_root(&base_path).join(&app_id);
+
+    if dir.exists() {
+        fs::remove_dir_all(&dir).map_err(|err| {
+            io::Error::other(format!(
+                "failed to remove installed app {} at {}: {err}",
+                app_id,
+                dir.display()
+            ))
+        })?;
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d38911e15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
+use std::{fs, path::{Path, PathBuf}};
+
+use anyhow::Result as AnyResult;
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+use tauri::AppHandle;
+
+use crate::lifecycle::{
+    allocate_new_storage, apps_root, manifest_entry_file, manifest_icon_file,
+    write_installed_app_metadata,
+};
+use crate::permissions::{
+    normalize_and_validate_granted_permissions,
+    resolve_capability_flags,
+    resolve_effective_granted_capabilities,
+};
+use crate::types::{
+    InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppCapabilityFlags, SageAppCommon,
+    SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissions,
+    UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
+};
+
+pub mod url;
+pub mod zip;
+pub mod commands;
+
+#[async_trait]
+pub trait AppInstallSource {
+    type Prepared: Send + Sync;
+
+    async fn prepare(&self) -> AnyResult<Self::Prepared>;
+
+    fn manifest<'a>(&self, prepared: &'a Self::Prepared) -> &'a SageAppPackageManifest;
+
+    fn source(&self, prepared: &Self::Prepared) -> UserSageAppSource;
+
+    fn resolve_target(
+        &self,
+        root: &Path,
+        base_path: &Path,
+        prepared: &Self::Prepared,
+    ) -> AnyResult<(String, PathBuf, Option<UserSageApp>)>;
+
+    async fn create_snapshot(
+        &self,
+        app_dir: &Path,
+        prepared: &Self::Prepared,
+    ) -> AnyResult<SageAppSnapshot>;
+
+    fn origin_id(
+        &self,
+        _base_path: &Path,
+        app_id: &str,
+        existing: Option<&UserSageApp>,
+    ) -> AnyResult<String> {
+        Ok(existing
+            .map(|app| app.common.origin_id.clone())
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| app_id.to_string()))
+    }
+}
+
+pub async fn install_app_from_source<S>(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    base_path: &Path,
+    granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
+    source: S,
+) -> AnyResult<UserSageApp>
+where
+    S: AppInstallSource + Send + Sync,
+{
+    let root = apps_root(base_path);
+    fs::create_dir_all(&root)?;
+
+    let prepared = source.prepare().await?;
+    let manifest = source.manifest(&prepared);
+
+    let granted_permissions =
+        normalize_and_validate_granted_permissions(&manifest.permissions, granted_permissions)?;
+
+    let effective_capabilities = resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(
+        &manifest.permissions,
+        &granted_permissions.capabilities,
+    )?;
+
+    let permission_flags = resolve_capability_flags(&effective_capabilities, None)?;
+
+    let (app_id, app_dir, existing_app) =
+        source.resolve_target(&root, base_path, &prepared)?;
+
+    let storage =
+        resolve_storage_for_install(app, base_path, existing_app.as_ref()).await?;
+
+    recreate_app_dir(&app_dir)?;
+
+    let snapshot = source.create_snapshot(&app_dir, &prepared).await?;
+
+    let origin_id = source.origin_id(base_path, &app_id, existing_app.as_ref())?;
+
+    let installed = build_installed_app(
+        app_id.clone(),
+        origin_id,
+        &app_dir,
+        manifest,
+        granted_permissions,
+        permission_flags,
+        storage,
+        source.source(&prepared),
+        snapshot,
+    );
+
+    write_installed_app_metadata(&installed, &app_dir)?;
+
+    Ok(installed)
+}
+
+pub fn build_installed_app(
+    app_id: String,
+    origin_id: String,
+    app_dir: &Path,
+    manifest: &SageAppPackageManifest,
+    granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
+    permission_flags: SageAppCapabilityFlags,
+    storage: InstalledSageAppStorage,
+    source: UserSageAppSource,
+    snapshot: SageAppSnapshot,
+) -> UserSageApp {
+    UserSageApp {
+        common: SageAppCommon {
+            id: app_id,
+            origin_id,
+            name: manifest.name.clone(),
+            version: manifest.version.clone(),
+            app_dir: app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+            entry_file: manifest_entry_file(manifest).to_string(),
+            icon_file: manifest_icon_file(manifest).to_string(),
+            requested_permissions: manifest.permissions.clone(),
+            granted_permissions,
+            capability_flags: permission_flags,
+            storage,
+            active_snapshot: snapshot,
+        },
+        source,
+        pending_update: None,
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn recreate_app_dir(app_dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<()> {
+    if app_dir.exists() {
+        fs::remove_dir_all(app_dir)?;
+    }
+
+    fs::create_dir_all(app_dir)?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+async fn resolve_storage_for_install(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    base_path: &Path,
+    existing: Option<&UserSageApp>,
+) -> AnyResult<InstalledSageAppStorage> {
+    if let Some(existing) = existing {
+        return Ok(existing.common.storage.clone());
+    }
+
+    allocate_new_storage(app, base_path).await
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..625d71ac6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,218 @@
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+
+use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+use uuid::Uuid;
+use url::Url;
+
+use crate::lifecycle::{derive_manifest_url, download_url_snapshot, fetch_url_manifest, read_retired_app_origins, AppInstallSource};
+use crate::lifecycle::registry::read_installed_app_by_id;
+use crate::permissions::normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions;
+use crate::types::{
+    SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppUrlPreview,
+    UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
+};
+use crate::utils::bytes_sha256_hex;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct UrlInstallSource {
+    pub app_url: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct PreparedUrlInstall {
+    pub preview: SageAppUrlPreview,
+}
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl AppInstallSource for UrlInstallSource {
+    type Prepared = PreparedUrlInstall;
+
+    async fn prepare(&self) -> AnyResult<Self::Prepared> {
+        Ok(PreparedUrlInstall {
+            preview: preview_app_url_internal(self.app_url.clone()).await?,
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn manifest<'a>(&self, prepared: &'a Self::Prepared) -> &'a SageAppPackageManifest {
+        &prepared.preview.manifest
+    }
+
+    fn source(&self, prepared: &Self::Prepared) -> UserSageAppSource {
+        UserSageAppSource::Url {
+            app_url: prepared.preview.app_url.clone(),
+            manifest_url: prepared.preview.manifest_url.clone(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn resolve_target(
+        &self,
+        root: &Path,
+        _base_path: &Path,
+        prepared: &Self::Prepared,
+    ) -> AnyResult<(String, PathBuf, Option<UserSageApp>)> {
+        resolve_url_install_target(root, &prepared.preview.manifest_url)
+    }
+
+    async fn create_snapshot(
+        &self,
+        app_dir: &Path,
+        prepared: &Self::Prepared,
+    ) -> AnyResult<SageAppSnapshot> {
+        download_url_snapshot(
+            app_dir,
+            &prepared.preview.app_url,
+            &prepared.preview.manifest,
+            &prepared.preview.manifest_hash,
+        )
+            .await
+    }
+
+    fn origin_id(
+        &self,
+        base_path: &Path,
+        app_id: &str,
+        existing: Option<&UserSageApp>,
+    ) -> AnyResult<String> {
+        if let Some(existing) = existing {
+            return Ok(existing.common.origin_id.clone());
+        }
+
+        if should_rotate_url_origin_on_install(base_path, app_id)? {
+            Ok(generate_rotated_url_origin_id(app_id))
+        } else {
+            Ok(default_url_origin_id(app_id))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub async fn preview_app_url_internal(app_url: String) -> AnyResult<SageAppUrlPreview> {
+    let app_url = normalize_app_url(&app_url)?;
+
+    let manifest_url = derive_manifest_url(&app_url)?;
+    let (manifest, manifest_hash) = fetch_url_manifest(&manifest_url).await?;
+    let manifest = normalize_manifest_permissions(manifest)?;
+
+    Ok(SageAppUrlPreview {
+        app_url,
+        manifest_url,
+        manifest_hash,
+        manifest,
+    })
+}
+
+pub fn normalize_app_url(url: &str) -> AnyResult<String> {
+    let mut parsed = Url::parse(url).context("invalid app URL")?;
+
+    let scheme = parsed.scheme();
+    let host = parsed
+        .host_str()
+        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("app URL is missing host"))?
+        .to_ascii_lowercase();
+
+    let is_local_dev_host = host == "localhost" || host == "127.0.0.1" || host == "::1";
+
+    match scheme {
+        "https" => {}
+        "http" if is_local_dev_host => {}
+        "http" => {
+            return Err(anyhow!(
+                "URL app install requires HTTPS, except for localhost/127.0.0.1 development URLs"
+            ));
+        }
+        other => {
+            return Err(anyhow!("unsupported app URL scheme: {other}"));
+        }
+    }
+
+    parsed.set_fragment(None);
+
+    let path = parsed.path();
+    if !path.ends_with('/') {
+        parsed.set_path(&format!("{path}/"));
+    }
+
+    if parsed.query().is_some() {
+        parsed.set_query(None);
+    }
+
+    Ok(parsed.to_string())
+}
+
+pub fn generate_url_app_id(manifest_url: &str) -> String {
+    let hash = bytes_sha256_hex(manifest_url.as_bytes());
+    format!("url-{}-{}", slugify_host(manifest_url), &hash[..16])
+}
+
+pub fn default_url_origin_id(app_id: &str) -> String {
+    app_id.to_string()
+}
+
+pub fn generate_rotated_url_origin_id(app_id: &str) -> String {
+    let suffix = Uuid::new_v4().simple().to_string();
+    format!("r{}-{}", &suffix[..12], app_id)
+}
+
+pub fn should_rotate_url_origin_on_install(
+    base_path: &Path,
+    app_id: &str,
+) -> AnyResult<bool> {
+    let retired = read_retired_app_origins(base_path)?;
+    Ok(retired.iter().any(|entry| entry.app_id == app_id))
+}
+
+pub fn resolve_url_install_target(
+    root: &Path,
+    manifest_url: &str,
+) -> AnyResult<(String, PathBuf, Option<UserSageApp>)> {
+    let app_id = generate_url_app_id(manifest_url);
+    let app_dir = root.join(&app_id);
+
+    let existing = if app_dir.exists() {
+        Some(read_installed_app_by_id(root.parent().unwrap_or(root), &app_id)?)
+    } else {
+        None
+    };
+
+    Ok((app_id.clone(), app_dir, existing))
+}
+
+fn normalize_manifest_permissions(
+    mut manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
+) -> AnyResult<SageAppPackageManifest> {
+    manifest.permissions = normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions(&manifest.permissions)?;
+    Ok(manifest)
+}
+
+fn slugify_host(input: &str) -> String {
+    if let Ok(url) = Url::parse(input) {
+        if let Some(host) = url.host_str() {
+            return slugify_name(host);
+        }
+    }
+
+    slugify_name(input)
+}
+
+fn slugify_name(name: &str) -> String {
+    let mut out = String::new();
+    let mut last_dash = false;
+
+    for ch in name.chars() {
+        if ch.is_ascii_alphanumeric() {
+            out.push(ch.to_ascii_lowercase());
+            last_dash = false;
+        } else if !last_dash {
+            out.push('-');
+            last_dash = true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    let out = out.trim_matches('-').to_string();
+
+    if out.is_empty() {
+        "app".to_string()
+    } else {
+        out
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ea44b03c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+use std::{
+    fs,
+    path::{Path, PathBuf},
+};
+
+use anyhow::Result as AnyResult;
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+use uuid::Uuid;
+
+use crate::lifecycle::{detect_package_root, list_installed_apps_internal, prepare_zip_snapshot, read_manifest, unzip_to_dir, validate_package_structure, AppInstallSource};
+use crate::permissions::normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions;
+use crate::types::{
+    ListedSageApp, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot,
+    UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
+};
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct ZipInstallSource {
+    pub zip_path: String,
+    pub unpack_dir: PathBuf,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct PreparedZipInstall {
+    pub package_root: PathBuf,
+    pub manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
+}
+
+impl ZipInstallSource {
+    pub fn new(root: &Path, zip_path: String) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            zip_path,
+            unpack_dir: root.join(format!(".tmp-{}", Uuid::new_v4())),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn cleanup(&self) {
+        if self.unpack_dir.exists() {
+            let _ = fs::remove_dir_all(&self.unpack_dir);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl AppInstallSource for ZipInstallSource {
+    type Prepared = PreparedZipInstall;
+
+    async fn prepare(&self) -> AnyResult<Self::Prepared> {
+        if self.unpack_dir.exists() {
+            fs::remove_dir_all(&self.unpack_dir)?;
+        }
+
+        unzip_to_dir(Path::new(&self.zip_path), &self.unpack_dir)?;
+
+        let package_root = detect_package_root(&self.unpack_dir)?;
+        validate_package_structure(&package_root)?;
+
+        let manifest = normalize_manifest_permissions(read_manifest(&package_root)?)?;
+
+        Ok(PreparedZipInstall {
+            package_root,
+            manifest,
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn manifest<'a>(&self, prepared: &'a Self::Prepared) -> &'a SageAppPackageManifest {
+        &prepared.manifest
+    }
+
+    fn source(&self, _prepared: &Self::Prepared) -> UserSageAppSource {
+        UserSageAppSource::Zip
+    }
+
+    fn resolve_target(
+        &self,
+        root: &Path,
+        _base_path: &Path,
+        prepared: &Self::Prepared,
+    ) -> AnyResult<(String, PathBuf, Option<UserSageApp>)> {
+        resolve_zip_install_target(root, &prepared.manifest.name)
+    }
+
+    async fn create_snapshot(
+        &self,
+        app_dir: &Path,
+        prepared: &Self::Prepared,
+    ) -> AnyResult<SageAppSnapshot> {
+        prepare_zip_snapshot(&prepared.package_root, app_dir, &prepared.manifest)
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn generate_zip_app_id(name: &str) -> String {
+    format!("{}-{}", slugify_name(name), Uuid::new_v4())
+}
+
+pub fn resolve_zip_install_target(
+    root: &Path,
+    app_name: &str,
+) -> AnyResult<(String, PathBuf, Option<UserSageApp>)> {
+    if let Some(existing) = find_existing_installed_app_by_name(root, app_name)? {
+        let app_dir = Path::new(&existing.common.app_dir).to_path_buf();
+        return Ok((existing.common.id.clone(), app_dir, Some(existing)));
+    }
+
+    let app_id = generate_zip_app_id(app_name);
+    Ok((app_id.clone(), root.join(&app_id), None))
+}
+
+fn find_existing_installed_app_by_name(
+    root: &Path,
+    app_name: &str,
+) -> AnyResult<Option<UserSageApp>> {
+    Ok(list_installed_apps_internal(root)?
+        .into_iter()
+        .find_map(|app| match app {
+            ListedSageApp::User(installed) if installed.common.name == app_name => {
+                Some(installed)
+            }
+            _ => None,
+        }))
+}
+
+fn normalize_manifest_permissions(
+    mut manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
+) -> AnyResult<SageAppPackageManifest> {
+    manifest.permissions = normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions(&manifest.permissions)?;
+    Ok(manifest)
+}
+
+fn slugify_name(name: &str) -> String {
+    let mut out = String::new();
+    let mut last_dash = false;
+
+    for ch in name.chars() {
+        if ch.is_ascii_alphanumeric() {
+            out.push(ch.to_ascii_lowercase());
+            last_dash = false;
+        } else if !last_dash {
+            out.push('-');
+            last_dash = true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    let out = out.trim_matches('-').to_string();
+
+    if out.is_empty() {
+        "app".to_string()
+    } else {
+        out
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs
index a64ce3089..7e44017dd 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs
@@ -13,6 +13,14 @@ use crate::utils::bytes_sha256_hex;
 
 const MANIFEST_FILE_NAME: &str = "sage-manifest.json";
 
+pub fn manifest_entry_file(manifest: &SageAppPackageManifest) -> &str {
+    manifest.entry.as_deref().unwrap_or("index.html")
+}
+
+pub fn manifest_icon_file(manifest: &SageAppPackageManifest) -> &str {
+    manifest.icon.as_deref().unwrap_or("icon.png")
+}
+
 pub fn derive_manifest_url(app_url: &str) -> AnyResult<String> {
     let base = reqwest::Url::parse(app_url)
         .with_context(|| format!("invalid app url: {app_url}"))?;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mod.rs
index 9a6b044c6..3e81f7e8a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mod.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ pub mod manifest;
 pub mod package;
 pub mod registry;
 pub mod snapshot;
-pub mod storage_cleanup;
+pub mod storage;
 pub mod update;
 
 pub use install::*;
@@ -13,5 +13,5 @@ pub use manifest::*;
 pub use package::*;
 pub use registry::*;
 pub use snapshot::*;
-pub use storage_cleanup::*;
+pub use storage::*;
 pub use update::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage_cleanup.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
similarity index 79%
rename from crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage_cleanup.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
index f488b0648..8e07b38fa 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage_cleanup.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 use std::path::Path;
+#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
+use std::path::PathBuf;
 
-use anyhow::Result as AnyResult;
+use anyhow::{anyhow, Result as AnyResult};
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
 use uuid::Uuid;
 use crate::AppsHostState;
@@ -11,9 +13,56 @@ use crate::lifecycle::{
 use crate::runtime::{resolve_app};
 use crate::runtime::stop::close_runtime_internal;
 use crate::storage::{cleanup_target_from_storage, parse_data_store_id};
-use crate::types::{PendingStorageCleanupEntry, PendingStorageCleanupTarget, RetiredAppOriginEntry, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource};
+use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, PendingStorageCleanupEntry, PendingStorageCleanupTarget, RetiredAppOriginEntry, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource};
 use crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms;
 
+#[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios"))]
+pub async fn allocate_new_storage(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    _base_path: &Path,
+) -> AnyResult<InstalledSageAppStorage> {
+    loop {
+        let identifier = *Uuid::new_v4().as_bytes();
+        let existing_ids = app
+            .fetch_data_store_identifiers()
+            .await
+            .map_err(|err| anyhow!("failed to fetch data store identifiers: {err}"))?;
+
+        if existing_ids.iter().all(|existing| *existing != identifier) {
+            return Ok(InstalledSageAppStorage::AppleDataStore {
+                identifier_hex: hex::encode(identifier),
+            });
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
+pub async fn allocate_new_storage(
+    _app: &AppHandle,
+    base_path: &Path,
+) -> AnyResult<InstalledSageAppStorage> {
+    let profiles_root = base_path.join("profiles");
+    fs::create_dir_all(&profiles_root)
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to create profiles directory {}", profiles_root.display()))?;
+
+    loop {
+        let directory_name = format!("profile-{}", uuid::Uuid::new_v4());
+        let candidate = profiles_root.join(&directory_name);
+
+        if !candidate.exists() {
+            return Ok(InstalledSageAppStorage::WindowsProfile { directory_name });
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios", target_os = "windows")))]
+pub async fn allocate_new_storage(
+    _app: &AppHandle,
+    _base_path: &Path,
+) -> AnyResult<InstalledSageAppStorage> {
+    Ok(InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged)
+}
+
 pub fn enqueue_pending_storage_cleanup(
     base_path: &Path,
     app: &UserSageApp,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update.rs
index 14a26d7ce..2cb08e711 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update.rs
@@ -15,11 +15,11 @@ use crate::bridge::USER_BRIDGE_CHANNEL;
 use crate::host::{AppState, Result};
 use crate::lifecycle::{
     download_url_snapshot, manifest_entry_file, manifest_icon_file,
-    preview_app_url_internal,
 };
 use crate::lifecycle::registry::{
     parse_network_permission_target, read_installed_app_by_id, write_installed_app_metadata,
 };
+use crate::lifecycle::url::preview_app_url_internal;
 use crate::permissions::{clear_storage_may_contain_secrets, mark_storage_may_contain_secrets, normalize_user_granted_capabilities, resolve_capability_flags, resolve_effective_granted_capabilities, validate_user_granted_capabilities};
 use crate::permissions::validation::normalize_and_validate_granted_network_whitelist;
 use crate::types::{
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/storage.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/storage.rs
index 1ee515dc7..3887a62da 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/storage.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/storage.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
-use std::path::PathBuf;
+
 use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, PendingStorageCleanupTarget};
 
 #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_storage_cleanup.rs b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_storage_cleanup.rs
index 99386d4e1..46ea7c89c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_storage_cleanup.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_storage_cleanup.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 mod common;
 
 use common::{empty_permissions, sample_manifest_file};
-use sage_apps::lifecycle::storage_cleanup::{
+use sage_apps::lifecycle::storage::{
     enqueue_pending_storage_cleanup, enqueue_retired_app_origin,
 };
 use sage_apps::lifecycle::{
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
index 1c7372fca..02d06393e 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
@@ -152,12 +152,12 @@ pub fn run() {
             apps::sandbox::commands::apps_get_sandbox_state,
             apps::sandbox::commands::apps_get_app_launch_gate,
             apps::sandbox::commands::apps_rerun_sandbox_tests,
-            apps::lifecycle::list_installed_apps,
-            apps::lifecycle::preview_app_zip,
-            apps::lifecycle::preview_app_url,
-            apps::lifecycle::install_app_zip,
-            apps::lifecycle::install_app_url,
-            apps::lifecycle::uninstall_app,
+            apps::lifecycle::install::commands::list_installed_apps,
+            apps::lifecycle::install::commands::preview_app_zip,
+            apps::lifecycle::install::commands::preview_app_url,
+            apps::lifecycle::install::commands::install_app_zip,
+            apps::lifecycle::install::commands::install_app_url,
+            apps::lifecycle::install::commands::uninstall_app,
             apps::lifecycle::check_app_update,
             apps::lifecycle::download_app_update,
             apps::lifecycle::apply_app_update,

From a84867b53c533cd0723361536797248a236dc1cd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sun, 26 Apr 2026 04:34:45 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 211/471] Add tests and refactor install logic for
 `UrlInstallSource` and `ZipInstallSource`:

- Introduced comprehensive unit tests for `UrlInstallSource` and `ZipInstallSource` methods.
- Added storage resolution support with `InstallStorageResolver`.
- Refactored shared installation logic into `install_app_from_source_with_storage`.
- Improved lifecycle handling for retired app origins and cleanup management.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs | 305 +++++++++++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs | 434 +++++++++++++++++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs | 128 +++++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/models.rs          |   2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_install.rs        |   5 +-
 crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_registry.rs       |  21 +-
 crates/sage-apps/tests/common/mod.rs          |  13 -
 7 files changed, 854 insertions(+), 54 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
index d38911e15..cc66a9ce4 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
-use std::{fs, path::{Path, PathBuf}};
+use std::{
+    fs,
+    path::{Path, PathBuf},
+};
 
 use anyhow::Result as AnyResult;
 use async_trait::async_trait;
@@ -9,19 +12,17 @@ use crate::lifecycle::{
     write_installed_app_metadata,
 };
 use crate::permissions::{
-    normalize_and_validate_granted_permissions,
-    resolve_capability_flags,
+    normalize_and_validate_granted_permissions, resolve_capability_flags,
     resolve_effective_granted_capabilities,
 };
 use crate::types::{
-    InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppCapabilityFlags, SageAppCommon,
-    SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissions,
-    UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
+    InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppCapabilityFlags, SageAppCommon, SageAppPackageManifest,
+    SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
 };
 
+pub mod commands;
 pub mod url;
 pub mod zip;
-pub mod commands;
 
 #[async_trait]
 pub trait AppInstallSource {
@@ -56,6 +57,33 @@ pub trait AppInstallSource {
             .map(|app| app.common.origin_id.clone())
             .unwrap_or_else(|| app_id.to_string()))
     }
+
+    fn after_origin_selected(
+        &self,
+        _base_path: &Path,
+        _app_id: &str,
+        _origin_id: &str,
+    ) -> AnyResult<()> {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+trait InstallStorageResolver {
+    fn resolve_storage(
+        &self,
+        existing: Option<&UserSageApp>,
+    ) -> AnyResult<Option<InstalledSageAppStorage>>;
+}
+
+struct TauriStorageResolver;
+
+impl InstallStorageResolver for TauriStorageResolver {
+    fn resolve_storage(
+        &self,
+        existing: Option<&UserSageApp>,
+    ) -> AnyResult<Option<InstalledSageAppStorage>> {
+        Ok(existing.map(|app| app.common.storage.clone()))
+    }
 }
 
 pub async fn install_app_from_source<S>(
@@ -66,6 +94,27 @@ pub async fn install_app_from_source<S>(
 ) -> AnyResult<UserSageApp>
 where
     S: AppInstallSource + Send + Sync,
+{
+    install_app_from_source_with_storage(
+        base_path,
+        granted_permissions,
+        source,
+        &TauriStorageResolver,
+        Some(app),
+    )
+        .await
+}
+
+async fn install_app_from_source_with_storage<S, R>(
+    base_path: &Path,
+    granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
+    source: S,
+    storage_resolver: &R,
+    app: Option<&AppHandle>,
+) -> AnyResult<UserSageApp>
+where
+    S: AppInstallSource + Send + Sync,
+    R: InstallStorageResolver + Sync,
 {
     let root = apps_root(base_path);
     fs::create_dir_all(&root)?;
@@ -86,8 +135,13 @@ where
     let (app_id, app_dir, existing_app) =
         source.resolve_target(&root, base_path, &prepared)?;
 
-    let storage =
-        resolve_storage_for_install(app, base_path, existing_app.as_ref()).await?;
+    let storage = match storage_resolver.resolve_storage(existing_app.as_ref())? {
+        Some(storage) => storage,
+        None => {
+            let app = app.expect("missing AppHandle for new install storage allocation");
+            allocate_new_storage(app, base_path).await?
+        }
+    };
 
     recreate_app_dir(&app_dir)?;
 
@@ -95,6 +149,8 @@ where
 
     let origin_id = source.origin_id(base_path, &app_id, existing_app.as_ref())?;
 
+    source.after_origin_selected(base_path, &app_id, &origin_id)?;
+
     let installed = build_installed_app(
         app_id.clone(),
         origin_id,
@@ -153,14 +209,229 @@ pub fn recreate_app_dir(app_dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<()> {
     Ok(())
 }
 
-async fn resolve_storage_for_install(
-    app: &AppHandle,
-    base_path: &Path,
-    existing: Option<&UserSageApp>,
-) -> AnyResult<InstalledSageAppStorage> {
-    if let Some(existing) = existing {
-        return Ok(existing.common.storage.clone());
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+    use crate::lifecycle::registry::read_installed_app_by_id;
+    use crate::types::{
+        SageAppManifestFile, SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
+        SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
+        SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist, SageRequestedPermissions,
+    };
+    use tempfile::tempdir;
+
+    struct TestStorageResolver {
+        storage: InstalledSageAppStorage,
+    }
+
+    impl InstallStorageResolver for TestStorageResolver {
+        fn resolve_storage(
+            &self,
+            _existing: Option<&UserSageApp>,
+        ) -> AnyResult<Option<InstalledSageAppStorage>> {
+            Ok(Some(self.storage.clone()))
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn sample_manifest() -> SageAppPackageManifest {
+        SageAppPackageManifest {
+            name: "Test App".into(),
+            version: "1.0.0".into(),
+            permissions: SageRequestedPermissions {
+                network: SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
+                    whitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist {
+                        required: vec![SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
+                            scheme: "https".into(),
+                            host: "api.example.com".into(),
+                        }],
+                        optional: vec![],
+                    },
+                },
+                capabilities: SageRequestedCapabilities {
+                    required: vec![UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage],
+                    optional: vec![UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch],
+                },
+            },
+            files: vec![SageAppManifestFile {
+                path: "index.html".into(),
+                sha256: "a".repeat(64),
+                size: 123,
+            }],
+            entry: Some("index.html".into()),
+            icon: Some("icon.png".into()),
+            author: None,
+            donation: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    struct FakeInstallSource {
+        manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
+        app_id: String,
+        origin_id: String,
+        source: UserSageAppSource,
+    }
+
+    struct FakePrepared {
+        manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
+    }
+
+    #[async_trait]
+    impl AppInstallSource for FakeInstallSource {
+        type Prepared = FakePrepared;
+
+        async fn prepare(&self) -> AnyResult<Self::Prepared> {
+            Ok(FakePrepared {
+                manifest: self.manifest.clone(),
+            })
+        }
+
+        fn manifest<'a>(&self, prepared: &'a Self::Prepared) -> &'a SageAppPackageManifest {
+            &prepared.manifest
+        }
+
+        fn source(&self, _prepared: &Self::Prepared) -> UserSageAppSource {
+            self.source.clone()
+        }
+
+        fn resolve_target(
+            &self,
+            root: &Path,
+            _base_path: &Path,
+            _prepared: &Self::Prepared,
+        ) -> AnyResult<(String, PathBuf, Option<UserSageApp>)> {
+            let app_dir = root.join(&self.app_id);
+            Ok((self.app_id.clone(), app_dir, None))
+        }
+
+        async fn create_snapshot(
+            &self,
+            app_dir: &Path,
+            prepared: &Self::Prepared,
+        ) -> AnyResult<SageAppSnapshot> {
+            Ok(SageAppSnapshot {
+                manifest_hash: "fake-hash".into(),
+                snapshot_dir: app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+                total_bytes: 123,
+                manifest: prepared.manifest.clone(),
+            })
+        }
+
+        fn origin_id(
+            &self,
+            _base_path: &Path,
+            _app_id: &str,
+            _existing: Option<&UserSageApp>,
+        ) -> AnyResult<String> {
+            Ok(self.origin_id.clone())
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn shared_installer_builds_and_writes_installed_app() {
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+
+        let installed = install_app_from_source_with_storage(
+            dir.path(),
+            SageGrantedPermissions {
+                capabilities: vec![UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage],
+                network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
+                    whitelist: vec![SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
+                        scheme: "https".into(),
+                        host: "api.example.com".into(),
+                    }],
+                },
+            },
+            FakeInstallSource {
+                manifest: sample_manifest(),
+                app_id: "fake-app".into(),
+                origin_id: "fake-origin".into(),
+                source: UserSageAppSource::Zip,
+            },
+            &TestStorageResolver {
+                storage: InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
+            },
+            None,
+        )
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(installed.common.id, "fake-app");
+        assert_eq!(installed.common.origin_id, "fake-origin");
+        assert_eq!(installed.common.name, "Test App");
+        assert_eq!(installed.common.entry_file, "index.html");
+        assert_eq!(installed.common.icon_file, "icon.png");
+        assert_eq!(installed.common.storage, InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged);
+        assert_eq!(installed.source, UserSageAppSource::Zip);
+
+        let reread = read_installed_app_by_id(dir.path(), "fake-app").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(reread.common.id, "fake-app");
+        assert_eq!(reread.common.origin_id, "fake-origin");
     }
 
-    allocate_new_storage(app, base_path).await
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn shared_installer_rejects_unrequested_granted_permission() {
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+
+        let err = install_app_from_source_with_storage(
+            dir.path(),
+            SageGrantedPermissions {
+                capabilities: vec![UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage],
+                network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
+                    whitelist: vec![SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
+                        scheme: "https".into(),
+                        host: "evil.example.com".into(),
+                    }],
+                },
+            },
+            FakeInstallSource {
+                manifest: sample_manifest(),
+                app_id: "fake-app".into(),
+                origin_id: "fake-origin".into(),
+                source: UserSageAppSource::Zip,
+            },
+            &TestStorageResolver {
+                storage: InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
+            },
+            None,
+        )
+            .await
+            .unwrap_err();
+
+        assert!(err
+            .to_string()
+            .contains("granted network whitelist entry not requested"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn build_installed_app_sets_id_and_origin_id_independently() {
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let app_dir = dir.path().join("url-abc123");
+        fs::create_dir_all(&app_dir).unwrap();
+
+        let manifest = sample_manifest();
+
+        let app = build_installed_app(
+            "url-abc123".into(),
+            "r123-url-abc123".into(),
+            &app_dir,
+            &manifest,
+            SageGrantedPermissions {
+                capabilities: vec![UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage],
+                network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions { whitelist: vec![] },
+            },
+            SageAppCapabilityFlags::default(),
+            InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
+            UserSageAppSource::Zip,
+            SageAppSnapshot {
+                manifest_hash: "hash".into(),
+                snapshot_dir: app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+                total_bytes: 1,
+                manifest: manifest.clone(),
+            },
+        );
+
+        assert_eq!(app.common.id, "url-abc123");
+        assert_eq!(app.common.origin_id, "r123-url-abc123");
+    }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
index 625d71ac6..2c8550f8b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
@@ -1,16 +1,19 @@
 use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
 
-use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
+use anyhow::{anyhow, Context, Result as AnyResult};
 use async_trait::async_trait;
-use uuid::Uuid;
 use url::Url;
+use uuid::Uuid;
 
-use crate::lifecycle::{derive_manifest_url, download_url_snapshot, fetch_url_manifest, read_retired_app_origins, AppInstallSource};
+use super::AppInstallSource;
+use crate::lifecycle::{
+    derive_manifest_url, download_url_snapshot, fetch_url_manifest, read_retired_app_origins,
+    write_retired_app_origins,
+};
 use crate::lifecycle::registry::read_installed_app_by_id;
 use crate::permissions::normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions;
 use crate::types::{
-    SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppUrlPreview,
-    UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
+    SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppUrlPreview, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
 };
 use crate::utils::bytes_sha256_hex;
 
@@ -84,6 +87,15 @@ impl AppInstallSource for UrlInstallSource {
             Ok(default_url_origin_id(app_id))
         }
     }
+
+    fn after_origin_selected(
+        &self,
+        base_path: &Path,
+        app_id: &str,
+        origin_id: &str,
+    ) -> AnyResult<()> {
+        clear_pending_cleanup_for_reused_url_origin(base_path, app_id, origin_id)
+    }
 }
 
 pub async fn preview_app_url_internal(app_url: String) -> AnyResult<SageAppUrlPreview> {
@@ -153,12 +165,34 @@ pub fn generate_rotated_url_origin_id(app_id: &str) -> String {
     format!("r{}-{}", &suffix[..12], app_id)
 }
 
-pub fn should_rotate_url_origin_on_install(
+pub fn should_rotate_url_origin_on_install(base_path: &Path, app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<bool> {
+    let retired = read_retired_app_origins(base_path)?;
+
+    Ok(retired
+        .iter()
+        .any(|entry| entry.app_id == app_id && entry.storage_may_contain_secrets))
+}
+
+pub fn clear_pending_cleanup_for_reused_url_origin(
     base_path: &Path,
     app_id: &str,
-) -> AnyResult<bool> {
-    let retired = read_retired_app_origins(base_path)?;
-    Ok(retired.iter().any(|entry| entry.app_id == app_id))
+    origin_id: &str,
+) -> AnyResult<()> {
+    let mut retired = read_retired_app_origins(base_path)?;
+    let mut changed = false;
+
+    for entry in &mut retired {
+        if entry.app_id == app_id && entry.origin_id == origin_id && entry.cleanup_pending {
+            entry.cleanup_pending = false;
+            changed = true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if changed {
+        write_retired_app_origins(base_path, &retired)?;
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
 }
 
 pub fn resolve_url_install_target(
@@ -216,3 +250,385 @@ fn slugify_name(name: &str) -> String {
         out
     }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+    use crate::lifecycle::write_retired_app_origins;
+    use crate::types::{
+        InstalledSageAppStorage, RetiredAppOriginEntry, SageAppCapabilityFlags, SageAppCommon,
+        SageAppManifestFile, SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions,
+        SageNetworkPermissionTarget, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
+        SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist, SageRequestedPermissions,
+    };
+    use tempfile::tempdir;
+
+    fn sample_manifest() -> SageAppPackageManifest {
+        SageAppPackageManifest {
+            name: "Test App".into(),
+            version: "1.0.0".into(),
+            permissions: SageRequestedPermissions {
+                network: SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
+                    whitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist {
+                        required: vec![],
+                        optional: vec![],
+                    },
+                },
+                capabilities: SageRequestedCapabilities {
+                    required: vec![],
+                    optional: vec![],
+                },
+            },
+            files: vec![SageAppManifestFile {
+                path: "index.html".into(),
+                sha256: "a".repeat(64),
+                size: 123,
+            }],
+            entry: Some("index.html".into()),
+            icon: Some("icon.png".into()),
+            author: None,
+            donation: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn sample_app(app_id: &str, origin_id: &str) -> UserSageApp {
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let app_dir = dir.path().join(app_id);
+        std::fs::create_dir_all(&app_dir).unwrap();
+
+        UserSageApp {
+            common: SageAppCommon {
+                id: app_id.into(),
+                origin_id: origin_id.into(),
+                name: "Test App".into(),
+                version: "1.0.0".into(),
+                app_dir: app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+                entry_file: "index.html".into(),
+                icon_file: "icon.png".into(),
+                requested_permissions: sample_manifest().permissions.clone(),
+                granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions {
+                    capabilities: vec![UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage],
+                    network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
+                        whitelist: vec![SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
+                            scheme: "https".into(),
+                            host: "api.example.com".into(),
+                        }],
+                    },
+                },
+                capability_flags: SageAppCapabilityFlags::default(),
+                storage: InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
+                active_snapshot: SageAppSnapshot {
+                    manifest_hash: "hash".into(),
+                    snapshot_dir: app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+                    total_bytes: 123,
+                    manifest: sample_manifest(),
+                },
+            },
+            source: UserSageAppSource::Url {
+                app_url: "https://example.com/app/".into(),
+                manifest_url: "https://example.com/app/sage-manifest.json".into(),
+            },
+            pending_update: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn normalize_app_url_keeps_https_and_adds_trailing_slash() {
+        let out = normalize_app_url("https://example.com/app").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(out, "https://example.com/app/");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn normalize_app_url_strips_query_and_fragment() {
+        let out = normalize_app_url("https://example.com/app?x=1#frag").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(out, "https://example.com/app/");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn normalize_app_url_allows_localhost_http() {
+        let out = normalize_app_url("http://localhost:4173").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(out, "http://localhost:4173/");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn normalize_app_url_rejects_non_local_http() {
+        let err = normalize_app_url("http://example.com/app")
+            .unwrap_err()
+            .to_string();
+
+        assert!(err.contains("requires HTTPS"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn generate_url_app_id_is_stable_for_same_manifest_url() {
+        let a = generate_url_app_id("https://example.com/app/sage-manifest.json");
+        let b = generate_url_app_id("https://example.com/app/sage-manifest.json");
+
+        assert_eq!(a, b);
+        assert!(a.starts_with("url-example-com-"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn default_url_origin_id_is_same_as_app_id() {
+        assert_eq!(default_url_origin_id("url-abc123"), "url-abc123");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rotated_url_origin_id_differs_from_app_id() {
+        let origin = generate_rotated_url_origin_id("url-abc123");
+
+        assert_ne!(origin, "url-abc123");
+        assert!(origin.ends_with("url-abc123"));
+        assert!(origin.starts_with('r'));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn should_rotate_url_origin_on_install_is_false_without_retired_entry() {
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+
+        assert!(!should_rotate_url_origin_on_install(dir.path(), "url-abc123").unwrap());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn should_not_rotate_url_origin_for_pending_cleanup_without_secrets() {
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+
+        write_retired_app_origins(
+            dir.path(),
+            &[RetiredAppOriginEntry {
+                id: "retired-1".into(),
+                app_id: "url-abc123".into(),
+                app_name: "Test App".into(),
+                origin_id: "url-abc123".into(),
+                created_at_ms: 1,
+                storage_may_contain_secrets: false,
+                cleanup_pending: true,
+            }],
+        )
+            .unwrap();
+
+        assert!(!should_rotate_url_origin_on_install(dir.path(), "url-abc123").unwrap());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn should_not_rotate_url_origin_for_clean_retired_origin() {
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+
+        write_retired_app_origins(
+            dir.path(),
+            &[RetiredAppOriginEntry {
+                id: "retired-1".into(),
+                app_id: "url-abc123".into(),
+                app_name: "Test App".into(),
+                origin_id: "url-abc123".into(),
+                created_at_ms: 1,
+                storage_may_contain_secrets: false,
+                cleanup_pending: false,
+            }],
+        )
+            .unwrap();
+
+        assert!(!should_rotate_url_origin_on_install(dir.path(), "url-abc123").unwrap());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn should_rotate_url_origin_when_retired_storage_may_contain_secrets() {
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+
+        write_retired_app_origins(
+            dir.path(),
+            &[RetiredAppOriginEntry {
+                id: "retired-1".into(),
+                app_id: "url-abc123".into(),
+                app_name: "Test App".into(),
+                origin_id: "url-abc123".into(),
+                created_at_ms: 1,
+                storage_may_contain_secrets: true,
+                cleanup_pending: false,
+            }],
+        )
+            .unwrap();
+
+        assert!(should_rotate_url_origin_on_install(dir.path(), "url-abc123").unwrap());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn should_rotate_url_origin_when_retired_storage_may_contain_secrets_even_if_cleanup_pending() {
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+
+        write_retired_app_origins(
+            dir.path(),
+            &[RetiredAppOriginEntry {
+                id: "retired-1".into(),
+                app_id: "url-abc123".into(),
+                app_name: "Test App".into(),
+                origin_id: "url-abc123".into(),
+                created_at_ms: 1,
+                storage_may_contain_secrets: true,
+                cleanup_pending: true,
+            }],
+        )
+            .unwrap();
+
+        assert!(should_rotate_url_origin_on_install(dir.path(), "url-abc123").unwrap());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn url_origin_id_reuses_existing_origin() {
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let existing = sample_app("url-abc123", "existing-origin");
+
+        let source = UrlInstallSource {
+            app_url: "https://example.com/app/".into(),
+        };
+
+        let origin = source
+            .origin_id(dir.path(), "url-abc123", Some(&existing))
+            .unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(origin, "existing-origin");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn url_origin_id_defaults_to_app_id_without_retired_origin() {
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+
+        let source = UrlInstallSource {
+            app_url: "https://example.com/app/".into(),
+        };
+
+        let origin = source.origin_id(dir.path(), "url-abc123", None).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(origin, "url-abc123");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn url_origin_id_reuses_default_origin_for_pending_cleanup_without_secrets() {
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+
+        write_retired_app_origins(
+            dir.path(),
+            &[RetiredAppOriginEntry {
+                id: "retired-1".into(),
+                app_id: "url-abc123".into(),
+                app_name: "Test App".into(),
+                origin_id: "url-abc123".into(),
+                created_at_ms: 1,
+                storage_may_contain_secrets: false,
+                cleanup_pending: true,
+            }],
+        )
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let source = UrlInstallSource {
+            app_url: "https://example.com/app/".into(),
+        };
+
+        let origin = source.origin_id(dir.path(), "url-abc123", None).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(origin, "url-abc123");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn url_origin_id_rotates_with_retired_secret_storage() {
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+
+        write_retired_app_origins(
+            dir.path(),
+            &[RetiredAppOriginEntry {
+                id: "retired-1".into(),
+                app_id: "url-abc123".into(),
+                app_name: "Test App".into(),
+                origin_id: "url-abc123".into(),
+                created_at_ms: 1,
+                storage_may_contain_secrets: true,
+                cleanup_pending: true,
+            }],
+        )
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let source = UrlInstallSource {
+            app_url: "https://example.com/app/".into(),
+        };
+
+        let origin = source.origin_id(dir.path(), "url-abc123", None).unwrap();
+
+        assert_ne!(origin, "url-abc123");
+        assert!(origin.ends_with("url-abc123"));
+        assert!(origin.starts_with('r'));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn reused_url_origin_clears_pending_cleanup_after_origin_selected() {
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+
+        write_retired_app_origins(
+            dir.path(),
+            &[RetiredAppOriginEntry {
+                id: "retired-1".into(),
+                app_id: "url-abc123".into(),
+                app_name: "Test App".into(),
+                origin_id: "url-abc123".into(),
+                created_at_ms: 1,
+                storage_may_contain_secrets: false,
+                cleanup_pending: true,
+            }],
+        )
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let before = read_retired_app_origins(dir.path()).unwrap();
+        assert!(before[0].cleanup_pending);
+
+        let source = UrlInstallSource {
+            app_url: "https://example.com/app/".into(),
+        };
+
+        let origin = source.origin_id(dir.path(), "url-abc123", None).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(origin, "url-abc123");
+
+        source
+            .after_origin_selected(dir.path(), "url-abc123", &origin)
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let after = read_retired_app_origins(dir.path()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(after.len(), 1);
+        assert!(!after[0].cleanup_pending);
+        assert!(!after[0].storage_may_contain_secrets);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rotated_url_origin_does_not_clear_pending_cleanup_for_old_origin() {
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+
+        write_retired_app_origins(
+            dir.path(),
+            &[RetiredAppOriginEntry {
+                id: "retired-1".into(),
+                app_id: "url-abc123".into(),
+                app_name: "Test App".into(),
+                origin_id: "url-abc123".into(),
+                created_at_ms: 1,
+                storage_may_contain_secrets: true,
+                cleanup_pending: true,
+            }],
+        )
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let source = UrlInstallSource {
+            app_url: "https://example.com/app/".into(),
+        };
+
+        let rotated = source.origin_id(dir.path(), "url-abc123", None).unwrap();
+        assert_ne!(rotated, "url-abc123");
+
+        source
+            .after_origin_selected(dir.path(), "url-abc123", &rotated)
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let retired = read_retired_app_origins(dir.path()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(retired.len(), 1);
+        assert!(retired[0].cleanup_pending);
+        assert!(retired[0].storage_may_contain_secrets);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs
index ea44b03c0..0daf8cc25 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs
@@ -7,11 +7,14 @@ use anyhow::Result as AnyResult;
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 use uuid::Uuid;
 
-use crate::lifecycle::{detect_package_root, list_installed_apps_internal, prepare_zip_snapshot, read_manifest, unzip_to_dir, validate_package_structure, AppInstallSource};
+use super::AppInstallSource;
+use crate::lifecycle::{
+    detect_package_root, list_installed_apps_internal, prepare_zip_snapshot, read_manifest,
+    unzip_to_dir, validate_package_structure,
+};
 use crate::permissions::normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions;
 use crate::types::{
-    ListedSageApp, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot,
-    UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
+    ListedSageApp, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
 };
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
@@ -113,9 +116,7 @@ fn find_existing_installed_app_by_name(
     Ok(list_installed_apps_internal(root)?
         .into_iter()
         .find_map(|app| match app {
-            ListedSageApp::User(installed) if installed.common.name == app_name => {
-                Some(installed)
-            }
+            ListedSageApp::User(installed) if installed.common.name == app_name => Some(installed),
             _ => None,
         }))
 }
@@ -149,3 +150,118 @@ fn slugify_name(name: &str) -> String {
         out
     }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+    use crate::lifecycle::write_installed_app_metadata;
+    use crate::types::{
+        InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppCapabilityFlags, SageAppManifestFile,
+        SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedCapabilities,
+        SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist, SageRequestedPermissions,
+    };
+    use tempfile::tempdir;
+
+    fn sample_manifest_named(name: &str) -> SageAppPackageManifest {
+        SageAppPackageManifest {
+            name: name.into(),
+            version: "1.0.0".into(),
+            permissions: SageRequestedPermissions {
+                network: SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
+                    whitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist {
+                        required: vec![],
+                        optional: vec![],
+                    },
+                },
+                capabilities: SageRequestedCapabilities {
+                    required: vec![],
+                    optional: vec![],
+                },
+            },
+            files: vec![SageAppManifestFile {
+                path: "index.html".into(),
+                sha256: "a".repeat(64),
+                size: 123,
+            }],
+            entry: Some("index.html".into()),
+            icon: Some("icon.png".into()),
+            author: None,
+            donation: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn generate_zip_app_id_uses_slug_and_uuid() {
+        let app_id = generate_zip_app_id("My Test App!");
+
+        assert!(app_id.starts_with("my-test-app-"));
+        assert!(app_id.len() > "my-test-app-".len());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn resolve_zip_install_target_creates_new_target_when_no_existing_app() {
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+
+        let (app_id, app_dir, existing) =
+            resolve_zip_install_target(dir.path(), "Test App").unwrap();
+
+        assert!(existing.is_none());
+        assert!(app_id.starts_with("test-app-"));
+        assert_eq!(app_dir, dir.path().join(&app_id));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn resolve_zip_install_target_reuses_existing_app_with_same_name() {
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let app_id = "existing-app";
+        let app_dir = dir.path().join(app_id);
+        fs::create_dir_all(&app_dir).unwrap();
+
+        let manifest = sample_manifest_named("Test App");
+
+        let installed = super::super::build_installed_app(
+            app_id.into(),
+            app_id.into(),
+            &app_dir,
+            &manifest,
+            SageGrantedPermissions {
+                capabilities: vec![UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage],
+                network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions { whitelist: vec![] },
+            },
+            SageAppCapabilityFlags::default(),
+            InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
+            UserSageAppSource::Zip,
+            SageAppSnapshot {
+                manifest_hash: "hash".into(),
+                snapshot_dir: app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+                total_bytes: 123,
+                manifest: manifest.clone(),
+            },
+        );
+
+        write_installed_app_metadata(&installed, &app_dir).unwrap();
+
+        let (resolved_id, resolved_dir, existing) =
+            resolve_zip_install_target(dir.path(), "Test App").unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(resolved_id, app_id);
+        assert_eq!(resolved_dir, app_dir);
+        assert!(existing.is_some());
+        assert_eq!(existing.unwrap().common.id, app_id);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn zip_origin_id_defaults_to_app_id() {
+        let source = ZipInstallSource {
+            zip_path: "unused.zip".into(),
+            unpack_dir: std::env::temp_dir(),
+        };
+
+        let origin = source
+            .origin_id(Path::new("/unused"), "zip-app-123", None)
+            .unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(origin, "zip-app-123");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/models.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/models.rs
index d801c1043..28bdf7b94 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/models.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/models.rs
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ pub struct UserSageAppPendingUpdate {
     pub manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
 #[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub enum UserSageAppSource {
     Zip,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_install.rs b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_install.rs
index 0a7561383..13b68dc1a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_install.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_install.rs
@@ -2,9 +2,8 @@ mod common;
 
 use common::sample_manifest_file;
 use sage_apps::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
-use sage_apps::lifecycle::install::{
-    manifest_entry_file, manifest_icon_file, normalize_app_url,
-};
+use sage_apps::lifecycle::install::url::normalize_app_url;
+use sage_apps::lifecycle::manifest::{manifest_entry_file, manifest_icon_file};
 use sage_apps::types::{
     SageAppPackageManifest, SageNetworkPermissionTarget, SageRequestedCapabilities,
     SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_registry.rs b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_registry.rs
index bf130641f..881696882 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_registry.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_registry.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ mod common;
 
 use std::fs;
 
-use common::{sample_installed_app, sample_manifest};
+use common::{sample_installed_app};
 use sage_apps::lifecycle::registry::{
     app_dir, apps_root, list_installed_apps_internal, parse_network_permission_target,
     read_installed_app_by_id, read_installed_app_by_origin_id,
@@ -10,11 +10,9 @@ use sage_apps::lifecycle::registry::{
     write_installed_app_metadata, write_pending_storage_cleanup_entries,
     write_retired_app_origins,
 };
-use sage_apps::types::{
-    ListedSageApp, PendingStorageCleanupEntry, PendingStorageCleanupTarget,
-    RetiredAppOriginEntry, SageNetworkPermissionTarget, UserSageAppPendingUpdate,
-};
+use sage_apps::types::{ListedSageApp, PendingStorageCleanupEntry, PendingStorageCleanupTarget, RetiredAppOriginEntry, SageAppPackageManifest, SageNetworkPermissionTarget, UserSageAppPendingUpdate};
 use tempfile::tempdir;
+use crate::common::{empty_permissions, sample_manifest_file};
 
 #[test]
 fn installed_app_metadata_roundtrips() {
@@ -334,3 +332,16 @@ fn retired_app_origins_roundtrip() {
     let loaded = read_retired_app_origins(base.path()).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(loaded, entries);
 }
+
+fn sample_manifest(name: &str) -> SageAppPackageManifest {
+    SageAppPackageManifest {
+        name: name.to_string(),
+        version: "1.0.0".to_string(),
+        permissions: empty_permissions(),
+        files: vec![sample_manifest_file("index.html", 1)],
+        entry: Some("index.html".to_string()),
+        icon: Some("icon.png".to_string()),
+        author: None,
+        donation: None,
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/tests/common/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/tests/common/mod.rs
index 3ba55a704..c067f7578 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/tests/common/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/tests/common/mod.rs
@@ -26,19 +26,6 @@ pub fn sample_manifest_file(path: &str, size: u64) -> SageAppManifestFile {
     }
 }
 
-pub fn sample_manifest(name: &str) -> SageAppPackageManifest {
-    SageAppPackageManifest {
-        name: name.to_string(),
-        version: "1.0.0".to_string(),
-        permissions: empty_permissions(),
-        files: vec![sample_manifest_file("index.html", 1)],
-        entry: Some("index.html".to_string()),
-        icon: Some("icon.png".to_string()),
-        author: None,
-        donation: None,
-    }
-}
-
 pub fn sample_installed_app(base: &Path, app_id: &str, name: &str) -> UserSageApp {
     let app_dir = app_dir(base, app_id);
     fs::create_dir_all(&app_dir).unwrap();

From 5fee62be256e1ce8e561e0086ab64d59827ca0ca Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sun, 26 Apr 2026 04:50:49 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 212/471] Refactor: centralize `slugify_name` logic and
 simplify retired app tests:

- Moved `slugify_name` implementation to `utils.rs` as `slugify_app_name`.
- Replaced duplication in `UrlInstallSource` and `ZipInstallSource` with shared `slugify_app_name` utility.
- Simplified retired app tests by introducing `fake_retired_app_origins` helper for reusability.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs | 117 ++++--------------
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs |  26 +---
 crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/policy.rs    |   3 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/utils.rs                 |  23 ++++
 4 files changed, 51 insertions(+), 118 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
index 2c8550f8b..274485619 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ use crate::permissions::normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions;
 use crate::types::{
     SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppUrlPreview, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
 };
-use crate::utils::bytes_sha256_hex;
+use crate::utils::{bytes_sha256_hex, slugify_app_name};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct UrlInstallSource {
@@ -221,34 +221,11 @@ fn normalize_manifest_permissions(
 fn slugify_host(input: &str) -> String {
     if let Ok(url) = Url::parse(input) {
         if let Some(host) = url.host_str() {
-            return slugify_name(host);
+            return slugify_app_name(host);
         }
     }
 
-    slugify_name(input)
-}
-
-fn slugify_name(name: &str) -> String {
-    let mut out = String::new();
-    let mut last_dash = false;
-
-    for ch in name.chars() {
-        if ch.is_ascii_alphanumeric() {
-            out.push(ch.to_ascii_lowercase());
-            last_dash = false;
-        } else if !last_dash {
-            out.push('-');
-            last_dash = true;
-        }
-    }
-
-    let out = out.trim_matches('-').to_string();
-
-    if out.is_empty() {
-        "app".to_string()
-    } else {
-        out
-    }
+    slugify_app_name(input)
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
@@ -262,7 +239,23 @@ mod tests {
         SageNetworkPermissionTarget, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
         SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist, SageRequestedPermissions,
     };
-    use tempfile::tempdir;
+    use tempfile::{tempdir, TempDir};
+
+    fn fake_retired_app_origins(dir: &TempDir, storage_may_contain_secrets: bool) {
+        write_retired_app_origins(
+            dir.path(),
+            &[RetiredAppOriginEntry {
+                id: "retired-1".into(),
+                app_id: "url-abc123".into(),
+                app_name: "Test App".into(),
+                origin_id: "url-abc123".into(),
+                created_at_ms: 1,
+                storage_may_contain_secrets,
+                cleanup_pending: false,
+            }],
+        )
+            .unwrap();
+    }
 
     fn sample_manifest() -> SageAppPackageManifest {
         SageAppPackageManifest {
@@ -394,19 +387,7 @@ mod tests {
     fn should_not_rotate_url_origin_for_pending_cleanup_without_secrets() {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
 
-        write_retired_app_origins(
-            dir.path(),
-            &[RetiredAppOriginEntry {
-                id: "retired-1".into(),
-                app_id: "url-abc123".into(),
-                app_name: "Test App".into(),
-                origin_id: "url-abc123".into(),
-                created_at_ms: 1,
-                storage_may_contain_secrets: false,
-                cleanup_pending: true,
-            }],
-        )
-            .unwrap();
+        fake_retired_app_origins(&dir, false);
 
         assert!(!should_rotate_url_origin_on_install(dir.path(), "url-abc123").unwrap());
     }
@@ -415,19 +396,7 @@ mod tests {
     fn should_not_rotate_url_origin_for_clean_retired_origin() {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
 
-        write_retired_app_origins(
-            dir.path(),
-            &[RetiredAppOriginEntry {
-                id: "retired-1".into(),
-                app_id: "url-abc123".into(),
-                app_name: "Test App".into(),
-                origin_id: "url-abc123".into(),
-                created_at_ms: 1,
-                storage_may_contain_secrets: false,
-                cleanup_pending: false,
-            }],
-        )
-            .unwrap();
+        fake_retired_app_origins(&dir, false);
 
         assert!(!should_rotate_url_origin_on_install(dir.path(), "url-abc123").unwrap());
     }
@@ -457,19 +426,7 @@ mod tests {
     fn should_rotate_url_origin_when_retired_storage_may_contain_secrets_even_if_cleanup_pending() {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
 
-        write_retired_app_origins(
-            dir.path(),
-            &[RetiredAppOriginEntry {
-                id: "retired-1".into(),
-                app_id: "url-abc123".into(),
-                app_name: "Test App".into(),
-                origin_id: "url-abc123".into(),
-                created_at_ms: 1,
-                storage_may_contain_secrets: true,
-                cleanup_pending: true,
-            }],
-        )
-            .unwrap();
+        fake_retired_app_origins(&dir, true);
 
         assert!(should_rotate_url_origin_on_install(dir.path(), "url-abc123").unwrap());
     }
@@ -507,19 +464,7 @@ mod tests {
     fn url_origin_id_reuses_default_origin_for_pending_cleanup_without_secrets() {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
 
-        write_retired_app_origins(
-            dir.path(),
-            &[RetiredAppOriginEntry {
-                id: "retired-1".into(),
-                app_id: "url-abc123".into(),
-                app_name: "Test App".into(),
-                origin_id: "url-abc123".into(),
-                created_at_ms: 1,
-                storage_may_contain_secrets: false,
-                cleanup_pending: true,
-            }],
-        )
-            .unwrap();
+        fake_retired_app_origins(&dir, false);
 
         let source = UrlInstallSource {
             app_url: "https://example.com/app/".into(),
@@ -534,19 +479,7 @@ mod tests {
     fn url_origin_id_rotates_with_retired_secret_storage() {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
 
-        write_retired_app_origins(
-            dir.path(),
-            &[RetiredAppOriginEntry {
-                id: "retired-1".into(),
-                app_id: "url-abc123".into(),
-                app_name: "Test App".into(),
-                origin_id: "url-abc123".into(),
-                created_at_ms: 1,
-                storage_may_contain_secrets: true,
-                cleanup_pending: true,
-            }],
-        )
-            .unwrap();
+        fake_retired_app_origins(&dir, true);
 
         let source = UrlInstallSource {
             app_url: "https://example.com/app/".into(),
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs
index 0daf8cc25..34be8d640 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ use crate::permissions::normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions;
 use crate::types::{
     ListedSageApp, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
 };
+use crate::utils::slugify_app_name;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct ZipInstallSource {
@@ -93,7 +94,7 @@ impl AppInstallSource for ZipInstallSource {
 }
 
 pub fn generate_zip_app_id(name: &str) -> String {
-    format!("{}-{}", slugify_name(name), Uuid::new_v4())
+    format!("{}-{}", slugify_app_name(name), Uuid::new_v4())
 }
 
 pub fn resolve_zip_install_target(
@@ -128,29 +129,6 @@ fn normalize_manifest_permissions(
     Ok(manifest)
 }
 
-fn slugify_name(name: &str) -> String {
-    let mut out = String::new();
-    let mut last_dash = false;
-
-    for ch in name.chars() {
-        if ch.is_ascii_alphanumeric() {
-            out.push(ch.to_ascii_lowercase());
-            last_dash = false;
-        } else if !last_dash {
-            out.push('-');
-            last_dash = true;
-        }
-    }
-
-    let out = out.trim_matches('-').to_string();
-
-    if out.is_empty() {
-        "app".to_string()
-    } else {
-        out
-    }
-}
-
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/policy.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/policy.rs
index ead223111..b0a54a459 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/policy.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/policy.rs
@@ -431,12 +431,11 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     #[test]
-    #[ignore = "enable once a capability with accesses_sensitive_secret = true exists"]
     fn requested_permissions_policy_rejects_secret_and_external_combination() {
         let mut requested = empty_requested_permissions();
         requested.capabilities.required = vec![
             UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
-            UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXchAutoSubmit,
+            UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetSecretKey,
         ];
 
         let err = validate_requested_permission_policy(&requested)
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/utils.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/utils.rs
index 1f66e4e6e..414dd54c9 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/utils.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/utils.rs
@@ -13,3 +13,26 @@ pub fn bytes_sha256_hex(bytes: &[u8]) -> String {
     hasher.update(bytes);
     hex::encode(hasher.finalize())
 }
+
+pub fn slugify_app_name(name: &str) -> String {
+    let mut out = String::new();
+    let mut last_dash = false;
+
+    for ch in name.chars() {
+        if ch.is_ascii_alphanumeric() {
+            out.push(ch.to_ascii_lowercase());
+            last_dash = false;
+        } else if !last_dash {
+            out.push('-');
+            last_dash = true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    let out = out.trim_matches('-').to_string();
+
+    if out.is_empty() {
+        "app".to_string()
+    } else {
+        out
+    }
+}

From 23121bb0e859ed7ec50cd253f7ef2265e7b4b25e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sun, 26 Apr 2026 05:20:08 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 213/471] Modularize lifecycle update logic:

- Extract update-related commands into a new `commands.rs` file for better organization.
- Separate types and utilities into dedicated `types.rs` and `utils.rs` modules.
- Simplify `uninstall.rs` and update imports to leverage the new structure.
---
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/app/events.rs     |   2 +-
 .../user/app/request_capability_grant.rs      |   3 +-
 .../app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs    |   7 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs                   |   2 +-
 .../src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs         |  66 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/limits.rs      |   1 -
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mod.rs         |   5 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs     |  46 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs   |  62 ++
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update.rs      | 614 ------------------
 .../src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs          | 238 +++++++
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/mod.rs  |   3 +
 .../sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/types.rs   |  40 ++
 .../sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/utils.rs   | 298 +++++++++
 crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_update.rs         |   6 +-
 src-tauri/src/lib.rs                          |  10 +-
 16 files changed, 700 insertions(+), 703 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs
 delete mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/mod.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/types.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/utils.rs

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/events.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/events.rs
index ca7e867ed..26650797f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/events.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/events.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
-use crate::lifecycle::{GrantedCapabilitiesChange, GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange};
+use crate::lifecycle::update::types::{GrantedCapabilitiesChange, GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange};
 use crate::types::SageNetworkPermissionTarget;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
index f60995069..35f41bafe 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,8 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::{encode_request_success, resolve_app_base_path};
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::events::EventForApp;
 use crate::bridge::types::RustBridgeApprovalBody;
-use crate::lifecycle::{grant_requested_capability_internal, GrantCapabilityOutcome};
+use crate::lifecycle::update::types::GrantCapabilityOutcome;
+use crate::lifecycle::update::utils::grant_requested_capability_internal;
 use crate::permissions::{get_user_capability_definition, user_capability_definition_view};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs
index 95cbc57f5..e602f1add 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs
@@ -13,10 +13,9 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::{encode_request_success, resolve_app_base_path};
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::events::EventForApp;
 use crate::bridge::types::RustBridgeApprovalBody;
-use crate::lifecycle::{
-    grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal, parse_network_permission_target,
-    GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome,
-};
+use crate::lifecycle::{parse_network_permission_target};
+use crate::lifecycle::update::types::GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome;
+use crate::lifecycle::update::utils::grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal;
 use crate::types::SageNetworkPermissionTarget;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
index 545578b64..6b35b6aaa 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ pub mod state;
 pub mod system_apps;
 pub mod types;
 pub mod utils;
-mod storage;
+pub mod storage;
 
 pub use security::{
     handle_system_app_protocol_request,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs
index 86414d58f..ca0f0d61d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs
@@ -3,15 +3,15 @@ use std::{fs, io, path::Path};
 use tauri::{command, AppHandle, State};
 
 use crate::host::{AppState, Result};
-use crate::lifecycle::{apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data, apps_root, enqueue_pending_storage_cleanup, enqueue_retired_app_origin, install_app_from_source, list_installed_apps_internal, read_manifest, unzip_to_dir, validate_package_structure};
-use crate::lifecycle::registry::read_installed_app_by_id;
+use crate::lifecycle::{apps_root, list_installed_apps_internal, read_manifest, unzip_to_dir, validate_package_structure};
 use crate::permissions::normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions;
 use crate::types::{
     ListedSageApp, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppUrlPreview, SageGrantedPermissions, UserSageApp,
 };
 use uuid::Uuid;
-use crate::lifecycle::url::{preview_app_url_internal, UrlInstallSource};
-use crate::lifecycle::zip::ZipInstallSource;
+use crate::lifecycle::install::install_app_from_source;
+use crate::lifecycle::install::url::{preview_app_url_internal, UrlInstallSource};
+use crate::lifecycle::install::zip::ZipInstallSource;
 
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
@@ -129,61 +129,3 @@ pub async fn install_app_url(
             io::Error::other(format!("failed to install app URL {}: {err}", app_url)).into()
         })
 }
-
-#[command]
-#[specta::specta]
-pub async fn uninstall_app(
-    app: AppHandle,
-    state: State<'_, AppState>,
-    app_id: String,
-) -> Result<()> {
-    let base_path = {
-        let state = state.lock().await;
-        state.path.clone()
-    };
-
-    let installed = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id).ok();
-
-    if let Some(installed) = &installed {
-        let cleanup_result = apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data(app.clone(), app_id.clone()).await;
-
-        match cleanup_result {
-            Ok(()) => {
-                enqueue_retired_app_origin(&base_path, installed, false).map_err(|err| {
-                    io::Error::other(format!(
-                        "failed to retire app origin after uninstall cleanup: {err}"
-                    ))
-                })?;
-            }
-            Err(err) => {
-                enqueue_pending_storage_cleanup(&base_path, installed, &err).map_err(
-                    |queue_err| {
-                        io::Error::other(format!(
-                            "failed to enqueue pending storage cleanup after clear failure ({err}): {queue_err}"
-                        ))
-                    },
-                )?;
-
-                enqueue_retired_app_origin(&base_path, installed, true).map_err(|origin_err| {
-                    io::Error::other(format!(
-                        "failed to retire app origin after cleanup failure ({err}): {origin_err}"
-                    ))
-                })?;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    let dir = apps_root(&base_path).join(&app_id);
-
-    if dir.exists() {
-        fs::remove_dir_all(&dir).map_err(|err| {
-            io::Error::other(format!(
-                "failed to remove installed app {} at {}: {err}",
-                app_id,
-                dir.display()
-            ))
-        })?;
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/limits.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/limits.rs
index 7ed6e7345..c41d933ae 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/limits.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/limits.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-pub const MAX_MANIFEST_SIZE_BYTES: u64 = 1024 * 1024;
 pub const MAX_APP_FILE_COUNT: usize = 2000;
 pub const MAX_APP_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES: u64 = 50 * 1024 * 1024;
 pub const MAX_APP_PATH_LENGTH: usize = 512;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mod.rs
index 3e81f7e8a..86ad48240 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mod.rs
@@ -1,17 +1,16 @@
 pub mod install;
+pub mod update;
+pub mod uninstall;
 pub mod limits;
 pub mod manifest;
 pub mod package;
 pub mod registry;
 pub mod snapshot;
 pub mod storage;
-pub mod update;
 
-pub use install::*;
 pub use limits::*;
 pub use manifest::*;
 pub use package::*;
 pub use registry::*;
 pub use snapshot::*;
 pub use storage::*;
-pub use update::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
index 8e07b38fa..88d2cb622 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
-use std::path::Path;
+use std::io;
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
 #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
 use anyhow::{anyhow, Result as AnyResult};
-use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
+use tauri::{command, AppHandle, Manager, State};
 use uuid::Uuid;
 use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::lifecycle::{
-    read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries, read_retired_app_origins,
-    write_pending_storage_cleanup_entries, write_retired_app_origins,
-};
+use crate::host::AppState;
+use crate::lifecycle::{read_installed_app_by_id, read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries, read_retired_app_origins, write_installed_app_metadata, write_pending_storage_cleanup_entries, write_retired_app_origins};
+use crate::permissions::mark_storage_may_contain_secrets;
 use crate::runtime::{resolve_app};
 use crate::runtime::stop::close_runtime_internal;
 use crate::storage::{cleanup_target_from_storage, parse_data_store_id};
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ pub async fn clear_runtime_browsing_data_internal(
     apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data(app.clone(), app_id.to_string()).await
 }
 
-#[tauri::command]
+#[command]
 #[specta::specta]
 pub async fn apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data(
     app: AppHandle,
@@ -231,6 +231,38 @@ pub async fn apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data(
     clear_app_storage_by_target(&app, &target).await
 }
 
+#[command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn apps_mark_storage_may_contain_secrets(
+    state: State<'_, AppState>,
+    app_id: String,
+) -> crate::host::Result<()> {
+    let base_path = {
+        let state = state.lock().await;
+        state.path.clone()
+    };
+
+    let mut app = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id)
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to read app {app_id}: {err}")))?;
+
+    if !app.common.capability_flags.has_secret_access {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+
+    if app.common.capability_flags.storage_may_contain_secrets {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+
+    app.common.capability_flags =
+        mark_storage_may_contain_secrets(&app.common.capability_flags);
+
+    let app_dir = PathBuf::from(&app.common.app_dir);
+    write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app_dir)
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to write metadata: {err}")))?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use crate::types::{PendingStorageCleanupTarget, InstalledSageAppStorage};
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1c7ae9f7a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+use std::{fs, io};
+use tauri::{command, AppHandle, State};
+use crate::host::{AppState, Result};
+use crate::lifecycle::{apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data, apps_root, enqueue_pending_storage_cleanup, enqueue_retired_app_origin, read_installed_app_by_id};
+
+#[command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn uninstall_app(
+    app: AppHandle,
+    state: State<'_, AppState>,
+    app_id: String,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    let base_path = {
+        let state = state.lock().await;
+        state.path.clone()
+    };
+
+    let installed = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id).ok();
+
+    if let Some(installed) = &installed {
+        let cleanup_result = apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data(app.clone(), app_id.clone()).await;
+
+        match cleanup_result {
+            Ok(()) => {
+                enqueue_retired_app_origin(&base_path, installed, false).map_err(|err| {
+                    io::Error::other(format!(
+                        "failed to retire app origin after uninstall cleanup: {err}"
+                    ))
+                })?;
+            }
+            Err(err) => {
+                enqueue_pending_storage_cleanup(&base_path, installed, &err).map_err(
+                    |queue_err| {
+                        io::Error::other(format!(
+                            "failed to enqueue pending storage cleanup after clear failure ({err}): {queue_err}"
+                        ))
+                    },
+                )?;
+
+                enqueue_retired_app_origin(&base_path, installed, true).map_err(|origin_err| {
+                    io::Error::other(format!(
+                        "failed to retire app origin after cleanup failure ({err}): {origin_err}"
+                    ))
+                })?;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    let dir = apps_root(&base_path).join(&app_id);
+
+    if dir.exists() {
+        fs::remove_dir_all(&dir).map_err(|err| {
+            io::Error::other(format!(
+                "failed to remove installed app {} at {}: {err}",
+                app_id,
+                dir.display()
+            ))
+        })?;
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 2cb08e711..000000000
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,614 +0,0 @@
-use std::{
-    collections::BTreeSet,
-    io,
-    path::{Path, PathBuf},
-};
-
-use anyhow::Result as AnyResult;
-use tauri::{State, command};
-use tauri::AppHandle;
-
-use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
-use crate::bridge::event_emit::emit_bridge_event_to_app_id;
-use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::events::EventForApp;
-use crate::bridge::USER_BRIDGE_CHANNEL;
-use crate::host::{AppState, Result};
-use crate::lifecycle::{
-    download_url_snapshot, manifest_entry_file, manifest_icon_file,
-};
-use crate::lifecycle::registry::{
-    parse_network_permission_target, read_installed_app_by_id, write_installed_app_metadata,
-};
-use crate::lifecycle::url::preview_app_url_internal;
-use crate::permissions::{clear_storage_may_contain_secrets, mark_storage_may_contain_secrets, normalize_user_granted_capabilities, resolve_capability_flags, resolve_effective_granted_capabilities, validate_user_granted_capabilities};
-use crate::permissions::validation::normalize_and_validate_granted_network_whitelist;
-use crate::types::{
-    SageAppUrlPreview, SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions,
-    SageNetworkPermissionTarget, UserSageApp, UserSageAppPendingUpdate,
-    UserSageAppSource,
-};
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub struct GrantedCapabilitiesChange {
-    pub removed: Vec<UserBridgeCapability>,
-    pub added: Vec<UserBridgeCapability>,
-    pub full: Vec<UserBridgeCapability>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub struct GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange {
-    pub removed: Vec<SageNetworkPermissionTarget>,
-    pub added: Vec<SageNetworkPermissionTarget>,
-    pub full: Vec<SageNetworkPermissionTarget>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub enum GrantCapabilityOutcome {
-    AlreadyGranted {
-        capability: UserBridgeCapability,
-        full_granted_capabilities: Vec<UserBridgeCapability>,
-    },
-    Granted {
-        capability: UserBridgeCapability,
-        change: GrantedCapabilitiesChange,
-    },
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub enum GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome {
-    AlreadyGranted {
-        entry: SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
-        full_granted_network_whitelist: Vec<SageNetworkPermissionTarget>,
-    },
-    Granted {
-        entry: SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
-        change: GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange,
-    },
-}
-
-fn sort_unique_network(
-    values: impl IntoIterator<Item = SageNetworkPermissionTarget>,
-) -> Vec<SageNetworkPermissionTarget> {
-    let set: BTreeSet<SageNetworkPermissionTarget> = values.into_iter().collect();
-    set.into_iter().collect()
-}
-
-fn requested_capability_set(app: &UserSageApp) -> BTreeSet<UserBridgeCapability> {
-    let mut out = BTreeSet::new();
-    out.extend(app.common.requested_permissions.capabilities.required.iter().copied());
-    out.extend(app.common.requested_permissions.capabilities.optional.iter().copied());
-    out
-}
-
-fn requested_network_set(app: &UserSageApp) -> AnyResult<BTreeSet<(String, String)>> {
-    let mut out = BTreeSet::new();
-
-    for entry in &app.common.requested_permissions.network.whitelist.required {
-        let normalized = parse_network_permission_target(&format!(
-            "{}://{}",
-            entry.scheme, entry.host
-        ))
-            .map_err(anyhow::Error::msg)?;
-        out.insert((normalized.scheme, normalized.host));
-    }
-
-    for entry in &app.common.requested_permissions.network.whitelist.optional {
-        let normalized = parse_network_permission_target(&format!(
-            "{}://{}",
-            entry.scheme, entry.host
-        ))
-            .map_err(anyhow::Error::msg)?;
-        out.insert((normalized.scheme, normalized.host));
-    }
-
-    Ok(out)
-}
-
-fn diff_capabilities(
-    previous: &[UserBridgeCapability],
-    next: &[UserBridgeCapability],
-) -> GrantedCapabilitiesChange {
-    let previous_set: BTreeSet<UserBridgeCapability> =
-        previous.iter().copied().collect();
-    let next_set: BTreeSet<UserBridgeCapability> =
-        next.iter().copied().collect();
-
-    GrantedCapabilitiesChange {
-        removed: previous_set.difference(&next_set).copied().collect(),
-        added: next_set.difference(&previous_set).copied().collect(),
-        full: next.to_vec(),
-    }
-}
-
-fn diff_network_whitelist(
-    previous: &[SageNetworkPermissionTarget],
-    next: &[SageNetworkPermissionTarget],
-) -> GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange {
-    let previous_set: BTreeSet<SageNetworkPermissionTarget> = previous.iter().cloned().collect();
-    let next_set: BTreeSet<SageNetworkPermissionTarget> = next.iter().cloned().collect();
-
-    GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange {
-        removed: previous_set.difference(&next_set).cloned().collect(),
-        added: next_set.difference(&previous_set).cloned().collect(),
-        full: next.to_vec(),
-    }
-}
-
-fn sort_unique_capabilities(
-    capabilities: Vec<UserBridgeCapability>,
-) -> Vec<UserBridgeCapability> {
-    capabilities.into_iter().collect::<BTreeSet<_>>().into_iter().collect()
-}
-
-pub fn update_app_permissions_internal(
-    base_path: &Path,
-    app_id: &str,
-    granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
-    clear_storage_taint: bool,
-) -> AnyResult<UserSageApp> {
-    let mut app = read_installed_app_by_id(base_path, app_id)?;
-
-    validate_user_granted_capabilities(
-        &app.common.requested_permissions,
-        &granted_permissions.capabilities,
-    )?;
-
-    let normalized_capabilities = normalize_user_granted_capabilities(
-        &app.common.requested_permissions,
-        &granted_permissions.capabilities,
-    )?;
-
-    let effective_capabilities = resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(
-        &app.common.requested_permissions,
-        &normalized_capabilities,
-    )?;
-
-    let granted_network_whitelist = normalize_and_validate_granted_network_whitelist(
-        &app.common.active_snapshot.manifest.permissions.network,
-        &granted_permissions.network.whitelist,
-    )?;
-
-    let mut permission_flags = resolve_capability_flags(
-        &effective_capabilities,
-        Some(&app.common.capability_flags),
-    )?;
-
-    if clear_storage_taint {
-        permission_flags = clear_storage_may_contain_secrets(&permission_flags);
-    }
-
-    app.common.granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions {
-        capabilities: normalized_capabilities,
-        network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
-            whitelist: granted_network_whitelist,
-        },
-    };
-
-    let effective_capabilities = resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(
-        &app.common.requested_permissions,
-        &app.common.granted_permissions.capabilities,
-    )?;
-
-    app.common.capability_flags = resolve_capability_flags(
-        &effective_capabilities,
-        Some(&permission_flags),
-    )?;
-
-    let app_dir = PathBuf::from(&app.common.app_dir);
-    write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app_dir)?;
-
-    Ok(app)
-}
-
-pub fn grant_requested_capability_internal(
-    base_path: &Path,
-    app_id: &str,
-    capability: UserBridgeCapability,
-) -> AnyResult<GrantCapabilityOutcome> {
-    let app = read_installed_app_by_id(base_path, app_id)?;
-
-    let requested = requested_capability_set(&app);
-    if !requested.contains(&capability) {
-        anyhow::bail!(
-            "Capability was not requested by app manifest: {}",
-            capability.key()
-        );
-    }
-    let definition = crate::permissions::require_user_capability_definition(capability)?;
-
-    if !definition.flags.user_grantable {
-        anyhow::bail!(
-            "Capability is not user-grantable and cannot be persisted as a user grant: {}",
-            capability.key()
-        );
-    }
-
-    if app.common.granted_permissions.capabilities.contains(&capability) {
-        let full_granted_capabilities =
-            sort_unique_capabilities(app.common.granted_permissions.capabilities.clone());
-
-        return Ok(GrantCapabilityOutcome::AlreadyGranted {
-            capability,
-            full_granted_capabilities,
-        });
-    }
-
-    let mut next_capabilities = app.common.granted_permissions.capabilities.clone();
-    next_capabilities.push(capability);
-    next_capabilities = sort_unique_capabilities(next_capabilities);
-
-    let updated = update_app_permissions_internal(
-        base_path,
-        app_id,
-        SageGrantedPermissions {
-            capabilities: next_capabilities,
-            network: app.common.granted_permissions.network.clone(),
-        },
-        false,
-    )?;
-
-    let change = diff_capabilities(
-        &app.common.granted_permissions.capabilities,
-        &updated.common.granted_permissions.capabilities,
-    );
-
-    Ok(GrantCapabilityOutcome::Granted { capability, change })
-}
-
-pub fn grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal(
-    base_path: &Path,
-    app_id: &str,
-    entry: &SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
-) -> AnyResult<GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome> {
-    let app = read_installed_app_by_id(base_path, app_id)?;
-
-    let normalized = parse_network_permission_target(&format!(
-        "{}://{}",
-        entry.scheme, entry.host
-    ))
-        .map_err(anyhow::Error::msg)?;
-    let entry = SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
-        scheme: normalized.scheme,
-        host: normalized.host,
-    };
-
-    let requested = requested_network_set(&app)?;
-    let entry_key = (entry.scheme.clone(), entry.host.clone());
-
-    if !requested.contains(&entry_key) {
-        anyhow::bail!(
-            "Network whitelist entry was not requested by app manifest: {}://{}",
-            entry.scheme,
-            entry.host
-        );
-    }
-
-    if app
-        .common
-        .granted_permissions
-        .network
-        .whitelist
-        .iter()
-        .any(|existing| existing == &entry)
-    {
-        let full_granted_network_whitelist =
-            sort_unique_network(app.common.granted_permissions.network.whitelist.clone());
-
-        return Ok(GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome::AlreadyGranted {
-            entry,
-            full_granted_network_whitelist,
-        });
-    }
-
-    let mut next_whitelist = app.common.granted_permissions.network.whitelist.clone();
-    next_whitelist.push(entry.clone());
-    next_whitelist = sort_unique_network(next_whitelist);
-
-    let updated = update_app_permissions_internal(
-        base_path,
-        app_id,
-        SageGrantedPermissions {
-            capabilities: app.common.granted_permissions.capabilities.clone(),
-            network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
-                whitelist: next_whitelist,
-            },
-        },
-        false,
-    )?;
-
-    let change = diff_network_whitelist(
-        &app.common.granted_permissions.network.whitelist,
-        &updated.common.granted_permissions.network.whitelist,
-    );
-
-    Ok(GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome::Granted { entry, change })
-}
-
-pub fn update_app_permissions_with_change_internal(
-    base_path: &Path,
-    app_id: &str,
-    granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
-    clear_storage_taint: bool,
-) -> AnyResult<(
-    UserSageApp,
-    GrantedCapabilitiesChange,
-    GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange,
-)> {
-    let previous = read_installed_app_by_id(base_path, app_id)?;
-
-    let updated = update_app_permissions_internal(
-        base_path,
-        app_id,
-        granted_permissions,
-        clear_storage_taint,
-    )?;
-
-    let capability_change = diff_capabilities(
-        &previous.common.granted_permissions.capabilities,
-        &updated.common.granted_permissions.capabilities,
-    );
-
-    let network_change = diff_network_whitelist(
-        &previous.common.granted_permissions.network.whitelist,
-        &updated.common.granted_permissions.network.whitelist,
-    );
-
-    Ok((updated, capability_change, network_change))
-}
-
-#[command]
-#[specta::specta]
-pub async fn check_app_update(
-    state: State<'_, AppState>,
-    app_id: String,
-) -> Result<Option<SageAppUrlPreview>> {
-    let base_path = {
-        let state = state.lock().await;
-        state.path.clone()
-    };
-
-    let app = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id).map_err(|err| {
-        io::Error::other(format!("failed to read installed app {}: {err}", app_id))
-    })?;
-
-    let app_url = match &app.source {
-        UserSageAppSource::Url { app_url, .. } => app_url.clone(),
-        UserSageAppSource::Zip => return Ok(None),
-    };
-
-    let preview = preview_app_url_internal(app_url)
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to preview app URL: {err}")))?;
-
-    let same_manifest_hash =
-        preview.manifest_hash == app.common.active_snapshot.manifest_hash;
-    let same_manifest_content = preview.manifest == app.common.active_snapshot.manifest;
-
-    if same_manifest_hash && same_manifest_content {
-        return Ok(None);
-    }
-
-    if let Some(pending) = &app.pending_update {
-        let same_pending_hash = pending.manifest_hash == preview.manifest_hash;
-        let same_pending_manifest = pending.manifest == preview.manifest;
-
-        if same_pending_hash && same_pending_manifest {
-            return Ok(None);
-        }
-    }
-
-    Ok(Some(preview))
-}
-
-#[command]
-#[specta::specta]
-pub async fn download_app_update(
-    state: State<'_, AppState>,
-    app_id: String,
-) -> Result<UserSageApp> {
-    let base_path = {
-        let state = state.lock().await;
-        state.path.clone()
-    };
-
-    let mut app = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id).map_err(|err| {
-        io::Error::other(format!("failed to read installed app {}: {err}", app_id))
-    })?;
-
-    let (app_url, manifest_url) = match &app.source {
-        UserSageAppSource::Url {
-            app_url,
-            manifest_url,
-        } => (app_url.clone(), manifest_url.clone()),
-        UserSageAppSource::Zip => {
-            return Err(
-                io::Error::other("zip apps do not support URL update download").into(),
-            );
-        }
-    };
-
-    let preview = match check_app_update(state, app_id.clone()).await? {
-        Some(preview) => preview,
-        None => return Ok(app),
-    };
-
-    app.pending_update = Some(UserSageAppPendingUpdate {
-        app_url,
-        manifest_url,
-        manifest_hash: preview.manifest_hash,
-        manifest: preview.manifest,
-    });
-
-    let app_dir = PathBuf::from(&app.common.app_dir);
-    write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app_dir)
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to write app metadata: {err}")))?;
-
-    Ok(app)
-}
-
-#[command]
-#[specta::specta]
-pub async fn apply_app_update(
-    state: State<'_, AppState>,
-    app_id: String,
-    granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
-) -> Result<UserSageApp> {
-    let base_path = {
-        let state = state.lock().await;
-        state.path.clone()
-    };
-
-    let mut app = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id).map_err(|err| {
-        io::Error::other(format!("failed to read installed app {}: {err}", app_id))
-    })?;
-
-    let pending = app
-        .pending_update
-        .clone()
-        .ok_or_else(|| io::Error::other(format!("app {} has no pending update", app_id)))?;
-
-    validate_user_granted_capabilities(
-        &pending.manifest.permissions,
-        &granted_permissions.capabilities,
-    )
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("invalid granted permissions for update: {err}")))?;
-
-    let normalized_capabilities = normalize_user_granted_capabilities(
-        &pending.manifest.permissions,
-        &granted_permissions.capabilities,
-    )
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("invalid granted permissions for update: {err}")))?;
-
-    let granted_network_whitelist = normalize_and_validate_granted_network_whitelist(
-        &pending.manifest.permissions.network,
-        &granted_permissions.network.whitelist,
-    )
-        .map_err(|err| {
-            io::Error::other(format!("invalid granted network whitelist for update: {err}"))
-        })?;
-
-    let effective_capabilities = resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(
-        &pending.manifest.permissions,
-        &normalized_capabilities,
-    )
-        .map_err(|err| {
-            io::Error::other(format!("invalid granted permission policy for update: {err}"))
-        })?;
-
-    let permission_flags = resolve_capability_flags(
-        &effective_capabilities,
-        Some(&app.common.capability_flags),
-    )
-        .map_err(|err| {
-            io::Error::other(format!("invalid granted permission policy for update: {err}"))
-        })?;
-
-    let app_dir = PathBuf::from(&app.common.app_dir);
-
-    let snapshot = download_url_snapshot(
-        &app_dir,
-        &pending.app_url,
-        &pending.manifest,
-        &pending.manifest_hash,
-    )
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to download update snapshot: {err}")))?;
-
-    app.common.name = pending.manifest.name.clone();
-    app.common.version = pending.manifest.version.clone();
-    app.common.requested_permissions = pending.manifest.permissions.clone();
-
-    app.common.granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions {
-        capabilities: normalized_capabilities,
-        network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
-            whitelist: granted_network_whitelist,
-        },
-    };
-
-    app.common.capability_flags = permission_flags;
-    app.common.active_snapshot = snapshot;
-    app.common.entry_file =
-        manifest_entry_file(&app.common.active_snapshot.manifest).to_string();
-    app.common.icon_file =
-        manifest_icon_file(&app.common.active_snapshot.manifest).to_string();
-    app.pending_update = None;
-
-    write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app_dir)
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to write app metadata: {err}")))?;
-
-    Ok(app)
-}
-
-#[command]
-#[specta::specta]
-pub async fn apps_update_permissions(
-    app: AppHandle,
-    state: State<'_, AppState>,
-    app_id: String,
-    granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
-    clear_storage_taint: bool,
-) -> Result<()> {
-    let base_path = {
-        let state = state.lock().await;
-        state.path.clone()
-    };
-
-    let (_updated, capability_change, network_change) =
-        update_app_permissions_with_change_internal(
-            &base_path,
-            &app_id,
-            granted_permissions,
-            clear_storage_taint,
-        )
-            .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to update app permissions: {err}")))?;
-
-    if !capability_change.added.is_empty() || !capability_change.removed.is_empty() {
-        let _ = emit_bridge_event_to_app_id(
-            &app,
-            &app_id,
-            EventForApp::from_capabilities_change(USER_BRIDGE_CHANNEL, capability_change)
-        ).await;
-    }
-
-    if !network_change.added.is_empty() || !network_change.removed.is_empty() {
-        let _ = emit_bridge_event_to_app_id(
-            &app,
-            &app_id,
-            EventForApp::from_network_whitelist_change(USER_BRIDGE_CHANNEL, network_change)
-        ).await;
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-#[command]
-#[specta::specta]
-pub async fn apps_mark_storage_may_contain_secrets(
-    state: State<'_, AppState>,
-    app_id: String,
-) -> Result<()> {
-    let base_path = {
-        let state = state.lock().await;
-        state.path.clone()
-    };
-
-    let mut app = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id)
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to read app {app_id}: {err}")))?;
-
-    if !app.common.capability_flags.has_secret_access {
-        return Ok(());
-    }
-
-    if app.common.capability_flags.storage_may_contain_secrets {
-        return Ok(());
-    }
-
-    app.common.capability_flags =
-        mark_storage_may_contain_secrets(&app.common.capability_flags);
-
-    let app_dir = PathBuf::from(&app.common.app_dir);
-    write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app_dir)
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to write metadata: {err}")))?;
-
-    Ok(())
-}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..962f7a600
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,238 @@
+use std::io;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+use crate::host::Result;
+use tauri::{command, AppHandle, State};
+use crate::bridge::event_emit::emit_bridge_event_to_app_id;
+use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::events::EventForApp;
+use crate::bridge::USER_BRIDGE_CHANNEL;
+use crate::host::AppState;
+use crate::lifecycle::{download_url_snapshot, manifest_entry_file, manifest_icon_file, read_installed_app_by_id, write_installed_app_metadata};
+use crate::lifecycle::install::url::preview_app_url_internal;
+use crate::lifecycle::update::utils::update_app_permissions_with_change_internal;
+use crate::permissions::{normalize_and_validate_granted_network_whitelist, normalize_user_granted_capabilities, resolve_capability_flags, resolve_effective_granted_capabilities, validate_user_granted_capabilities};
+use crate::types::{SageAppUrlPreview, SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppPendingUpdate, UserSageAppSource};
+
+#[command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn check_app_update(
+    state: State<'_, AppState>,
+    app_id: String,
+) -> Result<Option<SageAppUrlPreview>> {
+    let base_path = {
+        let state = state.lock().await;
+        state.path.clone()
+    };
+
+    let app = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id).map_err(|err| {
+        io::Error::other(format!("failed to read installed app {}: {err}", app_id))
+    })?;
+
+    let app_url = match &app.source {
+        UserSageAppSource::Url { app_url, .. } => app_url.clone(),
+        UserSageAppSource::Zip => return Ok(None),
+    };
+
+    let preview = preview_app_url_internal(app_url)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to preview app URL: {err}")))?;
+
+    let same_manifest_hash =
+        preview.manifest_hash == app.common.active_snapshot.manifest_hash;
+    let same_manifest_content = preview.manifest == app.common.active_snapshot.manifest;
+
+    if same_manifest_hash && same_manifest_content {
+        return Ok(None);
+    }
+
+    if let Some(pending) = &app.pending_update {
+        let same_pending_hash = pending.manifest_hash == preview.manifest_hash;
+        let same_pending_manifest = pending.manifest == preview.manifest;
+
+        if same_pending_hash && same_pending_manifest {
+            return Ok(None);
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(Some(preview))
+}
+
+#[command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn download_app_update(
+    state: State<'_, AppState>,
+    app_id: String,
+) -> Result<UserSageApp> {
+    let base_path = {
+        let state = state.lock().await;
+        state.path.clone()
+    };
+
+    let mut app = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id).map_err(|err| {
+        io::Error::other(format!("failed to read installed app {}: {err}", app_id))
+    })?;
+
+    let (app_url, manifest_url) = match &app.source {
+        UserSageAppSource::Url {
+            app_url,
+            manifest_url,
+        } => (app_url.clone(), manifest_url.clone()),
+        UserSageAppSource::Zip => {
+            return Err(
+                io::Error::other("zip apps do not support URL update download").into(),
+            );
+        }
+    };
+
+    let preview = match check_app_update(state, app_id.clone()).await? {
+        Some(preview) => preview,
+        None => return Ok(app),
+    };
+
+    app.pending_update = Some(UserSageAppPendingUpdate {
+        app_url,
+        manifest_url,
+        manifest_hash: preview.manifest_hash,
+        manifest: preview.manifest,
+    });
+
+    let app_dir = PathBuf::from(&app.common.app_dir);
+    write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app_dir)
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to write app metadata: {err}")))?;
+
+    Ok(app)
+}
+
+#[command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn apply_app_update(
+    state: State<'_, AppState>,
+    app_id: String,
+    granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
+) -> Result<UserSageApp> {
+    let base_path = {
+        let state = state.lock().await;
+        state.path.clone()
+    };
+
+    let mut app = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id).map_err(|err| {
+        io::Error::other(format!("failed to read installed app {}: {err}", app_id))
+    })?;
+
+    let pending = app
+        .pending_update
+        .clone()
+        .ok_or_else(|| io::Error::other(format!("app {} has no pending update", app_id)))?;
+
+    validate_user_granted_capabilities(
+        &pending.manifest.permissions,
+        &granted_permissions.capabilities,
+    )
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("invalid granted permissions for update: {err}")))?;
+
+    let normalized_capabilities = normalize_user_granted_capabilities(
+        &pending.manifest.permissions,
+        &granted_permissions.capabilities,
+    )
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("invalid granted permissions for update: {err}")))?;
+
+    let granted_network_whitelist = normalize_and_validate_granted_network_whitelist(
+        &pending.manifest.permissions.network,
+        &granted_permissions.network.whitelist,
+    )
+        .map_err(|err| {
+            io::Error::other(format!("invalid granted network whitelist for update: {err}"))
+        })?;
+
+    let effective_capabilities = resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(
+        &pending.manifest.permissions,
+        &normalized_capabilities,
+    )
+        .map_err(|err| {
+            io::Error::other(format!("invalid granted permission policy for update: {err}"))
+        })?;
+
+    let permission_flags = resolve_capability_flags(
+        &effective_capabilities,
+        Some(&app.common.capability_flags),
+    )
+        .map_err(|err| {
+            io::Error::other(format!("invalid granted permission policy for update: {err}"))
+        })?;
+
+    let app_dir = PathBuf::from(&app.common.app_dir);
+
+    let snapshot = download_url_snapshot(
+        &app_dir,
+        &pending.app_url,
+        &pending.manifest,
+        &pending.manifest_hash,
+    )
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to download update snapshot: {err}")))?;
+
+    app.common.name = pending.manifest.name.clone();
+    app.common.version = pending.manifest.version.clone();
+    app.common.requested_permissions = pending.manifest.permissions.clone();
+
+    app.common.granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions {
+        capabilities: normalized_capabilities,
+        network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
+            whitelist: granted_network_whitelist,
+        },
+    };
+
+    app.common.capability_flags = permission_flags;
+    app.common.active_snapshot = snapshot;
+    app.common.entry_file =
+        manifest_entry_file(&app.common.active_snapshot.manifest).to_string();
+    app.common.icon_file =
+        manifest_icon_file(&app.common.active_snapshot.manifest).to_string();
+    app.pending_update = None;
+
+    write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app_dir)
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to write app metadata: {err}")))?;
+
+    Ok(app)
+}
+
+#[command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn apps_update_permissions(
+    app: AppHandle,
+    state: State<'_, AppState>,
+    app_id: String,
+    granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
+    clear_storage_taint: bool,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    let base_path = {
+        let state = state.lock().await;
+        state.path.clone()
+    };
+
+    let (_updated, capability_change, network_change) =
+        update_app_permissions_with_change_internal(
+            &base_path,
+            &app_id,
+            granted_permissions,
+            clear_storage_taint,
+        )
+            .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to update app permissions: {err}")))?;
+
+    if !capability_change.added.is_empty() || !capability_change.removed.is_empty() {
+        let _ = emit_bridge_event_to_app_id(
+            &app,
+            &app_id,
+            EventForApp::from_capabilities_change(USER_BRIDGE_CHANNEL, capability_change)
+        ).await;
+    }
+
+    if !network_change.added.is_empty() || !network_change.removed.is_empty() {
+        let _ = emit_bridge_event_to_app_id(
+            &app,
+            &app_id,
+            EventForApp::from_network_whitelist_change(USER_BRIDGE_CHANNEL, network_change)
+        ).await;
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9de145768
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+pub mod commands;
+pub mod types;
+pub mod utils;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/types.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7befd3dec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/types.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::types::SageNetworkPermissionTarget;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct GrantedCapabilitiesChange {
+    pub removed: Vec<UserBridgeCapability>,
+    pub added: Vec<UserBridgeCapability>,
+    pub full: Vec<UserBridgeCapability>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange {
+    pub removed: Vec<SageNetworkPermissionTarget>,
+    pub added: Vec<SageNetworkPermissionTarget>,
+    pub full: Vec<SageNetworkPermissionTarget>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub enum GrantCapabilityOutcome {
+    AlreadyGranted {
+        capability: UserBridgeCapability,
+        full_granted_capabilities: Vec<UserBridgeCapability>,
+    },
+    Granted {
+        capability: UserBridgeCapability,
+        change: GrantedCapabilitiesChange,
+    },
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub enum GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome {
+    AlreadyGranted {
+        entry: SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
+        full_granted_network_whitelist: Vec<SageNetworkPermissionTarget>,
+    },
+    Granted {
+        entry: SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
+        change: GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange,
+    },
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/utils.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/utils.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..254fddef8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/utils.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,298 @@
+use anyhow::Result;
+use std::collections::BTreeSet;
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::lifecycle::{parse_network_permission_target, read_installed_app_by_id, write_installed_app_metadata};
+use crate::lifecycle::update::types::{GrantCapabilityOutcome, GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome, GrantedCapabilitiesChange, GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange};
+use crate::permissions::{clear_storage_may_contain_secrets, normalize_and_validate_granted_network_whitelist, normalize_user_granted_capabilities, resolve_capability_flags, resolve_effective_granted_capabilities, validate_user_granted_capabilities};
+use crate::types::{SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkPermissionTarget, UserSageApp};
+
+fn sort_unique_network(
+    values: impl IntoIterator<Item = SageNetworkPermissionTarget>,
+) -> Vec<SageNetworkPermissionTarget> {
+    let set: BTreeSet<SageNetworkPermissionTarget> = values.into_iter().collect();
+    set.into_iter().collect()
+}
+
+fn requested_capability_set(app: &UserSageApp) -> BTreeSet<UserBridgeCapability> {
+    let mut out = BTreeSet::new();
+    out.extend(app.common.requested_permissions.capabilities.required.iter().copied());
+    out.extend(app.common.requested_permissions.capabilities.optional.iter().copied());
+    out
+}
+
+fn requested_network_set(app: &UserSageApp) -> Result<BTreeSet<(String, String)>> {
+    let mut out = BTreeSet::new();
+
+    for entry in &app.common.requested_permissions.network.whitelist.required {
+        let normalized = parse_network_permission_target(&format!(
+            "{}://{}",
+            entry.scheme, entry.host
+        ))
+            .map_err(anyhow::Error::msg)?;
+        out.insert((normalized.scheme, normalized.host));
+    }
+
+    for entry in &app.common.requested_permissions.network.whitelist.optional {
+        let normalized = parse_network_permission_target(&format!(
+            "{}://{}",
+            entry.scheme, entry.host
+        ))
+            .map_err(anyhow::Error::msg)?;
+        out.insert((normalized.scheme, normalized.host));
+    }
+
+    Ok(out)
+}
+
+fn diff_capabilities(
+    previous: &[UserBridgeCapability],
+    next: &[UserBridgeCapability],
+) -> GrantedCapabilitiesChange {
+    let previous_set: BTreeSet<UserBridgeCapability> =
+        previous.iter().copied().collect();
+    let next_set: BTreeSet<UserBridgeCapability> =
+        next.iter().copied().collect();
+
+    GrantedCapabilitiesChange {
+        removed: previous_set.difference(&next_set).copied().collect(),
+        added: next_set.difference(&previous_set).copied().collect(),
+        full: next.to_vec(),
+    }
+}
+
+fn diff_network_whitelist(
+    previous: &[SageNetworkPermissionTarget],
+    next: &[SageNetworkPermissionTarget],
+) -> GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange {
+    let previous_set: BTreeSet<SageNetworkPermissionTarget> = previous.iter().cloned().collect();
+    let next_set: BTreeSet<SageNetworkPermissionTarget> = next.iter().cloned().collect();
+
+    GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange {
+        removed: previous_set.difference(&next_set).cloned().collect(),
+        added: next_set.difference(&previous_set).cloned().collect(),
+        full: next.to_vec(),
+    }
+}
+
+fn sort_unique_capabilities(
+    capabilities: Vec<UserBridgeCapability>,
+) -> Vec<UserBridgeCapability> {
+    capabilities.into_iter().collect::<BTreeSet<_>>().into_iter().collect()
+}
+
+pub fn update_app_permissions_internal(
+    base_path: &Path,
+    app_id: &str,
+    granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
+    clear_storage_taint: bool,
+) -> Result<UserSageApp> {
+    let mut app = read_installed_app_by_id(base_path, app_id)?;
+
+    validate_user_granted_capabilities(
+        &app.common.requested_permissions,
+        &granted_permissions.capabilities,
+    )?;
+
+    let normalized_capabilities = normalize_user_granted_capabilities(
+        &app.common.requested_permissions,
+        &granted_permissions.capabilities,
+    )?;
+
+    let effective_capabilities = resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(
+        &app.common.requested_permissions,
+        &normalized_capabilities,
+    )?;
+
+    let granted_network_whitelist = normalize_and_validate_granted_network_whitelist(
+        &app.common.active_snapshot.manifest.permissions.network,
+        &granted_permissions.network.whitelist,
+    )?;
+
+    let mut permission_flags = resolve_capability_flags(
+        &effective_capabilities,
+        Some(&app.common.capability_flags),
+    )?;
+
+    if clear_storage_taint {
+        permission_flags = clear_storage_may_contain_secrets(&permission_flags);
+    }
+
+    app.common.granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions {
+        capabilities: normalized_capabilities,
+        network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
+            whitelist: granted_network_whitelist,
+        },
+    };
+
+    let effective_capabilities = resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(
+        &app.common.requested_permissions,
+        &app.common.granted_permissions.capabilities,
+    )?;
+
+    app.common.capability_flags = resolve_capability_flags(
+        &effective_capabilities,
+        Some(&permission_flags),
+    )?;
+
+    let app_dir = PathBuf::from(&app.common.app_dir);
+    write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app_dir)?;
+
+    Ok(app)
+}
+
+pub fn grant_requested_capability_internal(
+    base_path: &Path,
+    app_id: &str,
+    capability: UserBridgeCapability,
+) -> Result<GrantCapabilityOutcome> {
+    let app = read_installed_app_by_id(base_path, app_id)?;
+
+    let requested = requested_capability_set(&app);
+    if !requested.contains(&capability) {
+        anyhow::bail!(
+            "Capability was not requested by app manifest: {}",
+            capability.key()
+        );
+    }
+    let definition = crate::permissions::require_user_capability_definition(capability)?;
+
+    if !definition.flags.user_grantable {
+        anyhow::bail!(
+            "Capability is not user-grantable and cannot be persisted as a user grant: {}",
+            capability.key()
+        );
+    }
+
+    if app.common.granted_permissions.capabilities.contains(&capability) {
+        let full_granted_capabilities =
+            sort_unique_capabilities(app.common.granted_permissions.capabilities.clone());
+
+        return Ok(GrantCapabilityOutcome::AlreadyGranted {
+            capability,
+            full_granted_capabilities,
+        });
+    }
+
+    let mut next_capabilities = app.common.granted_permissions.capabilities.clone();
+    next_capabilities.push(capability);
+    next_capabilities = sort_unique_capabilities(next_capabilities);
+
+    let updated = update_app_permissions_internal(
+        base_path,
+        app_id,
+        SageGrantedPermissions {
+            capabilities: next_capabilities,
+            network: app.common.granted_permissions.network.clone(),
+        },
+        false,
+    )?;
+
+    let change = diff_capabilities(
+        &app.common.granted_permissions.capabilities,
+        &updated.common.granted_permissions.capabilities,
+    );
+
+    Ok(GrantCapabilityOutcome::Granted { capability, change })
+}
+
+pub fn grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal(
+    base_path: &Path,
+    app_id: &str,
+    entry: &SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
+) -> Result<GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome> {
+    let app = read_installed_app_by_id(base_path, app_id)?;
+
+    let normalized = parse_network_permission_target(&format!(
+        "{}://{}",
+        entry.scheme, entry.host
+    ))
+        .map_err(anyhow::Error::msg)?;
+    let entry = SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
+        scheme: normalized.scheme,
+        host: normalized.host,
+    };
+
+    let requested = requested_network_set(&app)?;
+    let entry_key = (entry.scheme.clone(), entry.host.clone());
+
+    if !requested.contains(&entry_key) {
+        anyhow::bail!(
+            "Network whitelist entry was not requested by app manifest: {}://{}",
+            entry.scheme,
+            entry.host
+        );
+    }
+
+    if app
+        .common
+        .granted_permissions
+        .network
+        .whitelist
+        .iter()
+        .any(|existing| existing == &entry)
+    {
+        let full_granted_network_whitelist =
+            sort_unique_network(app.common.granted_permissions.network.whitelist.clone());
+
+        return Ok(GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome::AlreadyGranted {
+            entry,
+            full_granted_network_whitelist,
+        });
+    }
+
+    let mut next_whitelist = app.common.granted_permissions.network.whitelist.clone();
+    next_whitelist.push(entry.clone());
+    next_whitelist = sort_unique_network(next_whitelist);
+
+    let updated = update_app_permissions_internal(
+        base_path,
+        app_id,
+        SageGrantedPermissions {
+            capabilities: app.common.granted_permissions.capabilities.clone(),
+            network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
+                whitelist: next_whitelist,
+            },
+        },
+        false,
+    )?;
+
+    let change = diff_network_whitelist(
+        &app.common.granted_permissions.network.whitelist,
+        &updated.common.granted_permissions.network.whitelist,
+    );
+
+    Ok(GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome::Granted { entry, change })
+}
+
+pub fn update_app_permissions_with_change_internal(
+    base_path: &Path,
+    app_id: &str,
+    granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
+    clear_storage_taint: bool,
+) -> Result<(
+    UserSageApp,
+    GrantedCapabilitiesChange,
+    GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange,
+)> {
+    let previous = read_installed_app_by_id(base_path, app_id)?;
+
+    let updated = update_app_permissions_internal(
+        base_path,
+        app_id,
+        granted_permissions,
+        clear_storage_taint,
+    )?;
+
+    let capability_change = diff_capabilities(
+        &previous.common.granted_permissions.capabilities,
+        &updated.common.granted_permissions.capabilities,
+    );
+
+    let network_change = diff_network_whitelist(
+        &previous.common.granted_permissions.network.whitelist,
+        &updated.common.granted_permissions.network.whitelist,
+    );
+
+    Ok((updated, capability_change, network_change))
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_update.rs b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_update.rs
index 66a8d542c..e3a47b7fe 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_update.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_update.rs
@@ -6,10 +6,6 @@ use common::{sample_installed_app, sample_manifest_file};
 use sage_apps::lifecycle::registry::{
     app_dir, read_installed_app_by_id, write_installed_app_metadata,
 };
-use sage_apps::lifecycle::update::{
-    grant_requested_capability_internal, grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal,
-    update_app_permissions_internal, GrantCapabilityOutcome, GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome,
-};
 use sage_apps::types::{
     InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppCapabilityFlags, SageAppPackageManifest,
     SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions,
@@ -19,6 +15,8 @@ use sage_apps::types::{
 };
 use tempfile::tempdir;
 use sage_apps::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+use sage_apps::lifecycle::update::types::{GrantCapabilityOutcome, GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome};
+use sage_apps::lifecycle::update::utils::{grant_requested_capability_internal, grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal, update_app_permissions_internal};
 
 fn sample_app(base: &Path, app_id: &str) -> UserSageApp {
     let mut app = sample_installed_app(base, app_id, "Test App");
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
index 02d06393e..da6d3139f 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
@@ -157,11 +157,11 @@ pub fn run() {
             apps::lifecycle::install::commands::preview_app_url,
             apps::lifecycle::install::commands::install_app_zip,
             apps::lifecycle::install::commands::install_app_url,
-            apps::lifecycle::install::commands::uninstall_app,
-            apps::lifecycle::check_app_update,
-            apps::lifecycle::download_app_update,
-            apps::lifecycle::apply_app_update,
-            apps::lifecycle::apps_update_permissions,
+            apps::lifecycle::uninstall::uninstall_app,
+            apps::lifecycle::update::commands::check_app_update,
+            apps::lifecycle::update::commands::download_app_update,
+            apps::lifecycle::update::commands::apply_app_update,
+            apps::lifecycle::update::commands::apps_update_permissions,
             apps::lifecycle::apps_mark_storage_may_contain_secrets,
             apps::lifecycle::apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data,
             apps::sandbox::get_builtin_test_app,

From e93ed0394f77b70e6931cbcd5112a2955ebb713c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sun, 26 Apr 2026 06:28:38 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 214/471] Remove unused lifecycle modules and consolidate
 registry logic:

- Removed redundant `types`, `registry.rs`, and `update/utils.rs` files.
- Merged `types` and lifecycle-related functions into `lifecycle/registry/mod.rs` for improved modularity.
- Simplified lifecycle path utilities and removed unused test cases.
---
 .../user/app/request_capability_grant.rs      |   2 +-
 .../app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs    |   2 +-
 .../{registry.rs => registry/mod.rs}          | 298 +----------------
 .../sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/types.rs | 304 ++++++++++++++++++
 .../src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs          |   2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/mod.rs  |   2 +-
 .../update/{utils.rs => permissions.rs}       |  11 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs     |   4 +-
 .../src/{types/models.rs => types.rs}         |   0
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs             |   3 -
 crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_registry.rs       |   6 +-
 crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_update.rs         |   2 +-
 12 files changed, 331 insertions(+), 305 deletions(-)
 rename crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/{registry.rs => registry/mod.rs} (53%)
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/types.rs
 rename crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/{utils.rs => permissions.rs} (97%)
 rename crates/sage-apps/src/{types/models.rs => types.rs} (100%)
 delete mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
index 35f41bafe..633a26c00 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::{encode_request_success, resolve_app_base_path};
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::events::EventForApp;
 use crate::bridge::types::RustBridgeApprovalBody;
+use crate::lifecycle::update::permissions::grant_requested_capability_internal;
 use crate::lifecycle::update::types::GrantCapabilityOutcome;
-use crate::lifecycle::update::utils::grant_requested_capability_internal;
 use crate::permissions::{get_user_capability_definition, user_capability_definition_view};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs
index e602f1add..088ec971a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs
@@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::{encode_request_success, resolve_app_base
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::events::EventForApp;
 use crate::bridge::types::RustBridgeApprovalBody;
 use crate::lifecycle::{parse_network_permission_target};
+use crate::lifecycle::update::permissions::grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal;
 use crate::lifecycle::update::types::GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome;
-use crate::lifecycle::update::utils::grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal;
 use crate::types::SageNetworkPermissionTarget;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs
similarity index 53%
rename from crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs
index b1e30b905..df6bb3fe6 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
+pub mod types;
+
 use std::{
     fs,
     path::{Path, PathBuf},
 };
 
 use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult};
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-
-use crate::types::{CorruptedInstalledSageApp, ListedSageApp, PendingStorageCleanupEntry, RetiredAppOriginEntry, SageAppAuthor, SageAppCommon, SageAppDonation, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppCapabilityFlags, SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkPermissionTarget, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist, SageRequestedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppPendingUpdate, UserSageAppSource, InstalledSageAppStorage, SageApp};
+use crate::lifecycle::types::PersistedUserSageApp;
+use crate::types::{CorruptedInstalledSageApp, ListedSageApp, PendingStorageCleanupEntry, RetiredAppOriginEntry, SageNetworkPermissionTarget, UserSageApp, SageApp};
 use crate::system_apps::list_builtin_system_apps;
 
 const INSTALLED_METADATA_FILE: &str = ".sage-installed.json";
@@ -33,79 +34,6 @@ pub fn retired_app_origins_path(base_path: &Path) -> PathBuf {
     apps_root(base_path).join(RETIRED_APP_ORIGINS_FILE)
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
-struct PersistedStringListBucket {
-    required: Vec<String>,
-    optional: Vec<String>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
-struct PersistedRequestedNetworkPermissions {
-    whitelist: PersistedStringListBucket,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
-struct PersistedRequestedPermissions {
-    network: PersistedRequestedNetworkPermissions,
-    capabilities: SageRequestedCapabilities,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
-struct PersistedSageAppPackageManifest {
-    name: String,
-    version: String,
-    permissions: PersistedRequestedPermissions,
-    files: Vec<SageAppManifestFile>,
-    entry: Option<String>,
-    icon: Option<String>,
-    author: Option<SageAppAuthor>,
-    donation: Option<SageAppDonation>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
-struct PersistedSageAppSnapshot {
-    manifest_hash: String,
-    snapshot_dir: String,
-    total_bytes: u64,
-    manifest: PersistedSageAppPackageManifest,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
-struct PersistedUserSageAppPendingUpdate {
-    app_url: String,
-    manifest_url: String,
-    manifest_hash: String,
-    manifest: PersistedSageAppPackageManifest,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
-#[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "camelCase")]
-enum PersistedUserSageAppSource {
-    Zip,
-    Url {
-        app_url: String,
-        manifest_url: String,
-    },
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
-struct PersistedUserSageApp {
-    id: String,
-    origin_id: String,
-    name: String,
-    version: String,
-    app_dir: String,
-    entry_file: String,
-    icon_file: String,
-    requested_permissions: PersistedRequestedPermissions,
-    granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
-    capability_flags: SageAppCapabilityFlags,
-    storage: InstalledSageAppStorage,
-    active_snapshot: PersistedSageAppSnapshot,
-    source: PersistedUserSageAppSource,
-    pending_update: Option<PersistedUserSageAppPendingUpdate>,
-}
-
 fn format_network_target(value: &SageNetworkPermissionTarget) -> String {
     format!("{}://{}", value.scheme, value.host)
 }
@@ -141,215 +69,13 @@ pub fn parse_network_permission_target(
     })
 }
 
-fn to_persisted_requested_permissions(
-    value: &SageRequestedPermissions,
-) -> PersistedRequestedPermissions {
-    PersistedRequestedPermissions {
-        network: PersistedRequestedNetworkPermissions {
-            whitelist: PersistedStringListBucket {
-                required: value
-                    .network
-                    .whitelist
-                    .required
-                    .iter()
-                    .map(format_network_target)
-                    .collect(),
-                optional: value
-                    .network
-                    .whitelist
-                    .optional
-                    .iter()
-                    .map(format_network_target)
-                    .collect(),
-            },
-        },
-        capabilities: value.capabilities.clone(),
-    }
-}
-
-fn from_persisted_requested_permissions(
-    value: PersistedRequestedPermissions,
-) -> AnyResult<SageRequestedPermissions> {
-    let required = value
-        .network
-        .whitelist
-        .required
-        .into_iter()
-        .map(|entry| parse_network_permission_target(&entry))
-        .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()
-        .map_err(|err| anyhow::anyhow!("failed to parse persisted required network entry: {err}"))?;
-
-    let optional = value
-        .network
-        .whitelist
-        .optional
-        .into_iter()
-        .map(|entry| parse_network_permission_target(&entry))
-        .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()
-        .map_err(|err| anyhow::anyhow!("failed to parse persisted optional network entry: {err}"))?;
-
-    Ok(SageRequestedPermissions {
-        network: SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
-            whitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist { required, optional },
-        },
-        capabilities: value.capabilities,
-    })
-}
-
-fn to_persisted_manifest(
-    value: &SageAppPackageManifest,
-) -> PersistedSageAppPackageManifest {
-    PersistedSageAppPackageManifest {
-        name: value.name.clone(),
-        version: value.version.clone(),
-        permissions: to_persisted_requested_permissions(&value.permissions),
-        files: value.files.clone(),
-        entry: value.entry.clone(),
-        icon: value.icon.clone(),
-        author: value.author.clone(),
-        donation: value.donation.clone(),
-    }
-}
-
-fn from_persisted_manifest(
-    value: PersistedSageAppPackageManifest,
-) -> AnyResult<SageAppPackageManifest> {
-    Ok(SageAppPackageManifest {
-        name: value.name,
-        version: value.version,
-        permissions: from_persisted_requested_permissions(value.permissions)?,
-        files: value.files,
-        entry: value.entry,
-        icon: value.icon,
-        author: value.author,
-        donation: value.donation,
-    })
-}
-
-fn to_persisted_snapshot(value: &SageAppSnapshot) -> PersistedSageAppSnapshot {
-    PersistedSageAppSnapshot {
-        manifest_hash: value.manifest_hash.clone(),
-        snapshot_dir: value.snapshot_dir.clone(),
-        total_bytes: value.total_bytes,
-        manifest: to_persisted_manifest(&value.manifest),
-    }
-}
-
-fn from_persisted_snapshot(
-    value: PersistedSageAppSnapshot,
-) -> AnyResult<SageAppSnapshot> {
-    Ok(SageAppSnapshot {
-        manifest_hash: value.manifest_hash,
-        snapshot_dir: value.snapshot_dir,
-        total_bytes: value.total_bytes,
-        manifest: from_persisted_manifest(value.manifest)?,
-    })
-}
-
-fn to_persisted_pending_update(
-    value: &UserSageAppPendingUpdate,
-) -> PersistedUserSageAppPendingUpdate {
-    PersistedUserSageAppPendingUpdate {
-        app_url: value.app_url.clone(),
-        manifest_url: value.manifest_url.clone(),
-        manifest_hash: value.manifest_hash.clone(),
-        manifest: to_persisted_manifest(&value.manifest),
-    }
-}
-
-fn from_persisted_pending_update(
-    value: PersistedUserSageAppPendingUpdate,
-) -> AnyResult<UserSageAppPendingUpdate> {
-    Ok(UserSageAppPendingUpdate {
-        app_url: value.app_url,
-        manifest_url: value.manifest_url,
-        manifest_hash: value.manifest_hash,
-        manifest: from_persisted_manifest(value.manifest)?,
-    })
-}
-
-fn to_persisted_source(value: &UserSageAppSource) -> PersistedUserSageAppSource {
-    match value {
-        UserSageAppSource::Zip => PersistedUserSageAppSource::Zip,
-        UserSageAppSource::Url {
-            app_url,
-            manifest_url,
-        } => PersistedUserSageAppSource::Url {
-            app_url: app_url.clone(),
-            manifest_url: manifest_url.clone(),
-        },
-    }
-}
-
-fn from_persisted_source(value: PersistedUserSageAppSource) -> UserSageAppSource {
-    match value {
-        PersistedUserSageAppSource::Zip => UserSageAppSource::Zip,
-        PersistedUserSageAppSource::Url {
-            app_url,
-            manifest_url,
-        } => UserSageAppSource::Url {
-            app_url,
-            manifest_url,
-        },
-    }
-}
-
-fn to_persisted_user_app(app: &UserSageApp) -> PersistedUserSageApp {
-    PersistedUserSageApp {
-        id: app.common.id.clone(),
-        origin_id: app.common.origin_id.clone(),
-        name: app.common.name.clone(),
-        version: app.common.version.clone(),
-        app_dir: app.common.app_dir.clone(),
-        entry_file: app.common.entry_file.clone(),
-        icon_file: app.common.icon_file.clone(),
-        requested_permissions: to_persisted_requested_permissions(
-            &app.common.requested_permissions,
-        ),
-        granted_permissions: app.common.granted_permissions.clone(),
-        capability_flags: app.common.capability_flags,
-        storage: app.common.storage.clone(),
-        active_snapshot: to_persisted_snapshot(&app.common.active_snapshot),
-        source: to_persisted_source(&app.source),
-        pending_update: app.pending_update.as_ref().map(to_persisted_pending_update),
-    }
-}
-
-fn from_persisted_user_app(
-    app: PersistedUserSageApp,
-) -> AnyResult<UserSageApp> {
-    Ok(UserSageApp {
-        common: SageAppCommon {
-            id: app.id,
-            origin_id: app.origin_id,
-            name: app.name,
-            version: app.version,
-            app_dir: app.app_dir,
-            entry_file: app.entry_file,
-            icon_file: app.icon_file,
-            requested_permissions: from_persisted_requested_permissions(
-                app.requested_permissions,
-            )?,
-            granted_permissions: app.granted_permissions,
-            capability_flags: app.capability_flags,
-            storage: app.storage,
-            active_snapshot: from_persisted_snapshot(app.active_snapshot)?,
-        },
-        source: from_persisted_source(app.source),
-        pending_update: app
-            .pending_update
-            .map(from_persisted_pending_update)
-            .transpose()?,
-    })
-}
-
-pub fn read_installed_app_from_dir(dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<UserSageApp> {
+pub fn read_installed_user_app_from_dir(dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<UserSageApp> {
     let path = installed_metadata_path(dir);
     let text =
         fs::read_to_string(&path).with_context(|| format!("failed to read {}", path.display()))?;
     let persisted: PersistedUserSageApp =
         serde_json::from_str(&text).context("failed to parse installed app metadata")?;
-    from_persisted_user_app(persisted)
+    persisted.try_into()
 }
 
 pub fn write_installed_app_metadata(
@@ -357,7 +83,7 @@ pub fn write_installed_app_metadata(
     app_dir: &Path,
 ) -> AnyResult<()> {
     let path = installed_metadata_path(app_dir);
-    let persisted = to_persisted_user_app(app);
+    let persisted: PersistedUserSageApp = app.into();
     let text = serde_json::to_string_pretty(&persisted)
         .map_err(|err| anyhow::anyhow!("failed to serialize installed app metadata: {err}"))?;
     fs::write(path, format!("{text}\n"))?;
@@ -369,7 +95,7 @@ pub fn read_installed_app_by_id(
     app_id: &str,
 ) -> AnyResult<UserSageApp> {
     let dir = app_dir(base_path, app_id);
-    read_installed_app_from_dir(&dir)
+    read_installed_user_app_from_dir(&dir)
 }
 
 pub fn list_installed_apps_internal(root: &Path) -> AnyResult<Vec<ListedSageApp>> {
@@ -409,7 +135,7 @@ pub fn list_installed_apps_internal(root: &Path) -> AnyResult<Vec<ListedSageApp>
             continue;
         }
 
-        match read_installed_app_from_dir(&path) {
+        match read_installed_user_app_from_dir(&path) {
             Ok(app) => apps.push(ListedSageApp::User(app)),
             Err(err) => apps.push(ListedSageApp::Corrupted(CorruptedInstalledSageApp {
                 id,
@@ -513,7 +239,7 @@ pub fn write_retired_app_origins(
     Ok(())
 }
 
-pub fn read_installed_app_by_origin_id(
+pub fn read_installed_user_app_by_origin_id(
     base_path: &Path,
     origin_id: &str,
 ) -> AnyResult<UserSageApp> {
@@ -618,14 +344,14 @@ mod tests {
         write_installed_app_metadata(&app_a, Path::new(&app_a.common.app_dir)).unwrap();
         write_installed_app_metadata(&app_b, Path::new(&app_b.common.app_dir)).unwrap();
 
-        let found = read_installed_app_by_origin_id(dir.path(), "origin-b").unwrap();
+        let found = read_installed_user_app_by_origin_id(dir.path(), "origin-b").unwrap();
         assert_eq!(found.common.id, "app-b");
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn read_installed_app_by_origin_id_errors_when_missing() {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-        let err = read_installed_app_by_origin_id(dir.path(), "missing").unwrap_err();
+        let err = read_installed_user_app_by_origin_id(dir.path(), "missing").unwrap_err();
         assert!(err.to_string().contains("no installed app found for origin id"));
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/types.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4e0f86e39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/types.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,304 @@
+use std::convert::TryFrom;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use crate::lifecycle::parse_network_permission_target;
+use crate::lifecycle::registry::format_network_target;
+use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppAuthor, SageAppCapabilityFlags, SageAppCommon, SageAppDonation, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist, SageRequestedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppPendingUpdate, UserSageAppSource};
+
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+struct PersistedStringListBucket {
+    required: Vec<String>,
+    optional: Vec<String>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+struct PersistedRequestedNetworkPermissions {
+    whitelist: PersistedStringListBucket,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+struct PersistedRequestedPermissions {
+    network: PersistedRequestedNetworkPermissions,
+    capabilities: SageRequestedCapabilities,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+struct PersistedSageAppPackageManifest {
+    name: String,
+    version: String,
+    permissions: PersistedRequestedPermissions,
+    files: Vec<SageAppManifestFile>,
+    entry: Option<String>,
+    icon: Option<String>,
+    author: Option<SageAppAuthor>,
+    donation: Option<SageAppDonation>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+struct PersistedSageAppSnapshot {
+    manifest_hash: String,
+    snapshot_dir: String,
+    total_bytes: u64,
+    manifest: PersistedSageAppPackageManifest,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+struct PersistedUserSageAppPendingUpdate {
+    app_url: String,
+    manifest_url: String,
+    manifest_hash: String,
+    manifest: PersistedSageAppPackageManifest,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "camelCase")]
+enum PersistedUserSageAppSource {
+    Zip,
+    Url {
+        app_url: String,
+        manifest_url: String,
+    },
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct PersistedUserSageApp {
+    id: String,
+    origin_id: String,
+    name: String,
+    version: String,
+    app_dir: String,
+    entry_file: String,
+    icon_file: String,
+    requested_permissions: PersistedRequestedPermissions,
+    granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
+    capability_flags: SageAppCapabilityFlags,
+    storage: InstalledSageAppStorage,
+    active_snapshot: PersistedSageAppSnapshot,
+    source: PersistedUserSageAppSource,
+    pending_update: Option<PersistedUserSageAppPendingUpdate>,
+}
+
+impl From<&SageRequestedPermissions> for PersistedRequestedPermissions {
+    fn from(value: &SageRequestedPermissions) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            network: PersistedRequestedNetworkPermissions {
+                whitelist: PersistedStringListBucket {
+                    required: value
+                        .network
+                        .whitelist
+                        .required
+                        .iter()
+                        .map(format_network_target)
+                        .collect(),
+                    optional: value
+                        .network
+                        .whitelist
+                        .optional
+                        .iter()
+                        .map(format_network_target)
+                        .collect(),
+                },
+            },
+            capabilities: value.capabilities.clone(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl TryFrom<PersistedRequestedPermissions> for SageRequestedPermissions {
+    type Error = anyhow::Error;
+
+    fn try_from(value: PersistedRequestedPermissions) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+        let required = value
+            .network
+            .whitelist
+            .required
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|entry| parse_network_permission_target(&entry))
+            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()
+            .map_err(|err| anyhow::anyhow!(
+                "failed to parse persisted required network entry: {err}"
+            ))?;
+
+        let optional = value
+            .network
+            .whitelist
+            .optional
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|entry| parse_network_permission_target(&entry))
+            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()
+            .map_err(|err| anyhow::anyhow!(
+                "failed to parse persisted optional network entry: {err}"
+            ))?;
+
+        Ok(SageRequestedPermissions {
+            network: SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
+                whitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist { required, optional },
+            },
+            capabilities: value.capabilities,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<&UserSageApp> for PersistedUserSageApp {
+    fn from(app: &UserSageApp) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            id: app.common.id.clone(),
+            origin_id: app.common.origin_id.clone(),
+            name: app.common.name.clone(),
+            version: app.common.version.clone(),
+            app_dir: app.common.app_dir.clone(),
+            entry_file: app.common.entry_file.clone(),
+            icon_file: app.common.icon_file.clone(),
+            requested_permissions: (&app.common.requested_permissions).into(),
+            granted_permissions: app.common.granted_permissions.clone(),
+            capability_flags: app.common.capability_flags,
+            storage: app.common.storage.clone(),
+            active_snapshot: (&app.common.active_snapshot).into(),
+            source: (&app.source).into(),
+            pending_update: app.pending_update.as_ref().map(Into::into),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<UserSageApp> for PersistedUserSageApp {
+    fn from(app: UserSageApp) -> Self {
+        Self::from(&app)
+    }
+}
+
+impl TryFrom<PersistedUserSageApp> for UserSageApp {
+    type Error = anyhow::Error;
+
+    fn try_from(app: PersistedUserSageApp) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+        Ok(UserSageApp {
+            common: SageAppCommon {
+                id: app.id,
+                origin_id: app.origin_id,
+                name: app.name,
+                version: app.version,
+                app_dir: app.app_dir,
+                entry_file: app.entry_file,
+                icon_file: app.icon_file,
+                requested_permissions: app.requested_permissions.try_into()?,
+                granted_permissions: app.granted_permissions,
+                capability_flags: app.capability_flags,
+                storage: app.storage,
+                active_snapshot: app.active_snapshot.try_into()?,
+            },
+            source: app.source.into(),
+            pending_update: app
+                .pending_update
+                .map(TryInto::try_into)
+                .transpose()?,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl TryFrom<PersistedSageAppPackageManifest> for SageAppPackageManifest {
+    type Error = anyhow::Error;
+
+    fn try_from(value: PersistedSageAppPackageManifest) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+        Ok(SageAppPackageManifest {
+            name: value.name,
+            version: value.version,
+            permissions: value.permissions.try_into()?,
+            files: value.files,
+            entry: value.entry,
+            icon: value.icon,
+            author: value.author,
+            donation: value.donation,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<&SageAppPackageManifest> for PersistedSageAppPackageManifest {
+    fn from(value: &SageAppPackageManifest) -> Self {
+        PersistedSageAppPackageManifest {
+            name: value.name.clone(),
+            version: value.version.clone(),
+            permissions: (&value.permissions).into(),
+            files: value.files.clone(),
+            entry: value.entry.clone(),
+            icon: value.icon.clone(),
+            author: value.author.clone(),
+            donation: value.donation.clone(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<&UserSageAppPendingUpdate> for PersistedUserSageAppPendingUpdate {
+    fn from(value: &UserSageAppPendingUpdate) -> Self {
+        PersistedUserSageAppPendingUpdate {
+            app_url: value.app_url.clone(),
+            manifest_url: value.manifest_url.clone(),
+            manifest_hash: value.manifest_hash.clone(),
+            manifest: (&value.manifest).into(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<&UserSageAppSource> for PersistedUserSageAppSource {
+    fn from(value: &UserSageAppSource) -> Self {
+        match value {
+            UserSageAppSource::Zip => PersistedUserSageAppSource::Zip,
+            UserSageAppSource::Url {
+                app_url,
+                manifest_url,
+            } => PersistedUserSageAppSource::Url {
+                app_url: app_url.clone(),
+                manifest_url: manifest_url.clone(),
+            },
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<PersistedUserSageAppSource> for UserSageAppSource {
+    fn from(value: PersistedUserSageAppSource) -> Self {
+        match value {
+            PersistedUserSageAppSource::Zip => UserSageAppSource::Zip,
+            PersistedUserSageAppSource::Url {
+                app_url,
+                manifest_url,
+            } => UserSageAppSource::Url {
+                app_url,
+                manifest_url,
+            },
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<&SageAppSnapshot> for PersistedSageAppSnapshot {
+    fn from(value: &SageAppSnapshot) -> Self {
+        PersistedSageAppSnapshot {
+            manifest_hash: value.manifest_hash.clone(),
+            snapshot_dir: value.snapshot_dir.clone(),
+            total_bytes: value.total_bytes,
+            manifest: (&value.manifest).into(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl TryFrom<PersistedSageAppSnapshot> for SageAppSnapshot {
+    type Error = anyhow::Error;
+
+    fn try_from(value: PersistedSageAppSnapshot) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+        Ok(SageAppSnapshot {
+            manifest_hash: value.manifest_hash,
+            snapshot_dir: value.snapshot_dir,
+            total_bytes: value.total_bytes,
+            manifest: value.manifest.try_into()?,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl TryFrom<PersistedUserSageAppPendingUpdate> for UserSageAppPendingUpdate {
+    type Error = anyhow::Error;
+
+    fn try_from(value: PersistedUserSageAppPendingUpdate) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+        Ok(UserSageAppPendingUpdate {
+            app_url: value.app_url,
+            manifest_url: value.manifest_url,
+            manifest_hash: value.manifest_hash,
+            manifest: value.manifest.try_into()?,
+        })
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
index 962f7a600..7e073b5aa 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use crate::bridge::USER_BRIDGE_CHANNEL;
 use crate::host::AppState;
 use crate::lifecycle::{download_url_snapshot, manifest_entry_file, manifest_icon_file, read_installed_app_by_id, write_installed_app_metadata};
 use crate::lifecycle::install::url::preview_app_url_internal;
-use crate::lifecycle::update::utils::update_app_permissions_with_change_internal;
+use crate::lifecycle::update::permissions::update_app_permissions_with_change_internal;
 use crate::permissions::{normalize_and_validate_granted_network_whitelist, normalize_user_granted_capabilities, resolve_capability_flags, resolve_effective_granted_capabilities, validate_user_granted_capabilities};
 use crate::types::{SageAppUrlPreview, SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppPendingUpdate, UserSageAppSource};
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/mod.rs
index 9de145768..017442cd8 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/mod.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 pub mod commands;
 pub mod types;
-pub mod utils;
+pub mod permissions;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/utils.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
similarity index 97%
rename from crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/utils.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
index 254fddef8..88c3a7894 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/utils.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-use anyhow::Result;
 use std::collections::BTreeSet;
 use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
@@ -21,7 +20,7 @@ fn requested_capability_set(app: &UserSageApp) -> BTreeSet<UserBridgeCapability>
     out
 }
 
-fn requested_network_set(app: &UserSageApp) -> Result<BTreeSet<(String, String)>> {
+fn requested_network_set(app: &UserSageApp) -> anyhow::Result<BTreeSet<(String, String)>> {
     let mut out = BTreeSet::new();
 
     for entry in &app.common.requested_permissions.network.whitelist.required {
@@ -86,7 +85,7 @@ pub fn update_app_permissions_internal(
     app_id: &str,
     granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
     clear_storage_taint: bool,
-) -> Result<UserSageApp> {
+) -> anyhow::Result<UserSageApp> {
     let mut app = read_installed_app_by_id(base_path, app_id)?;
 
     validate_user_granted_capabilities(
@@ -145,7 +144,7 @@ pub fn grant_requested_capability_internal(
     base_path: &Path,
     app_id: &str,
     capability: UserBridgeCapability,
-) -> Result<GrantCapabilityOutcome> {
+) -> anyhow::Result<GrantCapabilityOutcome> {
     let app = read_installed_app_by_id(base_path, app_id)?;
 
     let requested = requested_capability_set(&app);
@@ -200,7 +199,7 @@ pub fn grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal(
     base_path: &Path,
     app_id: &str,
     entry: &SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
-) -> Result<GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome> {
+) -> anyhow::Result<GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome> {
     let app = read_installed_app_by_id(base_path, app_id)?;
 
     let normalized = parse_network_permission_target(&format!(
@@ -270,7 +269,7 @@ pub fn update_app_permissions_with_change_internal(
     app_id: &str,
     granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
     clear_storage_taint: bool,
-) -> Result<(
+) -> anyhow::Result<(
     UserSageApp,
     GrantedCapabilitiesChange,
     GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
index 41f08eacf..587324a85 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use anyhow::{anyhow, Result as AnyResult};
 use tauri::http::{Response, StatusCode};
 
 use crate::{
-    lifecycle::{read_installed_app_by_origin_id, read_snapshot_file},
+    lifecycle::{read_installed_user_app_by_origin_id, read_snapshot_file},
     sandbox::{
         build_builtin_test_app, builtin_runtime_apps_root, builtin_test_app_dir,
         builtin_test_app_spec,
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ pub fn handle_app_protocol_request(
         ));
     }
 
-    let app = SageApp::User(read_installed_app_by_origin_id(base_path, host)?);
+    let app = SageApp::User(read_installed_user_app_by_origin_id(base_path, host)?);
     let request_path = uri.path();
     let csp = build_app_csp(&app);
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/models.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/src/types/models.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/types.rs
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 7d7ac1693..000000000
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-pub mod models;
-
-pub use models::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_registry.rs b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_registry.rs
index 881696882..e276be368 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_registry.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_registry.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use std::fs;
 use common::{sample_installed_app};
 use sage_apps::lifecycle::registry::{
     app_dir, apps_root, list_installed_apps_internal, parse_network_permission_target,
-    read_installed_app_by_id, read_installed_app_by_origin_id,
+    read_installed_app_by_id, read_installed_user_app_by_origin_id,
     read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries, read_retired_app_origins,
     write_installed_app_metadata, write_pending_storage_cleanup_entries,
     write_retired_app_origins,
@@ -281,14 +281,14 @@ fn read_installed_app_by_origin_id_finds_matching_app() {
     beta.common.app_dir = beta_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string();
     write_installed_app_metadata(&beta, &beta_dir).unwrap();
 
-    let found = read_installed_app_by_origin_id(base.path(), "origin-b").unwrap();
+    let found = read_installed_user_app_by_origin_id(base.path(), "origin-b").unwrap();
     assert_eq!(found.common.id, "b");
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn read_installed_app_by_origin_id_errors_when_missing() {
     let base = tempdir().unwrap();
-    let err = read_installed_app_by_origin_id(base.path(), "missing").unwrap_err();
+    let err = read_installed_user_app_by_origin_id(base.path(), "missing").unwrap_err();
     assert!(err
         .to_string()
         .contains("no installed app found for origin id"));
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_update.rs b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_update.rs
index e3a47b7fe..637875298 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_update.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_update.rs
@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@ use sage_apps::types::{
 };
 use tempfile::tempdir;
 use sage_apps::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+use sage_apps::lifecycle::update::permissions::{grant_requested_capability_internal, grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal, update_app_permissions_internal};
 use sage_apps::lifecycle::update::types::{GrantCapabilityOutcome, GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome};
-use sage_apps::lifecycle::update::utils::{grant_requested_capability_internal, grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal, update_app_permissions_internal};
 
 fn sample_app(base: &Path, app_id: &str) -> UserSageApp {
     let mut app = sample_installed_app(base, app_id, "Test App");

From 818441352a5a66fb069985bc78e4729b26e5e531 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sun, 26 Apr 2026 17:34:09 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 215/471] Refactor bridge methods and runtime logic:

- Standardized `BridgeMethod` error handling by introducing `BridgeMethodHandleError`.
- Replaced repetitive parameter parsing logic with `parse_required_params`.
- Simplified runtime methods (`listRuntimes`, `killRuntime`, etc.) to use unified error-handling and result serialization.
- Removed redundant `RustBridgeResponse` and `parse_runtime_target_params` usage.
- Modularized `BridgeRegistry` initialization with helper `insert_method`.
---
 Cargo.lock                                    |   1 +
 crates/sage-apps/Cargo.toml                   |   1 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs |  26 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/shared.rs |  57 +++-
 .../system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs   |  46 ++--
 .../system/runtime_manager/hide_runtime.rs    |  45 ++--
 .../system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs    |  43 ++-
 .../system/runtime_manager/list_runtimes.rs   |  39 +--
 .../methods/system/runtime_manager/mod.rs     |  23 --
 .../methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs      |  36 +--
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_info.rs   |  47 ++--
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/app/lifecycle.rs  | 109 +++-----
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/app/mod.rs        |  32 +--
 .../user/app/request_capability_grant.rs      | 117 ++++----
 .../app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs    | 145 +++++-----
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/ping.rs    |  35 +--
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs    |  82 ++----
 .../methods/user/wallet/get_secret_key.rs     |  75 ++----
 .../methods/user/wallet/read_methods.rs       | 253 +++++++++++++-----
 .../bridge/methods/user/wallet/send_xch.rs    | 100 +++----
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs       |  77 +++---
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs          |   1 +
 .../sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs   |  27 +-
 23 files changed, 689 insertions(+), 728 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index ccc68279c..18f0d599b 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -6381,6 +6381,7 @@ version = "0.1.0"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "async-trait",
+ "erased-serde",
  "hex",
  "mime_guess",
  "reqwest 0.12.24",
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/Cargo.toml b/crates/sage-apps/Cargo.toml
index 9e514dc09..8fe9d6a64 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/Cargo.toml
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ zip = "8.5.1"
 mime_guess = "2"
 url = "2"
 async-trait = "0.1.89"
+erased-serde = "0.4.9"
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 tempfile = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
index 7c7f5eaf7..d0188bc6a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn execute_bridge_request(
     source_label: &str,
     request: &RustBridgeRequest,
 ) -> RustBridgeResponse {
-    let registry = BridgeRegistry::new_for_app(&app);
+    let registry = BridgeRegistry::new_for_app(app);
 
     let Some(method) = registry.get(&request.method) else {
         return RustBridgeResponse::error(
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn execute_bridge_request(
         );
     };
 
-    method
+    let result = method
         .handle(
             BridgeContext { app, source_label },
             BridgeTools {
@@ -135,7 +135,27 @@ pub(crate) async fn execute_bridge_request(
             },
             request,
         )
-        .await
+        .await;
+
+    match result {
+        Ok(value) => {
+            match erased_serde::serialize(&*value, serde_json::value::Serializer) {
+                Ok(value) => RustBridgeResponse::success(&request.channel, &request.id, value),
+                Err(err) => RustBridgeResponse::error(
+                    &request.channel,
+                    &request.id,
+                    "internal_error",
+                    format!("failed to encode {} result: {err}", method.name()),
+                ),
+            }
+        }
+        Err(err) => RustBridgeResponse::error(
+            &request.channel,
+            &request.id,
+            err.code,
+            err.message,
+        ),
+    }
 }
 
 fn verify_capability(
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/shared.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/shared.rs
index efa9b3d71..24e0d9c8c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/shared.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/shared.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
-
-use crate::bridge::{
-    RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse,
-};
+use serde::de::DeserializeOwned;
+use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest};
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::{BridgeCapability, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
 use crate::host::AppState;
 use crate::state::AppsHostState;
@@ -27,8 +25,35 @@ pub enum BridgeMethodCapability {
     Required(BridgeCapability),
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct BridgeMethodHandleError {
+    pub code: &'static str,
+    pub message: String,
+}
+
+impl BridgeMethodHandleError {
+    pub fn new(code: &'static str, message: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            code,
+            message: message.into(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn invalid_request(message: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        Self::new("invalid_request", message)
+    }
+
+    pub fn internal_error(message: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        Self::new("internal_error", message)
+    }
+}
+
+pub type BridgeHandleResult =
+Result<Box<dyn erased_serde::Serialize + Send>, BridgeMethodHandleError>;
+
 #[async_trait]
 pub trait BridgeMethod: Send + Sync {
+    fn name(&self) -> &'static str;
     fn capability(&self) -> BridgeMethodCapability;
 
     fn approval_request(
@@ -42,7 +67,7 @@ pub trait BridgeMethod: Send + Sync {
         ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
         tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
         request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-    ) -> RustBridgeResponse;
+    ) -> BridgeHandleResult;
 }
 
 impl BridgeMethodCapability {
@@ -58,3 +83,25 @@ impl BridgeMethodCapability {
         Self::Required(BridgeCapability::System(cap))
     }
 }
+
+pub fn parse_required_params<T>(
+    method: &impl BridgeMethod,
+    request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+) -> Result<T, BridgeMethodHandleError>
+where
+    T: DeserializeOwned,
+{
+    let Some(params_json) = request.params_json.as_deref() else {
+        return Err(BridgeMethodHandleError::new(
+            "invalid_request",
+            format!("{} requires params", method.name()),
+        ));
+    };
+
+    serde_json::from_str(params_json).map_err(|err| {
+        BridgeMethodHandleError::new(
+            "invalid_request",
+            format!("Failed to decode {} params: {err}", method.name()),
+        )
+    })
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs
index a42a54ce2..1c8c1fce1 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
+use crate::bridge::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::bridge::methods::system::runtime_manager::{parse_runtime_target_params};
-use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
-use crate::bridge::capabilities::{SystemBridgeCapability};
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodCapability;
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
+    parse_required_params, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError,
+};
+use crate::bridge::methods::system::runtime_manager::RuntimeTargetParams;
+use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest};
 use crate::runtime::focus_runtime;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
@@ -12,11 +14,19 @@ pub struct RuntimeManagerFocusRuntime;
 
 #[async_trait]
 impl BridgeMethod for RuntimeManagerFocusRuntime {
+    fn name(&self) -> &'static str {
+        "runtimeManager.focusRuntime"
+    }
+
     fn capability(&self) -> BridgeMethodCapability {
         BridgeMethodCapability::system(SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerFocusRuntime)
     }
 
-    fn approval_request(&self, _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>, _request: &RustBridgeRequest) -> Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest> {
+    fn approval_request(
+        &self,
+        _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest> {
         None
     }
 
@@ -25,29 +35,17 @@ impl BridgeMethod for RuntimeManagerFocusRuntime {
         _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
         tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
         request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-    ) -> RustBridgeResponse {
-        let params = match parse_runtime_target_params(request) {
-            Ok(value) => value,
-            Err(response) => return response,
-        };
+    ) -> BridgeHandleResult {
+        let params: RuntimeTargetParams = parse_required_params(self, request)?;
 
-        match focus_runtime(
+        let record = focus_runtime(
             tools.app_handle,
             tools.host_state,
-            &params.app_id
+            &params.app_id,
         )
             .await
-        {
-            Ok(record) => match serde_json::to_value(record) {
-                Ok(value) => RustBridgeResponse::success(&request.channel, &request.id, value),
-                Err(err) => RustBridgeResponse::error(
-                    &request.channel,
-                    &request.id,
-                    "internal_error",
-                    format!("failed to encode runtime record: {err}"),
-                ),
-            },
-            Err(err) => RustBridgeResponse::error(&request.channel, &request.id, "internal_error", err),
-        }
+            .map_err(BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error)?;
+
+        Ok(Box::new(record))
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_runtime.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_runtime.rs
index 85e2319a1..58d73ce1c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_runtime.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_runtime.rs
@@ -1,23 +1,32 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
-use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::bridge::methods::system::runtime_manager::{parse_runtime_target_params};
-use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodCapability;
+use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
+    parse_required_params, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError,
+};
+use crate::bridge::methods::system::runtime_manager::RuntimeTargetParams;
+use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest};
 use crate::runtime::hide_runtime;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct RuntimeManagerHideRuntime;
 
-
 #[async_trait]
 impl BridgeMethod for RuntimeManagerHideRuntime {
+    fn name(&self) -> &'static str {
+        "runtimeManager.hideRuntime"
+    }
+
     fn capability(&self) -> BridgeMethodCapability {
         BridgeMethodCapability::system(SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerHideRuntime)
     }
 
-    fn approval_request(&self, _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>, _request: &RustBridgeRequest) -> Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest> {
+    fn approval_request(
+        &self,
+        _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest> {
         None
     }
 
@@ -26,29 +35,17 @@ impl BridgeMethod for RuntimeManagerHideRuntime {
         _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
         tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
         request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-    ) -> RustBridgeResponse {
-        let params = match parse_runtime_target_params(request) {
-            Ok(value) => value,
-            Err(response) => return response,
-        };
+    ) -> BridgeHandleResult {
+        let params: RuntimeTargetParams = parse_required_params(self, request)?;
 
-        match hide_runtime(
+        let record = hide_runtime(
             tools.app_handle,
             tools.host_state,
             &params.app_id,
         )
             .await
-        {
-            Ok(record) => match serde_json::to_value(record) {
-                Ok(value) => RustBridgeResponse::success(&request.channel, &request.id, value),
-                Err(err) => RustBridgeResponse::error(
-                    &request.channel,
-                    &request.id,
-                    "internal_error",
-                    format!("failed to encode runtime record: {err}"),
-                ),
-            },
-            Err(err) => RustBridgeResponse::error(&request.channel, &request.id, "internal_error", err),
-        }
+            .map_err(BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error)?;
+
+        Ok(Box::new(record))
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs
index 466839f3f..79e0239e6 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs
@@ -1,17 +1,24 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
-use crate::bridge::methods::system::runtime_manager::{parse_runtime_target_params};
-use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodCapability;
-use crate::runtime::stop::{kill_runtime, SystemKillRuntimeResult};
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
+    parse_required_params, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
+    BridgeMethodHandleError,
+};
+use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest};
+use crate::runtime::stop::kill_runtime;
+use crate::bridge::methods::system::runtime_manager::RuntimeTargetParams;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct RuntimeManagerKillRuntime;
 
 #[async_trait]
 impl BridgeMethod for RuntimeManagerKillRuntime {
+    fn name(&self) -> &'static str {
+        "runtimeManager.killRuntime"
+    }
+
     fn capability(&self) -> BridgeMethodCapability {
         BridgeMethodCapability::system(SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerKillRuntime)
     }
@@ -19,7 +26,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for RuntimeManagerKillRuntime {
     fn approval_request(
         &self,
         _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
-        _request: &RustBridgeRequest
+        _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
     ) -> Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest> {
         None
     }
@@ -29,30 +36,18 @@ impl BridgeMethod for RuntimeManagerKillRuntime {
         _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
         tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
         request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-    ) -> RustBridgeResponse {
-        let params = match parse_runtime_target_params(request) {
-            Ok(value) => value,
-            Err(response) => return response,
-        };
+    ) -> BridgeHandleResult {
+        let params: RuntimeTargetParams = parse_required_params(self, request)?;
 
-        match kill_runtime(
+        let result = kill_runtime(
             tools.app_handle,
             tools.host_state,
             &params.app_id,
             "user_kill",
         )
             .await
-        {
-            Ok(result) => match serde_json::to_value::<SystemKillRuntimeResult>(result) {
-                Ok(value) => RustBridgeResponse::success(&request.channel, &request.id, value),
-                Err(err) => RustBridgeResponse::error(
-                    &request.channel,
-                    &request.id,
-                    "internal_error",
-                    format!("failed to encode system.killRuntime result: {err}"),
-                ),
-            },
-            Err(err) => RustBridgeResponse::error(&request.channel, &request.id, "internal_error", err),
-        }
+            .map_err(BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error)?;
+
+        Ok(Box::new(result))
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/list_runtimes.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/list_runtimes.rs
index a722edbb9..8d31d890e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/list_runtimes.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/list_runtimes.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
-use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodCapability;
+use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
+    BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError,
+};
+use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest};
 use crate::runtime::state::read::list_runtimes;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
@@ -11,11 +13,19 @@ pub struct RuntimeManagerListRuntimes;
 
 #[async_trait]
 impl BridgeMethod for RuntimeManagerListRuntimes {
+    fn name(&self) -> &'static str {
+        "runtimeManager.listRuntimes"
+    }
+
     fn capability(&self) -> BridgeMethodCapability {
         BridgeMethodCapability::system(SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerListRuntimes)
     }
 
-    fn approval_request(&self, _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>, _request: &RustBridgeRequest) -> Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest> {
+    fn approval_request(
+        &self,
+        _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest> {
         None
     }
 
@@ -23,19 +33,12 @@ impl BridgeMethod for RuntimeManagerListRuntimes {
         &self,
         _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
         tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
-        request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-    ) -> RustBridgeResponse {
-        match list_runtimes(tools.host_state).await {
-            Ok(records) => match serde_json::to_value(records) {
-                Ok(value) => RustBridgeResponse::success(&request.channel, &request.id, value),
-                Err(err) => RustBridgeResponse::error(
-                    &request.channel,
-                    &request.id,
-                    "internal_error",
-                    format!("failed to encode runtimes: {err}"),
-                ),
-            },
-            Err(err) => RustBridgeResponse::error(&request.channel, &request.id, "internal_error", err),
-        }
+        _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> BridgeHandleResult {
+        let records = list_runtimes(tools.host_state)
+            .await
+            .map_err(BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error)?;
+
+        Ok(Box::new(records))
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/mod.rs
index 5a6ad3856..b3dc75984 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/mod.rs
@@ -11,26 +11,3 @@ pub use list_runtimes::RuntimeManagerListRuntimes;
 pub use events::RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent;
 
 pub use crate::runtime::{RuntimeTargetParams};
-use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
-
-fn parse_runtime_target_params(
-    request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-) -> Result<RuntimeTargetParams, RustBridgeResponse> {
-    let Some(params_json) = request.params_json.clone() else {
-        return Err(RustBridgeResponse::error(
-            &request.channel,
-            &request.id,
-            "invalid_request",
-            "method requires params",
-        ));
-    };
-
-    serde_json::from_str(&params_json).map_err(|err| {
-        RustBridgeResponse::error(
-            &request.channel,
-            &request.id,
-            "invalid_request",
-            format!("failed to decode params: {err}"),
-        )
-    })
-}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs
index 3c87b362f..c9cd5b475 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
-use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
+
+use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest};
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodCapability;
+use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability};
 use crate::permissions::{resolve_effective_granted_capabilities, resolve_shared_capabilities};
 use crate::types::SageApp;
 
@@ -11,11 +12,19 @@ pub struct AppGetCapabilities;
 
 #[async_trait]
 impl BridgeMethod for AppGetCapabilities {
+    fn name(&self) -> &'static str {
+        "app.getCapabilities"
+    }
+
     fn capability(&self) -> BridgeMethodCapability {
         BridgeMethodCapability::user(UserBridgeCapability::AppGetCapabilities)
     }
 
-    fn approval_request(&self, _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>, _request: &RustBridgeRequest) -> Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest> {
+    fn approval_request(
+        &self,
+        _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest> {
         None
     }
 
@@ -23,8 +32,8 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppGetCapabilities {
         &self,
         ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
         _tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
-        request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-    ) -> RustBridgeResponse {
+        _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> BridgeHandleResult {
         let effective_capabilities = match ctx.app {
             SageApp::User(user_app) => resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(
                 &user_app.common.requested_permissions,
@@ -34,16 +43,9 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppGetCapabilities {
             SageApp::System(_) => ctx.app.granted_permissions().capabilities.clone(),
         };
 
-        let capabilities = resolve_shared_capabilities(&effective_capabilities).unwrap_or_default();
-
-        match serde_json::to_value(&capabilities) {
-            Ok(value) => RustBridgeResponse::success(&request.channel, &request.id, value),
-            Err(err) => RustBridgeResponse::error(
-                &request.channel,
-                &request.id,
-                "internal_error",
-                format!("failed to encode app.getCapabilities result: {err}"),
-            ),
-        }
+        let capabilities =
+            resolve_shared_capabilities(&effective_capabilities).unwrap_or_default();
+
+        Ok(Box::new(capabilities))
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_info.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_info.rs
index b107c576f..620856d0c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_info.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_info.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,15 @@
 use std::collections::BTreeSet;
+
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
-use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
+
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodCapability;
+use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
+    BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError,
+};
+use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest};
 use crate::lifecycle::parse_network_permission_target;
 use crate::permissions::resolve_shared_capabilities;
 
@@ -33,11 +37,19 @@ pub struct AppGetInfoResult {
 
 #[async_trait]
 impl BridgeMethod for AppGetInfo {
+    fn name(&self) -> &'static str {
+        "app.getInfo"
+    }
+
     fn capability(&self) -> BridgeMethodCapability {
         BridgeMethodCapability::user(UserBridgeCapability::AppGetInfo)
     }
 
-    fn approval_request(&self, _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>, _request: &RustBridgeRequest) -> Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest> {
+    fn approval_request(
+        &self,
+        _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest> {
         None
     }
 
@@ -45,16 +57,13 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppGetInfo {
         &self,
         ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
         _tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
-        request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-    ) -> RustBridgeResponse {
+        _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> BridgeHandleResult {
         let capabilities =
             resolve_shared_capabilities(&ctx.app.granted_permissions().capabilities)
                 .unwrap_or_default();
 
-        let required_network = match required_network_set(&ctx) {
-            Ok(value) => value,
-            Err(err) => return err,
-        };
+        let required_network = required_network_set(&ctx)?;
 
         let network = ctx
             .app
@@ -69,30 +78,20 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppGetInfo {
             })
             .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
-        let result = AppGetInfoResult {
+        Ok(Box::new(AppGetInfoResult {
             id: ctx.app.id().to_string(),
             name: ctx.app.name().to_string(),
             version: ctx.app.version().to_string(),
             requested_permissions: ctx.app.requested_permissions().clone(),
             capabilities,
             network,
-        };
-
-        match serde_json::to_value(result) {
-            Ok(value) => RustBridgeResponse::success(&request.channel, &request.id, value),
-            Err(err) => RustBridgeResponse::error(
-                &request.channel,
-                &request.id,
-                "internal_error",
-                format!("failed to encode app.getInfo result: {err}"),
-            ),
-        }
+        }))
     }
 }
 
 fn required_network_set(
     ctx: &BridgeContext<'_>,
-) -> Result<BTreeSet<(String, String)>, RustBridgeResponse> {
+) -> Result<BTreeSet<(String, String)>, BridgeMethodHandleError> {
     let mut out = BTreeSet::new();
 
     for entry in &ctx.app.requested_permissions().network.whitelist.required {
@@ -100,7 +99,7 @@ fn required_network_set(
             "{}://{}",
             entry.scheme, entry.host
         ))
-            .map_err(|err| RustBridgeResponse::error("sage-bridge", "app.getInfo", "internal_error", err))?;
+            .map_err(BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error)?;
 
         out.insert((normalized.scheme, normalized.host));
     }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/lifecycle.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/lifecycle.rs
index 0edc94903..3e0f9ebea 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/lifecycle.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/lifecycle.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,14 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
-use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodCapability;
-use crate::runtime::state::types::{ReadyToStopParams, RuntimeAckResult, SetBeforeStopListenerParams};
+use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
+    parse_required_params, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
+};
+use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest};
+use crate::runtime::state::types::{
+    ReadyToStopParams, RuntimeAckResult, SetBeforeStopListenerParams,
+};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct AppLifecycleSetBeforeStopListener;
@@ -12,72 +16,21 @@ pub struct AppLifecycleSetBeforeStopListener;
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct AppLifecycleReadyToStop;
 
-fn encode_success(
-    request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-    context: &str,
-) -> RustBridgeResponse {
-    match serde_json::to_value(RuntimeAckResult { ok: true }) {
-        Ok(value) => RustBridgeResponse::success(&request.channel, &request.id, value),
-        Err(err) => RustBridgeResponse::error(
-            &request.channel,
-            &request.id,
-            "internal_error",
-            format!("failed to encode {context}: {err}"),
-        ),
-    }
-}
-
-fn parse_set_before_stop_listener_params(
-    request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-) -> Result<SetBeforeStopListenerParams, RustBridgeResponse> {
-    let Some(params_json) = request.params_json.clone() else {
-        return Err(RustBridgeResponse::error(
-            &request.channel,
-            &request.id,
-            "invalid_request",
-            "app.lifecycle.setBeforeStopListener requires params",
-        ));
-    };
-
-    serde_json::from_str(&params_json).map_err(|err| {
-        RustBridgeResponse::error(
-            &request.channel,
-            &request.id,
-            "invalid_request",
-            format!("Failed to decode app.lifecycle.setBeforeStopListener params: {err}"),
-        )
-    })
-}
-
-fn parse_ready_to_stop_params(
-    request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-) -> Result<ReadyToStopParams, RustBridgeResponse> {
-    let Some(params_json) = request.params_json.clone() else {
-        return Err(RustBridgeResponse::error(
-            &request.channel,
-            &request.id,
-            "invalid_request",
-            "app.lifecycle.readyToStop requires params",
-        ));
-    };
-
-    serde_json::from_str(&params_json).map_err(|err| {
-        RustBridgeResponse::error(
-            &request.channel,
-            &request.id,
-            "invalid_request",
-            format!("Failed to decode app.lifecycle.readyToStop params: {err}"),
-        )
-    })
-}
-
 #[async_trait]
 impl BridgeMethod for AppLifecycleSetBeforeStopListener {
+    fn name(&self) -> &'static str {
+        "app.lifecycle.setBeforeStopListener"
+    }
+
     fn capability(&self) -> BridgeMethodCapability {
         BridgeMethodCapability::user(UserBridgeCapability::AppLifecycleSetBeforeStopListener)
     }
 
-    fn approval_request(&self, _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>, _request: &RustBridgeRequest) -> Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest> {
+    fn approval_request(
+        &self,
+        _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest> {
         None
     }
 
@@ -86,11 +39,8 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppLifecycleSetBeforeStopListener {
         ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
         tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
         request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-    ) -> RustBridgeResponse {
-        let params = match parse_set_before_stop_listener_params(request) {
-            Ok(value) => value,
-            Err(response) => return response,
-        };
+    ) -> BridgeHandleResult {
+        let params: SetBeforeStopListenerParams = parse_required_params(self, request)?;
 
         let mut listeners = tools
             .host_state
@@ -105,17 +55,25 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppLifecycleSetBeforeStopListener {
             listeners.remove(ctx.app.id());
         }
 
-        encode_success(request, "app.lifecycle.setBeforeStopListener result")
+        Ok(Box::new(RuntimeAckResult { ok: true }))
     }
 }
 
 #[async_trait]
 impl BridgeMethod for AppLifecycleReadyToStop {
+    fn name(&self) -> &'static str {
+        "app.lifecycle.readyToStop"
+    }
+
     fn capability(&self) -> BridgeMethodCapability {
         BridgeMethodCapability::user(UserBridgeCapability::AppLifecycleReadyToStop)
     }
 
-    fn approval_request(&self, _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>, _request: &RustBridgeRequest) -> Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest> {
+    fn approval_request(
+        &self,
+        _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest> {
         None
     }
 
@@ -124,11 +82,8 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppLifecycleReadyToStop {
         _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
         tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
         request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-    ) -> RustBridgeResponse {
-        let params = match parse_ready_to_stop_params(request) {
-            Ok(value) => value,
-            Err(response) => return response,
-        };
+    ) -> BridgeHandleResult {
+        let params: ReadyToStopParams = parse_required_params(self, request)?;
 
         let sender = {
             let mut pending = tools.host_state.runtime.pending_stop_ready.lock().await;
@@ -139,6 +94,6 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppLifecycleReadyToStop {
             let _ = sender.send(());
         }
 
-        encode_success(request, "app.lifecycle.readyToStop result")
+        Ok(Box::new(RuntimeAckResult { ok: true }))
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/mod.rs
index 08280915f..2278806fb 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/mod.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ pub mod request_capability_grant;
 pub mod request_network_whitelist_grant;
 
 use std::path::PathBuf;
-use serde::Serialize;
+
 use tauri::Manager;
 
 pub use events::{
@@ -20,39 +20,19 @@ pub use lifecycle::{
 pub use request_capability_grant::AppRequestCapabilityGrant;
 pub use request_network_whitelist_grant::AppRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant;
 
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodHandleError;
 use crate::bridge::methods::BridgeTools;
-use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
 
 pub fn resolve_app_base_path(
     tools: &BridgeTools<'_>,
-    request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-) -> Result<PathBuf, RustBridgeResponse> {
+) -> Result<PathBuf, BridgeMethodHandleError> {
     tools
         .app_handle
         .path()
         .app_data_dir()
         .map_err(|err| {
-            RustBridgeResponse::error(
-                &request.channel,
-                &request.id,
-                "internal_error",
-                format!("failed to resolve app data dir: {err}"),
-            )
+            BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error(format!(
+                "failed to resolve app data dir: {err}"
+            ))
         })
 }
-
-pub fn encode_request_success<T: Serialize>(
-    request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-    value: T,
-    context: &str,
-) -> RustBridgeResponse {
-    match serde_json::to_value(value) {
-        Ok(value) => RustBridgeResponse::success(&request.channel, &request.id, value),
-        Err(err) => RustBridgeResponse::error(
-            &request.channel,
-            &request.id,
-            "internal_error",
-            format!("failed to encode {context}: {err}"),
-        ),
-    }
-}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
index 633a26c00..acae5498d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
@@ -2,16 +2,15 @@ use async_trait::async_trait;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::bridge::{
-    RustBridgeApprovalRequest,
-    RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse,
-};
+use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest};
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::bridge::event_emit::emit_bridge_event_to_app_id;
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodCapability;
-use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::{encode_request_success, resolve_app_base_path};
+use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
+    parse_required_params, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError,
+};
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::events::EventForApp;
+use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::resolve_app_base_path;
 use crate::bridge::types::RustBridgeApprovalBody;
 use crate::lifecycle::update::permissions::grant_requested_capability_internal;
 use crate::lifecycle::update::types::GrantCapabilityOutcome;
@@ -36,30 +35,12 @@ pub struct RequestCapabilityGrantResult {
     pub full_granted_capabilities: Vec<UserBridgeCapability>,
 }
 
-fn parse_capability_grant_params(
-    request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-) -> Result<RequestCapabilityGrantParams, RustBridgeResponse> {
-    let Some(params_json) = request.params_json.clone() else {
-        return Err(RustBridgeResponse::error(
-            &request.channel,
-            &request.id,
-            "invalid_request",
-            "sage.requestCapabilityGrant requires params",
-        ));
-    };
-
-    serde_json::from_str(&params_json).map_err(|err| {
-        RustBridgeResponse::error(
-            &request.channel,
-            &request.id,
-            "invalid_request",
-            format!("Failed to decode sage.requestCapabilityGrant params: {err}"),
-        )
-    })
-}
-
 #[async_trait]
 impl BridgeMethod for AppRequestCapabilityGrant {
+    fn name(&self) -> &'static str {
+        "app.requestCapabilityGrant"
+    }
+
     fn capability(&self) -> BridgeMethodCapability {
         BridgeMethodCapability::user(UserBridgeCapability::AppRequestCapabilityGrant)
     }
@@ -69,9 +50,8 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppRequestCapabilityGrant {
         ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
         request: &RustBridgeRequest,
     ) -> Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest> {
-        let Ok(params) = parse_capability_grant_params(request) else {
-            return None;
-        };
+        let params: RequestCapabilityGrantParams =
+            parse_required_params(self, request).ok()?;
 
         if ctx
             .app
@@ -100,57 +80,52 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppRequestCapabilityGrant {
         ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
         tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
         request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-    ) -> RustBridgeResponse {
-        let params = match parse_capability_grant_params(request) {
-            Ok(params) => params,
-            Err(err) => return err,
-        };
+    ) -> BridgeHandleResult {
+        let params: RequestCapabilityGrantParams =
+            parse_required_params(self, request)?;
 
-        let base_path = match resolve_app_base_path(&tools, request) {
-            Ok(path) => path,
-            Err(err) => return err,
-        };
+        let base_path = resolve_app_base_path(&tools)?;
 
-        match grant_requested_capability_internal(&base_path, &ctx.app.id(), params.capability) {
+        let result = match grant_requested_capability_internal(
+            &base_path,
+            &ctx.app.id(),
+            params.capability,
+        ) {
             Ok(GrantCapabilityOutcome::AlreadyGranted {
                    capability,
                    full_granted_capabilities,
-               }) => encode_request_success(
-                request,
-                RequestCapabilityGrantResult {
-                    granted: true,
-                    already_granted: Some(true),
-                    capability,
-                    full_granted_capabilities,
-                },
-                "sage.requestCapabilityGrant result",
-            ),
+               }) => RequestCapabilityGrantResult {
+                granted: true,
+                already_granted: Some(true),
+                capability,
+                full_granted_capabilities,
+            },
+
             Ok(GrantCapabilityOutcome::Granted { capability, change }) => {
                 let full_granted_capabilities = change.full.clone();
 
                 let _ = emit_bridge_event_to_app_id(
                     tools.app_handle,
                     ctx.app.id(),
-                    EventForApp::from_capabilities_change(&request.channel, change)
-                ).await;
-
-                encode_request_success(
-                    request,
-                    RequestCapabilityGrantResult {
-                        granted: true,
-                        already_granted: None,
-                        capability,
-                        full_granted_capabilities,
-                    },
-                    "sage.requestCapabilityGrant result",
+                    EventForApp::from_capabilities_change(&request.channel, change),
                 )
+                    .await;
+
+                RequestCapabilityGrantResult {
+                    granted: true,
+                    already_granted: None,
+                    capability,
+                    full_granted_capabilities,
+                }
             }
-            Err(err) => RustBridgeResponse::error(
-                &request.channel,
-                &request.id,
-                "internal_error",
-                format!("failed to grant requested capability: {err}"),
-            ),
-        }
+
+            Err(err) => {
+                return Err(BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error(format!(
+                    "failed to grant requested capability: {err}"
+                )));
+            }
+        };
+
+        Ok(Box::new(result))
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs
index 088ec971a..55cd2b96d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs
@@ -2,18 +2,17 @@ use async_trait::async_trait;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::bridge::{
-    RustBridgeApprovalRequest,
-    RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse,
-};
+use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest};
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::bridge::event_emit::emit_bridge_event_to_app_id;
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodCapability;
-use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::{encode_request_success, resolve_app_base_path};
+use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
+    parse_required_params, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError,
+};
+use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::resolve_app_base_path;
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::events::EventForApp;
 use crate::bridge::types::RustBridgeApprovalBody;
-use crate::lifecycle::{parse_network_permission_target};
+use crate::lifecycle::parse_network_permission_target;
 use crate::lifecycle::update::permissions::grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal;
 use crate::lifecycle::update::types::GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome;
 use crate::types::SageNetworkPermissionTarget;
@@ -37,42 +36,12 @@ pub struct RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantResult {
     pub full_granted_network_whitelist: Vec<SageNetworkPermissionTarget>,
 }
 
-fn parse_network_whitelist_grant_params(
-    request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-) -> Result<RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantParams, RustBridgeResponse> {
-    let Some(params_json) = request.params_json.clone() else {
-        return Err(RustBridgeResponse::error(
-            &request.channel,
-            &request.id,
-            "invalid_request",
-            "sage.requestNetworkWhitelistGrant requires params",
-        ));
-    };
-
-    let mut params: RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantParams =
-        serde_json::from_str(&params_json).map_err(|err| {
-            RustBridgeResponse::error(
-                &request.channel,
-                &request.id,
-                "invalid_request",
-                format!(
-                    "Failed to decode sage.requestNetworkWhitelistGrant params: {err}"
-                ),
-            )
-        })?;
-
-    let normalized = parse_network_permission_target(&format!(
-        "{}://{}",
-        params.entry.scheme, params.entry.host
-    ))
-        .map_err(|err| RustBridgeResponse::error(&request.channel, &request.id, "invalid_request", err))?;
-
-    params.entry = normalized;
-    Ok(params)
-}
-
 #[async_trait]
 impl BridgeMethod for AppRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant {
+    fn name(&self) -> &'static str {
+        "app.requestNetworkWhitelistGrant"
+    }
+
     fn capability(&self) -> BridgeMethodCapability {
         BridgeMethodCapability::user(UserBridgeCapability::AppRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant)
     }
@@ -82,9 +51,17 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant {
         ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
         request: &RustBridgeRequest,
     ) -> Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest> {
-        let Ok(params) = parse_network_whitelist_grant_params(request) else {
-            return None;
-        };
+        let mut params: RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantParams =
+            parse_required_params(self, request).ok()?;
+
+        // normalize (still needed)
+        let normalized = parse_network_permission_target(&format!(
+            "{}://{}",
+            params.entry.scheme, params.entry.host
+        ))
+            .ok()?;
+
+        params.entry = normalized;
 
         if ctx
             .app
@@ -112,18 +89,20 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant {
         ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
         tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
         request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-    ) -> RustBridgeResponse {
-        let params = match parse_network_whitelist_grant_params(request) {
-            Ok(params) => params,
-            Err(err) => return err,
-        };
+    ) -> BridgeHandleResult {
+        let mut params: RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantParams =
+            parse_required_params(self, request)?;
 
-        let base_path = match resolve_app_base_path(&tools, request) {
-            Ok(path) => path,
-            Err(err) => return err,
-        };
+        // normalize
+        params.entry = parse_network_permission_target(&format!(
+            "{}://{}",
+            params.entry.scheme, params.entry.host
+        ))
+            .map_err(BridgeMethodHandleError::invalid_request)?;
+
+        let base_path = resolve_app_base_path(&tools)?;
 
-        match grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal(
+        let result = match grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal(
             &base_path,
             &ctx.app.id(),
             &params.entry,
@@ -131,42 +110,38 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant {
             Ok(GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome::AlreadyGranted {
                    entry,
                    full_granted_network_whitelist,
-               }) => encode_request_success(
-                request,
-                RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantResult {
-                    granted: true,
-                    already_granted: Some(true),
-                    entry,
-                    full_granted_network_whitelist,
-                },
-                "sage.requestNetworkWhitelistGrant result",
-            ),
+               }) => RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantResult {
+                granted: true,
+                already_granted: Some(true),
+                entry,
+                full_granted_network_whitelist,
+            },
+
             Ok(GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome::Granted { entry, change }) => {
-                let full_granted_network_whitelist = change.full.clone();
+                let full = change.full.clone();
 
                 let _ = emit_bridge_event_to_app_id(
                     tools.app_handle,
                     ctx.app.id(),
-                    EventForApp::from_network_whitelist_change(&request.channel, change)
-                ).await;
-
-                encode_request_success(
-                    request,
-                    RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantResult {
-                        granted: true,
-                        already_granted: None,
-                        entry,
-                        full_granted_network_whitelist,
-                    },
-                    "sage.requestNetworkWhitelistGrant result",
+                    EventForApp::from_network_whitelist_change(&request.channel, change),
                 )
+                    .await;
+
+                RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantResult {
+                    granted: true,
+                    already_granted: None,
+                    entry,
+                    full_granted_network_whitelist: full,
+                }
             }
-            Err(err) => RustBridgeResponse::error(
-                &request.channel,
-                &request.id,
-                "internal_error",
-                format!("failed to grant requested network whitelist entry: {err}"),
-            ),
-        }
+
+            Err(err) => {
+                return Err(BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error(format!(
+                    "failed to grant requested network whitelist entry: {err}"
+                )));
+            }
+        };
+
+        Ok(Box::new(result))
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/ping.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/ping.rs
index a56a90aab..c6b78730c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/ping.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/ping.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,12 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
+
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodCapability;
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
+    BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
+};
+use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct BridgePing;
@@ -18,11 +21,19 @@ pub struct BridgePingResult {
 
 #[async_trait]
 impl BridgeMethod for BridgePing {
+    fn name(&self) -> &'static str {
+        "bridge.ping"
+    }
+
     fn capability(&self) -> BridgeMethodCapability {
         BridgeMethodCapability::ungated()
     }
 
-    fn approval_request(&self, _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>, _request: &RustBridgeRequest) -> Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest> {
+    fn approval_request(
+        &self,
+        _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest> {
         None
     }
 
@@ -30,22 +41,12 @@ impl BridgeMethod for BridgePing {
         &self,
         ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
         _tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
-        request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-    ) -> RustBridgeResponse {
-        let result = BridgePingResult {
+        _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> BridgeHandleResult {
+        Ok(Box::new(BridgePingResult {
             ok: true,
             app_id: ctx.app.id().to_string(),
             app_name: ctx.app.name().to_string(),
-        };
-
-        match serde_json::to_value(result) {
-            Ok(value) => RustBridgeResponse::success(&request.channel, &request.id, value),
-            Err(err) => RustBridgeResponse::error(
-                &request.channel,
-                &request.id,
-                "internal_error",
-                format!("failed to encode bridge.ping result: {err}"),
-            ),
-        }
+        }))
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs
index ec03db6e6..5d28328c2 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs
@@ -2,10 +2,13 @@ use async_trait::async_trait;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodCapability;
+use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
+    parse_required_params, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
+    BridgeMethodHandleError,
+};
+use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct BridgeSend;
@@ -24,35 +27,21 @@ pub struct BridgeSendResult {
     pub ok: bool,
 }
 
-fn parse_bridge_send_request(
-    request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-) -> Result<BridgeSendRequest, RustBridgeResponse> {
-    let Some(params_json) = request.params_json.clone() else {
-        return Err(RustBridgeResponse::error(
-            &request.channel,
-            &request.id,
-            "invalid_request",
-            "bridge.send requires params",
-        ));
-    };
-
-    serde_json::from_str(&params_json).map_err(|err| {
-        RustBridgeResponse::error(
-            &request.channel,
-            &request.id,
-            "invalid_request",
-            format!("Failed to decode bridge.send params: {err}"),
-        )
-    })
-}
-
 #[async_trait]
 impl BridgeMethod for BridgeSend {
+    fn name(&self) -> &'static str {
+        "bridge.send"
+    }
+
     fn capability(&self) -> BridgeMethodCapability {
         BridgeMethodCapability::user(UserBridgeCapability::BridgeSend)
     }
 
-    fn approval_request(&self, _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>, _request: &RustBridgeRequest) -> Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest> {
+    fn approval_request(
+        &self,
+        _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest> {
         None
     }
 
@@ -61,37 +50,22 @@ impl BridgeMethod for BridgeSend {
         ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
         tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
         request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-    ) -> RustBridgeResponse {
-        let payload = match parse_bridge_send_request(request) {
-            Ok(value) => value,
-            Err(response) => return response,
-        };
+    ) -> BridgeHandleResult {
+        let payload: BridgeSendRequest = parse_required_params(self, request)?;
 
-        let payload_value = match serde_json::to_value(&payload) {
-            Ok(value) => value,
-            Err(err) => {
-                return RustBridgeResponse::error(
-                    &request.channel,
-                    &request.id,
-                    "internal_error",
-                    format!("failed to encode bridge.send payload: {err}"),
-                );
-            }
-        };
+        let payload_value = serde_json::to_value(&payload).map_err(|err| {
+            BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error(format!(
+                "failed to encode bridge.send payload: {err}"
+            ))
+        })?;
 
-        crate::sandbox::ingest_bridge_send_payload(&ctx.app.id(), &payload_value, tools.host_state)
+        crate::sandbox::ingest_bridge_send_payload(
+            &ctx.app.id(),
+            &payload_value,
+            tools.host_state,
+        )
             .await;
 
-        let result = BridgeSendResult { ok: true };
-
-        match serde_json::to_value(result) {
-            Ok(value) => RustBridgeResponse::success(&request.channel, &request.id, value),
-            Err(err) => RustBridgeResponse::error(
-                &request.channel,
-                &request.id,
-                "internal_error",
-                format!("failed to encode bridge.send result: {err}"),
-            ),
-        }
+        Ok(Box::new(BridgeSendResult { ok: true }))
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_secret_key.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_secret_key.rs
index 7a8d30732..3b9fda67c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_secret_key.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_secret_key.rs
@@ -1,39 +1,23 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
-use sage_api::{GetSecretKey, GetSecretKeyResponse};
+use sage_api::GetSecretKey;
 
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::bridge::{
-    RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse,
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
+    parse_required_params, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError,
 };
+use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest};
 use crate::bridge::types::RustBridgeApprovalBody;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct WalletGetSecretKey;
 
-fn parse_params(request: &RustBridgeRequest) -> Result<GetSecretKey, RustBridgeResponse> {
-    let Some(params_json) = request.params_json.as_deref() else {
-        return Err(RustBridgeResponse::error(
-            &request.channel,
-            &request.id,
-            "invalid_request",
-            "wallet.getSecretKey requires params",
-        ));
-    };
-
-    serde_json::from_str(params_json).map_err(|err| {
-        RustBridgeResponse::error(
-            &request.channel,
-            &request.id,
-            "invalid_request",
-            format!("Failed to decode wallet.getSecretKey params: {err}"),
-        )
-    })
-}
-
 #[async_trait]
 impl BridgeMethod for WalletGetSecretKey {
+    fn name(&self) -> &'static str {
+        "wallet.getSecretKey"
+    }
+
     fn capability(&self) -> BridgeMethodCapability {
         BridgeMethodCapability::user(UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetSecretKey)
     }
@@ -43,10 +27,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for WalletGetSecretKey {
         ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
         request: &RustBridgeRequest,
     ) -> Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest> {
-        let params = match parse_params(request) {
-            Ok(params) => params,
-            Err(_response) => return None,
-        };
+        let params: GetSecretKey = parse_required_params(self, request).ok()?;
 
         Some(RustBridgeApprovalRequest {
             app: ctx.app.clone(),
@@ -63,34 +44,18 @@ impl BridgeMethod for WalletGetSecretKey {
         _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
         tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
         request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-    ) -> RustBridgeResponse {
-        let params = match parse_params(request) {
-            Ok(params) => params,
-            Err(response) => return response,
-        };
+    ) -> BridgeHandleResult {
+        let params: GetSecretKey = parse_required_params(self, request)?;
 
-        let result: anyhow::Result<GetSecretKeyResponse> = async {
-            let sage = tools.app_state.lock().await;
-            sage.get_secret_key(params).map_err(anyhow::Error::from)
-        }
-            .await;
+        let sage = tools.app_state.lock().await;
 
-        match result {
-            Ok(response) => match serde_json::to_value(response) {
-                Ok(value) => RustBridgeResponse::success(&request.channel, &request.id, value),
-                Err(err) => RustBridgeResponse::error(
-                    &request.channel,
-                    &request.id,
-                    "internal_error",
-                    format!("failed to encode wallet.getSecretKey result: {err}"),
-                ),
-            },
-            Err(err) => RustBridgeResponse::error(
-                &request.channel,
-                &request.id,
-                "internal_error",
-                format!("wallet.getSecretKey failed: {err}"),
-            ),
-        }
+        let response = sage.get_secret_key(params).map_err(|err| {
+            BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error(format!(
+                "{} failed: {err}",
+                self.name()
+            ))
+        })?;
+
+        Ok(Box::new(response))
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/read_methods.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/read_methods.rs
index a7f0434c5..d430a19fc 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/read_methods.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/read_methods.rs
@@ -1,152 +1,203 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::encode_request_success;
-use crate::bridge::{
-    RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse,
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
+    parse_required_params, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError,
 };
+use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest};
 
-use sage_api::{CheckAddress, GetCoins, GetCoinsByIds, GetDerivations, GetKey, GetKeys, GetPendingTransactions, GetSpendableCoinCount, GetSyncStatus, GetTransaction, GetTransactions, GetVersion};
+use sage_api::{
+    CheckAddress, GetCoins, GetCoinsByIds, GetDerivations, GetKey, GetKeys,
+    GetPendingTransactions, GetSpendableCoinCount, GetSyncStatus, GetTransaction,
+    GetTransactions, GetVersion,
+};
 
 macro_rules! define_wallet_read_no_params_async_method {
-    ($struct_name:ident, $capability:ident, $method_name:expr, $request_ident:ident, $result_label:expr, $handler:ident) => {
+    ($struct_name:ident, $capability:ident, $method_name:expr, $request_ident:ident, $handler:ident) => {
         #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
         pub struct $struct_name;
 
         #[async_trait]
         impl BridgeMethod for $struct_name {
+            fn name(&self) -> &'static str {
+                $method_name
+            }
+
             fn capability(&self) -> BridgeMethodCapability {
                 BridgeMethodCapability::user(UserBridgeCapability::$capability)
             }
 
-            fn approval_request(&self, _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>, _request: &RustBridgeRequest) -> Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest> {
+            fn approval_request(
+                &self,
+                _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+                _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+            ) -> Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest> {
                 None
             }
 
-            async fn handle(&self, _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>, tools: BridgeTools<'_>, request: &RustBridgeRequest) -> RustBridgeResponse {
+            async fn handle(
+                &self,
+                _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+                tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
+                _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+            ) -> BridgeHandleResult {
                 let sage = tools.app_state.lock().await;
 
-                match sage.$handler($request_ident {}).await {
-                    Ok(result) => encode_request_success(request, result, $result_label),
-                    Err(err) => RustBridgeResponse::error(&request.channel, &request.id, "internal_error", format!("failed to execute {}: {err}", $method_name)),
-                }
+                let result = sage.$handler($request_ident {}).await.map_err(|err| {
+                    BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error(format!(
+                        "failed to execute {}: {err}",
+                        self.name()
+                    ))
+                })?;
+
+                Ok(Box::new(result))
             }
         }
     };
 }
 
 macro_rules! define_wallet_read_no_params_sync_method {
-    ($struct_name:ident, $capability:ident, $method_name:expr, $request_ident:ident, $result_label:expr, $handler:ident) => {
+    ($struct_name:ident, $capability:ident, $method_name:expr, $request_ident:ident, $handler:ident) => {
         #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
         pub struct $struct_name;
 
         #[async_trait]
         impl BridgeMethod for $struct_name {
+            fn name(&self) -> &'static str {
+                $method_name
+            }
+
             fn capability(&self) -> BridgeMethodCapability {
                 BridgeMethodCapability::user(UserBridgeCapability::$capability)
             }
 
-            fn approval_request(&self, _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>, _request: &RustBridgeRequest) -> Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest> {
+            fn approval_request(
+                &self,
+                _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+                _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+            ) -> Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest> {
                 None
             }
 
-            async fn handle(&self, _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>, tools: BridgeTools<'_>, request: &RustBridgeRequest) -> RustBridgeResponse {
+            async fn handle(
+                &self,
+                _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+                tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
+                _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+            ) -> BridgeHandleResult {
                 let sage = tools.app_state.lock().await;
 
-                match sage.$handler($request_ident {}) {
-                    Ok(result) => encode_request_success(request, result, $result_label),
-                    Err(err) => RustBridgeResponse::error(&request.channel, &request.id, "internal_error", format!("failed to execute {}: {err}", $method_name)),
-                }
+                let result = sage.$handler($request_ident {}).map_err(|err| {
+                    BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error(format!(
+                        "failed to execute {}: {err}",
+                        self.name()
+                    ))
+                })?;
+
+                Ok(Box::new(result))
             }
         }
     };
 }
 
 macro_rules! define_wallet_read_params_async_method {
-    ($struct_name:ident, $capability:ident, $method_name:expr, $request_ty:ty, $result_label:expr, $handler:ident) => {
+    ($struct_name:ident, $capability:ident, $method_name:expr, $request_ty:ty, $handler:ident) => {
         #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
         pub struct $struct_name;
 
         #[async_trait]
         impl BridgeMethod for $struct_name {
+            fn name(&self) -> &'static str {
+                $method_name
+            }
+
             fn capability(&self) -> BridgeMethodCapability {
                 BridgeMethodCapability::user(UserBridgeCapability::$capability)
             }
 
-            fn approval_request(&self, _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>, _request: &RustBridgeRequest) -> Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest> {
+            fn approval_request(
+                &self,
+                _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+                _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+            ) -> Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest> {
                 None
             }
 
-            async fn handle(&self, _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>, tools: BridgeTools<'_>, request: &RustBridgeRequest) -> RustBridgeResponse {
-                let Some(params_json) = request.params_json.as_deref() else {
-                    return RustBridgeResponse::error(&request.channel, &request.id, "invalid_request", format!("{} requires params", $method_name));
-                };
-
-                let params: $request_ty = match serde_json::from_str(params_json) {
-                    Ok(params) => params,
-                    Err(err) => {
-                        return RustBridgeResponse::error(&request.channel, &request.id, "invalid_request", format!("Failed to decode {} params: {err}", $method_name));
-                    }
-                };
+            async fn handle(
+                &self,
+                _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+                tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
+                request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+            ) -> BridgeHandleResult {
+                let params: $request_ty = parse_required_params(self, request)?;
 
                 let sage = tools.app_state.lock().await;
 
-                match sage.$handler(params).await {
-                    Ok(result) => encode_request_success(request, result, $result_label),
-                    Err(err) => RustBridgeResponse::error(&request.channel, &request.id, "internal_error", format!("failed to execute {}: {err}", $method_name)),
-                }
+                let result = sage.$handler(params).await.map_err(|err| {
+                    BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error(format!(
+                        "failed to execute {}: {err}",
+                        self.name()
+                    ))
+                })?;
+
+                Ok(Box::new(result))
             }
         }
     };
 }
 
 macro_rules! define_wallet_read_params_sync_method {
-    ($struct_name:ident, $capability:ident, $method_name:expr, $request_ty:ty, $result_label:expr, $handler:ident) => {
+    ($struct_name:ident, $capability:ident, $method_name:expr, $request_ty:ty, $handler:ident) => {
         #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
         pub struct $struct_name;
 
         #[async_trait]
         impl BridgeMethod for $struct_name {
+            fn name(&self) -> &'static str {
+                $method_name
+            }
+
             fn capability(&self) -> BridgeMethodCapability {
                 BridgeMethodCapability::user(UserBridgeCapability::$capability)
             }
 
-            fn approval_request(&self, _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>, _request: &RustBridgeRequest) -> Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest> {
+            fn approval_request(
+                &self,
+                _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+                _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+            ) -> Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest> {
                 None
             }
 
-            async fn handle(&self, _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>, tools: BridgeTools<'_>, request: &RustBridgeRequest) -> RustBridgeResponse {
-                let Some(params_json) = request.params_json.as_deref() else {
-                    return RustBridgeResponse::error(&request.channel, &request.id, "invalid_request", format!("{} requires params", $method_name));
-                };
-
-                let params: $request_ty = match serde_json::from_str(params_json) {
-                    Ok(params) => params,
-                    Err(err) => {
-                        return RustBridgeResponse::error(&request.channel, &request.id, "invalid_request", format!("Failed to decode {} params: {err}", $method_name));
-                    }
-                };
+            async fn handle(
+                &self,
+                _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+                tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
+                request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+            ) -> BridgeHandleResult {
+                let params: $request_ty = parse_required_params(self, request)?;
 
                 let sage = tools.app_state.lock().await;
 
-                match sage.$handler(params) {
-                    Ok(result) => encode_request_success(request, result, $result_label),
-                    Err(err) => RustBridgeResponse::error(&request.channel, &request.id, "internal_error", format!("failed to execute {}: {err}", $method_name)),
-                }
+                let result = sage.$handler(params).map_err(|err| {
+                    BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error(format!(
+                        "failed to execute {}: {err}",
+                        self.name()
+                    ))
+                })?;
+
+                Ok(Box::new(result))
             }
         }
     };
 }
 
-
 define_wallet_read_no_params_sync_method!(
     WalletGetKeys,
     WalletGetKeys,
     "wallet.getKeys",
     GetKeys,
-    "wallet.getKeys result",
     get_keys
 );
 
@@ -155,17 +206,85 @@ define_wallet_read_params_sync_method!(
     WalletGetKey,
     "wallet.getKey",
     GetKey,
-    "wallet.getKey result",
     get_key
 );
-define_wallet_read_no_params_async_method!(WalletGetSyncStatus, WalletGetSyncStatus, "wallet.getSyncStatus", GetSyncStatus, "wallet.getSyncStatus result", get_sync_status);
-define_wallet_read_no_params_sync_method!(WalletGetVersion, WalletGetVersion, "wallet.getVersion", GetVersion, "wallet.getVersion result", get_version);
-define_wallet_read_no_params_async_method!(WalletGetPendingTransactions, WalletGetPendingTransactions, "wallet.getPendingTransactions", GetPendingTransactions, "wallet.getPendingTransactions result", get_pending_transactions);
-
-define_wallet_read_params_async_method!(WalletCheckAddress, WalletCheckAddress, "wallet.checkAddress", CheckAddress, "wallet.checkAddress result", check_address);
-define_wallet_read_params_async_method!(WalletGetDerivations, WalletGetDerivations, "wallet.getDerivations", GetDerivations, "wallet.getDerivations result", get_derivations);
-define_wallet_read_params_async_method!(WalletGetSpendableCoinCount, WalletGetSpendableCoinCount, "wallet.getSpendableCoinCount", GetSpendableCoinCount, "wallet.getSpendableCoinCount result", get_spendable_coin_count);
-define_wallet_read_params_async_method!(WalletGetCoinsByIds, WalletGetCoinsByIds, "wallet.getCoinsByIds", GetCoinsByIds, "wallet.getCoinsByIds result", get_coins_by_ids);
-define_wallet_read_params_async_method!(WalletGetCoins, WalletGetCoins, "wallet.getCoins", GetCoins, "wallet.getCoins result", get_coins);
-define_wallet_read_params_async_method!(WalletGetTransaction, WalletGetTransaction, "wallet.getTransaction", GetTransaction, "wallet.getTransaction result", get_transaction);
-define_wallet_read_params_async_method!(WalletGetTransactions, WalletGetTransactions, "wallet.getTransactions", GetTransactions, "wallet.getTransactions result", get_transactions);
+
+define_wallet_read_no_params_async_method!(
+    WalletGetSyncStatus,
+    WalletGetSyncStatus,
+    "wallet.getSyncStatus",
+    GetSyncStatus,
+    get_sync_status
+);
+
+define_wallet_read_no_params_sync_method!(
+    WalletGetVersion,
+    WalletGetVersion,
+    "wallet.getVersion",
+    GetVersion,
+    get_version
+);
+
+define_wallet_read_no_params_async_method!(
+    WalletGetPendingTransactions,
+    WalletGetPendingTransactions,
+    "wallet.getPendingTransactions",
+    GetPendingTransactions,
+    get_pending_transactions
+);
+
+define_wallet_read_params_async_method!(
+    WalletCheckAddress,
+    WalletCheckAddress,
+    "wallet.checkAddress",
+    CheckAddress,
+    check_address
+);
+
+define_wallet_read_params_async_method!(
+    WalletGetDerivations,
+    WalletGetDerivations,
+    "wallet.getDerivations",
+    GetDerivations,
+    get_derivations
+);
+
+define_wallet_read_params_async_method!(
+    WalletGetSpendableCoinCount,
+    WalletGetSpendableCoinCount,
+    "wallet.getSpendableCoinCount",
+    GetSpendableCoinCount,
+    get_spendable_coin_count
+);
+
+define_wallet_read_params_async_method!(
+    WalletGetCoinsByIds,
+    WalletGetCoinsByIds,
+    "wallet.getCoinsByIds",
+    GetCoinsByIds,
+    get_coins_by_ids
+);
+
+define_wallet_read_params_async_method!(
+    WalletGetCoins,
+    WalletGetCoins,
+    "wallet.getCoins",
+    GetCoins,
+    get_coins
+);
+
+define_wallet_read_params_async_method!(
+    WalletGetTransaction,
+    WalletGetTransaction,
+    "wallet.getTransaction",
+    GetTransaction,
+    get_transaction
+);
+
+define_wallet_read_params_async_method!(
+    WalletGetTransactions,
+    WalletGetTransactions,
+    "wallet.getTransactions",
+    GetTransactions,
+    get_transactions
+);
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/send_xch.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/send_xch.rs
index 1228ed14e..6900326f3 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/send_xch.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/send_xch.rs
@@ -2,14 +2,17 @@ use async_trait::async_trait;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
+use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
+    parse_required_params, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
+    BridgeMethodHandleError,
+};
 use crate::bridge::{
-    RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse,
+    RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest,
 };
-use sage_api::SendXch;
-use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodCapability;
 use crate::bridge::types::RustBridgeApprovalBody;
+use sage_api::SendXch;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct WalletSendXch;
@@ -26,28 +29,6 @@ pub struct WalletSendXchParams {
     pub clawback: Option<u64>,
 }
 
-fn parse_wallet_send_xch_params(
-    request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-) -> Result<WalletSendXchParams, RustBridgeResponse> {
-    let Some(params_json) = request.params_json.clone() else {
-        return Err(RustBridgeResponse::error(
-            &request.channel,
-            &request.id,
-            "invalid_request",
-            "wallet.sendXch requires params",
-        ));
-    };
-
-    serde_json::from_str(&params_json).map_err(|err| {
-        RustBridgeResponse::error(
-            &request.channel,
-            &request.id,
-            "invalid_request",
-            format!("Failed to decode wallet.sendXch params: {err}"),
-        )
-    })
-}
-
 fn parse_amount(value: String) -> sage_api::Amount {
     match value.parse::<u64>() {
         Ok(number) => sage_api::Amount::Number(number),
@@ -55,19 +36,25 @@ fn parse_amount(value: String) -> sage_api::Amount {
     }
 }
 
-fn to_send_xch_request(params: WalletSendXchParams) -> SendXch {
-    SendXch {
-        address: params.address,
-        amount: parse_amount(params.amount),
-        fee: parse_amount(params.fee),
-        memos: params.memos.unwrap_or_default(),
-        clawback: params.clawback,
-        auto_submit: true,
+impl From<WalletSendXchParams> for SendXch {
+    fn from(v: WalletSendXchParams) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            address: v.address,
+            amount: parse_amount(v.amount),
+            fee: parse_amount(v.fee),
+            memos: v.memos.unwrap_or_default(),
+            clawback: v.clawback,
+            auto_submit: true,
+        }
     }
 }
 
 #[async_trait]
 impl BridgeMethod for WalletSendXch {
+    fn name(&self) -> &'static str {
+        "wallet.sendXch"
+    }
+
     fn capability(&self) -> BridgeMethodCapability {
         BridgeMethodCapability::user(UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch)
     }
@@ -86,7 +73,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for WalletSendXch {
             return None;
         }
 
-        let Ok(params) = parse_wallet_send_xch_params(request) else {
+        let Ok(params) = parse_required_params::<WalletSendXchParams>(self, request) else {
             return None;
         };
 
@@ -94,9 +81,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for WalletSendXch {
             app: ctx.app.clone(),
             source_label: ctx.source_label.to_string(),
             request_id: request.id.clone(),
-            body: RustBridgeApprovalBody::SendXch {
-                summary: params,
-            },
+            body: RustBridgeApprovalBody::SendXch { summary: params },
         })
     }
 
@@ -105,30 +90,23 @@ impl BridgeMethod for WalletSendXch {
         _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
         tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
         request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-    ) -> RustBridgeResponse {
-        let params = match parse_wallet_send_xch_params(request) {
-            Ok(params) => params,
-            Err(response) => return response,
-        };
+    ) -> BridgeHandleResult {
+        let params: WalletSendXchParams = parse_required_params(self, request)?;
+        let req: SendXch = params.into();
 
-        let req = to_send_xch_request(params);
+        let result = tools
+            .app_state
+            .lock()
+            .await
+            .send_xch(req)
+            .await
+            .map_err(|err| {
+                BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error(format!(
+                    "{} failed: {err}",
+                    self.name()
+                ))
+            })?;
 
-        match tools.app_state.lock().await.send_xch(req).await {
-            Ok(result) => match serde_json::to_value(result) {
-                Ok(value) => RustBridgeResponse::success(&request.channel, &request.id, value),
-                Err(err) => RustBridgeResponse::error(
-                    &request.channel,
-                    &request.id,
-                    "internal_error",
-                    format!("Failed to encode wallet.sendXch result: {err}"),
-                ),
-            },
-            Err(err) => RustBridgeResponse::error(
-                &request.channel,
-                &request.id,
-                "internal_error",
-                format!("wallet.sendXch failed: {err}"),
-            ),
-        }
+        Ok(Box::new(result))
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs
index 16294f832..f474c3454 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs
@@ -59,48 +59,36 @@ fn build_user_methods() -> HashMap<&'static str, Box<dyn BridgeMethod>> {
     let mut methods: HashMap<&'static str, Box<dyn BridgeMethod>> = HashMap::new();
 
     // Bridge
-    methods.insert("bridge.ping", Box::new(BridgePing));
-    methods.insert("bridge.send", Box::new(BridgeSend));
+    insert_method(&mut methods, BridgePing);
+    insert_method(&mut methods, BridgeSend);
 
     // App
-    methods.insert("app.getInfo", Box::new(AppGetInfo));
-    methods.insert("app.getCapabilities", Box::new(AppGetCapabilities));
-    methods.insert("app.requestCapabilityGrant", Box::new(AppRequestCapabilityGrant));
-    methods.insert(
-        "app.requestNetworkWhitelistGrant",
-        Box::new(AppRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant),
-    );
-    methods.insert(
-        "app.lifecycle.setBeforeStopListener",
-        Box::new(AppLifecycleSetBeforeStopListener),
-    );
-    methods.insert("app.lifecycle.readyToStop", Box::new(AppLifecycleReadyToStop));
+    insert_method(&mut methods, AppGetInfo);
+    insert_method(&mut methods, AppGetCapabilities);
+    insert_method(&mut methods, AppRequestCapabilityGrant);
+    insert_method(&mut methods, AppRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant);
+    insert_method(&mut methods, AppLifecycleSetBeforeStopListener);
+    insert_method(&mut methods, AppLifecycleReadyToStop);
 
     // Wallet keys / secrets
-    methods.insert("wallet.getKeys", Box::new(WalletGetKeys));
-    methods.insert("wallet.getKey", Box::new(WalletGetKey));
-    methods.insert("wallet.getSecretKey", Box::new(WalletGetSecretKey));
+    insert_method(&mut methods, WalletGetKeys);
+    insert_method(&mut methods, WalletGetKey);
+    insert_method(&mut methods, WalletGetSecretKey);
 
     // Wallet XCH
-    methods.insert("wallet.sendXch", Box::new(WalletSendXch));
+    insert_method(&mut methods, WalletSendXch);
 
     // Wallet read/query
-    methods.insert("wallet.getSyncStatus", Box::new(WalletGetSyncStatus));
-    methods.insert("wallet.getVersion", Box::new(WalletGetVersion));
-    methods.insert(
-        "wallet.getPendingTransactions",
-        Box::new(WalletGetPendingTransactions),
-    );
-    methods.insert("wallet.checkAddress", Box::new(WalletCheckAddress));
-    methods.insert("wallet.getDerivations", Box::new(WalletGetDerivations));
-    methods.insert(
-        "wallet.getSpendableCoinCount",
-        Box::new(WalletGetSpendableCoinCount),
-    );
-    methods.insert("wallet.getCoinsByIds", Box::new(WalletGetCoinsByIds));
-    methods.insert("wallet.getCoins", Box::new(WalletGetCoins));
-    methods.insert("wallet.getTransaction", Box::new(WalletGetTransaction));
-    methods.insert("wallet.getTransactions", Box::new(WalletGetTransactions));
+    insert_method(&mut methods, WalletGetSyncStatus);
+    insert_method(&mut methods, WalletGetVersion);
+    insert_method(&mut methods, WalletGetPendingTransactions);
+    insert_method(&mut methods, WalletCheckAddress);
+    insert_method(&mut methods, WalletGetDerivations);
+    insert_method(&mut methods, WalletGetSpendableCoinCount);
+    insert_method(&mut methods, WalletGetCoinsByIds);
+    insert_method(&mut methods, WalletGetCoins);
+    insert_method(&mut methods, WalletGetTransaction);
+    insert_method(&mut methods, WalletGetTransactions);
 
     methods
 }
@@ -108,16 +96,10 @@ fn build_user_methods() -> HashMap<&'static str, Box<dyn BridgeMethod>> {
 fn build_system_methods() -> HashMap<&'static str, Box<dyn BridgeMethod>> {
     let mut methods = build_user_methods();
 
-    methods.insert(
-        "runtimeManager.listRuntimes",
-        Box::new(RuntimeManagerListRuntimes),
-    );
-    methods.insert(
-        "runtimeManager.focusRuntime",
-        Box::new(RuntimeManagerFocusRuntime),
-    );
-    methods.insert("runtimeManager.hideRuntime", Box::new(RuntimeManagerHideRuntime));
-    methods.insert("runtimeManager.killRuntime", Box::new(RuntimeManagerKillRuntime));
+    insert_method(&mut methods, RuntimeManagerListRuntimes);
+    insert_method(&mut methods, RuntimeManagerFocusRuntime);
+    insert_method(&mut methods, RuntimeManagerHideRuntime);
+    insert_method(&mut methods, RuntimeManagerKillRuntime);
 
     methods
 }
@@ -129,3 +111,10 @@ impl std::fmt::Debug for BridgeRegistry {
             .finish()
     }
 }
+
+fn insert_method<M>(methods: &mut HashMap<&'static str, Box<dyn BridgeMethod>>, method: M)
+where
+    M: BridgeMethod + 'static,
+{
+    methods.insert(method.name(), Box::new(method));
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs
index 106572257..187696e5d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs
@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@ pub struct RustBridgeErrorResponse {
     pub error: RustBridgeErrorPayload,
 }
 
+
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(untagged)]
 pub enum RustBridgeResponse {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs
index df6bb3fe6..baede1534 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs
@@ -38,14 +38,11 @@ fn format_network_target(value: &SageNetworkPermissionTarget) -> String {
     format!("{}://{}", value.scheme, value.host)
 }
 
-pub fn parse_network_permission_target(
-    value: &str,
+pub fn normalize_network_permission_target(
+    entry: SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
 ) -> Result<SageNetworkPermissionTarget, String> {
-    let value = value.trim().to_ascii_lowercase();
-
-    let (scheme, host) = value
-        .split_once("://")
-        .ok_or_else(|| format!("invalid network entry (missing scheme): {}", value))?;
+    let scheme = entry.scheme.trim().to_ascii_lowercase();
+    let host = entry.host.trim().to_ascii_lowercase();
 
     if scheme != "https" && scheme != "wss" {
         return Err(format!(
@@ -60,10 +57,22 @@ pub fn parse_network_permission_target(
         || host.contains('#')
         || host.contains(' ')
     {
-        return Err(format!("invalid host in network entry: {}", value));
+        return Err(format!("invalid host in network entry: {}://{}", scheme, host));
     }
 
-    Ok(SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
+    Ok(SageNetworkPermissionTarget { scheme, host })
+}
+
+pub fn parse_network_permission_target(
+    value: &str,
+) -> Result<SageNetworkPermissionTarget, String> {
+    let value = value.trim().to_ascii_lowercase();
+
+    let (scheme, host) = value
+        .split_once("://")
+        .ok_or_else(|| format!("invalid network entry (missing scheme): {}", value))?;
+
+    normalize_network_permission_target(SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
         scheme: scheme.to_string(),
         host: host.to_string(),
     })

From 083d6e43159b331f095c0e9d5658557416da5d77 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sun, 26 Apr 2026 18:18:11 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 216/471] Refactor approval request logic in bridge methods:

- Replace `Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest>` with `BridgeApprovalRequestResult` for improved error handling.
- Update bridge methods (`killRuntime`, `hideRuntime`, etc.) to use new approval result type.
- Add `normalize_network_permission_target` for cleaner target normalization in network grant requests.
- Standardize `approval_request` logic across bridge modules.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs | 25 +++++++++----
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/shared.rs |  6 +++-
 .../system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs   | 10 +++---
 .../system/runtime_manager/hide_runtime.rs    | 10 +++---
 .../system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs    | 11 +++---
 .../system/runtime_manager/list_runtimes.rs   | 10 +++---
 .../methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs      |  8 ++---
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_info.rs   | 10 +++---
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/app/lifecycle.rs  | 14 ++++----
 .../user/app/request_capability_grant.rs      | 22 +++++++-----
 .../app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs    | 35 +++++++------------
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/ping.rs    | 10 +++---
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs    | 11 +++---
 .../methods/user/wallet/get_secret_key.rs     | 12 +++----
 .../methods/user/wallet/read_methods.rs       | 22 ++++++------
 .../bridge/methods/user/wallet/send_xch.rs    | 17 ++++-----
 16 files changed, 109 insertions(+), 124 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
index d0188bc6a..f6ecc4c32 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
@@ -79,20 +79,33 @@ pub async fn process(
         }
     }
 
-    if let Some(approval) = method.approval_request(
+    match method.approval_request(
         BridgeContext {
             app: &app_model,
             source_label: &webview_label,
         },
         &request,
     ) {
-        let approval_id = Uuid::new_v4().to_string();
+        Ok(Some(approval)) => {
+            let approval_id = Uuid::new_v4().to_string();
 
-        let apps_state = app.state::<AppsHostState>();
-        write_pending_approval(&apps_state, &approval_id, &app_model, &webview_label, &request).await;
+            let apps_state = app.state::<AppsHostState>();
+            write_pending_approval(&apps_state, &approval_id, &app_model, &webview_label, &request).await;
 
-        emit_sage_approval_requested(&app, approval_id, approval)?;
-        return Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Pending {});
+            emit_sage_approval_requested(&app, approval_id, approval)?;
+            return Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Pending {});
+        }
+        Ok(None) => {}
+        Err(err) => {
+            return Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Immediate {
+                response: RustBridgeResponse::error(
+                    expected_channel,
+                    &request.id,
+                    err.code,
+                    err.message,
+                ),
+            });
+        }
     }
 
     let response = execute_bridge_request(
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/shared.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/shared.rs
index 24e0d9c8c..787a059ba 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/shared.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/shared.rs
@@ -48,9 +48,13 @@ impl BridgeMethodHandleError {
     }
 }
 
+pub type BridgeApprovalRequestResult =
+Result<Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest>, BridgeMethodHandleError>;
+
 pub type BridgeHandleResult =
 Result<Box<dyn erased_serde::Serialize + Send>, BridgeMethodHandleError>;
 
+
 #[async_trait]
 pub trait BridgeMethod: Send + Sync {
     fn name(&self) -> &'static str;
@@ -60,7 +64,7 @@ pub trait BridgeMethod: Send + Sync {
         &self,
         ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
         request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-    ) -> Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest>;
+    ) -> BridgeApprovalRequestResult;
 
     async fn handle(
         &self,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs
index 1c8c1fce1..d2e4c226c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs
@@ -2,11 +2,9 @@ use async_trait::async_trait;
 
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
-    parse_required_params, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError,
-};
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{parse_required_params, BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError};
 use crate::bridge::methods::system::runtime_manager::RuntimeTargetParams;
-use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest};
+use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeRequest};
 use crate::runtime::focus_runtime;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
@@ -26,8 +24,8 @@ impl BridgeMethod for RuntimeManagerFocusRuntime {
         &self,
         _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
         _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-    ) -> Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest> {
-        None
+    ) -> BridgeApprovalRequestResult {
+        Ok(None)
     }
 
     async fn handle(
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_runtime.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_runtime.rs
index 58d73ce1c..0691662ce 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_runtime.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_runtime.rs
@@ -2,11 +2,9 @@ use async_trait::async_trait;
 
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
-    parse_required_params, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError,
-};
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{parse_required_params, BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError};
 use crate::bridge::methods::system::runtime_manager::RuntimeTargetParams;
-use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest};
+use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeRequest};
 use crate::runtime::hide_runtime;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
@@ -26,8 +24,8 @@ impl BridgeMethod for RuntimeManagerHideRuntime {
         &self,
         _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
         _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-    ) -> Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest> {
-        None
+    ) -> BridgeApprovalRequestResult {
+        Ok(None)
     }
 
     async fn handle(
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs
index 79e0239e6..a4ae292bf 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,9 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
-    parse_required_params, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
-    BridgeMethodHandleError,
-};
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{parse_required_params, BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError};
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest};
+use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeRequest};
 use crate::runtime::stop::kill_runtime;
 use crate::bridge::methods::system::runtime_manager::RuntimeTargetParams;
 
@@ -27,8 +24,8 @@ impl BridgeMethod for RuntimeManagerKillRuntime {
         &self,
         _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
         _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-    ) -> Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest> {
-        None
+    ) -> BridgeApprovalRequestResult {
+        Ok(None)
     }
 
     async fn handle(
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/list_runtimes.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/list_runtimes.rs
index 8d31d890e..04a88f1b6 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/list_runtimes.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/list_runtimes.rs
@@ -2,10 +2,8 @@ use async_trait::async_trait;
 
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
-    BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError,
-};
-use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest};
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError};
+use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeRequest};
 use crate::runtime::state::read::list_runtimes;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
@@ -25,8 +23,8 @@ impl BridgeMethod for RuntimeManagerListRuntimes {
         &self,
         _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
         _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-    ) -> Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest> {
-        None
+    ) -> BridgeApprovalRequestResult {
+        Ok(None)
     }
 
     async fn handle(
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs
index c9cd5b475..0b92d63a5 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
-use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest};
+use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeRequest};
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability};
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability};
 use crate::permissions::{resolve_effective_granted_capabilities, resolve_shared_capabilities};
 use crate::types::SageApp;
 
@@ -24,8 +24,8 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppGetCapabilities {
         &self,
         _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
         _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-    ) -> Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest> {
-        None
+    ) -> BridgeApprovalRequestResult {
+        Ok(None)
     }
 
     async fn handle(
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_info.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_info.rs
index 620856d0c..b14b73529 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_info.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_info.rs
@@ -6,10 +6,8 @@ use specta::Type;
 
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
-    BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError,
-};
-use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest};
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError};
+use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeRequest};
 use crate::lifecycle::parse_network_permission_target;
 use crate::permissions::resolve_shared_capabilities;
 
@@ -49,8 +47,8 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppGetInfo {
         &self,
         _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
         _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-    ) -> Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest> {
-        None
+    ) -> BridgeApprovalRequestResult {
+        Ok(None)
     }
 
     async fn handle(
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/lifecycle.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/lifecycle.rs
index 3e0f9ebea..40a0ed394 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/lifecycle.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/lifecycle.rs
@@ -2,10 +2,8 @@ use async_trait::async_trait;
 
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
-    parse_required_params, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
-};
-use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest};
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{parse_required_params, BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability};
+use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeRequest};
 use crate::runtime::state::types::{
     ReadyToStopParams, RuntimeAckResult, SetBeforeStopListenerParams,
 };
@@ -30,8 +28,8 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppLifecycleSetBeforeStopListener {
         &self,
         _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
         _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-    ) -> Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest> {
-        None
+    ) -> BridgeApprovalRequestResult {
+        Ok(None)
     }
 
     async fn handle(
@@ -73,8 +71,8 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppLifecycleReadyToStop {
         &self,
         _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
         _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-    ) -> Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest> {
-        None
+    ) -> BridgeApprovalRequestResult {
+        Ok(None)
     }
 
     async fn handle(
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
index acae5498d..343c7b40b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
@@ -6,9 +6,7 @@ use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest};
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::bridge::event_emit::emit_bridge_event_to_app_id;
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
-    parse_required_params, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError,
-};
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{parse_required_params, BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError};
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::events::EventForApp;
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::resolve_app_base_path;
 use crate::bridge::types::RustBridgeApprovalBody;
@@ -49,9 +47,9 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppRequestCapabilityGrant {
         &self,
         ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
         request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-    ) -> Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest> {
+    ) -> BridgeApprovalRequestResult {
         let params: RequestCapabilityGrantParams =
-            parse_required_params(self, request).ok()?;
+            parse_required_params(self, request)?;
 
         if ctx
             .app
@@ -59,12 +57,18 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppRequestCapabilityGrant {
             .capabilities
             .contains(&params.capability)
         {
-            return None;
+            return Ok(None);
         }
 
-        let definition = get_user_capability_definition(params.capability)?;
+        let definition = get_user_capability_definition(params.capability)
+            .ok_or_else(|| {
+                BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error(format!(
+                    "unknown capability: {}",
+                    params.capability.key()
+                ))
+            })?;
 
-        Some(RustBridgeApprovalRequest {
+        Ok(Some(RustBridgeApprovalRequest {
             app: ctx.app.clone(),
             source_label: ctx.source_label.to_string(),
             request_id: request.id.clone(),
@@ -72,7 +76,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppRequestCapabilityGrant {
                 capability: params.capability,
                 definition: user_capability_definition_view(definition),
             },
-        })
+        }))
     }
 
     async fn handle(
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs
index 55cd2b96d..323e7f5a8 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs
@@ -6,9 +6,7 @@ use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest};
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::bridge::event_emit::emit_bridge_event_to_app_id;
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
-    parse_required_params, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError,
-};
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{parse_required_params, BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError};
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::resolve_app_base_path;
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::events::EventForApp;
 use crate::bridge::types::RustBridgeApprovalBody;
@@ -50,18 +48,11 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant {
         &self,
         ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
         request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-    ) -> Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest> {
+    ) -> BridgeApprovalRequestResult {
         let mut params: RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantParams =
-            parse_required_params(self, request).ok()?;
-
-        // normalize (still needed)
-        let normalized = parse_network_permission_target(&format!(
-            "{}://{}",
-            params.entry.scheme, params.entry.host
-        ))
-            .ok()?;
+            parse_required_params(self, request)?;
 
-        params.entry = normalized;
+        params.entry = normalize_network_permission_target(params.entry)?;
 
         if ctx
             .app
@@ -71,17 +62,17 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant {
             .iter()
             .any(|entry| entry == &params.entry)
         {
-            return None;
+            return Ok(None);
         }
 
-        Some(RustBridgeApprovalRequest {
+        Ok(Some(RustBridgeApprovalRequest {
             app: ctx.app.clone(),
             source_label: ctx.source_label.to_string(),
             request_id: request.id.clone(),
             body: RustBridgeApprovalBody::NetworkWhitelistGrant {
                 entry: params.entry,
             },
-        })
+        }))
     }
 
     async fn handle(
@@ -93,12 +84,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant {
         let mut params: RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantParams =
             parse_required_params(self, request)?;
 
-        // normalize
-        params.entry = parse_network_permission_target(&format!(
-            "{}://{}",
-            params.entry.scheme, params.entry.host
-        ))
-            .map_err(BridgeMethodHandleError::invalid_request)?;
+        params.entry = normalize_network_permission_target(params.entry)?;
 
         let base_path = resolve_app_base_path(&tools)?;
 
@@ -145,3 +131,8 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant {
         Ok(Box::new(result))
     }
 }
+
+fn normalize_network_permission_target(entry: SageNetworkPermissionTarget) -> Result<SageNetworkPermissionTarget, BridgeMethodHandleError> {
+    parse_network_permission_target(&format!("{}://{}", entry.scheme, entry.host))
+        .map_err(BridgeMethodHandleError::invalid_request)
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/ping.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/ping.rs
index c6b78730c..40c036db3 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/ping.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/ping.rs
@@ -3,10 +3,8 @@ use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
-    BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
-};
-use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest};
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability};
+use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeRequest};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct BridgePing;
@@ -33,8 +31,8 @@ impl BridgeMethod for BridgePing {
         &self,
         _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
         _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-    ) -> Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest> {
-        None
+    ) -> BridgeApprovalRequestResult {
+        Ok(None)
     }
 
     async fn handle(
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs
index 5d28328c2..d100a17c1 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs
@@ -4,11 +4,8 @@ use specta::Type;
 
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
-    parse_required_params, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
-    BridgeMethodHandleError,
-};
-use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest};
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{parse_required_params, BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError};
+use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeRequest};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct BridgeSend;
@@ -41,8 +38,8 @@ impl BridgeMethod for BridgeSend {
         &self,
         _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
         _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-    ) -> Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest> {
-        None
+    ) -> BridgeApprovalRequestResult {
+        Ok(None)
     }
 
     async fn handle(
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_secret_key.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_secret_key.rs
index 3b9fda67c..e6b177c89 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_secret_key.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_secret_key.rs
@@ -3,9 +3,7 @@ use sage_api::GetSecretKey;
 
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
-    parse_required_params, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError,
-};
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{parse_required_params, BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError};
 use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest};
 use crate::bridge::types::RustBridgeApprovalBody;
 
@@ -26,17 +24,17 @@ impl BridgeMethod for WalletGetSecretKey {
         &self,
         ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
         request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-    ) -> Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest> {
-        let params: GetSecretKey = parse_required_params(self, request).ok()?;
+    ) -> BridgeApprovalRequestResult {
+        let params: GetSecretKey = parse_required_params(self, request)?;
 
-        Some(RustBridgeApprovalRequest {
+        Ok(Some(RustBridgeApprovalRequest {
             app: ctx.app.clone(),
             source_label: ctx.source_label.to_string(),
             request_id: request.id.clone(),
             body: RustBridgeApprovalBody::GetSecretKey {
                 fingerprint: params.fingerprint,
             },
-        })
+        }))
     }
 
     async fn handle(
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/read_methods.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/read_methods.rs
index d430a19fc..e4511175a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/read_methods.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/read_methods.rs
@@ -2,10 +2,8 @@ use async_trait::async_trait;
 
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
-    parse_required_params, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError,
-};
-use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest};
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{parse_required_params, BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError};
+use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeRequest};
 
 use sage_api::{
     CheckAddress, GetCoins, GetCoinsByIds, GetDerivations, GetKey, GetKeys,
@@ -32,8 +30,8 @@ macro_rules! define_wallet_read_no_params_async_method {
                 &self,
                 _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
                 _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-            ) -> Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest> {
-                None
+            ) -> BridgeApprovalRequestResult {
+                Ok(None)
             }
 
             async fn handle(
@@ -76,8 +74,8 @@ macro_rules! define_wallet_read_no_params_sync_method {
                 &self,
                 _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
                 _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-            ) -> Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest> {
-                None
+            ) -> BridgeApprovalRequestResult {
+                Ok(None)
             }
 
             async fn handle(
@@ -120,8 +118,8 @@ macro_rules! define_wallet_read_params_async_method {
                 &self,
                 _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
                 _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-            ) -> Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest> {
-                None
+            ) -> BridgeApprovalRequestResult {
+                Ok(None)
             }
 
             async fn handle(
@@ -166,8 +164,8 @@ macro_rules! define_wallet_read_params_sync_method {
                 &self,
                 _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
                 _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-            ) -> Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest> {
-                None
+            ) -> BridgeApprovalRequestResult {
+                Ok(None)
             }
 
             async fn handle(
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/send_xch.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/send_xch.rs
index 6900326f3..744c3f301 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/send_xch.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/send_xch.rs
@@ -4,10 +4,7 @@ use specta::Type;
 
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
-    parse_required_params, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
-    BridgeMethodHandleError,
-};
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{parse_required_params, BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError};
 use crate::bridge::{
     RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest,
 };
@@ -63,26 +60,24 @@ impl BridgeMethod for WalletSendXch {
         &self,
         ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
         request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-    ) -> Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest> {
+    ) -> BridgeApprovalRequestResult {
         if ctx
             .app
             .granted_permissions()
             .capabilities
             .contains(&UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXchAutoSubmit)
         {
-            return None;
+            return Ok(None);
         }
 
-        let Ok(params) = parse_required_params::<WalletSendXchParams>(self, request) else {
-            return None;
-        };
+        let params = parse_required_params::<WalletSendXchParams>(self, request)?;
 
-        Some(RustBridgeApprovalRequest {
+        Ok(Some(RustBridgeApprovalRequest {
             app: ctx.app.clone(),
             source_label: ctx.source_label.to_string(),
             request_id: request.id.clone(),
             body: RustBridgeApprovalBody::SendXch { summary: params },
-        })
+        }))
     }
 
     async fn handle(

From f11342002c599f797e417c40b5d74b353f13bae4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sun, 26 Apr 2026 20:38:24 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 217/471] Remove redundant `normalize` module and consolidate
 capability logic:

- Deleted `normalize/capabilities.rs` and `normalize/network.rs` as they were unused.
- Relocated and modularized capability definitions to `capabilities/definitions.rs`.
- Simplified permission normalization by removing unnecessary indirection.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs |  29 +--
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/capabilities.rs   |  20 +++
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs       |   2 +-
 .../methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs      |   7 +-
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_info.rs   |   7 +-
 .../user/app/request_capability_grant.rs      |  10 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs            |  10 +-
 .../src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs          |  14 +-
 .../src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs       | 133 +++++++-------
 .../definitions.rs}                           |  61 ++-----
 .../src/permissions/capabilities/mod.rs       |   4 +
 .../normalization.rs}                         |  33 +++-
 .../src/permissions/capabilities/types.rs     |  58 ++++++
 .../permissions/capabilities/validation.rs    |  35 ++++
 crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/mod.rs       |   6 +-
 .../sage-apps/src/permissions/network/mod.rs  |  47 +++++
 .../network.rs => network/normalization.rs}   |  42 ++---
 .../src/permissions/network/validation.rs     |   0
 .../src/permissions/normalize/mod.rs          |   5 -
 crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/policy.rs    | 167 +++---------------
 .../sage-apps/src/permissions/validation.rs   |  82 ++++-----
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs  |   8 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps/mod.rs       |   5 +-
 crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_update.rs         |   8 +-
 24 files changed, 389 insertions(+), 404 deletions(-)
 rename crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/{capabilities.rs => capabilities/definitions.rs} (89%)
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/mod.rs
 rename crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/{normalize/capabilities.rs => capabilities/normalization.rs} (60%)
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/types.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/validation.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/network/mod.rs
 rename crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/{normalize/network.rs => network/normalization.rs} (88%)
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/network/validation.rs
 delete mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/normalize/mod.rs

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
index f6ecc4c32..ebfd699a0 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,8 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodCapability;
 use crate::bridge::registry::BridgeRegistry;
 use crate::bridge::state::write_pending_approval;
 use crate::host::AppState;
-use crate::permissions::{require_system_capability_definition, require_user_capability_definition, resolve_effective_granted_capabilities};
+use crate::permissions::{resolve_effective_granted_capabilities};
+use crate::permissions::capabilities::definitions::{get_system_capability_definition, get_user_capability_definition};
 use crate::runtime::{assert_bridge_origin, resolve_app};
 use crate::runtime::state::types::SageAppRuntimeKind;
 use crate::runtime::webview_locator::get_sage_webview;
@@ -178,18 +179,7 @@ fn verify_capability(
 ) -> Result<(), RustBridgeResponse> {
     match capability {
         BridgeCapability::User(capability) => {
-            let definition =
-                require_user_capability_definition(capability).map_err(|err| {
-                    RustBridgeResponse::error(
-                        &request.channel,
-                        &request.id,
-                        "internal_error",
-                        format!(
-                            "bridge method declared unknown user capability {}: {err}",
-                            capability.key(),
-                        ),
-                    )
-                })?;
+            let definition = get_user_capability_definition(capability);
 
             verify_user_capability(
                 app,
@@ -200,18 +190,7 @@ fn verify_capability(
         }
 
         BridgeCapability::System(capability) => {
-            let definition =
-                require_system_capability_definition(capability).map_err(|err| {
-                    RustBridgeResponse::error(
-                        &request.channel,
-                        &request.id,
-                        "internal_error",
-                        format!(
-                            "bridge method declared unknown system capability {}: {err}",
-                            capability.key(),
-                        ),
-                    )
-                })?;
+            let definition = get_system_capability_definition(capability);
 
             verify_system_capability(
                 app,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/capabilities.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/capabilities.rs
index 676e9ccf0..3626093be 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/capabilities.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/capabilities.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
+use std::collections::BTreeSet;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
+use crate::permissions::capabilities::definitions::get_user_capability_definition;
 
 macro_rules! define_bridge_capabilities {
     (
@@ -103,3 +105,21 @@ impl BridgeCapability {
         }
     }
 }
+
+impl UserBridgeCapability {
+    pub fn shared_from_granted(
+        granted: &[UserBridgeCapability],
+    ) -> Vec<UserBridgeCapability> {
+        let mut shared = BTreeSet::new();
+
+        for capability in granted {
+            let definition = get_user_capability_definition(*capability);
+
+            if definition.flags.shared_with_app {
+                shared.insert(*capability);
+            }
+        }
+
+        shared.into_iter().collect()
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
index 3edebb28e..01b058fa4 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use crate::bridge::bridge_request::{execute_bridge_request, process};
 use crate::bridge::event_emit::emit_bridge_response_to_source;
 use crate::bridge::state::{get_pending_approval, remove_pending_approval};
 use crate::host::AppState;
-use crate::permissions::{user_capability_definition_view, user_registry};
+use crate::permissions::capabilities::definitions::{user_capability_definition_view, user_registry};
 use crate::runtime::{assert_bridge_origin, resolve_app};
 use crate::runtime::state::types::SageAppRuntimeKind;
 use crate::types::{SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView};
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs
index 0b92d63a5..bb5aaa6a8 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeRequest};
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability};
-use crate::permissions::{resolve_effective_granted_capabilities, resolve_shared_capabilities};
+use crate::permissions::{resolve_effective_granted_capabilities};
 use crate::types::SageApp;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
@@ -43,9 +43,8 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppGetCapabilities {
             SageApp::System(_) => ctx.app.granted_permissions().capabilities.clone(),
         };
 
-        let capabilities =
-            resolve_shared_capabilities(&effective_capabilities).unwrap_or_default();
+        let shared_capabilities = UserBridgeCapability::shared_from_granted(&effective_capabilities);
 
-        Ok(Box::new(capabilities))
+        Ok(Box::new(shared_capabilities))
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_info.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_info.rs
index b14b73529..a1d12ad69 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_info.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_info.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError};
 use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeRequest};
 use crate::lifecycle::parse_network_permission_target;
-use crate::permissions::resolve_shared_capabilities;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct AppGetInfo;
@@ -57,10 +56,6 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppGetInfo {
         _tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
         _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
     ) -> BridgeHandleResult {
-        let capabilities =
-            resolve_shared_capabilities(&ctx.app.granted_permissions().capabilities)
-                .unwrap_or_default();
-
         let required_network = required_network_set(&ctx)?;
 
         let network = ctx
@@ -81,7 +76,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppGetInfo {
             name: ctx.app.name().to_string(),
             version: ctx.app.version().to_string(),
             requested_permissions: ctx.app.requested_permissions().clone(),
-            capabilities,
+            capabilities: UserBridgeCapability::shared_from_granted(&ctx.app.granted_permissions().capabilities),
             network,
         }))
     }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
index 343c7b40b..bf7baf8e7 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::resolve_app_base_path;
 use crate::bridge::types::RustBridgeApprovalBody;
 use crate::lifecycle::update::permissions::grant_requested_capability_internal;
 use crate::lifecycle::update::types::GrantCapabilityOutcome;
-use crate::permissions::{get_user_capability_definition, user_capability_definition_view};
+use crate::permissions::capabilities::definitions::{get_user_capability_definition, user_capability_definition_view};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct AppRequestCapabilityGrant;
@@ -60,13 +60,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppRequestCapabilityGrant {
             return Ok(None);
         }
 
-        let definition = get_user_capability_definition(params.capability)
-            .ok_or_else(|| {
-                BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error(format!(
-                    "unknown capability: {}",
-                    params.capability.key()
-                ))
-            })?;
+        let definition = get_user_capability_definition(params.capability);
 
         Ok(Some(RustBridgeApprovalRequest {
             app: ctx.app.clone(),
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs
index a805d83dc..cee11bf90 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs
@@ -3,9 +3,7 @@ use std::{fs, path::PathBuf};
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::{BridgeCapability, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{BridgeMethodCapability};
 use crate::bridge::registry::{BridgeRegistry, BridgeRegistryKind};
-use crate::permissions::{
-    require_system_capability_definition, require_user_capability_definition,
-};
+use crate::permissions::capabilities::definitions::{get_system_capability_definition, get_user_capability_definition};
 
 fn workspace_root() -> PathBuf {
     PathBuf::from(env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR"))
@@ -56,8 +54,7 @@ pub fn user_capabilities_markdown() -> String {
     let mut out = String::from("# User bridge capabilities\n\n");
 
     for capability in UserBridgeCapability::ALL {
-        let definition = require_user_capability_definition(*capability)
-            .expect("all user capabilities must have definitions");
+        let definition = get_user_capability_definition(*capability);
 
         out.push_str(&format!("## `{}`\n\n", definition.capability.key()));
         out.push_str(&format!("**{}**\n\n", definition.label));
@@ -94,8 +91,7 @@ pub fn system_capabilities_markdown() -> String {
     let mut out = String::from("# System bridge capabilities\n\n");
 
     for capability in SystemBridgeCapability::ALL {
-        let definition = require_system_capability_definition(*capability)
-            .expect("all system capabilities must have definitions");
+        let definition = get_system_capability_definition(*capability);
 
         out.push_str(&format!("## `{}`\n\n", definition.capability.key()));
         out.push_str(&format!("**{}**\n\n", definition.label));
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
index 7e073b5aa..7ded8c207 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,10 @@ use crate::host::AppState;
 use crate::lifecycle::{download_url_snapshot, manifest_entry_file, manifest_icon_file, read_installed_app_by_id, write_installed_app_metadata};
 use crate::lifecycle::install::url::preview_app_url_internal;
 use crate::lifecycle::update::permissions::update_app_permissions_with_change_internal;
-use crate::permissions::{normalize_and_validate_granted_network_whitelist, normalize_user_granted_capabilities, resolve_capability_flags, resolve_effective_granted_capabilities, validate_user_granted_capabilities};
+use crate::permissions::{resolve_capability_flags, resolve_effective_granted_capabilities};
+use crate::permissions::capabilities::normalization::normalize_granted_capabilities;
+use crate::permissions::capabilities::validation::validate_granted_capabilities;
+use crate::permissions::network::normalize_and_validate_granted_network;
 use crate::types::{SageAppUrlPreview, SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppPendingUpdate, UserSageAppSource};
 
 #[command]
@@ -123,19 +126,18 @@ pub async fn apply_app_update(
         .clone()
         .ok_or_else(|| io::Error::other(format!("app {} has no pending update", app_id)))?;
 
-    validate_user_granted_capabilities(
-        &pending.manifest.permissions,
+    let normalized_capabilities = normalize_granted_capabilities(
         &granted_permissions.capabilities,
     )
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("invalid granted permissions for update: {err}")))?;
 
-    let normalized_capabilities = normalize_user_granted_capabilities(
+    validate_granted_capabilities(
         &pending.manifest.permissions,
-        &granted_permissions.capabilities,
+        &normalized_capabilities,
     )
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("invalid granted permissions for update: {err}")))?;
 
-    let granted_network_whitelist = normalize_and_validate_granted_network_whitelist(
+    let granted_network_whitelist = normalize_and_validate_granted_network(
         &pending.manifest.permissions.network,
         &granted_permissions.network.whitelist,
     )
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
index 88c3a7894..a3f052bf4 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
@@ -3,9 +3,72 @@ use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::lifecycle::{parse_network_permission_target, read_installed_app_by_id, write_installed_app_metadata};
 use crate::lifecycle::update::types::{GrantCapabilityOutcome, GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome, GrantedCapabilitiesChange, GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange};
-use crate::permissions::{clear_storage_may_contain_secrets, normalize_and_validate_granted_network_whitelist, normalize_user_granted_capabilities, resolve_capability_flags, resolve_effective_granted_capabilities, validate_user_granted_capabilities};
+use crate::permissions::{clear_storage_may_contain_secrets, resolve_capability_flags, resolve_effective_granted_capabilities};
+use crate::permissions::capabilities::definitions::{get_user_capability_definition};
+use crate::permissions::capabilities::normalization::normalize_granted_capabilities;
+use crate::permissions::capabilities::validation::validate_granted_capabilities;
+use crate::permissions::network::normalize_and_validate_granted_network;
 use crate::types::{SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkPermissionTarget, UserSageApp};
 
+pub fn update_app_permissions(
+    base_path: &Path,
+    app_id: &str,
+    granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
+    clear_storage_taint: bool,
+) -> anyhow::Result<UserSageApp> {
+    let mut app = read_installed_app_by_id(base_path, app_id)?;
+
+    let normalized_capabilities = normalize_granted_capabilities(
+        &granted_permissions.capabilities,
+    )?;
+
+    validate_granted_capabilities(
+        &app.common.requested_permissions,
+        &normalized_capabilities,
+    )?;
+
+    let effective_capabilities = resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(
+        &app.common.requested_permissions,
+        &normalized_capabilities,
+    )?;
+
+    let granted_network_whitelist = normalize_and_validate_granted_network(
+        &app.common.active_snapshot.manifest.permissions.network,
+        &granted_permissions.network.whitelist,
+    )?;
+
+    let mut permission_flags = resolve_capability_flags(
+        &effective_capabilities,
+        Some(&app.common.capability_flags),
+    )?;
+
+    if clear_storage_taint {
+        permission_flags = clear_storage_may_contain_secrets(&permission_flags);
+    }
+
+    app.common.granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions {
+        capabilities: normalized_capabilities,
+        network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
+            whitelist: granted_network_whitelist,
+        },
+    };
+
+    let effective_capabilities = resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(
+        &app.common.requested_permissions,
+        &app.common.granted_permissions.capabilities,
+    )?;
+
+    app.common.capability_flags = resolve_capability_flags(
+        &effective_capabilities,
+        Some(&permission_flags),
+    )?;
+
+    let app_dir = PathBuf::from(&app.common.app_dir);
+    write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app_dir)?;
+
+    Ok(app)
+}
+
 fn sort_unique_network(
     values: impl IntoIterator<Item = SageNetworkPermissionTarget>,
 ) -> Vec<SageNetworkPermissionTarget> {
@@ -80,66 +143,6 @@ fn sort_unique_capabilities(
     capabilities.into_iter().collect::<BTreeSet<_>>().into_iter().collect()
 }
 
-pub fn update_app_permissions_internal(
-    base_path: &Path,
-    app_id: &str,
-    granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
-    clear_storage_taint: bool,
-) -> anyhow::Result<UserSageApp> {
-    let mut app = read_installed_app_by_id(base_path, app_id)?;
-
-    validate_user_granted_capabilities(
-        &app.common.requested_permissions,
-        &granted_permissions.capabilities,
-    )?;
-
-    let normalized_capabilities = normalize_user_granted_capabilities(
-        &app.common.requested_permissions,
-        &granted_permissions.capabilities,
-    )?;
-
-    let effective_capabilities = resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(
-        &app.common.requested_permissions,
-        &normalized_capabilities,
-    )?;
-
-    let granted_network_whitelist = normalize_and_validate_granted_network_whitelist(
-        &app.common.active_snapshot.manifest.permissions.network,
-        &granted_permissions.network.whitelist,
-    )?;
-
-    let mut permission_flags = resolve_capability_flags(
-        &effective_capabilities,
-        Some(&app.common.capability_flags),
-    )?;
-
-    if clear_storage_taint {
-        permission_flags = clear_storage_may_contain_secrets(&permission_flags);
-    }
-
-    app.common.granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions {
-        capabilities: normalized_capabilities,
-        network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
-            whitelist: granted_network_whitelist,
-        },
-    };
-
-    let effective_capabilities = resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(
-        &app.common.requested_permissions,
-        &app.common.granted_permissions.capabilities,
-    )?;
-
-    app.common.capability_flags = resolve_capability_flags(
-        &effective_capabilities,
-        Some(&permission_flags),
-    )?;
-
-    let app_dir = PathBuf::from(&app.common.app_dir);
-    write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app_dir)?;
-
-    Ok(app)
-}
-
 pub fn grant_requested_capability_internal(
     base_path: &Path,
     app_id: &str,
@@ -154,7 +157,7 @@ pub fn grant_requested_capability_internal(
             capability.key()
         );
     }
-    let definition = crate::permissions::require_user_capability_definition(capability)?;
+    let definition = get_user_capability_definition(capability);
 
     if !definition.flags.user_grantable {
         anyhow::bail!(
@@ -177,7 +180,7 @@ pub fn grant_requested_capability_internal(
     next_capabilities.push(capability);
     next_capabilities = sort_unique_capabilities(next_capabilities);
 
-    let updated = update_app_permissions_internal(
+    let updated = update_app_permissions(
         base_path,
         app_id,
         SageGrantedPermissions {
@@ -244,7 +247,7 @@ pub fn grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal(
     next_whitelist.push(entry.clone());
     next_whitelist = sort_unique_network(next_whitelist);
 
-    let updated = update_app_permissions_internal(
+    let updated = update_app_permissions(
         base_path,
         app_id,
         SageGrantedPermissions {
@@ -276,7 +279,7 @@ pub fn update_app_permissions_with_change_internal(
 )> {
     let previous = read_installed_app_by_id(base_path, app_id)?;
 
-    let updated = update_app_permissions_internal(
+    let updated = update_app_permissions(
         base_path,
         app_id,
         granted_permissions,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/definitions.rs
similarity index 89%
rename from crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/definitions.rs
index 49017bebf..3f17fa512 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/definitions.rs
@@ -1,28 +1,9 @@
 use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::{SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
+use crate::permissions::capabilities::types::{CapabilityFlags, SystemCapabilityDefinition, UserCapabilityDefinition};
 use crate::types::{SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView, SageAppCapabilityFlagsView};
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
-pub struct CapabilityFlags {
-    pub externally_observable: bool,
-    pub accesses_sensitive_secret: bool,
-    pub requestable_by_app: bool,
-    pub user_grantable: bool,
-    pub shared_with_app: bool,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
-pub struct CapabilityDefinition<C> {
-    pub capability: C,
-    pub label: &'static str,
-    pub description: &'static str,
-    pub flags: CapabilityFlags,
-}
-
-pub type UserCapabilityDefinition = CapabilityDefinition<UserBridgeCapability>;
-pub type SystemCapabilityDefinition = CapabilityDefinition<SystemBridgeCapability>;
-
 fn read_wallet_flags() -> CapabilityFlags {
     CapabilityFlags {
         externally_observable: false,
@@ -35,8 +16,8 @@ fn read_wallet_flags() -> CapabilityFlags {
 
 pub fn get_user_capability_definition(
     capability: UserBridgeCapability,
-) -> Option<UserCapabilityDefinition> {
-    Some(match capability {
+) -> UserCapabilityDefinition {
+    match capability {
         UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage => UserCapabilityDefinition {
             capability,
             label: "Persistent storage",
@@ -262,13 +243,13 @@ pub fn get_user_capability_definition(
             description: "Allows the app to list wallet transactions.",
             flags: read_wallet_flags(),
         },
-    })
+    }
 }
 
 pub fn get_system_capability_definition(
     capability: SystemBridgeCapability,
-) -> Option<SystemCapabilityDefinition> {
-    Some(match capability {
+) -> SystemCapabilityDefinition {
+    match capability {
         SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerListRuntimes => SystemCapabilityDefinition {
             capability,
             label: "List app runtimes",
@@ -335,23 +316,7 @@ pub fn get_system_capability_definition(
                 },
             }
         }
-    })
-}
-
-pub fn require_user_capability_definition(
-    capability: UserBridgeCapability,
-) -> anyhow::Result<UserCapabilityDefinition> {
-    get_user_capability_definition(capability).ok_or_else(|| {
-        anyhow::anyhow!("unknown user capability: {}", capability.key())
-    })
-}
-
-pub fn require_system_capability_definition(
-    capability: SystemBridgeCapability,
-) -> anyhow::Result<SystemCapabilityDefinition> {
-    get_system_capability_definition(capability).ok_or_else(|| {
-        anyhow::anyhow!("unknown system capability: {}", capability.key())
-    })
+    }
 }
 
 pub fn user_registry() -> BTreeMap<UserBridgeCapability, UserCapabilityDefinition> {
@@ -359,8 +324,7 @@ pub fn user_registry() -> BTreeMap<UserBridgeCapability, UserCapabilityDefinitio
         .iter()
         .copied()
         .map(|capability| {
-            let definition = require_user_capability_definition(capability)
-                .expect("all user capabilities must have definitions");
+            let definition = get_user_capability_definition(capability);
             (capability, definition)
         })
         .collect()
@@ -371,8 +335,7 @@ pub fn system_registry() -> BTreeMap<SystemBridgeCapability, SystemCapabilityDef
         .iter()
         .copied()
         .map(|capability| {
-            let definition = require_system_capability_definition(capability)
-                .expect("all system capabilities must have definitions");
+            let definition = get_system_capability_definition(capability);
             (capability, definition)
         })
         .collect()
@@ -381,13 +344,15 @@ pub fn system_registry() -> BTreeMap<SystemBridgeCapability, SystemCapabilityDef
 pub fn get_user_capability_definition_by_key(
     key: &str,
 ) -> Option<UserCapabilityDefinition> {
-    UserBridgeCapability::from_key(key).and_then(get_user_capability_definition)
+    UserBridgeCapability::from_key(key)
+        .map(get_user_capability_definition)
 }
 
 pub fn get_system_capability_definition_by_key(
     key: &str,
 ) -> Option<SystemCapabilityDefinition> {
-    SystemBridgeCapability::from_key(key).and_then(get_system_capability_definition)
+    SystemBridgeCapability::from_key(key)
+        .map(get_system_capability_definition)
 }
 
 pub fn require_user_capability_definition_by_key(
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e1041f265
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+pub mod definitions;
+pub mod normalization;
+pub mod validation;
+pub mod types;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/normalize/capabilities.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/normalization.rs
similarity index 60%
rename from crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/normalize/capabilities.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/normalization.rs
index 80d8becdc..f95b002ac 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/normalize/capabilities.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/normalization.rs
@@ -1,17 +1,17 @@
 use std::collections::BTreeSet;
-use anyhow::{anyhow, Result};
-use crate::permissions::get_user_capability_definition;
+use anyhow::anyhow;
+use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::permissions::capabilities::definitions::get_user_capability_definition;
 use crate::types::SageRequestedCapabilities;
 
-pub fn normalize_capabilities(
+pub fn normalize_requested_capabilities(
     capabilities: &SageRequestedCapabilities,
-) -> Result<SageRequestedCapabilities> {
+) -> anyhow::Result<SageRequestedCapabilities> {
     let mut required = BTreeSet::new();
     let mut optional = BTreeSet::new();
 
     for capability in &capabilities.required {
-        let definition = get_user_capability_definition(*capability)
-            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("unknown capability: {}", capability.key()))?;
+        let definition = get_user_capability_definition(*capability);
 
         if !definition.flags.requestable_by_app {
             return Err(anyhow!(
@@ -24,8 +24,7 @@ pub fn normalize_capabilities(
     }
 
     for capability in &capabilities.optional {
-        let definition = get_user_capability_definition(*capability)
-            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("unknown capability: {}", capability.key()))?;
+        let definition = get_user_capability_definition(*capability);
 
         if !definition.flags.requestable_by_app {
             return Err(anyhow!(
@@ -44,3 +43,21 @@ pub fn normalize_capabilities(
         optional: optional.into_iter().collect(),
     })
 }
+
+
+
+pub fn normalize_granted_capabilities(
+    granted: &[UserBridgeCapability],
+) -> anyhow::Result<Vec<UserBridgeCapability>> {
+    let mut out = BTreeSet::new();
+
+    for granted_capability in granted {
+        let granted_capability_definition = get_user_capability_definition(*granted_capability);
+
+        if granted_capability_definition.flags.user_grantable {
+            out.insert(*granted_capability);
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(out.into_iter().collect())
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/types.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7b2746a34
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/types.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+use anyhow::{anyhow, Result};
+use crate::bridge::capabilities::{SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
+use crate::permissions::capabilities::definitions::get_user_capability_definition;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct CapabilityFlags {
+    pub externally_observable: bool,
+    pub accesses_sensitive_secret: bool,
+    pub requestable_by_app: bool,
+    pub user_grantable: bool,
+    pub shared_with_app: bool,
+}
+
+impl CapabilityFlags {
+    pub fn union(self, other: Self) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            externally_observable: self.externally_observable || other.externally_observable,
+            accesses_sensitive_secret: self.accesses_sensitive_secret || other.accesses_sensitive_secret,
+            requestable_by_app: self.requestable_by_app || other.requestable_by_app,
+            user_grantable: self.user_grantable || other.user_grantable,
+            shared_with_app: self.shared_with_app || other.shared_with_app,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn from_capabilities(
+        capabilities: &[UserBridgeCapability],
+    ) -> Result<Self> {
+        let (first, rest) = capabilities
+            .split_first()
+            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("cannot derive capability flags from empty capability list"))?;
+
+        let first_def = get_user_capability_definition(*first);
+
+        rest.iter().try_fold(first_def.flags, |flags, capability| {
+            let def = get_user_capability_definition(*capability);
+
+            Ok(flags.union(def.flags))
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct CapabilityDefinition<C> {
+    pub capability: C,
+    pub label: &'static str,
+    pub description: &'static str,
+    pub flags: CapabilityFlags,
+}
+
+pub type UserCapabilityDefinition = CapabilityDefinition<UserBridgeCapability>;
+pub type SystemCapabilityDefinition = CapabilityDefinition<SystemBridgeCapability>;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Default)]
+pub struct CapabilitySummary {
+    pub externally_observable: bool,
+    pub accesses_sensitive_secret: bool,
+    pub persistent_storage: bool,
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/validation.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/validation.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..46cbbe0fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/validation.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+use std::collections::BTreeSet;
+use anyhow::{anyhow, Result};
+use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::permissions::capabilities::definitions::get_user_capability_definition;
+use crate::types::SageRequestedPermissions;
+
+pub fn validate_granted_capabilities(
+    permissions: &SageRequestedPermissions,
+    granted: &[UserBridgeCapability],
+) -> Result<()> {
+    let mut allowed_capabilities = BTreeSet::new();
+    allowed_capabilities.extend(permissions.capabilities.required.iter().copied());
+    allowed_capabilities.extend(permissions.capabilities.optional.iter().copied());
+
+    let granted_set: BTreeSet<_> = granted.iter().copied().collect();
+
+    for granted_capability in &granted_set {
+        if !allowed_capabilities.contains(granted_capability) {
+            return Err(anyhow!(
+                "granted capabilities not requested in manifest: {}",
+                granted_capability.key()
+            ));
+        }
+    }
+
+    for required_capability in &permissions.capabilities.required {
+        let required_capability_definition = get_user_capability_definition(*required_capability);
+
+        if required_capability_definition.flags.user_grantable && !granted_set.contains(required_capability) {
+            return Err(anyhow!("missing required capability: {}", required_capability.key()));
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/mod.rs
index 11dc9f962..55b82a479 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/mod.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
-pub mod capabilities;
 pub mod policy;
 pub mod validation;
-pub mod normalize;
+pub mod capabilities;
+pub mod network;
 
-pub use capabilities::*;
 pub use policy::*;
 pub use validation::*;
-pub use normalize::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/network/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/network/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..174fd233a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/network/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+use std::collections::BTreeSet;
+use anyhow::{anyhow, Result};
+use crate::permissions::network::normalization::normalize_network_entry;
+use crate::types::{SageNetworkPermissionTarget, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions};
+
+pub mod validation;
+pub mod normalization;
+
+pub fn normalize_and_validate_granted_network(
+    requested: &SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
+    granted: &[SageNetworkPermissionTarget],
+) -> Result<Vec<SageNetworkPermissionTarget>> {
+    let requested_required = requested
+        .whitelist
+        .required
+        .iter()
+        .map(|entry| normalize_network_entry(&entry))
+        .collect::<Result<BTreeSet<_>>>()?;
+
+    let mut requested_optional = BTreeSet::new();
+
+    for entry in &requested.whitelist.optional {
+        let key = normalize_network_entry(&entry)?;
+
+        if !requested_required.contains(&key) {
+            requested_optional.insert(key);
+        }
+    }
+
+    let mut result = requested_required;
+
+    for entry in granted {
+        let key = normalize_network_entry(&entry)?;
+
+        if !result.contains(&key) && !requested_optional.contains(&key) {
+            return Err(anyhow!(
+                "granted network whitelist entry not requested in manifest: {}://{}",
+                key.scheme,
+                key.host
+            ));
+        }
+
+        result.insert(key);
+    }
+
+    Ok(result.into_iter().collect())
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/normalize/network.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/network/normalization.rs
similarity index 88%
rename from crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/normalize/network.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/network/normalization.rs
index 73d1e6d62..bccd03c6c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/normalize/network.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/network/normalization.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 use std::collections::BTreeSet;
-use anyhow::{anyhow, Result};
+use anyhow::anyhow;
 use crate::types::{SageNetworkPermissionTarget, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions};
 
-pub fn normalize_requested_network_permissions(
+pub fn normalize_requested_network(
     network_permissions: &SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
-) -> Result<SageRequestedNetworkPermissions> {
+) -> anyhow::Result<SageRequestedNetworkPermissions> {
     let required = normalize_requested_network_entries(&network_permissions.whitelist.required)?;
     let required_keys = required.iter().cloned().collect::<BTreeSet<_>>();
 
@@ -18,9 +18,26 @@ pub fn normalize_requested_network_permissions(
     })
 }
 
+pub fn normalize_network_entry(
+    entry: &SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
+) -> anyhow::Result<SageNetworkPermissionTarget> {
+    let scheme = entry.scheme.trim().to_ascii_lowercase();
+    let host = entry.host.trim().to_ascii_lowercase();
+
+    if scheme.is_empty() {
+        return Err(anyhow!("network whitelist entry is missing scheme"));
+    }
+
+    if host.is_empty() {
+        return Err(anyhow!("network whitelist entry is missing host"));
+    }
+
+    Ok(SageNetworkPermissionTarget { scheme, host })
+}
+
 fn normalize_requested_network_entries(
     entries: &[SageNetworkPermissionTarget],
-) -> Result<Vec<SageNetworkPermissionTarget>> {
+) -> anyhow::Result<Vec<SageNetworkPermissionTarget>> {
     let mut seen = BTreeSet::new();
     let mut normalized = Vec::new();
 
@@ -39,20 +56,3 @@ fn normalize_requested_network_entries(
 
     Ok(normalized)
 }
-
-pub fn normalize_network_entry(
-    entry: &SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
-) -> Result<SageNetworkPermissionTarget> {
-    let scheme = entry.scheme.trim().to_ascii_lowercase();
-    let host = entry.host.trim().to_ascii_lowercase();
-
-    if scheme.is_empty() {
-        return Err(anyhow!("network whitelist entry is missing scheme"));
-    }
-
-    if host.is_empty() {
-        return Err(anyhow!("network whitelist entry is missing host"));
-    }
-
-    Ok(SageNetworkPermissionTarget { scheme, host })
-}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/network/validation.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/network/validation.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/normalize/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/normalize/mod.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index f8114a989..000000000
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/normalize/mod.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-pub mod network;
-pub mod capabilities;
-
-pub use network::*;
-pub use capabilities::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/policy.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/policy.rs
index b0a54a459..ce6376372 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/policy.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/policy.rs
@@ -3,22 +3,17 @@ use std::collections::BTreeSet;
 
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::{
-    permissions::{get_user_capability_definition},
     types::{SageAppCapabilityFlags, SageRequestedPermissions},
 };
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Default)]
-pub struct CapabilitySummary {
-    pub externally_observable: bool,
-    pub accesses_sensitive_secret: bool,
-    pub persistent_storage: bool,
-}
+use crate::permissions::capabilities::definitions::get_user_capability_definition;
+use crate::permissions::capabilities::types::CapabilityFlags;
+use crate::permissions::capabilities::validation::validate_granted_capabilities;
 
 pub fn resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(
     permissions: &SageRequestedPermissions,
     user_granted: &[UserBridgeCapability],
 ) -> AnyResult<Vec<UserBridgeCapability>> {
-    validate_user_granted_capabilities(permissions, user_granted)?;
+    validate_granted_capabilities(permissions, user_granted)?;
 
     let mut effective = BTreeSet::new();
     effective.extend(user_granted.iter().copied());
@@ -29,8 +24,7 @@ pub fn resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(
         .iter()
         .chain(permissions.capabilities.optional.iter())
     {
-        let definition = get_user_capability_definition(*capability)
-            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("unknown capability: {}", capability.key()))?;
+        let definition = get_user_capability_definition(*capability);
 
         if !definition.flags.user_grantable {
             effective.insert(*capability);
@@ -40,121 +34,18 @@ pub fn resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(
     Ok(effective.into_iter().collect())
 }
 
-pub fn validate_user_granted_capabilities(
-    permissions: &SageRequestedPermissions,
-    granted: &[UserBridgeCapability],
-) -> AnyResult<()> {
-    let mut allowed = BTreeSet::new();
-    allowed.extend(permissions.capabilities.required.iter().copied());
-    allowed.extend(permissions.capabilities.optional.iter().copied());
-
-    let granted_set: BTreeSet<_> = granted.iter().copied().collect();
-
-    for capability in &granted_set {
-        if !allowed.contains(capability) {
-            return Err(anyhow!(
-                "granted permission not requested in manifest: {}",
-                capability.key()
-            ));
-        }
-    }
-
-    for capability in &permissions.capabilities.required {
-        let definition = get_user_capability_definition(*capability)
-            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("unknown capability: {}", capability.key()))?;
-
-        if definition.flags.user_grantable && !granted_set.contains(capability) {
-            return Err(anyhow!("missing required permission: {}", capability.key()));
-        }
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-pub fn normalize_user_granted_capabilities(
-    permissions: &SageRequestedPermissions,
-    granted: &[UserBridgeCapability],
-) -> AnyResult<Vec<UserBridgeCapability>> {
-    validate_user_granted_capabilities(permissions, granted)?;
-
-    let mut out = BTreeSet::new();
-
-    for capability in granted {
-        let definition = get_user_capability_definition(*capability)
-            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("unknown capability: {}", capability.key()))?;
-
-        if definition.flags.user_grantable {
-            out.insert(*capability);
-        }
-    }
-
-    Ok(out.into_iter().collect())
-}
-
-pub fn summarize_capabilities(
-    capabilities: &[UserBridgeCapability],
-) -> AnyResult<CapabilitySummary> {
-    let mut summary = CapabilitySummary::default();
-
-    for capability in capabilities {
-        let def = get_user_capability_definition(*capability)
-            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("unknown capability: {}", capability.key()))?;
-
-        summary.externally_observable |= def.flags.externally_observable;
-        summary.accesses_sensitive_secret |= def.flags.accesses_sensitive_secret;
-        summary.persistent_storage |= *capability == UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage;
-    }
-
-    Ok(summary)
-}
-
-pub fn resolve_shared_capabilities(
-    granted_capabilities: &[UserBridgeCapability],
-) -> AnyResult<Vec<UserBridgeCapability>> {
-    let mut shared = BTreeSet::new();
-
-    for capability in granted_capabilities {
-        let definition = get_user_capability_definition(*capability)
-            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("unknown capability: {}", capability.key()))?;
-
-        if definition.flags.shared_with_app {
-            shared.insert(*capability);
-        }
-    }
-
-    Ok(shared.into_iter().collect())
-}
-
-pub fn validate_requested_permission_policy(
-    permissions: &SageRequestedPermissions,
-) -> AnyResult<()> {
-    let mut requested = Vec::new();
-    requested.extend(permissions.capabilities.required.iter().copied());
-    requested.extend(permissions.capabilities.optional.iter().copied());
-
-    let summary = summarize_capabilities(&requested)?;
-
-    if summary.externally_observable && summary.accesses_sensitive_secret {
-        return Err(anyhow!(
-            "requested permissions cannot include both externally observable and sensitive secret access permissions"
-        ));
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
 pub fn resolve_capability_flags(
     granted: &[UserBridgeCapability],
     previous_flags: Option<&SageAppCapabilityFlags>,
 ) -> AnyResult<SageAppCapabilityFlags> {
-    let summary = summarize_capabilities(granted)?;
+    let granted_capability_flags = CapabilityFlags::from_capabilities(granted)?;
 
     let previous_storage_may_contain_secrets = previous_flags
         .map(|flags| flags.storage_may_contain_secrets)
         .unwrap_or(false);
 
-    let has_secret_access = summary.accesses_sensitive_secret;
-    let has_external_access = summary.externally_observable;
+    let has_secret_access = granted_capability_flags.accesses_sensitive_secret;
+    let has_external_access = granted_capability_flags.externally_observable;
     let storage_may_contain_secrets = previous_storage_may_contain_secrets;
 
     if has_external_access && has_secret_access {
@@ -200,7 +91,9 @@ pub fn clear_storage_may_contain_secrets(
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
-    use crate::permissions::{normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions, user_registry};
+    use crate::permissions::{normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions, validate_requested_permission};
+    use crate::permissions::capabilities::definitions::user_registry;
+    use crate::permissions::capabilities::normalization::normalize_granted_capabilities;
     use crate::types::{SageNetworkPermissionTarget, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist, SageRequestedPermissions};
 
     fn empty_requested_permissions() -> SageRequestedPermissions {
@@ -287,18 +180,17 @@ mod tests {
         let shared = first_shared_capability();
         let non_shared = first_non_shared_capability();
 
-        let resolved = resolve_shared_capabilities(&vec![
+        let shared_capabilities = UserBridgeCapability::shared_from_granted(&vec![
             shared.clone(),
             non_shared.clone(),
-        ])
-            .expect("expected shared capability resolution to succeed");
+        ]);
 
         assert!(
-            resolved.contains(&shared),
+            shared_capabilities.contains(&shared),
             "shared capability should remain visible to app"
         );
         assert!(
-            !resolved.contains(&non_shared),
+            !shared_capabilities.contains(&non_shared),
             "non-shared capability should not be visible to app"
         );
     }
@@ -308,14 +200,13 @@ mod tests {
         let shared = first_shared_capability();
         let non_shared = first_non_shared_capability();
 
-        let resolved = resolve_shared_capabilities(&vec![
+        let shared_capabilities = UserBridgeCapability::shared_from_granted(&vec![
             non_shared.clone(),
             shared.clone(),
             shared.clone(),
-        ])
-            .expect("expected shared capability resolution to succeed");
+        ]);
 
-        assert_eq!(resolved, vec![shared]);
+        assert_eq!(shared_capabilities, vec![shared]);
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -388,7 +279,7 @@ mod tests {
         let mut requested = empty_requested_permissions();
         requested.capabilities.required = vec![UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch];
 
-        let err = validate_user_granted_capabilities(
+        let err = validate_granted_capabilities(
             &requested,
             &vec![
                 UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
@@ -408,7 +299,7 @@ mod tests {
         let mut requested = empty_requested_permissions();
         requested.capabilities.required = vec![UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch];
 
-        let err = validate_user_granted_capabilities(&requested, &[])
+        let err = validate_granted_capabilities(&requested, &[])
             .expect_err("expected missing required capability to be rejected");
 
         assert!(
@@ -423,7 +314,7 @@ mod tests {
         requested.capabilities.required = vec![UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch];
         requested.capabilities.optional = vec![UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage];
 
-        validate_user_granted_capabilities(
+        validate_granted_capabilities(
             &requested,
             &vec![UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch],
         )
@@ -438,7 +329,7 @@ mod tests {
             UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetSecretKey,
         ];
 
-        let err = validate_requested_permission_policy(&requested)
+        let err = validate_requested_permission(&requested)
             .expect_err("expected incompatible requested capability policy to be rejected");
 
         assert!(
@@ -518,7 +409,7 @@ mod tests {
         let mut requested = empty_requested_permissions();
         requested.capabilities.required = vec![auto];
 
-        validate_user_granted_capabilities(&requested, &[])
+        validate_granted_capabilities(&requested, &[])
             .expect("non-user-grantable required capability should not require persisted user grant");
 
         let effective = resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(&requested, &[])
@@ -534,7 +425,7 @@ mod tests {
         let mut requested = empty_requested_permissions();
         requested.capabilities.optional = vec![auto];
 
-        validate_user_granted_capabilities(&requested, &[])
+        validate_granted_capabilities(&requested, &[])
             .expect("non-user-grantable optional capability should not require persisted user grant");
 
         let effective = resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(&requested, &[])
@@ -547,14 +438,14 @@ mod tests {
     fn normalize_user_granted_capabilities_strips_non_user_grantable_capability() {
         let auto = auto_granted_capability();
 
-        let mut requested = empty_requested_permissions();
-        requested.capabilities.required = vec![auto];
-
-        let normalized = normalize_user_granted_capabilities(&requested, &[auto])
+        let normalized = normalize_granted_capabilities(&[auto])
             .expect("normalization should tolerate and strip stale non-user-grantable grants");
 
         assert!(normalized.is_empty());
 
+        let mut requested = empty_requested_permissions();
+        requested.capabilities.required = vec![auto];
+
         let effective = resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(&requested, &normalized)
             .expect("auto capability should still be effective");
 
@@ -614,7 +505,7 @@ mod tests {
         let mut requested = empty_requested_permissions();
         requested.capabilities.required = vec![UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch];
 
-        let err = validate_user_granted_capabilities(&requested, &[])
+        let err = validate_granted_capabilities(&requested, &[])
             .expect_err("user-grantable required capability should require user grant");
 
         assert!(
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/validation.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/validation.rs
index c1eb39838..c1a8b3895 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/validation.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/validation.rs
@@ -1,17 +1,39 @@
 use anyhow::{anyhow, Result as AnyResult};
-use std::collections::BTreeSet;
-use crate::permissions::{normalize_capabilities, normalize_requested_network_permissions, normalize_user_granted_capabilities, validate_requested_permission_policy, validate_user_granted_capabilities};
-use crate::types::{SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkPermissionTarget, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions};
+use crate::permissions::capabilities::normalization::{normalize_granted_capabilities, normalize_requested_capabilities};
+use crate::permissions::capabilities::types::CapabilityFlags;
+use crate::permissions::capabilities::validation::validate_granted_capabilities;
+use crate::permissions::network::normalization::normalize_requested_network;
+use crate::permissions::network::normalize_and_validate_granted_network;
+use crate::types::{SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions};
+
+pub fn validate_requested_permission(
+    permissions: &SageRequestedPermissions,
+) -> AnyResult<()> {
+    let mut requested = Vec::new();
+    requested.extend(permissions.capabilities.required.iter().copied());
+    requested.extend(permissions.capabilities.optional.iter().copied());
+
+
+    let requested_capability_flags = CapabilityFlags::from_capabilities(&requested)?;
+
+    if requested_capability_flags.externally_observable && requested_capability_flags.accesses_sensitive_secret {
+        return Err(anyhow!(
+            "requested permissions cannot include both externally observable and sensitive secret access permissions"
+        ));
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
 
 pub fn normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions(
     permissions: &SageRequestedPermissions,
 ) -> AnyResult<SageRequestedPermissions> {
     let normalized = SageRequestedPermissions {
-        network: normalize_requested_network_permissions(&permissions.network)?,
-        capabilities: normalize_capabilities(&permissions.capabilities)?,
+        network: normalize_requested_network(&permissions.network)?,
+        capabilities: normalize_requested_capabilities(&permissions.capabilities)?,
     };
 
-    validate_requested_permission_policy(&normalized)?;
+    validate_requested_permission(&normalized)?;
     Ok(normalized)
 }
 
@@ -19,55 +41,17 @@ pub fn normalize_and_validate_granted_permissions(
     requested: &SageRequestedPermissions,
     granted: SageGrantedPermissions,
 ) -> AnyResult<SageGrantedPermissions> {
-    validate_user_granted_capabilities(requested, &granted.capabilities)?;
+    let normalized_capabilities = normalize_granted_capabilities(&granted.capabilities)?;
+
+    validate_granted_capabilities(requested, &normalized_capabilities)?;
 
-    let whitelist = normalize_and_validate_granted_network_whitelist(
+    let whitelist = normalize_and_validate_granted_network(
         &requested.network,
         &granted.network.whitelist,
     )?;
 
     Ok(SageGrantedPermissions {
-        capabilities: normalize_user_granted_capabilities(requested, &granted.capabilities)?,
+        capabilities: normalized_capabilities,
         network: crate::types::SageGrantedNetworkPermissions { whitelist },
     })
 }
-
-pub fn normalize_and_validate_granted_network_whitelist(
-    requested: &SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
-    granted: &[SageNetworkPermissionTarget],
-) -> AnyResult<Vec<SageNetworkPermissionTarget>> {
-    let requested_required = requested
-        .whitelist
-        .required
-        .iter()
-        .map(|entry| crate::permissions::normalize_network_entry(&entry))
-        .collect::<AnyResult<BTreeSet<_>>>()?;
-
-    let mut requested_optional = BTreeSet::new();
-
-    for entry in &requested.whitelist.optional {
-        let key = crate::permissions::normalize_network_entry(&entry)?;
-
-        if !requested_required.contains(&key) {
-            requested_optional.insert(key);
-        }
-    }
-
-    let mut result = requested_required;
-
-    for entry in granted {
-        let key = crate::permissions::normalize_network_entry(&entry)?;
-
-        if !result.contains(&key) && !requested_optional.contains(&key) {
-            return Err(anyhow!(
-                "granted network whitelist entry not requested in manifest: {}://{}",
-                key.scheme,
-                key.host
-            ));
-        }
-
-        result.insert(key);
-    }
-
-    Ok(result.into_iter().collect())
-}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
index f66e9f79f..ac2f88781 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,9 @@ use tauri::command;
 
 use crate::host::Result;
 use crate::lifecycle::{manifest_entry_file, manifest_icon_file};
-use crate::permissions::{normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions, resolve_capability_flags, resolve_effective_granted_capabilities, validate_user_granted_capabilities};
+use crate::permissions::{normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions, resolve_capability_flags, resolve_effective_granted_capabilities};
+use crate::permissions::capabilities::definitions::{get_user_capability_definition};
+use crate::permissions::capabilities::validation::validate_granted_capabilities;
 use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppPackageManifest, SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions, UserSageAppSource, UserSageApp};
 
 macro_rules! sandbox_test_id_prefix {
@@ -196,7 +198,7 @@ pub fn build_builtin_test_app(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<SageApp>> {
         .iter()
         .chain(manifest.permissions.capabilities.optional.iter())
     {
-        let definition = crate::permissions::require_user_capability_definition(*capability)?;
+        let definition = get_user_capability_definition(*capability);
 
         if definition.flags.user_grantable {
             user_granted_capabilities.push(*capability);
@@ -213,7 +215,7 @@ pub fn build_builtin_test_app(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<SageApp>> {
         },
     };
 
-    validate_user_granted_capabilities(
+    validate_granted_capabilities(
         &manifest.permissions,
         &granted_permissions.capabilities,
     )?;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps/mod.rs
index dd69ecf89..583aba7b1 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps/mod.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,8 @@ use tauri::command;
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
 use crate::host::Result;
 use crate::lifecycle::{manifest_entry_file, manifest_icon_file};
-use crate::permissions::{normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions, resolve_capability_flags, validate_user_granted_capabilities};
+use crate::permissions::{normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions, resolve_capability_flags};
+use crate::permissions::capabilities::validation::validate_granted_capabilities;
 use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions, SageGrantedSystemPermissions, SystemAppPresentation, SystemSageApp};
 
 pub const SYSTEM_APP_TASK_MANAGER_ID: &str = "task-manager";
@@ -134,7 +135,7 @@ pub fn build_builtin_system_app(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<SageApp>> {
         },
     };
 
-    validate_user_granted_capabilities(
+    validate_granted_capabilities(
         &manifest.permissions,
         &granted_permissions.capabilities,
     )?;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_update.rs b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_update.rs
index 637875298..8db884797 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_update.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_update.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ use sage_apps::types::{
 };
 use tempfile::tempdir;
 use sage_apps::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
-use sage_apps::lifecycle::update::permissions::{grant_requested_capability_internal, grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal, update_app_permissions_internal};
+use sage_apps::lifecycle::update::permissions::{grant_requested_capability_internal, grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal, update_app_permissions};
 use sage_apps::lifecycle::update::types::{GrantCapabilityOutcome, GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome};
 
 fn sample_app(base: &Path, app_id: &str) -> UserSageApp {
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ fn update_app_permissions_internal_persists_required_network_entries() {
     let app_path = app_dir(dir.path(), &app.common.id);
     write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app_path).unwrap();
 
-    let updated = update_app_permissions_internal(
+    let updated = update_app_permissions(
         dir.path(),
         &app.common.id,
         SageGrantedPermissions {
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ fn update_app_permissions_internal_rejects_unrequested_capability() {
     let app_path = app_dir(dir.path(), &app.common.id);
     write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app_path).unwrap();
 
-    let err = update_app_permissions_internal(
+    let err = update_app_permissions(
         dir.path(),
         &app.common.id,
         SageGrantedPermissions {
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ fn update_app_permissions_internal_can_clear_storage_taint_without_capabilities(
     let app_path = app_dir(dir.path(), &app.common.id);
     write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app_path).unwrap();
 
-    let updated = update_app_permissions_internal(
+    let updated = update_app_permissions(
         dir.path(),
         &app.common.id,
         SageGrantedPermissions {

From 4573b86146d745a44a0a3495df5288b513888c56 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sun, 26 Apr 2026 20:54:52 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 218/471] Modularize and streamline permission normalization
 and validation:

- Extract `normalize_requested_permissions` to a new `normalization.rs` module for better structure.
- Refactor `normalize_and_validate_*` functions to separate concerns and improve readability.
- Remove redundant logic from `validation.rs` and consolidate permission workflows.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/mod.rs       | 37 +++++++++++++++++
 .../src/permissions/normalization.rs          | 13 ++++++
 .../sage-apps/src/permissions/validation.rs   | 41 ++-----------------
 3 files changed, 53 insertions(+), 38 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/normalization.rs

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/mod.rs
index 55b82a479..60316c037 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/mod.rs
@@ -2,6 +2,43 @@ pub mod policy;
 pub mod validation;
 pub mod capabilities;
 pub mod network;
+pub mod normalization;
 
 pub use policy::*;
 pub use validation::*;
+
+use anyhow::Result;
+use crate::permissions::capabilities::normalization::normalize_granted_capabilities;
+use crate::permissions::capabilities::validation::validate_granted_capabilities;
+use crate::permissions::network::normalize_and_validate_granted_network;
+use crate::permissions::normalization::normalize_requested_permissions;
+use crate::types::{SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions};
+
+pub fn normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions(
+    permissions: &SageRequestedPermissions,
+) -> Result<SageRequestedPermissions> {
+    let normalized_requested = normalize_requested_permissions(permissions)?;
+
+    validate_requested_permission(&normalized_requested)?;
+
+    Ok(normalized_requested)
+}
+
+pub fn normalize_and_validate_granted_permissions(
+    requested: &SageRequestedPermissions,
+    granted: SageGrantedPermissions,
+) -> Result<SageGrantedPermissions> {
+    let normalized_granted = normalize_granted_capabilities(&granted.capabilities)?;
+
+    validate_granted_capabilities(requested, &normalized_granted)?;
+
+    Ok(SageGrantedPermissions {
+        capabilities: normalized_granted,
+        network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
+            whitelist: normalize_and_validate_granted_network(
+                &requested.network,
+                &granted.network.whitelist,
+            )?
+        },
+    })
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/normalization.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/normalization.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..05f867281
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/normalization.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+use anyhow::Result;
+use crate::permissions::capabilities::normalization::normalize_requested_capabilities;
+use crate::permissions::network::normalization::normalize_requested_network;
+use crate::types::SageRequestedPermissions;
+
+pub fn normalize_requested_permissions(
+    permissions: &SageRequestedPermissions,
+) -> Result<SageRequestedPermissions> {
+    Ok(SageRequestedPermissions {
+        network: normalize_requested_network(&permissions.network)?,
+        capabilities: normalize_requested_capabilities(&permissions.capabilities)?,
+    })
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/validation.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/validation.rs
index c1a8b3895..c1f6a701a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/validation.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/validation.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,10 @@
-use anyhow::{anyhow, Result as AnyResult};
-use crate::permissions::capabilities::normalization::{normalize_granted_capabilities, normalize_requested_capabilities};
+use anyhow::{anyhow, Result};
 use crate::permissions::capabilities::types::CapabilityFlags;
-use crate::permissions::capabilities::validation::validate_granted_capabilities;
-use crate::permissions::network::normalization::normalize_requested_network;
-use crate::permissions::network::normalize_and_validate_granted_network;
-use crate::types::{SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions};
+use crate::types::{SageRequestedPermissions};
 
 pub fn validate_requested_permission(
     permissions: &SageRequestedPermissions,
-) -> AnyResult<()> {
+) -> Result<()> {
     let mut requested = Vec::new();
     requested.extend(permissions.capabilities.required.iter().copied());
     requested.extend(permissions.capabilities.optional.iter().copied());
@@ -24,34 +20,3 @@ pub fn validate_requested_permission(
 
     Ok(())
 }
-
-pub fn normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions(
-    permissions: &SageRequestedPermissions,
-) -> AnyResult<SageRequestedPermissions> {
-    let normalized = SageRequestedPermissions {
-        network: normalize_requested_network(&permissions.network)?,
-        capabilities: normalize_requested_capabilities(&permissions.capabilities)?,
-    };
-
-    validate_requested_permission(&normalized)?;
-    Ok(normalized)
-}
-
-pub fn normalize_and_validate_granted_permissions(
-    requested: &SageRequestedPermissions,
-    granted: SageGrantedPermissions,
-) -> AnyResult<SageGrantedPermissions> {
-    let normalized_capabilities = normalize_granted_capabilities(&granted.capabilities)?;
-
-    validate_granted_capabilities(requested, &normalized_capabilities)?;
-
-    let whitelist = normalize_and_validate_granted_network(
-        &requested.network,
-        &granted.network.whitelist,
-    )?;
-
-    Ok(SageGrantedPermissions {
-        capabilities: normalized_capabilities,
-        network: crate::types::SageGrantedNetworkPermissions { whitelist },
-    })
-}

From 5bf406adab98b7d316c4e2b4eda2043f35295af3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sun, 26 Apr 2026 21:06:35 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 219/471] Refactor: replace
 `resolve_effective_granted_capabilities` with
 `get_effective_granted_capabilities` and modularize implementation

- Replaced calls to `resolve_effective_granted_capabilities` with `get_effective_granted_capabilities` across multiple modules for improved clarity.
- Moved `get_effective_granted_capabilities` implementation to `capabilities/mod.rs` for better modularization and reuse.
- Removed redundant `resolve_effective_granted_capabilities` function and updated relevant imports and references.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs |  4 +-
 .../methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs      |  4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs |  4 +-
 .../src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs          |  5 +-
 .../src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs       |  7 +--
 .../src/permissions/capabilities/mod.rs       | 32 ++++++++++++
 crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/policy.rs    | 49 +++++--------------
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs  |  5 +-
 8 files changed, 59 insertions(+), 51 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
index ebfd699a0..a3f458723 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodCapability;
 use crate::bridge::registry::BridgeRegistry;
 use crate::bridge::state::write_pending_approval;
 use crate::host::AppState;
-use crate::permissions::{resolve_effective_granted_capabilities};
 use crate::permissions::capabilities::definitions::{get_system_capability_definition, get_user_capability_definition};
+use crate::permissions::capabilities::get_effective_granted_capabilities;
 use crate::runtime::{assert_bridge_origin, resolve_app};
 use crate::runtime::state::types::SageAppRuntimeKind;
 use crate::runtime::webview_locator::get_sage_webview;
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ fn verify_user_capability(
     }
 
     let effective_capabilities = match app {
-        SageApp::User(user_app) => resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(
+        SageApp::User(user_app) => get_effective_granted_capabilities(
             &user_app.common.requested_permissions,
             &user_app.common.granted_permissions.capabilities,
         )
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs
index bb5aaa6a8..93b482652 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeRequest};
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability};
-use crate::permissions::{resolve_effective_granted_capabilities};
+use crate::permissions::capabilities::get_effective_granted_capabilities;
 use crate::types::SageApp;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppGetCapabilities {
         _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
     ) -> BridgeHandleResult {
         let effective_capabilities = match ctx.app {
-            SageApp::User(user_app) => resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(
+            SageApp::User(user_app) => get_effective_granted_capabilities(
                 &user_app.common.requested_permissions,
                 &user_app.common.granted_permissions.capabilities,
             )
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
index cc66a9ce4..b03fce0c9 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@ use crate::lifecycle::{
 };
 use crate::permissions::{
     normalize_and_validate_granted_permissions, resolve_capability_flags,
-    resolve_effective_granted_capabilities,
 };
+use crate::permissions::capabilities::get_effective_granted_capabilities;
 use crate::types::{
     InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppCapabilityFlags, SageAppCommon, SageAppPackageManifest,
     SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ where
     let granted_permissions =
         normalize_and_validate_granted_permissions(&manifest.permissions, granted_permissions)?;
 
-    let effective_capabilities = resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(
+    let effective_capabilities = get_effective_granted_capabilities(
         &manifest.permissions,
         &granted_permissions.capabilities,
     )?;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
index 7ded8c207..7d4dccb5c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,8 @@ use crate::host::AppState;
 use crate::lifecycle::{download_url_snapshot, manifest_entry_file, manifest_icon_file, read_installed_app_by_id, write_installed_app_metadata};
 use crate::lifecycle::install::url::preview_app_url_internal;
 use crate::lifecycle::update::permissions::update_app_permissions_with_change_internal;
-use crate::permissions::{resolve_capability_flags, resolve_effective_granted_capabilities};
+use crate::permissions::{resolve_capability_flags};
+use crate::permissions::capabilities::get_effective_granted_capabilities;
 use crate::permissions::capabilities::normalization::normalize_granted_capabilities;
 use crate::permissions::capabilities::validation::validate_granted_capabilities;
 use crate::permissions::network::normalize_and_validate_granted_network;
@@ -145,7 +146,7 @@ pub async fn apply_app_update(
             io::Error::other(format!("invalid granted network whitelist for update: {err}"))
         })?;
 
-    let effective_capabilities = resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(
+    let effective_capabilities = get_effective_granted_capabilities(
         &pending.manifest.permissions,
         &normalized_capabilities,
     )
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
index a3f052bf4..82f206dc9 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
@@ -3,8 +3,9 @@ use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::lifecycle::{parse_network_permission_target, read_installed_app_by_id, write_installed_app_metadata};
 use crate::lifecycle::update::types::{GrantCapabilityOutcome, GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome, GrantedCapabilitiesChange, GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange};
-use crate::permissions::{clear_storage_may_contain_secrets, resolve_capability_flags, resolve_effective_granted_capabilities};
+use crate::permissions::{clear_storage_may_contain_secrets, resolve_capability_flags};
 use crate::permissions::capabilities::definitions::{get_user_capability_definition};
+use crate::permissions::capabilities::get_effective_granted_capabilities;
 use crate::permissions::capabilities::normalization::normalize_granted_capabilities;
 use crate::permissions::capabilities::validation::validate_granted_capabilities;
 use crate::permissions::network::normalize_and_validate_granted_network;
@@ -27,7 +28,7 @@ pub fn update_app_permissions(
         &normalized_capabilities,
     )?;
 
-    let effective_capabilities = resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(
+    let effective_capabilities = get_effective_granted_capabilities(
         &app.common.requested_permissions,
         &normalized_capabilities,
     )?;
@@ -53,7 +54,7 @@ pub fn update_app_permissions(
         },
     };
 
-    let effective_capabilities = resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(
+    let effective_capabilities = get_effective_granted_capabilities(
         &app.common.requested_permissions,
         &app.common.granted_permissions.capabilities,
     )?;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/mod.rs
index e1041f265..34614284b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/mod.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,36 @@
+use anyhow::Result;
+use std::collections::BTreeSet;
+use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::permissions::capabilities::definitions::get_user_capability_definition;
+use crate::permissions::capabilities::validation::validate_granted_capabilities;
+use crate::types::SageRequestedPermissions;
+
 pub mod definitions;
 pub mod normalization;
 pub mod validation;
 pub mod types;
+
+pub(crate) fn get_effective_granted_capabilities(
+    requested_permissions: &SageRequestedPermissions,
+    user_granted_capabilities: &[UserBridgeCapability],
+) -> Result<Vec<UserBridgeCapability>> {
+    validate_granted_capabilities(requested_permissions, user_granted_capabilities)?;
+
+    let mut effective = BTreeSet::new();
+    effective.extend(user_granted_capabilities.iter().copied());
+
+    for capability in requested_permissions
+        .capabilities
+        .required
+        .iter()
+        .chain(requested_permissions.capabilities.optional.iter())
+    {
+        let definition = get_user_capability_definition(*capability);
+
+        if !definition.flags.user_grantable {
+            effective.insert(*capability);
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(effective.into_iter().collect())
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/policy.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/policy.rs
index ce6376372..1a2885107 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/policy.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/policy.rs
@@ -1,38 +1,9 @@
 use anyhow::{anyhow, Result as AnyResult};
-use std::collections::BTreeSet;
-
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::{
-    types::{SageAppCapabilityFlags, SageRequestedPermissions},
+    types::{SageAppCapabilityFlags},
 };
-use crate::permissions::capabilities::definitions::get_user_capability_definition;
 use crate::permissions::capabilities::types::CapabilityFlags;
-use crate::permissions::capabilities::validation::validate_granted_capabilities;
-
-pub fn resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(
-    permissions: &SageRequestedPermissions,
-    user_granted: &[UserBridgeCapability],
-) -> AnyResult<Vec<UserBridgeCapability>> {
-    validate_granted_capabilities(permissions, user_granted)?;
-
-    let mut effective = BTreeSet::new();
-    effective.extend(user_granted.iter().copied());
-
-    for capability in permissions
-        .capabilities
-        .required
-        .iter()
-        .chain(permissions.capabilities.optional.iter())
-    {
-        let definition = get_user_capability_definition(*capability);
-
-        if !definition.flags.user_grantable {
-            effective.insert(*capability);
-        }
-    }
-
-    Ok(effective.into_iter().collect())
-}
 
 pub fn resolve_capability_flags(
     granted: &[UserBridgeCapability],
@@ -93,7 +64,9 @@ mod tests {
     use super::*;
     use crate::permissions::{normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions, validate_requested_permission};
     use crate::permissions::capabilities::definitions::user_registry;
+    use crate::permissions::capabilities::get_effective_granted_capabilities;
     use crate::permissions::capabilities::normalization::normalize_granted_capabilities;
+    use crate::permissions::capabilities::validation::validate_granted_capabilities;
     use crate::types::{SageNetworkPermissionTarget, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist, SageRequestedPermissions};
 
     fn empty_requested_permissions() -> SageRequestedPermissions {
@@ -412,7 +385,7 @@ mod tests {
         validate_granted_capabilities(&requested, &[])
             .expect("non-user-grantable required capability should not require persisted user grant");
 
-        let effective = resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(&requested, &[])
+        let effective = get_effective_granted_capabilities(&requested, &[])
             .expect("expected effective permissions to resolve");
 
         assert_eq!(effective, vec![auto]);
@@ -428,7 +401,7 @@ mod tests {
         validate_granted_capabilities(&requested, &[])
             .expect("non-user-grantable optional capability should not require persisted user grant");
 
-        let effective = resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(&requested, &[])
+        let effective = get_effective_granted_capabilities(&requested, &[])
             .expect("expected effective permissions to resolve");
 
         assert_eq!(effective, vec![auto]);
@@ -446,7 +419,7 @@ mod tests {
         let mut requested = empty_requested_permissions();
         requested.capabilities.required = vec![auto];
 
-        let effective = resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(&requested, &normalized)
+        let effective = get_effective_granted_capabilities(&requested, &normalized)
             .expect("auto capability should still be effective");
 
         assert_eq!(effective, vec![auto]);
@@ -459,7 +432,7 @@ mod tests {
         let mut optional_requested = empty_requested_permissions();
         optional_requested.capabilities.optional = vec![auto];
 
-        let optional_effective = resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(
+        let optional_effective = get_effective_granted_capabilities(
             &optional_requested,
             &[],
         )
@@ -470,7 +443,7 @@ mod tests {
         let mut required_requested = empty_requested_permissions();
         required_requested.capabilities.required = vec![auto];
 
-        let required_effective = resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(
+        let required_effective = get_effective_granted_capabilities(
             &required_requested,
             &[],
         )
@@ -486,7 +459,7 @@ mod tests {
         let mut requested = empty_requested_permissions();
         requested.capabilities.required = vec![auto];
 
-        let effective = resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(&requested, &[])
+        let effective = get_effective_granted_capabilities(&requested, &[])
             .expect("expected auto grant before removal");
 
         assert_eq!(effective, vec![auto]);
@@ -494,7 +467,7 @@ mod tests {
         let removed_requested = empty_requested_permissions();
 
         let effective_after_removal =
-            resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(&removed_requested, &[])
+            get_effective_granted_capabilities(&removed_requested, &[])
                 .expect("expected permissions to resolve after removal");
 
         assert!(effective_after_removal.is_empty());
@@ -513,7 +486,7 @@ mod tests {
             "error should mention missing user-grantable required capability"
         );
 
-        resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(&requested, &[])
+        get_effective_granted_capabilities(&requested, &[])
             .expect_err("effective permissions should not resolve without required user grant");
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
index ac2f88781..8b7cf9d96 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
@@ -6,8 +6,9 @@ use tauri::command;
 
 use crate::host::Result;
 use crate::lifecycle::{manifest_entry_file, manifest_icon_file};
-use crate::permissions::{normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions, resolve_capability_flags, resolve_effective_granted_capabilities};
+use crate::permissions::{normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions, resolve_capability_flags};
 use crate::permissions::capabilities::definitions::{get_user_capability_definition};
+use crate::permissions::capabilities::get_effective_granted_capabilities;
 use crate::permissions::capabilities::validation::validate_granted_capabilities;
 use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppPackageManifest, SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions, UserSageAppSource, UserSageApp};
 
@@ -219,7 +220,7 @@ pub fn build_builtin_test_app(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<SageApp>> {
         &manifest.permissions,
         &granted_permissions.capabilities,
     )?;
-    let effective_capabilities = resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(
+    let effective_capabilities = get_effective_granted_capabilities(
         &manifest.permissions,
         &granted_permissions.capabilities,
     )?;

From c79b4d38af30f5e817d4b367724c60bc3cd94417 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sun, 26 Apr 2026 21:13:37 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 220/471] Refactor: replace `SageAppCapabilityFlags` with
 `SageAppFlags` and modularize flags logic

- Renamed `SageAppCapabilityFlags` to `SageAppFlags` for better naming consistency.
- Replaced `resolve_capability_flags` with `get_app_flags` across the codebase.
- Moved flags-related logic to a new `flags.rs` module for improved modularity.
- Updated relevant imports, tests, and references to match the new implementation structure.
- Removed the now redundant `resolve_capability_flags` from the permissions module.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/flags.rs       | 58 ++++++++++++++
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs | 13 ++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs |  4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs |  4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mod.rs         |  1 +
 .../sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs   |  4 +-
 .../sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/types.rs |  4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs     |  2 +-
 .../src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs          |  4 +-
 .../src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs       |  6 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/mod.rs       |  1 -
 crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/policy.rs    | 76 ++-----------------
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs  |  5 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps/mod.rs       |  8 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types.rs                 |  6 +-
 .../sage-apps/tests/apps_storage_cleanup.rs   |  4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_update.rs         |  4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/tests/common/mod.rs          |  4 +-
 18 files changed, 104 insertions(+), 104 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/flags.rs

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/flags.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/flags.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d7287fc53
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/flags.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+use anyhow::{anyhow, Result};
+use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::permissions::capabilities::types::CapabilityFlags;
+use crate::types::SageAppFlags;
+
+pub fn get_app_flags(
+    granted: &[UserBridgeCapability],
+    previous_flags: Option<&SageAppFlags>,
+) -> Result<SageAppFlags> {
+    let granted_capability_flags = CapabilityFlags::from_capabilities(granted)?;
+
+    let previous_storage_may_contain_secrets = previous_flags
+        .map(|flags| flags.storage_may_contain_secrets)
+        .unwrap_or(false);
+
+    let has_secret_access = granted_capability_flags.accesses_sensitive_secret;
+    let has_external_access = granted_capability_flags.externally_observable;
+    let storage_may_contain_secrets = previous_storage_may_contain_secrets;
+
+    if has_external_access && has_secret_access {
+        return Err(anyhow!(
+            "cannot grant externally observable permissions together with sensitive secret access permissions"
+        ));
+    }
+
+    if has_external_access && storage_may_contain_secrets {
+        return Err(anyhow!("STORAGE_TAINTED"));
+    }
+
+    Ok(SageAppFlags {
+        has_secret_access,
+        has_external_access,
+        storage_may_contain_secrets,
+        isolated: has_secret_access || storage_may_contain_secrets,
+    })
+}
+
+pub fn mark_storage_may_contain_secrets(
+    flags: &SageAppFlags,
+) -> SageAppFlags {
+    SageAppFlags {
+        has_secret_access: flags.has_secret_access,
+        has_external_access: flags.has_external_access,
+        storage_may_contain_secrets: true,
+        isolated: true,
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn clear_storage_may_contain_secrets(
+    flags: &SageAppFlags,
+) -> SageAppFlags {
+    SageAppFlags {
+        has_secret_access: flags.has_secret_access,
+        has_external_access: flags.has_external_access,
+        storage_may_contain_secrets: false,
+        isolated: flags.has_secret_access,
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
index b03fce0c9..b1691247e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
@@ -11,12 +11,13 @@ use crate::lifecycle::{
     allocate_new_storage, apps_root, manifest_entry_file, manifest_icon_file,
     write_installed_app_metadata,
 };
+use crate::lifecycle::flags::get_app_flags;
 use crate::permissions::{
-    normalize_and_validate_granted_permissions, resolve_capability_flags,
+    normalize_and_validate_granted_permissions,
 };
 use crate::permissions::capabilities::get_effective_granted_capabilities;
 use crate::types::{
-    InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppCapabilityFlags, SageAppCommon, SageAppPackageManifest,
+    InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppFlags, SageAppCommon, SageAppPackageManifest,
     SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
 };
 
@@ -130,7 +131,7 @@ where
         &granted_permissions.capabilities,
     )?;
 
-    let permission_flags = resolve_capability_flags(&effective_capabilities, None)?;
+    let app_flags = get_app_flags(&effective_capabilities, None)?;
 
     let (app_id, app_dir, existing_app) =
         source.resolve_target(&root, base_path, &prepared)?;
@@ -157,7 +158,7 @@ where
         &app_dir,
         manifest,
         granted_permissions,
-        permission_flags,
+        app_flags,
         storage,
         source.source(&prepared),
         snapshot,
@@ -174,7 +175,7 @@ pub fn build_installed_app(
     app_dir: &Path,
     manifest: &SageAppPackageManifest,
     granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
-    permission_flags: SageAppCapabilityFlags,
+    permission_flags: SageAppFlags,
     storage: InstalledSageAppStorage,
     source: UserSageAppSource,
     snapshot: SageAppSnapshot,
@@ -420,7 +421,7 @@ mod tests {
                 capabilities: vec![UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage],
                 network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions { whitelist: vec![] },
             },
-            SageAppCapabilityFlags::default(),
+            SageAppFlags::default(),
             InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
             UserSageAppSource::Zip,
             SageAppSnapshot {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
index 274485619..7c61a713b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ mod tests {
     use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
     use crate::lifecycle::write_retired_app_origins;
     use crate::types::{
-        InstalledSageAppStorage, RetiredAppOriginEntry, SageAppCapabilityFlags, SageAppCommon,
+        InstalledSageAppStorage, RetiredAppOriginEntry, SageAppFlags, SageAppCommon,
         SageAppManifestFile, SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions,
         SageNetworkPermissionTarget, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
         SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist, SageRequestedPermissions,
@@ -309,7 +309,7 @@ mod tests {
                         }],
                     },
                 },
-                capability_flags: SageAppCapabilityFlags::default(),
+                capability_flags: SageAppFlags::default(),
                 storage: InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
                 active_snapshot: SageAppSnapshot {
                     manifest_hash: "hash".into(),
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs
index 34be8d640..8ee16429e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ mod tests {
     use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
     use crate::lifecycle::write_installed_app_metadata;
     use crate::types::{
-        InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppCapabilityFlags, SageAppManifestFile,
+        InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppFlags, SageAppManifestFile,
         SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedCapabilities,
         SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist, SageRequestedPermissions,
     };
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ mod tests {
                 capabilities: vec![UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage],
                 network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions { whitelist: vec![] },
             },
-            SageAppCapabilityFlags::default(),
+            SageAppFlags::default(),
             InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
             UserSageAppSource::Zip,
             SageAppSnapshot {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mod.rs
index 86ad48240..24e47da4d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mod.rs
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ pub mod package;
 pub mod registry;
 pub mod snapshot;
 pub mod storage;
+pub mod flags;
 
 pub use limits::*;
 pub use manifest::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs
index baede1534..6d4bee4eb 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs
@@ -274,7 +274,7 @@ mod tests {
     use tempfile::tempdir;
 
     use crate::types::{
-        InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppCapabilityFlags, SageAppCommon,
+        InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppFlags, SageAppCommon,
         SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot,
         SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions,
         SageRequestedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
@@ -298,7 +298,7 @@ mod tests {
                     capabilities: vec![],
                     network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions { whitelist: vec![] },
                 },
-                capability_flags: SageAppCapabilityFlags::default(),
+                capability_flags: SageAppFlags::default(),
                 storage: InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
                 active_snapshot: SageAppSnapshot {
                     manifest_hash: "hash".into(),
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/types.rs
index 4e0f86e39..3e48e471d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/types.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use std::convert::TryFrom;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use crate::lifecycle::parse_network_permission_target;
 use crate::lifecycle::registry::format_network_target;
-use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppAuthor, SageAppCapabilityFlags, SageAppCommon, SageAppDonation, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist, SageRequestedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppPendingUpdate, UserSageAppSource};
+use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppAuthor, SageAppFlags, SageAppCommon, SageAppDonation, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist, SageRequestedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppPendingUpdate, UserSageAppSource};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 struct PersistedStringListBucket {
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ pub struct PersistedUserSageApp {
     icon_file: String,
     requested_permissions: PersistedRequestedPermissions,
     granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
-    capability_flags: SageAppCapabilityFlags,
+    capability_flags: SageAppFlags,
     storage: InstalledSageAppStorage,
     active_snapshot: PersistedSageAppSnapshot,
     source: PersistedUserSageAppSource,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
index 88d2cb622..230a31ae3 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ use uuid::Uuid;
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::host::AppState;
 use crate::lifecycle::{read_installed_app_by_id, read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries, read_retired_app_origins, write_installed_app_metadata, write_pending_storage_cleanup_entries, write_retired_app_origins};
-use crate::permissions::mark_storage_may_contain_secrets;
+use crate::lifecycle::flags::mark_storage_may_contain_secrets;
 use crate::runtime::{resolve_app};
 use crate::runtime::stop::close_runtime_internal;
 use crate::storage::{cleanup_target_from_storage, parse_data_store_id};
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
index 7d4dccb5c..c50446fe3 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
@@ -7,9 +7,9 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::events::EventForApp;
 use crate::bridge::USER_BRIDGE_CHANNEL;
 use crate::host::AppState;
 use crate::lifecycle::{download_url_snapshot, manifest_entry_file, manifest_icon_file, read_installed_app_by_id, write_installed_app_metadata};
+use crate::lifecycle::flags::get_app_flags;
 use crate::lifecycle::install::url::preview_app_url_internal;
 use crate::lifecycle::update::permissions::update_app_permissions_with_change_internal;
-use crate::permissions::{resolve_capability_flags};
 use crate::permissions::capabilities::get_effective_granted_capabilities;
 use crate::permissions::capabilities::normalization::normalize_granted_capabilities;
 use crate::permissions::capabilities::validation::validate_granted_capabilities;
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ pub async fn apply_app_update(
             io::Error::other(format!("invalid granted permission policy for update: {err}"))
         })?;
 
-    let permission_flags = resolve_capability_flags(
+    let permission_flags = get_app_flags(
         &effective_capabilities,
         Some(&app.common.capability_flags),
     )
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
index 82f206dc9..e89f07915 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@ use std::collections::BTreeSet;
 use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::lifecycle::{parse_network_permission_target, read_installed_app_by_id, write_installed_app_metadata};
+use crate::lifecycle::flags::{clear_storage_may_contain_secrets, get_app_flags};
 use crate::lifecycle::update::types::{GrantCapabilityOutcome, GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome, GrantedCapabilitiesChange, GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange};
-use crate::permissions::{clear_storage_may_contain_secrets, resolve_capability_flags};
 use crate::permissions::capabilities::definitions::{get_user_capability_definition};
 use crate::permissions::capabilities::get_effective_granted_capabilities;
 use crate::permissions::capabilities::normalization::normalize_granted_capabilities;
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ pub fn update_app_permissions(
         &granted_permissions.network.whitelist,
     )?;
 
-    let mut permission_flags = resolve_capability_flags(
+    let mut permission_flags = get_app_flags(
         &effective_capabilities,
         Some(&app.common.capability_flags),
     )?;
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ pub fn update_app_permissions(
         &app.common.granted_permissions.capabilities,
     )?;
 
-    app.common.capability_flags = resolve_capability_flags(
+    app.common.capability_flags = get_app_flags(
         &effective_capabilities,
         Some(&permission_flags),
     )?;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/mod.rs
index 60316c037..9a14e2f8d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/mod.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ pub mod capabilities;
 pub mod network;
 pub mod normalization;
 
-pub use policy::*;
 pub use validation::*;
 
 use anyhow::Result;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/policy.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/policy.rs
index 1a2885107..bf06a23a8 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/policy.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/policy.rs
@@ -1,73 +1,13 @@
-use anyhow::{anyhow, Result as AnyResult};
-use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
-use crate::{
-    types::{SageAppCapabilityFlags},
-};
-use crate::permissions::capabilities::types::CapabilityFlags;
-
-pub fn resolve_capability_flags(
-    granted: &[UserBridgeCapability],
-    previous_flags: Option<&SageAppCapabilityFlags>,
-) -> AnyResult<SageAppCapabilityFlags> {
-    let granted_capability_flags = CapabilityFlags::from_capabilities(granted)?;
-
-    let previous_storage_may_contain_secrets = previous_flags
-        .map(|flags| flags.storage_may_contain_secrets)
-        .unwrap_or(false);
-
-    let has_secret_access = granted_capability_flags.accesses_sensitive_secret;
-    let has_external_access = granted_capability_flags.externally_observable;
-    let storage_may_contain_secrets = previous_storage_may_contain_secrets;
-
-    if has_external_access && has_secret_access {
-        return Err(anyhow!(
-            "cannot grant externally observable permissions together with sensitive secret access permissions"
-        ));
-    }
-
-    if has_external_access && storage_may_contain_secrets {
-        return Err(anyhow!("STORAGE_TAINTED"));
-    }
-
-    Ok(SageAppCapabilityFlags {
-        has_secret_access,
-        has_external_access,
-        storage_may_contain_secrets,
-        isolated: has_secret_access || storage_may_contain_secrets,
-    })
-}
-
-pub fn mark_storage_may_contain_secrets(
-    flags: &SageAppCapabilityFlags,
-) -> SageAppCapabilityFlags {
-    SageAppCapabilityFlags {
-        has_secret_access: flags.has_secret_access,
-        has_external_access: flags.has_external_access,
-        storage_may_contain_secrets: true,
-        isolated: true,
-    }
-}
-
-pub fn clear_storage_may_contain_secrets(
-    flags: &SageAppCapabilityFlags,
-) -> SageAppCapabilityFlags {
-    SageAppCapabilityFlags {
-        has_secret_access: flags.has_secret_access,
-        has_external_access: flags.has_external_access,
-        storage_may_contain_secrets: false,
-        isolated: flags.has_secret_access,
-    }
-}
-
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-    use super::*;
+    use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+    use crate::lifecycle::flags::{clear_storage_may_contain_secrets, get_app_flags, mark_storage_may_contain_secrets};
     use crate::permissions::{normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions, validate_requested_permission};
     use crate::permissions::capabilities::definitions::user_registry;
     use crate::permissions::capabilities::get_effective_granted_capabilities;
     use crate::permissions::capabilities::normalization::normalize_granted_capabilities;
     use crate::permissions::capabilities::validation::validate_granted_capabilities;
-    use crate::types::{SageNetworkPermissionTarget, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist, SageRequestedPermissions};
+    use crate::types::{SageAppFlags, SageNetworkPermissionTarget, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist, SageRequestedPermissions};
 
     fn empty_requested_permissions() -> SageRequestedPermissions {
         SageRequestedPermissions {
@@ -313,7 +253,7 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn resolve_capability_flags_sets_expected_flags_for_shared_send_capability() {
-        let flags = resolve_capability_flags(&vec![UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch], None)
+        let flags = get_app_flags(&vec![UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch], None)
             .expect("expected capability flags to resolve");
 
         assert!(flags.has_external_access);
@@ -324,14 +264,14 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn resolve_capability_flags_rejects_external_access_when_storage_is_tainted() {
-        let previous = SageAppCapabilityFlags {
+        let previous = SageAppFlags {
             has_secret_access: false,
             has_external_access: false,
             storage_may_contain_secrets: true,
             isolated: true,
         };
 
-        let err = resolve_capability_flags(
+        let err = get_app_flags(
             &vec![UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch],
             Some(&previous),
         )
@@ -342,7 +282,7 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn mark_storage_may_contain_secrets_sets_taint_and_isolation() {
-        let flags = SageAppCapabilityFlags {
+        let flags = SageAppFlags {
             has_secret_access: true,
             has_external_access: false,
             storage_may_contain_secrets: false,
@@ -358,7 +298,7 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn clear_storage_may_contain_secrets_preserves_secret_access_isolation_only() {
-        let flags = SageAppCapabilityFlags {
+        let flags = SageAppFlags {
             has_secret_access: true,
             has_external_access: false,
             storage_may_contain_secrets: true,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
index 8b7cf9d96..23798680f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@ use tauri::command;
 
 use crate::host::Result;
 use crate::lifecycle::{manifest_entry_file, manifest_icon_file};
-use crate::permissions::{normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions, resolve_capability_flags};
+use crate::lifecycle::flags::get_app_flags;
+use crate::permissions::{normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions};
 use crate::permissions::capabilities::definitions::{get_user_capability_definition};
 use crate::permissions::capabilities::get_effective_granted_capabilities;
 use crate::permissions::capabilities::validation::validate_granted_capabilities;
@@ -225,7 +226,7 @@ pub fn build_builtin_test_app(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<SageApp>> {
         &granted_permissions.capabilities,
     )?;
 
-    let capability_flags = resolve_capability_flags(&effective_capabilities, None)?;
+    let capability_flags = get_app_flags(&effective_capabilities, None)?;
 
     let entry_file_name = manifest_entry_file(&manifest).to_string();
     let icon_file_name = manifest_icon_file(&manifest).to_string();
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps/mod.rs
index 583aba7b1..93b531b74 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps/mod.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,8 @@ use tauri::command;
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
 use crate::host::Result;
 use crate::lifecycle::{manifest_entry_file, manifest_icon_file};
-use crate::permissions::{normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions, resolve_capability_flags};
+use crate::lifecycle::flags::get_app_flags;
+use crate::permissions::{normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions};
 use crate::permissions::capabilities::validation::validate_granted_capabilities;
 use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions, SageGrantedSystemPermissions, SystemAppPresentation, SystemSageApp};
 
@@ -139,8 +140,7 @@ pub fn build_builtin_system_app(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<SageApp>> {
         &manifest.permissions,
         &granted_permissions.capabilities,
     )?;
-    let permission_flags =
-        resolve_capability_flags(&granted_permissions.capabilities, None)?;
+    let app_flags = get_app_flags(&granted_permissions.capabilities, None)?;
 
     let entry_file_name = manifest_entry_file(&manifest).to_string();
     let icon_file_name = manifest_icon_file(&manifest).to_string();
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ pub fn build_builtin_system_app(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<SageApp>> {
             icon_file: icon_file_name,
             requested_permissions: manifest.permissions.clone(),
             granted_permissions,
-            capability_flags: permission_flags,
+            capability_flags: app_flags,
             storage: InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
             active_snapshot: SageAppSnapshot {
                 manifest_hash: format!("builtin-system:{}", spec.app_id),
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types.rs
index 28bdf7b94..3e6f75756 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types.rs
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ pub struct SageAppSnapshot {
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub struct SageAppCapabilityFlags {
+pub struct SageAppFlags {
     pub has_secret_access: bool,
     pub has_external_access: bool,
     pub storage_may_contain_secrets: bool,
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ pub struct SageAppCommon {
     pub icon_file: String,
     pub requested_permissions: SageRequestedPermissions,
     pub granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
-    pub capability_flags: SageAppCapabilityFlags,
+    pub capability_flags: SageAppFlags,
     pub storage: InstalledSageAppStorage,
     pub active_snapshot: SageAppSnapshot,
 }
@@ -274,7 +274,7 @@ impl SageApp {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn capability_flags(&self) -> &SageAppCapabilityFlags {
+    pub fn capability_flags(&self) -> &SageAppFlags {
         &self.common().capability_flags
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_storage_cleanup.rs b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_storage_cleanup.rs
index 46ea7c89c..4c7296530 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_storage_cleanup.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_storage_cleanup.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use sage_apps::lifecycle::{
     read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries, read_retired_app_origins,
 };
 use sage_apps::types::{
-    InstalledSageAppStorage, PendingStorageCleanupTarget, SageAppCapabilityFlags,
+    InstalledSageAppStorage, PendingStorageCleanupTarget, SageAppFlags,
     SageAppCommon, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot,
     SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions, UserSageApp,
     UserSageAppSource,
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ fn sample_app(storage: InstalledSageAppStorage) -> UserSageApp {
                 capabilities: vec![],
                 network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions { whitelist: vec![] },
             },
-            capability_flags: SageAppCapabilityFlags {
+            capability_flags: SageAppFlags {
                 has_secret_access: false,
                 has_external_access: false,
                 storage_may_contain_secrets: true,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_update.rs b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_update.rs
index 8db884797..249b4d94c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_update.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_update.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use sage_apps::lifecycle::registry::{
     app_dir, read_installed_app_by_id, write_installed_app_metadata,
 };
 use sage_apps::types::{
-    InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppCapabilityFlags, SageAppPackageManifest,
+    InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppFlags, SageAppPackageManifest,
     SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions,
     SageNetworkPermissionTarget, SageRequestedCapabilities,
     SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist,
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ fn update_app_permissions_internal_rejects_unrequested_capability() {
 fn update_app_permissions_internal_can_clear_storage_taint_without_capabilities() {
     let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
     let mut app = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-1");
-    app.common.capability_flags = SageAppCapabilityFlags {
+    app.common.capability_flags = SageAppFlags {
         has_secret_access: false,
         has_external_access: false,
         storage_may_contain_secrets: true,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/tests/common/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/tests/common/mod.rs
index c067f7578..375bee795 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/tests/common/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/tests/common/mod.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use std::fs;
 use std::path::Path;
 use sage_apps::lifecycle::app_dir;
-use sage_apps::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppCapabilityFlags, SageAppCommon, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist, SageRequestedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource};
+use sage_apps::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppFlags, SageAppCommon, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist, SageRequestedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource};
 
 pub fn empty_permissions() -> SageRequestedPermissions {
     SageRequestedPermissions {
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ pub fn sample_installed_app(base: &Path, app_id: &str, name: &str) -> UserSageAp
                 capabilities: vec![],
                 network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions { whitelist: vec![] },
             },
-            capability_flags: SageAppCapabilityFlags::default(),
+            capability_flags: SageAppFlags::default(),
             storage: InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
             active_snapshot: SageAppSnapshot {
                 manifest_hash: "hash".into(),

From 4dca3d319704ba778b549036a2cff7521d46330e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sun, 26 Apr 2026 21:15:03 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 221/471] Rename `policy.rs` to `tests.rs` in the `permissions`
 module for better clarity and organization.

---
 crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/mod.rs                  | 2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/{policy.rs => tests.rs} | 0
 2 files changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)
 rename crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/{policy.rs => tests.rs} (100%)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/mod.rs
index 9a14e2f8d..f8474752c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/mod.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-pub mod policy;
+pub mod tests;
 pub mod validation;
 pub mod capabilities;
 pub mod network;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/policy.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/tests.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/policy.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/tests.rs

From 77387dd60323574cc3078a7fd1c76cba2e52d16d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sun, 26 Apr 2026 22:06:02 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 222/471] Refactor: consolidate and enhance capabilities
 validation and normalization logic

- Replaced `normalize_granted_capabilities` and `validate_granted_capabilities` with `normalize_and_validate_granted_capabilities` for clarity.
- Replaced `get_effective_granted_capabilities` with `get_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities` to integrate validation.
- Simplified capabilities logic by consolidating workflows across modules.
- Updated imports, tests, and references to align with the new structure.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs |  6 +-
 .../methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs      |  6 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs |  6 +-
 .../src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs          | 22 +++----
 .../src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs       | 22 +++----
 .../src/permissions/capabilities/mod.rs       | 34 +++++++----
 .../permissions/capabilities/normalization.rs | 32 +++++++++--
 .../permissions/capabilities/validation.rs    | 12 ++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/mod.rs       | 12 ++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/tests.rs     | 57 +++++++------------
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs  | 26 ++++-----
 crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps/mod.rs       | 20 +++----
 12 files changed, 126 insertions(+), 129 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
index a3f458723..022211f82 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ use crate::bridge::registry::BridgeRegistry;
 use crate::bridge::state::write_pending_approval;
 use crate::host::AppState;
 use crate::permissions::capabilities::definitions::{get_system_capability_definition, get_user_capability_definition};
-use crate::permissions::capabilities::get_effective_granted_capabilities;
+use crate::permissions::capabilities::get_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities;
 use crate::runtime::{assert_bridge_origin, resolve_app};
 use crate::runtime::state::types::SageAppRuntimeKind;
 use crate::runtime::webview_locator::get_sage_webview;
@@ -218,8 +218,8 @@ fn verify_user_capability(
     }
 
     let effective_capabilities = match app {
-        SageApp::User(user_app) => get_effective_granted_capabilities(
-            &user_app.common.requested_permissions,
+        SageApp::User(user_app) => get_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities(
+            &user_app.common.requested_permissions.capabilities,
             &user_app.common.granted_permissions.capabilities,
         )
             .map_err(|err| {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs
index 93b482652..5c8df8539 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeRequest};
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability};
-use crate::permissions::capabilities::get_effective_granted_capabilities;
+use crate::permissions::capabilities::get_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities;
 use crate::types::SageApp;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
@@ -35,8 +35,8 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppGetCapabilities {
         _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
     ) -> BridgeHandleResult {
         let effective_capabilities = match ctx.app {
-            SageApp::User(user_app) => get_effective_granted_capabilities(
-                &user_app.common.requested_permissions,
+            SageApp::User(user_app) => get_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities(
+                &user_app.common.requested_permissions.capabilities,
                 &user_app.common.granted_permissions.capabilities,
             )
                 .unwrap_or_default(),
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
index b1691247e..0e5618df8 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ use crate::lifecycle::flags::get_app_flags;
 use crate::permissions::{
     normalize_and_validate_granted_permissions,
 };
-use crate::permissions::capabilities::get_effective_granted_capabilities;
+use crate::permissions::capabilities::get_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities;
 use crate::types::{
     InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppFlags, SageAppCommon, SageAppPackageManifest,
     SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
@@ -126,8 +126,8 @@ where
     let granted_permissions =
         normalize_and_validate_granted_permissions(&manifest.permissions, granted_permissions)?;
 
-    let effective_capabilities = get_effective_granted_capabilities(
-        &manifest.permissions,
+    let effective_capabilities = get_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities(
+        &manifest.permissions.capabilities,
         &granted_permissions.capabilities,
     )?;
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
index c50446fe3..c468f9a21 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
@@ -10,9 +10,7 @@ use crate::lifecycle::{download_url_snapshot, manifest_entry_file, manifest_icon
 use crate::lifecycle::flags::get_app_flags;
 use crate::lifecycle::install::url::preview_app_url_internal;
 use crate::lifecycle::update::permissions::update_app_permissions_with_change_internal;
-use crate::permissions::capabilities::get_effective_granted_capabilities;
-use crate::permissions::capabilities::normalization::normalize_granted_capabilities;
-use crate::permissions::capabilities::validation::validate_granted_capabilities;
+use crate::permissions::capabilities::{get_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities, normalize_and_validate_granted_capabilities};
 use crate::permissions::network::normalize_and_validate_granted_network;
 use crate::types::{SageAppUrlPreview, SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppPendingUpdate, UserSageAppSource};
 
@@ -127,16 +125,10 @@ pub async fn apply_app_update(
         .clone()
         .ok_or_else(|| io::Error::other(format!("app {} has no pending update", app_id)))?;
 
-    let normalized_capabilities = normalize_granted_capabilities(
-        &granted_permissions.capabilities,
-    )
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("invalid granted permissions for update: {err}")))?;
-
-    validate_granted_capabilities(
-        &pending.manifest.permissions,
-        &normalized_capabilities,
-    )
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("invalid granted permissions for update: {err}")))?;
+    let normalized_capabilities = normalize_and_validate_granted_capabilities(
+        &app.common.requested_permissions.capabilities,
+        &granted_permissions.capabilities
+    ).map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("invalid granted permissions for update: {err}")))?;
 
     let granted_network_whitelist = normalize_and_validate_granted_network(
         &pending.manifest.permissions.network,
@@ -146,8 +138,8 @@ pub async fn apply_app_update(
             io::Error::other(format!("invalid granted network whitelist for update: {err}"))
         })?;
 
-    let effective_capabilities = get_effective_granted_capabilities(
-        &pending.manifest.permissions,
+    let effective_capabilities = get_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities(
+        &pending.manifest.permissions.capabilities,
         &normalized_capabilities,
     )
         .map_err(|err| {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
index e89f07915..a5b7f733c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
@@ -5,9 +5,7 @@ use crate::lifecycle::{parse_network_permission_target, read_installed_app_by_id
 use crate::lifecycle::flags::{clear_storage_may_contain_secrets, get_app_flags};
 use crate::lifecycle::update::types::{GrantCapabilityOutcome, GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome, GrantedCapabilitiesChange, GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange};
 use crate::permissions::capabilities::definitions::{get_user_capability_definition};
-use crate::permissions::capabilities::get_effective_granted_capabilities;
-use crate::permissions::capabilities::normalization::normalize_granted_capabilities;
-use crate::permissions::capabilities::validation::validate_granted_capabilities;
+use crate::permissions::capabilities::{get_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities, normalize_and_validate_granted_capabilities};
 use crate::permissions::network::normalize_and_validate_granted_network;
 use crate::types::{SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkPermissionTarget, UserSageApp};
 
@@ -19,17 +17,13 @@ pub fn update_app_permissions(
 ) -> anyhow::Result<UserSageApp> {
     let mut app = read_installed_app_by_id(base_path, app_id)?;
 
-    let normalized_capabilities = normalize_granted_capabilities(
-        &granted_permissions.capabilities,
+    let normalized_capabilities = normalize_and_validate_granted_capabilities(
+        &app.common.requested_permissions.capabilities,
+        &granted_permissions.capabilities
     )?;
 
-    validate_granted_capabilities(
-        &app.common.requested_permissions,
-        &normalized_capabilities,
-    )?;
-
-    let effective_capabilities = get_effective_granted_capabilities(
-        &app.common.requested_permissions,
+    let effective_capabilities = get_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities(
+        &app.common.requested_permissions.capabilities,
         &normalized_capabilities,
     )?;
 
@@ -54,8 +48,8 @@ pub fn update_app_permissions(
         },
     };
 
-    let effective_capabilities = get_effective_granted_capabilities(
-        &app.common.requested_permissions,
+    let effective_capabilities = get_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities(
+        &app.common.requested_permissions.capabilities,
         &app.common.granted_permissions.capabilities,
     )?;
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/mod.rs
index 34614284b..5088efa15 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/mod.rs
@@ -2,33 +2,45 @@ use anyhow::Result;
 use std::collections::BTreeSet;
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::permissions::capabilities::definitions::get_user_capability_definition;
+use crate::permissions::capabilities::normalization::normalize_granted_capabilities;
 use crate::permissions::capabilities::validation::validate_granted_capabilities;
-use crate::types::SageRequestedPermissions;
+use crate::types::{SageRequestedCapabilities};
 
 pub mod definitions;
 pub mod normalization;
-pub mod validation;
+pub(in crate::permissions) mod validation;
 pub mod types;
 
-pub(crate) fn get_effective_granted_capabilities(
-    requested_permissions: &SageRequestedPermissions,
+pub(crate) fn normalize_and_validate_granted_capabilities(
+    requested_capabilities: &SageRequestedCapabilities,
+    granted: &[UserBridgeCapability],
+) -> Result<Vec<UserBridgeCapability>> {
+    let normalized = normalize_granted_capabilities(&granted)?;
+
+    validate_granted_capabilities(requested_capabilities, &normalized)?;
+
+    Ok(normalized)
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn get_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities(
+    requested_capabilities: &SageRequestedCapabilities,
     user_granted_capabilities: &[UserBridgeCapability],
 ) -> Result<Vec<UserBridgeCapability>> {
-    validate_granted_capabilities(requested_permissions, user_granted_capabilities)?;
+    validate_granted_capabilities(requested_capabilities, user_granted_capabilities)?;
 
     let mut effective = BTreeSet::new();
     effective.extend(user_granted_capabilities.iter().copied());
 
-    for capability in requested_permissions
-        .capabilities
+    let requested_capabilities_chain = requested_capabilities
         .required
         .iter()
-        .chain(requested_permissions.capabilities.optional.iter())
-    {
-        let definition = get_user_capability_definition(*capability);
+        .chain(requested_capabilities.optional.iter());
+
+    for requested_capability in requested_capabilities_chain {
+        let definition = get_user_capability_definition(*requested_capability);
 
         if !definition.flags.user_grantable {
-            effective.insert(*capability);
+            effective.insert(*requested_capability);
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/normalization.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/normalization.rs
index f95b002ac..52757d3d4 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/normalization.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/normalization.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 use std::collections::BTreeSet;
-use anyhow::anyhow;
+use anyhow::{anyhow, Result};
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::permissions::capabilities::definitions::get_user_capability_definition;
 use crate::types::SageRequestedCapabilities;
 
-pub fn normalize_requested_capabilities(
+pub(in crate::permissions) fn normalize_requested_capabilities(
     capabilities: &SageRequestedCapabilities,
-) -> anyhow::Result<SageRequestedCapabilities> {
+) -> Result<SageRequestedCapabilities> {
     let mut required = BTreeSet::new();
     let mut optional = BTreeSet::new();
 
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ pub fn normalize_requested_capabilities(
 
 pub fn normalize_granted_capabilities(
     granted: &[UserBridgeCapability],
-) -> anyhow::Result<Vec<UserBridgeCapability>> {
+) -> Result<Vec<UserBridgeCapability>> {
     let mut out = BTreeSet::new();
 
     for granted_capability in granted {
@@ -61,3 +61,27 @@ pub fn normalize_granted_capabilities(
 
     Ok(out.into_iter().collect())
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use crate::permissions::capabilities::get_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities;
+    use crate::permissions::capabilities::normalization::normalize_granted_capabilities;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn normalize_user_granted_capabilities_strips_non_user_grantable_capability() {
+        let auto = crate::permissions::tests::tests::auto_granted_capability();
+
+        let normalized = normalize_granted_capabilities(&[auto])
+            .expect("normalization should tolerate and strip stale non-user-grantable grants");
+
+        assert!(normalized.is_empty());
+
+        let mut requested = crate::permissions::tests::tests::empty_requested_permissions();
+        requested.capabilities.required = vec![auto];
+
+        let effective = get_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities(&requested.capabilities, &normalized)
+            .expect("auto capability should still be effective");
+
+        assert_eq!(effective, vec![auto]);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/validation.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/validation.rs
index 46cbbe0fb..70f6316ab 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/validation.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/validation.rs
@@ -2,15 +2,15 @@ use std::collections::BTreeSet;
 use anyhow::{anyhow, Result};
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::permissions::capabilities::definitions::get_user_capability_definition;
-use crate::types::SageRequestedPermissions;
+use crate::types::{SageRequestedCapabilities};
 
-pub fn validate_granted_capabilities(
-    permissions: &SageRequestedPermissions,
+pub(in crate::permissions) fn validate_granted_capabilities(
+    requested_capabilities: &SageRequestedCapabilities,
     granted: &[UserBridgeCapability],
 ) -> Result<()> {
     let mut allowed_capabilities = BTreeSet::new();
-    allowed_capabilities.extend(permissions.capabilities.required.iter().copied());
-    allowed_capabilities.extend(permissions.capabilities.optional.iter().copied());
+    allowed_capabilities.extend(requested_capabilities.required.iter().copied());
+    allowed_capabilities.extend(requested_capabilities.optional.iter().copied());
 
     let granted_set: BTreeSet<_> = granted.iter().copied().collect();
 
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ pub fn validate_granted_capabilities(
         }
     }
 
-    for required_capability in &permissions.capabilities.required {
+    for required_capability in &requested_capabilities.required {
         let required_capability_definition = get_user_capability_definition(*required_capability);
 
         if required_capability_definition.flags.user_grantable && !granted_set.contains(required_capability) {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/mod.rs
index f8474752c..08433c2e9 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/mod.rs
@@ -7,8 +7,7 @@ pub mod normalization;
 pub use validation::*;
 
 use anyhow::Result;
-use crate::permissions::capabilities::normalization::normalize_granted_capabilities;
-use crate::permissions::capabilities::validation::validate_granted_capabilities;
+use crate::permissions::capabilities::normalize_and_validate_granted_capabilities;
 use crate::permissions::network::normalize_and_validate_granted_network;
 use crate::permissions::normalization::normalize_requested_permissions;
 use crate::types::{SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions};
@@ -27,12 +26,11 @@ pub fn normalize_and_validate_granted_permissions(
     requested: &SageRequestedPermissions,
     granted: SageGrantedPermissions,
 ) -> Result<SageGrantedPermissions> {
-    let normalized_granted = normalize_granted_capabilities(&granted.capabilities)?;
-
-    validate_granted_capabilities(requested, &normalized_granted)?;
-
     Ok(SageGrantedPermissions {
-        capabilities: normalized_granted,
+        capabilities: normalize_and_validate_granted_capabilities(
+            &requested.capabilities,
+            &granted.capabilities
+        )?,
         network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
             whitelist: normalize_and_validate_granted_network(
                 &requested.network,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/tests.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/tests.rs
index bf06a23a8..3710b46c4 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/tests.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/tests.rs
@@ -1,15 +1,14 @@
 #[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
+pub(super) mod tests {
     use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
     use crate::lifecycle::flags::{clear_storage_may_contain_secrets, get_app_flags, mark_storage_may_contain_secrets};
     use crate::permissions::{normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions, validate_requested_permission};
     use crate::permissions::capabilities::definitions::user_registry;
-    use crate::permissions::capabilities::get_effective_granted_capabilities;
-    use crate::permissions::capabilities::normalization::normalize_granted_capabilities;
+    use crate::permissions::capabilities::get_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities;
     use crate::permissions::capabilities::validation::validate_granted_capabilities;
     use crate::types::{SageAppFlags, SageNetworkPermissionTarget, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist, SageRequestedPermissions};
 
-    fn empty_requested_permissions() -> SageRequestedPermissions {
+    pub fn empty_requested_permissions() -> SageRequestedPermissions {
         SageRequestedPermissions {
             network: SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
                 whitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist {
@@ -193,7 +192,7 @@ mod tests {
         requested.capabilities.required = vec![UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch];
 
         let err = validate_granted_capabilities(
-            &requested,
+            &requested.capabilities,
             &vec![
                 UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
                 UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage,
@@ -212,7 +211,7 @@ mod tests {
         let mut requested = empty_requested_permissions();
         requested.capabilities.required = vec![UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch];
 
-        let err = validate_granted_capabilities(&requested, &[])
+        let err = validate_granted_capabilities(&requested.capabilities, &[])
             .expect_err("expected missing required capability to be rejected");
 
         assert!(
@@ -228,7 +227,7 @@ mod tests {
         requested.capabilities.optional = vec![UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage];
 
         validate_granted_capabilities(
-            &requested,
+            &requested.capabilities,
             &vec![UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch],
         )
             .expect("expected optional capability to be omittable");
@@ -311,7 +310,7 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(updated.has_secret_access);
     }
 
-    fn auto_granted_capability() -> UserBridgeCapability {
+    pub fn auto_granted_capability() -> UserBridgeCapability {
         UserBridgeCapability::AppGetInfo
     }
 
@@ -322,10 +321,10 @@ mod tests {
         let mut requested = empty_requested_permissions();
         requested.capabilities.required = vec![auto];
 
-        validate_granted_capabilities(&requested, &[])
+        validate_granted_capabilities(&requested.capabilities, &[])
             .expect("non-user-grantable required capability should not require persisted user grant");
 
-        let effective = get_effective_granted_capabilities(&requested, &[])
+        let effective = get_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities(&requested.capabilities, &[])
             .expect("expected effective permissions to resolve");
 
         assert_eq!(effective, vec![auto]);
@@ -338,33 +337,15 @@ mod tests {
         let mut requested = empty_requested_permissions();
         requested.capabilities.optional = vec![auto];
 
-        validate_granted_capabilities(&requested, &[])
+        validate_granted_capabilities(&requested.capabilities, &[])
             .expect("non-user-grantable optional capability should not require persisted user grant");
 
-        let effective = get_effective_granted_capabilities(&requested, &[])
+        let effective = get_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities(&requested.capabilities, &[])
             .expect("expected effective permissions to resolve");
 
         assert_eq!(effective, vec![auto]);
     }
 
-    #[test]
-    fn normalize_user_granted_capabilities_strips_non_user_grantable_capability() {
-        let auto = auto_granted_capability();
-
-        let normalized = normalize_granted_capabilities(&[auto])
-            .expect("normalization should tolerate and strip stale non-user-grantable grants");
-
-        assert!(normalized.is_empty());
-
-        let mut requested = empty_requested_permissions();
-        requested.capabilities.required = vec![auto];
-
-        let effective = get_effective_granted_capabilities(&requested, &normalized)
-            .expect("auto capability should still be effective");
-
-        assert_eq!(effective, vec![auto]);
-    }
-
     #[test]
     fn moving_non_user_grantable_capability_from_optional_to_required_still_auto_grants() {
         let auto = auto_granted_capability();
@@ -372,8 +353,8 @@ mod tests {
         let mut optional_requested = empty_requested_permissions();
         optional_requested.capabilities.optional = vec![auto];
 
-        let optional_effective = get_effective_granted_capabilities(
-            &optional_requested,
+        let optional_effective = get_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities(
+            &optional_requested.capabilities,
             &[],
         )
             .expect("optional auto grant should resolve");
@@ -383,8 +364,8 @@ mod tests {
         let mut required_requested = empty_requested_permissions();
         required_requested.capabilities.required = vec![auto];
 
-        let required_effective = get_effective_granted_capabilities(
-            &required_requested,
+        let required_effective = get_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities(
+            &required_requested.capabilities,
             &[],
         )
             .expect("required auto grant should resolve");
@@ -399,7 +380,7 @@ mod tests {
         let mut requested = empty_requested_permissions();
         requested.capabilities.required = vec![auto];
 
-        let effective = get_effective_granted_capabilities(&requested, &[])
+        let effective = get_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities(&requested.capabilities, &[])
             .expect("expected auto grant before removal");
 
         assert_eq!(effective, vec![auto]);
@@ -407,7 +388,7 @@ mod tests {
         let removed_requested = empty_requested_permissions();
 
         let effective_after_removal =
-            get_effective_granted_capabilities(&removed_requested, &[])
+            get_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities(&removed_requested.capabilities, &[])
                 .expect("expected permissions to resolve after removal");
 
         assert!(effective_after_removal.is_empty());
@@ -418,7 +399,7 @@ mod tests {
         let mut requested = empty_requested_permissions();
         requested.capabilities.required = vec![UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch];
 
-        let err = validate_granted_capabilities(&requested, &[])
+        let err = validate_granted_capabilities(&requested.capabilities, &[])
             .expect_err("user-grantable required capability should require user grant");
 
         assert!(
@@ -426,7 +407,7 @@ mod tests {
             "error should mention missing user-grantable required capability"
         );
 
-        get_effective_granted_capabilities(&requested, &[])
+        get_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities(&requested.capabilities, &[])
             .expect_err("effective permissions should not resolve without required user grant");
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
index 23798680f..ee9b7e812 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
@@ -7,10 +7,9 @@ use tauri::command;
 use crate::host::Result;
 use crate::lifecycle::{manifest_entry_file, manifest_icon_file};
 use crate::lifecycle::flags::get_app_flags;
-use crate::permissions::{normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions};
+use crate::permissions::{normalize_and_validate_granted_permissions, normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions};
 use crate::permissions::capabilities::definitions::{get_user_capability_definition};
-use crate::permissions::capabilities::get_effective_granted_capabilities;
-use crate::permissions::capabilities::validation::validate_granted_capabilities;
+use crate::permissions::capabilities::get_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities;
 use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppPackageManifest, SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions, UserSageAppSource, UserSageApp};
 
 macro_rules! sandbox_test_id_prefix {
@@ -210,19 +209,18 @@ pub fn build_builtin_test_app(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<SageApp>> {
     user_granted_capabilities.sort();
     user_granted_capabilities.dedup();
 
-    let granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions {
-        capabilities: user_granted_capabilities,
-        network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
-            whitelist: manifest.permissions.network.whitelist.required.clone(),
-        },
-    };
-
-    validate_granted_capabilities(
+    let granted_permissions = normalize_and_validate_granted_permissions(
         &manifest.permissions,
-        &granted_permissions.capabilities,
+        SageGrantedPermissions {
+            capabilities: user_granted_capabilities,
+            network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
+                whitelist: manifest.permissions.network.whitelist.required.clone(),
+            },
+        }
     )?;
-    let effective_capabilities = get_effective_granted_capabilities(
-        &manifest.permissions,
+
+    let effective_capabilities = get_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities(
+        &manifest.permissions.capabilities,
         &granted_permissions.capabilities,
     )?;
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps/mod.rs
index 93b531b74..65aa49c0e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps/mod.rs
@@ -6,8 +6,7 @@ use crate::bridge::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
 use crate::host::Result;
 use crate::lifecycle::{manifest_entry_file, manifest_icon_file};
 use crate::lifecycle::flags::get_app_flags;
-use crate::permissions::{normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions};
-use crate::permissions::capabilities::validation::validate_granted_capabilities;
+use crate::permissions::{normalize_and_validate_granted_permissions, normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions};
 use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions, SageGrantedSystemPermissions, SystemAppPresentation, SystemSageApp};
 
 pub const SYSTEM_APP_TASK_MANAGER_ID: &str = "task-manager";
@@ -129,17 +128,16 @@ pub fn build_builtin_system_app(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<SageApp>> {
     requested_capabilities.sort();
     requested_capabilities.dedup();
 
-    let granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions {
-        capabilities: requested_capabilities,
-        network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
-            whitelist: manifest.permissions.network.whitelist.required.clone(),
-        },
-    };
-
-    validate_granted_capabilities(
+    let granted_permissions = normalize_and_validate_granted_permissions(
         &manifest.permissions,
-        &granted_permissions.capabilities,
+        SageGrantedPermissions {
+            capabilities: requested_capabilities,
+            network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
+                whitelist: manifest.permissions.network.whitelist.required.clone(),
+            },
+        }
     )?;
+
     let app_flags = get_app_flags(&granted_permissions.capabilities, None)?;
 
     let entry_file_name = manifest_entry_file(&manifest).to_string();

From 40b19f2857572ed55e410886ca2f06c04d27d835 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sun, 26 Apr 2026 22:29:35 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 223/471] Refactor: replace
 `get_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities` with
 `resolve_effective_granted_capabilities` and modularize capabilities logic

- Replaced `get_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities` with `resolve_effective_granted_capabilities` across the codebase for naming consistency.
- Introduced `requested_user_grantable_capabilities` for cleaner user-grantable capabilities handling.
- Standardized visibility and modularized capabilities logic in `capabilities/mod.rs` and `definitions.rs`.
- Updated imports, tests, and references to align with the updated structure.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs |  6 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/capabilities.rs   |  2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs       |  2 +-
 .../methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs      |  4 +-
 .../user/app/request_capability_grant.rs      |  2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs            |  6 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs |  4 +-
 .../src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs          |  4 +-
 .../src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs       |  8 +-
 .../permissions/capabilities/definitions.rs   | 87 +++++--------------
 .../src/permissions/capabilities/mod.rs       | 38 ++++++--
 .../permissions/capabilities/normalization.rs |  8 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/mod.rs       |  2 +-
 .../src/permissions/normalization.rs          |  2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/tests.rs     | 20 ++---
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs  | 27 ++----
 16 files changed, 97 insertions(+), 125 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
index 022211f82..2590ccd30 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodCapability;
 use crate::bridge::registry::BridgeRegistry;
 use crate::bridge::state::write_pending_approval;
 use crate::host::AppState;
-use crate::permissions::capabilities::definitions::{get_system_capability_definition, get_user_capability_definition};
-use crate::permissions::capabilities::get_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities;
+use crate::permissions::capabilities::{get_system_capability_definition, get_user_capability_definition};
+use crate::permissions::capabilities::resolve_effective_granted_capabilities;
 use crate::runtime::{assert_bridge_origin, resolve_app};
 use crate::runtime::state::types::SageAppRuntimeKind;
 use crate::runtime::webview_locator::get_sage_webview;
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ fn verify_user_capability(
     }
 
     let effective_capabilities = match app {
-        SageApp::User(user_app) => get_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities(
+        SageApp::User(user_app) => resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(
             &user_app.common.requested_permissions.capabilities,
             &user_app.common.granted_permissions.capabilities,
         )
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/capabilities.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/capabilities.rs
index 3626093be..81294c6c5 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/capabilities.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/capabilities.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use std::collections::BTreeSet;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
-use crate::permissions::capabilities::definitions::get_user_capability_definition;
+use crate::permissions::capabilities::get_user_capability_definition;
 
 macro_rules! define_bridge_capabilities {
     (
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
index 01b058fa4..dd8275d7e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use crate::bridge::bridge_request::{execute_bridge_request, process};
 use crate::bridge::event_emit::emit_bridge_response_to_source;
 use crate::bridge::state::{get_pending_approval, remove_pending_approval};
 use crate::host::AppState;
-use crate::permissions::capabilities::definitions::{user_capability_definition_view, user_registry};
+use crate::permissions::capabilities::{user_capability_definition_view, user_registry};
 use crate::runtime::{assert_bridge_origin, resolve_app};
 use crate::runtime::state::types::SageAppRuntimeKind;
 use crate::types::{SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView};
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs
index 5c8df8539..863b2922a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeRequest};
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability};
-use crate::permissions::capabilities::get_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities;
+use crate::permissions::capabilities::resolve_effective_granted_capabilities;
 use crate::types::SageApp;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppGetCapabilities {
         _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
     ) -> BridgeHandleResult {
         let effective_capabilities = match ctx.app {
-            SageApp::User(user_app) => get_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities(
+            SageApp::User(user_app) => resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(
                 &user_app.common.requested_permissions.capabilities,
                 &user_app.common.granted_permissions.capabilities,
             )
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
index bf7baf8e7..4aff35fec 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::resolve_app_base_path;
 use crate::bridge::types::RustBridgeApprovalBody;
 use crate::lifecycle::update::permissions::grant_requested_capability_internal;
 use crate::lifecycle::update::types::GrantCapabilityOutcome;
-use crate::permissions::capabilities::definitions::{get_user_capability_definition, user_capability_definition_view};
+use crate::permissions::capabilities::{get_user_capability_definition, user_capability_definition_view};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct AppRequestCapabilityGrant;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs
index cee11bf90..05936a689 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs
@@ -3,9 +3,13 @@ use std::{fs, path::PathBuf};
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::{BridgeCapability, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{BridgeMethodCapability};
 use crate::bridge::registry::{BridgeRegistry, BridgeRegistryKind};
-use crate::permissions::capabilities::definitions::{get_system_capability_definition, get_user_capability_definition};
+use crate::permissions::capabilities::{get_system_capability_definition, get_user_capability_definition};
 
 fn workspace_root() -> PathBuf {
+    
+    
+    
+    
     PathBuf::from(env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR"))
         .parent()
         .and_then(|path| path.parent())
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
index 0e5618df8..6eb4ac150 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ use crate::lifecycle::flags::get_app_flags;
 use crate::permissions::{
     normalize_and_validate_granted_permissions,
 };
-use crate::permissions::capabilities::get_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities;
+use crate::permissions::capabilities::resolve_effective_granted_capabilities;
 use crate::types::{
     InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppFlags, SageAppCommon, SageAppPackageManifest,
     SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ where
     let granted_permissions =
         normalize_and_validate_granted_permissions(&manifest.permissions, granted_permissions)?;
 
-    let effective_capabilities = get_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities(
+    let effective_capabilities = resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(
         &manifest.permissions.capabilities,
         &granted_permissions.capabilities,
     )?;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
index c468f9a21..cf5606983 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ use crate::lifecycle::{download_url_snapshot, manifest_entry_file, manifest_icon
 use crate::lifecycle::flags::get_app_flags;
 use crate::lifecycle::install::url::preview_app_url_internal;
 use crate::lifecycle::update::permissions::update_app_permissions_with_change_internal;
-use crate::permissions::capabilities::{get_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities, normalize_and_validate_granted_capabilities};
+use crate::permissions::capabilities::{resolve_effective_granted_capabilities, normalize_and_validate_granted_capabilities};
 use crate::permissions::network::normalize_and_validate_granted_network;
 use crate::types::{SageAppUrlPreview, SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppPendingUpdate, UserSageAppSource};
 
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ pub async fn apply_app_update(
             io::Error::other(format!("invalid granted network whitelist for update: {err}"))
         })?;
 
-    let effective_capabilities = get_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities(
+    let effective_capabilities = resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(
         &pending.manifest.permissions.capabilities,
         &normalized_capabilities,
     )
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
index a5b7f733c..4751262d3 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@ use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::lifecycle::{parse_network_permission_target, read_installed_app_by_id, write_installed_app_metadata};
 use crate::lifecycle::flags::{clear_storage_may_contain_secrets, get_app_flags};
 use crate::lifecycle::update::types::{GrantCapabilityOutcome, GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome, GrantedCapabilitiesChange, GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange};
-use crate::permissions::capabilities::definitions::{get_user_capability_definition};
-use crate::permissions::capabilities::{get_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities, normalize_and_validate_granted_capabilities};
+use crate::permissions::capabilities::{get_user_capability_definition};
+use crate::permissions::capabilities::{resolve_effective_granted_capabilities, normalize_and_validate_granted_capabilities};
 use crate::permissions::network::normalize_and_validate_granted_network;
 use crate::types::{SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkPermissionTarget, UserSageApp};
 
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ pub fn update_app_permissions(
         &granted_permissions.capabilities
     )?;
 
-    let effective_capabilities = get_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities(
+    let effective_capabilities = resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(
         &app.common.requested_permissions.capabilities,
         &normalized_capabilities,
     )?;
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ pub fn update_app_permissions(
         },
     };
 
-    let effective_capabilities = get_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities(
+    let effective_capabilities = resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(
         &app.common.requested_permissions.capabilities,
         &app.common.granted_permissions.capabilities,
     )?;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/definitions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/definitions.rs
index 3f17fa512..1944dcc65 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/definitions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/definitions.rs
@@ -4,17 +4,7 @@ use crate::bridge::capabilities::{SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
 use crate::permissions::capabilities::types::{CapabilityFlags, SystemCapabilityDefinition, UserCapabilityDefinition};
 use crate::types::{SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView, SageAppCapabilityFlagsView};
 
-fn read_wallet_flags() -> CapabilityFlags {
-    CapabilityFlags {
-        externally_observable: false,
-        accesses_sensitive_secret: false,
-        requestable_by_app: true,
-        user_grantable: true,
-        shared_with_app: true,
-    }
-}
-
-pub fn get_user_capability_definition(
+pub(crate) fn get_user_capability_definition(
     capability: UserBridgeCapability,
 ) -> UserCapabilityDefinition {
     match capability {
@@ -246,7 +236,7 @@ pub fn get_user_capability_definition(
     }
 }
 
-pub fn get_system_capability_definition(
+pub(crate) fn get_system_capability_definition(
     capability: SystemBridgeCapability,
 ) -> SystemCapabilityDefinition {
     match capability {
@@ -319,57 +309,7 @@ pub fn get_system_capability_definition(
     }
 }
 
-pub fn user_registry() -> BTreeMap<UserBridgeCapability, UserCapabilityDefinition> {
-    UserBridgeCapability::ALL
-        .iter()
-        .copied()
-        .map(|capability| {
-            let definition = get_user_capability_definition(capability);
-            (capability, definition)
-        })
-        .collect()
-}
-
-pub fn system_registry() -> BTreeMap<SystemBridgeCapability, SystemCapabilityDefinition> {
-    SystemBridgeCapability::ALL
-        .iter()
-        .copied()
-        .map(|capability| {
-            let definition = get_system_capability_definition(capability);
-            (capability, definition)
-        })
-        .collect()
-}
-
-pub fn get_user_capability_definition_by_key(
-    key: &str,
-) -> Option<UserCapabilityDefinition> {
-    UserBridgeCapability::from_key(key)
-        .map(get_user_capability_definition)
-}
-
-pub fn get_system_capability_definition_by_key(
-    key: &str,
-) -> Option<SystemCapabilityDefinition> {
-    SystemBridgeCapability::from_key(key)
-        .map(get_system_capability_definition)
-}
-
-pub fn require_user_capability_definition_by_key(
-    key: &str,
-) -> anyhow::Result<UserCapabilityDefinition> {
-    get_user_capability_definition_by_key(key)
-        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("unknown user capability: {}", key))
-}
-
-pub fn require_system_capability_definition_by_key(
-    key: &str,
-) -> anyhow::Result<SystemCapabilityDefinition> {
-    get_system_capability_definition_by_key(key)
-        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("unknown system capability: {}", key))
-}
-
-pub fn user_capability_definition_view(
+pub(crate) fn user_capability_definition_view(
     definition: UserCapabilityDefinition,
 ) -> SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView {
     SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView {
@@ -384,3 +324,24 @@ pub fn user_capability_definition_view(
         },
     }
 }
+
+pub(crate) fn user_registry() -> BTreeMap<UserBridgeCapability, UserCapabilityDefinition> {
+    UserBridgeCapability::ALL
+        .iter()
+        .copied()
+        .map(|capability| {
+            let definition = get_user_capability_definition(capability);
+            (capability, definition)
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
+
+fn read_wallet_flags() -> CapabilityFlags {
+    CapabilityFlags {
+        externally_observable: false,
+        accesses_sensitive_secret: false,
+        requestable_by_app: true,
+        user_grantable: true,
+        shared_with_app: true,
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/mod.rs
index 5088efa15..a669ccffa 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/mod.rs
@@ -1,16 +1,22 @@
 use anyhow::Result;
 use std::collections::BTreeSet;
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
-use crate::permissions::capabilities::definitions::get_user_capability_definition;
 use crate::permissions::capabilities::normalization::normalize_granted_capabilities;
-use crate::permissions::capabilities::validation::validate_granted_capabilities;
 use crate::types::{SageRequestedCapabilities};
 
-pub mod definitions;
-pub mod normalization;
-pub(in crate::permissions) mod validation;
+mod definitions;
+mod normalization;
+mod validation;
 pub mod types;
 
+pub(crate) use definitions::{
+    get_user_capability_definition, get_system_capability_definition,
+    user_capability_definition_view,
+    user_registry
+};
+pub(in crate::permissions) use normalization::normalize_requested_capabilities;
+pub(in crate::permissions) use validation::validate_granted_capabilities;
+
 pub(crate) fn normalize_and_validate_granted_capabilities(
     requested_capabilities: &SageRequestedCapabilities,
     granted: &[UserBridgeCapability],
@@ -22,7 +28,7 @@ pub(crate) fn normalize_and_validate_granted_capabilities(
     Ok(normalized)
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn get_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities(
+pub(crate) fn resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(
     requested_capabilities: &SageRequestedCapabilities,
     user_granted_capabilities: &[UserBridgeCapability],
 ) -> Result<Vec<UserBridgeCapability>> {
@@ -46,3 +52,23 @@ pub(crate) fn get_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities(
 
     Ok(effective.into_iter().collect())
 }
+
+pub(crate) fn requested_user_grantable_capabilities(
+    requested: &SageRequestedCapabilities,
+) -> Vec<UserBridgeCapability> {
+    let mut caps: Vec<_> = requested
+        .required
+        .iter()
+        .chain(requested.optional.iter())
+        .copied()
+        .filter(|cap| {
+            get_user_capability_definition(*cap)
+                .flags
+                .user_grantable
+        })
+        .collect();
+
+    caps.sort();
+    caps.dedup();
+    caps
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/normalization.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/normalization.rs
index 52757d3d4..dbe011020 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/normalization.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/normalization.rs
@@ -44,9 +44,7 @@ pub(in crate::permissions) fn normalize_requested_capabilities(
     })
 }
 
-
-
-pub fn normalize_granted_capabilities(
+pub(in crate::permissions::capabilities) fn normalize_granted_capabilities(
     granted: &[UserBridgeCapability],
 ) -> Result<Vec<UserBridgeCapability>> {
     let mut out = BTreeSet::new();
@@ -64,7 +62,7 @@ pub fn normalize_granted_capabilities(
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-    use crate::permissions::capabilities::get_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities;
+    use crate::permissions::capabilities::resolve_effective_granted_capabilities;
     use crate::permissions::capabilities::normalization::normalize_granted_capabilities;
 
     #[test]
@@ -79,7 +77,7 @@ mod tests {
         let mut requested = crate::permissions::tests::tests::empty_requested_permissions();
         requested.capabilities.required = vec![auto];
 
-        let effective = get_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities(&requested.capabilities, &normalized)
+        let effective = resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(&requested.capabilities, &normalized)
             .expect("auto capability should still be effective");
 
         assert_eq!(effective, vec![auto]);
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/mod.rs
index 08433c2e9..af78c66cf 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/mod.rs
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ pub fn normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions(
     Ok(normalized_requested)
 }
 
-pub fn normalize_and_validate_granted_permissions(
+pub(super) fn normalize_and_validate_granted_permissions(
     requested: &SageRequestedPermissions,
     granted: SageGrantedPermissions,
 ) -> Result<SageGrantedPermissions> {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/normalization.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/normalization.rs
index 05f867281..99048b32b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/normalization.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/normalization.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use anyhow::Result;
-use crate::permissions::capabilities::normalization::normalize_requested_capabilities;
+use crate::permissions::capabilities::normalize_requested_capabilities;
 use crate::permissions::network::normalization::normalize_requested_network;
 use crate::types::SageRequestedPermissions;
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/tests.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/tests.rs
index 3710b46c4..bf36d5e22 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/tests.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/tests.rs
@@ -3,9 +3,9 @@ pub(super) mod tests {
     use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
     use crate::lifecycle::flags::{clear_storage_may_contain_secrets, get_app_flags, mark_storage_may_contain_secrets};
     use crate::permissions::{normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions, validate_requested_permission};
-    use crate::permissions::capabilities::definitions::user_registry;
-    use crate::permissions::capabilities::get_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities;
-    use crate::permissions::capabilities::validation::validate_granted_capabilities;
+    use crate::permissions::capabilities::user_registry;
+    use crate::permissions::capabilities::resolve_effective_granted_capabilities;
+    use crate::permissions::capabilities::validate_granted_capabilities;
     use crate::types::{SageAppFlags, SageNetworkPermissionTarget, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist, SageRequestedPermissions};
 
     pub fn empty_requested_permissions() -> SageRequestedPermissions {
@@ -324,7 +324,7 @@ pub(super) mod tests {
         validate_granted_capabilities(&requested.capabilities, &[])
             .expect("non-user-grantable required capability should not require persisted user grant");
 
-        let effective = get_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities(&requested.capabilities, &[])
+        let effective = resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(&requested.capabilities, &[])
             .expect("expected effective permissions to resolve");
 
         assert_eq!(effective, vec![auto]);
@@ -340,7 +340,7 @@ pub(super) mod tests {
         validate_granted_capabilities(&requested.capabilities, &[])
             .expect("non-user-grantable optional capability should not require persisted user grant");
 
-        let effective = get_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities(&requested.capabilities, &[])
+        let effective = resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(&requested.capabilities, &[])
             .expect("expected effective permissions to resolve");
 
         assert_eq!(effective, vec![auto]);
@@ -353,7 +353,7 @@ pub(super) mod tests {
         let mut optional_requested = empty_requested_permissions();
         optional_requested.capabilities.optional = vec![auto];
 
-        let optional_effective = get_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities(
+        let optional_effective = resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(
             &optional_requested.capabilities,
             &[],
         )
@@ -364,7 +364,7 @@ pub(super) mod tests {
         let mut required_requested = empty_requested_permissions();
         required_requested.capabilities.required = vec![auto];
 
-        let required_effective = get_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities(
+        let required_effective = resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(
             &required_requested.capabilities,
             &[],
         )
@@ -380,7 +380,7 @@ pub(super) mod tests {
         let mut requested = empty_requested_permissions();
         requested.capabilities.required = vec![auto];
 
-        let effective = get_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities(&requested.capabilities, &[])
+        let effective = resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(&requested.capabilities, &[])
             .expect("expected auto grant before removal");
 
         assert_eq!(effective, vec![auto]);
@@ -388,7 +388,7 @@ pub(super) mod tests {
         let removed_requested = empty_requested_permissions();
 
         let effective_after_removal =
-            get_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities(&removed_requested.capabilities, &[])
+            resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(&removed_requested.capabilities, &[])
                 .expect("expected permissions to resolve after removal");
 
         assert!(effective_after_removal.is_empty());
@@ -407,7 +407,7 @@ pub(super) mod tests {
             "error should mention missing user-grantable required capability"
         );
 
-        get_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities(&requested.capabilities, &[])
+        resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(&requested.capabilities, &[])
             .expect_err("effective permissions should not resolve without required user grant");
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
index ee9b7e812..58ee7c0e0 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@ use crate::host::Result;
 use crate::lifecycle::{manifest_entry_file, manifest_icon_file};
 use crate::lifecycle::flags::get_app_flags;
 use crate::permissions::{normalize_and_validate_granted_permissions, normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions};
-use crate::permissions::capabilities::definitions::{get_user_capability_definition};
-use crate::permissions::capabilities::get_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities;
+use crate::permissions::capabilities::{requested_user_grantable_capabilities};
+use crate::permissions::capabilities::resolve_effective_granted_capabilities;
 use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppPackageManifest, SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions, UserSageAppSource, UserSageApp};
 
 macro_rules! sandbox_test_id_prefix {
@@ -190,36 +190,19 @@ pub fn build_builtin_test_app(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<SageApp>> {
     manifest.permissions =
         normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions(&manifest.permissions)?;
 
-    let mut user_granted_capabilities = Vec::new();
-
-    for capability in manifest
-        .permissions
-        .capabilities
-        .required
-        .iter()
-        .chain(manifest.permissions.capabilities.optional.iter())
-    {
-        let definition = get_user_capability_definition(*capability);
-
-        if definition.flags.user_grantable {
-            user_granted_capabilities.push(*capability);
-        }
-    }
-
-    user_granted_capabilities.sort();
-    user_granted_capabilities.dedup();
+    let user_grantable_capabilities = requested_user_grantable_capabilities(&manifest.permissions.capabilities);
 
     let granted_permissions = normalize_and_validate_granted_permissions(
         &manifest.permissions,
         SageGrantedPermissions {
-            capabilities: user_granted_capabilities,
+            capabilities: user_grantable_capabilities,
             network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
                 whitelist: manifest.permissions.network.whitelist.required.clone(),
             },
         }
     )?;
 
-    let effective_capabilities = get_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities(
+    let effective_capabilities = resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(
         &manifest.permissions.capabilities,
         &granted_permissions.capabilities,
     )?;

From 4bdff96187b5d7a722a0b78e9afdfd966a0e82e9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sun, 26 Apr 2026 22:33:09 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 224/471] Refactor: restrict `CapabilityFlags` visibility and
 simplify imports

- Changed `CapabilityFlags` visibility from `pub` to `pub(crate)` for internal use.
- Removed redundant `types` module re-export and updated direct imports.
- Simplified `capabilities/mod.rs` by consolidating and reorganizing imports.
- Removed unused `CapabilitySummary` struct to clean up codebase.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/flags.rs                | 2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/mod.rs   | 3 ++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/types.rs | 9 +--------
 crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/validation.rs         | 2 +-
 4 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/flags.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/flags.rs
index d7287fc53..0480d01e2 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/flags.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/flags.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use anyhow::{anyhow, Result};
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
-use crate::permissions::capabilities::types::CapabilityFlags;
+use crate::permissions::capabilities::CapabilityFlags;
 use crate::types::SageAppFlags;
 
 pub fn get_app_flags(
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/mod.rs
index a669ccffa..50433e479 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/mod.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use crate::types::{SageRequestedCapabilities};
 mod definitions;
 mod normalization;
 mod validation;
-pub mod types;
+mod types;
 
 pub(crate) use definitions::{
     get_user_capability_definition, get_system_capability_definition,
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ pub(crate) use definitions::{
 };
 pub(in crate::permissions) use normalization::normalize_requested_capabilities;
 pub(in crate::permissions) use validation::validate_granted_capabilities;
+pub(crate) use types::CapabilityFlags;
 
 pub(crate) fn normalize_and_validate_granted_capabilities(
     requested_capabilities: &SageRequestedCapabilities,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/types.rs
index 7b2746a34..32273305f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/types.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use crate::bridge::capabilities::{SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
 use crate::permissions::capabilities::definitions::get_user_capability_definition;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
-pub struct CapabilityFlags {
+pub(crate) struct CapabilityFlags {
     pub externally_observable: bool,
     pub accesses_sensitive_secret: bool,
     pub requestable_by_app: bool,
@@ -49,10 +49,3 @@ pub struct CapabilityDefinition<C> {
 
 pub type UserCapabilityDefinition = CapabilityDefinition<UserBridgeCapability>;
 pub type SystemCapabilityDefinition = CapabilityDefinition<SystemBridgeCapability>;
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Default)]
-pub struct CapabilitySummary {
-    pub externally_observable: bool,
-    pub accesses_sensitive_secret: bool,
-    pub persistent_storage: bool,
-}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/validation.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/validation.rs
index c1f6a701a..bdbdefe91 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/validation.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/validation.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use anyhow::{anyhow, Result};
-use crate::permissions::capabilities::types::CapabilityFlags;
+use crate::permissions::capabilities::CapabilityFlags;
 use crate::types::{SageRequestedPermissions};
 
 pub fn validate_requested_permission(

From 00c29a421a985f445b2adf7f19072afec8f0327f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sun, 26 Apr 2026 22:44:30 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 225/471] Refactor: modularize and enhance network permission
 validation and normalization

- Introduced `validate_granted_network` function in `validation.rs` for cleaner and reusable validation logic.
- Added `normalize_granted_network` function to streamline granted network entries normalization.
- Simplified `normalize_and_validate_granted_network` by separating normalization and validation concerns.
- Updated visibility and structure of `normalization` and `validation` modules for improved organization.
---
 .../src/permissions/capabilities/mod.rs       | 16 +++---
 crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/mod.rs       |  4 +-
 .../sage-apps/src/permissions/network/mod.rs  | 52 ++++++-------------
 .../src/permissions/network/normalization.rs  | 22 +++++---
 .../src/permissions/network/validation.rs     | 36 +++++++++++++
 .../src/permissions/normalization.rs          |  2 +-
 6 files changed, 77 insertions(+), 55 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/mod.rs
index 50433e479..048b891f1 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/mod.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,3 @@
-use anyhow::Result;
-use std::collections::BTreeSet;
-use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
-use crate::permissions::capabilities::normalization::normalize_granted_capabilities;
-use crate::types::{SageRequestedCapabilities};
-
 mod definitions;
 mod normalization;
 mod validation;
@@ -14,10 +8,16 @@ pub(crate) use definitions::{
     user_capability_definition_view,
     user_registry
 };
-pub(in crate::permissions) use normalization::normalize_requested_capabilities;
-pub(in crate::permissions) use validation::validate_granted_capabilities;
+pub(super) use normalization::normalize_requested_capabilities;
+pub(super) use validation::validate_granted_capabilities;
 pub(crate) use types::CapabilityFlags;
 
+use anyhow::Result;
+use std::collections::BTreeSet;
+use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::permissions::capabilities::normalization::normalize_granted_capabilities;
+use crate::types::{SageRequestedCapabilities};
+
 pub(crate) fn normalize_and_validate_granted_capabilities(
     requested_capabilities: &SageRequestedCapabilities,
     granted: &[UserBridgeCapability],
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/mod.rs
index af78c66cf..89b98fcdc 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/mod.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ use crate::permissions::network::normalize_and_validate_granted_network;
 use crate::permissions::normalization::normalize_requested_permissions;
 use crate::types::{SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions};
 
-pub fn normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions(
+pub(crate) fn normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions(
     permissions: &SageRequestedPermissions,
 ) -> Result<SageRequestedPermissions> {
     let normalized_requested = normalize_requested_permissions(permissions)?;
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ pub fn normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions(
     Ok(normalized_requested)
 }
 
-pub(super) fn normalize_and_validate_granted_permissions(
+pub(crate) fn normalize_and_validate_granted_permissions(
     requested: &SageRequestedPermissions,
     granted: SageGrantedPermissions,
 ) -> Result<SageGrantedPermissions> {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/network/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/network/mod.rs
index 174fd233a..eb941f101 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/network/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/network/mod.rs
@@ -1,47 +1,27 @@
+mod validation;
+mod normalization;
+
+pub(super) use validation::validate_granted_network;
+pub(super) use normalization::normalize_requested_network;
+
 use std::collections::BTreeSet;
-use anyhow::{anyhow, Result};
-use crate::permissions::network::normalization::normalize_network_entry;
+use anyhow::Result;
+use crate::permissions::network::normalization::{normalize_granted_network};
 use crate::types::{SageNetworkPermissionTarget, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions};
 
-pub mod validation;
-pub mod normalization;
-
-pub fn normalize_and_validate_granted_network(
+pub(crate) fn normalize_and_validate_granted_network(
     requested: &SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
     granted: &[SageNetworkPermissionTarget],
 ) -> Result<Vec<SageNetworkPermissionTarget>> {
-    let requested_required = requested
-        .whitelist
-        .required
-        .iter()
-        .map(|entry| normalize_network_entry(&entry))
-        .collect::<Result<BTreeSet<_>>>()?;
-
-    let mut requested_optional = BTreeSet::new();
-
-    for entry in &requested.whitelist.optional {
-        let key = normalize_network_entry(&entry)?;
-
-        if !requested_required.contains(&key) {
-            requested_optional.insert(key);
-        }
-    }
-
-    let mut result = requested_required;
+    let requested = normalize_requested_network(requested)?;
+    let granted = normalize_granted_network(granted)?;
 
-    for entry in granted {
-        let key = normalize_network_entry(&entry)?;
+    validate_granted_network(&requested, &granted)?;
 
-        if !result.contains(&key) && !requested_optional.contains(&key) {
-            return Err(anyhow!(
-                "granted network whitelist entry not requested in manifest: {}://{}",
-                key.scheme,
-                key.host
-            ));
-        }
+    let mut effective = BTreeSet::new();
 
-        result.insert(key);
-    }
+    effective.extend(requested.whitelist.required);
+    effective.extend(granted);
 
-    Ok(result.into_iter().collect())
+    Ok(effective.into_iter().collect())
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/network/normalization.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/network/normalization.rs
index bccd03c6c..370ace2ca 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/network/normalization.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/network/normalization.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
 use std::collections::BTreeSet;
-use anyhow::anyhow;
+use anyhow::{anyhow, Result};
 use crate::types::{SageNetworkPermissionTarget, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions};
 
-pub fn normalize_requested_network(
+pub(in crate::permissions) fn normalize_requested_network(
     network_permissions: &SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
-) -> anyhow::Result<SageRequestedNetworkPermissions> {
-    let required = normalize_requested_network_entries(&network_permissions.whitelist.required)?;
+) -> Result<SageRequestedNetworkPermissions> {
+    let required = normalize_network_entries(&network_permissions.whitelist.required)?;
     let required_keys = required.iter().cloned().collect::<BTreeSet<_>>();
 
-    let optional = normalize_requested_network_entries(&network_permissions.whitelist.optional)?
+    let optional = normalize_network_entries(&network_permissions.whitelist.optional)?
         .into_iter()
         .filter(|entry| !required_keys.contains(entry))
         .collect();
@@ -18,9 +18,15 @@ pub fn normalize_requested_network(
     })
 }
 
+pub(in crate::permissions) fn normalize_granted_network(
+    granted: &[SageNetworkPermissionTarget],
+) -> Result<Vec<SageNetworkPermissionTarget>> {
+    normalize_network_entries(granted)
+}
+
 pub fn normalize_network_entry(
     entry: &SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
-) -> anyhow::Result<SageNetworkPermissionTarget> {
+) -> Result<SageNetworkPermissionTarget> {
     let scheme = entry.scheme.trim().to_ascii_lowercase();
     let host = entry.host.trim().to_ascii_lowercase();
 
@@ -35,9 +41,9 @@ pub fn normalize_network_entry(
     Ok(SageNetworkPermissionTarget { scheme, host })
 }
 
-fn normalize_requested_network_entries(
+fn normalize_network_entries(
     entries: &[SageNetworkPermissionTarget],
-) -> anyhow::Result<Vec<SageNetworkPermissionTarget>> {
+) -> Result<Vec<SageNetworkPermissionTarget>> {
     let mut seen = BTreeSet::new();
     let mut normalized = Vec::new();
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/network/validation.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/network/validation.rs
index e69de29bb..1909bf51d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/network/validation.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/network/validation.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+use std::collections::BTreeSet;
+
+use anyhow::{anyhow, Result};
+
+use crate::types::{SageNetworkPermissionTarget, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions};
+
+pub(in crate::permissions) fn validate_granted_network(
+    requested: &SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
+    granted: &[SageNetworkPermissionTarget],
+) -> Result<()> {
+    let requested_required = requested
+        .whitelist
+        .required
+        .iter()
+        .cloned()
+        .collect::<BTreeSet<_>>();
+
+    let requested_optional = requested
+        .whitelist
+        .optional
+        .iter()
+        .cloned()
+        .collect::<BTreeSet<_>>();
+
+    for entry in granted {
+        if !requested_required.contains(entry) && !requested_optional.contains(entry) {
+            return Err(anyhow!(
+                "granted network whitelist entry not requested in manifest: {}://{}",
+                entry.scheme,
+                entry.host
+            ));
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/normalization.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/normalization.rs
index 99048b32b..69a7f4090 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/normalization.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/normalization.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use anyhow::Result;
 use crate::permissions::capabilities::normalize_requested_capabilities;
-use crate::permissions::network::normalization::normalize_requested_network;
+use crate::permissions::network::normalize_requested_network;
 use crate::types::SageRequestedPermissions;
 
 pub fn normalize_requested_permissions(

From 47cf8d9477713f4a7f95fa9b3b6283c11c10a96a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sun, 26 Apr 2026 23:51:44 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 226/471] Refactor: standardize and enhance capability
 validation and normalization

- Replaced `normalize_and_validate_granted_capabilities` with `normalize_and_validate_user_granted_capabilities` for naming clarity.
- Updated `resolve_effective_granted_capabilities` to `resolve_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities` for improved modularity and consistency.
- Consolidated `capabilities` logic by integrating validation within normalization workflows.
- Added comprehensive test coverage in `validation.rs` and `tests.rs` for updated capability workflows.
- Simplified imports and visibility settings across modules to improve code organization.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs |   6 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/capabilities.rs   |   2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs       |   2 +-
 .../methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs      |   4 +-
 .../user/app/request_capability_grant.rs      |   2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs            |  10 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/flags.rs       |   4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs |   4 +-
 .../src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs          |   8 +-
 .../src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs       |  36 +--
 .../src/permissions/capabilities/mod.rs       |  20 +-
 .../permissions/capabilities/normalization.rs |   4 +-
 .../src/permissions/capabilities/types.rs     |  22 +-
 .../permissions/capabilities/validation.rs    | 217 ++++++++++++++++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/mod.rs       |  25 +-
 .../sage-apps/src/permissions/network/mod.rs  |   8 +-
 .../src/permissions/normalization.rs          |   2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/tests.rs     | 126 +---------
 .../sage-apps/src/permissions/validation.rs   |  28 ++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs  |   9 +-
 crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_update.rs         |   6 +-
 21 files changed, 330 insertions(+), 215 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
index 2590ccd30..d195fa331 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodCapability;
 use crate::bridge::registry::BridgeRegistry;
 use crate::bridge::state::write_pending_approval;
 use crate::host::AppState;
-use crate::permissions::capabilities::{get_system_capability_definition, get_user_capability_definition};
-use crate::permissions::capabilities::resolve_effective_granted_capabilities;
+use crate::permissions::{get_system_capability_definition, get_user_capability_definition};
+use crate::permissions::resolve_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities;
 use crate::runtime::{assert_bridge_origin, resolve_app};
 use crate::runtime::state::types::SageAppRuntimeKind;
 use crate::runtime::webview_locator::get_sage_webview;
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ fn verify_user_capability(
     }
 
     let effective_capabilities = match app {
-        SageApp::User(user_app) => resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(
+        SageApp::User(user_app) => resolve_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities(
             &user_app.common.requested_permissions.capabilities,
             &user_app.common.granted_permissions.capabilities,
         )
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/capabilities.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/capabilities.rs
index 81294c6c5..b549ba364 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/capabilities.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/capabilities.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use std::collections::BTreeSet;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
-use crate::permissions::capabilities::get_user_capability_definition;
+use crate::permissions::get_user_capability_definition;
 
 macro_rules! define_bridge_capabilities {
     (
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
index dd8275d7e..3edebb28e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use crate::bridge::bridge_request::{execute_bridge_request, process};
 use crate::bridge::event_emit::emit_bridge_response_to_source;
 use crate::bridge::state::{get_pending_approval, remove_pending_approval};
 use crate::host::AppState;
-use crate::permissions::capabilities::{user_capability_definition_view, user_registry};
+use crate::permissions::{user_capability_definition_view, user_registry};
 use crate::runtime::{assert_bridge_origin, resolve_app};
 use crate::runtime::state::types::SageAppRuntimeKind;
 use crate::types::{SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView};
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs
index 863b2922a..60c40dd09 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeRequest};
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability};
-use crate::permissions::capabilities::resolve_effective_granted_capabilities;
+use crate::permissions::resolve_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities;
 use crate::types::SageApp;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppGetCapabilities {
         _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
     ) -> BridgeHandleResult {
         let effective_capabilities = match ctx.app {
-            SageApp::User(user_app) => resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(
+            SageApp::User(user_app) => resolve_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities(
                 &user_app.common.requested_permissions.capabilities,
                 &user_app.common.granted_permissions.capabilities,
             )
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
index 4aff35fec..e309c1c64 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::resolve_app_base_path;
 use crate::bridge::types::RustBridgeApprovalBody;
 use crate::lifecycle::update::permissions::grant_requested_capability_internal;
 use crate::lifecycle::update::types::GrantCapabilityOutcome;
-use crate::permissions::capabilities::{get_user_capability_definition, user_capability_definition_view};
+use crate::permissions::{get_user_capability_definition, user_capability_definition_view};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct AppRequestCapabilityGrant;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs
index 05936a689..0b0815098 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs
@@ -3,13 +3,13 @@ use std::{fs, path::PathBuf};
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::{BridgeCapability, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{BridgeMethodCapability};
 use crate::bridge::registry::{BridgeRegistry, BridgeRegistryKind};
-use crate::permissions::capabilities::{get_system_capability_definition, get_user_capability_definition};
+use crate::permissions::{get_system_capability_definition, get_user_capability_definition};
 
 fn workspace_root() -> PathBuf {
-    
-    
-    
-    
+
+
+
+
     PathBuf::from(env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR"))
         .parent()
         .and_then(|path| path.parent())
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/flags.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/flags.rs
index 0480d01e2..fe91eb789 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/flags.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/flags.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 use anyhow::{anyhow, Result};
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
-use crate::permissions::capabilities::CapabilityFlags;
+use crate::permissions::CapabilityFlags;
 use crate::types::SageAppFlags;
 
 pub fn get_app_flags(
     granted: &[UserBridgeCapability],
     previous_flags: Option<&SageAppFlags>,
 ) -> Result<SageAppFlags> {
-    let granted_capability_flags = CapabilityFlags::from_capabilities(granted)?;
+    let granted_capability_flags = CapabilityFlags::from_capabilities(granted);
 
     let previous_storage_may_contain_secrets = previous_flags
         .map(|flags| flags.storage_may_contain_secrets)
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
index 6eb4ac150..f2d02fe3c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ use crate::lifecycle::flags::get_app_flags;
 use crate::permissions::{
     normalize_and_validate_granted_permissions,
 };
-use crate::permissions::capabilities::resolve_effective_granted_capabilities;
+use crate::permissions::resolve_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities;
 use crate::types::{
     InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppFlags, SageAppCommon, SageAppPackageManifest,
     SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ where
     let granted_permissions =
         normalize_and_validate_granted_permissions(&manifest.permissions, granted_permissions)?;
 
-    let effective_capabilities = resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(
+    let effective_capabilities = resolve_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities(
         &manifest.permissions.capabilities,
         &granted_permissions.capabilities,
     )?;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
index cf5606983..365641f37 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
@@ -10,8 +10,8 @@ use crate::lifecycle::{download_url_snapshot, manifest_entry_file, manifest_icon
 use crate::lifecycle::flags::get_app_flags;
 use crate::lifecycle::install::url::preview_app_url_internal;
 use crate::lifecycle::update::permissions::update_app_permissions_with_change_internal;
-use crate::permissions::capabilities::{resolve_effective_granted_capabilities, normalize_and_validate_granted_capabilities};
-use crate::permissions::network::normalize_and_validate_granted_network;
+use crate::permissions::{resolve_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities, normalize_and_validate_user_granted_capabilities};
+use crate::permissions::normalize_and_validate_granted_network;
 use crate::types::{SageAppUrlPreview, SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppPendingUpdate, UserSageAppSource};
 
 #[command]
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ pub async fn apply_app_update(
         .clone()
         .ok_or_else(|| io::Error::other(format!("app {} has no pending update", app_id)))?;
 
-    let normalized_capabilities = normalize_and_validate_granted_capabilities(
+    let normalized_capabilities = normalize_and_validate_user_granted_capabilities(
         &app.common.requested_permissions.capabilities,
         &granted_permissions.capabilities
     ).map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("invalid granted permissions for update: {err}")))?;
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ pub async fn apply_app_update(
             io::Error::other(format!("invalid granted network whitelist for update: {err}"))
         })?;
 
-    let effective_capabilities = resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(
+    let effective_capabilities = resolve_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities(
         &pending.manifest.permissions.capabilities,
         &normalized_capabilities,
     )
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
index 4751262d3..fd19c4ba3 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@ use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::lifecycle::{parse_network_permission_target, read_installed_app_by_id, write_installed_app_metadata};
 use crate::lifecycle::flags::{clear_storage_may_contain_secrets, get_app_flags};
 use crate::lifecycle::update::types::{GrantCapabilityOutcome, GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome, GrantedCapabilitiesChange, GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange};
-use crate::permissions::capabilities::{get_user_capability_definition};
-use crate::permissions::capabilities::{resolve_effective_granted_capabilities, normalize_and_validate_granted_capabilities};
-use crate::permissions::network::normalize_and_validate_granted_network;
+use crate::permissions::{get_user_capability_definition};
+use crate::permissions::{resolve_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities, normalize_and_validate_user_granted_capabilities};
+use crate::permissions::normalize_and_validate_granted_network;
 use crate::types::{SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkPermissionTarget, UserSageApp};
 
 pub fn update_app_permissions(
@@ -17,19 +17,31 @@ pub fn update_app_permissions(
 ) -> anyhow::Result<UserSageApp> {
     let mut app = read_installed_app_by_id(base_path, app_id)?;
 
-    let normalized_capabilities = normalize_and_validate_granted_capabilities(
+    let normalized_capabilities = normalize_and_validate_user_granted_capabilities(
         &app.common.requested_permissions.capabilities,
-        &granted_permissions.capabilities
+        &granted_permissions.capabilities,
     )?;
 
-    let effective_capabilities = resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(
+    let effective_capabilities = resolve_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities(
         &app.common.requested_permissions.capabilities,
         &normalized_capabilities,
     )?;
 
+    let mut requested_network_whitelist = app
+        .common
+        .active_snapshot
+        .manifest
+        .permissions
+        .network
+        .whitelist
+        .required
+        .clone();
+
+    requested_network_whitelist.extend(granted_permissions.network.whitelist);
+
     let granted_network_whitelist = normalize_and_validate_granted_network(
         &app.common.active_snapshot.manifest.permissions.network,
-        &granted_permissions.network.whitelist,
+        &requested_network_whitelist,
     )?;
 
     let mut permission_flags = get_app_flags(
@@ -48,15 +60,7 @@ pub fn update_app_permissions(
         },
     };
 
-    let effective_capabilities = resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(
-        &app.common.requested_permissions.capabilities,
-        &app.common.granted_permissions.capabilities,
-    )?;
-
-    app.common.capability_flags = get_app_flags(
-        &effective_capabilities,
-        Some(&permission_flags),
-    )?;
+    app.common.capability_flags = permission_flags;
 
     let app_dir = PathBuf::from(&app.common.app_dir);
     write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app_dir)?;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/mod.rs
index 048b891f1..c43b4e64c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/mod.rs
@@ -9,31 +9,33 @@ pub(crate) use definitions::{
     user_registry
 };
 pub(super) use normalization::normalize_requested_capabilities;
-pub(super) use validation::validate_granted_capabilities;
 pub(crate) use types::CapabilityFlags;
 
 use anyhow::Result;
 use std::collections::BTreeSet;
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::permissions::capabilities::normalization::normalize_granted_capabilities;
+use crate::permissions::capabilities::validation::{validate_effective_granted_capabilities, validate_user_granted_capabilities};
 use crate::types::{SageRequestedCapabilities};
 
-pub(crate) fn normalize_and_validate_granted_capabilities(
+pub(crate) fn normalize_and_validate_user_granted_capabilities(
     requested_capabilities: &SageRequestedCapabilities,
     granted: &[UserBridgeCapability],
 ) -> Result<Vec<UserBridgeCapability>> {
-    let normalized = normalize_granted_capabilities(&granted)?;
+    validate_user_granted_capabilities(requested_capabilities, granted)?;
 
-    validate_granted_capabilities(requested_capabilities, &normalized)?;
+    let normalized = normalize_granted_capabilities(granted)?;
+
+    validate_user_granted_capabilities(requested_capabilities, &normalized)?;
 
     Ok(normalized)
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(
+pub(crate) fn resolve_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities(
     requested_capabilities: &SageRequestedCapabilities,
     user_granted_capabilities: &[UserBridgeCapability],
 ) -> Result<Vec<UserBridgeCapability>> {
-    validate_granted_capabilities(requested_capabilities, user_granted_capabilities)?;
+    validate_user_granted_capabilities(requested_capabilities, user_granted_capabilities)?;
 
     let mut effective = BTreeSet::new();
     effective.extend(user_granted_capabilities.iter().copied());
@@ -51,7 +53,11 @@ pub(crate) fn resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(
         }
     }
 
-    Ok(effective.into_iter().collect())
+    let effective_vec: Vec<UserBridgeCapability> = effective.into_iter().collect();
+
+    validate_effective_granted_capabilities(requested_capabilities, &effective_vec)?;
+
+    Ok(effective_vec)
 }
 
 pub(crate) fn requested_user_grantable_capabilities(
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/normalization.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/normalization.rs
index dbe011020..e48fc607c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/normalization.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/normalization.rs
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ pub(in crate::permissions::capabilities) fn normalize_granted_capabilities(
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-    use crate::permissions::capabilities::resolve_effective_granted_capabilities;
+    use crate::permissions::capabilities::resolve_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities;
     use crate::permissions::capabilities::normalization::normalize_granted_capabilities;
 
     #[test]
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ mod tests {
         let mut requested = crate::permissions::tests::tests::empty_requested_permissions();
         requested.capabilities.required = vec![auto];
 
-        let effective = resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(&requested.capabilities, &normalized)
+        let effective = resolve_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities(&requested.capabilities, &normalized)
             .expect("auto capability should still be effective");
 
         assert_eq!(effective, vec![auto]);
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/types.rs
index 32273305f..65010fc82 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/types.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-use anyhow::{anyhow, Result};
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::{SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
 use crate::permissions::capabilities::definitions::get_user_capability_definition;
 
@@ -12,6 +11,14 @@ pub(crate) struct CapabilityFlags {
 }
 
 impl CapabilityFlags {
+    pub const EMPTY: Self = Self {
+        externally_observable: false,
+        accesses_sensitive_secret: false,
+        requestable_by_app: false,
+        user_grantable: false,
+        shared_with_app: false,
+    };
+
     pub fn union(self, other: Self) -> Self {
         Self {
             externally_observable: self.externally_observable || other.externally_observable,
@@ -24,17 +31,10 @@ impl CapabilityFlags {
 
     pub fn from_capabilities(
         capabilities: &[UserBridgeCapability],
-    ) -> Result<Self> {
-        let (first, rest) = capabilities
-            .split_first()
-            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("cannot derive capability flags from empty capability list"))?;
-
-        let first_def = get_user_capability_definition(*first);
-
-        rest.iter().try_fold(first_def.flags, |flags, capability| {
+    ) -> Self {
+        capabilities.iter().fold(Self::EMPTY, |flags, capability| {
             let def = get_user_capability_definition(*capability);
-
-            Ok(flags.union(def.flags))
+            flags.union(def.flags)
         })
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/validation.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/validation.rs
index 70f6316ab..2051f4fc3 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/validation.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/validation.rs
@@ -4,32 +4,223 @@ use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::permissions::capabilities::definitions::get_user_capability_definition;
 use crate::types::{SageRequestedCapabilities};
 
-pub(in crate::permissions) fn validate_granted_capabilities(
-    requested_capabilities: &SageRequestedCapabilities,
+pub(in crate::permissions) fn validate_effective_granted_capabilities(
+    requested: &SageRequestedCapabilities,
+    effective: &[UserBridgeCapability],
+) -> Result<()> {
+    validate_requested_capability_subset(requested, effective, "effective")
+}
+
+pub(in crate::permissions) fn validate_user_granted_capabilities(
+    requested: &SageRequestedCapabilities,
     granted: &[UserBridgeCapability],
 ) -> Result<()> {
-    let mut allowed_capabilities = BTreeSet::new();
-    allowed_capabilities.extend(requested_capabilities.required.iter().copied());
-    allowed_capabilities.extend(requested_capabilities.optional.iter().copied());
+    validate_requested_capability_subset(requested, granted, "granted")?;
 
     let granted_set: BTreeSet<_> = granted.iter().copied().collect();
 
-    for granted_capability in &granted_set {
-        if !allowed_capabilities.contains(granted_capability) {
+    for required_capability in &requested.required {
+        let definition = get_user_capability_definition(*required_capability);
+
+        if definition.flags.user_grantable && !granted_set.contains(required_capability) {
             return Err(anyhow!(
-                "granted capabilities not requested in manifest: {}",
-                granted_capability.key()
+                "missing required capability: {}",
+                required_capability.key()
             ));
         }
     }
 
-    for required_capability in &requested_capabilities.required {
-        let required_capability_definition = get_user_capability_definition(*required_capability);
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn validate_requested_capability_subset(
+    requested: &SageRequestedCapabilities,
+    capabilities: &[UserBridgeCapability],
+    label: &str,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    let allowed: BTreeSet<_> = requested
+        .required
+        .iter()
+        .chain(requested.optional.iter())
+        .copied()
+        .collect();
 
-        if required_capability_definition.flags.user_grantable && !granted_set.contains(required_capability) {
-            return Err(anyhow!("missing required capability: {}", required_capability.key()));
+    for capability in capabilities {
+        if !allowed.contains(capability) {
+            return Err(anyhow!(
+                "{label} capability not requested in manifest: {}",
+                capability.key()
+            ));
         }
     }
 
     Ok(())
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+    use crate::permissions::capabilities::validation::{validate_effective_granted_capabilities, validate_user_granted_capabilities};
+    use crate::permissions::resolve_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities;
+    use crate::permissions::tests::tests::{auto_granted_capability, empty_requested_permissions};
+
+    #[test]
+    fn validate_user_granted_capabilities_rejects_unrequested_capability() {
+        let mut requested = empty_requested_permissions();
+        requested.capabilities.required = vec![UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch];
+
+        let err = validate_user_granted_capabilities(
+            &requested.capabilities,
+            &[
+                UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
+                UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage,
+            ],
+        )
+            .expect_err("expected unrequested capability to be rejected");
+
+        assert!(
+            err.to_string().contains("persistent_storage"),
+            "error should mention unrequested capability"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn validate_user_granted_capabilities_rejects_missing_required_capability() {
+        let mut requested = empty_requested_permissions();
+        requested.capabilities.required = vec![UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch];
+
+        let err = validate_user_granted_capabilities(&requested.capabilities, &[])
+            .expect_err("expected missing required capability to be rejected");
+
+        assert!(
+            err.to_string().contains(UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch.key()),
+            "error should mention missing required capability"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn validate_user_granted_capabilities_allows_subset_of_optional_capabilities() {
+        let mut requested = empty_requested_permissions();
+        requested.capabilities.required = vec![UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch];
+        requested.capabilities.optional = vec![UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage];
+
+        validate_user_granted_capabilities(
+            &requested.capabilities,
+            &[UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch],
+        )
+            .expect("expected optional capability to be omittable");
+    }
+
+
+    #[test]
+    fn non_user_grantable_required_capability_is_effective_without_persisted_grant() {
+        let auto = auto_granted_capability();
+
+        let mut requested = empty_requested_permissions();
+        requested.capabilities.required = vec![auto];
+
+        validate_user_granted_capabilities(&requested.capabilities, &[])
+            .expect("non-user-grantable required capability should not require persisted user grant");
+
+        let effective = resolve_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities(&requested.capabilities, &[])
+            .expect("expected effective permissions to resolve");
+
+        assert_eq!(effective, vec![auto]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn non_user_grantable_optional_capability_is_effective_without_persisted_grant() {
+        let auto = auto_granted_capability();
+
+        let mut requested = empty_requested_permissions();
+        requested.capabilities.optional = vec![auto];
+
+        validate_user_granted_capabilities(&requested.capabilities, &[])
+            .expect("non-user-grantable optional capability should not require persisted user grant");
+
+        let effective = resolve_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities(&requested.capabilities, &[])
+            .expect("expected effective permissions to resolve");
+
+        assert_eq!(effective, vec![auto]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn user_grantable_required_capability_without_user_grant_is_blocked() {
+        let mut requested = empty_requested_permissions();
+        requested.capabilities.required = vec![UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch];
+
+        let err = validate_user_granted_capabilities(&requested.capabilities, &[])
+            .expect_err("user-grantable required capability should require user grant");
+
+        assert!(
+            err.to_string().contains(UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch.key()),
+            "error should mention missing user-grantable required capability"
+        );
+
+        resolve_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities(&requested.capabilities, &[])
+            .expect_err("effective permissions should not resolve without required user grant");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn validate_effective_granted_capabilities_rejects_unrequested_capability() {
+        let mut requested = empty_requested_permissions();
+        requested.capabilities.required = vec![UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch];
+
+        let err = validate_effective_granted_capabilities(
+            &requested.capabilities,
+            &[
+                UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
+                UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage,
+            ],
+        )
+            .expect_err("expected unrequested effective capability to be rejected");
+
+        assert!(
+            err.to_string().contains("persistent_storage"),
+            "error should mention unrequested capability"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn validate_effective_granted_capabilities_allows_user_grantable_required_capability() {
+        let mut requested = empty_requested_permissions();
+        requested.capabilities.required = vec![UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch];
+
+        validate_effective_granted_capabilities(
+            &requested.capabilities,
+            &[UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch],
+        )
+            .expect("expected requested required capability to be valid as effective");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn validate_effective_granted_capabilities_allows_non_user_grantable_required_capability() {
+        let auto = auto_granted_capability();
+
+        let mut requested = empty_requested_permissions();
+        requested.capabilities.required = vec![auto];
+
+        validate_effective_granted_capabilities(&requested.capabilities, &[auto])
+            .expect("expected requested non-user-grantable capability to be valid as effective");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn validate_effective_granted_capabilities_allows_requested_optional_capability() {
+        let mut requested = empty_requested_permissions();
+        requested.capabilities.optional = vec![UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage];
+
+        validate_effective_granted_capabilities(
+            &requested.capabilities,
+            &[UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage],
+        )
+            .expect("expected requested optional capability to be valid as effective");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn validate_effective_granted_capabilities_allows_empty_effective_set() {
+        let requested = empty_requested_permissions();
+
+        validate_effective_granted_capabilities(&requested.capabilities, &[])
+            .expect("empty effective capabilities should be valid when nothing is effective");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/mod.rs
index 89b98fcdc..7b3b3ec09 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/mod.rs
@@ -1,15 +1,24 @@
 pub mod tests;
-pub mod validation;
-pub mod capabilities;
-pub mod network;
-pub mod normalization;
+mod validation;
+mod capabilities;
+mod network;
+mod normalization;
 
-pub use validation::*;
+pub(crate) use capabilities::{
+    get_user_capability_definition,
+    normalize_and_validate_user_granted_capabilities,
+    resolve_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities,
+    requested_user_grantable_capabilities,
+    user_capability_definition_view,
+    user_registry,
+    get_system_capability_definition,
+    CapabilityFlags,
+};
+pub(crate) use network::normalize_and_validate_granted_network;
 
 use anyhow::Result;
-use crate::permissions::capabilities::normalize_and_validate_granted_capabilities;
-use crate::permissions::network::normalize_and_validate_granted_network;
 use crate::permissions::normalization::normalize_requested_permissions;
+use crate::permissions::validation::validate_requested_permission;
 use crate::types::{SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions};
 
 pub(crate) fn normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions(
@@ -27,7 +36,7 @@ pub(crate) fn normalize_and_validate_granted_permissions(
     granted: SageGrantedPermissions,
 ) -> Result<SageGrantedPermissions> {
     Ok(SageGrantedPermissions {
-        capabilities: normalize_and_validate_granted_capabilities(
+        capabilities: normalize_and_validate_user_granted_capabilities(
             &requested.capabilities,
             &granted.capabilities
         )?,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/network/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/network/mod.rs
index eb941f101..9fcfd52c9 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/network/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/network/mod.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ mod normalization;
 pub(super) use validation::validate_granted_network;
 pub(super) use normalization::normalize_requested_network;
 
-use std::collections::BTreeSet;
 use anyhow::Result;
 use crate::permissions::network::normalization::{normalize_granted_network};
 use crate::types::{SageNetworkPermissionTarget, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions};
@@ -18,10 +17,5 @@ pub(crate) fn normalize_and_validate_granted_network(
 
     validate_granted_network(&requested, &granted)?;
 
-    let mut effective = BTreeSet::new();
-
-    effective.extend(requested.whitelist.required);
-    effective.extend(granted);
-
-    Ok(effective.into_iter().collect())
+    Ok(granted)
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/normalization.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/normalization.rs
index 69a7f4090..6f5883a13 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/normalization.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/normalization.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use crate::permissions::capabilities::normalize_requested_capabilities;
 use crate::permissions::network::normalize_requested_network;
 use crate::types::SageRequestedPermissions;
 
-pub fn normalize_requested_permissions(
+pub(super) fn normalize_requested_permissions(
     permissions: &SageRequestedPermissions,
 ) -> Result<SageRequestedPermissions> {
     Ok(SageRequestedPermissions {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/tests.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/tests.rs
index bf36d5e22..dcbda5797 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/tests.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/tests.rs
@@ -2,10 +2,9 @@
 pub(super) mod tests {
     use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
     use crate::lifecycle::flags::{clear_storage_may_contain_secrets, get_app_flags, mark_storage_may_contain_secrets};
-    use crate::permissions::{normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions, validate_requested_permission};
+    use crate::permissions::{normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions};
     use crate::permissions::capabilities::user_registry;
-    use crate::permissions::capabilities::resolve_effective_granted_capabilities;
-    use crate::permissions::capabilities::validate_granted_capabilities;
+    use crate::permissions::capabilities::resolve_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities;
     use crate::types::{SageAppFlags, SageNetworkPermissionTarget, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist, SageRequestedPermissions};
 
     pub fn empty_requested_permissions() -> SageRequestedPermissions {
@@ -186,70 +185,6 @@ pub(super) mod tests {
         );
     }
 
-    #[test]
-    fn validate_granted_capabilities_rejects_unrequested_capability() {
-        let mut requested = empty_requested_permissions();
-        requested.capabilities.required = vec![UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch];
-
-        let err = validate_granted_capabilities(
-            &requested.capabilities,
-            &vec![
-                UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
-                UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage,
-            ],
-        )
-            .expect_err("expected unrequested capability to be rejected");
-
-        assert!(
-            err.to_string().contains("persistent_storage"),
-            "error should mention unrequested capability"
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn validate_granted_capabilities_rejects_missing_required_capability() {
-        let mut requested = empty_requested_permissions();
-        requested.capabilities.required = vec![UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch];
-
-        let err = validate_granted_capabilities(&requested.capabilities, &[])
-            .expect_err("expected missing required capability to be rejected");
-
-        assert!(
-            err.to_string().contains(UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch.key()),
-            "error should mention missing required capability"
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn validate_granted_capabilities_allows_subset_of_optional_capabilities() {
-        let mut requested = empty_requested_permissions();
-        requested.capabilities.required = vec![UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch];
-        requested.capabilities.optional = vec![UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage];
-
-        validate_granted_capabilities(
-            &requested.capabilities,
-            &vec![UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch],
-        )
-            .expect("expected optional capability to be omittable");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn requested_permissions_policy_rejects_secret_and_external_combination() {
-        let mut requested = empty_requested_permissions();
-        requested.capabilities.required = vec![
-            UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
-            UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetSecretKey,
-        ];
-
-        let err = validate_requested_permission(&requested)
-            .expect_err("expected incompatible requested capability policy to be rejected");
-
-        assert!(
-            err.to_string().contains("requested permissions cannot include both externally observable and sensitive secret access permissions"),
-            "unexpected error: {err}"
-        );
-    }
-
     #[test]
     fn resolve_capability_flags_sets_expected_flags_for_shared_send_capability() {
         let flags = get_app_flags(&vec![UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch], None)
@@ -314,38 +249,6 @@ pub(super) mod tests {
         UserBridgeCapability::AppGetInfo
     }
 
-    #[test]
-    fn non_user_grantable_required_capability_is_effective_without_persisted_grant() {
-        let auto = auto_granted_capability();
-
-        let mut requested = empty_requested_permissions();
-        requested.capabilities.required = vec![auto];
-
-        validate_granted_capabilities(&requested.capabilities, &[])
-            .expect("non-user-grantable required capability should not require persisted user grant");
-
-        let effective = resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(&requested.capabilities, &[])
-            .expect("expected effective permissions to resolve");
-
-        assert_eq!(effective, vec![auto]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn non_user_grantable_optional_capability_is_effective_without_persisted_grant() {
-        let auto = auto_granted_capability();
-
-        let mut requested = empty_requested_permissions();
-        requested.capabilities.optional = vec![auto];
-
-        validate_granted_capabilities(&requested.capabilities, &[])
-            .expect("non-user-grantable optional capability should not require persisted user grant");
-
-        let effective = resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(&requested.capabilities, &[])
-            .expect("expected effective permissions to resolve");
-
-        assert_eq!(effective, vec![auto]);
-    }
-
     #[test]
     fn moving_non_user_grantable_capability_from_optional_to_required_still_auto_grants() {
         let auto = auto_granted_capability();
@@ -353,7 +256,7 @@ pub(super) mod tests {
         let mut optional_requested = empty_requested_permissions();
         optional_requested.capabilities.optional = vec![auto];
 
-        let optional_effective = resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(
+        let optional_effective = resolve_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities(
             &optional_requested.capabilities,
             &[],
         )
@@ -364,7 +267,7 @@ pub(super) mod tests {
         let mut required_requested = empty_requested_permissions();
         required_requested.capabilities.required = vec![auto];
 
-        let required_effective = resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(
+        let required_effective = resolve_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities(
             &required_requested.capabilities,
             &[],
         )
@@ -380,7 +283,7 @@ pub(super) mod tests {
         let mut requested = empty_requested_permissions();
         requested.capabilities.required = vec![auto];
 
-        let effective = resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(&requested.capabilities, &[])
+        let effective = resolve_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities(&requested.capabilities, &[])
             .expect("expected auto grant before removal");
 
         assert_eq!(effective, vec![auto]);
@@ -388,26 +291,9 @@ pub(super) mod tests {
         let removed_requested = empty_requested_permissions();
 
         let effective_after_removal =
-            resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(&removed_requested.capabilities, &[])
+            resolve_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities(&removed_requested.capabilities, &[])
                 .expect("expected permissions to resolve after removal");
 
         assert!(effective_after_removal.is_empty());
     }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn user_grantable_required_capability_without_user_grant_is_blocked() {
-        let mut requested = empty_requested_permissions();
-        requested.capabilities.required = vec![UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch];
-
-        let err = validate_granted_capabilities(&requested.capabilities, &[])
-            .expect_err("user-grantable required capability should require user grant");
-
-        assert!(
-            err.to_string().contains(UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch.key()),
-            "error should mention missing user-grantable required capability"
-        );
-
-        resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(&requested.capabilities, &[])
-            .expect_err("effective permissions should not resolve without required user grant");
-    }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/validation.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/validation.rs
index bdbdefe91..910bf1a82 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/validation.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/validation.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use anyhow::{anyhow, Result};
 use crate::permissions::capabilities::CapabilityFlags;
 use crate::types::{SageRequestedPermissions};
 
-pub fn validate_requested_permission(
+pub(super) fn validate_requested_permission(
     permissions: &SageRequestedPermissions,
 ) -> Result<()> {
     let mut requested = Vec::new();
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ pub fn validate_requested_permission(
     requested.extend(permissions.capabilities.optional.iter().copied());
 
 
-    let requested_capability_flags = CapabilityFlags::from_capabilities(&requested)?;
+    let requested_capability_flags = CapabilityFlags::from_capabilities(&requested);
 
     if requested_capability_flags.externally_observable && requested_capability_flags.accesses_sensitive_secret {
         return Err(anyhow!(
@@ -20,3 +20,27 @@ pub fn validate_requested_permission(
 
     Ok(())
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+pub(super) mod tests {
+    use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+    use crate::permissions::tests::tests::empty_requested_permissions;
+    use crate::permissions::validate_requested_permission;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn requested_permissions_policy_rejects_secret_and_external_combination() {
+        let mut requested = empty_requested_permissions();
+        requested.capabilities.required = vec![
+            UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
+            UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetSecretKey,
+        ];
+
+        let err = validate_requested_permission(&requested)
+            .expect_err("expected incompatible requested capability policy to be rejected");
+
+        assert!(
+            err.to_string().contains("requested permissions cannot include both externally observable and sensitive secret access permissions"),
+            "unexpected error: {err}"
+        );
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
index 58ee7c0e0..9fbf710c0 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
@@ -7,9 +7,10 @@ use tauri::command;
 use crate::host::Result;
 use crate::lifecycle::{manifest_entry_file, manifest_icon_file};
 use crate::lifecycle::flags::get_app_flags;
-use crate::permissions::{normalize_and_validate_granted_permissions, normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions};
-use crate::permissions::capabilities::{requested_user_grantable_capabilities};
-use crate::permissions::capabilities::resolve_effective_granted_capabilities;
+use crate::permissions::{normalize_and_validate_granted_permissions,
+     normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions, requested_user_grantable_capabilities,
+                         resolve_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities
+};
 use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppPackageManifest, SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions, UserSageAppSource, UserSageApp};
 
 macro_rules! sandbox_test_id_prefix {
@@ -202,7 +203,7 @@ pub fn build_builtin_test_app(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<SageApp>> {
         }
     )?;
 
-    let effective_capabilities = resolve_effective_granted_capabilities(
+    let effective_capabilities = resolve_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities(
         &manifest.permissions.capabilities,
         &granted_permissions.capabilities,
     )?;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_update.rs b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_update.rs
index 249b4d94c..822fff572 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_update.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_update.rs
@@ -117,9 +117,9 @@ fn update_app_permissions_internal_rejects_unrequested_capability() {
     )
         .unwrap_err();
 
-    assert!(err
-        .to_string()
-        .contains("granted permission not requested in manifest"));
+    let err = err.to_string();
+    assert!(err.contains("not requested in manifest"));
+    assert!(err.contains(UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXchAutoSubmit.key()));
 }
 
 #[test]

From 2c32a927acbd93593a9301b64176b326661edd9b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sun, 26 Apr 2026 23:57:38 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 227/471] Refactor: remove `clear_storage_taint` flag and
 related logic

- Eliminated `clear_storage_taint` parameter from permission handling functions.
- Removed associated logic from `update_app_permissions` and internal workflows.
- Deleted obsolete unit test `update_app_permissions_internal_can_clear_storage_taint_without_capabilities`.
- Simplified imports by removing `clear_storage_may_contain_secrets` usage.
---
 .../src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs          |  2 --
 .../src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs       | 13 ++------
 crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_update.rs         | 31 -------------------
 3 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 44 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
index 365641f37..99f51cd28 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
@@ -197,7 +197,6 @@ pub async fn apps_update_permissions(
     state: State<'_, AppState>,
     app_id: String,
     granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
-    clear_storage_taint: bool,
 ) -> Result<()> {
     let base_path = {
         let state = state.lock().await;
@@ -209,7 +208,6 @@ pub async fn apps_update_permissions(
             &base_path,
             &app_id,
             granted_permissions,
-            clear_storage_taint,
         )
             .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to update app permissions: {err}")))?;
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
index fd19c4ba3..1a79ce5c2 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use std::collections::BTreeSet;
 use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::lifecycle::{parse_network_permission_target, read_installed_app_by_id, write_installed_app_metadata};
-use crate::lifecycle::flags::{clear_storage_may_contain_secrets, get_app_flags};
+use crate::lifecycle::flags::{get_app_flags};
 use crate::lifecycle::update::types::{GrantCapabilityOutcome, GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome, GrantedCapabilitiesChange, GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange};
 use crate::permissions::{get_user_capability_definition};
 use crate::permissions::{resolve_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities, normalize_and_validate_user_granted_capabilities};
@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ pub fn update_app_permissions(
     base_path: &Path,
     app_id: &str,
     granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
-    clear_storage_taint: bool,
 ) -> anyhow::Result<UserSageApp> {
     let mut app = read_installed_app_by_id(base_path, app_id)?;
 
@@ -44,15 +43,11 @@ pub fn update_app_permissions(
         &requested_network_whitelist,
     )?;
 
-    let mut permission_flags = get_app_flags(
+    let permission_flags = get_app_flags(
         &effective_capabilities,
         Some(&app.common.capability_flags),
     )?;
 
-    if clear_storage_taint {
-        permission_flags = clear_storage_may_contain_secrets(&permission_flags);
-    }
-
     app.common.granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions {
         capabilities: normalized_capabilities,
         network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
@@ -186,7 +181,6 @@ pub fn grant_requested_capability_internal(
             capabilities: next_capabilities,
             network: app.common.granted_permissions.network.clone(),
         },
-        false,
     )?;
 
     let change = diff_capabilities(
@@ -255,7 +249,6 @@ pub fn grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal(
                 whitelist: next_whitelist,
             },
         },
-        false,
     )?;
 
     let change = diff_network_whitelist(
@@ -270,7 +263,6 @@ pub fn update_app_permissions_with_change_internal(
     base_path: &Path,
     app_id: &str,
     granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
-    clear_storage_taint: bool,
 ) -> anyhow::Result<(
     UserSageApp,
     GrantedCapabilitiesChange,
@@ -282,7 +274,6 @@ pub fn update_app_permissions_with_change_internal(
         base_path,
         app_id,
         granted_permissions,
-        clear_storage_taint,
     )?;
 
     let capability_change = diff_capabilities(
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_update.rs b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_update.rs
index 822fff572..99b2669bb 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_update.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_update.rs
@@ -77,7 +77,6 @@ fn update_app_permissions_internal_persists_required_network_entries() {
             capabilities: vec![],
             network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions { whitelist: vec![] },
         },
-        false,
     )
         .unwrap();
 
@@ -113,7 +112,6 @@ fn update_app_permissions_internal_rejects_unrequested_capability() {
             capabilities: vec![UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXchAutoSubmit],
             network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions { whitelist: vec![] },
         },
-        false,
     )
         .unwrap_err();
 
@@ -122,35 +120,6 @@ fn update_app_permissions_internal_rejects_unrequested_capability() {
     assert!(err.contains(UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXchAutoSubmit.key()));
 }
 
-#[test]
-fn update_app_permissions_internal_can_clear_storage_taint_without_capabilities() {
-    let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-    let mut app = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-1");
-    app.common.capability_flags = SageAppFlags {
-        has_secret_access: false,
-        has_external_access: false,
-        storage_may_contain_secrets: true,
-        isolated: true,
-    };
-
-    let app_path = app_dir(dir.path(), &app.common.id);
-    write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app_path).unwrap();
-
-    let updated = update_app_permissions(
-        dir.path(),
-        &app.common.id,
-        SageGrantedPermissions {
-            capabilities: vec![],
-            network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions { whitelist: vec![] },
-        },
-        true,
-    )
-        .unwrap();
-
-    assert!(!updated.common.capability_flags.storage_may_contain_secrets);
-    assert!(!updated.common.capability_flags.isolated);
-}
-
 #[test]
 fn grant_requested_capability_internal_grants_optional_capability() {
     let dir = tempdir().unwrap();

From 07abb1bdde10b7eb3c379be38c0819586330cc6f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Mon, 27 Apr 2026 00:18:24 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 228/471] Refactor: simplify and consolidate network permission
 validation and normalization

- Merged required and optional whitelist logic into a single `allowed` set in `validation.rs` for cleaner validation.
- Simplified `normalize_network_entries` by using functional constructs and removing manual sorting in `normalization.rs`.
---
 .../src/permissions/network/normalization.rs  | 21 +++++--------------
 .../src/permissions/network/validation.rs     | 14 ++++---------
 2 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 26 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/network/normalization.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/network/normalization.rs
index 370ace2ca..81925e900 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/network/normalization.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/network/normalization.rs
@@ -44,21 +44,10 @@ pub fn normalize_network_entry(
 fn normalize_network_entries(
     entries: &[SageNetworkPermissionTarget],
 ) -> Result<Vec<SageNetworkPermissionTarget>> {
-    let mut seen = BTreeSet::new();
-    let mut normalized = Vec::new();
+    let normalized = entries
+        .iter()
+        .map(normalize_network_entry)
+        .collect::<Result<BTreeSet<_>>>()?;
 
-    for entry in entries {
-        let normalized_entry = normalize_network_entry(&entry)?;
-        if seen.insert(normalized_entry.clone()) {
-            normalized.push(normalized_entry);
-        }
-    }
-
-    normalized.sort_by(|a, b| {
-        let a_key = format!("{}://{}", a.scheme, a.host);
-        let b_key = format!("{}://{}", b.scheme, b.host);
-        a_key.cmp(&b_key)
-    });
-
-    Ok(normalized)
+    Ok(normalized.into_iter().collect())
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/network/validation.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/network/validation.rs
index 1909bf51d..aecdc910e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/network/validation.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/network/validation.rs
@@ -8,22 +8,16 @@ pub(in crate::permissions) fn validate_granted_network(
     requested: &SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
     granted: &[SageNetworkPermissionTarget],
 ) -> Result<()> {
-    let requested_required = requested
+    let allowed: BTreeSet<_> = requested
         .whitelist
         .required
         .iter()
+        .chain(requested.whitelist.optional.iter())
         .cloned()
-        .collect::<BTreeSet<_>>();
-
-    let requested_optional = requested
-        .whitelist
-        .optional
-        .iter()
-        .cloned()
-        .collect::<BTreeSet<_>>();
+        .collect();
 
     for entry in granted {
-        if !requested_required.contains(entry) && !requested_optional.contains(entry) {
+        if !allowed.contains(entry) {
             return Err(anyhow!(
                 "granted network whitelist entry not requested in manifest: {}://{}",
                 entry.scheme,

From e41bfbb6a2334ceb3447dd36f4b4bbc12de02094 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Mon, 27 Apr 2026 00:38:42 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 229/471] Remove redundant and unused unit tests in
 `permissions/tests.rs`

- Deleted tests and helper functions that have overlapping coverage or were no longer relevant to streamlined validation workflows (`bridge`, `capabilities`, and `lifecycle` modules).
- Consolidated core testing logic into related modules for better organization and clarity.
- Updated imports and visibility settings across affected files.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/capabilities.rs   |  60 ++++
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/flags.rs       |  67 ++++
 .../src/permissions/capabilities/mod.rs       |  54 ++++
 .../permissions/capabilities/normalization.rs |   4 +-
 .../permissions/capabilities/validation.rs    |   2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/mod.rs       | 138 +++++++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/tests.rs     | 299 ------------------
 .../sage-apps/src/permissions/validation.rs   |   2 +-
 8 files changed, 322 insertions(+), 304 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/tests.rs

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/capabilities.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/capabilities.rs
index b549ba364..dec14b19c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/capabilities.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/capabilities.rs
@@ -123,3 +123,63 @@ impl UserBridgeCapability {
         shared.into_iter().collect()
     }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+    use crate::permissions::user_registry;
+
+    fn first_shared_capability() -> UserBridgeCapability {
+        user_registry()
+            .values()
+            .find(|definition| definition.flags.shared_with_app)
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                panic!("test requires at least one capability with shared_with_app = true")
+            })
+            .capability
+    }
+
+    fn first_non_shared_capability() -> UserBridgeCapability {
+        user_registry()
+            .values()
+            .find(|definition| !definition.flags.shared_with_app)
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                panic!("test requires at least one capability with shared_with_app = false")
+            })
+            .capability
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn resolve_shared_capabilities_filters_out_non_shared_capabilities() {
+        let shared = first_shared_capability();
+        let non_shared = first_non_shared_capability();
+
+        let shared_capabilities = UserBridgeCapability::shared_from_granted(&vec![
+            shared.clone(),
+            non_shared.clone(),
+        ]);
+
+        assert!(
+            shared_capabilities.contains(&shared),
+            "shared capability should remain visible to app"
+        );
+        assert!(
+            !shared_capabilities.contains(&non_shared),
+            "non-shared capability should not be visible to app"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn resolve_shared_capabilities_preserves_ordered_unique_shared_subset() {
+        let shared = first_shared_capability();
+        let non_shared = first_non_shared_capability();
+
+        let shared_capabilities = UserBridgeCapability::shared_from_granted(&vec![
+            non_shared.clone(),
+            shared.clone(),
+            shared.clone(),
+        ]);
+
+        assert_eq!(shared_capabilities, vec![shared]);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/flags.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/flags.rs
index fe91eb789..e4c412475 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/flags.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/flags.rs
@@ -56,3 +56,70 @@ pub fn clear_storage_may_contain_secrets(
         isolated: flags.has_secret_access,
     }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+    use crate::lifecycle::flags::{clear_storage_may_contain_secrets, get_app_flags, mark_storage_may_contain_secrets};
+    use crate::types::SageAppFlags;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn mark_storage_may_contain_secrets_sets_taint_and_isolation() {
+        let flags = SageAppFlags {
+            has_secret_access: true,
+            has_external_access: false,
+            storage_may_contain_secrets: false,
+            isolated: true,
+        };
+
+        let updated = mark_storage_may_contain_secrets(&flags);
+        assert!(updated.storage_may_contain_secrets);
+        assert!(updated.isolated);
+        assert!(updated.has_secret_access);
+        assert!(!updated.has_external_access);
+    }
+    
+    #[test]
+    fn clear_storage_may_contain_secrets_preserves_secret_access_isolation_only() {
+        let flags = SageAppFlags {
+            has_secret_access: true,
+            has_external_access: false,
+            storage_may_contain_secrets: true,
+            isolated: true,
+        };
+
+        let updated = clear_storage_may_contain_secrets(&flags);
+        assert!(!updated.storage_may_contain_secrets);
+        assert!(updated.isolated);
+        assert!(updated.has_secret_access);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn resolve_capability_flags_sets_expected_flags_for_shared_send_capability() {
+        let flags = get_app_flags(&vec![UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch], None)
+            .expect("expected capability flags to resolve");
+
+        assert!(flags.has_external_access);
+        assert!(!flags.has_secret_access);
+        assert!(!flags.storage_may_contain_secrets);
+        assert!(!flags.isolated);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn resolve_capability_flags_rejects_external_access_when_storage_is_tainted() {
+        let previous = SageAppFlags {
+            has_secret_access: false,
+            has_external_access: false,
+            storage_may_contain_secrets: true,
+            isolated: true,
+        };
+
+        let err = get_app_flags(
+            &vec![UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch],
+            Some(&previous),
+        )
+            .expect_err("expected tainted storage to block externally observable capability");
+
+        assert_eq!(err.to_string(), "STORAGE_TAINTED");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/mod.rs
index c43b4e64c..98bcea387 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/mod.rs
@@ -79,3 +79,57 @@ pub(crate) fn requested_user_grantable_capabilities(
     caps.dedup();
     caps
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use crate::permissions::resolve_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities;
+    use crate::permissions::tests::{auto_granted_capability, empty_requested_permissions};
+
+    #[test]
+    fn moving_non_user_grantable_capability_from_optional_to_required_still_auto_grants() {
+        let auto = auto_granted_capability();
+
+        let mut optional_requested = empty_requested_permissions();
+        optional_requested.capabilities.optional = vec![auto];
+
+        let optional_effective = resolve_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities(
+            &optional_requested.capabilities,
+            &[],
+        )
+            .expect("optional auto grant should resolve");
+
+        assert_eq!(optional_effective, vec![auto]);
+
+        let mut required_requested = empty_requested_permissions();
+        required_requested.capabilities.required = vec![auto];
+
+        let required_effective = resolve_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities(
+            &required_requested.capabilities,
+            &[],
+        )
+            .expect("required auto grant should resolve");
+
+        assert_eq!(required_effective, vec![auto]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn removed_non_user_grantable_capability_is_no_longer_effective() {
+        let auto = auto_granted_capability();
+
+        let mut requested = empty_requested_permissions();
+        requested.capabilities.required = vec![auto];
+
+        let effective = resolve_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities(&requested.capabilities, &[])
+            .expect("expected auto grant before removal");
+
+        assert_eq!(effective, vec![auto]);
+
+        let removed_requested = empty_requested_permissions();
+
+        let effective_after_removal =
+            resolve_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities(&removed_requested.capabilities, &[])
+                .expect("expected permissions to resolve after removal");
+
+        assert!(effective_after_removal.is_empty());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/normalization.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/normalization.rs
index e48fc607c..67a387115 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/normalization.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/normalization.rs
@@ -67,14 +67,14 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn normalize_user_granted_capabilities_strips_non_user_grantable_capability() {
-        let auto = crate::permissions::tests::tests::auto_granted_capability();
+        let auto = crate::permissions::tests::auto_granted_capability();
 
         let normalized = normalize_granted_capabilities(&[auto])
             .expect("normalization should tolerate and strip stale non-user-grantable grants");
 
         assert!(normalized.is_empty());
 
-        let mut requested = crate::permissions::tests::tests::empty_requested_permissions();
+        let mut requested = crate::permissions::tests::empty_requested_permissions();
         requested.capabilities.required = vec![auto];
 
         let effective = resolve_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities(&requested.capabilities, &normalized)
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/validation.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/validation.rs
index 2051f4fc3..bd316f655 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/validation.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/validation.rs
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ mod tests {
     use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
     use crate::permissions::capabilities::validation::{validate_effective_granted_capabilities, validate_user_granted_capabilities};
     use crate::permissions::resolve_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities;
-    use crate::permissions::tests::tests::{auto_granted_capability, empty_requested_permissions};
+    use crate::permissions::tests::{auto_granted_capability, empty_requested_permissions};
 
     #[test]
     fn validate_user_granted_capabilities_rejects_unrequested_capability() {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/mod.rs
index 7b3b3ec09..bc530fbf3 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/mod.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-pub mod tests;
 mod validation;
 mod capabilities;
 mod network;
@@ -48,3 +47,140 @@ pub(crate) fn normalize_and_validate_granted_permissions(
         },
     })
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+pub(super) mod tests {
+    use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+    use crate::permissions::{normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions};
+    use crate::permissions::capabilities::user_registry;
+    use crate::types::{SageNetworkPermissionTarget, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist, SageRequestedPermissions};
+
+    pub fn auto_granted_capability() -> UserBridgeCapability {
+        UserBridgeCapability::AppGetInfo
+    }
+
+    pub fn empty_requested_permissions() -> SageRequestedPermissions {
+        SageRequestedPermissions {
+            network: SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
+                whitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist {
+                    required: vec![],
+                    optional: vec![],
+                },
+            },
+            capabilities: SageRequestedCapabilities {
+                required: vec![],
+                optional: vec![],
+            },
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn first_non_requestable_capability() -> UserBridgeCapability {
+        user_registry()
+            .values()
+            .find(|definition| !definition.flags.requestable_by_app)
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                panic!("test requires at least one capability with requestable_by_app = false")
+            })
+            .capability
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rejects_non_requestable_required_capability() {
+        let non_requestable = first_non_requestable_capability();
+
+        let mut requested = empty_requested_permissions();
+        requested.capabilities.required = vec![non_requestable.clone()];
+
+        let err = normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions(&requested)
+            .expect_err("expected non-requestable required capability to be rejected");
+
+        let message = err.to_string();
+        assert!(
+            message.contains(&non_requestable.key()),
+            "error should mention rejected capability, got: {message}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rejects_non_requestable_optional_capability() {
+        let non_requestable = first_non_requestable_capability();
+
+        let mut requested = empty_requested_permissions();
+        requested.capabilities.optional = vec![non_requestable.clone()];
+
+        let err = normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions(&requested)
+            .expect_err("expected non-requestable optional capability to be rejected");
+
+        let message = err.to_string();
+        assert!(
+            message.contains(&non_requestable.key()),
+            "error should mention rejected capability, got: {message}"
+        );
+    }
+
+
+    #[test]
+    fn normalize_requested_permissions_deduplicates_and_sorts_capabilities() {
+        let mut requested = empty_requested_permissions();
+        requested.capabilities.required = vec![
+            UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
+            UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
+        ];
+        requested.capabilities.optional = vec![
+            UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
+        ];
+
+        let normalized = normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions(&requested)
+            .expect("expected requested permissions to normalize");
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            normalized.capabilities.required,
+            vec![UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch]
+        );
+        assert!(normalized.capabilities.optional.is_empty());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn normalize_requested_permissions_deduplicates_and_sorts_network_entries() {
+        let mut requested = empty_requested_permissions();
+        requested.network.whitelist.required = vec![
+            SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
+                scheme: "HTTPS".to_string(),
+                host: "Example.com".to_string(),
+            },
+            SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
+                scheme: "https".to_string(),
+                host: "example.com".to_string(),
+            },
+        ];
+        requested.network.whitelist.optional = vec![
+            SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
+                scheme: "WSS".to_string(),
+                host: "ws.example.com".to_string(),
+            },
+            SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
+                scheme: "https".to_string(),
+                host: "example.com".to_string(),
+            },
+        ];
+
+        let normalized = normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions(&requested)
+            .expect("expected requested permissions to normalize");
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            normalized.network.whitelist.required,
+            vec![SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
+                scheme: "https".to_string(),
+                host: "example.com".to_string(),
+            }]
+        );
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            normalized.network.whitelist.optional,
+            vec![SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
+                scheme: "wss".to_string(),
+                host: "ws.example.com".to_string(),
+            }]
+        );
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/tests.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/tests.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index dcbda5797..000000000
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/tests.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,299 +0,0 @@
-#[cfg(test)]
-pub(super) mod tests {
-    use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
-    use crate::lifecycle::flags::{clear_storage_may_contain_secrets, get_app_flags, mark_storage_may_contain_secrets};
-    use crate::permissions::{normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions};
-    use crate::permissions::capabilities::user_registry;
-    use crate::permissions::capabilities::resolve_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities;
-    use crate::types::{SageAppFlags, SageNetworkPermissionTarget, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist, SageRequestedPermissions};
-
-    pub fn empty_requested_permissions() -> SageRequestedPermissions {
-        SageRequestedPermissions {
-            network: SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
-                whitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist {
-                    required: vec![],
-                    optional: vec![],
-                },
-            },
-            capabilities: SageRequestedCapabilities {
-                required: vec![],
-                optional: vec![],
-            },
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn first_non_requestable_capability() -> UserBridgeCapability {
-        user_registry()
-            .values()
-            .find(|definition| !definition.flags.requestable_by_app)
-            .unwrap_or_else(|| {
-                panic!("test requires at least one capability with requestable_by_app = false")
-            })
-            .capability
-    }
-
-    fn first_shared_capability() -> UserBridgeCapability {
-        user_registry()
-            .values()
-            .find(|definition| definition.flags.shared_with_app)
-            .unwrap_or_else(|| {
-                panic!("test requires at least one capability with shared_with_app = true")
-            })
-            .capability
-    }
-
-    fn first_non_shared_capability() -> UserBridgeCapability {
-        user_registry()
-            .values()
-            .find(|definition| !definition.flags.shared_with_app)
-            .unwrap_or_else(|| {
-                panic!("test requires at least one capability with shared_with_app = false")
-            })
-            .capability
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn rejects_non_requestable_required_capability() {
-        let non_requestable = first_non_requestable_capability();
-
-        let mut requested = empty_requested_permissions();
-        requested.capabilities.required = vec![non_requestable.clone()];
-
-        let err = normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions(&requested)
-            .expect_err("expected non-requestable required capability to be rejected");
-
-        let message = err.to_string();
-        assert!(
-            message.contains(&non_requestable.key()),
-            "error should mention rejected capability, got: {message}"
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn rejects_non_requestable_optional_capability() {
-        let non_requestable = first_non_requestable_capability();
-
-        let mut requested = empty_requested_permissions();
-        requested.capabilities.optional = vec![non_requestable.clone()];
-
-        let err = normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions(&requested)
-            .expect_err("expected non-requestable optional capability to be rejected");
-
-        let message = err.to_string();
-        assert!(
-            message.contains(&non_requestable.key()),
-            "error should mention rejected capability, got: {message}"
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn resolve_shared_capabilities_filters_out_non_shared_capabilities() {
-        let shared = first_shared_capability();
-        let non_shared = first_non_shared_capability();
-
-        let shared_capabilities = UserBridgeCapability::shared_from_granted(&vec![
-            shared.clone(),
-            non_shared.clone(),
-        ]);
-
-        assert!(
-            shared_capabilities.contains(&shared),
-            "shared capability should remain visible to app"
-        );
-        assert!(
-            !shared_capabilities.contains(&non_shared),
-            "non-shared capability should not be visible to app"
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn resolve_shared_capabilities_preserves_ordered_unique_shared_subset() {
-        let shared = first_shared_capability();
-        let non_shared = first_non_shared_capability();
-
-        let shared_capabilities = UserBridgeCapability::shared_from_granted(&vec![
-            non_shared.clone(),
-            shared.clone(),
-            shared.clone(),
-        ]);
-
-        assert_eq!(shared_capabilities, vec![shared]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn normalize_requested_permissions_deduplicates_and_sorts_capabilities() {
-        let mut requested = empty_requested_permissions();
-        requested.capabilities.required = vec![
-            UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
-            UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
-        ];
-        requested.capabilities.optional = vec![
-            UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
-        ];
-
-        let normalized = normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions(&requested)
-            .expect("expected requested permissions to normalize");
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            normalized.capabilities.required,
-            vec![UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch]
-        );
-        assert!(normalized.capabilities.optional.is_empty());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn normalize_requested_permissions_deduplicates_and_sorts_network_entries() {
-        let mut requested = empty_requested_permissions();
-        requested.network.whitelist.required = vec![
-            SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
-                scheme: "HTTPS".to_string(),
-                host: "Example.com".to_string(),
-            },
-            SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
-                scheme: "https".to_string(),
-                host: "example.com".to_string(),
-            },
-        ];
-        requested.network.whitelist.optional = vec![
-            SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
-                scheme: "WSS".to_string(),
-                host: "ws.example.com".to_string(),
-            },
-            SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
-                scheme: "https".to_string(),
-                host: "example.com".to_string(),
-            },
-        ];
-
-        let normalized = normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions(&requested)
-            .expect("expected requested permissions to normalize");
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            normalized.network.whitelist.required,
-            vec![SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
-                scheme: "https".to_string(),
-                host: "example.com".to_string(),
-            }]
-        );
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            normalized.network.whitelist.optional,
-            vec![SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
-                scheme: "wss".to_string(),
-                host: "ws.example.com".to_string(),
-            }]
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn resolve_capability_flags_sets_expected_flags_for_shared_send_capability() {
-        let flags = get_app_flags(&vec![UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch], None)
-            .expect("expected capability flags to resolve");
-
-        assert!(flags.has_external_access);
-        assert!(!flags.has_secret_access);
-        assert!(!flags.storage_may_contain_secrets);
-        assert!(!flags.isolated);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn resolve_capability_flags_rejects_external_access_when_storage_is_tainted() {
-        let previous = SageAppFlags {
-            has_secret_access: false,
-            has_external_access: false,
-            storage_may_contain_secrets: true,
-            isolated: true,
-        };
-
-        let err = get_app_flags(
-            &vec![UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch],
-            Some(&previous),
-        )
-            .expect_err("expected tainted storage to block externally observable capability");
-
-        assert_eq!(err.to_string(), "STORAGE_TAINTED");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn mark_storage_may_contain_secrets_sets_taint_and_isolation() {
-        let flags = SageAppFlags {
-            has_secret_access: true,
-            has_external_access: false,
-            storage_may_contain_secrets: false,
-            isolated: true,
-        };
-
-        let updated = mark_storage_may_contain_secrets(&flags);
-        assert!(updated.storage_may_contain_secrets);
-        assert!(updated.isolated);
-        assert!(updated.has_secret_access);
-        assert!(!updated.has_external_access);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn clear_storage_may_contain_secrets_preserves_secret_access_isolation_only() {
-        let flags = SageAppFlags {
-            has_secret_access: true,
-            has_external_access: false,
-            storage_may_contain_secrets: true,
-            isolated: true,
-        };
-
-        let updated = clear_storage_may_contain_secrets(&flags);
-        assert!(!updated.storage_may_contain_secrets);
-        assert!(updated.isolated);
-        assert!(updated.has_secret_access);
-    }
-
-    pub fn auto_granted_capability() -> UserBridgeCapability {
-        UserBridgeCapability::AppGetInfo
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn moving_non_user_grantable_capability_from_optional_to_required_still_auto_grants() {
-        let auto = auto_granted_capability();
-
-        let mut optional_requested = empty_requested_permissions();
-        optional_requested.capabilities.optional = vec![auto];
-
-        let optional_effective = resolve_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities(
-            &optional_requested.capabilities,
-            &[],
-        )
-            .expect("optional auto grant should resolve");
-
-        assert_eq!(optional_effective, vec![auto]);
-
-        let mut required_requested = empty_requested_permissions();
-        required_requested.capabilities.required = vec![auto];
-
-        let required_effective = resolve_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities(
-            &required_requested.capabilities,
-            &[],
-        )
-            .expect("required auto grant should resolve");
-
-        assert_eq!(required_effective, vec![auto]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn removed_non_user_grantable_capability_is_no_longer_effective() {
-        let auto = auto_granted_capability();
-
-        let mut requested = empty_requested_permissions();
-        requested.capabilities.required = vec![auto];
-
-        let effective = resolve_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities(&requested.capabilities, &[])
-            .expect("expected auto grant before removal");
-
-        assert_eq!(effective, vec![auto]);
-
-        let removed_requested = empty_requested_permissions();
-
-        let effective_after_removal =
-            resolve_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities(&removed_requested.capabilities, &[])
-                .expect("expected permissions to resolve after removal");
-
-        assert!(effective_after_removal.is_empty());
-    }
-}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/validation.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/validation.rs
index 910bf1a82..3b0088ac2 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/validation.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/validation.rs
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ pub(super) fn validate_requested_permission(
 #[cfg(test)]
 pub(super) mod tests {
     use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
-    use crate::permissions::tests::tests::empty_requested_permissions;
+    use crate::permissions::tests::empty_requested_permissions;
     use crate::permissions::validate_requested_permission;
 
     #[test]

From 134fd822aac3d881e3254b05d815406ff62a4258 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Mon, 27 Apr 2026 16:58:00 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 230/471] Remove redundant permission normalization and
 validation logic

- Deleted multiple normalization and validation functions in `capabilities` and `network` modules.
- Refactored to rely on simplified permission handling workflows.
- Updated associated imports, tests, and permissions logic for streamlined workflow integration.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs |   23 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/capabilities.rs   |   37 +-
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/app/events.rs     |    8 +-
 .../methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs      |   28 +-
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_info.rs   |   38 +-
 .../user/app/request_capability_grant.rs      |    2 +-
 .../app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs    |   27 +-
 .../bridge/methods/user/wallet/send_xch.rs    |    2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs          |    4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/build/builtin_apps.rs    |  100 +-
 .../src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs         |    5 -
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs |  107 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs |  101 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs |   51 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs    |   45 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs     |    2 +-
 .../sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs   |  128 +-
 .../sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/types.rs |  284 +---
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/snapshot.rs    |    2 +-
 .../src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs          |   57 +-
 .../src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs       |  277 ++--
 .../sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/types.rs   |   14 +-
 .../src/permissions/capabilities/mod.rs       |  126 --
 .../permissions/capabilities/normalization.rs |   85 --
 .../permissions/capabilities/validation.rs    |  226 ---
 crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/mod.rs       |  176 ---
 .../sage-apps/src/permissions/network/mod.rs  |   21 -
 .../src/permissions/network/normalization.rs  |   53 -
 .../src/permissions/network/validation.rs     |   30 -
 .../src/permissions/normalization.rs          |   13 -
 .../sage-apps/src/permissions/validation.rs   |   46 -
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs         |    2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs  |   79 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs          |    2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/security/csp.rs          |   33 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps/mod.rs       |   93 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types.rs                 | 1232 +++++++++++++++--
 crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_install.rs        |   65 +-
 crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_manifest.rs       |   60 +-
 crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_registry.rs       |   17 +-
 .../sage-apps/tests/apps_storage_cleanup.rs   |   81 +-
 crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_update.rs         |  237 ++--
 crates/sage-apps/tests/common/mod.rs          |   94 +-
 43 files changed, 1944 insertions(+), 2169 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/normalization.rs
 delete mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/validation.rs
 delete mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/network/mod.rs
 delete mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/network/normalization.rs
 delete mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/network/validation.rs
 delete mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/normalization.rs
 delete mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/validation.rs

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
index d195fa331..64259a78f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ use crate::bridge::registry::BridgeRegistry;
 use crate::bridge::state::write_pending_approval;
 use crate::host::AppState;
 use crate::permissions::{get_system_capability_definition, get_user_capability_definition};
-use crate::permissions::resolve_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities;
 use crate::runtime::{assert_bridge_origin, resolve_app};
 use crate::runtime::state::types::SageAppRuntimeKind;
 use crate::runtime::webview_locator::get_sage_webview;
@@ -218,10 +217,17 @@ fn verify_user_capability(
     }
 
     let effective_capabilities = match app {
-        SageApp::User(user_app) => resolve_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities(
-            &user_app.common.requested_permissions.capabilities,
-            &user_app.common.granted_permissions.capabilities,
-        )
+        SageApp::User(user_app) => user_app
+            .common
+            .requested_permissions
+            .capabilities
+            .resolve_effective_grants(
+                user_app
+                    .common
+                    .granted_permissions
+                    .capabilities()
+                    .copied(),
+            )
             .map_err(|err| {
                 RustBridgeResponse::error(
                     &request.channel,
@@ -230,7 +236,12 @@ fn verify_user_capability(
                     format!("failed to resolve effective permissions: {err}"),
                 )
             })?,
-        SageApp::System(_) => app.granted_permissions().capabilities.clone(),
+
+        SageApp::System(_) => app
+            .granted_permissions()
+            .capabilities()
+            .copied()
+            .collect(),
     };
 
     if !effective_capabilities.contains(&capability) {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/capabilities.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/capabilities.rs
index dec14b19c..1ac5e34f8 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/capabilities.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/capabilities.rs
@@ -106,27 +106,26 @@ impl BridgeCapability {
     }
 }
 
-impl UserBridgeCapability {
-    pub fn shared_from_granted(
-        granted: &[UserBridgeCapability],
-    ) -> Vec<UserBridgeCapability> {
-        let mut shared = BTreeSet::new();
-
-        for capability in granted {
-            let definition = get_user_capability_definition(*capability);
-
-            if definition.flags.shared_with_app {
-                shared.insert(*capability);
-            }
-        }
+pub trait SharedCapabilitiesExt {
+    fn shared(self) -> Vec<UserBridgeCapability>;
+}
 
-        shared.into_iter().collect()
+impl<I> SharedCapabilitiesExt for I
+where
+    I: IntoIterator<Item = UserBridgeCapability>,
+{
+    fn shared(self) -> Vec<UserBridgeCapability> {
+        self.into_iter()
+            .filter(|cap| get_user_capability_definition(*cap).flags.shared_with_app)
+            .collect::<BTreeSet<_>>()
+            .into_iter()
+            .collect()
     }
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-    use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+    use crate::bridge::capabilities::{SharedCapabilitiesExt, UserBridgeCapability};
     use crate::permissions::user_registry;
 
     fn first_shared_capability() -> UserBridgeCapability {
@@ -154,10 +153,10 @@ mod tests {
         let shared = first_shared_capability();
         let non_shared = first_non_shared_capability();
 
-        let shared_capabilities = UserBridgeCapability::shared_from_granted(&vec![
+        let shared_capabilities = [
             shared.clone(),
             non_shared.clone(),
-        ]);
+        ].shared();
 
         assert!(
             shared_capabilities.contains(&shared),
@@ -174,11 +173,11 @@ mod tests {
         let shared = first_shared_capability();
         let non_shared = first_non_shared_capability();
 
-        let shared_capabilities = UserBridgeCapability::shared_from_granted(&vec![
+        let shared_capabilities = [
             non_shared.clone(),
             shared.clone(),
             shared.clone(),
-        ]);
+        ].shared();
 
         assert_eq!(shared_capabilities, vec![shared]);
     }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/events.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/events.rs
index 26650797f..c4ab9614c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/events.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/events.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::lifecycle::update::types::{GrantedCapabilitiesChange, GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange};
-use crate::types::SageNetworkPermissionTarget;
+use crate::types::SageNetworkWhitelistEntry;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
 pub enum EventForApp {
@@ -27,9 +27,9 @@ pub struct GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent {
     pub channel: String,
     #[serde(rename = "type")]
     pub event_type: String,
-    pub removed_granted_network_whitelist: Vec<SageNetworkPermissionTarget>,
-    pub added_granted_network_whitelist: Vec<SageNetworkPermissionTarget>,
-    pub full_granted_network_whitelist: Vec<SageNetworkPermissionTarget>,
+    pub removed_granted_network_whitelist: Vec<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
+    pub added_granted_network_whitelist: Vec<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
+    pub full_granted_network_whitelist: Vec<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
 }
 
 impl EventForApp {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs
index 60c40dd09..117ebe317 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
 use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeRequest};
-use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::bridge::capabilities::{SharedCapabilitiesExt, UserBridgeCapability};
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability};
-use crate::permissions::resolve_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities;
 use crate::types::SageApp;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
@@ -35,15 +34,28 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppGetCapabilities {
         _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
     ) -> BridgeHandleResult {
         let effective_capabilities = match ctx.app {
-            SageApp::User(user_app) => resolve_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities(
-                &user_app.common.requested_permissions.capabilities,
-                &user_app.common.granted_permissions.capabilities,
-            )
+            SageApp::User(user_app) => user_app
+                .common
+                .requested_permissions
+                .capabilities
+                .resolve_effective_grants(
+                    user_app
+                        .common
+                        .granted_permissions
+                        .capabilities()
+                        .copied(),
+                )
                 .unwrap_or_default(),
-            SageApp::System(_) => ctx.app.granted_permissions().capabilities.clone(),
+
+            SageApp::System(_) => ctx
+                .app
+                .granted_permissions()
+                .capabilities()
+                .copied()
+                .collect(),
         };
 
-        let shared_capabilities = UserBridgeCapability::shared_from_granted(&effective_capabilities);
+        let shared_capabilities = effective_capabilities.shared();
 
         Ok(Box::new(shared_capabilities))
     }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_info.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_info.rs
index a1d12ad69..13e20c365 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_info.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_info.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,11 @@
-use std::collections::BTreeSet;
-
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError};
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability};
 use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeRequest};
-use crate::lifecycle::parse_network_permission_target;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct AppGetInfo;
@@ -56,18 +53,15 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppGetInfo {
         _tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
         _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
     ) -> BridgeHandleResult {
-        let required_network = required_network_set(&ctx)?;
-
         let network = ctx
             .app
             .granted_permissions()
-            .network
-            .whitelist
-            .iter()
+            .network()
+            .whitelist()
             .map(|entry| SageNetworkPermissionInfo {
-                scheme: entry.scheme.clone(),
-                host: entry.host.clone(),
-                required: required_network.contains(&(entry.scheme.clone(), entry.host.clone())),
+                scheme: entry.scheme().to_string(),
+                host: entry.host().to_string(),
+                required: ctx.app.requested_permissions().network.whitelist.is_required(entry),
             })
             .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
@@ -76,26 +70,8 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppGetInfo {
             name: ctx.app.name().to_string(),
             version: ctx.app.version().to_string(),
             requested_permissions: ctx.app.requested_permissions().clone(),
-            capabilities: UserBridgeCapability::shared_from_granted(&ctx.app.granted_permissions().capabilities),
+            capabilities: ctx.app.granted_permissions().shared_capabilities(),
             network,
         }))
     }
 }
-
-fn required_network_set(
-    ctx: &BridgeContext<'_>,
-) -> Result<BTreeSet<(String, String)>, BridgeMethodHandleError> {
-    let mut out = BTreeSet::new();
-
-    for entry in &ctx.app.requested_permissions().network.whitelist.required {
-        let normalized = parse_network_permission_target(&format!(
-            "{}://{}",
-            entry.scheme, entry.host
-        ))
-            .map_err(BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error)?;
-
-        out.insert((normalized.scheme, normalized.host));
-    }
-
-    Ok(out)
-}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
index e309c1c64..725750687 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppRequestCapabilityGrant {
         if ctx
             .app
             .granted_permissions()
-            .capabilities
+            .capabilities_vec()
             .contains(&params.capability)
         {
             return Ok(None);
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs
index 323e7f5a8..e10e0f67f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs
@@ -10,10 +10,9 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{parse_required_params, BridgeApprovalReques
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::resolve_app_base_path;
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::events::EventForApp;
 use crate::bridge::types::RustBridgeApprovalBody;
-use crate::lifecycle::parse_network_permission_target;
 use crate::lifecycle::update::permissions::grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal;
 use crate::lifecycle::update::types::GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome;
-use crate::types::SageNetworkPermissionTarget;
+use crate::types::SageNetworkWhitelistEntry;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct AppRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant;
@@ -21,7 +20,7 @@ pub struct AppRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant;
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantParams {
-    pub entry: SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
+    pub entry: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
@@ -30,8 +29,8 @@ pub struct RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantResult {
     pub granted: bool,
     #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
     pub already_granted: Option<bool>,
-    pub entry: SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
-    pub full_granted_network_whitelist: Vec<SageNetworkPermissionTarget>,
+    pub entry: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
+    pub full_granted_network_whitelist: Vec<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
 }
 
 #[async_trait]
@@ -49,17 +48,14 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant {
         ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
         request: &RustBridgeRequest,
     ) -> BridgeApprovalRequestResult {
-        let mut params: RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantParams =
+        let params: RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantParams =
             parse_required_params(self, request)?;
 
-        params.entry = normalize_network_permission_target(params.entry)?;
-
         if ctx
             .app
             .granted_permissions()
-            .network
-            .whitelist
-            .iter()
+            .network()
+            .whitelist()
             .any(|entry| entry == &params.entry)
         {
             return Ok(None);
@@ -81,11 +77,9 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant {
         tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
         request: &RustBridgeRequest,
     ) -> BridgeHandleResult {
-        let mut params: RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantParams =
+        let params: RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantParams =
             parse_required_params(self, request)?;
 
-        params.entry = normalize_network_permission_target(params.entry)?;
-
         let base_path = resolve_app_base_path(&tools)?;
 
         let result = match grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal(
@@ -131,8 +125,3 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant {
         Ok(Box::new(result))
     }
 }
-
-fn normalize_network_permission_target(entry: SageNetworkPermissionTarget) -> Result<SageNetworkPermissionTarget, BridgeMethodHandleError> {
-    parse_network_permission_target(&format!("{}://{}", entry.scheme, entry.host))
-        .map_err(BridgeMethodHandleError::invalid_request)
-}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/send_xch.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/send_xch.rs
index 744c3f301..d5aae5474 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/send_xch.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/send_xch.rs
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for WalletSendXch {
         if ctx
             .app
             .granted_permissions()
-            .capabilities
+            .capabilities_vec()
             .contains(&UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXchAutoSubmit)
         {
             return Ok(None);
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs
index 187696e5d..6072093bb 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use specta::Type;
 use tauri_specta::Event;
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::wallet::send_xch::WalletSendXchParams;
-use crate::types::{SageApp, SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView, SageNetworkPermissionTarget};
+use crate::types::{SageApp, SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct PendingBridgeApproval {
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ pub enum RustBridgeApprovalBody {
         definition: SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView,
     },
     NetworkWhitelistGrant {
-        entry: SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
+        entry: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
     },
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/builtin_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/builtin_apps.rs
index c4b0ae825..63f3c4abc 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/builtin_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/builtin_apps.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 use std::fs;
-use std::path::PathBuf;
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+use sha2::Digest;
 use crate::build::{runtime_apps, system_apps, test_apps};
 
 pub fn build_builtin_apps() -> Result<(), String> {
@@ -52,5 +53,102 @@ pub fn build_builtin_apps() -> Result<(), String> {
         &system_sdk_dist,
     )?;
 
+    inject_all_manifests(&test_out_dir)?;
+    inject_all_manifests(&runtime_out_dir)?;
+    inject_all_manifests(&system_out_dir)?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn inject_all_manifests(root: &Path) -> Result<(), String> {
+    for entry in fs::read_dir(root)
+        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to read {}: {err}", root.display()))?
+    {
+        let entry = entry.map_err(|err| format!("failed to read dir entry: {err}"))?;
+        let app_dir = entry.path();
+
+        if app_dir.is_dir() && app_dir.join("sage-manifest.json").is_file() {
+            inject_manifest_files(&app_dir)?;
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn inject_manifest_files(app_dir: &Path) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let manifest_path = app_dir.join("sage-manifest.json");
+
+    let manifest_text = fs::read_to_string(&manifest_path)
+        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to read {}: {err}", manifest_path.display()))?;
+
+    let mut manifest: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_str(&manifest_text)
+        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to parse {}: {err}", manifest_path.display()))?;
+
+    let mut files = Vec::new();
+    collect_manifest_files(app_dir, app_dir, &mut files)?;
+
+    files.sort_by(|a, b| {
+        a["path"]
+            .as_str()
+            .unwrap_or_default()
+            .cmp(b["path"].as_str().unwrap_or_default())
+    });
+
+    manifest["files"] = serde_json::Value::Array(files);
+
+    let out = serde_json::to_string_pretty(&manifest)
+        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to serialize {}: {err}", manifest_path.display()))?;
+
+    fs::write(&manifest_path, format!("{out}\n"))
+        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to write {}: {err}", manifest_path.display()))?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn collect_manifest_files(
+    root: &Path,
+    dir: &Path,
+    files: &mut Vec<serde_json::Value>,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    for entry in fs::read_dir(dir)
+        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to read {}: {err}", dir.display()))?
+    {
+        let entry = entry.map_err(|err| format!("failed to read dir entry: {err}"))?;
+        let path = entry.path();
+        let metadata = entry
+            .metadata()
+            .map_err(|err| format!("failed to stat {}: {err}", path.display()))?;
+
+        if metadata.is_dir() {
+            collect_manifest_files(root, &path, files)?;
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        if !metadata.is_file() {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        let rel = path
+            .strip_prefix(root)
+            .map_err(|err| format!("failed to relativize {}: {err}", path.display()))?
+            .to_string_lossy()
+            .replace('\\', "/");
+
+        if rel == "sage-manifest.json" {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        let bytes = fs::read(&path)
+            .map_err(|err| format!("failed to read {}: {err}", path.display()))?;
+
+        let sha256 = hex::encode(sha2::Sha256::digest(&bytes));
+
+        files.push(serde_json::json!({
+            "path": rel,
+            "sha256": sha256,
+            "size": metadata.len(),
+        }));
+    }
+
     Ok(())
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs
index ca0f0d61d..b1a4e97ac 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ use tauri::{command, AppHandle, State};
 
 use crate::host::{AppState, Result};
 use crate::lifecycle::{apps_root, list_installed_apps_internal, read_manifest, unzip_to_dir, validate_package_structure};
-use crate::permissions::normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions;
 use crate::types::{
     ListedSageApp, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppUrlPreview, SageGrantedPermissions, UserSageApp,
 };
@@ -24,10 +23,6 @@ pub async fn preview_app_zip(zip_path: String) -> Result<SageAppPackageManifest>
         let manifest = read_manifest(&package_root)?;
         validate_package_structure(&package_root)?;
 
-        let mut manifest = manifest;
-        manifest.permissions =
-            normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions(&manifest.permissions)?;
-
         Ok(manifest)
     })();
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
index f2d02fe3c..26d22bd6f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
@@ -12,10 +12,6 @@ use crate::lifecycle::{
     write_installed_app_metadata,
 };
 use crate::lifecycle::flags::get_app_flags;
-use crate::permissions::{
-    normalize_and_validate_granted_permissions,
-};
-use crate::permissions::resolve_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities;
 use crate::types::{
     InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppFlags, SageAppCommon, SageAppPackageManifest,
     SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
@@ -123,14 +119,16 @@ where
     let prepared = source.prepare().await?;
     let manifest = source.manifest(&prepared);
 
-    let granted_permissions =
-        normalize_and_validate_granted_permissions(&manifest.permissions, granted_permissions)?;
-
-    let effective_capabilities = resolve_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities(
-        &manifest.permissions.capabilities,
-        &granted_permissions.capabilities,
+    let granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions::from_requested_and_granted(
+        &manifest.permissions(),
+        granted_permissions,
     )?;
 
+    let effective_capabilities = manifest
+        .permissions()
+        .capabilities
+        .resolve_effective_grants(granted_permissions.capabilities().copied())?;
+
     let app_flags = get_app_flags(&effective_capabilities, None)?;
 
     let (app_id, app_dir, existing_app) =
@@ -184,12 +182,12 @@ pub fn build_installed_app(
         common: SageAppCommon {
             id: app_id,
             origin_id,
-            name: manifest.name.clone(),
-            version: manifest.version.clone(),
+            name: manifest.name().to_string(),
+            version: manifest.version().to_string(),
             app_dir: app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
             entry_file: manifest_entry_file(manifest).to_string(),
             icon_file: manifest_icon_file(manifest).to_string(),
-            requested_permissions: manifest.permissions.clone(),
+            requested_permissions: manifest.permissions().clone(),
             granted_permissions,
             capability_flags: permission_flags,
             storage,
@@ -215,11 +213,7 @@ mod tests {
     use super::*;
     use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
     use crate::lifecycle::registry::read_installed_app_by_id;
-    use crate::types::{
-        SageAppManifestFile, SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
-        SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
-        SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist, SageRequestedPermissions,
-    };
+    use crate::types::{SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions};
     use tempfile::tempdir;
 
     struct TestStorageResolver {
@@ -236,24 +230,19 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     fn sample_manifest() -> SageAppPackageManifest {
-        SageAppPackageManifest {
+        SageAppPackageManifest::try_from(SageAppPackageManifestParts {
             name: "Test App".into(),
             version: "1.0.0".into(),
-            permissions: SageRequestedPermissions {
-                network: SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
-                    whitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist {
-                        required: vec![SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
-                            scheme: "https".into(),
-                            host: "api.example.com".into(),
-                        }],
-                        optional: vec![],
-                    },
-                },
-                capabilities: SageRequestedCapabilities {
-                    required: vec![UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage],
-                    optional: vec![UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch],
-                },
-            },
+            permissions: SageRequestedPermissions::new(
+                SageRequestedNetworkPermissions::new(
+                    [SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new_unchecked("https", "api.example.com")],
+                    []
+                ),
+                SageRequestedCapabilities::new(
+                    [UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage],
+                    [UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch],
+                )
+            ).unwrap(),
             files: vec![SageAppManifestFile {
                 path: "index.html".into(),
                 sha256: "a".repeat(64),
@@ -263,7 +252,7 @@ mod tests {
             icon: Some("icon.png".into()),
             author: None,
             donation: None,
-        }
+        }).unwrap()
     }
 
     struct FakeInstallSource {
@@ -332,19 +321,20 @@ mod tests {
     async fn shared_installer_builds_and_writes_installed_app() {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
 
+        let manifest = sample_manifest();
+
+        let granted = SageGrantedPermissions::new(
+            &manifest.permissions(),
+            [UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage],
+            [SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new_unchecked("https", "api.example.com")],
+        )
+            .unwrap();
+
         let installed = install_app_from_source_with_storage(
             dir.path(),
-            SageGrantedPermissions {
-                capabilities: vec![UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage],
-                network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
-                    whitelist: vec![SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
-                        scheme: "https".into(),
-                        host: "api.example.com".into(),
-                    }],
-                },
-            },
+            granted,
             FakeInstallSource {
-                manifest: sample_manifest(),
+                manifest,
                 app_id: "fake-app".into(),
                 origin_id: "fake-origin".into(),
                 source: UserSageAppSource::Zip,
@@ -374,17 +364,14 @@ mod tests {
     async fn shared_installer_rejects_unrequested_granted_permission() {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
 
+        let granted = SageGrantedPermissions::new_unchecked(
+            [UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage],
+            [SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new_unchecked("https", "evil.example.com")],
+        );
+
         let err = install_app_from_source_with_storage(
             dir.path(),
-            SageGrantedPermissions {
-                capabilities: vec![UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage],
-                network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
-                    whitelist: vec![SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
-                        scheme: "https".into(),
-                        host: "evil.example.com".into(),
-                    }],
-                },
-            },
+            granted,
             FakeInstallSource {
                 manifest: sample_manifest(),
                 app_id: "fake-app".into(),
@@ -412,15 +399,19 @@ mod tests {
 
         let manifest = sample_manifest();
 
+        let granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions::new(
+            &manifest.permissions(),
+            [UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage],
+            [],
+        )
+            .unwrap();
+
         let app = build_installed_app(
             "url-abc123".into(),
             "r123-url-abc123".into(),
             &app_dir,
             &manifest,
-            SageGrantedPermissions {
-                capabilities: vec![UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage],
-                network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions { whitelist: vec![] },
-            },
+            granted_permissions,
             SageAppFlags::default(),
             InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
             UserSageAppSource::Zip,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
index 7c61a713b..a9110126d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ use crate::lifecycle::{
     write_retired_app_origins,
 };
 use crate::lifecycle::registry::read_installed_app_by_id;
-use crate::permissions::normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions;
 use crate::types::{
     SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppUrlPreview, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
 };
@@ -103,7 +102,6 @@ pub async fn preview_app_url_internal(app_url: String) -> AnyResult<SageAppUrlPr
 
     let manifest_url = derive_manifest_url(&app_url)?;
     let (manifest, manifest_hash) = fetch_url_manifest(&manifest_url).await?;
-    let manifest = normalize_manifest_permissions(manifest)?;
 
     Ok(SageAppUrlPreview {
         app_url,
@@ -211,13 +209,6 @@ pub fn resolve_url_install_target(
     Ok((app_id.clone(), app_dir, existing))
 }
 
-fn normalize_manifest_permissions(
-    mut manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
-) -> AnyResult<SageAppPackageManifest> {
-    manifest.permissions = normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions(&manifest.permissions)?;
-    Ok(manifest)
-}
-
 fn slugify_host(input: &str) -> String {
     if let Ok(url) = Url::parse(input) {
         if let Some(host) = url.host_str() {
@@ -233,12 +224,7 @@ mod tests {
     use super::*;
     use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
     use crate::lifecycle::write_retired_app_origins;
-    use crate::types::{
-        InstalledSageAppStorage, RetiredAppOriginEntry, SageAppFlags, SageAppCommon,
-        SageAppManifestFile, SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions,
-        SageNetworkPermissionTarget, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
-        SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist, SageRequestedPermissions,
-    };
+    use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, RetiredAppOriginEntry, SageAppCommon, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions};
     use tempfile::{tempdir, TempDir};
 
     fn fake_retired_app_origins(dir: &TempDir, storage_may_contain_secrets: bool) {
@@ -258,21 +244,22 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     fn sample_manifest() -> SageAppPackageManifest {
-        SageAppPackageManifest {
+        let permissions = SageRequestedPermissions::new(
+            SageRequestedNetworkPermissions::new(
+                [],
+                [SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new("https", "api.example.com").unwrap()],
+            ),
+            SageRequestedCapabilities::new(
+                [],
+                [UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage],
+            ),
+        )
+            .unwrap();
+
+        SageAppPackageManifest::try_from(SageAppPackageManifestParts {
             name: "Test App".into(),
             version: "1.0.0".into(),
-            permissions: SageRequestedPermissions {
-                network: SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
-                    whitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist {
-                        required: vec![],
-                        optional: vec![],
-                    },
-                },
-                capabilities: SageRequestedCapabilities {
-                    required: vec![],
-                    optional: vec![],
-                },
-            },
+            permissions,
             files: vec![SageAppManifestFile {
                 path: "index.html".into(),
                 sha256: "a".repeat(64),
@@ -282,7 +269,8 @@ mod tests {
             icon: Some("icon.png".into()),
             author: None,
             donation: None,
-        }
+        })
+            .unwrap()
     }
 
     fn sample_app(app_id: &str, origin_id: &str) -> UserSageApp {
@@ -290,34 +278,35 @@ mod tests {
         let app_dir = dir.path().join(app_id);
         std::fs::create_dir_all(&app_dir).unwrap();
 
+        let manifest = sample_manifest();
+
+        let granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions::new(
+            manifest.permissions(),
+            [UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage],
+            [SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new_unchecked("https", "api.example.com")],
+        )
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let snapshot = SageAppSnapshot {
+            manifest_hash: "hash".into(),
+            snapshot_dir: app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+            total_bytes: 123,
+            manifest: manifest.clone(),
+        };
+
+        let common = SageAppCommon::new(
+            app_id.into(),
+            origin_id.into(),
+            app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+            &manifest,
+            granted_permissions,
+            InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
+            snapshot,
+        )
+            .unwrap();
+
         UserSageApp {
-            common: SageAppCommon {
-                id: app_id.into(),
-                origin_id: origin_id.into(),
-                name: "Test App".into(),
-                version: "1.0.0".into(),
-                app_dir: app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-                entry_file: "index.html".into(),
-                icon_file: "icon.png".into(),
-                requested_permissions: sample_manifest().permissions.clone(),
-                granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions {
-                    capabilities: vec![UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage],
-                    network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
-                        whitelist: vec![SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
-                            scheme: "https".into(),
-                            host: "api.example.com".into(),
-                        }],
-                    },
-                },
-                capability_flags: SageAppFlags::default(),
-                storage: InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
-                active_snapshot: SageAppSnapshot {
-                    manifest_hash: "hash".into(),
-                    snapshot_dir: app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-                    total_bytes: 123,
-                    manifest: sample_manifest(),
-                },
-            },
+            common,
             source: UserSageAppSource::Url {
                 app_url: "https://example.com/app/".into(),
                 manifest_url: "https://example.com/app/sage-manifest.json".into(),
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs
index 8ee16429e..4445f9caa 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs
@@ -8,11 +8,7 @@ use async_trait::async_trait;
 use uuid::Uuid;
 
 use super::AppInstallSource;
-use crate::lifecycle::{
-    detect_package_root, list_installed_apps_internal, prepare_zip_snapshot, read_manifest,
-    unzip_to_dir, validate_package_structure,
-};
-use crate::permissions::normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions;
+use crate::lifecycle::{detect_package_root, list_installed_apps_internal, prepare_zip_snapshot, read_manifest, unzip_to_dir, validate_package_structure};
 use crate::types::{
     ListedSageApp, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
 };
@@ -59,7 +55,7 @@ impl AppInstallSource for ZipInstallSource {
         let package_root = detect_package_root(&self.unpack_dir)?;
         validate_package_structure(&package_root)?;
 
-        let manifest = normalize_manifest_permissions(read_manifest(&package_root)?)?;
+        let manifest = read_manifest(&package_root)?;
 
         Ok(PreparedZipInstall {
             package_root,
@@ -81,7 +77,7 @@ impl AppInstallSource for ZipInstallSource {
         _base_path: &Path,
         prepared: &Self::Prepared,
     ) -> AnyResult<(String, PathBuf, Option<UserSageApp>)> {
-        resolve_zip_install_target(root, &prepared.manifest.name)
+        resolve_zip_install_target(root, &prepared.manifest.name())
     }
 
     async fn create_snapshot(
@@ -122,41 +118,18 @@ fn find_existing_installed_app_by_name(
         }))
 }
 
-fn normalize_manifest_permissions(
-    mut manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
-) -> AnyResult<SageAppPackageManifest> {
-    manifest.permissions = normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions(&manifest.permissions)?;
-    Ok(manifest)
-}
-
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
-    use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
     use crate::lifecycle::write_installed_app_metadata;
-    use crate::types::{
-        InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppFlags, SageAppManifestFile,
-        SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedCapabilities,
-        SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist, SageRequestedPermissions,
-    };
+    use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppFlags, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions};
     use tempfile::tempdir;
 
     fn sample_manifest_named(name: &str) -> SageAppPackageManifest {
-        SageAppPackageManifest {
+        SageAppPackageManifest::try_from(SageAppPackageManifestParts {
             name: name.into(),
             version: "1.0.0".into(),
-            permissions: SageRequestedPermissions {
-                network: SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
-                    whitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist {
-                        required: vec![],
-                        optional: vec![],
-                    },
-                },
-                capabilities: SageRequestedCapabilities {
-                    required: vec![],
-                    optional: vec![],
-                },
-            },
+            permissions: SageRequestedPermissions::empty(),
             files: vec![SageAppManifestFile {
                 path: "index.html".into(),
                 sha256: "a".repeat(64),
@@ -166,7 +139,7 @@ mod tests {
             icon: Some("icon.png".into()),
             author: None,
             donation: None,
-        }
+        }).unwrap()
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -197,16 +170,18 @@ mod tests {
         fs::create_dir_all(&app_dir).unwrap();
 
         let manifest = sample_manifest_named("Test App");
+        let granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions::new(
+            &manifest.permissions(),
+            [],
+            [],
+        ).unwrap();
 
         let installed = super::super::build_installed_app(
             app_id.into(),
             app_id.into(),
             &app_dir,
             &manifest,
-            SageGrantedPermissions {
-                capabilities: vec![UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage],
-                network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions { whitelist: vec![] },
-            },
+            granted_permissions,
             SageAppFlags::default(),
             InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
             UserSageAppSource::Zip,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs
index 7e44017dd..35cc63fb2 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ use crate::{
     lifecycle::limits::{
         MAX_APP_FILE_COUNT, MAX_APP_PATH_LENGTH, MAX_APP_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES,
     },
-    permissions::normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions,
     types::{SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest},
 };
 use crate::utils::bytes_sha256_hex;
@@ -14,11 +13,11 @@ use crate::utils::bytes_sha256_hex;
 const MANIFEST_FILE_NAME: &str = "sage-manifest.json";
 
 pub fn manifest_entry_file(manifest: &SageAppPackageManifest) -> &str {
-    manifest.entry.as_deref().unwrap_or("index.html")
+    manifest.entry().unwrap_or("index.html")
 }
 
 pub fn manifest_icon_file(manifest: &SageAppPackageManifest) -> &str {
-    manifest.icon.as_deref().unwrap_or("icon.png")
+    manifest.icon().unwrap_or("icon.png")
 }
 
 pub fn derive_manifest_url(app_url: &str) -> AnyResult<String> {
@@ -52,8 +51,6 @@ pub async fn fetch_url_manifest(
     let manifest: SageAppPackageManifest = serde_json::from_str(manifest_text)
         .with_context(|| format!("failed to parse manifest json from {manifest_url}"))?;
 
-    validate_package_manifest(&manifest)?;
-
     Ok((manifest, manifest_hash))
 }
 
@@ -63,7 +60,6 @@ pub fn read_manifest(package_root: &std::path::Path) -> AnyResult<SageAppPackage
         .with_context(|| format!("failed to read {}", manifest_path.display()))?;
     let manifest: SageAppPackageManifest =
         serde_json::from_str(&manifest_text).context("failed to parse manifest")?;
-    validate_package_manifest(&manifest)?;
     Ok(manifest)
 }
 
@@ -109,18 +105,6 @@ pub fn validate_sha256_hex(value: &str) -> AnyResult<()> {
     Ok(())
 }
 
-fn validate_donation(address: &str) -> AnyResult<()> {
-    if address.trim().is_empty() {
-        return Err(anyhow!("donation address cannot be empty"));
-    }
-
-    if !address.starts_with("xch") && !address.starts_with("txch") {
-        return Err(anyhow!("invalid donation address format"));
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
 pub fn validate_manifest_files(files: &[SageAppManifestFile]) -> AnyResult<u64> {
     if files.is_empty() {
         return Err(anyhow!("manifest files cannot be empty"));
@@ -160,28 +144,3 @@ pub fn validate_manifest_files(files: &[SageAppManifestFile]) -> AnyResult<u64>
 
     Ok(total)
 }
-
-pub fn validate_package_manifest(
-    manifest: &SageAppPackageManifest,
-) -> AnyResult<u64> {
-    if manifest.name.trim().is_empty() {
-        return Err(anyhow!("manifest name cannot be empty"));
-    }
-
-    if manifest.version.trim().is_empty() {
-        return Err(anyhow!("manifest version cannot be empty"));
-    }
-
-    normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions(&manifest.permissions)?;
-    if let Some(donation) = &manifest.donation {
-        validate_donation(&donation.address)?;
-    }
-
-    if let Some(author) = &manifest.author {
-        if author.name.trim().is_empty() {
-            return Err(anyhow!("author name cannot be empty"));
-        }
-    }
-
-    validate_manifest_files(&manifest.files)
-}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs
index 877c2cc02..e6940499b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ pub fn detect_package_root(unpack_dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<PathBuf> {
 pub fn validate_package_structure(package_root: &Path) -> AnyResult<()> {
     let manifest = read_manifest(package_root)?;
 
-    for file in &manifest.files {
+    for file in manifest.files() {
         let path = package_root.join(&file.path);
         if !path.is_file() {
             anyhow::bail!("manifest file missing from package: {}", file.path);
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs
index 6d4bee4eb..744418274 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use std::{
 
 use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult};
 use crate::lifecycle::types::PersistedUserSageApp;
-use crate::types::{CorruptedInstalledSageApp, ListedSageApp, PendingStorageCleanupEntry, RetiredAppOriginEntry, SageNetworkPermissionTarget, UserSageApp, SageApp};
+use crate::types::{CorruptedInstalledSageApp, ListedSageApp, PendingStorageCleanupEntry, RetiredAppOriginEntry, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, UserSageApp, SageApp};
 use crate::system_apps::list_builtin_system_apps;
 
 const INSTALLED_METADATA_FILE: &str = ".sage-installed.json";
@@ -34,48 +34,16 @@ pub fn retired_app_origins_path(base_path: &Path) -> PathBuf {
     apps_root(base_path).join(RETIRED_APP_ORIGINS_FILE)
 }
 
-fn format_network_target(value: &SageNetworkPermissionTarget) -> String {
-    format!("{}://{}", value.scheme, value.host)
-}
-
-pub fn normalize_network_permission_target(
-    entry: SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
-) -> Result<SageNetworkPermissionTarget, String> {
-    let scheme = entry.scheme.trim().to_ascii_lowercase();
-    let host = entry.host.trim().to_ascii_lowercase();
-
-    if scheme != "https" && scheme != "wss" {
-        return Err(format!(
-            "invalid scheme '{}', only https and wss allowed",
-            scheme
-        ));
-    }
-
-    if host.is_empty()
-        || host.contains('/')
-        || host.contains('?')
-        || host.contains('#')
-        || host.contains(' ')
-    {
-        return Err(format!("invalid host in network entry: {}://{}", scheme, host));
-    }
-
-    Ok(SageNetworkPermissionTarget { scheme, host })
-}
-
 pub fn parse_network_permission_target(
     value: &str,
-) -> Result<SageNetworkPermissionTarget, String> {
+) -> Result<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, String> {
     let value = value.trim().to_ascii_lowercase();
 
     let (scheme, host) = value
         .split_once("://")
         .ok_or_else(|| format!("invalid network entry (missing scheme): {}", value))?;
 
-    normalize_network_permission_target(SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
-        scheme: scheme.to_string(),
-        host: host.to_string(),
-    })
+    SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new(scheme, host).map_err(|err| err.to_string())
 }
 
 pub fn read_installed_user_app_from_dir(dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<UserSageApp> {
@@ -255,17 +223,12 @@ pub fn read_installed_user_app_by_origin_id(
     let root = apps_root(base_path);
 
     for entry in list_installed_apps_internal(&root)? {
-        if let ListedSageApp::User(app) = entry {
-            if app.common.origin_id == origin_id {
-                return Ok(app);
-            }
+        if let ListedSageApp::User(app) = entry && app.common.origin_id == origin_id {
+            return Ok(app);
         }
     }
 
-    Err(anyhow::anyhow!(
-        "no installed app found for origin id {}",
-        origin_id
-    ))
+    Err(anyhow::anyhow!("no installed app found for origin id {origin_id}"))
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
@@ -273,53 +236,50 @@ mod tests {
     use super::*;
     use tempfile::tempdir;
 
-    use crate::types::{
-        InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppFlags, SageAppCommon,
-        SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot,
-        SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions,
-        SageRequestedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
-    };
+    use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppCommon, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource};
 
     fn sample_app(base: &Path, app_id: &str, origin_id: &str) -> UserSageApp {
         let dir = app_dir(base, app_id);
         fs::create_dir_all(&dir).unwrap();
 
+        let manifest = SageAppPackageManifest::try_from(SageAppPackageManifestParts {
+            name: "Test App".into(),
+            version: "1.0.0".into(),
+            permissions: SageRequestedPermissions::empty(),
+            files: Vec::from([SageAppManifestFile {
+                path: "index.html".into(),
+                sha256: "a".repeat(64),
+                size: 1,
+            }]),
+            entry: Some("index.html".into()),
+            icon: Some("icon.png".into()),
+            author: None,
+            donation: None,
+        }).unwrap();
+
+        let granted_permissions =
+            SageGrantedPermissions::new(&manifest.permissions(), [], []).unwrap();
+
+        let snapshot = SageAppSnapshot {
+            manifest_hash: "hash".into(),
+            snapshot_dir: dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+            total_bytes: 1,
+            manifest: manifest.clone(),
+        };
+
+        let common = SageAppCommon::new(
+            app_id.into(),
+            origin_id.into(),
+            dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+            &manifest,
+            granted_permissions,
+            InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
+            snapshot,
+        )
+            .unwrap();
+
         UserSageApp {
-            common: SageAppCommon {
-                id: app_id.into(),
-                origin_id: origin_id.into(),
-                name: "Test App".into(),
-                version: "1.0.0".into(),
-                app_dir: dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-                entry_file: "index.html".into(),
-                icon_file: "icon.png".into(),
-                requested_permissions: SageRequestedPermissions::default(),
-                granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions {
-                    capabilities: vec![],
-                    network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions { whitelist: vec![] },
-                },
-                capability_flags: SageAppFlags::default(),
-                storage: InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
-                active_snapshot: SageAppSnapshot {
-                    manifest_hash: "hash".into(),
-                    snapshot_dir: dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-                    total_bytes: 1,
-                    manifest: SageAppPackageManifest {
-                        name: "Test App".into(),
-                        version: "1.0.0".into(),
-                        permissions: SageRequestedPermissions::default(),
-                        files: vec![SageAppManifestFile {
-                            path: "index.html".into(),
-                            sha256: "a".repeat(64),
-                            size: 1,
-                        }],
-                        entry: Some("index.html".into()),
-                        icon: Some("icon.png".into()),
-                        author: None,
-                        donation: None,
-                    },
-                },
-            },
+            common,
             source: UserSageAppSource::Url {
                 app_url: "https://example.com/app/".into(),
                 manifest_url: "https://example.com/app/sage-manifest.json".into(),
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/types.rs
index 3e48e471d..6ff391466 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/types.rs
@@ -1,63 +1,12 @@
 use std::convert::TryFrom;
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use crate::lifecycle::parse_network_permission_target;
-use crate::lifecycle::registry::format_network_target;
-use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppAuthor, SageAppFlags, SageAppCommon, SageAppDonation, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist, SageRequestedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppPendingUpdate, UserSageAppSource};
-
-#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
-struct PersistedStringListBucket {
-    required: Vec<String>,
-    optional: Vec<String>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
-struct PersistedRequestedNetworkPermissions {
-    whitelist: PersistedStringListBucket,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
-struct PersistedRequestedPermissions {
-    network: PersistedRequestedNetworkPermissions,
-    capabilities: SageRequestedCapabilities,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
-struct PersistedSageAppPackageManifest {
-    name: String,
-    version: String,
-    permissions: PersistedRequestedPermissions,
-    files: Vec<SageAppManifestFile>,
-    entry: Option<String>,
-    icon: Option<String>,
-    author: Option<SageAppAuthor>,
-    donation: Option<SageAppDonation>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
-struct PersistedSageAppSnapshot {
-    manifest_hash: String,
-    snapshot_dir: String,
-    total_bytes: u64,
-    manifest: PersistedSageAppPackageManifest,
-}
 
-#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
-struct PersistedUserSageAppPendingUpdate {
-    app_url: String,
-    manifest_url: String,
-    manifest_hash: String,
-    manifest: PersistedSageAppPackageManifest,
-}
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 
-#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
-#[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "camelCase")]
-enum PersistedUserSageAppSource {
-    Zip,
-    Url {
-        app_url: String,
-        manifest_url: String,
-    },
-}
+use crate::types::{
+    InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppCommon, SageAppFlags, SageAppSnapshot,
+    SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions, UserSageApp,
+    UserSageAppPendingUpdate, UserSageAppSource,
+};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct PersistedUserSageApp {
@@ -68,74 +17,13 @@ pub struct PersistedUserSageApp {
     app_dir: String,
     entry_file: String,
     icon_file: String,
-    requested_permissions: PersistedRequestedPermissions,
+    requested_permissions: SageRequestedPermissions,
     granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
     capability_flags: SageAppFlags,
     storage: InstalledSageAppStorage,
-    active_snapshot: PersistedSageAppSnapshot,
-    source: PersistedUserSageAppSource,
-    pending_update: Option<PersistedUserSageAppPendingUpdate>,
-}
-
-impl From<&SageRequestedPermissions> for PersistedRequestedPermissions {
-    fn from(value: &SageRequestedPermissions) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            network: PersistedRequestedNetworkPermissions {
-                whitelist: PersistedStringListBucket {
-                    required: value
-                        .network
-                        .whitelist
-                        .required
-                        .iter()
-                        .map(format_network_target)
-                        .collect(),
-                    optional: value
-                        .network
-                        .whitelist
-                        .optional
-                        .iter()
-                        .map(format_network_target)
-                        .collect(),
-                },
-            },
-            capabilities: value.capabilities.clone(),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl TryFrom<PersistedRequestedPermissions> for SageRequestedPermissions {
-    type Error = anyhow::Error;
-
-    fn try_from(value: PersistedRequestedPermissions) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
-        let required = value
-            .network
-            .whitelist
-            .required
-            .into_iter()
-            .map(|entry| parse_network_permission_target(&entry))
-            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()
-            .map_err(|err| anyhow::anyhow!(
-                "failed to parse persisted required network entry: {err}"
-            ))?;
-
-        let optional = value
-            .network
-            .whitelist
-            .optional
-            .into_iter()
-            .map(|entry| parse_network_permission_target(&entry))
-            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()
-            .map_err(|err| anyhow::anyhow!(
-                "failed to parse persisted optional network entry: {err}"
-            ))?;
-
-        Ok(SageRequestedPermissions {
-            network: SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
-                whitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist { required, optional },
-            },
-            capabilities: value.capabilities,
-        })
-    }
+    active_snapshot: SageAppSnapshot,
+    source: UserSageAppSource,
+    pending_update: Option<UserSageAppPendingUpdate>,
 }
 
 impl From<&UserSageApp> for PersistedUserSageApp {
@@ -148,13 +36,13 @@ impl From<&UserSageApp> for PersistedUserSageApp {
             app_dir: app.common.app_dir.clone(),
             entry_file: app.common.entry_file.clone(),
             icon_file: app.common.icon_file.clone(),
-            requested_permissions: (&app.common.requested_permissions).into(),
+            requested_permissions: app.common.requested_permissions.clone(),
             granted_permissions: app.common.granted_permissions.clone(),
             capability_flags: app.common.capability_flags,
             storage: app.common.storage.clone(),
-            active_snapshot: (&app.common.active_snapshot).into(),
-            source: (&app.source).into(),
-            pending_update: app.pending_update.as_ref().map(Into::into),
+            active_snapshot: app.common.active_snapshot.clone(),
+            source: app.source.clone(),
+            pending_update: app.pending_update.clone(),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -169,136 +57,28 @@ impl TryFrom<PersistedUserSageApp> for UserSageApp {
     type Error = anyhow::Error;
 
     fn try_from(app: PersistedUserSageApp) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
-        Ok(UserSageApp {
-            common: SageAppCommon {
-                id: app.id,
-                origin_id: app.origin_id,
-                name: app.name,
-                version: app.version,
-                app_dir: app.app_dir,
-                entry_file: app.entry_file,
-                icon_file: app.icon_file,
-                requested_permissions: app.requested_permissions.try_into()?,
-                granted_permissions: app.granted_permissions,
-                capability_flags: app.capability_flags,
-                storage: app.storage,
-                active_snapshot: app.active_snapshot.try_into()?,
-            },
-            source: app.source.into(),
-            pending_update: app
-                .pending_update
-                .map(TryInto::try_into)
-                .transpose()?,
-        })
-    }
-}
-
-impl TryFrom<PersistedSageAppPackageManifest> for SageAppPackageManifest {
-    type Error = anyhow::Error;
-
-    fn try_from(value: PersistedSageAppPackageManifest) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
-        Ok(SageAppPackageManifest {
-            name: value.name,
-            version: value.version,
-            permissions: value.permissions.try_into()?,
-            files: value.files,
-            entry: value.entry,
-            icon: value.icon,
-            author: value.author,
-            donation: value.donation,
-        })
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<&SageAppPackageManifest> for PersistedSageAppPackageManifest {
-    fn from(value: &SageAppPackageManifest) -> Self {
-        PersistedSageAppPackageManifest {
-            name: value.name.clone(),
-            version: value.version.clone(),
-            permissions: (&value.permissions).into(),
-            files: value.files.clone(),
-            entry: value.entry.clone(),
-            icon: value.icon.clone(),
-            author: value.author.clone(),
-            donation: value.donation.clone(),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<&UserSageAppPendingUpdate> for PersistedUserSageAppPendingUpdate {
-    fn from(value: &UserSageAppPendingUpdate) -> Self {
-        PersistedUserSageAppPendingUpdate {
-            app_url: value.app_url.clone(),
-            manifest_url: value.manifest_url.clone(),
-            manifest_hash: value.manifest_hash.clone(),
-            manifest: (&value.manifest).into(),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<&UserSageAppSource> for PersistedUserSageAppSource {
-    fn from(value: &UserSageAppSource) -> Self {
-        match value {
-            UserSageAppSource::Zip => PersistedUserSageAppSource::Zip,
-            UserSageAppSource::Url {
-                app_url,
-                manifest_url,
-            } => PersistedUserSageAppSource::Url {
-                app_url: app_url.clone(),
-                manifest_url: manifest_url.clone(),
-            },
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<PersistedUserSageAppSource> for UserSageAppSource {
-    fn from(value: PersistedUserSageAppSource) -> Self {
-        match value {
-            PersistedUserSageAppSource::Zip => UserSageAppSource::Zip,
-            PersistedUserSageAppSource::Url {
-                app_url,
-                manifest_url,
-            } => UserSageAppSource::Url {
-                app_url,
-                manifest_url,
-            },
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<&SageAppSnapshot> for PersistedSageAppSnapshot {
-    fn from(value: &SageAppSnapshot) -> Self {
-        PersistedSageAppSnapshot {
-            manifest_hash: value.manifest_hash.clone(),
-            snapshot_dir: value.snapshot_dir.clone(),
-            total_bytes: value.total_bytes,
-            manifest: (&value.manifest).into(),
+        if app.requested_permissions != *app.active_snapshot.manifest.permissions() {
+            anyhow::bail!(
+                "persisted requested permissions do not match active snapshot manifest"
+            );
         }
-    }
-}
 
-impl TryFrom<PersistedSageAppSnapshot> for SageAppSnapshot {
-    type Error = anyhow::Error;
+        let manifest = app.active_snapshot.manifest.clone();
 
-    fn try_from(value: PersistedSageAppSnapshot) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
-        Ok(SageAppSnapshot {
-            manifest_hash: value.manifest_hash,
-            snapshot_dir: value.snapshot_dir,
-            total_bytes: value.total_bytes,
-            manifest: value.manifest.try_into()?,
-        })
-    }
-}
-
-impl TryFrom<PersistedUserSageAppPendingUpdate> for UserSageAppPendingUpdate {
-    type Error = anyhow::Error;
+        let common = SageAppCommon::new(
+            app.id,
+            app.origin_id,
+            app.app_dir,
+            &manifest,
+            app.granted_permissions,
+            app.storage,
+            app.active_snapshot,
+        )?;
 
-    fn try_from(value: PersistedUserSageAppPendingUpdate) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
-        Ok(UserSageAppPendingUpdate {
-            app_url: value.app_url,
-            manifest_url: value.manifest_url,
-            manifest_hash: value.manifest_hash,
-            manifest: value.manifest.try_into()?,
+        Ok(UserSageApp {
+            common,
+            source: app.source,
+            pending_update: app.pending_update,
         })
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/snapshot.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/snapshot.rs
index 812079d83..4fd31f466 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/snapshot.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/snapshot.rs
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ pub async fn download_url_snapshot(
     fs::create_dir_all(&snapshot_dir)
         .with_context(|| format!("failed to create snapshot dir {}", snapshot_dir.display()))?;
 
-    for file in &manifest.files {
+    for file in manifest.files() {
         let url = join_app_url(app_url, &file.path)?;
         let bytes = download_bytes(&url).await?;
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
index 99f51cd28..1ef463b61 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
@@ -6,13 +6,10 @@ use crate::bridge::event_emit::emit_bridge_event_to_app_id;
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::events::EventForApp;
 use crate::bridge::USER_BRIDGE_CHANNEL;
 use crate::host::AppState;
-use crate::lifecycle::{download_url_snapshot, manifest_entry_file, manifest_icon_file, read_installed_app_by_id, write_installed_app_metadata};
-use crate::lifecycle::flags::get_app_flags;
+use crate::lifecycle::{download_url_snapshot, read_installed_app_by_id, write_installed_app_metadata};
 use crate::lifecycle::install::url::preview_app_url_internal;
 use crate::lifecycle::update::permissions::update_app_permissions_with_change_internal;
-use crate::permissions::{resolve_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities, normalize_and_validate_user_granted_capabilities};
-use crate::permissions::normalize_and_validate_granted_network;
-use crate::types::{SageAppUrlPreview, SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppPendingUpdate, UserSageAppSource};
+use crate::types::{SageAppUrlPreview, SageGrantedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppPendingUpdate, UserSageAppSource};
 
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
@@ -125,35 +122,6 @@ pub async fn apply_app_update(
         .clone()
         .ok_or_else(|| io::Error::other(format!("app {} has no pending update", app_id)))?;
 
-    let normalized_capabilities = normalize_and_validate_user_granted_capabilities(
-        &app.common.requested_permissions.capabilities,
-        &granted_permissions.capabilities
-    ).map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("invalid granted permissions for update: {err}")))?;
-
-    let granted_network_whitelist = normalize_and_validate_granted_network(
-        &pending.manifest.permissions.network,
-        &granted_permissions.network.whitelist,
-    )
-        .map_err(|err| {
-            io::Error::other(format!("invalid granted network whitelist for update: {err}"))
-        })?;
-
-    let effective_capabilities = resolve_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities(
-        &pending.manifest.permissions.capabilities,
-        &normalized_capabilities,
-    )
-        .map_err(|err| {
-            io::Error::other(format!("invalid granted permission policy for update: {err}"))
-        })?;
-
-    let permission_flags = get_app_flags(
-        &effective_capabilities,
-        Some(&app.common.capability_flags),
-    )
-        .map_err(|err| {
-            io::Error::other(format!("invalid granted permission policy for update: {err}"))
-        })?;
-
     let app_dir = PathBuf::from(&app.common.app_dir);
 
     let snapshot = download_url_snapshot(
@@ -165,23 +133,12 @@ pub async fn apply_app_update(
         .await
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to download update snapshot: {err}")))?;
 
-    app.common.name = pending.manifest.name.clone();
-    app.common.version = pending.manifest.version.clone();
-    app.common.requested_permissions = pending.manifest.permissions.clone();
-
-    app.common.granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions {
-        capabilities: normalized_capabilities,
-        network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
-            whitelist: granted_network_whitelist,
-        },
-    };
+    app.common
+        .apply_update(&pending, granted_permissions, snapshot)
+        .map_err(|err| {
+            io::Error::other(format!("failed to apply app update permissions: {err}"))
+        })?;
 
-    app.common.capability_flags = permission_flags;
-    app.common.active_snapshot = snapshot;
-    app.common.entry_file =
-        manifest_entry_file(&app.common.active_snapshot.manifest).to_string();
-    app.common.icon_file =
-        manifest_icon_file(&app.common.active_snapshot.manifest).to_string();
     app.pending_update = None;
 
     write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app_dir)
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
index 1a79ce5c2..2e02013e8 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,18 @@
 use std::collections::BTreeSet;
 use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
-use crate::lifecycle::{parse_network_permission_target, read_installed_app_by_id, write_installed_app_metadata};
-use crate::lifecycle::flags::{get_app_flags};
-use crate::lifecycle::update::types::{GrantCapabilityOutcome, GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome, GrantedCapabilitiesChange, GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange};
-use crate::permissions::{get_user_capability_definition};
-use crate::permissions::{resolve_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities, normalize_and_validate_user_granted_capabilities};
-use crate::permissions::normalize_and_validate_granted_network;
-use crate::types::{SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkPermissionTarget, UserSageApp};
+use crate::lifecycle::{
+    read_installed_app_by_id, write_installed_app_metadata,
+};
+use crate::lifecycle::update::types::{
+    GrantCapabilityOutcome, GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome, GrantedCapabilitiesChange,
+    GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange,
+};
+use crate::permissions::get_user_capability_definition;
+use crate::types::{
+    SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, UserSageApp,
+};
 
 pub fn update_app_permissions(
     base_path: &Path,
@@ -16,46 +21,7 @@ pub fn update_app_permissions(
 ) -> anyhow::Result<UserSageApp> {
     let mut app = read_installed_app_by_id(base_path, app_id)?;
 
-    let normalized_capabilities = normalize_and_validate_user_granted_capabilities(
-        &app.common.requested_permissions.capabilities,
-        &granted_permissions.capabilities,
-    )?;
-
-    let effective_capabilities = resolve_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities(
-        &app.common.requested_permissions.capabilities,
-        &normalized_capabilities,
-    )?;
-
-    let mut requested_network_whitelist = app
-        .common
-        .active_snapshot
-        .manifest
-        .permissions
-        .network
-        .whitelist
-        .required
-        .clone();
-
-    requested_network_whitelist.extend(granted_permissions.network.whitelist);
-
-    let granted_network_whitelist = normalize_and_validate_granted_network(
-        &app.common.active_snapshot.manifest.permissions.network,
-        &requested_network_whitelist,
-    )?;
-
-    let permission_flags = get_app_flags(
-        &effective_capabilities,
-        Some(&app.common.capability_flags),
-    )?;
-
-    app.common.granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions {
-        capabilities: normalized_capabilities,
-        network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
-            whitelist: granted_network_whitelist,
-        },
-    };
-
-    app.common.capability_flags = permission_flags;
+    app.common.update_permissions(&granted_permissions)?;
 
     let app_dir = PathBuf::from(&app.common.app_dir);
     write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app_dir)?;
@@ -64,41 +30,38 @@ pub fn update_app_permissions(
 }
 
 fn sort_unique_network(
-    values: impl IntoIterator<Item = SageNetworkPermissionTarget>,
-) -> Vec<SageNetworkPermissionTarget> {
-    let set: BTreeSet<SageNetworkPermissionTarget> = values.into_iter().collect();
-    set.into_iter().collect()
+    values: impl IntoIterator<Item = SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
+) -> Vec<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry> {
+    values.into_iter().collect::<BTreeSet<_>>().into_iter().collect()
 }
 
-fn requested_capability_set(app: &UserSageApp) -> BTreeSet<UserBridgeCapability> {
-    let mut out = BTreeSet::new();
-    out.extend(app.common.requested_permissions.capabilities.required.iter().copied());
-    out.extend(app.common.requested_permissions.capabilities.optional.iter().copied());
-    out
+fn sort_unique_capabilities(
+    values: impl IntoIterator<Item = UserBridgeCapability>,
+) -> Vec<UserBridgeCapability> {
+    values.into_iter().collect::<BTreeSet<_>>().into_iter().collect()
 }
 
-fn requested_network_set(app: &UserSageApp) -> anyhow::Result<BTreeSet<(String, String)>> {
-    let mut out = BTreeSet::new();
-
-    for entry in &app.common.requested_permissions.network.whitelist.required {
-        let normalized = parse_network_permission_target(&format!(
-            "{}://{}",
-            entry.scheme, entry.host
-        ))
-            .map_err(anyhow::Error::msg)?;
-        out.insert((normalized.scheme, normalized.host));
-    }
+fn requested_capability_set(app: &UserSageApp) -> BTreeSet<UserBridgeCapability> {
+    app.common
+        .requested_permissions
+        .capabilities
+        .required()
+        .chain(app.common.requested_permissions.capabilities.optional())
+        .copied()
+        .collect()
+}
 
-    for entry in &app.common.requested_permissions.network.whitelist.optional {
-        let normalized = parse_network_permission_target(&format!(
-            "{}://{}",
-            entry.scheme, entry.host
-        ))
-            .map_err(anyhow::Error::msg)?;
-        out.insert((normalized.scheme, normalized.host));
-    }
+fn granted_capabilities(app: &UserSageApp) -> Vec<UserBridgeCapability> {
+    app.common.granted_permissions.capabilities().copied().collect()
+}
 
-    Ok(out)
+fn granted_network_whitelist(app: &UserSageApp) -> Vec<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry> {
+    app.common
+        .granted_permissions
+        .network()
+        .whitelist()
+        .cloned()
+        .collect()
 }
 
 fn diff_capabilities(
@@ -118,11 +81,13 @@ fn diff_capabilities(
 }
 
 fn diff_network_whitelist(
-    previous: &[SageNetworkPermissionTarget],
-    next: &[SageNetworkPermissionTarget],
+    previous: &[SageNetworkWhitelistEntry],
+    next: &[SageNetworkWhitelistEntry],
 ) -> GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange {
-    let previous_set: BTreeSet<SageNetworkPermissionTarget> = previous.iter().cloned().collect();
-    let next_set: BTreeSet<SageNetworkPermissionTarget> = next.iter().cloned().collect();
+    let previous_set: BTreeSet<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry> =
+        previous.iter().cloned().collect();
+    let next_set: BTreeSet<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry> =
+        next.iter().cloned().collect();
 
     GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange {
         removed: previous_set.difference(&next_set).cloned().collect(),
@@ -131,12 +96,6 @@ fn diff_network_whitelist(
     }
 }
 
-fn sort_unique_capabilities(
-    capabilities: Vec<UserBridgeCapability>,
-) -> Vec<UserBridgeCapability> {
-    capabilities.into_iter().collect::<BTreeSet<_>>().into_iter().collect()
-}
-
 pub fn grant_requested_capability_internal(
     base_path: &Path,
     app_id: &str,
@@ -151,8 +110,8 @@ pub fn grant_requested_capability_internal(
             capability.key()
         );
     }
-    let definition = get_user_capability_definition(capability);
 
+    let definition = get_user_capability_definition(capability);
     if !definition.flags.user_grantable {
         anyhow::bail!(
             "Capability is not user-grantable and cannot be persisted as a user grant: {}",
@@ -160,32 +119,37 @@ pub fn grant_requested_capability_internal(
         );
     }
 
-    if app.common.granted_permissions.capabilities.contains(&capability) {
-        let full_granted_capabilities =
-            sort_unique_capabilities(app.common.granted_permissions.capabilities.clone());
+    let previous_capabilities = granted_capabilities(&app);
 
+    if previous_capabilities.contains(&capability) {
         return Ok(GrantCapabilityOutcome::AlreadyGranted {
             capability,
-            full_granted_capabilities,
+            full_granted_capabilities: sort_unique_capabilities(previous_capabilities),
         });
     }
 
-    let mut next_capabilities = app.common.granted_permissions.capabilities.clone();
-    next_capabilities.push(capability);
-    next_capabilities = sort_unique_capabilities(next_capabilities);
-
-    let updated = update_app_permissions(
-        base_path,
-        app_id,
-        SageGrantedPermissions {
-            capabilities: next_capabilities,
-            network: app.common.granted_permissions.network.clone(),
-        },
+    let next_capabilities = sort_unique_capabilities(
+        previous_capabilities
+            .iter()
+            .copied()
+            .chain([capability]),
+    );
+
+    let previous_network = granted_network_whitelist(&app);
+
+    let granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions::new(
+        &app.common.requested_permissions,
+        next_capabilities.clone(),
+        previous_network.clone(),
     )?;
 
+    let updated = update_app_permissions(base_path, app_id, granted_permissions)?;
+
+    let updated_capabilities = granted_capabilities(&updated);
+
     let change = diff_capabilities(
-        &app.common.granted_permissions.capabilities,
-        &updated.common.granted_permissions.capabilities,
+        &previous_capabilities,
+        &updated_capabilities,
     );
 
     Ok(GrantCapabilityOutcome::Granted { capability, change })
@@ -194,69 +158,58 @@ pub fn grant_requested_capability_internal(
 pub fn grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal(
     base_path: &Path,
     app_id: &str,
-    entry: &SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
+    entry: &SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
 ) -> anyhow::Result<GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome> {
     let app = read_installed_app_by_id(base_path, app_id)?;
 
-    let normalized = parse_network_permission_target(&format!(
-        "{}://{}",
-        entry.scheme, entry.host
-    ))
-        .map_err(anyhow::Error::msg)?;
-    let entry = SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
-        scheme: normalized.scheme,
-        host: normalized.host,
-    };
-
-    let requested = requested_network_set(&app)?;
-    let entry_key = (entry.scheme.clone(), entry.host.clone());
-
-    if !requested.contains(&entry_key) {
+    if !app
+        .common
+        .requested_permissions
+        .network
+        .whitelist()
+        .is_allowed(entry)
+    {
         anyhow::bail!(
-            "Network whitelist entry was not requested by app manifest: {}://{}",
-            entry.scheme,
-            entry.host
+            "Network whitelist entry was not requested by app manifest: {}",
+            entry.as_permission_string(),
         );
     }
 
-    if app
-        .common
-        .granted_permissions
-        .network
-        .whitelist
-        .iter()
-        .any(|existing| existing == &entry)
-    {
-        let full_granted_network_whitelist =
-            sort_unique_network(app.common.granted_permissions.network.whitelist.clone());
+    let previous_whitelist = granted_network_whitelist(&app);
 
+    if previous_whitelist.iter().any(|existing| existing == entry) {
         return Ok(GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome::AlreadyGranted {
-            entry,
-            full_granted_network_whitelist,
+            entry: entry.clone(),
+            full_granted_network_whitelist: sort_unique_network(previous_whitelist),
         });
     }
 
-    let mut next_whitelist = app.common.granted_permissions.network.whitelist.clone();
-    next_whitelist.push(entry.clone());
-    next_whitelist = sort_unique_network(next_whitelist);
-
-    let updated = update_app_permissions(
-        base_path,
-        app_id,
-        SageGrantedPermissions {
-            capabilities: app.common.granted_permissions.capabilities.clone(),
-            network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
-                whitelist: next_whitelist,
-            },
-        },
+    let next_whitelist = sort_unique_network(
+        previous_whitelist
+            .iter()
+            .cloned()
+            .chain([entry.clone()]),
+    );
+
+    let granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions::new(
+        &app.common.requested_permissions,
+        granted_capabilities(&app),
+        next_whitelist.clone(),
     )?;
 
+    let updated = update_app_permissions(base_path, app_id, granted_permissions)?;
+
+    let updated_whitelist = granted_network_whitelist(&updated);
+
     let change = diff_network_whitelist(
-        &app.common.granted_permissions.network.whitelist,
-        &updated.common.granted_permissions.network.whitelist,
+        &previous_whitelist,
+        &updated_whitelist,
     );
 
-    Ok(GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome::Granted { entry, change })
+    Ok(GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome::Granted {
+        entry: entry.clone(),
+        change,
+    })
 }
 
 pub fn update_app_permissions_with_change_internal(
@@ -270,21 +223,19 @@ pub fn update_app_permissions_with_change_internal(
 )> {
     let previous = read_installed_app_by_id(base_path, app_id)?;
 
-    let updated = update_app_permissions(
-        base_path,
-        app_id,
-        granted_permissions,
-    )?;
+    let previous_capabilities = granted_capabilities(&previous);
+    let previous_network = granted_network_whitelist(&previous);
 
-    let capability_change = diff_capabilities(
-        &previous.common.granted_permissions.capabilities,
-        &updated.common.granted_permissions.capabilities,
-    );
+    let updated = update_app_permissions(base_path, app_id, granted_permissions)?;
 
-    let network_change = diff_network_whitelist(
-        &previous.common.granted_permissions.network.whitelist,
-        &updated.common.granted_permissions.network.whitelist,
-    );
+    let updated_capabilities = granted_capabilities(&updated);
+    let updated_network = granted_network_whitelist(&updated);
+
+    let capability_change =
+        diff_capabilities(&previous_capabilities, &updated_capabilities);
+
+    let network_change =
+        diff_network_whitelist(&previous_network, &updated_network);
 
     Ok((updated, capability_change, network_change))
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/types.rs
index 7befd3dec..0300bafc0 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/types.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
-use crate::types::SageNetworkPermissionTarget;
+use crate::types::SageNetworkWhitelistEntry;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct GrantedCapabilitiesChange {
@@ -10,9 +10,9 @@ pub struct GrantedCapabilitiesChange {
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange {
-    pub removed: Vec<SageNetworkPermissionTarget>,
-    pub added: Vec<SageNetworkPermissionTarget>,
-    pub full: Vec<SageNetworkPermissionTarget>,
+    pub removed: Vec<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
+    pub added: Vec<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
+    pub full: Vec<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
@@ -30,11 +30,11 @@ pub enum GrantCapabilityOutcome {
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub enum GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome {
     AlreadyGranted {
-        entry: SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
-        full_granted_network_whitelist: Vec<SageNetworkPermissionTarget>,
+        entry: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
+        full_granted_network_whitelist: Vec<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
     },
     Granted {
-        entry: SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
+        entry: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
         change: GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange,
     },
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/mod.rs
index 98bcea387..53017dced 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/mod.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
 mod definitions;
-mod normalization;
-mod validation;
 mod types;
 
 pub(crate) use definitions::{
@@ -8,128 +6,4 @@ pub(crate) use definitions::{
     user_capability_definition_view,
     user_registry
 };
-pub(super) use normalization::normalize_requested_capabilities;
 pub(crate) use types::CapabilityFlags;
-
-use anyhow::Result;
-use std::collections::BTreeSet;
-use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
-use crate::permissions::capabilities::normalization::normalize_granted_capabilities;
-use crate::permissions::capabilities::validation::{validate_effective_granted_capabilities, validate_user_granted_capabilities};
-use crate::types::{SageRequestedCapabilities};
-
-pub(crate) fn normalize_and_validate_user_granted_capabilities(
-    requested_capabilities: &SageRequestedCapabilities,
-    granted: &[UserBridgeCapability],
-) -> Result<Vec<UserBridgeCapability>> {
-    validate_user_granted_capabilities(requested_capabilities, granted)?;
-
-    let normalized = normalize_granted_capabilities(granted)?;
-
-    validate_user_granted_capabilities(requested_capabilities, &normalized)?;
-
-    Ok(normalized)
-}
-
-pub(crate) fn resolve_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities(
-    requested_capabilities: &SageRequestedCapabilities,
-    user_granted_capabilities: &[UserBridgeCapability],
-) -> Result<Vec<UserBridgeCapability>> {
-    validate_user_granted_capabilities(requested_capabilities, user_granted_capabilities)?;
-
-    let mut effective = BTreeSet::new();
-    effective.extend(user_granted_capabilities.iter().copied());
-
-    let requested_capabilities_chain = requested_capabilities
-        .required
-        .iter()
-        .chain(requested_capabilities.optional.iter());
-
-    for requested_capability in requested_capabilities_chain {
-        let definition = get_user_capability_definition(*requested_capability);
-
-        if !definition.flags.user_grantable {
-            effective.insert(*requested_capability);
-        }
-    }
-
-    let effective_vec: Vec<UserBridgeCapability> = effective.into_iter().collect();
-
-    validate_effective_granted_capabilities(requested_capabilities, &effective_vec)?;
-
-    Ok(effective_vec)
-}
-
-pub(crate) fn requested_user_grantable_capabilities(
-    requested: &SageRequestedCapabilities,
-) -> Vec<UserBridgeCapability> {
-    let mut caps: Vec<_> = requested
-        .required
-        .iter()
-        .chain(requested.optional.iter())
-        .copied()
-        .filter(|cap| {
-            get_user_capability_definition(*cap)
-                .flags
-                .user_grantable
-        })
-        .collect();
-
-    caps.sort();
-    caps.dedup();
-    caps
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use crate::permissions::resolve_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities;
-    use crate::permissions::tests::{auto_granted_capability, empty_requested_permissions};
-
-    #[test]
-    fn moving_non_user_grantable_capability_from_optional_to_required_still_auto_grants() {
-        let auto = auto_granted_capability();
-
-        let mut optional_requested = empty_requested_permissions();
-        optional_requested.capabilities.optional = vec![auto];
-
-        let optional_effective = resolve_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities(
-            &optional_requested.capabilities,
-            &[],
-        )
-            .expect("optional auto grant should resolve");
-
-        assert_eq!(optional_effective, vec![auto]);
-
-        let mut required_requested = empty_requested_permissions();
-        required_requested.capabilities.required = vec![auto];
-
-        let required_effective = resolve_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities(
-            &required_requested.capabilities,
-            &[],
-        )
-            .expect("required auto grant should resolve");
-
-        assert_eq!(required_effective, vec![auto]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn removed_non_user_grantable_capability_is_no_longer_effective() {
-        let auto = auto_granted_capability();
-
-        let mut requested = empty_requested_permissions();
-        requested.capabilities.required = vec![auto];
-
-        let effective = resolve_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities(&requested.capabilities, &[])
-            .expect("expected auto grant before removal");
-
-        assert_eq!(effective, vec![auto]);
-
-        let removed_requested = empty_requested_permissions();
-
-        let effective_after_removal =
-            resolve_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities(&removed_requested.capabilities, &[])
-                .expect("expected permissions to resolve after removal");
-
-        assert!(effective_after_removal.is_empty());
-    }
-}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/normalization.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/normalization.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 67a387115..000000000
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/normalization.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,85 +0,0 @@
-use std::collections::BTreeSet;
-use anyhow::{anyhow, Result};
-use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
-use crate::permissions::capabilities::definitions::get_user_capability_definition;
-use crate::types::SageRequestedCapabilities;
-
-pub(in crate::permissions) fn normalize_requested_capabilities(
-    capabilities: &SageRequestedCapabilities,
-) -> Result<SageRequestedCapabilities> {
-    let mut required = BTreeSet::new();
-    let mut optional = BTreeSet::new();
-
-    for capability in &capabilities.required {
-        let definition = get_user_capability_definition(*capability);
-
-        if !definition.flags.requestable_by_app {
-            return Err(anyhow!(
-                "capability is not requestable by apps: {}",
-                capability.key()
-            ));
-        }
-
-        required.insert(*capability);
-    }
-
-    for capability in &capabilities.optional {
-        let definition = get_user_capability_definition(*capability);
-
-        if !definition.flags.requestable_by_app {
-            return Err(anyhow!(
-                "capability is not requestable by apps: {}",
-                capability.key()
-            ));
-        }
-
-        if !required.contains(capability) {
-            optional.insert(*capability);
-        }
-    }
-
-    Ok(SageRequestedCapabilities {
-        required: required.into_iter().collect(),
-        optional: optional.into_iter().collect(),
-    })
-}
-
-pub(in crate::permissions::capabilities) fn normalize_granted_capabilities(
-    granted: &[UserBridgeCapability],
-) -> Result<Vec<UserBridgeCapability>> {
-    let mut out = BTreeSet::new();
-
-    for granted_capability in granted {
-        let granted_capability_definition = get_user_capability_definition(*granted_capability);
-
-        if granted_capability_definition.flags.user_grantable {
-            out.insert(*granted_capability);
-        }
-    }
-
-    Ok(out.into_iter().collect())
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use crate::permissions::capabilities::resolve_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities;
-    use crate::permissions::capabilities::normalization::normalize_granted_capabilities;
-
-    #[test]
-    fn normalize_user_granted_capabilities_strips_non_user_grantable_capability() {
-        let auto = crate::permissions::tests::auto_granted_capability();
-
-        let normalized = normalize_granted_capabilities(&[auto])
-            .expect("normalization should tolerate and strip stale non-user-grantable grants");
-
-        assert!(normalized.is_empty());
-
-        let mut requested = crate::permissions::tests::empty_requested_permissions();
-        requested.capabilities.required = vec![auto];
-
-        let effective = resolve_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities(&requested.capabilities, &normalized)
-            .expect("auto capability should still be effective");
-
-        assert_eq!(effective, vec![auto]);
-    }
-}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/validation.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/validation.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index bd316f655..000000000
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/validation.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,226 +0,0 @@
-use std::collections::BTreeSet;
-use anyhow::{anyhow, Result};
-use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
-use crate::permissions::capabilities::definitions::get_user_capability_definition;
-use crate::types::{SageRequestedCapabilities};
-
-pub(in crate::permissions) fn validate_effective_granted_capabilities(
-    requested: &SageRequestedCapabilities,
-    effective: &[UserBridgeCapability],
-) -> Result<()> {
-    validate_requested_capability_subset(requested, effective, "effective")
-}
-
-pub(in crate::permissions) fn validate_user_granted_capabilities(
-    requested: &SageRequestedCapabilities,
-    granted: &[UserBridgeCapability],
-) -> Result<()> {
-    validate_requested_capability_subset(requested, granted, "granted")?;
-
-    let granted_set: BTreeSet<_> = granted.iter().copied().collect();
-
-    for required_capability in &requested.required {
-        let definition = get_user_capability_definition(*required_capability);
-
-        if definition.flags.user_grantable && !granted_set.contains(required_capability) {
-            return Err(anyhow!(
-                "missing required capability: {}",
-                required_capability.key()
-            ));
-        }
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn validate_requested_capability_subset(
-    requested: &SageRequestedCapabilities,
-    capabilities: &[UserBridgeCapability],
-    label: &str,
-) -> Result<()> {
-    let allowed: BTreeSet<_> = requested
-        .required
-        .iter()
-        .chain(requested.optional.iter())
-        .copied()
-        .collect();
-
-    for capability in capabilities {
-        if !allowed.contains(capability) {
-            return Err(anyhow!(
-                "{label} capability not requested in manifest: {}",
-                capability.key()
-            ));
-        }
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
-    use crate::permissions::capabilities::validation::{validate_effective_granted_capabilities, validate_user_granted_capabilities};
-    use crate::permissions::resolve_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities;
-    use crate::permissions::tests::{auto_granted_capability, empty_requested_permissions};
-
-    #[test]
-    fn validate_user_granted_capabilities_rejects_unrequested_capability() {
-        let mut requested = empty_requested_permissions();
-        requested.capabilities.required = vec![UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch];
-
-        let err = validate_user_granted_capabilities(
-            &requested.capabilities,
-            &[
-                UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
-                UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage,
-            ],
-        )
-            .expect_err("expected unrequested capability to be rejected");
-
-        assert!(
-            err.to_string().contains("persistent_storage"),
-            "error should mention unrequested capability"
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn validate_user_granted_capabilities_rejects_missing_required_capability() {
-        let mut requested = empty_requested_permissions();
-        requested.capabilities.required = vec![UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch];
-
-        let err = validate_user_granted_capabilities(&requested.capabilities, &[])
-            .expect_err("expected missing required capability to be rejected");
-
-        assert!(
-            err.to_string().contains(UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch.key()),
-            "error should mention missing required capability"
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn validate_user_granted_capabilities_allows_subset_of_optional_capabilities() {
-        let mut requested = empty_requested_permissions();
-        requested.capabilities.required = vec![UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch];
-        requested.capabilities.optional = vec![UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage];
-
-        validate_user_granted_capabilities(
-            &requested.capabilities,
-            &[UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch],
-        )
-            .expect("expected optional capability to be omittable");
-    }
-
-
-    #[test]
-    fn non_user_grantable_required_capability_is_effective_without_persisted_grant() {
-        let auto = auto_granted_capability();
-
-        let mut requested = empty_requested_permissions();
-        requested.capabilities.required = vec![auto];
-
-        validate_user_granted_capabilities(&requested.capabilities, &[])
-            .expect("non-user-grantable required capability should not require persisted user grant");
-
-        let effective = resolve_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities(&requested.capabilities, &[])
-            .expect("expected effective permissions to resolve");
-
-        assert_eq!(effective, vec![auto]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn non_user_grantable_optional_capability_is_effective_without_persisted_grant() {
-        let auto = auto_granted_capability();
-
-        let mut requested = empty_requested_permissions();
-        requested.capabilities.optional = vec![auto];
-
-        validate_user_granted_capabilities(&requested.capabilities, &[])
-            .expect("non-user-grantable optional capability should not require persisted user grant");
-
-        let effective = resolve_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities(&requested.capabilities, &[])
-            .expect("expected effective permissions to resolve");
-
-        assert_eq!(effective, vec![auto]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn user_grantable_required_capability_without_user_grant_is_blocked() {
-        let mut requested = empty_requested_permissions();
-        requested.capabilities.required = vec![UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch];
-
-        let err = validate_user_granted_capabilities(&requested.capabilities, &[])
-            .expect_err("user-grantable required capability should require user grant");
-
-        assert!(
-            err.to_string().contains(UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch.key()),
-            "error should mention missing user-grantable required capability"
-        );
-
-        resolve_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities(&requested.capabilities, &[])
-            .expect_err("effective permissions should not resolve without required user grant");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn validate_effective_granted_capabilities_rejects_unrequested_capability() {
-        let mut requested = empty_requested_permissions();
-        requested.capabilities.required = vec![UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch];
-
-        let err = validate_effective_granted_capabilities(
-            &requested.capabilities,
-            &[
-                UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
-                UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage,
-            ],
-        )
-            .expect_err("expected unrequested effective capability to be rejected");
-
-        assert!(
-            err.to_string().contains("persistent_storage"),
-            "error should mention unrequested capability"
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn validate_effective_granted_capabilities_allows_user_grantable_required_capability() {
-        let mut requested = empty_requested_permissions();
-        requested.capabilities.required = vec![UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch];
-
-        validate_effective_granted_capabilities(
-            &requested.capabilities,
-            &[UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch],
-        )
-            .expect("expected requested required capability to be valid as effective");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn validate_effective_granted_capabilities_allows_non_user_grantable_required_capability() {
-        let auto = auto_granted_capability();
-
-        let mut requested = empty_requested_permissions();
-        requested.capabilities.required = vec![auto];
-
-        validate_effective_granted_capabilities(&requested.capabilities, &[auto])
-            .expect("expected requested non-user-grantable capability to be valid as effective");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn validate_effective_granted_capabilities_allows_requested_optional_capability() {
-        let mut requested = empty_requested_permissions();
-        requested.capabilities.optional = vec![UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage];
-
-        validate_effective_granted_capabilities(
-            &requested.capabilities,
-            &[UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage],
-        )
-            .expect("expected requested optional capability to be valid as effective");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn validate_effective_granted_capabilities_allows_empty_effective_set() {
-        let requested = empty_requested_permissions();
-
-        validate_effective_granted_capabilities(&requested.capabilities, &[])
-            .expect("empty effective capabilities should be valid when nothing is effective");
-    }
-}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/mod.rs
index bc530fbf3..b2ebd1394 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/mod.rs
@@ -1,186 +1,10 @@
-mod validation;
 mod capabilities;
-mod network;
-mod normalization;
 
 pub(crate) use capabilities::{
     get_user_capability_definition,
-    normalize_and_validate_user_granted_capabilities,
-    resolve_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities,
-    requested_user_grantable_capabilities,
     user_capability_definition_view,
     user_registry,
     get_system_capability_definition,
     CapabilityFlags,
 };
-pub(crate) use network::normalize_and_validate_granted_network;
 
-use anyhow::Result;
-use crate::permissions::normalization::normalize_requested_permissions;
-use crate::permissions::validation::validate_requested_permission;
-use crate::types::{SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions};
-
-pub(crate) fn normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions(
-    permissions: &SageRequestedPermissions,
-) -> Result<SageRequestedPermissions> {
-    let normalized_requested = normalize_requested_permissions(permissions)?;
-
-    validate_requested_permission(&normalized_requested)?;
-
-    Ok(normalized_requested)
-}
-
-pub(crate) fn normalize_and_validate_granted_permissions(
-    requested: &SageRequestedPermissions,
-    granted: SageGrantedPermissions,
-) -> Result<SageGrantedPermissions> {
-    Ok(SageGrantedPermissions {
-        capabilities: normalize_and_validate_user_granted_capabilities(
-            &requested.capabilities,
-            &granted.capabilities
-        )?,
-        network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
-            whitelist: normalize_and_validate_granted_network(
-                &requested.network,
-                &granted.network.whitelist,
-            )?
-        },
-    })
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-pub(super) mod tests {
-    use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
-    use crate::permissions::{normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions};
-    use crate::permissions::capabilities::user_registry;
-    use crate::types::{SageNetworkPermissionTarget, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist, SageRequestedPermissions};
-
-    pub fn auto_granted_capability() -> UserBridgeCapability {
-        UserBridgeCapability::AppGetInfo
-    }
-
-    pub fn empty_requested_permissions() -> SageRequestedPermissions {
-        SageRequestedPermissions {
-            network: SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
-                whitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist {
-                    required: vec![],
-                    optional: vec![],
-                },
-            },
-            capabilities: SageRequestedCapabilities {
-                required: vec![],
-                optional: vec![],
-            },
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn first_non_requestable_capability() -> UserBridgeCapability {
-        user_registry()
-            .values()
-            .find(|definition| !definition.flags.requestable_by_app)
-            .unwrap_or_else(|| {
-                panic!("test requires at least one capability with requestable_by_app = false")
-            })
-            .capability
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn rejects_non_requestable_required_capability() {
-        let non_requestable = first_non_requestable_capability();
-
-        let mut requested = empty_requested_permissions();
-        requested.capabilities.required = vec![non_requestable.clone()];
-
-        let err = normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions(&requested)
-            .expect_err("expected non-requestable required capability to be rejected");
-
-        let message = err.to_string();
-        assert!(
-            message.contains(&non_requestable.key()),
-            "error should mention rejected capability, got: {message}"
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn rejects_non_requestable_optional_capability() {
-        let non_requestable = first_non_requestable_capability();
-
-        let mut requested = empty_requested_permissions();
-        requested.capabilities.optional = vec![non_requestable.clone()];
-
-        let err = normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions(&requested)
-            .expect_err("expected non-requestable optional capability to be rejected");
-
-        let message = err.to_string();
-        assert!(
-            message.contains(&non_requestable.key()),
-            "error should mention rejected capability, got: {message}"
-        );
-    }
-
-
-    #[test]
-    fn normalize_requested_permissions_deduplicates_and_sorts_capabilities() {
-        let mut requested = empty_requested_permissions();
-        requested.capabilities.required = vec![
-            UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
-            UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
-        ];
-        requested.capabilities.optional = vec![
-            UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
-        ];
-
-        let normalized = normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions(&requested)
-            .expect("expected requested permissions to normalize");
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            normalized.capabilities.required,
-            vec![UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch]
-        );
-        assert!(normalized.capabilities.optional.is_empty());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn normalize_requested_permissions_deduplicates_and_sorts_network_entries() {
-        let mut requested = empty_requested_permissions();
-        requested.network.whitelist.required = vec![
-            SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
-                scheme: "HTTPS".to_string(),
-                host: "Example.com".to_string(),
-            },
-            SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
-                scheme: "https".to_string(),
-                host: "example.com".to_string(),
-            },
-        ];
-        requested.network.whitelist.optional = vec![
-            SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
-                scheme: "WSS".to_string(),
-                host: "ws.example.com".to_string(),
-            },
-            SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
-                scheme: "https".to_string(),
-                host: "example.com".to_string(),
-            },
-        ];
-
-        let normalized = normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions(&requested)
-            .expect("expected requested permissions to normalize");
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            normalized.network.whitelist.required,
-            vec![SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
-                scheme: "https".to_string(),
-                host: "example.com".to_string(),
-            }]
-        );
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            normalized.network.whitelist.optional,
-            vec![SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
-                scheme: "wss".to_string(),
-                host: "ws.example.com".to_string(),
-            }]
-        );
-    }
-}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/network/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/network/mod.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 9fcfd52c9..000000000
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/network/mod.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-mod validation;
-mod normalization;
-
-pub(super) use validation::validate_granted_network;
-pub(super) use normalization::normalize_requested_network;
-
-use anyhow::Result;
-use crate::permissions::network::normalization::{normalize_granted_network};
-use crate::types::{SageNetworkPermissionTarget, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions};
-
-pub(crate) fn normalize_and_validate_granted_network(
-    requested: &SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
-    granted: &[SageNetworkPermissionTarget],
-) -> Result<Vec<SageNetworkPermissionTarget>> {
-    let requested = normalize_requested_network(requested)?;
-    let granted = normalize_granted_network(granted)?;
-
-    validate_granted_network(&requested, &granted)?;
-
-    Ok(granted)
-}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/network/normalization.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/network/normalization.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 81925e900..000000000
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/network/normalization.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,53 +0,0 @@
-use std::collections::BTreeSet;
-use anyhow::{anyhow, Result};
-use crate::types::{SageNetworkPermissionTarget, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions};
-
-pub(in crate::permissions) fn normalize_requested_network(
-    network_permissions: &SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
-) -> Result<SageRequestedNetworkPermissions> {
-    let required = normalize_network_entries(&network_permissions.whitelist.required)?;
-    let required_keys = required.iter().cloned().collect::<BTreeSet<_>>();
-
-    let optional = normalize_network_entries(&network_permissions.whitelist.optional)?
-        .into_iter()
-        .filter(|entry| !required_keys.contains(entry))
-        .collect();
-
-    Ok(SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
-        whitelist: crate::types::SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist { required, optional },
-    })
-}
-
-pub(in crate::permissions) fn normalize_granted_network(
-    granted: &[SageNetworkPermissionTarget],
-) -> Result<Vec<SageNetworkPermissionTarget>> {
-    normalize_network_entries(granted)
-}
-
-pub fn normalize_network_entry(
-    entry: &SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
-) -> Result<SageNetworkPermissionTarget> {
-    let scheme = entry.scheme.trim().to_ascii_lowercase();
-    let host = entry.host.trim().to_ascii_lowercase();
-
-    if scheme.is_empty() {
-        return Err(anyhow!("network whitelist entry is missing scheme"));
-    }
-
-    if host.is_empty() {
-        return Err(anyhow!("network whitelist entry is missing host"));
-    }
-
-    Ok(SageNetworkPermissionTarget { scheme, host })
-}
-
-fn normalize_network_entries(
-    entries: &[SageNetworkPermissionTarget],
-) -> Result<Vec<SageNetworkPermissionTarget>> {
-    let normalized = entries
-        .iter()
-        .map(normalize_network_entry)
-        .collect::<Result<BTreeSet<_>>>()?;
-
-    Ok(normalized.into_iter().collect())
-}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/network/validation.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/network/validation.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index aecdc910e..000000000
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/network/validation.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-use std::collections::BTreeSet;
-
-use anyhow::{anyhow, Result};
-
-use crate::types::{SageNetworkPermissionTarget, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions};
-
-pub(in crate::permissions) fn validate_granted_network(
-    requested: &SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
-    granted: &[SageNetworkPermissionTarget],
-) -> Result<()> {
-    let allowed: BTreeSet<_> = requested
-        .whitelist
-        .required
-        .iter()
-        .chain(requested.whitelist.optional.iter())
-        .cloned()
-        .collect();
-
-    for entry in granted {
-        if !allowed.contains(entry) {
-            return Err(anyhow!(
-                "granted network whitelist entry not requested in manifest: {}://{}",
-                entry.scheme,
-                entry.host
-            ));
-        }
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/normalization.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/normalization.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 6f5883a13..000000000
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/normalization.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-use anyhow::Result;
-use crate::permissions::capabilities::normalize_requested_capabilities;
-use crate::permissions::network::normalize_requested_network;
-use crate::types::SageRequestedPermissions;
-
-pub(super) fn normalize_requested_permissions(
-    permissions: &SageRequestedPermissions,
-) -> Result<SageRequestedPermissions> {
-    Ok(SageRequestedPermissions {
-        network: normalize_requested_network(&permissions.network)?,
-        capabilities: normalize_requested_capabilities(&permissions.capabilities)?,
-    })
-}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/validation.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/validation.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 3b0088ac2..000000000
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/validation.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,46 +0,0 @@
-use anyhow::{anyhow, Result};
-use crate::permissions::capabilities::CapabilityFlags;
-use crate::types::{SageRequestedPermissions};
-
-pub(super) fn validate_requested_permission(
-    permissions: &SageRequestedPermissions,
-) -> Result<()> {
-    let mut requested = Vec::new();
-    requested.extend(permissions.capabilities.required.iter().copied());
-    requested.extend(permissions.capabilities.optional.iter().copied());
-
-
-    let requested_capability_flags = CapabilityFlags::from_capabilities(&requested);
-
-    if requested_capability_flags.externally_observable && requested_capability_flags.accesses_sensitive_secret {
-        return Err(anyhow!(
-            "requested permissions cannot include both externally observable and sensitive secret access permissions"
-        ));
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-pub(super) mod tests {
-    use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
-    use crate::permissions::tests::empty_requested_permissions;
-    use crate::permissions::validate_requested_permission;
-
-    #[test]
-    fn requested_permissions_policy_rejects_secret_and_external_combination() {
-        let mut requested = empty_requested_permissions();
-        requested.capabilities.required = vec![
-            UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
-            UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetSecretKey,
-        ];
-
-        let err = validate_requested_permission(&requested)
-            .expect_err("expected incompatible requested capability policy to be rejected");
-
-        assert!(
-            err.to_string().contains("requested permissions cannot include both externally observable and sensitive secret access permissions"),
-            "unexpected error: {err}"
-        );
-    }
-}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
index b2c406d88..bb77d6918 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ fn inline_label_for(app_id: &str, runtime_kind: SageAppRuntimeKind) -> String {
 fn should_use_incognito(app: &SageApp) -> bool {
     let has_persistent_storage = app
         .granted_permissions()
-        .capabilities
+        .capabilities_vec()
         .contains(&UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage);
 
     if !has_persistent_storage {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
index 9fbf710c0..85aaf9001 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
@@ -1,17 +1,11 @@
 use std::{fs, path::PathBuf};
-
+use std::path::Path;
 use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
 use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
 use tauri::command;
 
 use crate::host::Result;
-use crate::lifecycle::{manifest_entry_file, manifest_icon_file};
-use crate::lifecycle::flags::get_app_flags;
-use crate::permissions::{normalize_and_validate_granted_permissions,
-     normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions, requested_user_grantable_capabilities,
-                         resolve_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities
-};
-use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppPackageManifest, SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions, UserSageAppSource, UserSageApp};
+use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppPackageManifest, SageGrantedPermissions, UserSageAppSource, UserSageApp};
 
 macro_rules! sandbox_test_id_prefix {
     () => {
@@ -122,7 +116,7 @@ fn builtin_storage(_app_id: &str) -> InstalledSageAppStorage {
     InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged
 }
 
-fn read_builtin_manifest(app_dir: &PathBuf) -> AnyResult<SageAppPackageManifest> {
+fn read_builtin_manifest(app_dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<SageAppPackageManifest> {
     let manifest_path = app_dir.join("sage-manifest.json");
 
     let manifest_text = fs::read_to_string(&manifest_path).with_context(|| {
@@ -187,33 +181,34 @@ pub fn build_builtin_test_app(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<SageApp>> {
         ));
     }
 
-    let mut manifest = read_builtin_manifest(&app_dir)?;
-    manifest.permissions =
-        normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions(&manifest.permissions)?;
-
-    let user_grantable_capabilities = requested_user_grantable_capabilities(&manifest.permissions.capabilities);
+    let manifest = read_builtin_manifest(&app_dir)?;
 
-    let granted_permissions = normalize_and_validate_granted_permissions(
-        &manifest.permissions,
-        SageGrantedPermissions {
-            capabilities: user_grantable_capabilities,
-            network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
-                whitelist: manifest.permissions.network.whitelist.required.clone(),
-            },
-        }
+    let granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions::new(
+        manifest.permissions(),
+        manifest.permissions().capabilities.user_grantable(),
+        manifest.permissions().network.whitelist.required().cloned(),
     )?;
 
-    let effective_capabilities = resolve_and_validate_effective_granted_capabilities(
-        &manifest.permissions.capabilities,
-        &granted_permissions.capabilities,
-    )?;
+    let total_bytes = compute_total_bytes(&app_dir)?;
 
-    let capability_flags = get_app_flags(&effective_capabilities, None)?;
+    let snapshot = SageAppSnapshot {
+        manifest_hash: format!("builtin:{}", spec.app_id),
+        snapshot_dir: app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+        total_bytes,
+        manifest: manifest.clone(),
+    };
 
-    let entry_file_name = manifest_entry_file(&manifest).to_string();
-    let icon_file_name = manifest_icon_file(&manifest).to_string();
+    let common = SageAppCommon::new(
+        spec.app_id.to_string(),
+        spec.app_id.to_string(),
+        app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+        &manifest,
+        granted_permissions,
+        builtin_storage(spec.app_id),
+        snapshot,
+    )?;
 
-    let entry_file = app_dir.join(&entry_file_name);
+    let entry_file = app_dir.join(&common.entry_file);
     if !entry_file.is_file() {
         return Err(anyhow!(
             "builtin test app entry file does not exist: {}",
@@ -221,7 +216,7 @@ pub fn build_builtin_test_app(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<SageApp>> {
         ));
     }
 
-    let icon_file = app_dir.join(&icon_file_name);
+    let icon_file = app_dir.join(&common.icon_file);
     if !icon_file.is_file() {
         return Err(anyhow!(
             "builtin test app icon file does not exist: {}",
@@ -229,28 +224,8 @@ pub fn build_builtin_test_app(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<SageApp>> {
         ));
     }
 
-    let total_bytes = compute_total_bytes(&app_dir)?;
-
     let app = UserSageApp {
-        common: SageAppCommon {
-            id: spec.app_id.to_string(),
-            origin_id: spec.app_id.to_string(),
-            name: manifest.name.clone(),
-            version: manifest.version.clone(),
-            app_dir: app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-            entry_file: entry_file_name,
-            icon_file: icon_file_name,
-            requested_permissions: manifest.permissions.clone(),
-            granted_permissions,
-            capability_flags,
-            storage: builtin_storage(spec.app_id),
-            active_snapshot: SageAppSnapshot {
-                manifest_hash: format!("builtin:{}", spec.app_id),
-                snapshot_dir: app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-                total_bytes,
-                manifest,
-            },
-        },
+        common,
         source: UserSageAppSource::Zip,
         pending_update: None,
     };
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs
index 6d77c39a6..5c398c207 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ fn app_requires_sandbox_gate(app: &SageApp) -> bool {
 
 fn app_has_capability(app: &SageApp, capability: UserBridgeCapability) -> bool {
     app.granted_permissions()
-        .capabilities
+        .capabilities_vec()
         .contains(&capability)
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/csp.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/csp.rs
index cfca20f2a..7e310549e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/csp.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/csp.rs
@@ -1,36 +1,11 @@
 use std::collections::BTreeSet;
 
-use crate::types::{SageApp, SageNetworkPermissionTarget};
+use crate::types::{SageApp};
 
 fn csp_source_list(items: &[String]) -> String {
     items.join(" ")
 }
 
-fn is_allowed_scheme(s: &str) -> bool {
-    matches!(s, "https" | "wss")
-}
-
-fn network_permission_to_csp_source(
-    permission: &SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
-) -> Option<String> {
-    let scheme = permission.scheme.trim().to_ascii_lowercase();
-    let host = permission.host.trim().to_ascii_lowercase();
-
-    if host.is_empty() {
-        return None;
-    }
-
-    if !is_allowed_scheme(scheme.as_str()) {
-        return None;
-    }
-
-    if host.contains('/') || host.contains('?') || host.contains('#') || host.contains(' ') {
-        return None;
-    }
-
-    Some(format!("{scheme}://{host}"))
-}
-
 pub fn build_app_csp(app: &SageApp) -> String {
     let default_src = csp_source_list(&vec!["'self'".to_string()]);
     let script_src = csp_source_list(&vec![
@@ -63,10 +38,8 @@ pub fn build_app_csp(app: &SageApp) -> String {
 
     let mut connect_sources = BTreeSet::from(["'self'".to_string()]);
 
-    for entry in &app.granted_permissions().network.whitelist {
-        if let Some(source) = network_permission_to_csp_source(entry) {
-            connect_sources.insert(source);
-        }
+    for entry in app.granted_permissions().network().whitelist() {
+        connect_sources.insert(entry.as_permission_string());
     }
 
     let connect_src = csp_source_list(
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps/mod.rs
index 65aa49c0e..0bed42392 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps/mod.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,10 @@
 use std::{fs, path::PathBuf};
-
+use std::path::Path;
 use anyhow::{anyhow, Context, Result as AnyResult};
 use tauri::command;
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
 use crate::host::Result;
-use crate::lifecycle::{manifest_entry_file, manifest_icon_file};
-use crate::lifecycle::flags::get_app_flags;
-use crate::permissions::{normalize_and_validate_granted_permissions, normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions};
-use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions, SageGrantedSystemPermissions, SystemAppPresentation, SystemSageApp};
+use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissions, SageGrantedSystemPermissions, SystemAppPresentation, SystemSageApp};
 
 pub const SYSTEM_APP_TASK_MANAGER_ID: &str = "task-manager";
 
@@ -54,7 +51,7 @@ pub fn builtin_system_app_dir(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<PathBuf>> {
     Ok(Some(builtin_system_apps_root().join(spec.dir_name)))
 }
 
-fn read_builtin_manifest(app_dir: &PathBuf) -> AnyResult<SageAppPackageManifest> {
+fn read_builtin_manifest(app_dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<SageAppPackageManifest> {
     let manifest_path = app_dir.join("sage-manifest.json");
 
     let manifest_text = fs::read_to_string(&manifest_path).with_context(|| {
@@ -119,31 +116,41 @@ pub fn build_builtin_system_app(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<SageApp>> {
         ));
     }
 
-    let mut manifest = read_builtin_manifest(&app_dir)?;
-    manifest.permissions =
-        normalize_and_validate_requested_permissions(&manifest.permissions)?;
-
-    let mut requested_capabilities = manifest.permissions.capabilities.required.clone();
-    requested_capabilities.extend(manifest.permissions.capabilities.optional.clone());
-    requested_capabilities.sort();
-    requested_capabilities.dedup();
-
-    let granted_permissions = normalize_and_validate_granted_permissions(
-        &manifest.permissions,
-        SageGrantedPermissions {
-            capabilities: requested_capabilities,
-            network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
-                whitelist: manifest.permissions.network.whitelist.required.clone(),
-            },
-        }
+    let manifest = read_builtin_manifest(&app_dir)?;
+
+    let requested_capabilities = manifest
+        .permissions()
+        .capabilities
+        .required()
+        .chain(manifest.permissions().capabilities.optional())
+        .copied();
+
+    let granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions::new(
+        manifest.permissions(),
+        requested_capabilities,
+        manifest.permissions().network.whitelist.required().cloned(),
     )?;
 
-    let app_flags = get_app_flags(&granted_permissions.capabilities, None)?;
+    let total_bytes = compute_total_bytes(&app_dir)?;
 
-    let entry_file_name = manifest_entry_file(&manifest).to_string();
-    let icon_file_name = manifest_icon_file(&manifest).to_string();
+    let snapshot = SageAppSnapshot {
+        manifest_hash: format!("builtin-system:{}", spec.app_id),
+        snapshot_dir: app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+        total_bytes,
+        manifest: manifest.clone(),
+    };
 
-    let entry_file = app_dir.join(&entry_file_name);
+    let common = SageAppCommon::new(
+        spec.app_id.to_string(),
+        spec.app_id.to_string(),
+        app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+        &manifest,
+        granted_permissions,
+        InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
+        snapshot,
+    )?;
+
+    let entry_file = app_dir.join(&common.entry_file);
     if !entry_file.is_file() {
         return Err(anyhow!(
             "builtin system app entry file does not exist: {}",
@@ -151,7 +158,7 @@ pub fn build_builtin_system_app(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<SageApp>> {
         ));
     }
 
-    let icon_file = app_dir.join(&icon_file_name);
+    let icon_file = app_dir.join(&common.icon_file);
     if !icon_file.is_file() {
         return Err(anyhow!(
             "builtin system app icon file does not exist: {}",
@@ -159,32 +166,12 @@ pub fn build_builtin_system_app(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<SageApp>> {
         ));
     }
 
-    let total_bytes = compute_total_bytes(&app_dir)?;
-
     let app = SystemSageApp {
-        common: SageAppCommon {
-            id: spec.app_id.to_string(),
-            origin_id: spec.app_id.to_string(),
-            name: manifest.name.clone(),
-            version: manifest.version.clone(),
-            app_dir: app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-            entry_file: entry_file_name,
-            icon_file: icon_file_name,
-            requested_permissions: manifest.permissions.clone(),
-            granted_permissions,
-            capability_flags: app_flags,
-            storage: InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
-            active_snapshot: SageAppSnapshot {
-                manifest_hash: format!("builtin-system:{}", spec.app_id),
-                snapshot_dir: app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-                total_bytes,
-                manifest,
-            },
-        },
+        common,
         presentation: spec.presentation,
         system_granted_permissions: SageGrantedSystemPermissions {
             capabilities: spec.system_capabilities.to_vec(),
-        }
+        },
     };
 
     Ok(Some(SageApp::System(app)))
@@ -204,10 +191,10 @@ pub fn list_builtin_system_apps() -> AnyResult<Vec<SageApp>> {
 
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
-pub async fn get_builtin_system_app(
-    app_id: String,
+pub fn get_builtin_system_app(
+    app_id: &str,
 ) -> Result<Option<SageApp>> {
-    build_builtin_system_app(&app_id).map_err(|err| {
+    build_builtin_system_app(app_id).map_err(|err| {
         std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to load builtin system app: {err}")).into()
     })
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types.rs
index 3e6f75756..6c113e58a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types.rs
@@ -1,22 +1,26 @@
+use std::collections::BTreeSet;
+use anyhow::anyhow;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::bridge::capabilities::{SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
-use crate::lifecycle::parse_network_permission_target;
+use crate::bridge::capabilities::{SharedCapabilitiesExt, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
+use crate::lifecycle::flags::get_app_flags;
+use crate::lifecycle::{manifest_entry_file, manifest_icon_file, validate_manifest_file_path, validate_sha256_hex, MAX_APP_FILE_COUNT, MAX_APP_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES};
+use crate::permissions::{get_user_capability_definition, CapabilityFlags};
 use crate::sandbox::SANDBOX_TEST_ID_PREFIX;
 
 #[derive(
-    Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord,
+    Debug, Clone, Type, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord,
 )]
-pub struct SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
-    pub scheme: String,
-    pub host: String,
+pub struct SageNetworkWhitelistEntry {
+    scheme: String,
+    host: String,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist {
-    pub required: Vec<SageNetworkPermissionTarget>,
-    pub optional: Vec<SageNetworkPermissionTarget>,
+    required: BTreeSet<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
+    optional: BTreeSet<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
@@ -26,8 +30,8 @@ pub struct SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct SageRequestedCapabilities {
-    pub required: Vec<UserBridgeCapability>,
-    pub optional: Vec<UserBridgeCapability>,
+    required: BTreeSet<UserBridgeCapability>,
+    optional: BTreeSet<UserBridgeCapability>,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
@@ -38,13 +42,13 @@ pub struct SageRequestedPermissions {
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
-    pub whitelist: Vec<SageNetworkPermissionTarget>,
+    whitelist: BTreeSet<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct SageGrantedPermissions {
-    pub capabilities: Vec<UserBridgeCapability>,
-    pub network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions,
+    capabilities: BTreeSet<UserBridgeCapability>,
+    network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
@@ -96,14 +100,14 @@ pub struct RetiredAppOriginEntry {
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct SageAppPackageManifest {
-    pub name: String,
-    pub version: String,
-    pub permissions: SageRequestedPermissions,
-    pub files: Vec<SageAppManifestFile>,
-    pub entry: Option<String>,
-    pub icon: Option<String>,
-    pub author: Option<SageAppAuthor>,
-    pub donation: Option<SageAppDonation>,
+    name: String,
+    version: String,
+    permissions: SageRequestedPermissions,
+    files: Vec<SageAppManifestFile>,
+    entry: Option<String>,
+    icon: Option<String>,
+    author: Option<SageAppAuthor>,
+    donation: Option<SageAppDonation>,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
@@ -131,6 +135,7 @@ pub struct SageAppSnapshot {
     pub manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
 }
 
+#[allow(clippy::struct_excessive_bools)]
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct SageAppFlags {
@@ -140,6 +145,7 @@ pub struct SageAppFlags {
     pub isolated: bool,
 }
 
+#[allow(clippy::struct_excessive_bools)]
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct SageAppCapabilityFlagsView {
@@ -218,11 +224,313 @@ pub struct SystemSageApp {
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
 #[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "camelCase")]
+#[allow(clippy::large_enum_variant)]
 pub enum SageApp {
     System(SystemSageApp),
     User(UserSageApp),
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct SageAppId {
+    pub id: String,
+    pub origin_id: String,
+    pub name: String,
+    pub version: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct CorruptedInstalledSageApp {
+    pub id: String,
+    pub app_dir: String,
+    pub error: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "camelCase")]
+#[allow(clippy::large_enum_variant)]
+pub enum ListedSageApp {
+    User(UserSageApp),
+    System(SystemSageApp),
+    Corrupted(CorruptedInstalledSageApp),
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Default)]
+struct RawStringListBucket {
+    #[serde(default)]
+    required: Vec<String>,
+
+    #[serde(default)]
+    optional: Vec<String>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Default)]
+struct RawRequestedNetworkPermissions {
+    #[serde(default)]
+    whitelist: RawStringListBucket,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Default)]
+struct RawRequestedPermissions {
+    #[serde(default)]
+    network: RawRequestedNetworkPermissions,
+
+    #[serde(default)]
+    capabilities: Option<SageRequestedCapabilities>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Default)]
+struct RawSageAppPackageManifest {
+    name: String,
+    version: String,
+
+    #[serde(default)]
+    permissions: Option<SageRequestedPermissions>,
+
+    #[serde(default)]
+    files: Vec<SageAppManifestFile>,
+
+    #[serde(default)]
+    entry: Option<String>,
+
+    #[serde(default)]
+    icon: Option<String>,
+
+    #[serde(default)]
+    author: Option<SageAppAuthor>,
+
+    #[serde(default)]
+    donation: Option<SageAppDonation>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct SageAppAuthor {
+    pub name: String,
+    pub avatar: Option<String>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct SageAppDonation {
+    pub address: String,
+}
+
+impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for SageRequestedPermissions {
+    fn deserialize<D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error>
+    where
+        D: Deserializer<'de>,
+    {
+        let raw = <RawRequestedPermissions as Deserialize>::deserialize(deserializer)?;
+
+        let required_network = raw
+            .network
+            .whitelist
+            .required
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|value| value.parse().map_err(serde::de::Error::custom))
+            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
+
+        let optional_network = raw
+            .network
+            .whitelist
+            .optional
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|value| value.parse().map_err(serde::de::Error::custom))
+            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
+
+        SageRequestedPermissions::new(
+            SageRequestedNetworkPermissions::new(required_network, optional_network),
+            raw.capabilities.unwrap_or_default(),
+        )
+            .map_err(serde::de::Error::custom)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for SageAppPackageManifest {
+    fn deserialize<D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error>
+    where
+        D: Deserializer<'de>,
+    {
+        let raw = <RawSageAppPackageManifest as Deserialize>::deserialize(deserializer)?;
+
+        SageAppPackageManifest::try_from(SageAppPackageManifestParts {
+            name: raw.name,
+            version: raw.version,
+            permissions: raw.permissions.unwrap_or_else(SageRequestedPermissions::empty),
+            files: raw.files,
+            entry: raw.entry,
+            icon: raw.icon,
+            author: raw.author,
+            donation: raw.donation,
+        })
+            .map_err(serde::de::Error::custom)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Serialize for SageNetworkWhitelistEntry {
+    fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
+    where
+        S: serde::Serializer,
+    {
+        serializer.serialize_str(&self.as_permission_string())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for SageNetworkWhitelistEntry {
+    fn deserialize<D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error>
+    where
+        D: serde::Deserializer<'de>,
+    {
+        let value = String::deserialize(deserializer)?;
+        value.parse().map_err(serde::de::Error::custom)
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct SageAppPackageManifestParts {
+    pub name: String,
+    pub version: String,
+    pub permissions: SageRequestedPermissions,
+    pub files: Vec<SageAppManifestFile>,
+    pub entry: Option<String>,
+    pub icon: Option<String>,
+    pub author: Option<SageAppAuthor>,
+    pub donation: Option<SageAppDonation>,
+}
+
+impl TryFrom<SageAppPackageManifestParts> for SageAppPackageManifest {
+    type Error = anyhow::Error;
+
+    fn try_from(value: SageAppPackageManifestParts) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
+        if value.name.trim().is_empty() {
+            anyhow::bail!("manifest name cannot be empty");
+        }
+
+        if value.version.trim().is_empty() {
+            anyhow::bail!("manifest version cannot be empty");
+        }
+
+        if let Some(author) = &value.author && author.name.trim().is_empty() {
+            anyhow::bail!("author name cannot be empty");
+        }
+
+        if let Some(donation) = &value.donation {
+            Self::validate_donation(&donation.address)?;
+        }
+
+        Self::validate_files(&value.files)?;
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            name: value.name,
+            version: value.version,
+            permissions: value.permissions,
+            files: value.files,
+            entry: value.entry,
+            icon: value.icon,
+            author: value.author,
+            donation: value.donation,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl SageAppPackageManifest {
+    pub fn name(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.name
+    }
+
+    pub fn version(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.version
+    }
+
+    pub fn permissions(&self) -> &SageRequestedPermissions {
+        &self.permissions
+    }
+
+    pub fn files(&self) -> &[SageAppManifestFile] {
+        &self.files
+    }
+
+    pub fn entry(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.entry.as_deref()
+    }
+
+    pub fn icon(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.icon.as_deref()
+    }
+
+    pub fn author(&self) -> Option<&SageAppAuthor> {
+        self.author.as_ref()
+    }
+
+    pub fn donation(&self) -> Option<&SageAppDonation> {
+        self.donation.as_ref()
+    }
+
+    pub fn total_bytes(&self) -> anyhow::Result<u64> {
+        Self::compute_total_bytes(&self.files)
+    }
+
+    fn validate_donation(address: &str) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        if address.trim().is_empty() {
+            return Err(anyhow!("donation address cannot be empty"));
+        }
+
+        if !address.starts_with("xch") && !address.starts_with("txch") {
+            return Err(anyhow!("invalid donation address format"));
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn validate_files(files: &[SageAppManifestFile]) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        if files.is_empty() {
+            anyhow::bail!("manifest files cannot be empty");
+        }
+
+        if files.len() > MAX_APP_FILE_COUNT {
+            anyhow::bail!(
+                "manifest file count {} exceeds limit {}",
+                files.len(),
+                MAX_APP_FILE_COUNT
+            );
+        }
+
+        let mut seen = BTreeSet::new();
+        let mut total: u64 = 0;
+
+        for file in files {
+            validate_manifest_file_path(&file.path)?;
+            validate_sha256_hex(&file.sha256)?;
+
+            if !seen.insert(file.path.clone()) {
+                anyhow::bail!("duplicate manifest file path: {}", file.path);
+            }
+
+            total = total
+                .checked_add(file.size)
+                .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("manifest total size overflow"))?;
+        }
+
+        if total > MAX_APP_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES {
+            anyhow::bail!("manifest total size {total} exceeds limit {MAX_APP_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES}");
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn compute_total_bytes(files: &[SageAppManifestFile]) -> anyhow::Result<u64> {
+        let mut total: u64 = 0;
+
+        for file in files {
+            total = total
+                .checked_add(file.size)
+                .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("manifest total size overflow"))?;
+        }
+
+        Ok(total)
+    }
+}
+
 impl SageApp {
     pub fn common(&self) -> &SageAppCommon {
         match self {
@@ -345,141 +653,823 @@ impl SystemSageApp {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub struct SageAppId {
-    pub id: String,
-    pub origin_id: String,
-    pub name: String,
-    pub version: String,
+impl SageNetworkWhitelistEntry {
+    pub fn new(
+        scheme: impl Into<String>,
+        host: impl Into<String>,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
+        let scheme = scheme.into().trim().to_ascii_lowercase();
+        let host = host.into().trim().to_ascii_lowercase();
+
+        if !Self::is_allowed_scheme(&scheme) {
+            anyhow::bail!("invalid scheme '{scheme}', only https and wss allowed");
+        }
+
+        if host.is_empty()
+            || host.contains('/')
+            || host.contains('?')
+            || host.contains('#')
+            || host.contains(' ')
+        {
+            anyhow::bail!("invalid host in network entry: {scheme}://{host}");
+        }
+        Ok(Self { scheme, host })
+    }
+
+    pub fn scheme(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.scheme
+    }
+
+    pub fn host(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.host
+    }
+
+    pub fn as_permission_string(&self) -> String {
+        format!("{}://{}", self.scheme, self.host)
+    }
+
+    fn is_allowed_scheme(s: &str) -> bool {
+        matches!(s, "https" | "wss")
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(test)]
+    pub fn new_unchecked(scheme: &str, host: &str) -> Self {
+        Self::new(scheme, host).unwrap()
+    }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub struct CorruptedInstalledSageApp {
-    pub id: String,
-    pub app_dir: String,
-    pub error: String,
+impl std::str::FromStr for SageNetworkWhitelistEntry {
+    type Err = anyhow::Error;
+
+    fn from_str(value: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
+        let value = value.trim();
+
+        let (scheme, host) = value
+            .split_once("://")
+            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("invalid network entry, missing scheme: {value}"))?;
+
+        Self::new(scheme, host)
+    }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-#[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub enum ListedSageApp {
-    User(UserSageApp),
-    System(SystemSageApp),
-    Corrupted(CorruptedInstalledSageApp),
+impl SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist {
+    pub fn new(
+        required: impl IntoIterator<Item = SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
+        optional: impl IntoIterator<Item = SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let required = required.into_iter().collect::<BTreeSet<_>>();
+
+        let optional = optional
+            .into_iter()
+            .filter(|entry| !required.contains(entry))
+            .collect::<BTreeSet<_>>();
+
+        Self { required, optional }
+    }
+
+    pub fn empty() -> Self {
+        Self::new([], [])
+    }
+
+    pub fn required(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &SageNetworkWhitelistEntry> {
+        self.required.iter()
+    }
+
+    pub fn optional(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &SageNetworkWhitelistEntry> {
+        self.optional.iter()
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_required(&self, entry: &SageNetworkWhitelistEntry) -> bool {
+        self.required.contains(entry)
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_optional(&self, entry: &SageNetworkWhitelistEntry) -> bool {
+        self.optional.contains(entry)
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_allowed(&self, entry: &SageNetworkWhitelistEntry) -> bool {
+        self.is_required(entry) || self.is_optional(entry)
+    }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Default)]
-struct RawStringListBucket {
-    #[serde(default)]
-    required: Vec<String>,
+impl SageRequestedCapabilities {
+    pub fn new(
+        required: impl IntoIterator<Item = UserBridgeCapability>,
+        optional: impl IntoIterator<Item = UserBridgeCapability>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let required = required.into_iter().collect::<BTreeSet<_>>();
 
-    #[serde(default)]
-    optional: Vec<String>,
+        let optional = optional
+            .into_iter()
+            .filter(|cap| !required.contains(cap))
+            .collect::<BTreeSet<_>>();
+
+        Self { required, optional }
+    }
+
+    pub fn empty() -> Self {
+        Self::new([], [])
+    }
+
+    pub fn required(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &UserBridgeCapability> {
+        self.required.iter()
+    }
+
+    pub fn optional(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &UserBridgeCapability> {
+        self.optional.iter()
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_required(&self, cap: &UserBridgeCapability) -> bool {
+        self.required.contains(cap)
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_optional(&self, cap: &UserBridgeCapability) -> bool {
+        self.optional.contains(cap)
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_allowed(&self, cap: &UserBridgeCapability) -> bool {
+        self.is_required(cap) || self.is_optional(cap)
+    }
+
+    pub fn user_grantable(&self) -> Vec<UserBridgeCapability> {
+        self.required()
+            .chain(self.optional())
+            .copied()
+            .filter(|cap| get_user_capability_definition(*cap).flags.user_grantable)
+            .collect()
+    }
+
+    pub fn resolve_effective_grants(
+        &self,
+        user_granted: impl IntoIterator<Item = UserBridgeCapability>,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<Vec<UserBridgeCapability>> {
+        let user_granted = self.build_user_grants(user_granted)?;
+
+        let mut effective = user_granted;
+
+        for capability in self.required().chain(self.optional()) {
+            let definition = get_user_capability_definition(*capability);
+
+            if !definition.flags.user_grantable {
+                effective.insert(*capability);
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(effective.into_iter().collect())
+    }
+
+    fn build_user_grants(
+        &self,
+        user_granted: impl IntoIterator<Item = UserBridgeCapability>,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<BTreeSet<UserBridgeCapability>> {
+        let user_granted = user_granted.into_iter().collect::<BTreeSet<_>>();
+
+        for capability in &user_granted {
+            if !self.is_allowed(capability) {
+                anyhow::bail!(
+                    "granted capability not requested in manifest: {}",
+                    capability.key()
+                );
+            }
+
+            let definition = get_user_capability_definition(*capability);
+
+            if !definition.flags.user_grantable {
+                anyhow::bail!(
+                    "granted capability is not user grantable: {}",
+                    capability.key()
+                );
+            }
+        }
+
+        for capability in self.required() {
+            let definition = get_user_capability_definition(*capability);
+
+            if definition.flags.user_grantable && !user_granted.contains(capability) {
+                anyhow::bail!("missing required capability: {}", capability.key());
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(user_granted)
+    }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Default)]
-struct RawRequestedNetworkPermissions {
-    #[serde(default)]
-    whitelist: RawStringListBucket,
+impl SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
+    pub fn new(
+        requested: &SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
+        whitelist: impl IntoIterator<Item = SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
+        let whitelist = whitelist.into_iter().collect::<BTreeSet<_>>();
+
+        for entry in &whitelist {
+            if !requested.whitelist.is_allowed(entry) {
+                anyhow::bail!(
+                    "granted network whitelist entry not requested in manifest: {}",
+                    entry.as_permission_string()
+                );
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(Self { whitelist })
+    }
+
+    pub fn whitelist(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &SageNetworkWhitelistEntry> {
+        self.whitelist.iter()
+    }
+
+    pub fn contains(&self, entry: &SageNetworkWhitelistEntry) -> bool {
+        self.whitelist.contains(entry)
+    }
+
+    pub fn into_vec(self) -> Vec<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry> {
+        self.whitelist.into_iter().collect()
+    }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Default)]
-struct RawRequestedPermissions {
-    #[serde(default)]
-    network: RawRequestedNetworkPermissions,
+impl SageGrantedPermissions {
+    pub fn new(
+        requested: &SageRequestedPermissions,
+        capabilities: impl IntoIterator<Item = UserBridgeCapability>,
+        network_whitelist: impl IntoIterator<Item = SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
+        let capabilities = Self::build_capabilities(
+            &requested.capabilities,
+            capabilities,
+        )?;
+
+        let network = SageGrantedNetworkPermissions::new(
+            &requested.network,
+            network_whitelist,
+        )?;
+
+        let effective_capabilities = requested
+            .capabilities
+            .resolve_effective_grants(capabilities.iter().copied())?;
+
+        validate_permissions_policy(
+            effective_capabilities,
+            network.whitelist().cloned(),
+            "granted permissions",
+        )?;
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            capabilities,
+            network,
+        })
+    }
 
-    #[serde(default)]
-    capabilities: Option<SageRequestedCapabilities>,
+    pub fn from_requested_and_granted(
+        requested: &SageRequestedPermissions,
+        granted: SageGrantedPermissions,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
+        Self::new(
+            requested,
+            granted.capabilities,
+            granted.network.whitelist,
+        )
+    }
+
+    pub fn capabilities(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &UserBridgeCapability> {
+        self.capabilities.iter()
+    }
+
+    pub fn capabilities_vec(&self) -> Vec<UserBridgeCapability> {
+        self.capabilities.iter().copied().collect()
+    }
+
+    pub fn network(&self) -> &SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
+        &self.network
+    }
+
+    pub fn shared_capabilities(&self) -> Vec<UserBridgeCapability> {
+        self.capabilities().copied().shared()
+    }
+
+    fn build_capabilities(
+        requested: &SageRequestedCapabilities,
+        capabilities: impl IntoIterator<Item = UserBridgeCapability>,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<BTreeSet<UserBridgeCapability>> {
+        let capabilities = capabilities.into_iter().collect::<BTreeSet<_>>();
+
+        for cap in &capabilities {
+            if !requested.is_allowed(cap) {
+                anyhow::bail!("granted capability not requested in manifest: {}", cap.key());
+            }
+
+            if !get_user_capability_definition(*cap).flags.user_grantable {
+                anyhow::bail!("granted capability is not user grantable: {}", cap.key());
+            }
+        }
+
+        for cap in requested.required() {
+            if get_user_capability_definition(*cap).flags.user_grantable
+                && !capabilities.contains(cap)
+            {
+                anyhow::bail!("missing required capability: {}", cap.key());
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(capabilities)
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(test)]
+    pub fn new_unchecked(
+        capabilities: impl IntoIterator<Item = UserBridgeCapability>,
+        network_whitelist: impl IntoIterator<Item = SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            capabilities: capabilities.into_iter().collect(),
+            network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
+                whitelist: network_whitelist.into_iter().collect(),
+            },
+        }
+    }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Default)]
-struct RawSageAppPackageManifest {
-    name: String,
-    version: String,
+impl SageAppCommon {
+    pub fn new(
+        id: String,
+        origin_id: String,
+        app_dir: String,
+        manifest: &SageAppPackageManifest,
+        granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
+        storage: InstalledSageAppStorage,
+        snapshot: SageAppSnapshot,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
+        let granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions::from_requested_and_granted(
+            &manifest.permissions,
+            granted_permissions,
+        )?;
+
+        let effective_capabilities = manifest
+            .permissions
+            .capabilities
+            .resolve_effective_grants(granted_permissions.capabilities().copied())?;
+
+        let capability_flags = get_app_flags(&effective_capabilities, None)?;
+        Self::validate_app_flags_policy(capability_flags)?;
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            id,
+            origin_id,
+            name: manifest.name.clone(),
+            version: manifest.version.clone(),
+            app_dir,
+            entry_file: manifest_entry_file(manifest).to_string(),
+            icon_file: manifest_icon_file(manifest).to_string(),
+            requested_permissions: manifest.permissions.clone(),
+            granted_permissions,
+            capability_flags,
+            storage,
+            active_snapshot: snapshot,
+        })
+    }
 
-    #[serde(default)]
-    permissions: Option<SageRequestedPermissions>,
+    pub fn apply_update(
+        &mut self,
+        pending: &UserSageAppPendingUpdate,
+        granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
+        snapshot: SageAppSnapshot,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        let granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions::from_requested_and_granted(
+            &pending.manifest.permissions,
+            granted_permissions,
+        )?;
+
+        let effective_capabilities = pending
+            .manifest
+            .permissions
+            .capabilities
+            .resolve_effective_grants(granted_permissions.capabilities().copied())?;
+
+        let capability_flags = get_app_flags(
+            &effective_capabilities,
+            Some(&self.capability_flags),
+        )?;
+
+        Self::validate_app_flags_policy(capability_flags)?;
+
+        self.name.clone_from(&pending.manifest.name);
+        self.version.clone_from(&pending.manifest.version);
+        self.requested_permissions
+            .clone_from(&pending.manifest.permissions);
+        self.granted_permissions = granted_permissions;
+        self.capability_flags = capability_flags;
+        self.entry_file = manifest_entry_file(&snapshot.manifest).to_string();
+        self.icon_file = manifest_icon_file(&snapshot.manifest).to_string();
+        self.active_snapshot = snapshot;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
 
-    #[serde(default)]
-    files: Vec<SageAppManifestFile>,
+    pub fn update_permissions(
+        &mut self,
+        granted_permissions: &SageGrantedPermissions,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        let required_network = self
+            .requested_permissions
+            .network
+            .whitelist()
+            .required()
+            .cloned();
 
-    #[serde(default)]
-    entry: Option<String>,
+        let granted_network = granted_permissions
+            .network()
+            .whitelist()
+            .cloned();
 
-    #[serde(default)]
-    icon: Option<String>,
+        let granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions::new(
+            &self.requested_permissions,
+            granted_permissions.capabilities().copied(),
+            required_network.chain(granted_network),
+        )?;
 
-    #[serde(default)]
-    author: Option<SageAppAuthor>,
+        let effective_capabilities = self
+            .requested_permissions
+            .capabilities
+            .resolve_effective_grants(granted_permissions.capabilities().copied())?;
 
-    #[serde(default)]
-    donation: Option<SageAppDonation>,
+        let capability_flags = get_app_flags(
+            &effective_capabilities,
+            Some(&self.capability_flags),
+        )?;
+
+        Self::validate_app_flags_policy(capability_flags)?;
+
+        self.capability_flags = capability_flags;
+        self.granted_permissions = granted_permissions;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn validate_app_flags_policy(flags: SageAppFlags) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        if flags.has_external_access && flags.has_secret_access {
+            anyhow::bail!(
+                "app permissions cannot include both external access and sensitive secret access"
+            );
+        }
+
+        if flags.has_external_access && flags.storage_may_contain_secrets {
+            anyhow::bail!(
+                "app permissions cannot include external access while storage may contain secrets"
+            );
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub struct SageAppAuthor {
-    pub name: String,
-    pub avatar: Option<String>,
+impl SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
+    pub fn new(
+        required: impl IntoIterator<Item = SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
+        optional: impl IntoIterator<Item = SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            whitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist::new(required, optional),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn empty() -> Self {
+        Self::new([], [])
+    }
+
+    pub fn whitelist(&self) -> &SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist {
+        &self.whitelist
+    }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub struct SageAppDonation {
-    pub address: String,
+impl SageRequestedPermissions {
+    pub fn new(
+        network: SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
+        capabilities: SageRequestedCapabilities,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
+        for capability in capabilities.required().chain(capabilities.optional()) {
+            let definition = get_user_capability_definition(*capability);
+
+            if !definition.flags.requestable_by_app {
+                anyhow::bail!(
+                    "capability is not requestable by app manifest: {}",
+                    capability.key()
+                );
+            }
+        }
+
+        validate_permissions_policy(
+            capabilities.required().copied(),
+            network.whitelist().required().cloned(),
+            "required requested permissions",
+        )?;
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            network,
+            capabilities,
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn empty() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            network: SageRequestedNetworkPermissions::empty(),
+            capabilities: SageRequestedCapabilities::empty(),
+        }
+    }
 }
 
-impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for SageRequestedPermissions {
-    fn deserialize<D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error>
-    where
-        D: Deserializer<'de>,
-    {
-        let raw = <RawRequestedPermissions as Deserialize>::deserialize(deserializer)?;
+fn validate_permissions_policy(
+    capabilities: impl IntoIterator<Item = UserBridgeCapability>,
+    network: impl IntoIterator<Item = SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
+    context: &str,
+) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let capability_flags = capabilities.into_iter().fold(
+        CapabilityFlags::EMPTY,
+        |flags, cap| {
+            flags.union(get_user_capability_definition(cap).flags)
+        }
+    );
 
-        let required_network = raw
+    let has_secret_access = capability_flags.accesses_sensitive_secret;
+    let has_external_access =
+        capability_flags.externally_observable || network.into_iter().next().is_some();
+
+    if has_secret_access && has_external_access {
+        anyhow::bail!(
+            "{context} cannot include both external access and sensitive secret access"
+        );
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+    use crate::permissions::user_registry;
+    use crate::types::{SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions};
+
+    #[test]
+    fn granted_permissions_rejects_non_user_grantable_capability_as_user_grant() {
+        let auto = UserBridgeCapability::AppGetInfo;
+
+        let requested = SageRequestedPermissions::new(
+            SageRequestedNetworkPermissions::empty(),
+            SageRequestedCapabilities::new([auto], []),
+        )
+            .expect("requested permissions should be valid");
+
+        let err = SageGrantedPermissions::new(&requested, [auto], [])
+            .expect_err("non-user-grantable capability cannot be persisted as user grant");
+
+        assert!(
+            err.to_string().contains("not user grantable"),
+            "unexpected error: {err}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn non_user_grantable_requested_capability_is_effective_without_user_grant() {
+        let auto = UserBridgeCapability::AppGetInfo;
+
+        let requested = SageRequestedCapabilities::new([auto], []);
+
+        let effective = requested
+            .resolve_effective_grants([])
+            .expect("auto capability should still be effective");
+
+        assert_eq!(effective, vec![auto]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn effective_grants_include_non_user_grantable_requested_capability() {
+        let auto = UserBridgeCapability::AppGetInfo;
+
+        let optional_requested = SageRequestedCapabilities::new([], [auto]);
+        assert_eq!(optional_requested.resolve_effective_grants([]).unwrap(), vec![auto]);
+
+        let required_requested = SageRequestedCapabilities::new([auto], []);
+        assert_eq!(required_requested.resolve_effective_grants([]).unwrap(), vec![auto]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn effective_grants_do_not_include_removed_non_user_grantable_capability() {
+        let auto = UserBridgeCapability::AppGetInfo;
+
+        let requested = SageRequestedCapabilities::new([auto], []);
+        assert_eq!(requested.resolve_effective_grants([]).unwrap(), vec![auto]);
+
+        let removed_requested = SageRequestedCapabilities::new([], []);
+        assert!(removed_requested.resolve_effective_grants([]).unwrap().is_empty());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rejects_non_requestable_required_capability() {
+        let non_requestable = first_non_requestable_capability();
+
+        let err = SageRequestedPermissions::new(
+            SageRequestedNetworkPermissions::empty(),
+            SageRequestedCapabilities::new([non_requestable], []),
+        )
+            .expect_err("expected non-requestable required capability to be rejected");
+
+        let message = err.to_string();
+        assert!(message.contains(non_requestable.key()));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rejects_non_requestable_optional_capability() {
+        let non_requestable = first_non_requestable_capability();
+
+        let err = SageRequestedPermissions::new(
+            SageRequestedNetworkPermissions::empty(),
+            SageRequestedCapabilities::new([], [non_requestable]),
+        )
+            .expect_err("expected non-requestable optional capability to be rejected");
+
+        let message = err.to_string();
+        assert!(message.contains(non_requestable.key()));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn requested_capabilities_deduplicates_and_removes_required_from_optional() {
+        let requested = SageRequestedCapabilities::new(
+            [
+                UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
+                UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
+            ],
+            [UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch],
+        );
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            requested.required().copied().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            vec![UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch]
+        );
+
+        assert!(requested.optional().next().is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn requested_network_deduplicates_and_removes_required_from_optional() {
+        let requested = SageRequestedPermissions::new(
+            SageRequestedNetworkPermissions::new(
+                [
+                    SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new("HTTPS", "Example.com").unwrap(),
+                    SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new("https", "example.com").unwrap(),
+                ],
+                [
+                    SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new("WSS", "ws.example.com").unwrap(),
+                    SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new("https", "example.com").unwrap(),
+                ],
+            ),
+            SageRequestedCapabilities::empty(),
+        ).unwrap();
+
+        let required = requested
             .network
             .whitelist
-            .required
-            .into_iter()
-            .map(|value| parse_network_permission_target(&value).map_err(serde::de::Error::custom))
-            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
+            .required()
+            .cloned()
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
-        let optional_network = raw
+        let optional = requested
             .network
             .whitelist
-            .optional
-            .into_iter()
-            .map(|value| parse_network_permission_target(&value).map_err(serde::de::Error::custom))
-            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
+            .optional()
+            .cloned()
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            required,
+            vec![SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new("https", "example.com").unwrap()]
+        );
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            optional,
+            vec![SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new("wss", "ws.example.com").unwrap()]
+        );
+    }
 
-        Ok(SageRequestedPermissions {
-            network: SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
-                whitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist {
-                    required: required_network,
-                    optional: optional_network,
-                },
-            },
-            capabilities: raw.capabilities.unwrap_or_default(),
-        })
+    #[test]
+    fn granted_permissions_rejects_unrequested_capability() {
+        let requested = SageRequestedPermissions::new(
+            SageRequestedNetworkPermissions::empty(),
+            SageRequestedCapabilities::new([UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch], []),
+        )
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let err = SageGrantedPermissions::new(
+            &requested,
+            [
+                UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
+                UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage,
+            ],
+            [],
+        )
+            .expect_err("expected unrequested capability to be rejected");
+
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("persistent_storage"));
     }
-}
 
-impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for SageAppPackageManifest {
-    fn deserialize<D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error>
-    where
-        D: Deserializer<'de>,
-    {
-        let raw = <RawSageAppPackageManifest as Deserialize>::deserialize(deserializer)?;
+    #[test]
+    fn granted_permissions_rejects_missing_required_user_grantable_capability() {
+        let requested = SageRequestedPermissions::new(
+            SageRequestedNetworkPermissions::empty(),
+            SageRequestedCapabilities::new([UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch], []),
+        )
+            .unwrap();
 
-        Ok(SageAppPackageManifest {
-            name: raw.name,
-            version: raw.version,
-            permissions: raw.permissions.unwrap_or_default(),
-            files: raw.files,
-            entry: raw.entry,
-            icon: raw.icon,
-            author: raw.author,
-            donation: raw.donation,
-        })
+        let err = SageGrantedPermissions::new(&requested, [], [])
+            .expect_err("expected missing required capability to be rejected");
+
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains(UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch.key()));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn granted_permissions_allows_subset_of_optional_capabilities() {
+        let requested = SageRequestedPermissions::new(
+            SageRequestedNetworkPermissions::empty(),
+            SageRequestedCapabilities::new(
+                [UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch],
+                [UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage],
+            ),
+        )
+            .unwrap();
+
+        SageGrantedPermissions::new(
+            &requested,
+            [UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch],
+            [],
+        )
+            .expect("expected optional capability to be omittable");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn non_user_grantable_required_capability_is_effective_without_persisted_grant() {
+        let auto = UserBridgeCapability::AppGetInfo;
+
+        let requested = SageRequestedCapabilities::new([auto], []);
+
+        let effective = requested
+            .resolve_effective_grants([])
+            .expect("expected effective permissions to resolve");
+
+        assert_eq!(effective, vec![auto]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn non_user_grantable_optional_capability_is_effective_without_persisted_grant() {
+        let auto = UserBridgeCapability::AppGetInfo;
+
+        let requested = SageRequestedCapabilities::new([], [auto]);
+
+        let effective = requested
+            .resolve_effective_grants([])
+            .expect("expected effective permissions to resolve");
+
+        assert_eq!(effective, vec![auto]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn user_grantable_required_capability_without_user_grant_is_blocked() {
+        let requested = SageRequestedCapabilities::new(
+            [UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch],
+            [],
+        );
+
+        let err = requested
+            .resolve_effective_grants([])
+            .expect_err("required user-grantable capability should require user grant");
+
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains(UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch.key()));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn requested_permissions_policy_rejects_required_secret_and_external_combination() {
+        let err = SageRequestedPermissions::new(
+            SageRequestedNetworkPermissions::empty(),
+            SageRequestedCapabilities::new(
+                [
+                    UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
+                    UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetSecretKey,
+                ],
+                [],
+            ),
+        )
+            .expect_err("expected incompatible requested capability policy to be rejected");
+
+        assert!(
+            err.to_string().contains(
+                "required requested permissions cannot include both external access and sensitive secret access"
+            ),
+            "unexpected error: {err}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    fn first_non_requestable_capability() -> UserBridgeCapability {
+        user_registry()
+            .values()
+            .find(|definition| !definition.flags.requestable_by_app)
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                panic!("test requires at least one capability with requestable_by_app = false")
+            })
+            .capability
     }
 }
+
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_install.rs b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_install.rs
index 13b68dc1a..feace0915 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_install.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_install.rs
@@ -5,43 +5,50 @@ use sage_apps::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
 use sage_apps::lifecycle::install::url::normalize_app_url;
 use sage_apps::lifecycle::manifest::{manifest_entry_file, manifest_icon_file};
 use sage_apps::types::{
-    SageAppPackageManifest, SageNetworkPermissionTarget, SageRequestedCapabilities,
-    SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist,
-    SageRequestedPermissions,
+    SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
+    SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions,
 };
 
+fn entry(scheme: &str, host: &str) -> SageNetworkWhitelistEntry {
+    SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new(scheme, host).unwrap()
+}
+
 fn requested_permissions() -> SageRequestedPermissions {
-    SageRequestedPermissions {
-        network: SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
-            whitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist {
-                required: vec![SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
-                    scheme: "https".to_string(),
-                    host: "required.example.com".to_string(),
-                }],
-                optional: vec![SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
-                    scheme: "wss".to_string(),
-                    host: "optional.example.com".to_string(),
-                }],
-            },
-        },
-        capabilities: SageRequestedCapabilities {
-            required: vec![UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch],
-            optional: vec![UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage],
-        },
-    }
+    SageRequestedPermissions::new(
+        SageRequestedNetworkPermissions::new(
+            [entry("https", "required.example.com")],
+            [entry("wss", "optional.example.com")],
+        ),
+        SageRequestedCapabilities::new(
+            [UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch],
+            [UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage],
+        ),
+    )
+        .unwrap()
 }
 
-fn sample_manifest() -> SageAppPackageManifest {
-    SageAppPackageManifest {
+fn sample_manifest_with(
+    entry_file: Option<String>,
+    icon_file: Option<String>,
+) -> SageAppPackageManifest {
+    SageAppPackageManifest::try_from(SageAppPackageManifestParts {
         name: "Test App".to_string(),
         version: "1.0.0".to_string(),
         permissions: requested_permissions(),
         files: vec![sample_manifest_file("index.html", 1)],
-        entry: Some("entry.html".to_string()),
-        icon: Some("icon.svg".to_string()),
+        entry: entry_file,
+        icon: icon_file,
         author: None,
         donation: None,
-    }
+    })
+        .unwrap()
+}
+
+fn sample_manifest() -> SageAppPackageManifest {
+    sample_manifest_with(
+        Some("entry.html".to_string()),
+        Some("icon.svg".to_string()),
+    )
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -94,8 +101,7 @@ fn manifest_entry_file_uses_explicit_entry() {
 
 #[test]
 fn manifest_entry_file_defaults_to_index_html() {
-    let mut manifest = sample_manifest();
-    manifest.entry = None;
+    let manifest = sample_manifest_with(None, Some("icon.svg".to_string()));
     assert_eq!(manifest_entry_file(&manifest), "index.html");
 }
 
@@ -107,7 +113,6 @@ fn manifest_icon_file_uses_explicit_icon() {
 
 #[test]
 fn manifest_icon_file_defaults_to_icon_png() {
-    let mut manifest = sample_manifest();
-    manifest.icon = None;
+    let manifest = sample_manifest_with(Some("entry.html".to_string()), None);
     assert_eq!(manifest_icon_file(&manifest), "icon.png");
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_manifest.rs b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_manifest.rs
index ee37f2417..5e1297385 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_manifest.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_manifest.rs
@@ -1,26 +1,27 @@
 mod common;
 
-use common::{empty_permissions, sample_manifest_file};
+use common::{sample_manifest_file};
 use sage_apps::lifecycle::limits::{
     MAX_APP_FILE_COUNT, MAX_APP_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES,
 };
 use sage_apps::lifecycle::manifest::{
-    validate_manifest_file_path, validate_manifest_files, validate_package_manifest,
+    validate_manifest_file_path, validate_manifest_files,
     validate_sha256_hex,
 };
-use sage_apps::types::SageAppPackageManifest;
+use sage_apps::types::{SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageRequestedPermissions, SageAppPackageManifestParts};
 
 fn sample_manifest() -> SageAppPackageManifest {
-    SageAppPackageManifest {
+    SageAppPackageManifest::try_from(SageAppPackageManifestParts {
         name: "Test App".to_string(),
         version: "1.0.0".to_string(),
-        permissions: empty_permissions(),
+        permissions: SageRequestedPermissions::empty(),
         files: vec![sample_manifest_file("dist/index.html", 123)],
         entry: Some("dist/index.html".to_string()),
         icon: Some("dist/icon.png".to_string()),
         author: None,
         donation: None,
-    }
+    })
+        .unwrap()
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -126,26 +127,49 @@ fn validate_manifest_files_returns_total_size_when_valid() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn validate_package_manifest_rejects_blank_name() {
-    let mut manifest = sample_manifest();
-    manifest.name = "   ".to_string();
+fn manifest_rejects_blank_name() {
+    let err = SageAppPackageManifest::try_from(SageAppPackageManifestParts {
+        name: "   ".to_string(),
+        version: "1.0.0".to_string(),
+        permissions: SageRequestedPermissions::empty(),
+        files: vec![sample_file()],
+        entry: Some("index.html".to_string()),
+        icon: Some("icon.png".to_string()),
+        author: None,
+        donation: None,
+    }).unwrap_err();
 
-    let err = validate_package_manifest(&manifest).unwrap_err();
-    assert!(err.to_string().contains("manifest name cannot be empty"));
+    assert!(err.to_string().contains("name cannot be empty"));
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn validate_package_manifest_rejects_blank_version() {
-    let mut manifest = sample_manifest();
-    manifest.version = "   ".to_string();
+fn manifest_rejects_blank_version() {
+    let err = SageAppPackageManifest::try_from(SageAppPackageManifestParts {
+        name: "Test".to_string(),
+        version: "   ".to_string(),
+        permissions: SageRequestedPermissions::empty(),
+        files: vec![sample_file()],
+        entry: Some("index.html".to_string()),
+        icon: Some("icon.png".to_string()),
+        author: None,
+        donation: None,
+    }).unwrap_err();
 
-    let err = validate_package_manifest(&manifest).unwrap_err();
-    assert!(err.to_string().contains("manifest version cannot be empty"));
+    assert!(err.to_string().contains("version cannot be empty"));
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn validate_package_manifest_returns_total_size_when_valid() {
+fn manifest_total_size_is_computed() {
     let manifest = sample_manifest();
-    let total = validate_package_manifest(&manifest).unwrap();
+    let total = manifest.total_bytes().unwrap();
+
     assert_eq!(total, 123);
 }
+
+fn sample_file() -> SageAppManifestFile {
+    SageAppManifestFile {
+        path: "index.html".into(),
+        sha256: "a".repeat(64),
+        size: 123,
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_registry.rs b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_registry.rs
index e276be368..af0194317 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_registry.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_registry.rs
@@ -10,9 +10,9 @@ use sage_apps::lifecycle::registry::{
     write_installed_app_metadata, write_pending_storage_cleanup_entries,
     write_retired_app_origins,
 };
-use sage_apps::types::{ListedSageApp, PendingStorageCleanupEntry, PendingStorageCleanupTarget, RetiredAppOriginEntry, SageAppPackageManifest, SageNetworkPermissionTarget, UserSageAppPendingUpdate};
+use sage_apps::types::{ListedSageApp, PendingStorageCleanupEntry, PendingStorageCleanupTarget, RetiredAppOriginEntry, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedPermissions, UserSageAppPendingUpdate};
 use tempfile::tempdir;
-use crate::common::{empty_permissions, sample_manifest_file};
+use crate::common::{sample_manifest_file};
 
 #[test]
 fn installed_app_metadata_roundtrips() {
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ fn installed_app_metadata_roundtrips_pending_update() {
 
     let pending = loaded.pending_update.expect("pending update should survive roundtrip");
     assert_eq!(pending.manifest_hash, "pending-hash");
-    assert_eq!(pending.manifest.name, "Alpha Updated");
+    assert_eq!(pending.manifest.name(), "Alpha Updated");
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -238,10 +238,7 @@ fn parse_network_permission_target_normalizes_case() {
     let parsed = parse_network_permission_target("HTTPS://Example.COM").unwrap();
     assert_eq!(
         parsed,
-        SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
-            scheme: "https".to_string(),
-            host: "example.com".to_string(),
-        }
+        SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new("https", "example.com").unwrap()
     );
 }
 
@@ -334,14 +331,14 @@ fn retired_app_origins_roundtrip() {
 }
 
 fn sample_manifest(name: &str) -> SageAppPackageManifest {
-    SageAppPackageManifest {
+    SageAppPackageManifest::try_from(SageAppPackageManifestParts {
         name: name.to_string(),
         version: "1.0.0".to_string(),
-        permissions: empty_permissions(),
+        permissions: SageRequestedPermissions::empty(),
         files: vec![sample_manifest_file("index.html", 1)],
         entry: Some("index.html".to_string()),
         icon: Some("icon.png".to_string()),
         author: None,
         donation: None,
-    }
+    }).unwrap()
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_storage_cleanup.rs b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_storage_cleanup.rs
index 4c7296530..7a8dd1e9e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_storage_cleanup.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_storage_cleanup.rs
@@ -1,58 +1,53 @@
 mod common;
 
-use common::{empty_permissions, sample_manifest_file};
+use common::{sample_manifest_file};
 use sage_apps::lifecycle::storage::{
     enqueue_pending_storage_cleanup, enqueue_retired_app_origin,
 };
 use sage_apps::lifecycle::{
     read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries, read_retired_app_origins,
 };
-use sage_apps::types::{
-    InstalledSageAppStorage, PendingStorageCleanupTarget, SageAppFlags,
-    SageAppCommon, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot,
-    SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions, UserSageApp,
-    UserSageAppSource,
-};
+use sage_apps::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, PendingStorageCleanupTarget, SageAppCommon, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageRequestedPermissions};
 use tempfile::tempdir;
 
 fn sample_app(storage: InstalledSageAppStorage) -> UserSageApp {
+    let manifest = SageAppPackageManifest::try_from(SageAppPackageManifestParts {
+        name: "Test App".into(),
+        version: "1.0.0".into(),
+        permissions: SageRequestedPermissions::empty(),
+        files: vec![sample_manifest_file("index.html", 1)],
+        entry: Some("index.html".into()),
+        icon: Some("icon.png".into()),
+        author: None,
+        donation: None,
+    })
+        .unwrap();
+
+    let granted_permissions =
+        SageGrantedPermissions::new(manifest.permissions(), [], []).unwrap();
+
+    let snapshot = SageAppSnapshot {
+        manifest_hash: "hash".into(),
+        snapshot_dir: "/tmp/test-app".into(),
+        total_bytes: 1,
+        manifest: manifest.clone(),
+    };
+
+    let mut common = SageAppCommon::new(
+        "url-abc123".into(),
+        "origin-1".into(),
+        "/tmp/test-app".into(),
+        &manifest,
+        granted_permissions,
+        storage,
+        snapshot,
+    )
+        .unwrap();
+
+    common.capability_flags.storage_may_contain_secrets = true;
+
     UserSageApp {
-        common: SageAppCommon {
-            id: "url-abc123".into(),
-            origin_id: "origin-1".into(),
-            name: "Test App".into(),
-            version: "1.0.0".into(),
-            app_dir: "/tmp/test-app".into(),
-            entry_file: "index.html".into(),
-            icon_file: "icon.png".into(),
-            requested_permissions: empty_permissions(),
-            granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions {
-                capabilities: vec![],
-                network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions { whitelist: vec![] },
-            },
-            capability_flags: SageAppFlags {
-                has_secret_access: false,
-                has_external_access: false,
-                storage_may_contain_secrets: true,
-                isolated: false,
-            },
-            storage,
-            active_snapshot: SageAppSnapshot {
-                manifest_hash: "hash".into(),
-                snapshot_dir: "/tmp/test-app".into(),
-                total_bytes: 1,
-                manifest: SageAppPackageManifest {
-                    name: "Test App".into(),
-                    version: "1.0.0".into(),
-                    permissions: empty_permissions(),
-                    files: vec![sample_manifest_file("index.html", 1)],
-                    entry: Some("index.html".into()),
-                    icon: Some("icon.png".into()),
-                    author: None,
-                    donation: None,
-                },
-            },
-        },
+        common,
         source: UserSageAppSource::Url {
             app_url: "https://example.com/app/".into(),
             manifest_url: "https://example.com/app/sage-manifest.json".into(),
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_update.rs b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_update.rs
index 99b2669bb..ab6fa7688 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_update.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_update.rs
@@ -3,63 +3,68 @@ mod common;
 use std::path::Path;
 
 use common::{sample_installed_app, sample_manifest_file};
+use sage_apps::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
 use sage_apps::lifecycle::registry::{
     app_dir, read_installed_app_by_id, write_installed_app_metadata,
 };
-use sage_apps::types::{
-    InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppFlags, SageAppPackageManifest,
-    SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions,
-    SageNetworkPermissionTarget, SageRequestedCapabilities,
-    SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist,
-    SageRequestedPermissions, UserSageApp,
+use sage_apps::lifecycle::update::permissions::{
+    grant_requested_capability_internal, grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal,
+    update_app_permissions,
+};
+use sage_apps::lifecycle::update::types::{
+    GrantCapabilityOutcome, GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome,
 };
+use sage_apps::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions, UserSageApp};
 use tempfile::tempdir;
-use sage_apps::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
-use sage_apps::lifecycle::update::permissions::{grant_requested_capability_internal, grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal, update_app_permissions};
-use sage_apps::lifecycle::update::types::{GrantCapabilityOutcome, GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome};
+
+fn entries(values: impl IntoIterator<Item = SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>) -> Vec<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry> {
+    values.into_iter().collect()
+}
+
+fn caps(values: impl IntoIterator<Item = UserBridgeCapability>) -> Vec<UserBridgeCapability> {
+    values.into_iter().collect()
+}
 
 fn sample_app(base: &Path, app_id: &str) -> UserSageApp {
     let mut app = sample_installed_app(base, app_id, "Test App");
 
-    app.common.requested_permissions = SageRequestedPermissions {
-        network: SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
-            whitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist {
-                required: vec![SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
-                    scheme: "https".to_string(),
-                    host: "required.example.com".to_string(),
-                }],
-                optional: vec![SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
-                    scheme: "wss".to_string(),
-                    host: "optional.example.com".to_string(),
-                }],
-            },
-        },
-        capabilities: SageRequestedCapabilities {
-            required: vec![],
-            optional: vec![
+    let requested_permissions = SageRequestedPermissions::new(
+        SageRequestedNetworkPermissions::new(
+            [network_whitelist_entry("https", "required.example.com")],
+            [network_whitelist_entry("wss", "optional.example.com")],
+        ),
+        SageRequestedCapabilities::new(
+            [],
+            [
                 UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
                 UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage,
             ],
-        },
-    };
+        ),
+    )
+        .unwrap();
 
+    let manifest = SageAppPackageManifest::try_from(SageAppPackageManifestParts {
+        name: "Test App".to_string(),
+        version: "1.0.0".to_string(),
+        permissions: requested_permissions.clone(),
+        files: Vec::from([sample_manifest_file("index.html", 1)]),
+        entry: Some("index.html".to_string()),
+        icon: Some("icon.png".to_string()),
+        author: None,
+        donation: None,
+    }).unwrap();
+
+    app.common.requested_permissions = requested_permissions;
     app.common.active_snapshot = SageAppSnapshot {
         manifest_hash: "hash".to_string(),
         snapshot_dir: app.common.app_dir.clone(),
         total_bytes: 1,
-        manifest: SageAppPackageManifest {
-            name: "Test App".to_string(),
-            version: "1.0.0".to_string(),
-            permissions: app.common.requested_permissions.clone(),
-            files: vec![sample_manifest_file("index.html", 1)],
-            entry: Some("index.html".to_string()),
-            icon: Some("icon.png".to_string()),
-            author: None,
-            donation: None,
-        },
+        manifest,
     };
-
+    app.common.granted_permissions =
+        SageGrantedPermissions::new(&app.common.requested_permissions, [], []).unwrap();
     app.common.storage = InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged;
+
     app
 }
 
@@ -70,31 +75,19 @@ fn update_app_permissions_internal_persists_required_network_entries() {
     let app_path = app_dir(dir.path(), &app.common.id);
     write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app_path).unwrap();
 
-    let updated = update_app_permissions(
-        dir.path(),
-        &app.common.id,
-        SageGrantedPermissions {
-            capabilities: vec![],
-            network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions { whitelist: vec![] },
-        },
-    )
-        .unwrap();
+    let granted = SageGrantedPermissions::new(&app.common.requested_permissions, [], []).unwrap();
+
+    let updated = update_app_permissions(dir.path(), &app.common.id, granted).unwrap();
 
     assert_eq!(
-        updated.common.granted_permissions.network.whitelist,
-        vec![SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
-            scheme: "https".to_string(),
-            host: "required.example.com".to_string(),
-        }]
+        entries(updated.common.granted_permissions.network().whitelist().cloned()),
+        [network_whitelist_entry("https", "required.example.com")]
     );
 
     let reloaded = read_installed_app_by_id(dir.path(), &app.common.id).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(
-        reloaded.common.granted_permissions.network.whitelist,
-        vec![SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
-            scheme: "https".to_string(),
-            host: "required.example.com".to_string(),
-        }]
+        entries(reloaded.common.granted_permissions.network().whitelist().cloned()),
+        [network_whitelist_entry("https", "required.example.com")]
     );
 }
 
@@ -105,13 +98,10 @@ fn update_app_permissions_internal_rejects_unrequested_capability() {
     let app_path = app_dir(dir.path(), &app.common.id);
     write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app_path).unwrap();
 
-    let err = update_app_permissions(
-        dir.path(),
-        &app.common.id,
-        SageGrantedPermissions {
-            capabilities: vec![UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXchAutoSubmit],
-            network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions { whitelist: vec![] },
-        },
+    let err = SageGrantedPermissions::new(
+        &app.common.requested_permissions,
+        [UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXchAutoSubmit],
+        [],
     )
         .unwrap_err();
 
@@ -127,16 +117,19 @@ fn grant_requested_capability_internal_grants_optional_capability() {
     let app_path = app_dir(dir.path(), &app.common.id);
     write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app_path).unwrap();
 
-    let outcome =
-        grant_requested_capability_internal(dir.path(), &app.common.id, UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch)
-            .unwrap();
+    let outcome = grant_requested_capability_internal(
+        dir.path(),
+        &app.common.id,
+        UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
+    )
+        .unwrap();
 
     match outcome {
         GrantCapabilityOutcome::Granted { capability, change } => {
             assert_eq!(capability, UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch);
-            assert_eq!(change.added, vec![UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch]);
+            assert_eq!(change.added, [UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch]);
             assert!(change.removed.is_empty());
-            assert_eq!(change.full, vec![UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch]);
+            assert_eq!(change.full, [UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch]);
         }
         GrantCapabilityOutcome::AlreadyGranted { .. } => {
             panic!("expected capability to be newly granted")
@@ -145,8 +138,8 @@ fn grant_requested_capability_internal_grants_optional_capability() {
 
     let reloaded = read_installed_app_by_id(dir.path(), &app.common.id).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(
-        reloaded.common.granted_permissions.capabilities,
-        vec![UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch]
+        caps(reloaded.common.granted_permissions.capabilities().copied()),
+        [UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch]
     );
 }
 
@@ -154,14 +147,23 @@ fn grant_requested_capability_internal_grants_optional_capability() {
 fn grant_requested_capability_internal_returns_already_granted_when_present() {
     let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
     let mut app = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-1");
-    app.common.granted_permissions.capabilities = vec![UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch];
+
+    app.common.granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions::new(
+        &app.common.requested_permissions,
+        [UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch],
+        [network_whitelist_entry("https", "required.example.com")],
+    )
+        .unwrap();
 
     let app_path = app_dir(dir.path(), &app.common.id);
     write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app_path).unwrap();
 
-    let outcome =
-        grant_requested_capability_internal(dir.path(), &app.common.id, UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch)
-            .unwrap();
+    let outcome = grant_requested_capability_internal(
+        dir.path(),
+        &app.common.id,
+        UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
+    )
+        .unwrap();
 
     match outcome {
         GrantCapabilityOutcome::AlreadyGranted {
@@ -169,7 +171,7 @@ fn grant_requested_capability_internal_returns_already_granted_when_present() {
             full_granted_capabilities,
         } => {
             assert_eq!(capability, UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch);
-            assert_eq!(full_granted_capabilities, vec![UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch]);
+            assert_eq!(full_granted_capabilities, [UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch]);
         }
         GrantCapabilityOutcome::Granted { .. } => {
             panic!("expected already-granted outcome")
@@ -206,10 +208,7 @@ fn grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal_grants_optional_entry() {
     let outcome = grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal(
         dir.path(),
         &app.common.id,
-        &SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
-            scheme: "WSS".to_string(),
-            host: "OPTIONAL.EXAMPLE.COM".to_string(),
-        },
+        &network_whitelist_entry("WSS", "OPTIONAL.EXAMPLE.COM"),
     )
         .unwrap();
 
@@ -217,36 +216,21 @@ fn grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal_grants_optional_entry() {
         GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome::Granted { entry, change } => {
             assert_eq!(
                 entry,
-                SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
-                    scheme: "wss".to_string(),
-                    host: "optional.example.com".to_string(),
-                }
+                network_whitelist_entry("wss", "optional.example.com")
             );
             assert_eq!(
                 change.added,
-                vec![
-                    SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
-                        scheme: "https".to_string(),
-                        host: "required.example.com".to_string(),
-                    },
-                    SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
-                        scheme: "wss".to_string(),
-                        host: "optional.example.com".to_string(),
-                    },
+                [
+                    network_whitelist_entry("https", "required.example.com"),
+                    network_whitelist_entry("wss", "optional.example.com"),
                 ]
             );
             assert!(change.removed.is_empty());
             assert_eq!(
                 change.full,
-                vec![
-                    SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
-                        scheme: "https".to_string(),
-                        host: "required.example.com".to_string(),
-                    },
-                    SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
-                        scheme: "wss".to_string(),
-                        host: "optional.example.com".to_string(),
-                    },
+                [
+                    network_whitelist_entry("https", "required.example.com"),
+                    network_whitelist_entry("wss", "optional.example.com"),
                 ]
             );
         }
@@ -257,16 +241,10 @@ fn grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal_grants_optional_entry() {
 
     let reloaded = read_installed_app_by_id(dir.path(), &app.common.id).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(
-        reloaded.common.granted_permissions.network.whitelist,
-        vec![
-            SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
-                scheme: "https".to_string(),
-                host: "required.example.com".to_string(),
-            },
-            SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
-                scheme: "wss".to_string(),
-                host: "optional.example.com".to_string(),
-            },
+        entries(reloaded.common.granted_permissions.network().whitelist().cloned()),
+        [
+            network_whitelist_entry("https", "required.example.com"),
+            network_whitelist_entry("wss", "optional.example.com"),
         ]
     );
 }
@@ -275,10 +253,13 @@ fn grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal_grants_optional_entry() {
 fn grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal_returns_already_granted_when_present() {
     let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
     let mut app = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-1");
-    app.common.granted_permissions.network.whitelist = vec![SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
-        scheme: "https".to_string(),
-        host: "required.example.com".to_string(),
-    }];
+
+    app.common.granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions::new(
+        &app.common.requested_permissions,
+        [],
+        [network_whitelist_entry("https", "required.example.com")],
+    )
+        .unwrap();
 
     let app_path = app_dir(dir.path(), &app.common.id);
     write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app_path).unwrap();
@@ -286,10 +267,7 @@ fn grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal_returns_already_granted_when
     let outcome = grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal(
         dir.path(),
         &app.common.id,
-        &SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
-            scheme: "https".to_string(),
-            host: "required.example.com".to_string(),
-        },
+        &network_whitelist_entry("https", "required.example.com"),
     )
         .unwrap();
 
@@ -300,17 +278,11 @@ fn grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal_returns_already_granted_when
         } => {
             assert_eq!(
                 entry,
-                SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
-                    scheme: "https".to_string(),
-                    host: "required.example.com".to_string(),
-                }
+                network_whitelist_entry("https", "required.example.com")
             );
             assert_eq!(
                 full_granted_network_whitelist,
-                vec![SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
-                    scheme: "https".to_string(),
-                    host: "required.example.com".to_string(),
-                }]
+                [network_whitelist_entry("https", "required.example.com")]
             );
         }
         GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome::Granted { .. } => {
@@ -329,10 +301,7 @@ fn grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal_rejects_unrequested_entry()
     let err = grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal(
         dir.path(),
         &app.common.id,
-        &SageNetworkPermissionTarget {
-            scheme: "https".to_string(),
-            host: "evil.example.com".to_string(),
-        },
+        &network_whitelist_entry("https", "evil.example.com"),
     )
         .unwrap_err();
 
@@ -340,3 +309,7 @@ fn grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal_rejects_unrequested_entry()
         .to_string()
         .contains("Network whitelist entry was not requested by app manifest"));
 }
+
+fn network_whitelist_entry(scheme: &str, host: &str) -> SageNetworkWhitelistEntry {
+    SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new(scheme, host).unwrap()
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/tests/common/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/tests/common/mod.rs
index 375bee795..b7a4d546c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/tests/common/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/tests/common/mod.rs
@@ -1,22 +1,7 @@
 use std::fs;
 use std::path::Path;
 use sage_apps::lifecycle::app_dir;
-use sage_apps::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppFlags, SageAppCommon, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist, SageRequestedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource};
-
-pub fn empty_permissions() -> SageRequestedPermissions {
-    SageRequestedPermissions {
-        network: SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
-            whitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist {
-                required: vec![],
-                optional: vec![],
-            },
-        },
-        capabilities: SageRequestedCapabilities {
-            required: vec![],
-            optional: vec![],
-        },
-    }
-}
+use sage_apps::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppCommon, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource, SageAppPackageManifestParts};
 
 pub fn sample_manifest_file(path: &str, size: u64) -> SageAppManifestFile {
     SageAppManifestFile {
@@ -30,46 +15,51 @@ pub fn sample_installed_app(base: &Path, app_id: &str, name: &str) -> UserSageAp
     let app_dir = app_dir(base, app_id);
     fs::create_dir_all(&app_dir).unwrap();
 
+    let requested_permissions = SageRequestedPermissions::empty();
+
+    let manifest = SageAppPackageManifest::try_from(SageAppPackageManifestParts {
+        name: name.to_string(),
+        version: "1.0.0".to_string(),
+        permissions: requested_permissions.clone(),
+        files: vec![SageAppManifestFile {
+            path: "index.html".into(),
+            sha256: "a".repeat(64),
+            size: 1,
+        }],
+        entry: Some("index.html".into()),
+        icon: Some("icon.png".into()),
+        author: None,
+        donation: None,
+    })
+        .unwrap();
+
+    let snapshot = SageAppSnapshot {
+        manifest_hash: "hash".into(),
+        snapshot_dir: app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+        total_bytes: 1,
+        manifest: manifest.clone(),
+    };
+
+    let granted_permissions =
+        SageGrantedPermissions::new(&requested_permissions, [], []).unwrap();
+
+    let common = SageAppCommon::new(
+        app_id.into(),
+        app_id.into(),
+        app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+        &manifest,
+        granted_permissions,
+        InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
+        snapshot,
+    )
+        .unwrap();
+
     UserSageApp {
-        common: SageAppCommon {
-            id: app_id.into(),
-            origin_id: app_id.into(),
-            name: name.into(),
-            version: "1.0.0".into(),
-            app_dir: app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-            entry_file: "index.html".into(),
-            icon_file: "icon.png".into(),
-            requested_permissions: SageRequestedPermissions::default(),
-            granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions {
-                capabilities: vec![],
-                network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions { whitelist: vec![] },
-            },
-            capability_flags: SageAppFlags::default(),
-            storage: InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
-            active_snapshot: SageAppSnapshot {
-                manifest_hash: "hash".into(),
-                snapshot_dir: app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-                total_bytes: 1,
-                manifest: SageAppPackageManifest {
-                    name: name.into(),
-                    version: "1.0.0".into(),
-                    permissions: SageRequestedPermissions::default(),
-                    files: vec![SageAppManifestFile {
-                        path: "index.html".into(),
-                        sha256: "a".repeat(64),
-                        size: 1,
-                    }],
-                    entry: Some("index.html".into()),
-                    icon: Some("icon.png".into()),
-                    author: None,
-                    donation: None,
-                },
-            },
-        },
+        common,
         source: UserSageAppSource::Url {
             app_url: "https://example.com/app/".into(),
             manifest_url: "https://example.com/app/sage-manifest.json".into(),
         },
         pending_update: None,
     }
-}
+}
\ No newline at end of file

From f69fd443c9f85d446e9fa1621456df31e32b99db Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Mon, 27 Apr 2026 17:07:11 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 231/471] Clippy fixes

---
 crates/sage-api/src/requests/actions.rs       |   5 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs | 112 +++++--------
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/capabilities.rs   |  15 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs       |  56 +++----
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs     |  22 +--
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/mod.rs    |   2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/shared.rs |  11 +-
 .../methods/system/runtime_manager/events.rs  |   4 +-
 .../system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs   |  15 +-
 .../system/runtime_manager/hide_runtime.rs    |  15 +-
 .../system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs    |  13 +-
 .../system/runtime_manager/list_runtimes.rs   |   7 +-
 .../methods/system/runtime_manager/mod.rs     |   6 +-
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/app/events.rs     |   9 +-
 .../methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs      |  12 +-
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_info.rs   |  13 +-
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/app/lifecycle.rs  |   6 +-
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/app/mod.rs        |  26 +--
 .../user/app/request_capability_grant.rs      |  25 +--
 .../app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs    |  27 ++--
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/mod.rs     |   4 +-
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/ping.rs    |   6 +-
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs    |  13 +-
 .../sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/mod.rs  |  33 +---
 .../methods/user/wallet/get_secret_key.rs     |  12 +-
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/mod.rs     |   9 +-
 .../methods/user/wallet/read_methods.rs       |  12 +-
 .../bridge/methods/user/wallet/send_xch.rs    |  14 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs            |  16 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs       |  23 ++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/state.rs          |  14 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs     |  32 +++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs          |  15 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/build/builtin_apps.rs    |  27 ++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs            |  12 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/build/finalize.rs        |  17 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/build/fs_utils.rs        |  11 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/build/mod.rs             |   2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs                   |   7 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/flags.rs       |  28 ++--
 .../src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs         |  41 ++---
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs |  81 +++++-----
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs |  53 ++++---
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs |  22 +--
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs    |  31 ++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mod.rs         |   6 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs     |  21 ++-
 .../sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs   |  71 +++++----
 .../sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/types.rs |   9 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/snapshot.rs    |  29 ++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs     |  47 +++---
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs   |   9 +-
 .../src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs          |  63 ++++----
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/mod.rs  |   2 +-
 .../src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs       |  70 ++++-----
 .../permissions/capabilities/definitions.rs   |  30 ++--
 .../src/permissions/capabilities/mod.rs       |   5 +-
 .../src/permissions/capabilities/types.rs     |   7 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/mod.rs       |   8 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs      |   8 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs       |  13 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs           |   6 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs       |  12 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs         |  76 +++++----
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs     |   4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs    |  19 ++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/remove.rs  |  23 ++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs   |   4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs   |   8 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs          |  33 ++--
 .../sage-apps/src/runtime/webview_locator.rs  |  18 ++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs  |  19 ++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs          |  24 +--
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/ingest.rs        |  29 ++--
 .../src/sandbox/probes/clear_cycle.rs         |  16 +-
 .../sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/isolation.rs |  11 +-
 .../sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/network.rs   |   6 +-
 .../src/sandbox/probes/persistence.rs         |  14 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/poll.rs   |  12 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runner.rs        |  19 +--
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs       |  19 ++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/state_view.rs    |   8 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/store.rs         |  11 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/types.rs         |  17 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/security/csp.rs          |  37 ++---
 crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs     |  26 ++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/storage.rs               |   5 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps/mod.rs       |  30 ++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/types.rs                 | 148 +++++++++---------
 crates/sage-apps/src/utils.rs                 |   2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_install.rs        |   9 +-
 crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_manifest.rs       |  28 ++--
 crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_registry.rs       |  57 ++++---
 .../sage-apps/tests/apps_storage_cleanup.rs   |  21 ++-
 crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_update.rs         |  81 +++++++---
 crates/sage-apps/tests/common/mod.rs          |  17 +-
 crates/sage/src/endpoints/actions.rs          |  12 +-
 src-tauri/src/lib.rs                          |  30 ++--
 98 files changed, 1093 insertions(+), 1152 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-api/src/requests/actions.rs b/crates/sage-api/src/requests/actions.rs
index 9c3184aa3..7e05a0388 100644
--- a/crates/sage-api/src/requests/actions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-api/src/requests/actions.rs
@@ -31,10 +31,7 @@ pub struct ResyncCatResponse {}
 
 #[cfg_attr(
     feature = "openapi",
-    crate::openapi_attr(
-        tag = "Price",
-        description = "Get XCH-USD price"
-    )
+    crate::openapi_attr(tag = "Price", description = "Get XCH-USD price")
 )]
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 #[cfg_attr(feature = "tauri", derive(specta::Type))]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
index 64259a78f..a050c115c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
@@ -1,18 +1,21 @@
-use tauri::{AppHandle, Emitter, Manager, State, Webview};
-use uuid::Uuid;
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::{BridgeCapability, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
-use crate::bridge::{response_channel_for_runtime_kind, RustBridgeApprovalEvent, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeInvokeResult, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
-use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeTools};
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodCapability;
+use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeTools};
 use crate::bridge::registry::BridgeRegistry;
 use crate::bridge::state::write_pending_approval;
+use crate::bridge::{
+    RustBridgeApprovalEvent, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeInvokeResult, RustBridgeRequest,
+    RustBridgeResponse, response_channel_for_runtime_kind,
+};
 use crate::host::AppState;
 use crate::permissions::{get_system_capability_definition, get_user_capability_definition};
-use crate::runtime::{assert_bridge_origin, resolve_app};
 use crate::runtime::state::types::SageAppRuntimeKind;
 use crate::runtime::webview_locator::get_sage_webview;
+use crate::runtime::{assert_bridge_origin, resolve_app};
 use crate::types::SageApp;
+use tauri::{AppHandle, Emitter, Manager, State, Webview};
+use uuid::Uuid;
 
 pub async fn process(
     app: AppHandle,
@@ -71,9 +74,7 @@ pub async fn process(
     match method.capability() {
         BridgeMethodCapability::Ungated => {}
         BridgeMethodCapability::Required(capability) => {
-            if let Err(response) =
-                verify_capability(&app_model, &request, capability)
-            {
+            if let Err(response) = verify_capability(&app_model, &request, capability) {
                 return Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Immediate { response });
             }
         }
@@ -90,7 +91,14 @@ pub async fn process(
             let approval_id = Uuid::new_v4().to_string();
 
             let apps_state = app.state::<AppsHostState>();
-            write_pending_approval(&apps_state, &approval_id, &app_model, &webview_label, &request).await;
+            write_pending_approval(
+                &apps_state,
+                &approval_id,
+                &app_model,
+                &webview_label,
+                &request,
+            )
+            .await;
 
             emit_sage_approval_requested(&app, approval_id, approval)?;
             return Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Pending {});
@@ -108,14 +116,8 @@ pub async fn process(
         }
     }
 
-    let response = execute_bridge_request(
-        &app,
-        &app_state,
-        &app_model,
-        &webview_label,
-        &request,
-    )
-        .await;
+    let response =
+        execute_bridge_request(&app, &app_state, &app_model, &webview_label, &request).await;
 
     Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Immediate { response })
 }
@@ -151,23 +153,16 @@ pub(crate) async fn execute_bridge_request(
         .await;
 
     match result {
-        Ok(value) => {
-            match erased_serde::serialize(&*value, serde_json::value::Serializer) {
-                Ok(value) => RustBridgeResponse::success(&request.channel, &request.id, value),
-                Err(err) => RustBridgeResponse::error(
-                    &request.channel,
-                    &request.id,
-                    "internal_error",
-                    format!("failed to encode {} result: {err}", method.name()),
-                ),
-            }
-        }
-        Err(err) => RustBridgeResponse::error(
-            &request.channel,
-            &request.id,
-            err.code,
-            err.message,
-        ),
+        Ok(value) => match erased_serde::serialize(&*value, serde_json::value::Serializer) {
+            Ok(value) => RustBridgeResponse::success(&request.channel, &request.id, value),
+            Err(err) => RustBridgeResponse::error(
+                &request.channel,
+                &request.id,
+                "internal_error",
+                format!("failed to encode {} result: {err}", method.name()),
+            ),
+        },
+        Err(err) => RustBridgeResponse::error(&request.channel, &request.id, err.code, err.message),
     }
 }
 
@@ -180,23 +175,13 @@ fn verify_capability(
         BridgeCapability::User(capability) => {
             let definition = get_user_capability_definition(capability);
 
-            verify_user_capability(
-                app,
-                request,
-                capability,
-                definition.flags.shared_with_app,
-            )
+            verify_user_capability(app, request, capability, definition.flags.shared_with_app)
         }
 
         BridgeCapability::System(capability) => {
             let definition = get_system_capability_definition(capability);
 
-            verify_system_capability(
-                app,
-                request,
-                capability,
-                definition.flags.shared_with_app,
-            )
+            verify_system_capability(app, request, capability, definition.flags.shared_with_app)
         }
     }
 }
@@ -221,13 +206,7 @@ fn verify_user_capability(
             .common
             .requested_permissions
             .capabilities
-            .resolve_effective_grants(
-                user_app
-                    .common
-                    .granted_permissions
-                    .capabilities()
-                    .copied(),
-            )
+            .resolve_effective_grants(user_app.common.granted_permissions.capabilities().copied())
             .map_err(|err| {
                 RustBridgeResponse::error(
                     &request.channel,
@@ -237,11 +216,7 @@ fn verify_user_capability(
                 )
             })?,
 
-        SageApp::System(_) => app
-            .granted_permissions()
-            .capabilities()
-            .copied()
-            .collect(),
+        SageApp::System(_) => app.granted_permissions().capabilities().copied().collect(),
     };
 
     if !effective_capabilities.contains(&capability) {
@@ -273,8 +248,7 @@ fn verify_system_capability(
 
     let granted = app
         .system_granted_permissions()
-        .map(|permissions| permissions.capabilities.contains(&capability))
-        .unwrap_or(false);
+        .is_some_and(|permissions| permissions.capabilities.contains(&capability));
 
     if !granted {
         return Err(RustBridgeResponse::error(
@@ -301,15 +275,15 @@ fn validate_request_basics(
         ));
     }
 
-    if let Some(version) = &request.bridge_version {
-        if version != "v1" {
-            return Err(RustBridgeResponse::error(
-                expected_channel,
-                &request.id,
-                "unsupported_bridge_version",
-                format!("Unsupported Sage bridge version: {version}"),
-            ));
-        }
+    if let Some(version) = &request.bridge_version
+        && version != "v1"
+    {
+        return Err(RustBridgeResponse::error(
+            expected_channel,
+            &request.id,
+            "unsupported_bridge_version",
+            format!("Unsupported Sage bridge version: {version}"),
+        ));
     }
 
     Ok(())
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/capabilities.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/capabilities.rs
index 1ac5e34f8..4e93a0e68 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/capabilities.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/capabilities.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-use std::collections::BTreeSet;
+use crate::permissions::get_user_capability_definition;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
-use crate::permissions::get_user_capability_definition;
+use std::collections::BTreeSet;
 
 macro_rules! define_bridge_capabilities {
     (
@@ -153,10 +153,7 @@ mod tests {
         let shared = first_shared_capability();
         let non_shared = first_non_shared_capability();
 
-        let shared_capabilities = [
-            shared.clone(),
-            non_shared.clone(),
-        ].shared();
+        let shared_capabilities = [shared, non_shared].shared();
 
         assert!(
             shared_capabilities.contains(&shared),
@@ -173,11 +170,7 @@ mod tests {
         let shared = first_shared_capability();
         let non_shared = first_non_shared_capability();
 
-        let shared_capabilities = [
-            non_shared.clone(),
-            shared.clone(),
-            shared.clone(),
-        ].shared();
+        let shared_capabilities = [non_shared, shared, shared].shared();
 
         assert_eq!(shared_capabilities, vec![shared]);
     }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
index 3edebb28e..b53fe538b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,17 @@
-use tauri::{AppHandle, State, Webview};
 use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::bridge::{response_channel_for_runtime_kind, ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs, RustBridgeInvokeResult, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
 use crate::bridge::bridge_request::{execute_bridge_request, process};
 use crate::bridge::event_emit::emit_bridge_response_to_source;
 use crate::bridge::state::{get_pending_approval, remove_pending_approval};
+use crate::bridge::{
+    ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs, RustBridgeInvokeResult, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse,
+    response_channel_for_runtime_kind,
+};
 use crate::host::AppState;
 use crate::permissions::{user_capability_definition_view, user_registry};
-use crate::runtime::{assert_bridge_origin, resolve_app};
 use crate::runtime::state::types::SageAppRuntimeKind;
-use crate::types::{SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView};
+use crate::runtime::{assert_bridge_origin, resolve_app};
+use crate::types::SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView;
+use tauri::{AppHandle, State, Webview};
 
 #[tauri::command]
 #[specta::specta]
@@ -18,14 +21,7 @@ pub async fn apps_invoke_bridge(
     app_state: State<'_, AppState>,
     request: RustBridgeRequest,
 ) -> Result<RustBridgeInvokeResult, String> {
-    process(
-        app,
-        webview,
-        app_state,
-        request,
-        SageAppRuntimeKind::User,
-    )
-        .await
+    process(app, webview, app_state, request, SageAppRuntimeKind::User).await
 }
 
 #[tauri::command]
@@ -36,14 +32,7 @@ pub async fn apps_invoke_system_bridge(
     app_state: State<'_, AppState>,
     request: RustBridgeRequest,
 ) -> Result<RustBridgeInvokeResult, String> {
-    process(
-        app,
-        webview,
-        app_state,
-        request,
-        SageAppRuntimeKind::System,
-    )
-        .await
+    process(app, webview, app_state, request, SageAppRuntimeKind::System).await
 }
 
 #[tauri::command]
@@ -57,18 +46,11 @@ pub async fn apps_resolve_bridge_approval(
     let pending = get_pending_approval(&apps_state, &args.approval_id).await?;
     remove_pending_approval(&apps_state, &args.approval_id).await;
 
-    let (app_id, runtime_kind) = assert_bridge_origin(app.clone(), pending.app_webview_label.clone())?;
+    let (app_id, runtime_kind) =
+        assert_bridge_origin(app.clone(), pending.app_webview_label.clone())?;
     let app_model = resolve_app(&app, &app_id)?;
 
-    let response = if !args.approved {
-        RustBridgeResponse::error(
-            response_channel_for_runtime_kind(runtime_kind),
-            &pending.request.id,
-            "user_denied",
-            args.reason
-                .unwrap_or_else(|| "User denied the request".to_string()),
-        )
-    } else {
+    let response = if args.approved {
         execute_bridge_request(
             &app,
             &app_state,
@@ -76,7 +58,15 @@ pub async fn apps_resolve_bridge_approval(
             &pending.app_webview_label,
             &pending.request,
         )
-            .await
+        .await
+    } else {
+        RustBridgeResponse::error(
+            response_channel_for_runtime_kind(runtime_kind),
+            &pending.request.id,
+            "user_denied",
+            args.reason
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| "User denied the request".to_string()),
+        )
     };
 
     emit_bridge_response_to_source(&app, &pending.app_webview_label, &response)?;
@@ -85,8 +75,8 @@ pub async fn apps_resolve_bridge_approval(
 
 #[tauri::command]
 #[specta::specta]
-pub async fn get_user_capability_definitions(
-) -> Result<Vec<SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView>, String> {
+pub async fn get_user_capability_definitions()
+-> Result<Vec<SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView>, String> {
     Ok(user_registry()
         .values()
         .copied()
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs
index 98935a73d..039f2af85 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs
@@ -1,22 +1,19 @@
-use tauri::{AppHandle, Emitter, Manager};
 use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::bridge::{response_channel_for_runtime_kind, RustBridgeResponse};
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::events::EventForApp;
-use crate::runtime::{app_id_from_webview_label};
-use crate::runtime::state::read::{find_runtime_by_app_id_optional};
+use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeResponse, response_channel_for_runtime_kind};
+use crate::runtime::app_id_from_webview_label;
+use crate::runtime::state::read::find_runtime_by_app_id_optional;
 use crate::runtime::state::types::SageAppRuntimeKind;
-use crate::runtime::webview_locator::{get_webview_in_sage_window};
+use crate::runtime::webview_locator::get_webview_in_sage_window;
+use tauri::{AppHandle, Emitter, Manager};
 
 pub(crate) fn emit_bridge_response_to_source(
     app: &AppHandle,
     app_webview_label: &str,
     response: &RustBridgeResponse,
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
-    let (runtime_kind, _) = app_id_from_webview_label(app_webview_label).ok_or_else(|| {
-        format!(
-            "invalid webview label for bridge response: {app_webview_label}"
-        )
-    })?;
+    let (runtime_kind, _) = app_id_from_webview_label(app_webview_label)
+        .ok_or_else(|| format!("invalid webview label for bridge response: {app_webview_label}"))?;
     get_webview_in_sage_window(app, app_webview_label)?
         .emit(&response_event_for_runtime_kind(runtime_kind), response)
         .map_err(|err| format!("failed to emit bridge response: {err}"))
@@ -39,7 +36,10 @@ pub(crate) async fn emit_bridge_event_to_app_id(
 }
 
 fn response_event_for_runtime_kind(runtime_kind: SageAppRuntimeKind) -> String {
-    format!("{}:response", response_channel_for_runtime_kind(runtime_kind))
+    format!(
+        "{}:response",
+        response_channel_for_runtime_kind(runtime_kind)
+    )
 }
 
 fn event_event_for_runtime_kind(runtime_kind: SageAppRuntimeKind) -> String {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/mod.rs
index 4902d6daf..f1a5dba5f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/mod.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 pub mod shared;
-pub mod user;
 pub mod system;
+pub mod user;
 
 pub use shared::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/shared.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/shared.rs
index 787a059ba..cc1f60d52 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/shared.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/shared.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-use async_trait::async_trait;
-use serde::de::DeserializeOwned;
-use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest};
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::{BridgeCapability, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
+use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest};
 use crate::host::AppState;
 use crate::state::AppsHostState;
 use crate::types::SageApp;
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+use serde::de::DeserializeOwned;
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct BridgeContext<'a> {
@@ -49,11 +49,10 @@ impl BridgeMethodHandleError {
 }
 
 pub type BridgeApprovalRequestResult =
-Result<Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest>, BridgeMethodHandleError>;
+    Result<Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest>, BridgeMethodHandleError>;
 
 pub type BridgeHandleResult =
-Result<Box<dyn erased_serde::Serialize + Send>, BridgeMethodHandleError>;
-
+    Result<Box<dyn erased_serde::Serialize + Send>, BridgeMethodHandleError>;
 
 #[async_trait]
 pub trait BridgeMethod: Send + Sync {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/events.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/events.rs
index 83eda1d97..784ebefd4 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/events.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/events.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-use serde::{Serialize};
-use specta::Type;
 use crate::runtime::state::types::SageAppRuntimeRecord;
+use serde::Serialize;
+use specta::Type;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs
index d2e4c226c..fdcc0bedf 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,13 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
+use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
-use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{parse_required_params, BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError};
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
+    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
+    BridgeMethodHandleError, parse_required_params,
+};
 use crate::bridge::methods::system::runtime_manager::RuntimeTargetParams;
-use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeRequest};
+use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::runtime::focus_runtime;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
@@ -36,11 +39,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for RuntimeManagerFocusRuntime {
     ) -> BridgeHandleResult {
         let params: RuntimeTargetParams = parse_required_params(self, request)?;
 
-        let record = focus_runtime(
-            tools.app_handle,
-            tools.host_state,
-            &params.app_id,
-        )
+        let record = focus_runtime(tools.app_handle, tools.host_state, &params.app_id)
             .await
             .map_err(BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error)?;
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_runtime.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_runtime.rs
index 0691662ce..a3930511c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_runtime.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_runtime.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,13 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
+use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
-use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{parse_required_params, BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError};
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
+    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
+    BridgeMethodHandleError, parse_required_params,
+};
 use crate::bridge::methods::system::runtime_manager::RuntimeTargetParams;
-use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeRequest};
+use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::runtime::hide_runtime;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
@@ -36,11 +39,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for RuntimeManagerHideRuntime {
     ) -> BridgeHandleResult {
         let params: RuntimeTargetParams = parse_required_params(self, request)?;
 
-        let record = hide_runtime(
-            tools.app_handle,
-            tools.host_state,
-            &params.app_id,
-        )
+        let record = hide_runtime(tools.app_handle, tools.host_state, &params.app_id)
             .await
             .map_err(BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error)?;
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs
index a4ae292bf..53208c072 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,14 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
+use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{parse_required_params, BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError};
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
+    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
+    BridgeMethodHandleError, parse_required_params,
+};
+use crate::bridge::methods::system::runtime_manager::RuntimeTargetParams;
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeRequest};
 use crate::runtime::stop::kill_runtime;
-use crate::bridge::methods::system::runtime_manager::RuntimeTargetParams;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct RuntimeManagerKillRuntime;
@@ -42,8 +45,8 @@ impl BridgeMethod for RuntimeManagerKillRuntime {
             &params.app_id,
             "user_kill",
         )
-            .await
-            .map_err(BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error)?;
+        .await
+        .map_err(BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error)?;
 
         Ok(Box::new(result))
     }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/list_runtimes.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/list_runtimes.rs
index 04a88f1b6..67c507873 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/list_runtimes.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/list_runtimes.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,12 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
+use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
+    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
+    BridgeMethodHandleError,
+};
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError};
-use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeRequest};
 use crate::runtime::state::read::list_runtimes;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/mod.rs
index b3dc75984..aa9123af7 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/mod.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
+pub mod events;
 pub mod focus_runtime;
 pub mod hide_runtime;
 pub mod kill_runtime;
 pub mod list_runtimes;
-pub mod events;
 
+pub use events::RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent;
 pub use focus_runtime::RuntimeManagerFocusRuntime;
 pub use hide_runtime::RuntimeManagerHideRuntime;
 pub use kill_runtime::RuntimeManagerKillRuntime;
 pub use list_runtimes::RuntimeManagerListRuntimes;
-pub use events::RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent;
 
-pub use crate::runtime::{RuntimeTargetParams};
+pub use crate::runtime::RuntimeTargetParams;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/events.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/events.rs
index c4ab9614c..a352b4ec9 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/events.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/events.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use specta::Type;
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::lifecycle::update::types::{GrantedCapabilitiesChange, GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange};
 use crate::types::SageNetworkWhitelistEntry;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use specta::Type;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
 pub enum EventForApp {
@@ -43,7 +43,10 @@ impl EventForApp {
         })
     }
 
-    pub fn from_network_whitelist_change(channel: &str, change: GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange) -> Self {
+    pub fn from_network_whitelist_change(
+        channel: &str,
+        change: GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange,
+    ) -> Self {
         EventForApp::GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange(GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent {
             channel: channel.to_string(),
             event_type: "grantedNetworkWhitelistChange".to_string(),
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs
index 117ebe317..b4d7b97a8 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
-use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeRequest};
+use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::{SharedCapabilitiesExt, UserBridgeCapability};
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
+    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
+};
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability};
 use crate::types::SageApp;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
@@ -39,11 +41,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppGetCapabilities {
                 .requested_permissions
                 .capabilities
                 .resolve_effective_grants(
-                    user_app
-                        .common
-                        .granted_permissions
-                        .capabilities()
-                        .copied(),
+                    user_app.common.granted_permissions.capabilities().copied(),
                 )
                 .unwrap_or_default(),
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_info.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_info.rs
index 13e20c365..88e187e58 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_info.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_info.rs
@@ -2,10 +2,12 @@ use async_trait::async_trait;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
+use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
+    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
+};
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability};
-use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeRequest};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct AppGetInfo;
@@ -61,7 +63,12 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppGetInfo {
             .map(|entry| SageNetworkPermissionInfo {
                 scheme: entry.scheme().to_string(),
                 host: entry.host().to_string(),
-                required: ctx.app.requested_permissions().network.whitelist.is_required(entry),
+                required: ctx
+                    .app
+                    .requested_permissions()
+                    .network
+                    .whitelist
+                    .is_required(entry),
             })
             .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/lifecycle.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/lifecycle.rs
index 40a0ed394..69630a8bc 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/lifecycle.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/lifecycle.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
+use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
+    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability, parse_required_params,
+};
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{parse_required_params, BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability};
-use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeRequest};
 use crate::runtime::state::types::{
     ReadyToStopParams, RuntimeAckResult, SetBeforeStopListenerParams,
 };
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/mod.rs
index 2278806fb..e8c99262e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/mod.rs
@@ -9,30 +9,18 @@ use std::path::PathBuf;
 
 use tauri::Manager;
 
-pub use events::{
-    GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent, GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent,
-};
+pub use events::{GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent, GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent};
 pub use get_capabilities::AppGetCapabilities;
 pub use get_info::AppGetInfo;
-pub use lifecycle::{
-    AppLifecycleReadyToStop, AppLifecycleSetBeforeStopListener,
-};
+pub use lifecycle::{AppLifecycleReadyToStop, AppLifecycleSetBeforeStopListener};
 pub use request_capability_grant::AppRequestCapabilityGrant;
 pub use request_network_whitelist_grant::AppRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant;
 
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodHandleError;
 use crate::bridge::methods::BridgeTools;
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodHandleError;
 
-pub fn resolve_app_base_path(
-    tools: &BridgeTools<'_>,
-) -> Result<PathBuf, BridgeMethodHandleError> {
-    tools
-        .app_handle
-        .path()
-        .app_data_dir()
-        .map_err(|err| {
-            BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error(format!(
-                "failed to resolve app data dir: {err}"
-            ))
-        })
+pub fn resolve_app_base_path(tools: &BridgeTools<'_>) -> Result<PathBuf, BridgeMethodHandleError> {
+    tools.app_handle.path().app_data_dir().map_err(|err| {
+        BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error(format!("failed to resolve app data dir: {err}"))
+    })
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
index 725750687..b498b2b7a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
@@ -2,14 +2,17 @@ use async_trait::async_trait;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest};
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::bridge::event_emit::emit_bridge_event_to_app_id;
-use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{parse_required_params, BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError};
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
+    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
+    BridgeMethodHandleError, parse_required_params,
+};
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::events::EventForApp;
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::resolve_app_base_path;
+use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::bridge::types::RustBridgeApprovalBody;
+use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest};
 use crate::lifecycle::update::permissions::grant_requested_capability_internal;
 use crate::lifecycle::update::types::GrantCapabilityOutcome;
 use crate::permissions::{get_user_capability_definition, user_capability_definition_view};
@@ -48,8 +51,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppRequestCapabilityGrant {
         ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
         request: &RustBridgeRequest,
     ) -> BridgeApprovalRequestResult {
-        let params: RequestCapabilityGrantParams =
-            parse_required_params(self, request)?;
+        let params: RequestCapabilityGrantParams = parse_required_params(self, request)?;
 
         if ctx
             .app
@@ -79,20 +81,19 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppRequestCapabilityGrant {
         tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
         request: &RustBridgeRequest,
     ) -> BridgeHandleResult {
-        let params: RequestCapabilityGrantParams =
-            parse_required_params(self, request)?;
+        let params: RequestCapabilityGrantParams = parse_required_params(self, request)?;
 
         let base_path = resolve_app_base_path(&tools)?;
 
         let result = match grant_requested_capability_internal(
             &base_path,
-            &ctx.app.id(),
+            ctx.app.id(),
             params.capability,
         ) {
             Ok(GrantCapabilityOutcome::AlreadyGranted {
-                   capability,
-                   full_granted_capabilities,
-               }) => RequestCapabilityGrantResult {
+                capability,
+                full_granted_capabilities,
+            }) => RequestCapabilityGrantResult {
                 granted: true,
                 already_granted: Some(true),
                 capability,
@@ -107,7 +108,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppRequestCapabilityGrant {
                     ctx.app.id(),
                     EventForApp::from_capabilities_change(&request.channel, change),
                 )
-                    .await;
+                .await;
 
                 RequestCapabilityGrantResult {
                     granted: true,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs
index e10e0f67f..32661c44d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs
@@ -2,14 +2,17 @@ use async_trait::async_trait;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest};
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::bridge::event_emit::emit_bridge_event_to_app_id;
-use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{parse_required_params, BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError};
-use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::resolve_app_base_path;
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
+    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
+    BridgeMethodHandleError, parse_required_params,
+};
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::events::EventForApp;
+use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::resolve_app_base_path;
+use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::bridge::types::RustBridgeApprovalBody;
+use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest};
 use crate::lifecycle::update::permissions::grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal;
 use crate::lifecycle::update::types::GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome;
 use crate::types::SageNetworkWhitelistEntry;
@@ -48,8 +51,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant {
         ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
         request: &RustBridgeRequest,
     ) -> BridgeApprovalRequestResult {
-        let params: RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantParams =
-            parse_required_params(self, request)?;
+        let params: RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantParams = parse_required_params(self, request)?;
 
         if ctx
             .app
@@ -77,20 +79,19 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant {
         tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
         request: &RustBridgeRequest,
     ) -> BridgeHandleResult {
-        let params: RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantParams =
-            parse_required_params(self, request)?;
+        let params: RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantParams = parse_required_params(self, request)?;
 
         let base_path = resolve_app_base_path(&tools)?;
 
         let result = match grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal(
             &base_path,
-            &ctx.app.id(),
+            ctx.app.id(),
             &params.entry,
         ) {
             Ok(GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome::AlreadyGranted {
-                   entry,
-                   full_granted_network_whitelist,
-               }) => RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantResult {
+                entry,
+                full_granted_network_whitelist,
+            }) => RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantResult {
                 granted: true,
                 already_granted: Some(true),
                 entry,
@@ -105,7 +106,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant {
                     ctx.app.id(),
                     EventForApp::from_network_whitelist_change(&request.channel, change),
                 )
-                    .await;
+                .await;
 
                 RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantResult {
                     granted: true,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/mod.rs
index 9f695598b..2650fbafc 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/mod.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-pub mod send;
 pub mod ping;
+pub mod send;
 
-pub use send::BridgeSend;
 pub use ping::BridgePing;
+pub use send::BridgeSend;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/ping.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/ping.rs
index 40c036db3..9e5e26a5a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/ping.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/ping.rs
@@ -2,9 +2,11 @@ use async_trait::async_trait;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
+use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
+    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
+};
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability};
-use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeRequest};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct BridgePing;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs
index d100a17c1..ee629d883 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs
@@ -2,10 +2,13 @@ use async_trait::async_trait;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
+use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
+    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
+    BridgeMethodHandleError, parse_required_params,
+};
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{parse_required_params, BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError};
-use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeRequest};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct BridgeSend;
@@ -56,11 +59,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for BridgeSend {
             ))
         })?;
 
-        crate::sandbox::ingest_bridge_send_payload(
-            &ctx.app.id(),
-            &payload_value,
-            tools.host_state,
-        )
+        crate::sandbox::ingest_bridge_send_payload(ctx.app.id(), &payload_value, tools.host_state)
             .await;
 
         Ok(Box::new(BridgeSendResult { ok: true }))
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/mod.rs
index 0b9104966..1ea8d4bbe 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/mod.rs
@@ -3,34 +3,15 @@ pub mod bridge;
 pub mod wallet;
 
 pub use app::{
-    AppGetInfo,
-    AppLifecycleReadyToStop,
-    AppLifecycleSetBeforeStopListener,
-    AppGetCapabilities,
-    AppRequestCapabilityGrant,
-    AppRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant,
+    AppGetCapabilities, AppGetInfo, AppLifecycleReadyToStop, AppLifecycleSetBeforeStopListener,
+    AppRequestCapabilityGrant, AppRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant,
 };
 
-pub use bridge::{
-    BridgePing,
-    BridgeSend,
-};
+pub use bridge::{BridgePing, BridgeSend};
 
 pub use wallet::{
-    WalletGetSecretKey,
-
+    WalletCheckAddress, WalletGetCoins, WalletGetCoinsByIds, WalletGetDerivations, WalletGetKey,
+    WalletGetKeys, WalletGetPendingTransactions, WalletGetSecretKey, WalletGetSpendableCoinCount,
+    WalletGetSyncStatus, WalletGetTransaction, WalletGetTransactions, WalletGetVersion,
     WalletSendXch,
-
-    WalletGetKey,
-    WalletGetKeys,
-    WalletGetSyncStatus,
-    WalletGetVersion,
-    WalletGetPendingTransactions,
-    WalletCheckAddress,
-    WalletGetDerivations,
-    WalletGetSpendableCoinCount,
-    WalletGetCoinsByIds,
-    WalletGetCoins,
-    WalletGetTransaction,
-    WalletGetTransactions,
-};
\ No newline at end of file
+};
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_secret_key.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_secret_key.rs
index e6b177c89..30c95a288 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_secret_key.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_secret_key.rs
@@ -2,10 +2,13 @@ use async_trait::async_trait;
 use sage_api::GetSecretKey;
 
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
+    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
+    BridgeMethodHandleError, parse_required_params,
+};
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{parse_required_params, BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError};
-use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest};
 use crate::bridge::types::RustBridgeApprovalBody;
+use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct WalletGetSecretKey;
@@ -48,10 +51,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for WalletGetSecretKey {
         let sage = tools.app_state.lock().await;
 
         let response = sage.get_secret_key(params).map_err(|err| {
-            BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error(format!(
-                "{} failed: {err}",
-                self.name()
-            ))
+            BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error(format!("{} failed: {err}", self.name()))
         })?;
 
         Ok(Box::new(response))
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/mod.rs
index 36e3918f7..7ffe5fb28 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/mod.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,11 @@
 pub mod get_secret_key;
-pub mod send_xch;
 pub mod read_methods;
+pub mod send_xch;
 
 pub use get_secret_key::WalletGetSecretKey;
-pub use send_xch::WalletSendXch;
 pub use read_methods::{
-    WalletGetKey, WalletGetKeys,
-    WalletCheckAddress, WalletGetCoins, WalletGetCoinsByIds, WalletGetDerivations,
-    WalletGetPendingTransactions, WalletGetSpendableCoinCount, WalletGetSyncStatus,
+    WalletCheckAddress, WalletGetCoins, WalletGetCoinsByIds, WalletGetDerivations, WalletGetKey,
+    WalletGetKeys, WalletGetPendingTransactions, WalletGetSpendableCoinCount, WalletGetSyncStatus,
     WalletGetTransaction, WalletGetTransactions, WalletGetVersion,
 };
+pub use send_xch::WalletSendXch;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/read_methods.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/read_methods.rs
index e4511175a..8310ffa2b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/read_methods.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/read_methods.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,16 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
+use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
+    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
+    BridgeMethodHandleError, parse_required_params,
+};
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{parse_required_params, BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError};
-use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeRequest};
 
 use sage_api::{
-    CheckAddress, GetCoins, GetCoinsByIds, GetDerivations, GetKey, GetKeys,
-    GetPendingTransactions, GetSpendableCoinCount, GetSyncStatus, GetTransaction,
-    GetTransactions, GetVersion,
+    CheckAddress, GetCoins, GetCoinsByIds, GetDerivations, GetKey, GetKeys, GetPendingTransactions,
+    GetSpendableCoinCount, GetSyncStatus, GetTransaction, GetTransactions, GetVersion,
 };
 
 macro_rules! define_wallet_read_no_params_async_method {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/send_xch.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/send_xch.rs
index d5aae5474..a29bf33f7 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/send_xch.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/send_xch.rs
@@ -3,12 +3,13 @@ use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
-use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{parse_required_params, BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError};
-use crate::bridge::{
-    RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest,
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
+    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
+    BridgeMethodHandleError, parse_required_params,
 };
+use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::bridge::types::RustBridgeApprovalBody;
+use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest};
 use sage_api::SendXch;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
@@ -96,10 +97,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for WalletSendXch {
             .send_xch(req)
             .await
             .map_err(|err| {
-                BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error(format!(
-                    "{} failed: {err}",
-                    self.name()
-                ))
+                BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error(format!("{} failed: {err}", self.name()))
             })?;
 
         Ok(Box::new(result))
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
index 63536f057..0e2c0babb 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
@@ -1,19 +1,19 @@
-pub mod methods;
-pub mod registry;
-pub mod types;
-pub mod ts_exports;
+pub mod bridge_request;
 pub mod capabilities;
 pub mod commands;
 pub mod event_emit;
+pub mod methods;
+pub mod registry;
 pub mod state;
-pub mod bridge_request;
+pub mod ts_exports;
+pub mod types;
 
+use crate::runtime::state::types::SageAppRuntimeKind;
 pub use types::{
     ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs, RustBridgeApprovalEvent, RustBridgeApprovalRequest,
-    RustBridgeErrorPayload, RustBridgeErrorResponse, RustBridgeInvokeResult,
-    RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse, RustBridgeSuccessResponse,
+    RustBridgeErrorPayload, RustBridgeErrorResponse, RustBridgeInvokeResult, RustBridgeRequest,
+    RustBridgeResponse, RustBridgeSuccessResponse,
 };
-use crate::runtime::state::types::SageAppRuntimeKind;
 
 pub const USER_BRIDGE_CHANNEL: &str = "sage-bridge";
 pub const SYSTEM_BRIDGE_CHANNEL: &str = "sage-system-bridge";
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs
index f474c3454..3b05fd97d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs
@@ -1,19 +1,18 @@
-use std::collections::HashMap;
-use crate::types::SageApp;
 use super::methods::BridgeMethod;
 use super::methods::system::runtime_manager::{
-    RuntimeManagerFocusRuntime, RuntimeManagerHideRuntime,
-    RuntimeManagerKillRuntime, RuntimeManagerListRuntimes,
+    RuntimeManagerFocusRuntime, RuntimeManagerHideRuntime, RuntimeManagerKillRuntime,
+    RuntimeManagerListRuntimes,
 };
 use super::methods::user::{
-    AppGetCapabilities, AppGetInfo, AppLifecycleReadyToStop,
-    AppLifecycleSetBeforeStopListener, AppRequestCapabilityGrant,
-    AppRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant, BridgePing, BridgeSend, WalletCheckAddress,
-    WalletGetCoins, WalletGetCoinsByIds, WalletGetDerivations, WalletGetKey,
-    WalletGetKeys, WalletGetPendingTransactions, WalletGetSecretKey,
-    WalletGetSpendableCoinCount, WalletGetSyncStatus, WalletGetTransaction,
-    WalletGetTransactions, WalletGetVersion, WalletSendXch,
+    AppGetCapabilities, AppGetInfo, AppLifecycleReadyToStop, AppLifecycleSetBeforeStopListener,
+    AppRequestCapabilityGrant, AppRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant, BridgePing, BridgeSend,
+    WalletCheckAddress, WalletGetCoins, WalletGetCoinsByIds, WalletGetDerivations, WalletGetKey,
+    WalletGetKeys, WalletGetPendingTransactions, WalletGetSecretKey, WalletGetSpendableCoinCount,
+    WalletGetSyncStatus, WalletGetTransaction, WalletGetTransactions, WalletGetVersion,
+    WalletSendXch,
 };
+use crate::types::SageApp;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub enum BridgeRegistryKind {
@@ -45,7 +44,7 @@ impl BridgeRegistry {
     }
 
     pub fn get(&self, method: &str) -> Option<&dyn BridgeMethod> {
-        self.methods.get(method).map(|method| method.as_ref())
+        self.methods.get(method).map(std::convert::AsRef::as_ref)
     }
 
     pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (&'static str, &dyn BridgeMethod)> {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/state.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/state.rs
index a0caede18..a6c17c2f5 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/state.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/state.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-use std::collections::BTreeMap;
-use tauri::State;
-use tokio::sync::Mutex;
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
 use crate::bridge::types::PendingBridgeApproval;
 use crate::types::SageApp;
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+use tauri::State;
+use tokio::sync::Mutex;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Default)]
 pub struct BridgeState {
@@ -41,9 +41,9 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_pending_approval(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     approval_id: &str,
 ) -> Result<PendingBridgeApproval, String> {
-    find_pending_approval(apps_state, approval_id).await.ok_or_else(|| {
-        format!("No pending approval with id {}", approval_id)
-    })
+    find_pending_approval(apps_state, approval_id)
+        .await
+        .ok_or_else(|| format!("No pending approval with id {approval_id}"))
 }
 
 pub(crate) async fn remove_pending_approval(
@@ -52,4 +52,4 @@ pub(crate) async fn remove_pending_approval(
 ) {
     let mut pending = apps_state.bridge.pending_approvals.lock().await;
     pending.remove(approval_id);
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
index 7d6a8c1b8..4968897cf 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
@@ -1,17 +1,33 @@
-use specta::TypeCollection;
-use specta_typescript::{BigIntExportBehavior, Typescript};
-use sage_api::{CheckAddress, CheckAddressResponse, GetCoins, GetCoinsByIds, GetCoinsByIdsResponse, GetCoinsResponse, GetDerivations, GetDerivationsResponse, GetKey, GetKeyResponse, GetKeys, GetKeysResponse, GetPendingTransactions, GetPendingTransactionsResponse, GetSecretKey, GetSecretKeyResponse, GetSpendableCoinCount, GetSpendableCoinCountResponse, GetSyncStatus, GetSyncStatusResponse, GetTransaction, GetTransactionResponse, GetTransactions, GetTransactionsResponse, GetVersion, GetVersionResponse, TransactionResponse};
-use crate::bridge::methods::system::runtime_manager::RuntimeTargetParams;
 use crate::bridge::methods::system::RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent;
+use crate::bridge::methods::system::runtime_manager::RuntimeTargetParams;
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::get_info::{AppGetInfoResult, SageNetworkPermissionInfo};
-use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::{GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent, GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent};
-use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::request_capability_grant::{RequestCapabilityGrantParams, RequestCapabilityGrantResult};
-use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::request_network_whitelist_grant::{RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantParams, RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantResult};
+use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::request_capability_grant::{
+    RequestCapabilityGrantParams, RequestCapabilityGrantResult,
+};
+use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::request_network_whitelist_grant::{
+    RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantParams, RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantResult,
+};
+use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::{
+    GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent, GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent,
+};
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::bridge::ping::BridgePingResult;
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::bridge::send::BridgeSendResult;
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::wallet::send_xch::WalletSendXchParams;
-use crate::runtime::state::types::{ReadyToStopParams, RuntimeAckResult, SageAppRuntimeRecord, SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail, SetBeforeStopListenerParams};
+use crate::runtime::state::types::{
+    ReadyToStopParams, RuntimeAckResult, SageAppRuntimeRecord, SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail,
+    SetBeforeStopListenerParams,
+};
 use crate::runtime::stop::SystemKillRuntimeResult;
+use sage_api::{
+    CheckAddress, CheckAddressResponse, GetCoins, GetCoinsByIds, GetCoinsByIdsResponse,
+    GetCoinsResponse, GetDerivations, GetDerivationsResponse, GetKey, GetKeyResponse, GetKeys,
+    GetKeysResponse, GetPendingTransactions, GetPendingTransactionsResponse, GetSecretKey,
+    GetSecretKeyResponse, GetSpendableCoinCount, GetSpendableCoinCountResponse, GetSyncStatus,
+    GetSyncStatusResponse, GetTransaction, GetTransactionResponse, GetTransactions,
+    GetTransactionsResponse, GetVersion, GetVersionResponse, TransactionResponse,
+};
+use specta::TypeCollection;
+use specta_typescript::{BigIntExportBehavior, Typescript};
 
 pub fn export_system_bridge_typescript() -> Result<String, String> {
     let mut types = TypeCollection::default();
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs
index 6072093bb..0e55f7f7e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
+use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::bridge::methods::user::wallet::send_xch::WalletSendXchParams;
+use crate::types::{SageApp, SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry};
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use serde_json::Value;
 use specta::Type;
 use tauri_specta::Event;
-use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
-use crate::bridge::methods::user::wallet::send_xch::WalletSendXchParams;
-use crate::types::{SageApp, SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct PendingBridgeApproval {
@@ -50,7 +50,6 @@ pub struct RustBridgeErrorResponse {
     pub error: RustBridgeErrorPayload,
 }
 
-
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(untagged)]
 pub enum RustBridgeResponse {
@@ -110,11 +109,7 @@ pub struct ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs {
 }
 
 impl RustBridgeResponse {
-    pub fn success(
-        channel: &str,
-        id: &str,
-        result: Value
-    ) -> RustBridgeResponse {
+    pub fn success(channel: &str, id: &str, result: Value) -> RustBridgeResponse {
         RustBridgeResponse::Success(RustBridgeSuccessResponse {
             channel: channel.into(),
             bridge_version: "v1".into(),
@@ -127,7 +122,7 @@ impl RustBridgeResponse {
         channel: &str,
         id: &str,
         code: &str,
-        message: impl Into<String>
+        message: impl Into<String>,
     ) -> RustBridgeResponse {
         RustBridgeResponse::Error(RustBridgeErrorResponse {
             channel: channel.into(),
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/builtin_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/builtin_apps.rs
index 63f3c4abc..ab0719e78 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/builtin_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/builtin_apps.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
+use crate::build::{runtime_apps, system_apps, test_apps};
+use sha2::Digest;
 use std::fs;
 use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
-use sha2::Digest;
-use crate::build::{runtime_apps, system_apps, test_apps};
 
 pub fn build_builtin_apps() -> Result<(), String> {
     let manifest_dir = PathBuf::from(env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR"));
@@ -34,7 +34,10 @@ pub fn build_builtin_apps() -> Result<(), String> {
 
     println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed={}", test_src_dir.display());
     println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed={}", runtime_src_dir.display());
-    println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed={}", system_apps_workspace_dir.display());
+    println!(
+        "cargo:rerun-if-changed={}",
+        system_apps_workspace_dir.display()
+    );
     println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed={}", user_sdk_dist.display());
     println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed={}", system_sdk_dist.display());
 
@@ -47,11 +50,7 @@ pub fn build_builtin_apps() -> Result<(), String> {
 
     test_apps::build_test_apps(&test_src_dir, &test_out_dir, &user_sdk_dist)?;
     runtime_apps::build_runtime_apps(&runtime_src_dir, &runtime_out_dir, &user_sdk_dist)?;
-    system_apps::build_system_apps(
-        &system_apps_src_dir,
-        &system_out_dir,
-        &system_sdk_dist,
-    )?;
+    system_apps::build_system_apps(&system_apps_src_dir, &system_out_dir, &system_sdk_dist)?;
 
     inject_all_manifests(&test_out_dir)?;
     inject_all_manifests(&runtime_out_dir)?;
@@ -61,8 +60,8 @@ pub fn build_builtin_apps() -> Result<(), String> {
 }
 
 fn inject_all_manifests(root: &Path) -> Result<(), String> {
-    for entry in fs::read_dir(root)
-        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to read {}: {err}", root.display()))?
+    for entry in
+        fs::read_dir(root).map_err(|err| format!("failed to read {}: {err}", root.display()))?
     {
         let entry = entry.map_err(|err| format!("failed to read dir entry: {err}"))?;
         let app_dir = entry.path();
@@ -110,8 +109,8 @@ fn collect_manifest_files(
     dir: &Path,
     files: &mut Vec<serde_json::Value>,
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
-    for entry in fs::read_dir(dir)
-        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to read {}: {err}", dir.display()))?
+    for entry in
+        fs::read_dir(dir).map_err(|err| format!("failed to read {}: {err}", dir.display()))?
     {
         let entry = entry.map_err(|err| format!("failed to read dir entry: {err}"))?;
         let path = entry.path();
@@ -138,8 +137,8 @@ fn collect_manifest_files(
             continue;
         }
 
-        let bytes = fs::read(&path)
-            .map_err(|err| format!("failed to read {}: {err}", path.display()))?;
+        let bytes =
+            fs::read(&path).map_err(|err| format!("failed to read {}: {err}", path.display()))?;
 
         let sha256 = hex::encode(sha2::Sha256::digest(&bytes));
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs
index 0b0815098..16a5bdc2f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs
@@ -1,15 +1,11 @@
 use std::{fs, path::PathBuf};
 
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::{BridgeCapability, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{BridgeMethodCapability};
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodCapability;
 use crate::bridge::registry::{BridgeRegistry, BridgeRegistryKind};
 use crate::permissions::{get_system_capability_definition, get_user_capability_definition};
 
 fn workspace_root() -> PathBuf {
-
-
-
-
     PathBuf::from(env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR"))
         .parent()
         .and_then(|path| path.parent())
@@ -31,11 +27,7 @@ fn write_if_changed(path: PathBuf, content: String) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
 }
 
 fn bool_cell(value: bool) -> &'static str {
-    if value {
-        "`true`"
-    } else {
-        "`false`"
-    }
+    if value { "`true`" } else { "`false`" }
 }
 
 fn bridge_capability_key(capability: BridgeCapability) -> &'static str {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/finalize.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/finalize.rs
index a30c33ce3..0eed5bc10 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/finalize.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/finalize.rs
@@ -2,9 +2,7 @@ use std::collections::BTreeSet;
 use std::fs;
 use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
 
-use super::fs_utils::{
-    copy_dir_all_if_changed, copy_file_if_changed, remove_unexpected_files,
-};
+use super::fs_utils::{copy_dir_all_if_changed, copy_file_if_changed, remove_unexpected_files};
 
 pub fn finalize_source_app(
     shared_dir: Option<&Path>,
@@ -18,10 +16,10 @@ pub fn finalize_source_app(
 
     let mut expected_files = BTreeSet::<PathBuf>::new();
 
-    if let Some(shared_dir) = shared_dir {
-        if shared_dir.is_dir() {
-            copy_dir_all_if_changed(shared_dir, out_dir, &mut expected_files)?;
-        }
+    if let Some(shared_dir) = shared_dir
+        && shared_dir.is_dir()
+    {
+        copy_dir_all_if_changed(shared_dir, out_dir, &mut expected_files)?;
     }
 
     copy_dir_all_if_changed(source_dir, out_dir, &mut expected_files)?;
@@ -44,9 +42,8 @@ pub fn finalize_source_app(
             if rel != PathBuf::from("sage-manifest.json") {
                 let path = out_dir.join(&rel);
                 if path.is_file() {
-                    fs::remove_file(&path).map_err(|err| {
-                        format!("failed to remove {}: {err}", path.display())
-                    })?;
+                    fs::remove_file(&path)
+                        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to remove {}: {err}", path.display()))?;
                 }
             }
         }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/fs_utils.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/fs_utils.rs
index b8c6933ae..9ac0bfec0 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/fs_utils.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/fs_utils.rs
@@ -57,8 +57,8 @@ pub fn collect_files_recursive(
     for entry in fs::read_dir(current)
         .map_err(|err| format!("failed to read {}: {err}", current.display()))?
     {
-        let entry = entry
-            .map_err(|err| format!("failed to read entry in {}: {err}", current.display()))?;
+        let entry =
+            entry.map_err(|err| format!("failed to read entry in {}: {err}", current.display()))?;
         let path = entry.path();
         let file_type = entry
             .file_type()
@@ -93,8 +93,7 @@ pub fn copy_dir_all_if_changed(
         return Err(format!("missing directory: {}", src.display()));
     }
 
-    fs::create_dir_all(dst)
-        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to create {}: {err}", dst.display()))?;
+    fs::create_dir_all(dst).map_err(|err| format!("failed to create {}: {err}", dst.display()))?;
 
     let mut rel_files = Vec::new();
     collect_files_recursive(src, src, &mut rel_files)?;
@@ -139,8 +138,8 @@ pub fn remove_empty_dirs_recursively(dir: &Path) -> Result<bool, String> {
 
     let mut is_empty = true;
 
-    for entry in fs::read_dir(dir)
-        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to read {}: {err}", dir.display()))?
+    for entry in
+        fs::read_dir(dir).map_err(|err| format!("failed to read {}: {err}", dir.display()))?
     {
         let entry =
             entry.map_err(|err| format!("failed to read entry in {}: {err}", dir.display()))?;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/mod.rs
index 8323b838a..88b539bb7 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/mod.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 pub mod builtin_apps;
+pub mod docs;
 mod finalize;
 mod fs_utils;
 mod runtime_apps;
 mod system_apps;
 mod test_apps;
-pub mod docs;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
index 6b35b6aaa..7047a68c3 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
@@ -7,13 +7,10 @@ pub mod runtime;
 pub mod sandbox;
 pub mod security;
 pub mod state;
+pub mod storage;
 pub mod system_apps;
 pub mod types;
 pub mod utils;
-pub mod storage;
 
-pub use security::{
-    handle_system_app_protocol_request,
-    handle_user_app_protocol_request,
-};
+pub use security::{handle_system_app_protocol_request, handle_user_app_protocol_request};
 pub use state::AppsHostState;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/flags.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/flags.rs
index e4c412475..f8ff915c1 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/flags.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/flags.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-use anyhow::{anyhow, Result};
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::permissions::CapabilityFlags;
 use crate::types::SageAppFlags;
+use anyhow::{Result, anyhow};
 
 pub fn get_app_flags(
     granted: &[UserBridgeCapability],
@@ -9,9 +9,8 @@ pub fn get_app_flags(
 ) -> Result<SageAppFlags> {
     let granted_capability_flags = CapabilityFlags::from_capabilities(granted);
 
-    let previous_storage_may_contain_secrets = previous_flags
-        .map(|flags| flags.storage_may_contain_secrets)
-        .unwrap_or(false);
+    let previous_storage_may_contain_secrets =
+        previous_flags.is_some_and(|flags| flags.storage_may_contain_secrets);
 
     let has_secret_access = granted_capability_flags.accesses_sensitive_secret;
     let has_external_access = granted_capability_flags.externally_observable;
@@ -35,9 +34,7 @@ pub fn get_app_flags(
     })
 }
 
-pub fn mark_storage_may_contain_secrets(
-    flags: &SageAppFlags,
-) -> SageAppFlags {
+pub fn mark_storage_may_contain_secrets(flags: &SageAppFlags) -> SageAppFlags {
     SageAppFlags {
         has_secret_access: flags.has_secret_access,
         has_external_access: flags.has_external_access,
@@ -46,9 +43,7 @@ pub fn mark_storage_may_contain_secrets(
     }
 }
 
-pub fn clear_storage_may_contain_secrets(
-    flags: &SageAppFlags,
-) -> SageAppFlags {
+pub fn clear_storage_may_contain_secrets(flags: &SageAppFlags) -> SageAppFlags {
     SageAppFlags {
         has_secret_access: flags.has_secret_access,
         has_external_access: flags.has_external_access,
@@ -60,7 +55,9 @@ pub fn clear_storage_may_contain_secrets(
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
-    use crate::lifecycle::flags::{clear_storage_may_contain_secrets, get_app_flags, mark_storage_may_contain_secrets};
+    use crate::lifecycle::flags::{
+        clear_storage_may_contain_secrets, get_app_flags, mark_storage_may_contain_secrets,
+    };
     use crate::types::SageAppFlags;
 
     #[test]
@@ -78,7 +75,7 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(updated.has_secret_access);
         assert!(!updated.has_external_access);
     }
-    
+
     #[test]
     fn clear_storage_may_contain_secrets_preserves_secret_access_isolation_only() {
         let flags = SageAppFlags {
@@ -96,7 +93,7 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn resolve_capability_flags_sets_expected_flags_for_shared_send_capability() {
-        let flags = get_app_flags(&vec![UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch], None)
+        let flags = get_app_flags(&[UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch], None)
             .expect("expected capability flags to resolve");
 
         assert!(flags.has_external_access);
@@ -114,10 +111,7 @@ mod tests {
             isolated: true,
         };
 
-        let err = get_app_flags(
-            &vec![UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch],
-            Some(&previous),
-        )
+        let err = get_app_flags(&[UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch], Some(&previous))
             .expect_err("expected tainted storage to block externally observable capability");
 
         assert_eq!(err.to_string(), "STORAGE_TAINTED");
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs
index b1a4e97ac..02c74ba9e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs
@@ -1,16 +1,19 @@
 use std::{fs, io, path::Path};
 
-use tauri::{command, AppHandle, State};
+use tauri::{AppHandle, State, command};
 
 use crate::host::{AppState, Result};
-use crate::lifecycle::{apps_root, list_installed_apps_internal, read_manifest, unzip_to_dir, validate_package_structure};
+use crate::lifecycle::install::install_app_from_source;
+use crate::lifecycle::install::url::{UrlInstallSource, preview_app_url_internal};
+use crate::lifecycle::install::zip::ZipInstallSource;
+use crate::lifecycle::{
+    apps_root, list_installed_apps_internal, read_manifest, unzip_to_dir,
+    validate_package_structure,
+};
 use crate::types::{
     ListedSageApp, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppUrlPreview, SageGrantedPermissions, UserSageApp,
 };
 use uuid::Uuid;
-use crate::lifecycle::install::install_app_from_source;
-use crate::lifecycle::install::url::{preview_app_url_internal, UrlInstallSource};
-use crate::lifecycle::install::zip::ZipInstallSource;
 
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
@@ -29,7 +32,7 @@ pub async fn preview_app_zip(zip_path: String) -> Result<SageAppPackageManifest>
     let _ = fs::remove_dir_all(&unpack_dir);
 
     result.map_err(|err| {
-        io::Error::other(format!("failed to preview app zip {}: {err}", zip_path)).into()
+        io::Error::other(format!("failed to preview app zip {zip_path}: {err}")).into()
     })
 }
 
@@ -52,7 +55,10 @@ pub async fn list_installed_apps(state: State<'_, AppState>) -> Result<Vec<Liste
     let root = apps_root(&base_path);
 
     fs::create_dir_all(&root).map_err(|err| {
-        io::Error::other(format!("failed to create apps directory {}: {err}", root.display()))
+        io::Error::other(format!(
+            "failed to create apps directory {}: {err}",
+            root.display()
+        ))
     })?;
 
     list_installed_apps_internal(&root)
@@ -75,26 +81,23 @@ pub async fn install_app_zip(
     let root = apps_root(&base_path);
 
     fs::create_dir_all(&root).map_err(|err| {
-        io::Error::other(format!("failed to create apps directory {}: {err}", root.display()))
+        io::Error::other(format!(
+            "failed to create apps directory {}: {err}",
+            root.display()
+        ))
     })?;
 
     let source = ZipInstallSource::new(&root, zip_path.clone());
     let unpack_dir = source.unpack_dir.clone();
 
-    let result = install_app_from_source(
-        &app,
-        &base_path,
-        granted_permissions,
-        source,
-    )
-        .await;
+    let result = install_app_from_source(&app, &base_path, granted_permissions, source).await;
 
     if unpack_dir.exists() {
         let _ = fs::remove_dir_all(&unpack_dir);
     }
 
     result.map_err(|err| {
-        io::Error::other(format!("failed to install app zip {}: {err}", zip_path)).into()
+        io::Error::other(format!("failed to install app zip {zip_path}: {err}")).into()
     })
 }
 
@@ -119,8 +122,6 @@ pub async fn install_app_url(
             app_url: app_url.clone(),
         },
     )
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| {
-            io::Error::other(format!("failed to install app URL {}: {err}", app_url)).into()
-        })
+    .await
+    .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to install app URL {app_url}: {err}")).into())
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
index 26d22bd6f..bc2187d50 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
@@ -7,14 +7,14 @@ use anyhow::Result as AnyResult;
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 use tauri::AppHandle;
 
+use crate::lifecycle::flags::get_app_flags;
 use crate::lifecycle::{
     allocate_new_storage, apps_root, manifest_entry_file, manifest_icon_file,
     write_installed_app_metadata,
 };
-use crate::lifecycle::flags::get_app_flags;
 use crate::types::{
-    InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppFlags, SageAppCommon, SageAppPackageManifest,
-    SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
+    InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppCommon, SageAppFlags, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot,
+    SageGrantedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
 };
 
 pub mod commands;
@@ -50,9 +50,7 @@ pub trait AppInstallSource {
         app_id: &str,
         existing: Option<&UserSageApp>,
     ) -> AnyResult<String> {
-        Ok(existing
-            .map(|app| app.common.origin_id.clone())
-            .unwrap_or_else(|| app_id.to_string()))
+        Ok(existing.map_or_else(|| app_id.to_string(), |app| app.common.origin_id.clone()))
     }
 
     fn after_origin_selected(
@@ -99,7 +97,7 @@ where
         &TauriStorageResolver,
         Some(app),
     )
-        .await
+    .await
 }
 
 async fn install_app_from_source_with_storage<S, R>(
@@ -120,7 +118,7 @@ where
     let manifest = source.manifest(&prepared);
 
     let granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions::from_requested_and_granted(
-        &manifest.permissions(),
+        manifest.permissions(),
         granted_permissions,
     )?;
 
@@ -131,15 +129,13 @@ where
 
     let app_flags = get_app_flags(&effective_capabilities, None)?;
 
-    let (app_id, app_dir, existing_app) =
-        source.resolve_target(&root, base_path, &prepared)?;
+    let (app_id, app_dir, existing_app) = source.resolve_target(&root, base_path, &prepared)?;
 
-    let storage = match storage_resolver.resolve_storage(existing_app.as_ref())? {
-        Some(storage) => storage,
-        None => {
-            let app = app.expect("missing AppHandle for new install storage allocation");
-            allocate_new_storage(app, base_path).await?
-        }
+    let storage = if let Some(storage) = storage_resolver.resolve_storage(existing_app.as_ref())? {
+        storage
+    } else {
+        let app = app.expect("missing AppHandle for new install storage allocation");
+        allocate_new_storage(app, base_path).await?
     };
 
     recreate_app_dir(&app_dir)?;
@@ -213,7 +209,10 @@ mod tests {
     use super::*;
     use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
     use crate::lifecycle::registry::read_installed_app_by_id;
-    use crate::types::{SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions};
+    use crate::types::{
+        SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
+        SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions,
+    };
     use tempfile::tempdir;
 
     struct TestStorageResolver {
@@ -235,14 +234,18 @@ mod tests {
             version: "1.0.0".into(),
             permissions: SageRequestedPermissions::new(
                 SageRequestedNetworkPermissions::new(
-                    [SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new_unchecked("https", "api.example.com")],
-                    []
+                    [SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new_unchecked(
+                        "https",
+                        "api.example.com",
+                    )],
+                    [],
                 ),
                 SageRequestedCapabilities::new(
                     [UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage],
                     [UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch],
-                )
-            ).unwrap(),
+                ),
+            )
+            .unwrap(),
             files: vec![SageAppManifestFile {
                 path: "index.html".into(),
                 sha256: "a".repeat(64),
@@ -252,7 +255,8 @@ mod tests {
             icon: Some("icon.png".into()),
             author: None,
             donation: None,
-        }).unwrap()
+        })
+        .unwrap()
     }
 
     struct FakeInstallSource {
@@ -324,11 +328,14 @@ mod tests {
         let manifest = sample_manifest();
 
         let granted = SageGrantedPermissions::new(
-            &manifest.permissions(),
+            manifest.permissions(),
             [UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage],
-            [SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new_unchecked("https", "api.example.com")],
+            [SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new_unchecked(
+                "https",
+                "api.example.com",
+            )],
         )
-            .unwrap();
+        .unwrap();
 
         let installed = install_app_from_source_with_storage(
             dir.path(),
@@ -344,8 +351,8 @@ mod tests {
             },
             None,
         )
-            .await
-            .unwrap();
+        .await
+        .unwrap();
 
         assert_eq!(installed.common.id, "fake-app");
         assert_eq!(installed.common.origin_id, "fake-origin");
@@ -366,7 +373,10 @@ mod tests {
 
         let granted = SageGrantedPermissions::new_unchecked(
             [UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage],
-            [SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new_unchecked("https", "evil.example.com")],
+            [SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new_unchecked(
+                "https",
+                "evil.example.com",
+            )],
         );
 
         let err = install_app_from_source_with_storage(
@@ -383,12 +393,13 @@ mod tests {
             },
             None,
         )
-            .await
-            .unwrap_err();
+        .await
+        .unwrap_err();
 
-        assert!(err
-            .to_string()
-            .contains("granted network whitelist entry not requested"));
+        assert!(
+            err.to_string()
+                .contains("granted network whitelist entry not requested")
+        );
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -400,11 +411,11 @@ mod tests {
         let manifest = sample_manifest();
 
         let granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions::new(
-            &manifest.permissions(),
+            manifest.permissions(),
             [UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage],
             [],
         )
-            .unwrap();
+        .unwrap();
 
         let app = build_installed_app(
             "url-abc123".into(),
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
index a9110126d..ab3d06223 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
 use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
 
-use anyhow::{anyhow, Context, Result as AnyResult};
+use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 use url::Url;
 use uuid::Uuid;
 
 use super::AppInstallSource;
+use crate::lifecycle::registry::read_installed_app_by_id;
 use crate::lifecycle::{
     derive_manifest_url, download_url_snapshot, fetch_url_manifest, read_retired_app_origins,
     write_retired_app_origins,
 };
-use crate::lifecycle::registry::read_installed_app_by_id;
 use crate::types::{
     SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppUrlPreview, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
 };
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ impl AppInstallSource for UrlInstallSource {
             &prepared.preview.manifest,
             &prepared.preview.manifest_hash,
         )
-            .await
+        .await
     }
 
     fn origin_id(
@@ -201,7 +201,10 @@ pub fn resolve_url_install_target(
     let app_dir = root.join(&app_id);
 
     let existing = if app_dir.exists() {
-        Some(read_installed_app_by_id(root.parent().unwrap_or(root), &app_id)?)
+        Some(read_installed_app_by_id(
+            root.parent().unwrap_or(root),
+            &app_id,
+        )?)
     } else {
         None
     };
@@ -210,10 +213,10 @@ pub fn resolve_url_install_target(
 }
 
 fn slugify_host(input: &str) -> String {
-    if let Ok(url) = Url::parse(input) {
-        if let Some(host) = url.host_str() {
-            return slugify_app_name(host);
-        }
+    if let Ok(url) = Url::parse(input)
+        && let Some(host) = url.host_str()
+    {
+        return slugify_app_name(host);
     }
 
     slugify_app_name(input)
@@ -224,8 +227,12 @@ mod tests {
     use super::*;
     use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
     use crate::lifecycle::write_retired_app_origins;
-    use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, RetiredAppOriginEntry, SageAppCommon, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions};
-    use tempfile::{tempdir, TempDir};
+    use crate::types::{
+        InstalledSageAppStorage, RetiredAppOriginEntry, SageAppCommon, SageAppManifestFile,
+        SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
+        SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions,
+    };
+    use tempfile::{TempDir, tempdir};
 
     fn fake_retired_app_origins(dir: &TempDir, storage_may_contain_secrets: bool) {
         write_retired_app_origins(
@@ -240,7 +247,7 @@ mod tests {
                 cleanup_pending: false,
             }],
         )
-            .unwrap();
+        .unwrap();
     }
 
     fn sample_manifest() -> SageAppPackageManifest {
@@ -249,12 +256,9 @@ mod tests {
                 [],
                 [SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new("https", "api.example.com").unwrap()],
             ),
-            SageRequestedCapabilities::new(
-                [],
-                [UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage],
-            ),
+            SageRequestedCapabilities::new([], [UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage]),
         )
-            .unwrap();
+        .unwrap();
 
         SageAppPackageManifest::try_from(SageAppPackageManifestParts {
             name: "Test App".into(),
@@ -270,7 +274,7 @@ mod tests {
             author: None,
             donation: None,
         })
-            .unwrap()
+        .unwrap()
     }
 
     fn sample_app(app_id: &str, origin_id: &str) -> UserSageApp {
@@ -283,9 +287,12 @@ mod tests {
         let granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions::new(
             manifest.permissions(),
             [UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage],
-            [SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new_unchecked("https", "api.example.com")],
+            [SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new_unchecked(
+                "https",
+                "api.example.com",
+            )],
         )
-            .unwrap();
+        .unwrap();
 
         let snapshot = SageAppSnapshot {
             manifest_hash: "hash".into(),
@@ -303,7 +310,7 @@ mod tests {
             InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
             snapshot,
         )
-            .unwrap();
+        .unwrap();
 
         UserSageApp {
             common,
@@ -406,7 +413,7 @@ mod tests {
                 cleanup_pending: false,
             }],
         )
-            .unwrap();
+        .unwrap();
 
         assert!(should_rotate_url_origin_on_install(dir.path(), "url-abc123").unwrap());
     }
@@ -497,7 +504,7 @@ mod tests {
                 cleanup_pending: true,
             }],
         )
-            .unwrap();
+        .unwrap();
 
         let before = read_retired_app_origins(dir.path()).unwrap();
         assert!(before[0].cleanup_pending);
@@ -535,7 +542,7 @@ mod tests {
                 cleanup_pending: true,
             }],
         )
-            .unwrap();
+        .unwrap();
 
         let source = UrlInstallSource {
             app_url: "https://example.com/app/".into(),
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs
index 4445f9caa..46ddd7764 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,10 @@ use async_trait::async_trait;
 use uuid::Uuid;
 
 use super::AppInstallSource;
-use crate::lifecycle::{detect_package_root, list_installed_apps_internal, prepare_zip_snapshot, read_manifest, unzip_to_dir, validate_package_structure};
+use crate::lifecycle::{
+    detect_package_root, list_installed_apps_internal, prepare_zip_snapshot, read_manifest,
+    unzip_to_dir, validate_package_structure,
+};
 use crate::types::{
     ListedSageApp, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
 };
@@ -77,7 +80,7 @@ impl AppInstallSource for ZipInstallSource {
         _base_path: &Path,
         prepared: &Self::Prepared,
     ) -> AnyResult<(String, PathBuf, Option<UserSageApp>)> {
-        resolve_zip_install_target(root, &prepared.manifest.name())
+        resolve_zip_install_target(root, prepared.manifest.name())
     }
 
     async fn create_snapshot(
@@ -122,7 +125,10 @@ fn find_existing_installed_app_by_name(
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
     use crate::lifecycle::write_installed_app_metadata;
-    use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppFlags, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions};
+    use crate::types::{
+        InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppFlags, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifestParts,
+        SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions,
+    };
     use tempfile::tempdir;
 
     fn sample_manifest_named(name: &str) -> SageAppPackageManifest {
@@ -139,7 +145,8 @@ mod tests {
             icon: Some("icon.png".into()),
             author: None,
             donation: None,
-        }).unwrap()
+        })
+        .unwrap()
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -170,11 +177,8 @@ mod tests {
         fs::create_dir_all(&app_dir).unwrap();
 
         let manifest = sample_manifest_named("Test App");
-        let granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions::new(
-            &manifest.permissions(),
-            [],
-            [],
-        ).unwrap();
+        let granted_permissions =
+            SageGrantedPermissions::new(manifest.permissions(), [], []).unwrap();
 
         let installed = super::super::build_installed_app(
             app_id.into(),
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs
index 35cc63fb2..29054e496 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs
@@ -2,13 +2,11 @@ use std::collections::BTreeSet;
 
 use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
 
+use crate::utils::bytes_sha256_hex;
 use crate::{
-    lifecycle::limits::{
-        MAX_APP_FILE_COUNT, MAX_APP_PATH_LENGTH, MAX_APP_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES,
-    },
+    lifecycle::limits::{MAX_APP_FILE_COUNT, MAX_APP_PATH_LENGTH, MAX_APP_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES},
     types::{SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest},
 };
-use crate::utils::bytes_sha256_hex;
 
 const MANIFEST_FILE_NAME: &str = "sage-manifest.json";
 
@@ -21,17 +19,15 @@ pub fn manifest_icon_file(manifest: &SageAppPackageManifest) -> &str {
 }
 
 pub fn derive_manifest_url(app_url: &str) -> AnyResult<String> {
-    let base = reqwest::Url::parse(app_url)
-        .with_context(|| format!("invalid app url: {app_url}"))?;
+    let base =
+        reqwest::Url::parse(app_url).with_context(|| format!("invalid app url: {app_url}"))?;
 
     base.join(MANIFEST_FILE_NAME)
         .map(|url| url.to_string())
         .with_context(|| format!("failed to derive manifest url from app url: {app_url}"))
 }
 
-pub async fn fetch_url_manifest(
-    manifest_url: &str,
-) -> AnyResult<(SageAppPackageManifest, String)> {
+pub async fn fetch_url_manifest(manifest_url: &str) -> AnyResult<(SageAppPackageManifest, String)> {
     let response = reqwest::get(manifest_url)
         .await
         .with_context(|| format!("failed to GET manifest url {manifest_url}"))?
@@ -70,20 +66,17 @@ pub fn validate_manifest_file_path(path: &str) -> AnyResult<()> {
 
     if path.len() > MAX_APP_PATH_LENGTH {
         return Err(anyhow!(
-            "manifest file path exceeds max length {}: {}",
-            MAX_APP_PATH_LENGTH,
-            path
+            "manifest file path exceeds max length {MAX_APP_PATH_LENGTH}: {path}"
         ));
     }
 
     if path.starts_with('/') || path.starts_with('\\') {
-        return Err(anyhow!("manifest file path must be relative: {}", path));
+        return Err(anyhow!("manifest file path must be relative: {path}"));
     }
 
     if path.contains('\\') {
         return Err(anyhow!(
-            "manifest file path must use forward slashes: {}",
-            path
+            "manifest file path must use forward slashes: {path}"
         ));
     }
 
@@ -91,7 +84,7 @@ pub fn validate_manifest_file_path(path: &str) -> AnyResult<()> {
         .split('/')
         .any(|part| part == "." || part == ".." || part.is_empty())
     {
-        return Err(anyhow!("manifest file path is invalid: {}", path));
+        return Err(anyhow!("manifest file path is invalid: {path}"));
     }
 
     Ok(())
@@ -99,7 +92,7 @@ pub fn validate_manifest_file_path(path: &str) -> AnyResult<()> {
 
 pub fn validate_sha256_hex(value: &str) -> AnyResult<()> {
     if value.len() != 64 || !value.chars().all(|c| c.is_ascii_hexdigit()) {
-        return Err(anyhow!("invalid sha256 hex: {}", value));
+        return Err(anyhow!("invalid sha256 hex: {value}"));
     }
 
     Ok(())
@@ -136,9 +129,7 @@ pub fn validate_manifest_files(files: &[SageAppManifestFile]) -> AnyResult<u64>
 
     if total > MAX_APP_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES {
         return Err(anyhow!(
-            "manifest total size {} exceeds limit {}",
-            total,
-            MAX_APP_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES
+            "manifest total size {total} exceeds limit {MAX_APP_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES}"
         ));
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mod.rs
index 24e47da4d..3a4047b7a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mod.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
+pub mod flags;
 pub mod install;
-pub mod update;
-pub mod uninstall;
 pub mod limits;
 pub mod manifest;
 pub mod package;
 pub mod registry;
 pub mod snapshot;
 pub mod storage;
-pub mod flags;
+pub mod uninstall;
+pub mod update;
 
 pub use limits::*;
 pub use manifest::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs
index e6940499b..461f0a2a7 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs
@@ -6,11 +6,11 @@ use std::{
 use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
 use zip::ZipArchive;
 
+use crate::utils::bytes_sha256_hex;
 use crate::{
     lifecycle::manifest::read_manifest,
     types::{SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot},
 };
-use crate::utils::bytes_sha256_hex;
 
 const MANIFEST_FILE_NAME: &str = "sage-manifest.json";
 
@@ -24,7 +24,9 @@ pub fn unzip_to_dir(zip_path: &Path, out_dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<()> {
     }
     fs::create_dir_all(out_dir)?;
 
-    archive.extract(out_dir).context("failed to extract zip archive")?;
+    archive
+        .extract(out_dir)
+        .context("failed to extract zip archive")?;
     Ok(())
 }
 
@@ -35,12 +37,12 @@ pub fn detect_package_root(unpack_dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<PathBuf> {
     }
 
     let mut dirs = fs::read_dir(unpack_dir)?
-        .filter_map(|entry| entry.ok())
+        .filter_map(std::result::Result::ok)
         .filter_map(|entry| {
             entry
                 .file_type()
                 .ok()
-                .filter(|ft| ft.is_dir())
+                .filter(std::fs::FileType::is_dir)
                 .map(|_| entry.path())
         })
         .collect::<Vec<_>>();
@@ -53,7 +55,7 @@ pub fn detect_package_root(unpack_dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<PathBuf> {
         }
     }
 
-    anyhow::bail!("could not find {}", MANIFEST_FILE_NAME)
+    anyhow::bail!("could not find {MANIFEST_FILE_NAME}")
 }
 
 pub fn validate_package_structure(package_root: &Path) -> AnyResult<()> {
@@ -86,8 +88,8 @@ fn copy_dir_recursive(src: &Path, dst: &Path) -> AnyResult<()> {
     fs::create_dir_all(dst)
         .with_context(|| format!("failed to create directory {}", dst.display()))?;
 
-    for entry in fs::read_dir(src)
-        .with_context(|| format!("failed to read directory {}", src.display()))?
+    for entry in
+        fs::read_dir(src).with_context(|| format!("failed to read directory {}", src.display()))?
     {
         let entry = entry?;
         let file_type = entry.file_type()?;
@@ -139,7 +141,10 @@ pub fn prepare_zip_snapshot(
 
     if snapshot_dir.exists() {
         fs::remove_dir_all(&snapshot_dir).with_context(|| {
-            format!("failed to remove existing snapshot dir {}", snapshot_dir.display())
+            format!(
+                "failed to remove existing snapshot dir {}",
+                snapshot_dir.display()
+            )
         })?;
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs
index 744418274..118efd4bf 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs
@@ -5,10 +5,13 @@ use std::{
     path::{Path, PathBuf},
 };
 
-use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult};
 use crate::lifecycle::types::PersistedUserSageApp;
-use crate::types::{CorruptedInstalledSageApp, ListedSageApp, PendingStorageCleanupEntry, RetiredAppOriginEntry, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, UserSageApp, SageApp};
 use crate::system_apps::list_builtin_system_apps;
+use crate::types::{
+    CorruptedInstalledSageApp, ListedSageApp, PendingStorageCleanupEntry, RetiredAppOriginEntry,
+    SageApp, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, UserSageApp,
+};
+use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult};
 
 const INSTALLED_METADATA_FILE: &str = ".sage-installed.json";
 const PENDING_STORAGE_CLEANUP_FILE: &str = ".sage-pending-storage-cleanup.json";
@@ -34,14 +37,12 @@ pub fn retired_app_origins_path(base_path: &Path) -> PathBuf {
     apps_root(base_path).join(RETIRED_APP_ORIGINS_FILE)
 }
 
-pub fn parse_network_permission_target(
-    value: &str,
-) -> Result<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, String> {
+pub fn parse_network_permission_target(value: &str) -> Result<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, String> {
     let value = value.trim().to_ascii_lowercase();
 
     let (scheme, host) = value
         .split_once("://")
-        .ok_or_else(|| format!("invalid network entry (missing scheme): {}", value))?;
+        .ok_or_else(|| format!("invalid network entry (missing scheme): {value}"))?;
 
     SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new(scheme, host).map_err(|err| err.to_string())
 }
@@ -55,10 +56,7 @@ pub fn read_installed_user_app_from_dir(dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<UserSageApp> {
     persisted.try_into()
 }
 
-pub fn write_installed_app_metadata(
-    app: &UserSageApp,
-    app_dir: &Path,
-) -> AnyResult<()> {
+pub fn write_installed_app_metadata(app: &UserSageApp, app_dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<()> {
     let path = installed_metadata_path(app_dir);
     let persisted: PersistedUserSageApp = app.into();
     let text = serde_json::to_string_pretty(&persisted)
@@ -67,10 +65,7 @@ pub fn write_installed_app_metadata(
     Ok(())
 }
 
-pub fn read_installed_app_by_id(
-    base_path: &Path,
-    app_id: &str,
-) -> AnyResult<UserSageApp> {
+pub fn read_installed_app_by_id(base_path: &Path, app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<UserSageApp> {
     let dir = app_dir(base_path, app_id);
     read_installed_user_app_from_dir(&dir)
 }
@@ -93,8 +88,7 @@ pub fn list_installed_apps_internal(root: &Path) -> AnyResult<Vec<ListedSageApp>
         if path
             .file_name()
             .and_then(|s| s.to_str())
-            .map(|s| s.starts_with(".tmp-"))
-            .unwrap_or(false)
+            .is_some_and(|s| s.starts_with(".tmp-"))
         {
             continue;
         }
@@ -102,7 +96,7 @@ pub fn list_installed_apps_internal(root: &Path) -> AnyResult<Vec<ListedSageApp>
         let Some(id) = path
             .file_name()
             .and_then(|s| s.to_str())
-            .map(|s| s.to_string())
+            .map(std::string::ToString::to_string)
         else {
             continue;
         };
@@ -155,8 +149,8 @@ pub fn read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries(
         return Ok(Vec::new());
     }
 
-    let text = fs::read_to_string(&path)
-        .with_context(|| format!("failed to read {}", path.display()))?;
+    let text =
+        fs::read_to_string(&path).with_context(|| format!("failed to read {}", path.display()))?;
 
     let entries = serde_json::from_str::<Vec<PendingStorageCleanupEntry>>(&text)
         .with_context(|| format!("failed to parse {}", path.display()))?;
@@ -173,24 +167,23 @@ pub fn write_pending_storage_cleanup_entries(
         .with_context(|| format!("failed to create apps root {}", root.display()))?;
 
     let path = pending_storage_cleanup_path(base_path);
-    let text = serde_json::to_string_pretty(entries)
-        .map_err(|err| anyhow::anyhow!("failed to serialize pending storage cleanup entries: {err}"))?;
+    let text = serde_json::to_string_pretty(entries).map_err(|err| {
+        anyhow::anyhow!("failed to serialize pending storage cleanup entries: {err}")
+    })?;
     fs::write(&path, format!("{text}\n"))
         .with_context(|| format!("failed to write {}", path.display()))?;
     Ok(())
 }
 
-pub fn read_retired_app_origins(
-    base_path: &Path,
-) -> AnyResult<Vec<RetiredAppOriginEntry>> {
+pub fn read_retired_app_origins(base_path: &Path) -> AnyResult<Vec<RetiredAppOriginEntry>> {
     let path = retired_app_origins_path(base_path);
 
     if !path.exists() {
         return Ok(Vec::new());
     }
 
-    let text = fs::read_to_string(&path)
-        .with_context(|| format!("failed to read {}", path.display()))?;
+    let text =
+        fs::read_to_string(&path).with_context(|| format!("failed to read {}", path.display()))?;
 
     let entries = serde_json::from_str::<Vec<RetiredAppOriginEntry>>(&text)
         .with_context(|| format!("failed to parse {}", path.display()))?;
@@ -223,12 +216,16 @@ pub fn read_installed_user_app_by_origin_id(
     let root = apps_root(base_path);
 
     for entry in list_installed_apps_internal(&root)? {
-        if let ListedSageApp::User(app) = entry && app.common.origin_id == origin_id {
+        if let ListedSageApp::User(app) = entry
+            && app.common.origin_id == origin_id
+        {
             return Ok(app);
         }
     }
 
-    Err(anyhow::anyhow!("no installed app found for origin id {origin_id}"))
+    Err(anyhow::anyhow!(
+        "no installed app found for origin id {origin_id}"
+    ))
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
@@ -236,7 +233,11 @@ mod tests {
     use super::*;
     use tempfile::tempdir;
 
-    use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppCommon, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource};
+    use crate::types::{
+        InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppCommon, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest,
+        SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissions,
+        SageRequestedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
+    };
 
     fn sample_app(base: &Path, app_id: &str, origin_id: &str) -> UserSageApp {
         let dir = app_dir(base, app_id);
@@ -255,10 +256,11 @@ mod tests {
             icon: Some("icon.png".into()),
             author: None,
             donation: None,
-        }).unwrap();
+        })
+        .unwrap();
 
         let granted_permissions =
-            SageGrantedPermissions::new(&manifest.permissions(), [], []).unwrap();
+            SageGrantedPermissions::new(manifest.permissions(), [], []).unwrap();
 
         let snapshot = SageAppSnapshot {
             manifest_hash: "hash".into(),
@@ -276,7 +278,7 @@ mod tests {
             InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
             snapshot,
         )
-            .unwrap();
+        .unwrap();
 
         UserSageApp {
             common,
@@ -321,6 +323,9 @@ mod tests {
     fn read_installed_app_by_origin_id_errors_when_missing() {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
         let err = read_installed_user_app_by_origin_id(dir.path(), "missing").unwrap_err();
-        assert!(err.to_string().contains("no installed app found for origin id"));
+        assert!(
+            err.to_string()
+                .contains("no installed app found for origin id")
+        );
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/types.rs
index 6ff391466..136920da7 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/types.rs
@@ -3,9 +3,8 @@ use std::convert::TryFrom;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 
 use crate::types::{
-    InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppCommon, SageAppFlags, SageAppSnapshot,
-    SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions, UserSageApp,
-    UserSageAppPendingUpdate, UserSageAppSource,
+    InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppCommon, SageAppFlags, SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissions,
+    SageRequestedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppPendingUpdate, UserSageAppSource,
 };
 
 #[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
@@ -58,9 +57,7 @@ impl TryFrom<PersistedUserSageApp> for UserSageApp {
 
     fn try_from(app: PersistedUserSageApp) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
         if app.requested_permissions != *app.active_snapshot.manifest.permissions() {
-            anyhow::bail!(
-                "persisted requested permissions do not match active snapshot manifest"
-            );
+            anyhow::bail!("persisted requested permissions do not match active snapshot manifest");
         }
 
         let manifest = app.active_snapshot.manifest.clone();
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/snapshot.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/snapshot.rs
index 4fd31f466..d8f31c326 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/snapshot.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/snapshot.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
+use crate::lifecycle::compute_dir_size;
+use crate::types::{SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot};
+use crate::utils::bytes_sha256_hex;
+use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
+use std::path::Component;
 use std::{
     fs,
     path::{Path, PathBuf},
 };
-use std::path::Component;
-use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
-use crate::lifecycle::compute_dir_size;
-use crate::types::{SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot};
-use crate::utils::bytes_sha256_hex;
 
 pub fn read_snapshot_file(root: &Path, request_path: &str) -> AnyResult<PathBuf> {
     let normalized = if request_path.is_empty() || request_path == "/" {
@@ -25,10 +25,7 @@ pub fn read_snapshot_file(root: &Path, request_path: &str) -> AnyResult<PathBuf>
         match component {
             Component::Normal(_) => {}
             _ => {
-                return Err(anyhow!(
-                    "invalid snapshot path component in {}",
-                    request_path
-                ));
+                return Err(anyhow!("invalid snapshot path component in {request_path}"));
             }
         }
     }
@@ -36,7 +33,7 @@ pub fn read_snapshot_file(root: &Path, request_path: &str) -> AnyResult<PathBuf>
     let path = root.join(relative);
 
     if !path.is_file() {
-        return Err(anyhow!("snapshot file not found: {}", request_path));
+        return Err(anyhow!("snapshot file not found: {request_path}"));
     }
 
     Ok(path)
@@ -63,15 +60,14 @@ fn write_file(path: &Path, bytes: &[u8]) -> AnyResult<()> {
             .with_context(|| format!("failed to create directory {}", parent.display()))?;
     }
 
-    fs::write(path, bytes)
-        .with_context(|| format!("failed to write {}", path.display()))?;
+    fs::write(path, bytes).with_context(|| format!("failed to write {}", path.display()))?;
 
     Ok(())
 }
 
 fn join_app_url(base_url: &str, relative_path: &str) -> AnyResult<String> {
-    let base = reqwest::Url::parse(base_url)
-        .with_context(|| format!("invalid app url {base_url}"))?;
+    let base =
+        reqwest::Url::parse(base_url).with_context(|| format!("invalid app url {base_url}"))?;
     let joined = base
         .join(relative_path)
         .with_context(|| format!("failed to join app url {base_url} with path {relative_path}"))?;
@@ -88,7 +84,10 @@ pub async fn download_url_snapshot(
 
     if snapshot_dir.exists() {
         fs::remove_dir_all(&snapshot_dir).with_context(|| {
-            format!("failed to remove existing snapshot dir {}", snapshot_dir.display())
+            format!(
+                "failed to remove existing snapshot dir {}",
+                snapshot_dir.display()
+            )
         })?;
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
index 230a31ae3..0a62896ea 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
@@ -1,20 +1,26 @@
 use std::io;
-use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
 #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
 use std::path::PathBuf;
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
 
-use anyhow::{anyhow, Result as AnyResult};
-use tauri::{command, AppHandle, Manager, State};
-use uuid::Uuid;
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::host::AppState;
-use crate::lifecycle::{read_installed_app_by_id, read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries, read_retired_app_origins, write_installed_app_metadata, write_pending_storage_cleanup_entries, write_retired_app_origins};
 use crate::lifecycle::flags::mark_storage_may_contain_secrets;
-use crate::runtime::{resolve_app};
+use crate::lifecycle::{
+    read_installed_app_by_id, read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries, read_retired_app_origins,
+    write_installed_app_metadata, write_pending_storage_cleanup_entries, write_retired_app_origins,
+};
+use crate::runtime::resolve_app;
 use crate::runtime::stop::close_runtime_internal;
 use crate::storage::{cleanup_target_from_storage, parse_data_store_id};
-use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, PendingStorageCleanupEntry, PendingStorageCleanupTarget, RetiredAppOriginEntry, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource};
+use crate::types::{
+    InstalledSageAppStorage, PendingStorageCleanupEntry, PendingStorageCleanupTarget,
+    RetiredAppOriginEntry, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
+};
 use crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms;
+use anyhow::{Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
+use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State, command};
+use uuid::Uuid;
 
 #[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios"))]
 pub async fn allocate_new_storage(
@@ -42,8 +48,12 @@ pub async fn allocate_new_storage(
     base_path: &Path,
 ) -> AnyResult<InstalledSageAppStorage> {
     let profiles_root = base_path.join("profiles");
-    fs::create_dir_all(&profiles_root)
-        .with_context(|| format!("failed to create profiles directory {}", profiles_root.display()))?;
+    fs::create_dir_all(&profiles_root).with_context(|| {
+        format!(
+            "failed to create profiles directory {}",
+            profiles_root.display()
+        )
+    })?;
 
     loop {
         let directory_name = format!("profile-{}", uuid::Uuid::new_v4());
@@ -97,10 +107,7 @@ pub fn enqueue_pending_storage_cleanup(
     write_pending_storage_cleanup_entries(base_path, &entries)
 }
 
-pub async fn retry_pending_storage_cleanup(
-    app: &AppHandle,
-    base_path: &Path,
-) -> AnyResult<()> {
+pub async fn retry_pending_storage_cleanup(app: &AppHandle, base_path: &Path) -> AnyResult<()> {
     let entries = read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries(base_path)?;
     if entries.is_empty() {
         return Ok(());
@@ -137,7 +144,7 @@ pub async fn clear_app_storage_by_target(
                 .await
                 .map_err(|e| format!("failed to fetch data store identifiers: {e}"))?;
 
-            if existing_ids.iter().any(|id| *id == target_id) {
+            if existing_ids.contains(&target_id) {
                 app.remove_data_store(target_id)
                     .await
                     .map_err(|e| format!("failed to remove data store: {e}"))?;
@@ -185,7 +192,9 @@ pub fn enqueue_retired_app_origin(
 
     let mut entries = read_retired_app_origins(base_path)?;
 
-    if let Some(existing) = entries.iter_mut().find(|entry| entry.origin_id == app.common.origin_id)
+    if let Some(existing) = entries
+        .iter_mut()
+        .find(|entry| entry.origin_id == app.common.origin_id)
     {
         existing.app_id = app.common.id.clone();
         existing.app_name = app.common.name.clone();
@@ -199,8 +208,7 @@ pub fn enqueue_retired_app_origin(
             app_name: app.common.name.clone(),
             origin_id: app.common.origin_id.clone(),
             created_at_ms: unix_timestamp_ms(),
-            storage_may_contain_secrets:
-            app.common.capability_flags.storage_may_contain_secrets,
+            storage_may_contain_secrets: app.common.capability_flags.storage_may_contain_secrets,
             cleanup_pending,
         });
     }
@@ -253,8 +261,7 @@ pub async fn apps_mark_storage_may_contain_secrets(
         return Ok(());
     }
 
-    app.common.capability_flags =
-        mark_storage_may_contain_secrets(&app.common.capability_flags);
+    app.common.capability_flags = mark_storage_may_contain_secrets(&app.common.capability_flags);
 
     let app_dir = PathBuf::from(&app.common.app_dir);
     write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app_dir)
@@ -265,8 +272,8 @@ pub async fn apps_mark_storage_may_contain_secrets(
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-    use crate::types::{PendingStorageCleanupTarget, InstalledSageAppStorage};
     use super::*;
+    use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, PendingStorageCleanupTarget};
 
     #[test]
     fn target_from_storage_maps_apple_data_store() {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs
index 1c7ae9f7a..7812d0d90 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
-use std::{fs, io};
-use tauri::{command, AppHandle, State};
 use crate::host::{AppState, Result};
-use crate::lifecycle::{apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data, apps_root, enqueue_pending_storage_cleanup, enqueue_retired_app_origin, read_installed_app_by_id};
+use crate::lifecycle::{
+    apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data, apps_root, enqueue_pending_storage_cleanup,
+    enqueue_retired_app_origin, read_installed_app_by_id,
+};
+use std::{fs, io};
+use tauri::{AppHandle, State, command};
 
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
index 1ef463b61..11b59a2e1 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
@@ -1,15 +1,20 @@
-use std::io;
-use std::path::PathBuf;
-use crate::host::Result;
-use tauri::{command, AppHandle, State};
+use crate::bridge::USER_BRIDGE_CHANNEL;
 use crate::bridge::event_emit::emit_bridge_event_to_app_id;
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::events::EventForApp;
-use crate::bridge::USER_BRIDGE_CHANNEL;
 use crate::host::AppState;
-use crate::lifecycle::{download_url_snapshot, read_installed_app_by_id, write_installed_app_metadata};
+use crate::host::Result;
 use crate::lifecycle::install::url::preview_app_url_internal;
 use crate::lifecycle::update::permissions::update_app_permissions_with_change_internal;
-use crate::types::{SageAppUrlPreview, SageGrantedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppPendingUpdate, UserSageAppSource};
+use crate::lifecycle::{
+    download_url_snapshot, read_installed_app_by_id, write_installed_app_metadata,
+};
+use crate::types::{
+    SageAppUrlPreview, SageGrantedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppPendingUpdate,
+    UserSageAppSource,
+};
+use std::io;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+use tauri::{AppHandle, State, command};
 
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
@@ -22,9 +27,8 @@ pub async fn check_app_update(
         state.path.clone()
     };
 
-    let app = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id).map_err(|err| {
-        io::Error::other(format!("failed to read installed app {}: {err}", app_id))
-    })?;
+    let app = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id)
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to read installed app {app_id}: {err}")))?;
 
     let app_url = match &app.source {
         UserSageAppSource::Url { app_url, .. } => app_url.clone(),
@@ -35,8 +39,7 @@ pub async fn check_app_update(
         .await
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to preview app URL: {err}")))?;
 
-    let same_manifest_hash =
-        preview.manifest_hash == app.common.active_snapshot.manifest_hash;
+    let same_manifest_hash = preview.manifest_hash == app.common.active_snapshot.manifest_hash;
     let same_manifest_content = preview.manifest == app.common.active_snapshot.manifest;
 
     if same_manifest_hash && same_manifest_content {
@@ -66,9 +69,8 @@ pub async fn download_app_update(
         state.path.clone()
     };
 
-    let mut app = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id).map_err(|err| {
-        io::Error::other(format!("failed to read installed app {}: {err}", app_id))
-    })?;
+    let mut app = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id)
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to read installed app {app_id}: {err}")))?;
 
     let (app_url, manifest_url) = match &app.source {
         UserSageAppSource::Url {
@@ -76,9 +78,7 @@ pub async fn download_app_update(
             manifest_url,
         } => (app_url.clone(), manifest_url.clone()),
         UserSageAppSource::Zip => {
-            return Err(
-                io::Error::other("zip apps do not support URL update download").into(),
-            );
+            return Err(io::Error::other("zip apps do not support URL update download").into());
         }
     };
 
@@ -113,14 +113,13 @@ pub async fn apply_app_update(
         state.path.clone()
     };
 
-    let mut app = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id).map_err(|err| {
-        io::Error::other(format!("failed to read installed app {}: {err}", app_id))
-    })?;
+    let mut app = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id)
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to read installed app {app_id}: {err}")))?;
 
     let pending = app
         .pending_update
         .clone()
-        .ok_or_else(|| io::Error::other(format!("app {} has no pending update", app_id)))?;
+        .ok_or_else(|| io::Error::other(format!("app {app_id} has no pending update")))?;
 
     let app_dir = PathBuf::from(&app.common.app_dir);
 
@@ -130,8 +129,8 @@ pub async fn apply_app_update(
         &pending.manifest,
         &pending.manifest_hash,
     )
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to download update snapshot: {err}")))?;
+    .await
+    .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to download update snapshot: {err}")))?;
 
     app.common
         .apply_update(&pending, granted_permissions, snapshot)
@@ -161,27 +160,25 @@ pub async fn apps_update_permissions(
     };
 
     let (_updated, capability_change, network_change) =
-        update_app_permissions_with_change_internal(
-            &base_path,
-            &app_id,
-            granted_permissions,
-        )
+        update_app_permissions_with_change_internal(&base_path, &app_id, granted_permissions)
             .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to update app permissions: {err}")))?;
 
     if !capability_change.added.is_empty() || !capability_change.removed.is_empty() {
         let _ = emit_bridge_event_to_app_id(
             &app,
             &app_id,
-            EventForApp::from_capabilities_change(USER_BRIDGE_CHANNEL, capability_change)
-        ).await;
+            EventForApp::from_capabilities_change(USER_BRIDGE_CHANNEL, capability_change),
+        )
+        .await;
     }
 
     if !network_change.added.is_empty() || !network_change.removed.is_empty() {
         let _ = emit_bridge_event_to_app_id(
             &app,
             &app_id,
-            EventForApp::from_network_whitelist_change(USER_BRIDGE_CHANNEL, network_change)
-        ).await;
+            EventForApp::from_network_whitelist_change(USER_BRIDGE_CHANNEL, network_change),
+        )
+        .await;
     }
 
     Ok(())
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/mod.rs
index 017442cd8..0f814a3db 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/mod.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 pub mod commands;
-pub mod types;
 pub mod permissions;
+pub mod types;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
index 2e02013e8..311d6a644 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
@@ -2,17 +2,13 @@ use std::collections::BTreeSet;
 use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
 
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
-use crate::lifecycle::{
-    read_installed_app_by_id, write_installed_app_metadata,
-};
 use crate::lifecycle::update::types::{
     GrantCapabilityOutcome, GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome, GrantedCapabilitiesChange,
     GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange,
 };
+use crate::lifecycle::{read_installed_app_by_id, write_installed_app_metadata};
 use crate::permissions::get_user_capability_definition;
-use crate::types::{
-    SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, UserSageApp,
-};
+use crate::types::{SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, UserSageApp};
 
 pub fn update_app_permissions(
     base_path: &Path,
@@ -32,13 +28,21 @@ pub fn update_app_permissions(
 fn sort_unique_network(
     values: impl IntoIterator<Item = SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
 ) -> Vec<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry> {
-    values.into_iter().collect::<BTreeSet<_>>().into_iter().collect()
+    values
+        .into_iter()
+        .collect::<BTreeSet<_>>()
+        .into_iter()
+        .collect()
 }
 
 fn sort_unique_capabilities(
     values: impl IntoIterator<Item = UserBridgeCapability>,
 ) -> Vec<UserBridgeCapability> {
-    values.into_iter().collect::<BTreeSet<_>>().into_iter().collect()
+    values
+        .into_iter()
+        .collect::<BTreeSet<_>>()
+        .into_iter()
+        .collect()
 }
 
 fn requested_capability_set(app: &UserSageApp) -> BTreeSet<UserBridgeCapability> {
@@ -52,7 +56,11 @@ fn requested_capability_set(app: &UserSageApp) -> BTreeSet<UserBridgeCapability>
 }
 
 fn granted_capabilities(app: &UserSageApp) -> Vec<UserBridgeCapability> {
-    app.common.granted_permissions.capabilities().copied().collect()
+    app.common
+        .granted_permissions
+        .capabilities()
+        .copied()
+        .collect()
 }
 
 fn granted_network_whitelist(app: &UserSageApp) -> Vec<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry> {
@@ -68,10 +76,8 @@ fn diff_capabilities(
     previous: &[UserBridgeCapability],
     next: &[UserBridgeCapability],
 ) -> GrantedCapabilitiesChange {
-    let previous_set: BTreeSet<UserBridgeCapability> =
-        previous.iter().copied().collect();
-    let next_set: BTreeSet<UserBridgeCapability> =
-        next.iter().copied().collect();
+    let previous_set: BTreeSet<UserBridgeCapability> = previous.iter().copied().collect();
+    let next_set: BTreeSet<UserBridgeCapability> = next.iter().copied().collect();
 
     GrantedCapabilitiesChange {
         removed: previous_set.difference(&next_set).copied().collect(),
@@ -84,10 +90,8 @@ fn diff_network_whitelist(
     previous: &[SageNetworkWhitelistEntry],
     next: &[SageNetworkWhitelistEntry],
 ) -> GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange {
-    let previous_set: BTreeSet<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry> =
-        previous.iter().cloned().collect();
-    let next_set: BTreeSet<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry> =
-        next.iter().cloned().collect();
+    let previous_set: BTreeSet<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry> = previous.iter().cloned().collect();
+    let next_set: BTreeSet<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry> = next.iter().cloned().collect();
 
     GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange {
         removed: previous_set.difference(&next_set).cloned().collect(),
@@ -128,12 +132,8 @@ pub fn grant_requested_capability_internal(
         });
     }
 
-    let next_capabilities = sort_unique_capabilities(
-        previous_capabilities
-            .iter()
-            .copied()
-            .chain([capability]),
-    );
+    let next_capabilities =
+        sort_unique_capabilities(previous_capabilities.iter().copied().chain([capability]));
 
     let previous_network = granted_network_whitelist(&app);
 
@@ -147,10 +147,7 @@ pub fn grant_requested_capability_internal(
 
     let updated_capabilities = granted_capabilities(&updated);
 
-    let change = diff_capabilities(
-        &previous_capabilities,
-        &updated_capabilities,
-    );
+    let change = diff_capabilities(&previous_capabilities, &updated_capabilities);
 
     Ok(GrantCapabilityOutcome::Granted { capability, change })
 }
@@ -184,12 +181,8 @@ pub fn grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal(
         });
     }
 
-    let next_whitelist = sort_unique_network(
-        previous_whitelist
-            .iter()
-            .cloned()
-            .chain([entry.clone()]),
-    );
+    let next_whitelist =
+        sort_unique_network(previous_whitelist.iter().cloned().chain([entry.clone()]));
 
     let granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions::new(
         &app.common.requested_permissions,
@@ -201,10 +194,7 @@ pub fn grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal(
 
     let updated_whitelist = granted_network_whitelist(&updated);
 
-    let change = diff_network_whitelist(
-        &previous_whitelist,
-        &updated_whitelist,
-    );
+    let change = diff_network_whitelist(&previous_whitelist, &updated_whitelist);
 
     Ok(GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome::Granted {
         entry: entry.clone(),
@@ -231,11 +221,9 @@ pub fn update_app_permissions_with_change_internal(
     let updated_capabilities = granted_capabilities(&updated);
     let updated_network = granted_network_whitelist(&updated);
 
-    let capability_change =
-        diff_capabilities(&previous_capabilities, &updated_capabilities);
+    let capability_change = diff_capabilities(&previous_capabilities, &updated_capabilities);
 
-    let network_change =
-        diff_network_whitelist(&previous_network, &updated_network);
+    let network_change = diff_network_whitelist(&previous_network, &updated_network);
 
     Ok((updated, capability_change, network_change))
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/definitions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/definitions.rs
index 1944dcc65..e216fc92a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/definitions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/definitions.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::{SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
-use crate::permissions::capabilities::types::{CapabilityFlags, SystemCapabilityDefinition, UserCapabilityDefinition};
+use crate::permissions::capabilities::types::{
+    CapabilityFlags, SystemCapabilityDefinition, UserCapabilityDefinition,
+};
 use crate::types::{SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView, SageAppCapabilityFlagsView};
 
 pub(crate) fn get_user_capability_definition(
@@ -292,20 +294,18 @@ pub(crate) fn get_system_capability_definition(
             },
         },
 
-        SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerListenRuntimesChanged => {
-            SystemCapabilityDefinition {
-                capability,
-                label: "Observe runtime changes",
-                description: "Allows the system app to receive events when Sage app runtimes change.",
-                flags: CapabilityFlags {
-                    externally_observable: false,
-                    accesses_sensitive_secret: false,
-                    requestable_by_app: true,
-                    user_grantable: false,
-                    shared_with_app: true,
-                },
-            }
-        }
+        SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerListenRuntimesChanged => SystemCapabilityDefinition {
+            capability,
+            label: "Observe runtime changes",
+            description: "Allows the system app to receive events when Sage app runtimes change.",
+            flags: CapabilityFlags {
+                externally_observable: false,
+                accesses_sensitive_secret: false,
+                requestable_by_app: true,
+                user_grantable: false,
+                shared_with_app: true,
+            },
+        },
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/mod.rs
index 53017dced..5647574c6 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/mod.rs
@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@ mod definitions;
 mod types;
 
 pub(crate) use definitions::{
-    get_user_capability_definition, get_system_capability_definition,
-    user_capability_definition_view,
-    user_registry
+    get_system_capability_definition, get_user_capability_definition,
+    user_capability_definition_view, user_registry,
 };
 pub(crate) use types::CapabilityFlags;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/types.rs
index 65010fc82..0f4ad257a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/types.rs
@@ -22,16 +22,15 @@ impl CapabilityFlags {
     pub fn union(self, other: Self) -> Self {
         Self {
             externally_observable: self.externally_observable || other.externally_observable,
-            accesses_sensitive_secret: self.accesses_sensitive_secret || other.accesses_sensitive_secret,
+            accesses_sensitive_secret: self.accesses_sensitive_secret
+                || other.accesses_sensitive_secret,
             requestable_by_app: self.requestable_by_app || other.requestable_by_app,
             user_grantable: self.user_grantable || other.user_grantable,
             shared_with_app: self.shared_with_app || other.shared_with_app,
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn from_capabilities(
-        capabilities: &[UserBridgeCapability],
-    ) -> Self {
+    pub fn from_capabilities(capabilities: &[UserBridgeCapability]) -> Self {
         capabilities.iter().fold(Self::EMPTY, |flags, capability| {
             let def = get_user_capability_definition(*capability);
             flags.union(def.flags)
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/mod.rs
index b2ebd1394..2e22bb983 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/mod.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,6 @@
 mod capabilities;
 
 pub(crate) use capabilities::{
-    get_user_capability_definition,
-    user_capability_definition_view,
-    user_registry,
-    get_system_capability_definition,
-    CapabilityFlags,
+    CapabilityFlags, get_system_capability_definition, get_user_capability_definition,
+    user_capability_definition_view, user_registry,
 };
-
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs
index bec750f36..ab9c10262 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::runtime::{focus_runtime, hide_runtime, RuntimeTargetParams};
-use crate::runtime::start::{create_inline_runtime, CreateInlineRuntimeArgs};
+use crate::runtime::start::{CreateInlineRuntimeArgs, create_inline_runtime};
 use crate::runtime::state::read::list_runtimes;
 use crate::runtime::state::types::SageAppRuntimeRecord;
-use crate::runtime::stop::{kill_runtime, SystemKillRuntimeResult};
+use crate::runtime::stop::{SystemKillRuntimeResult, kill_runtime};
+use crate::runtime::{RuntimeTargetParams, focus_runtime, hide_runtime};
+use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
 #[tauri::command]
 #[specta::specta]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
index 08876e565..575f02241 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use specta::Type;
-use tauri::{AppHandle, Emitter, Manager, State};
 use crate::bridge::methods::system::RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent;
-use crate::runtime::webview_locator::{find_sage_window, get_webview_in_sage_window};
 use crate::runtime::state::read::{get_runtime_by_app_id, list_runtimes};
 use crate::runtime::state::types::{SageAppRuntimeKind, SageAppRuntimeRecord};
 use crate::runtime::state::write::write_runtime_and_emit_changed;
+use crate::runtime::webview_locator::{find_sage_window, get_webview_in_sage_window};
 use crate::state::AppsHostState;
 use crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use specta::Type;
+use tauri::{AppHandle, Emitter, Manager, State};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
@@ -33,10 +33,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(
             .collect::<Vec<_>>()
     };
 
-    let event = RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent::new(
-        "sage-system-bridge".to_string(),
-        runtimes,
-    );
+    let event = RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent::new("sage-system-bridge".to_string(), runtimes);
 
     let Some(sage_window) = find_sage_window(app) else {
         return;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs
index d0ff08ae3..234759b71 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 pub mod manager;
 pub mod resolve;
 
-pub mod start;
-pub mod stop;
 pub mod commands;
+pub mod start;
 pub mod state;
+pub mod stop;
 pub mod webview_locator;
 
+pub use commands::*;
 pub use manager::*;
 pub use resolve::*;
-pub use commands::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
index 3335802db..663d694b3 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 
-use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager};
-use url::Url;
 use crate::lifecycle::read_installed_app_by_id;
-use crate::runtime::webview_locator::get_webview_in_sage_window;
 use crate::runtime::state::types::SageAppRuntimeKind;
+use crate::runtime::webview_locator::get_webview_in_sage_window;
 use crate::sandbox::build_builtin_test_app;
 use crate::system_apps::build_builtin_system_app;
 use crate::types::SageApp;
+use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager};
+use url::Url;
 
 pub fn app_id_from_webview_label(label: &str) -> Option<(SageAppRuntimeKind, &str)> {
     if let Some(app_id) = label.strip_prefix("app-inline-") {
@@ -35,11 +35,7 @@ pub fn protocol_scheme_for_runtime_kind(runtime_kind: SageAppRuntimeKind) -> &'s
     }
 }
 
-pub fn is_allowed_app_url(
-    url: &Url,
-    origin_id: &str,
-    runtime_kind: SageAppRuntimeKind,
-) -> bool {
+pub fn is_allowed_app_url(url: &Url, origin_id: &str, runtime_kind: SageAppRuntimeKind) -> bool {
     url.scheme() == protocol_scheme_for_runtime_kind(runtime_kind)
         && url.host_str() == Some(origin_id)
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
index bb77d6918..9e6541b66 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
@@ -1,17 +1,19 @@
-use std::collections::BTreeMap;
-use serde::Deserialize;
-use specta::Type;
-use tauri::{AppHandle, LogicalPosition, LogicalSize, State, WebviewUrl};
-use tauri::webview::NewWindowResponse;
-use crate::{sandbox, AppsHostState};
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
-use crate::runtime::{build_entry_src, is_allowed_app_url, resolve_app, runtime_kind_for_app};
-use crate::runtime::webview_locator::{find_webview_in_sage_window, get_sage_window, get_webview_in_sage_window};
 use crate::runtime::state::types::{SageAppRuntimeKind, SageAppRuntimeRecord};
 use crate::runtime::state::write::{write_runtime_and_emit_changed, write_runtime_id_by_app_id};
+use crate::runtime::webview_locator::{
+    find_webview_in_sage_window, get_sage_window, get_webview_in_sage_window,
+};
+use crate::runtime::{build_entry_src, is_allowed_app_url, resolve_app, runtime_kind_for_app};
 use crate::storage::parse_data_store_id;
 use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, SageApp};
 use crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms;
+use crate::{AppsHostState, sandbox};
+use serde::Deserialize;
+use specta::Type;
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+use tauri::webview::NewWindowResponse;
+use tauri::{AppHandle, LogicalPosition, LogicalSize, State, WebviewUrl};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
@@ -48,21 +50,19 @@ pub async fn create_inline_runtime(
             args.visible,
             args.internal,
         )
-            .await;
+        .await;
     }
 
     if !args.internal && !resolved.is_sandbox_test() {
         let baseline = apps_state.sandbox.baseline.lock().await.clone();
         let current_run = apps_state.sandbox.current_run.lock().await.clone();
-        let effective =
-            sandbox::state_view::build_effective_state(&baseline, current_run.as_ref());
+        let effective = sandbox::state_view::build_effective_state(&baseline, current_run.as_ref());
         let gate = sandbox::evaluate_app_launch_gate(&resolved, &effective);
 
         if !gate.allowed {
-            return Err(
-                gate.message
-                    .unwrap_or_else(|| "App launch blocked by sandbox policy".into()),
-            );
+            return Err(gate
+                .message
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| "App launch blocked by sandbox policy".into()));
         }
     }
 
@@ -77,10 +77,8 @@ pub async fn create_inline_runtime(
                 .map_err(|e| format!("invalid entry url: {e}"))?,
         ),
     )
-        .on_navigation(move |url| {
-            is_allowed_app_url(url, &origin_id_for_nav, runtime_kind_for_nav)
-        })
-        .on_new_window(move |_url, _features| NewWindowResponse::Deny);
+    .on_navigation(move |url| is_allowed_app_url(url, &origin_id_for_nav, runtime_kind_for_nav))
+    .on_new_window(move |_url, _features| NewWindowResponse::Deny);
 
     if should_use_incognito(&resolved) {
         builder = builder.incognito(true);
@@ -94,7 +92,8 @@ pub async fn create_inline_runtime(
 
             #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
             InstalledSageAppStorage::WindowsProfile { directory_name } => {
-                builder = builder.data_directory(crate::storage::data_directory_for(directory_name));
+                builder =
+                    builder.data_directory(crate::storage::data_directory_for(directory_name));
             }
 
             _ => {}
@@ -175,21 +174,21 @@ async fn reuse_existing_inline_runtime(
         let by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_by_runtime_id.lock().await;
         by_runtime_id.get(&runtime_id).cloned()
     }
-        .unwrap_or_else(|| SageAppRuntimeRecord {
-            runtime_id: runtime_id.clone(),
-            app_id: app_id.clone(),
-            app_name,
-            entry_src,
-            webview_label: webview_label.clone(),
-            host_window_label: "main".into(),
-            runtime_kind,
-            mode: "inline".into(),
-            state: "hidden".into(),
-            started_at: now,
-            last_active_at: now,
-            visible: false,
-            internal,
-        });
+    .unwrap_or_else(|| SageAppRuntimeRecord {
+        runtime_id: runtime_id.clone(),
+        app_id: app_id.clone(),
+        app_name,
+        entry_src,
+        webview_label: webview_label.clone(),
+        host_window_label: "main".into(),
+        runtime_kind,
+        mode: "inline".into(),
+        state: "hidden".into(),
+        started_at: now,
+        last_active_at: now,
+        visible: false,
+        internal,
+    });
 
     record.visible = visible;
     record.state = if visible {
@@ -245,10 +244,9 @@ fn should_use_incognito(app: &SageApp) -> bool {
 }
 
 fn fallback_debug_slot(app_id: &str) -> usize {
-    app_id
-        .bytes()
-        .fold(0usize, |acc, b| acc.wrapping_mul(31).wrapping_add(b as usize))
-        % 12
+    app_id.bytes().fold(0usize, |acc, b| {
+        acc.wrapping_mul(31).wrapping_add(b as usize)
+    }) % 12
 }
 
 fn debug_layout_for_app(app_id: &str) -> (f64, f64, f64, f64) {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs
index 1844abb99..a13e84bdf 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-pub mod types;
 pub mod read;
+pub mod remove;
+pub mod types;
 pub mod write;
-pub mod remove;
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
index d3e3e76cd..ac2ccb300 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-use tauri::State;
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::runtime::state::types::SageAppRuntimeRecord;
+use tauri::State;
 
 pub async fn find_runtime_id_by_app_id_optional(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    app_id: &str
+    app_id: &str,
 ) -> Option<String> {
     let runtime_by_app_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_id_by_app_id.lock().await;
     runtime_by_app_id.get(app_id).cloned()
@@ -12,15 +12,16 @@ pub async fn find_runtime_id_by_app_id_optional(
 
 pub async fn get_runtime_id_by_app_id(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    app_id: &str
+    app_id: &str,
 ) -> Result<String, String> {
-    find_runtime_id_by_app_id_optional(apps_state, app_id).await
+    find_runtime_id_by_app_id_optional(apps_state, app_id)
+        .await
         .ok_or_else(|| format!("runtime not found for app id: {app_id}"))
 }
 
 pub async fn find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    runtime_id: &str
+    runtime_id: &str,
 ) -> Option<SageAppRuntimeRecord> {
     let by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_by_runtime_id.lock().await;
     by_runtime_id.get(runtime_id).cloned()
@@ -28,9 +29,10 @@ pub async fn find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional(
 
 pub async fn get_runtime_by_runtime_id(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    runtime_id: &str
+    runtime_id: &str,
 ) -> Result<SageAppRuntimeRecord, String> {
-    find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional(apps_state, runtime_id).await
+    find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional(apps_state, runtime_id)
+        .await
         .ok_or_else(|| format!("runtime record not found for runtime id: {runtime_id}"))
 }
 
@@ -48,7 +50,8 @@ pub async fn get_runtime_by_app_id(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: &str,
 ) -> Result<SageAppRuntimeRecord, String> {
-    find_runtime_by_app_id_optional(apps_state, app_id).await
+    find_runtime_by_app_id_optional(apps_state, app_id)
+        .await
         .ok_or_else(|| format!("runtime record not found for app id: {app_id}"))
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/remove.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/remove.rs
index e9e5cafa1..082f94151 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/remove.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/remove.rs
@@ -1,18 +1,12 @@
-use tauri::State;
 use crate::AppsHostState;
+use tauri::State;
 
-pub async fn remove_runtime_id_by_app_id(
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    app_id: &str,
-) {
+pub async fn remove_runtime_id_by_app_id(apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>, app_id: &str) {
     let mut runtime_id_by_app_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_id_by_app_id.lock().await;
     runtime_id_by_app_id.remove(app_id);
 }
 
-pub async fn remove_runtime_by_runtime_id(
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    runtime_id: &str,
-) {
+pub async fn remove_runtime_by_runtime_id(apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>, runtime_id: &str) {
     let mut runtime_by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_by_runtime_id.lock().await;
     runtime_by_runtime_id.remove(runtime_id);
 }
@@ -21,14 +15,15 @@ pub async fn remove_before_stop_listeners_by_app_id(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: &str,
 ) {
-    let mut listeners = apps_state.runtime.before_stop_listeners_by_app_id.lock().await;
+    let mut listeners = apps_state
+        .runtime
+        .before_stop_listeners_by_app_id
+        .lock()
+        .await;
     listeners.remove(app_id);
 }
 
-pub async fn remove_pending_stop_ready(
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    request_id: &String,
-) {
+pub async fn remove_pending_stop_ready(apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>, request_id: &String) {
     let mut pending = apps_state.runtime.pending_stop_ready.lock().await;
     pending.remove(request_id);
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs
index 956a5de79..377378996 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-use std::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet};
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
-use tokio::sync::{oneshot, Mutex};
+use std::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet};
+use tokio::sync::{Mutex, oneshot};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs
index 5f18ee774..755f96fc9 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
+use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::runtime::emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed;
 use crate::runtime::state::types::SageAppRuntimeRecord;
 use crate::types::SageApp;
-use crate::AppsHostState;
 
 pub async fn write_runtime_and_emit_changed(
     app: &AppHandle,
@@ -32,11 +32,7 @@ pub async fn write_pending_stop_ready(
     pending.insert(request_id.clone(), tx);
 }
 
-
-async fn write_runtime(
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    record: SageAppRuntimeRecord,
-) {
+async fn write_runtime(apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>, record: SageAppRuntimeRecord) {
     let mut by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_by_runtime_id.lock().await;
     by_runtime_id.insert(record.runtime_id.clone(), record);
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs
index eb77c8ae4..3c1b8df28 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs
@@ -1,17 +1,22 @@
-use std::time::Duration;
+use crate::AppsHostState;
+use crate::runtime::emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed;
+use crate::runtime::state::read::{
+    find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional, find_runtime_id_by_app_id_optional, get_runtime_by_app_id,
+};
+use crate::runtime::state::remove::{
+    remove_before_stop_listeners_by_app_id, remove_pending_stop_ready,
+    remove_runtime_by_runtime_id, remove_runtime_id_by_app_id,
+};
+use crate::runtime::state::types::{SageAppRuntimeRecord, SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail};
+use crate::runtime::state::write::write_pending_stop_ready;
+use crate::runtime::webview_locator::find_webview_in_sage_window;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
+use std::time::Duration;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Emitter, State};
 use tokio::sync::oneshot;
 use tokio::time::timeout;
 use uuid::Uuid;
-use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::runtime::{emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed};
-use crate::runtime::state::read::{get_runtime_by_app_id, find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional, find_runtime_id_by_app_id_optional};
-use crate::runtime::state::remove::{remove_before_stop_listeners_by_app_id, remove_pending_stop_ready, remove_runtime_by_runtime_id, remove_runtime_id_by_app_id};
-use crate::runtime::state::types::{SageAppRuntimeRecord, SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail};
-use crate::runtime::state::write::write_pending_stop_ready;
-use crate::runtime::webview_locator::find_webview_in_sage_window;
 
 const BEFORE_STOP_TIMEOUT_MS: u64 = 5_000;
 
@@ -62,13 +67,13 @@ pub async fn close_runtime_internal_with_reason(
 
     let _ = wait_for_before_stop_ack(app, apps_state, &runtime, reason).await;
 
-    if let Some(webview) = find_webview_in_sage_window(&app, &runtime.webview_label) {
+    if let Some(webview) = find_webview_in_sage_window(app, &runtime.webview_label) {
         let _ = webview.close();
     }
 
     remove_runtime_by_runtime_id(apps_state, &runtime_id).await;
-    remove_runtime_id_by_app_id(apps_state, &app_id).await;
-    remove_before_stop_listeners_by_app_id(apps_state, &app_id).await;
+    remove_runtime_id_by_app_id(apps_state, app_id).await;
+    remove_before_stop_listeners_by_app_id(apps_state, app_id).await;
     emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(app, apps_state).await;
 
     Ok(())
@@ -81,7 +86,11 @@ async fn wait_for_before_stop_ack(
     reason: &str,
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
     let has_listener = {
-        let listeners = apps_state.runtime.before_stop_listeners_by_app_id.lock().await;
+        let listeners = apps_state
+            .runtime
+            .before_stop_listeners_by_app_id
+            .lock()
+            .await;
         listeners.contains(&runtime.app_id)
     };
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/webview_locator.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/webview_locator.rs
index efbec9a18..c3ee5747e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/webview_locator.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/webview_locator.rs
@@ -4,22 +4,26 @@ const SAGE_WINDOW_LABEL: &str = "main";
 const SAGE_WEBVIEW_LABEL: &str = "main";
 
 pub(crate) fn find_sage_window(app: &AppHandle) -> Option<tauri::Window> {
-    app
-        .get_window(SAGE_WINDOW_LABEL)
+    app.get_window(SAGE_WINDOW_LABEL)
 }
 
 pub(crate) fn get_sage_window(app: &AppHandle) -> Result<tauri::Window, String> {
-    find_sage_window(app)
-        .ok_or_else(|| "missing sage window".to_string())
+    find_sage_window(app).ok_or_else(|| "missing sage window".to_string())
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn find_webview_in_sage_window(app: &AppHandle, webview_label: &str) -> Option<tauri::Webview> {
+pub(crate) fn find_webview_in_sage_window(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    webview_label: &str,
+) -> Option<tauri::Webview> {
     find_sage_window(app)?.get_webview(webview_label)
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn get_webview_in_sage_window(app: &AppHandle, webview_label: &str) -> Result<tauri::Webview, String> {
+pub(crate) fn get_webview_in_sage_window(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    webview_label: &str,
+) -> Result<tauri::Webview, String> {
     find_webview_in_sage_window(app, webview_label)
-        .ok_or_else(|| format!("missing '{}' webview", webview_label).to_string())
+        .ok_or_else(|| format!("missing '{webview_label}' webview").to_string())
 }
 
 pub(crate) fn get_sage_webview(app: &AppHandle) -> Result<tauri::Webview, String> {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
index 85aaf9001..71e1caf08 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,14 @@
-use std::{fs, path::PathBuf};
-use std::path::Path;
 use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
 use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
+use std::path::Path;
+use std::{fs, path::PathBuf};
 use tauri::command;
 
 use crate::host::Result;
-use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppPackageManifest, SageGrantedPermissions, UserSageAppSource, UserSageApp};
+use crate::types::{
+    InstalledSageAppStorage, SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot,
+    SageGrantedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
+};
 
 macro_rules! sandbox_test_id_prefix {
     () => {
@@ -25,10 +28,8 @@ pub const BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_INCOGNITO_ID: &str =
     concat!(sandbox_test_id_prefix!(), "persistence_incognito");
 pub const BUILTIN_STORAGE_CLEAR_PERSISTENT_ID: &str =
     concat!(sandbox_test_id_prefix!(), "storage_clear_persistent");
-pub const BUILTIN_NETWORK_ALLOW_A_ID: &str =
-    concat!(sandbox_test_id_prefix!(), "network_allow_a");
-pub const BUILTIN_NETWORK_ALLOW_B_ID: &str =
-    concat!(sandbox_test_id_prefix!(), "network_allow_b");
+pub const BUILTIN_NETWORK_ALLOW_A_ID: &str = concat!(sandbox_test_id_prefix!(), "network_allow_a");
+pub const BUILTIN_NETWORK_ALLOW_B_ID: &str = concat!(sandbox_test_id_prefix!(), "network_allow_b");
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct BuiltinTestAppSpec {
@@ -235,9 +236,7 @@ pub fn build_builtin_test_app(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<SageApp>> {
 
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
-pub async fn get_builtin_test_app(
-    app_id: String,
-) -> Result<Option<SageApp>> {
+pub async fn get_builtin_test_app(app_id: String) -> Result<Option<SageApp>> {
     build_builtin_test_app(&app_id).map_err(|err| {
         std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to load builtin test app: {err}")).into()
     })
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs
index 5c398c207..a8252c4d3 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs
@@ -1,28 +1,20 @@
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::types::SageApp;
 
-use super::{
-    AppLaunchGateResult, SandboxCapability, SandboxCapabilityStatus, SandboxState,
-};
+use super::{AppLaunchGateResult, SandboxCapability, SandboxCapabilityStatus, SandboxState};
 
 fn capability_status(
     state: &SandboxState,
     capability: SandboxCapability,
 ) -> SandboxCapabilityStatus {
     match capability {
-        SandboxCapability::StorageIsolationFromSage => {
-            state.storage_isolation_from_sage.status
-        }
-        SandboxCapability::StoragePersistenceNormal => {
-            state.storage_persistence_normal.status
-        }
+        SandboxCapability::StorageIsolationFromSage => state.storage_isolation_from_sage.status,
+        SandboxCapability::StoragePersistenceNormal => state.storage_persistence_normal.status,
         SandboxCapability::StorageNonPersistenceIncognito => {
             state.storage_non_persistence_incognito.status
         }
         SandboxCapability::StorageClearCycle => state.storage_clear_cycle.status,
-        SandboxCapability::NetworkAllowlistEnforced => {
-            state.network_allowlist_enforced.status
-        }
+        SandboxCapability::NetworkAllowlistEnforced => state.network_allowlist_enforced.status,
     }
 }
 
@@ -63,10 +55,7 @@ fn required_capabilities_for_app(app: &SageApp) -> Vec<SandboxCapability> {
     caps
 }
 
-pub fn evaluate_app_launch_gate(
-    app: &SageApp,
-    effective: &SandboxState,
-) -> AppLaunchGateResult {
+pub fn evaluate_app_launch_gate(app: &SageApp, effective: &SandboxState) -> AppLaunchGateResult {
     if !app_requires_sandbox_gate(app) {
         return AppLaunchGateResult {
             allowed: true,
@@ -96,8 +85,7 @@ pub fn evaluate_app_launch_gate(
                     kind: "sandboxFailed".into(),
                     capability: Some(capability),
                     message: Some(
-                        "Apps are blocked because a required sandbox capability failed."
-                            .into(),
+                        "Apps are blocked because a required sandbox capability failed.".into(),
                     ),
                 };
             }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/ingest.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/ingest.rs
index 3db838a34..a9261e2e0 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/ingest.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/ingest.rs
@@ -3,11 +3,10 @@ use tauri::State;
 
 use crate::state::AppsHostState;
 
-use super::store::{replace_by_app_id, SandboxAppResult};
+use super::store::{SandboxAppResult, replace_by_app_id};
 use super::types::{
-    SandboxIsolationProbeResult, SandboxNetworkProbeResult,
-    SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult, SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult,
-    SandboxStorageClearProbeResult,
+    SandboxIsolationProbeResult, SandboxNetworkProbeResult, SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult,
+    SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult, SandboxStorageClearProbeResult,
 };
 
 pub async fn ingest_bridge_send_payload(
@@ -51,7 +50,7 @@ pub async fn ingest_bridge_send_payload(
     match report_type {
         "isolation" => {
             if let Ok(parsed) = serde_json::from_value::<SandboxIsolationProbeResult>(data) {
-                let _changed = replace_by_app_id(
+                replace_by_app_id(
                     &mut run.isolation,
                     SandboxAppResult {
                         app_id: app_id.to_string(),
@@ -61,10 +60,8 @@ pub async fn ingest_bridge_send_payload(
             }
         }
         "persistence_write" => {
-            if let Ok(parsed) =
-                serde_json::from_value::<SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult>(data)
-            {
-                let _changed = replace_by_app_id(
+            if let Ok(parsed) = serde_json::from_value::<SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult>(data) {
+                replace_by_app_id(
                     &mut run.persistence_write,
                     SandboxAppResult {
                         app_id: app_id.to_string(),
@@ -74,10 +71,8 @@ pub async fn ingest_bridge_send_payload(
             }
         }
         "persistence_read" => {
-            if let Ok(parsed) =
-                serde_json::from_value::<SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult>(data)
-            {
-                let _changed = replace_by_app_id(
+            if let Ok(parsed) = serde_json::from_value::<SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult>(data) {
+                replace_by_app_id(
                     &mut run.persistence_read,
                     SandboxAppResult {
                         app_id: app_id.to_string(),
@@ -88,7 +83,7 @@ pub async fn ingest_bridge_send_payload(
         }
         "network" => {
             if let Ok(parsed) = serde_json::from_value::<SandboxNetworkProbeResult>(data) {
-                let _changed = replace_by_app_id(
+                replace_by_app_id(
                     &mut run.network,
                     SandboxAppResult {
                         app_id: app_id.to_string(),
@@ -98,10 +93,8 @@ pub async fn ingest_bridge_send_payload(
             }
         }
         "clear_cycle" => {
-            if let Ok(parsed) =
-                serde_json::from_value::<SandboxStorageClearProbeResult>(data)
-            {
-                let _changed = replace_by_app_id(
+            if let Ok(parsed) = serde_json::from_value::<SandboxStorageClearProbeResult>(data) {
+                replace_by_app_id(
                     &mut run.clear_cycle,
                     SandboxAppResult {
                         app_id: app_id.to_string(),
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/clear_cycle.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/clear_cycle.rs
index f7cac8243..3dcf3eeb2 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/clear_cycle.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/clear_cycle.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
-use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 use crate::lifecycle::clear_runtime_browsing_data_internal;
 use crate::runtime::stop::close_runtime_internal;
-use crate::sandbox::{BUILTIN_STORAGE_CLEAR_PERSISTENT_ID};
+use crate::sandbox::BUILTIN_STORAGE_CLEAR_PERSISTENT_ID;
 use crate::state::AppsHostState;
+use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
-use super::poll::poll_clear_cycle_phase;
 use super::super::runtime::{run_clear_cycle_phase_runtime, unique_run_id};
 use super::super::types::{SandboxStorageClearProbePhase, SandboxStorageClearProbeResult};
+use super::poll::poll_clear_cycle_phase;
 
 async fn run_clear_cycle_phase(
     app: &AppHandle,
@@ -20,11 +20,11 @@ async fn run_clear_cycle_phase(
         SandboxStorageClearProbePhase::CheckPresent => "check_present",
         SandboxStorageClearProbePhase::CheckAbsent => "check_absent",
     }
-        .to_string();
+    .to_string();
 
     run_clear_cycle_phase_runtime(app, apps_state, app_id, run_id, phase_string).await?;
 
-    let out = poll_clear_cycle_phase(apps_state, run_id, app_id, phase.clone(), 10_000).await;
+    let out = poll_clear_cycle_phase(apps_state, run_id, app_id, phase, 10_000).await;
 
     let _ = close_runtime_internal(app, apps_state, app_id).await;
 
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ pub async fn run_clear_cycle_test(
         &run_id,
         SandboxStorageClearProbePhase::Write,
     )
-        .await?;
+    .await?;
 
     if write.error.is_some() || !write.local_storage_present || !write.indexed_db_present {
         return Ok((
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ pub async fn run_clear_cycle_test(
         &run_id,
         SandboxStorageClearProbePhase::CheckPresent,
     )
-        .await?;
+    .await?;
 
     if present.error.is_some() || !present.local_storage_present || !present.indexed_db_present {
         return Ok((
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ pub async fn run_clear_cycle_test(
         &run_id,
         SandboxStorageClearProbePhase::CheckAbsent,
     )
-        .await?;
+    .await?;
 
     if absent.error.is_some() {
         return Ok((false, absent.error));
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/isolation.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/isolation.rs
index b781a18ff..2b446bb19 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/isolation.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/isolation.rs
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@ use crate::sandbox::{
 };
 use crate::state::AppsHostState;
 
-use super::poll::poll_isolation;
 use super::super::runtime::{start_test_app, stop_test_apps, unique_run_id};
+use super::poll::poll_isolation;
 
 pub async fn run_isolation_test(
     app: &AppHandle,
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ pub async fn run_isolation_test(
         &[("runId", run_id.clone())],
         None,
     )
-        .await?;
+    .await?;
     start_test_app(
         app,
         apps_state,
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ pub async fn run_isolation_test(
         &[("runId", run_id.clone())],
         None,
     )
-        .await?;
+    .await?;
 
     let results = poll_isolation(apps_state, &run_id, 2, 10_000).await?;
     stop_test_apps(app, apps_state, &app_ids).await;
@@ -54,7 +54,10 @@ pub async fn run_isolation_test(
         return Ok((false, Some("Missing incognito isolation result.".into())));
     };
 
-    for (label, result) in [("persistent", &persistent.data), ("incognito", &incognito.data)] {
+    for (label, result) in [
+        ("persistent", &persistent.data),
+        ("incognito", &incognito.data),
+    ] {
         if result.error.is_some() {
             return Ok((
                 false,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/network.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/network.rs
index 3921e483e..4bfdff511 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/network.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/network.rs
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@ use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 use crate::sandbox::{BUILTIN_NETWORK_ALLOW_A_ID, BUILTIN_NETWORK_ALLOW_B_ID};
 use crate::state::AppsHostState;
 
-use super::poll::poll_network;
 use super::super::runtime::{start_test_app, stop_test_apps, unique_run_id};
+use super::poll::poll_network;
 
 pub async fn run_network_test(
     app: &AppHandle,
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ pub async fn run_network_test(
         &[("runId", run_id.clone())],
         None,
     )
-        .await?;
+    .await?;
     start_test_app(
         app,
         apps_state,
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ pub async fn run_network_test(
         &[("runId", run_id.clone())],
         None,
     )
-        .await?;
+    .await?;
 
     let results = poll_network(apps_state, &run_id, 2, 12_000).await?;
     stop_test_apps(app, apps_state, &app_ids).await;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/persistence.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/persistence.rs
index 67248ba5d..6e9d3f863 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/persistence.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/persistence.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
-use crate::sandbox::{
-    BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_INCOGNITO_ID, BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_PERSISTENT_ID,
-};
+use crate::sandbox::{BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_INCOGNITO_ID, BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_PERSISTENT_ID};
 use crate::state::AppsHostState;
 
-use super::poll::{poll_persistence_read, poll_persistence_write};
 use super::super::runtime::{start_test_app, stop_test_apps, unique_run_id};
+use super::poll::{poll_persistence_read, poll_persistence_write};
 
 pub async fn run_persistence_test(
     app: &AppHandle,
@@ -27,7 +25,7 @@ pub async fn run_persistence_test(
         &[("runId", run_id.clone()), ("phase", "write".into())],
         None,
     )
-        .await?;
+    .await?;
     start_test_app(
         app,
         apps_state,
@@ -35,7 +33,7 @@ pub async fn run_persistence_test(
         &[("runId", run_id.clone()), ("phase", "write".into())],
         None,
     )
-        .await?;
+    .await?;
 
     let write_results = poll_persistence_write(apps_state, &run_id, 2, 10_000).await?;
     stop_test_apps(app, apps_state, &app_ids).await;
@@ -123,7 +121,7 @@ pub async fn run_persistence_test(
         &[("runId", run_id.clone()), ("phase", "read".into())],
         None,
     )
-        .await?;
+    .await?;
     start_test_app(
         app,
         apps_state,
@@ -131,7 +129,7 @@ pub async fn run_persistence_test(
         &[("runId", run_id.clone()), ("phase", "read".into())],
         None,
     )
-        .await?;
+    .await?;
 
     let read_results = poll_persistence_read(apps_state, &run_id, 2, 10_000).await?;
     stop_test_apps(app, apps_state, &app_ids).await;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/poll.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/poll.rs
index 37e0615eb..98175d440 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/poll.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/poll.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
 use tauri::State;
-use tokio::time::{sleep, Duration};
+use tokio::time::{Duration, sleep};
 
-use crate::state::AppsHostState;
-use crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms;
 use super::super::store::SandboxAppResult;
 use super::super::types::{
-    SandboxIsolationProbeResult, SandboxNetworkProbeResult,
-    SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult, SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult,
-    SandboxStorageClearProbePhase, SandboxStorageClearProbeResult,
+    SandboxIsolationProbeResult, SandboxNetworkProbeResult, SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult,
+    SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult, SandboxStorageClearProbePhase,
+    SandboxStorageClearProbeResult,
 };
+use crate::state::AppsHostState;
+use crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms;
 
 pub async fn poll_isolation(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runner.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runner.rs
index ed76bcb89..e7787a7d2 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runner.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runner.rs
@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
-use tauri::{AppHandle, Emitter, Manager, State};
-use crate::runtime::webview_locator::get_sage_webview;
-use crate::state::AppsHostState;
-use crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms;
 use super::probes::{
     run_clear_cycle_test, run_isolation_test, run_network_test, run_persistence_test,
 };
 use super::state_view::{build_effective_state, build_state_view};
 use super::types::{
-    build_running_sandbox_state, mark_cap, SandboxCapability, SandboxCapabilityStatus,
-    SandboxRunState, SandboxState,
+    SandboxCapability, SandboxCapabilityStatus, SandboxRunState, SandboxState,
+    build_running_sandbox_state, mark_cap,
 };
+use crate::runtime::webview_locator::get_sage_webview;
+use crate::state::AppsHostState;
+use crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms;
+use tauri::{AppHandle, Emitter, Manager, State};
 
 async fn emit_state_view(app: &AppHandle, apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>) {
     let baseline = apps_state.sandbox.baseline.lock().await.clone();
@@ -107,9 +107,10 @@ pub async fn sandbox_runner(app: AppHandle) {
 
     let mut current_state = {
         let current_run = apps_state.sandbox.current_run.lock().await.clone();
-        current_run
-            .map(|r| r.state)
-            .unwrap_or_else(|| build_running_sandbox_state(unix_timestamp_ms()))
+        current_run.map_or_else(
+            || build_running_sandbox_state(unix_timestamp_ms()),
+            |r| r.state,
+        )
     };
 
     let isolation_fut = run_isolation_test(&app, &apps_state);
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs
index b356226b0..f6866ad92 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,12 @@
-use std::collections::{BTreeMap, HashMap};
-use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
-use uuid::Uuid;
-use crate::runtime::{apps_create_inline_runtime};
+use crate::runtime::apps_create_inline_runtime;
 use crate::runtime::start::CreateInlineRuntimeArgs;
 use crate::runtime::stop::close_runtime_internal;
 use crate::state::AppsHostState;
+use std::collections::{BTreeMap, HashMap};
+use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
+use uuid::Uuid;
 
-pub const STORAGE_CLEAR_PROBE_PATH: &str =
-    "/__sage/runtime-apps/storage-clear-probe/index.html";
+pub const STORAGE_CLEAR_PROBE_PATH: &str = "/__sage/runtime-apps/storage-clear-probe/index.html";
 
 pub fn unique_run_id(prefix: &str) -> String {
     format!("{prefix}-{}", Uuid::new_v4())
@@ -16,8 +15,8 @@ pub fn unique_run_id(prefix: &str) -> String {
 fn debug_test_apps_enabled() -> bool {
     cfg!(debug_assertions)
         && std::env::var("SAGE_DEBUG_TEST_APPS")
-        .map(|v| v == "1")
-        .unwrap_or(false)
+            .map(|v| v == "1")
+            .unwrap_or(false)
 }
 
 pub async fn stop_test_apps(
@@ -53,7 +52,7 @@ pub async fn start_test_app(
         path,
         query_map.into_iter().collect(),
     )
-        .await
+    .await
 }
 
 pub async fn run_clear_cycle_phase_runtime(
@@ -78,7 +77,7 @@ pub async fn run_clear_cycle_phase_runtime(
         Some(STORAGE_CLEAR_PROBE_PATH.into()),
         query,
     )
-        .await
+    .await
 }
 
 async fn start_internal_runtime_for_sandbox(
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/state_view.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/state_view.rs
index 1f3e5efb7..a7e291b1b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/state_view.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/state_view.rs
@@ -8,12 +8,8 @@ fn effective_cap(
     current: &SandboxCapabilityResult,
 ) -> SandboxCapabilityResult {
     match current.status {
-        SandboxCapabilityStatus::Passed | SandboxCapabilityStatus::Failed => {
-            current.clone()
-        }
-        SandboxCapabilityStatus::Pending | SandboxCapabilityStatus::Running => {
-            baseline.clone()
-        }
+        SandboxCapabilityStatus::Passed | SandboxCapabilityStatus::Failed => current.clone(),
+        SandboxCapabilityStatus::Pending | SandboxCapabilityStatus::Running => baseline.clone(),
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/store.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/store.rs
index 4c00b332f..6cb7f3489 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/store.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/store.rs
@@ -3,9 +3,9 @@ use std::collections::HashMap;
 use tokio::sync::Mutex;
 
 use super::types::{
-    SandboxIsolationProbeResult, SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult,
-    SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult, SandboxStorageClearProbeResult,
-    SandboxNetworkProbeResult, SandboxRunState, build_initial_sandbox_state,
+    SandboxIsolationProbeResult, SandboxNetworkProbeResult, SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult,
+    SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult, SandboxRunState, SandboxStorageClearProbeResult,
+    build_initial_sandbox_state,
 };
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
@@ -42,10 +42,7 @@ impl Default for SandboxStateStore {
     }
 }
 
-pub fn replace_by_app_id<T>(
-    items: &mut Vec<SandboxAppResult<T>>,
-    next: SandboxAppResult<T>,
-) {
+pub fn replace_by_app_id<T>(items: &mut Vec<SandboxAppResult<T>>, next: SandboxAppResult<T>) {
     if let Some(existing) = items.iter_mut().find(|item| item.app_id == next.app_id) {
         *existing = next;
     } else {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/types.rs
index 5ffadcef2..7829159cb 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/types.rs
@@ -132,10 +132,7 @@ pub fn make_cap(
     }
 }
 
-pub fn cap_result(
-    state: &SandboxState,
-    cap: SandboxCapability,
-) -> &SandboxCapabilityResult {
+pub fn cap_result(state: &SandboxState, cap: SandboxCapability) -> &SandboxCapabilityResult {
     match cap {
         SandboxCapability::StorageIsolationFromSage => &state.storage_isolation_from_sage,
         SandboxCapability::StoragePersistenceNormal => &state.storage_persistence_normal,
@@ -143,9 +140,7 @@ pub fn cap_result(
             &state.storage_non_persistence_incognito
         }
         SandboxCapability::StorageClearCycle => &state.storage_clear_cycle,
-        SandboxCapability::NetworkAllowlistEnforced => {
-            &state.network_allowlist_enforced
-        }
+        SandboxCapability::NetworkAllowlistEnforced => &state.network_allowlist_enforced,
     }
 }
 
@@ -164,17 +159,17 @@ pub fn mark_cap(
 
     match cap {
         SandboxCapability::StorageIsolationFromSage => {
-            state.storage_isolation_from_sage = next
+            state.storage_isolation_from_sage = next;
         }
         SandboxCapability::StoragePersistenceNormal => {
-            state.storage_persistence_normal = next
+            state.storage_persistence_normal = next;
         }
         SandboxCapability::StorageNonPersistenceIncognito => {
-            state.storage_non_persistence_incognito = next
+            state.storage_non_persistence_incognito = next;
         }
         SandboxCapability::StorageClearCycle => state.storage_clear_cycle = next,
         SandboxCapability::NetworkAllowlistEnforced => {
-            state.network_allowlist_enforced = next
+            state.network_allowlist_enforced = next;
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/csp.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/csp.rs
index 7e310549e..9503f24c2 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/csp.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/csp.rs
@@ -1,40 +1,31 @@
 use std::collections::BTreeSet;
 
-use crate::types::{SageApp};
+use crate::types::SageApp;
 
 fn csp_source_list(items: &[String]) -> String {
     items.join(" ")
 }
 
 pub fn build_app_csp(app: &SageApp) -> String {
-    let default_src = csp_source_list(&vec!["'self'".to_string()]);
-    let script_src = csp_source_list(&vec![
-        "'self'".to_string(),
-        "'wasm-unsafe-eval'".to_string(),
-    ]);
-    let style_src = csp_source_list(&vec![
-        "'self'".to_string(),
-        "'unsafe-inline'".to_string(),
-    ]);
-    let img_src = csp_source_list(&vec![
+    let default_src = csp_source_list(&["'self'".to_string()]);
+    let script_src = csp_source_list(&["'self'".to_string(), "'wasm-unsafe-eval'".to_string()]);
+    let style_src = csp_source_list(&["'self'".to_string(), "'unsafe-inline'".to_string()]);
+    let img_src = csp_source_list(&[
         "'self'".to_string(),
         "data:".to_string(),
         "blob:".to_string(),
     ]);
-    let font_src = csp_source_list(&vec![
-        "'self'".to_string(),
-        "data:".to_string(),
-    ]);
-    let media_src = csp_source_list(&vec![
+    let font_src = csp_source_list(&["'self'".to_string(), "data:".to_string()]);
+    let media_src = csp_source_list(&[
         "'self'".to_string(),
         "data:".to_string(),
         "blob:".to_string(),
     ]);
-    let object_src = csp_source_list(&vec!["'none'".to_string()]);
-    let frame_ancestors = csp_source_list(&vec!["'self'".to_string()]);
-    let base_uri = csp_source_list(&vec!["'none'".to_string()]);
-    let form_action = csp_source_list(&vec!["'none'".to_string()]);
-    let worker_src = csp_source_list(&vec!["'self'".to_string()]);
+    let object_src = csp_source_list(&["'none'".to_string()]);
+    let frame_ancestors = csp_source_list(&["'self'".to_string()]);
+    let base_uri = csp_source_list(&["'none'".to_string()]);
+    let form_action = csp_source_list(&["'none'".to_string()]);
+    let worker_src = csp_source_list(&["'self'".to_string()]);
 
     let mut connect_sources = BTreeSet::from(["'self'".to_string()]);
 
@@ -42,9 +33,7 @@ pub fn build_app_csp(app: &SageApp) -> String {
         connect_sources.insert(entry.as_permission_string());
     }
 
-    let connect_src = csp_source_list(
-        &connect_sources.into_iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-    );
+    let connect_src = csp_source_list(&connect_sources.into_iter().collect::<Vec<_>>());
 
     format!(
         "default-src {default_src}; \
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
index 587324a85..b558abc05 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use std::{fs, path::Path};
 
-use anyhow::{anyhow, Result as AnyResult};
+use anyhow::{Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
 use tauri::http::{Response, StatusCode};
 
 use crate::{
@@ -20,16 +20,13 @@ pub enum AppProtocolKind {
     System,
 }
 
-fn serve_runtime_app_asset(
-    request_path: &str,
-    csp: &str,
-) -> AnyResult<Response<Vec<u8>>> {
+fn serve_runtime_app_asset(request_path: &str, csp: &str) -> AnyResult<Response<Vec<u8>>> {
     let runtime_root = builtin_runtime_apps_root();
     let relative_path = request_path
         .strip_prefix("/__sage/runtime-apps/")
         .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("invalid runtime app path"))?;
 
-    let safe_path = format!("/{}", relative_path);
+    let safe_path = format!("/{relative_path}");
     let file_path = read_snapshot_file(&runtime_root, &safe_path)?;
 
     if request_path.ends_with("/index.html") {
@@ -66,7 +63,7 @@ fn handle_builtin_test_app_request(
     request: &tauri::http::Request<Vec<u8>>,
 ) -> AnyResult<Response<Vec<u8>>> {
     let app = build_builtin_test_app(app_id)?
-        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("unknown builtin test app {}", app_id))?;
+        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("unknown builtin test app {app_id}"))?;
 
     let request_path = request.uri().path();
     let csp = build_app_csp(&app);
@@ -76,7 +73,7 @@ fn handle_builtin_test_app_request(
     }
 
     let app_dir = builtin_test_app_dir(app_id)?
-        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("missing builtin test app dir for {}", app_id))?;
+        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("missing builtin test app dir for {app_id}"))?;
 
     let file_path = read_snapshot_file(&app_dir, request_path)?;
 
@@ -114,7 +111,7 @@ fn handle_builtin_system_app_request(
     request: &tauri::http::Request<Vec<u8>>,
 ) -> AnyResult<Response<Vec<u8>>> {
     let app = build_builtin_system_app(app_id)?
-        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("unknown builtin system app {}", app_id))?;
+        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("unknown builtin system app {app_id}"))?;
 
     let request_path = request.uri().path();
     let csp = build_app_csp(&app);
@@ -124,7 +121,7 @@ fn handle_builtin_system_app_request(
     }
 
     let app_dir = builtin_system_app_dir(app_id)?
-        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("missing builtin system app dir for {}", app_id))?;
+        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("missing builtin system app dir for {app_id}"))?;
 
     let file_path = read_snapshot_file(&app_dir, request_path)?;
 
@@ -171,8 +168,7 @@ pub fn handle_app_protocol_request(
     if builtin_test_app_spec(host).is_some() {
         if protocol_kind != AppProtocolKind::User {
             return Err(anyhow!(
-                "builtin sandbox test app {} cannot be served through system protocol",
-                host
+                "builtin sandbox test app {host} cannot be served through system protocol"
             ));
         }
 
@@ -182,8 +178,7 @@ pub fn handle_app_protocol_request(
     if builtin_system_app_spec(host).is_some() {
         if protocol_kind != AppProtocolKind::System {
             return Err(anyhow!(
-                "builtin system app {} cannot be served through user protocol",
-                host
+                "builtin system app {host} cannot be served through user protocol"
             ));
         }
 
@@ -192,8 +187,7 @@ pub fn handle_app_protocol_request(
 
     if protocol_kind != AppProtocolKind::User {
         return Err(anyhow!(
-            "user-installed app {} cannot be served through system protocol",
-            host
+            "user-installed app {host} cannot be served through system protocol"
         ));
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/storage.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/storage.rs
index 3887a62da..872f98078 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/storage.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/storage.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, PendingStorageCleanupTarget};
 
 #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
@@ -23,7 +22,9 @@ pub fn parse_data_store_id(identifier_hex: &str) -> Result<[u8; 16], String> {
     Ok(out)
 }
 
-pub fn cleanup_target_from_storage(storage: &InstalledSageAppStorage) -> PendingStorageCleanupTarget {
+pub fn cleanup_target_from_storage(
+    storage: &InstalledSageAppStorage,
+) -> PendingStorageCleanupTarget {
     match storage {
         InstalledSageAppStorage::AppleDataStore { identifier_hex } => {
             PendingStorageCleanupTarget::AppleDataStore {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps/mod.rs
index 0bed42392..387f46925 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps/mod.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,13 @@
-use std::{fs, path::PathBuf};
-use std::path::Path;
-use anyhow::{anyhow, Context, Result as AnyResult};
-use tauri::command;
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
 use crate::host::Result;
-use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissions, SageGrantedSystemPermissions, SystemAppPresentation, SystemSageApp};
+use crate::types::{
+    InstalledSageAppStorage, SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot,
+    SageGrantedPermissions, SageGrantedSystemPermissions, SystemAppPresentation, SystemSageApp,
+};
+use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
+use std::path::Path;
+use std::{fs, path::PathBuf};
+use tauri::command;
 
 pub const SYSTEM_APP_TASK_MANAGER_ID: &str = "task-manager";
 
@@ -30,7 +33,9 @@ const BUILTIN_SYSTEM_APPS: &[BuiltinSystemAppSpec] = &[BuiltinSystemAppSpec {
 }];
 
 pub fn builtin_system_app_spec(app_id: &str) -> Option<&'static BuiltinSystemAppSpec> {
-    BUILTIN_SYSTEM_APPS.iter().find(|spec| spec.app_id == app_id)
+    BUILTIN_SYSTEM_APPS
+        .iter()
+        .find(|spec| spec.app_id == app_id)
 }
 
 pub fn builtin_apps_root() -> PathBuf {
@@ -75,9 +80,12 @@ fn read_builtin_manifest(app_dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<SageAppPackageManifest> {
 fn compute_total_bytes(app_dir: &PathBuf) -> AnyResult<u64> {
     let mut total_bytes = 0_u64;
 
-    for entry in fs::read_dir(app_dir)
-        .with_context(|| format!("failed to read builtin system app dir {}", app_dir.display()))?
-    {
+    for entry in fs::read_dir(app_dir).with_context(|| {
+        format!(
+            "failed to read builtin system app dir {}",
+            app_dir.display()
+        )
+    })? {
         let entry = entry.with_context(|| {
             format!(
                 "failed to read entry in builtin system app dir {}",
@@ -191,9 +199,7 @@ pub fn list_builtin_system_apps() -> AnyResult<Vec<SageApp>> {
 
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
-pub fn get_builtin_system_app(
-    app_id: &str,
-) -> Result<Option<SageApp>> {
+pub fn get_builtin_system_app(app_id: &str) -> Result<Option<SageApp>> {
     build_builtin_system_app(app_id).map_err(|err| {
         std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to load builtin system app: {err}")).into()
     })
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types.rs
index 6c113e58a..d0f27eca3 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types.rs
@@ -1,17 +1,20 @@
-use std::collections::BTreeSet;
 use anyhow::anyhow;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
+use std::collections::BTreeSet;
 
-use crate::bridge::capabilities::{SharedCapabilitiesExt, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
+use crate::bridge::capabilities::{
+    SharedCapabilitiesExt, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability,
+};
 use crate::lifecycle::flags::get_app_flags;
-use crate::lifecycle::{manifest_entry_file, manifest_icon_file, validate_manifest_file_path, validate_sha256_hex, MAX_APP_FILE_COUNT, MAX_APP_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES};
-use crate::permissions::{get_user_capability_definition, CapabilityFlags};
+use crate::lifecycle::{
+    MAX_APP_FILE_COUNT, MAX_APP_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES, manifest_entry_file, manifest_icon_file,
+    validate_manifest_file_path, validate_sha256_hex,
+};
+use crate::permissions::{CapabilityFlags, get_user_capability_definition};
 use crate::sandbox::SANDBOX_TEST_ID_PREFIX;
 
-#[derive(
-    Debug, Clone, Type, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord,
-)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Type, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
 pub struct SageNetworkWhitelistEntry {
     scheme: String,
     host: String,
@@ -342,7 +345,7 @@ impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for SageRequestedPermissions {
             SageRequestedNetworkPermissions::new(required_network, optional_network),
             raw.capabilities.unwrap_or_default(),
         )
-            .map_err(serde::de::Error::custom)
+        .map_err(serde::de::Error::custom)
     }
 }
 
@@ -356,14 +359,16 @@ impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for SageAppPackageManifest {
         SageAppPackageManifest::try_from(SageAppPackageManifestParts {
             name: raw.name,
             version: raw.version,
-            permissions: raw.permissions.unwrap_or_else(SageRequestedPermissions::empty),
+            permissions: raw
+                .permissions
+                .unwrap_or_else(SageRequestedPermissions::empty),
             files: raw.files,
             entry: raw.entry,
             icon: raw.icon,
             author: raw.author,
             donation: raw.donation,
         })
-            .map_err(serde::de::Error::custom)
+        .map_err(serde::de::Error::custom)
     }
 }
 
@@ -410,7 +415,9 @@ impl TryFrom<SageAppPackageManifestParts> for SageAppPackageManifest {
             anyhow::bail!("manifest version cannot be empty");
         }
 
-        if let Some(author) = &value.author && author.name.trim().is_empty() {
+        if let Some(author) = &value.author
+            && author.name.trim().is_empty()
+        {
             anyhow::bail!("author name cannot be empty");
         }
 
@@ -654,10 +661,7 @@ impl SystemSageApp {
 }
 
 impl SageNetworkWhitelistEntry {
-    pub fn new(
-        scheme: impl Into<String>,
-        host: impl Into<String>,
-    ) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
+    pub fn new(scheme: impl Into<String>, host: impl Into<String>) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
         let scheme = scheme.into().trim().to_ascii_lowercase();
         let host = host.into().trim().to_ascii_lowercase();
 
@@ -892,15 +896,9 @@ impl SageGrantedPermissions {
         capabilities: impl IntoIterator<Item = UserBridgeCapability>,
         network_whitelist: impl IntoIterator<Item = SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
     ) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
-        let capabilities = Self::build_capabilities(
-            &requested.capabilities,
-            capabilities,
-        )?;
+        let capabilities = Self::build_capabilities(&requested.capabilities, capabilities)?;
 
-        let network = SageGrantedNetworkPermissions::new(
-            &requested.network,
-            network_whitelist,
-        )?;
+        let network = SageGrantedNetworkPermissions::new(&requested.network, network_whitelist)?;
 
         let effective_capabilities = requested
             .capabilities
@@ -922,11 +920,7 @@ impl SageGrantedPermissions {
         requested: &SageRequestedPermissions,
         granted: SageGrantedPermissions,
     ) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
-        Self::new(
-            requested,
-            granted.capabilities,
-            granted.network.whitelist,
-        )
+        Self::new(requested, granted.capabilities, granted.network.whitelist)
     }
 
     pub fn capabilities(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &UserBridgeCapability> {
@@ -953,7 +947,10 @@ impl SageGrantedPermissions {
 
         for cap in &capabilities {
             if !requested.is_allowed(cap) {
-                anyhow::bail!("granted capability not requested in manifest: {}", cap.key());
+                anyhow::bail!(
+                    "granted capability not requested in manifest: {}",
+                    cap.key()
+                );
             }
 
             if !get_user_capability_definition(*cap).flags.user_grantable {
@@ -1042,10 +1039,8 @@ impl SageAppCommon {
             .capabilities
             .resolve_effective_grants(granted_permissions.capabilities().copied())?;
 
-        let capability_flags = get_app_flags(
-            &effective_capabilities,
-            Some(&self.capability_flags),
-        )?;
+        let capability_flags =
+            get_app_flags(&effective_capabilities, Some(&self.capability_flags))?;
 
         Self::validate_app_flags_policy(capability_flags)?;
 
@@ -1073,10 +1068,7 @@ impl SageAppCommon {
             .required()
             .cloned();
 
-        let granted_network = granted_permissions
-            .network()
-            .whitelist()
-            .cloned();
+        let granted_network = granted_permissions.network().whitelist().cloned();
 
         let granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions::new(
             &self.requested_permissions,
@@ -1089,10 +1081,8 @@ impl SageAppCommon {
             .capabilities
             .resolve_effective_grants(granted_permissions.capabilities().copied())?;
 
-        let capability_flags = get_app_flags(
-            &effective_capabilities,
-            Some(&self.capability_flags),
-        )?;
+        let capability_flags =
+            get_app_flags(&effective_capabilities, Some(&self.capability_flags))?;
 
         Self::validate_app_flags_policy(capability_flags)?;
 
@@ -1179,21 +1169,18 @@ fn validate_permissions_policy(
     network: impl IntoIterator<Item = SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
     context: &str,
 ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-    let capability_flags = capabilities.into_iter().fold(
-        CapabilityFlags::EMPTY,
-        |flags, cap| {
+    let capability_flags = capabilities
+        .into_iter()
+        .fold(CapabilityFlags::EMPTY, |flags, cap| {
             flags.union(get_user_capability_definition(cap).flags)
-        }
-    );
+        });
 
     let has_secret_access = capability_flags.accesses_sensitive_secret;
     let has_external_access =
         capability_flags.externally_observable || network.into_iter().next().is_some();
 
     if has_secret_access && has_external_access {
-        anyhow::bail!(
-            "{context} cannot include both external access and sensitive secret access"
-        );
+        anyhow::bail!("{context} cannot include both external access and sensitive secret access");
     }
 
     Ok(())
@@ -1203,7 +1190,10 @@ fn validate_permissions_policy(
 mod tests {
     use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
     use crate::permissions::user_registry;
-    use crate::types::{SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions};
+    use crate::types::{
+        SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedCapabilities,
+        SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions,
+    };
 
     #[test]
     fn granted_permissions_rejects_non_user_grantable_capability_as_user_grant() {
@@ -1213,7 +1203,7 @@ mod tests {
             SageRequestedNetworkPermissions::empty(),
             SageRequestedCapabilities::new([auto], []),
         )
-            .expect("requested permissions should be valid");
+        .expect("requested permissions should be valid");
 
         let err = SageGrantedPermissions::new(&requested, [auto], [])
             .expect_err("non-user-grantable capability cannot be persisted as user grant");
@@ -1242,10 +1232,16 @@ mod tests {
         let auto = UserBridgeCapability::AppGetInfo;
 
         let optional_requested = SageRequestedCapabilities::new([], [auto]);
-        assert_eq!(optional_requested.resolve_effective_grants([]).unwrap(), vec![auto]);
+        assert_eq!(
+            optional_requested.resolve_effective_grants([]).unwrap(),
+            vec![auto]
+        );
 
         let required_requested = SageRequestedCapabilities::new([auto], []);
-        assert_eq!(required_requested.resolve_effective_grants([]).unwrap(), vec![auto]);
+        assert_eq!(
+            required_requested.resolve_effective_grants([]).unwrap(),
+            vec![auto]
+        );
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -1256,7 +1252,12 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(requested.resolve_effective_grants([]).unwrap(), vec![auto]);
 
         let removed_requested = SageRequestedCapabilities::new([], []);
-        assert!(removed_requested.resolve_effective_grants([]).unwrap().is_empty());
+        assert!(
+            removed_requested
+                .resolve_effective_grants([])
+                .unwrap()
+                .is_empty()
+        );
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -1267,7 +1268,7 @@ mod tests {
             SageRequestedNetworkPermissions::empty(),
             SageRequestedCapabilities::new([non_requestable], []),
         )
-            .expect_err("expected non-requestable required capability to be rejected");
+        .expect_err("expected non-requestable required capability to be rejected");
 
         let message = err.to_string();
         assert!(message.contains(non_requestable.key()));
@@ -1281,7 +1282,7 @@ mod tests {
             SageRequestedNetworkPermissions::empty(),
             SageRequestedCapabilities::new([], [non_requestable]),
         )
-            .expect_err("expected non-requestable optional capability to be rejected");
+        .expect_err("expected non-requestable optional capability to be rejected");
 
         let message = err.to_string();
         assert!(message.contains(non_requestable.key()));
@@ -1319,7 +1320,8 @@ mod tests {
                 ],
             ),
             SageRequestedCapabilities::empty(),
-        ).unwrap();
+        )
+        .unwrap();
 
         let required = requested
             .network
@@ -1352,7 +1354,7 @@ mod tests {
             SageRequestedNetworkPermissions::empty(),
             SageRequestedCapabilities::new([UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch], []),
         )
-            .unwrap();
+        .unwrap();
 
         let err = SageGrantedPermissions::new(
             &requested,
@@ -1362,7 +1364,7 @@ mod tests {
             ],
             [],
         )
-            .expect_err("expected unrequested capability to be rejected");
+        .expect_err("expected unrequested capability to be rejected");
 
         assert!(err.to_string().contains("persistent_storage"));
     }
@@ -1373,12 +1375,15 @@ mod tests {
             SageRequestedNetworkPermissions::empty(),
             SageRequestedCapabilities::new([UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch], []),
         )
-            .unwrap();
+        .unwrap();
 
         let err = SageGrantedPermissions::new(&requested, [], [])
             .expect_err("expected missing required capability to be rejected");
 
-        assert!(err.to_string().contains(UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch.key()));
+        assert!(
+            err.to_string()
+                .contains(UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch.key())
+        );
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -1390,13 +1395,9 @@ mod tests {
                 [UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage],
             ),
         )
-            .unwrap();
+        .unwrap();
 
-        SageGrantedPermissions::new(
-            &requested,
-            [UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch],
-            [],
-        )
+        SageGrantedPermissions::new(&requested, [UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch], [])
             .expect("expected optional capability to be omittable");
     }
 
@@ -1428,16 +1429,16 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn user_grantable_required_capability_without_user_grant_is_blocked() {
-        let requested = SageRequestedCapabilities::new(
-            [UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch],
-            [],
-        );
+        let requested = SageRequestedCapabilities::new([UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch], []);
 
         let err = requested
             .resolve_effective_grants([])
             .expect_err("required user-grantable capability should require user grant");
 
-        assert!(err.to_string().contains(UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch.key()));
+        assert!(
+            err.to_string()
+                .contains(UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch.key())
+        );
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -1452,7 +1453,7 @@ mod tests {
                 [],
             ),
         )
-            .expect_err("expected incompatible requested capability policy to be rejected");
+        .expect_err("expected incompatible requested capability policy to be rejected");
 
         assert!(
             err.to_string().contains(
@@ -1472,4 +1473,3 @@ mod tests {
             .capability
     }
 }
-
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/utils.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/utils.rs
index 414dd54c9..aff9f9b1c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/utils.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/utils.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-use std::time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};
 use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
+use std::time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};
 
 pub fn unix_timestamp_ms() -> i64 {
     SystemTime::now()
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_install.rs b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_install.rs
index feace0915..c5bfc8094 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_install.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_install.rs
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ fn requested_permissions() -> SageRequestedPermissions {
             [UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage],
         ),
     )
-        .unwrap()
+    .unwrap()
 }
 
 fn sample_manifest_with(
@@ -41,14 +41,11 @@ fn sample_manifest_with(
         author: None,
         donation: None,
     })
-        .unwrap()
+    .unwrap()
 }
 
 fn sample_manifest() -> SageAppPackageManifest {
-    sample_manifest_with(
-        Some("entry.html".to_string()),
-        Some("icon.svg".to_string()),
-    )
+    sample_manifest_with(Some("entry.html".to_string()), Some("icon.svg".to_string()))
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_manifest.rs b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_manifest.rs
index 5e1297385..542117f27 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_manifest.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_manifest.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
 mod common;
 
-use common::{sample_manifest_file};
-use sage_apps::lifecycle::limits::{
-    MAX_APP_FILE_COUNT, MAX_APP_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES,
-};
+use common::sample_manifest_file;
+use sage_apps::lifecycle::limits::{MAX_APP_FILE_COUNT, MAX_APP_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES};
 use sage_apps::lifecycle::manifest::{
-    validate_manifest_file_path, validate_manifest_files,
-    validate_sha256_hex,
+    validate_manifest_file_path, validate_manifest_files, validate_sha256_hex,
+};
+use sage_apps::types::{
+    SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts,
+    SageRequestedPermissions,
 };
-use sage_apps::types::{SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageRequestedPermissions, SageAppPackageManifestParts};
 
 fn sample_manifest() -> SageAppPackageManifest {
     SageAppPackageManifest::try_from(SageAppPackageManifestParts {
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ fn sample_manifest() -> SageAppPackageManifest {
         author: None,
         donation: None,
     })
-        .unwrap()
+    .unwrap()
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -57,9 +57,7 @@ fn validate_manifest_file_path_rejects_backslashes() {
 
 #[test]
 fn validate_sha256_hex_accepts_valid_hash() {
-    validate_sha256_hex(
-        "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa",
-    )
+    validate_sha256_hex("aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa")
         .unwrap();
 }
 
@@ -137,7 +135,8 @@ fn manifest_rejects_blank_name() {
         icon: Some("icon.png".to_string()),
         author: None,
         donation: None,
-    }).unwrap_err();
+    })
+    .unwrap_err();
 
     assert!(err.to_string().contains("name cannot be empty"));
 }
@@ -153,7 +152,8 @@ fn manifest_rejects_blank_version() {
         icon: Some("icon.png".to_string()),
         author: None,
         donation: None,
-    }).unwrap_err();
+    })
+    .unwrap_err();
 
     assert!(err.to_string().contains("version cannot be empty"));
 }
@@ -172,4 +172,4 @@ fn sample_file() -> SageAppManifestFile {
         sha256: "a".repeat(64),
         size: 123,
     }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_registry.rs b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_registry.rs
index af0194317..9197fa6ad 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_registry.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_registry.rs
@@ -2,17 +2,20 @@ mod common;
 
 use std::fs;
 
-use common::{sample_installed_app};
+use crate::common::sample_manifest_file;
+use common::sample_installed_app;
 use sage_apps::lifecycle::registry::{
     app_dir, apps_root, list_installed_apps_internal, parse_network_permission_target,
     read_installed_app_by_id, read_installed_user_app_by_origin_id,
-    read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries, read_retired_app_origins,
-    write_installed_app_metadata, write_pending_storage_cleanup_entries,
-    write_retired_app_origins,
+    read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries, read_retired_app_origins, write_installed_app_metadata,
+    write_pending_storage_cleanup_entries, write_retired_app_origins,
+};
+use sage_apps::types::{
+    ListedSageApp, PendingStorageCleanupEntry, PendingStorageCleanupTarget, RetiredAppOriginEntry,
+    SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
+    SageRequestedPermissions, UserSageAppPendingUpdate,
 };
-use sage_apps::types::{ListedSageApp, PendingStorageCleanupEntry, PendingStorageCleanupTarget, RetiredAppOriginEntry, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedPermissions, UserSageAppPendingUpdate};
 use tempfile::tempdir;
-use crate::common::{sample_manifest_file};
 
 #[test]
 fn installed_app_metadata_roundtrips() {
@@ -28,8 +31,11 @@ fn installed_app_metadata_roundtrips() {
 
     assert_eq!(loaded.common.id, app.common.id);
     assert_eq!(loaded.common.name, app.common.name);
-    assert_eq!(loaded.common.granted_permissions, app.common.granted_permissions);
-    assert_eq!(loaded.common.capability_flags.has_external_access, false);
+    assert_eq!(
+        loaded.common.granted_permissions,
+        app.common.granted_permissions
+    );
+    assert!(!loaded.common.capability_flags.has_external_access);
 }
 
 fn without_system_apps(listed: Vec<ListedSageApp>) -> Vec<ListedSageApp> {
@@ -57,7 +63,9 @@ fn installed_app_metadata_roundtrips_pending_update() {
     write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &dir).unwrap();
     let loaded = read_installed_app_by_id(base.path(), app_id).unwrap();
 
-    let pending = loaded.pending_update.expect("pending update should survive roundtrip");
+    let pending = loaded
+        .pending_update
+        .expect("pending update should survive roundtrip");
     assert_eq!(pending.manifest_hash, "pending-hash");
     assert_eq!(pending.manifest.name(), "Alpha Updated");
 }
@@ -70,7 +78,8 @@ fn corrupted_metadata_is_reported_as_corrupted_listing() {
 
     fs::write(dir.join(".sage-installed.json"), "{ definitely not json").unwrap();
 
-    let listed = without_system_apps(list_installed_apps_internal(&apps_root(base.path())).unwrap());
+    let listed =
+        without_system_apps(list_installed_apps_internal(&apps_root(base.path())).unwrap());
     assert_eq!(listed.len(), 1);
 
     match &listed[0] {
@@ -163,9 +172,10 @@ fn corrupted_persisted_network_entry_is_reported_as_corrupted_listing() {
   "pendingUpdate": null
 }"#,
     )
-        .unwrap();
+    .unwrap();
 
-    let listed = without_system_apps(list_installed_apps_internal(&apps_root(base.path())).unwrap());
+    let listed =
+        without_system_apps(list_installed_apps_internal(&apps_root(base.path())).unwrap());
     assert_eq!(listed.len(), 1);
 
     match &listed[0] {
@@ -175,7 +185,9 @@ fn corrupted_persisted_network_entry_is_reported_as_corrupted_listing() {
                 app.error.contains("network entry")
                     || app.error.contains("invalid host")
                     || app.error.contains("failed to parse installed app metadata")
-                    || app.error.contains("failed to parse persisted required network entry"),
+                    || app
+                        .error
+                        .contains("failed to parse persisted required network entry"),
                 "unexpected error: {}",
                 app.error
             );
@@ -200,7 +212,8 @@ fn installed_apps_are_sorted_by_name() {
     zeta.common.app_dir = zeta_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string();
     write_installed_app_metadata(&zeta, &zeta_dir).unwrap();
 
-    let listed = without_system_apps(list_installed_apps_internal(&apps_root(base.path())).unwrap());
+    let listed =
+        without_system_apps(list_installed_apps_internal(&apps_root(base.path())).unwrap());
     let names: Vec<_> = listed
         .into_iter()
         .map(|entry| match entry {
@@ -219,7 +232,8 @@ fn list_installed_apps_ignores_tmp_directories() {
     let root = apps_root(base.path());
     fs::create_dir_all(root.join(".tmp-123")).unwrap();
 
-    let listed = without_system_apps(list_installed_apps_internal(&apps_root(base.path())).unwrap());
+    let listed =
+        without_system_apps(list_installed_apps_internal(&apps_root(base.path())).unwrap());
     assert!(listed.is_empty());
 }
 
@@ -229,7 +243,8 @@ fn list_installed_apps_ignores_directories_without_metadata() {
     let root = apps_root(base.path());
     fs::create_dir_all(root.join("missing-metadata")).unwrap();
 
-    let listed = without_system_apps(list_installed_apps_internal(&apps_root(base.path())).unwrap());
+    let listed =
+        without_system_apps(list_installed_apps_internal(&apps_root(base.path())).unwrap());
     assert!(listed.is_empty());
 }
 
@@ -286,9 +301,10 @@ fn read_installed_app_by_origin_id_finds_matching_app() {
 fn read_installed_app_by_origin_id_errors_when_missing() {
     let base = tempdir().unwrap();
     let err = read_installed_user_app_by_origin_id(base.path(), "missing").unwrap_err();
-    assert!(err
-        .to_string()
-        .contains("no installed app found for origin id"));
+    assert!(
+        err.to_string()
+            .contains("no installed app found for origin id")
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -340,5 +356,6 @@ fn sample_manifest(name: &str) -> SageAppPackageManifest {
         icon: Some("icon.png".to_string()),
         author: None,
         donation: None,
-    }).unwrap()
+    })
+    .unwrap()
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_storage_cleanup.rs b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_storage_cleanup.rs
index 7a8dd1e9e..630ad9d91 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_storage_cleanup.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_storage_cleanup.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 mod common;
 
-use common::{sample_manifest_file};
-use sage_apps::lifecycle::storage::{
-    enqueue_pending_storage_cleanup, enqueue_retired_app_origin,
+use common::sample_manifest_file;
+use sage_apps::lifecycle::storage::{enqueue_pending_storage_cleanup, enqueue_retired_app_origin};
+use sage_apps::lifecycle::{read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries, read_retired_app_origins};
+use sage_apps::types::{
+    InstalledSageAppStorage, PendingStorageCleanupTarget, SageAppCommon, SageAppPackageManifest,
+    SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions,
+    UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
 };
-use sage_apps::lifecycle::{
-    read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries, read_retired_app_origins,
-};
-use sage_apps::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, PendingStorageCleanupTarget, SageAppCommon, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageRequestedPermissions};
 use tempfile::tempdir;
 
 fn sample_app(storage: InstalledSageAppStorage) -> UserSageApp {
@@ -21,10 +21,9 @@ fn sample_app(storage: InstalledSageAppStorage) -> UserSageApp {
         author: None,
         donation: None,
     })
-        .unwrap();
+    .unwrap();
 
-    let granted_permissions =
-        SageGrantedPermissions::new(manifest.permissions(), [], []).unwrap();
+    let granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions::new(manifest.permissions(), [], []).unwrap();
 
     let snapshot = SageAppSnapshot {
         manifest_hash: "hash".into(),
@@ -42,7 +41,7 @@ fn sample_app(storage: InstalledSageAppStorage) -> UserSageApp {
         storage,
         snapshot,
     )
-        .unwrap();
+    .unwrap();
 
     common.capability_flags.storage_may_contain_secrets = true;
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_update.rs b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_update.rs
index ab6fa7688..f45f1de79 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_update.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_update.rs
@@ -11,13 +11,17 @@ use sage_apps::lifecycle::update::permissions::{
     grant_requested_capability_internal, grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal,
     update_app_permissions,
 };
-use sage_apps::lifecycle::update::types::{
-    GrantCapabilityOutcome, GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome,
+use sage_apps::lifecycle::update::types::{GrantCapabilityOutcome, GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome};
+use sage_apps::types::{
+    InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageAppSnapshot,
+    SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedCapabilities,
+    SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions, UserSageApp,
 };
-use sage_apps::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions, UserSageApp};
 use tempfile::tempdir;
 
-fn entries(values: impl IntoIterator<Item = SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>) -> Vec<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry> {
+fn entries(
+    values: impl IntoIterator<Item = SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
+) -> Vec<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry> {
     values.into_iter().collect()
 }
 
@@ -41,7 +45,7 @@ fn sample_app(base: &Path, app_id: &str) -> UserSageApp {
             ],
         ),
     )
-        .unwrap();
+    .unwrap();
 
     let manifest = SageAppPackageManifest::try_from(SageAppPackageManifestParts {
         name: "Test App".to_string(),
@@ -52,7 +56,8 @@ fn sample_app(base: &Path, app_id: &str) -> UserSageApp {
         icon: Some("icon.png".to_string()),
         author: None,
         donation: None,
-    }).unwrap();
+    })
+    .unwrap();
 
     app.common.requested_permissions = requested_permissions;
     app.common.active_snapshot = SageAppSnapshot {
@@ -80,13 +85,27 @@ fn update_app_permissions_internal_persists_required_network_entries() {
     let updated = update_app_permissions(dir.path(), &app.common.id, granted).unwrap();
 
     assert_eq!(
-        entries(updated.common.granted_permissions.network().whitelist().cloned()),
+        entries(
+            updated
+                .common
+                .granted_permissions
+                .network()
+                .whitelist()
+                .cloned()
+        ),
         [network_whitelist_entry("https", "required.example.com")]
     );
 
     let reloaded = read_installed_app_by_id(dir.path(), &app.common.id).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(
-        entries(reloaded.common.granted_permissions.network().whitelist().cloned()),
+        entries(
+            reloaded
+                .common
+                .granted_permissions
+                .network()
+                .whitelist()
+                .cloned()
+        ),
         [network_whitelist_entry("https", "required.example.com")]
     );
 }
@@ -103,7 +122,7 @@ fn update_app_permissions_internal_rejects_unrequested_capability() {
         [UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXchAutoSubmit],
         [],
     )
-        .unwrap_err();
+    .unwrap_err();
 
     let err = err.to_string();
     assert!(err.contains("not requested in manifest"));
@@ -122,7 +141,7 @@ fn grant_requested_capability_internal_grants_optional_capability() {
         &app.common.id,
         UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
     )
-        .unwrap();
+    .unwrap();
 
     match outcome {
         GrantCapabilityOutcome::Granted { capability, change } => {
@@ -153,7 +172,7 @@ fn grant_requested_capability_internal_returns_already_granted_when_present() {
         [UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch],
         [network_whitelist_entry("https", "required.example.com")],
     )
-        .unwrap();
+    .unwrap();
 
     let app_path = app_dir(dir.path(), &app.common.id);
     write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app_path).unwrap();
@@ -163,7 +182,7 @@ fn grant_requested_capability_internal_returns_already_granted_when_present() {
         &app.common.id,
         UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
     )
-        .unwrap();
+    .unwrap();
 
     match outcome {
         GrantCapabilityOutcome::AlreadyGranted {
@@ -171,7 +190,10 @@ fn grant_requested_capability_internal_returns_already_granted_when_present() {
             full_granted_capabilities,
         } => {
             assert_eq!(capability, UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch);
-            assert_eq!(full_granted_capabilities, [UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch]);
+            assert_eq!(
+                full_granted_capabilities,
+                [UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch]
+            );
         }
         GrantCapabilityOutcome::Granted { .. } => {
             panic!("expected already-granted outcome")
@@ -191,11 +213,12 @@ fn grant_requested_capability_internal_rejects_unrequested_capability() {
         &app.common.id,
         UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXchAutoSubmit,
     )
-        .unwrap_err();
+    .unwrap_err();
 
-    assert!(err
-        .to_string()
-        .contains("Capability was not requested by app manifest"));
+    assert!(
+        err.to_string()
+            .contains("Capability was not requested by app manifest")
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -210,7 +233,7 @@ fn grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal_grants_optional_entry() {
         &app.common.id,
         &network_whitelist_entry("WSS", "OPTIONAL.EXAMPLE.COM"),
     )
-        .unwrap();
+    .unwrap();
 
     match outcome {
         GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome::Granted { entry, change } => {
@@ -241,7 +264,14 @@ fn grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal_grants_optional_entry() {
 
     let reloaded = read_installed_app_by_id(dir.path(), &app.common.id).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(
-        entries(reloaded.common.granted_permissions.network().whitelist().cloned()),
+        entries(
+            reloaded
+                .common
+                .granted_permissions
+                .network()
+                .whitelist()
+                .cloned()
+        ),
         [
             network_whitelist_entry("https", "required.example.com"),
             network_whitelist_entry("wss", "optional.example.com"),
@@ -259,7 +289,7 @@ fn grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal_returns_already_granted_when
         [],
         [network_whitelist_entry("https", "required.example.com")],
     )
-        .unwrap();
+    .unwrap();
 
     let app_path = app_dir(dir.path(), &app.common.id);
     write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app_path).unwrap();
@@ -269,7 +299,7 @@ fn grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal_returns_already_granted_when
         &app.common.id,
         &network_whitelist_entry("https", "required.example.com"),
     )
-        .unwrap();
+    .unwrap();
 
     match outcome {
         GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome::AlreadyGranted {
@@ -303,11 +333,12 @@ fn grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal_rejects_unrequested_entry()
         &app.common.id,
         &network_whitelist_entry("https", "evil.example.com"),
     )
-        .unwrap_err();
+    .unwrap_err();
 
-    assert!(err
-        .to_string()
-        .contains("Network whitelist entry was not requested by app manifest"));
+    assert!(
+        err.to_string()
+            .contains("Network whitelist entry was not requested by app manifest")
+    );
 }
 
 fn network_whitelist_entry(scheme: &str, host: &str) -> SageNetworkWhitelistEntry {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/tests/common/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/tests/common/mod.rs
index b7a4d546c..a16f4db2f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/tests/common/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/tests/common/mod.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,11 @@
+use sage_apps::lifecycle::app_dir;
+use sage_apps::types::{
+    InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppCommon, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest,
+    SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions,
+    UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
+};
 use std::fs;
 use std::path::Path;
-use sage_apps::lifecycle::app_dir;
-use sage_apps::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppCommon, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource, SageAppPackageManifestParts};
 
 pub fn sample_manifest_file(path: &str, size: u64) -> SageAppManifestFile {
     SageAppManifestFile {
@@ -31,7 +35,7 @@ pub fn sample_installed_app(base: &Path, app_id: &str, name: &str) -> UserSageAp
         author: None,
         donation: None,
     })
-        .unwrap();
+    .unwrap();
 
     let snapshot = SageAppSnapshot {
         manifest_hash: "hash".into(),
@@ -40,8 +44,7 @@ pub fn sample_installed_app(base: &Path, app_id: &str, name: &str) -> UserSageAp
         manifest: manifest.clone(),
     };
 
-    let granted_permissions =
-        SageGrantedPermissions::new(&requested_permissions, [], []).unwrap();
+    let granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions::new(&requested_permissions, [], []).unwrap();
 
     let common = SageAppCommon::new(
         app_id.into(),
@@ -52,7 +55,7 @@ pub fn sample_installed_app(base: &Path, app_id: &str, name: &str) -> UserSageAp
         InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
         snapshot,
     )
-        .unwrap();
+    .unwrap();
 
     UserSageApp {
         common,
@@ -62,4 +65,4 @@ pub fn sample_installed_app(base: &Path, app_id: &str, name: &str) -> UserSageAp
         },
         pending_update: None,
     }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage/src/endpoints/actions.rs b/crates/sage/src/endpoints/actions.rs
index a38ad089f..9569c9d3a 100644
--- a/crates/sage/src/endpoints/actions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage/src/endpoints/actions.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,13 @@ use chia_wallet_sdk::{
     },
     prelude::*,
 };
-use sage_api::{GetXchUsdPrice, GetXchUsdPriceResponse, IncreaseDerivationIndex, IncreaseDerivationIndexResponse, RedownloadNft, RedownloadNftResponse, ResyncCat, ResyncCatResponse, UpdateCat, UpdateCatResponse, UpdateDid, UpdateDidResponse, UpdateNft, UpdateNftCollection, UpdateNftCollectionResponse, UpdateNftResponse, UpdateOption, UpdateOptionResponse};
+use sage_api::{
+    GetXchUsdPrice, GetXchUsdPriceResponse, IncreaseDerivationIndex,
+    IncreaseDerivationIndexResponse, RedownloadNft, RedownloadNftResponse, ResyncCat,
+    ResyncCatResponse, UpdateCat, UpdateCatResponse, UpdateDid, UpdateDidResponse, UpdateNft,
+    UpdateNftCollection, UpdateNftCollectionResponse, UpdateNftResponse, UpdateOption,
+    UpdateOptionResponse,
+};
 use sage_assets::{DexieCat, XchUsdPrice};
 use sage_database::{Asset, AssetKind, Derivation};
 use sage_wallet::SyncCommand;
@@ -253,8 +259,6 @@ impl Sage {
     pub async fn get_xch_usd_price(&self, _req: GetXchUsdPrice) -> Result<GetXchUsdPriceResponse> {
         let price = XchUsdPrice::fetch().await?;
 
-        Ok(GetXchUsdPriceResponse {
-            usd: price.usd,
-        })
+        Ok(GetXchUsdPriceResponse { usd: price.usd })
     }
 }
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
index da6d3139f..d5f3cd4bb 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
@@ -13,9 +13,9 @@ mod app_state;
 mod commands;
 mod error;
 
+use sage_apps::bridge::RustBridgeApprovalEvent;
 #[cfg(all(debug_assertions, not(mobile)))]
 use specta_typescript::{BigIntExportBehavior, Typescript};
-use sage_apps::bridge::RustBridgeApprovalEvent;
 
 #[cfg_attr(mobile, tauri::mobile_entry_point)]
 pub fn run() {
@@ -230,14 +230,13 @@ pub fn run() {
                 .app_data_dir()
                 .expect("failed to resolve app data dir");
 
-            apps::handle_system_app_protocol_request(&base_path, &request)
-                .unwrap_or_else(|err| {
-                    tauri::http::Response::builder()
-                        .status(404)
-                        .header("Content-Type", "text/plain; charset=utf-8")
-                        .body(format!("sage-system-app error: {err}").into_bytes())
-                        .expect("failed to build error response")
-                })
+            apps::handle_system_app_protocol_request(&base_path, &request).unwrap_or_else(|err| {
+                tauri::http::Response::builder()
+                    .status(404)
+                    .header("Content-Type", "text/plain; charset=utf-8")
+                    .body(format!("sage-system-app error: {err}").into_bytes())
+                    .expect("failed to build error response")
+            })
         })
         .invoke_handler(builder.invoke_handler())
         .setup(move |app| {
@@ -253,20 +252,19 @@ pub fn run() {
             let cleanup_base_path = path.clone();
             tauri::async_runtime::spawn(async move {
                 if let Err(err) =
-                    apps::lifecycle::retry_pending_storage_cleanup(
-                            &app_handle,
-                            &cleanup_base_path,
-                    )
+                    apps::lifecycle::retry_pending_storage_cleanup(&app_handle, &cleanup_base_path)
                         .await
                 {
-                        eprintln!("failed to retry pending storage cleanup on startup: {err}");
+                    eprintln!("failed to retry pending storage cleanup on startup: {err}");
                 }
             });
 
             let sandbox_app_handle = app.handle().clone();
             tauri::async_runtime::spawn(async move {
-                if let Err(err) = apps::sandbox::runner::ensure_initial_sandbox_run(sandbox_app_handle).await {
-                        eprintln!("failed to start initial sandbox run: {err}");
+                if let Err(err) =
+                    apps::sandbox::runner::ensure_initial_sandbox_run(sandbox_app_handle).await
+                {
+                    eprintln!("failed to start initial sandbox run: {err}");
                 }
             });
 

From 81a66d06f1a266eb05c73975c2812d975bdb63de Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Mon, 27 Apr 2026 19:25:26 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 232/471] Clippy fixes

---
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs |   4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs       |   4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs          |   4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs            | 129 ++++++++++++------
 .../src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs         |   2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs |  74 ++--------
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs |  87 ++++--------
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs |  16 +--
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs     |  59 ++------
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs   |   4 +-
 .../src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs          |   7 +-
 .../src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs       |  10 +-
 .../src/permissions/capabilities/types.rs     |   1 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs       |  10 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs         |  45 ++++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs    |   6 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs   |   4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs  |   4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/commands.rs      |   3 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runner.rs        |   3 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types.rs                 | 125 ++++++++++++++---
 crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_registry.rs       |  38 +++---
 .../sage-apps/tests/apps_storage_cleanup.rs   |  12 +-
 crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_update.rs         |   2 +-
 docs/generated/system-bridge-methods.md       |  52 -------
 docs/generated/user-bridge-methods.md         |  44 ------
 src-tauri/build.rs                            |   4 +-
 src-tauri/src/lib.rs                          |   2 +-
 src/bindings.ts                               |  16 +--
 src/components/apps/AppUpdateDialog.tsx       |   4 +-
 .../apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx    |  14 +-
 .../apps/permissions/permissionUtils.ts       |   6 +-
 src/lib/apps/permissionCollections.ts         |  12 +-
 src/lib/apps/updatePermissionsDelta.ts        |  12 +-
 34 files changed, 381 insertions(+), 438 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
index a050c115c..69ec2ea93 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ pub async fn process(
 
     let webview_label = webview.label().to_string();
 
-    let (app_id, runtime_kind) = match assert_bridge_origin(app.clone(), webview_label.clone()) {
+    let (app_id, runtime_kind) = match assert_bridge_origin(&app, &webview_label) {
         Ok(value) => value,
         Err(err) => {
             return Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Immediate {
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn execute_bridge_request(
 
     match result {
         Ok(value) => match erased_serde::serialize(&*value, serde_json::value::Serializer) {
-            Ok(value) => RustBridgeResponse::success(&request.channel, &request.id, value),
+            Ok(value) => RustBridgeResponse::success(&request.channel, &request.id, &value),
             Err(err) => RustBridgeResponse::error(
                 &request.channel,
                 &request.id,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
index b53fe538b..7b88c91ae 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ pub async fn apps_resolve_bridge_approval(
     remove_pending_approval(&apps_state, &args.approval_id).await;
 
     let (app_id, runtime_kind) =
-        assert_bridge_origin(app.clone(), pending.app_webview_label.clone())?;
+        assert_bridge_origin(&app, &pending.app_webview_label)?;
     let app_model = resolve_app(&app, &app_id)?;
 
     let response = if args.approved {
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ pub async fn apps_resolve_bridge_approval(
 
 #[tauri::command]
 #[specta::specta]
-pub async fn get_user_capability_definitions()
+pub fn get_user_capability_definitions()
 -> Result<Vec<SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView>, String> {
     Ok(user_registry()
         .values()
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs
index 0e55f7f7e..e75ca5b49 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs
@@ -109,13 +109,13 @@ pub struct ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs {
 }
 
 impl RustBridgeResponse {
-    pub fn success(channel: &str, id: &str, result: Value) -> RustBridgeResponse {
+    pub fn success(channel: &str, id: &str, result: &Value) -> RustBridgeResponse {
         RustBridgeResponse::Success(RustBridgeSuccessResponse {
             channel: channel.into(),
             bridge_version: "v1".into(),
             id: id.into(),
             ok: true,
-            result_json: serde_json::to_string(&result).unwrap_or_else(|_| "null".to_string()),
+            result_json: serde_json::to_string(result).unwrap_or_else(|_| "null".to_string()),
         })
     }
     pub fn error(
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs
index 16a5bdc2f..07592e171 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,14 @@
+use std::fmt::Write;
 use std::{fs, path::PathBuf};
 
-use crate::bridge::capabilities::{BridgeCapability, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
+use crate::bridge::capabilities::{
+    BridgeCapability, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability,
+};
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodCapability;
 use crate::bridge::registry::{BridgeRegistry, BridgeRegistryKind};
-use crate::permissions::{get_system_capability_definition, get_user_capability_definition};
+use crate::permissions::{
+    get_system_capability_definition, get_user_capability_definition,
+};
 
 fn workspace_root() -> PathBuf {
     PathBuf::from(env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR"))
@@ -27,7 +32,11 @@ fn write_if_changed(path: PathBuf, content: String) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
 }
 
 fn bool_cell(value: bool) -> &'static str {
-    if value { "`true`" } else { "`false`" }
+    if value {
+        "`true`"
+    } else {
+        "`false`"
+    }
 }
 
 fn bridge_capability_key(capability: BridgeCapability) -> &'static str {
@@ -52,32 +61,47 @@ pub fn user_capabilities_markdown() -> String {
     for capability in UserBridgeCapability::ALL {
         let definition = get_user_capability_definition(*capability);
 
-        out.push_str(&format!("## `{}`\n\n", definition.capability.key()));
-        out.push_str(&format!("**{}**\n\n", definition.label));
-        out.push_str(&format!("{}\n\n", definition.description));
+        writeln!(out, "## `{}`\n", definition.capability.key()).unwrap();
+        writeln!(out, "**{}**\n", definition.label).unwrap();
+        writeln!(out, "{}\n", definition.description).unwrap();
 
         out.push_str("| Flag | Value |\n");
         out.push_str("|---|---|\n");
-        out.push_str(&format!(
-            "| Requestable by app | {} |\n",
+
+        writeln!(
+            out,
+            "| Requestable by app | {} |",
             bool_cell(definition.flags.requestable_by_app)
-        ));
-        out.push_str(&format!(
-            "| User grantable | {} |\n",
+        )
+            .unwrap();
+
+        writeln!(
+            out,
+            "| User grantable | {} |",
             bool_cell(definition.flags.user_grantable)
-        ));
-        out.push_str(&format!(
-            "| Shared with app | {} |\n",
+        )
+            .unwrap();
+
+        writeln!(
+            out,
+            "| Shared with app | {} |",
             bool_cell(definition.flags.shared_with_app)
-        ));
-        out.push_str(&format!(
-            "| Externally observable | {} |\n",
+        )
+            .unwrap();
+
+        writeln!(
+            out,
+            "| Externally observable | {} |",
             bool_cell(definition.flags.externally_observable)
-        ));
-        out.push_str(&format!(
-            "| Accesses sensitive secret | {} |\n\n",
+        )
+            .unwrap();
+
+        writeln!(
+            out,
+            "| Accesses sensitive secret | {} |\n",
             bool_cell(definition.flags.accesses_sensitive_secret)
-        ));
+        )
+            .unwrap();
     }
 
     out
@@ -89,32 +113,47 @@ pub fn system_capabilities_markdown() -> String {
     for capability in SystemBridgeCapability::ALL {
         let definition = get_system_capability_definition(*capability);
 
-        out.push_str(&format!("## `{}`\n\n", definition.capability.key()));
-        out.push_str(&format!("**{}**\n\n", definition.label));
-        out.push_str(&format!("{}\n\n", definition.description));
+        writeln!(out, "## `{}`\n", definition.capability.key()).unwrap();
+        writeln!(out, "**{}**\n", definition.label).unwrap();
+        writeln!(out, "{}\n", definition.description).unwrap();
 
         out.push_str("| Flag | Value |\n");
         out.push_str("|---|---|\n");
-        out.push_str(&format!(
-            "| Requestable by app | {} |\n",
+
+        writeln!(
+            out,
+            "| Requestable by app | {} |",
             bool_cell(definition.flags.requestable_by_app)
-        ));
-        out.push_str(&format!(
-            "| User grantable | {} |\n",
+        )
+            .unwrap();
+
+        writeln!(
+            out,
+            "| User grantable | {} |",
             bool_cell(definition.flags.user_grantable)
-        ));
-        out.push_str(&format!(
-            "| Shared with app | {} |\n",
+        )
+            .unwrap();
+
+        writeln!(
+            out,
+            "| Shared with app | {} |",
             bool_cell(definition.flags.shared_with_app)
-        ));
-        out.push_str(&format!(
-            "| Externally observable | {} |\n",
+        )
+            .unwrap();
+
+        writeln!(
+            out,
+            "| Externally observable | {} |",
             bool_cell(definition.flags.externally_observable)
-        ));
-        out.push_str(&format!(
-            "| Accesses sensitive secret | {} |\n\n",
+        )
+            .unwrap();
+
+        writeln!(
+            out,
+            "| Accesses sensitive secret | {} |\n",
             bool_cell(definition.flags.accesses_sensitive_secret)
-        ));
+        )
+            .unwrap();
     }
 
     out
@@ -133,15 +172,17 @@ pub fn bridge_methods_markdown(kind: BridgeRegistryKind) -> String {
     let mut out = format!("# {title}\n\n");
 
     for (name, method) in methods {
-        out.push_str(&format!("## `{name}`\n\n"));
-        out.push_str("\n\n");
+        writeln!(out, "## `{name}`\n").unwrap();
 
         out.push_str("| Field | Value |\n");
         out.push_str("|---|---|\n");
-        out.push_str(&format!(
-            "| Capability | {} |\n",
+
+        writeln!(
+            out,
+            "| Capability | {} |",
             method_capability_cell(method.capability())
-        ));
+        )
+            .unwrap();
 
         out.push('\n');
     }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs
index 02c74ba9e..8dc443fe6 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ use uuid::Uuid;
 
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
-pub async fn preview_app_zip(zip_path: String) -> Result<SageAppPackageManifest> {
+pub fn preview_app_zip(zip_path: String) -> Result<SageAppPackageManifest> {
     let unpack_dir = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!(".sage-preview-{}", Uuid::new_v4()));
 
     let result = (|| -> anyhow::Result<SageAppPackageManifest> {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
index bc2187d50..b62600871 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
@@ -7,15 +7,8 @@ use anyhow::Result as AnyResult;
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 use tauri::AppHandle;
 
-use crate::lifecycle::flags::get_app_flags;
-use crate::lifecycle::{
-    allocate_new_storage, apps_root, manifest_entry_file, manifest_icon_file,
-    write_installed_app_metadata,
-};
-use crate::types::{
-    InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppCommon, SageAppFlags, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot,
-    SageGrantedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
-};
+use crate::lifecycle::{allocate_new_storage, apps_root, write_installed_app_metadata};
+use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppCommon, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource};
 
 pub mod commands;
 pub mod url;
@@ -122,13 +115,6 @@ where
         granted_permissions,
     )?;
 
-    let effective_capabilities = manifest
-        .permissions()
-        .capabilities
-        .resolve_effective_grants(granted_permissions.capabilities().copied())?;
-
-    let app_flags = get_app_flags(&effective_capabilities, None)?;
-
     let (app_id, app_dir, existing_app) = source.resolve_target(&root, base_path, &prepared)?;
 
     let storage = if let Some(storage) = storage_resolver.resolve_storage(existing_app.as_ref())? {
@@ -146,54 +132,23 @@ where
 
     source.after_origin_selected(base_path, &app_id, &origin_id)?;
 
-    let installed = build_installed_app(
+    let common = SageAppCommon::new(
         app_id.clone(),
         origin_id,
-        &app_dir,
+        app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
         manifest,
         granted_permissions,
-        app_flags,
         storage,
-        source.source(&prepared),
         snapshot,
-    );
+    )?;
+
+    let installed = UserSageApp::new_installed(common, source.source(&prepared));
 
     write_installed_app_metadata(&installed, &app_dir)?;
 
     Ok(installed)
 }
 
-pub fn build_installed_app(
-    app_id: String,
-    origin_id: String,
-    app_dir: &Path,
-    manifest: &SageAppPackageManifest,
-    granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
-    permission_flags: SageAppFlags,
-    storage: InstalledSageAppStorage,
-    source: UserSageAppSource,
-    snapshot: SageAppSnapshot,
-) -> UserSageApp {
-    UserSageApp {
-        common: SageAppCommon {
-            id: app_id,
-            origin_id,
-            name: manifest.name().to_string(),
-            version: manifest.version().to_string(),
-            app_dir: app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-            entry_file: manifest_entry_file(manifest).to_string(),
-            icon_file: manifest_icon_file(manifest).to_string(),
-            requested_permissions: manifest.permissions().clone(),
-            granted_permissions,
-            capability_flags: permission_flags,
-            storage,
-            active_snapshot: snapshot,
-        },
-        source,
-        pending_update: None,
-    }
-}
-
 pub fn recreate_app_dir(app_dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<()> {
     if app_dir.exists() {
         fs::remove_dir_all(app_dir)?;
@@ -209,10 +164,7 @@ mod tests {
     use super::*;
     use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
     use crate::lifecycle::registry::read_installed_app_by_id;
-    use crate::types::{
-        SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
-        SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions,
-    };
+    use crate::types::{SageAppCommon, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions};
     use tempfile::tempdir;
 
     struct TestStorageResolver {
@@ -417,22 +369,22 @@ mod tests {
         )
         .unwrap();
 
-        let app = build_installed_app(
+        let common = SageAppCommon::new(
             "url-abc123".into(),
             "r123-url-abc123".into(),
-            &app_dir,
+            app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
             &manifest,
             granted_permissions,
-            SageAppFlags::default(),
             InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
-            UserSageAppSource::Zip,
             SageAppSnapshot {
                 manifest_hash: "hash".into(),
                 snapshot_dir: app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
                 total_bytes: 1,
                 manifest: manifest.clone(),
             },
-        );
+        )
+            .unwrap();
+        let app = UserSageApp::new_installed(common, UserSageAppSource::Zip);
 
         assert_eq!(app.common.id, "url-abc123");
         assert_eq!(app.common.origin_id, "r123-url-abc123");
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
index ab3d06223..dce2ef34b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ pub fn should_rotate_url_origin_on_install(base_path: &Path, app_id: &str) -> An
 
     Ok(retired
         .iter()
-        .any(|entry| entry.app_id == app_id && entry.storage_may_contain_secrets))
+        .any(|entry| entry.app_id() == app_id && entry.storage_may_contain_secrets()))
 }
 
 pub fn clear_pending_cleanup_for_reused_url_origin(
@@ -180,9 +180,8 @@ pub fn clear_pending_cleanup_for_reused_url_origin(
     let mut changed = false;
 
     for entry in &mut retired {
-        if entry.app_id == app_id && entry.origin_id == origin_id && entry.cleanup_pending {
-            entry.cleanup_pending = false;
-            changed = true;
+        if entry.matches_app_origin(app_id, origin_id) {
+            changed |= entry.clear_pending_cleanup();
         }
     }
 
@@ -234,18 +233,18 @@ mod tests {
     };
     use tempfile::{TempDir, tempdir};
 
-    fn fake_retired_app_origins(dir: &TempDir, storage_may_contain_secrets: bool) {
+    fn fake_retired_app_origins(dir: &TempDir, storage_may_contain_secrets: bool, cleanup_pending: bool) {
         write_retired_app_origins(
             dir.path(),
-            &[RetiredAppOriginEntry {
-                id: "retired-1".into(),
-                app_id: "url-abc123".into(),
-                app_name: "Test App".into(),
-                origin_id: "url-abc123".into(),
-                created_at_ms: 1,
+            &[RetiredAppOriginEntry::new_for_tests(
+                "retired-1",
+                "url-abc123",
+                "Test App",
+                "url-abc123",
+                1,
                 storage_may_contain_secrets,
-                cleanup_pending: false,
-            }],
+                cleanup_pending,
+            )],
         )
         .unwrap();
     }
@@ -383,7 +382,7 @@ mod tests {
     fn should_not_rotate_url_origin_for_pending_cleanup_without_secrets() {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
 
-        fake_retired_app_origins(&dir, false);
+        fake_retired_app_origins(&dir, false, false);
 
         assert!(!should_rotate_url_origin_on_install(dir.path(), "url-abc123").unwrap());
     }
@@ -392,7 +391,7 @@ mod tests {
     fn should_not_rotate_url_origin_for_clean_retired_origin() {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
 
-        fake_retired_app_origins(&dir, false);
+        fake_retired_app_origins(&dir, false, false);
 
         assert!(!should_rotate_url_origin_on_install(dir.path(), "url-abc123").unwrap());
     }
@@ -401,19 +400,7 @@ mod tests {
     fn should_rotate_url_origin_when_retired_storage_may_contain_secrets() {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
 
-        write_retired_app_origins(
-            dir.path(),
-            &[RetiredAppOriginEntry {
-                id: "retired-1".into(),
-                app_id: "url-abc123".into(),
-                app_name: "Test App".into(),
-                origin_id: "url-abc123".into(),
-                created_at_ms: 1,
-                storage_may_contain_secrets: true,
-                cleanup_pending: false,
-            }],
-        )
-        .unwrap();
+        fake_retired_app_origins(&dir, true, false);
 
         assert!(should_rotate_url_origin_on_install(dir.path(), "url-abc123").unwrap());
     }
@@ -422,7 +409,7 @@ mod tests {
     fn should_rotate_url_origin_when_retired_storage_may_contain_secrets_even_if_cleanup_pending() {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
 
-        fake_retired_app_origins(&dir, true);
+        fake_retired_app_origins(&dir, true, false);
 
         assert!(should_rotate_url_origin_on_install(dir.path(), "url-abc123").unwrap());
     }
@@ -460,7 +447,7 @@ mod tests {
     fn url_origin_id_reuses_default_origin_for_pending_cleanup_without_secrets() {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
 
-        fake_retired_app_origins(&dir, false);
+        fake_retired_app_origins(&dir, false, false);
 
         let source = UrlInstallSource {
             app_url: "https://example.com/app/".into(),
@@ -475,7 +462,7 @@ mod tests {
     fn url_origin_id_rotates_with_retired_secret_storage() {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
 
-        fake_retired_app_origins(&dir, true);
+        fake_retired_app_origins(&dir, true, false);
 
         let source = UrlInstallSource {
             app_url: "https://example.com/app/".into(),
@@ -492,22 +479,10 @@ mod tests {
     fn reused_url_origin_clears_pending_cleanup_after_origin_selected() {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
 
-        write_retired_app_origins(
-            dir.path(),
-            &[RetiredAppOriginEntry {
-                id: "retired-1".into(),
-                app_id: "url-abc123".into(),
-                app_name: "Test App".into(),
-                origin_id: "url-abc123".into(),
-                created_at_ms: 1,
-                storage_may_contain_secrets: false,
-                cleanup_pending: true,
-            }],
-        )
-        .unwrap();
+        fake_retired_app_origins(&dir, false, true);
 
         let before = read_retired_app_origins(dir.path()).unwrap();
-        assert!(before[0].cleanup_pending);
+        assert!(before[0].cleanup_pending());
 
         let source = UrlInstallSource {
             app_url: "https://example.com/app/".into(),
@@ -522,27 +497,15 @@ mod tests {
 
         let after = read_retired_app_origins(dir.path()).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(after.len(), 1);
-        assert!(!after[0].cleanup_pending);
-        assert!(!after[0].storage_may_contain_secrets);
+        assert!(!after[0].cleanup_pending());
+        assert!(!after[0].storage_may_contain_secrets());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn rotated_url_origin_does_not_clear_pending_cleanup_for_old_origin() {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
 
-        write_retired_app_origins(
-            dir.path(),
-            &[RetiredAppOriginEntry {
-                id: "retired-1".into(),
-                app_id: "url-abc123".into(),
-                app_name: "Test App".into(),
-                origin_id: "url-abc123".into(),
-                created_at_ms: 1,
-                storage_may_contain_secrets: true,
-                cleanup_pending: true,
-            }],
-        )
-        .unwrap();
+        fake_retired_app_origins(&dir, true, true);
 
         let source = UrlInstallSource {
             app_url: "https://example.com/app/".into(),
@@ -557,7 +520,7 @@ mod tests {
 
         let retired = read_retired_app_origins(dir.path()).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(retired.len(), 1);
-        assert!(retired[0].cleanup_pending);
-        assert!(retired[0].storage_may_contain_secrets);
+        assert!(retired[0].cleanup_pending());
+        assert!(retired[0].storage_may_contain_secrets());
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs
index 46ddd7764..d3081f8b3 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs
@@ -125,10 +125,7 @@ fn find_existing_installed_app_by_name(
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
     use crate::lifecycle::write_installed_app_metadata;
-    use crate::types::{
-        InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppFlags, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifestParts,
-        SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions,
-    };
+    use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppCommon, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions};
     use tempfile::tempdir;
 
     fn sample_manifest_named(name: &str) -> SageAppPackageManifest {
@@ -180,22 +177,23 @@ mod tests {
         let granted_permissions =
             SageGrantedPermissions::new(manifest.permissions(), [], []).unwrap();
 
-        let installed = super::super::build_installed_app(
+        let common = SageAppCommon::new(
             app_id.into(),
             app_id.into(),
-            &app_dir,
+            app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
             &manifest,
             granted_permissions,
-            SageAppFlags::default(),
             InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
-            UserSageAppSource::Zip,
             SageAppSnapshot {
                 manifest_hash: "hash".into(),
                 snapshot_dir: app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
                 total_bytes: 123,
                 manifest: manifest.clone(),
             },
-        );
+        )
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let installed = UserSageApp::new_installed(common, UserSageAppSource::Zip);
 
         write_installed_app_metadata(&installed, &app_dir).unwrap();
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
index 0a62896ea..a43d332da 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ use crate::types::{
     InstalledSageAppStorage, PendingStorageCleanupEntry, PendingStorageCleanupTarget,
     RetiredAppOriginEntry, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
 };
-use crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms;
 use anyhow::{Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State, command};
 use uuid::Uuid;
@@ -73,7 +72,7 @@ pub async fn allocate_new_storage(
     Ok(InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged)
 }
 
-pub fn enqueue_pending_storage_cleanup(
+pub fn record_storage_cleanup_failure(
     base_path: &Path,
     app: &UserSageApp,
     error: &str,
@@ -81,33 +80,20 @@ pub fn enqueue_pending_storage_cleanup(
     let mut entries = read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries(base_path)?;
 
     let target = cleanup_target_from_storage(&app.common.storage);
-    let existing = entries.iter_mut().find(|entry| entry.target == target);
-
-    let now = unix_timestamp_ms();
-    match existing {
-        Some(entry) => {
-            entry.last_attempt_at_ms = Some(now);
-            entry.attempt_count = entry.attempt_count.saturating_add(1);
-            entry.last_error = Some(error.to_string());
-            entry.app_id = app.common.id.clone();
-            entry.app_name = app.common.name.clone();
-        }
-        None => entries.push(PendingStorageCleanupEntry {
-            id: Uuid::new_v4().to_string(),
-            app_id: app.common.id.clone(),
-            app_name: app.common.name.clone(),
-            target,
-            created_at_ms: now,
-            last_attempt_at_ms: Some(now),
-            attempt_count: 1,
-            last_error: Some(error.to_string()),
-        }),
+
+    if let Some(entry) = entries.iter_mut().find(|entry| entry.target() == &target) {
+        entry.record_failed_attempt(error);
+    } else {
+        entries.push(PendingStorageCleanupEntry::new(app, target, error));
     }
 
     write_pending_storage_cleanup_entries(base_path, &entries)
 }
 
-pub async fn retry_pending_storage_cleanup(app: &AppHandle, base_path: &Path) -> AnyResult<()> {
+pub async fn process_pending_storage_cleanup(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    base_path: &Path,
+) -> AnyResult<()> {
     let entries = read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries(base_path)?;
     if entries.is_empty() {
         return Ok(());
@@ -116,13 +102,10 @@ pub async fn retry_pending_storage_cleanup(app: &AppHandle, base_path: &Path) ->
     let mut remaining = Vec::new();
 
     for mut entry in entries {
-        entry.last_attempt_at_ms = Some(unix_timestamp_ms());
-        entry.attempt_count = entry.attempt_count.saturating_add(1);
-
-        match clear_app_storage_by_target(app, &entry.target).await {
+        match clear_app_storage_by_target(app, entry.target()).await {
             Ok(()) => {}
             Err(err) => {
-                entry.last_error = Some(err);
+                entry.record_failed_attempt(&err);
                 remaining.push(entry);
             }
         }
@@ -194,23 +177,11 @@ pub fn enqueue_retired_app_origin(
 
     if let Some(existing) = entries
         .iter_mut()
-        .find(|entry| entry.origin_id == app.common.origin_id)
+        .find(|entry| entry.origin_id() == app.common.origin_id)
     {
-        existing.app_id = app.common.id.clone();
-        existing.app_name = app.common.name.clone();
-        existing.cleanup_pending = cleanup_pending;
-        existing.storage_may_contain_secrets =
-            app.common.capability_flags.storage_may_contain_secrets;
+        existing.refresh_from_app(app, cleanup_pending);
     } else {
-        entries.push(RetiredAppOriginEntry {
-            id: Uuid::new_v4().to_string(),
-            app_id: app.common.id.clone(),
-            app_name: app.common.name.clone(),
-            origin_id: app.common.origin_id.clone(),
-            created_at_ms: unix_timestamp_ms(),
-            storage_may_contain_secrets: app.common.capability_flags.storage_may_contain_secrets,
-            cleanup_pending,
-        });
+        entries.push(RetiredAppOriginEntry::new(app, cleanup_pending));
     }
 
     write_retired_app_origins(base_path, &entries)
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs
index 7812d0d90..ecaa3d143 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use crate::host::{AppState, Result};
 use crate::lifecycle::{
-    apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data, apps_root, enqueue_pending_storage_cleanup,
+    apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data, apps_root, record_storage_cleanup_failure,
     enqueue_retired_app_origin, read_installed_app_by_id,
 };
 use std::{fs, io};
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ pub async fn uninstall_app(
                 })?;
             }
             Err(err) => {
-                enqueue_pending_storage_cleanup(&base_path, installed, &err).map_err(
+                record_storage_cleanup_failure(&base_path, installed, &err).map_err(
                     |queue_err| {
                         io::Error::other(format!(
                             "failed to enqueue pending storage cleanup after clear failure ({err}): {queue_err}"
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
index 11b59a2e1..1f281809a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
@@ -82,9 +82,8 @@ pub async fn download_app_update(
         }
     };
 
-    let preview = match check_app_update(state, app_id.clone()).await? {
-        Some(preview) => preview,
-        None => return Ok(app),
+    let Some(preview) = check_app_update(state, app_id.clone()).await? else {
+        return Ok(app)
     };
 
     app.pending_update = Some(UserSageAppPendingUpdate {
@@ -160,7 +159,7 @@ pub async fn apps_update_permissions(
     };
 
     let (_updated, capability_change, network_change) =
-        update_app_permissions_with_change_internal(&base_path, &app_id, granted_permissions)
+        update_app_permissions_with_change_internal(&base_path, &app_id, &granted_permissions)
             .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to update app permissions: {err}")))?;
 
     if !capability_change.added.is_empty() || !capability_change.removed.is_empty() {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
index 311d6a644..3aebd5c58 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
@@ -13,11 +13,11 @@ use crate::types::{SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, UserSageAp
 pub fn update_app_permissions(
     base_path: &Path,
     app_id: &str,
-    granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
+    granted_permissions: &SageGrantedPermissions,
 ) -> anyhow::Result<UserSageApp> {
     let mut app = read_installed_app_by_id(base_path, app_id)?;
 
-    app.common.update_permissions(&granted_permissions)?;
+    app.common.update_permissions(granted_permissions)?;
 
     let app_dir = PathBuf::from(&app.common.app_dir);
     write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app_dir)?;
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ pub fn grant_requested_capability_internal(
         previous_network.clone(),
     )?;
 
-    let updated = update_app_permissions(base_path, app_id, granted_permissions)?;
+    let updated = update_app_permissions(base_path, app_id, &granted_permissions)?;
 
     let updated_capabilities = granted_capabilities(&updated);
 
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ pub fn grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal(
         next_whitelist.clone(),
     )?;
 
-    let updated = update_app_permissions(base_path, app_id, granted_permissions)?;
+    let updated = update_app_permissions(base_path, app_id, &granted_permissions)?;
 
     let updated_whitelist = granted_network_whitelist(&updated);
 
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ pub fn grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal(
 pub fn update_app_permissions_with_change_internal(
     base_path: &Path,
     app_id: &str,
-    granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
+    granted_permissions: &SageGrantedPermissions,
 ) -> anyhow::Result<(
     UserSageApp,
     GrantedCapabilitiesChange,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/types.rs
index 0f4ad257a..226b492fd 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/types.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::{SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
 use crate::permissions::capabilities::definitions::get_user_capability_definition;
 
+#[allow(clippy::struct_excessive_bools)]
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub(crate) struct CapabilityFlags {
     pub externally_observable: bool,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
index 663d694b3..9ec7ba185 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
@@ -81,15 +81,15 @@ pub fn resolve_app(app: &AppHandle, app_id: &str) -> Result<SageApp, String> {
 }
 
 pub(crate) fn assert_bridge_origin(
-    app: AppHandle,
-    webview_label: String,
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    webview_label: &String,
 ) -> Result<(String, SageAppRuntimeKind), String> {
-    let (runtime_kind, app_id) = app_id_from_webview_label(&webview_label)
+    let (runtime_kind, app_id) = app_id_from_webview_label(webview_label)
         .ok_or_else(|| format!("invalid app runtime label: {webview_label}"))?;
 
     let app_id = app_id.to_string();
 
-    let resolved = resolve_app(&app, &app_id)?;
+    let resolved = resolve_app(app, &app_id)?;
     let expected_runtime_kind = runtime_kind_for_app(&resolved);
 
     if runtime_kind != expected_runtime_kind {
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_bridge_origin(
         ));
     }
 
-    let app_webview = get_webview_in_sage_window(&app, &webview_label)?;
+    let app_webview = get_webview_in_sage_window(app, webview_label)?;
 
     let current_url = app_webview
         .url()
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
index 9e6541b66..b6e40de04 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
@@ -38,19 +38,18 @@ pub async fn create_inline_runtime(
     let entry_src = build_entry_src(&resolved, args.path.clone(), args.query.clone());
 
     if let Some(existing) = find_webview_in_sage_window(&app, &webview_label) {
-        return reuse_existing_inline_runtime(
-            &apps_state,
-            &existing,
+        return reuse_existing_inline_runtime(ReuseInlineRuntimeParams {
+            apps_state: &apps_state,
+            webview: &existing,
             runtime_id,
-            resolved.id().to_string(),
-            resolved.name().to_string(),
+            app_id: resolved.id().to_string(),
+            app_name: resolved.name().to_string(),
             entry_src,
             webview_label,
             runtime_kind,
-            args.visible,
-            args.internal,
-        )
-        .await;
+            visible: args.visible,
+            internal: args.internal,
+        }).await;
     }
 
     if !args.internal && !resolved.is_sandbox_test() {
@@ -146,9 +145,10 @@ pub async fn create_inline_runtime(
     Ok(record)
 }
 
-async fn reuse_existing_inline_runtime(
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    webview: &tauri::Webview,
+
+struct ReuseInlineRuntimeParams<'a> {
+    apps_state: &'a State<'a, AppsHostState>,
+    webview: &'a tauri::Webview,
     runtime_id: String,
     app_id: String,
     app_name: String,
@@ -157,7 +157,24 @@ async fn reuse_existing_inline_runtime(
     runtime_kind: SageAppRuntimeKind,
     visible: bool,
     internal: bool,
+}
+
+async fn reuse_existing_inline_runtime(
+    params: ReuseInlineRuntimeParams<'_>,
 ) -> Result<SageAppRuntimeRecord, String> {
+    let ReuseInlineRuntimeParams {
+        apps_state,
+        webview,
+        runtime_id,
+        app_id,
+        app_name,
+        entry_src,
+        webview_label,
+        runtime_kind,
+        visible,
+        internal,
+    } = params;
+
     let now = unix_timestamp_ms();
 
     if visible {
@@ -272,8 +289,8 @@ fn debug_layout_for_app(app_id: &str) -> (f64, f64, f64, f64) {
     let col = slot % cols;
     let row = slot / cols;
 
-    let x = origin_x + col as f64 * (cell_w + margin_x);
-    let y = origin_y + row as f64 * (cell_h + margin_y);
+    let x = origin_x + (col as u32 as f64) * (cell_w + margin_x);
+    let y = origin_y + (row as u32 as f64) * (cell_h + margin_y);
 
     (x, y, cell_w, cell_h)
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
index ac2ccb300..42a31929e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
@@ -40,9 +40,9 @@ pub async fn find_runtime_by_app_id_optional(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: &str,
 ) -> Option<SageAppRuntimeRecord> {
-    let Some(runtime_id) = find_runtime_id_by_app_id_optional(apps_state, app_id).await else {
-        return None;
-    };
+    let runtime_id =
+        find_runtime_id_by_app_id_optional(apps_state, app_id).await?;
+
     find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional(apps_state, &runtime_id).await
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs
index 755f96fc9..7cfe04ace 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs
@@ -25,11 +25,11 @@ pub async fn write_runtime_id_by_app_id(
 
 pub async fn write_pending_stop_ready(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    request_id: &String,
+    request_id: &str,
     tx: tokio::sync::oneshot::Sender<()>,
 ) {
     let mut pending = apps_state.runtime.pending_stop_ready.lock().await;
-    pending.insert(request_id.clone(), tx);
+    pending.insert(request_id.to_string(), tx);
 }
 
 async fn write_runtime(apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>, record: SageAppRuntimeRecord) {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
index 71e1caf08..04072dd36 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
@@ -236,8 +236,8 @@ pub fn build_builtin_test_app(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<SageApp>> {
 
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
-pub async fn get_builtin_test_app(app_id: String) -> Result<Option<SageApp>> {
-    build_builtin_test_app(&app_id).map_err(|err| {
+pub fn get_builtin_test_app(app_id: &str) -> Result<Option<SageApp>> {
+    build_builtin_test_app(app_id).map_err(|err| {
         std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to load builtin test app: {err}")).into()
     })
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/commands.rs
index 9661e64bd..dbef870ca 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/commands.rs
@@ -46,7 +46,8 @@ pub async fn apps_rerun_sandbox_tests(
 
     let runner_app = app.clone();
     tokio::spawn(async move {
-        sandbox_runner(runner_app).await;
+        let runner = Box::pin(sandbox_runner(runner_app));
+        runner.await;
     });
 
     Ok(view)
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runner.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runner.rs
index e7787a7d2..abb02daa9 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runner.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runner.rs
@@ -52,7 +52,8 @@ pub async fn ensure_initial_sandbox_run(app: AppHandle) -> Result<(), String> {
 
     let runner_app = app.clone();
     tokio::spawn(async move {
-        sandbox_runner(runner_app).await;
+        let runner = Box::pin(sandbox_runner(runner_app));
+        runner.await;
     });
 
     Ok(())
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types.rs
index d0f27eca3..500af5023 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use anyhow::anyhow;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 use std::collections::BTreeSet;
-
+use uuid::Uuid;
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::{
     SharedCapabilitiesExt, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability,
 };
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ use crate::lifecycle::{
 };
 use crate::permissions::{CapabilityFlags, get_user_capability_definition};
 use crate::sandbox::SANDBOX_TEST_ID_PREFIX;
+use crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Type, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
 pub struct SageNetworkWhitelistEntry {
@@ -79,26 +80,26 @@ pub enum PendingStorageCleanupTarget {
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct PendingStorageCleanupEntry {
-    pub id: String,
-    pub app_id: String,
-    pub app_name: String,
-    pub target: PendingStorageCleanupTarget,
-    pub created_at_ms: i64,
-    pub last_attempt_at_ms: Option<i64>,
-    pub attempt_count: u32,
-    pub last_error: Option<String>,
+    id: String,
+    app_id: String,
+    app_name: String,
+    target: PendingStorageCleanupTarget,
+    created_at_ms: i64,
+    last_attempt_at_ms: Option<i64>,
+    attempt_count: u32,
+    last_error: Option<String>,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct RetiredAppOriginEntry {
-    pub id: String,
-    pub app_id: String,
-    pub app_name: String,
-    pub origin_id: String,
-    pub created_at_ms: i64,
-    pub storage_may_contain_secrets: bool,
-    pub cleanup_pending: bool,
+    id: String,
+    app_id: String,
+    app_name: String,
+    origin_id: String,
+    created_at_ms: i64,
+    storage_may_contain_secrets: bool,
+    cleanup_pending: bool,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
@@ -648,6 +649,85 @@ impl SageApp {
     }
 }
 
+impl PendingStorageCleanupEntry {
+    pub fn new(app: &UserSageApp, target: PendingStorageCleanupTarget, error: &str) -> Self {
+        let now = unix_timestamp_ms();
+
+        Self {
+            id: Uuid::new_v4().to_string(),
+            app_id: app.common.id.clone(),
+            app_name: app.common.name.clone(),
+            target,
+            created_at_ms: now,
+            last_attempt_at_ms: Some(now),
+            attempt_count: 1,
+            last_error: Some(error.to_string()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn record_failed_attempt(&mut self, error: &str) {
+        self.last_attempt_at_ms = Some(unix_timestamp_ms());
+        self.attempt_count = self.attempt_count.saturating_add(1);
+        self.last_error = Some(error.to_string());
+    }
+
+    pub fn target(&self) -> &PendingStorageCleanupTarget {
+        &self.target
+    }
+}
+
+impl RetiredAppOriginEntry {
+    pub fn new(app: &UserSageApp, cleanup_pending: bool) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            id: Uuid::new_v4().to_string(),
+            app_id: app.common.id.clone(),
+            app_name: app.common.name.clone(),
+            origin_id: app.common.origin_id.clone(),
+            created_at_ms: unix_timestamp_ms(),
+            storage_may_contain_secrets: app.common.capability_flags.storage_may_contain_secrets,
+            cleanup_pending,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn refresh_from_app(&mut self, app: &UserSageApp, cleanup_pending: bool) {
+        self.app_id.clone_from(&app.common.id);
+        self.app_name.clone_from(&app.common.name);
+        self.cleanup_pending = cleanup_pending;
+        self.storage_may_contain_secrets =
+            app.common.capability_flags.storage_may_contain_secrets;
+    }
+
+
+    pub fn matches_app_origin(&self, app_id: &str, origin_id: &str) -> bool {
+        self.app_id == app_id && self.origin_id == origin_id
+    }
+
+    pub fn clear_pending_cleanup(&mut self) -> bool {
+        if !self.cleanup_pending {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        self.cleanup_pending = false;
+        true
+    }
+
+    pub fn app_id(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.app_id
+    }
+
+    pub fn origin_id(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.origin_id
+    }
+
+    pub fn cleanup_pending(&self) -> bool {
+        self.cleanup_pending
+    }
+
+    pub fn storage_may_contain_secrets(&self) -> bool {
+        self.storage_may_contain_secrets
+    }
+}
+
 impl UserSageApp {
     pub fn into_sage_app(self) -> SageApp {
         SageApp::User(self)
@@ -1109,6 +1189,19 @@ impl SageAppCommon {
     }
 }
 
+impl UserSageApp {
+    pub fn new_installed(
+        common: SageAppCommon,
+        source: UserSageAppSource,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            common,
+            source,
+            pending_update: None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 impl SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
     pub fn new(
         required: impl IntoIterator<Item = SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_registry.rs b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_registry.rs
index 9197fa6ad..c991c2bb8 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_registry.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_registry.rs
@@ -311,16 +311,16 @@ fn read_installed_app_by_origin_id_errors_when_missing() {
 fn pending_storage_cleanup_entries_roundtrip() {
     let base = tempdir().unwrap();
 
-    let entries = vec![PendingStorageCleanupEntry {
-        id: "cleanup-1".to_string(),
-        app_id: "app-1".to_string(),
-        app_name: "App".to_string(),
-        target: PendingStorageCleanupTarget::Unmanaged,
-        created_at_ms: 1,
-        last_attempt_at_ms: Some(2),
-        attempt_count: 3,
-        last_error: Some("boom".to_string()),
-    }];
+    let entries = vec![PendingStorageCleanupEntry::new_for_tests(
+        "cleanup-1",
+        "app-1",
+        "App",
+        PendingStorageCleanupTarget::Unmanaged,
+        1,
+        Some(2),
+        3,
+        Some("boom".to_string()),
+    )];
 
     write_pending_storage_cleanup_entries(base.path(), &entries).unwrap();
     let loaded = read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries(base.path()).unwrap();
@@ -331,15 +331,15 @@ fn pending_storage_cleanup_entries_roundtrip() {
 fn retired_app_origins_roundtrip() {
     let base = tempdir().unwrap();
 
-    let entries = vec![RetiredAppOriginEntry {
-        id: "retired-1".to_string(),
-        app_id: "app-1".to_string(),
-        app_name: "App".to_string(),
-        origin_id: "origin-1".to_string(),
-        created_at_ms: 1,
-        storage_may_contain_secrets: true,
-        cleanup_pending: true,
-    }];
+    let entries = vec![RetiredAppOriginEntry::new_for_tests(
+        "retired-1",
+        "app-1",
+        "App",
+        "origin-1",
+        1,
+        true,
+        true,
+    )];
 
     write_retired_app_origins(base.path(), &entries).unwrap();
     let loaded = read_retired_app_origins(base.path()).unwrap();
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_storage_cleanup.rs b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_storage_cleanup.rs
index 630ad9d91..08fac6581 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_storage_cleanup.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_storage_cleanup.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 mod common;
 
 use common::sample_manifest_file;
-use sage_apps::lifecycle::storage::{enqueue_pending_storage_cleanup, enqueue_retired_app_origin};
+use sage_apps::lifecycle::storage::{record_storage_cleanup_failure, enqueue_retired_app_origin};
 use sage_apps::lifecycle::{read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries, read_retired_app_origins};
 use sage_apps::types::{
     InstalledSageAppStorage, PendingStorageCleanupTarget, SageAppCommon, SageAppPackageManifest,
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ fn enqueue_pending_storage_cleanup_creates_unmanaged_target() {
     let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
     let app = sample_app(InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged);
 
-    enqueue_pending_storage_cleanup(dir.path(), &app, "boom").unwrap();
+    record_storage_cleanup_failure(dir.path(), &app, "boom").unwrap();
 
     let entries = read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries(dir.path()).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(entries.len(), 1);
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ fn enqueue_pending_storage_cleanup_creates_apple_target() {
         identifier_hex: "abc123".into(),
     });
 
-    enqueue_pending_storage_cleanup(dir.path(), &app, "boom").unwrap();
+    record_storage_cleanup_failure(dir.path(), &app, "boom").unwrap();
 
     let entries = read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries(dir.path()).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(entries.len(), 1);
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ fn enqueue_pending_storage_cleanup_creates_windows_target() {
         directory_name: "profile-1".into(),
     });
 
-    enqueue_pending_storage_cleanup(dir.path(), &app, "boom").unwrap();
+    record_storage_cleanup_failure(dir.path(), &app, "boom").unwrap();
 
     let entries = read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries(dir.path()).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(entries.len(), 1);
@@ -112,13 +112,13 @@ fn enqueue_pending_storage_cleanup_updates_existing_entry_by_target_not_app_id()
     let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
 
     let app_a = sample_app(InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged);
-    enqueue_pending_storage_cleanup(dir.path(), &app_a, "first").unwrap();
+    record_storage_cleanup_failure(dir.path(), &app_a, "first").unwrap();
 
     let mut app_b = sample_app(InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged);
     app_b.common.id = "url-other".into();
     app_b.common.name = "Other App".into();
 
-    enqueue_pending_storage_cleanup(dir.path(), &app_b, "second").unwrap();
+    record_storage_cleanup_failure(dir.path(), &app_b, "second").unwrap();
 
     let entries = read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries(dir.path()).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(entries.len(), 1);
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_update.rs b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_update.rs
index f45f1de79..d1ffb7e49 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_update.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_update.rs
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ fn update_app_permissions_internal_persists_required_network_entries() {
 
     let granted = SageGrantedPermissions::new(&app.common.requested_permissions, [], []).unwrap();
 
-    let updated = update_app_permissions(dir.path(), &app.common.id, granted).unwrap();
+    let updated = update_app_permissions(dir.path(), &app.common.id, &granted).unwrap();
 
     assert_eq!(
         entries(
diff --git a/docs/generated/system-bridge-methods.md b/docs/generated/system-bridge-methods.md
index 050c44b8c..0207486b4 100644
--- a/docs/generated/system-bridge-methods.md
+++ b/docs/generated/system-bridge-methods.md
@@ -2,208 +2,156 @@
 
 ## `app.getCapabilities`
 
-
-
 | Field | Value |
 |---|---|
 | Capability | `app.get_capabilities` |
 
 ## `app.getInfo`
 
-
-
 | Field | Value |
 |---|---|
 | Capability | `app.get_info` |
 
 ## `app.lifecycle.readyToStop`
 
-
-
 | Field | Value |
 |---|---|
 | Capability | `app.lifecycle.ready_to_stop` |
 
 ## `app.lifecycle.setBeforeStopListener`
 
-
-
 | Field | Value |
 |---|---|
 | Capability | `app.lifecycle.set_before_stop_listener` |
 
 ## `app.requestCapabilityGrant`
 
-
-
 | Field | Value |
 |---|---|
 | Capability | `app.request_capability_grant` |
 
 ## `app.requestNetworkWhitelistGrant`
 
-
-
 | Field | Value |
 |---|---|
 | Capability | `app.request_network_whitelist_grant` |
 
 ## `bridge.ping`
 
-
-
 | Field | Value |
 |---|---|
 | Capability | `ungated` |
 
 ## `bridge.send`
 
-
-
 | Field | Value |
 |---|---|
 | Capability | `bridge.send` |
 
 ## `runtimeManager.focusRuntime`
 
-
-
 | Field | Value |
 |---|---|
 | Capability | `runtime_manager.focus_runtime` |
 
 ## `runtimeManager.hideRuntime`
 
-
-
 | Field | Value |
 |---|---|
 | Capability | `runtime_manager.hide_runtime` |
 
 ## `runtimeManager.killRuntime`
 
-
-
 | Field | Value |
 |---|---|
 | Capability | `runtime_manager.kill_runtime` |
 
 ## `runtimeManager.listRuntimes`
 
-
-
 | Field | Value |
 |---|---|
 | Capability | `runtime_manager.list_runtimes` |
 
 ## `wallet.checkAddress`
 
-
-
 | Field | Value |
 |---|---|
 | Capability | `wallet.check_address` |
 
 ## `wallet.getCoins`
 
-
-
 | Field | Value |
 |---|---|
 | Capability | `wallet.get_coins` |
 
 ## `wallet.getCoinsByIds`
 
-
-
 | Field | Value |
 |---|---|
 | Capability | `wallet.get_coins_by_ids` |
 
 ## `wallet.getDerivations`
 
-
-
 | Field | Value |
 |---|---|
 | Capability | `wallet.get_derivations` |
 
 ## `wallet.getKey`
 
-
-
 | Field | Value |
 |---|---|
 | Capability | `wallet.get_key` |
 
 ## `wallet.getKeys`
 
-
-
 | Field | Value |
 |---|---|
 | Capability | `wallet.get_keys` |
 
 ## `wallet.getPendingTransactions`
 
-
-
 | Field | Value |
 |---|---|
 | Capability | `wallet.get_pending_transactions` |
 
 ## `wallet.getSecretKey`
 
-
-
 | Field | Value |
 |---|---|
 | Capability | `wallet.get_secret_key` |
 
 ## `wallet.getSpendableCoinCount`
 
-
-
 | Field | Value |
 |---|---|
 | Capability | `wallet.get_spendable_coin_count` |
 
 ## `wallet.getSyncStatus`
 
-
-
 | Field | Value |
 |---|---|
 | Capability | `wallet.get_sync_status` |
 
 ## `wallet.getTransaction`
 
-
-
 | Field | Value |
 |---|---|
 | Capability | `wallet.get_transaction` |
 
 ## `wallet.getTransactions`
 
-
-
 | Field | Value |
 |---|---|
 | Capability | `wallet.get_transactions` |
 
 ## `wallet.getVersion`
 
-
-
 | Field | Value |
 |---|---|
 | Capability | `wallet.get_version` |
 
 ## `wallet.sendXch`
 
-
-
 | Field | Value |
 |---|---|
 | Capability | `wallet.send_xch` |
diff --git a/docs/generated/user-bridge-methods.md b/docs/generated/user-bridge-methods.md
index b157a44ca..22eca9c2a 100644
--- a/docs/generated/user-bridge-methods.md
+++ b/docs/generated/user-bridge-methods.md
@@ -2,176 +2,132 @@
 
 ## `app.getCapabilities`
 
-
-
 | Field | Value |
 |---|---|
 | Capability | `app.get_capabilities` |
 
 ## `app.getInfo`
 
-
-
 | Field | Value |
 |---|---|
 | Capability | `app.get_info` |
 
 ## `app.lifecycle.readyToStop`
 
-
-
 | Field | Value |
 |---|---|
 | Capability | `app.lifecycle.ready_to_stop` |
 
 ## `app.lifecycle.setBeforeStopListener`
 
-
-
 | Field | Value |
 |---|---|
 | Capability | `app.lifecycle.set_before_stop_listener` |
 
 ## `app.requestCapabilityGrant`
 
-
-
 | Field | Value |
 |---|---|
 | Capability | `app.request_capability_grant` |
 
 ## `app.requestNetworkWhitelistGrant`
 
-
-
 | Field | Value |
 |---|---|
 | Capability | `app.request_network_whitelist_grant` |
 
 ## `bridge.ping`
 
-
-
 | Field | Value |
 |---|---|
 | Capability | `ungated` |
 
 ## `bridge.send`
 
-
-
 | Field | Value |
 |---|---|
 | Capability | `bridge.send` |
 
 ## `wallet.checkAddress`
 
-
-
 | Field | Value |
 |---|---|
 | Capability | `wallet.check_address` |
 
 ## `wallet.getCoins`
 
-
-
 | Field | Value |
 |---|---|
 | Capability | `wallet.get_coins` |
 
 ## `wallet.getCoinsByIds`
 
-
-
 | Field | Value |
 |---|---|
 | Capability | `wallet.get_coins_by_ids` |
 
 ## `wallet.getDerivations`
 
-
-
 | Field | Value |
 |---|---|
 | Capability | `wallet.get_derivations` |
 
 ## `wallet.getKey`
 
-
-
 | Field | Value |
 |---|---|
 | Capability | `wallet.get_key` |
 
 ## `wallet.getKeys`
 
-
-
 | Field | Value |
 |---|---|
 | Capability | `wallet.get_keys` |
 
 ## `wallet.getPendingTransactions`
 
-
-
 | Field | Value |
 |---|---|
 | Capability | `wallet.get_pending_transactions` |
 
 ## `wallet.getSecretKey`
 
-
-
 | Field | Value |
 |---|---|
 | Capability | `wallet.get_secret_key` |
 
 ## `wallet.getSpendableCoinCount`
 
-
-
 | Field | Value |
 |---|---|
 | Capability | `wallet.get_spendable_coin_count` |
 
 ## `wallet.getSyncStatus`
 
-
-
 | Field | Value |
 |---|---|
 | Capability | `wallet.get_sync_status` |
 
 ## `wallet.getTransaction`
 
-
-
 | Field | Value |
 |---|---|
 | Capability | `wallet.get_transaction` |
 
 ## `wallet.getTransactions`
 
-
-
 | Field | Value |
 |---|---|
 | Capability | `wallet.get_transactions` |
 
 ## `wallet.getVersion`
 
-
-
 | Field | Value |
 |---|---|
 | Capability | `wallet.get_version` |
 
 ## `wallet.sendXch`
 
-
-
 | Field | Value |
 |---|---|
 | Capability | `wallet.send_xch` |
diff --git a/src-tauri/build.rs b/src-tauri/build.rs
index 0f4c815a7..3560c884f 100644
--- a/src-tauri/build.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/build.rs
@@ -40,7 +40,9 @@ fn main() {
     println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed=../crates/sage-apps/src/permissions");
     println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed=../crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs");
     println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed=../crates/sage-apps/src/build/builtin_apps.rs");
-    println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed=../crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps");
+    println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed=../crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src");
+    println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed=../crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/runtime-apps-src");
+    println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed=../crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src");
 
     if let Err(err) = sage_apps::build::builtin_apps::build_builtin_apps() {
         panic!("failed to build builtin apps: {err}");
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
index d5f3cd4bb..440ed9718 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
@@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ pub fn run() {
             let cleanup_base_path = path.clone();
             tauri::async_runtime::spawn(async move {
                 if let Err(err) =
-                    apps::lifecycle::retry_pending_storage_cleanup(&app_handle, &cleanup_base_path)
+                    apps::lifecycle::process_pending_storage_cleanup(&app_handle, &cleanup_base_path)
                         .await
                 {
                     eprintln!("failed to retry pending storage cleanup on startup: {err}");
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index 3cd29d101..e6cd27d3a 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -410,8 +410,8 @@ async downloadAppUpdate(appId: string) : Promise<UserSageApp> {
 async applyAppUpdate(appId: string, grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions) : Promise<UserSageApp> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("apply_app_update", { appId, grantedPermissions });
 },
-async appsUpdatePermissions(appId: string, grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions, clearStorageTaint: boolean) : Promise<null> {
-    return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_update_permissions", { appId, grantedPermissions, clearStorageTaint });
+async appsUpdatePermissions(appId: string, grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions) : Promise<null> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_update_permissions", { appId, grantedPermissions });
 },
 async appsMarkStorageMayContainSecrets(appId: string) : Promise<null> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_mark_storage_may_contain_secrets", { appId });
@@ -2248,7 +2248,7 @@ export type ResyncCatResponse = Record<string, never>
 export type ResyncResponse = Record<string, never>
 export type RuntimeTargetParams = { appId: string }
 export type RustBridgeApprovalEvent = { approvalId: string; approval: RustBridgeApprovalRequest }
-export type RustBridgeApprovalRequest = ({ kind: "getSecretKey"; fingerprint: number } | { kind: "sendXch"; summary: WalletSendXchParams } | { kind: "capabilityGrant"; capability: UserBridgeCapability; definition: SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView } | { kind: "networkWhitelistGrant"; entry: SageNetworkPermissionTarget }) & { app: SageApp; sourceLabel: string; requestId: string }
+export type RustBridgeApprovalRequest = ({ kind: "getSecretKey"; fingerprint: number } | { kind: "sendXch"; summary: WalletSendXchParams } | { kind: "capabilityGrant"; capability: UserBridgeCapability; definition: SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView } | { kind: "networkWhitelistGrant"; entry: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry }) & { app: SageApp; sourceLabel: string; requestId: string }
 export type RustBridgeErrorPayload = { code: string; message: string }
 export type RustBridgeErrorResponse = { channel: string; bridgeVersion: string; id: string; ok: boolean; error: RustBridgeErrorPayload }
 export type RustBridgeInvokeResult = { kind: "immediate"; response: RustBridgeResponse } | { kind: "pending" }
@@ -2258,10 +2258,10 @@ export type RustBridgeSuccessResponse = { channel: string; bridgeVersion: string
 export type SageApp = ({ kind: "system" } & SystemSageApp) | ({ kind: "user" } & UserSageApp)
 export type SageAppAuthor = { name: string; avatar: string | null }
 export type SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView = { key: string; label: string; description: string; flags: SageAppCapabilityFlagsView }
-export type SageAppCapabilityFlags = { hasSecretAccess: boolean; hasExternalAccess: boolean; storageMayContainSecrets: boolean; isolated: boolean }
 export type SageAppCapabilityFlagsView = { externallyObservable: boolean; accessesSensitiveSecret: boolean; requestableByApp: boolean; userGrantable: boolean }
-export type SageAppCommon = { id: string; originId: string; name: string; version: string; appDir: string; entryFile: string; iconFile: string; requestedPermissions: SageRequestedPermissions; grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions; capabilityFlags: SageAppCapabilityFlags; storage: InstalledSageAppStorage; activeSnapshot: SageAppSnapshot }
+export type SageAppCommon = { id: string; originId: string; name: string; version: string; appDir: string; entryFile: string; iconFile: string; requestedPermissions: SageRequestedPermissions; grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions; capabilityFlags: SageAppFlags; storage: InstalledSageAppStorage; activeSnapshot: SageAppSnapshot }
 export type SageAppDonation = { address: string }
+export type SageAppFlags = { hasSecretAccess: boolean; hasExternalAccess: boolean; storageMayContainSecrets: boolean; isolated: boolean }
 export type SageAppManifestFile = { path: string; sha256: string; size: number }
 export type SageAppPackageManifest = { name: string; version: string; permissions: SageRequestedPermissions; files: SageAppManifestFile[]; entry: string | null; icon: string | null; author: SageAppAuthor | null; donation: SageAppDonation | null }
 export type SageAppRuntimeKind = "user" | "system"
@@ -2269,13 +2269,13 @@ export type SageAppRuntimeRecord = { runtimeId: string; appId: string; appName:
 export type SageAppSnapshot = { manifestHash: string; snapshotDir: string; totalBytes: number; manifest: SageAppPackageManifest }
 export type SageAppUrlPreview = { appUrl: string; manifestUrl: string; manifestHash: string; manifest: SageAppPackageManifest }
 export type SageAppsError = { kind: ErrorKind; reason: string }
-export type SageGrantedNetworkPermissions = { whitelist: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[] }
+export type SageGrantedNetworkPermissions = { whitelist: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[] }
 export type SageGrantedPermissions = { capabilities: UserBridgeCapability[]; network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions }
 export type SageGrantedSystemPermissions = { capabilities: SystemBridgeCapability[] }
-export type SageNetworkPermissionTarget = { scheme: string; host: string }
+export type SageNetworkWhitelistEntry = { scheme: string; host: string }
 export type SageRequestedCapabilities = { required: UserBridgeCapability[]; optional: UserBridgeCapability[] }
 export type SageRequestedNetworkPermissions = { whitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist }
-export type SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist = { required: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[]; optional: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[] }
+export type SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist = { required: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[]; optional: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[] }
 export type SageRequestedPermissions = { network: SageRequestedNetworkPermissions; capabilities: SageRequestedCapabilities }
 export type SandboxCapability = "storage_isolation_from_sage" | "storage_persistence_normal" | "storage_non_persistence_incognito" | "storage_clear_cycle" | "network_allowlist_enforced"
 export type SandboxCapabilityResult = { status: SandboxCapabilityStatus; checkedAt: number | null; details: string | null }
diff --git a/src/components/apps/AppUpdateDialog.tsx b/src/components/apps/AppUpdateDialog.tsx
index 8add0e42a..842840a19 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/AppUpdateDialog.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/AppUpdateDialog.tsx
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import type {
   SageAppPackageManifest,
   SageAppUrlPreview,
   SageGrantedPermissions,
-  SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
+  SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
   UserSageApp,
 } from '@/bindings';
 import {
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ export function AppUpdateDialog({
       ...selectedOptionalGrantedPermissions.capabilities,
     ]);
 
-    const nextNetworkMap = new Map<string, SageNetworkPermissionTarget>();
+    const nextNetworkMap = new Map<string, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>();
 
     for (const entry of delta.nextGrantedPermissions.network.whitelist) {
       nextNetworkMap.set(networkKey(entry), entry);
diff --git a/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx b/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx
index 26297b81b..e6e35c18f 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import type {
   SageApp,
   SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView,
   SageGrantedPermissions,
-  SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
+  SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
   SystemSageApp,
   UserBridgeCapability,
   UserSageApp,
@@ -66,13 +66,13 @@ interface PermissionGroupNode {
   sensitivityRank: number;
 }
 
-function networkKey(entry: SageNetworkPermissionTarget): string {
+function networkKey(entry: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry): string {
   return `${entry.scheme}://${entry.host}`;
 }
 
 function sortNetworkEntries(
-  entries: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[],
-): SageNetworkPermissionTarget[] {
+  entries: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[],
+): SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[] {
   return [...entries].sort((a, b) =>
     networkKey(a).localeCompare(networkKey(b)),
   );
@@ -175,9 +175,9 @@ function buildCapabilityEntries(
 }
 
 function buildNetworkEntries(
-  requestedRequired: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[],
-  requestedOptional: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[],
-  grantedNetworkWhitelist: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[],
+  requestedRequired: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[],
+  requestedOptional: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[],
+  grantedNetworkWhitelist: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[],
 ): PermissionEntry[] {
   const grantedSet = new Set(
     grantedNetworkWhitelist.map((entry) => networkKey(entry)),
diff --git a/src/components/apps/permissions/permissionUtils.ts b/src/components/apps/permissions/permissionUtils.ts
index 13a6ad132..06f33fc4e 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/permissions/permissionUtils.ts
+++ b/src/components/apps/permissions/permissionUtils.ts
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 import type {
   SageAppPackageManifest,
   SageGrantedPermissions,
-  SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
+  SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
 } from '@/bindings';
 import { sortCapabilities } from '@/lib/apps/permissionCollections.ts';
 
 function sortNetworkEntries(
-  entries: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[],
-): SageNetworkPermissionTarget[] {
+  entries: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[],
+): SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[] {
   return [...entries].sort((a, b) => {
     const aKey = `${a.scheme}://${a.host}`;
     const bKey = `${b.scheme}://${b.host}`;
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/permissionCollections.ts b/src/lib/apps/permissionCollections.ts
index 2cb36d349..35ae1becd 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/permissionCollections.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/permissionCollections.ts
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 import type {
-  SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
+  SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
   UserBridgeCapability,
 } from '@/bindings';
 
-export function networkKey(entry: SageNetworkPermissionTarget): string {
+export function networkKey(entry: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry): string {
   return `${entry.scheme}://${entry.host}`;
 }
 
@@ -14,14 +14,14 @@ export function sortCapabilities(
 }
 
 export function sortNetwork(
-  values: Iterable<SageNetworkPermissionTarget>,
-): SageNetworkPermissionTarget[] {
+  values: Iterable<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
+): SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[] {
   return [...values].sort((a, b) => networkKey(a).localeCompare(networkKey(b)));
 }
 
 export function cloneNetwork(
-  values: Iterable<SageNetworkPermissionTarget>,
-): SageNetworkPermissionTarget[] {
+  values: Iterable<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
+): SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[] {
   return [...values].map((entry) => ({
     scheme: entry.scheme,
     host: entry.host,
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/updatePermissionsDelta.ts b/src/lib/apps/updatePermissionsDelta.ts
index b37300f8e..744897aed 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/updatePermissionsDelta.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/updatePermissionsDelta.ts
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import type {
   SageAppPackageManifest,
   SageAppUrlPreview,
   SageGrantedPermissions,
-  SageNetworkPermissionTarget,
+  SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
   SageRequestedPermissions,
   UserBridgeCapability,
 } from '@/bindings';
@@ -57,15 +57,15 @@ export interface AppUpdatePermissionsDelta {
     optional: UserBridgeCapability[];
   };
   addedRequestedNetwork: {
-    required: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[];
-    optional: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[];
+    required: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[];
+    optional: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[];
   };
 
   requiredCapabilitiesToGrant: UserBridgeCapability[];
-  requiredNetworkToGrant: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[];
+  requiredNetworkToGrant: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[];
 
   removedGrantedCapabilities: UserBridgeCapability[];
-  removedGrantedNetwork: SageNetworkPermissionTarget[];
+  removedGrantedNetwork: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[];
 
   nextGrantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions;
   requiresUserReview: boolean;
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ export function getAppUpdatePermissionsDelta(
     nextAllowedNetworkSet.has(networkKey(entry)),
   );
 
-  const nextGrantedNetworkMap = new Map<string, SageNetworkPermissionTarget>();
+  const nextGrantedNetworkMap = new Map<string, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>();
 
   for (const entry of retainedGrantedNetwork) {
     nextGrantedNetworkMap.set(networkKey(entry), {

From 40991fa39f932ad441852af26e83df111ae3c65c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Mon, 27 Apr 2026 20:35:52 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 233/471] Introduce comprehensive Sage App types and manifest
 handling

- Added detailed structs for Sage App representation (`SageApp`, `UserSageApp`, `SystemSageApp`, etc.) to enhance capability and permission management.
- Included manifest parsers and validators (`SageAppPackageManifest`, `SageRequestedPermissions`, etc.) for strict compliance with app specifications.
- Modularized app-related types (`app.rs`, `permissions.rs`, `manifest.rs`, `network.rs`, `storage.rs`) for improved maintainability.
- Enhanced validation workflows for network and capabilities permissions.
- Defined reusable logic for app lifecycle management and manifest integrity checks.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/types.rs             | 1568 ---------------------
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app.rs         |  466 ++++++
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/manifest.rs    |  220 +++
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs         |   24 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/network.rs     |  111 ++
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs |  437 ++++++
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/storage.rs     |   61 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/types_legacy.rs      |  306 ++++
 src-tauri/.taurignore                     |    3 +-
 9 files changed, 1627 insertions(+), 1569 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/types.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/types/manifest.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/types/network.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/types/storage.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/types_legacy.rs

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 500af5023..000000000
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1568 +0,0 @@
-use anyhow::anyhow;
-use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize};
-use specta::Type;
-use std::collections::BTreeSet;
-use uuid::Uuid;
-use crate::bridge::capabilities::{
-    SharedCapabilitiesExt, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability,
-};
-use crate::lifecycle::flags::get_app_flags;
-use crate::lifecycle::{
-    MAX_APP_FILE_COUNT, MAX_APP_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES, manifest_entry_file, manifest_icon_file,
-    validate_manifest_file_path, validate_sha256_hex,
-};
-use crate::permissions::{CapabilityFlags, get_user_capability_definition};
-use crate::sandbox::SANDBOX_TEST_ID_PREFIX;
-use crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms;
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Type, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
-pub struct SageNetworkWhitelistEntry {
-    scheme: String,
-    host: String,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub struct SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist {
-    required: BTreeSet<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
-    optional: BTreeSet<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub struct SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
-    pub whitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub struct SageRequestedCapabilities {
-    required: BTreeSet<UserBridgeCapability>,
-    optional: BTreeSet<UserBridgeCapability>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub struct SageRequestedPermissions {
-    pub network: SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
-    pub capabilities: SageRequestedCapabilities,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub struct SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
-    whitelist: BTreeSet<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub struct SageGrantedPermissions {
-    capabilities: BTreeSet<UserBridgeCapability>,
-    network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub struct SageGrantedSystemPermissions {
-    pub capabilities: Vec<SystemBridgeCapability>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
-#[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub enum InstalledSageAppStorage {
-    AppleDataStore { identifier_hex: String },
-    WindowsProfile { directory_name: String },
-    Unmanaged,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
-#[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub enum PendingStorageCleanupTarget {
-    AppleDataStore { identifier_hex: String },
-    WindowsProfile { directory_name: String },
-    Unmanaged,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub struct PendingStorageCleanupEntry {
-    id: String,
-    app_id: String,
-    app_name: String,
-    target: PendingStorageCleanupTarget,
-    created_at_ms: i64,
-    last_attempt_at_ms: Option<i64>,
-    attempt_count: u32,
-    last_error: Option<String>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub struct RetiredAppOriginEntry {
-    id: String,
-    app_id: String,
-    app_name: String,
-    origin_id: String,
-    created_at_ms: i64,
-    storage_may_contain_secrets: bool,
-    cleanup_pending: bool,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub struct SageAppPackageManifest {
-    name: String,
-    version: String,
-    permissions: SageRequestedPermissions,
-    files: Vec<SageAppManifestFile>,
-    entry: Option<String>,
-    icon: Option<String>,
-    author: Option<SageAppAuthor>,
-    donation: Option<SageAppDonation>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub struct SageAppUrlPreview {
-    pub app_url: String,
-    pub manifest_url: String,
-    pub manifest_hash: String,
-    pub manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub struct SageAppManifestFile {
-    pub path: String,
-    pub sha256: String,
-    pub size: u64,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub struct SageAppSnapshot {
-    pub manifest_hash: String,
-    pub snapshot_dir: String,
-    pub total_bytes: u64,
-    pub manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
-}
-
-#[allow(clippy::struct_excessive_bools)]
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub struct SageAppFlags {
-    pub has_secret_access: bool,
-    pub has_external_access: bool,
-    pub storage_may_contain_secrets: bool,
-    pub isolated: bool,
-}
-
-#[allow(clippy::struct_excessive_bools)]
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub struct SageAppCapabilityFlagsView {
-    pub externally_observable: bool,
-    pub accesses_sensitive_secret: bool,
-    pub requestable_by_app: bool,
-    pub user_grantable: bool,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub struct SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView {
-    pub key: String,
-    pub label: String,
-    pub description: String,
-    pub flags: SageAppCapabilityFlagsView,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub struct UserSageAppPendingUpdate {
-    pub app_url: String,
-    pub manifest_url: String,
-    pub manifest_hash: String,
-    pub manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-#[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub enum UserSageAppSource {
-    Zip,
-    Url {
-        app_url: String,
-        manifest_url: String,
-    },
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub struct SageAppCommon {
-    pub id: String,
-    pub origin_id: String,
-    pub name: String,
-    pub version: String,
-    pub app_dir: String,
-    pub entry_file: String,
-    pub icon_file: String,
-    pub requested_permissions: SageRequestedPermissions,
-    pub granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
-    pub capability_flags: SageAppFlags,
-    pub storage: InstalledSageAppStorage,
-    pub active_snapshot: SageAppSnapshot,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub enum SystemAppPresentation {
-    Taskbar,
-    Modal,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub struct UserSageApp {
-    pub common: SageAppCommon,
-    pub source: UserSageAppSource,
-    pub pending_update: Option<UserSageAppPendingUpdate>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub struct SystemSageApp {
-    pub common: SageAppCommon,
-    pub system_granted_permissions: SageGrantedSystemPermissions,
-    pub presentation: SystemAppPresentation,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-#[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "camelCase")]
-#[allow(clippy::large_enum_variant)]
-pub enum SageApp {
-    System(SystemSageApp),
-    User(UserSageApp),
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub struct SageAppId {
-    pub id: String,
-    pub origin_id: String,
-    pub name: String,
-    pub version: String,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub struct CorruptedInstalledSageApp {
-    pub id: String,
-    pub app_dir: String,
-    pub error: String,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-#[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "camelCase")]
-#[allow(clippy::large_enum_variant)]
-pub enum ListedSageApp {
-    User(UserSageApp),
-    System(SystemSageApp),
-    Corrupted(CorruptedInstalledSageApp),
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Default)]
-struct RawStringListBucket {
-    #[serde(default)]
-    required: Vec<String>,
-
-    #[serde(default)]
-    optional: Vec<String>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Default)]
-struct RawRequestedNetworkPermissions {
-    #[serde(default)]
-    whitelist: RawStringListBucket,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Default)]
-struct RawRequestedPermissions {
-    #[serde(default)]
-    network: RawRequestedNetworkPermissions,
-
-    #[serde(default)]
-    capabilities: Option<SageRequestedCapabilities>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Default)]
-struct RawSageAppPackageManifest {
-    name: String,
-    version: String,
-
-    #[serde(default)]
-    permissions: Option<SageRequestedPermissions>,
-
-    #[serde(default)]
-    files: Vec<SageAppManifestFile>,
-
-    #[serde(default)]
-    entry: Option<String>,
-
-    #[serde(default)]
-    icon: Option<String>,
-
-    #[serde(default)]
-    author: Option<SageAppAuthor>,
-
-    #[serde(default)]
-    donation: Option<SageAppDonation>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub struct SageAppAuthor {
-    pub name: String,
-    pub avatar: Option<String>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub struct SageAppDonation {
-    pub address: String,
-}
-
-impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for SageRequestedPermissions {
-    fn deserialize<D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error>
-    where
-        D: Deserializer<'de>,
-    {
-        let raw = <RawRequestedPermissions as Deserialize>::deserialize(deserializer)?;
-
-        let required_network = raw
-            .network
-            .whitelist
-            .required
-            .into_iter()
-            .map(|value| value.parse().map_err(serde::de::Error::custom))
-            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
-
-        let optional_network = raw
-            .network
-            .whitelist
-            .optional
-            .into_iter()
-            .map(|value| value.parse().map_err(serde::de::Error::custom))
-            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
-
-        SageRequestedPermissions::new(
-            SageRequestedNetworkPermissions::new(required_network, optional_network),
-            raw.capabilities.unwrap_or_default(),
-        )
-        .map_err(serde::de::Error::custom)
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for SageAppPackageManifest {
-    fn deserialize<D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error>
-    where
-        D: Deserializer<'de>,
-    {
-        let raw = <RawSageAppPackageManifest as Deserialize>::deserialize(deserializer)?;
-
-        SageAppPackageManifest::try_from(SageAppPackageManifestParts {
-            name: raw.name,
-            version: raw.version,
-            permissions: raw
-                .permissions
-                .unwrap_or_else(SageRequestedPermissions::empty),
-            files: raw.files,
-            entry: raw.entry,
-            icon: raw.icon,
-            author: raw.author,
-            donation: raw.donation,
-        })
-        .map_err(serde::de::Error::custom)
-    }
-}
-
-impl Serialize for SageNetworkWhitelistEntry {
-    fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
-    where
-        S: serde::Serializer,
-    {
-        serializer.serialize_str(&self.as_permission_string())
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for SageNetworkWhitelistEntry {
-    fn deserialize<D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error>
-    where
-        D: serde::Deserializer<'de>,
-    {
-        let value = String::deserialize(deserializer)?;
-        value.parse().map_err(serde::de::Error::custom)
-    }
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct SageAppPackageManifestParts {
-    pub name: String,
-    pub version: String,
-    pub permissions: SageRequestedPermissions,
-    pub files: Vec<SageAppManifestFile>,
-    pub entry: Option<String>,
-    pub icon: Option<String>,
-    pub author: Option<SageAppAuthor>,
-    pub donation: Option<SageAppDonation>,
-}
-
-impl TryFrom<SageAppPackageManifestParts> for SageAppPackageManifest {
-    type Error = anyhow::Error;
-
-    fn try_from(value: SageAppPackageManifestParts) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
-        if value.name.trim().is_empty() {
-            anyhow::bail!("manifest name cannot be empty");
-        }
-
-        if value.version.trim().is_empty() {
-            anyhow::bail!("manifest version cannot be empty");
-        }
-
-        if let Some(author) = &value.author
-            && author.name.trim().is_empty()
-        {
-            anyhow::bail!("author name cannot be empty");
-        }
-
-        if let Some(donation) = &value.donation {
-            Self::validate_donation(&donation.address)?;
-        }
-
-        Self::validate_files(&value.files)?;
-
-        Ok(Self {
-            name: value.name,
-            version: value.version,
-            permissions: value.permissions,
-            files: value.files,
-            entry: value.entry,
-            icon: value.icon,
-            author: value.author,
-            donation: value.donation,
-        })
-    }
-}
-
-impl SageAppPackageManifest {
-    pub fn name(&self) -> &str {
-        &self.name
-    }
-
-    pub fn version(&self) -> &str {
-        &self.version
-    }
-
-    pub fn permissions(&self) -> &SageRequestedPermissions {
-        &self.permissions
-    }
-
-    pub fn files(&self) -> &[SageAppManifestFile] {
-        &self.files
-    }
-
-    pub fn entry(&self) -> Option<&str> {
-        self.entry.as_deref()
-    }
-
-    pub fn icon(&self) -> Option<&str> {
-        self.icon.as_deref()
-    }
-
-    pub fn author(&self) -> Option<&SageAppAuthor> {
-        self.author.as_ref()
-    }
-
-    pub fn donation(&self) -> Option<&SageAppDonation> {
-        self.donation.as_ref()
-    }
-
-    pub fn total_bytes(&self) -> anyhow::Result<u64> {
-        Self::compute_total_bytes(&self.files)
-    }
-
-    fn validate_donation(address: &str) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-        if address.trim().is_empty() {
-            return Err(anyhow!("donation address cannot be empty"));
-        }
-
-        if !address.starts_with("xch") && !address.starts_with("txch") {
-            return Err(anyhow!("invalid donation address format"));
-        }
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    fn validate_files(files: &[SageAppManifestFile]) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-        if files.is_empty() {
-            anyhow::bail!("manifest files cannot be empty");
-        }
-
-        if files.len() > MAX_APP_FILE_COUNT {
-            anyhow::bail!(
-                "manifest file count {} exceeds limit {}",
-                files.len(),
-                MAX_APP_FILE_COUNT
-            );
-        }
-
-        let mut seen = BTreeSet::new();
-        let mut total: u64 = 0;
-
-        for file in files {
-            validate_manifest_file_path(&file.path)?;
-            validate_sha256_hex(&file.sha256)?;
-
-            if !seen.insert(file.path.clone()) {
-                anyhow::bail!("duplicate manifest file path: {}", file.path);
-            }
-
-            total = total
-                .checked_add(file.size)
-                .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("manifest total size overflow"))?;
-        }
-
-        if total > MAX_APP_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES {
-            anyhow::bail!("manifest total size {total} exceeds limit {MAX_APP_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES}");
-        }
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    fn compute_total_bytes(files: &[SageAppManifestFile]) -> anyhow::Result<u64> {
-        let mut total: u64 = 0;
-
-        for file in files {
-            total = total
-                .checked_add(file.size)
-                .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("manifest total size overflow"))?;
-        }
-
-        Ok(total)
-    }
-}
-
-impl SageApp {
-    pub fn common(&self) -> &SageAppCommon {
-        match self {
-            Self::System(app) => &app.common,
-            Self::User(app) => &app.common,
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn id(&self) -> &str {
-        &self.common().id
-    }
-
-    pub fn origin_id(&self) -> &str {
-        &self.common().origin_id
-    }
-
-    pub fn name(&self) -> &str {
-        &self.common().name
-    }
-
-    pub fn version(&self) -> &str {
-        &self.common().version
-    }
-
-    pub fn app_dir(&self) -> &str {
-        &self.common().app_dir
-    }
-
-    pub fn entry_file(&self) -> &str {
-        &self.common().entry_file
-    }
-
-    pub fn icon_file(&self) -> &str {
-        &self.common().icon_file
-    }
-
-    pub fn requested_permissions(&self) -> &SageRequestedPermissions {
-        &self.common().requested_permissions
-    }
-
-    pub fn granted_permissions(&self) -> &SageGrantedPermissions {
-        &self.common().granted_permissions
-    }
-
-    pub fn system_granted_permissions(&self) -> Option<&SageGrantedSystemPermissions> {
-        match self {
-            Self::System(app) => Some(&app.system_granted_permissions),
-            Self::User(_) => None,
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn capability_flags(&self) -> &SageAppFlags {
-        &self.common().capability_flags
-    }
-
-    pub fn storage(&self) -> &InstalledSageAppStorage {
-        &self.common().storage
-    }
-
-    pub fn active_snapshot(&self) -> &SageAppSnapshot {
-        &self.common().active_snapshot
-    }
-
-    pub fn as_user(&self) -> Option<&UserSageApp> {
-        match self {
-            Self::User(app) => Some(app),
-            Self::System(_) => None,
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn as_user_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut UserSageApp> {
-        match self {
-            Self::User(app) => Some(app),
-            Self::System(_) => None,
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn as_system(&self) -> Option<&SystemSageApp> {
-        match self {
-            Self::System(app) => Some(app),
-            Self::User(_) => None,
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn as_system_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut SystemSageApp> {
-        match self {
-            Self::System(app) => Some(app),
-            Self::User(_) => None,
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn into_user(self) -> Option<UserSageApp> {
-        match self {
-            Self::User(app) => Some(app),
-            Self::System(_) => None,
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn into_system(self) -> Option<SystemSageApp> {
-        match self {
-            Self::System(app) => Some(app),
-            Self::User(_) => None,
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn is_sandbox_test(&self) -> bool {
-        self.id().starts_with(SANDBOX_TEST_ID_PREFIX)
-    }
-}
-
-impl PendingStorageCleanupEntry {
-    pub fn new(app: &UserSageApp, target: PendingStorageCleanupTarget, error: &str) -> Self {
-        let now = unix_timestamp_ms();
-
-        Self {
-            id: Uuid::new_v4().to_string(),
-            app_id: app.common.id.clone(),
-            app_name: app.common.name.clone(),
-            target,
-            created_at_ms: now,
-            last_attempt_at_ms: Some(now),
-            attempt_count: 1,
-            last_error: Some(error.to_string()),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn record_failed_attempt(&mut self, error: &str) {
-        self.last_attempt_at_ms = Some(unix_timestamp_ms());
-        self.attempt_count = self.attempt_count.saturating_add(1);
-        self.last_error = Some(error.to_string());
-    }
-
-    pub fn target(&self) -> &PendingStorageCleanupTarget {
-        &self.target
-    }
-}
-
-impl RetiredAppOriginEntry {
-    pub fn new(app: &UserSageApp, cleanup_pending: bool) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            id: Uuid::new_v4().to_string(),
-            app_id: app.common.id.clone(),
-            app_name: app.common.name.clone(),
-            origin_id: app.common.origin_id.clone(),
-            created_at_ms: unix_timestamp_ms(),
-            storage_may_contain_secrets: app.common.capability_flags.storage_may_contain_secrets,
-            cleanup_pending,
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn refresh_from_app(&mut self, app: &UserSageApp, cleanup_pending: bool) {
-        self.app_id.clone_from(&app.common.id);
-        self.app_name.clone_from(&app.common.name);
-        self.cleanup_pending = cleanup_pending;
-        self.storage_may_contain_secrets =
-            app.common.capability_flags.storage_may_contain_secrets;
-    }
-
-
-    pub fn matches_app_origin(&self, app_id: &str, origin_id: &str) -> bool {
-        self.app_id == app_id && self.origin_id == origin_id
-    }
-
-    pub fn clear_pending_cleanup(&mut self) -> bool {
-        if !self.cleanup_pending {
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        self.cleanup_pending = false;
-        true
-    }
-
-    pub fn app_id(&self) -> &str {
-        &self.app_id
-    }
-
-    pub fn origin_id(&self) -> &str {
-        &self.origin_id
-    }
-
-    pub fn cleanup_pending(&self) -> bool {
-        self.cleanup_pending
-    }
-
-    pub fn storage_may_contain_secrets(&self) -> bool {
-        self.storage_may_contain_secrets
-    }
-}
-
-impl UserSageApp {
-    pub fn into_sage_app(self) -> SageApp {
-        SageApp::User(self)
-    }
-}
-
-impl SystemSageApp {
-    pub fn into_sage_app(self) -> SageApp {
-        SageApp::System(self)
-    }
-}
-
-impl SageNetworkWhitelistEntry {
-    pub fn new(scheme: impl Into<String>, host: impl Into<String>) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
-        let scheme = scheme.into().trim().to_ascii_lowercase();
-        let host = host.into().trim().to_ascii_lowercase();
-
-        if !Self::is_allowed_scheme(&scheme) {
-            anyhow::bail!("invalid scheme '{scheme}', only https and wss allowed");
-        }
-
-        if host.is_empty()
-            || host.contains('/')
-            || host.contains('?')
-            || host.contains('#')
-            || host.contains(' ')
-        {
-            anyhow::bail!("invalid host in network entry: {scheme}://{host}");
-        }
-        Ok(Self { scheme, host })
-    }
-
-    pub fn scheme(&self) -> &str {
-        &self.scheme
-    }
-
-    pub fn host(&self) -> &str {
-        &self.host
-    }
-
-    pub fn as_permission_string(&self) -> String {
-        format!("{}://{}", self.scheme, self.host)
-    }
-
-    fn is_allowed_scheme(s: &str) -> bool {
-        matches!(s, "https" | "wss")
-    }
-
-    #[cfg(test)]
-    pub fn new_unchecked(scheme: &str, host: &str) -> Self {
-        Self::new(scheme, host).unwrap()
-    }
-}
-
-impl std::str::FromStr for SageNetworkWhitelistEntry {
-    type Err = anyhow::Error;
-
-    fn from_str(value: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
-        let value = value.trim();
-
-        let (scheme, host) = value
-            .split_once("://")
-            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("invalid network entry, missing scheme: {value}"))?;
-
-        Self::new(scheme, host)
-    }
-}
-
-impl SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist {
-    pub fn new(
-        required: impl IntoIterator<Item = SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
-        optional: impl IntoIterator<Item = SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
-    ) -> Self {
-        let required = required.into_iter().collect::<BTreeSet<_>>();
-
-        let optional = optional
-            .into_iter()
-            .filter(|entry| !required.contains(entry))
-            .collect::<BTreeSet<_>>();
-
-        Self { required, optional }
-    }
-
-    pub fn empty() -> Self {
-        Self::new([], [])
-    }
-
-    pub fn required(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &SageNetworkWhitelistEntry> {
-        self.required.iter()
-    }
-
-    pub fn optional(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &SageNetworkWhitelistEntry> {
-        self.optional.iter()
-    }
-
-    pub fn is_required(&self, entry: &SageNetworkWhitelistEntry) -> bool {
-        self.required.contains(entry)
-    }
-
-    pub fn is_optional(&self, entry: &SageNetworkWhitelistEntry) -> bool {
-        self.optional.contains(entry)
-    }
-
-    pub fn is_allowed(&self, entry: &SageNetworkWhitelistEntry) -> bool {
-        self.is_required(entry) || self.is_optional(entry)
-    }
-}
-
-impl SageRequestedCapabilities {
-    pub fn new(
-        required: impl IntoIterator<Item = UserBridgeCapability>,
-        optional: impl IntoIterator<Item = UserBridgeCapability>,
-    ) -> Self {
-        let required = required.into_iter().collect::<BTreeSet<_>>();
-
-        let optional = optional
-            .into_iter()
-            .filter(|cap| !required.contains(cap))
-            .collect::<BTreeSet<_>>();
-
-        Self { required, optional }
-    }
-
-    pub fn empty() -> Self {
-        Self::new([], [])
-    }
-
-    pub fn required(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &UserBridgeCapability> {
-        self.required.iter()
-    }
-
-    pub fn optional(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &UserBridgeCapability> {
-        self.optional.iter()
-    }
-
-    pub fn is_required(&self, cap: &UserBridgeCapability) -> bool {
-        self.required.contains(cap)
-    }
-
-    pub fn is_optional(&self, cap: &UserBridgeCapability) -> bool {
-        self.optional.contains(cap)
-    }
-
-    pub fn is_allowed(&self, cap: &UserBridgeCapability) -> bool {
-        self.is_required(cap) || self.is_optional(cap)
-    }
-
-    pub fn user_grantable(&self) -> Vec<UserBridgeCapability> {
-        self.required()
-            .chain(self.optional())
-            .copied()
-            .filter(|cap| get_user_capability_definition(*cap).flags.user_grantable)
-            .collect()
-    }
-
-    pub fn resolve_effective_grants(
-        &self,
-        user_granted: impl IntoIterator<Item = UserBridgeCapability>,
-    ) -> anyhow::Result<Vec<UserBridgeCapability>> {
-        let user_granted = self.build_user_grants(user_granted)?;
-
-        let mut effective = user_granted;
-
-        for capability in self.required().chain(self.optional()) {
-            let definition = get_user_capability_definition(*capability);
-
-            if !definition.flags.user_grantable {
-                effective.insert(*capability);
-            }
-        }
-
-        Ok(effective.into_iter().collect())
-    }
-
-    fn build_user_grants(
-        &self,
-        user_granted: impl IntoIterator<Item = UserBridgeCapability>,
-    ) -> anyhow::Result<BTreeSet<UserBridgeCapability>> {
-        let user_granted = user_granted.into_iter().collect::<BTreeSet<_>>();
-
-        for capability in &user_granted {
-            if !self.is_allowed(capability) {
-                anyhow::bail!(
-                    "granted capability not requested in manifest: {}",
-                    capability.key()
-                );
-            }
-
-            let definition = get_user_capability_definition(*capability);
-
-            if !definition.flags.user_grantable {
-                anyhow::bail!(
-                    "granted capability is not user grantable: {}",
-                    capability.key()
-                );
-            }
-        }
-
-        for capability in self.required() {
-            let definition = get_user_capability_definition(*capability);
-
-            if definition.flags.user_grantable && !user_granted.contains(capability) {
-                anyhow::bail!("missing required capability: {}", capability.key());
-            }
-        }
-
-        Ok(user_granted)
-    }
-}
-
-impl SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
-    pub fn new(
-        requested: &SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
-        whitelist: impl IntoIterator<Item = SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
-    ) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
-        let whitelist = whitelist.into_iter().collect::<BTreeSet<_>>();
-
-        for entry in &whitelist {
-            if !requested.whitelist.is_allowed(entry) {
-                anyhow::bail!(
-                    "granted network whitelist entry not requested in manifest: {}",
-                    entry.as_permission_string()
-                );
-            }
-        }
-
-        Ok(Self { whitelist })
-    }
-
-    pub fn whitelist(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &SageNetworkWhitelistEntry> {
-        self.whitelist.iter()
-    }
-
-    pub fn contains(&self, entry: &SageNetworkWhitelistEntry) -> bool {
-        self.whitelist.contains(entry)
-    }
-
-    pub fn into_vec(self) -> Vec<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry> {
-        self.whitelist.into_iter().collect()
-    }
-}
-
-impl SageGrantedPermissions {
-    pub fn new(
-        requested: &SageRequestedPermissions,
-        capabilities: impl IntoIterator<Item = UserBridgeCapability>,
-        network_whitelist: impl IntoIterator<Item = SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
-    ) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
-        let capabilities = Self::build_capabilities(&requested.capabilities, capabilities)?;
-
-        let network = SageGrantedNetworkPermissions::new(&requested.network, network_whitelist)?;
-
-        let effective_capabilities = requested
-            .capabilities
-            .resolve_effective_grants(capabilities.iter().copied())?;
-
-        validate_permissions_policy(
-            effective_capabilities,
-            network.whitelist().cloned(),
-            "granted permissions",
-        )?;
-
-        Ok(Self {
-            capabilities,
-            network,
-        })
-    }
-
-    pub fn from_requested_and_granted(
-        requested: &SageRequestedPermissions,
-        granted: SageGrantedPermissions,
-    ) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
-        Self::new(requested, granted.capabilities, granted.network.whitelist)
-    }
-
-    pub fn capabilities(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &UserBridgeCapability> {
-        self.capabilities.iter()
-    }
-
-    pub fn capabilities_vec(&self) -> Vec<UserBridgeCapability> {
-        self.capabilities.iter().copied().collect()
-    }
-
-    pub fn network(&self) -> &SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
-        &self.network
-    }
-
-    pub fn shared_capabilities(&self) -> Vec<UserBridgeCapability> {
-        self.capabilities().copied().shared()
-    }
-
-    fn build_capabilities(
-        requested: &SageRequestedCapabilities,
-        capabilities: impl IntoIterator<Item = UserBridgeCapability>,
-    ) -> anyhow::Result<BTreeSet<UserBridgeCapability>> {
-        let capabilities = capabilities.into_iter().collect::<BTreeSet<_>>();
-
-        for cap in &capabilities {
-            if !requested.is_allowed(cap) {
-                anyhow::bail!(
-                    "granted capability not requested in manifest: {}",
-                    cap.key()
-                );
-            }
-
-            if !get_user_capability_definition(*cap).flags.user_grantable {
-                anyhow::bail!("granted capability is not user grantable: {}", cap.key());
-            }
-        }
-
-        for cap in requested.required() {
-            if get_user_capability_definition(*cap).flags.user_grantable
-                && !capabilities.contains(cap)
-            {
-                anyhow::bail!("missing required capability: {}", cap.key());
-            }
-        }
-
-        Ok(capabilities)
-    }
-
-    #[cfg(test)]
-    pub fn new_unchecked(
-        capabilities: impl IntoIterator<Item = UserBridgeCapability>,
-        network_whitelist: impl IntoIterator<Item = SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
-    ) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            capabilities: capabilities.into_iter().collect(),
-            network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
-                whitelist: network_whitelist.into_iter().collect(),
-            },
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl SageAppCommon {
-    pub fn new(
-        id: String,
-        origin_id: String,
-        app_dir: String,
-        manifest: &SageAppPackageManifest,
-        granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
-        storage: InstalledSageAppStorage,
-        snapshot: SageAppSnapshot,
-    ) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
-        let granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions::from_requested_and_granted(
-            &manifest.permissions,
-            granted_permissions,
-        )?;
-
-        let effective_capabilities = manifest
-            .permissions
-            .capabilities
-            .resolve_effective_grants(granted_permissions.capabilities().copied())?;
-
-        let capability_flags = get_app_flags(&effective_capabilities, None)?;
-        Self::validate_app_flags_policy(capability_flags)?;
-
-        Ok(Self {
-            id,
-            origin_id,
-            name: manifest.name.clone(),
-            version: manifest.version.clone(),
-            app_dir,
-            entry_file: manifest_entry_file(manifest).to_string(),
-            icon_file: manifest_icon_file(manifest).to_string(),
-            requested_permissions: manifest.permissions.clone(),
-            granted_permissions,
-            capability_flags,
-            storage,
-            active_snapshot: snapshot,
-        })
-    }
-
-    pub fn apply_update(
-        &mut self,
-        pending: &UserSageAppPendingUpdate,
-        granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
-        snapshot: SageAppSnapshot,
-    ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-        let granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions::from_requested_and_granted(
-            &pending.manifest.permissions,
-            granted_permissions,
-        )?;
-
-        let effective_capabilities = pending
-            .manifest
-            .permissions
-            .capabilities
-            .resolve_effective_grants(granted_permissions.capabilities().copied())?;
-
-        let capability_flags =
-            get_app_flags(&effective_capabilities, Some(&self.capability_flags))?;
-
-        Self::validate_app_flags_policy(capability_flags)?;
-
-        self.name.clone_from(&pending.manifest.name);
-        self.version.clone_from(&pending.manifest.version);
-        self.requested_permissions
-            .clone_from(&pending.manifest.permissions);
-        self.granted_permissions = granted_permissions;
-        self.capability_flags = capability_flags;
-        self.entry_file = manifest_entry_file(&snapshot.manifest).to_string();
-        self.icon_file = manifest_icon_file(&snapshot.manifest).to_string();
-        self.active_snapshot = snapshot;
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    pub fn update_permissions(
-        &mut self,
-        granted_permissions: &SageGrantedPermissions,
-    ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-        let required_network = self
-            .requested_permissions
-            .network
-            .whitelist()
-            .required()
-            .cloned();
-
-        let granted_network = granted_permissions.network().whitelist().cloned();
-
-        let granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions::new(
-            &self.requested_permissions,
-            granted_permissions.capabilities().copied(),
-            required_network.chain(granted_network),
-        )?;
-
-        let effective_capabilities = self
-            .requested_permissions
-            .capabilities
-            .resolve_effective_grants(granted_permissions.capabilities().copied())?;
-
-        let capability_flags =
-            get_app_flags(&effective_capabilities, Some(&self.capability_flags))?;
-
-        Self::validate_app_flags_policy(capability_flags)?;
-
-        self.capability_flags = capability_flags;
-        self.granted_permissions = granted_permissions;
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    fn validate_app_flags_policy(flags: SageAppFlags) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-        if flags.has_external_access && flags.has_secret_access {
-            anyhow::bail!(
-                "app permissions cannot include both external access and sensitive secret access"
-            );
-        }
-
-        if flags.has_external_access && flags.storage_may_contain_secrets {
-            anyhow::bail!(
-                "app permissions cannot include external access while storage may contain secrets"
-            );
-        }
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}
-
-impl UserSageApp {
-    pub fn new_installed(
-        common: SageAppCommon,
-        source: UserSageAppSource,
-    ) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            common,
-            source,
-            pending_update: None,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
-    pub fn new(
-        required: impl IntoIterator<Item = SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
-        optional: impl IntoIterator<Item = SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
-    ) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            whitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist::new(required, optional),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn empty() -> Self {
-        Self::new([], [])
-    }
-
-    pub fn whitelist(&self) -> &SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist {
-        &self.whitelist
-    }
-}
-
-impl SageRequestedPermissions {
-    pub fn new(
-        network: SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
-        capabilities: SageRequestedCapabilities,
-    ) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
-        for capability in capabilities.required().chain(capabilities.optional()) {
-            let definition = get_user_capability_definition(*capability);
-
-            if !definition.flags.requestable_by_app {
-                anyhow::bail!(
-                    "capability is not requestable by app manifest: {}",
-                    capability.key()
-                );
-            }
-        }
-
-        validate_permissions_policy(
-            capabilities.required().copied(),
-            network.whitelist().required().cloned(),
-            "required requested permissions",
-        )?;
-
-        Ok(Self {
-            network,
-            capabilities,
-        })
-    }
-
-    pub fn empty() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            network: SageRequestedNetworkPermissions::empty(),
-            capabilities: SageRequestedCapabilities::empty(),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-fn validate_permissions_policy(
-    capabilities: impl IntoIterator<Item = UserBridgeCapability>,
-    network: impl IntoIterator<Item = SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
-    context: &str,
-) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-    let capability_flags = capabilities
-        .into_iter()
-        .fold(CapabilityFlags::EMPTY, |flags, cap| {
-            flags.union(get_user_capability_definition(cap).flags)
-        });
-
-    let has_secret_access = capability_flags.accesses_sensitive_secret;
-    let has_external_access =
-        capability_flags.externally_observable || network.into_iter().next().is_some();
-
-    if has_secret_access && has_external_access {
-        anyhow::bail!("{context} cannot include both external access and sensitive secret access");
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
-    use crate::permissions::user_registry;
-    use crate::types::{
-        SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedCapabilities,
-        SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions,
-    };
-
-    #[test]
-    fn granted_permissions_rejects_non_user_grantable_capability_as_user_grant() {
-        let auto = UserBridgeCapability::AppGetInfo;
-
-        let requested = SageRequestedPermissions::new(
-            SageRequestedNetworkPermissions::empty(),
-            SageRequestedCapabilities::new([auto], []),
-        )
-        .expect("requested permissions should be valid");
-
-        let err = SageGrantedPermissions::new(&requested, [auto], [])
-            .expect_err("non-user-grantable capability cannot be persisted as user grant");
-
-        assert!(
-            err.to_string().contains("not user grantable"),
-            "unexpected error: {err}"
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn non_user_grantable_requested_capability_is_effective_without_user_grant() {
-        let auto = UserBridgeCapability::AppGetInfo;
-
-        let requested = SageRequestedCapabilities::new([auto], []);
-
-        let effective = requested
-            .resolve_effective_grants([])
-            .expect("auto capability should still be effective");
-
-        assert_eq!(effective, vec![auto]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn effective_grants_include_non_user_grantable_requested_capability() {
-        let auto = UserBridgeCapability::AppGetInfo;
-
-        let optional_requested = SageRequestedCapabilities::new([], [auto]);
-        assert_eq!(
-            optional_requested.resolve_effective_grants([]).unwrap(),
-            vec![auto]
-        );
-
-        let required_requested = SageRequestedCapabilities::new([auto], []);
-        assert_eq!(
-            required_requested.resolve_effective_grants([]).unwrap(),
-            vec![auto]
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn effective_grants_do_not_include_removed_non_user_grantable_capability() {
-        let auto = UserBridgeCapability::AppGetInfo;
-
-        let requested = SageRequestedCapabilities::new([auto], []);
-        assert_eq!(requested.resolve_effective_grants([]).unwrap(), vec![auto]);
-
-        let removed_requested = SageRequestedCapabilities::new([], []);
-        assert!(
-            removed_requested
-                .resolve_effective_grants([])
-                .unwrap()
-                .is_empty()
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn rejects_non_requestable_required_capability() {
-        let non_requestable = first_non_requestable_capability();
-
-        let err = SageRequestedPermissions::new(
-            SageRequestedNetworkPermissions::empty(),
-            SageRequestedCapabilities::new([non_requestable], []),
-        )
-        .expect_err("expected non-requestable required capability to be rejected");
-
-        let message = err.to_string();
-        assert!(message.contains(non_requestable.key()));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn rejects_non_requestable_optional_capability() {
-        let non_requestable = first_non_requestable_capability();
-
-        let err = SageRequestedPermissions::new(
-            SageRequestedNetworkPermissions::empty(),
-            SageRequestedCapabilities::new([], [non_requestable]),
-        )
-        .expect_err("expected non-requestable optional capability to be rejected");
-
-        let message = err.to_string();
-        assert!(message.contains(non_requestable.key()));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn requested_capabilities_deduplicates_and_removes_required_from_optional() {
-        let requested = SageRequestedCapabilities::new(
-            [
-                UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
-                UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
-            ],
-            [UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch],
-        );
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            requested.required().copied().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-            vec![UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch]
-        );
-
-        assert!(requested.optional().next().is_none());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn requested_network_deduplicates_and_removes_required_from_optional() {
-        let requested = SageRequestedPermissions::new(
-            SageRequestedNetworkPermissions::new(
-                [
-                    SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new("HTTPS", "Example.com").unwrap(),
-                    SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new("https", "example.com").unwrap(),
-                ],
-                [
-                    SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new("WSS", "ws.example.com").unwrap(),
-                    SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new("https", "example.com").unwrap(),
-                ],
-            ),
-            SageRequestedCapabilities::empty(),
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-
-        let required = requested
-            .network
-            .whitelist
-            .required()
-            .cloned()
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-
-        let optional = requested
-            .network
-            .whitelist
-            .optional()
-            .cloned()
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            required,
-            vec![SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new("https", "example.com").unwrap()]
-        );
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            optional,
-            vec![SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new("wss", "ws.example.com").unwrap()]
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn granted_permissions_rejects_unrequested_capability() {
-        let requested = SageRequestedPermissions::new(
-            SageRequestedNetworkPermissions::empty(),
-            SageRequestedCapabilities::new([UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch], []),
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-
-        let err = SageGrantedPermissions::new(
-            &requested,
-            [
-                UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
-                UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage,
-            ],
-            [],
-        )
-        .expect_err("expected unrequested capability to be rejected");
-
-        assert!(err.to_string().contains("persistent_storage"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn granted_permissions_rejects_missing_required_user_grantable_capability() {
-        let requested = SageRequestedPermissions::new(
-            SageRequestedNetworkPermissions::empty(),
-            SageRequestedCapabilities::new([UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch], []),
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-
-        let err = SageGrantedPermissions::new(&requested, [], [])
-            .expect_err("expected missing required capability to be rejected");
-
-        assert!(
-            err.to_string()
-                .contains(UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch.key())
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn granted_permissions_allows_subset_of_optional_capabilities() {
-        let requested = SageRequestedPermissions::new(
-            SageRequestedNetworkPermissions::empty(),
-            SageRequestedCapabilities::new(
-                [UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch],
-                [UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage],
-            ),
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-
-        SageGrantedPermissions::new(&requested, [UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch], [])
-            .expect("expected optional capability to be omittable");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn non_user_grantable_required_capability_is_effective_without_persisted_grant() {
-        let auto = UserBridgeCapability::AppGetInfo;
-
-        let requested = SageRequestedCapabilities::new([auto], []);
-
-        let effective = requested
-            .resolve_effective_grants([])
-            .expect("expected effective permissions to resolve");
-
-        assert_eq!(effective, vec![auto]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn non_user_grantable_optional_capability_is_effective_without_persisted_grant() {
-        let auto = UserBridgeCapability::AppGetInfo;
-
-        let requested = SageRequestedCapabilities::new([], [auto]);
-
-        let effective = requested
-            .resolve_effective_grants([])
-            .expect("expected effective permissions to resolve");
-
-        assert_eq!(effective, vec![auto]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn user_grantable_required_capability_without_user_grant_is_blocked() {
-        let requested = SageRequestedCapabilities::new([UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch], []);
-
-        let err = requested
-            .resolve_effective_grants([])
-            .expect_err("required user-grantable capability should require user grant");
-
-        assert!(
-            err.to_string()
-                .contains(UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch.key())
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn requested_permissions_policy_rejects_required_secret_and_external_combination() {
-        let err = SageRequestedPermissions::new(
-            SageRequestedNetworkPermissions::empty(),
-            SageRequestedCapabilities::new(
-                [
-                    UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
-                    UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetSecretKey,
-                ],
-                [],
-            ),
-        )
-        .expect_err("expected incompatible requested capability policy to be rejected");
-
-        assert!(
-            err.to_string().contains(
-                "required requested permissions cannot include both external access and sensitive secret access"
-            ),
-            "unexpected error: {err}"
-        );
-    }
-
-    fn first_non_requestable_capability() -> UserBridgeCapability {
-        user_registry()
-            .values()
-            .find(|definition| !definition.flags.requestable_by_app)
-            .unwrap_or_else(|| {
-                panic!("test requires at least one capability with requestable_by_app = false")
-            })
-            .capability
-    }
-}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..420b5e293
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,466 @@
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use specta::Type;
+use uuid::Uuid;
+use crate::lifecycle::flags::get_app_flags;
+use crate::lifecycle::{manifest_entry_file, manifest_icon_file};
+use crate::sandbox::SANDBOX_TEST_ID_PREFIX;
+use crate::types::manifest::SageAppPackageManifest;
+use crate::types::permissions::{SageGrantedPermissions, SageGrantedSystemPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions};
+use crate::types::storage::InstalledSageAppStorage;
+use crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms;
+
+#[allow(clippy::struct_excessive_bools)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct SageAppFlags {
+    pub has_secret_access: bool,
+    pub has_external_access: bool,
+    pub storage_may_contain_secrets: bool,
+    pub isolated: bool,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct SageAppSnapshot {
+    pub manifest_hash: String,
+    pub snapshot_dir: String,
+    pub total_bytes: u64,
+    pub manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct UserSageAppPendingUpdate {
+    pub app_url: String,
+    pub manifest_url: String,
+    pub manifest_hash: String,
+    pub manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub enum UserSageAppSource {
+    Zip,
+    Url {
+        app_url: String,
+        manifest_url: String,
+    },
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct SageAppCommon {
+    pub id: String,
+    pub origin_id: String,
+    pub name: String,
+    pub version: String,
+    pub app_dir: String,
+    pub entry_file: String,
+    pub icon_file: String,
+    pub requested_permissions: SageRequestedPermissions,
+    pub granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
+    pub capability_flags: SageAppFlags,
+    pub storage: InstalledSageAppStorage,
+    pub active_snapshot: SageAppSnapshot,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum SystemAppPresentation {
+    Taskbar,
+    Modal,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct UserSageApp {
+    pub common: SageAppCommon,
+    pub source: UserSageAppSource,
+    pub pending_update: Option<UserSageAppPendingUpdate>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct SystemSageApp {
+    pub common: SageAppCommon,
+    pub system_granted_permissions: SageGrantedSystemPermissions,
+    pub presentation: SystemAppPresentation,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "camelCase")]
+#[allow(clippy::large_enum_variant)]
+pub enum SageApp {
+    System(SystemSageApp),
+    User(UserSageApp),
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct SageAppId {
+    pub id: String,
+    pub origin_id: String,
+    pub name: String,
+    pub version: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct CorruptedInstalledSageApp {
+    pub id: String,
+    pub app_dir: String,
+    pub error: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct SageAppAuthor {
+    pub name: String,
+    pub avatar: Option<String>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct SageAppDonation {
+    pub address: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct SageAppUrlPreview {
+    pub app_url: String,
+    pub manifest_url: String,
+    pub manifest_hash: String,
+    pub manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "camelCase")]
+#[allow(clippy::large_enum_variant)]
+pub enum ListedSageApp {
+    User(UserSageApp),
+    System(SystemSageApp),
+    Corrupted(CorruptedInstalledSageApp),
+}
+
+impl SageApp {
+    pub fn common(&self) -> &SageAppCommon {
+        match self {
+            Self::System(app) => &app.common,
+            Self::User(app) => &app.common,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn id(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.common().id
+    }
+
+    pub fn origin_id(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.common().origin_id
+    }
+
+    pub fn name(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.common().name
+    }
+
+    pub fn version(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.common().version
+    }
+
+    pub fn app_dir(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.common().app_dir
+    }
+
+    pub fn entry_file(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.common().entry_file
+    }
+
+    pub fn icon_file(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.common().icon_file
+    }
+
+    pub fn requested_permissions(&self) -> &SageRequestedPermissions {
+        &self.common().requested_permissions
+    }
+
+    pub fn granted_permissions(&self) -> &SageGrantedPermissions {
+        &self.common().granted_permissions
+    }
+
+    pub fn system_granted_permissions(&self) -> Option<&SageGrantedSystemPermissions> {
+        match self {
+            Self::System(app) => Some(&app.system_granted_permissions),
+            Self::User(_) => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn capability_flags(&self) -> &SageAppFlags {
+        &self.common().capability_flags
+    }
+
+    pub fn storage(&self) -> &InstalledSageAppStorage {
+        &self.common().storage
+    }
+
+    pub fn active_snapshot(&self) -> &SageAppSnapshot {
+        &self.common().active_snapshot
+    }
+
+    pub fn as_user(&self) -> Option<&UserSageApp> {
+        match self {
+            Self::User(app) => Some(app),
+            Self::System(_) => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn as_user_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut UserSageApp> {
+        match self {
+            Self::User(app) => Some(app),
+            Self::System(_) => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn as_system(&self) -> Option<&SystemSageApp> {
+        match self {
+            Self::System(app) => Some(app),
+            Self::User(_) => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn as_system_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut SystemSageApp> {
+        match self {
+            Self::System(app) => Some(app),
+            Self::User(_) => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn into_user(self) -> Option<UserSageApp> {
+        match self {
+            Self::User(app) => Some(app),
+            Self::System(_) => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn into_system(self) -> Option<SystemSageApp> {
+        match self {
+            Self::System(app) => Some(app),
+            Self::User(_) => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_sandbox_test(&self) -> bool {
+        self.id().starts_with(SANDBOX_TEST_ID_PREFIX)
+    }
+}
+
+impl UserSageApp {
+    pub fn into_sage_app(self) -> SageApp {
+        SageApp::User(self)
+    }
+}
+
+impl SystemSageApp {
+    pub fn into_sage_app(self) -> SageApp {
+        SageApp::System(self)
+    }
+}
+
+impl SageAppCommon {
+    pub fn new(
+        id: String,
+        origin_id: String,
+        app_dir: String,
+        manifest: &SageAppPackageManifest,
+        granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
+        storage: InstalledSageAppStorage,
+        snapshot: SageAppSnapshot,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
+        let granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions::from_requested_and_granted(
+            &manifest.permissions(),
+            granted_permissions,
+        )?;
+
+        let effective_capabilities = manifest
+            .permissions()
+            .capabilities
+            .resolve_effective_grants(granted_permissions.capabilities().copied())?;
+
+        let capability_flags = get_app_flags(&effective_capabilities, None)?;
+        Self::validate_app_flags_policy(capability_flags)?;
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            id,
+            origin_id,
+            name: manifest.name().to_string(),
+            version: manifest.version().to_string(),
+            app_dir,
+            entry_file: manifest_entry_file(manifest).to_string(),
+            icon_file: manifest_icon_file(manifest).to_string(),
+            requested_permissions: manifest.permissions().clone(),
+            granted_permissions,
+            capability_flags,
+            storage,
+            active_snapshot: snapshot,
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn apply_update(
+        &mut self,
+        pending: &UserSageAppPendingUpdate,
+        granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
+        snapshot: SageAppSnapshot,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        let granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions::from_requested_and_granted(
+            &pending.manifest.permissions(),
+            granted_permissions,
+        )?;
+
+        let effective_capabilities = pending
+            .manifest
+            .permissions()
+            .capabilities
+            .resolve_effective_grants(granted_permissions.capabilities().copied())?;
+
+        let capability_flags =
+            get_app_flags(&effective_capabilities, Some(&self.capability_flags))?;
+
+        Self::validate_app_flags_policy(capability_flags)?;
+
+        self.name.clone_from(&pending.manifest.name().to_string());
+        self.version.clone_from(&pending.manifest.version().to_string());
+        self.requested_permissions
+            .clone_from(&pending.manifest.permissions());
+        self.granted_permissions = granted_permissions;
+        self.capability_flags = capability_flags;
+        self.entry_file = manifest_entry_file(&snapshot.manifest).to_string();
+        self.icon_file = manifest_icon_file(&snapshot.manifest).to_string();
+        self.active_snapshot = snapshot;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub fn update_permissions(
+        &mut self,
+        granted_permissions: &SageGrantedPermissions,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        let required_network = self
+            .requested_permissions
+            .network
+            .whitelist()
+            .required()
+            .cloned();
+
+        let granted_network = granted_permissions.network().whitelist().cloned();
+
+        let granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions::new(
+            &self.requested_permissions,
+            granted_permissions.capabilities().copied(),
+            required_network.chain(granted_network),
+        )?;
+
+        let effective_capabilities = self
+            .requested_permissions
+            .capabilities
+            .resolve_effective_grants(granted_permissions.capabilities().copied())?;
+
+        let capability_flags =
+            get_app_flags(&effective_capabilities, Some(&self.capability_flags))?;
+
+        Self::validate_app_flags_policy(capability_flags)?;
+
+        self.capability_flags = capability_flags;
+        self.granted_permissions = granted_permissions;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn validate_app_flags_policy(flags: SageAppFlags) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        if flags.has_external_access && flags.has_secret_access {
+            anyhow::bail!(
+                "app permissions cannot include both external access and sensitive secret access"
+            );
+        }
+
+        if flags.has_external_access && flags.storage_may_contain_secrets {
+            anyhow::bail!(
+                "app permissions cannot include external access while storage may contain secrets"
+            );
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl UserSageApp {
+    pub fn new_installed(
+        common: SageAppCommon,
+        source: UserSageAppSource,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            common,
+            source,
+            pending_update: None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct RetiredAppOriginEntry {
+    id: String,
+    app_id: String,
+    app_name: String,
+    origin_id: String,
+    created_at_ms: i64,
+    storage_may_contain_secrets: bool,
+    cleanup_pending: bool,
+}
+
+impl RetiredAppOriginEntry {
+    pub fn new(app: &UserSageApp, cleanup_pending: bool) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            id: Uuid::new_v4().to_string(),
+            app_id: app.common.id.clone(),
+            app_name: app.common.name.clone(),
+            origin_id: app.common.origin_id.clone(),
+            created_at_ms: unix_timestamp_ms(),
+            storage_may_contain_secrets: app.common.capability_flags.storage_may_contain_secrets,
+            cleanup_pending,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn refresh_from_app(&mut self, app: &UserSageApp, cleanup_pending: bool) {
+        self.app_id.clone_from(&app.common.id);
+        self.app_name.clone_from(&app.common.name);
+        self.cleanup_pending = cleanup_pending;
+        self.storage_may_contain_secrets =
+            app.common.capability_flags.storage_may_contain_secrets;
+    }
+
+
+    pub fn matches_app_origin(&self, app_id: &str, origin_id: &str) -> bool {
+        self.app_id == app_id && self.origin_id == origin_id
+    }
+
+    pub fn clear_pending_cleanup(&mut self) -> bool {
+        if !self.cleanup_pending {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        self.cleanup_pending = false;
+        true
+    }
+
+    pub fn app_id(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.app_id
+    }
+
+    pub fn origin_id(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.origin_id
+    }
+
+    pub fn cleanup_pending(&self) -> bool {
+        self.cleanup_pending
+    }
+
+    pub fn storage_may_contain_secrets(&self) -> bool {
+        self.storage_may_contain_secrets
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/manifest.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/manifest.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..147d60528
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/manifest.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,220 @@
+use std::collections::BTreeSet;
+use anyhow::anyhow;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize};
+use specta::Type;
+use crate::lifecycle::{validate_manifest_file_path, validate_sha256_hex, MAX_APP_FILE_COUNT, MAX_APP_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES};
+use crate::types::app::{SageAppAuthor, SageAppDonation};
+use crate::types::permissions::SageRequestedPermissions;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct SageAppManifestFile {
+    pub path: String,
+    pub sha256: String,
+    pub size: u64,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct SageAppPackageManifestParts {
+    pub name: String,
+    pub version: String,
+    pub permissions: SageRequestedPermissions,
+    pub files: Vec<SageAppManifestFile>,
+    pub entry: Option<String>,
+    pub icon: Option<String>,
+    pub author: Option<SageAppAuthor>,
+    pub donation: Option<SageAppDonation>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct SageAppPackageManifest {
+    name: String,
+    version: String,
+    permissions: SageRequestedPermissions,
+    files: Vec<SageAppManifestFile>,
+    entry: Option<String>,
+    icon: Option<String>,
+    author: Option<SageAppAuthor>,
+    donation: Option<SageAppDonation>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Default)]
+struct RawSageAppPackageManifest {
+    name: String,
+    version: String,
+
+    #[serde(default)]
+    permissions: Option<SageRequestedPermissions>,
+
+    #[serde(default)]
+    files: Vec<SageAppManifestFile>,
+
+    #[serde(default)]
+    entry: Option<String>,
+
+    #[serde(default)]
+    icon: Option<String>,
+
+    #[serde(default)]
+    author: Option<SageAppAuthor>,
+
+    #[serde(default)]
+    donation: Option<SageAppDonation>,
+}
+
+impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for SageAppPackageManifest {
+    fn deserialize<D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error>
+    where
+        D: Deserializer<'de>,
+    {
+        let raw = <RawSageAppPackageManifest as Deserialize>::deserialize(deserializer)?;
+
+        SageAppPackageManifest::try_from(SageAppPackageManifestParts {
+            name: raw.name,
+            version: raw.version,
+            permissions: raw
+                .permissions
+                .unwrap_or_else(SageRequestedPermissions::empty),
+            files: raw.files,
+            entry: raw.entry,
+            icon: raw.icon,
+            author: raw.author,
+            donation: raw.donation,
+        })
+            .map_err(serde::de::Error::custom)
+    }
+}
+
+impl TryFrom<SageAppPackageManifestParts> for SageAppPackageManifest {
+    type Error = anyhow::Error;
+
+    fn try_from(value: SageAppPackageManifestParts) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
+        if value.name.trim().is_empty() {
+            anyhow::bail!("manifest name cannot be empty");
+        }
+
+        if value.version.trim().is_empty() {
+            anyhow::bail!("manifest version cannot be empty");
+        }
+
+        if let Some(author) = &value.author
+            && author.name.trim().is_empty()
+        {
+            anyhow::bail!("author name cannot be empty");
+        }
+
+        if let Some(donation) = &value.donation {
+            Self::validate_donation(&donation.address)?;
+        }
+
+        Self::validate_files(&value.files)?;
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            name: value.name,
+            version: value.version,
+            permissions: value.permissions,
+            files: value.files,
+            entry: value.entry,
+            icon: value.icon,
+            author: value.author,
+            donation: value.donation,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl SageAppPackageManifest {
+    pub fn name(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.name
+    }
+
+    pub fn version(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.version
+    }
+
+    pub fn permissions(&self) -> &SageRequestedPermissions {
+        &self.permissions
+    }
+
+    pub fn files(&self) -> &[SageAppManifestFile] {
+        &self.files
+    }
+
+    pub fn entry(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.entry.as_deref()
+    }
+
+    pub fn icon(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.icon.as_deref()
+    }
+
+    pub fn author(&self) -> Option<&SageAppAuthor> {
+        self.author.as_ref()
+    }
+
+    pub fn donation(&self) -> Option<&SageAppDonation> {
+        self.donation.as_ref()
+    }
+
+    pub fn total_bytes(&self) -> anyhow::Result<u64> {
+        Self::compute_total_bytes(&self.files)
+    }
+
+    fn validate_donation(address: &str) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        if address.trim().is_empty() {
+            return Err(anyhow!("donation address cannot be empty"));
+        }
+
+        if !address.starts_with("xch") && !address.starts_with("txch") {
+            return Err(anyhow!("invalid donation address format"));
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn validate_files(files: &[SageAppManifestFile]) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        if files.is_empty() {
+            anyhow::bail!("manifest files cannot be empty");
+        }
+
+        if files.len() > MAX_APP_FILE_COUNT {
+            anyhow::bail!(
+                "manifest file count {} exceeds limit {}",
+                files.len(),
+                MAX_APP_FILE_COUNT
+            );
+        }
+
+        let mut seen = BTreeSet::new();
+        let mut total: u64 = 0;
+
+        for file in files {
+            validate_manifest_file_path(&file.path)?;
+            validate_sha256_hex(&file.sha256)?;
+
+            if !seen.insert(file.path.clone()) {
+                anyhow::bail!("duplicate manifest file path: {}", file.path);
+            }
+
+            total = total
+                .checked_add(file.size)
+                .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("manifest total size overflow"))?;
+        }
+
+        if total > MAX_APP_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES {
+            anyhow::bail!("manifest total size {total} exceeds limit {MAX_APP_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES}");
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn compute_total_bytes(files: &[SageAppManifestFile]) -> anyhow::Result<u64> {
+        let mut total: u64 = 0;
+
+        for file in files {
+            total = total
+                .checked_add(file.size)
+                .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("manifest total size overflow"))?;
+        }
+
+        Ok(total)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4546ced46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+mod app;
+mod permissions;
+mod manifest;
+mod storage;
+mod network;
+
+pub(crate) use app::{
+    SageApp, SageAppCommon,
+    UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
+    SystemSageApp,
+    SageAppSnapshot, SageAppFlags,
+    ListedSageApp, SystemAppPresentation,
+    UserSageAppPendingUpdate, SageAppUrlPreview,
+    CorruptedInstalledSageApp, RetiredAppOriginEntry,
+};
+pub(crate) use permissions::{
+    SageRequestedPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions, SageGrantedSystemPermissions,
+    SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView, SageAppCapabilityFlagsView
+};
+pub(crate) use manifest::{SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppManifestFile};
+pub(crate) use storage::{
+    InstalledSageAppStorage, PendingStorageCleanupTarget, PendingStorageCleanupEntry
+};
+pub(crate) use network::{SageNetworkWhitelistEntry};
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/network.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/network.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f9f75e981
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/network.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+use std::collections::BTreeSet;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use specta::Type;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Type, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
+pub struct SageNetworkWhitelistEntry {
+    scheme: String,
+    host: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist {
+    required: BTreeSet<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
+    optional: BTreeSet<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
+}
+
+impl SageNetworkWhitelistEntry {
+    pub fn new(scheme: impl Into<String>, host: impl Into<String>) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
+        let scheme = scheme.into().trim().to_ascii_lowercase();
+        let host = host.into().trim().to_ascii_lowercase();
+
+        if !Self::is_allowed_scheme(&scheme) {
+            anyhow::bail!("invalid scheme '{scheme}', only https and wss allowed");
+        }
+
+        if host.is_empty()
+            || host.contains('/')
+            || host.contains('?')
+            || host.contains('#')
+            || host.contains(' ')
+        {
+            anyhow::bail!("invalid host in network entry: {scheme}://{host}");
+        }
+        Ok(Self { scheme, host })
+    }
+
+    pub fn scheme(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.scheme
+    }
+
+    pub fn host(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.host
+    }
+
+    pub fn as_permission_string(&self) -> String {
+        format!("{}://{}", self.scheme, self.host)
+    }
+
+    fn is_allowed_scheme(s: &str) -> bool {
+        matches!(s, "https" | "wss")
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(test)]
+    pub fn new_unchecked(scheme: &str, host: &str) -> Self {
+        Self::new(scheme, host).unwrap()
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::str::FromStr for SageNetworkWhitelistEntry {
+    type Err = anyhow::Error;
+
+    fn from_str(value: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
+        let value = value.trim();
+
+        let (scheme, host) = value
+            .split_once("://")
+            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("invalid network entry, missing scheme: {value}"))?;
+
+        Self::new(scheme, host)
+    }
+}
+
+impl SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist {
+    pub fn new(
+        required: impl IntoIterator<Item = SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
+        optional: impl IntoIterator<Item = SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let required = required.into_iter().collect::<BTreeSet<_>>();
+
+        let optional = optional
+            .into_iter()
+            .filter(|entry| !required.contains(entry))
+            .collect::<BTreeSet<_>>();
+
+        Self { required, optional }
+    }
+
+    pub fn empty() -> Self {
+        Self::new([], [])
+    }
+
+    pub fn required(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &SageNetworkWhitelistEntry> {
+        self.required.iter()
+    }
+
+    pub fn optional(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &SageNetworkWhitelistEntry> {
+        self.optional.iter()
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_required(&self, entry: &SageNetworkWhitelistEntry) -> bool {
+        self.required.contains(entry)
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_optional(&self, entry: &SageNetworkWhitelistEntry) -> bool {
+        self.optional.contains(entry)
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_allowed(&self, entry: &SageNetworkWhitelistEntry) -> bool {
+        self.is_required(entry) || self.is_optional(entry)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..27a554d6c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,437 @@
+use std::collections::BTreeSet;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize};
+use specta::Type;
+use crate::bridge::capabilities::{SharedCapabilitiesExt, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
+use crate::permissions::{get_user_capability_definition, CapabilityFlags};
+use crate::types::network::{SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist};
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
+    pub whitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct SageRequestedCapabilities {
+    required: BTreeSet<UserBridgeCapability>,
+    optional: BTreeSet<UserBridgeCapability>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct SageRequestedPermissions {
+    pub network: SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
+    pub capabilities: SageRequestedCapabilities,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
+    whitelist: BTreeSet<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct SageGrantedPermissions {
+    capabilities: BTreeSet<UserBridgeCapability>,
+    network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct SageGrantedSystemPermissions {
+    pub capabilities: Vec<SystemBridgeCapability>,
+}
+
+#[allow(clippy::struct_excessive_bools)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct SageAppCapabilityFlagsView {
+    pub externally_observable: bool,
+    pub accesses_sensitive_secret: bool,
+    pub requestable_by_app: bool,
+    pub user_grantable: bool,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView {
+    pub key: String,
+    pub label: String,
+    pub description: String,
+    pub flags: SageAppCapabilityFlagsView,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Default)]
+struct RawStringListBucket {
+    #[serde(default)]
+    required: Vec<String>,
+
+    #[serde(default)]
+    optional: Vec<String>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Default)]
+struct RawRequestedNetworkPermissions {
+    #[serde(default)]
+    whitelist: RawStringListBucket,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Default)]
+struct RawRequestedPermissions {
+    #[serde(default)]
+    network: RawRequestedNetworkPermissions,
+
+    #[serde(default)]
+    capabilities: Option<SageRequestedCapabilities>,
+}
+
+impl Serialize for SageNetworkWhitelistEntry {
+    fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
+    where
+        S: serde::Serializer,
+    {
+        serializer.serialize_str(&self.as_permission_string())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for SageNetworkWhitelistEntry {
+    fn deserialize<D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error>
+    where
+        D: serde::Deserializer<'de>,
+    {
+        let value = String::deserialize(deserializer)?;
+        value.parse().map_err(serde::de::Error::custom)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for SageRequestedPermissions {
+    fn deserialize<D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error>
+    where
+        D: Deserializer<'de>,
+    {
+        let raw = <RawRequestedPermissions as Deserialize>::deserialize(deserializer)?;
+
+        let required_network = raw
+            .network
+            .whitelist
+            .required
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|value| value.parse().map_err(serde::de::Error::custom))
+            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
+
+        let optional_network = raw
+            .network
+            .whitelist
+            .optional
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|value| value.parse().map_err(serde::de::Error::custom))
+            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
+
+        SageRequestedPermissions::new(
+            SageRequestedNetworkPermissions::new(required_network, optional_network),
+            raw.capabilities.unwrap_or_default(),
+        )
+            .map_err(serde::de::Error::custom)
+    }
+}
+
+impl SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
+    pub fn new(
+        requested: &SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
+        whitelist: impl IntoIterator<Item = SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
+        let whitelist = whitelist.into_iter().collect::<BTreeSet<_>>();
+
+        for entry in &whitelist {
+            if !requested.whitelist.is_allowed(entry) {
+                anyhow::bail!(
+                    "granted network whitelist entry not requested in manifest: {}",
+                    entry.as_permission_string()
+                );
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(Self { whitelist })
+    }
+
+    pub fn whitelist(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &SageNetworkWhitelistEntry> {
+        self.whitelist.iter()
+    }
+
+    pub fn contains(&self, entry: &SageNetworkWhitelistEntry) -> bool {
+        self.whitelist.contains(entry)
+    }
+
+    pub fn into_vec(self) -> Vec<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry> {
+        self.whitelist.into_iter().collect()
+    }
+}
+
+impl SageGrantedPermissions {
+    pub fn new(
+        requested: &SageRequestedPermissions,
+        capabilities: impl IntoIterator<Item = UserBridgeCapability>,
+        network_whitelist: impl IntoIterator<Item = SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
+        let capabilities = Self::build_capabilities(&requested.capabilities, capabilities)?;
+
+        let network = SageGrantedNetworkPermissions::new(&requested.network, network_whitelist)?;
+
+        let effective_capabilities = requested
+            .capabilities
+            .resolve_effective_grants(capabilities.iter().copied())?;
+
+        validate_permissions_policy(
+            effective_capabilities,
+            network.whitelist().cloned(),
+            "granted permissions",
+        )?;
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            capabilities,
+            network,
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn from_requested_and_granted(
+        requested: &SageRequestedPermissions,
+        granted: SageGrantedPermissions,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
+        Self::new(requested, granted.capabilities, granted.network.whitelist)
+    }
+
+    pub fn capabilities(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &UserBridgeCapability> {
+        self.capabilities.iter()
+    }
+
+    pub fn capabilities_vec(&self) -> Vec<UserBridgeCapability> {
+        self.capabilities.iter().copied().collect()
+    }
+
+    pub fn network(&self) -> &SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
+        &self.network
+    }
+
+    pub fn shared_capabilities(&self) -> Vec<UserBridgeCapability> {
+        self.capabilities().copied().shared()
+    }
+
+    fn build_capabilities(
+        requested: &SageRequestedCapabilities,
+        capabilities: impl IntoIterator<Item = UserBridgeCapability>,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<BTreeSet<UserBridgeCapability>> {
+        let capabilities = capabilities.into_iter().collect::<BTreeSet<_>>();
+
+        for cap in &capabilities {
+            if !requested.is_allowed(cap) {
+                anyhow::bail!(
+                    "granted capability not requested in manifest: {}",
+                    cap.key()
+                );
+            }
+
+            if !get_user_capability_definition(*cap).flags.user_grantable {
+                anyhow::bail!("granted capability is not user grantable: {}", cap.key());
+            }
+        }
+
+        for cap in requested.required() {
+            if get_user_capability_definition(*cap).flags.user_grantable
+                && !capabilities.contains(cap)
+            {
+                anyhow::bail!("missing required capability: {}", cap.key());
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(capabilities)
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(test)]
+    pub fn new_unchecked(
+        capabilities: impl IntoIterator<Item = UserBridgeCapability>,
+        network_whitelist: impl IntoIterator<Item = SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            capabilities: capabilities.into_iter().collect(),
+            network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
+                whitelist: network_whitelist.into_iter().collect(),
+            },
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn validate_permissions_policy(
+    capabilities: impl IntoIterator<Item = UserBridgeCapability>,
+    network: impl IntoIterator<Item = SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
+    context: &str,
+) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let capability_flags = capabilities
+        .into_iter()
+        .fold(CapabilityFlags::EMPTY, |flags, cap| {
+            flags.union(get_user_capability_definition(cap).flags)
+        });
+
+    let has_secret_access = capability_flags.accesses_sensitive_secret;
+    let has_external_access =
+        capability_flags.externally_observable || network.into_iter().next().is_some();
+
+    if has_secret_access && has_external_access {
+        anyhow::bail!("{context} cannot include both external access and sensitive secret access");
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+impl SageRequestedPermissions {
+    pub fn new(
+        network: SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
+        capabilities: SageRequestedCapabilities,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
+        for capability in capabilities.required().chain(capabilities.optional()) {
+            let definition = get_user_capability_definition(*capability);
+
+            if !definition.flags.requestable_by_app {
+                anyhow::bail!(
+                    "capability is not requestable by app manifest: {}",
+                    capability.key()
+                );
+            }
+        }
+
+        validate_permissions_policy(
+            capabilities.required().copied(),
+            network.whitelist().required().cloned(),
+            "required requested permissions",
+        )?;
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            network,
+            capabilities,
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn empty() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            network: SageRequestedNetworkPermissions::empty(),
+            capabilities: SageRequestedCapabilities::empty(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl SageRequestedCapabilities {
+    pub fn new(
+        required: impl IntoIterator<Item = UserBridgeCapability>,
+        optional: impl IntoIterator<Item = UserBridgeCapability>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let required = required.into_iter().collect::<BTreeSet<_>>();
+
+        let optional = optional
+            .into_iter()
+            .filter(|cap| !required.contains(cap))
+            .collect::<BTreeSet<_>>();
+
+        Self { required, optional }
+    }
+
+    pub fn empty() -> Self {
+        Self::new([], [])
+    }
+
+    pub fn required(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &UserBridgeCapability> {
+        self.required.iter()
+    }
+
+    pub fn optional(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &UserBridgeCapability> {
+        self.optional.iter()
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_required(&self, cap: &UserBridgeCapability) -> bool {
+        self.required.contains(cap)
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_optional(&self, cap: &UserBridgeCapability) -> bool {
+        self.optional.contains(cap)
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_allowed(&self, cap: &UserBridgeCapability) -> bool {
+        self.is_required(cap) || self.is_optional(cap)
+    }
+
+    pub fn user_grantable(&self) -> Vec<UserBridgeCapability> {
+        self.required()
+            .chain(self.optional())
+            .copied()
+            .filter(|cap| get_user_capability_definition(*cap).flags.user_grantable)
+            .collect()
+    }
+
+    pub fn resolve_effective_grants(
+        &self,
+        user_granted: impl IntoIterator<Item = UserBridgeCapability>,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<Vec<UserBridgeCapability>> {
+        let user_granted = self.build_user_grants(user_granted)?;
+
+        let mut effective = user_granted;
+
+        for capability in self.required().chain(self.optional()) {
+            let definition = get_user_capability_definition(*capability);
+
+            if !definition.flags.user_grantable {
+                effective.insert(*capability);
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(effective.into_iter().collect())
+    }
+
+    fn build_user_grants(
+        &self,
+        user_granted: impl IntoIterator<Item = UserBridgeCapability>,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<BTreeSet<UserBridgeCapability>> {
+        let user_granted = user_granted.into_iter().collect::<BTreeSet<_>>();
+
+        for capability in &user_granted {
+            if !self.is_allowed(capability) {
+                anyhow::bail!(
+                    "granted capability not requested in manifest: {}",
+                    capability.key()
+                );
+            }
+
+            let definition = get_user_capability_definition(*capability);
+
+            if !definition.flags.user_grantable {
+                anyhow::bail!(
+                    "granted capability is not user grantable: {}",
+                    capability.key()
+                );
+            }
+        }
+
+        for capability in self.required() {
+            let definition = get_user_capability_definition(*capability);
+
+            if definition.flags.user_grantable && !user_granted.contains(capability) {
+                anyhow::bail!("missing required capability: {}", capability.key());
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(user_granted)
+    }
+}
+
+impl SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
+    pub fn new(
+        required: impl IntoIterator<Item = SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
+        optional: impl IntoIterator<Item = SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            whitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist::new(required, optional),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn empty() -> Self {
+        Self::new([], [])
+    }
+
+    pub fn whitelist(&self) -> &SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist {
+        &self.whitelist
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/storage.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/storage.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a75c96b47
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/storage.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use specta::Type;
+use uuid::Uuid;
+use crate::types::app::UserSageApp;
+use crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub enum InstalledSageAppStorage {
+    AppleDataStore { identifier_hex: String },
+    WindowsProfile { directory_name: String },
+    Unmanaged,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub enum PendingStorageCleanupTarget {
+    AppleDataStore { identifier_hex: String },
+    WindowsProfile { directory_name: String },
+    Unmanaged,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct PendingStorageCleanupEntry {
+    id: String,
+    app_id: String,
+    app_name: String,
+    target: PendingStorageCleanupTarget,
+    created_at_ms: i64,
+    last_attempt_at_ms: Option<i64>,
+    attempt_count: u32,
+    last_error: Option<String>,
+}
+
+impl PendingStorageCleanupEntry {
+    pub fn new(app: &UserSageApp, target: PendingStorageCleanupTarget, error: &str) -> Self {
+        let now = unix_timestamp_ms();
+
+        Self {
+            id: Uuid::new_v4().to_string(),
+            app_id: app.common.id.clone(),
+            app_name: app.common.name.clone(),
+            target,
+            created_at_ms: now,
+            last_attempt_at_ms: Some(now),
+            attempt_count: 1,
+            last_error: Some(error.to_string()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn record_failed_attempt(&mut self, error: &str) {
+        self.last_attempt_at_ms = Some(unix_timestamp_ms());
+        self.attempt_count = self.attempt_count.saturating_add(1);
+        self.last_error = Some(error.to_string());
+    }
+
+    pub fn target(&self) -> &PendingStorageCleanupTarget {
+        &self.target
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types_legacy.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types_legacy.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8cff0c91e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types_legacy.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,306 @@
+use anyhow::anyhow;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize};
+use specta::Type;
+use std::collections::BTreeSet;
+use uuid::Uuid;
+use crate::bridge::capabilities::{
+    SharedCapabilitiesExt, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability,
+};
+use crate::lifecycle::flags::get_app_flags;
+use crate::lifecycle::{
+    MAX_APP_FILE_COUNT, MAX_APP_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES, manifest_entry_file, manifest_icon_file,
+    validate_manifest_file_path, validate_sha256_hex,
+};
+use crate::permissions::{CapabilityFlags, get_user_capability_definition};
+use crate::sandbox::SANDBOX_TEST_ID_PREFIX;
+use crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms;
+
+
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+    use crate::permissions::user_registry;
+    use crate::types::{
+        SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedCapabilities,
+        SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions,
+    };
+
+    #[test]
+    fn granted_permissions_rejects_non_user_grantable_capability_as_user_grant() {
+        let auto = UserBridgeCapability::AppGetInfo;
+
+        let requested = SageRequestedPermissions::new(
+            SageRequestedNetworkPermissions::empty(),
+            SageRequestedCapabilities::new([auto], []),
+        )
+        .expect("requested permissions should be valid");
+
+        let err = SageGrantedPermissions::new(&requested, [auto], [])
+            .expect_err("non-user-grantable capability cannot be persisted as user grant");
+
+        assert!(
+            err.to_string().contains("not user grantable"),
+            "unexpected error: {err}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn non_user_grantable_requested_capability_is_effective_without_user_grant() {
+        let auto = UserBridgeCapability::AppGetInfo;
+
+        let requested = SageRequestedCapabilities::new([auto], []);
+
+        let effective = requested
+            .resolve_effective_grants([])
+            .expect("auto capability should still be effective");
+
+        assert_eq!(effective, vec![auto]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn effective_grants_include_non_user_grantable_requested_capability() {
+        let auto = UserBridgeCapability::AppGetInfo;
+
+        let optional_requested = SageRequestedCapabilities::new([], [auto]);
+        assert_eq!(
+            optional_requested.resolve_effective_grants([]).unwrap(),
+            vec![auto]
+        );
+
+        let required_requested = SageRequestedCapabilities::new([auto], []);
+        assert_eq!(
+            required_requested.resolve_effective_grants([]).unwrap(),
+            vec![auto]
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn effective_grants_do_not_include_removed_non_user_grantable_capability() {
+        let auto = UserBridgeCapability::AppGetInfo;
+
+        let requested = SageRequestedCapabilities::new([auto], []);
+        assert_eq!(requested.resolve_effective_grants([]).unwrap(), vec![auto]);
+
+        let removed_requested = SageRequestedCapabilities::new([], []);
+        assert!(
+            removed_requested
+                .resolve_effective_grants([])
+                .unwrap()
+                .is_empty()
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rejects_non_requestable_required_capability() {
+        let non_requestable = first_non_requestable_capability();
+
+        let err = SageRequestedPermissions::new(
+            SageRequestedNetworkPermissions::empty(),
+            SageRequestedCapabilities::new([non_requestable], []),
+        )
+        .expect_err("expected non-requestable required capability to be rejected");
+
+        let message = err.to_string();
+        assert!(message.contains(non_requestable.key()));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rejects_non_requestable_optional_capability() {
+        let non_requestable = first_non_requestable_capability();
+
+        let err = SageRequestedPermissions::new(
+            SageRequestedNetworkPermissions::empty(),
+            SageRequestedCapabilities::new([], [non_requestable]),
+        )
+        .expect_err("expected non-requestable optional capability to be rejected");
+
+        let message = err.to_string();
+        assert!(message.contains(non_requestable.key()));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn requested_capabilities_deduplicates_and_removes_required_from_optional() {
+        let requested = SageRequestedCapabilities::new(
+            [
+                UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
+                UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
+            ],
+            [UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch],
+        );
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            requested.required().copied().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            vec![UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch]
+        );
+
+        assert!(requested.optional().next().is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn requested_network_deduplicates_and_removes_required_from_optional() {
+        let requested = SageRequestedPermissions::new(
+            SageRequestedNetworkPermissions::new(
+                [
+                    SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new("HTTPS", "Example.com").unwrap(),
+                    SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new("https", "example.com").unwrap(),
+                ],
+                [
+                    SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new("WSS", "ws.example.com").unwrap(),
+                    SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new("https", "example.com").unwrap(),
+                ],
+            ),
+            SageRequestedCapabilities::empty(),
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+        let required = requested
+            .network
+            .whitelist
+            .required()
+            .cloned()
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+        let optional = requested
+            .network
+            .whitelist
+            .optional()
+            .cloned()
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            required,
+            vec![SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new("https", "example.com").unwrap()]
+        );
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            optional,
+            vec![SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new("wss", "ws.example.com").unwrap()]
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn granted_permissions_rejects_unrequested_capability() {
+        let requested = SageRequestedPermissions::new(
+            SageRequestedNetworkPermissions::empty(),
+            SageRequestedCapabilities::new([UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch], []),
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+        let err = SageGrantedPermissions::new(
+            &requested,
+            [
+                UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
+                UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage,
+            ],
+            [],
+        )
+        .expect_err("expected unrequested capability to be rejected");
+
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("persistent_storage"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn granted_permissions_rejects_missing_required_user_grantable_capability() {
+        let requested = SageRequestedPermissions::new(
+            SageRequestedNetworkPermissions::empty(),
+            SageRequestedCapabilities::new([UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch], []),
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+        let err = SageGrantedPermissions::new(&requested, [], [])
+            .expect_err("expected missing required capability to be rejected");
+
+        assert!(
+            err.to_string()
+                .contains(UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch.key())
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn granted_permissions_allows_subset_of_optional_capabilities() {
+        let requested = SageRequestedPermissions::new(
+            SageRequestedNetworkPermissions::empty(),
+            SageRequestedCapabilities::new(
+                [UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch],
+                [UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage],
+            ),
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+        SageGrantedPermissions::new(&requested, [UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch], [])
+            .expect("expected optional capability to be omittable");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn non_user_grantable_required_capability_is_effective_without_persisted_grant() {
+        let auto = UserBridgeCapability::AppGetInfo;
+
+        let requested = SageRequestedCapabilities::new([auto], []);
+
+        let effective = requested
+            .resolve_effective_grants([])
+            .expect("expected effective permissions to resolve");
+
+        assert_eq!(effective, vec![auto]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn non_user_grantable_optional_capability_is_effective_without_persisted_grant() {
+        let auto = UserBridgeCapability::AppGetInfo;
+
+        let requested = SageRequestedCapabilities::new([], [auto]);
+
+        let effective = requested
+            .resolve_effective_grants([])
+            .expect("expected effective permissions to resolve");
+
+        assert_eq!(effective, vec![auto]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn user_grantable_required_capability_without_user_grant_is_blocked() {
+        let requested = SageRequestedCapabilities::new([UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch], []);
+
+        let err = requested
+            .resolve_effective_grants([])
+            .expect_err("required user-grantable capability should require user grant");
+
+        assert!(
+            err.to_string()
+                .contains(UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch.key())
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn requested_permissions_policy_rejects_required_secret_and_external_combination() {
+        let err = SageRequestedPermissions::new(
+            SageRequestedNetworkPermissions::empty(),
+            SageRequestedCapabilities::new(
+                [
+                    UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
+                    UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetSecretKey,
+                ],
+                [],
+            ),
+        )
+        .expect_err("expected incompatible requested capability policy to be rejected");
+
+        assert!(
+            err.to_string().contains(
+                "required requested permissions cannot include both external access and sensitive secret access"
+            ),
+            "unexpected error: {err}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    fn first_non_requestable_capability() -> UserBridgeCapability {
+        user_registry()
+            .values()
+            .find(|definition| !definition.flags.requestable_by_app)
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                panic!("test requires at least one capability with requestable_by_app = false")
+            })
+            .capability
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src-tauri/.taurignore b/src-tauri/.taurignore
index 0eed9ee2c..13485a8c5 100644
--- a/src-tauri/.taurignore
+++ b/src-tauri/.taurignore
@@ -1 +1,2 @@
-crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/dist
+../crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/dist/**
+../docs/generated/**

From e39758269b3d0269ef82fe3228fde316e9d45487 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Mon, 27 Apr 2026 21:09:25 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 234/471] Enhance network whitelist deserialization and
 manifest error reporting

- Implemented custom deserialization logic for `SageNetworkWhitelistEntry` to support both string and object formats.
- Replaced basic manifest deserialization with `serde_path_to_error` for detailed error reporting.
- Updated `Cargo.toml` to include `serde_path_to_error` dependency.
- Adjusted related structs and logic across `permissions.rs` and `network.rs` for improved consistency and flexibility.
---
 Cargo.lock                                 |  1 +
 crates/sage-apps/Cargo.toml                |  1 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs | 23 ++++++++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs          |  6 ++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/network.rs      | 29 ++++++++++++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs  | 49 ++++++++--------------
 6 files changed, 70 insertions(+), 39 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 18f0d599b..b3b48148f 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -6389,6 +6389,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "sage-api",
  "serde",
  "serde_json",
+ "serde_path_to_error",
  "sha2",
  "specta",
  "specta-typescript",
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/Cargo.toml b/crates/sage-apps/Cargo.toml
index 8fe9d6a64..cbf812eb3 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/Cargo.toml
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ mime_guess = "2"
 url = "2"
 async-trait = "0.1.89"
 erased-serde = "0.4.9"
+serde_path_to_error = "0.1.20"
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 tempfile = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs
index 29054e496..fc11dfbfb 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs
@@ -44,8 +44,15 @@ pub async fn fetch_url_manifest(manifest_url: &str) -> AnyResult<(SageAppPackage
     let manifest_text = std::str::from_utf8(&bytes)
         .with_context(|| format!("manifest is not valid UTF-8: {manifest_url}"))?;
 
-    let manifest: SageAppPackageManifest = serde_json::from_str(manifest_text)
-        .with_context(|| format!("failed to parse manifest json from {manifest_url}"))?;
+    let mut deserializer = serde_json::Deserializer::from_str(manifest_text);
+    let manifest: SageAppPackageManifest = serde_path_to_error::deserialize(&mut deserializer)
+        .map_err(|err| {
+            anyhow::anyhow!(
+            "failed to parse manifest json from {manifest_url} at {}: {}",
+            err.path(),
+            err.inner()
+        )
+        })?;
 
     Ok((manifest, manifest_hash))
 }
@@ -54,8 +61,16 @@ pub fn read_manifest(package_root: &std::path::Path) -> AnyResult<SageAppPackage
     let manifest_path = package_root.join(MANIFEST_FILE_NAME);
     let manifest_text = std::fs::read_to_string(&manifest_path)
         .with_context(|| format!("failed to read {}", manifest_path.display()))?;
-    let manifest: SageAppPackageManifest =
-        serde_json::from_str(&manifest_text).context("failed to parse manifest")?;
+    let mut deserializer = serde_json::Deserializer::from_str(&manifest_text);
+    let manifest: SageAppPackageManifest = serde_path_to_error::deserialize(&mut deserializer)
+        .map_err(|err| {
+            anyhow::anyhow!(
+            "failed to parse manifest {} at {}: {}",
+            manifest_path.display(),
+            err.path(),
+            err.inner()
+        )
+        })?;
     Ok(manifest)
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs
index 4546ced46..5127c9b2b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs
@@ -15,10 +15,12 @@ pub(crate) use app::{
 };
 pub(crate) use permissions::{
     SageRequestedPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions, SageGrantedSystemPermissions,
-    SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView, SageAppCapabilityFlagsView
+    SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView, SageAppCapabilityFlagsView,
+    SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
 };
-pub(crate) use manifest::{SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppManifestFile};
+pub(crate) use manifest::{SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifestParts};
 pub(crate) use storage::{
     InstalledSageAppStorage, PendingStorageCleanupTarget, PendingStorageCleanupEntry
 };
 pub(crate) use network::{SageNetworkWhitelistEntry};
+
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/network.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/network.rs
index f9f75e981..54b7e8a2e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/network.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/network.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 use std::collections::BTreeSet;
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+
+use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Type, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
 pub struct SageNetworkWhitelistEntry {
     scheme: String,
     host: String,
@@ -14,6 +15,29 @@ pub struct SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist {
     optional: BTreeSet<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(untagged)]
+enum RawSageNetworkWhitelistEntry {
+    String(String),
+    Object { scheme: String, host: String },
+}
+
+impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for SageNetworkWhitelistEntry {
+    fn deserialize<D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error>
+    where
+        D: Deserializer<'de>,
+    {
+        match RawSageNetworkWhitelistEntry::deserialize(deserializer)? {
+            RawSageNetworkWhitelistEntry::String(value) => {
+                value.parse().map_err(serde::de::Error::custom)
+            }
+            RawSageNetworkWhitelistEntry::Object { scheme, host } => {
+                Self::new(scheme, host).map_err(serde::de::Error::custom)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 impl SageNetworkWhitelistEntry {
     pub fn new(scheme: impl Into<String>, host: impl Into<String>) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
         let scheme = scheme.into().trim().to_ascii_lowercase();
@@ -31,6 +55,7 @@ impl SageNetworkWhitelistEntry {
         {
             anyhow::bail!("invalid host in network entry: {scheme}://{host}");
         }
+
         Ok(Self { scheme, host })
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs
index 27a554d6c..802ddd169 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ pub struct SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
     pub whitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct SageRequestedCapabilities {
     required: BTreeSet<UserBridgeCapability>,
     optional: BTreeSet<UserBridgeCapability>,
@@ -59,18 +59,18 @@ pub struct SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView {
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Default)]
-struct RawStringListBucket {
+struct RawNetworkWhitelistBucket {
     #[serde(default)]
-    required: Vec<String>,
+    required: Vec<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
 
     #[serde(default)]
-    optional: Vec<String>,
+    optional: Vec<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Default)]
 struct RawRequestedNetworkPermissions {
     #[serde(default)]
-    whitelist: RawStringListBucket,
+    whitelist: RawNetworkWhitelistBucket,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Default)]
@@ -82,22 +82,22 @@ struct RawRequestedPermissions {
     capabilities: Option<SageRequestedCapabilities>,
 }
 
-impl Serialize for SageNetworkWhitelistEntry {
-    fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
-    where
-        S: serde::Serializer,
-    {
-        serializer.serialize_str(&self.as_permission_string())
-    }
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Default)]
+struct RawRequestedCapabilities {
+    #[serde(default)]
+    required: Vec<UserBridgeCapability>,
+
+    #[serde(default)]
+    optional: Vec<UserBridgeCapability>,
 }
 
-impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for SageNetworkWhitelistEntry {
+impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for SageRequestedCapabilities {
     fn deserialize<D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error>
     where
-        D: serde::Deserializer<'de>,
+        D: Deserializer<'de>,
     {
-        let value = String::deserialize(deserializer)?;
-        value.parse().map_err(serde::de::Error::custom)
+        let raw = RawRequestedCapabilities::deserialize(deserializer)?;
+        Ok(Self::new(raw.required, raw.optional))
     }
 }
 
@@ -108,21 +108,8 @@ impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for SageRequestedPermissions {
     {
         let raw = <RawRequestedPermissions as Deserialize>::deserialize(deserializer)?;
 
-        let required_network = raw
-            .network
-            .whitelist
-            .required
-            .into_iter()
-            .map(|value| value.parse().map_err(serde::de::Error::custom))
-            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
-
-        let optional_network = raw
-            .network
-            .whitelist
-            .optional
-            .into_iter()
-            .map(|value| value.parse().map_err(serde::de::Error::custom))
-            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
+        let required_network = raw.network.whitelist.required;
+        let optional_network = raw.network.whitelist.optional;
 
         SageRequestedPermissions::new(
             SageRequestedNetworkPermissions::new(required_network, optional_network),

From cb71029cd4fd5ce2c8f0a37cde0f7e675e694909 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Mon, 27 Apr 2026 22:09:45 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 235/471] Clippy

---
 crates/sage-apps/src/build/builtin_apps.rs    |   9 +-
 .../src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs         |   1 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs |  50 ++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs    | 242 ++++++++++++
 .../sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs   | 317 ++++++++++++++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs     | 192 ++++++++-
 .../src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs       | 374 ++++++++++++++++++
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app.rs             |   6 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs             |   8 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs     |  14 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/storage.rs         |   4 +
 crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_install.rs        | 115 ------
 crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_manifest.rs       | 175 --------
 crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_registry.rs       | 361 -----------------
 .../sage-apps/tests/apps_storage_cleanup.rs   | 186 ---------
 crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_update.rs         | 346 ----------------
 crates/sage-apps/tests/common/mod.rs          |  68 ----
 17 files changed, 1164 insertions(+), 1304 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_install.rs
 delete mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_manifest.rs
 delete mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_registry.rs
 delete mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_storage_cleanup.rs
 delete mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_update.rs
 delete mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/tests/common/mod.rs

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/builtin_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/builtin_apps.rs
index ab0719e78..fb5c56a89 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/builtin_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/builtin_apps.rs
@@ -95,10 +95,15 @@ fn inject_manifest_files(app_dir: &Path) -> Result<(), String> {
 
     manifest["files"] = serde_json::Value::Array(files);
 
-    let out = serde_json::to_string_pretty(&manifest)
+    let next_text = serde_json::to_string_pretty(&manifest)
         .map_err(|err| format!("failed to serialize {}: {err}", manifest_path.display()))?;
+    let next_text = format!("{next_text}\n");
 
-    fs::write(&manifest_path, format!("{out}\n"))
+    if manifest_text == next_text {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+
+    fs::write(&manifest_path, next_text)
         .map_err(|err| format!("failed to write {}: {err}", manifest_path.display()))?;
 
     Ok(())
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs
index 8dc443fe6..cd52eed39 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ use crate::types::{
 };
 use uuid::Uuid;
 
+#[allow(clippy::needless_pass_by_value)]
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
 pub fn preview_app_zip(zip_path: String) -> Result<SageAppPackageManifest> {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
index dce2ef34b..e8ba5a6af 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
@@ -233,20 +233,19 @@ mod tests {
     };
     use tempfile::{TempDir, tempdir};
 
-    fn fake_retired_app_origins(dir: &TempDir, storage_may_contain_secrets: bool, cleanup_pending: bool) {
+    fn fake_retired_app_origins(
+        dir: &TempDir,
+        storage_may_contain_secrets: bool,
+        cleanup_pending: bool,
+    ) {
+        let mut app = sample_app_in(dir.path(), "url-abc123", "url-abc123");
+        app.common.capability_flags.storage_may_contain_secrets = storage_may_contain_secrets;
+
         write_retired_app_origins(
             dir.path(),
-            &[RetiredAppOriginEntry::new_for_tests(
-                "retired-1",
-                "url-abc123",
-                "Test App",
-                "url-abc123",
-                1,
-                storage_may_contain_secrets,
-                cleanup_pending,
-            )],
+            &[RetiredAppOriginEntry::new(&app, cleanup_pending)],
         )
-        .unwrap();
+            .unwrap();
     }
 
     fn sample_manifest() -> SageAppPackageManifest {
@@ -276,9 +275,8 @@ mod tests {
         .unwrap()
     }
 
-    fn sample_app(app_id: &str, origin_id: &str) -> UserSageApp {
-        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-        let app_dir = dir.path().join(app_id);
+    fn sample_app_in(base: &Path, app_id: &str, origin_id: &str) -> UserSageApp {
+        let app_dir = crate::lifecycle::registry::app_dir(base, app_id);
         std::fs::create_dir_all(&app_dir).unwrap();
 
         let manifest = sample_manifest();
@@ -291,7 +289,7 @@ mod tests {
                 "api.example.com",
             )],
         )
-        .unwrap();
+            .unwrap();
 
         let snapshot = SageAppSnapshot {
             manifest_hash: "hash".into(),
@@ -309,7 +307,7 @@ mod tests {
             InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
             snapshot,
         )
-        .unwrap();
+            .unwrap();
 
         UserSageApp {
             common,
@@ -409,7 +407,7 @@ mod tests {
     fn should_rotate_url_origin_when_retired_storage_may_contain_secrets_even_if_cleanup_pending() {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
 
-        fake_retired_app_origins(&dir, true, false);
+        fake_retired_app_origins(&dir, true, true);
 
         assert!(should_rotate_url_origin_on_install(dir.path(), "url-abc123").unwrap());
     }
@@ -417,7 +415,7 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn url_origin_id_reuses_existing_origin() {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-        let existing = sample_app("url-abc123", "existing-origin");
+        let existing = sample_app_in(dir.path(), "url-abc123", "existing-origin");
 
         let source = UrlInstallSource {
             app_url: "https://example.com/app/".into(),
@@ -523,4 +521,20 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(retired[0].cleanup_pending());
         assert!(retired[0].storage_may_contain_secrets());
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn normalize_app_url_allows_loopback_http() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            normalize_app_url("http://127.0.0.1:4173").unwrap(),
+            "http://127.0.0.1:4173/"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn normalize_app_url_rejects_unsupported_scheme() {
+        let err = normalize_app_url("ftp://example.com/app")
+            .unwrap_err()
+            .to_string();
+        assert!(err.contains("unsupported app URL scheme"));
+    }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs
index fc11dfbfb..53b1f95d7 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs
@@ -150,3 +150,245 @@ pub fn validate_manifest_files(files: &[SageAppManifestFile]) -> AnyResult<u64>
 
     Ok(total)
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+    use crate::lifecycle::limits::{MAX_APP_FILE_COUNT, MAX_APP_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES};
+    use crate::types::{
+        SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts,
+        SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
+        SageRequestedPermissions,
+    };
+
+    fn sample_manifest_file(path: &str, size: u64) -> SageAppManifestFile {
+        SageAppManifestFile {
+            path: path.to_string(),
+            sha256: "a".repeat(64),
+            size,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn sample_file() -> SageAppManifestFile {
+        sample_manifest_file("index.html", 123)
+    }
+
+    fn entry(scheme: &str, host: &str) -> SageNetworkWhitelistEntry {
+        SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new(scheme, host).unwrap()
+    }
+
+    fn requested_permissions() -> SageRequestedPermissions {
+        SageRequestedPermissions::new(
+            SageRequestedNetworkPermissions::new(
+                [entry("https", "required.example.com")],
+                [entry("wss", "optional.example.com")],
+            ),
+            SageRequestedCapabilities::new(
+                [UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch],
+                [UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage],
+            ),
+        )
+            .unwrap()
+    }
+
+    fn sample_manifest_with(
+        entry_file: Option<String>,
+        icon_file: Option<String>,
+    ) -> SageAppPackageManifest {
+        SageAppPackageManifest::try_from(SageAppPackageManifestParts {
+            name: "Test App".to_string(),
+            version: "1.0.0".to_string(),
+            permissions: requested_permissions(),
+            files: vec![sample_manifest_file("index.html", 1)],
+            entry: entry_file,
+            icon: icon_file,
+            author: None,
+            donation: None,
+        })
+            .unwrap()
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn validate_manifest_file_path_accepts_normal_relative_path() {
+        validate_manifest_file_path("dist/index.html").unwrap();
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn validate_manifest_file_path_rejects_absolute_path() {
+        assert!(validate_manifest_file_path("/etc/passwd").is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn validate_manifest_file_path_rejects_parent_traversal() {
+        assert!(validate_manifest_file_path("../secret.txt").is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn validate_manifest_file_path_rejects_current_dir_segment() {
+        assert!(validate_manifest_file_path("./index.html").is_err());
+        assert!(validate_manifest_file_path("dist/./index.html").is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn validate_manifest_file_path_rejects_empty_segment() {
+        assert!(validate_manifest_file_path("dist//index.html").is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn validate_manifest_file_path_rejects_backslashes() {
+        assert!(validate_manifest_file_path(r"dist\index.html").is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn validate_sha256_hex_accepts_valid_hash() {
+        validate_sha256_hex("aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa")
+            .unwrap();
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn validate_sha256_hex_rejects_invalid_hash() {
+        assert!(validate_sha256_hex("not-a-sha").is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn validate_manifest_files_rejects_empty_list() {
+        let err = validate_manifest_files(&[]).unwrap_err();
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("cannot be empty"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn validate_manifest_files_rejects_duplicate_paths() {
+        let files = vec![
+            sample_manifest_file("dist/index.html", 1),
+            sample_manifest_file("dist/index.html", 2),
+        ];
+
+        let err = validate_manifest_files(&files).unwrap_err();
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("duplicate manifest file path"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn validate_manifest_files_rejects_invalid_nested_path() {
+        let files = vec![sample_manifest_file("dist//index.html", 1)];
+
+        let err = validate_manifest_files(&files).unwrap_err();
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("manifest file path is invalid"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn validate_manifest_files_rejects_file_count_over_limit() {
+        let files: Vec<_> = (0..=MAX_APP_FILE_COUNT)
+            .map(|i| sample_manifest_file(&format!("dist/file-{i}.txt"), 1))
+            .collect();
+
+        let err = validate_manifest_files(&files).unwrap_err();
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("exceeds limit"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn validate_manifest_files_rejects_total_size_over_limit() {
+        let files = vec![
+            sample_manifest_file("dist/a.bin", MAX_APP_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES),
+            sample_manifest_file("dist/b.bin", 1),
+        ];
+
+        let err = validate_manifest_files(&files).unwrap_err();
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("manifest total size"));
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("exceeds limit"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn validate_manifest_files_returns_total_size_when_valid() {
+        let files = vec![
+            sample_manifest_file("dist/index.html", 100),
+            sample_manifest_file("dist/icon.png", 23),
+        ];
+
+        let total = validate_manifest_files(&files).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(total, 123);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn manifest_rejects_blank_name() {
+        let err = SageAppPackageManifest::try_from(SageAppPackageManifestParts {
+            name: "   ".to_string(),
+            version: "1.0.0".to_string(),
+            permissions: SageRequestedPermissions::empty(),
+            files: vec![sample_file()],
+            entry: Some("index.html".to_string()),
+            icon: Some("icon.png".to_string()),
+            author: None,
+            donation: None,
+        })
+            .unwrap_err();
+
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("name cannot be empty"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn manifest_rejects_blank_version() {
+        let err = SageAppPackageManifest::try_from(SageAppPackageManifestParts {
+            name: "Test".to_string(),
+            version: "   ".to_string(),
+            permissions: SageRequestedPermissions::empty(),
+            files: vec![sample_file()],
+            entry: Some("index.html".to_string()),
+            icon: Some("icon.png".to_string()),
+            author: None,
+            donation: None,
+        })
+            .unwrap_err();
+
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("version cannot be empty"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn manifest_total_size_is_computed() {
+        let manifest = SageAppPackageManifest::try_from(SageAppPackageManifestParts {
+            name: "Test App".to_string(),
+            version: "1.0.0".to_string(),
+            permissions: SageRequestedPermissions::empty(),
+            files: vec![sample_manifest_file("dist/index.html", 123)],
+            entry: Some("dist/index.html".to_string()),
+            icon: Some("dist/icon.png".to_string()),
+            author: None,
+            donation: None,
+        })
+            .unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(manifest.total_bytes().unwrap(), 123);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn manifest_entry_file_uses_explicit_entry() {
+        let manifest = sample_manifest_with(
+            Some("entry.html".to_string()),
+            Some("icon.svg".to_string()),
+        );
+
+        assert_eq!(manifest_entry_file(&manifest), "entry.html");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn manifest_entry_file_defaults_to_index_html() {
+        let manifest = sample_manifest_with(None, Some("icon.svg".to_string()));
+        assert_eq!(manifest_entry_file(&manifest), "index.html");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn manifest_icon_file_uses_explicit_icon() {
+        let manifest = sample_manifest_with(
+            Some("entry.html".to_string()),
+            Some("icon.svg".to_string()),
+        );
+
+        assert_eq!(manifest_icon_file(&manifest), "icon.svg");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn manifest_icon_file_defaults_to_icon_png() {
+        let manifest = sample_manifest_with(Some("entry.html".to_string()), None);
+        assert_eq!(manifest_icon_file(&manifest), "icon.png");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs
index 118efd4bf..a6d3c32c1 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs
@@ -231,34 +231,47 @@ pub fn read_installed_user_app_by_origin_id(
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
-    use tempfile::tempdir;
-
+    use crate::lifecycle::storage::record_storage_cleanup_failure;
     use crate::types::{
-        InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppCommon, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest,
-        SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissions,
-        SageRequestedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
+        InstalledSageAppStorage, ListedSageApp, PendingStorageCleanupTarget, RetiredAppOriginEntry,
+        SageAppCommon, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts,
+        SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
+        SageRequestedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppPendingUpdate, UserSageAppSource,
     };
+    use std::fs;
+    use tempfile::tempdir;
 
-    fn sample_app(base: &Path, app_id: &str, origin_id: &str) -> UserSageApp {
-        let dir = app_dir(base, app_id);
-        fs::create_dir_all(&dir).unwrap();
+    fn sample_manifest_file(path: &str, size: u64) -> SageAppManifestFile {
+        SageAppManifestFile {
+            path: path.to_string(),
+            sha256: "a".repeat(64),
+            size,
+        }
+    }
 
-        let manifest = SageAppPackageManifest::try_from(SageAppPackageManifestParts {
-            name: "Test App".into(),
-            version: "1.0.0".into(),
+    fn sample_manifest(name: &str) -> SageAppPackageManifest {
+        SageAppPackageManifest::try_from(SageAppPackageManifestParts {
+            name: name.to_string(),
+            version: "1.0.0".to_string(),
             permissions: SageRequestedPermissions::empty(),
-            files: Vec::from([SageAppManifestFile {
-                path: "index.html".into(),
-                sha256: "a".repeat(64),
-                size: 1,
-            }]),
-            entry: Some("index.html".into()),
-            icon: Some("icon.png".into()),
+            files: vec![sample_manifest_file("index.html", 1)],
+            entry: Some("index.html".to_string()),
+            icon: Some("icon.png".to_string()),
             author: None,
             donation: None,
         })
-        .unwrap();
+            .unwrap()
+    }
 
+    fn sample_app(base: &Path, app_id: &str, origin_id: &str) -> UserSageApp {
+        sample_app_named(base, app_id, origin_id, "Test App")
+    }
+
+    fn sample_app_named(base: &Path, app_id: &str, origin_id: &str, name: &str) -> UserSageApp {
+        let dir = app_dir(base, app_id);
+        fs::create_dir_all(&dir).unwrap();
+
+        let manifest = sample_manifest(name);
         let granted_permissions =
             SageGrantedPermissions::new(manifest.permissions(), [], []).unwrap();
 
@@ -278,7 +291,7 @@ mod tests {
             InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
             snapshot,
         )
-        .unwrap();
+            .unwrap();
 
         UserSageApp {
             common,
@@ -290,6 +303,13 @@ mod tests {
         }
     }
 
+    fn without_system_apps(listed: Vec<ListedSageApp>) -> Vec<ListedSageApp> {
+        listed
+            .into_iter()
+            .filter(|entry| !matches!(entry, ListedSageApp::System(_)))
+            .collect()
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn installed_app_metadata_round_trips_origin_id_and_storage() {
         let tmp = tempdir().unwrap();
@@ -303,6 +323,233 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(read_back.common.id, app.common.id);
         assert_eq!(read_back.common.origin_id, app.common.origin_id);
         assert_eq!(read_back.common.storage, app.common.storage);
+        assert_eq!(read_back.common.granted_permissions, app.common.granted_permissions);
+        assert!(!read_back.common.capability_flags.has_external_access);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn installed_app_metadata_round_trips_pending_update() {
+        let base = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let app_id = "app-1";
+
+        let mut app = sample_app_named(base.path(), app_id, "app-1", "Alpha");
+        app.pending_update = Some(UserSageAppPendingUpdate {
+            app_url: "https://example.com/app/".to_string(),
+            manifest_url: "https://example.com/app/sage-manifest.json".to_string(),
+            manifest_hash: "pending-hash".to_string(),
+            manifest: sample_manifest("Alpha Updated"),
+        });
+
+        let dir = app_dir(base.path(), app_id);
+        write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &dir).unwrap();
+
+        let loaded = read_installed_app_by_id(base.path(), app_id).unwrap();
+        let pending = loaded
+            .pending_update
+            .expect("pending update should survive roundtrip");
+
+        assert_eq!(pending.manifest_hash, "pending-hash");
+        assert_eq!(pending.manifest.name(), "Alpha Updated");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn corrupted_metadata_is_reported_as_corrupted_listing() {
+        let base = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let dir = app_dir(base.path(), "broken-app");
+        fs::create_dir_all(&dir).unwrap();
+
+        fs::write(dir.join(".sage-installed.json"), "{ definitely not json").unwrap();
+
+        let listed =
+            without_system_apps(list_installed_apps_internal(&apps_root(base.path())).unwrap());
+        assert_eq!(listed.len(), 1);
+
+        match &listed[0] {
+            ListedSageApp::Corrupted(app) => {
+                assert_eq!(app.id, "broken-app");
+                assert!(!app.error.is_empty());
+            }
+            ListedSageApp::User(_) | ListedSageApp::System(_) => {
+                panic!("expected corrupted app listing");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn corrupted_persisted_network_entry_is_reported_as_corrupted_listing() {
+        let base = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let dir = app_dir(base.path(), "broken-app");
+        fs::create_dir_all(&dir).unwrap();
+
+        fs::write(
+            dir.join(".sage-installed.json"),
+            r#"{
+  "id": "broken-app",
+  "originId": "broken-app",
+  "name": "Broken App",
+  "version": "1.0.0",
+  "appDir": "/tmp/broken-app",
+  "entryFile": "index.html",
+  "iconFile": "icon.png",
+  "requestedPermissions": {
+    "network": {
+      "whitelist": {
+        "required": ["https://ok.example.com/path"],
+        "optional": []
+      }
+    },
+    "capabilities": {
+      "required": [],
+      "optional": []
+    }
+  },
+  "grantedPermissions": {
+    "capabilities": [],
+    "network": {
+      "whitelist": []
+    }
+  },
+  "capabilityFlags": {
+    "hasSecretAccess": false,
+    "hasExternalAccess": false,
+    "storageMayContainSecrets": false,
+    "isolated": false
+  },
+  "storage": {
+    "kind": "unmanaged"
+  },
+  "source": {
+    "kind": "zip"
+  },
+  "activeSnapshot": {
+    "manifestHash": "hash",
+    "snapshotDir": "/tmp/snapshot",
+    "totalBytes": 1,
+    "manifest": {
+      "name": "Broken App",
+      "version": "1.0.0",
+      "permissions": {
+        "network": {
+          "whitelist": {
+            "required": [],
+            "optional": []
+          }
+        },
+        "capabilities": {
+          "required": [],
+          "optional": []
+        }
+      },
+      "files": [
+        {
+          "path": "index.html",
+          "sha256": "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa",
+          "size": 1
+        }
+      ],
+      "entry": "index.html",
+      "icon": "icon.png"
+    }
+  },
+  "pendingUpdate": null
+}"#,
+        )
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let listed =
+            without_system_apps(list_installed_apps_internal(&apps_root(base.path())).unwrap());
+        assert_eq!(listed.len(), 1);
+
+        match &listed[0] {
+            ListedSageApp::Corrupted(app) => {
+                assert!(
+                    app.error.contains("network entry")
+                        || app.error.contains("invalid host")
+                        || app.error.contains("failed to parse installed app metadata"),
+                    "unexpected error: {}",
+                    app.error
+                );
+            }
+            ListedSageApp::User(_) | ListedSageApp::System(_) => {
+                panic!("expected corrupted app listing");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn installed_apps_are_sorted_by_name() {
+        let base = tempdir().unwrap();
+
+        let alpha = sample_app_named(base.path(), "a", "a", "Alpha");
+        write_installed_app_metadata(&alpha, Path::new(&alpha.common.app_dir)).unwrap();
+
+        let zeta = sample_app_named(base.path(), "z", "z", "Zeta");
+        write_installed_app_metadata(&zeta, Path::new(&zeta.common.app_dir)).unwrap();
+
+        let listed =
+            without_system_apps(list_installed_apps_internal(&apps_root(base.path())).unwrap());
+
+        let names: Vec<_> = listed
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|entry| match entry {
+                ListedSageApp::User(app) => app.common.name,
+                ListedSageApp::System(app) => app.common.name,
+                ListedSageApp::Corrupted(app) => app.id,
+            })
+            .collect();
+
+        assert_eq!(names, vec!["Alpha".to_string(), "Zeta".to_string()]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn list_installed_apps_ignores_tmp_directories() {
+        let base = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let root = apps_root(base.path());
+        fs::create_dir_all(root.join(".tmp-123")).unwrap();
+
+        let listed =
+            without_system_apps(list_installed_apps_internal(&apps_root(base.path())).unwrap());
+        assert!(listed.is_empty());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn list_installed_apps_ignores_directories_without_metadata() {
+        let base = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let root = apps_root(base.path());
+        fs::create_dir_all(root.join("missing-metadata")).unwrap();
+
+        let listed =
+            without_system_apps(list_installed_apps_internal(&apps_root(base.path())).unwrap());
+        assert!(listed.is_empty());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn parse_network_permission_target_normalizes_case() {
+        let parsed = parse_network_permission_target("HTTPS://Example.COM").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            parsed,
+            SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new("https", "example.com").unwrap()
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn parse_network_permission_target_rejects_missing_scheme_separator() {
+        let err = parse_network_permission_target("example.com").unwrap_err();
+        assert!(err.contains("missing scheme"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn parse_network_permission_target_rejects_unsupported_scheme() {
+        let err = parse_network_permission_target("http://example.com").unwrap_err();
+        assert!(err.contains("only https and wss allowed"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn parse_network_permission_target_rejects_invalid_host_chars() {
+        assert!(parse_network_permission_target("https://example.com/path").is_err());
+        assert!(parse_network_permission_target("https://example.com?x=1").is_err());
+        assert!(parse_network_permission_target("https://example.com#frag").is_err());
+        assert!(parse_network_permission_target("https://exa mple.com").is_err());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -323,9 +570,39 @@ mod tests {
     fn read_installed_app_by_origin_id_errors_when_missing() {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
         let err = read_installed_user_app_by_origin_id(dir.path(), "missing").unwrap_err();
+
         assert!(
             err.to_string()
                 .contains("no installed app found for origin id")
         );
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn pending_storage_cleanup_entries_round_trip() {
+        let base = tempdir().unwrap();
+
+        let app = sample_app(base.path(), "app-1", "origin-1");
+        record_storage_cleanup_failure(base.path(), &app, "boom").unwrap();
+
+        let entries = read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries(base.path()).unwrap();
+        write_pending_storage_cleanup_entries(base.path(), &entries).unwrap();
+
+        let loaded = read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries(base.path()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(loaded, entries);
+        assert_eq!(loaded[0].target(), &PendingStorageCleanupTarget::Unmanaged);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn retired_app_origins_round_trip() {
+        let base = tempdir().unwrap();
+
+        let mut app = sample_app(base.path(), "app-1", "origin-1");
+        app.common.capability_flags.storage_may_contain_secrets = true;
+
+        let entries = vec![RetiredAppOriginEntry::new(&app, true)];
+        write_retired_app_origins(base.path(), &entries).unwrap();
+
+        let loaded = read_retired_app_origins(base.path()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(loaded, entries);
+    }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
index a43d332da..72d706890 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
@@ -244,7 +244,67 @@ pub async fn apps_mark_storage_may_contain_secrets(
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
-    use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, PendingStorageCleanupTarget};
+    use crate::lifecycle::{read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries, read_retired_app_origins};
+    use crate::types::{
+        PendingStorageCleanupTarget, SageAppCommon, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest,
+        SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissions,
+        SageRequestedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
+    };
+    use tempfile::tempdir;
+
+    fn sample_manifest_file(path: &str, size: u64) -> SageAppManifestFile {
+        SageAppManifestFile {
+            path: path.to_string(),
+            sha256: "a".repeat(64),
+            size,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn sample_app(storage: InstalledSageAppStorage) -> UserSageApp {
+        let manifest = SageAppPackageManifest::try_from(SageAppPackageManifestParts {
+            name: "Test App".into(),
+            version: "1.0.0".into(),
+            permissions: SageRequestedPermissions::empty(),
+            files: vec![sample_manifest_file("index.html", 1)],
+            entry: Some("index.html".into()),
+            icon: Some("icon.png".into()),
+            author: None,
+            donation: None,
+        })
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let granted_permissions =
+            SageGrantedPermissions::new(manifest.permissions(), [], []).unwrap();
+
+        let snapshot = SageAppSnapshot {
+            manifest_hash: "hash".into(),
+            snapshot_dir: "/tmp/test-app".into(),
+            total_bytes: 1,
+            manifest: manifest.clone(),
+        };
+
+        let mut common = SageAppCommon::new(
+            "url-abc123".into(),
+            "origin-1".into(),
+            "/tmp/test-app".into(),
+            &manifest,
+            granted_permissions,
+            storage,
+            snapshot,
+        )
+            .unwrap();
+
+        common.capability_flags.storage_may_contain_secrets = true;
+
+        UserSageApp {
+            common,
+            source: UserSageAppSource::Url {
+                app_url: "https://example.com/app/".into(),
+                manifest_url: "https://example.com/app/sage-manifest.json".into(),
+            },
+            pending_update: None,
+        }
+    }
 
     #[test]
     fn target_from_storage_maps_apple_data_store() {
@@ -279,4 +339,134 @@ mod tests {
         let target = cleanup_target_from_storage(&InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged);
         assert_eq!(target, PendingStorageCleanupTarget::Unmanaged);
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn record_storage_cleanup_failure_creates_unmanaged_target() {
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let app = sample_app(InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged);
+
+        record_storage_cleanup_failure(dir.path(), &app, "boom").unwrap();
+
+        let entries = read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries(dir.path()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(entries.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(entries[0].target(), &PendingStorageCleanupTarget::Unmanaged);
+        assert_eq!(entries[0].attempt_count(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(entries[0].last_error(), Some("boom"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn record_storage_cleanup_failure_creates_apple_target() {
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let app = sample_app(InstalledSageAppStorage::AppleDataStore {
+            identifier_hex: "abc123".into(),
+        });
+
+        record_storage_cleanup_failure(dir.path(), &app, "boom").unwrap();
+
+        let entries = read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries(dir.path()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(entries.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(
+            entries[0].target(),
+            &PendingStorageCleanupTarget::AppleDataStore {
+                identifier_hex: "abc123".into(),
+            }
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn record_storage_cleanup_failure_creates_windows_target() {
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let app = sample_app(InstalledSageAppStorage::WindowsProfile {
+            directory_name: "profile-1".into(),
+        });
+
+        record_storage_cleanup_failure(dir.path(), &app, "boom").unwrap();
+
+        let entries = read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries(dir.path()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(entries.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(
+            entries[0].target(),
+            &PendingStorageCleanupTarget::WindowsProfile {
+                directory_name: "profile-1".into(),
+            }
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn record_storage_cleanup_failure_updates_existing_entry_by_target_not_app_id() {
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+
+        let app_a = sample_app(InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged);
+        record_storage_cleanup_failure(dir.path(), &app_a, "first").unwrap();
+
+        let mut app_b = sample_app(InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged);
+        app_b.common.id = "url-other".into();
+        app_b.common.name = "Other App".into();
+
+        record_storage_cleanup_failure(dir.path(), &app_b, "second").unwrap();
+
+        let entries = read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries(dir.path()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(entries.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(entries[0].app_id(), "url-other");
+        assert_eq!(entries[0].app_name(), "Other App");
+        assert_eq!(entries[0].attempt_count(), 2);
+        assert_eq!(entries[0].last_error(), Some("second"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn enqueue_retired_app_origin_ignores_zip_apps() {
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let mut app = sample_app(InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged);
+        app.source = UserSageAppSource::Zip;
+
+        enqueue_retired_app_origin(dir.path(), &app, true).unwrap();
+
+        let entries = read_retired_app_origins(dir.path()).unwrap();
+        assert!(entries.is_empty());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn enqueue_retired_app_origin_creates_new_entry_for_url_app() {
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let app = sample_app(InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged);
+
+        enqueue_retired_app_origin(dir.path(), &app, true).unwrap();
+
+        let entries = read_retired_app_origins(dir.path()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(entries.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(entries[0].app_id(), app.common.id);
+        assert_eq!(entries[0].origin_id(), app.common.origin_id);
+        assert!(entries[0].cleanup_pending());
+        assert!(entries[0].storage_may_contain_secrets());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn enqueue_retired_app_origin_updates_existing_origin_entry() {
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let app = sample_app(InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged);
+
+        enqueue_retired_app_origin(dir.path(), &app, true).unwrap();
+        enqueue_retired_app_origin(dir.path(), &app, false).unwrap();
+
+        let entries = read_retired_app_origins(dir.path()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(entries.len(), 1);
+        assert!(!entries[0].cleanup_pending());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn enqueue_retired_app_origin_updates_secret_taint_flag() {
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let mut app = sample_app(InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged);
+        app.common.capability_flags.storage_may_contain_secrets = false;
+
+        enqueue_retired_app_origin(dir.path(), &app, false).unwrap();
+
+        app.common.capability_flags.storage_may_contain_secrets = true;
+        enqueue_retired_app_origin(dir.path(), &app, true).unwrap();
+
+        let entries = read_retired_app_origins(dir.path()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(entries.len(), 1);
+        assert!(entries[0].storage_may_contain_secrets());
+        assert!(entries[0].cleanup_pending());
+    }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
index 3aebd5c58..8616ace71 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
@@ -227,3 +227,377 @@ pub fn update_app_permissions_with_change_internal(
 
     Ok((updated, capability_change, network_change))
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+    use crate::lifecycle::registry::{
+        app_dir, read_installed_app_by_id, write_installed_app_metadata,
+    };
+    use crate::lifecycle::update::types::{
+        GrantCapabilityOutcome, GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome,
+    };
+    use crate::types::{
+        InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppCommon, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest,
+        SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissions,
+        SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
+        SageRequestedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
+    };
+    use std::path::Path;
+    use tempfile::tempdir;
+
+    fn sample_manifest_file(path: &str, size: u64) -> SageAppManifestFile {
+        SageAppManifestFile {
+            path: path.to_string(),
+            sha256: "a".repeat(64),
+            size,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn network_whitelist_entry(scheme: &str, host: &str) -> SageNetworkWhitelistEntry {
+        SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new(scheme, host).unwrap()
+    }
+
+    fn entries(
+        values: impl IntoIterator<Item = SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
+    ) -> Vec<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry> {
+        values.into_iter().collect()
+    }
+
+    fn caps(values: impl IntoIterator<Item = UserBridgeCapability>) -> Vec<UserBridgeCapability> {
+        values.into_iter().collect()
+    }
+
+    fn sample_app(base: &Path, app_id: &str) -> UserSageApp {
+        let app_dir = app_dir(base, app_id);
+        std::fs::create_dir_all(&app_dir).unwrap();
+
+        let requested_permissions = SageRequestedPermissions::new(
+            SageRequestedNetworkPermissions::new(
+                [network_whitelist_entry("https", "required.example.com")],
+                [network_whitelist_entry("wss", "optional.example.com")],
+            ),
+            SageRequestedCapabilities::new(
+                [],
+                [
+                    UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
+                    UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage,
+                ],
+            ),
+        )
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let manifest = SageAppPackageManifest::try_from(SageAppPackageManifestParts {
+            name: "Test App".to_string(),
+            version: "1.0.0".to_string(),
+            permissions: requested_permissions.clone(),
+            files: Vec::from([sample_manifest_file("index.html", 1)]),
+            entry: Some("index.html".to_string()),
+            icon: Some("icon.png".to_string()),
+            author: None,
+            donation: None,
+        })
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions::new(&requested_permissions, [], [])
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let snapshot = SageAppSnapshot {
+            manifest_hash: "hash".to_string(),
+            snapshot_dir: app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+            total_bytes: 1,
+            manifest: manifest.clone(),
+        };
+
+        let common = SageAppCommon::new(
+            app_id.into(),
+            app_id.into(),
+            app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+            &manifest,
+            granted_permissions,
+            InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
+            snapshot,
+        )
+            .unwrap();
+
+        UserSageApp {
+            common,
+            source: UserSageAppSource::Url {
+                app_url: "https://example.com/app/".into(),
+                manifest_url: "https://example.com/app/sage-manifest.json".into(),
+            },
+            pending_update: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn update_app_permissions_persists_required_network_entries() {
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let app = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-1");
+        let app_path = app_dir(dir.path(), &app.common.id);
+        write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app_path).unwrap();
+
+        let granted = SageGrantedPermissions::new(&app.common.requested_permissions, [], [])
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let updated = update_app_permissions(dir.path(), &app.common.id, &granted).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            entries(
+                updated
+                    .common
+                    .granted_permissions
+                    .network()
+                    .whitelist()
+                    .cloned()
+            ),
+            [network_whitelist_entry("https", "required.example.com")]
+        );
+
+        let reloaded = read_installed_app_by_id(dir.path(), &app.common.id).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            entries(
+                reloaded
+                    .common
+                    .granted_permissions
+                    .network()
+                    .whitelist()
+                    .cloned()
+            ),
+            [network_whitelist_entry("https", "required.example.com")]
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn update_app_permissions_rejects_unrequested_capability() {
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let app = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-1");
+        let app_path = app_dir(dir.path(), &app.common.id);
+        write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app_path).unwrap();
+
+        let err = SageGrantedPermissions::new(
+            &app.common.requested_permissions,
+            [UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXchAutoSubmit],
+            [],
+        )
+            .unwrap_err()
+            .to_string();
+
+        assert!(err.contains("not requested in manifest"));
+        assert!(err.contains(UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXchAutoSubmit.key()));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn grant_requested_capability_grants_optional_capability() {
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let app = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-1");
+        let app_path = app_dir(dir.path(), &app.common.id);
+        write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app_path).unwrap();
+
+        let outcome = grant_requested_capability_internal(
+            dir.path(),
+            &app.common.id,
+            UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
+        )
+            .unwrap();
+
+        match outcome {
+            GrantCapabilityOutcome::Granted { capability, change } => {
+                assert_eq!(capability, UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch);
+                assert_eq!(change.added, [UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch]);
+                assert!(change.removed.is_empty());
+                assert_eq!(change.full, [UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch]);
+            }
+            GrantCapabilityOutcome::AlreadyGranted { .. } => {
+                panic!("expected capability to be newly granted");
+            }
+        }
+
+        let reloaded = read_installed_app_by_id(dir.path(), &app.common.id).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            caps(reloaded.common.granted_permissions.capabilities().copied()),
+            [UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch]
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn grant_requested_capability_returns_already_granted_when_present() {
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let mut app = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-1");
+
+        app.common.granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions::new(
+            &app.common.requested_permissions,
+            [UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch],
+            [network_whitelist_entry("https", "required.example.com")],
+        )
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let app_path = app_dir(dir.path(), &app.common.id);
+        write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app_path).unwrap();
+
+        let outcome = grant_requested_capability_internal(
+            dir.path(),
+            &app.common.id,
+            UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
+        )
+            .unwrap();
+
+        match outcome {
+            GrantCapabilityOutcome::AlreadyGranted {
+                capability,
+                full_granted_capabilities,
+            } => {
+                assert_eq!(capability, UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch);
+                assert_eq!(
+                    full_granted_capabilities,
+                    [UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch]
+                );
+            }
+            GrantCapabilityOutcome::Granted { .. } => {
+                panic!("expected already-granted outcome");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn grant_requested_capability_rejects_unrequested_capability() {
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let app = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-1");
+        let app_path = app_dir(dir.path(), &app.common.id);
+        write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app_path).unwrap();
+
+        let err = grant_requested_capability_internal(
+            dir.path(),
+            &app.common.id,
+            UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXchAutoSubmit,
+        )
+            .unwrap_err();
+
+        assert!(
+            err.to_string()
+                .contains("Capability was not requested by app manifest")
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_grants_optional_entry() {
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let app = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-1");
+        let app_path = app_dir(dir.path(), &app.common.id);
+        write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app_path).unwrap();
+
+        let outcome = grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal(
+            dir.path(),
+            &app.common.id,
+            &network_whitelist_entry("WSS", "OPTIONAL.EXAMPLE.COM"),
+        )
+            .unwrap();
+
+        match outcome {
+            GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome::Granted { entry, change } => {
+                assert_eq!(
+                    entry,
+                    network_whitelist_entry("wss", "optional.example.com")
+                );
+                assert_eq!(
+                    change.added,
+                    [
+                        network_whitelist_entry("https", "required.example.com"),
+                        network_whitelist_entry("wss", "optional.example.com"),
+                    ]
+                );
+                assert!(change.removed.is_empty());
+                assert_eq!(
+                    change.full,
+                    [
+                        network_whitelist_entry("https", "required.example.com"),
+                        network_whitelist_entry("wss", "optional.example.com"),
+                    ]
+                );
+            }
+            GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome::AlreadyGranted { .. } => {
+                panic!("expected network entry to be newly granted");
+            }
+        }
+
+        let reloaded = read_installed_app_by_id(dir.path(), &app.common.id).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            entries(
+                reloaded
+                    .common
+                    .granted_permissions
+                    .network()
+                    .whitelist()
+                    .cloned()
+            ),
+            [
+                network_whitelist_entry("https", "required.example.com"),
+                network_whitelist_entry("wss", "optional.example.com"),
+            ]
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_returns_already_granted_when_present() {
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let mut app = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-1");
+
+        app.common.granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions::new(
+            &app.common.requested_permissions,
+            [],
+            [network_whitelist_entry("https", "required.example.com")],
+        )
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let app_path = app_dir(dir.path(), &app.common.id);
+        write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app_path).unwrap();
+
+        let outcome = grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal(
+            dir.path(),
+            &app.common.id,
+            &network_whitelist_entry("https", "required.example.com"),
+        )
+            .unwrap();
+
+        match outcome {
+            GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome::AlreadyGranted {
+                entry,
+                full_granted_network_whitelist,
+            } => {
+                assert_eq!(
+                    entry,
+                    network_whitelist_entry("https", "required.example.com")
+                );
+                assert_eq!(
+                    full_granted_network_whitelist,
+                    [network_whitelist_entry("https", "required.example.com")]
+                );
+            }
+            GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome::Granted { .. } => {
+                panic!("expected already-granted outcome");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_rejects_unrequested_entry() {
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let app = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-1");
+        let app_path = app_dir(dir.path(), &app.common.id);
+        write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app_path).unwrap();
+
+        let err = grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal(
+            dir.path(),
+            &app.common.id,
+            &network_whitelist_entry("https", "evil.example.com"),
+        )
+            .unwrap_err();
+
+        assert!(
+            err.to_string()
+                .contains("Network whitelist entry was not requested by app manifest")
+        );
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app.rs
index 420b5e293..0ec2f2d62 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app.rs
@@ -273,7 +273,7 @@ impl SageAppCommon {
         snapshot: SageAppSnapshot,
     ) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
         let granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions::from_requested_and_granted(
-            &manifest.permissions(),
+            manifest.permissions(),
             granted_permissions,
         )?;
 
@@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ impl SageAppCommon {
         snapshot: SageAppSnapshot,
     ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
         let granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions::from_requested_and_granted(
-            &pending.manifest.permissions(),
+            pending.manifest.permissions(),
             granted_permissions,
         )?;
 
@@ -326,7 +326,7 @@ impl SageAppCommon {
         self.name.clone_from(&pending.manifest.name().to_string());
         self.version.clone_from(&pending.manifest.version().to_string());
         self.requested_permissions
-            .clone_from(&pending.manifest.permissions());
+            .clone_from(pending.manifest.permissions());
         self.granted_permissions = granted_permissions;
         self.capability_flags = capability_flags;
         self.entry_file = manifest_entry_file(&snapshot.manifest).to_string();
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs
index 5127c9b2b..74eae8de5 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs
@@ -16,11 +16,15 @@ pub(crate) use app::{
 pub(crate) use permissions::{
     SageRequestedPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions, SageGrantedSystemPermissions,
     SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView, SageAppCapabilityFlagsView,
-    SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
 };
-pub(crate) use manifest::{SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifestParts};
+pub(crate) use manifest::{SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppManifestFile};
 pub(crate) use storage::{
     InstalledSageAppStorage, PendingStorageCleanupTarget, PendingStorageCleanupEntry
 };
 pub(crate) use network::{SageNetworkWhitelistEntry};
 
+#[cfg(test)]
+pub(crate) use permissions::{SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions};
+#[cfg(test)]
+pub(crate) use manifest::SageAppPackageManifestParts;
+
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs
index 802ddd169..7385b9c08 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ impl SageGrantedPermissions {
         let capabilities = capabilities.into_iter().collect::<BTreeSet<_>>();
 
         for cap in &capabilities {
-            if !requested.is_allowed(cap) {
+            if !requested.is_allowed(*cap) {
                 anyhow::bail!(
                     "granted capability not requested in manifest: {}",
                     cap.key()
@@ -329,15 +329,15 @@ impl SageRequestedCapabilities {
         self.optional.iter()
     }
 
-    pub fn is_required(&self, cap: &UserBridgeCapability) -> bool {
-        self.required.contains(cap)
+    pub fn is_required(&self, cap: UserBridgeCapability) -> bool {
+        self.required.contains(&cap)
     }
 
-    pub fn is_optional(&self, cap: &UserBridgeCapability) -> bool {
-        self.optional.contains(cap)
+    pub fn is_optional(&self, cap: UserBridgeCapability) -> bool {
+        self.optional.contains(&cap)
     }
 
-    pub fn is_allowed(&self, cap: &UserBridgeCapability) -> bool {
+    pub fn is_allowed(&self, cap: UserBridgeCapability) -> bool {
         self.is_required(cap) || self.is_optional(cap)
     }
 
@@ -375,7 +375,7 @@ impl SageRequestedCapabilities {
         let user_granted = user_granted.into_iter().collect::<BTreeSet<_>>();
 
         for capability in &user_granted {
-            if !self.is_allowed(capability) {
+            if !self.is_allowed(*capability) {
                 anyhow::bail!(
                     "granted capability not requested in manifest: {}",
                     capability.key()
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/storage.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/storage.rs
index a75c96b47..237486b41 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/storage.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/storage.rs
@@ -55,6 +55,10 @@ impl PendingStorageCleanupEntry {
         self.last_error = Some(error.to_string());
     }
 
+    pub fn app_id(&self) -> &str { &self.app_id }
+    pub fn app_name(&self) -> &str { &self.app_name }
+    pub fn attempt_count(&self) -> u32 { self.attempt_count }
+    pub fn last_error(&self) -> Option<&str> { self.last_error.as_deref() }
     pub fn target(&self) -> &PendingStorageCleanupTarget {
         &self.target
     }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_install.rs b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_install.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index c5bfc8094..000000000
--- a/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_install.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,115 +0,0 @@
-mod common;
-
-use common::sample_manifest_file;
-use sage_apps::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
-use sage_apps::lifecycle::install::url::normalize_app_url;
-use sage_apps::lifecycle::manifest::{manifest_entry_file, manifest_icon_file};
-use sage_apps::types::{
-    SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
-    SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions,
-};
-
-fn entry(scheme: &str, host: &str) -> SageNetworkWhitelistEntry {
-    SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new(scheme, host).unwrap()
-}
-
-fn requested_permissions() -> SageRequestedPermissions {
-    SageRequestedPermissions::new(
-        SageRequestedNetworkPermissions::new(
-            [entry("https", "required.example.com")],
-            [entry("wss", "optional.example.com")],
-        ),
-        SageRequestedCapabilities::new(
-            [UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch],
-            [UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage],
-        ),
-    )
-    .unwrap()
-}
-
-fn sample_manifest_with(
-    entry_file: Option<String>,
-    icon_file: Option<String>,
-) -> SageAppPackageManifest {
-    SageAppPackageManifest::try_from(SageAppPackageManifestParts {
-        name: "Test App".to_string(),
-        version: "1.0.0".to_string(),
-        permissions: requested_permissions(),
-        files: vec![sample_manifest_file("index.html", 1)],
-        entry: entry_file,
-        icon: icon_file,
-        author: None,
-        donation: None,
-    })
-    .unwrap()
-}
-
-fn sample_manifest() -> SageAppPackageManifest {
-    sample_manifest_with(Some("entry.html".to_string()), Some("icon.svg".to_string()))
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn normalize_app_url_keeps_https_and_adds_trailing_slash() {
-    let out = normalize_app_url("https://example.com/app").unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(out, "https://example.com/app/");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn normalize_app_url_strips_query_and_fragment() {
-    let out = normalize_app_url("https://example.com/app?x=1#frag").unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(out, "https://example.com/app/");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn normalize_app_url_allows_localhost_http() {
-    let out = normalize_app_url("http://localhost:4173").unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(out, "http://localhost:4173/");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn normalize_app_url_allows_loopback_http() {
-    assert_eq!(
-        normalize_app_url("http://127.0.0.1:4173").unwrap(),
-        "http://127.0.0.1:4173/"
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn normalize_app_url_rejects_non_local_http() {
-    let err = normalize_app_url("http://example.com/app")
-        .unwrap_err()
-        .to_string();
-    assert!(err.contains("requires HTTPS"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn normalize_app_url_rejects_unsupported_scheme() {
-    let err = normalize_app_url("ftp://example.com/app")
-        .unwrap_err()
-        .to_string();
-    assert!(err.contains("unsupported app URL scheme"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn manifest_entry_file_uses_explicit_entry() {
-    let manifest = sample_manifest();
-    assert_eq!(manifest_entry_file(&manifest), "entry.html");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn manifest_entry_file_defaults_to_index_html() {
-    let manifest = sample_manifest_with(None, Some("icon.svg".to_string()));
-    assert_eq!(manifest_entry_file(&manifest), "index.html");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn manifest_icon_file_uses_explicit_icon() {
-    let manifest = sample_manifest();
-    assert_eq!(manifest_icon_file(&manifest), "icon.svg");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn manifest_icon_file_defaults_to_icon_png() {
-    let manifest = sample_manifest_with(Some("entry.html".to_string()), None);
-    assert_eq!(manifest_icon_file(&manifest), "icon.png");
-}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_manifest.rs b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_manifest.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 542117f27..000000000
--- a/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_manifest.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,175 +0,0 @@
-mod common;
-
-use common::sample_manifest_file;
-use sage_apps::lifecycle::limits::{MAX_APP_FILE_COUNT, MAX_APP_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES};
-use sage_apps::lifecycle::manifest::{
-    validate_manifest_file_path, validate_manifest_files, validate_sha256_hex,
-};
-use sage_apps::types::{
-    SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts,
-    SageRequestedPermissions,
-};
-
-fn sample_manifest() -> SageAppPackageManifest {
-    SageAppPackageManifest::try_from(SageAppPackageManifestParts {
-        name: "Test App".to_string(),
-        version: "1.0.0".to_string(),
-        permissions: SageRequestedPermissions::empty(),
-        files: vec![sample_manifest_file("dist/index.html", 123)],
-        entry: Some("dist/index.html".to_string()),
-        icon: Some("dist/icon.png".to_string()),
-        author: None,
-        donation: None,
-    })
-    .unwrap()
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn validate_manifest_file_path_accepts_normal_relative_path() {
-    validate_manifest_file_path("dist/index.html").unwrap();
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn validate_manifest_file_path_rejects_absolute_path() {
-    assert!(validate_manifest_file_path("/etc/passwd").is_err());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn validate_manifest_file_path_rejects_parent_traversal() {
-    assert!(validate_manifest_file_path("../secret.txt").is_err());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn validate_manifest_file_path_rejects_current_dir_segment() {
-    assert!(validate_manifest_file_path("./index.html").is_err());
-    assert!(validate_manifest_file_path("dist/./index.html").is_err());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn validate_manifest_file_path_rejects_empty_segment() {
-    assert!(validate_manifest_file_path("dist//index.html").is_err());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn validate_manifest_file_path_rejects_backslashes() {
-    assert!(validate_manifest_file_path(r"dist\index.html").is_err());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn validate_sha256_hex_accepts_valid_hash() {
-    validate_sha256_hex("aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa")
-        .unwrap();
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn validate_sha256_hex_rejects_invalid_hash() {
-    assert!(validate_sha256_hex("not-a-sha").is_err());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn validate_manifest_files_rejects_empty_list() {
-    let err = validate_manifest_files(&[]).unwrap_err();
-    assert!(err.to_string().contains("cannot be empty"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn validate_manifest_files_rejects_duplicate_paths() {
-    let files = vec![
-        sample_manifest_file("dist/index.html", 1),
-        sample_manifest_file("dist/index.html", 2),
-    ];
-
-    let err = validate_manifest_files(&files).unwrap_err();
-    assert!(err.to_string().contains("duplicate manifest file path"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn validate_manifest_files_rejects_invalid_nested_path() {
-    let files = vec![sample_manifest_file("dist//index.html", 1)];
-
-    let err = validate_manifest_files(&files).unwrap_err();
-    assert!(err.to_string().contains("manifest file path is invalid"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn validate_manifest_files_rejects_file_count_over_limit() {
-    let files: Vec<_> = (0..=MAX_APP_FILE_COUNT)
-        .map(|i| sample_manifest_file(&format!("dist/file-{i}.txt"), 1))
-        .collect();
-
-    let err = validate_manifest_files(&files).unwrap_err();
-    assert!(err.to_string().contains("exceeds limit"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn validate_manifest_files_rejects_total_size_over_limit() {
-    let files = vec![
-        sample_manifest_file("dist/a.bin", MAX_APP_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES),
-        sample_manifest_file("dist/b.bin", 1),
-    ];
-
-    let err = validate_manifest_files(&files).unwrap_err();
-    assert!(err.to_string().contains("manifest total size"));
-    assert!(err.to_string().contains("exceeds limit"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn validate_manifest_files_returns_total_size_when_valid() {
-    let files = vec![
-        sample_manifest_file("dist/index.html", 100),
-        sample_manifest_file("dist/icon.png", 23),
-    ];
-
-    let total = validate_manifest_files(&files).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(total, 123);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn manifest_rejects_blank_name() {
-    let err = SageAppPackageManifest::try_from(SageAppPackageManifestParts {
-        name: "   ".to_string(),
-        version: "1.0.0".to_string(),
-        permissions: SageRequestedPermissions::empty(),
-        files: vec![sample_file()],
-        entry: Some("index.html".to_string()),
-        icon: Some("icon.png".to_string()),
-        author: None,
-        donation: None,
-    })
-    .unwrap_err();
-
-    assert!(err.to_string().contains("name cannot be empty"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn manifest_rejects_blank_version() {
-    let err = SageAppPackageManifest::try_from(SageAppPackageManifestParts {
-        name: "Test".to_string(),
-        version: "   ".to_string(),
-        permissions: SageRequestedPermissions::empty(),
-        files: vec![sample_file()],
-        entry: Some("index.html".to_string()),
-        icon: Some("icon.png".to_string()),
-        author: None,
-        donation: None,
-    })
-    .unwrap_err();
-
-    assert!(err.to_string().contains("version cannot be empty"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn manifest_total_size_is_computed() {
-    let manifest = sample_manifest();
-    let total = manifest.total_bytes().unwrap();
-
-    assert_eq!(total, 123);
-}
-
-fn sample_file() -> SageAppManifestFile {
-    SageAppManifestFile {
-        path: "index.html".into(),
-        sha256: "a".repeat(64),
-        size: 123,
-    }
-}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_registry.rs b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_registry.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index c991c2bb8..000000000
--- a/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_registry.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,361 +0,0 @@
-mod common;
-
-use std::fs;
-
-use crate::common::sample_manifest_file;
-use common::sample_installed_app;
-use sage_apps::lifecycle::registry::{
-    app_dir, apps_root, list_installed_apps_internal, parse_network_permission_target,
-    read_installed_app_by_id, read_installed_user_app_by_origin_id,
-    read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries, read_retired_app_origins, write_installed_app_metadata,
-    write_pending_storage_cleanup_entries, write_retired_app_origins,
-};
-use sage_apps::types::{
-    ListedSageApp, PendingStorageCleanupEntry, PendingStorageCleanupTarget, RetiredAppOriginEntry,
-    SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
-    SageRequestedPermissions, UserSageAppPendingUpdate,
-};
-use tempfile::tempdir;
-
-#[test]
-fn installed_app_metadata_roundtrips() {
-    let base = tempdir().unwrap();
-    let app_id = "app-1";
-    let dir = app_dir(base.path(), app_id);
-
-    let mut app = sample_installed_app(base.path(), app_id, "Alpha");
-    app.common.app_dir = dir.to_string_lossy().to_string();
-
-    write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &dir).unwrap();
-    let loaded = read_installed_app_by_id(base.path(), app_id).unwrap();
-
-    assert_eq!(loaded.common.id, app.common.id);
-    assert_eq!(loaded.common.name, app.common.name);
-    assert_eq!(
-        loaded.common.granted_permissions,
-        app.common.granted_permissions
-    );
-    assert!(!loaded.common.capability_flags.has_external_access);
-}
-
-fn without_system_apps(listed: Vec<ListedSageApp>) -> Vec<ListedSageApp> {
-    listed
-        .into_iter()
-        .filter(|entry| !matches!(entry, ListedSageApp::System(_)))
-        .collect()
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn installed_app_metadata_roundtrips_pending_update() {
-    let base = tempdir().unwrap();
-    let app_id = "app-1";
-    let dir = app_dir(base.path(), app_id);
-
-    let mut app = sample_installed_app(base.path(), app_id, "Alpha");
-    app.common.app_dir = dir.to_string_lossy().to_string();
-    app.pending_update = Some(UserSageAppPendingUpdate {
-        app_url: "https://example.com/app/".to_string(),
-        manifest_url: "https://example.com/app/sage-manifest.json".to_string(),
-        manifest_hash: "pending-hash".to_string(),
-        manifest: sample_manifest("Alpha Updated"),
-    });
-
-    write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &dir).unwrap();
-    let loaded = read_installed_app_by_id(base.path(), app_id).unwrap();
-
-    let pending = loaded
-        .pending_update
-        .expect("pending update should survive roundtrip");
-    assert_eq!(pending.manifest_hash, "pending-hash");
-    assert_eq!(pending.manifest.name(), "Alpha Updated");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn corrupted_metadata_is_reported_as_corrupted_listing() {
-    let base = tempdir().unwrap();
-    let dir = app_dir(base.path(), "broken-app");
-    fs::create_dir_all(&dir).unwrap();
-
-    fs::write(dir.join(".sage-installed.json"), "{ definitely not json").unwrap();
-
-    let listed =
-        without_system_apps(list_installed_apps_internal(&apps_root(base.path())).unwrap());
-    assert_eq!(listed.len(), 1);
-
-    match &listed[0] {
-        ListedSageApp::Corrupted(app) => {
-            assert_eq!(app.id, "broken-app");
-            assert!(!app.error.is_empty());
-        }
-        ListedSageApp::User(_) | ListedSageApp::System(_) => {
-            panic!("expected corrupted app listing")
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn corrupted_persisted_network_entry_is_reported_as_corrupted_listing() {
-    let base = tempdir().unwrap();
-    let dir = app_dir(base.path(), "broken-app");
-    fs::create_dir_all(&dir).unwrap();
-
-    fs::write(
-        dir.join(".sage-installed.json"),
-        r#"{
-  "id": "broken-app",
-  "originId": "broken-app",
-  "name": "Broken App",
-  "version": "1.0.0",
-  "appDir": "/tmp/broken-app",
-  "entryFile": "index.html",
-  "iconFile": "icon.png",
-  "requestedPermissions": {
-    "network": {
-      "whitelist": {
-        "required": ["https://ok.example.com/path"],
-        "optional": []
-      }
-    },
-    "capabilities": {
-      "required": [],
-      "optional": []
-    }
-  },
-  "grantedPermissions": {
-    "capabilities": [],
-    "network": {
-      "whitelist": []
-    }
-  },
-  "capabilityFlags": {
-    "hasSecretAccess": false,
-    "hasExternalAccess": false,
-    "storageMayContainSecrets": false,
-    "isolated": false
-  },
-  "storage": {
-    "kind": "unmanaged"
-  },
-  "source": {
-    "kind": "zip"
-  },
-  "activeSnapshot": {
-    "manifestHash": "hash",
-    "snapshotDir": "/tmp/snapshot",
-    "totalBytes": 1,
-    "manifest": {
-      "name": "Broken App",
-      "version": "1.0.0",
-      "permissions": {
-        "network": {
-          "whitelist": {
-            "required": [],
-            "optional": []
-          }
-        },
-        "capabilities": {
-          "required": [],
-          "optional": []
-        }
-      },
-      "files": [
-        {
-          "path": "index.html",
-          "sha256": "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa",
-          "size": 1
-        }
-      ],
-      "entry": "index.html",
-      "icon": "icon.png"
-    }
-  },
-  "pendingUpdate": null
-}"#,
-    )
-    .unwrap();
-
-    let listed =
-        without_system_apps(list_installed_apps_internal(&apps_root(base.path())).unwrap());
-    assert_eq!(listed.len(), 1);
-
-    match &listed[0] {
-        ListedSageApp::Corrupted(app) => {
-            assert_eq!(app.id, "broken-app");
-            assert!(
-                app.error.contains("network entry")
-                    || app.error.contains("invalid host")
-                    || app.error.contains("failed to parse installed app metadata")
-                    || app
-                        .error
-                        .contains("failed to parse persisted required network entry"),
-                "unexpected error: {}",
-                app.error
-            );
-        }
-        ListedSageApp::User(_) | ListedSageApp::System(_) => {
-            panic!("expected corrupted app listing")
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn installed_apps_are_sorted_by_name() {
-    let base = tempdir().unwrap();
-
-    let alpha_dir = app_dir(base.path(), "a");
-    let mut alpha = sample_installed_app(base.path(), "a", "Alpha");
-    alpha.common.app_dir = alpha_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string();
-    write_installed_app_metadata(&alpha, &alpha_dir).unwrap();
-
-    let zeta_dir = app_dir(base.path(), "z");
-    let mut zeta = sample_installed_app(base.path(), "z", "Zeta");
-    zeta.common.app_dir = zeta_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string();
-    write_installed_app_metadata(&zeta, &zeta_dir).unwrap();
-
-    let listed =
-        without_system_apps(list_installed_apps_internal(&apps_root(base.path())).unwrap());
-    let names: Vec<_> = listed
-        .into_iter()
-        .map(|entry| match entry {
-            ListedSageApp::User(app) => app.common.name.to_string(),
-            ListedSageApp::System(app) => app.common.name.to_string(),
-            ListedSageApp::Corrupted(app) => app.id,
-        })
-        .collect();
-
-    assert_eq!(names, vec!["Alpha".to_string(), "Zeta".to_string()]);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn list_installed_apps_ignores_tmp_directories() {
-    let base = tempdir().unwrap();
-    let root = apps_root(base.path());
-    fs::create_dir_all(root.join(".tmp-123")).unwrap();
-
-    let listed =
-        without_system_apps(list_installed_apps_internal(&apps_root(base.path())).unwrap());
-    assert!(listed.is_empty());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn list_installed_apps_ignores_directories_without_metadata() {
-    let base = tempdir().unwrap();
-    let root = apps_root(base.path());
-    fs::create_dir_all(root.join("missing-metadata")).unwrap();
-
-    let listed =
-        without_system_apps(list_installed_apps_internal(&apps_root(base.path())).unwrap());
-    assert!(listed.is_empty());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn parse_network_permission_target_normalizes_case() {
-    let parsed = parse_network_permission_target("HTTPS://Example.COM").unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(
-        parsed,
-        SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new("https", "example.com").unwrap()
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn parse_network_permission_target_rejects_missing_scheme_separator() {
-    let err = parse_network_permission_target("example.com").unwrap_err();
-    assert!(err.contains("missing scheme"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn parse_network_permission_target_rejects_unsupported_scheme() {
-    let err = parse_network_permission_target("http://example.com").unwrap_err();
-    assert!(err.contains("only https and wss allowed"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn parse_network_permission_target_rejects_invalid_host_chars() {
-    assert!(parse_network_permission_target("https://example.com/path").is_err());
-    assert!(parse_network_permission_target("https://example.com?x=1").is_err());
-    assert!(parse_network_permission_target("https://example.com#frag").is_err());
-    assert!(parse_network_permission_target("https://exa mple.com").is_err());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn read_installed_app_by_origin_id_finds_matching_app() {
-    let base = tempdir().unwrap();
-
-    let alpha_dir = app_dir(base.path(), "a");
-    let mut alpha = sample_installed_app(base.path(), "a", "Alpha");
-    alpha.common.origin_id = "origin-a".to_string();
-    alpha.common.app_dir = alpha_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string();
-    write_installed_app_metadata(&alpha, &alpha_dir).unwrap();
-
-    let beta_dir = app_dir(base.path(), "b");
-    let mut beta = sample_installed_app(base.path(), "b", "Beta");
-    beta.common.origin_id = "origin-b".to_string();
-    beta.common.app_dir = beta_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string();
-    write_installed_app_metadata(&beta, &beta_dir).unwrap();
-
-    let found = read_installed_user_app_by_origin_id(base.path(), "origin-b").unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(found.common.id, "b");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn read_installed_app_by_origin_id_errors_when_missing() {
-    let base = tempdir().unwrap();
-    let err = read_installed_user_app_by_origin_id(base.path(), "missing").unwrap_err();
-    assert!(
-        err.to_string()
-            .contains("no installed app found for origin id")
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn pending_storage_cleanup_entries_roundtrip() {
-    let base = tempdir().unwrap();
-
-    let entries = vec![PendingStorageCleanupEntry::new_for_tests(
-        "cleanup-1",
-        "app-1",
-        "App",
-        PendingStorageCleanupTarget::Unmanaged,
-        1,
-        Some(2),
-        3,
-        Some("boom".to_string()),
-    )];
-
-    write_pending_storage_cleanup_entries(base.path(), &entries).unwrap();
-    let loaded = read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries(base.path()).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(loaded, entries);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn retired_app_origins_roundtrip() {
-    let base = tempdir().unwrap();
-
-    let entries = vec![RetiredAppOriginEntry::new_for_tests(
-        "retired-1",
-        "app-1",
-        "App",
-        "origin-1",
-        1,
-        true,
-        true,
-    )];
-
-    write_retired_app_origins(base.path(), &entries).unwrap();
-    let loaded = read_retired_app_origins(base.path()).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(loaded, entries);
-}
-
-fn sample_manifest(name: &str) -> SageAppPackageManifest {
-    SageAppPackageManifest::try_from(SageAppPackageManifestParts {
-        name: name.to_string(),
-        version: "1.0.0".to_string(),
-        permissions: SageRequestedPermissions::empty(),
-        files: vec![sample_manifest_file("index.html", 1)],
-        entry: Some("index.html".to_string()),
-        icon: Some("icon.png".to_string()),
-        author: None,
-        donation: None,
-    })
-    .unwrap()
-}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_storage_cleanup.rs b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_storage_cleanup.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 08fac6581..000000000
--- a/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_storage_cleanup.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,186 +0,0 @@
-mod common;
-
-use common::sample_manifest_file;
-use sage_apps::lifecycle::storage::{record_storage_cleanup_failure, enqueue_retired_app_origin};
-use sage_apps::lifecycle::{read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries, read_retired_app_origins};
-use sage_apps::types::{
-    InstalledSageAppStorage, PendingStorageCleanupTarget, SageAppCommon, SageAppPackageManifest,
-    SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions,
-    UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
-};
-use tempfile::tempdir;
-
-fn sample_app(storage: InstalledSageAppStorage) -> UserSageApp {
-    let manifest = SageAppPackageManifest::try_from(SageAppPackageManifestParts {
-        name: "Test App".into(),
-        version: "1.0.0".into(),
-        permissions: SageRequestedPermissions::empty(),
-        files: vec![sample_manifest_file("index.html", 1)],
-        entry: Some("index.html".into()),
-        icon: Some("icon.png".into()),
-        author: None,
-        donation: None,
-    })
-    .unwrap();
-
-    let granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions::new(manifest.permissions(), [], []).unwrap();
-
-    let snapshot = SageAppSnapshot {
-        manifest_hash: "hash".into(),
-        snapshot_dir: "/tmp/test-app".into(),
-        total_bytes: 1,
-        manifest: manifest.clone(),
-    };
-
-    let mut common = SageAppCommon::new(
-        "url-abc123".into(),
-        "origin-1".into(),
-        "/tmp/test-app".into(),
-        &manifest,
-        granted_permissions,
-        storage,
-        snapshot,
-    )
-    .unwrap();
-
-    common.capability_flags.storage_may_contain_secrets = true;
-
-    UserSageApp {
-        common,
-        source: UserSageAppSource::Url {
-            app_url: "https://example.com/app/".into(),
-            manifest_url: "https://example.com/app/sage-manifest.json".into(),
-        },
-        pending_update: None,
-    }
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn enqueue_pending_storage_cleanup_creates_unmanaged_target() {
-    let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-    let app = sample_app(InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged);
-
-    record_storage_cleanup_failure(dir.path(), &app, "boom").unwrap();
-
-    let entries = read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries(dir.path()).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(entries.len(), 1);
-    assert_eq!(entries[0].target, PendingStorageCleanupTarget::Unmanaged);
-    assert_eq!(entries[0].attempt_count, 1);
-    assert_eq!(entries[0].last_error.as_deref(), Some("boom"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn enqueue_pending_storage_cleanup_creates_apple_target() {
-    let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-    let app = sample_app(InstalledSageAppStorage::AppleDataStore {
-        identifier_hex: "abc123".into(),
-    });
-
-    record_storage_cleanup_failure(dir.path(), &app, "boom").unwrap();
-
-    let entries = read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries(dir.path()).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(entries.len(), 1);
-    assert_eq!(
-        entries[0].target,
-        PendingStorageCleanupTarget::AppleDataStore {
-            identifier_hex: "abc123".into(),
-        }
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn enqueue_pending_storage_cleanup_creates_windows_target() {
-    let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-    let app = sample_app(InstalledSageAppStorage::WindowsProfile {
-        directory_name: "profile-1".into(),
-    });
-
-    record_storage_cleanup_failure(dir.path(), &app, "boom").unwrap();
-
-    let entries = read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries(dir.path()).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(entries.len(), 1);
-    assert_eq!(
-        entries[0].target,
-        PendingStorageCleanupTarget::WindowsProfile {
-            directory_name: "profile-1".into(),
-        }
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn enqueue_pending_storage_cleanup_updates_existing_entry_by_target_not_app_id() {
-    let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-
-    let app_a = sample_app(InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged);
-    record_storage_cleanup_failure(dir.path(), &app_a, "first").unwrap();
-
-    let mut app_b = sample_app(InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged);
-    app_b.common.id = "url-other".into();
-    app_b.common.name = "Other App".into();
-
-    record_storage_cleanup_failure(dir.path(), &app_b, "second").unwrap();
-
-    let entries = read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries(dir.path()).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(entries.len(), 1);
-    assert_eq!(entries[0].app_id, "url-other");
-    assert_eq!(entries[0].app_name, "Other App");
-    assert_eq!(entries[0].attempt_count, 2);
-    assert_eq!(entries[0].last_error.as_deref(), Some("second"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn enqueue_retired_app_origin_ignores_zip_apps() {
-    let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-    let mut app = sample_app(InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged);
-    app.source = UserSageAppSource::Zip;
-
-    enqueue_retired_app_origin(dir.path(), &app, true).unwrap();
-
-    let entries = read_retired_app_origins(dir.path()).unwrap();
-    assert!(entries.is_empty());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn enqueue_retired_app_origin_creates_new_entry_for_url_app() {
-    let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-    let app = sample_app(InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged);
-
-    enqueue_retired_app_origin(dir.path(), &app, true).unwrap();
-
-    let entries = read_retired_app_origins(dir.path()).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(entries.len(), 1);
-    assert_eq!(entries[0].app_id, app.common.id);
-    assert_eq!(entries[0].origin_id, app.common.origin_id);
-    assert!(entries[0].cleanup_pending);
-    assert!(entries[0].storage_may_contain_secrets);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn enqueue_retired_app_origin_updates_existing_origin_entry() {
-    let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-    let app = sample_app(InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged);
-
-    enqueue_retired_app_origin(dir.path(), &app, true).unwrap();
-    enqueue_retired_app_origin(dir.path(), &app, false).unwrap();
-
-    let entries = read_retired_app_origins(dir.path()).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(entries.len(), 1);
-    assert!(!entries[0].cleanup_pending);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn enqueue_retired_app_origin_updates_secret_taint_flag() {
-    let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-    let mut app = sample_app(InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged);
-    app.common.capability_flags.storage_may_contain_secrets = false;
-
-    enqueue_retired_app_origin(dir.path(), &app, false).unwrap();
-
-    app.common.capability_flags.storage_may_contain_secrets = true;
-    enqueue_retired_app_origin(dir.path(), &app, true).unwrap();
-
-    let entries = read_retired_app_origins(dir.path()).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(entries.len(), 1);
-    assert!(entries[0].storage_may_contain_secrets);
-    assert!(entries[0].cleanup_pending);
-}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_update.rs b/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_update.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index d1ffb7e49..000000000
--- a/crates/sage-apps/tests/apps_update.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,346 +0,0 @@
-mod common;
-
-use std::path::Path;
-
-use common::{sample_installed_app, sample_manifest_file};
-use sage_apps::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
-use sage_apps::lifecycle::registry::{
-    app_dir, read_installed_app_by_id, write_installed_app_metadata,
-};
-use sage_apps::lifecycle::update::permissions::{
-    grant_requested_capability_internal, grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal,
-    update_app_permissions,
-};
-use sage_apps::lifecycle::update::types::{GrantCapabilityOutcome, GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome};
-use sage_apps::types::{
-    InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageAppSnapshot,
-    SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedCapabilities,
-    SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions, UserSageApp,
-};
-use tempfile::tempdir;
-
-fn entries(
-    values: impl IntoIterator<Item = SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
-) -> Vec<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry> {
-    values.into_iter().collect()
-}
-
-fn caps(values: impl IntoIterator<Item = UserBridgeCapability>) -> Vec<UserBridgeCapability> {
-    values.into_iter().collect()
-}
-
-fn sample_app(base: &Path, app_id: &str) -> UserSageApp {
-    let mut app = sample_installed_app(base, app_id, "Test App");
-
-    let requested_permissions = SageRequestedPermissions::new(
-        SageRequestedNetworkPermissions::new(
-            [network_whitelist_entry("https", "required.example.com")],
-            [network_whitelist_entry("wss", "optional.example.com")],
-        ),
-        SageRequestedCapabilities::new(
-            [],
-            [
-                UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
-                UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage,
-            ],
-        ),
-    )
-    .unwrap();
-
-    let manifest = SageAppPackageManifest::try_from(SageAppPackageManifestParts {
-        name: "Test App".to_string(),
-        version: "1.0.0".to_string(),
-        permissions: requested_permissions.clone(),
-        files: Vec::from([sample_manifest_file("index.html", 1)]),
-        entry: Some("index.html".to_string()),
-        icon: Some("icon.png".to_string()),
-        author: None,
-        donation: None,
-    })
-    .unwrap();
-
-    app.common.requested_permissions = requested_permissions;
-    app.common.active_snapshot = SageAppSnapshot {
-        manifest_hash: "hash".to_string(),
-        snapshot_dir: app.common.app_dir.clone(),
-        total_bytes: 1,
-        manifest,
-    };
-    app.common.granted_permissions =
-        SageGrantedPermissions::new(&app.common.requested_permissions, [], []).unwrap();
-    app.common.storage = InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged;
-
-    app
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn update_app_permissions_internal_persists_required_network_entries() {
-    let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-    let app = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-1");
-    let app_path = app_dir(dir.path(), &app.common.id);
-    write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app_path).unwrap();
-
-    let granted = SageGrantedPermissions::new(&app.common.requested_permissions, [], []).unwrap();
-
-    let updated = update_app_permissions(dir.path(), &app.common.id, &granted).unwrap();
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        entries(
-            updated
-                .common
-                .granted_permissions
-                .network()
-                .whitelist()
-                .cloned()
-        ),
-        [network_whitelist_entry("https", "required.example.com")]
-    );
-
-    let reloaded = read_installed_app_by_id(dir.path(), &app.common.id).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(
-        entries(
-            reloaded
-                .common
-                .granted_permissions
-                .network()
-                .whitelist()
-                .cloned()
-        ),
-        [network_whitelist_entry("https", "required.example.com")]
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn update_app_permissions_internal_rejects_unrequested_capability() {
-    let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-    let app = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-1");
-    let app_path = app_dir(dir.path(), &app.common.id);
-    write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app_path).unwrap();
-
-    let err = SageGrantedPermissions::new(
-        &app.common.requested_permissions,
-        [UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXchAutoSubmit],
-        [],
-    )
-    .unwrap_err();
-
-    let err = err.to_string();
-    assert!(err.contains("not requested in manifest"));
-    assert!(err.contains(UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXchAutoSubmit.key()));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn grant_requested_capability_internal_grants_optional_capability() {
-    let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-    let app = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-1");
-    let app_path = app_dir(dir.path(), &app.common.id);
-    write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app_path).unwrap();
-
-    let outcome = grant_requested_capability_internal(
-        dir.path(),
-        &app.common.id,
-        UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
-    )
-    .unwrap();
-
-    match outcome {
-        GrantCapabilityOutcome::Granted { capability, change } => {
-            assert_eq!(capability, UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch);
-            assert_eq!(change.added, [UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch]);
-            assert!(change.removed.is_empty());
-            assert_eq!(change.full, [UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch]);
-        }
-        GrantCapabilityOutcome::AlreadyGranted { .. } => {
-            panic!("expected capability to be newly granted")
-        }
-    }
-
-    let reloaded = read_installed_app_by_id(dir.path(), &app.common.id).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(
-        caps(reloaded.common.granted_permissions.capabilities().copied()),
-        [UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch]
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn grant_requested_capability_internal_returns_already_granted_when_present() {
-    let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-    let mut app = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-1");
-
-    app.common.granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions::new(
-        &app.common.requested_permissions,
-        [UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch],
-        [network_whitelist_entry("https", "required.example.com")],
-    )
-    .unwrap();
-
-    let app_path = app_dir(dir.path(), &app.common.id);
-    write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app_path).unwrap();
-
-    let outcome = grant_requested_capability_internal(
-        dir.path(),
-        &app.common.id,
-        UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
-    )
-    .unwrap();
-
-    match outcome {
-        GrantCapabilityOutcome::AlreadyGranted {
-            capability,
-            full_granted_capabilities,
-        } => {
-            assert_eq!(capability, UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch);
-            assert_eq!(
-                full_granted_capabilities,
-                [UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch]
-            );
-        }
-        GrantCapabilityOutcome::Granted { .. } => {
-            panic!("expected already-granted outcome")
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn grant_requested_capability_internal_rejects_unrequested_capability() {
-    let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-    let app = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-1");
-    let app_path = app_dir(dir.path(), &app.common.id);
-    write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app_path).unwrap();
-
-    let err = grant_requested_capability_internal(
-        dir.path(),
-        &app.common.id,
-        UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXchAutoSubmit,
-    )
-    .unwrap_err();
-
-    assert!(
-        err.to_string()
-            .contains("Capability was not requested by app manifest")
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal_grants_optional_entry() {
-    let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-    let app = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-1");
-    let app_path = app_dir(dir.path(), &app.common.id);
-    write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app_path).unwrap();
-
-    let outcome = grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal(
-        dir.path(),
-        &app.common.id,
-        &network_whitelist_entry("WSS", "OPTIONAL.EXAMPLE.COM"),
-    )
-    .unwrap();
-
-    match outcome {
-        GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome::Granted { entry, change } => {
-            assert_eq!(
-                entry,
-                network_whitelist_entry("wss", "optional.example.com")
-            );
-            assert_eq!(
-                change.added,
-                [
-                    network_whitelist_entry("https", "required.example.com"),
-                    network_whitelist_entry("wss", "optional.example.com"),
-                ]
-            );
-            assert!(change.removed.is_empty());
-            assert_eq!(
-                change.full,
-                [
-                    network_whitelist_entry("https", "required.example.com"),
-                    network_whitelist_entry("wss", "optional.example.com"),
-                ]
-            );
-        }
-        GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome::AlreadyGranted { .. } => {
-            panic!("expected network entry to be newly granted")
-        }
-    }
-
-    let reloaded = read_installed_app_by_id(dir.path(), &app.common.id).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(
-        entries(
-            reloaded
-                .common
-                .granted_permissions
-                .network()
-                .whitelist()
-                .cloned()
-        ),
-        [
-            network_whitelist_entry("https", "required.example.com"),
-            network_whitelist_entry("wss", "optional.example.com"),
-        ]
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal_returns_already_granted_when_present() {
-    let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-    let mut app = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-1");
-
-    app.common.granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions::new(
-        &app.common.requested_permissions,
-        [],
-        [network_whitelist_entry("https", "required.example.com")],
-    )
-    .unwrap();
-
-    let app_path = app_dir(dir.path(), &app.common.id);
-    write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app_path).unwrap();
-
-    let outcome = grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal(
-        dir.path(),
-        &app.common.id,
-        &network_whitelist_entry("https", "required.example.com"),
-    )
-    .unwrap();
-
-    match outcome {
-        GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome::AlreadyGranted {
-            entry,
-            full_granted_network_whitelist,
-        } => {
-            assert_eq!(
-                entry,
-                network_whitelist_entry("https", "required.example.com")
-            );
-            assert_eq!(
-                full_granted_network_whitelist,
-                [network_whitelist_entry("https", "required.example.com")]
-            );
-        }
-        GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome::Granted { .. } => {
-            panic!("expected already-granted outcome")
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal_rejects_unrequested_entry() {
-    let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-    let app = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-1");
-    let app_path = app_dir(dir.path(), &app.common.id);
-    write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app_path).unwrap();
-
-    let err = grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal(
-        dir.path(),
-        &app.common.id,
-        &network_whitelist_entry("https", "evil.example.com"),
-    )
-    .unwrap_err();
-
-    assert!(
-        err.to_string()
-            .contains("Network whitelist entry was not requested by app manifest")
-    );
-}
-
-fn network_whitelist_entry(scheme: &str, host: &str) -> SageNetworkWhitelistEntry {
-    SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new(scheme, host).unwrap()
-}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/tests/common/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/tests/common/mod.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index a16f4db2f..000000000
--- a/crates/sage-apps/tests/common/mod.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,68 +0,0 @@
-use sage_apps::lifecycle::app_dir;
-use sage_apps::types::{
-    InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppCommon, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest,
-    SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions,
-    UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
-};
-use std::fs;
-use std::path::Path;
-
-pub fn sample_manifest_file(path: &str, size: u64) -> SageAppManifestFile {
-    SageAppManifestFile {
-        path: path.to_string(),
-        sha256: "a".repeat(64),
-        size,
-    }
-}
-
-pub fn sample_installed_app(base: &Path, app_id: &str, name: &str) -> UserSageApp {
-    let app_dir = app_dir(base, app_id);
-    fs::create_dir_all(&app_dir).unwrap();
-
-    let requested_permissions = SageRequestedPermissions::empty();
-
-    let manifest = SageAppPackageManifest::try_from(SageAppPackageManifestParts {
-        name: name.to_string(),
-        version: "1.0.0".to_string(),
-        permissions: requested_permissions.clone(),
-        files: vec![SageAppManifestFile {
-            path: "index.html".into(),
-            sha256: "a".repeat(64),
-            size: 1,
-        }],
-        entry: Some("index.html".into()),
-        icon: Some("icon.png".into()),
-        author: None,
-        donation: None,
-    })
-    .unwrap();
-
-    let snapshot = SageAppSnapshot {
-        manifest_hash: "hash".into(),
-        snapshot_dir: app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-        total_bytes: 1,
-        manifest: manifest.clone(),
-    };
-
-    let granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions::new(&requested_permissions, [], []).unwrap();
-
-    let common = SageAppCommon::new(
-        app_id.into(),
-        app_id.into(),
-        app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-        &manifest,
-        granted_permissions,
-        InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
-        snapshot,
-    )
-    .unwrap();
-
-    UserSageApp {
-        common,
-        source: UserSageAppSource::Url {
-            app_url: "https://example.com/app/".into(),
-            manifest_url: "https://example.com/app/sage-manifest.json".into(),
-        },
-        pending_update: None,
-    }
-}

From d1907e9a618e40b2e563ea2864f4a16cbcdbd1dc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Mon, 27 Apr 2026 22:17:01 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 236/471] Remove `types_legacy.rs` and associated unused tests

- Deleted deprecated `types_legacy.rs` file and its content.
- Removed obsolete unit tests that referenced legacy type definitions or workflows.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/types_legacy.rs | 306 ---------------------------
 1 file changed, 306 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/types_legacy.rs

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types_legacy.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types_legacy.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 8cff0c91e..000000000
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types_legacy.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,306 +0,0 @@
-use anyhow::anyhow;
-use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize};
-use specta::Type;
-use std::collections::BTreeSet;
-use uuid::Uuid;
-use crate::bridge::capabilities::{
-    SharedCapabilitiesExt, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability,
-};
-use crate::lifecycle::flags::get_app_flags;
-use crate::lifecycle::{
-    MAX_APP_FILE_COUNT, MAX_APP_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES, manifest_entry_file, manifest_icon_file,
-    validate_manifest_file_path, validate_sha256_hex,
-};
-use crate::permissions::{CapabilityFlags, get_user_capability_definition};
-use crate::sandbox::SANDBOX_TEST_ID_PREFIX;
-use crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms;
-
-
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
-    use crate::permissions::user_registry;
-    use crate::types::{
-        SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedCapabilities,
-        SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions,
-    };
-
-    #[test]
-    fn granted_permissions_rejects_non_user_grantable_capability_as_user_grant() {
-        let auto = UserBridgeCapability::AppGetInfo;
-
-        let requested = SageRequestedPermissions::new(
-            SageRequestedNetworkPermissions::empty(),
-            SageRequestedCapabilities::new([auto], []),
-        )
-        .expect("requested permissions should be valid");
-
-        let err = SageGrantedPermissions::new(&requested, [auto], [])
-            .expect_err("non-user-grantable capability cannot be persisted as user grant");
-
-        assert!(
-            err.to_string().contains("not user grantable"),
-            "unexpected error: {err}"
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn non_user_grantable_requested_capability_is_effective_without_user_grant() {
-        let auto = UserBridgeCapability::AppGetInfo;
-
-        let requested = SageRequestedCapabilities::new([auto], []);
-
-        let effective = requested
-            .resolve_effective_grants([])
-            .expect("auto capability should still be effective");
-
-        assert_eq!(effective, vec![auto]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn effective_grants_include_non_user_grantable_requested_capability() {
-        let auto = UserBridgeCapability::AppGetInfo;
-
-        let optional_requested = SageRequestedCapabilities::new([], [auto]);
-        assert_eq!(
-            optional_requested.resolve_effective_grants([]).unwrap(),
-            vec![auto]
-        );
-
-        let required_requested = SageRequestedCapabilities::new([auto], []);
-        assert_eq!(
-            required_requested.resolve_effective_grants([]).unwrap(),
-            vec![auto]
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn effective_grants_do_not_include_removed_non_user_grantable_capability() {
-        let auto = UserBridgeCapability::AppGetInfo;
-
-        let requested = SageRequestedCapabilities::new([auto], []);
-        assert_eq!(requested.resolve_effective_grants([]).unwrap(), vec![auto]);
-
-        let removed_requested = SageRequestedCapabilities::new([], []);
-        assert!(
-            removed_requested
-                .resolve_effective_grants([])
-                .unwrap()
-                .is_empty()
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn rejects_non_requestable_required_capability() {
-        let non_requestable = first_non_requestable_capability();
-
-        let err = SageRequestedPermissions::new(
-            SageRequestedNetworkPermissions::empty(),
-            SageRequestedCapabilities::new([non_requestable], []),
-        )
-        .expect_err("expected non-requestable required capability to be rejected");
-
-        let message = err.to_string();
-        assert!(message.contains(non_requestable.key()));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn rejects_non_requestable_optional_capability() {
-        let non_requestable = first_non_requestable_capability();
-
-        let err = SageRequestedPermissions::new(
-            SageRequestedNetworkPermissions::empty(),
-            SageRequestedCapabilities::new([], [non_requestable]),
-        )
-        .expect_err("expected non-requestable optional capability to be rejected");
-
-        let message = err.to_string();
-        assert!(message.contains(non_requestable.key()));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn requested_capabilities_deduplicates_and_removes_required_from_optional() {
-        let requested = SageRequestedCapabilities::new(
-            [
-                UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
-                UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
-            ],
-            [UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch],
-        );
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            requested.required().copied().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-            vec![UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch]
-        );
-
-        assert!(requested.optional().next().is_none());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn requested_network_deduplicates_and_removes_required_from_optional() {
-        let requested = SageRequestedPermissions::new(
-            SageRequestedNetworkPermissions::new(
-                [
-                    SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new("HTTPS", "Example.com").unwrap(),
-                    SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new("https", "example.com").unwrap(),
-                ],
-                [
-                    SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new("WSS", "ws.example.com").unwrap(),
-                    SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new("https", "example.com").unwrap(),
-                ],
-            ),
-            SageRequestedCapabilities::empty(),
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-
-        let required = requested
-            .network
-            .whitelist
-            .required()
-            .cloned()
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-
-        let optional = requested
-            .network
-            .whitelist
-            .optional()
-            .cloned()
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            required,
-            vec![SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new("https", "example.com").unwrap()]
-        );
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            optional,
-            vec![SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new("wss", "ws.example.com").unwrap()]
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn granted_permissions_rejects_unrequested_capability() {
-        let requested = SageRequestedPermissions::new(
-            SageRequestedNetworkPermissions::empty(),
-            SageRequestedCapabilities::new([UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch], []),
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-
-        let err = SageGrantedPermissions::new(
-            &requested,
-            [
-                UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
-                UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage,
-            ],
-            [],
-        )
-        .expect_err("expected unrequested capability to be rejected");
-
-        assert!(err.to_string().contains("persistent_storage"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn granted_permissions_rejects_missing_required_user_grantable_capability() {
-        let requested = SageRequestedPermissions::new(
-            SageRequestedNetworkPermissions::empty(),
-            SageRequestedCapabilities::new([UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch], []),
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-
-        let err = SageGrantedPermissions::new(&requested, [], [])
-            .expect_err("expected missing required capability to be rejected");
-
-        assert!(
-            err.to_string()
-                .contains(UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch.key())
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn granted_permissions_allows_subset_of_optional_capabilities() {
-        let requested = SageRequestedPermissions::new(
-            SageRequestedNetworkPermissions::empty(),
-            SageRequestedCapabilities::new(
-                [UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch],
-                [UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage],
-            ),
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-
-        SageGrantedPermissions::new(&requested, [UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch], [])
-            .expect("expected optional capability to be omittable");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn non_user_grantable_required_capability_is_effective_without_persisted_grant() {
-        let auto = UserBridgeCapability::AppGetInfo;
-
-        let requested = SageRequestedCapabilities::new([auto], []);
-
-        let effective = requested
-            .resolve_effective_grants([])
-            .expect("expected effective permissions to resolve");
-
-        assert_eq!(effective, vec![auto]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn non_user_grantable_optional_capability_is_effective_without_persisted_grant() {
-        let auto = UserBridgeCapability::AppGetInfo;
-
-        let requested = SageRequestedCapabilities::new([], [auto]);
-
-        let effective = requested
-            .resolve_effective_grants([])
-            .expect("expected effective permissions to resolve");
-
-        assert_eq!(effective, vec![auto]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn user_grantable_required_capability_without_user_grant_is_blocked() {
-        let requested = SageRequestedCapabilities::new([UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch], []);
-
-        let err = requested
-            .resolve_effective_grants([])
-            .expect_err("required user-grantable capability should require user grant");
-
-        assert!(
-            err.to_string()
-                .contains(UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch.key())
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn requested_permissions_policy_rejects_required_secret_and_external_combination() {
-        let err = SageRequestedPermissions::new(
-            SageRequestedNetworkPermissions::empty(),
-            SageRequestedCapabilities::new(
-                [
-                    UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
-                    UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetSecretKey,
-                ],
-                [],
-            ),
-        )
-        .expect_err("expected incompatible requested capability policy to be rejected");
-
-        assert!(
-            err.to_string().contains(
-                "required requested permissions cannot include both external access and sensitive secret access"
-            ),
-            "unexpected error: {err}"
-        );
-    }
-
-    fn first_non_requestable_capability() -> UserBridgeCapability {
-        user_registry()
-            .values()
-            .find(|definition| !definition.flags.requestable_by_app)
-            .unwrap_or_else(|| {
-                panic!("test requires at least one capability with requestable_by_app = false")
-            })
-            .capability
-    }
-}

From fa555d8a4b584765b0390da949d47b2a2a490c4e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Tue, 28 Apr 2026 02:53:24 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 237/471] Encapsulation

---
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs |  14 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/capabilities.rs   |  10 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs       |   4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs     |   4 +-
 .../methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs      |   8 +-
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_info.rs   |   4 +-
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/app/lifecycle.rs  |   4 +-
 .../user/app/request_capability_grant.rs      |   4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs          |   4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs            |  32 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/flags.rs       | 119 -----
 .../src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs         |   5 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs |  76 +--
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs | 123 ++---
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs |  37 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs    |  52 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mod.rs         |   1 -
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs     |  58 ++-
 .../sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs   | 262 +++++-----
 .../sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/types.rs |  62 +--
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/snapshot.rs    |  24 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs     | 261 ++++++----
 .../src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs          |  71 +--
 .../src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs       | 158 +++---
 .../permissions/capabilities/definitions.rs   | 411 ++++++---------
 .../src/permissions/capabilities/mod.rs       |   4 +-
 .../src/permissions/capabilities/types.rs     |  85 +++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/mod.rs       |   4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs       |  26 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs         | 150 +++---
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs    |   4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs   | 265 +++++++++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs   |   2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs          |  10 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs  |  65 +--
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs          |  24 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs     |   3 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps/mod.rs       | 106 +---
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app.rs             | 466 ------------------
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/author.rs      |  30 ++
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs      | 251 ++++++++++
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/donation.rs    |  25 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/flags.rs       | 136 +++++
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/mod.rs         |  20 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/preview.rs     |  87 ++++
 .../sage-apps/src/types/app/retired_origin.rs |  84 ++++
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/snapshot.rs    |  86 ++++
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/system.rs      |  54 ++
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user.rs        | 251 ++++++++++
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/manifest.rs        | 143 ++++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs             |   5 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/normalizers.rs     |  20 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs     |  93 +++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/storage.rs         |   4 +-
 src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml          |   1 -
 src-tauri/src/lib.rs                          |   1 -
 src/bindings.ts                               |   7 +-
 57 files changed, 2454 insertions(+), 1866 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/flags.rs
 delete mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/author.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/donation.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/flags.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/mod.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/preview.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/retired_origin.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/snapshot.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/system.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/types/normalizers.rs

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
index 69ec2ea93..103d569be 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
@@ -175,13 +175,13 @@ fn verify_capability(
         BridgeCapability::User(capability) => {
             let definition = get_user_capability_definition(capability);
 
-            verify_user_capability(app, request, capability, definition.flags.shared_with_app)
+            verify_user_capability(app, request, capability, definition.flags().shared_with_app())
         }
 
         BridgeCapability::System(capability) => {
             let definition = get_system_capability_definition(capability);
 
-            verify_system_capability(app, request, capability, definition.flags.shared_with_app)
+            verify_system_capability(app, request, capability, definition.flags().shared_with_app())
         }
     }
 }
@@ -203,10 +203,10 @@ fn verify_user_capability(
 
     let effective_capabilities = match app {
         SageApp::User(user_app) => user_app
-            .common
-            .requested_permissions
-            .capabilities
-            .resolve_effective_grants(user_app.common.granted_permissions.capabilities().copied())
+            .common()
+            .requested_permissions()
+            .capabilities()
+            .resolve_effective_grants(user_app.common().granted_permissions().capabilities().copied())
             .map_err(|err| {
                 RustBridgeResponse::error(
                     &request.channel,
@@ -248,7 +248,7 @@ fn verify_system_capability(
 
     let granted = app
         .system_granted_permissions()
-        .is_some_and(|permissions| permissions.capabilities.contains(&capability));
+        .is_some_and(|permissions| permissions.capabilities().contains(&capability));
 
     if !granted {
         return Err(RustBridgeResponse::error(
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/capabilities.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/capabilities.rs
index 4e93a0e68..ee8e6edc5 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/capabilities.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/capabilities.rs
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ where
 {
     fn shared(self) -> Vec<UserBridgeCapability> {
         self.into_iter()
-            .filter(|cap| get_user_capability_definition(*cap).flags.shared_with_app)
+            .filter(|cap| get_user_capability_definition(*cap).flags().shared_with_app())
             .collect::<BTreeSet<_>>()
             .into_iter()
             .collect()
@@ -131,21 +131,21 @@ mod tests {
     fn first_shared_capability() -> UserBridgeCapability {
         user_registry()
             .values()
-            .find(|definition| definition.flags.shared_with_app)
+            .find(|definition| definition.flags().shared_with_app())
             .unwrap_or_else(|| {
                 panic!("test requires at least one capability with shared_with_app = true")
             })
-            .capability
+            .capability()
     }
 
     fn first_non_shared_capability() -> UserBridgeCapability {
         user_registry()
             .values()
-            .find(|definition| !definition.flags.shared_with_app)
+            .find(|definition| !definition.flags().shared_with_app())
             .unwrap_or_else(|| {
                 panic!("test requires at least one capability with shared_with_app = false")
             })
-            .capability
+            .capability()
     }
 
     #[test]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
index 7b88c91ae..033c91db2 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use crate::bridge::{
     response_channel_for_runtime_kind,
 };
 use crate::host::AppState;
-use crate::permissions::{user_capability_definition_view, user_registry};
+use crate::permissions::{user_registry};
 use crate::runtime::state::types::SageAppRuntimeKind;
 use crate::runtime::{assert_bridge_origin, resolve_app};
 use crate::types::SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView;
@@ -80,6 +80,6 @@ pub fn get_user_capability_definitions()
     Ok(user_registry()
         .values()
         .copied()
-        .map(user_capability_definition_view)
+        .map(Into::into)
         .collect())
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs
index 039f2af85..1843a4a97 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs
@@ -30,8 +30,8 @@ pub(crate) async fn emit_bridge_event_to_app_id(
         return Ok(());
     };
 
-    get_webview_in_sage_window(app, &runtime.webview_label)?
-        .emit(&event_event_for_runtime_kind(runtime.runtime_kind), event)
+    get_webview_in_sage_window(app, &runtime.webview_label())?
+        .emit(&event_event_for_runtime_kind(runtime.runtime_kind()), event)
         .map_err(|err| format!("failed to emit bridge event: {err}"))
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs
index b4d7b97a8..f4e0572c1 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs
@@ -37,11 +37,11 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppGetCapabilities {
     ) -> BridgeHandleResult {
         let effective_capabilities = match ctx.app {
             SageApp::User(user_app) => user_app
-                .common
-                .requested_permissions
-                .capabilities
+                .common()
+                .requested_permissions()
+                .capabilities()
                 .resolve_effective_grants(
-                    user_app.common.granted_permissions.capabilities().copied(),
+                    user_app.common().granted_permissions().capabilities().copied(),
                 )
                 .unwrap_or_default(),
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_info.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_info.rs
index 88e187e58..8fec9471f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_info.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_info.rs
@@ -66,8 +66,8 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppGetInfo {
                 required: ctx
                     .app
                     .requested_permissions()
-                    .network
-                    .whitelist
+                    .network()
+                    .whitelist()
                     .is_required(entry),
             })
             .collect::<Vec<_>>();
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/lifecycle.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/lifecycle.rs
index 69630a8bc..7ee8aa60f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/lifecycle.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/lifecycle.rs
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppLifecycleSetBeforeStopListener {
             .lock()
             .await;
 
-        if params.active {
+        if params.active() {
             listeners.insert(ctx.app.id().to_string());
         } else {
             listeners.remove(ctx.app.id());
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppLifecycleReadyToStop {
 
         let sender = {
             let mut pending = tools.host_state.runtime.pending_stop_ready.lock().await;
-            pending.remove(&params.request_id)
+            pending.remove(params.request_id())
         };
 
         if let Some(sender) = sender {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
index b498b2b7a..94cabc7a9 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ use crate::bridge::types::RustBridgeApprovalBody;
 use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest};
 use crate::lifecycle::update::permissions::grant_requested_capability_internal;
 use crate::lifecycle::update::types::GrantCapabilityOutcome;
-use crate::permissions::{get_user_capability_definition, user_capability_definition_view};
+use crate::permissions::{get_user_capability_definition};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct AppRequestCapabilityGrant;
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppRequestCapabilityGrant {
             request_id: request.id.clone(),
             body: RustBridgeApprovalBody::CapabilityGrant {
                 capability: params.capability,
-                definition: user_capability_definition_view(definition),
+                definition: definition.into(),
             },
         }))
     }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs
index e75ca5b49..5a51965cd 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ pub enum RustBridgeResponse {
     Error(RustBridgeErrorResponse),
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct RustBridgeApprovalRequest {
     pub app: SageApp,
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ pub enum RustBridgeApprovalBody {
     },
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Event)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type, Event)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct RustBridgeApprovalEvent {
     pub approval_id: String,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs
index 07592e171..a95b99c11 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs
@@ -61,9 +61,9 @@ pub fn user_capabilities_markdown() -> String {
     for capability in UserBridgeCapability::ALL {
         let definition = get_user_capability_definition(*capability);
 
-        writeln!(out, "## `{}`\n", definition.capability.key()).unwrap();
-        writeln!(out, "**{}**\n", definition.label).unwrap();
-        writeln!(out, "{}\n", definition.description).unwrap();
+        writeln!(out, "## `{}`\n", definition.capability().key()).unwrap();
+        writeln!(out, "**{}**\n", definition.label()).unwrap();
+        writeln!(out, "{}\n", definition.description()).unwrap();
 
         out.push_str("| Flag | Value |\n");
         out.push_str("|---|---|\n");
@@ -71,35 +71,35 @@ pub fn user_capabilities_markdown() -> String {
         writeln!(
             out,
             "| Requestable by app | {} |",
-            bool_cell(definition.flags.requestable_by_app)
+            bool_cell(definition.flags().requestable_by_app())
         )
             .unwrap();
 
         writeln!(
             out,
             "| User grantable | {} |",
-            bool_cell(definition.flags.user_grantable)
+            bool_cell(definition.flags().user_grantable())
         )
             .unwrap();
 
         writeln!(
             out,
             "| Shared with app | {} |",
-            bool_cell(definition.flags.shared_with_app)
+            bool_cell(definition.flags().shared_with_app())
         )
             .unwrap();
 
         writeln!(
             out,
             "| Externally observable | {} |",
-            bool_cell(definition.flags.externally_observable)
+            bool_cell(definition.flags().externally_observable())
         )
             .unwrap();
 
         writeln!(
             out,
             "| Accesses sensitive secret | {} |\n",
-            bool_cell(definition.flags.accesses_sensitive_secret)
+            bool_cell(definition.flags().accesses_sensitive_secret())
         )
             .unwrap();
     }
@@ -113,9 +113,9 @@ pub fn system_capabilities_markdown() -> String {
     for capability in SystemBridgeCapability::ALL {
         let definition = get_system_capability_definition(*capability);
 
-        writeln!(out, "## `{}`\n", definition.capability.key()).unwrap();
-        writeln!(out, "**{}**\n", definition.label).unwrap();
-        writeln!(out, "{}\n", definition.description).unwrap();
+        writeln!(out, "## `{}`\n", definition.capability().key()).unwrap();
+        writeln!(out, "**{}**\n", definition.label()).unwrap();
+        writeln!(out, "{}\n", definition.description()).unwrap();
 
         out.push_str("| Flag | Value |\n");
         out.push_str("|---|---|\n");
@@ -123,35 +123,35 @@ pub fn system_capabilities_markdown() -> String {
         writeln!(
             out,
             "| Requestable by app | {} |",
-            bool_cell(definition.flags.requestable_by_app)
+            bool_cell(definition.flags().requestable_by_app())
         )
             .unwrap();
 
         writeln!(
             out,
             "| User grantable | {} |",
-            bool_cell(definition.flags.user_grantable)
+            bool_cell(definition.flags().user_grantable())
         )
             .unwrap();
 
         writeln!(
             out,
             "| Shared with app | {} |",
-            bool_cell(definition.flags.shared_with_app)
+            bool_cell(definition.flags().shared_with_app())
         )
             .unwrap();
 
         writeln!(
             out,
             "| Externally observable | {} |",
-            bool_cell(definition.flags.externally_observable)
+            bool_cell(definition.flags().externally_observable())
         )
             .unwrap();
 
         writeln!(
             out,
             "| Accesses sensitive secret | {} |\n",
-            bool_cell(definition.flags.accesses_sensitive_secret)
+            bool_cell(definition.flags().accesses_sensitive_secret())
         )
             .unwrap();
     }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/flags.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/flags.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index f8ff915c1..000000000
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/flags.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,119 +0,0 @@
-use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
-use crate::permissions::CapabilityFlags;
-use crate::types::SageAppFlags;
-use anyhow::{Result, anyhow};
-
-pub fn get_app_flags(
-    granted: &[UserBridgeCapability],
-    previous_flags: Option<&SageAppFlags>,
-) -> Result<SageAppFlags> {
-    let granted_capability_flags = CapabilityFlags::from_capabilities(granted);
-
-    let previous_storage_may_contain_secrets =
-        previous_flags.is_some_and(|flags| flags.storage_may_contain_secrets);
-
-    let has_secret_access = granted_capability_flags.accesses_sensitive_secret;
-    let has_external_access = granted_capability_flags.externally_observable;
-    let storage_may_contain_secrets = previous_storage_may_contain_secrets;
-
-    if has_external_access && has_secret_access {
-        return Err(anyhow!(
-            "cannot grant externally observable permissions together with sensitive secret access permissions"
-        ));
-    }
-
-    if has_external_access && storage_may_contain_secrets {
-        return Err(anyhow!("STORAGE_TAINTED"));
-    }
-
-    Ok(SageAppFlags {
-        has_secret_access,
-        has_external_access,
-        storage_may_contain_secrets,
-        isolated: has_secret_access || storage_may_contain_secrets,
-    })
-}
-
-pub fn mark_storage_may_contain_secrets(flags: &SageAppFlags) -> SageAppFlags {
-    SageAppFlags {
-        has_secret_access: flags.has_secret_access,
-        has_external_access: flags.has_external_access,
-        storage_may_contain_secrets: true,
-        isolated: true,
-    }
-}
-
-pub fn clear_storage_may_contain_secrets(flags: &SageAppFlags) -> SageAppFlags {
-    SageAppFlags {
-        has_secret_access: flags.has_secret_access,
-        has_external_access: flags.has_external_access,
-        storage_may_contain_secrets: false,
-        isolated: flags.has_secret_access,
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
-    use crate::lifecycle::flags::{
-        clear_storage_may_contain_secrets, get_app_flags, mark_storage_may_contain_secrets,
-    };
-    use crate::types::SageAppFlags;
-
-    #[test]
-    fn mark_storage_may_contain_secrets_sets_taint_and_isolation() {
-        let flags = SageAppFlags {
-            has_secret_access: true,
-            has_external_access: false,
-            storage_may_contain_secrets: false,
-            isolated: true,
-        };
-
-        let updated = mark_storage_may_contain_secrets(&flags);
-        assert!(updated.storage_may_contain_secrets);
-        assert!(updated.isolated);
-        assert!(updated.has_secret_access);
-        assert!(!updated.has_external_access);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn clear_storage_may_contain_secrets_preserves_secret_access_isolation_only() {
-        let flags = SageAppFlags {
-            has_secret_access: true,
-            has_external_access: false,
-            storage_may_contain_secrets: true,
-            isolated: true,
-        };
-
-        let updated = clear_storage_may_contain_secrets(&flags);
-        assert!(!updated.storage_may_contain_secrets);
-        assert!(updated.isolated);
-        assert!(updated.has_secret_access);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn resolve_capability_flags_sets_expected_flags_for_shared_send_capability() {
-        let flags = get_app_flags(&[UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch], None)
-            .expect("expected capability flags to resolve");
-
-        assert!(flags.has_external_access);
-        assert!(!flags.has_secret_access);
-        assert!(!flags.storage_may_contain_secrets);
-        assert!(!flags.isolated);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn resolve_capability_flags_rejects_external_access_when_storage_is_tainted() {
-        let previous = SageAppFlags {
-            has_secret_access: false,
-            has_external_access: false,
-            storage_may_contain_secrets: true,
-            isolated: true,
-        };
-
-        let err = get_app_flags(&[UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch], Some(&previous))
-            .expect_err("expected tainted storage to block externally observable capability");
-
-        assert_eq!(err.to_string(), "STORAGE_TAINTED");
-    }
-}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs
index cd52eed39..dfe6c494d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use tauri::{AppHandle, State, command};
 
 use crate::host::{AppState, Result};
 use crate::lifecycle::install::install_app_from_source;
-use crate::lifecycle::install::url::{UrlInstallSource, preview_app_url_internal};
+use crate::lifecycle::install::url::{UrlInstallSource};
 use crate::lifecycle::install::zip::ZipInstallSource;
 use crate::lifecycle::{
     apps_root, list_installed_apps_internal, read_manifest, unzip_to_dir,
@@ -40,8 +40,7 @@ pub fn preview_app_zip(zip_path: String) -> Result<SageAppPackageManifest> {
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
 pub async fn preview_app_url(app_url: String) -> Result<SageAppUrlPreview> {
-    preview_app_url_internal(app_url)
-        .await
+    SageAppUrlPreview::new(app_url).await
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to preview app URL: {err}")).into())
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
index b62600871..7eafd5a48 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
@@ -43,7 +43,11 @@ pub trait AppInstallSource {
         app_id: &str,
         existing: Option<&UserSageApp>,
     ) -> AnyResult<String> {
-        Ok(existing.map_or_else(|| app_id.to_string(), |app| app.common.origin_id.clone()))
+        if let Some(app) = existing {
+            return Ok(app.common().origin_id().to_string());
+        }
+
+        Ok(app_id.to_string())
     }
 
     fn after_origin_selected(
@@ -70,7 +74,7 @@ impl InstallStorageResolver for TauriStorageResolver {
         &self,
         existing: Option<&UserSageApp>,
     ) -> AnyResult<Option<InstalledSageAppStorage>> {
-        Ok(existing.map(|app| app.common.storage.clone()))
+        Ok(existing.map(|app| app.common().storage().clone()))
     }
 }
 
@@ -136,7 +140,6 @@ where
         app_id.clone(),
         origin_id,
         app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-        manifest,
         granted_permissions,
         storage,
         snapshot,
@@ -198,13 +201,15 @@ mod tests {
                 ),
             )
             .unwrap(),
-            files: vec![SageAppManifestFile {
-                path: "index.html".into(),
-                sha256: "a".repeat(64),
-                size: 123,
-            }],
+            files: vec![
+                SageAppManifestFile::new(
+                    "index.html".to_string(),
+                    "a".repeat(64),
+                    123,
+                ).unwrap()
+            ],
             entry: Some("index.html".into()),
-            icon: Some("icon.png".into()),
+            icon: None,
             author: None,
             donation: None,
         })
@@ -255,12 +260,13 @@ mod tests {
             app_dir: &Path,
             prepared: &Self::Prepared,
         ) -> AnyResult<SageAppSnapshot> {
-            Ok(SageAppSnapshot {
-                manifest_hash: "fake-hash".into(),
-                snapshot_dir: app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-                total_bytes: 123,
-                manifest: prepared.manifest.clone(),
-            })
+            fs::write(app_dir.join("index.html"), "x")?;
+
+            Ok(SageAppSnapshot::new(
+                "fake-hash",
+                app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+                prepared.manifest.clone(),
+            )?)
         }
 
         fn origin_id(
@@ -306,17 +312,18 @@ mod tests {
         .await
         .unwrap();
 
-        assert_eq!(installed.common.id, "fake-app");
-        assert_eq!(installed.common.origin_id, "fake-origin");
-        assert_eq!(installed.common.name, "Test App");
-        assert_eq!(installed.common.entry_file, "index.html");
-        assert_eq!(installed.common.icon_file, "icon.png");
-        assert_eq!(installed.common.storage, InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged);
-        assert_eq!(installed.source, UserSageAppSource::Zip);
+        let common = installed.common();
+        assert_eq!(common.id(), "fake-app");
+        assert_eq!(common.origin_id(), "fake-origin");
+        assert_eq!(common.name(), "Test App");
+        assert_eq!(common.entry_file(), "index.html");
+        assert_eq!(common.icon_file(), None);
+        assert_eq!(common.storage(), &InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged);
+        assert_eq!(installed.source(), &UserSageAppSource::Zip);
 
         let reread = read_installed_app_by_id(dir.path(), "fake-app").unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(reread.common.id, "fake-app");
-        assert_eq!(reread.common.origin_id, "fake-origin");
+        assert_eq!(reread.common().id(), "fake-app");
+        assert_eq!(reread.common().origin_id(), "fake-origin");
     }
 
     #[tokio::test]
@@ -359,6 +366,7 @@ mod tests {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
         let app_dir = dir.path().join("url-abc123");
         fs::create_dir_all(&app_dir).unwrap();
+        fs::write(app_dir.join("index.html"), "x").unwrap();
 
         let manifest = sample_manifest();
 
@@ -370,23 +378,21 @@ mod tests {
         .unwrap();
 
         let common = SageAppCommon::new(
-            "url-abc123".into(),
-            "r123-url-abc123".into(),
+            "url-abc123".to_string(),
+            "r123-url-abc123".to_string(),
             app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-            &manifest,
             granted_permissions,
             InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
-            SageAppSnapshot {
-                manifest_hash: "hash".into(),
-                snapshot_dir: app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-                total_bytes: 1,
-                manifest: manifest.clone(),
-            },
+            SageAppSnapshot::new(
+                "hash".to_string(),
+                app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+                manifest.clone(),
+            ).unwrap(),
         )
             .unwrap();
         let app = UserSageApp::new_installed(common, UserSageAppSource::Zip);
 
-        assert_eq!(app.common.id, "url-abc123");
-        assert_eq!(app.common.origin_id, "r123-url-abc123");
+        assert_eq!(app.common().id(), "url-abc123");
+        assert_eq!(app.common().origin_id(), "r123-url-abc123");
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
index e8ba5a6af..da117e761 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use uuid::Uuid;
 use super::AppInstallSource;
 use crate::lifecycle::registry::read_installed_app_by_id;
 use crate::lifecycle::{
-    derive_manifest_url, download_url_snapshot, fetch_url_manifest, read_retired_app_origins,
+    download_url_snapshot, read_retired_app_origins,
     write_retired_app_origins,
 };
 use crate::types::{
@@ -32,18 +32,18 @@ impl AppInstallSource for UrlInstallSource {
 
     async fn prepare(&self) -> AnyResult<Self::Prepared> {
         Ok(PreparedUrlInstall {
-            preview: preview_app_url_internal(self.app_url.clone()).await?,
+            preview: SageAppUrlPreview::new(self.app_url.clone()).await?,
         })
     }
 
     fn manifest<'a>(&self, prepared: &'a Self::Prepared) -> &'a SageAppPackageManifest {
-        &prepared.preview.manifest
+        prepared.preview.manifest()
     }
 
     fn source(&self, prepared: &Self::Prepared) -> UserSageAppSource {
         UserSageAppSource::Url {
-            app_url: prepared.preview.app_url.clone(),
-            manifest_url: prepared.preview.manifest_url.clone(),
+            app_url: prepared.preview.app_url().to_string(),
+            manifest_url: prepared.preview.manifest_url().to_string(),
         }
     }
 
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ impl AppInstallSource for UrlInstallSource {
         _base_path: &Path,
         prepared: &Self::Prepared,
     ) -> AnyResult<(String, PathBuf, Option<UserSageApp>)> {
-        resolve_url_install_target(root, &prepared.preview.manifest_url)
+        resolve_url_install_target(root, prepared.preview.manifest_url())
     }
 
     async fn create_snapshot(
@@ -63,9 +63,9 @@ impl AppInstallSource for UrlInstallSource {
     ) -> AnyResult<SageAppSnapshot> {
         download_url_snapshot(
             app_dir,
-            &prepared.preview.app_url,
-            &prepared.preview.manifest,
-            &prepared.preview.manifest_hash,
+            prepared.preview.app_url(),
+            prepared.preview.manifest(),
+            prepared.preview.manifest_hash(),
         )
         .await
     }
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ impl AppInstallSource for UrlInstallSource {
         existing: Option<&UserSageApp>,
     ) -> AnyResult<String> {
         if let Some(existing) = existing {
-            return Ok(existing.common.origin_id.clone());
+            return Ok(existing.common().origin_id().to_string());
         }
 
         if should_rotate_url_origin_on_install(base_path, app_id)? {
@@ -97,20 +97,6 @@ impl AppInstallSource for UrlInstallSource {
     }
 }
 
-pub async fn preview_app_url_internal(app_url: String) -> AnyResult<SageAppUrlPreview> {
-    let app_url = normalize_app_url(&app_url)?;
-
-    let manifest_url = derive_manifest_url(&app_url)?;
-    let (manifest, manifest_hash) = fetch_url_manifest(&manifest_url).await?;
-
-    Ok(SageAppUrlPreview {
-        app_url,
-        manifest_url,
-        manifest_hash,
-        manifest,
-    })
-}
-
 pub fn normalize_app_url(url: &str) -> AnyResult<String> {
     let mut parsed = Url::parse(url).context("invalid app URL")?;
 
@@ -232,14 +218,19 @@ mod tests {
         SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions,
     };
     use tempfile::{TempDir, tempdir};
+    use crate::runtime::state::types::SageAppRuntimeRecord;
 
     fn fake_retired_app_origins(
         dir: &TempDir,
         storage_may_contain_secrets: bool,
         cleanup_pending: bool,
     ) {
-        let mut app = sample_app_in(dir.path(), "url-abc123", "url-abc123");
-        app.common.capability_flags.storage_may_contain_secrets = storage_may_contain_secrets;
+        let app = sample_app_in(
+            dir.path(),
+            "url-abc123",
+            "url-abc123",
+            storage_may_contain_secrets,
+        );
 
         write_retired_app_origins(
             dir.path(),
@@ -254,69 +245,85 @@ mod tests {
                 [],
                 [SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new("https", "api.example.com").unwrap()],
             ),
-            SageRequestedCapabilities::new([], [UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage]),
+            SageRequestedCapabilities::new([], [
+                UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage,
+                UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetSecretKey,
+            ]),
         )
-        .unwrap();
+            .unwrap();
 
         SageAppPackageManifest::try_from(SageAppPackageManifestParts {
             name: "Test App".into(),
             version: "1.0.0".into(),
             permissions,
-            files: vec![SageAppManifestFile {
-                path: "index.html".into(),
-                sha256: "a".repeat(64),
-                size: 123,
-            }],
+            files: vec![SageAppManifestFile::new("index.html", "a".repeat(64), 123).unwrap()],
             entry: Some("index.html".into()),
-            icon: Some("icon.png".into()),
+            icon: None,
             author: None,
             donation: None,
         })
-        .unwrap()
+            .unwrap()
     }
 
-    fn sample_app_in(base: &Path, app_id: &str, origin_id: &str) -> UserSageApp {
+    fn sample_app_in(
+        base: &Path,
+        app_id: &str,
+        origin_id: &str,
+        storage_may_contain_secrets: bool,
+    ) -> UserSageApp {
         let app_dir = crate::lifecycle::registry::app_dir(base, app_id);
         std::fs::create_dir_all(&app_dir).unwrap();
+        std::fs::write(app_dir.join("index.html"), "x").unwrap();
 
         let manifest = sample_manifest();
 
-        let granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions::new(
-            manifest.permissions(),
-            [UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage],
-            [SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new_unchecked(
-                "https",
-                "api.example.com",
-            )],
-        )
-            .unwrap();
-
-        let snapshot = SageAppSnapshot {
-            manifest_hash: "hash".into(),
-            snapshot_dir: app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-            total_bytes: 123,
-            manifest: manifest.clone(),
+        let granted_capabilities = if storage_may_contain_secrets {
+            vec![
+                UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage,
+                UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetSecretKey,
+            ]
+        } else {
+            vec![UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage]
         };
 
+        let granted_permissions =
+            SageGrantedPermissions::new(manifest.permissions(), granted_capabilities, []).unwrap();
+
+        let snapshot =
+            SageAppSnapshot::new("hash", app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(), manifest).unwrap();
+
         let common = SageAppCommon::new(
-            app_id.into(),
-            origin_id.into(),
+            app_id,
+            origin_id,
             app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-            &manifest,
             granted_permissions,
             InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
             snapshot,
         )
             .unwrap();
 
-        UserSageApp {
+        let user_app = UserSageApp::new_installed(
             common,
-            source: UserSageAppSource::Url {
+            UserSageAppSource::Url {
                 app_url: "https://example.com/app/".into(),
                 manifest_url: "https://example.com/app/sage-manifest.json".into(),
             },
-            pending_update: None,
+        );
+
+        if !storage_may_contain_secrets {
+            return user_app;
         }
+
+        let mut app = user_app.into_sage_app();
+
+        let _runtime = SageAppRuntimeRecord::new_inline(
+            &mut app,
+            "sage-app://test/index.html",
+            true,
+            false,
+        );
+
+        app.into_user().expect("sample app should remain a user app")
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -415,7 +422,7 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn url_origin_id_reuses_existing_origin() {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-        let existing = sample_app_in(dir.path(), "url-abc123", "existing-origin");
+        let existing = sample_app_in(dir.path(), "url-abc123", "existing-origin", false);
 
         let source = UrlInstallSource {
             app_url: "https://example.com/app/".into(),
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs
index d3081f8b3..87820b067 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs
@@ -101,8 +101,8 @@ pub fn resolve_zip_install_target(
     app_name: &str,
 ) -> AnyResult<(String, PathBuf, Option<UserSageApp>)> {
     if let Some(existing) = find_existing_installed_app_by_name(root, app_name)? {
-        let app_dir = Path::new(&existing.common.app_dir).to_path_buf();
-        return Ok((existing.common.id.clone(), app_dir, Some(existing)));
+        let app_dir = Path::new(&existing.common().app_dir()).to_path_buf();
+        return Ok((existing.common().id().to_string(), app_dir, Some(existing)));
     }
 
     let app_id = generate_zip_app_id(app_name);
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ fn find_existing_installed_app_by_name(
     Ok(list_installed_apps_internal(root)?
         .into_iter()
         .find_map(|app| match app {
-            ListedSageApp::User(installed) if installed.common.name == app_name => Some(installed),
+            ListedSageApp::User(installed) if installed.common().name() == app_name => Some(installed),
             _ => None,
         }))
 }
@@ -133,13 +133,13 @@ mod tests {
             name: name.into(),
             version: "1.0.0".into(),
             permissions: SageRequestedPermissions::empty(),
-            files: vec![SageAppManifestFile {
-                path: "index.html".into(),
-                sha256: "a".repeat(64),
-                size: 123,
-            }],
+            files: vec![SageAppManifestFile::new(
+                "index.html".to_string(),
+                "a".repeat(64),
+                123,
+            ).unwrap()],
             entry: Some("index.html".into()),
-            icon: Some("icon.png".into()),
+            icon: None,
             author: None,
             donation: None,
         })
@@ -172,24 +172,23 @@ mod tests {
         let app_id = "existing-app";
         let app_dir = dir.path().join(app_id);
         fs::create_dir_all(&app_dir).unwrap();
+        fs::write(app_dir.join("index.html"), "x").unwrap();
 
         let manifest = sample_manifest_named("Test App");
         let granted_permissions =
             SageGrantedPermissions::new(manifest.permissions(), [], []).unwrap();
 
         let common = SageAppCommon::new(
-            app_id.into(),
-            app_id.into(),
+            app_id.to_string(),
+            app_id.to_string(),
             app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-            &manifest,
             granted_permissions,
             InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
-            SageAppSnapshot {
-                manifest_hash: "hash".into(),
-                snapshot_dir: app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-                total_bytes: 123,
-                manifest: manifest.clone(),
-            },
+            SageAppSnapshot::new(
+                "hash".to_string(),
+                app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+                manifest.clone(),
+            ).unwrap(),
         )
             .unwrap();
 
@@ -203,7 +202,7 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(resolved_id, app_id);
         assert_eq!(resolved_dir, app_dir);
         assert!(existing.is_some());
-        assert_eq!(existing.unwrap().common.id, app_id);
+        assert_eq!(existing.unwrap().common().id(), app_id);
     }
 
     #[test]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs
index 53b1f95d7..ce662363c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs
@@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ pub fn manifest_entry_file(manifest: &SageAppPackageManifest) -> &str {
     manifest.entry().unwrap_or("index.html")
 }
 
-pub fn manifest_icon_file(manifest: &SageAppPackageManifest) -> &str {
-    manifest.icon().unwrap_or("icon.png")
+pub fn manifest_icon_file(manifest: &SageAppPackageManifest) -> Option<&str> {
+    manifest.icon()
 }
 
 pub fn derive_manifest_url(app_url: &str) -> AnyResult<String> {
@@ -130,15 +130,15 @@ pub fn validate_manifest_files(files: &[SageAppManifestFile]) -> AnyResult<u64>
     let mut total: u64 = 0;
 
     for file in files {
-        validate_manifest_file_path(&file.path)?;
-        validate_sha256_hex(&file.sha256)?;
+        validate_manifest_file_path(file.path())?;
+        validate_sha256_hex(file.sha256())?;
 
-        if !seen.insert(file.path.clone()) {
-            return Err(anyhow!("duplicate manifest file path: {}", file.path));
+        if !seen.insert(file.path().to_string()) {
+            return Err(anyhow!("duplicate manifest file path: {}", file.path()));
         }
 
         total = total
-            .checked_add(file.size)
+            .checked_add(file.size())
             .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("manifest total size overflow"))?;
     }
 
@@ -163,11 +163,11 @@ mod tests {
     };
 
     fn sample_manifest_file(path: &str, size: u64) -> SageAppManifestFile {
-        SageAppManifestFile {
-            path: path.to_string(),
-            sha256: "a".repeat(64),
+        SageAppManifestFile::new(
+            path.to_string(),
+            "a".repeat(64),
             size,
-        }
+        ).unwrap()
     }
 
     fn sample_file() -> SageAppManifestFile {
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ mod tests {
             ),
             SageRequestedCapabilities::new(
                 [UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch],
-                [UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage],
+                [UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage, UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetSecretKey],
             ),
         )
             .unwrap()
@@ -196,11 +196,23 @@ mod tests {
         entry_file: Option<String>,
         icon_file: Option<String>,
     ) -> SageAppPackageManifest {
+        let mut files = vec![sample_manifest_file("index.html", 1)];
+
+        if let Some(entry_file) = &entry_file
+            && entry_file != "index.html"
+        {
+            files.push(sample_manifest_file(entry_file, 1));
+        }
+
+        if let Some(icon_file) = &icon_file {
+            files.push(sample_manifest_file(icon_file, 1));
+        }
+
         SageAppPackageManifest::try_from(SageAppPackageManifestParts {
             name: "Test App".to_string(),
             version: "1.0.0".to_string(),
             permissions: requested_permissions(),
-            files: vec![sample_manifest_file("index.html", 1)],
+            files,
             entry: entry_file,
             icon: icon_file,
             author: None,
@@ -270,9 +282,7 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn validate_manifest_files_rejects_invalid_nested_path() {
-        let files = vec![sample_manifest_file("dist//index.html", 1)];
-
-        let err = validate_manifest_files(&files).unwrap_err();
+        let err = SageAppManifestFile::new("dist//index.html", "a".repeat(64), 1).unwrap_err();
         assert!(err.to_string().contains("manifest file path is invalid"));
     }
 
@@ -351,13 +361,13 @@ mod tests {
             permissions: SageRequestedPermissions::empty(),
             files: vec![sample_manifest_file("dist/index.html", 123)],
             entry: Some("dist/index.html".to_string()),
-            icon: Some("dist/icon.png".to_string()),
+            icon: None,
             author: None,
             donation: None,
         })
             .unwrap();
 
-        assert_eq!(manifest.total_bytes().unwrap(), 123);
+        assert_eq!(manifest.total_bytes(), 123);
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -383,12 +393,12 @@ mod tests {
             Some("icon.svg".to_string()),
         );
 
-        assert_eq!(manifest_icon_file(&manifest), "icon.svg");
+        assert_eq!(manifest_icon_file(&manifest).unwrap(), "icon.svg");
     }
 
     #[test]
-    fn manifest_icon_file_defaults_to_icon_png() {
+    fn manifest_icon_file_defaults_to_none() {
         let manifest = sample_manifest_with(Some("entry.html".to_string()), None);
-        assert_eq!(manifest_icon_file(&manifest), "icon.png");
+        assert_eq!(manifest_icon_file(&manifest), None);
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mod.rs
index 3a4047b7a..e7a7af5b2 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mod.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-pub mod flags;
 pub mod install;
 pub mod limits;
 pub mod manifest;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs
index 461f0a2a7..8886d09d2 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use std::{
     path::{Path, PathBuf},
 };
 
-use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
+use anyhow::{anyhow, Context, Result as AnyResult};
 use zip::ZipArchive;
 
 use crate::utils::bytes_sha256_hex;
@@ -22,11 +22,13 @@ pub fn unzip_to_dir(zip_path: &Path, out_dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<()> {
     if out_dir.exists() {
         fs::remove_dir_all(out_dir)?;
     }
+
     fs::create_dir_all(out_dir)?;
 
     archive
         .extract(out_dir)
         .context("failed to extract zip archive")?;
+
     Ok(())
 }
 
@@ -37,12 +39,12 @@ pub fn detect_package_root(unpack_dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<PathBuf> {
     }
 
     let mut dirs = fs::read_dir(unpack_dir)?
-        .filter_map(std::result::Result::ok)
+        .filter_map(Result::ok)
         .filter_map(|entry| {
             entry
                 .file_type()
                 .ok()
-                .filter(std::fs::FileType::is_dir)
+                .filter(fs::FileType::is_dir)
                 .map(|_| entry.path())
         })
         .collect::<Vec<_>>();
@@ -62,23 +64,35 @@ pub fn validate_package_structure(package_root: &Path) -> AnyResult<()> {
     let manifest = read_manifest(package_root)?;
 
     for file in manifest.files() {
-        let path = package_root.join(&file.path);
-        if !path.is_file() {
-            anyhow::bail!("manifest file missing from package: {}", file.path);
-        }
+        validate_package_file(package_root, file.path(), file.sha256(), file.size())?;
+    }
 
-        let bytes = fs::read(&path)
-            .with_context(|| format!("failed to read package file {}", path.display()))?;
+    Ok(())
+}
 
-        let actual_hash = bytes_sha256_hex(&bytes);
-        if actual_hash != file.sha256 {
-            anyhow::bail!("sha256 mismatch for {}", file.path);
-        }
+fn validate_package_file(
+    package_root: &Path,
+    relative_path: &str,
+    expected_sha256: &str,
+    expected_size: u64,
+) -> AnyResult<()> {
+    let path = package_root.join(relative_path);
+
+    if !path.is_file() {
+        anyhow::bail!("manifest file missing from package: {relative_path}");
+    }
 
-        let actual_size = u64::try_from(bytes.len()).context("file too large")?;
-        if actual_size != file.size {
-            anyhow::bail!("size mismatch for {}", file.path);
-        }
+    let bytes = fs::read(&path)
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to read package file {}", path.display()))?;
+
+    let actual_hash = bytes_sha256_hex(&bytes);
+    if actual_hash != expected_sha256 {
+        anyhow::bail!("sha256 mismatch for {relative_path}");
+    }
+
+    let actual_size = u64::try_from(bytes.len()).context("file too large")?;
+    if actual_size != expected_size {
+        anyhow::bail!("size mismatch for {relative_path}");
     }
 
     Ok(())
@@ -156,13 +170,11 @@ pub fn prepare_zip_snapshot(
         )
     })?;
 
-    let total_bytes = compute_dir_size(&snapshot_dir)?;
     let manifest_hash = bytes_sha256_hex(&serde_json::to_vec(manifest)?);
 
-    Ok(SageAppSnapshot {
+    SageAppSnapshot::new(
         manifest_hash,
-        snapshot_dir: snapshot_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-        total_bytes,
-        manifest: manifest.clone(),
-    })
+        snapshot_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+        manifest.clone(),
+    )
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs
index a6d3c32c1..69f7fa6fe 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs
@@ -5,13 +5,14 @@ use std::{
     path::{Path, PathBuf},
 };
 
+use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult};
+
 use crate::lifecycle::types::PersistedUserSageApp;
 use crate::system_apps::list_builtin_system_apps;
 use crate::types::{
     CorruptedInstalledSageApp, ListedSageApp, PendingStorageCleanupEntry, RetiredAppOriginEntry,
     SageApp, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, UserSageApp,
 };
-use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult};
 
 const INSTALLED_METADATA_FILE: &str = ".sage-installed.json";
 const PENDING_STORAGE_CLEANUP_FILE: &str = ".sage-pending-storage-cleanup.json";
@@ -51,17 +52,23 @@ pub fn read_installed_user_app_from_dir(dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<UserSageApp> {
     let path = installed_metadata_path(dir);
     let text =
         fs::read_to_string(&path).with_context(|| format!("failed to read {}", path.display()))?;
-    let persisted: PersistedUserSageApp =
-        serde_json::from_str(&text).context("failed to parse installed app metadata")?;
+
+    let persisted: PersistedUserSageApp = serde_json::from_str(&text)
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to parse installed app metadata {}", path.display()))?;
+
     persisted.try_into()
 }
 
 pub fn write_installed_app_metadata(app: &UserSageApp, app_dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<()> {
     let path = installed_metadata_path(app_dir);
-    let persisted: PersistedUserSageApp = app.into();
+    let persisted = PersistedUserSageApp::from(app);
+
     let text = serde_json::to_string_pretty(&persisted)
         .map_err(|err| anyhow::anyhow!("failed to serialize installed app metadata: {err}"))?;
-    fs::write(path, format!("{text}\n"))?;
+
+    fs::write(&path, format!("{text}\n"))
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to write {}", path.display()))?;
+
     Ok(())
 }
 
@@ -96,7 +103,7 @@ pub fn list_installed_apps_internal(root: &Path) -> AnyResult<Vec<ListedSageApp>
         let Some(id) = path
             .file_name()
             .and_then(|s| s.to_str())
-            .map(std::string::ToString::to_string)
+            .map(str::to_string)
         else {
             continue;
         };
@@ -108,38 +115,35 @@ pub fn list_installed_apps_internal(root: &Path) -> AnyResult<Vec<ListedSageApp>
 
         match read_installed_user_app_from_dir(&path) {
             Ok(app) => apps.push(ListedSageApp::User(app)),
-            Err(err) => apps.push(ListedSageApp::Corrupted(CorruptedInstalledSageApp {
-                id,
-                app_dir: path.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-                error: err.to_string(),
-            })),
+            Err(err) => apps.push(ListedSageApp::Corrupted(
+                CorruptedInstalledSageApp::new(
+                    id,
+                    path.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+                    err.to_string(),
+                ),
+            )),
         }
     }
+
     for app in list_builtin_system_apps()? {
         if let SageApp::System(app) = app {
             apps.push(ListedSageApp::System(app));
         }
     }
 
-    apps.sort_by(|a, b| {
-        let a_key = match a {
-            ListedSageApp::User(app) => app.common.name.to_lowercase(),
-            ListedSageApp::System(app) => app.common.name.to_lowercase(),
-            ListedSageApp::Corrupted(app) => app.id.to_lowercase(),
-        };
-
-        let b_key = match b {
-            ListedSageApp::User(app) => app.common.name.to_lowercase(),
-            ListedSageApp::System(app) => app.common.name.to_lowercase(),
-            ListedSageApp::Corrupted(app) => app.id.to_lowercase(),
-        };
-
-        a_key.cmp(&b_key)
-    });
+    apps.sort_by(|a, b| listed_app_sort_key(a).cmp(&listed_app_sort_key(b)));
 
     Ok(apps)
 }
 
+fn listed_app_sort_key(app: &ListedSageApp) -> String {
+    match app {
+        ListedSageApp::User(app) => app.common().name().to_lowercase(),
+        ListedSageApp::System(app) => app.common().name().to_lowercase(),
+        ListedSageApp::Corrupted(app) => app.id().to_lowercase(),
+    }
+}
+
 pub fn read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries(
     base_path: &Path,
 ) -> AnyResult<Vec<PendingStorageCleanupEntry>> {
@@ -170,8 +174,10 @@ pub fn write_pending_storage_cleanup_entries(
     let text = serde_json::to_string_pretty(entries).map_err(|err| {
         anyhow::anyhow!("failed to serialize pending storage cleanup entries: {err}")
     })?;
+
     fs::write(&path, format!("{text}\n"))
         .with_context(|| format!("failed to write {}", path.display()))?;
+
     Ok(())
 }
 
@@ -217,7 +223,7 @@ pub fn read_installed_user_app_by_origin_id(
 
     for entry in list_installed_apps_internal(&root)? {
         if let ListedSageApp::User(app) = entry
-            && app.common.origin_id == origin_id
+            && app.common().origin_id() == origin_id
         {
             return Ok(app);
         }
@@ -231,22 +237,24 @@ pub fn read_installed_user_app_by_origin_id(
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
+
     use crate::lifecycle::storage::record_storage_cleanup_failure;
     use crate::types::{
-        InstalledSageAppStorage, ListedSageApp, PendingStorageCleanupTarget, RetiredAppOriginEntry,
-        SageAppCommon, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts,
-        SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
-        SageRequestedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppPendingUpdate, UserSageAppSource,
+        InstalledSageAppStorage, ListedSageApp, PendingStorageCleanupTarget,
+        RetiredAppOriginEntry, SageAppCommon, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest,
+        SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissions,
+        SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
     };
     use std::fs;
     use tempfile::tempdir;
 
+    fn write_index(dir: &Path) {
+        fs::create_dir_all(dir).unwrap();
+        fs::write(dir.join("index.html"), "x").unwrap();
+    }
+
     fn sample_manifest_file(path: &str, size: u64) -> SageAppManifestFile {
-        SageAppManifestFile {
-            path: path.to_string(),
-            sha256: "a".repeat(64),
-            size,
-        }
+        SageAppManifestFile::new(path, "a".repeat(64), size).unwrap()
     }
 
     fn sample_manifest(name: &str) -> SageAppPackageManifest {
@@ -256,7 +264,7 @@ mod tests {
             permissions: SageRequestedPermissions::empty(),
             files: vec![sample_manifest_file("index.html", 1)],
             entry: Some("index.html".to_string()),
-            icon: Some("icon.png".to_string()),
+            icon: None,
             author: None,
             donation: None,
         })
@@ -269,38 +277,32 @@ mod tests {
 
     fn sample_app_named(base: &Path, app_id: &str, origin_id: &str, name: &str) -> UserSageApp {
         let dir = app_dir(base, app_id);
-        fs::create_dir_all(&dir).unwrap();
+        write_index(&dir);
 
         let manifest = sample_manifest(name);
         let granted_permissions =
             SageGrantedPermissions::new(manifest.permissions(), [], []).unwrap();
 
-        let snapshot = SageAppSnapshot {
-            manifest_hash: "hash".into(),
-            snapshot_dir: dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-            total_bytes: 1,
-            manifest: manifest.clone(),
-        };
+        let snapshot =
+            SageAppSnapshot::new("hash", dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(), manifest).unwrap();
 
         let common = SageAppCommon::new(
-            app_id.into(),
-            origin_id.into(),
+            app_id,
+            origin_id,
             dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-            &manifest,
             granted_permissions,
             InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
             snapshot,
         )
             .unwrap();
 
-        UserSageApp {
+        UserSageApp::new_installed(
             common,
-            source: UserSageAppSource::Url {
+            UserSageAppSource::Url {
                 app_url: "https://example.com/app/".into(),
                 manifest_url: "https://example.com/app/sage-manifest.json".into(),
             },
-            pending_update: None,
-        }
+        )
     }
 
     fn without_system_apps(listed: Vec<ListedSageApp>) -> Vec<ListedSageApp> {
@@ -313,43 +315,21 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn installed_app_metadata_round_trips_origin_id_and_storage() {
         let tmp = tempdir().unwrap();
-        let mut app = sample_app(tmp.path(), "url-abc123", "origin-1");
-        app.common.storage = InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged;
-
-        let dir = app_dir(tmp.path(), &app.common.id);
-        write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &dir).unwrap();
-
-        let read_back = read_installed_app_by_id(tmp.path(), &app.common.id).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(read_back.common.id, app.common.id);
-        assert_eq!(read_back.common.origin_id, app.common.origin_id);
-        assert_eq!(read_back.common.storage, app.common.storage);
-        assert_eq!(read_back.common.granted_permissions, app.common.granted_permissions);
-        assert!(!read_back.common.capability_flags.has_external_access);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn installed_app_metadata_round_trips_pending_update() {
-        let base = tempdir().unwrap();
-        let app_id = "app-1";
-
-        let mut app = sample_app_named(base.path(), app_id, "app-1", "Alpha");
-        app.pending_update = Some(UserSageAppPendingUpdate {
-            app_url: "https://example.com/app/".to_string(),
-            manifest_url: "https://example.com/app/sage-manifest.json".to_string(),
-            manifest_hash: "pending-hash".to_string(),
-            manifest: sample_manifest("Alpha Updated"),
-        });
+        let app = sample_app(tmp.path(), "url-abc123", "origin-1");
 
-        let dir = app_dir(base.path(), app_id);
+        let dir = app_dir(tmp.path(), app.common().id());
         write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &dir).unwrap();
 
-        let loaded = read_installed_app_by_id(base.path(), app_id).unwrap();
-        let pending = loaded
-            .pending_update
-            .expect("pending update should survive roundtrip");
+        let read_back = read_installed_app_by_id(tmp.path(), app.common().id()).unwrap();
 
-        assert_eq!(pending.manifest_hash, "pending-hash");
-        assert_eq!(pending.manifest.name(), "Alpha Updated");
+        assert_eq!(read_back.common().id(), app.common().id());
+        assert_eq!(read_back.common().origin_id(), app.common().origin_id());
+        assert_eq!(read_back.common().storage(), app.common().storage());
+        assert_eq!(
+            read_back.common().granted_permissions(),
+            app.common().granted_permissions()
+        );
+        assert!(!read_back.common().capability_flags().has_external_access());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -366,8 +346,8 @@ mod tests {
 
         match &listed[0] {
             ListedSageApp::Corrupted(app) => {
-                assert_eq!(app.id, "broken-app");
-                assert!(!app.error.is_empty());
+                assert_eq!(app.id(), "broken-app");
+                assert!(!app.error().is_empty());
             }
             ListedSageApp::User(_) | ListedSageApp::System(_) => {
                 panic!("expected corrupted app listing");
@@ -380,79 +360,58 @@ mod tests {
         let base = tempdir().unwrap();
         let dir = app_dir(base.path(), "broken-app");
         fs::create_dir_all(&dir).unwrap();
+        let snapshot_dir = dir.to_string_lossy();
 
         fs::write(
             dir.join(".sage-installed.json"),
-            r#"{
+            format!(
+                r#"{{
   "id": "broken-app",
   "originId": "broken-app",
-  "name": "Broken App",
-  "version": "1.0.0",
-  "appDir": "/tmp/broken-app",
-  "entryFile": "index.html",
-  "iconFile": "icon.png",
-  "requestedPermissions": {
-    "network": {
-      "whitelist": {
-        "required": ["https://ok.example.com/path"],
-        "optional": []
-      }
-    },
-    "capabilities": {
-      "required": [],
-      "optional": []
-    }
-  },
-  "grantedPermissions": {
+  "appDir": "{snapshot_dir}",
+  "grantedPermissions": {{
     "capabilities": [],
-    "network": {
+    "network": {{
       "whitelist": []
-    }
-  },
-  "capabilityFlags": {
-    "hasSecretAccess": false,
-    "hasExternalAccess": false,
-    "storageMayContainSecrets": false,
-    "isolated": false
-  },
-  "storage": {
+    }}
+  }},
+  "storage": {{
     "kind": "unmanaged"
-  },
-  "source": {
+  }},
+  "source": {{
     "kind": "zip"
-  },
-  "activeSnapshot": {
+  }},
+  "activeSnapshot": {{
     "manifestHash": "hash",
-    "snapshotDir": "/tmp/snapshot",
-    "totalBytes": 1,
-    "manifest": {
+    "snapshotDir": "{snapshot_dir}",
+    "manifest": {{
       "name": "Broken App",
       "version": "1.0.0",
-      "permissions": {
-        "network": {
-          "whitelist": {
-            "required": [],
+      "permissions": {{
+        "network": {{
+          "whitelist": {{
+            "required": ["https://ok.example.com/path"],
             "optional": []
-          }
-        },
-        "capabilities": {
+          }}
+        }},
+        "capabilities": {{
           "required": [],
           "optional": []
-        }
-      },
+        }}
+      }},
       "files": [
-        {
+        {{
           "path": "index.html",
           "sha256": "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa",
           "size": 1
-        }
+        }}
       ],
       "entry": "index.html",
-      "icon": "icon.png"
-    }
-  },
-  "pendingUpdate": null
-}"#,
+      "icon": null
+    }}
+  }}
+}}"#
+            ),
         )
             .unwrap();
 
@@ -463,11 +422,11 @@ mod tests {
         match &listed[0] {
             ListedSageApp::Corrupted(app) => {
                 assert!(
-                    app.error.contains("network entry")
-                        || app.error.contains("invalid host")
-                        || app.error.contains("failed to parse installed app metadata"),
+                    app.error().contains("network entry")
+                        || app.error().contains("invalid host")
+                        || app.error().contains("failed to parse installed app metadata"),
                     "unexpected error: {}",
-                    app.error
+                    app.error()
                 );
             }
             ListedSageApp::User(_) | ListedSageApp::System(_) => {
@@ -481,10 +440,10 @@ mod tests {
         let base = tempdir().unwrap();
 
         let alpha = sample_app_named(base.path(), "a", "a", "Alpha");
-        write_installed_app_metadata(&alpha, Path::new(&alpha.common.app_dir)).unwrap();
+        write_installed_app_metadata(&alpha, Path::new(alpha.common().app_dir())).unwrap();
 
         let zeta = sample_app_named(base.path(), "z", "z", "Zeta");
-        write_installed_app_metadata(&zeta, Path::new(&zeta.common.app_dir)).unwrap();
+        write_installed_app_metadata(&zeta, Path::new(zeta.common().app_dir())).unwrap();
 
         let listed =
             without_system_apps(list_installed_apps_internal(&apps_root(base.path())).unwrap());
@@ -492,9 +451,9 @@ mod tests {
         let names: Vec<_> = listed
             .into_iter()
             .map(|entry| match entry {
-                ListedSageApp::User(app) => app.common.name,
-                ListedSageApp::System(app) => app.common.name,
-                ListedSageApp::Corrupted(app) => app.id,
+                ListedSageApp::User(app) => app.common().name().to_string(),
+                ListedSageApp::System(app) => app.common().name().to_string(),
+                ListedSageApp::Corrupted(app) => app.id().to_string(),
             })
             .collect();
 
@@ -559,11 +518,11 @@ mod tests {
         let app_a = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-a", "origin-a");
         let app_b = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-b", "origin-b");
 
-        write_installed_app_metadata(&app_a, Path::new(&app_a.common.app_dir)).unwrap();
-        write_installed_app_metadata(&app_b, Path::new(&app_b.common.app_dir)).unwrap();
+        write_installed_app_metadata(&app_a, Path::new(app_a.common().app_dir())).unwrap();
+        write_installed_app_metadata(&app_b, Path::new(app_b.common().app_dir())).unwrap();
 
         let found = read_installed_user_app_by_origin_id(dir.path(), "origin-b").unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(found.common.id, "app-b");
+        assert_eq!(found.common().id(), "app-b");
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -596,8 +555,7 @@ mod tests {
     fn retired_app_origins_round_trip() {
         let base = tempdir().unwrap();
 
-        let mut app = sample_app(base.path(), "app-1", "origin-1");
-        app.common.capability_flags.storage_may_contain_secrets = true;
+        let app = sample_app(base.path(), "app-1", "origin-1");
 
         let entries = vec![RetiredAppOriginEntry::new(&app, true)];
         write_retired_app_origins(base.path(), &entries).unwrap();
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/types.rs
index 136920da7..7e6d88408 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/types.rs
@@ -3,45 +3,34 @@ use std::convert::TryFrom;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 
 use crate::types::{
-    InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppCommon, SageAppFlags, SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissions,
-    SageRequestedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppPendingUpdate, UserSageAppSource,
+    InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppCommon, SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissions, UserSageApp,
+    UserSageAppSource,
 };
 
 #[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct PersistedUserSageApp {
     id: String,
     origin_id: String,
-    name: String,
-    version: String,
     app_dir: String,
-    entry_file: String,
-    icon_file: String,
-    requested_permissions: SageRequestedPermissions,
     granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
-    capability_flags: SageAppFlags,
     storage: InstalledSageAppStorage,
     active_snapshot: SageAppSnapshot,
     source: UserSageAppSource,
-    pending_update: Option<UserSageAppPendingUpdate>,
 }
 
 impl From<&UserSageApp> for PersistedUserSageApp {
     fn from(app: &UserSageApp) -> Self {
+        let common = app.common();
+
         Self {
-            id: app.common.id.clone(),
-            origin_id: app.common.origin_id.clone(),
-            name: app.common.name.clone(),
-            version: app.common.version.clone(),
-            app_dir: app.common.app_dir.clone(),
-            entry_file: app.common.entry_file.clone(),
-            icon_file: app.common.icon_file.clone(),
-            requested_permissions: app.common.requested_permissions.clone(),
-            granted_permissions: app.common.granted_permissions.clone(),
-            capability_flags: app.common.capability_flags,
-            storage: app.common.storage.clone(),
-            active_snapshot: app.common.active_snapshot.clone(),
-            source: app.source.clone(),
-            pending_update: app.pending_update.clone(),
+            id: common.id().to_string(),
+            origin_id: common.origin_id().to_string(),
+            app_dir: common.app_dir().to_string(),
+            granted_permissions: common.granted_permissions().clone(),
+            storage: common.storage().clone(),
+            active_snapshot: common.active_snapshot().clone(),
+            source: app.source().clone(),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -55,27 +44,16 @@ impl From<UserSageApp> for PersistedUserSageApp {
 impl TryFrom<PersistedUserSageApp> for UserSageApp {
     type Error = anyhow::Error;
 
-    fn try_from(app: PersistedUserSageApp) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
-        if app.requested_permissions != *app.active_snapshot.manifest.permissions() {
-            anyhow::bail!("persisted requested permissions do not match active snapshot manifest");
-        }
-
-        let manifest = app.active_snapshot.manifest.clone();
-
+    fn try_from(persisted: PersistedUserSageApp) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
         let common = SageAppCommon::new(
-            app.id,
-            app.origin_id,
-            app.app_dir,
-            &manifest,
-            app.granted_permissions,
-            app.storage,
-            app.active_snapshot,
+            persisted.id,
+            persisted.origin_id,
+            persisted.app_dir,
+            persisted.granted_permissions,
+            persisted.storage,
+            persisted.active_snapshot,
         )?;
 
-        Ok(UserSageApp {
-            common,
-            source: app.source,
-            pending_update: app.pending_update,
-        })
+        Ok(UserSageApp::new_installed(common, persisted.source))
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/snapshot.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/snapshot.rs
index d8f31c326..3ddaabec5 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/snapshot.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/snapshot.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-use crate::lifecycle::compute_dir_size;
 use crate::types::{SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot};
 use crate::utils::bytes_sha256_hex;
 use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
@@ -95,29 +94,26 @@ pub async fn download_url_snapshot(
         .with_context(|| format!("failed to create snapshot dir {}", snapshot_dir.display()))?;
 
     for file in manifest.files() {
-        let url = join_app_url(app_url, &file.path)?;
+        let url = join_app_url(app_url, &file.path())?;
         let bytes = download_bytes(&url).await?;
 
         let actual_hash = bytes_sha256_hex(&bytes);
-        if actual_hash != file.sha256 {
+        if actual_hash != file.sha256() {
             return Err(anyhow!(
                 "hash mismatch for {}: expected {}, got {}",
-                file.path,
-                file.sha256,
+                file.path(),
+                file.sha256(),
                 actual_hash
             ));
         }
 
-        let output_path = snapshot_dir.join(PathBuf::from(&file.path));
+        let output_path = snapshot_dir.join(PathBuf::from(&file.path()));
         write_file(&output_path, &bytes)?;
     }
 
-    let total_bytes = compute_dir_size(&snapshot_dir)?;
-
-    Ok(SageAppSnapshot {
-        manifest_hash: manifest_hash.to_string(),
-        snapshot_dir: snapshot_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-        total_bytes,
-        manifest: manifest.clone(),
-    })
+    Ok(SageAppSnapshot::new(
+        manifest_hash.to_string(),
+        snapshot_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+        manifest.clone(),
+    )?)
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
index 72d706890..1e7f439c7 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,17 @@
-use std::io;
+use std::path::Path;
+
+#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
+use anyhow::Context;
+use anyhow::{anyhow, Result as AnyResult};
 #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
-use std::path::PathBuf;
-use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+use std::fs;
+use tauri::{command, AppHandle, Manager, State};
+#[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios"))]
+use uuid::Uuid;
 
-use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::host::AppState;
-use crate::lifecycle::flags::mark_storage_may_contain_secrets;
 use crate::lifecycle::{
-    read_installed_app_by_id, read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries, read_retired_app_origins,
-    write_installed_app_metadata, write_pending_storage_cleanup_entries, write_retired_app_origins,
+    read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries, read_retired_app_origins,
+    write_pending_storage_cleanup_entries, write_retired_app_origins,
 };
 use crate::runtime::resolve_app;
 use crate::runtime::stop::close_runtime_internal;
@@ -17,9 +20,7 @@ use crate::types::{
     InstalledSageAppStorage, PendingStorageCleanupEntry, PendingStorageCleanupTarget,
     RetiredAppOriginEntry, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
 };
-use anyhow::{Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
-use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State, command};
-use uuid::Uuid;
+use crate::AppsHostState;
 
 #[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios"))]
 pub async fn allocate_new_storage(
@@ -79,7 +80,7 @@ pub fn record_storage_cleanup_failure(
 ) -> AnyResult<()> {
     let mut entries = read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries(base_path)?;
 
-    let target = cleanup_target_from_storage(&app.common.storage);
+    let target = cleanup_target_from_storage(app.common().storage());
 
     if let Some(entry) = entries.iter_mut().find(|entry| entry.target() == &target) {
         entry.record_failed_attempt(error);
@@ -169,7 +170,7 @@ pub fn enqueue_retired_app_origin(
     app: &UserSageApp,
     cleanup_pending: bool,
 ) -> AnyResult<()> {
-    let UserSageAppSource::Url { .. } = &app.source else {
+    let UserSageAppSource::Url { .. } = app.source() else {
         return Ok(());
     };
 
@@ -177,7 +178,7 @@ pub fn enqueue_retired_app_origin(
 
     if let Some(existing) = entries
         .iter_mut()
-        .find(|entry| entry.origin_id() == app.common.origin_id)
+        .find(|entry| entry.origin_id() == app.common().origin_id())
     {
         existing.refresh_from_app(app, cleanup_pending);
     } else {
@@ -210,100 +211,109 @@ pub async fn apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data(
     clear_app_storage_by_target(&app, &target).await
 }
 
-#[command]
-#[specta::specta]
-pub async fn apps_mark_storage_may_contain_secrets(
-    state: State<'_, AppState>,
-    app_id: String,
-) -> crate::host::Result<()> {
-    let base_path = {
-        let state = state.lock().await;
-        state.path.clone()
-    };
-
-    let mut app = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id)
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to read app {app_id}: {err}")))?;
-
-    if !app.common.capability_flags.has_secret_access {
-        return Ok(());
-    }
-
-    if app.common.capability_flags.storage_may_contain_secrets {
-        return Ok(());
-    }
-
-    app.common.capability_flags = mark_storage_may_contain_secrets(&app.common.capability_flags);
-
-    let app_dir = PathBuf::from(&app.common.app_dir);
-    write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app_dir)
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to write metadata: {err}")))?;
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
-    use crate::lifecycle::{read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries, read_retired_app_origins};
+
+    use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+    use crate::lifecycle::{app_dir, read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries, read_retired_app_origins};
     use crate::types::{
-        PendingStorageCleanupTarget, SageAppCommon, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest,
-        SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissions,
-        SageRequestedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
+        SageAppCommon, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts,
+        SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedCapabilities,
+        SageRequestedPermissions, UserSageAppSource,
     };
     use tempfile::tempdir;
+    use crate::runtime::state::types::SageAppRuntimeRecord;
 
-    fn sample_manifest_file(path: &str, size: u64) -> SageAppManifestFile {
-        SageAppManifestFile {
-            path: path.to_string(),
-            sha256: "a".repeat(64),
-            size,
-        }
+    fn write_index(app_dir: &Path) {
+        std::fs::create_dir_all(app_dir).unwrap();
+        std::fs::write(app_dir.join("index.html"), "x").unwrap();
     }
 
-    fn sample_app(storage: InstalledSageAppStorage) -> UserSageApp {
+    fn sample_app_with(
+        base_path: &Path,
+        app_id: &str,
+        name: &str,
+        storage: InstalledSageAppStorage,
+        source: UserSageAppSource,
+        storage_may_contain_secrets: bool,
+    ) -> UserSageApp {
+        let app_dir = app_dir(base_path, app_id);
+        write_index(&app_dir);
+
+        let requested_permissions = SageRequestedPermissions::new(
+            crate::types::SageRequestedNetworkPermissions::empty(),
+            SageRequestedCapabilities::new(
+                [UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage],
+                [UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetSecretKey],
+            ),
+        )
+            .unwrap();
+
         let manifest = SageAppPackageManifest::try_from(SageAppPackageManifestParts {
-            name: "Test App".into(),
-            version: "1.0.0".into(),
-            permissions: SageRequestedPermissions::empty(),
-            files: vec![sample_manifest_file("index.html", 1)],
-            entry: Some("index.html".into()),
-            icon: Some("icon.png".into()),
+            name: name.to_string(),
+            version: "1.0.0".to_string(),
+            permissions: requested_permissions.clone(),
+            files: vec![SageAppManifestFile::new("index.html", "a".repeat(64), 1).unwrap()],
+            entry: Some("index.html".to_string()),
+            icon: None,
             author: None,
             donation: None,
         })
             .unwrap();
 
+        let granted_capabilities = if storage_may_contain_secrets {
+            vec![
+                UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage,
+                UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetSecretKey,
+            ]
+        } else {
+            vec![UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage]
+        };
+
         let granted_permissions =
-            SageGrantedPermissions::new(manifest.permissions(), [], []).unwrap();
+            SageGrantedPermissions::new(&requested_permissions, granted_capabilities, []).unwrap();
 
-        let snapshot = SageAppSnapshot {
-            manifest_hash: "hash".into(),
-            snapshot_dir: "/tmp/test-app".into(),
-            total_bytes: 1,
-            manifest: manifest.clone(),
-        };
+        let snapshot =
+            SageAppSnapshot::new("hash", app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(), manifest).unwrap();
 
-        let mut common = SageAppCommon::new(
-            "url-abc123".into(),
-            "origin-1".into(),
-            "/tmp/test-app".into(),
-            &manifest,
+        let common = SageAppCommon::new(
+            app_id,
+            app_id,
+            app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
             granted_permissions,
             storage,
             snapshot,
         )
             .unwrap();
 
-        common.capability_flags.storage_may_contain_secrets = true;
+        let mut app = UserSageApp::new_installed(common, source).into_sage_app();
 
-        UserSageApp {
-            common,
-            source: UserSageAppSource::Url {
+        if storage_may_contain_secrets {
+            let _record = SageAppRuntimeRecord::new_inline(
+                &mut app,
+                "sage-app://test/index.html",
+                true,
+                false,
+            );
+        }
+
+        app.into_user()
+            .expect("sample app should remain a user app")
+    }
+
+    fn sample_app(base_path: &Path, storage: InstalledSageAppStorage) -> UserSageApp {
+        sample_app_with(
+            base_path,
+            "url-abc123",
+            "Test App",
+            storage,
+            UserSageAppSource::Url {
                 app_url: "https://example.com/app/".into(),
                 manifest_url: "https://example.com/app/sage-manifest.json".into(),
             },
-            pending_update: None,
-        }
+            true,
+        )
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -343,7 +353,7 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn record_storage_cleanup_failure_creates_unmanaged_target() {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-        let app = sample_app(InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged);
+        let app = sample_app(dir.path(), InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged);
 
         record_storage_cleanup_failure(dir.path(), &app, "boom").unwrap();
 
@@ -357,9 +367,12 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn record_storage_cleanup_failure_creates_apple_target() {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-        let app = sample_app(InstalledSageAppStorage::AppleDataStore {
-            identifier_hex: "abc123".into(),
-        });
+        let app = sample_app(
+            dir.path(),
+            InstalledSageAppStorage::AppleDataStore {
+                identifier_hex: "abc123".into(),
+            },
+        );
 
         record_storage_cleanup_failure(dir.path(), &app, "boom").unwrap();
 
@@ -376,9 +389,12 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn record_storage_cleanup_failure_creates_windows_target() {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-        let app = sample_app(InstalledSageAppStorage::WindowsProfile {
-            directory_name: "profile-1".into(),
-        });
+        let app = sample_app(
+            dir.path(),
+            InstalledSageAppStorage::WindowsProfile {
+                directory_name: "profile-1".into(),
+            },
+        );
 
         record_storage_cleanup_failure(dir.path(), &app, "boom").unwrap();
 
@@ -393,22 +409,30 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     #[test]
-    fn record_storage_cleanup_failure_updates_existing_entry_by_target_not_app_id() {
+    fn record_storage_cleanup_failure_merges_existing_entry_by_target() {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
 
-        let app_a = sample_app(InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged);
+        let app_a = sample_app(dir.path(), InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged);
         record_storage_cleanup_failure(dir.path(), &app_a, "first").unwrap();
 
-        let mut app_b = sample_app(InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged);
-        app_b.common.id = "url-other".into();
-        app_b.common.name = "Other App".into();
+        let app_b = sample_app_with(
+            dir.path(),
+            "url-other",
+            "Other App",
+            InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
+            UserSageAppSource::Url {
+                app_url: "https://example.com/other/".into(),
+                manifest_url: "https://example.com/other/sage-manifest.json".into(),
+            },
+            true,
+        );
 
         record_storage_cleanup_failure(dir.path(), &app_b, "second").unwrap();
 
         let entries = read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries(dir.path()).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(entries.len(), 1);
-        assert_eq!(entries[0].app_id(), "url-other");
-        assert_eq!(entries[0].app_name(), "Other App");
+        assert_eq!(entries[0].app_id(), "url-abc123");
+        assert_eq!(entries[0].app_name(), "Test App");
         assert_eq!(entries[0].attempt_count(), 2);
         assert_eq!(entries[0].last_error(), Some("second"));
     }
@@ -416,8 +440,14 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn enqueue_retired_app_origin_ignores_zip_apps() {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-        let mut app = sample_app(InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged);
-        app.source = UserSageAppSource::Zip;
+        let app = sample_app_with(
+            dir.path(),
+            "url-abc123",
+            "Test App",
+            InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
+            UserSageAppSource::Zip,
+            true,
+        );
 
         enqueue_retired_app_origin(dir.path(), &app, true).unwrap();
 
@@ -428,14 +458,14 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn enqueue_retired_app_origin_creates_new_entry_for_url_app() {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-        let app = sample_app(InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged);
+        let app = sample_app(dir.path(), InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged);
 
         enqueue_retired_app_origin(dir.path(), &app, true).unwrap();
 
         let entries = read_retired_app_origins(dir.path()).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(entries.len(), 1);
-        assert_eq!(entries[0].app_id(), app.common.id);
-        assert_eq!(entries[0].origin_id(), app.common.origin_id);
+        assert_eq!(entries[0].app_id(), app.common().id());
+        assert_eq!(entries[0].origin_id(), app.common().origin_id());
         assert!(entries[0].cleanup_pending());
         assert!(entries[0].storage_may_contain_secrets());
     }
@@ -443,7 +473,7 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn enqueue_retired_app_origin_updates_existing_origin_entry() {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-        let app = sample_app(InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged);
+        let app = sample_app(dir.path(), InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged);
 
         enqueue_retired_app_origin(dir.path(), &app, true).unwrap();
         enqueue_retired_app_origin(dir.path(), &app, false).unwrap();
@@ -456,13 +486,34 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn enqueue_retired_app_origin_updates_secret_taint_flag() {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-        let mut app = sample_app(InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged);
-        app.common.capability_flags.storage_may_contain_secrets = false;
 
-        enqueue_retired_app_origin(dir.path(), &app, false).unwrap();
+        let clean_app = sample_app_with(
+            dir.path(),
+            "url-abc123",
+            "Test App",
+            InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
+            UserSageAppSource::Url {
+                app_url: "https://example.com/app/".into(),
+                manifest_url: "https://example.com/app/sage-manifest.json".into(),
+            },
+            false,
+        );
 
-        app.common.capability_flags.storage_may_contain_secrets = true;
-        enqueue_retired_app_origin(dir.path(), &app, true).unwrap();
+        enqueue_retired_app_origin(dir.path(), &clean_app, false).unwrap();
+
+        let tainted_app = sample_app_with(
+            dir.path(),
+            "url-abc123",
+            "Test App",
+            InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
+            UserSageAppSource::Url {
+                app_url: "https://example.com/app/".into(),
+                manifest_url: "https://example.com/app/sage-manifest.json".into(),
+            },
+            true,
+        );
+
+        enqueue_retired_app_origin(dir.path(), &tainted_app, true).unwrap();
 
         let entries = read_retired_app_origins(dir.path()).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(entries.len(), 1);
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
index 1f281809a..1bbd8c4f5 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,13 @@
-use crate::bridge::USER_BRIDGE_CHANNEL;
+use std::io;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+
+use tauri::{command, AppHandle, State};
+
 use crate::bridge::event_emit::emit_bridge_event_to_app_id;
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::events::EventForApp;
+use crate::bridge::USER_BRIDGE_CHANNEL;
 use crate::host::AppState;
 use crate::host::Result;
-use crate::lifecycle::install::url::preview_app_url_internal;
 use crate::lifecycle::update::permissions::update_app_permissions_with_change_internal;
 use crate::lifecycle::{
     download_url_snapshot, read_installed_app_by_id, write_installed_app_metadata,
@@ -12,9 +16,6 @@ use crate::types::{
     SageAppUrlPreview, SageGrantedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppPendingUpdate,
     UserSageAppSource,
 };
-use std::io;
-use std::path::PathBuf;
-use tauri::{AppHandle, State, command};
 
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
@@ -30,25 +31,27 @@ pub async fn check_app_update(
     let app = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id)
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to read installed app {app_id}: {err}")))?;
 
-    let app_url = match &app.source {
+    let app_url = match app.source() {
         UserSageAppSource::Url { app_url, .. } => app_url.clone(),
         UserSageAppSource::Zip => return Ok(None),
     };
 
-    let preview = preview_app_url_internal(app_url)
+    let preview = SageAppUrlPreview::new(app_url)
         .await
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to preview app URL: {err}")))?;
 
-    let same_manifest_hash = preview.manifest_hash == app.common.active_snapshot.manifest_hash;
-    let same_manifest_content = preview.manifest == app.common.active_snapshot.manifest;
+    let active_snapshot = app.common().active_snapshot();
+
+    let same_manifest_hash = preview.manifest_hash() == active_snapshot.manifest_hash();
+    let same_manifest_content = preview.manifest() == active_snapshot.manifest();
 
     if same_manifest_hash && same_manifest_content {
         return Ok(None);
     }
 
-    if let Some(pending) = &app.pending_update {
-        let same_pending_hash = pending.manifest_hash == preview.manifest_hash;
-        let same_pending_manifest = pending.manifest == preview.manifest;
+    if let Some(pending) = app.pending_update() {
+        let same_pending_hash = pending.manifest_hash() == preview.manifest_hash();
+        let same_pending_manifest = pending.manifest() == preview.manifest();
 
         if same_pending_hash && same_pending_manifest {
             return Ok(None);
@@ -72,7 +75,7 @@ pub async fn download_app_update(
     let mut app = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id)
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to read installed app {app_id}: {err}")))?;
 
-    let (app_url, manifest_url) = match &app.source {
+    let (app_url, manifest_url) = match app.source() {
         UserSageAppSource::Url {
             app_url,
             manifest_url,
@@ -83,17 +86,19 @@ pub async fn download_app_update(
     };
 
     let Some(preview) = check_app_update(state, app_id.clone()).await? else {
-        return Ok(app)
+        return Ok(app);
     };
 
-    app.pending_update = Some(UserSageAppPendingUpdate {
-        app_url,
-        manifest_url,
-        manifest_hash: preview.manifest_hash,
-        manifest: preview.manifest,
-    });
+    app.set_pending_update(Some(
+        UserSageAppPendingUpdate::new(
+            app_url,
+            manifest_url,
+            preview.manifest_hash().to_string(),
+            preview.manifest().clone(),
+        ),
+    ));
 
-    let app_dir = PathBuf::from(&app.common.app_dir);
+    let app_dir = PathBuf::from(app.common().app_dir());
     write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app_dir)
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to write app metadata: {err}")))?;
 
@@ -116,28 +121,28 @@ pub async fn apply_app_update(
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to read installed app {app_id}: {err}")))?;
 
     let pending = app
-        .pending_update
-        .clone()
+        .pending_update()
+        .cloned()
         .ok_or_else(|| io::Error::other(format!("app {app_id} has no pending update")))?;
 
-    let app_dir = PathBuf::from(&app.common.app_dir);
+    let app_dir = PathBuf::from(app.common().app_dir());
 
     let snapshot = download_url_snapshot(
         &app_dir,
-        &pending.app_url,
-        &pending.manifest,
-        &pending.manifest_hash,
+        pending.app_url(),
+        pending.manifest(),
+        pending.manifest_hash(),
     )
-    .await
-    .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to download update snapshot: {err}")))?;
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to download update snapshot: {err}")))?;
 
-    app.common
+    app.common_mut()
         .apply_update(&pending, granted_permissions, snapshot)
         .map_err(|err| {
             io::Error::other(format!("failed to apply app update permissions: {err}"))
         })?;
 
-    app.pending_update = None;
+    app.set_pending_update(None);
 
     write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app_dir)
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to write app metadata: {err}")))?;
@@ -168,7 +173,7 @@ pub async fn apps_update_permissions(
             &app_id,
             EventForApp::from_capabilities_change(USER_BRIDGE_CHANNEL, capability_change),
         )
-        .await;
+            .await;
     }
 
     if !network_change.added.is_empty() || !network_change.removed.is_empty() {
@@ -177,7 +182,7 @@ pub async fn apps_update_permissions(
             &app_id,
             EventForApp::from_network_whitelist_change(USER_BRIDGE_CHANNEL, network_change),
         )
-        .await;
+            .await;
     }
 
     Ok(())
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
index 8616ace71..e32466074 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
@@ -17,9 +17,9 @@ pub fn update_app_permissions(
 ) -> anyhow::Result<UserSageApp> {
     let mut app = read_installed_app_by_id(base_path, app_id)?;
 
-    app.common.update_permissions(granted_permissions)?;
+    app.common_mut().update_permissions(granted_permissions)?;
 
-    let app_dir = PathBuf::from(&app.common.app_dir);
+    let app_dir = PathBuf::from(app.common().app_dir());
     write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app_dir)?;
 
     Ok(app)
@@ -46,26 +46,26 @@ fn sort_unique_capabilities(
 }
 
 fn requested_capability_set(app: &UserSageApp) -> BTreeSet<UserBridgeCapability> {
-    app.common
-        .requested_permissions
-        .capabilities
+    app.common()
+        .requested_permissions()
+        .capabilities()
         .required()
-        .chain(app.common.requested_permissions.capabilities.optional())
+        .chain(app.common().requested_permissions().capabilities().optional())
         .copied()
         .collect()
 }
 
 fn granted_capabilities(app: &UserSageApp) -> Vec<UserBridgeCapability> {
-    app.common
-        .granted_permissions
+    app.common()
+        .granted_permissions()
         .capabilities()
         .copied()
         .collect()
 }
 
 fn granted_network_whitelist(app: &UserSageApp) -> Vec<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry> {
-    app.common
-        .granted_permissions
+    app.common()
+        .granted_permissions()
         .network()
         .whitelist()
         .cloned()
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ pub fn grant_requested_capability_internal(
     }
 
     let definition = get_user_capability_definition(capability);
-    if !definition.flags.user_grantable {
+    if !definition.flags().user_grantable() {
         anyhow::bail!(
             "Capability is not user-grantable and cannot be persisted as a user grant: {}",
             capability.key()
@@ -138,15 +138,14 @@ pub fn grant_requested_capability_internal(
     let previous_network = granted_network_whitelist(&app);
 
     let granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions::new(
-        &app.common.requested_permissions,
-        next_capabilities.clone(),
+        app.common().requested_permissions(),
+        next_capabilities,
         previous_network.clone(),
     )?;
 
     let updated = update_app_permissions(base_path, app_id, &granted_permissions)?;
 
     let updated_capabilities = granted_capabilities(&updated);
-
     let change = diff_capabilities(&previous_capabilities, &updated_capabilities);
 
     Ok(GrantCapabilityOutcome::Granted { capability, change })
@@ -160,9 +159,9 @@ pub fn grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal(
     let app = read_installed_app_by_id(base_path, app_id)?;
 
     if !app
-        .common
-        .requested_permissions
-        .network
+        .common()
+        .requested_permissions()
+        .network()
         .whitelist()
         .is_allowed(entry)
     {
@@ -185,15 +184,14 @@ pub fn grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal(
         sort_unique_network(previous_whitelist.iter().cloned().chain([entry.clone()]));
 
     let granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions::new(
-        &app.common.requested_permissions,
+        app.common().requested_permissions(),
         granted_capabilities(&app),
-        next_whitelist.clone(),
+        next_whitelist,
     )?;
 
     let updated = update_app_permissions(base_path, app_id, &granted_permissions)?;
 
     let updated_whitelist = granted_network_whitelist(&updated);
-
     let change = diff_network_whitelist(&previous_whitelist, &updated_whitelist);
 
     Ok(GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome::Granted {
@@ -222,7 +220,6 @@ pub fn update_app_permissions_with_change_internal(
     let updated_network = granted_network_whitelist(&updated);
 
     let capability_change = diff_capabilities(&previous_capabilities, &updated_capabilities);
-
     let network_change = diff_network_whitelist(&previous_network, &updated_network);
 
     Ok((updated, capability_change, network_change))
@@ -236,9 +233,6 @@ mod tests {
     use crate::lifecycle::registry::{
         app_dir, read_installed_app_by_id, write_installed_app_metadata,
     };
-    use crate::lifecycle::update::types::{
-        GrantCapabilityOutcome, GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome,
-    };
     use crate::types::{
         InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppCommon, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest,
         SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissions,
@@ -248,14 +242,6 @@ mod tests {
     use std::path::Path;
     use tempfile::tempdir;
 
-    fn sample_manifest_file(path: &str, size: u64) -> SageAppManifestFile {
-        SageAppManifestFile {
-            path: path.to_string(),
-            sha256: "a".repeat(64),
-            size,
-        }
-    }
-
     fn network_whitelist_entry(scheme: &str, host: &str) -> SageNetworkWhitelistEntry {
         SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new(scheme, host).unwrap()
     }
@@ -270,9 +256,14 @@ mod tests {
         values.into_iter().collect()
     }
 
+    fn write_file(path: &Path, text: &str) {
+        std::fs::write(path, text).unwrap();
+    }
+
     fn sample_app(base: &Path, app_id: &str) -> UserSageApp {
         let app_dir = app_dir(base, app_id);
         std::fs::create_dir_all(&app_dir).unwrap();
+        write_file(&app_dir.join("index.html"), "test");
 
         let requested_permissions = SageRequestedPermissions::new(
             SageRequestedNetworkPermissions::new(
@@ -293,9 +284,14 @@ mod tests {
             name: "Test App".to_string(),
             version: "1.0.0".to_string(),
             permissions: requested_permissions.clone(),
-            files: Vec::from([sample_manifest_file("index.html", 1)]),
+            files: Vec::from([SageAppManifestFile::new(
+                "index.html",
+                "a".repeat(64),
+                4,
+            )
+                .unwrap()]),
             entry: Some("index.html".to_string()),
-            icon: Some("icon.png".to_string()),
+            icon: None,
             author: None,
             donation: None,
         })
@@ -304,51 +300,49 @@ mod tests {
         let granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions::new(&requested_permissions, [], [])
             .unwrap();
 
-        let snapshot = SageAppSnapshot {
-            manifest_hash: "hash".to_string(),
-            snapshot_dir: app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-            total_bytes: 1,
-            manifest: manifest.clone(),
-        };
+        let snapshot = SageAppSnapshot::new(
+            "hash",
+            app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+            manifest,
+        )
+            .unwrap();
 
         let common = SageAppCommon::new(
-            app_id.into(),
-            app_id.into(),
+            app_id,
+            app_id,
             app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-            &manifest,
             granted_permissions,
             InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
             snapshot,
         )
             .unwrap();
 
-        UserSageApp {
+        UserSageApp::new_installed(
             common,
-            source: UserSageAppSource::Url {
+            UserSageAppSource::Url {
                 app_url: "https://example.com/app/".into(),
                 manifest_url: "https://example.com/app/sage-manifest.json".into(),
             },
-            pending_update: None,
-        }
+        )
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn update_app_permissions_persists_required_network_entries() {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
         let app = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-1");
-        let app_path = app_dir(dir.path(), &app.common.id);
+        let app_path = app_dir(dir.path(), app.common().id());
         write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app_path).unwrap();
 
-        let granted = SageGrantedPermissions::new(&app.common.requested_permissions, [], [])
+        let granted = SageGrantedPermissions::new(app.common().requested_permissions(), [], [])
             .unwrap();
 
-        let updated = update_app_permissions(dir.path(), &app.common.id, &granted).unwrap();
+        let updated = update_app_permissions(dir.path(), app.common().id(), &granted).unwrap();
 
         assert_eq!(
             entries(
                 updated
-                    .common
-                    .granted_permissions
+                    .common()
+                    .granted_permissions()
                     .network()
                     .whitelist()
                     .cloned()
@@ -356,12 +350,12 @@ mod tests {
             [network_whitelist_entry("https", "required.example.com")]
         );
 
-        let reloaded = read_installed_app_by_id(dir.path(), &app.common.id).unwrap();
+        let reloaded = read_installed_app_by_id(dir.path(), app.common().id()).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(
             entries(
                 reloaded
-                    .common
-                    .granted_permissions
+                    .common()
+                    .granted_permissions()
                     .network()
                     .whitelist()
                     .cloned()
@@ -374,11 +368,11 @@ mod tests {
     fn update_app_permissions_rejects_unrequested_capability() {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
         let app = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-1");
-        let app_path = app_dir(dir.path(), &app.common.id);
+        let app_path = app_dir(dir.path(), app.common().id());
         write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app_path).unwrap();
 
         let err = SageGrantedPermissions::new(
-            &app.common.requested_permissions,
+            app.common().requested_permissions(),
             [UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXchAutoSubmit],
             [],
         )
@@ -393,12 +387,12 @@ mod tests {
     fn grant_requested_capability_grants_optional_capability() {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
         let app = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-1");
-        let app_path = app_dir(dir.path(), &app.common.id);
+        let app_path = app_dir(dir.path(), app.common().id());
         write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app_path).unwrap();
 
         let outcome = grant_requested_capability_internal(
             dir.path(),
-            &app.common.id,
+            app.common().id(),
             UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
         )
             .unwrap();
@@ -415,9 +409,9 @@ mod tests {
             }
         }
 
-        let reloaded = read_installed_app_by_id(dir.path(), &app.common.id).unwrap();
+        let reloaded = read_installed_app_by_id(dir.path(), app.common().id()).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(
-            caps(reloaded.common.granted_permissions.capabilities().copied()),
+            caps(reloaded.common().granted_permissions().capabilities().copied()),
             [UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch]
         );
     }
@@ -427,19 +421,23 @@ mod tests {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
         let mut app = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-1");
 
-        app.common.granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions::new(
-            &app.common.requested_permissions,
+        let granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions::new(
+            app.common().requested_permissions(),
             [UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch],
             [network_whitelist_entry("https", "required.example.com")],
         )
             .unwrap();
 
-        let app_path = app_dir(dir.path(), &app.common.id);
+        app.common_mut()
+            .update_permissions(&granted_permissions)
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let app_path = app_dir(dir.path(), app.common().id());
         write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app_path).unwrap();
 
         let outcome = grant_requested_capability_internal(
             dir.path(),
-            &app.common.id,
+            app.common().id(),
             UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
         )
             .unwrap();
@@ -465,12 +463,12 @@ mod tests {
     fn grant_requested_capability_rejects_unrequested_capability() {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
         let app = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-1");
-        let app_path = app_dir(dir.path(), &app.common.id);
+        let app_path = app_dir(dir.path(), app.common().id());
         write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app_path).unwrap();
 
         let err = grant_requested_capability_internal(
             dir.path(),
-            &app.common.id,
+            app.common().id(),
             UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXchAutoSubmit,
         )
             .unwrap_err();
@@ -485,12 +483,12 @@ mod tests {
     fn grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_grants_optional_entry() {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
         let app = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-1");
-        let app_path = app_dir(dir.path(), &app.common.id);
+        let app_path = app_dir(dir.path(), app.common().id());
         write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app_path).unwrap();
 
         let outcome = grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal(
             dir.path(),
-            &app.common.id,
+            app.common().id(),
             &network_whitelist_entry("WSS", "OPTIONAL.EXAMPLE.COM"),
         )
             .unwrap();
@@ -522,12 +520,12 @@ mod tests {
             }
         }
 
-        let reloaded = read_installed_app_by_id(dir.path(), &app.common.id).unwrap();
+        let reloaded = read_installed_app_by_id(dir.path(), app.common().id()).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(
             entries(
                 reloaded
-                    .common
-                    .granted_permissions
+                    .common()
+                    .granted_permissions()
                     .network()
                     .whitelist()
                     .cloned()
@@ -544,19 +542,23 @@ mod tests {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
         let mut app = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-1");
 
-        app.common.granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions::new(
-            &app.common.requested_permissions,
+        let granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions::new(
+            app.common().requested_permissions(),
             [],
             [network_whitelist_entry("https", "required.example.com")],
         )
             .unwrap();
 
-        let app_path = app_dir(dir.path(), &app.common.id);
+        app.common_mut()
+            .update_permissions(&granted_permissions)
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let app_path = app_dir(dir.path(), app.common().id());
         write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app_path).unwrap();
 
         let outcome = grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal(
             dir.path(),
-            &app.common.id,
+            app.common().id(),
             &network_whitelist_entry("https", "required.example.com"),
         )
             .unwrap();
@@ -585,12 +587,12 @@ mod tests {
     fn grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_rejects_unrequested_entry() {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
         let app = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-1");
-        let app_path = app_dir(dir.path(), &app.common.id);
+        let app_path = app_dir(dir.path(), app.common().id());
         write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app_path).unwrap();
 
         let err = grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal(
             dir.path(),
-            &app.common.id,
+            app.common().id(),
             &network_whitelist_entry("https", "evil.example.com"),
         )
             .unwrap_err();
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/definitions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/definitions.rs
index e216fc92a..6438b1e97 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/definitions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/definitions.rs
@@ -2,239 +2,173 @@ use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::{SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
 use crate::permissions::capabilities::types::{
-    CapabilityFlags, SystemCapabilityDefinition, UserCapabilityDefinition,
+    CapabilityDefinition, CapabilityFlags, SystemCapabilityDefinition, UserCapabilityDefinition,
 };
-use crate::types::{SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView, SageAppCapabilityFlagsView};
 
 pub(crate) fn get_user_capability_definition(
     capability: UserBridgeCapability,
 ) -> UserCapabilityDefinition {
     match capability {
-        UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage => UserCapabilityDefinition {
+        UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage => CapabilityDefinition::new(
             capability,
-            label: "Persistent storage",
-            description: "Allows the app to store data on this device between sessions.",
-            flags: CapabilityFlags {
-                externally_observable: false,
-                accesses_sensitive_secret: false,
-                requestable_by_app: true,
-                user_grantable: true,
-                shared_with_app: true,
-            },
-        },
+            "Persistent storage",
+            "Allows the app to store data on this device between sessions.",
+            CapabilityFlags::new(false, false, true, true, true),
+        ),
 
-        UserBridgeCapability::BridgeSend => UserCapabilityDefinition {
+        UserBridgeCapability::BridgeSend => CapabilityDefinition::new(
             capability,
-            label: "Bridge messaging",
-            description: "Allows the app to send messages through the Sage bridge. (Only for sandbox tests)",
-            flags: CapabilityFlags {
-                externally_observable: false,
-                accesses_sensitive_secret: false,
-                requestable_by_app: true,
-                user_grantable: false,
-                shared_with_app: true,
-            },
-        },
+            "Bridge messaging",
+            "Allows the app to send messages through the Sage bridge. (Only for sandbox tests)",
+            CapabilityFlags::new(false, false, true, false, true),
+        ),
 
-        UserBridgeCapability::AppGetCapabilities => UserCapabilityDefinition {
+        UserBridgeCapability::AppGetCapabilities => CapabilityDefinition::new(
             capability,
-            label: "Read granted capabilities",
-            description: "Allows the app to read the capabilities currently visible to it.",
-            flags: CapabilityFlags {
-                externally_observable: false,
-                accesses_sensitive_secret: false,
-                requestable_by_app: true,
-                user_grantable: false,
-                shared_with_app: true,
-            },
-        },
+            "Read granted capabilities",
+            "Allows the app to read the capabilities currently visible to it.",
+            CapabilityFlags::new(false, false, true, false, true),
+        ),
 
-        UserBridgeCapability::AppGetInfo => UserCapabilityDefinition {
+        UserBridgeCapability::AppGetInfo => CapabilityDefinition::new(
             capability,
-            label: "Read app information",
-            description: "Allows the app to read its Sage app identity and permission information.",
-            flags: CapabilityFlags {
-                externally_observable: false,
-                accesses_sensitive_secret: false,
-                requestable_by_app: true,
-                user_grantable: false,
-                shared_with_app: true,
-            },
-        },
+            "Read app information",
+            "Allows the app to read its Sage app identity and permission information.",
+            CapabilityFlags::new(false, false, true, false, true),
+        ),
 
-        UserBridgeCapability::AppLifecycleReadyToStop => UserCapabilityDefinition {
+        UserBridgeCapability::AppLifecycleReadyToStop => CapabilityDefinition::new(
             capability,
-            label: "Acknowledge app shutdown",
-            description: "Allows the app to acknowledge that it is ready to stop after a lifecycle request.",
-            flags: CapabilityFlags {
-                externally_observable: false,
-                accesses_sensitive_secret: false,
-                requestable_by_app: true,
-                user_grantable: false,
-                shared_with_app: true,
-            },
-        },
+            "Acknowledge app shutdown",
+            "Allows the app to acknowledge that it is ready to stop after a lifecycle request.",
+            CapabilityFlags::new(false, false, true, false, true),
+        ),
 
-        UserBridgeCapability::AppLifecycleSetBeforeStopListener => UserCapabilityDefinition {
+        UserBridgeCapability::AppLifecycleSetBeforeStopListener => CapabilityDefinition::new(
             capability,
-            label: "Listen before app shutdown",
-            description: "Allows the app to register a before-stop lifecycle listener.",
-            flags: CapabilityFlags {
-                externally_observable: false,
-                accesses_sensitive_secret: false,
-                requestable_by_app: true,
-                user_grantable: false,
-                shared_with_app: true,
-            },
-        },
+            "Listen before app shutdown",
+            "Allows the app to register a before-stop lifecycle listener.",
+            CapabilityFlags::new(false, false, true, false, true),
+        ),
 
-        UserBridgeCapability::AppRequestCapabilityGrant => UserCapabilityDefinition {
+        UserBridgeCapability::AppRequestCapabilityGrant => CapabilityDefinition::new(
             capability,
-            label: "Request additional capability",
-            description: "Allows the app to request a capability grant after installation.",
-            flags: CapabilityFlags {
-                externally_observable: false,
-                accesses_sensitive_secret: false,
-                requestable_by_app: true,
-                user_grantable: false,
-                shared_with_app: true,
-            },
-        },
+            "Request additional capability",
+            "Allows the app to request a capability grant after installation.",
+            CapabilityFlags::new(false, false, true, false, true),
+        ),
 
-        UserBridgeCapability::AppRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant => UserCapabilityDefinition {
+        UserBridgeCapability::AppRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant => CapabilityDefinition::new(
             capability,
-            label: "Request network access",
-            description: "Allows the app to request access to an additional network target after installation.",
-            flags: CapabilityFlags {
-                externally_observable: false,
-                accesses_sensitive_secret: false,
-                requestable_by_app: true,
-                user_grantable: false,
-                shared_with_app: true,
-            },
-        },
+            "Request network access",
+            "Allows the app to request access to an additional network target after installation.",
+            CapabilityFlags::new(false, false, true, false, true),
+        ),
 
-        UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetKeys => UserCapabilityDefinition {
+        UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetKeys => CapabilityDefinition::new(
             capability,
-            label: "List wallet keys",
-            description: "Allows the app to list wallet keys configured in Sage.",
-            flags: read_wallet_flags(),
-        },
+            "List wallet keys",
+            "Allows the app to list wallet keys configured in Sage.",
+            CapabilityFlags::new(false, false, true, true, true),
+        ),
 
-        UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetKey => UserCapabilityDefinition {
+        UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetKey => CapabilityDefinition::new(
             capability,
-            label: "Read wallet key",
-            description: "Allows the app to read public information about a wallet key.",
-            flags: read_wallet_flags(),
-        },
+            "Read wallet key",
+            "Allows the app to read public information about a wallet key.",
+            CapabilityFlags::new(false, false, true, true, true),
+        ),
 
-        UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetSecretKey => UserCapabilityDefinition {
+        UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetSecretKey => CapabilityDefinition::new(
             capability,
-            label: "Read wallet secret key",
-            description: "Allows the app to read wallet secrets, including the mnemonic or private key when available.",
-            flags: CapabilityFlags {
-                externally_observable: false,
-                accesses_sensitive_secret: true,
-                requestable_by_app: true,
-                user_grantable: true,
-                shared_with_app: true,
-            },
-        },
+            "Read wallet secret key",
+            "Allows the app to read wallet secrets, including the mnemonic or private key when available.",
+            CapabilityFlags::new(false, true, true, true, true),
+        ),
 
-        UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch => UserCapabilityDefinition {
+        UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch => CapabilityDefinition::new(
             capability,
-            label: "Send XCH",
-            description: "Allows the app to request XCH transactions from your wallet.",
-            flags: CapabilityFlags {
-                externally_observable: true,
-                accesses_sensitive_secret: false,
-                requestable_by_app: true,
-                user_grantable: true,
-                shared_with_app: true,
-            },
-        },
+            "Send XCH",
+            "Allows the app to request XCH transactions from your wallet.",
+            CapabilityFlags::new(true, false, true, true, true),
+        ),
 
-        UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXchAutoSubmit => UserCapabilityDefinition {
+        UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXchAutoSubmit => CapabilityDefinition::new(
             capability,
-            label: "Automatic XCH send",
-            description: "Allows the app to submit XCH transactions without asking for per-transaction approval.",
-            flags: CapabilityFlags {
-                externally_observable: false,
-                accesses_sensitive_secret: false,
-                requestable_by_app: false,
-                user_grantable: false,
-                shared_with_app: false,
-            },
-        },
-        UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetSyncStatus => UserCapabilityDefinition {
+            "Automatic XCH send",
+            "Allows the app to submit XCH transactions without asking for per-transaction approval.",
+            CapabilityFlags::new(false, false, false, false, false),
+        ),
+
+        UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetSyncStatus => CapabilityDefinition::new(
             capability,
-            label: "Read sync status",
-            description: "Allows the app to read wallet sync status and current wallet balance summary.",
-            flags: read_wallet_flags(),
-        },
+            "Read sync status",
+            "Allows the app to read wallet sync status and current wallet balance summary.",
+            CapabilityFlags::new(false, false, true, true, true),
+        ),
 
-        UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetVersion => UserCapabilityDefinition {
+        UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetVersion => CapabilityDefinition::new(
             capability,
-            label: "Read wallet version",
-            description: "Allows the app to read the current Sage wallet version.",
-            flags: read_wallet_flags(),
-        },
+            "Read wallet version",
+            "Allows the app to read the current Sage wallet version.",
+            CapabilityFlags::new(false, false, true, true, true),
+        ),
 
-        UserBridgeCapability::WalletCheckAddress => UserCapabilityDefinition {
+        UserBridgeCapability::WalletCheckAddress => CapabilityDefinition::new(
             capability,
-            label: "Check address",
-            description: "Allows the app to validate whether an address belongs to this wallet.",
-            flags: read_wallet_flags(),
-        },
+            "Check address",
+            "Allows the app to validate whether an address belongs to this wallet.",
+            CapabilityFlags::new(false, false, true, true, true),
+        ),
 
-        UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetDerivations => UserCapabilityDefinition {
+        UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetDerivations => CapabilityDefinition::new(
             capability,
-            label: "Read derivations",
-            description: "Allows the app to read wallet derivation records and addresses.",
-            flags: read_wallet_flags(),
-        },
+            "Read derivations",
+            "Allows the app to read wallet derivation records and addresses.",
+            CapabilityFlags::new(false, false, true, true, true),
+        ),
 
-        UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetSpendableCoinCount => UserCapabilityDefinition {
+        UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetSpendableCoinCount => CapabilityDefinition::new(
             capability,
-            label: "Read spendable coin count",
-            description: "Allows the app to read the number of spendable coins in the wallet.",
-            flags: read_wallet_flags(),
-        },
+            "Read spendable coin count",
+            "Allows the app to read the number of spendable coins in the wallet.",
+            CapabilityFlags::new(false, false, true, true, true),
+        ),
 
-        UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetCoinsByIds => UserCapabilityDefinition {
+        UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetCoinsByIds => CapabilityDefinition::new(
             capability,
-            label: "Read coins by IDs",
-            description: "Allows the app to read specific wallet coin records by coin ID.",
-            flags: read_wallet_flags(),
-        },
+            "Read coins by IDs",
+            "Allows the app to read specific wallet coin records by coin ID.",
+            CapabilityFlags::new(false, false, true, true, true),
+        ),
 
-        UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetCoins => UserCapabilityDefinition {
+        UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetCoins => CapabilityDefinition::new(
             capability,
-            label: "Read coins",
-            description: "Allows the app to list wallet coins.",
-            flags: read_wallet_flags(),
-        },
+            "Read coins",
+            "Allows the app to list wallet coins.",
+            CapabilityFlags::new(false, false, true, true, true),
+        ),
 
-        UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetPendingTransactions => UserCapabilityDefinition {
+        UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetPendingTransactions => CapabilityDefinition::new(
             capability,
-            label: "Read pending transactions",
-            description: "Allows the app to read pending wallet transactions.",
-            flags: read_wallet_flags(),
-        },
+            "Read pending transactions",
+            "Allows the app to read pending wallet transactions.",
+            CapabilityFlags::new(false, false, true, true, true),
+        ),
 
-        UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetTransaction => UserCapabilityDefinition {
+        UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetTransaction => CapabilityDefinition::new(
             capability,
-            label: "Read transaction",
-            description: "Allows the app to read a wallet transaction by height.",
-            flags: read_wallet_flags(),
-        },
+            "Read transaction",
+            "Allows the app to read a wallet transaction by height.",
+            CapabilityFlags::new(false, false, true, true, true),
+        ),
 
-        UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetTransactions => UserCapabilityDefinition {
+        UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetTransactions => CapabilityDefinition::new(
             capability,
-            label: "Read transactions",
-            description: "Allows the app to list wallet transactions.",
-            flags: read_wallet_flags(),
-        },
+            "Read transactions",
+            "Allows the app to list wallet transactions.",
+            CapabilityFlags::new(false, false, true, true, true),
+        ),
     }
 }
 
@@ -242,86 +176,40 @@ pub(crate) fn get_system_capability_definition(
     capability: SystemBridgeCapability,
 ) -> SystemCapabilityDefinition {
     match capability {
-        SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerListRuntimes => SystemCapabilityDefinition {
+        SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerListRuntimes => CapabilityDefinition::new(
             capability,
-            label: "List app runtimes",
-            description: "Allows the system app to inspect running Sage app runtimes.",
-            flags: CapabilityFlags {
-                externally_observable: false,
-                accesses_sensitive_secret: false,
-                requestable_by_app: true,
-                user_grantable: false,
-                shared_with_app: true,
-            },
-        },
+            "List app runtimes",
+            "Allows the system app to inspect running Sage app runtimes.",
+            CapabilityFlags::new(false, false, true, false, true),
+        ),
 
-        SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerFocusRuntime => SystemCapabilityDefinition {
+        SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerFocusRuntime => CapabilityDefinition::new(
             capability,
-            label: "Focus app runtimes",
-            description: "Allows the system app to focus running Sage app runtimes.",
-            flags: CapabilityFlags {
-                externally_observable: false,
-                accesses_sensitive_secret: false,
-                requestable_by_app: true,
-                user_grantable: false,
-                shared_with_app: true,
-            },
-        },
+            "Focus app runtimes",
+            "Allows the system app to focus running Sage app runtimes.",
+            CapabilityFlags::new(false, false, true, false, true),
+        ),
 
-        SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerHideRuntime => SystemCapabilityDefinition {
+        SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerHideRuntime => CapabilityDefinition::new(
             capability,
-            label: "Hide app runtimes",
-            description: "Allows the system app to hide running Sage app runtimes.",
-            flags: CapabilityFlags {
-                externally_observable: false,
-                accesses_sensitive_secret: false,
-                requestable_by_app: true,
-                user_grantable: false,
-                shared_with_app: true,
-            },
-        },
+            "Hide app runtimes",
+            "Allows the system app to hide running Sage app runtimes.",
+            CapabilityFlags::new(false, false, true, false, true),
+        ),
 
-        SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerKillRuntime => SystemCapabilityDefinition {
+        SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerKillRuntime => CapabilityDefinition::new(
             capability,
-            label: "Kill app runtimes",
-            description: "Allows the system app to stop running Sage app runtimes.",
-            flags: CapabilityFlags {
-                externally_observable: false,
-                accesses_sensitive_secret: false,
-                requestable_by_app: true,
-                user_grantable: false,
-                shared_with_app: true,
-            },
-        },
+            "Kill app runtimes",
+            "Allows the system app to stop running Sage app runtimes.",
+            CapabilityFlags::new(false, false, true, false, true),
+        ),
 
-        SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerListenRuntimesChanged => SystemCapabilityDefinition {
+        SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerListenRuntimesChanged => CapabilityDefinition::new(
             capability,
-            label: "Observe runtime changes",
-            description: "Allows the system app to receive events when Sage app runtimes change.",
-            flags: CapabilityFlags {
-                externally_observable: false,
-                accesses_sensitive_secret: false,
-                requestable_by_app: true,
-                user_grantable: false,
-                shared_with_app: true,
-            },
-        },
-    }
-}
-
-pub(crate) fn user_capability_definition_view(
-    definition: UserCapabilityDefinition,
-) -> SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView {
-    SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView {
-        key: definition.capability.key().to_string(),
-        label: definition.label.to_string(),
-        description: definition.description.to_string(),
-        flags: SageAppCapabilityFlagsView {
-            externally_observable: definition.flags.externally_observable,
-            accesses_sensitive_secret: definition.flags.accesses_sensitive_secret,
-            requestable_by_app: definition.flags.requestable_by_app,
-            user_grantable: definition.flags.user_grantable,
-        },
+            "Observe runtime changes",
+            "Allows the system app to receive events when Sage app runtimes change.",
+            CapabilityFlags::new(false, false, true, false, true),
+        ),
     }
 }
 
@@ -329,19 +217,6 @@ pub(crate) fn user_registry() -> BTreeMap<UserBridgeCapability, UserCapabilityDe
     UserBridgeCapability::ALL
         .iter()
         .copied()
-        .map(|capability| {
-            let definition = get_user_capability_definition(capability);
-            (capability, definition)
-        })
+        .map(|capability| (capability, get_user_capability_definition(capability)))
         .collect()
 }
-
-fn read_wallet_flags() -> CapabilityFlags {
-    CapabilityFlags {
-        externally_observable: false,
-        accesses_sensitive_secret: false,
-        requestable_by_app: true,
-        user_grantable: true,
-        shared_with_app: true,
-    }
-}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/mod.rs
index 5647574c6..01f112f75 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/mod.rs
@@ -3,6 +3,6 @@ mod types;
 
 pub(crate) use definitions::{
     get_system_capability_definition, get_user_capability_definition,
-    user_capability_definition_view, user_registry,
+    user_registry,
 };
-pub(crate) use types::CapabilityFlags;
+pub(crate) use types::{CapabilityFlags, CapabilityDefinition};
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/types.rs
index 226b492fd..e24bbf47a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/types.rs
@@ -4,11 +4,11 @@ use crate::permissions::capabilities::definitions::get_user_capability_definitio
 #[allow(clippy::struct_excessive_bools)]
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub(crate) struct CapabilityFlags {
-    pub externally_observable: bool,
-    pub accesses_sensitive_secret: bool,
-    pub requestable_by_app: bool,
-    pub user_grantable: bool,
-    pub shared_with_app: bool,
+    externally_observable: bool,
+    accesses_sensitive_secret: bool,
+    requestable_by_app: bool,
+    user_grantable: bool,
+    shared_with_app: bool,
 }
 
 impl CapabilityFlags {
@@ -20,6 +20,23 @@ impl CapabilityFlags {
         shared_with_app: false,
     };
 
+    #[allow(clippy::fn_params_excessive_bools)]
+    pub const fn new(
+        externally_observable: bool,
+        accesses_sensitive_secret: bool,
+        requestable_by_app: bool,
+        user_grantable: bool,
+        shared_with_app: bool,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            externally_observable,
+            accesses_sensitive_secret,
+            requestable_by_app,
+            user_grantable,
+            shared_with_app,
+        }
+    }
+
     pub fn union(self, other: Self) -> Self {
         Self {
             externally_observable: self.externally_observable || other.externally_observable,
@@ -37,14 +54,62 @@ impl CapabilityFlags {
             flags.union(def.flags)
         })
     }
+
+    pub fn externally_observable(self) -> bool {
+        self.externally_observable
+    }
+    pub fn accesses_sensitive_secret(self) -> bool {
+        self.accesses_sensitive_secret
+    }
+    pub fn requestable_by_app(self) -> bool {
+        self.requestable_by_app
+    }
+    pub fn user_grantable(self) -> bool {
+        self.user_grantable
+    }
+    pub fn shared_with_app(self) -> bool {
+        self.shared_with_app
+    }
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
-pub struct CapabilityDefinition<C> {
-    pub capability: C,
-    pub label: &'static str,
-    pub description: &'static str,
-    pub flags: CapabilityFlags,
+pub(crate) struct CapabilityDefinition<C> {
+    capability: C,
+    label: &'static str,
+    description: &'static str,
+    flags: CapabilityFlags,
+}
+
+impl<C: Copy> CapabilityDefinition<C> {
+    pub const fn new(
+        capability: C,
+        label: &'static str,
+        description: &'static str,
+        flags: CapabilityFlags,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            capability,
+            label,
+            description,
+            flags,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn capability(&self) -> C {
+        self.capability
+    }
+
+    pub fn label(&self) -> &'static str {
+        self.label
+    }
+
+    pub fn description(&self) -> &'static str {
+        self.description
+    }
+
+    pub fn flags(&self) -> CapabilityFlags {
+        self.flags
+    }
 }
 
 pub type UserCapabilityDefinition = CapabilityDefinition<UserBridgeCapability>;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/mod.rs
index 2e22bb983..139874f74 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/mod.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 mod capabilities;
 
 pub(crate) use capabilities::{
-    CapabilityFlags, get_system_capability_definition, get_user_capability_definition,
-    user_capability_definition_view, user_registry,
+    CapabilityFlags, CapabilityDefinition,
+    get_system_capability_definition, get_user_capability_definition, user_registry,
 };
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
index 575f02241..e59ebf887 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use specta::Type;
+use tauri::{AppHandle, Emitter, Manager, State};
+
 use crate::bridge::methods::system::RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent;
 use crate::runtime::state::read::{get_runtime_by_app_id, list_runtimes};
 use crate::runtime::state::types::{SageAppRuntimeKind, SageAppRuntimeRecord};
 use crate::runtime::state::write::write_runtime_and_emit_changed;
 use crate::runtime::webview_locator::{find_sage_window, get_webview_in_sage_window};
 use crate::state::AppsHostState;
-use crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms;
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use specta::Type;
-use tauri::{AppHandle, Emitter, Manager, State};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
@@ -28,8 +28,10 @@ pub(crate) async fn emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(
 
         by_runtime_id
             .values()
-            .filter(|record| !record.internal && record.runtime_kind == SageAppRuntimeKind::System)
-            .map(|record| record.webview_label.clone())
+            .filter(|record| {
+                !record.internal() && record.runtime_kind() == SageAppRuntimeKind::System
+            })
+            .map(|record| record.webview_label().to_string())
             .collect::<Vec<_>>()
     };
 
@@ -52,7 +54,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn focus_runtime(
     app_id: &str,
 ) -> Result<SageAppRuntimeRecord, String> {
     let mut runtime = get_runtime_by_app_id(apps_state, app_id).await?;
-    let webview = get_webview_in_sage_window(app, &runtime.webview_label)?;
+    let webview = get_webview_in_sage_window(app, runtime.webview_label())?;
 
     webview
         .show()
@@ -62,9 +64,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn focus_runtime(
         .set_focus()
         .map_err(|err| format!("failed to focus webview: {err}"))?;
 
-    runtime.visible = true;
-    runtime.state = "running".into();
-    runtime.last_active_at = unix_timestamp_ms();
+    runtime.mark_visible();
 
     write_runtime_and_emit_changed(app, apps_state, runtime.clone()).await;
     Ok(runtime)
@@ -76,15 +76,13 @@ pub(crate) async fn hide_runtime(
     app_id: &str,
 ) -> Result<SageAppRuntimeRecord, String> {
     let mut runtime = get_runtime_by_app_id(apps_state, app_id).await?;
-    let webview = get_webview_in_sage_window(app, &runtime.webview_label)?;
+    let webview = get_webview_in_sage_window(app, runtime.webview_label())?;
 
     webview
         .hide()
         .map_err(|err| format!("failed to hide webview: {err}"))?;
 
-    runtime.visible = false;
-    runtime.state = "hidden".into();
-    runtime.last_active_at = unix_timestamp_ms();
+    runtime.mark_hidden();
 
     write_runtime_and_emit_changed(app, apps_state, runtime.clone()).await;
     Ok(runtime)
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
index b6e40de04..77f4c1291 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,15 @@
-use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
-use crate::runtime::state::types::{SageAppRuntimeKind, SageAppRuntimeRecord};
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+
+use serde::Deserialize;
+use specta::Type;
+use tauri::webview::NewWindowResponse;
+use tauri::{AppHandle, LogicalPosition, LogicalSize, State, WebviewUrl};
+
+use crate::lifecycle::write_installed_app_metadata;
+use crate::runtime::state::types::{
+    inline_label_for, runtime_id_for, SageAppRuntimeKind, SageAppRuntimeRecord,
+};
 use crate::runtime::state::write::{write_runtime_and_emit_changed, write_runtime_id_by_app_id};
 use crate::runtime::webview_locator::{
     find_webview_in_sage_window, get_sage_window, get_webview_in_sage_window,
@@ -7,13 +17,7 @@ use crate::runtime::webview_locator::{
 use crate::runtime::{build_entry_src, is_allowed_app_url, resolve_app, runtime_kind_for_app};
 use crate::storage::parse_data_store_id;
 use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, SageApp};
-use crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms;
-use crate::{AppsHostState, sandbox};
-use serde::Deserialize;
-use specta::Type;
-use std::collections::BTreeMap;
-use tauri::webview::NewWindowResponse;
-use tauri::{AppHandle, LogicalPosition, LogicalSize, State, WebviewUrl};
+use crate::{sandbox, AppsHostState};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
@@ -31,7 +35,7 @@ pub async fn create_inline_runtime(
     apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     args: CreateInlineRuntimeArgs,
 ) -> Result<SageAppRuntimeRecord, String> {
-    let resolved = resolve_app(&app, &args.app_id)?;
+    let mut resolved = resolve_app(&app, &args.app_id)?;
     let runtime_kind = runtime_kind_for_app(&resolved);
     let webview_label = inline_label_for(resolved.id(), runtime_kind);
     let runtime_id = runtime_id_for(resolved.id(), runtime_kind);
@@ -49,7 +53,8 @@ pub async fn create_inline_runtime(
             runtime_kind,
             visible: args.visible,
             internal: args.internal,
-        }).await;
+        })
+            .await;
     }
 
     if !args.internal && !resolved.is_sandbox_test() {
@@ -65,6 +70,7 @@ pub async fn create_inline_runtime(
         }
     }
 
+    let use_incognito = should_use_incognito(&resolved);
     let origin_id_for_nav = resolved.origin_id().to_string();
     let runtime_kind_for_nav = runtime_kind;
 
@@ -76,10 +82,10 @@ pub async fn create_inline_runtime(
                 .map_err(|e| format!("invalid entry url: {e}"))?,
         ),
     )
-    .on_navigation(move |url| is_allowed_app_url(url, &origin_id_for_nav, runtime_kind_for_nav))
-    .on_new_window(move |_url, _features| NewWindowResponse::Deny);
+        .on_navigation(move |url| is_allowed_app_url(url, &origin_id_for_nav, runtime_kind_for_nav))
+        .on_new_window(move |_url, _features| NewWindowResponse::Deny);
 
-    if should_use_incognito(&resolved) {
+    if use_incognito {
         builder = builder.incognito(true);
     } else {
         match resolved.storage() {
@@ -99,8 +105,7 @@ pub async fn create_inline_runtime(
         }
     }
 
-    let debug = args.debug_layout;
-    let (x, y, width, height) = if debug {
+    let (x, y, width, height) = if args.debug_layout {
         debug_layout_for_app(resolved.id())
     } else {
         (0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0)
@@ -114,37 +119,35 @@ pub async fn create_inline_runtime(
         )
         .map_err(|e| format!("failed to create child webview: {e}"))?;
 
-    let now = unix_timestamp_ms();
-
-    let record = SageAppRuntimeRecord {
-        runtime_id: runtime_id.clone(),
-        app_id: resolved.id().to_string(),
-        app_name: resolved.name().to_string(),
+    let record = SageAppRuntimeRecord::new_inline(
+        &mut resolved,
         entry_src,
-        webview_label: webview_label.clone(),
-        host_window_label: "main".into(),
-        runtime_kind,
-        mode: "inline".into(),
-        state: if args.visible {
-            "running".into()
-        } else {
-            "hidden".into()
-        },
-        started_at: now,
-        last_active_at: now,
-        visible: args.visible,
-        internal: args.internal,
-    };
+        args.visible,
+        args.internal,
+    );
+
+    persist_runtime_side_effects(&resolved)?;
 
     if !args.visible {
-        let _ = get_webview_in_sage_window(&app, &webview_label)?.hide();
+        let _ = get_webview_in_sage_window(&app, record.webview_label())?.hide();
     }
-    write_runtime_id_by_app_id(&apps_state, &resolved, runtime_id).await;
+
+    write_runtime_id_by_app_id(&apps_state, &resolved, record.runtime_id().to_string()).await;
     write_runtime_and_emit_changed(&app, &apps_state, record.clone()).await;
 
     Ok(record)
 }
 
+fn persist_runtime_side_effects(app: &SageApp) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let Some(user_app) = app.as_user() else {
+        return Ok(());
+    };
+
+    let app_dir = PathBuf::from(user_app.common().app_dir());
+
+    write_installed_app_metadata(user_app, &app_dir)
+        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to persist app runtime side effects: {err}"))
+}
 
 struct ReuseInlineRuntimeParams<'a> {
     apps_state: &'a State<'a, AppsHostState>,
@@ -175,8 +178,6 @@ async fn reuse_existing_inline_runtime(
         internal,
     } = params;
 
-    let now = unix_timestamp_ms();
-
     if visible {
         webview
             .show()
@@ -191,30 +192,19 @@ async fn reuse_existing_inline_runtime(
         let by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_by_runtime_id.lock().await;
         by_runtime_id.get(&runtime_id).cloned()
     }
-    .unwrap_or_else(|| SageAppRuntimeRecord {
-        runtime_id: runtime_id.clone(),
-        app_id: app_id.clone(),
-        app_name,
-        entry_src,
-        webview_label: webview_label.clone(),
-        host_window_label: "main".into(),
-        runtime_kind,
-        mode: "inline".into(),
-        state: "hidden".into(),
-        started_at: now,
-        last_active_at: now,
-        visible: false,
-        internal,
-    });
-
-    record.visible = visible;
-    record.state = if visible {
-        "running".into()
-    } else {
-        "hidden".into()
-    };
-    record.last_active_at = now;
-    record.internal = internal;
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| {
+            SageAppRuntimeRecord::new_existing_inline_fallback(
+                runtime_id.clone(),
+                app_id.clone(),
+                app_name,
+                entry_src,
+                webview_label.clone(),
+                runtime_kind,
+                internal,
+            )
+        });
+
+    record.mark_inline_reused(visible, internal);
 
     {
         let mut by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_by_runtime_id.lock().await;
@@ -229,35 +219,13 @@ async fn reuse_existing_inline_runtime(
     Ok(record)
 }
 
-fn runtime_id_for(app_id: &str, runtime_kind: SageAppRuntimeKind) -> String {
-    match runtime_kind {
-        SageAppRuntimeKind::User => format!("runtime-{app_id}"),
-        SageAppRuntimeKind::System => format!("system-runtime-{app_id}"),
-    }
-}
-
-fn inline_label_for(app_id: &str, runtime_kind: SageAppRuntimeKind) -> String {
-    match runtime_kind {
-        SageAppRuntimeKind::User => format!("app-inline-{app_id}"),
-        SageAppRuntimeKind::System => format!("system-app-inline-{app_id}"),
-    }
-}
-
 fn should_use_incognito(app: &SageApp) -> bool {
     let has_persistent_storage = app
         .granted_permissions()
-        .capabilities_vec()
-        .contains(&UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage);
-
-    if !has_persistent_storage {
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    if app.capability_flags().storage_may_contain_secrets {
-        return true;
-    }
+        .capabilities()
+        .any(|cap| *cap == crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage);
 
-    false
+    !has_persistent_storage || app.capability_flags().storage_may_contain_secrets()
 }
 
 fn fallback_debug_slot(app_id: &str) -> usize {
@@ -289,8 +257,8 @@ fn debug_layout_for_app(app_id: &str) -> (f64, f64, f64, f64) {
     let col = slot % cols;
     let row = slot / cols;
 
-    let x = origin_x + (col as u32 as f64) * (cell_w + margin_x);
-    let y = origin_y + (row as u32 as f64) * (cell_h + margin_y);
+    let x = origin_x + (col as f64) * (cell_w + margin_x);
+    let y = origin_y + (row as f64) * (cell_h + margin_y);
 
     (x, y, cell_w, cell_h)
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
index 42a31929e..650386cb3 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
@@ -63,8 +63,8 @@ pub async fn list_runtimes(
         by_runtime_id.values().cloned().collect::<Vec<_>>()
     };
 
-    records.retain(|record| !record.internal);
-    records.sort_by(|a, b| b.started_at.cmp(&a.started_at));
+    records.retain(|record| !record.internal());
+    records.sort_by(|a, b| b.started_at().cmp(&a.started_at()));
 
     Ok(records)
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs
index 377378996..5c9fc68c7 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,13 @@
+use std::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet};
+
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
-use std::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet};
-use tokio::sync::{Mutex, oneshot};
+use tokio::sync::{oneshot, Mutex};
+
+use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::runtime::runtime_kind_for_app;
+use crate::types::SageApp;
+use crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
@@ -14,10 +20,13 @@ pub enum SageAppRuntimeKind {
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail {
     pub request_id: String,
+
     #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
     pub reason: Option<String>,
+
     #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
     pub app_id: Option<String>,
+
     #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
     pub runtime_id: Option<String>,
 }
@@ -25,13 +34,13 @@ pub struct SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail {
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct SetBeforeStopListenerParams {
-    pub active: bool,
+    active: bool,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct ReadyToStopParams {
-    pub request_id: String,
+    request_id: String,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
@@ -43,19 +52,19 @@ pub struct RuntimeAckResult {
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct SageAppRuntimeRecord {
-    pub runtime_id: String,
-    pub app_id: String,
-    pub app_name: String,
-    pub entry_src: String,
-    pub webview_label: String,
-    pub host_window_label: String,
-    pub runtime_kind: SageAppRuntimeKind,
-    pub mode: String,
-    pub state: String,
-    pub started_at: i64,
-    pub last_active_at: i64,
-    pub visible: bool,
-    pub internal: bool,
+    runtime_id: String,
+    app_id: String,
+    app_name: String,
+    entry_src: String,
+    webview_label: String,
+    host_window_label: String,
+    runtime_kind: SageAppRuntimeKind,
+    mode: String,
+    state: String,
+    started_at: i64,
+    last_active_at: i64,
+    visible: bool,
+    internal: bool,
 }
 
 #[derive(Default)]
@@ -66,8 +75,230 @@ pub struct AppRuntimeState {
     pub pending_stop_ready: Mutex<BTreeMap<String, oneshot::Sender<()>>>,
 }
 
+impl SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail {
+    pub fn new(
+        request_id: impl Into<String>,
+        reason: Option<impl Into<String>>,
+        app_id: Option<impl Into<String>>,
+        runtime_id: Option<impl Into<String>>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            request_id: request_id.into(),
+            reason: reason.map(Into::into),
+            app_id: app_id.map(Into::into),
+            runtime_id: runtime_id.map(Into::into),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn request_id(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.request_id
+    }
+
+    pub fn reason(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.reason.as_deref()
+    }
+
+    pub fn app_id(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.app_id.as_deref()
+    }
+
+    pub fn runtime_id(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.runtime_id.as_deref()
+    }
+}
+
+impl SetBeforeStopListenerParams {
+    pub fn active(&self) -> bool {
+        self.active
+    }
+}
+
+impl ReadyToStopParams {
+    pub fn request_id(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.request_id
+    }
+}
+
+impl RuntimeAckResult {
+    pub fn ok() -> Self {
+        Self { ok: true }
+    }
+
+    pub fn ok_value(&self) -> bool {
+        self.ok
+    }
+}
+
+impl SageAppRuntimeRecord {
+    pub fn new_inline(
+        app: &mut SageApp,
+        entry_src: impl Into<String>,
+        visible: bool,
+        internal: bool,
+    ) -> Self {
+        app.taint_storage_if_runtime_can_persist_secrets();
+
+        let runtime_kind = runtime_kind_for_app(app);
+        let now = unix_timestamp_ms();
+
+        Self {
+            runtime_id: runtime_id_for(app.id(), runtime_kind),
+            app_id: app.id().to_string(),
+            app_name: app.name().to_string(),
+            entry_src: entry_src.into(),
+            webview_label: inline_label_for(app.id(), runtime_kind),
+            host_window_label: "main".into(),
+            runtime_kind,
+            mode: "inline".into(),
+            state: runtime_state_for_visible(visible).into(),
+            started_at: now,
+            last_active_at: now,
+            visible,
+            internal,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn new_existing_inline_fallback(
+        runtime_id: impl Into<String>,
+        app_id: impl Into<String>,
+        app_name: impl Into<String>,
+        entry_src: impl Into<String>,
+        webview_label: impl Into<String>,
+        runtime_kind: SageAppRuntimeKind,
+        internal: bool,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let now = unix_timestamp_ms();
+
+        Self {
+            runtime_id: runtime_id.into(),
+            app_id: app_id.into(),
+            app_name: app_name.into(),
+            entry_src: entry_src.into(),
+            webview_label: webview_label.into(),
+            host_window_label: "main".into(),
+            runtime_kind,
+            mode: "inline".into(),
+            state: "hidden".into(),
+            started_at: now,
+            last_active_at: now,
+            visible: false,
+            internal,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn mark_inline_reused(&mut self, visible: bool, internal: bool) {
+        self.visible = visible;
+        self.state = runtime_state_for_visible(visible).into();
+        self.last_active_at = unix_timestamp_ms();
+        self.internal = internal;
+    }
+
+    pub fn mark_visible(&mut self) {
+        self.visible = true;
+        self.state = "running".into();
+        self.last_active_at = unix_timestamp_ms();
+    }
+
+    pub fn mark_hidden(&mut self) {
+        self.visible = false;
+        self.state = "hidden".into();
+        self.last_active_at = unix_timestamp_ms();
+    }
+
+    pub fn runtime_id(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.runtime_id
+    }
+
+    pub fn app_id(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.app_id
+    }
+
+    pub fn app_name(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.app_name
+    }
+
+    pub fn entry_src(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.entry_src
+    }
+
+    pub fn webview_label(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.webview_label
+    }
+
+    pub fn host_window_label(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.host_window_label
+    }
+
+    pub fn runtime_kind(&self) -> SageAppRuntimeKind {
+        self.runtime_kind
+    }
+
+    pub fn mode(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.mode
+    }
+
+    pub fn state(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.state
+    }
+
+    pub fn started_at(&self) -> i64 {
+        self.started_at
+    }
+
+    pub fn last_active_at(&self) -> i64 {
+        self.last_active_at
+    }
+
+    pub fn visible(&self) -> bool {
+        self.visible
+    }
+
+    pub fn internal(&self) -> bool {
+        self.internal
+    }
+}
+
+impl SageApp {
+    pub(crate) fn taint_storage_if_runtime_can_persist_secrets(&mut self) {
+        let has_persistent_storage = self
+            .granted_permissions()
+            .capabilities()
+            .any(|cap| *cap == UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage);
+
+        if self.capability_flags().has_secret_access()
+            && has_persistent_storage
+            && !self.capability_flags().storage_may_contain_secrets()
+        {
+            self.common_mut()
+                .mark_storage_may_contain_secrets();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 impl std::fmt::Debug for AppRuntimeState {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
         f.debug_struct("AppRuntimeState").finish()
     }
 }
+
+pub fn runtime_id_for(app_id: &str, runtime_kind: SageAppRuntimeKind) -> String {
+    match runtime_kind {
+        SageAppRuntimeKind::User => format!("runtime-{app_id}"),
+        SageAppRuntimeKind::System => format!("system-runtime-{app_id}"),
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn inline_label_for(app_id: &str, runtime_kind: SageAppRuntimeKind) -> String {
+    match runtime_kind {
+        SageAppRuntimeKind::User => format!("app-inline-{app_id}"),
+        SageAppRuntimeKind::System => format!("system-app-inline-{app_id}"),
+    }
+}
+
+fn runtime_state_for_visible(visible: bool) -> &'static str {
+    if visible {
+        "running"
+    } else {
+        "hidden"
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs
index 7cfe04ace..7e80142de 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs
@@ -34,5 +34,5 @@ pub async fn write_pending_stop_ready(
 
 async fn write_runtime(apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>, record: SageAppRuntimeRecord) {
     let mut by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_by_runtime_id.lock().await;
-    by_runtime_id.insert(record.runtime_id.clone(), record);
+    by_runtime_id.insert(record.runtime_id().to_string(), record);
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs
index 3c1b8df28..9a9d18554 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ pub async fn close_runtime_internal_with_reason(
 
     let _ = wait_for_before_stop_ack(app, apps_state, &runtime, reason).await;
 
-    if let Some(webview) = find_webview_in_sage_window(app, &runtime.webview_label) {
+    if let Some(webview) = find_webview_in_sage_window(app, &runtime.webview_label()) {
         let _ = webview.close();
     }
 
@@ -91,13 +91,13 @@ async fn wait_for_before_stop_ack(
             .before_stop_listeners_by_app_id
             .lock()
             .await;
-        listeners.contains(&runtime.app_id)
+        listeners.contains(runtime.app_id())
     };
 
     if !has_listener {
         return Ok(());
     }
-    let Some(app_webview) = find_webview_in_sage_window(app, &runtime.webview_label) else {
+    let Some(app_webview) = find_webview_in_sage_window(app, &runtime.webview_label()) else {
         return Ok(());
     };
 
@@ -109,8 +109,8 @@ async fn wait_for_before_stop_ack(
     let detail = SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail {
         request_id: request_id.clone(),
         reason: Some(reason.to_string()),
-        app_id: Some(runtime.app_id.clone()),
-        runtime_id: Some(runtime.runtime_id.clone()),
+        app_id: Some(runtime.app_id().to_string()),
+        runtime_id: Some(runtime.runtime_id().to_string()),
     };
 
     let _ = app_webview.emit("sage-lifecycle:before-stop", detail);
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
index 04072dd36..4dcd49718 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
@@ -138,36 +138,6 @@ fn read_builtin_manifest(app_dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<SageAppPackageManifest> {
     Ok(manifest)
 }
 
-fn compute_total_bytes(app_dir: &PathBuf) -> AnyResult<u64> {
-    let mut total_bytes = 0_u64;
-
-    for entry in fs::read_dir(app_dir)
-        .with_context(|| format!("failed to read builtin test app dir {}", app_dir.display()))?
-    {
-        let entry = entry.with_context(|| {
-            format!(
-                "failed to read entry in builtin test app dir {}",
-                app_dir.display()
-            )
-        })?;
-
-        let metadata = entry.metadata().with_context(|| {
-            format!(
-                "failed to read metadata for builtin test app file {}",
-                entry.path().display()
-            )
-        })?;
-
-        if metadata.is_file() {
-            total_bytes = total_bytes
-                .checked_add(metadata.len())
-                .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("builtin test app total size overflow"))?;
-        }
-    }
-
-    Ok(total_bytes)
-}
-
 pub fn build_builtin_test_app(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<SageApp>> {
     let Some(spec) = builtin_test_app_spec(app_id) else {
         return Ok(None);
@@ -186,30 +156,26 @@ pub fn build_builtin_test_app(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<SageApp>> {
 
     let granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions::new(
         manifest.permissions(),
-        manifest.permissions().capabilities.user_grantable(),
-        manifest.permissions().network.whitelist.required().cloned(),
+        manifest.permissions().capabilities().user_grantable(),
+        manifest.permissions().network().whitelist().required().cloned(),
     )?;
 
-    let total_bytes = compute_total_bytes(&app_dir)?;
-
-    let snapshot = SageAppSnapshot {
-        manifest_hash: format!("builtin:{}", spec.app_id),
-        snapshot_dir: app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-        total_bytes,
-        manifest: manifest.clone(),
-    };
+    let snapshot = SageAppSnapshot::new(
+        format!("builtin:{}", spec.app_id),
+        app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+        manifest.clone(),
+    )?;
 
     let common = SageAppCommon::new(
         spec.app_id.to_string(),
         spec.app_id.to_string(),
         app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-        &manifest,
         granted_permissions,
         builtin_storage(spec.app_id),
         snapshot,
     )?;
 
-    let entry_file = app_dir.join(&common.entry_file);
+    let entry_file = app_dir.join(&common.entry_file());
     if !entry_file.is_file() {
         return Err(anyhow!(
             "builtin test app entry file does not exist: {}",
@@ -217,19 +183,10 @@ pub fn build_builtin_test_app(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<SageApp>> {
         ));
     }
 
-    let icon_file = app_dir.join(&common.icon_file);
-    if !icon_file.is_file() {
-        return Err(anyhow!(
-            "builtin test app icon file does not exist: {}",
-            icon_file.display()
-        ));
-    }
-
-    let app = UserSageApp {
+    let app = UserSageApp::new_installed(
         common,
-        source: UserSageAppSource::Zip,
-        pending_update: None,
-    };
+        UserSageAppSource::Zip,
+    );
 
     Ok(Some(SageApp::User(app)))
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs
index a8252c4d3..7132cd53d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs
@@ -18,34 +18,16 @@ fn capability_status(
     }
 }
 
-fn app_requires_sandbox_gate(app: &SageApp) -> bool {
-    !app.id().starts_with("__sage_test_")
-}
-
-fn app_has_capability(app: &SageApp, capability: UserBridgeCapability) -> bool {
-    app.granted_permissions()
-        .capabilities_vec()
-        .contains(&capability)
-}
-
-fn app_uses_persistent_storage(app: &SageApp) -> bool {
-    app_has_capability(app, UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage)
-}
-
-fn app_has_secret_access(app: &SageApp) -> bool {
-    app.capability_flags().has_secret_access
-}
-
 fn required_capabilities_for_app(app: &SageApp) -> Vec<SandboxCapability> {
     let mut caps = vec![
         SandboxCapability::StorageIsolationFromSage,
         SandboxCapability::NetworkAllowlistEnforced,
     ];
 
-    if app_uses_persistent_storage(app) {
+    if app.granted_permissions().capabilities_vec().contains(&UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage) {
         caps.push(SandboxCapability::StoragePersistenceNormal);
 
-        if app_has_secret_access(app) {
+        if app.capability_flags().has_secret_access() {
             caps.push(SandboxCapability::StorageClearCycle);
         }
     } else {
@@ -56,7 +38,7 @@ fn required_capabilities_for_app(app: &SageApp) -> Vec<SandboxCapability> {
 }
 
 pub fn evaluate_app_launch_gate(app: &SageApp, effective: &SandboxState) -> AppLaunchGateResult {
-    if !app_requires_sandbox_gate(app) {
+    if app.id().starts_with("__sage_test_") {
         return AppLaunchGateResult {
             allowed: true,
             kind: "allowed".into(),
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
index b558abc05..6f3266f10 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
@@ -199,7 +199,8 @@ pub fn handle_app_protocol_request(
         return serve_runtime_app_asset(request_path, &csp);
     }
 
-    let snapshot_dir = Path::new(&app.active_snapshot().snapshot_dir);
+    let snapshot = app.active_snapshot();
+    let snapshot_dir = Path::new(snapshot.snapshot_dir());
     let file_path = read_snapshot_file(snapshot_dir, request_path)?;
 
     if request_path.is_empty() || request_path == "/" || request_path == "/index.html" {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps/mod.rs
index 387f46925..6929b8f7e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps/mod.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,17 @@
+use std::{
+    fs,
+    path::{Path, PathBuf},
+};
+
+use anyhow::{anyhow, Context, Result as AnyResult};
+use tauri::command;
+
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
 use crate::host::Result;
 use crate::types::{
     InstalledSageAppStorage, SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot,
     SageGrantedPermissions, SageGrantedSystemPermissions, SystemAppPresentation, SystemSageApp,
 };
-use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
-use std::path::Path;
-use std::{fs, path::PathBuf};
-use tauri::command;
 
 pub const SYSTEM_APP_TASK_MANAGER_ID: &str = "task-manager";
 
@@ -66,48 +70,12 @@ fn read_builtin_manifest(app_dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<SageAppPackageManifest> {
         )
     })?;
 
-    let manifest: SageAppPackageManifest =
-        serde_json::from_str(&manifest_text).with_context(|| {
-            format!(
-                "failed to parse builtin system app manifest {}",
-                manifest_path.display()
-            )
-        })?;
-
-    Ok(manifest)
-}
-
-fn compute_total_bytes(app_dir: &PathBuf) -> AnyResult<u64> {
-    let mut total_bytes = 0_u64;
-
-    for entry in fs::read_dir(app_dir).with_context(|| {
+    serde_json::from_str(&manifest_text).with_context(|| {
         format!(
-            "failed to read builtin system app dir {}",
-            app_dir.display()
+            "failed to parse builtin system app manifest {}",
+            manifest_path.display()
         )
-    })? {
-        let entry = entry.with_context(|| {
-            format!(
-                "failed to read entry in builtin system app dir {}",
-                app_dir.display()
-            )
-        })?;
-
-        let metadata = entry.metadata().with_context(|| {
-            format!(
-                "failed to read metadata for builtin system app file {}",
-                entry.path().display()
-            )
-        })?;
-
-        if metadata.is_file() {
-            total_bytes = total_bytes
-                .checked_add(metadata.len())
-                .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("builtin system app total size overflow"))?;
-        }
-    }
-
-    Ok(total_bytes)
+    })
 }
 
 pub fn build_builtin_system_app(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<SageApp>> {
@@ -128,59 +96,37 @@ pub fn build_builtin_system_app(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<SageApp>> {
 
     let requested_capabilities = manifest
         .permissions()
-        .capabilities
+        .capabilities()
         .required()
-        .chain(manifest.permissions().capabilities.optional())
+        .chain(manifest.permissions().capabilities().optional())
         .copied();
 
     let granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions::new(
         manifest.permissions(),
         requested_capabilities,
-        manifest.permissions().network.whitelist.required().cloned(),
+        manifest.permissions().network().whitelist().required().cloned(),
     )?;
 
-    let total_bytes = compute_total_bytes(&app_dir)?;
-
-    let snapshot = SageAppSnapshot {
-        manifest_hash: format!("builtin-system:{}", spec.app_id),
-        snapshot_dir: app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-        total_bytes,
-        manifest: manifest.clone(),
-    };
+    let snapshot = SageAppSnapshot::new_builtin_system(
+        spec.app_id,
+        app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+        manifest,
+    )?;
 
     let common = SageAppCommon::new(
-        spec.app_id.to_string(),
-        spec.app_id.to_string(),
+        spec.app_id,
+        spec.app_id,
         app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-        &manifest,
         granted_permissions,
         InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
         snapshot,
     )?;
 
-    let entry_file = app_dir.join(&common.entry_file);
-    if !entry_file.is_file() {
-        return Err(anyhow!(
-            "builtin system app entry file does not exist: {}",
-            entry_file.display()
-        ));
-    }
-
-    let icon_file = app_dir.join(&common.icon_file);
-    if !icon_file.is_file() {
-        return Err(anyhow!(
-            "builtin system app icon file does not exist: {}",
-            icon_file.display()
-        ));
-    }
-
-    let app = SystemSageApp {
+    let app = SystemSageApp::new(
         common,
-        presentation: spec.presentation,
-        system_granted_permissions: SageGrantedSystemPermissions {
-            capabilities: spec.system_capabilities.to_vec(),
-        },
-    };
+        SageGrantedSystemPermissions::new(spec.system_capabilities.iter().copied()),
+        spec.presentation,
+    );
 
     Ok(Some(SageApp::System(app)))
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 0ec2f2d62..000000000
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,466 +0,0 @@
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use specta::Type;
-use uuid::Uuid;
-use crate::lifecycle::flags::get_app_flags;
-use crate::lifecycle::{manifest_entry_file, manifest_icon_file};
-use crate::sandbox::SANDBOX_TEST_ID_PREFIX;
-use crate::types::manifest::SageAppPackageManifest;
-use crate::types::permissions::{SageGrantedPermissions, SageGrantedSystemPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions};
-use crate::types::storage::InstalledSageAppStorage;
-use crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms;
-
-#[allow(clippy::struct_excessive_bools)]
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub struct SageAppFlags {
-    pub has_secret_access: bool,
-    pub has_external_access: bool,
-    pub storage_may_contain_secrets: bool,
-    pub isolated: bool,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub struct SageAppSnapshot {
-    pub manifest_hash: String,
-    pub snapshot_dir: String,
-    pub total_bytes: u64,
-    pub manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub struct UserSageAppPendingUpdate {
-    pub app_url: String,
-    pub manifest_url: String,
-    pub manifest_hash: String,
-    pub manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-#[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub enum UserSageAppSource {
-    Zip,
-    Url {
-        app_url: String,
-        manifest_url: String,
-    },
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub struct SageAppCommon {
-    pub id: String,
-    pub origin_id: String,
-    pub name: String,
-    pub version: String,
-    pub app_dir: String,
-    pub entry_file: String,
-    pub icon_file: String,
-    pub requested_permissions: SageRequestedPermissions,
-    pub granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
-    pub capability_flags: SageAppFlags,
-    pub storage: InstalledSageAppStorage,
-    pub active_snapshot: SageAppSnapshot,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub enum SystemAppPresentation {
-    Taskbar,
-    Modal,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub struct UserSageApp {
-    pub common: SageAppCommon,
-    pub source: UserSageAppSource,
-    pub pending_update: Option<UserSageAppPendingUpdate>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub struct SystemSageApp {
-    pub common: SageAppCommon,
-    pub system_granted_permissions: SageGrantedSystemPermissions,
-    pub presentation: SystemAppPresentation,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-#[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "camelCase")]
-#[allow(clippy::large_enum_variant)]
-pub enum SageApp {
-    System(SystemSageApp),
-    User(UserSageApp),
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub struct SageAppId {
-    pub id: String,
-    pub origin_id: String,
-    pub name: String,
-    pub version: String,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub struct CorruptedInstalledSageApp {
-    pub id: String,
-    pub app_dir: String,
-    pub error: String,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub struct SageAppAuthor {
-    pub name: String,
-    pub avatar: Option<String>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub struct SageAppDonation {
-    pub address: String,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub struct SageAppUrlPreview {
-    pub app_url: String,
-    pub manifest_url: String,
-    pub manifest_hash: String,
-    pub manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-#[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "camelCase")]
-#[allow(clippy::large_enum_variant)]
-pub enum ListedSageApp {
-    User(UserSageApp),
-    System(SystemSageApp),
-    Corrupted(CorruptedInstalledSageApp),
-}
-
-impl SageApp {
-    pub fn common(&self) -> &SageAppCommon {
-        match self {
-            Self::System(app) => &app.common,
-            Self::User(app) => &app.common,
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn id(&self) -> &str {
-        &self.common().id
-    }
-
-    pub fn origin_id(&self) -> &str {
-        &self.common().origin_id
-    }
-
-    pub fn name(&self) -> &str {
-        &self.common().name
-    }
-
-    pub fn version(&self) -> &str {
-        &self.common().version
-    }
-
-    pub fn app_dir(&self) -> &str {
-        &self.common().app_dir
-    }
-
-    pub fn entry_file(&self) -> &str {
-        &self.common().entry_file
-    }
-
-    pub fn icon_file(&self) -> &str {
-        &self.common().icon_file
-    }
-
-    pub fn requested_permissions(&self) -> &SageRequestedPermissions {
-        &self.common().requested_permissions
-    }
-
-    pub fn granted_permissions(&self) -> &SageGrantedPermissions {
-        &self.common().granted_permissions
-    }
-
-    pub fn system_granted_permissions(&self) -> Option<&SageGrantedSystemPermissions> {
-        match self {
-            Self::System(app) => Some(&app.system_granted_permissions),
-            Self::User(_) => None,
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn capability_flags(&self) -> &SageAppFlags {
-        &self.common().capability_flags
-    }
-
-    pub fn storage(&self) -> &InstalledSageAppStorage {
-        &self.common().storage
-    }
-
-    pub fn active_snapshot(&self) -> &SageAppSnapshot {
-        &self.common().active_snapshot
-    }
-
-    pub fn as_user(&self) -> Option<&UserSageApp> {
-        match self {
-            Self::User(app) => Some(app),
-            Self::System(_) => None,
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn as_user_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut UserSageApp> {
-        match self {
-            Self::User(app) => Some(app),
-            Self::System(_) => None,
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn as_system(&self) -> Option<&SystemSageApp> {
-        match self {
-            Self::System(app) => Some(app),
-            Self::User(_) => None,
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn as_system_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut SystemSageApp> {
-        match self {
-            Self::System(app) => Some(app),
-            Self::User(_) => None,
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn into_user(self) -> Option<UserSageApp> {
-        match self {
-            Self::User(app) => Some(app),
-            Self::System(_) => None,
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn into_system(self) -> Option<SystemSageApp> {
-        match self {
-            Self::System(app) => Some(app),
-            Self::User(_) => None,
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn is_sandbox_test(&self) -> bool {
-        self.id().starts_with(SANDBOX_TEST_ID_PREFIX)
-    }
-}
-
-impl UserSageApp {
-    pub fn into_sage_app(self) -> SageApp {
-        SageApp::User(self)
-    }
-}
-
-impl SystemSageApp {
-    pub fn into_sage_app(self) -> SageApp {
-        SageApp::System(self)
-    }
-}
-
-impl SageAppCommon {
-    pub fn new(
-        id: String,
-        origin_id: String,
-        app_dir: String,
-        manifest: &SageAppPackageManifest,
-        granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
-        storage: InstalledSageAppStorage,
-        snapshot: SageAppSnapshot,
-    ) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
-        let granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions::from_requested_and_granted(
-            manifest.permissions(),
-            granted_permissions,
-        )?;
-
-        let effective_capabilities = manifest
-            .permissions()
-            .capabilities
-            .resolve_effective_grants(granted_permissions.capabilities().copied())?;
-
-        let capability_flags = get_app_flags(&effective_capabilities, None)?;
-        Self::validate_app_flags_policy(capability_flags)?;
-
-        Ok(Self {
-            id,
-            origin_id,
-            name: manifest.name().to_string(),
-            version: manifest.version().to_string(),
-            app_dir,
-            entry_file: manifest_entry_file(manifest).to_string(),
-            icon_file: manifest_icon_file(manifest).to_string(),
-            requested_permissions: manifest.permissions().clone(),
-            granted_permissions,
-            capability_flags,
-            storage,
-            active_snapshot: snapshot,
-        })
-    }
-
-    pub fn apply_update(
-        &mut self,
-        pending: &UserSageAppPendingUpdate,
-        granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
-        snapshot: SageAppSnapshot,
-    ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-        let granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions::from_requested_and_granted(
-            pending.manifest.permissions(),
-            granted_permissions,
-        )?;
-
-        let effective_capabilities = pending
-            .manifest
-            .permissions()
-            .capabilities
-            .resolve_effective_grants(granted_permissions.capabilities().copied())?;
-
-        let capability_flags =
-            get_app_flags(&effective_capabilities, Some(&self.capability_flags))?;
-
-        Self::validate_app_flags_policy(capability_flags)?;
-
-        self.name.clone_from(&pending.manifest.name().to_string());
-        self.version.clone_from(&pending.manifest.version().to_string());
-        self.requested_permissions
-            .clone_from(pending.manifest.permissions());
-        self.granted_permissions = granted_permissions;
-        self.capability_flags = capability_flags;
-        self.entry_file = manifest_entry_file(&snapshot.manifest).to_string();
-        self.icon_file = manifest_icon_file(&snapshot.manifest).to_string();
-        self.active_snapshot = snapshot;
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    pub fn update_permissions(
-        &mut self,
-        granted_permissions: &SageGrantedPermissions,
-    ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-        let required_network = self
-            .requested_permissions
-            .network
-            .whitelist()
-            .required()
-            .cloned();
-
-        let granted_network = granted_permissions.network().whitelist().cloned();
-
-        let granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions::new(
-            &self.requested_permissions,
-            granted_permissions.capabilities().copied(),
-            required_network.chain(granted_network),
-        )?;
-
-        let effective_capabilities = self
-            .requested_permissions
-            .capabilities
-            .resolve_effective_grants(granted_permissions.capabilities().copied())?;
-
-        let capability_flags =
-            get_app_flags(&effective_capabilities, Some(&self.capability_flags))?;
-
-        Self::validate_app_flags_policy(capability_flags)?;
-
-        self.capability_flags = capability_flags;
-        self.granted_permissions = granted_permissions;
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    fn validate_app_flags_policy(flags: SageAppFlags) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-        if flags.has_external_access && flags.has_secret_access {
-            anyhow::bail!(
-                "app permissions cannot include both external access and sensitive secret access"
-            );
-        }
-
-        if flags.has_external_access && flags.storage_may_contain_secrets {
-            anyhow::bail!(
-                "app permissions cannot include external access while storage may contain secrets"
-            );
-        }
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}
-
-impl UserSageApp {
-    pub fn new_installed(
-        common: SageAppCommon,
-        source: UserSageAppSource,
-    ) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            common,
-            source,
-            pending_update: None,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub struct RetiredAppOriginEntry {
-    id: String,
-    app_id: String,
-    app_name: String,
-    origin_id: String,
-    created_at_ms: i64,
-    storage_may_contain_secrets: bool,
-    cleanup_pending: bool,
-}
-
-impl RetiredAppOriginEntry {
-    pub fn new(app: &UserSageApp, cleanup_pending: bool) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            id: Uuid::new_v4().to_string(),
-            app_id: app.common.id.clone(),
-            app_name: app.common.name.clone(),
-            origin_id: app.common.origin_id.clone(),
-            created_at_ms: unix_timestamp_ms(),
-            storage_may_contain_secrets: app.common.capability_flags.storage_may_contain_secrets,
-            cleanup_pending,
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn refresh_from_app(&mut self, app: &UserSageApp, cleanup_pending: bool) {
-        self.app_id.clone_from(&app.common.id);
-        self.app_name.clone_from(&app.common.name);
-        self.cleanup_pending = cleanup_pending;
-        self.storage_may_contain_secrets =
-            app.common.capability_flags.storage_may_contain_secrets;
-    }
-
-
-    pub fn matches_app_origin(&self, app_id: &str, origin_id: &str) -> bool {
-        self.app_id == app_id && self.origin_id == origin_id
-    }
-
-    pub fn clear_pending_cleanup(&mut self) -> bool {
-        if !self.cleanup_pending {
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        self.cleanup_pending = false;
-        true
-    }
-
-    pub fn app_id(&self) -> &str {
-        &self.app_id
-    }
-
-    pub fn origin_id(&self) -> &str {
-        &self.origin_id
-    }
-
-    pub fn cleanup_pending(&self) -> bool {
-        self.cleanup_pending
-    }
-
-    pub fn storage_may_contain_secrets(&self) -> bool {
-        self.storage_may_contain_secrets
-    }
-}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/author.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/author.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2b915a676
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/author.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use specta::Type;
+
+use crate::types::normalizers::{normalized_non_empty_string, normalized_optional_string};
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct SageAppAuthor {
+    name: String,
+    avatar: Option<String>,
+}
+
+impl SageAppAuthor {
+    pub fn new(
+        name: impl Into<String>,
+        avatar: Option<impl Into<String>>,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
+        Ok(Self {
+            name: normalized_non_empty_string(name, "author name")?,
+            avatar: normalized_optional_string(avatar),
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn name(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.name
+    }
+
+    pub fn avatar(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.avatar.as_deref()
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..96f9ee517
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,251 @@
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use specta::Type;
+
+use crate::lifecycle::{manifest_entry_file, manifest_icon_file};
+use crate::types::app::flags::SageAppFlags;
+use crate::types::app::preview::UserSageAppPendingUpdate;
+use crate::types::app::snapshot::SageAppSnapshot;
+use crate::types::normalizers::normalized_non_empty_string;
+use crate::types::permissions::{SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions};
+use crate::types::storage::InstalledSageAppStorage;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct SageAppCommon {
+    id: String,
+    origin_id: String,
+    name: String,
+    version: String,
+    app_dir: String,
+    entry_file: String,
+    icon_file: Option<String>,
+    requested_permissions: SageRequestedPermissions,
+    granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
+    capability_flags: SageAppFlags,
+    storage: InstalledSageAppStorage,
+    active_snapshot: SageAppSnapshot,
+}
+
+impl SageAppCommon {
+    pub fn new(
+        id: impl Into<String>,
+        origin_id: impl Into<String>,
+        app_dir: impl Into<String>,
+        granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
+        storage: InstalledSageAppStorage,
+        snapshot: SageAppSnapshot,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
+        Self::build(
+            id.into(),
+            origin_id.into(),
+            app_dir.into(),
+            granted_permissions,
+            storage,
+            snapshot,
+            None,
+        )
+    }
+
+    pub fn apply_update(
+        &mut self,
+        pending: &UserSageAppPendingUpdate,
+        granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
+        snapshot: SageAppSnapshot,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        let next = Self::build(
+            self.id.clone(),
+            self.origin_id.clone(),
+            self.app_dir.clone(),
+            granted_permissions,
+            self.storage.clone(),
+            snapshot,
+            Some(&self.capability_flags),
+        )?;
+
+        if next.active_snapshot.manifest() != pending.manifest() {
+            anyhow::bail!("update snapshot manifest does not match pending update manifest");
+        }
+
+        *self = next;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub fn update_permissions(
+        &mut self,
+        granted_permissions: &SageGrantedPermissions,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        let required_network = self
+            .requested_permissions
+            .network()
+            .whitelist()
+            .required()
+            .cloned();
+
+        let granted_network = granted_permissions.network().whitelist().cloned();
+
+        let granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions::new(
+            &self.requested_permissions,
+            granted_permissions.capabilities().copied(),
+            required_network.chain(granted_network),
+        )?;
+
+        let next = Self::build(
+            self.id.clone(),
+            self.origin_id.clone(),
+            self.app_dir.clone(),
+            granted_permissions,
+            self.storage.clone(),
+            self.active_snapshot.clone(),
+            Some(&self.capability_flags),
+        )?;
+
+        *self = next;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub fn mark_storage_may_contain_secrets(&mut self) {
+        self.capability_flags.mark_storage_may_contain_secrets();
+    }
+
+    fn build(
+        id: String,
+        origin_id: String,
+        app_dir: String,
+        granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
+        storage: InstalledSageAppStorage,
+        snapshot: SageAppSnapshot,
+        previous_flags: Option<&SageAppFlags>,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
+        let id = normalized_non_empty_string(id, "app id")?;
+        let origin_id = normalized_non_empty_string(origin_id, "app origin id")?;
+        let app_dir = normalized_non_empty_string(app_dir, "app directory")?;
+
+        let manifest = snapshot.manifest();
+
+        let granted_permissions =
+            SageGrantedPermissions::from_requested_and_granted(
+                manifest.permissions(),
+                granted_permissions,
+            )?;
+
+        let effective_capabilities = manifest
+            .permissions()
+            .capabilities()
+            .resolve_effective_grants(granted_permissions.capabilities().copied())?;
+
+        let capability_flags =
+            SageAppFlags::from_granted_capabilities(&effective_capabilities, previous_flags)?;
+        Self::validate_app_flags_policy(capability_flags)?;
+
+        let common = Self {
+            id,
+            origin_id,
+            name: manifest.name().to_string(),
+            version: manifest.version().to_string(),
+            app_dir,
+            entry_file: manifest_entry_file(manifest).to_string(),
+            icon_file: manifest_icon_file(manifest).map(str::to_string),
+            requested_permissions: manifest.permissions().clone(),
+            granted_permissions,
+            capability_flags,
+            storage,
+            active_snapshot: snapshot,
+        };
+
+        common.validate_files_exist_internal("app")?;
+
+        Ok(common)
+    }
+
+    fn validate_app_flags_policy(flags: SageAppFlags) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        if flags.has_external_access() && flags.has_secret_access() {
+            anyhow::bail!(
+                "app permissions cannot include both external access and sensitive secret access"
+            );
+        }
+
+        if flags.has_external_access() && flags.storage_may_contain_secrets() {
+            anyhow::bail!(
+                "app permissions cannot include external access while storage may contain secrets"
+            );
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub fn id(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.id
+    }
+
+    pub fn origin_id(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.origin_id
+    }
+
+    pub fn name(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.name
+    }
+
+    pub fn version(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.version
+    }
+
+    pub fn app_dir(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.app_dir
+    }
+
+    pub fn entry_file(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.entry_file
+    }
+
+    pub fn icon_file(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.icon_file.as_deref()
+    }
+
+    pub fn requested_permissions(&self) -> &SageRequestedPermissions {
+        &self.requested_permissions
+    }
+
+    pub fn granted_permissions(&self) -> &SageGrantedPermissions {
+        &self.granted_permissions
+    }
+
+    pub fn capability_flags(&self) -> &SageAppFlags {
+        &self.capability_flags
+    }
+
+    pub fn storage(&self) -> &InstalledSageAppStorage {
+        &self.storage
+    }
+
+    pub fn active_snapshot(&self) -> &SageAppSnapshot {
+        &self.active_snapshot
+    }
+
+    pub fn entry_path(&self) -> PathBuf {
+        Path::new(&self.app_dir).join(&self.entry_file)
+    }
+
+    pub fn icon_path(&self) -> Option<PathBuf> {
+        self.icon_file
+            .as_ref()
+            .map(|icon_file| Path::new(&self.app_dir).join(icon_file))
+    }
+
+    fn validate_files_exist_internal(&self, label: &str) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        let entry_file = self.entry_path();
+
+        if !entry_file.is_file() {
+            anyhow::bail!("{label} entry file does not exist: {}", entry_file.display());
+        }
+
+        if let Some(icon_file) = self.icon_path()
+            && !icon_file.is_file()
+        {
+            anyhow::bail!("{label} icon file does not exist: {}", icon_file.display());
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/donation.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/donation.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3de3a5913
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/donation.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use specta::Type;
+
+use crate::types::normalizers::normalized_non_empty_string;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct SageAppDonation {
+    address: String,
+}
+
+impl SageAppDonation {
+    pub fn new(address: impl Into<String>) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
+        let address = normalized_non_empty_string(address, "donation address")?;
+
+        if !address.starts_with("xch") && !address.starts_with("txch") {
+            anyhow::bail!("invalid donation address format");
+        }
+
+        Ok(Self { address })
+    }
+
+    pub fn address(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.address
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/flags.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/flags.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1df84411f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/flags.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use specta::Type;
+use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::permissions::CapabilityFlags;
+
+#[allow(clippy::struct_excessive_bools)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct SageAppFlags {
+    pub(super) has_secret_access: bool,
+    pub(super) has_external_access: bool,
+    pub(super) storage_may_contain_secrets: bool,
+    pub(super) isolated: bool,
+}
+
+impl SageAppFlags {
+    pub fn from_granted_capabilities(
+        granted: &[UserBridgeCapability],
+        previous_flags: Option<&Self>,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
+        let granted_capability_flags = CapabilityFlags::from_capabilities(granted);
+
+        Self::new(
+            granted_capability_flags.accesses_sensitive_secret(),
+            granted_capability_flags.externally_observable(),
+            previous_flags.is_some_and(Self::storage_may_contain_secrets),
+        )
+    }
+
+    pub fn new(
+        has_secret_access: bool,
+        has_external_access: bool,
+        storage_may_contain_secrets: bool,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
+        if has_external_access && has_secret_access {
+            anyhow::bail!(
+                "cannot grant externally observable permissions together with sensitive secret access permissions"
+            );
+        }
+
+        if has_external_access && storage_may_contain_secrets {
+            anyhow::bail!("STORAGE_TAINTED");
+        }
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            has_secret_access,
+            has_external_access,
+            storage_may_contain_secrets,
+            isolated: has_secret_access || storage_may_contain_secrets,
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub(super) fn mark_storage_may_contain_secrets(&mut self) {
+        self.storage_may_contain_secrets = true;
+        self.isolated = true;
+    }
+
+    pub fn has_secret_access(&self) -> bool {
+        self.has_secret_access
+    }
+
+    pub fn has_external_access(&self) -> bool {
+        self.has_external_access
+    }
+
+    pub fn storage_may_contain_secrets(&self) -> bool {
+        self.storage_may_contain_secrets
+    }
+
+    pub fn isolated(&self) -> bool {
+        self.isolated
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+    use crate::types::app::flags::SageAppFlags;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn from_granted_capabilities_sets_expected_flags_for_shared_send_capability() {
+        let flags = SageAppFlags::from_granted_capabilities(
+            &[UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch],
+            None,
+        )
+            .unwrap();
+
+        assert!(flags.has_external_access());
+        assert!(!flags.has_secret_access());
+        assert!(!flags.storage_may_contain_secrets());
+        assert!(!flags.isolated());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn from_granted_capabilities_rejects_external_access_when_storage_is_tainted() {
+        let previous = SageAppFlags::new(false, false, true).unwrap();
+
+        let err = SageAppFlags::from_granted_capabilities(
+            &[UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch],
+            Some(&previous),
+        )
+            .unwrap_err();
+
+        assert_eq!(err.to_string(), "STORAGE_TAINTED");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn new_rejects_external_access_with_secret_access() {
+        let err = SageAppFlags::new(true, true, false).unwrap_err();
+
+        assert!(
+            err.to_string()
+                .contains("externally observable permissions together with sensitive secret access")
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn new_isolates_secret_access() {
+        let flags = SageAppFlags::new(true, false, false).unwrap();
+
+        assert!(flags.has_secret_access());
+        assert!(!flags.has_external_access());
+        assert!(!flags.storage_may_contain_secrets());
+        assert!(flags.isolated());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn new_isolates_tainted_storage() {
+        let flags = SageAppFlags::new(false, false, true).unwrap();
+
+        assert!(!flags.has_secret_access());
+        assert!(!flags.has_external_access());
+        assert!(flags.storage_may_contain_secrets());
+        assert!(flags.isolated());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b7cb30e7f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+mod author;
+mod common;
+mod donation;
+mod flags;
+mod preview;
+mod retired_origin;
+mod snapshot;
+mod system;
+mod user;
+
+pub(crate) use author::SageAppAuthor;
+pub(crate) use common::SageAppCommon;
+pub(crate) use donation::SageAppDonation;
+pub(crate) use preview::{SageAppUrlPreview, UserSageAppPendingUpdate};
+pub(crate) use retired_origin::RetiredAppOriginEntry;
+pub(crate) use snapshot::SageAppSnapshot;
+pub(crate) use system::{SystemAppPresentation, SystemSageApp};
+pub(crate) use user::{
+    CorruptedInstalledSageApp, ListedSageApp, SageApp, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
+};
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/preview.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/preview.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..60b772c4f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/preview.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use specta::Type;
+
+use crate::types::manifest::SageAppPackageManifest;
+use crate::types::normalizers::normalized_non_empty_string;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct UserSageAppPendingUpdate {
+    app_url: String,
+    manifest_url: String,
+    manifest_hash: String,
+    manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct SageAppUrlPreview {
+    app_url: String,
+    manifest_url: String,
+    manifest_hash: String,
+    manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
+}
+
+impl UserSageAppPendingUpdate {
+    pub fn new(
+        app_url: String,
+        manifest_url: String,
+        manifest_hash: String,
+        manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            app_url,
+            manifest_url,
+            manifest_hash,
+            manifest,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn app_url(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.app_url
+    }
+
+    pub fn manifest_url(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.manifest_url
+    }
+
+    pub fn manifest_hash(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.manifest_hash
+    }
+
+    pub fn manifest(&self) -> &SageAppPackageManifest {
+        &self.manifest
+    }
+}
+
+impl SageAppUrlPreview {
+    pub async fn new(app_url: impl Into<String>) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
+        let app_url = crate::lifecycle::install::url::normalize_app_url(&app_url.into())?;
+        let manifest_url = crate::lifecycle::derive_manifest_url(&app_url)?;
+        let (manifest, manifest_hash) =
+            crate::lifecycle::fetch_url_manifest(&manifest_url).await?;
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            app_url,
+            manifest_url,
+            manifest_hash: normalized_non_empty_string(manifest_hash, "manifest hash")?,
+            manifest,
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn app_url(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.app_url
+    }
+
+    pub fn manifest_url(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.manifest_url
+    }
+
+    pub fn manifest_hash(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.manifest_hash
+    }
+
+    pub fn manifest(&self) -> &SageAppPackageManifest {
+        &self.manifest
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/retired_origin.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/retired_origin.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..04c1463d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/retired_origin.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use specta::Type;
+use uuid::Uuid;
+
+use crate::types::app::user::UserSageApp;
+use crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct RetiredAppOriginEntry {
+    id: String,
+    app_id: String,
+    app_name: String,
+    origin_id: String,
+    created_at_ms: i64,
+    storage_may_contain_secrets: bool,
+    cleanup_pending: bool,
+}
+
+impl RetiredAppOriginEntry {
+    pub fn new(app: &UserSageApp, cleanup_pending: bool) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            id: Uuid::new_v4().to_string(),
+            app_id: app.common().id().to_string(),
+            app_name: app.common().name().to_string(),
+            origin_id: app.common().origin_id().to_string(),
+            created_at_ms: unix_timestamp_ms(),
+            storage_may_contain_secrets: app
+                .common()
+                .capability_flags()
+                .storage_may_contain_secrets(),
+            cleanup_pending,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn refresh_from_app(&mut self, app: &UserSageApp, cleanup_pending: bool) {
+        self.app_id = app.common().id().to_string();
+        self.app_name = app.common().name().to_string();
+        self.cleanup_pending = cleanup_pending;
+        self.storage_may_contain_secrets =
+            app.common().capability_flags().storage_may_contain_secrets();
+    }
+
+    pub fn matches_app_origin(&self, app_id: &str, origin_id: &str) -> bool {
+        self.app_id == app_id && self.origin_id == origin_id
+    }
+
+    pub fn clear_pending_cleanup(&mut self) -> bool {
+        if !self.cleanup_pending {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        self.cleanup_pending = false;
+        true
+    }
+
+    pub fn id(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.id
+    }
+
+    pub fn app_id(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.app_id
+    }
+
+    pub fn app_name(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.app_name
+    }
+
+    pub fn origin_id(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.origin_id
+    }
+
+    pub fn created_at_ms(&self) -> i64 {
+        self.created_at_ms
+    }
+
+    pub fn cleanup_pending(&self) -> bool {
+        self.cleanup_pending
+    }
+
+    pub fn storage_may_contain_secrets(&self) -> bool {
+        self.storage_may_contain_secrets
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/snapshot.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/snapshot.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dacfe724d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/snapshot.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use specta::Type;
+
+use crate::types::manifest::SageAppPackageManifest;
+use crate::types::normalizers::normalized_non_empty_string;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct SageAppSnapshot {
+    manifest_hash: String,
+    snapshot_dir: String,
+    total_bytes: u64,
+    manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
+}
+
+impl SageAppSnapshot {
+    pub fn new(
+        manifest_hash: impl Into<String>,
+        snapshot_dir: impl Into<String>,
+        manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
+        let manifest_hash = normalized_non_empty_string(manifest_hash, "snapshot manifest hash")?;
+        let snapshot_dir = normalized_non_empty_string(snapshot_dir, "snapshot directory")?;
+
+        let snapshot = Self {
+            manifest_hash,
+            snapshot_dir,
+            total_bytes: manifest.total_bytes(),
+            manifest,
+        };
+
+        snapshot.validate_files_exist_internal()?;
+
+        Ok(snapshot)
+    }
+
+    pub fn new_builtin(
+        app_id: &str,
+        snapshot_dir: impl Into<String>,
+        manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
+        Self::new(format!("builtin:{app_id}"), snapshot_dir, manifest)
+    }
+
+    pub fn new_builtin_system(
+        app_id: &str,
+        snapshot_dir: impl Into<String>,
+        manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
+        Self::new(format!("builtin-system:{app_id}"), snapshot_dir, manifest)
+    }
+
+    pub fn manifest_hash(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.manifest_hash
+    }
+
+    pub fn snapshot_dir(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.snapshot_dir
+    }
+
+    pub fn total_bytes(&self) -> u64 {
+        self.total_bytes
+    }
+
+    pub fn manifest(&self) -> &SageAppPackageManifest {
+        &self.manifest
+    }
+
+    pub fn file_path(&self, path: &str) -> PathBuf {
+        Path::new(&self.snapshot_dir).join(path)
+    }
+
+    fn validate_files_exist_internal(&self) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        for file in self.manifest.files() {
+            let path = self.file_path(file.path());
+
+            if !path.is_file() {
+                anyhow::bail!("snapshot file does not exist: {}", path.display());
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/system.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/system.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6b365a2f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/system.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use specta::Type;
+
+use crate::types::app::common::SageAppCommon;
+use crate::types::app::user::SageApp;
+use crate::types::permissions::SageGrantedSystemPermissions;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum SystemAppPresentation {
+    Taskbar,
+    Modal,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct SystemSageApp {
+    common: SageAppCommon,
+    system_granted_permissions: SageGrantedSystemPermissions,
+    presentation: SystemAppPresentation,
+}
+
+impl SystemSageApp {
+    pub fn new(
+        common: SageAppCommon,
+        system_granted_permissions: SageGrantedSystemPermissions,
+        presentation: SystemAppPresentation,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            common,
+            system_granted_permissions,
+            presentation,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn into_sage_app(self) -> SageApp {
+        SageApp::System(self)
+    }
+
+    pub fn common(&self) -> &SageAppCommon {
+        &self.common
+    }
+
+    pub fn common_mut(&mut self) -> &mut SageAppCommon {
+        &mut self.common
+    }
+
+    pub fn system_granted_permissions(&self) -> &SageGrantedSystemPermissions {
+        &self.system_granted_permissions
+    }
+
+    pub fn presentation(&self) -> SystemAppPresentation {
+        self.presentation
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2a11c0e37
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,251 @@
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use specta::Type;
+
+use crate::sandbox::SANDBOX_TEST_ID_PREFIX;
+use crate::types::app::common::SageAppCommon;
+use crate::types::app::flags::SageAppFlags;
+use crate::types::app::preview::UserSageAppPendingUpdate;
+use crate::types::app::snapshot::SageAppSnapshot;
+use crate::types::app::system::SystemSageApp;
+use crate::types::permissions::{
+    SageGrantedPermissions, SageGrantedSystemPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions,
+};
+use crate::types::storage::InstalledSageAppStorage;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub enum UserSageAppSource {
+    Zip,
+    Url {
+        app_url: String,
+        manifest_url: String,
+    },
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct UserSageApp {
+    common: SageAppCommon,
+    source: UserSageAppSource,
+    pending_update: Option<UserSageAppPendingUpdate>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
+#[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "camelCase")]
+#[allow(clippy::large_enum_variant)]
+pub enum SageApp {
+    System(SystemSageApp),
+    User(UserSageApp),
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct CorruptedInstalledSageApp {
+    id: String,
+    app_dir: String,
+    error: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
+#[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "camelCase")]
+#[allow(clippy::large_enum_variant)]
+pub enum ListedSageApp {
+    User(UserSageApp),
+    System(SystemSageApp),
+    Corrupted(CorruptedInstalledSageApp),
+}
+
+impl UserSageApp {
+    pub fn new_installed(common: SageAppCommon, source: UserSageAppSource) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            common,
+            source,
+            pending_update: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_pending_update(&mut self, pending_update: Option<UserSageAppPendingUpdate>) {
+        self.pending_update = pending_update;
+    }
+
+    pub fn clear_pending_update(&mut self) {
+        self.pending_update = None;
+    }
+
+    pub fn into_sage_app(self) -> SageApp {
+        SageApp::User(self)
+    }
+
+    pub fn common(&self) -> &SageAppCommon {
+        &self.common
+    }
+
+    pub fn common_mut(&mut self) -> &mut SageAppCommon {
+        &mut self.common
+    }
+
+    pub fn source(&self) -> &UserSageAppSource {
+        &self.source
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_source(&mut self, source: UserSageAppSource) {
+        self.source = source;
+    }
+
+    pub fn pending_update(&self) -> Option<&UserSageAppPendingUpdate> {
+        self.pending_update.as_ref()
+    }
+}
+
+impl SageApp {
+    pub fn common(&self) -> &SageAppCommon {
+        match self {
+            Self::System(app) => app.common(),
+            Self::User(app) => app.common(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn common_mut(&mut self) -> &mut SageAppCommon {
+        match self {
+            Self::System(app) => app.common_mut(),
+            Self::User(app) => app.common_mut(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn id(&self) -> &str {
+        self.common().id()
+    }
+
+    pub fn origin_id(&self) -> &str {
+        self.common().origin_id()
+    }
+
+    pub fn name(&self) -> &str {
+        self.common().name()
+    }
+
+    pub fn version(&self) -> &str {
+        self.common().version()
+    }
+
+    pub fn app_dir(&self) -> &str {
+        self.common().app_dir()
+    }
+
+    pub fn entry_file(&self) -> &str {
+        self.common().entry_file()
+    }
+
+    pub fn icon_file(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.common().icon_file()
+    }
+
+    pub fn entry_path(&self) -> PathBuf {
+        self.common().entry_path()
+    }
+
+    pub fn icon_path(&self) -> Option<PathBuf> {
+        self.common().icon_path()
+    }
+
+    pub fn requested_permissions(&self) -> &SageRequestedPermissions {
+        self.common().requested_permissions()
+    }
+
+    pub fn granted_permissions(&self) -> &SageGrantedPermissions {
+        self.common().granted_permissions()
+    }
+
+    pub fn system_granted_permissions(&self) -> Option<&SageGrantedSystemPermissions> {
+        match self {
+            Self::System(app) => Some(app.system_granted_permissions()),
+            Self::User(_) => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn capability_flags(&self) -> &SageAppFlags {
+        self.common().capability_flags()
+    }
+
+    pub fn storage(&self) -> &InstalledSageAppStorage {
+        self.common().storage()
+    }
+
+    pub fn active_snapshot(&self) -> &SageAppSnapshot {
+        self.common().active_snapshot()
+    }
+
+    pub fn as_user(&self) -> Option<&UserSageApp> {
+        match self {
+            Self::User(app) => Some(app),
+            Self::System(_) => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn as_user_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut UserSageApp> {
+        match self {
+            Self::User(app) => Some(app),
+            Self::System(_) => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn as_system(&self) -> Option<&SystemSageApp> {
+        match self {
+            Self::System(app) => Some(app),
+            Self::User(_) => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn as_system_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut SystemSageApp> {
+        match self {
+            Self::System(app) => Some(app),
+            Self::User(_) => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn into_user(self) -> Option<UserSageApp> {
+        match self {
+            Self::User(app) => Some(app),
+            Self::System(_) => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn into_system(self) -> Option<SystemSageApp> {
+        match self {
+            Self::System(app) => Some(app),
+            Self::User(_) => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_sandbox_test(&self) -> bool {
+        self.id().starts_with(SANDBOX_TEST_ID_PREFIX)
+    }
+}
+
+impl CorruptedInstalledSageApp {
+    pub(crate) fn new(
+        id: impl Into<String>,
+        app_dir: impl Into<String>,
+        error: impl Into<String>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            id: id.into(),
+            app_dir: app_dir.into(),
+            error: error.into(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn id(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.id
+    }
+
+    pub fn app_dir(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.app_dir
+    }
+
+    pub fn error(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.error
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/manifest.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/manifest.rs
index 147d60528..11d05e576 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/manifest.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/manifest.rs
@@ -1,16 +1,22 @@
 use std::collections::BTreeSet;
+
 use anyhow::anyhow;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
-use crate::lifecycle::{validate_manifest_file_path, validate_sha256_hex, MAX_APP_FILE_COUNT, MAX_APP_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES};
+
+use crate::lifecycle::{
+    validate_manifest_file_path, validate_sha256_hex, MAX_APP_FILE_COUNT,
+    MAX_APP_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES,
+};
 use crate::types::app::{SageAppAuthor, SageAppDonation};
+use crate::types::normalizers::{normalized_non_empty_string, normalized_optional_string};
 use crate::types::permissions::SageRequestedPermissions;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct SageAppManifestFile {
-    pub path: String,
-    pub sha256: String,
-    pub size: u64,
+    path: String,
+    sha256: String,
+    size: u64,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
@@ -31,6 +37,7 @@ pub struct SageAppPackageManifest {
     version: String,
     permissions: SageRequestedPermissions,
     files: Vec<SageAppManifestFile>,
+    total_bytes: u64,
     entry: Option<String>,
     icon: Option<String>,
     author: Option<SageAppAuthor>,
@@ -71,9 +78,7 @@ impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for SageAppPackageManifest {
         SageAppPackageManifest::try_from(SageAppPackageManifestParts {
             name: raw.name,
             version: raw.version,
-            permissions: raw
-                .permissions
-                .unwrap_or_else(SageRequestedPermissions::empty),
+            permissions: raw.permissions.unwrap_or_else(SageRequestedPermissions::empty),
             files: raw.files,
             entry: raw.entry,
             icon: raw.icon,
@@ -88,35 +93,37 @@ impl TryFrom<SageAppPackageManifestParts> for SageAppPackageManifest {
     type Error = anyhow::Error;
 
     fn try_from(value: SageAppPackageManifestParts) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
-        if value.name.trim().is_empty() {
-            anyhow::bail!("manifest name cannot be empty");
-        }
+        let name = normalized_non_empty_string(value.name, "manifest name")?;
+        let version = normalized_non_empty_string(value.version, "manifest version")?;
 
-        if value.version.trim().is_empty() {
-            anyhow::bail!("manifest version cannot be empty");
-        }
+        let entry = normalize_optional_manifest_path(value.entry, "manifest entry")?;
+        let icon = normalize_optional_manifest_path(value.icon, "manifest icon")?;
 
-        if let Some(author) = &value.author
-            && author.name.trim().is_empty()
-        {
-            anyhow::bail!("author name cannot be empty");
-        }
+        let author = value
+            .author
+            .map(|author| SageAppAuthor::new(author.name(), author.avatar()))
+            .transpose()?;
 
-        if let Some(donation) = &value.donation {
-            Self::validate_donation(&donation.address)?;
-        }
+        let donation = value
+            .donation
+            .map(|donation| SageAppDonation::new(donation.address()))
+            .transpose()?;
+
+        let total_bytes = Self::validate_files(&value.files)?;
 
-        Self::validate_files(&value.files)?;
+        Self::validate_declared_asset_exists(entry.as_deref(), &value.files, "entry")?;
+        Self::validate_declared_asset_exists(icon.as_deref(), &value.files, "icon")?;
 
         Ok(Self {
-            name: value.name,
-            version: value.version,
+            name,
+            version,
             permissions: value.permissions,
             files: value.files,
-            entry: value.entry,
-            icon: value.icon,
-            author: value.author,
-            donation: value.donation,
+            total_bytes,
+            entry,
+            icon,
+            author,
+            donation,
         })
     }
 }
@@ -138,6 +145,10 @@ impl SageAppPackageManifest {
         &self.files
     }
 
+    pub fn total_bytes(&self) -> u64 {
+        self.total_bytes
+    }
+
     pub fn entry(&self) -> Option<&str> {
         self.entry.as_deref()
     }
@@ -154,23 +165,23 @@ impl SageAppPackageManifest {
         self.donation.as_ref()
     }
 
-    pub fn total_bytes(&self) -> anyhow::Result<u64> {
-        Self::compute_total_bytes(&self.files)
-    }
-
-    fn validate_donation(address: &str) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-        if address.trim().is_empty() {
-            return Err(anyhow!("donation address cannot be empty"));
-        }
-
-        if !address.starts_with("xch") && !address.starts_with("txch") {
-            return Err(anyhow!("invalid donation address format"));
+    fn validate_declared_asset_exists(
+        path: Option<&str>,
+        files: &[SageAppManifestFile],
+        label: &str,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        let Some(path) = path else {
+            return Ok(());
+        };
+
+        if !files.iter().any(|file| file.path == path) {
+            anyhow::bail!("manifest {label} file is not listed in files: {path}");
         }
 
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn validate_files(files: &[SageAppManifestFile]) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    fn validate_files(files: &[SageAppManifestFile]) -> anyhow::Result<u64> {
         if files.is_empty() {
             anyhow::bail!("manifest files cannot be empty");
         }
@@ -187,8 +198,8 @@ impl SageAppPackageManifest {
         let mut total: u64 = 0;
 
         for file in files {
-            validate_manifest_file_path(&file.path)?;
-            validate_sha256_hex(&file.sha256)?;
+            validate_manifest_file_path(file.path())?;
+            validate_sha256_hex(file.sha256())?;
 
             if !seen.insert(file.path.clone()) {
                 anyhow::bail!("duplicate manifest file path: {}", file.path);
@@ -203,18 +214,48 @@ impl SageAppPackageManifest {
             anyhow::bail!("manifest total size {total} exceeds limit {MAX_APP_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES}");
         }
 
-        Ok(())
+        Ok(total)
     }
+}
 
-    fn compute_total_bytes(files: &[SageAppManifestFile]) -> anyhow::Result<u64> {
-        let mut total: u64 = 0;
+impl SageAppManifestFile {
+    pub fn new(
+        path: impl Into<String>,
+        sha256: impl Into<String>,
+        size: u64,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
+        let path = normalized_non_empty_string(path, "manifest file path")?;
+        validate_manifest_file_path(&path)?;
 
-        for file in files {
-            total = total
-                .checked_add(file.size)
-                .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("manifest total size overflow"))?;
-        }
+        let sha256 = normalized_non_empty_string(sha256, "manifest file sha256")?;
+        validate_sha256_hex(&sha256)?;
 
-        Ok(total)
+        Ok(Self { path, sha256, size })
+    }
+
+    pub fn path(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.path
     }
+
+    pub fn sha256(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.sha256
+    }
+
+    pub fn size(&self) -> u64 {
+        self.size
+    }
+}
+
+fn normalize_optional_manifest_path(
+    path: Option<String>,
+    label: &str,
+) -> anyhow::Result<Option<String>> {
+    let path = normalized_optional_string(path);
+
+    if let Some(path) = &path {
+        validate_manifest_file_path(path)
+            .map_err(|err| anyhow!("{label} is invalid: {err}"))?;
+    }
+
+    Ok(path)
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs
index 74eae8de5..d440e5635 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs
@@ -3,19 +3,20 @@ mod permissions;
 mod manifest;
 mod storage;
 mod network;
+mod normalizers;
 
 pub(crate) use app::{
     SageApp, SageAppCommon,
     UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
     SystemSageApp,
-    SageAppSnapshot, SageAppFlags,
+    SageAppSnapshot,
     ListedSageApp, SystemAppPresentation,
     UserSageAppPendingUpdate, SageAppUrlPreview,
     CorruptedInstalledSageApp, RetiredAppOriginEntry,
 };
 pub(crate) use permissions::{
     SageRequestedPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions, SageGrantedSystemPermissions,
-    SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView, SageAppCapabilityFlagsView,
+    SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView,
 };
 pub(crate) use manifest::{SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppManifestFile};
 pub(crate) use storage::{
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/normalizers.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/normalizers.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..06a9e6d33
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/normalizers.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+pub(crate) fn normalized_non_empty_string(
+    value: impl Into<String>,
+    label: &str,
+) -> anyhow::Result<String> {
+    let value = value.into().trim().to_string();
+
+    if value.is_empty() {
+        anyhow::bail!("{label} cannot be empty");
+    }
+
+    Ok(value)
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn normalized_optional_string(
+    value: Option<impl Into<String>>,
+) -> Option<String> {
+    value
+        .map(|value| value.into().trim().to_string())
+        .filter(|value| !value.is_empty())
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs
index 7385b9c08..e46216a0c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs
@@ -2,12 +2,12 @@ use std::collections::BTreeSet;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::{SharedCapabilitiesExt, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
-use crate::permissions::{get_user_capability_definition, CapabilityFlags};
+use crate::permissions::{get_user_capability_definition, CapabilityDefinition, CapabilityFlags};
 use crate::types::network::{SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
-    pub whitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist,
+    whitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
@@ -18,8 +18,8 @@ pub struct SageRequestedCapabilities {
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct SageRequestedPermissions {
-    pub network: SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
-    pub capabilities: SageRequestedCapabilities,
+    network: SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
+    capabilities: SageRequestedCapabilities,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
@@ -36,26 +36,26 @@ pub struct SageGrantedPermissions {
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct SageGrantedSystemPermissions {
-    pub capabilities: Vec<SystemBridgeCapability>,
+    capabilities: Vec<SystemBridgeCapability>,
 }
 
 #[allow(clippy::struct_excessive_bools)]
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct SageAppCapabilityFlagsView {
-    pub externally_observable: bool,
-    pub accesses_sensitive_secret: bool,
-    pub requestable_by_app: bool,
-    pub user_grantable: bool,
+    externally_observable: bool,
+    accesses_sensitive_secret: bool,
+    requestable_by_app: bool,
+    user_grantable: bool,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView {
-    pub key: String,
-    pub label: String,
-    pub description: String,
-    pub flags: SageAppCapabilityFlagsView,
+    key: String,
+    label: String,
+    description: String,
+    flags: SageAppCapabilityFlagsView,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Default)]
@@ -119,6 +119,42 @@ impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for SageRequestedPermissions {
     }
 }
 
+impl From<CapabilityFlags> for SageAppCapabilityFlagsView {
+    fn from(flags: CapabilityFlags) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            externally_observable: flags.externally_observable(),
+            accesses_sensitive_secret: flags.accesses_sensitive_secret(),
+            requestable_by_app: flags.requestable_by_app(),
+            user_grantable: flags.user_grantable(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<CapabilityDefinition<UserBridgeCapability>> for SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView {
+    fn from(definition: CapabilityDefinition<UserBridgeCapability>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            key: definition.capability().key().to_string(),
+            label: definition.label().to_string(),
+            description: definition.description().to_string(),
+            flags: definition.flags().into(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl SageGrantedSystemPermissions {
+    pub fn new(
+        capabilities: impl IntoIterator<Item = SystemBridgeCapability>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            capabilities: capabilities.into_iter().collect(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn capabilities(&self) -> &[SystemBridgeCapability] {
+        &self.capabilities
+    }
+}
+
 impl SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
     pub fn new(
         requested: &SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
@@ -200,6 +236,14 @@ impl SageGrantedPermissions {
         self.capabilities().copied().shared()
     }
 
+    pub fn for_builtin_requested(requested: &SageRequestedPermissions) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
+        Self::new(
+            requested,
+            requested.capabilities.user_grantable(),
+            requested.network.whitelist.required().cloned(),
+        )
+    }
+
     fn build_capabilities(
         requested: &SageRequestedCapabilities,
         capabilities: impl IntoIterator<Item = UserBridgeCapability>,
@@ -214,13 +258,13 @@ impl SageGrantedPermissions {
                 );
             }
 
-            if !get_user_capability_definition(*cap).flags.user_grantable {
+            if !get_user_capability_definition(*cap).flags().user_grantable() {
                 anyhow::bail!("granted capability is not user grantable: {}", cap.key());
             }
         }
 
         for cap in requested.required() {
-            if get_user_capability_definition(*cap).flags.user_grantable
+            if get_user_capability_definition(*cap).flags().user_grantable()
                 && !capabilities.contains(cap)
             {
                 anyhow::bail!("missing required capability: {}", cap.key());
@@ -252,12 +296,12 @@ fn validate_permissions_policy(
     let capability_flags = capabilities
         .into_iter()
         .fold(CapabilityFlags::EMPTY, |flags, cap| {
-            flags.union(get_user_capability_definition(cap).flags)
+            flags.union(get_user_capability_definition(cap).flags())
         });
 
-    let has_secret_access = capability_flags.accesses_sensitive_secret;
+    let has_secret_access = capability_flags.accesses_sensitive_secret();
     let has_external_access =
-        capability_flags.externally_observable || network.into_iter().next().is_some();
+        capability_flags.externally_observable() || network.into_iter().next().is_some();
 
     if has_secret_access && has_external_access {
         anyhow::bail!("{context} cannot include both external access and sensitive secret access");
@@ -274,7 +318,7 @@ impl SageRequestedPermissions {
         for capability in capabilities.required().chain(capabilities.optional()) {
             let definition = get_user_capability_definition(*capability);
 
-            if !definition.flags.requestable_by_app {
+            if !definition.flags().requestable_by_app() {
                 anyhow::bail!(
                     "capability is not requestable by app manifest: {}",
                     capability.key()
@@ -300,6 +344,9 @@ impl SageRequestedPermissions {
             capabilities: SageRequestedCapabilities::empty(),
         }
     }
+
+    pub fn network(&self) -> &SageRequestedNetworkPermissions { &self.network }
+    pub fn capabilities(&self) -> &SageRequestedCapabilities { &self.capabilities }
 }
 
 impl SageRequestedCapabilities {
@@ -345,7 +392,7 @@ impl SageRequestedCapabilities {
         self.required()
             .chain(self.optional())
             .copied()
-            .filter(|cap| get_user_capability_definition(*cap).flags.user_grantable)
+            .filter(|cap| get_user_capability_definition(*cap).flags().user_grantable())
             .collect()
     }
 
@@ -360,7 +407,7 @@ impl SageRequestedCapabilities {
         for capability in self.required().chain(self.optional()) {
             let definition = get_user_capability_definition(*capability);
 
-            if !definition.flags.user_grantable {
+            if !definition.flags().user_grantable() {
                 effective.insert(*capability);
             }
         }
@@ -384,7 +431,7 @@ impl SageRequestedCapabilities {
 
             let definition = get_user_capability_definition(*capability);
 
-            if !definition.flags.user_grantable {
+            if !definition.flags().user_grantable() {
                 anyhow::bail!(
                     "granted capability is not user grantable: {}",
                     capability.key()
@@ -395,7 +442,7 @@ impl SageRequestedCapabilities {
         for capability in self.required() {
             let definition = get_user_capability_definition(*capability);
 
-            if definition.flags.user_grantable && !user_granted.contains(capability) {
+            if definition.flags().user_grantable() && !user_granted.contains(capability) {
                 anyhow::bail!("missing required capability: {}", capability.key());
             }
         }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/storage.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/storage.rs
index 237486b41..26a8c224f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/storage.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/storage.rs
@@ -39,8 +39,8 @@ impl PendingStorageCleanupEntry {
 
         Self {
             id: Uuid::new_v4().to_string(),
-            app_id: app.common.id.clone(),
-            app_name: app.common.name.clone(),
+            app_id: app.common().id().to_string(),
+            app_name: app.common().name().to_string(),
             target,
             created_at_ms: now,
             last_attempt_at_ms: Some(now),
diff --git a/src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml b/src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml
index fee7e2213..58c8d0557 100644
--- a/src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml
+++ b/src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml
@@ -139,7 +139,6 @@ commands.allow = [
     "download_app_update",
     "apply_app_update",
     "apps_update_permissions",
-    "apps_mark_storage_may_contain_secrets",
     "apps_list_runtimes",
     "apps_focus_runtime",
     "apps_hide_runtime",
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
index 440ed9718..eb7b55095 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
@@ -162,7 +162,6 @@ pub fn run() {
             apps::lifecycle::update::commands::download_app_update,
             apps::lifecycle::update::commands::apply_app_update,
             apps::lifecycle::update::commands::apps_update_permissions,
-            apps::lifecycle::apps_mark_storage_may_contain_secrets,
             apps::lifecycle::apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data,
             apps::sandbox::get_builtin_test_app,
             apps::system_apps::get_builtin_system_app,
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index e6cd27d3a..0d57d9f12 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -413,9 +413,6 @@ async applyAppUpdate(appId: string, grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions)
 async appsUpdatePermissions(appId: string, grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions) : Promise<null> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_update_permissions", { appId, grantedPermissions });
 },
-async appsMarkStorageMayContainSecrets(appId: string) : Promise<null> {
-    return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_mark_storage_may_contain_secrets", { appId });
-},
 async appsClearRuntimeBrowsingData(appId: string) : Promise<null> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data", { appId });
 },
@@ -2259,11 +2256,11 @@ export type SageApp = ({ kind: "system" } & SystemSageApp) | ({ kind: "user" } &
 export type SageAppAuthor = { name: string; avatar: string | null }
 export type SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView = { key: string; label: string; description: string; flags: SageAppCapabilityFlagsView }
 export type SageAppCapabilityFlagsView = { externallyObservable: boolean; accessesSensitiveSecret: boolean; requestableByApp: boolean; userGrantable: boolean }
-export type SageAppCommon = { id: string; originId: string; name: string; version: string; appDir: string; entryFile: string; iconFile: string; requestedPermissions: SageRequestedPermissions; grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions; capabilityFlags: SageAppFlags; storage: InstalledSageAppStorage; activeSnapshot: SageAppSnapshot }
+export type SageAppCommon = { id: string; originId: string; name: string; version: string; appDir: string; entryFile: string; iconFile: string | null; requestedPermissions: SageRequestedPermissions; grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions; capabilityFlags: SageAppFlags; storage: InstalledSageAppStorage; activeSnapshot: SageAppSnapshot }
 export type SageAppDonation = { address: string }
 export type SageAppFlags = { hasSecretAccess: boolean; hasExternalAccess: boolean; storageMayContainSecrets: boolean; isolated: boolean }
 export type SageAppManifestFile = { path: string; sha256: string; size: number }
-export type SageAppPackageManifest = { name: string; version: string; permissions: SageRequestedPermissions; files: SageAppManifestFile[]; entry: string | null; icon: string | null; author: SageAppAuthor | null; donation: SageAppDonation | null }
+export type SageAppPackageManifest = { name: string; version: string; permissions: SageRequestedPermissions; files: SageAppManifestFile[]; total_bytes: number; entry: string | null; icon: string | null; author: SageAppAuthor | null; donation: SageAppDonation | null }
 export type SageAppRuntimeKind = "user" | "system"
 export type SageAppRuntimeRecord = { runtimeId: string; appId: string; appName: string; entrySrc: string; webviewLabel: string; hostWindowLabel: string; runtimeKind: SageAppRuntimeKind; mode: string; state: string; startedAt: number; lastActiveAt: number; visible: boolean; internal: boolean }
 export type SageAppSnapshot = { manifestHash: string; snapshotDir: string; totalBytes: number; manifest: SageAppPackageManifest }

From ac5c589f83601ac4007576ee662930a5c117260d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Tue, 28 Apr 2026 04:04:42 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 238/471] Refactor: centralize `builtin_apps_root` logic and
 adjust system apps handling

- Moved `builtin_apps_root` into the `utils` module for consistency and reusability.
- Updated references across `system_apps`, `sandbox`, and `build` modules.
- Simplified file path resolution and validation for system apps manifest and directories.
- Improved error messages related to builtin system app handling.
- Adjusted `sage-manifest.json` to correctly reference the public icon path.
---
 .../apps/task-manager/sage-manifest.json      |  2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/build/builtin_apps.rs    | 31 +++++++++++++++++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/build/system_apps.rs     |  9 ++----
 crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs                   |  2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs  |  7 +----
 .../{system_apps/mod.rs => system_apps.rs}    |  7 +----
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs      |  6 ++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/utils.rs                 | 13 ++++++++
 8 files changed, 50 insertions(+), 27 deletions(-)
 rename crates/sage-apps/src/{system_apps/mod.rs => system_apps.rs} (96%)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/sage-manifest.json b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/sage-manifest.json
index 3b02a4fd2..c9ad368f7 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/sage-manifest.json
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/sage-manifest.json
@@ -15,5 +15,5 @@
   },
   "files": [],
   "entry": "index.html",
-  "icon": "icon.svg"
+  "icon": "public/icon.svg"
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/builtin_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/builtin_apps.rs
index fb5c56a89..a32dbfd14 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/builtin_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/builtin_apps.rs
@@ -3,6 +3,14 @@ use sha2::Digest;
 use std::fs;
 use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
 
+const SAGE_BUILTIN_APPS_DIST_ENV: &str = "SAGE_BUILTIN_APPS_DIST";
+
+const SAGE_RUNTIME_METADATA_FILES: &[&str] = &[
+    ".sage-installed.json",
+    ".sage-pending-storage-cleanup.json",
+    ".sage-retired-app-origins.json",
+];
+
 pub fn build_builtin_apps() -> Result<(), String> {
     let manifest_dir = PathBuf::from(env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR"));
     let builtin_root = manifest_dir.join("builtin-apps");
@@ -11,8 +19,15 @@ pub fn build_builtin_apps() -> Result<(), String> {
     let runtime_src_dir = builtin_root.join("runtime-apps-src");
     let system_apps_workspace_dir = builtin_root.join("system-apps-src");
     let system_apps_src_dir = system_apps_workspace_dir.join("apps");
-
-    let dist_root = builtin_root.join("dist");
+    
+    let workspace_root = manifest_dir
+        .parent()
+        .and_then(|p| p.parent())
+        .ok_or_else(|| "crates/sage-apps should have workspace root above it".to_string())?;
+    let dist_root = workspace_root
+        .join("target")
+        .join("sage-builtin-apps")
+        .join("dist");
     let test_out_dir = dist_root.join("test-apps");
     let runtime_out_dir = dist_root.join("runtime-apps");
     let system_out_dir = dist_root.join("system-apps");
@@ -41,6 +56,16 @@ pub fn build_builtin_apps() -> Result<(), String> {
     println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed={}", user_sdk_dist.display());
     println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed={}", system_sdk_dist.display());
 
+    println!(
+        "cargo:rustc-env={SAGE_BUILTIN_APPS_DIST_ENV}={}",
+        dist_root.display()
+    );
+
+    if dist_root.exists() {
+        fs::remove_dir_all(&dist_root)
+            .map_err(|err| format!("failed to remove {}: {err}", dist_root.display()))?;
+    }
+
     fs::create_dir_all(&test_out_dir)
         .map_err(|err| format!("failed to create {}: {err}", test_out_dir.display()))?;
     fs::create_dir_all(&runtime_out_dir)
@@ -138,7 +163,7 @@ fn collect_manifest_files(
             .to_string_lossy()
             .replace('\\', "/");
 
-        if rel == "sage-manifest.json" {
+        if rel == "sage-manifest.json" || SAGE_RUNTIME_METADATA_FILES.contains(&rel.as_str()) {
             continue;
         }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/system_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/system_apps.rs
index c18b9cde2..dedbda5a8 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/system_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/system_apps.rs
@@ -20,15 +20,10 @@ pub fn build_system_apps(
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
     for system_app in SYSTEM_BUILD_PLAN {
         let app_src_dir = system_apps_src_dir.join(system_app.app_dir_name);
-        let built_dir = system_out_dir.join(system_app.out_dir_name);
         let manifest_src = app_src_dir.join("sage-manifest.json");
+        let out_dir = system_out_dir.join(system_app.out_dir_name);
 
-        finalize_prebuilt_app(
-            &built_dir,
-            &manifest_src,
-            &system_out_dir.join(system_app.out_dir_name),
-            system_sdk_dist,
-        )?;
+        finalize_prebuilt_app(&app_src_dir, &manifest_src, &out_dir, system_sdk_dist)?;
     }
 
     Ok(())
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
index 7047a68c3..9b64d04d1 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
@@ -8,9 +8,9 @@ pub mod sandbox;
 pub mod security;
 pub mod state;
 pub mod storage;
-pub mod system_apps;
 pub mod types;
 pub mod utils;
+pub mod system_apps;
 
 pub use security::{handle_system_app_protocol_request, handle_user_app_protocol_request};
 pub use state::AppsHostState;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
index 4dcd49718..5b4580af7 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ use crate::types::{
     InstalledSageAppStorage, SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot,
     SageGrantedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
 };
+use crate::utils::builtin_apps_root;
 
 macro_rules! sandbox_test_id_prefix {
     () => {
@@ -72,12 +73,6 @@ pub fn builtin_test_app_spec(app_id: &str) -> Option<&'static BuiltinTestAppSpec
     BUILTIN_TEST_APPS.iter().find(|spec| spec.app_id == app_id)
 }
 
-pub fn builtin_apps_root() -> PathBuf {
-    PathBuf::from(env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR"))
-        .join("builtin-apps")
-        .join("dist")
-}
-
 pub fn builtin_test_apps_root() -> PathBuf {
     builtin_apps_root().join("test-apps")
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
similarity index 96%
rename from crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps/mod.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
index 6929b8f7e..16266cf6f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ use crate::types::{
     InstalledSageAppStorage, SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot,
     SageGrantedPermissions, SageGrantedSystemPermissions, SystemAppPresentation, SystemSageApp,
 };
+use crate::utils::builtin_apps_root;
 
 pub const SYSTEM_APP_TASK_MANAGER_ID: &str = "task-manager";
 
@@ -42,12 +43,6 @@ pub fn builtin_system_app_spec(app_id: &str) -> Option<&'static BuiltinSystemApp
         .find(|spec| spec.app_id == app_id)
 }
 
-pub fn builtin_apps_root() -> PathBuf {
-    PathBuf::from(env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR"))
-        .join("builtin-apps")
-        .join("dist")
-}
-
 pub fn builtin_system_apps_root() -> PathBuf {
     builtin_apps_root().join("system-apps")
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
index 96f9ee517..23fe3daf0 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+use std::path::{PathBuf};
 
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
@@ -224,13 +224,13 @@ impl SageAppCommon {
     }
 
     pub fn entry_path(&self) -> PathBuf {
-        Path::new(&self.app_dir).join(&self.entry_file)
+        self.active_snapshot.file_path(&self.entry_file)
     }
 
     pub fn icon_path(&self) -> Option<PathBuf> {
         self.icon_file
             .as_ref()
-            .map(|icon_file| Path::new(&self.app_dir).join(icon_file))
+            .map(|icon_file| self.active_snapshot.file_path(icon_file))
     }
 
     fn validate_files_exist_internal(&self, label: &str) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/utils.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/utils.rs
index aff9f9b1c..9fd602817 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/utils.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/utils.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+use std::path::PathBuf;
 use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
 use std::time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};
 
@@ -36,3 +37,15 @@ pub fn slugify_app_name(name: &str) -> String {
         out
     }
 }
+
+pub fn builtin_apps_root() -> PathBuf {
+    let manifest_dir = PathBuf::from(env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR"));
+
+    manifest_dir
+        .parent()
+        .and_then(|path| path.parent())
+        .expect("crates/sage-apps should have workspace root above it")
+        .join("target")
+        .join("sage-builtin-apps")
+        .join("dist")
+}

From fad4cbfb8fb97a1eed88159a7127298ae356a253 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Tue, 28 Apr 2026 04:11:00 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 239/471] Refactor: centralize app update logic with
 `fetch_pending_update`

- Extracted common app update retrieval logic into `fetch_pending_update`.
- Simplified `check_app_update`, `update_app_pending_state`, and `apply_app_update` for better maintainability.
- Added `from_pending_update` constructor to `SageAppUrlPreview` for consistency.
---
 .../src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs          | 89 +++++++++----------
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/preview.rs     |  9 ++
 2 files changed, 53 insertions(+), 45 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
index 1bbd8c4f5..d03be0cf0 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
@@ -17,6 +17,35 @@ use crate::types::{
     UserSageAppSource,
 };
 
+async fn fetch_pending_update(app: &UserSageApp) -> Result<Option<UserSageAppPendingUpdate>> {
+    let (app_url, manifest_url) = match app.source() {
+        UserSageAppSource::Url {
+            app_url,
+            manifest_url,
+        } => (app_url.clone(), manifest_url.clone()),
+        UserSageAppSource::Zip => return Ok(None),
+    };
+
+    let preview = SageAppUrlPreview::new(app_url.clone())
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to preview app URL: {err}")))?;
+
+    let active_snapshot = app.common().active_snapshot();
+
+    if preview.manifest_hash() == active_snapshot.manifest_hash()
+        && preview.manifest() == active_snapshot.manifest()
+    {
+        return Ok(None);
+    }
+
+    Ok(Some(UserSageAppPendingUpdate::new(
+        app_url,
+        manifest_url,
+        preview.manifest_hash().to_string(),
+        preview.manifest().clone(),
+    )))
+}
+
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
 pub async fn check_app_update(
@@ -31,34 +60,19 @@ pub async fn check_app_update(
     let app = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id)
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to read installed app {app_id}: {err}")))?;
 
-    let app_url = match app.source() {
-        UserSageAppSource::Url { app_url, .. } => app_url.clone(),
-        UserSageAppSource::Zip => return Ok(None),
-    };
-
-    let preview = SageAppUrlPreview::new(app_url)
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to preview app URL: {err}")))?;
-
-    let active_snapshot = app.common().active_snapshot();
-
-    let same_manifest_hash = preview.manifest_hash() == active_snapshot.manifest_hash();
-    let same_manifest_content = preview.manifest() == active_snapshot.manifest();
-
-    if same_manifest_hash && same_manifest_content {
+    let Some(pending) = fetch_pending_update(&app).await? else {
         return Ok(None);
-    }
-
-    if let Some(pending) = app.pending_update() {
-        let same_pending_hash = pending.manifest_hash() == preview.manifest_hash();
-        let same_pending_manifest = pending.manifest() == preview.manifest();
+    };
 
-        if same_pending_hash && same_pending_manifest {
+    if let Some(existing_pending) = app.pending_update() {
+        if existing_pending.manifest_hash() == pending.manifest_hash()
+            && existing_pending.manifest() == pending.manifest()
+        {
             return Ok(None);
         }
     }
 
-    Ok(Some(preview))
+    Ok(Some(SageAppUrlPreview::from_pending_update(pending)))
 }
 
 #[command]
@@ -75,28 +89,11 @@ pub async fn download_app_update(
     let mut app = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id)
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to read installed app {app_id}: {err}")))?;
 
-    let (app_url, manifest_url) = match app.source() {
-        UserSageAppSource::Url {
-            app_url,
-            manifest_url,
-        } => (app_url.clone(), manifest_url.clone()),
-        UserSageAppSource::Zip => {
-            return Err(io::Error::other("zip apps do not support URL update download").into());
-        }
-    };
-
-    let Some(preview) = check_app_update(state, app_id.clone()).await? else {
+    let Some(pending) = fetch_pending_update(&app).await? else {
         return Ok(app);
     };
 
-    app.set_pending_update(Some(
-        UserSageAppPendingUpdate::new(
-            app_url,
-            manifest_url,
-            preview.manifest_hash().to_string(),
-            preview.manifest().clone(),
-        ),
-    ));
+    app.set_pending_update(Some(pending));
 
     let app_dir = PathBuf::from(app.common().app_dir());
     write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app_dir)
@@ -120,10 +117,12 @@ pub async fn apply_app_update(
     let mut app = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id)
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to read installed app {app_id}: {err}")))?;
 
-    let pending = app
-        .pending_update()
-        .cloned()
-        .ok_or_else(|| io::Error::other(format!("app {app_id} has no pending update")))?;
+    let pending = match app.pending_update().cloned() {
+        Some(pending) => pending,
+        None => fetch_pending_update(&app)
+            .await?
+            .ok_or_else(|| io::Error::other(format!("app {app_id} has no available update")))?,
+    };
 
     let app_dir = PathBuf::from(app.common().app_dir());
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/preview.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/preview.rs
index 60b772c4f..eaceac51e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/preview.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/preview.rs
@@ -69,6 +69,15 @@ impl SageAppUrlPreview {
         })
     }
 
+    pub fn from_pending_update(pending: UserSageAppPendingUpdate) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            app_url: pending.app_url().to_string(),
+            manifest_url: pending.manifest_url().to_string(),
+            manifest_hash: pending.manifest_hash().to_string(),
+            manifest: pending.manifest().clone(),
+        }
+    }
+
     pub fn app_url(&self) -> &str {
         &self.app_url
     }

From a8e41d9912b583a7bcbcfe41614711c610b3c311 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Tue, 28 Apr 2026 05:08:09 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 240/471] Refactor: centralize app icon logic with
 `AppIconContent` and `AppIcon` components

- Extracted icon rendering logic into reusable `AppIconContent` and `AppIcon` components.
- Replaced inline logic for app icons across multiple files (`AppTaskBar`, `InstallDialog`, `AppTile`, etc.) to improve consistency.
- Adjusted `InstallSource` type export for shared use.
- Simplified icon URL resolution and fallback logic for better maintainability.
---
 src/components/apps/AppIcon.tsx               | 38 ++++++++++
 src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx            | 15 +---
 src/components/apps/AppTile.tsx               |  8 +-
 src/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx        |  2 +-
 .../apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx        | 75 +++++--------------
 src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx                   |  8 +-
 6 files changed, 69 insertions(+), 77 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/components/apps/AppIcon.tsx

diff --git a/src/components/apps/AppIcon.tsx b/src/components/apps/AppIcon.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c20d6dfa6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/components/apps/AppIcon.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+import { ListedSageApp } from '@/bindings.ts';
+
+export function AppIconContent({
+  name,
+  iconUrl,
+}: {
+  name: string;
+  iconUrl: string | null;
+}) {
+  if (iconUrl) {
+    return <img src={iconUrl} alt='' />;
+  }
+
+  return <>{name.trim().charAt(0).toUpperCase() || 'A'}</>;
+}
+
+export function AppIcon({ app }: { app: ListedSageApp }) {
+  const name = app.kind === 'corrupted' ? app.id : app.common.name;
+
+  const iconUrl =
+    app.kind === 'corrupted' || !app.common.iconFile
+      ? null
+      : app.kind === 'system'
+        ? `sage-system-app://${app.common.originId}/${app.common.iconFile}`
+        : `sage-app://${app.common.originId}/${app.common.iconFile}`;
+
+  return <AppIconContent name={name} iconUrl={iconUrl} />;
+}
+
+export function InstallAppIcon({
+  name,
+  iconUrl,
+}: {
+  name: string;
+  iconUrl: string | null;
+}) {
+  return <AppIconContent name={name} iconUrl={iconUrl} />;
+}
diff --git a/src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx b/src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx
index b894a2a62..7cc42ef8d 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button.tsx';
 import { Blocks, X } from 'lucide-react';
 import clsx from 'clsx';
 import { useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react';
+import { AppIconContent } from '@/components/apps/AppIcon.tsx';
 
 export interface AppTaskBarTab {
   appId: string;
@@ -310,17 +311,9 @@ export function AppTaskBar({
                       : 'bg-muted text-muted-foreground hover:bg-muted/80',
                   )}
                 >
-                  {tab.iconSrc ? (
-                    <img
-                      src={tab.iconSrc}
-                      alt=''
-                      className='h-4 w-4 shrink-0 rounded-sm'
-                    />
-                  ) : (
-                    <div className='flex h-4 w-4 shrink-0 items-center justify-center rounded-sm bg-border text-[10px] font-semibold'>
-                      {tab.name.slice(0, 1).toUpperCase()}
-                    </div>
-                  )}
+                  <div className='flex h-4 w-4 shrink-0 items-center justify-center overflow-hidden rounded-sm'>
+                    <AppIconContent name={tab.name} iconUrl={tab.iconSrc} />
+                  </div>
 
                   <span className='min-w-0 flex-1 truncate text-sm font-medium'>
                     {tab.name}
diff --git a/src/components/apps/AppTile.tsx b/src/components/apps/AppTile.tsx
index 0633409b8..35bcccbce 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/AppTile.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/AppTile.tsx
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import type { SageApp } from '@/bindings';
 import type { SandboxLaunchDecision } from '@/lib/apps/sandboxPolicy';
+import { AppIcon } from '@/components/apps/AppIcon.tsx';
 
 interface Props {
   app: SageApp;
@@ -9,11 +10,6 @@ interface Props {
 }
 
 export function AppTile({ app, launchDecision, onOpen, onContextMenu }: Props) {
-  const iconSrc =
-    app.kind === 'system'
-      ? `sage-system-app://${app.common.originId}/${app.common.iconFile}`
-      : `sage-app://${app.common.originId}/${app.common.iconFile}`;
-
   const isChecking =
     !launchDecision.allowed &&
     launchDecision.title === 'Sandbox tests are still running';
@@ -46,7 +42,7 @@ export function AppTile({ app, launchDecision, onOpen, onContextMenu }: Props) {
       ) : null}
 
       <div className='flex h-20 w-20 items-center justify-center overflow-hidden rounded-2xl border bg-background shadow-sm'>
-        <img src={iconSrc} alt='' className='h-full w-full object-cover' />
+        <AppIcon app={app} />
       </div>
 
       <div className='min-w-0 w-full'>
diff --git a/src/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx b/src/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx
index 138361c76..1223738f9 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ interface Props {
   ) => Promise<void>;
 }
 
-type InstallSource =
+export type InstallSource =
   | {
       kind: 'zip';
       zipPath: string;
diff --git a/src/components/apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx b/src/components/apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx
index bc404cfc8..5893254a3 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 import type {
   SageAppPackageManifest,
-  SageAppUrlPreview,
   SageGrantedPermissions,
   UserSageApp,
 } from '@/bindings';
@@ -14,18 +13,8 @@ import {
 } from '@/components/ui/dialog';
 import { PermissionsEditor } from '@/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor';
 import { Globe, Package } from 'lucide-react';
-
-type InstallSource =
-  | {
-      kind: 'zip';
-      zipPath: string;
-      manifest: SageAppPackageManifest;
-    }
-  | {
-      kind: 'url';
-      appUrl: string;
-      preview: SageAppUrlPreview;
-    };
+import { InstallSource } from '@/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx';
+import { AppIconContent } from '@/components/apps/AppIcon.tsx';
 
 interface Props {
   source: InstallSource | null;
@@ -108,57 +97,32 @@ function resolveInstallIconUrl(
   source: InstallSource,
   manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
 ): string | null {
-  const candidates: string[] = [];
-
-  if (manifest.icon) {
-    candidates.push(manifest.icon);
-  }
-
-  candidates.push('icon.png');
+  if (source.kind !== 'url') return null;
+  if (!manifest.icon) return null;
 
-  const existing = candidates.find((candidate) =>
-    manifest.files.some((file) => file.path === candidate),
-  );
-
-  if (!existing) {
+  try {
+    return new URL(manifest.icon, source.preview.appUrl).toString();
+  } catch {
     return null;
   }
-
-  if (source.kind !== 'url') {
-    return null;
-  }
-
-  const bases = [source.preview.appUrl, source.preview.manifestUrl];
-
-  for (const base of bases) {
-    try {
-      return new URL(existing, base).toString();
-    } catch {
-      //
-    }
-  }
-
-  return null;
 }
-
 function computeManifestSize(manifest: SageAppPackageManifest): number {
   return manifest.files.reduce((sum, f) => sum + (f.size ?? 0), 0);
 }
 
-function AppIcon({ name, iconUrl }: { name: string; iconUrl: string | null }) {
-  const initial = name.trim().charAt(0).toUpperCase() || 'A';
-
-  if (iconUrl) {
-    return (
-      <div className='h-16 w-16 overflow-hidden rounded-2xl border bg-background shadow-sm'>
-        <img src={iconUrl} alt='' className='h-full w-full object-cover' />
-      </div>
-    );
-  }
-
+function InstallAppIcon({
+  source,
+  manifest,
+}: {
+  source: InstallSource;
+  manifest: SageAppPackageManifest;
+}) {
   return (
     <div className='flex h-16 w-16 items-center justify-center rounded-2xl border bg-muted/30 text-lg font-semibold shadow-sm'>
-      {initial}
+      <AppIconContent
+        name={manifest.name}
+        iconUrl={resolveInstallIconUrl(source, manifest)}
+      />
     </div>
   );
 }
@@ -170,13 +134,12 @@ function InstallAppSummary({
   source: InstallSource;
   manifest: SageAppPackageManifest;
 }) {
-  const iconUrl = resolveInstallIconUrl(source, manifest);
   const previewSizeBytes = computeManifestSize(manifest);
 
   return (
     <div className='rounded-2xl border bg-muted/20 p-4'>
       <div className='flex items-start gap-4'>
-        <AppIcon name={manifest.name} iconUrl={iconUrl} />
+        <InstallAppIcon source={source} manifest={manifest} />
 
         <div className='min-w-0 flex-1'>
           <div className='flex flex-wrap items-center gap-2'>
diff --git a/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx b/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
index 5a632ae15..ec5d0b1c4 100644
--- a/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
@@ -119,9 +119,11 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
       }
 
       const iconSrc =
-        installedApp.kind === 'system'
-          ? `sage-system-app://${installedApp.common.originId}/${installedApp.common.iconFile}`
-          : `sage-app://${installedApp.common.originId}/${installedApp.common.iconFile}`;
+        installedApp.common.iconFile == null
+          ? null
+          : installedApp.kind === 'system'
+            ? `sage-system-app://${installedApp.common.originId}/${installedApp.common.iconFile}`
+            : `sage-app://${installedApp.common.originId}/${installedApp.common.iconFile}`;
 
       out.push({
         appId: runtime.appId,

From b45f31b18c7915ab38889060e2ab16b9a0cd7db9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Tue, 28 Apr 2026 05:13:33 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 241/471] Simplify task-manager build output directory path in
 `vite.config.ts`

---
 .../system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/vite.config.ts            | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/vite.config.ts b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/vite.config.ts
index 06d0db5a2..bb13f67a5 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/vite.config.ts
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/vite.config.ts
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ export default defineConfig({
   plugins: [react()],
   publicDir: resolve(__dirname, 'public'),
   build: {
-    outDir: resolve(__dirname, '../../../dist/system-apps/task-manager'),
+    outDir: resolve(__dirname, 'dist'),
     emptyOutDir: true,
     rollupOptions: {
       input: resolve(__dirname, 'index.html'),

From 47dc52bd4e118ea8c5c8a4e24bf758ad0549758b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Tue, 28 Apr 2026 05:24:10 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 242/471] Clippy

---
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs         |  2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs    |  2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/snapshot.rs        |  6 +++---
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs | 13 ++++++-------
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs             |  8 ++++----
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs        |  3 ++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs              |  4 ++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs      |  2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/flags.rs           | 10 +++++-----
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/preview.rs         |  2 +-
 10 files changed, 26 insertions(+), 26 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs
index 1843a4a97..725b0624d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn emit_bridge_event_to_app_id(
         return Ok(());
     };
 
-    get_webview_in_sage_window(app, &runtime.webview_label())?
+    get_webview_in_sage_window(app, runtime.webview_label())?
         .emit(&event_event_for_runtime_kind(runtime.runtime_kind()), event)
         .map_err(|err| format!("failed to emit bridge event: {err}"))
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs
index 69f7fa6fe..2b96ec64c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ pub fn list_installed_apps_internal(root: &Path) -> AnyResult<Vec<ListedSageApp>
         }
     }
 
-    apps.sort_by(|a, b| listed_app_sort_key(a).cmp(&listed_app_sort_key(b)));
+    apps.sort_by_key(listed_app_sort_key);
 
     Ok(apps)
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/snapshot.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/snapshot.rs
index 3ddaabec5..683529637 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/snapshot.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/snapshot.rs
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ pub async fn download_url_snapshot(
         .with_context(|| format!("failed to create snapshot dir {}", snapshot_dir.display()))?;
 
     for file in manifest.files() {
-        let url = join_app_url(app_url, &file.path())?;
+        let url = join_app_url(app_url, file.path())?;
         let bytes = download_bytes(&url).await?;
 
         let actual_hash = bytes_sha256_hex(&bytes);
@@ -111,9 +111,9 @@ pub async fn download_url_snapshot(
         write_file(&output_path, &bytes)?;
     }
 
-    Ok(SageAppSnapshot::new(
+    SageAppSnapshot::new(
         manifest_hash.to_string(),
         snapshot_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
         manifest.clone(),
-    )?)
+    )
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
index d03be0cf0..7027b6584 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
@@ -64,15 +64,14 @@ pub async fn check_app_update(
         return Ok(None);
     };
 
-    if let Some(existing_pending) = app.pending_update() {
-        if existing_pending.manifest_hash() == pending.manifest_hash()
-            && existing_pending.manifest() == pending.manifest()
-        {
-            return Ok(None);
-        }
+    if let Some(existing_pending) = app.pending_update()
+        && existing_pending.manifest_hash() == pending.manifest_hash()
+        && existing_pending.manifest() == pending.manifest()
+    {
+        return Ok(None);
     }
 
-    Ok(Some(SageAppUrlPreview::from_pending_update(pending)))
+    Ok(Some(SageAppUrlPreview::from_pending_update(&pending)))
 }
 
 #[command]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
index 77f4c1291..b5e5d8df3 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
@@ -254,11 +254,11 @@ fn debug_layout_for_app(app_id: &str) -> (f64, f64, f64, f64) {
     let origin_x = 40.0;
     let origin_y = 40.0;
 
-    let col = slot % cols;
-    let row = slot / cols;
+    let col = u32::try_from(slot % cols).expect("debug layout column should fit u32");
+    let row = u32::try_from(slot / cols).expect("debug layout row should fit u32");
 
-    let x = origin_x + (col as f64) * (cell_w + margin_x);
-    let y = origin_y + (row as f64) * (cell_h + margin_y);
+    let x = origin_x + f64::from(col) * (cell_w + margin_x);
+    let y = origin_y + f64::from(row) * (cell_h + margin_y);
 
     (x, y, cell_w, cell_h)
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
index 650386cb3..f0cb22757 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+use std::cmp::Reverse;
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::runtime::state::types::SageAppRuntimeRecord;
 use tauri::State;
@@ -64,7 +65,7 @@ pub async fn list_runtimes(
     };
 
     records.retain(|record| !record.internal());
-    records.sort_by(|a, b| b.started_at().cmp(&a.started_at()));
+    records.sort_by_key(|record| Reverse(record.started_at()));
 
     Ok(records)
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs
index 9a9d18554..a7644c442 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ pub async fn close_runtime_internal_with_reason(
 
     let _ = wait_for_before_stop_ack(app, apps_state, &runtime, reason).await;
 
-    if let Some(webview) = find_webview_in_sage_window(app, &runtime.webview_label()) {
+    if let Some(webview) = find_webview_in_sage_window(app, runtime.webview_label()) {
         let _ = webview.close();
     }
 
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ async fn wait_for_before_stop_ack(
     if !has_listener {
         return Ok(());
     }
-    let Some(app_webview) = find_webview_in_sage_window(app, &runtime.webview_label()) else {
+    let Some(app_webview) = find_webview_in_sage_window(app, runtime.webview_label()) else {
         return Ok(());
     };
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
index 5b4580af7..f8aee1338 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ pub fn build_builtin_test_app(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<SageApp>> {
         snapshot,
     )?;
 
-    let entry_file = app_dir.join(&common.entry_file());
+    let entry_file = app_dir.join(common.entry_file());
     if !entry_file.is_file() {
         return Err(anyhow!(
             "builtin test app entry file does not exist: {}",
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/flags.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/flags.rs
index 1df84411f..2393bf6ee 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/flags.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/flags.rs
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ impl SageAppFlags {
         Self::new(
             granted_capability_flags.accesses_sensitive_secret(),
             granted_capability_flags.externally_observable(),
-            previous_flags.is_some_and(Self::storage_may_contain_secrets),
+            previous_flags.is_some_and(|f| f.storage_may_contain_secrets()),
         )
     }
 
@@ -55,19 +55,19 @@ impl SageAppFlags {
         self.isolated = true;
     }
 
-    pub fn has_secret_access(&self) -> bool {
+    pub fn has_secret_access(self) -> bool {
         self.has_secret_access
     }
 
-    pub fn has_external_access(&self) -> bool {
+    pub fn has_external_access(self) -> bool {
         self.has_external_access
     }
 
-    pub fn storage_may_contain_secrets(&self) -> bool {
+    pub fn storage_may_contain_secrets(self) -> bool {
         self.storage_may_contain_secrets
     }
 
-    pub fn isolated(&self) -> bool {
+    pub fn isolated(self) -> bool {
         self.isolated
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/preview.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/preview.rs
index eaceac51e..fa835609f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/preview.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/preview.rs
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ impl SageAppUrlPreview {
         })
     }
 
-    pub fn from_pending_update(pending: UserSageAppPendingUpdate) -> Self {
+    pub fn from_pending_update(pending: &UserSageAppPendingUpdate) -> Self {
         Self {
             app_url: pending.app_url().to_string(),
             manifest_url: pending.manifest_url().to_string(),

From 66bf17a25abf063d06918936ac002a9ae498f341 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Tue, 28 Apr 2026 05:29:17 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 243/471] Move capabilities

---
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs               | 2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/capabilities.rs                 | 4 ++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs                     | 2 +-
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs | 2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs                          | 2 +-
 .../src/{permissions => }/capabilities/definitions.rs       | 2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/{permissions => }/capabilities/mod.rs  | 0
 .../sage-apps/src/{permissions => }/capabilities/types.rs   | 2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs                                 | 2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs        | 2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/mod.rs                     | 6 ------
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/flags.rs                     | 2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs                   | 2 +-
 13 files changed, 12 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)
 rename crates/sage-apps/src/{permissions => }/capabilities/definitions.rs (99%)
 rename crates/sage-apps/src/{permissions => }/capabilities/mod.rs (100%)
 rename crates/sage-apps/src/{permissions => }/capabilities/types.rs (97%)
 delete mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/mod.rs

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
index 103d569be..42e485496 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ use crate::bridge::{
     RustBridgeResponse, response_channel_for_runtime_kind,
 };
 use crate::host::AppState;
-use crate::permissions::{get_system_capability_definition, get_user_capability_definition};
+use crate::capabilities::{get_system_capability_definition, get_user_capability_definition};
 use crate::runtime::state::types::SageAppRuntimeKind;
 use crate::runtime::webview_locator::get_sage_webview;
 use crate::runtime::{assert_bridge_origin, resolve_app};
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/capabilities.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/capabilities.rs
index ee8e6edc5..4eae60de8 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/capabilities.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/capabilities.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::permissions::get_user_capability_definition;
+use crate::capabilities::get_user_capability_definition;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 use std::collections::BTreeSet;
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ where
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use crate::bridge::capabilities::{SharedCapabilitiesExt, UserBridgeCapability};
-    use crate::permissions::user_registry;
+    use crate::capabilities::user_registry;
 
     fn first_shared_capability() -> UserBridgeCapability {
         user_registry()
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
index 033c91db2..436763cb6 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use crate::bridge::{
     response_channel_for_runtime_kind,
 };
 use crate::host::AppState;
-use crate::permissions::{user_registry};
+use crate::capabilities::{user_registry};
 use crate::runtime::state::types::SageAppRuntimeKind;
 use crate::runtime::{assert_bridge_origin, resolve_app};
 use crate::types::SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
index 94cabc7a9..0f062e44e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ use crate::bridge::types::RustBridgeApprovalBody;
 use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest};
 use crate::lifecycle::update::permissions::grant_requested_capability_internal;
 use crate::lifecycle::update::types::GrantCapabilityOutcome;
-use crate::permissions::{get_user_capability_definition};
+use crate::capabilities::{get_user_capability_definition};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct AppRequestCapabilityGrant;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs
index a95b99c11..ecb11e50d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use crate::bridge::capabilities::{
 };
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodCapability;
 use crate::bridge::registry::{BridgeRegistry, BridgeRegistryKind};
-use crate::permissions::{
+use crate::capabilities::{
     get_system_capability_definition, get_user_capability_definition,
 };
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/definitions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/definitions.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs
index 6438b1e97..a894b4aa8 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/definitions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::{SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
-use crate::permissions::capabilities::types::{
+use crate::capabilities::types::{
     CapabilityDefinition, CapabilityFlags, SystemCapabilityDefinition, UserCapabilityDefinition,
 };
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/mod.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/mod.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/mod.rs
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/types.rs
similarity index 97%
rename from crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/types.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/types.rs
index e24bbf47a..6c48f3b3e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/capabilities/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/types.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::{SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
-use crate::permissions::capabilities::definitions::get_user_capability_definition;
+use crate::capabilities::definitions::get_user_capability_definition;
 
 #[allow(clippy::struct_excessive_bools)]
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
index 9b64d04d1..1d493318c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ pub mod bridge;
 pub mod build;
 pub mod host;
 pub mod lifecycle;
-pub mod permissions;
 pub mod runtime;
 pub mod sandbox;
 pub mod security;
@@ -11,6 +10,7 @@ pub mod storage;
 pub mod types;
 pub mod utils;
 pub mod system_apps;
+mod capabilities;
 
 pub use security::{handle_system_app_protocol_request, handle_user_app_protocol_request};
 pub use state::AppsHostState;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
index e32466074..72ec77a15 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use crate::lifecycle::update::types::{
     GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange,
 };
 use crate::lifecycle::{read_installed_app_by_id, write_installed_app_metadata};
-use crate::permissions::get_user_capability_definition;
+use crate::capabilities::get_user_capability_definition;
 use crate::types::{SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, UserSageApp};
 
 pub fn update_app_permissions(
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/mod.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 139874f74..000000000
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/permissions/mod.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-mod capabilities;
-
-pub(crate) use capabilities::{
-    CapabilityFlags, CapabilityDefinition,
-    get_system_capability_definition, get_user_capability_definition, user_registry,
-};
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/flags.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/flags.rs
index 2393bf6ee..2c0f49fb9 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/flags.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/flags.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
-use crate::permissions::CapabilityFlags;
+use crate::capabilities::CapabilityFlags;
 
 #[allow(clippy::struct_excessive_bools)]
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default)]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs
index e46216a0c..02aa1a25c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use std::collections::BTreeSet;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::{SharedCapabilitiesExt, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
-use crate::permissions::{get_user_capability_definition, CapabilityDefinition, CapabilityFlags};
+use crate::capabilities::{get_user_capability_definition, CapabilityDefinition, CapabilityFlags};
 use crate::types::network::{SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]

From b0f6bbe1d9d30bfa28bb59fef789917fc7b8f8ce Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Tue, 28 Apr 2026 05:43:50 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 244/471] Invariants and fmt

---
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs |  24 +++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/capabilities.rs   |   6 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs       |  14 +-
 .../methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs      |   6 +-
 .../user/app/request_capability_grant.rs      |   2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/build/builtin_apps.rs    |   2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs            |  36 ++---
 crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/mod.rs      |   5 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs                   |   4 +-
 .../src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs         |   5 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs |  21 +--
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs |  35 +++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs |  22 +--
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs    |  51 +++----
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs     |   2 +-
 .../sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs   |  30 ++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs     |  25 ++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs   |   4 +-
 .../src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs          |  12 +-
 .../src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs       |  66 ++++-----
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs         |  40 +++---
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs    |   5 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs   |  11 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs  |  12 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs          |   6 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs           |   9 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/author.rs      |   5 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs      |  66 +++------
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/flags.rs       |  19 ++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/mod.rs         |   2 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/preview.rs     |   3 +-
 .../sage-apps/src/types/app/retired_origin.rs |  11 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants.rs      | 136 ++++++++++++++++++
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/manifest.rs        |  92 ++----------
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs             |  30 ++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/normalizers.rs     |   4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs     |  41 ++++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/storage.rs         |  20 ++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/utils.rs                 |   2 +-
 src-tauri/src/lib.rs                          |   8 +-
 40 files changed, 482 insertions(+), 412 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants.rs

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
index 42e485496..9a284dc26 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@ use crate::bridge::{
     RustBridgeApprovalEvent, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeInvokeResult, RustBridgeRequest,
     RustBridgeResponse, response_channel_for_runtime_kind,
 };
-use crate::host::AppState;
 use crate::capabilities::{get_system_capability_definition, get_user_capability_definition};
+use crate::host::AppState;
 use crate::runtime::state::types::SageAppRuntimeKind;
 use crate::runtime::webview_locator::get_sage_webview;
 use crate::runtime::{assert_bridge_origin, resolve_app};
@@ -175,13 +175,23 @@ fn verify_capability(
         BridgeCapability::User(capability) => {
             let definition = get_user_capability_definition(capability);
 
-            verify_user_capability(app, request, capability, definition.flags().shared_with_app())
+            verify_user_capability(
+                app,
+                request,
+                capability,
+                definition.flags().shared_with_app(),
+            )
         }
 
         BridgeCapability::System(capability) => {
             let definition = get_system_capability_definition(capability);
 
-            verify_system_capability(app, request, capability, definition.flags().shared_with_app())
+            verify_system_capability(
+                app,
+                request,
+                capability,
+                definition.flags().shared_with_app(),
+            )
         }
     }
 }
@@ -206,7 +216,13 @@ fn verify_user_capability(
             .common()
             .requested_permissions()
             .capabilities()
-            .resolve_effective_grants(user_app.common().granted_permissions().capabilities().copied())
+            .resolve_effective_grants(
+                user_app
+                    .common()
+                    .granted_permissions()
+                    .capabilities()
+                    .copied(),
+            )
             .map_err(|err| {
                 RustBridgeResponse::error(
                     &request.channel,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/capabilities.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/capabilities.rs
index 4eae60de8..602cf1bb4 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/capabilities.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/capabilities.rs
@@ -116,7 +116,11 @@ where
 {
     fn shared(self) -> Vec<UserBridgeCapability> {
         self.into_iter()
-            .filter(|cap| get_user_capability_definition(*cap).flags().shared_with_app())
+            .filter(|cap| {
+                get_user_capability_definition(*cap)
+                    .flags()
+                    .shared_with_app()
+            })
             .collect::<BTreeSet<_>>()
             .into_iter()
             .collect()
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
index 436763cb6..672f90457 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ use crate::bridge::{
     ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs, RustBridgeInvokeResult, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse,
     response_channel_for_runtime_kind,
 };
+use crate::capabilities::user_registry;
 use crate::host::AppState;
-use crate::capabilities::{user_registry};
 use crate::runtime::state::types::SageAppRuntimeKind;
 use crate::runtime::{assert_bridge_origin, resolve_app};
 use crate::types::SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView;
@@ -46,8 +46,7 @@ pub async fn apps_resolve_bridge_approval(
     let pending = get_pending_approval(&apps_state, &args.approval_id).await?;
     remove_pending_approval(&apps_state, &args.approval_id).await;
 
-    let (app_id, runtime_kind) =
-        assert_bridge_origin(&app, &pending.app_webview_label)?;
+    let (app_id, runtime_kind) = assert_bridge_origin(&app, &pending.app_webview_label)?;
     let app_model = resolve_app(&app, &app_id)?;
 
     let response = if args.approved {
@@ -75,11 +74,6 @@ pub async fn apps_resolve_bridge_approval(
 
 #[tauri::command]
 #[specta::specta]
-pub fn get_user_capability_definitions()
--> Result<Vec<SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView>, String> {
-    Ok(user_registry()
-        .values()
-        .copied()
-        .map(Into::into)
-        .collect())
+pub fn get_user_capability_definitions() -> Result<Vec<SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView>, String> {
+    Ok(user_registry().values().copied().map(Into::into).collect())
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs
index f4e0572c1..5d6fcf1f1 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs
@@ -41,7 +41,11 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppGetCapabilities {
                 .requested_permissions()
                 .capabilities()
                 .resolve_effective_grants(
-                    user_app.common().granted_permissions().capabilities().copied(),
+                    user_app
+                        .common()
+                        .granted_permissions()
+                        .capabilities()
+                        .copied(),
                 )
                 .unwrap_or_default(),
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
index 0f062e44e..0e963f526 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
@@ -13,9 +13,9 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::resolve_app_base_path;
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::bridge::types::RustBridgeApprovalBody;
 use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest};
+use crate::capabilities::get_user_capability_definition;
 use crate::lifecycle::update::permissions::grant_requested_capability_internal;
 use crate::lifecycle::update::types::GrantCapabilityOutcome;
-use crate::capabilities::{get_user_capability_definition};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct AppRequestCapabilityGrant;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/builtin_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/builtin_apps.rs
index a32dbfd14..925a2a97e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/builtin_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/builtin_apps.rs
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ pub fn build_builtin_apps() -> Result<(), String> {
     let runtime_src_dir = builtin_root.join("runtime-apps-src");
     let system_apps_workspace_dir = builtin_root.join("system-apps-src");
     let system_apps_src_dir = system_apps_workspace_dir.join("apps");
-    
+
     let workspace_root = manifest_dir
         .parent()
         .and_then(|p| p.parent())
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs
index ecb11e50d..ea8f1519b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,10 @@
 use std::fmt::Write;
 use std::{fs, path::PathBuf};
 
-use crate::bridge::capabilities::{
-    BridgeCapability, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability,
-};
+use crate::bridge::capabilities::{BridgeCapability, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodCapability;
 use crate::bridge::registry::{BridgeRegistry, BridgeRegistryKind};
-use crate::capabilities::{
-    get_system_capability_definition, get_user_capability_definition,
-};
+use crate::capabilities::{get_system_capability_definition, get_user_capability_definition};
 
 fn workspace_root() -> PathBuf {
     PathBuf::from(env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR"))
@@ -32,11 +28,7 @@ fn write_if_changed(path: PathBuf, content: String) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
 }
 
 fn bool_cell(value: bool) -> &'static str {
-    if value {
-        "`true`"
-    } else {
-        "`false`"
-    }
+    if value { "`true`" } else { "`false`" }
 }
 
 fn bridge_capability_key(capability: BridgeCapability) -> &'static str {
@@ -73,35 +65,35 @@ pub fn user_capabilities_markdown() -> String {
             "| Requestable by app | {} |",
             bool_cell(definition.flags().requestable_by_app())
         )
-            .unwrap();
+        .unwrap();
 
         writeln!(
             out,
             "| User grantable | {} |",
             bool_cell(definition.flags().user_grantable())
         )
-            .unwrap();
+        .unwrap();
 
         writeln!(
             out,
             "| Shared with app | {} |",
             bool_cell(definition.flags().shared_with_app())
         )
-            .unwrap();
+        .unwrap();
 
         writeln!(
             out,
             "| Externally observable | {} |",
             bool_cell(definition.flags().externally_observable())
         )
-            .unwrap();
+        .unwrap();
 
         writeln!(
             out,
             "| Accesses sensitive secret | {} |\n",
             bool_cell(definition.flags().accesses_sensitive_secret())
         )
-            .unwrap();
+        .unwrap();
     }
 
     out
@@ -125,35 +117,35 @@ pub fn system_capabilities_markdown() -> String {
             "| Requestable by app | {} |",
             bool_cell(definition.flags().requestable_by_app())
         )
-            .unwrap();
+        .unwrap();
 
         writeln!(
             out,
             "| User grantable | {} |",
             bool_cell(definition.flags().user_grantable())
         )
-            .unwrap();
+        .unwrap();
 
         writeln!(
             out,
             "| Shared with app | {} |",
             bool_cell(definition.flags().shared_with_app())
         )
-            .unwrap();
+        .unwrap();
 
         writeln!(
             out,
             "| Externally observable | {} |",
             bool_cell(definition.flags().externally_observable())
         )
-            .unwrap();
+        .unwrap();
 
         writeln!(
             out,
             "| Accesses sensitive secret | {} |\n",
             bool_cell(definition.flags().accesses_sensitive_secret())
         )
-            .unwrap();
+        .unwrap();
     }
 
     out
@@ -182,7 +174,7 @@ pub fn bridge_methods_markdown(kind: BridgeRegistryKind) -> String {
             "| Capability | {} |",
             method_capability_cell(method.capability())
         )
-            .unwrap();
+        .unwrap();
 
         out.push('\n');
     }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/mod.rs
index 01f112f75..f51731c5f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/mod.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ mod definitions;
 mod types;
 
 pub(crate) use definitions::{
-    get_system_capability_definition, get_user_capability_definition,
-    user_registry,
+    get_system_capability_definition, get_user_capability_definition, user_registry,
 };
-pub(crate) use types::{CapabilityFlags, CapabilityDefinition};
+pub(crate) use types::{CapabilityDefinition, CapabilityFlags};
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
index 1d493318c..aa3535338 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 pub mod bridge;
 pub mod build;
+mod capabilities;
 pub mod host;
 pub mod lifecycle;
 pub mod runtime;
@@ -7,10 +8,9 @@ pub mod sandbox;
 pub mod security;
 pub mod state;
 pub mod storage;
+pub mod system_apps;
 pub mod types;
 pub mod utils;
-pub mod system_apps;
-mod capabilities;
 
 pub use security::{handle_system_app_protocol_request, handle_user_app_protocol_request};
 pub use state::AppsHostState;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs
index dfe6c494d..c773dea5e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use tauri::{AppHandle, State, command};
 
 use crate::host::{AppState, Result};
 use crate::lifecycle::install::install_app_from_source;
-use crate::lifecycle::install::url::{UrlInstallSource};
+use crate::lifecycle::install::url::UrlInstallSource;
 use crate::lifecycle::install::zip::ZipInstallSource;
 use crate::lifecycle::{
     apps_root, list_installed_apps_internal, read_manifest, unzip_to_dir,
@@ -40,7 +40,8 @@ pub fn preview_app_zip(zip_path: String) -> Result<SageAppPackageManifest> {
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
 pub async fn preview_app_url(app_url: String) -> Result<SageAppUrlPreview> {
-    SageAppUrlPreview::new(app_url).await
+    SageAppUrlPreview::new(app_url)
+        .await
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to preview app URL: {err}")).into())
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
index 7eafd5a48..c7b535b14 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,10 @@ use async_trait::async_trait;
 use tauri::AppHandle;
 
 use crate::lifecycle::{allocate_new_storage, apps_root, write_installed_app_metadata};
-use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppCommon, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource};
+use crate::types::{
+    InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppCommon, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot,
+    SageGrantedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
+};
 
 pub mod commands;
 pub mod url;
@@ -167,7 +170,10 @@ mod tests {
     use super::*;
     use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
     use crate::lifecycle::registry::read_installed_app_by_id;
-    use crate::types::{SageAppCommon, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions};
+    use crate::types::{
+        SageAppCommon, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
+        SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions,
+    };
     use tempfile::tempdir;
 
     struct TestStorageResolver {
@@ -202,11 +208,7 @@ mod tests {
             )
             .unwrap(),
             files: vec![
-                SageAppManifestFile::new(
-                    "index.html".to_string(),
-                    "a".repeat(64),
-                    123,
-                ).unwrap()
+                SageAppManifestFile::new("index.html".to_string(), "a".repeat(64), 123).unwrap(),
             ],
             entry: Some("index.html".into()),
             icon: None,
@@ -387,9 +389,10 @@ mod tests {
                 "hash".to_string(),
                 app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
                 manifest.clone(),
-            ).unwrap(),
+            )
+            .unwrap(),
         )
-            .unwrap();
+        .unwrap();
         let app = UserSageApp::new_installed(common, UserSageAppSource::Zip);
 
         assert_eq!(app.common().id(), "url-abc123");
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
index da117e761..0268fd6c3 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
@@ -8,8 +8,7 @@ use uuid::Uuid;
 use super::AppInstallSource;
 use crate::lifecycle::registry::read_installed_app_by_id;
 use crate::lifecycle::{
-    download_url_snapshot, read_retired_app_origins,
-    write_retired_app_origins,
+    download_url_snapshot, read_retired_app_origins, write_retired_app_origins,
 };
 use crate::types::{
     SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppUrlPreview, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
@@ -212,13 +211,13 @@ mod tests {
     use super::*;
     use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
     use crate::lifecycle::write_retired_app_origins;
+    use crate::runtime::state::types::SageAppRuntimeRecord;
     use crate::types::{
         InstalledSageAppStorage, RetiredAppOriginEntry, SageAppCommon, SageAppManifestFile,
         SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
         SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions,
     };
     use tempfile::{TempDir, tempdir};
-    use crate::runtime::state::types::SageAppRuntimeRecord;
 
     fn fake_retired_app_origins(
         dir: &TempDir,
@@ -236,7 +235,7 @@ mod tests {
             dir.path(),
             &[RetiredAppOriginEntry::new(&app, cleanup_pending)],
         )
-            .unwrap();
+        .unwrap();
     }
 
     fn sample_manifest() -> SageAppPackageManifest {
@@ -245,12 +244,15 @@ mod tests {
                 [],
                 [SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new("https", "api.example.com").unwrap()],
             ),
-            SageRequestedCapabilities::new([], [
-                UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage,
-                UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetSecretKey,
-            ]),
+            SageRequestedCapabilities::new(
+                [],
+                [
+                    UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage,
+                    UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetSecretKey,
+                ],
+            ),
         )
-            .unwrap();
+        .unwrap();
 
         SageAppPackageManifest::try_from(SageAppPackageManifestParts {
             name: "Test App".into(),
@@ -262,7 +264,7 @@ mod tests {
             author: None,
             donation: None,
         })
-            .unwrap()
+        .unwrap()
     }
 
     fn sample_app_in(
@@ -300,7 +302,7 @@ mod tests {
             InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
             snapshot,
         )
-            .unwrap();
+        .unwrap();
 
         let user_app = UserSageApp::new_installed(
             common,
@@ -316,14 +318,11 @@ mod tests {
 
         let mut app = user_app.into_sage_app();
 
-        let _runtime = SageAppRuntimeRecord::new_inline(
-            &mut app,
-            "sage-app://test/index.html",
-            true,
-            false,
-        );
+        let _runtime =
+            SageAppRuntimeRecord::new_inline(&mut app, "sage-app://test/index.html", true, false);
 
-        app.into_user().expect("sample app should remain a user app")
+        app.into_user()
+            .expect("sample app should remain a user app")
     }
 
     #[test]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs
index 87820b067..79a051762 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs
@@ -116,7 +116,9 @@ fn find_existing_installed_app_by_name(
     Ok(list_installed_apps_internal(root)?
         .into_iter()
         .find_map(|app| match app {
-            ListedSageApp::User(installed) if installed.common().name() == app_name => Some(installed),
+            ListedSageApp::User(installed) if installed.common().name() == app_name => {
+                Some(installed)
+            }
             _ => None,
         }))
 }
@@ -125,7 +127,10 @@ fn find_existing_installed_app_by_name(
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
     use crate::lifecycle::write_installed_app_metadata;
-    use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppCommon, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions};
+    use crate::types::{
+        InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppCommon, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifestParts,
+        SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions,
+    };
     use tempfile::tempdir;
 
     fn sample_manifest_named(name: &str) -> SageAppPackageManifest {
@@ -133,11 +138,9 @@ mod tests {
             name: name.into(),
             version: "1.0.0".into(),
             permissions: SageRequestedPermissions::empty(),
-            files: vec![SageAppManifestFile::new(
-                "index.html".to_string(),
-                "a".repeat(64),
-                123,
-            ).unwrap()],
+            files: vec![
+                SageAppManifestFile::new("index.html".to_string(), "a".repeat(64), 123).unwrap(),
+            ],
             entry: Some("index.html".into()),
             icon: None,
             author: None,
@@ -188,9 +191,10 @@ mod tests {
                 "hash".to_string(),
                 app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
                 manifest.clone(),
-            ).unwrap(),
+            )
+            .unwrap(),
         )
-            .unwrap();
+        .unwrap();
 
         let installed = UserSageApp::new_installed(common, UserSageAppSource::Zip);
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs
index ce662363c..5872a22bf 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs
@@ -48,10 +48,10 @@ pub async fn fetch_url_manifest(manifest_url: &str) -> AnyResult<(SageAppPackage
     let manifest: SageAppPackageManifest = serde_path_to_error::deserialize(&mut deserializer)
         .map_err(|err| {
             anyhow::anyhow!(
-            "failed to parse manifest json from {manifest_url} at {}: {}",
-            err.path(),
-            err.inner()
-        )
+                "failed to parse manifest json from {manifest_url} at {}: {}",
+                err.path(),
+                err.inner()
+            )
         })?;
 
     Ok((manifest, manifest_hash))
@@ -65,11 +65,11 @@ pub fn read_manifest(package_root: &std::path::Path) -> AnyResult<SageAppPackage
     let manifest: SageAppPackageManifest = serde_path_to_error::deserialize(&mut deserializer)
         .map_err(|err| {
             anyhow::anyhow!(
-            "failed to parse manifest {} at {}: {}",
-            manifest_path.display(),
-            err.path(),
-            err.inner()
-        )
+                "failed to parse manifest {} at {}: {}",
+                manifest_path.display(),
+                err.path(),
+                err.inner()
+            )
         })?;
     Ok(manifest)
 }
@@ -163,11 +163,7 @@ mod tests {
     };
 
     fn sample_manifest_file(path: &str, size: u64) -> SageAppManifestFile {
-        SageAppManifestFile::new(
-            path.to_string(),
-            "a".repeat(64),
-            size,
-        ).unwrap()
+        SageAppManifestFile::new(path.to_string(), "a".repeat(64), size).unwrap()
     }
 
     fn sample_file() -> SageAppManifestFile {
@@ -186,10 +182,13 @@ mod tests {
             ),
             SageRequestedCapabilities::new(
                 [UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch],
-                [UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage, UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetSecretKey],
+                [
+                    UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage,
+                    UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetSecretKey,
+                ],
             ),
         )
-            .unwrap()
+        .unwrap()
     }
 
     fn sample_manifest_with(
@@ -218,7 +217,7 @@ mod tests {
             author: None,
             donation: None,
         })
-            .unwrap()
+        .unwrap()
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -331,7 +330,7 @@ mod tests {
             author: None,
             donation: None,
         })
-            .unwrap_err();
+        .unwrap_err();
 
         assert!(err.to_string().contains("name cannot be empty"));
     }
@@ -348,7 +347,7 @@ mod tests {
             author: None,
             donation: None,
         })
-            .unwrap_err();
+        .unwrap_err();
 
         assert!(err.to_string().contains("version cannot be empty"));
     }
@@ -365,17 +364,15 @@ mod tests {
             author: None,
             donation: None,
         })
-            .unwrap();
+        .unwrap();
 
         assert_eq!(manifest.total_bytes(), 123);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn manifest_entry_file_uses_explicit_entry() {
-        let manifest = sample_manifest_with(
-            Some("entry.html".to_string()),
-            Some("icon.svg".to_string()),
-        );
+        let manifest =
+            sample_manifest_with(Some("entry.html".to_string()), Some("icon.svg".to_string()));
 
         assert_eq!(manifest_entry_file(&manifest), "entry.html");
     }
@@ -388,10 +385,8 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn manifest_icon_file_uses_explicit_icon() {
-        let manifest = sample_manifest_with(
-            Some("entry.html".to_string()),
-            Some("icon.svg".to_string()),
-        );
+        let manifest =
+            sample_manifest_with(Some("entry.html".to_string()), Some("icon.svg".to_string()));
 
         assert_eq!(manifest_icon_file(&manifest).unwrap(), "icon.svg");
     }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs
index 8886d09d2..8c0b0c7fa 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use std::{
     path::{Path, PathBuf},
 };
 
-use anyhow::{anyhow, Context, Result as AnyResult};
+use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
 use zip::ZipArchive;
 
 use crate::utils::bytes_sha256_hex;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs
index 2b96ec64c..2cb24c2a5 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs
@@ -115,13 +115,11 @@ pub fn list_installed_apps_internal(root: &Path) -> AnyResult<Vec<ListedSageApp>
 
         match read_installed_user_app_from_dir(&path) {
             Ok(app) => apps.push(ListedSageApp::User(app)),
-            Err(err) => apps.push(ListedSageApp::Corrupted(
-                CorruptedInstalledSageApp::new(
-                    id,
-                    path.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-                    err.to_string(),
-                ),
-            )),
+            Err(err) => apps.push(ListedSageApp::Corrupted(CorruptedInstalledSageApp::new(
+                id,
+                path.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+                err.to_string(),
+            ))),
         }
     }
 
@@ -240,10 +238,10 @@ mod tests {
 
     use crate::lifecycle::storage::record_storage_cleanup_failure;
     use crate::types::{
-        InstalledSageAppStorage, ListedSageApp, PendingStorageCleanupTarget,
-        RetiredAppOriginEntry, SageAppCommon, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest,
-        SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissions,
-        SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
+        InstalledSageAppStorage, ListedSageApp, PendingStorageCleanupTarget, RetiredAppOriginEntry,
+        SageAppCommon, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts,
+        SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
+        SageRequestedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
     };
     use std::fs;
     use tempfile::tempdir;
@@ -268,7 +266,7 @@ mod tests {
             author: None,
             donation: None,
         })
-            .unwrap()
+        .unwrap()
     }
 
     fn sample_app(base: &Path, app_id: &str, origin_id: &str) -> UserSageApp {
@@ -294,7 +292,7 @@ mod tests {
             InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
             snapshot,
         )
-            .unwrap();
+        .unwrap();
 
         UserSageApp::new_installed(
             common,
@@ -413,7 +411,7 @@ mod tests {
 }}"#
             ),
         )
-            .unwrap();
+        .unwrap();
 
         let listed =
             without_system_apps(list_installed_apps_internal(&apps_root(base.path())).unwrap());
@@ -424,7 +422,9 @@ mod tests {
                 assert!(
                     app.error().contains("network entry")
                         || app.error().contains("invalid host")
-                        || app.error().contains("failed to parse installed app metadata"),
+                        || app
+                            .error()
+                            .contains("failed to parse installed app metadata"),
                     "unexpected error: {}",
                     app.error()
                 );
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
index 1e7f439c7..19f62df0c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
@@ -2,13 +2,14 @@ use std::path::Path;
 
 #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
 use anyhow::Context;
-use anyhow::{anyhow, Result as AnyResult};
+use anyhow::{Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
 #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
 use std::fs;
-use tauri::{command, AppHandle, Manager, State};
+use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State, command};
 #[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios"))]
 use uuid::Uuid;
 
+use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::lifecycle::{
     read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries, read_retired_app_origins,
     write_pending_storage_cleanup_entries, write_retired_app_origins,
@@ -20,7 +21,6 @@ use crate::types::{
     InstalledSageAppStorage, PendingStorageCleanupEntry, PendingStorageCleanupTarget,
     RetiredAppOriginEntry, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
 };
-use crate::AppsHostState;
 
 #[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios"))]
 pub async fn allocate_new_storage(
@@ -91,10 +91,7 @@ pub fn record_storage_cleanup_failure(
     write_pending_storage_cleanup_entries(base_path, &entries)
 }
 
-pub async fn process_pending_storage_cleanup(
-    app: &AppHandle,
-    base_path: &Path,
-) -> AnyResult<()> {
+pub async fn process_pending_storage_cleanup(app: &AppHandle, base_path: &Path) -> AnyResult<()> {
     let entries = read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries(base_path)?;
     if entries.is_empty() {
         return Ok(());
@@ -180,7 +177,7 @@ pub fn enqueue_retired_app_origin(
         .iter_mut()
         .find(|entry| entry.origin_id() == app.common().origin_id())
     {
-        existing.refresh_from_app(app, cleanup_pending);
+        existing.update_retirement_state(app, cleanup_pending);
     } else {
         entries.push(RetiredAppOriginEntry::new(app, cleanup_pending));
     }
@@ -216,14 +213,16 @@ mod tests {
     use super::*;
 
     use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
-    use crate::lifecycle::{app_dir, read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries, read_retired_app_origins};
+    use crate::lifecycle::{
+        app_dir, read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries, read_retired_app_origins,
+    };
+    use crate::runtime::state::types::SageAppRuntimeRecord;
     use crate::types::{
         SageAppCommon, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts,
         SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedCapabilities,
         SageRequestedPermissions, UserSageAppSource,
     };
     use tempfile::tempdir;
-    use crate::runtime::state::types::SageAppRuntimeRecord;
 
     fn write_index(app_dir: &Path) {
         std::fs::create_dir_all(app_dir).unwrap();
@@ -248,7 +247,7 @@ mod tests {
                 [UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetSecretKey],
             ),
         )
-            .unwrap();
+        .unwrap();
 
         let manifest = SageAppPackageManifest::try_from(SageAppPackageManifestParts {
             name: name.to_string(),
@@ -260,7 +259,7 @@ mod tests {
             author: None,
             donation: None,
         })
-            .unwrap();
+        .unwrap();
 
         let granted_capabilities = if storage_may_contain_secrets {
             vec![
@@ -285,7 +284,7 @@ mod tests {
             storage,
             snapshot,
         )
-            .unwrap();
+        .unwrap();
 
         let mut app = UserSageApp::new_installed(common, source).into_sage_app();
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs
index ecaa3d143..583a92e59 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use crate::host::{AppState, Result};
 use crate::lifecycle::{
-    apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data, apps_root, record_storage_cleanup_failure,
-    enqueue_retired_app_origin, read_installed_app_by_id,
+    apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data, apps_root, enqueue_retired_app_origin,
+    read_installed_app_by_id, record_storage_cleanup_failure,
 };
 use std::{fs, io};
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State, command};
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
index 7027b6584..5293cee3a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 use std::io;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
-use tauri::{command, AppHandle, State};
+use tauri::{AppHandle, State, command};
 
+use crate::bridge::USER_BRIDGE_CHANNEL;
 use crate::bridge::event_emit::emit_bridge_event_to_app_id;
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::events::EventForApp;
-use crate::bridge::USER_BRIDGE_CHANNEL;
 use crate::host::AppState;
 use crate::host::Result;
 use crate::lifecycle::update::permissions::update_app_permissions_with_change_internal;
@@ -131,8 +131,8 @@ pub async fn apply_app_update(
         pending.manifest(),
         pending.manifest_hash(),
     )
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to download update snapshot: {err}")))?;
+    .await
+    .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to download update snapshot: {err}")))?;
 
     app.common_mut()
         .apply_update(&pending, granted_permissions, snapshot)
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ pub async fn apps_update_permissions(
             &app_id,
             EventForApp::from_capabilities_change(USER_BRIDGE_CHANNEL, capability_change),
         )
-            .await;
+        .await;
     }
 
     if !network_change.added.is_empty() || !network_change.removed.is_empty() {
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ pub async fn apps_update_permissions(
             &app_id,
             EventForApp::from_network_whitelist_change(USER_BRIDGE_CHANNEL, network_change),
         )
-            .await;
+        .await;
     }
 
     Ok(())
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
index 72ec77a15..958d8a432 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
@@ -2,12 +2,12 @@ use std::collections::BTreeSet;
 use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
 
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::capabilities::get_user_capability_definition;
 use crate::lifecycle::update::types::{
     GrantCapabilityOutcome, GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome, GrantedCapabilitiesChange,
     GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange,
 };
 use crate::lifecycle::{read_installed_app_by_id, write_installed_app_metadata};
-use crate::capabilities::get_user_capability_definition;
 use crate::types::{SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, UserSageApp};
 
 pub fn update_app_permissions(
@@ -50,7 +50,12 @@ fn requested_capability_set(app: &UserSageApp) -> BTreeSet<UserBridgeCapability>
         .requested_permissions()
         .capabilities()
         .required()
-        .chain(app.common().requested_permissions().capabilities().optional())
+        .chain(
+            app.common()
+                .requested_permissions()
+                .capabilities()
+                .optional(),
+        )
         .copied()
         .collect()
 }
@@ -278,34 +283,25 @@ mod tests {
                 ],
             ),
         )
-            .unwrap();
+        .unwrap();
 
         let manifest = SageAppPackageManifest::try_from(SageAppPackageManifestParts {
             name: "Test App".to_string(),
             version: "1.0.0".to_string(),
             permissions: requested_permissions.clone(),
-            files: Vec::from([SageAppManifestFile::new(
-                "index.html",
-                "a".repeat(64),
-                4,
-            )
-                .unwrap()]),
+            files: Vec::from([SageAppManifestFile::new("index.html", "a".repeat(64), 4).unwrap()]),
             entry: Some("index.html".to_string()),
             icon: None,
             author: None,
             donation: None,
         })
-            .unwrap();
+        .unwrap();
 
-        let granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions::new(&requested_permissions, [], [])
-            .unwrap();
+        let granted_permissions =
+            SageGrantedPermissions::new(&requested_permissions, [], []).unwrap();
 
-        let snapshot = SageAppSnapshot::new(
-            "hash",
-            app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-            manifest,
-        )
-            .unwrap();
+        let snapshot =
+            SageAppSnapshot::new("hash", app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(), manifest).unwrap();
 
         let common = SageAppCommon::new(
             app_id,
@@ -315,7 +311,7 @@ mod tests {
             InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
             snapshot,
         )
-            .unwrap();
+        .unwrap();
 
         UserSageApp::new_installed(
             common,
@@ -333,8 +329,8 @@ mod tests {
         let app_path = app_dir(dir.path(), app.common().id());
         write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app_path).unwrap();
 
-        let granted = SageGrantedPermissions::new(app.common().requested_permissions(), [], [])
-            .unwrap();
+        let granted =
+            SageGrantedPermissions::new(app.common().requested_permissions(), [], []).unwrap();
 
         let updated = update_app_permissions(dir.path(), app.common().id(), &granted).unwrap();
 
@@ -376,8 +372,8 @@ mod tests {
             [UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXchAutoSubmit],
             [],
         )
-            .unwrap_err()
-            .to_string();
+        .unwrap_err()
+        .to_string();
 
         assert!(err.contains("not requested in manifest"));
         assert!(err.contains(UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXchAutoSubmit.key()));
@@ -395,7 +391,7 @@ mod tests {
             app.common().id(),
             UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
         )
-            .unwrap();
+        .unwrap();
 
         match outcome {
             GrantCapabilityOutcome::Granted { capability, change } => {
@@ -411,7 +407,13 @@ mod tests {
 
         let reloaded = read_installed_app_by_id(dir.path(), app.common().id()).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(
-            caps(reloaded.common().granted_permissions().capabilities().copied()),
+            caps(
+                reloaded
+                    .common()
+                    .granted_permissions()
+                    .capabilities()
+                    .copied()
+            ),
             [UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch]
         );
     }
@@ -426,7 +428,7 @@ mod tests {
             [UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch],
             [network_whitelist_entry("https", "required.example.com")],
         )
-            .unwrap();
+        .unwrap();
 
         app.common_mut()
             .update_permissions(&granted_permissions)
@@ -440,7 +442,7 @@ mod tests {
             app.common().id(),
             UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
         )
-            .unwrap();
+        .unwrap();
 
         match outcome {
             GrantCapabilityOutcome::AlreadyGranted {
@@ -471,7 +473,7 @@ mod tests {
             app.common().id(),
             UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXchAutoSubmit,
         )
-            .unwrap_err();
+        .unwrap_err();
 
         assert!(
             err.to_string()
@@ -491,7 +493,7 @@ mod tests {
             app.common().id(),
             &network_whitelist_entry("WSS", "OPTIONAL.EXAMPLE.COM"),
         )
-            .unwrap();
+        .unwrap();
 
         match outcome {
             GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome::Granted { entry, change } => {
@@ -547,7 +549,7 @@ mod tests {
             [],
             [network_whitelist_entry("https", "required.example.com")],
         )
-            .unwrap();
+        .unwrap();
 
         app.common_mut()
             .update_permissions(&granted_permissions)
@@ -561,7 +563,7 @@ mod tests {
             app.common().id(),
             &network_whitelist_entry("https", "required.example.com"),
         )
-            .unwrap();
+        .unwrap();
 
         match outcome {
             GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome::AlreadyGranted {
@@ -595,7 +597,7 @@ mod tests {
             app.common().id(),
             &network_whitelist_entry("https", "evil.example.com"),
         )
-            .unwrap_err();
+        .unwrap_err();
 
         assert!(
             err.to_string()
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
index b5e5d8df3..3a3042b08 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use tauri::{AppHandle, LogicalPosition, LogicalSize, State, WebviewUrl};
 
 use crate::lifecycle::write_installed_app_metadata;
 use crate::runtime::state::types::{
-    inline_label_for, runtime_id_for, SageAppRuntimeKind, SageAppRuntimeRecord,
+    SageAppRuntimeKind, SageAppRuntimeRecord, inline_label_for, runtime_id_for,
 };
 use crate::runtime::state::write::{write_runtime_and_emit_changed, write_runtime_id_by_app_id};
 use crate::runtime::webview_locator::{
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ use crate::runtime::webview_locator::{
 use crate::runtime::{build_entry_src, is_allowed_app_url, resolve_app, runtime_kind_for_app};
 use crate::storage::parse_data_store_id;
 use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, SageApp};
-use crate::{sandbox, AppsHostState};
+use crate::{AppsHostState, sandbox};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ pub async fn create_inline_runtime(
             visible: args.visible,
             internal: args.internal,
         })
-            .await;
+        .await;
     }
 
     if !args.internal && !resolved.is_sandbox_test() {
@@ -82,8 +82,8 @@ pub async fn create_inline_runtime(
                 .map_err(|e| format!("invalid entry url: {e}"))?,
         ),
     )
-        .on_navigation(move |url| is_allowed_app_url(url, &origin_id_for_nav, runtime_kind_for_nav))
-        .on_new_window(move |_url, _features| NewWindowResponse::Deny);
+    .on_navigation(move |url| is_allowed_app_url(url, &origin_id_for_nav, runtime_kind_for_nav))
+    .on_new_window(move |_url, _features| NewWindowResponse::Deny);
 
     if use_incognito {
         builder = builder.incognito(true);
@@ -119,12 +119,8 @@ pub async fn create_inline_runtime(
         )
         .map_err(|e| format!("failed to create child webview: {e}"))?;
 
-    let record = SageAppRuntimeRecord::new_inline(
-        &mut resolved,
-        entry_src,
-        args.visible,
-        args.internal,
-    );
+    let record =
+        SageAppRuntimeRecord::new_inline(&mut resolved, entry_src, args.visible, args.internal);
 
     persist_runtime_side_effects(&resolved)?;
 
@@ -192,17 +188,17 @@ async fn reuse_existing_inline_runtime(
         let by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_by_runtime_id.lock().await;
         by_runtime_id.get(&runtime_id).cloned()
     }
-        .unwrap_or_else(|| {
-            SageAppRuntimeRecord::new_existing_inline_fallback(
-                runtime_id.clone(),
-                app_id.clone(),
-                app_name,
-                entry_src,
-                webview_label.clone(),
-                runtime_kind,
-                internal,
-            )
-        });
+    .unwrap_or_else(|| {
+        SageAppRuntimeRecord::new_existing_inline_fallback(
+            runtime_id.clone(),
+            app_id.clone(),
+            app_name,
+            entry_src,
+            webview_label.clone(),
+            runtime_kind,
+            internal,
+        )
+    });
 
     record.mark_inline_reused(visible, internal);
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
index f0cb22757..f1213512c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-use std::cmp::Reverse;
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::runtime::state::types::SageAppRuntimeRecord;
+use std::cmp::Reverse;
 use tauri::State;
 
 pub async fn find_runtime_id_by_app_id_optional(
@@ -41,8 +41,7 @@ pub async fn find_runtime_by_app_id_optional(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: &str,
 ) -> Option<SageAppRuntimeRecord> {
-    let runtime_id =
-        find_runtime_id_by_app_id_optional(apps_state, app_id).await?;
+    let runtime_id = find_runtime_id_by_app_id_optional(apps_state, app_id).await?;
 
     find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional(apps_state, &runtime_id).await
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs
index 5c9fc68c7..ed7b310b2 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use std::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet};
 
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
-use tokio::sync::{oneshot, Mutex};
+use tokio::sync::{Mutex, oneshot};
 
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::runtime::runtime_kind_for_app;
@@ -269,8 +269,7 @@ impl SageApp {
             && has_persistent_storage
             && !self.capability_flags().storage_may_contain_secrets()
         {
-            self.common_mut()
-                .mark_storage_may_contain_secrets();
+            self.common_mut().mark_storage_may_contain_secrets();
         }
     }
 }
@@ -296,9 +295,5 @@ pub fn inline_label_for(app_id: &str, runtime_kind: SageAppRuntimeKind) -> Strin
 }
 
 fn runtime_state_for_visible(visible: bool) -> &'static str {
-    if visible {
-        "running"
-    } else {
-        "hidden"
-    }
+    if visible { "running" } else { "hidden" }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
index f8aee1338..e9488d90d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
@@ -152,7 +152,12 @@ pub fn build_builtin_test_app(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<SageApp>> {
     let granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions::new(
         manifest.permissions(),
         manifest.permissions().capabilities().user_grantable(),
-        manifest.permissions().network().whitelist().required().cloned(),
+        manifest
+            .permissions()
+            .network()
+            .whitelist()
+            .required()
+            .cloned(),
     )?;
 
     let snapshot = SageAppSnapshot::new(
@@ -178,10 +183,7 @@ pub fn build_builtin_test_app(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<SageApp>> {
         ));
     }
 
-    let app = UserSageApp::new_installed(
-        common,
-        UserSageAppSource::Zip,
-    );
+    let app = UserSageApp::new_installed(common, UserSageAppSource::Zip);
 
     Ok(Some(SageApp::User(app)))
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs
index 7132cd53d..8647cd31a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs
@@ -24,7 +24,11 @@ fn required_capabilities_for_app(app: &SageApp) -> Vec<SandboxCapability> {
         SandboxCapability::NetworkAllowlistEnforced,
     ];
 
-    if app.granted_permissions().capabilities_vec().contains(&UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage) {
+    if app
+        .granted_permissions()
+        .capabilities_vec()
+        .contains(&UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage)
+    {
         caps.push(SandboxCapability::StoragePersistenceNormal);
 
         if app.capability_flags().has_secret_access() {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
index 16266cf6f..b9fd6ffc0 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use std::{
     path::{Path, PathBuf},
 };
 
-use anyhow::{anyhow, Context, Result as AnyResult};
+use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
 use tauri::command;
 
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
@@ -99,7 +99,12 @@ pub fn build_builtin_system_app(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<SageApp>> {
     let granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions::new(
         manifest.permissions(),
         requested_capabilities,
-        manifest.permissions().network().whitelist().required().cloned(),
+        manifest
+            .permissions()
+            .network()
+            .whitelist()
+            .required()
+            .cloned(),
     )?;
 
     let snapshot = SageAppSnapshot::new_builtin_system(
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/author.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/author.rs
index 2b915a676..c6c2f1332 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/author.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/author.rs
@@ -10,10 +10,7 @@ pub struct SageAppAuthor {
 }
 
 impl SageAppAuthor {
-    pub fn new(
-        name: impl Into<String>,
-        avatar: Option<impl Into<String>>,
-    ) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
+    pub fn new(name: impl Into<String>, avatar: Option<impl Into<String>>) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
         Ok(Self {
             name: normalized_non_empty_string(name, "author name")?,
             avatar: normalized_optional_string(avatar),
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
index 23fe3daf0..c37fad57d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use std::path::{PathBuf};
+use std::path::PathBuf;
 
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
@@ -7,7 +7,9 @@ use crate::lifecycle::{manifest_entry_file, manifest_icon_file};
 use crate::types::app::flags::SageAppFlags;
 use crate::types::app::preview::UserSageAppPendingUpdate;
 use crate::types::app::snapshot::SageAppSnapshot;
-use crate::types::normalizers::normalized_non_empty_string;
+use crate::types::invariants::{
+    normalize_app_identity, validate_app_flags_policy, validate_snapshot_entry_and_icon_exist,
+};
 use crate::types::permissions::{SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions};
 use crate::types::storage::InstalledSageAppStorage;
 
@@ -118,17 +120,14 @@ impl SageAppCommon {
         snapshot: SageAppSnapshot,
         previous_flags: Option<&SageAppFlags>,
     ) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
-        let id = normalized_non_empty_string(id, "app id")?;
-        let origin_id = normalized_non_empty_string(origin_id, "app origin id")?;
-        let app_dir = normalized_non_empty_string(app_dir, "app directory")?;
+        let identity = normalize_app_identity(id, origin_id, app_dir)?;
 
         let manifest = snapshot.manifest();
 
-        let granted_permissions =
-            SageGrantedPermissions::from_requested_and_granted(
-                manifest.permissions(),
-                granted_permissions,
-            )?;
+        let granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions::from_requested_and_granted(
+            manifest.permissions(),
+            granted_permissions,
+        )?;
 
         let effective_capabilities = manifest
             .permissions()
@@ -137,14 +136,14 @@ impl SageAppCommon {
 
         let capability_flags =
             SageAppFlags::from_granted_capabilities(&effective_capabilities, previous_flags)?;
-        Self::validate_app_flags_policy(capability_flags)?;
+        validate_app_flags_policy(capability_flags)?;
 
         let common = Self {
-            id,
-            origin_id,
+            id: identity.id,
+            origin_id: identity.origin_id,
             name: manifest.name().to_string(),
             version: manifest.version().to_string(),
-            app_dir,
+            app_dir: identity.app_dir,
             entry_file: manifest_entry_file(manifest).to_string(),
             icon_file: manifest_icon_file(manifest).map(str::to_string),
             requested_permissions: manifest.permissions().clone(),
@@ -154,27 +153,16 @@ impl SageAppCommon {
             active_snapshot: snapshot,
         };
 
-        common.validate_files_exist_internal("app")?;
+        validate_snapshot_entry_and_icon_exist(
+            &common.active_snapshot,
+            &common.entry_file,
+            common.icon_file.as_deref(),
+            "app",
+        )?;
 
         Ok(common)
     }
 
-    fn validate_app_flags_policy(flags: SageAppFlags) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-        if flags.has_external_access() && flags.has_secret_access() {
-            anyhow::bail!(
-                "app permissions cannot include both external access and sensitive secret access"
-            );
-        }
-
-        if flags.has_external_access() && flags.storage_may_contain_secrets() {
-            anyhow::bail!(
-                "app permissions cannot include external access while storage may contain secrets"
-            );
-        }
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
     pub fn id(&self) -> &str {
         &self.id
     }
@@ -232,20 +220,4 @@ impl SageAppCommon {
             .as_ref()
             .map(|icon_file| self.active_snapshot.file_path(icon_file))
     }
-
-    fn validate_files_exist_internal(&self, label: &str) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-        let entry_file = self.entry_path();
-
-        if !entry_file.is_file() {
-            anyhow::bail!("{label} entry file does not exist: {}", entry_file.display());
-        }
-
-        if let Some(icon_file) = self.icon_path()
-            && !icon_file.is_file()
-        {
-            anyhow::bail!("{label} icon file does not exist: {}", icon_file.display());
-        }
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/flags.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/flags.rs
index 2c0f49fb9..3fd998b34 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/flags.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/flags.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use specta::Type;
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::capabilities::CapabilityFlags;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use specta::Type;
 
 #[allow(clippy::struct_excessive_bools)]
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default)]
@@ -79,11 +79,9 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn from_granted_capabilities_sets_expected_flags_for_shared_send_capability() {
-        let flags = SageAppFlags::from_granted_capabilities(
-            &[UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch],
-            None,
-        )
-            .unwrap();
+        let flags =
+            SageAppFlags::from_granted_capabilities(&[UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch], None)
+                .unwrap();
 
         assert!(flags.has_external_access());
         assert!(!flags.has_secret_access());
@@ -99,7 +97,7 @@ mod tests {
             &[UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch],
             Some(&previous),
         )
-            .unwrap_err();
+        .unwrap_err();
 
         assert_eq!(err.to_string(), "STORAGE_TAINTED");
     }
@@ -109,8 +107,9 @@ mod tests {
         let err = SageAppFlags::new(true, true, false).unwrap_err();
 
         assert!(
-            err.to_string()
-                .contains("externally observable permissions together with sensitive secret access")
+            err.to_string().contains(
+                "externally observable permissions together with sensitive secret access"
+            )
         );
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/mod.rs
index b7cb30e7f..9bf0cd95c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/mod.rs
@@ -18,3 +18,5 @@ pub(crate) use system::{SystemAppPresentation, SystemSageApp};
 pub(crate) use user::{
     CorruptedInstalledSageApp, ListedSageApp, SageApp, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
 };
+
+pub(super) use flags::SageAppFlags;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/preview.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/preview.rs
index fa835609f..c650370d8 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/preview.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/preview.rs
@@ -58,8 +58,7 @@ impl SageAppUrlPreview {
     pub async fn new(app_url: impl Into<String>) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
         let app_url = crate::lifecycle::install::url::normalize_app_url(&app_url.into())?;
         let manifest_url = crate::lifecycle::derive_manifest_url(&app_url)?;
-        let (manifest, manifest_hash) =
-            crate::lifecycle::fetch_url_manifest(&manifest_url).await?;
+        let (manifest, manifest_hash) = crate::lifecycle::fetch_url_manifest(&manifest_url).await?;
 
         Ok(Self {
             app_url,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/retired_origin.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/retired_origin.rs
index 04c1463d2..963e46693 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/retired_origin.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/retired_origin.rs
@@ -33,12 +33,13 @@ impl RetiredAppOriginEntry {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn refresh_from_app(&mut self, app: &UserSageApp, cleanup_pending: bool) {
-        self.app_id = app.common().id().to_string();
-        self.app_name = app.common().name().to_string();
+    pub fn update_retirement_state(&mut self, app: &UserSageApp, cleanup_pending: bool) {
         self.cleanup_pending = cleanup_pending;
-        self.storage_may_contain_secrets =
-            app.common().capability_flags().storage_may_contain_secrets();
+        self.storage_may_contain_secrets = self.storage_may_contain_secrets
+            || app
+                .common()
+                .capability_flags()
+                .storage_may_contain_secrets();
     }
 
     pub fn matches_app_origin(&self, app_id: &str, origin_id: &str) -> bool {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..546dd055d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+
+use anyhow::anyhow;
+
+use crate::lifecycle::{
+    MAX_APP_FILE_COUNT, MAX_APP_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES, validate_manifest_file_path, validate_sha256_hex,
+};
+use super::app::SageAppFlags;
+use crate::types::SageAppSnapshot;
+use crate::types::manifest::SageAppManifestFile;
+use crate::types::normalizers::{normalized_non_empty_string, normalized_optional_string};
+
+pub(super) struct NormalizedAppIdentity {
+    pub id: String,
+    pub origin_id: String,
+    pub app_dir: String,
+}
+
+pub(super) fn normalize_app_identity(
+    id: String,
+    origin_id: String,
+    app_dir: String,
+) -> anyhow::Result<NormalizedAppIdentity> {
+    Ok(NormalizedAppIdentity {
+        id: normalized_non_empty_string(id, "app id")?,
+        origin_id: normalized_non_empty_string(origin_id, "app origin id")?,
+        app_dir: normalized_non_empty_string(app_dir, "app directory")?,
+    })
+}
+
+pub(super) fn normalize_optional_manifest_path(
+    path: Option<String>,
+    label: &str,
+) -> anyhow::Result<Option<String>> {
+    let path = normalized_optional_string(path);
+
+    if let Some(path) = &path {
+        validate_manifest_file_path(path).map_err(|err| anyhow!("{label} is invalid: {err}"))?;
+    }
+
+    Ok(path)
+}
+
+pub(super) fn validate_manifest_files(files: &[SageAppManifestFile]) -> anyhow::Result<u64> {
+    if files.is_empty() {
+        anyhow::bail!("manifest files cannot be empty");
+    }
+
+    if files.len() > MAX_APP_FILE_COUNT {
+        anyhow::bail!(
+            "manifest file count {} exceeds limit {}",
+            files.len(),
+            MAX_APP_FILE_COUNT
+        );
+    }
+
+    let mut seen = std::collections::BTreeSet::new();
+    let mut total: u64 = 0;
+
+    for file in files {
+        validate_manifest_file_path(file.path())?;
+        validate_sha256_hex(file.sha256())?;
+
+        if !seen.insert(file.path().to_string()) {
+            anyhow::bail!("duplicate manifest file path: {}", file.path());
+        }
+
+        total = total
+            .checked_add(file.size())
+            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("manifest total size overflow"))?;
+    }
+
+    if total > MAX_APP_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES {
+        anyhow::bail!("manifest total size {total} exceeds limit {MAX_APP_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES}");
+    }
+
+    Ok(total)
+}
+
+pub(super) fn validate_declared_manifest_asset_exists(
+    path: Option<&str>,
+    files: &[SageAppManifestFile],
+    label: &str,
+) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let Some(path) = path else {
+        return Ok(());
+    };
+
+    if !files.iter().any(|file| file.path() == path) {
+        anyhow::bail!("manifest {label} file is not listed in files: {path}");
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub(super) fn validate_app_flags_policy(flags: SageAppFlags) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    if flags.has_external_access() && flags.has_secret_access() {
+        anyhow::bail!(
+            "app permissions cannot include both external access and sensitive secret access"
+        );
+    }
+
+    if flags.has_external_access() && flags.storage_may_contain_secrets() {
+        anyhow::bail!(
+            "app permissions cannot include external access while storage may contain secrets"
+        );
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub(super) fn validate_snapshot_entry_and_icon_exist(
+    snapshot: &SageAppSnapshot,
+    entry_file: &str,
+    icon_file: Option<&str>,
+    label: &str,
+) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let entry_file = snapshot.file_path(entry_file);
+
+    if !entry_file.is_file() {
+        anyhow::bail!(
+            "{label} entry file does not exist: {}",
+            entry_file.display()
+        );
+    }
+
+    if let Some(icon_file) = icon_file {
+        let icon_file: PathBuf = snapshot.file_path(icon_file);
+
+        if !icon_file.is_file() {
+            anyhow::bail!("{label} icon file does not exist: {}", icon_file.display());
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/manifest.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/manifest.rs
index 11d05e576..58f5270f7 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/manifest.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/manifest.rs
@@ -1,15 +1,13 @@
-use std::collections::BTreeSet;
-
-use anyhow::anyhow;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::lifecycle::{
-    validate_manifest_file_path, validate_sha256_hex, MAX_APP_FILE_COUNT,
-    MAX_APP_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES,
-};
+use crate::lifecycle::{validate_manifest_file_path, validate_sha256_hex};
 use crate::types::app::{SageAppAuthor, SageAppDonation};
-use crate::types::normalizers::{normalized_non_empty_string, normalized_optional_string};
+use crate::types::invariants::{
+    normalize_optional_manifest_path, validate_declared_manifest_asset_exists,
+    validate_manifest_files,
+};
+use crate::types::normalizers::normalized_non_empty_string;
 use crate::types::permissions::SageRequestedPermissions;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
@@ -78,14 +76,16 @@ impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for SageAppPackageManifest {
         SageAppPackageManifest::try_from(SageAppPackageManifestParts {
             name: raw.name,
             version: raw.version,
-            permissions: raw.permissions.unwrap_or_else(SageRequestedPermissions::empty),
+            permissions: raw
+                .permissions
+                .unwrap_or_else(SageRequestedPermissions::empty),
             files: raw.files,
             entry: raw.entry,
             icon: raw.icon,
             author: raw.author,
             donation: raw.donation,
         })
-            .map_err(serde::de::Error::custom)
+        .map_err(serde::de::Error::custom)
     }
 }
 
@@ -109,10 +109,10 @@ impl TryFrom<SageAppPackageManifestParts> for SageAppPackageManifest {
             .map(|donation| SageAppDonation::new(donation.address()))
             .transpose()?;
 
-        let total_bytes = Self::validate_files(&value.files)?;
+        let total_bytes = validate_manifest_files(&value.files)?;
 
-        Self::validate_declared_asset_exists(entry.as_deref(), &value.files, "entry")?;
-        Self::validate_declared_asset_exists(icon.as_deref(), &value.files, "icon")?;
+        validate_declared_manifest_asset_exists(entry.as_deref(), &value.files, "entry")?;
+        validate_declared_manifest_asset_exists(icon.as_deref(), &value.files, "icon")?;
 
         Ok(Self {
             name,
@@ -164,58 +164,6 @@ impl SageAppPackageManifest {
     pub fn donation(&self) -> Option<&SageAppDonation> {
         self.donation.as_ref()
     }
-
-    fn validate_declared_asset_exists(
-        path: Option<&str>,
-        files: &[SageAppManifestFile],
-        label: &str,
-    ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-        let Some(path) = path else {
-            return Ok(());
-        };
-
-        if !files.iter().any(|file| file.path == path) {
-            anyhow::bail!("manifest {label} file is not listed in files: {path}");
-        }
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    fn validate_files(files: &[SageAppManifestFile]) -> anyhow::Result<u64> {
-        if files.is_empty() {
-            anyhow::bail!("manifest files cannot be empty");
-        }
-
-        if files.len() > MAX_APP_FILE_COUNT {
-            anyhow::bail!(
-                "manifest file count {} exceeds limit {}",
-                files.len(),
-                MAX_APP_FILE_COUNT
-            );
-        }
-
-        let mut seen = BTreeSet::new();
-        let mut total: u64 = 0;
-
-        for file in files {
-            validate_manifest_file_path(file.path())?;
-            validate_sha256_hex(file.sha256())?;
-
-            if !seen.insert(file.path.clone()) {
-                anyhow::bail!("duplicate manifest file path: {}", file.path);
-            }
-
-            total = total
-                .checked_add(file.size)
-                .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("manifest total size overflow"))?;
-        }
-
-        if total > MAX_APP_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES {
-            anyhow::bail!("manifest total size {total} exceeds limit {MAX_APP_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES}");
-        }
-
-        Ok(total)
-    }
 }
 
 impl SageAppManifestFile {
@@ -245,17 +193,3 @@ impl SageAppManifestFile {
         self.size
     }
 }
-
-fn normalize_optional_manifest_path(
-    path: Option<String>,
-    label: &str,
-) -> anyhow::Result<Option<String>> {
-    let path = normalized_optional_string(path);
-
-    if let Some(path) = &path {
-        validate_manifest_file_path(path)
-            .map_err(|err| anyhow!("{label} is invalid: {err}"))?;
-    }
-
-    Ok(path)
-}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs
index d440e5635..3dcd44627 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs
@@ -1,31 +1,27 @@
 mod app;
-mod permissions;
+mod invariants;
 mod manifest;
-mod storage;
 mod network;
 mod normalizers;
+mod permissions;
+mod storage;
 
 pub(crate) use app::{
-    SageApp, SageAppCommon,
-    UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
-    SystemSageApp,
-    SageAppSnapshot,
-    ListedSageApp, SystemAppPresentation,
-    UserSageAppPendingUpdate, SageAppUrlPreview,
-    CorruptedInstalledSageApp, RetiredAppOriginEntry,
+    CorruptedInstalledSageApp, ListedSageApp, RetiredAppOriginEntry, SageApp, SageAppCommon,
+    SageAppSnapshot, SageAppUrlPreview, SystemAppPresentation, SystemSageApp, UserSageApp,
+    UserSageAppPendingUpdate, UserSageAppSource,
 };
+pub(crate) use manifest::{SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest};
+pub(crate) use network::SageNetworkWhitelistEntry;
 pub(crate) use permissions::{
-    SageRequestedPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions, SageGrantedSystemPermissions,
-    SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView,
+    SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView, SageGrantedPermissions, SageGrantedSystemPermissions,
+    SageRequestedPermissions,
 };
-pub(crate) use manifest::{SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppManifestFile};
 pub(crate) use storage::{
-    InstalledSageAppStorage, PendingStorageCleanupTarget, PendingStorageCleanupEntry
+    InstalledSageAppStorage, PendingStorageCleanupEntry, PendingStorageCleanupTarget,
 };
-pub(crate) use network::{SageNetworkWhitelistEntry};
 
-#[cfg(test)]
-pub(crate) use permissions::{SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions};
 #[cfg(test)]
 pub(crate) use manifest::SageAppPackageManifestParts;
-
+#[cfg(test)]
+pub(crate) use permissions::{SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions};
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/normalizers.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/normalizers.rs
index 06a9e6d33..f526fb228 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/normalizers.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/normalizers.rs
@@ -11,9 +11,7 @@ pub(crate) fn normalized_non_empty_string(
     Ok(value)
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn normalized_optional_string(
-    value: Option<impl Into<String>>,
-) -> Option<String> {
+pub(crate) fn normalized_optional_string(value: Option<impl Into<String>>) -> Option<String> {
     value
         .map(|value| value.into().trim().to_string())
         .filter(|value| !value.is_empty())
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs
index 02aa1a25c..b69e7d574 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
-use std::collections::BTreeSet;
+use crate::bridge::capabilities::{
+    SharedCapabilitiesExt, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability,
+};
+use crate::capabilities::{CapabilityDefinition, CapabilityFlags, get_user_capability_definition};
+use crate::types::network::{SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist};
 use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
-use crate::bridge::capabilities::{SharedCapabilitiesExt, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
-use crate::capabilities::{get_user_capability_definition, CapabilityDefinition, CapabilityFlags};
-use crate::types::network::{SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist};
+use std::collections::BTreeSet;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
@@ -115,7 +117,7 @@ impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for SageRequestedPermissions {
             SageRequestedNetworkPermissions::new(required_network, optional_network),
             raw.capabilities.unwrap_or_default(),
         )
-            .map_err(serde::de::Error::custom)
+        .map_err(serde::de::Error::custom)
     }
 }
 
@@ -142,9 +144,7 @@ impl From<CapabilityDefinition<UserBridgeCapability>> for SageAppCapabilityDefin
 }
 
 impl SageGrantedSystemPermissions {
-    pub fn new(
-        capabilities: impl IntoIterator<Item = SystemBridgeCapability>,
-    ) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(capabilities: impl IntoIterator<Item = SystemBridgeCapability>) -> Self {
         Self {
             capabilities: capabilities.into_iter().collect(),
         }
@@ -258,13 +258,18 @@ impl SageGrantedPermissions {
                 );
             }
 
-            if !get_user_capability_definition(*cap).flags().user_grantable() {
+            if !get_user_capability_definition(*cap)
+                .flags()
+                .user_grantable()
+            {
                 anyhow::bail!("granted capability is not user grantable: {}", cap.key());
             }
         }
 
         for cap in requested.required() {
-            if get_user_capability_definition(*cap).flags().user_grantable()
+            if get_user_capability_definition(*cap)
+                .flags()
+                .user_grantable()
                 && !capabilities.contains(cap)
             {
                 anyhow::bail!("missing required capability: {}", cap.key());
@@ -345,8 +350,12 @@ impl SageRequestedPermissions {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn network(&self) -> &SageRequestedNetworkPermissions { &self.network }
-    pub fn capabilities(&self) -> &SageRequestedCapabilities { &self.capabilities }
+    pub fn network(&self) -> &SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
+        &self.network
+    }
+    pub fn capabilities(&self) -> &SageRequestedCapabilities {
+        &self.capabilities
+    }
 }
 
 impl SageRequestedCapabilities {
@@ -392,7 +401,11 @@ impl SageRequestedCapabilities {
         self.required()
             .chain(self.optional())
             .copied()
-            .filter(|cap| get_user_capability_definition(*cap).flags().user_grantable())
+            .filter(|cap| {
+                get_user_capability_definition(*cap)
+                    .flags()
+                    .user_grantable()
+            })
             .collect()
     }
 
@@ -468,4 +481,4 @@ impl SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
     pub fn whitelist(&self) -> &SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist {
         &self.whitelist
     }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/storage.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/storage.rs
index 26a8c224f..287444343 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/storage.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/storage.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
+use crate::types::app::UserSageApp;
+use crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 use uuid::Uuid;
-use crate::types::app::UserSageApp;
-use crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
 #[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "camelCase")]
@@ -55,10 +55,18 @@ impl PendingStorageCleanupEntry {
         self.last_error = Some(error.to_string());
     }
 
-    pub fn app_id(&self) -> &str { &self.app_id }
-    pub fn app_name(&self) -> &str { &self.app_name }
-    pub fn attempt_count(&self) -> u32 { self.attempt_count }
-    pub fn last_error(&self) -> Option<&str> { self.last_error.as_deref() }
+    pub fn app_id(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.app_id
+    }
+    pub fn app_name(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.app_name
+    }
+    pub fn attempt_count(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.attempt_count
+    }
+    pub fn last_error(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.last_error.as_deref()
+    }
     pub fn target(&self) -> &PendingStorageCleanupTarget {
         &self.target
     }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/utils.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/utils.rs
index 9fd602817..a26a70da5 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/utils.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/utils.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-use std::path::PathBuf;
 use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
+use std::path::PathBuf;
 use std::time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};
 
 pub fn unix_timestamp_ms() -> i64 {
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
index eb7b55095..90814dbd4 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
@@ -250,9 +250,11 @@ pub fn run() {
             let app_handle = app.handle().clone();
             let cleanup_base_path = path.clone();
             tauri::async_runtime::spawn(async move {
-                if let Err(err) =
-                    apps::lifecycle::process_pending_storage_cleanup(&app_handle, &cleanup_base_path)
-                        .await
+                if let Err(err) = apps::lifecycle::process_pending_storage_cleanup(
+                    &app_handle,
+                    &cleanup_base_path,
+                )
+                .await
                 {
                     eprintln!("failed to retry pending storage cleanup on startup: {err}");
                 }

From cec9e120909c094cb6c2f7d96cd3136af077c09b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Tue, 28 Apr 2026 05:49:43 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 245/471] Refactor: extract and centralize capability
 validation and building logic

- Moved capability-related validation and construction logic from `permissions.rs` to `invariants.rs`.
- Introduced reusable functions: `validate_permissions_policy`, `validate_requested_capabilities_are_requestable`, and `build_user_grantable_capability_set`.
- Simplified `SageRequestedPermissions` and related methods for better reusability and maintainability.
- Removed redundant `build_capabilities` and inlined checks into reusable helpers.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants.rs  | 100 ++++++++++++++++++++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs | 105 ++--------------------
 2 files changed, 107 insertions(+), 98 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants.rs
index 546dd055d..1a1270f60 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants.rs
@@ -2,13 +2,20 @@ use std::path::PathBuf;
 
 use anyhow::anyhow;
 
+use std::collections::BTreeSet;
+
+use super::app::SageAppFlags;
+
+use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::capabilities::{CapabilityFlags, get_user_capability_definition};
 use crate::lifecycle::{
     MAX_APP_FILE_COUNT, MAX_APP_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES, validate_manifest_file_path, validate_sha256_hex,
 };
-use super::app::SageAppFlags;
 use crate::types::SageAppSnapshot;
 use crate::types::manifest::SageAppManifestFile;
+use crate::types::network::SageNetworkWhitelistEntry;
 use crate::types::normalizers::{normalized_non_empty_string, normalized_optional_string};
+use crate::types::permissions::SageRequestedCapabilities;
 
 pub(super) struct NormalizedAppIdentity {
     pub id: String,
@@ -134,3 +141,94 @@ pub(super) fn validate_snapshot_entry_and_icon_exist(
 
     Ok(())
 }
+
+pub(super) fn validate_permissions_policy(
+    capabilities: impl IntoIterator<Item = UserBridgeCapability>,
+    network: impl IntoIterator<Item = SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
+    context: &str,
+) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let capability_flags = capabilities
+        .into_iter()
+        .fold(CapabilityFlags::EMPTY, |flags, cap| {
+            flags.union(get_user_capability_definition(cap).flags())
+        });
+
+    let has_secret_access = capability_flags.accesses_sensitive_secret();
+    let has_external_access =
+        capability_flags.externally_observable() || network.into_iter().next().is_some();
+
+    if has_secret_access && has_external_access {
+        anyhow::bail!("{context} cannot include both external access and sensitive secret access");
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub(super) fn validate_requested_capabilities_are_requestable(
+    capabilities: &SageRequestedCapabilities,
+) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    for capability in capabilities.required().chain(capabilities.optional()) {
+        let definition = get_user_capability_definition(*capability);
+
+        if !definition.flags().requestable_by_app() {
+            anyhow::bail!(
+                "capability is not requestable by app manifest: {}",
+                capability.key()
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub(super) fn build_user_grantable_capability_set(
+    requested: &SageRequestedCapabilities,
+    capabilities: impl IntoIterator<Item = UserBridgeCapability>,
+) -> anyhow::Result<BTreeSet<UserBridgeCapability>> {
+    let capabilities = capabilities.into_iter().collect::<BTreeSet<_>>();
+
+    validate_user_granted_capabilities(requested, &capabilities)?;
+    validate_required_user_grantable_capabilities_present(requested, &capabilities)?;
+
+    Ok(capabilities)
+}
+
+pub(super) fn validate_user_granted_capabilities(
+    requested: &SageRequestedCapabilities,
+    user_granted: &BTreeSet<UserBridgeCapability>,
+) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    for capability in user_granted {
+        if !requested.is_allowed(*capability) {
+            anyhow::bail!(
+                "granted capability not requested in manifest: {}",
+                capability.key()
+            );
+        }
+
+        let definition = get_user_capability_definition(*capability);
+
+        if !definition.flags().user_grantable() {
+            anyhow::bail!(
+                "granted capability is not user grantable: {}",
+                capability.key()
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub(super) fn validate_required_user_grantable_capabilities_present(
+    requested: &SageRequestedCapabilities,
+    user_granted: &BTreeSet<UserBridgeCapability>,
+) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    for capability in requested.required() {
+        let definition = get_user_capability_definition(*capability);
+
+        if definition.flags().user_grantable() && !user_granted.contains(capability) {
+            anyhow::bail!("missing required capability: {}", capability.key());
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs
index b69e7d574..b7c3de1f2 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs
@@ -2,6 +2,10 @@ use crate::bridge::capabilities::{
     SharedCapabilitiesExt, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability,
 };
 use crate::capabilities::{CapabilityDefinition, CapabilityFlags, get_user_capability_definition};
+use crate::types::invariants::{
+    build_user_grantable_capability_set, validate_permissions_policy,
+    validate_requested_capabilities_are_requestable,
+};
 use crate::types::network::{SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist};
 use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
@@ -193,7 +197,8 @@ impl SageGrantedPermissions {
         capabilities: impl IntoIterator<Item = UserBridgeCapability>,
         network_whitelist: impl IntoIterator<Item = SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
     ) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
-        let capabilities = Self::build_capabilities(&requested.capabilities, capabilities)?;
+        let capabilities =
+            build_user_grantable_capability_set(&requested.capabilities, capabilities)?;
 
         let network = SageGrantedNetworkPermissions::new(&requested.network, network_whitelist)?;
 
@@ -244,41 +249,6 @@ impl SageGrantedPermissions {
         )
     }
 
-    fn build_capabilities(
-        requested: &SageRequestedCapabilities,
-        capabilities: impl IntoIterator<Item = UserBridgeCapability>,
-    ) -> anyhow::Result<BTreeSet<UserBridgeCapability>> {
-        let capabilities = capabilities.into_iter().collect::<BTreeSet<_>>();
-
-        for cap in &capabilities {
-            if !requested.is_allowed(*cap) {
-                anyhow::bail!(
-                    "granted capability not requested in manifest: {}",
-                    cap.key()
-                );
-            }
-
-            if !get_user_capability_definition(*cap)
-                .flags()
-                .user_grantable()
-            {
-                anyhow::bail!("granted capability is not user grantable: {}", cap.key());
-            }
-        }
-
-        for cap in requested.required() {
-            if get_user_capability_definition(*cap)
-                .flags()
-                .user_grantable()
-                && !capabilities.contains(cap)
-            {
-                anyhow::bail!("missing required capability: {}", cap.key());
-            }
-        }
-
-        Ok(capabilities)
-    }
-
     #[cfg(test)]
     pub fn new_unchecked(
         capabilities: impl IntoIterator<Item = UserBridgeCapability>,
@@ -293,43 +263,12 @@ impl SageGrantedPermissions {
     }
 }
 
-fn validate_permissions_policy(
-    capabilities: impl IntoIterator<Item = UserBridgeCapability>,
-    network: impl IntoIterator<Item = SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
-    context: &str,
-) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-    let capability_flags = capabilities
-        .into_iter()
-        .fold(CapabilityFlags::EMPTY, |flags, cap| {
-            flags.union(get_user_capability_definition(cap).flags())
-        });
-
-    let has_secret_access = capability_flags.accesses_sensitive_secret();
-    let has_external_access =
-        capability_flags.externally_observable() || network.into_iter().next().is_some();
-
-    if has_secret_access && has_external_access {
-        anyhow::bail!("{context} cannot include both external access and sensitive secret access");
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
 impl SageRequestedPermissions {
     pub fn new(
         network: SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
         capabilities: SageRequestedCapabilities,
     ) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
-        for capability in capabilities.required().chain(capabilities.optional()) {
-            let definition = get_user_capability_definition(*capability);
-
-            if !definition.flags().requestable_by_app() {
-                anyhow::bail!(
-                    "capability is not requestable by app manifest: {}",
-                    capability.key()
-                );
-            }
-        }
+        validate_requested_capabilities_are_requestable(&capabilities)?;
 
         validate_permissions_policy(
             capabilities.required().copied(),
@@ -432,35 +371,7 @@ impl SageRequestedCapabilities {
         &self,
         user_granted: impl IntoIterator<Item = UserBridgeCapability>,
     ) -> anyhow::Result<BTreeSet<UserBridgeCapability>> {
-        let user_granted = user_granted.into_iter().collect::<BTreeSet<_>>();
-
-        for capability in &user_granted {
-            if !self.is_allowed(*capability) {
-                anyhow::bail!(
-                    "granted capability not requested in manifest: {}",
-                    capability.key()
-                );
-            }
-
-            let definition = get_user_capability_definition(*capability);
-
-            if !definition.flags().user_grantable() {
-                anyhow::bail!(
-                    "granted capability is not user grantable: {}",
-                    capability.key()
-                );
-            }
-        }
-
-        for capability in self.required() {
-            let definition = get_user_capability_definition(*capability);
-
-            if definition.flags().user_grantable() && !user_granted.contains(capability) {
-                anyhow::bail!("missing required capability: {}", capability.key());
-            }
-        }
-
-        Ok(user_granted)
+        build_user_grantable_capability_set(self, user_granted)
     }
 }
 

From ea6c0e2e7da0c1171e1eab324502f68f7218e99f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Tue, 28 Apr 2026 05:51:55 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 246/471] Refactor: extract and reuse
 `split_required_optional_set` for whitelist and capability construction

- Introduced `split_required_optional_set` in `invariants.rs` to centralize logic for handling `required` and `optional` sets.
- Updated `SageNetworkWhitelist` and `SageRequestedPermissions` constructors to use the new helper function.
- Simplified filtering logic for consistency and maintainability.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants.rs  | 14 ++++++++++++++
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/network.rs     |  9 ++-------
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs | 13 ++-----------
 3 files changed, 18 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants.rs
index 1a1270f60..28791f46f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants.rs
@@ -232,3 +232,17 @@ pub(super) fn validate_required_user_grantable_capabilities_present(
 
     Ok(())
 }
+
+pub(super) fn split_required_optional_set<T: Ord>(
+    required: impl IntoIterator<Item = T>,
+    optional: impl IntoIterator<Item = T>,
+) -> (BTreeSet<T>, BTreeSet<T>) {
+    let required = required.into_iter().collect::<BTreeSet<_>>();
+
+    let optional = optional
+        .into_iter()
+        .filter(|item| !required.contains(item))
+        .collect::<BTreeSet<_>>();
+
+    (required, optional)
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/network.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/network.rs
index 54b7e8a2e..6a0ca6b0c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/network.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/network.rs
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ use std::collections::BTreeSet;
 
 use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
+use crate::types::invariants::split_required_optional_set;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
 pub struct SageNetworkWhitelistEntry {
@@ -100,13 +101,7 @@ impl SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist {
         required: impl IntoIterator<Item = SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
         optional: impl IntoIterator<Item = SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
     ) -> Self {
-        let required = required.into_iter().collect::<BTreeSet<_>>();
-
-        let optional = optional
-            .into_iter()
-            .filter(|entry| !required.contains(entry))
-            .collect::<BTreeSet<_>>();
-
+        let (required, optional) = split_required_optional_set(required, optional);
         Self { required, optional }
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs
index b7c3de1f2..646ff426c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs
@@ -2,10 +2,7 @@ use crate::bridge::capabilities::{
     SharedCapabilitiesExt, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability,
 };
 use crate::capabilities::{CapabilityDefinition, CapabilityFlags, get_user_capability_definition};
-use crate::types::invariants::{
-    build_user_grantable_capability_set, validate_permissions_policy,
-    validate_requested_capabilities_are_requestable,
-};
+use crate::types::invariants::{build_user_grantable_capability_set, split_required_optional_set, validate_permissions_policy, validate_requested_capabilities_are_requestable};
 use crate::types::network::{SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist};
 use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
@@ -302,13 +299,7 @@ impl SageRequestedCapabilities {
         required: impl IntoIterator<Item = UserBridgeCapability>,
         optional: impl IntoIterator<Item = UserBridgeCapability>,
     ) -> Self {
-        let required = required.into_iter().collect::<BTreeSet<_>>();
-
-        let optional = optional
-            .into_iter()
-            .filter(|cap| !required.contains(cap))
-            .collect::<BTreeSet<_>>();
-
+        let (required, optional) = split_required_optional_set(required, optional);
         Self { required, optional }
     }
 

From dff4f8e0c6dd56c7b40d983cf087aefcce47baba Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Tue, 28 Apr 2026 06:05:40 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 247/471] Refactor: restructure `invariants` module and
 centralize logic

- Split `invariants.rs` into `app.rs`, `manifest.rs`, and `permission.rs` for better modularity.
- Moved app-related, manifest-related, and permission-related logic into respective modules.
- Updated imports across the project to reflect the new structure.
- Introduced `resolve_app_capability_flags` to simplify and reuse capability flag resolution logic.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs      |  10 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants.rs      | 248 ------------------
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/app.rs  |  83 ++++++
 .../src/types/invariants/manifest.rs          |  71 +++++
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/mod.rs  |   7 +
 .../src/types/invariants/permission.rs        | 111 ++++++++
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/network.rs         |   2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs     |   5 +-
 8 files changed, 279 insertions(+), 258 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/app.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/manifest.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/mod.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/permission.rs

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
index c37fad57d..8119d12f1 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use crate::types::app::flags::SageAppFlags;
 use crate::types::app::preview::UserSageAppPendingUpdate;
 use crate::types::app::snapshot::SageAppSnapshot;
 use crate::types::invariants::{
-    normalize_app_identity, validate_app_flags_policy, validate_snapshot_entry_and_icon_exist,
+    normalize_app_identity, resolve_app_capability_flags, validate_snapshot_entry_and_icon_exist,
 };
 use crate::types::permissions::{SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions};
 use crate::types::storage::InstalledSageAppStorage;
@@ -129,14 +129,8 @@ impl SageAppCommon {
             granted_permissions,
         )?;
 
-        let effective_capabilities = manifest
-            .permissions()
-            .capabilities()
-            .resolve_effective_grants(granted_permissions.capabilities().copied())?;
-
         let capability_flags =
-            SageAppFlags::from_granted_capabilities(&effective_capabilities, previous_flags)?;
-        validate_app_flags_policy(capability_flags)?;
+            resolve_app_capability_flags(manifest, &granted_permissions, previous_flags)?;
 
         let common = Self {
             id: identity.id,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 28791f46f..000000000
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,248 +0,0 @@
-use std::path::PathBuf;
-
-use anyhow::anyhow;
-
-use std::collections::BTreeSet;
-
-use super::app::SageAppFlags;
-
-use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
-use crate::capabilities::{CapabilityFlags, get_user_capability_definition};
-use crate::lifecycle::{
-    MAX_APP_FILE_COUNT, MAX_APP_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES, validate_manifest_file_path, validate_sha256_hex,
-};
-use crate::types::SageAppSnapshot;
-use crate::types::manifest::SageAppManifestFile;
-use crate::types::network::SageNetworkWhitelistEntry;
-use crate::types::normalizers::{normalized_non_empty_string, normalized_optional_string};
-use crate::types::permissions::SageRequestedCapabilities;
-
-pub(super) struct NormalizedAppIdentity {
-    pub id: String,
-    pub origin_id: String,
-    pub app_dir: String,
-}
-
-pub(super) fn normalize_app_identity(
-    id: String,
-    origin_id: String,
-    app_dir: String,
-) -> anyhow::Result<NormalizedAppIdentity> {
-    Ok(NormalizedAppIdentity {
-        id: normalized_non_empty_string(id, "app id")?,
-        origin_id: normalized_non_empty_string(origin_id, "app origin id")?,
-        app_dir: normalized_non_empty_string(app_dir, "app directory")?,
-    })
-}
-
-pub(super) fn normalize_optional_manifest_path(
-    path: Option<String>,
-    label: &str,
-) -> anyhow::Result<Option<String>> {
-    let path = normalized_optional_string(path);
-
-    if let Some(path) = &path {
-        validate_manifest_file_path(path).map_err(|err| anyhow!("{label} is invalid: {err}"))?;
-    }
-
-    Ok(path)
-}
-
-pub(super) fn validate_manifest_files(files: &[SageAppManifestFile]) -> anyhow::Result<u64> {
-    if files.is_empty() {
-        anyhow::bail!("manifest files cannot be empty");
-    }
-
-    if files.len() > MAX_APP_FILE_COUNT {
-        anyhow::bail!(
-            "manifest file count {} exceeds limit {}",
-            files.len(),
-            MAX_APP_FILE_COUNT
-        );
-    }
-
-    let mut seen = std::collections::BTreeSet::new();
-    let mut total: u64 = 0;
-
-    for file in files {
-        validate_manifest_file_path(file.path())?;
-        validate_sha256_hex(file.sha256())?;
-
-        if !seen.insert(file.path().to_string()) {
-            anyhow::bail!("duplicate manifest file path: {}", file.path());
-        }
-
-        total = total
-            .checked_add(file.size())
-            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("manifest total size overflow"))?;
-    }
-
-    if total > MAX_APP_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES {
-        anyhow::bail!("manifest total size {total} exceeds limit {MAX_APP_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES}");
-    }
-
-    Ok(total)
-}
-
-pub(super) fn validate_declared_manifest_asset_exists(
-    path: Option<&str>,
-    files: &[SageAppManifestFile],
-    label: &str,
-) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-    let Some(path) = path else {
-        return Ok(());
-    };
-
-    if !files.iter().any(|file| file.path() == path) {
-        anyhow::bail!("manifest {label} file is not listed in files: {path}");
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-pub(super) fn validate_app_flags_policy(flags: SageAppFlags) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-    if flags.has_external_access() && flags.has_secret_access() {
-        anyhow::bail!(
-            "app permissions cannot include both external access and sensitive secret access"
-        );
-    }
-
-    if flags.has_external_access() && flags.storage_may_contain_secrets() {
-        anyhow::bail!(
-            "app permissions cannot include external access while storage may contain secrets"
-        );
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-pub(super) fn validate_snapshot_entry_and_icon_exist(
-    snapshot: &SageAppSnapshot,
-    entry_file: &str,
-    icon_file: Option<&str>,
-    label: &str,
-) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-    let entry_file = snapshot.file_path(entry_file);
-
-    if !entry_file.is_file() {
-        anyhow::bail!(
-            "{label} entry file does not exist: {}",
-            entry_file.display()
-        );
-    }
-
-    if let Some(icon_file) = icon_file {
-        let icon_file: PathBuf = snapshot.file_path(icon_file);
-
-        if !icon_file.is_file() {
-            anyhow::bail!("{label} icon file does not exist: {}", icon_file.display());
-        }
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-pub(super) fn validate_permissions_policy(
-    capabilities: impl IntoIterator<Item = UserBridgeCapability>,
-    network: impl IntoIterator<Item = SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
-    context: &str,
-) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-    let capability_flags = capabilities
-        .into_iter()
-        .fold(CapabilityFlags::EMPTY, |flags, cap| {
-            flags.union(get_user_capability_definition(cap).flags())
-        });
-
-    let has_secret_access = capability_flags.accesses_sensitive_secret();
-    let has_external_access =
-        capability_flags.externally_observable() || network.into_iter().next().is_some();
-
-    if has_secret_access && has_external_access {
-        anyhow::bail!("{context} cannot include both external access and sensitive secret access");
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-pub(super) fn validate_requested_capabilities_are_requestable(
-    capabilities: &SageRequestedCapabilities,
-) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-    for capability in capabilities.required().chain(capabilities.optional()) {
-        let definition = get_user_capability_definition(*capability);
-
-        if !definition.flags().requestable_by_app() {
-            anyhow::bail!(
-                "capability is not requestable by app manifest: {}",
-                capability.key()
-            );
-        }
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-pub(super) fn build_user_grantable_capability_set(
-    requested: &SageRequestedCapabilities,
-    capabilities: impl IntoIterator<Item = UserBridgeCapability>,
-) -> anyhow::Result<BTreeSet<UserBridgeCapability>> {
-    let capabilities = capabilities.into_iter().collect::<BTreeSet<_>>();
-
-    validate_user_granted_capabilities(requested, &capabilities)?;
-    validate_required_user_grantable_capabilities_present(requested, &capabilities)?;
-
-    Ok(capabilities)
-}
-
-pub(super) fn validate_user_granted_capabilities(
-    requested: &SageRequestedCapabilities,
-    user_granted: &BTreeSet<UserBridgeCapability>,
-) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-    for capability in user_granted {
-        if !requested.is_allowed(*capability) {
-            anyhow::bail!(
-                "granted capability not requested in manifest: {}",
-                capability.key()
-            );
-        }
-
-        let definition = get_user_capability_definition(*capability);
-
-        if !definition.flags().user_grantable() {
-            anyhow::bail!(
-                "granted capability is not user grantable: {}",
-                capability.key()
-            );
-        }
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-pub(super) fn validate_required_user_grantable_capabilities_present(
-    requested: &SageRequestedCapabilities,
-    user_granted: &BTreeSet<UserBridgeCapability>,
-) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-    for capability in requested.required() {
-        let definition = get_user_capability_definition(*capability);
-
-        if definition.flags().user_grantable() && !user_granted.contains(capability) {
-            anyhow::bail!("missing required capability: {}", capability.key());
-        }
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-pub(super) fn split_required_optional_set<T: Ord>(
-    required: impl IntoIterator<Item = T>,
-    optional: impl IntoIterator<Item = T>,
-) -> (BTreeSet<T>, BTreeSet<T>) {
-    let required = required.into_iter().collect::<BTreeSet<_>>();
-
-    let optional = optional
-        .into_iter()
-        .filter(|item| !required.contains(item))
-        .collect::<BTreeSet<_>>();
-
-    (required, optional)
-}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/app.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/app.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..51c723d1a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/app.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+
+use crate::types::app::SageAppFlags;
+use crate::types::normalizers::normalized_non_empty_string;
+use crate::types::{SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissions};
+
+pub struct NormalizedAppIdentity {
+    pub id: String,
+    pub origin_id: String,
+    pub app_dir: String,
+}
+
+pub fn normalize_app_identity(
+    id: String,
+    origin_id: String,
+    app_dir: String,
+) -> anyhow::Result<NormalizedAppIdentity> {
+    Ok(NormalizedAppIdentity {
+        id: normalized_non_empty_string(id, "app id")?,
+        origin_id: normalized_non_empty_string(origin_id, "app origin id")?,
+        app_dir: normalized_non_empty_string(app_dir, "app directory")?,
+    })
+}
+
+pub fn validate_app_flags_policy(flags: SageAppFlags) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    if flags.has_external_access() && flags.has_secret_access() {
+        anyhow::bail!(
+            "app permissions cannot include both external access and sensitive secret access"
+        );
+    }
+
+    if flags.has_external_access() && flags.storage_may_contain_secrets() {
+        anyhow::bail!(
+            "app permissions cannot include external access while storage may contain secrets"
+        );
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub fn resolve_app_capability_flags(
+    manifest: &SageAppPackageManifest,
+    granted_permissions: &SageGrantedPermissions,
+    previous_flags: Option<&SageAppFlags>,
+) -> anyhow::Result<SageAppFlags> {
+    let effective_capabilities = manifest
+        .permissions()
+        .capabilities()
+        .resolve_effective_grants(granted_permissions.capabilities().copied())?;
+
+    let capability_flags =
+        SageAppFlags::from_granted_capabilities(&effective_capabilities, previous_flags)?;
+
+    validate_app_flags_policy(capability_flags)?;
+
+    Ok(capability_flags)
+}
+
+pub fn validate_snapshot_entry_and_icon_exist(
+    snapshot: &SageAppSnapshot,
+    entry_file: &str,
+    icon_file: Option<&str>,
+    label: &str,
+) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let entry_file = snapshot.file_path(entry_file);
+
+    if !entry_file.is_file() {
+        anyhow::bail!(
+            "{label} entry file does not exist: {}",
+            entry_file.display()
+        );
+    }
+
+    if let Some(icon_file) = icon_file {
+        let icon_file: PathBuf = snapshot.file_path(icon_file);
+
+        if !icon_file.is_file() {
+            anyhow::bail!("{label} icon file does not exist: {}", icon_file.display());
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/manifest.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/manifest.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fdbc834dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/manifest.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+use crate::lifecycle::{
+    MAX_APP_FILE_COUNT, MAX_APP_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES, validate_manifest_file_path, validate_sha256_hex,
+};
+use crate::types::SageAppManifestFile;
+use crate::types::normalizers::normalized_optional_string;
+use anyhow::anyhow;
+
+pub fn normalize_optional_manifest_path(
+    path: Option<String>,
+    label: &str,
+) -> anyhow::Result<Option<String>> {
+    let path = normalized_optional_string(path);
+
+    if let Some(path) = &path {
+        validate_manifest_file_path(path).map_err(|err| anyhow!("{label} is invalid: {err}"))?;
+    }
+
+    Ok(path)
+}
+
+pub fn validate_manifest_files(files: &[SageAppManifestFile]) -> anyhow::Result<u64> {
+    if files.is_empty() {
+        anyhow::bail!("manifest files cannot be empty");
+    }
+
+    if files.len() > MAX_APP_FILE_COUNT {
+        anyhow::bail!(
+            "manifest file count {} exceeds limit {}",
+            files.len(),
+            MAX_APP_FILE_COUNT
+        );
+    }
+
+    let mut seen = std::collections::BTreeSet::new();
+    let mut total: u64 = 0;
+
+    for file in files {
+        validate_manifest_file_path(file.path())?;
+        validate_sha256_hex(file.sha256())?;
+
+        if !seen.insert(file.path().to_string()) {
+            anyhow::bail!("duplicate manifest file path: {}", file.path());
+        }
+
+        total = total
+            .checked_add(file.size())
+            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("manifest total size overflow"))?;
+    }
+
+    if total > MAX_APP_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES {
+        anyhow::bail!("manifest total size {total} exceeds limit {MAX_APP_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES}");
+    }
+
+    Ok(total)
+}
+
+pub fn validate_declared_manifest_asset_exists(
+    path: Option<&str>,
+    files: &[SageAppManifestFile],
+    label: &str,
+) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let Some(path) = path else {
+        return Ok(());
+    };
+
+    if !files.iter().any(|file| file.path() == path) {
+        anyhow::bail!("manifest {label} file is not listed in files: {path}");
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..99cef247a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+mod app;
+mod manifest;
+mod permission;
+
+pub(super) use app::*;
+pub(super) use manifest::*;
+pub(super) use permission::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/permission.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/permission.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d19510939
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/permission.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+use std::collections::BTreeSet;
+
+use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::capabilities::{CapabilityFlags, get_user_capability_definition};
+use crate::types::network::SageNetworkWhitelistEntry;
+use crate::types::permissions::SageRequestedCapabilities;
+
+pub fn validate_permissions_policy(
+    capabilities: impl IntoIterator<Item = UserBridgeCapability>,
+    network: impl IntoIterator<Item = SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
+    context: &str,
+) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let capability_flags = capabilities
+        .into_iter()
+        .fold(CapabilityFlags::EMPTY, |flags, cap| {
+            flags.union(get_user_capability_definition(cap).flags())
+        });
+
+    let has_secret_access = capability_flags.accesses_sensitive_secret();
+    let has_external_access =
+        capability_flags.externally_observable() || network.into_iter().next().is_some();
+
+    if has_secret_access && has_external_access {
+        anyhow::bail!("{context} cannot include both external access and sensitive secret access");
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub fn validate_requested_capabilities_are_requestable(
+    capabilities: &SageRequestedCapabilities,
+) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    for capability in capabilities.required().chain(capabilities.optional()) {
+        let definition = get_user_capability_definition(*capability);
+
+        if !definition.flags().requestable_by_app() {
+            anyhow::bail!(
+                "capability is not requestable by app manifest: {}",
+                capability.key()
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub fn build_user_grantable_capability_set(
+    requested: &SageRequestedCapabilities,
+    capabilities: impl IntoIterator<Item = UserBridgeCapability>,
+) -> anyhow::Result<BTreeSet<UserBridgeCapability>> {
+    let capabilities = capabilities.into_iter().collect::<BTreeSet<_>>();
+
+    validate_user_granted_capabilities(requested, &capabilities)?;
+    validate_required_user_grantable_capabilities_present(requested, &capabilities)?;
+
+    Ok(capabilities)
+}
+
+pub fn validate_user_granted_capabilities(
+    requested: &SageRequestedCapabilities,
+    user_granted: &BTreeSet<UserBridgeCapability>,
+) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    for capability in user_granted {
+        if !requested.is_allowed(*capability) {
+            anyhow::bail!(
+                "granted capability not requested in manifest: {}",
+                capability.key()
+            );
+        }
+
+        let definition = get_user_capability_definition(*capability);
+
+        if !definition.flags().user_grantable() {
+            anyhow::bail!(
+                "granted capability is not user grantable: {}",
+                capability.key()
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub fn validate_required_user_grantable_capabilities_present(
+    requested: &SageRequestedCapabilities,
+    user_granted: &BTreeSet<UserBridgeCapability>,
+) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    for capability in requested.required() {
+        let definition = get_user_capability_definition(*capability);
+
+        if definition.flags().user_grantable() && !user_granted.contains(capability) {
+            anyhow::bail!("missing required capability: {}", capability.key());
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub fn split_required_optional_set<T: Ord>(
+    required: impl IntoIterator<Item = T>,
+    optional: impl IntoIterator<Item = T>,
+) -> (BTreeSet<T>, BTreeSet<T>) {
+    let required = required.into_iter().collect::<BTreeSet<_>>();
+
+    let optional = optional
+        .into_iter()
+        .filter(|item| !required.contains(item))
+        .collect::<BTreeSet<_>>();
+
+    (required, optional)
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/network.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/network.rs
index 6a0ca6b0c..c47af656a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/network.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/network.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 use std::collections::BTreeSet;
 
+use crate::types::invariants::split_required_optional_set;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
-use crate::types::invariants::split_required_optional_set;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
 pub struct SageNetworkWhitelistEntry {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs
index 646ff426c..ee99367bc 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,10 @@ use crate::bridge::capabilities::{
     SharedCapabilitiesExt, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability,
 };
 use crate::capabilities::{CapabilityDefinition, CapabilityFlags, get_user_capability_definition};
-use crate::types::invariants::{build_user_grantable_capability_set, split_required_optional_set, validate_permissions_policy, validate_requested_capabilities_are_requestable};
+use crate::types::invariants::{
+    build_user_grantable_capability_set, split_required_optional_set, validate_permissions_policy,
+    validate_requested_capabilities_are_requestable,
+};
 use crate::types::network::{SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist};
 use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;

From fff330cdd8e1d2c6d0f077496a8813d0f8fc3b4e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Tue, 28 Apr 2026 06:11:53 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 248/471] Refactor: simplify capability checks and remove
 unused methods

- Replaced `capabilities_vec` with `has_capability` for direct capability checks.
- Removed redundant methods across `user.rs`, `permissions.rs`, and related files.
- Streamlined permission and capability handling for improved clarity and maintainability.
---
 .../user/app/request_capability_grant.rs      |  3 +-
 .../bridge/methods/user/wallet/send_xch.rs    |  3 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs          |  3 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user.rs        | 32 -------------------
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs     | 13 ++------
 5 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 49 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
index 0e963f526..57a549240 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
@@ -56,8 +56,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppRequestCapabilityGrant {
         if ctx
             .app
             .granted_permissions()
-            .capabilities_vec()
-            .contains(&params.capability)
+            .has_capability(params.capability)
         {
             return Ok(None);
         }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/send_xch.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/send_xch.rs
index a29bf33f7..b516de02c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/send_xch.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/send_xch.rs
@@ -65,8 +65,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for WalletSendXch {
         if ctx
             .app
             .granted_permissions()
-            .capabilities_vec()
-            .contains(&UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXchAutoSubmit)
+            .has_capability(UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXchAutoSubmit)
         {
             return Ok(None);
         }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs
index 8647cd31a..cabee58ab 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs
@@ -26,8 +26,7 @@ fn required_capabilities_for_app(app: &SageApp) -> Vec<SandboxCapability> {
 
     if app
         .granted_permissions()
-        .capabilities_vec()
-        .contains(&UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage)
+        .has_capability(UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage)
     {
         caps.push(SandboxCapability::StoragePersistenceNormal);
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user.rs
index 2a11c0e37..d05854080 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-use std::path::PathBuf;
-
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
@@ -70,10 +68,6 @@ impl UserSageApp {
         self.pending_update = pending_update;
     }
 
-    pub fn clear_pending_update(&mut self) {
-        self.pending_update = None;
-    }
-
     pub fn into_sage_app(self) -> SageApp {
         SageApp::User(self)
     }
@@ -90,10 +84,6 @@ impl UserSageApp {
         &self.source
     }
 
-    pub fn set_source(&mut self, source: UserSageAppSource) {
-        self.source = source;
-    }
-
     pub fn pending_update(&self) -> Option<&UserSageAppPendingUpdate> {
         self.pending_update.as_ref()
     }
@@ -142,14 +132,6 @@ impl SageApp {
         self.common().icon_file()
     }
 
-    pub fn entry_path(&self) -> PathBuf {
-        self.common().entry_path()
-    }
-
-    pub fn icon_path(&self) -> Option<PathBuf> {
-        self.common().icon_path()
-    }
-
     pub fn requested_permissions(&self) -> &SageRequestedPermissions {
         self.common().requested_permissions()
     }
@@ -184,13 +166,6 @@ impl SageApp {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn as_user_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut UserSageApp> {
-        match self {
-            Self::User(app) => Some(app),
-            Self::System(_) => None,
-        }
-    }
-
     pub fn as_system(&self) -> Option<&SystemSageApp> {
         match self {
             Self::System(app) => Some(app),
@@ -198,13 +173,6 @@ impl SageApp {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn as_system_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut SystemSageApp> {
-        match self {
-            Self::System(app) => Some(app),
-            Self::User(_) => None,
-        }
-    }
-
     pub fn into_user(self) -> Option<UserSageApp> {
         match self {
             Self::User(app) => Some(app),
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs
index ee99367bc..2dc3da6f0 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs
@@ -181,14 +181,6 @@ impl SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
     pub fn whitelist(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &SageNetworkWhitelistEntry> {
         self.whitelist.iter()
     }
-
-    pub fn contains(&self, entry: &SageNetworkWhitelistEntry) -> bool {
-        self.whitelist.contains(entry)
-    }
-
-    pub fn into_vec(self) -> Vec<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry> {
-        self.whitelist.into_iter().collect()
-    }
 }
 
 impl SageGrantedPermissions {
@@ -228,9 +220,8 @@ impl SageGrantedPermissions {
     pub fn capabilities(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &UserBridgeCapability> {
         self.capabilities.iter()
     }
-
-    pub fn capabilities_vec(&self) -> Vec<UserBridgeCapability> {
-        self.capabilities.iter().copied().collect()
+    pub fn has_capability(&self, capability: UserBridgeCapability) -> bool {
+        self.capabilities.contains(&capability)
     }
 
     pub fn network(&self) -> &SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {

From 2af3aff64d7b69bd9b91d096c780792e612a7f77 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Tue, 28 Apr 2026 06:16:47 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 249/471] Refactor: remove unused methods and simplify
 capability handling

- Removed `into_sage_app` and `new_builtin` methods as they were unused.
- Streamlined `PersistentStorage` capability check by introducing `has_persistent_storage` intermediate variable.
- Cleaned up unused imports and reduced redundant code to improve clarity.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs       | 6 +++---
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/snapshot.rs | 8 --------
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/system.rs   | 5 -----
 3 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs
index cabee58ab..3e0d09367 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs
@@ -24,10 +24,10 @@ fn required_capabilities_for_app(app: &SageApp) -> Vec<SandboxCapability> {
         SandboxCapability::NetworkAllowlistEnforced,
     ];
 
-    if app
+    let has_persistent_storage = app
         .granted_permissions()
-        .has_capability(UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage)
-    {
+        .has_capability(UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage);
+    if has_persistent_storage {
         caps.push(SandboxCapability::StoragePersistenceNormal);
 
         if app.capability_flags().has_secret_access() {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/snapshot.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/snapshot.rs
index dacfe724d..62f330668 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/snapshot.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/snapshot.rs
@@ -36,14 +36,6 @@ impl SageAppSnapshot {
         Ok(snapshot)
     }
 
-    pub fn new_builtin(
-        app_id: &str,
-        snapshot_dir: impl Into<String>,
-        manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
-    ) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
-        Self::new(format!("builtin:{app_id}"), snapshot_dir, manifest)
-    }
-
     pub fn new_builtin_system(
         app_id: &str,
         snapshot_dir: impl Into<String>,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/system.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/system.rs
index 6b365a2f7..180c10d61 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/system.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/system.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
 use crate::types::app::common::SageAppCommon;
-use crate::types::app::user::SageApp;
 use crate::types::permissions::SageGrantedSystemPermissions;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
@@ -32,10 +31,6 @@ impl SystemSageApp {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn into_sage_app(self) -> SageApp {
-        SageApp::System(self)
-    }
-
     pub fn common(&self) -> &SageAppCommon {
         &self.common
     }

From c2aced733d4853cfd5bf51cece9da82175f59e83 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Tue, 28 Apr 2026 06:24:35 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 250/471] Refactor: centralize `app_path` logic and simplify
 metadata handling

- Introduced `app_path` method in `SageAppCommon` and exposed it in related structs.
- Replaced redundant `app_dir` conversions with `app_path` across multiple files (`commands.rs`, `permissions.rs`, etc.).
- Cleaned up imports and removed unused `PathBuf` declarations.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs    | 10 +++-------
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs |  5 ++---
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs             |  4 ++++
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user.rs               |  9 +++++++++
 4 files changed, 18 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
index 5293cee3a..c5278a93e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 use std::io;
-use std::path::PathBuf;
 
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State, command};
 
@@ -94,8 +93,7 @@ pub async fn download_app_update(
 
     app.set_pending_update(Some(pending));
 
-    let app_dir = PathBuf::from(app.common().app_dir());
-    write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app_dir)
+    write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app.app_path())
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to write app metadata: {err}")))?;
 
     Ok(app)
@@ -123,10 +121,8 @@ pub async fn apply_app_update(
             .ok_or_else(|| io::Error::other(format!("app {app_id} has no available update")))?,
     };
 
-    let app_dir = PathBuf::from(app.common().app_dir());
-
     let snapshot = download_url_snapshot(
-        &app_dir,
+        &app.app_path(),
         pending.app_url(),
         pending.manifest(),
         pending.manifest_hash(),
@@ -142,7 +138,7 @@ pub async fn apply_app_update(
 
     app.set_pending_update(None);
 
-    write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app_dir)
+    write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app.app_path())
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to write app metadata: {err}")))?;
 
     Ok(app)
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
index 958d8a432..b2535fd64 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use std::collections::BTreeSet;
-use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+use std::path::Path;
 
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::capabilities::get_user_capability_definition;
@@ -19,8 +19,7 @@ pub fn update_app_permissions(
 
     app.common_mut().update_permissions(granted_permissions)?;
 
-    let app_dir = PathBuf::from(app.common().app_dir());
-    write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app_dir)?;
+    write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app.app_path())?;
 
     Ok(app)
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
index 8119d12f1..70e35de62 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
@@ -177,6 +177,10 @@ impl SageAppCommon {
         &self.app_dir
     }
 
+    pub fn app_path(&self) -> PathBuf {
+        PathBuf::from(&self.app_dir)
+    }
+
     pub fn entry_file(&self) -> &str {
         &self.entry_file
     }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user.rs
index d05854080..1f2629fac 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+use std::path::PathBuf;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
@@ -87,6 +88,10 @@ impl UserSageApp {
     pub fn pending_update(&self) -> Option<&UserSageAppPendingUpdate> {
         self.pending_update.as_ref()
     }
+
+    pub fn app_path(&self) -> PathBuf {
+        self.common().app_path()
+    }
 }
 
 impl SageApp {
@@ -124,6 +129,10 @@ impl SageApp {
         self.common().app_dir()
     }
 
+    pub fn app_path(&self) -> PathBuf {
+        self.common().app_path()
+    }
+
     pub fn entry_file(&self) -> &str {
         self.common().entry_file()
     }

From 1db805afa7db2ffcf4f40f1ce5bdf813930cfb41 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Tue, 28 Apr 2026 06:32:16 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 251/471] Refactor: remove redundant manifest helper functions
 and simplify `entry`/`icon` retrieval

- Removed `manifest_entry_file` and `manifest_icon_file` in favor of using `manifest.entry()` and `manifest.icon()` directly.
- Updated `entry()` to provide a default value of `"index.html"` for consistency.
- Cleaned up related tests and updated assertions accordingly.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs | 16 ++++------------
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs   |  5 ++---
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/manifest.rs     |  4 ++--
 3 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs
index 5872a22bf..5d5878c34 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs
@@ -10,14 +10,6 @@ use crate::{
 
 const MANIFEST_FILE_NAME: &str = "sage-manifest.json";
 
-pub fn manifest_entry_file(manifest: &SageAppPackageManifest) -> &str {
-    manifest.entry().unwrap_or("index.html")
-}
-
-pub fn manifest_icon_file(manifest: &SageAppPackageManifest) -> Option<&str> {
-    manifest.icon()
-}
-
 pub fn derive_manifest_url(app_url: &str) -> AnyResult<String> {
     let base =
         reqwest::Url::parse(app_url).with_context(|| format!("invalid app url: {app_url}"))?;
@@ -374,13 +366,13 @@ mod tests {
         let manifest =
             sample_manifest_with(Some("entry.html".to_string()), Some("icon.svg".to_string()));
 
-        assert_eq!(manifest_entry_file(&manifest), "entry.html");
+        assert_eq!(manifest.entry(), "entry.html");
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn manifest_entry_file_defaults_to_index_html() {
         let manifest = sample_manifest_with(None, Some("icon.svg".to_string()));
-        assert_eq!(manifest_entry_file(&manifest), "index.html");
+        assert_eq!(manifest.entry(), "index.html");
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -388,12 +380,12 @@ mod tests {
         let manifest =
             sample_manifest_with(Some("entry.html".to_string()), Some("icon.svg".to_string()));
 
-        assert_eq!(manifest_icon_file(&manifest).unwrap(), "icon.svg");
+        assert_eq!(manifest.icon().unwrap(), "icon.svg");
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn manifest_icon_file_defaults_to_none() {
         let manifest = sample_manifest_with(Some("entry.html".to_string()), None);
-        assert_eq!(manifest_icon_file(&manifest), None);
+        assert_eq!(manifest.icon(), None);
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
index 70e35de62..52626833f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ use std::path::PathBuf;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::lifecycle::{manifest_entry_file, manifest_icon_file};
 use crate::types::app::flags::SageAppFlags;
 use crate::types::app::preview::UserSageAppPendingUpdate;
 use crate::types::app::snapshot::SageAppSnapshot;
@@ -138,8 +137,8 @@ impl SageAppCommon {
             name: manifest.name().to_string(),
             version: manifest.version().to_string(),
             app_dir: identity.app_dir,
-            entry_file: manifest_entry_file(manifest).to_string(),
-            icon_file: manifest_icon_file(manifest).map(str::to_string),
+            entry_file: manifest.entry().to_string(),
+            icon_file: manifest.icon().map(str::to_string),
             requested_permissions: manifest.permissions().clone(),
             granted_permissions,
             capability_flags,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/manifest.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/manifest.rs
index 58f5270f7..11b0d8226 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/manifest.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/manifest.rs
@@ -149,8 +149,8 @@ impl SageAppPackageManifest {
         self.total_bytes
     }
 
-    pub fn entry(&self) -> Option<&str> {
-        self.entry.as_deref()
+    pub fn entry(&self) -> &str {
+        self.entry.as_deref().unwrap_or("index.html")
     }
 
     pub fn icon(&self) -> Option<&str> {

From 42dd5d03a036d5ea9e202d6e5d8d442f69baa0e4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Tue, 28 Apr 2026 06:51:19 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 252/471] Refactor: introduce `SageAppUrl` and
 `SageAppManifestUrl`, reorganize manifest validation logic

- Added `SageAppUrl` and `SageAppManifestUrl` types for improved URL handling and validation.
- Consolidated manifest-related validation into `invariants::manifest.rs` to centralize logic.
- Removed redundant functions and tests, migrating necessary logic to updated modules.
- Simplified the `fetch_url_manifest` and manifest derivation process using new URL types.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs    | 201 +-----------------
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/preview.rs     |   8 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user.rs        |   2 +-
 .../src/types/invariants/manifest.rs          | 146 ++++++++++++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/manifest.rs        |   3 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs             |   2 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/url.rs             |  51 +++++
 7 files changed, 209 insertions(+), 204 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/types/url.rs

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs
index 5d5878c34..68e989d6e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs
@@ -1,25 +1,13 @@
-use std::collections::BTreeSet;
-
-use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
+use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult};
 
+use crate::types::{MANIFEST_FILE_NAME, SageAppManifestUrl, SageAppPackageManifest};
 use crate::utils::bytes_sha256_hex;
-use crate::{
-    lifecycle::limits::{MAX_APP_FILE_COUNT, MAX_APP_PATH_LENGTH, MAX_APP_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES},
-    types::{SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest},
-};
-
-const MANIFEST_FILE_NAME: &str = "sage-manifest.json";
 
-pub fn derive_manifest_url(app_url: &str) -> AnyResult<String> {
-    let base =
-        reqwest::Url::parse(app_url).with_context(|| format!("invalid app url: {app_url}"))?;
+pub async fn fetch_url_manifest(
+    manifest_url: &SageAppManifestUrl,
+) -> AnyResult<(SageAppPackageManifest, String)> {
+    let manifest_url = manifest_url.as_str();
 
-    base.join(MANIFEST_FILE_NAME)
-        .map(|url| url.to_string())
-        .with_context(|| format!("failed to derive manifest url from app url: {app_url}"))
-}
-
-pub async fn fetch_url_manifest(manifest_url: &str) -> AnyResult<(SageAppPackageManifest, String)> {
     let response = reqwest::get(manifest_url)
         .await
         .with_context(|| format!("failed to GET manifest url {manifest_url}"))?
@@ -66,88 +54,9 @@ pub fn read_manifest(package_root: &std::path::Path) -> AnyResult<SageAppPackage
     Ok(manifest)
 }
 
-pub fn validate_manifest_file_path(path: &str) -> AnyResult<()> {
-    if path.is_empty() {
-        return Err(anyhow!("manifest file path cannot be empty"));
-    }
-
-    if path.len() > MAX_APP_PATH_LENGTH {
-        return Err(anyhow!(
-            "manifest file path exceeds max length {MAX_APP_PATH_LENGTH}: {path}"
-        ));
-    }
-
-    if path.starts_with('/') || path.starts_with('\\') {
-        return Err(anyhow!("manifest file path must be relative: {path}"));
-    }
-
-    if path.contains('\\') {
-        return Err(anyhow!(
-            "manifest file path must use forward slashes: {path}"
-        ));
-    }
-
-    if path
-        .split('/')
-        .any(|part| part == "." || part == ".." || part.is_empty())
-    {
-        return Err(anyhow!("manifest file path is invalid: {path}"));
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-pub fn validate_sha256_hex(value: &str) -> AnyResult<()> {
-    if value.len() != 64 || !value.chars().all(|c| c.is_ascii_hexdigit()) {
-        return Err(anyhow!("invalid sha256 hex: {value}"));
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-pub fn validate_manifest_files(files: &[SageAppManifestFile]) -> AnyResult<u64> {
-    if files.is_empty() {
-        return Err(anyhow!("manifest files cannot be empty"));
-    }
-
-    if files.len() > MAX_APP_FILE_COUNT {
-        return Err(anyhow!(
-            "manifest file count {} exceeds limit {}",
-            files.len(),
-            MAX_APP_FILE_COUNT
-        ));
-    }
-
-    let mut seen = BTreeSet::new();
-    let mut total: u64 = 0;
-
-    for file in files {
-        validate_manifest_file_path(file.path())?;
-        validate_sha256_hex(file.sha256())?;
-
-        if !seen.insert(file.path().to_string()) {
-            return Err(anyhow!("duplicate manifest file path: {}", file.path()));
-        }
-
-        total = total
-            .checked_add(file.size())
-            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("manifest total size overflow"))?;
-    }
-
-    if total > MAX_APP_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES {
-        return Err(anyhow!(
-            "manifest total size {total} exceeds limit {MAX_APP_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES}"
-        ));
-    }
-
-    Ok(total)
-}
-
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-    use super::*;
     use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
-    use crate::lifecycle::limits::{MAX_APP_FILE_COUNT, MAX_APP_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES};
     use crate::types::{
         SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts,
         SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
@@ -212,104 +121,6 @@ mod tests {
         .unwrap()
     }
 
-    #[test]
-    fn validate_manifest_file_path_accepts_normal_relative_path() {
-        validate_manifest_file_path("dist/index.html").unwrap();
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn validate_manifest_file_path_rejects_absolute_path() {
-        assert!(validate_manifest_file_path("/etc/passwd").is_err());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn validate_manifest_file_path_rejects_parent_traversal() {
-        assert!(validate_manifest_file_path("../secret.txt").is_err());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn validate_manifest_file_path_rejects_current_dir_segment() {
-        assert!(validate_manifest_file_path("./index.html").is_err());
-        assert!(validate_manifest_file_path("dist/./index.html").is_err());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn validate_manifest_file_path_rejects_empty_segment() {
-        assert!(validate_manifest_file_path("dist//index.html").is_err());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn validate_manifest_file_path_rejects_backslashes() {
-        assert!(validate_manifest_file_path(r"dist\index.html").is_err());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn validate_sha256_hex_accepts_valid_hash() {
-        validate_sha256_hex("aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa")
-            .unwrap();
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn validate_sha256_hex_rejects_invalid_hash() {
-        assert!(validate_sha256_hex("not-a-sha").is_err());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn validate_manifest_files_rejects_empty_list() {
-        let err = validate_manifest_files(&[]).unwrap_err();
-        assert!(err.to_string().contains("cannot be empty"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn validate_manifest_files_rejects_duplicate_paths() {
-        let files = vec![
-            sample_manifest_file("dist/index.html", 1),
-            sample_manifest_file("dist/index.html", 2),
-        ];
-
-        let err = validate_manifest_files(&files).unwrap_err();
-        assert!(err.to_string().contains("duplicate manifest file path"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn validate_manifest_files_rejects_invalid_nested_path() {
-        let err = SageAppManifestFile::new("dist//index.html", "a".repeat(64), 1).unwrap_err();
-        assert!(err.to_string().contains("manifest file path is invalid"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn validate_manifest_files_rejects_file_count_over_limit() {
-        let files: Vec<_> = (0..=MAX_APP_FILE_COUNT)
-            .map(|i| sample_manifest_file(&format!("dist/file-{i}.txt"), 1))
-            .collect();
-
-        let err = validate_manifest_files(&files).unwrap_err();
-        assert!(err.to_string().contains("exceeds limit"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn validate_manifest_files_rejects_total_size_over_limit() {
-        let files = vec![
-            sample_manifest_file("dist/a.bin", MAX_APP_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES),
-            sample_manifest_file("dist/b.bin", 1),
-        ];
-
-        let err = validate_manifest_files(&files).unwrap_err();
-        assert!(err.to_string().contains("manifest total size"));
-        assert!(err.to_string().contains("exceeds limit"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn validate_manifest_files_returns_total_size_when_valid() {
-        let files = vec![
-            sample_manifest_file("dist/index.html", 100),
-            sample_manifest_file("dist/icon.png", 23),
-        ];
-
-        let total = validate_manifest_files(&files).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(total, 123);
-    }
-
     #[test]
     fn manifest_rejects_blank_name() {
         let err = SageAppPackageManifest::try_from(SageAppPackageManifestParts {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/preview.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/preview.rs
index c650370d8..9a8ff5929 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/preview.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/preview.rs
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ use specta::Type;
 
 use crate::types::manifest::SageAppPackageManifest;
 use crate::types::normalizers::normalized_non_empty_string;
+use crate::types::{SageAppManifestUrl, SageAppUrl};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
@@ -57,12 +58,13 @@ impl UserSageAppPendingUpdate {
 impl SageAppUrlPreview {
     pub async fn new(app_url: impl Into<String>) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
         let app_url = crate::lifecycle::install::url::normalize_app_url(&app_url.into())?;
-        let manifest_url = crate::lifecycle::derive_manifest_url(&app_url)?;
+        let app_url = SageAppUrl::parse(app_url)?;
+        let manifest_url = SageAppManifestUrl::derive_from_app_url(&app_url)?;
         let (manifest, manifest_hash) = crate::lifecycle::fetch_url_manifest(&manifest_url).await?;
 
         Ok(Self {
-            app_url,
-            manifest_url,
+            app_url: app_url.into_string(),
+            manifest_url: manifest_url.into_string(),
             manifest_hash: normalized_non_empty_string(manifest_hash, "manifest hash")?,
             manifest,
         })
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user.rs
index 1f2629fac..dfad35046 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-use std::path::PathBuf;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
 
 use crate::sandbox::SANDBOX_TEST_ID_PREFIX;
 use crate::types::app::common::SageAppCommon;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/manifest.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/manifest.rs
index fdbc834dd..9c7fec774 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/manifest.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/manifest.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
-use crate::lifecycle::{
-    MAX_APP_FILE_COUNT, MAX_APP_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES, validate_manifest_file_path, validate_sha256_hex,
-};
+use crate::lifecycle::limits::{MAX_APP_FILE_COUNT, MAX_APP_PATH_LENGTH, MAX_APP_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES};
 use crate::types::SageAppManifestFile;
 use crate::types::normalizers::normalized_optional_string;
 use anyhow::anyhow;
@@ -18,6 +16,41 @@ pub fn normalize_optional_manifest_path(
     Ok(path)
 }
 
+pub fn validate_manifest_file_path(path: &str) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    if path.is_empty() {
+        anyhow::bail!("manifest file path cannot be empty");
+    }
+
+    if path.len() > MAX_APP_PATH_LENGTH {
+        anyhow::bail!("manifest file path exceeds max length {MAX_APP_PATH_LENGTH}: {path}");
+    }
+
+    if path.starts_with('/') || path.starts_with('\\') {
+        anyhow::bail!("manifest file path must be relative: {path}");
+    }
+
+    if path.contains('\\') {
+        anyhow::bail!("manifest file path must use forward slashes: {path}");
+    }
+
+    if path
+        .split('/')
+        .any(|part| part == "." || part == ".." || part.is_empty())
+    {
+        anyhow::bail!("manifest file path is invalid: {path}");
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub fn validate_sha256_hex(value: &str) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    if value.len() != 64 || !value.chars().all(|c| c.is_ascii_hexdigit()) {
+        anyhow::bail!("invalid sha256 hex: {value}");
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
 pub fn validate_manifest_files(files: &[SageAppManifestFile]) -> anyhow::Result<u64> {
     if files.is_empty() {
         anyhow::bail!("manifest files cannot be empty");
@@ -69,3 +102,110 @@ pub fn validate_declared_manifest_asset_exists(
 
     Ok(())
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    fn sample_manifest_file(path: &str, size: u64) -> SageAppManifestFile {
+        SageAppManifestFile::new(path.to_string(), "a".repeat(64), size).unwrap()
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn validate_manifest_file_path_accepts_normal_relative_path() {
+        validate_manifest_file_path("dist/index.html").unwrap();
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn validate_manifest_file_path_rejects_absolute_path() {
+        assert!(validate_manifest_file_path("/etc/passwd").is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn validate_manifest_file_path_rejects_parent_traversal() {
+        assert!(validate_manifest_file_path("../secret.txt").is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn validate_manifest_file_path_rejects_current_dir_segment() {
+        assert!(validate_manifest_file_path("./index.html").is_err());
+        assert!(validate_manifest_file_path("dist/./index.html").is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn validate_manifest_file_path_rejects_empty_segment() {
+        assert!(validate_manifest_file_path("dist//index.html").is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn validate_manifest_file_path_rejects_backslashes() {
+        assert!(validate_manifest_file_path(r"dist\index.html").is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn validate_sha256_hex_accepts_valid_hash() {
+        validate_sha256_hex("aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa")
+            .unwrap();
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn validate_sha256_hex_rejects_invalid_hash() {
+        assert!(validate_sha256_hex("not-a-sha").is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn validate_manifest_files_rejects_empty_list() {
+        let err = validate_manifest_files(&[]).unwrap_err();
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("cannot be empty"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn validate_manifest_files_rejects_duplicate_paths() {
+        let files = vec![
+            sample_manifest_file("dist/index.html", 1),
+            sample_manifest_file("dist/index.html", 2),
+        ];
+
+        let err = validate_manifest_files(&files).unwrap_err();
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("duplicate manifest file path"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn validate_manifest_files_rejects_invalid_nested_path() {
+        let err = SageAppManifestFile::new("dist//index.html", "a".repeat(64), 1).unwrap_err();
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("manifest file path is invalid"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn validate_manifest_files_rejects_file_count_over_limit() {
+        let files: Vec<_> = (0..=MAX_APP_FILE_COUNT)
+            .map(|i| sample_manifest_file(&format!("dist/file-{i}.txt"), 1))
+            .collect();
+
+        let err = validate_manifest_files(&files).unwrap_err();
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("exceeds limit"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn validate_manifest_files_rejects_total_size_over_limit() {
+        let files = vec![
+            sample_manifest_file("dist/a.bin", MAX_APP_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES),
+            sample_manifest_file("dist/b.bin", 1),
+        ];
+
+        let err = validate_manifest_files(&files).unwrap_err();
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("manifest total size"));
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("exceeds limit"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn validate_manifest_files_returns_total_size_when_valid() {
+        let files = vec![
+            sample_manifest_file("dist/index.html", 100),
+            sample_manifest_file("dist/icon.png", 23),
+        ];
+
+        let total = validate_manifest_files(&files).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(total, 123);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/manifest.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/manifest.rs
index 11b0d8226..4cc5d9723 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/manifest.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/manifest.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
 use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::lifecycle::{validate_manifest_file_path, validate_sha256_hex};
 use crate::types::app::{SageAppAuthor, SageAppDonation};
 use crate::types::invariants::{
     normalize_optional_manifest_path, validate_declared_manifest_asset_exists,
-    validate_manifest_files,
+    validate_manifest_file_path, validate_manifest_files, validate_sha256_hex,
 };
 use crate::types::normalizers::normalized_non_empty_string;
 use crate::types::permissions::SageRequestedPermissions;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs
index 3dcd44627..fdcb4c94f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ mod network;
 mod normalizers;
 mod permissions;
 mod storage;
+mod url;
 
 pub(crate) use app::{
     CorruptedInstalledSageApp, ListedSageApp, RetiredAppOriginEntry, SageApp, SageAppCommon,
@@ -25,3 +26,4 @@ pub(crate) use storage::{
 pub(crate) use manifest::SageAppPackageManifestParts;
 #[cfg(test)]
 pub(crate) use permissions::{SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions};
+pub(crate) use url::{MANIFEST_FILE_NAME, SageAppManifestUrl, SageAppUrl};
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/url.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/url.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fd01f7baf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/url.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult};
+
+pub const MANIFEST_FILE_NAME: &str = "sage-manifest.json";
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct SageAppUrl(String);
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct SageAppManifestUrl(String);
+
+impl SageAppUrl {
+    pub fn parse(value: impl AsRef<str>) -> AnyResult<Self> {
+        let value = value.as_ref();
+
+        reqwest::Url::parse(value).with_context(|| format!("invalid app url: {value}"))?;
+
+        Ok(Self(value.to_string()))
+    }
+
+    pub fn as_str(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.0
+    }
+
+    pub fn into_string(self) -> String {
+        self.0
+    }
+}
+
+impl SageAppManifestUrl {
+    pub fn derive_from_app_url(app_url: &SageAppUrl) -> AnyResult<Self> {
+        let base = reqwest::Url::parse(app_url.as_str())
+            .with_context(|| format!("invalid app url: {}", app_url.as_str()))?;
+
+        let manifest_url = base.join(MANIFEST_FILE_NAME).with_context(|| {
+            format!(
+                "failed to derive manifest url from app url: {}",
+                app_url.as_str()
+            )
+        })?;
+
+        Ok(Self(manifest_url.to_string()))
+    }
+
+    pub fn as_str(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.0
+    }
+
+    pub fn into_string(self) -> String {
+        self.0
+    }
+}

From 4d89a682f9e27399024b15bcc736164b60cc769f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Tue, 28 Apr 2026 07:12:11 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 253/471] Refactor: remove redundant `limits` module and
 simplify package validation

- Moved limit constants (`MAX_APP_FILE_COUNT`, `MAX_APP_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES`, `MAX_APP_PATH_LENGTH`) into `manifest.rs` for centralization.
- Replaced `validate_package_structure` with `SageAppPackageManifest::validate_package_files`.
- Cleaned up imports, removing unused dependencies and redundant function logic.
- Updated all package validation calls to use the refactored `validate_package_files` method for consistency.
---
 .../src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs         |  7 +--
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs |  5 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/limits.rs      |  3 --
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mod.rs         |  2 -
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs     | 46 +------------------
 .../src/types/invariants/manifest.rs          | 39 +++++++++++++++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/manifest.rs        |  8 +++-
 7 files changed, 51 insertions(+), 59 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/limits.rs

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs
index c773dea5e..d7952d30f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs
@@ -6,10 +6,7 @@ use crate::host::{AppState, Result};
 use crate::lifecycle::install::install_app_from_source;
 use crate::lifecycle::install::url::UrlInstallSource;
 use crate::lifecycle::install::zip::ZipInstallSource;
-use crate::lifecycle::{
-    apps_root, list_installed_apps_internal, read_manifest, unzip_to_dir,
-    validate_package_structure,
-};
+use crate::lifecycle::{apps_root, list_installed_apps_internal, read_manifest, unzip_to_dir};
 use crate::types::{
     ListedSageApp, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppUrlPreview, SageGrantedPermissions, UserSageApp,
 };
@@ -25,7 +22,7 @@ pub fn preview_app_zip(zip_path: String) -> Result<SageAppPackageManifest> {
         unzip_to_dir(Path::new(&zip_path), &unpack_dir)?;
         let package_root = crate::lifecycle::detect_package_root(&unpack_dir)?;
         let manifest = read_manifest(&package_root)?;
-        validate_package_structure(&package_root)?;
+        manifest.validate_package_files(&package_root)?;
 
         Ok(manifest)
     })();
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs
index 79a051762..3710e6d60 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ use uuid::Uuid;
 use super::AppInstallSource;
 use crate::lifecycle::{
     detect_package_root, list_installed_apps_internal, prepare_zip_snapshot, read_manifest,
-    unzip_to_dir, validate_package_structure,
+    unzip_to_dir,
 };
 use crate::types::{
     ListedSageApp, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
@@ -56,7 +56,8 @@ impl AppInstallSource for ZipInstallSource {
         unzip_to_dir(Path::new(&self.zip_path), &self.unpack_dir)?;
 
         let package_root = detect_package_root(&self.unpack_dir)?;
-        validate_package_structure(&package_root)?;
+        let manifest = read_manifest(&package_root)?;
+        manifest.validate_package_files(&package_root)?;
 
         let manifest = read_manifest(&package_root)?;
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/limits.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/limits.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index c41d933ae..000000000
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/limits.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-pub const MAX_APP_FILE_COUNT: usize = 2000;
-pub const MAX_APP_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES: u64 = 50 * 1024 * 1024;
-pub const MAX_APP_PATH_LENGTH: usize = 512;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mod.rs
index e7a7af5b2..3283b14e3 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mod.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 pub mod install;
-pub mod limits;
 pub mod manifest;
 pub mod package;
 pub mod registry;
@@ -8,7 +7,6 @@ pub mod storage;
 pub mod uninstall;
 pub mod update;
 
-pub use limits::*;
 pub use manifest::*;
 pub use package::*;
 pub use registry::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs
index 8c0b0c7fa..4cf32a218 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs
@@ -6,13 +6,9 @@ use std::{
 use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
 use zip::ZipArchive;
 
+use crate::types::MANIFEST_FILE_NAME;
+use crate::types::{SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot};
 use crate::utils::bytes_sha256_hex;
-use crate::{
-    lifecycle::manifest::read_manifest,
-    types::{SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot},
-};
-
-const MANIFEST_FILE_NAME: &str = "sage-manifest.json";
 
 pub fn unzip_to_dir(zip_path: &Path, out_dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<()> {
     let file = fs::File::open(zip_path)
@@ -60,44 +56,6 @@ pub fn detect_package_root(unpack_dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<PathBuf> {
     anyhow::bail!("could not find {MANIFEST_FILE_NAME}")
 }
 
-pub fn validate_package_structure(package_root: &Path) -> AnyResult<()> {
-    let manifest = read_manifest(package_root)?;
-
-    for file in manifest.files() {
-        validate_package_file(package_root, file.path(), file.sha256(), file.size())?;
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn validate_package_file(
-    package_root: &Path,
-    relative_path: &str,
-    expected_sha256: &str,
-    expected_size: u64,
-) -> AnyResult<()> {
-    let path = package_root.join(relative_path);
-
-    if !path.is_file() {
-        anyhow::bail!("manifest file missing from package: {relative_path}");
-    }
-
-    let bytes = fs::read(&path)
-        .with_context(|| format!("failed to read package file {}", path.display()))?;
-
-    let actual_hash = bytes_sha256_hex(&bytes);
-    if actual_hash != expected_sha256 {
-        anyhow::bail!("sha256 mismatch for {relative_path}");
-    }
-
-    let actual_size = u64::try_from(bytes.len()).context("file too large")?;
-    if actual_size != expected_size {
-        anyhow::bail!("size mismatch for {relative_path}");
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
 fn copy_dir_recursive(src: &Path, dst: &Path) -> AnyResult<()> {
     fs::create_dir_all(dst)
         .with_context(|| format!("failed to create directory {}", dst.display()))?;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/manifest.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/manifest.rs
index 9c7fec774..fb9062558 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/manifest.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/manifest.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,13 @@
-use crate::lifecycle::limits::{MAX_APP_FILE_COUNT, MAX_APP_PATH_LENGTH, MAX_APP_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES};
 use crate::types::SageAppManifestFile;
 use crate::types::normalizers::normalized_optional_string;
-use anyhow::anyhow;
+use crate::utils::bytes_sha256_hex;
+use anyhow::{Context, anyhow};
+use std::fs;
+use std::path::Path;
+
+pub const MAX_APP_FILE_COUNT: usize = 2000;
+pub const MAX_APP_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES: u64 = 50 * 1024 * 1024;
+pub const MAX_APP_PATH_LENGTH: usize = 512;
 
 pub fn normalize_optional_manifest_path(
     path: Option<String>,
@@ -103,6 +109,35 @@ pub fn validate_declared_manifest_asset_exists(
     Ok(())
 }
 
+pub fn validate_package_files_match_manifest(
+    package_root: &Path,
+    files: &[SageAppManifestFile],
+) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    for file in files {
+        let relative_path = file.path();
+        let path = package_root.join(relative_path);
+
+        if !path.is_file() {
+            anyhow::bail!("manifest file missing from package: {relative_path}");
+        }
+
+        let bytes = fs::read(&path)
+            .with_context(|| format!("failed to read package file {}", path.display()))?;
+
+        let actual_hash = bytes_sha256_hex(&bytes);
+        if actual_hash != file.sha256() {
+            anyhow::bail!("sha256 mismatch for {relative_path}");
+        }
+
+        let actual_size = u64::try_from(bytes.len()).context("file too large")?;
+        if actual_size != file.size() {
+            anyhow::bail!("size mismatch for {relative_path}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/manifest.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/manifest.rs
index 4cc5d9723..7506334ee 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/manifest.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/manifest.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
 use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
+use std::path::Path;
 
 use crate::types::app::{SageAppAuthor, SageAppDonation};
 use crate::types::invariants::{
     normalize_optional_manifest_path, validate_declared_manifest_asset_exists,
-    validate_manifest_file_path, validate_manifest_files, validate_sha256_hex,
+    validate_manifest_file_path, validate_manifest_files, validate_package_files_match_manifest,
+    validate_sha256_hex,
 };
 use crate::types::normalizers::normalized_non_empty_string;
 use crate::types::permissions::SageRequestedPermissions;
@@ -128,6 +130,10 @@ impl TryFrom<SageAppPackageManifestParts> for SageAppPackageManifest {
 }
 
 impl SageAppPackageManifest {
+    pub fn validate_package_files(&self, package_root: &Path) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        validate_package_files_match_manifest(package_root, self.files())
+    }
+
     pub fn name(&self) -> &str {
         &self.name
     }

From c45a958b7f2ce7dea857e31ec0437f059085a6ec Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Tue, 28 Apr 2026 07:17:41 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 254/471] Refactor: relocate manifest tests to
 `types/manifest.rs` for better organization

- Moved all manifest-related tests from `lifecycle/manifest.rs` to `types/manifest.rs` to centralize test logic.
- Cleaned up redundant code and ensured test consistency during relocation.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs | 147 --------------------
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/manifest.rs     | 149 +++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 149 insertions(+), 147 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs
index 68e989d6e..a03ab45a3 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs
@@ -53,150 +53,3 @@ pub fn read_manifest(package_root: &std::path::Path) -> AnyResult<SageAppPackage
         })?;
     Ok(manifest)
 }
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
-    use crate::types::{
-        SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts,
-        SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
-        SageRequestedPermissions,
-    };
-
-    fn sample_manifest_file(path: &str, size: u64) -> SageAppManifestFile {
-        SageAppManifestFile::new(path.to_string(), "a".repeat(64), size).unwrap()
-    }
-
-    fn sample_file() -> SageAppManifestFile {
-        sample_manifest_file("index.html", 123)
-    }
-
-    fn entry(scheme: &str, host: &str) -> SageNetworkWhitelistEntry {
-        SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new(scheme, host).unwrap()
-    }
-
-    fn requested_permissions() -> SageRequestedPermissions {
-        SageRequestedPermissions::new(
-            SageRequestedNetworkPermissions::new(
-                [entry("https", "required.example.com")],
-                [entry("wss", "optional.example.com")],
-            ),
-            SageRequestedCapabilities::new(
-                [UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch],
-                [
-                    UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage,
-                    UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetSecretKey,
-                ],
-            ),
-        )
-        .unwrap()
-    }
-
-    fn sample_manifest_with(
-        entry_file: Option<String>,
-        icon_file: Option<String>,
-    ) -> SageAppPackageManifest {
-        let mut files = vec![sample_manifest_file("index.html", 1)];
-
-        if let Some(entry_file) = &entry_file
-            && entry_file != "index.html"
-        {
-            files.push(sample_manifest_file(entry_file, 1));
-        }
-
-        if let Some(icon_file) = &icon_file {
-            files.push(sample_manifest_file(icon_file, 1));
-        }
-
-        SageAppPackageManifest::try_from(SageAppPackageManifestParts {
-            name: "Test App".to_string(),
-            version: "1.0.0".to_string(),
-            permissions: requested_permissions(),
-            files,
-            entry: entry_file,
-            icon: icon_file,
-            author: None,
-            donation: None,
-        })
-        .unwrap()
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn manifest_rejects_blank_name() {
-        let err = SageAppPackageManifest::try_from(SageAppPackageManifestParts {
-            name: "   ".to_string(),
-            version: "1.0.0".to_string(),
-            permissions: SageRequestedPermissions::empty(),
-            files: vec![sample_file()],
-            entry: Some("index.html".to_string()),
-            icon: Some("icon.png".to_string()),
-            author: None,
-            donation: None,
-        })
-        .unwrap_err();
-
-        assert!(err.to_string().contains("name cannot be empty"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn manifest_rejects_blank_version() {
-        let err = SageAppPackageManifest::try_from(SageAppPackageManifestParts {
-            name: "Test".to_string(),
-            version: "   ".to_string(),
-            permissions: SageRequestedPermissions::empty(),
-            files: vec![sample_file()],
-            entry: Some("index.html".to_string()),
-            icon: Some("icon.png".to_string()),
-            author: None,
-            donation: None,
-        })
-        .unwrap_err();
-
-        assert!(err.to_string().contains("version cannot be empty"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn manifest_total_size_is_computed() {
-        let manifest = SageAppPackageManifest::try_from(SageAppPackageManifestParts {
-            name: "Test App".to_string(),
-            version: "1.0.0".to_string(),
-            permissions: SageRequestedPermissions::empty(),
-            files: vec![sample_manifest_file("dist/index.html", 123)],
-            entry: Some("dist/index.html".to_string()),
-            icon: None,
-            author: None,
-            donation: None,
-        })
-        .unwrap();
-
-        assert_eq!(manifest.total_bytes(), 123);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn manifest_entry_file_uses_explicit_entry() {
-        let manifest =
-            sample_manifest_with(Some("entry.html".to_string()), Some("icon.svg".to_string()));
-
-        assert_eq!(manifest.entry(), "entry.html");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn manifest_entry_file_defaults_to_index_html() {
-        let manifest = sample_manifest_with(None, Some("icon.svg".to_string()));
-        assert_eq!(manifest.entry(), "index.html");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn manifest_icon_file_uses_explicit_icon() {
-        let manifest =
-            sample_manifest_with(Some("entry.html".to_string()), Some("icon.svg".to_string()));
-
-        assert_eq!(manifest.icon().unwrap(), "icon.svg");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn manifest_icon_file_defaults_to_none() {
-        let manifest = sample_manifest_with(Some("entry.html".to_string()), None);
-        assert_eq!(manifest.icon(), None);
-    }
-}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/manifest.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/manifest.rs
index 7506334ee..c924b6755 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/manifest.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/manifest.rs
@@ -198,3 +198,152 @@ impl SageAppManifestFile {
         self.size
     }
 }
+
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+    use crate::types::{
+        SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts,
+        SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
+        SageRequestedPermissions,
+    };
+
+    fn sample_manifest_file(path: &str, size: u64) -> SageAppManifestFile {
+        SageAppManifestFile::new(path.to_string(), "a".repeat(64), size).unwrap()
+    }
+
+    fn sample_file() -> SageAppManifestFile {
+        sample_manifest_file("index.html", 123)
+    }
+
+    fn entry(scheme: &str, host: &str) -> SageNetworkWhitelistEntry {
+        SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new(scheme, host).unwrap()
+    }
+
+    fn requested_permissions() -> SageRequestedPermissions {
+        SageRequestedPermissions::new(
+            SageRequestedNetworkPermissions::new(
+                [entry("https", "required.example.com")],
+                [entry("wss", "optional.example.com")],
+            ),
+            SageRequestedCapabilities::new(
+                [UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch],
+                [
+                    UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage,
+                    UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetSecretKey,
+                ],
+            ),
+        )
+            .unwrap()
+    }
+
+    fn sample_manifest_with(
+        entry_file: Option<String>,
+        icon_file: Option<String>,
+    ) -> SageAppPackageManifest {
+        let mut files = vec![sample_manifest_file("index.html", 1)];
+
+        if let Some(entry_file) = &entry_file
+            && entry_file != "index.html"
+        {
+            files.push(sample_manifest_file(entry_file, 1));
+        }
+
+        if let Some(icon_file) = &icon_file {
+            files.push(sample_manifest_file(icon_file, 1));
+        }
+
+        SageAppPackageManifest::try_from(SageAppPackageManifestParts {
+            name: "Test App".to_string(),
+            version: "1.0.0".to_string(),
+            permissions: requested_permissions(),
+            files,
+            entry: entry_file,
+            icon: icon_file,
+            author: None,
+            donation: None,
+        })
+            .unwrap()
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn manifest_rejects_blank_name() {
+        let err = SageAppPackageManifest::try_from(SageAppPackageManifestParts {
+            name: "   ".to_string(),
+            version: "1.0.0".to_string(),
+            permissions: SageRequestedPermissions::empty(),
+            files: vec![sample_file()],
+            entry: Some("index.html".to_string()),
+            icon: Some("icon.png".to_string()),
+            author: None,
+            donation: None,
+        })
+            .unwrap_err();
+
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("name cannot be empty"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn manifest_rejects_blank_version() {
+        let err = SageAppPackageManifest::try_from(SageAppPackageManifestParts {
+            name: "Test".to_string(),
+            version: "   ".to_string(),
+            permissions: SageRequestedPermissions::empty(),
+            files: vec![sample_file()],
+            entry: Some("index.html".to_string()),
+            icon: Some("icon.png".to_string()),
+            author: None,
+            donation: None,
+        })
+            .unwrap_err();
+
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("version cannot be empty"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn manifest_total_size_is_computed() {
+        let manifest = SageAppPackageManifest::try_from(SageAppPackageManifestParts {
+            name: "Test App".to_string(),
+            version: "1.0.0".to_string(),
+            permissions: SageRequestedPermissions::empty(),
+            files: vec![sample_manifest_file("dist/index.html", 123)],
+            entry: Some("dist/index.html".to_string()),
+            icon: None,
+            author: None,
+            donation: None,
+        })
+            .unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(manifest.total_bytes(), 123);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn manifest_entry_file_uses_explicit_entry() {
+        let manifest =
+            sample_manifest_with(Some("entry.html".to_string()), Some("icon.svg".to_string()));
+
+        assert_eq!(manifest.entry(), "entry.html");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn manifest_entry_file_defaults_to_index_html() {
+        let manifest = sample_manifest_with(None, Some("icon.svg".to_string()));
+        assert_eq!(manifest.entry(), "index.html");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn manifest_icon_file_uses_explicit_icon() {
+        let manifest =
+            sample_manifest_with(Some("entry.html".to_string()), Some("icon.svg".to_string()));
+
+        assert_eq!(manifest.icon().unwrap(), "icon.svg");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn manifest_icon_file_defaults_to_none() {
+        let manifest = sample_manifest_with(Some("entry.html".to_string()), None);
+        assert_eq!(manifest.icon(), None);
+    }
+}
+

From 916f2d98267be26eaee07c5cb8630316e5beb928 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Tue, 28 Apr 2026 15:48:06 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 255/471] Refactor: integrate `SageAppUrl` for improved URL
 handling and centralize URL validation logic

- Introduced `SageAppUrl` and `SageAppManifestUrl` types for robust app and manifest URL management.
- Consolidated URL validation and normalization logic into `invariants/url.rs`.
- Replaced string-based `app_url` and `manifest_url` with `SageAppUrl` across the codebase.
- Updated related methods, tests, and imports for consistency and maintainability.
---
 Cargo.lock                                    |  1 +
 crates/sage-apps/Cargo.toml                   |  2 +-
 .../src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs         | 10 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs | 76 ++++++---------
 .../sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs   |  5 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/snapshot.rs    | 15 +--
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs     | 20 +---
 .../src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs          | 10 +-
 .../src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs       |  5 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/preview.rs     | 41 +++-----
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user.rs        | 14 ++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/mod.rs  |  2 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/url.rs  | 38 ++++++++
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/manifest.rs        | 12 +--
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/url.rs             | 93 ++++++++++++++-----
 15 files changed, 190 insertions(+), 154 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/url.rs

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index b3b48148f..2b94af6bd 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -7081,6 +7081,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "paste",
  "specta-macros",
  "thiserror 1.0.69",
+ "url",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/Cargo.toml b/crates/sage-apps/Cargo.toml
index cbf812eb3..f204f4f12 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/Cargo.toml
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ sage = { workspace = true }
 sage-api = { workspace = true, features = ["tauri"] }
 serde = { workspace = true, features = ["derive"] }
 serde_json = { workspace = true }
-specta = { workspace = true, features = ["derive", "function"] }
+specta = { workspace = true, features = ["derive", "function", "url"] }
 tauri-specta = { workspace = true, features = ["derive"] }
 specta-typescript = { workspace = true }
 tauri = { workspace = true, features = [] }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs
index d7952d30f..21c849394 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,8 @@ use crate::lifecycle::install::url::UrlInstallSource;
 use crate::lifecycle::install::zip::ZipInstallSource;
 use crate::lifecycle::{apps_root, list_installed_apps_internal, read_manifest, unzip_to_dir};
 use crate::types::{
-    ListedSageApp, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppUrlPreview, SageGrantedPermissions, UserSageApp,
+    ListedSageApp, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppUrl, SageAppUrlPreview, SageGrantedPermissions,
+    UserSageApp,
 };
 use uuid::Uuid;
 
@@ -37,7 +38,7 @@ pub fn preview_app_zip(zip_path: String) -> Result<SageAppPackageManifest> {
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
 pub async fn preview_app_url(app_url: String) -> Result<SageAppUrlPreview> {
-    SageAppUrlPreview::new(app_url)
+    SageAppUrlPreview::parse(&app_url)
         .await
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to preview app URL: {err}")).into())
 }
@@ -111,13 +112,14 @@ pub async fn install_app_url(
         let state = state.lock().await;
         state.path.clone()
     };
-
+    let parsed_app_url = SageAppUrl::parse(&app_url)
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("invalid app URL {app_url}: {err}")))?;
     install_app_from_source(
         &app,
         &base_path,
         granted_permissions,
         UrlInstallSource {
-            app_url: app_url.clone(),
+            app_url: parsed_app_url,
         },
     )
     .await
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
index 0268fd6c3..49e646b9a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
@@ -11,13 +11,14 @@ use crate::lifecycle::{
     download_url_snapshot, read_retired_app_origins, write_retired_app_origins,
 };
 use crate::types::{
-    SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppUrlPreview, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
+    SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppUrl, SageAppUrlPreview, UserSageApp,
+    UserSageAppSource,
 };
-use crate::utils::{bytes_sha256_hex, slugify_app_name};
+use crate::utils::bytes_sha256_hex;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct UrlInstallSource {
-    pub app_url: String,
+    pub app_url: SageAppUrl,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
@@ -25,13 +26,20 @@ pub struct PreparedUrlInstall {
     pub preview: SageAppUrlPreview,
 }
 
+impl UrlInstallSource {
+    pub fn parse(app_url: &str) -> AnyResult<Self> {
+        let app_url = SageAppUrl::parse(app_url)?;
+        Ok(Self { app_url })
+    }
+}
+
 #[async_trait]
 impl AppInstallSource for UrlInstallSource {
     type Prepared = PreparedUrlInstall;
 
     async fn prepare(&self) -> AnyResult<Self::Prepared> {
         Ok(PreparedUrlInstall {
-            preview: SageAppUrlPreview::new(self.app_url.clone()).await?,
+            preview: SageAppUrlPreview::new(&self.app_url).await?,
         })
     }
 
@@ -41,8 +49,7 @@ impl AppInstallSource for UrlInstallSource {
 
     fn source(&self, prepared: &Self::Prepared) -> UserSageAppSource {
         UserSageAppSource::Url {
-            app_url: prepared.preview.app_url().to_string(),
-            manifest_url: prepared.preview.manifest_url().to_string(),
+            app_url: prepared.preview.app_url().clone(),
         }
     }
 
@@ -52,7 +59,7 @@ impl AppInstallSource for UrlInstallSource {
         _base_path: &Path,
         prepared: &Self::Prepared,
     ) -> AnyResult<(String, PathBuf, Option<UserSageApp>)> {
-        resolve_url_install_target(root, prepared.preview.manifest_url())
+        resolve_url_install_target(root, prepared.preview.app_url())
     }
 
     async fn create_snapshot(
@@ -134,9 +141,9 @@ pub fn normalize_app_url(url: &str) -> AnyResult<String> {
     Ok(parsed.to_string())
 }
 
-pub fn generate_url_app_id(manifest_url: &str) -> String {
-    let hash = bytes_sha256_hex(manifest_url.as_bytes());
-    format!("url-{}-{}", slugify_host(manifest_url), &hash[..16])
+pub fn generate_url_app_id(app_url: &SageAppUrl) -> String {
+    let hash = bytes_sha256_hex(app_url.manifest_url().as_bytes());
+    format!("url-{}-{}", app_url.slug(), &hash[..16])
 }
 
 pub fn default_url_origin_id(app_id: &str) -> String {
@@ -179,9 +186,9 @@ pub fn clear_pending_cleanup_for_reused_url_origin(
 
 pub fn resolve_url_install_target(
     root: &Path,
-    manifest_url: &str,
+    app_url: &SageAppUrl,
 ) -> AnyResult<(String, PathBuf, Option<UserSageApp>)> {
-    let app_id = generate_url_app_id(manifest_url);
+    let app_id = generate_url_app_id(app_url);
     let app_dir = root.join(&app_id);
 
     let existing = if app_dir.exists() {
@@ -196,16 +203,6 @@ pub fn resolve_url_install_target(
     Ok((app_id.clone(), app_dir, existing))
 }
 
-fn slugify_host(input: &str) -> String {
-    if let Ok(url) = Url::parse(input)
-        && let Some(host) = url.host_str()
-    {
-        return slugify_app_name(host);
-    }
-
-    slugify_app_name(input)
-}
-
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
@@ -306,10 +303,7 @@ mod tests {
 
         let user_app = UserSageApp::new_installed(
             common,
-            UserSageAppSource::Url {
-                app_url: "https://example.com/app/".into(),
-                manifest_url: "https://example.com/app/sage-manifest.json".into(),
-            },
+            UserSageAppSource::url("https://example.com/app/").unwrap(),
         );
 
         if !storage_may_contain_secrets {
@@ -353,9 +347,9 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     #[test]
-    fn generate_url_app_id_is_stable_for_same_manifest_url() {
-        let a = generate_url_app_id("https://example.com/app/sage-manifest.json");
-        let b = generate_url_app_id("https://example.com/app/sage-manifest.json");
+    fn generate_url_app_id_is_stable_for_same_app_url() {
+        let a = generate_url_app_id(&SageAppUrl::parse("https://example.com/app").unwrap());
+        let b = generate_url_app_id(&SageAppUrl::parse("https://example.com/app").unwrap());
 
         assert_eq!(a, b);
         assert!(a.starts_with("url-example-com-"));
@@ -423,9 +417,7 @@ mod tests {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
         let existing = sample_app_in(dir.path(), "url-abc123", "existing-origin", false);
 
-        let source = UrlInstallSource {
-            app_url: "https://example.com/app/".into(),
-        };
+        let source = UrlInstallSource::parse("https://example.com/app/").unwrap();
 
         let origin = source
             .origin_id(dir.path(), "url-abc123", Some(&existing))
@@ -438,9 +430,7 @@ mod tests {
     fn url_origin_id_defaults_to_app_id_without_retired_origin() {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
 
-        let source = UrlInstallSource {
-            app_url: "https://example.com/app/".into(),
-        };
+        let source = UrlInstallSource::parse("https://example.com/app/").unwrap();
 
         let origin = source.origin_id(dir.path(), "url-abc123", None).unwrap();
 
@@ -453,9 +443,7 @@ mod tests {
 
         fake_retired_app_origins(&dir, false, false);
 
-        let source = UrlInstallSource {
-            app_url: "https://example.com/app/".into(),
-        };
+        let source = UrlInstallSource::parse("https://example.com/app/").unwrap();
 
         let origin = source.origin_id(dir.path(), "url-abc123", None).unwrap();
 
@@ -468,9 +456,7 @@ mod tests {
 
         fake_retired_app_origins(&dir, true, false);
 
-        let source = UrlInstallSource {
-            app_url: "https://example.com/app/".into(),
-        };
+        let source = UrlInstallSource::parse("https://example.com/app/").unwrap();
 
         let origin = source.origin_id(dir.path(), "url-abc123", None).unwrap();
 
@@ -488,9 +474,7 @@ mod tests {
         let before = read_retired_app_origins(dir.path()).unwrap();
         assert!(before[0].cleanup_pending());
 
-        let source = UrlInstallSource {
-            app_url: "https://example.com/app/".into(),
-        };
+        let source = UrlInstallSource::parse("https://example.com/app/").unwrap();
 
         let origin = source.origin_id(dir.path(), "url-abc123", None).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(origin, "url-abc123");
@@ -511,9 +495,7 @@ mod tests {
 
         fake_retired_app_origins(&dir, true, true);
 
-        let source = UrlInstallSource {
-            app_url: "https://example.com/app/".into(),
-        };
+        let source = UrlInstallSource::parse("https://example.com/app/").unwrap();
 
         let rotated = source.origin_id(dir.path(), "url-abc123", None).unwrap();
         assert_ne!(rotated, "url-abc123");
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs
index 2cb24c2a5..4e28b165a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs
@@ -296,10 +296,7 @@ mod tests {
 
         UserSageApp::new_installed(
             common,
-            UserSageAppSource::Url {
-                app_url: "https://example.com/app/".into(),
-                manifest_url: "https://example.com/app/sage-manifest.json".into(),
-            },
+            UserSageAppSource::url("https://example.com/app/").unwrap(),
         )
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/snapshot.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/snapshot.rs
index 683529637..a9a121386 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/snapshot.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/snapshot.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::types::{SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot};
+use crate::types::{SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppUrl};
 use crate::utils::bytes_sha256_hex;
 use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
 use std::path::Component;
@@ -64,18 +64,9 @@ fn write_file(path: &Path, bytes: &[u8]) -> AnyResult<()> {
     Ok(())
 }
 
-fn join_app_url(base_url: &str, relative_path: &str) -> AnyResult<String> {
-    let base =
-        reqwest::Url::parse(base_url).with_context(|| format!("invalid app url {base_url}"))?;
-    let joined = base
-        .join(relative_path)
-        .with_context(|| format!("failed to join app url {base_url} with path {relative_path}"))?;
-    Ok(joined.to_string())
-}
-
 pub async fn download_url_snapshot(
     app_dir: &Path,
-    app_url: &str,
+    app_url: &SageAppUrl,
     manifest: &SageAppPackageManifest,
     manifest_hash: &str,
 ) -> AnyResult<SageAppSnapshot> {
@@ -94,7 +85,7 @@ pub async fn download_url_snapshot(
         .with_context(|| format!("failed to create snapshot dir {}", snapshot_dir.display()))?;
 
     for file in manifest.files() {
-        let url = join_app_url(app_url, file.path())?;
+        let url = app_url.join(file.path())?;
         let bytes = download_bytes(&url).await?;
 
         let actual_hash = bytes_sha256_hex(&bytes);
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
index 19f62df0c..a97fc7f6e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
@@ -307,10 +307,7 @@ mod tests {
             "url-abc123",
             "Test App",
             storage,
-            UserSageAppSource::Url {
-                app_url: "https://example.com/app/".into(),
-                manifest_url: "https://example.com/app/sage-manifest.json".into(),
-            },
+            UserSageAppSource::url("https://example.com/app/").unwrap(),
             true,
         )
     }
@@ -419,10 +416,7 @@ mod tests {
             "url-other",
             "Other App",
             InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
-            UserSageAppSource::Url {
-                app_url: "https://example.com/other/".into(),
-                manifest_url: "https://example.com/other/sage-manifest.json".into(),
-            },
+            UserSageAppSource::url("https://example.com/other/").unwrap(),
             true,
         );
 
@@ -491,10 +485,7 @@ mod tests {
             "url-abc123",
             "Test App",
             InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
-            UserSageAppSource::Url {
-                app_url: "https://example.com/app/".into(),
-                manifest_url: "https://example.com/app/sage-manifest.json".into(),
-            },
+            UserSageAppSource::url("https://example.com/app/").unwrap(),
             false,
         );
 
@@ -505,10 +496,7 @@ mod tests {
             "url-abc123",
             "Test App",
             InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
-            UserSageAppSource::Url {
-                app_url: "https://example.com/app/".into(),
-                manifest_url: "https://example.com/app/sage-manifest.json".into(),
-            },
+            UserSageAppSource::url("https://example.com/app/").unwrap(),
             true,
         );
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
index c5278a93e..94086a5aa 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
@@ -17,15 +17,12 @@ use crate::types::{
 };
 
 async fn fetch_pending_update(app: &UserSageApp) -> Result<Option<UserSageAppPendingUpdate>> {
-    let (app_url, manifest_url) = match app.source() {
-        UserSageAppSource::Url {
-            app_url,
-            manifest_url,
-        } => (app_url.clone(), manifest_url.clone()),
+    let app_url = match app.source() {
+        UserSageAppSource::Url { app_url } => app_url.clone(),
         UserSageAppSource::Zip => return Ok(None),
     };
 
-    let preview = SageAppUrlPreview::new(app_url.clone())
+    let preview = SageAppUrlPreview::new(&app_url)
         .await
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to preview app URL: {err}")))?;
 
@@ -39,7 +36,6 @@ async fn fetch_pending_update(app: &UserSageApp) -> Result<Option<UserSageAppPen
 
     Ok(Some(UserSageAppPendingUpdate::new(
         app_url,
-        manifest_url,
         preview.manifest_hash().to_string(),
         preview.manifest().clone(),
     )))
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
index b2535fd64..2482a249c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
@@ -314,10 +314,7 @@ mod tests {
 
         UserSageApp::new_installed(
             common,
-            UserSageAppSource::Url {
-                app_url: "https://example.com/app/".into(),
-                manifest_url: "https://example.com/app/sage-manifest.json".into(),
-            },
+            UserSageAppSource::url("https://example.com/app/").unwrap(),
         )
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/preview.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/preview.rs
index 9a8ff5929..9a1d31784 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/preview.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/preview.rs
@@ -1,15 +1,14 @@
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
+use crate::types::SageAppUrl;
 use crate::types::manifest::SageAppPackageManifest;
 use crate::types::normalizers::normalized_non_empty_string;
-use crate::types::{SageAppManifestUrl, SageAppUrl};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct UserSageAppPendingUpdate {
-    app_url: String,
-    manifest_url: String,
+    app_url: SageAppUrl,
     manifest_hash: String,
     manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
 }
@@ -17,35 +16,28 @@ pub struct UserSageAppPendingUpdate {
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct SageAppUrlPreview {
-    app_url: String,
-    manifest_url: String,
+    app_url: SageAppUrl,
     manifest_hash: String,
     manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
 }
 
 impl UserSageAppPendingUpdate {
     pub fn new(
-        app_url: String,
-        manifest_url: String,
+        app_url: SageAppUrl,
         manifest_hash: String,
         manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
     ) -> Self {
         Self {
             app_url,
-            manifest_url,
             manifest_hash,
             manifest,
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn app_url(&self) -> &str {
+    pub fn app_url(&self) -> &SageAppUrl {
         &self.app_url
     }
 
-    pub fn manifest_url(&self) -> &str {
-        &self.manifest_url
-    }
-
     pub fn manifest_hash(&self) -> &str {
         &self.manifest_hash
     }
@@ -56,37 +48,34 @@ impl UserSageAppPendingUpdate {
 }
 
 impl SageAppUrlPreview {
-    pub async fn new(app_url: impl Into<String>) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
-        let app_url = crate::lifecycle::install::url::normalize_app_url(&app_url.into())?;
-        let app_url = SageAppUrl::parse(app_url)?;
-        let manifest_url = SageAppManifestUrl::derive_from_app_url(&app_url)?;
+    pub async fn new(app_url: &SageAppUrl) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
+        let manifest_url = app_url.manifest_url();
         let (manifest, manifest_hash) = crate::lifecycle::fetch_url_manifest(&manifest_url).await?;
 
         Ok(Self {
-            app_url: app_url.into_string(),
-            manifest_url: manifest_url.into_string(),
+            app_url: app_url.clone(),
             manifest_hash: normalized_non_empty_string(manifest_hash, "manifest hash")?,
             manifest,
         })
     }
 
+    pub async fn parse(app_url: &str) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
+        let app_url = SageAppUrl::parse(app_url)?;
+        Self::new(&app_url).await
+    }
+
     pub fn from_pending_update(pending: &UserSageAppPendingUpdate) -> Self {
         Self {
-            app_url: pending.app_url().to_string(),
-            manifest_url: pending.manifest_url().to_string(),
+            app_url: pending.app_url().clone(),
             manifest_hash: pending.manifest_hash().to_string(),
             manifest: pending.manifest().clone(),
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn app_url(&self) -> &str {
+    pub fn app_url(&self) -> &SageAppUrl {
         &self.app_url
     }
 
-    pub fn manifest_url(&self) -> &str {
-        &self.manifest_url
-    }
-
     pub fn manifest_hash(&self) -> &str {
         &self.manifest_hash
     }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user.rs
index dfad35046..68909db8b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user.rs
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ use specta::Type;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
 use crate::sandbox::SANDBOX_TEST_ID_PREFIX;
+use crate::types::SageAppUrl;
 use crate::types::app::common::SageAppCommon;
 use crate::types::app::flags::SageAppFlags;
 use crate::types::app::preview::UserSageAppPendingUpdate;
@@ -17,10 +18,7 @@ use crate::types::storage::InstalledSageAppStorage;
 #[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub enum UserSageAppSource {
     Zip,
-    Url {
-        app_url: String,
-        manifest_url: String,
-    },
+    Url { app_url: SageAppUrl },
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
@@ -56,6 +54,14 @@ pub enum ListedSageApp {
     Corrupted(CorruptedInstalledSageApp),
 }
 
+impl UserSageAppSource {
+    pub fn url(app_url: impl AsRef<str>) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
+        let app_url = SageAppUrl::parse(app_url.as_ref())?;
+
+        Ok(Self::Url { app_url })
+    }
+}
+
 impl UserSageApp {
     pub fn new_installed(common: SageAppCommon, source: UserSageAppSource) -> Self {
         Self {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/mod.rs
index 99cef247a..201a052d4 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/mod.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 mod app;
 mod manifest;
 mod permission;
+mod url;
 
 pub(super) use app::*;
 pub(super) use manifest::*;
 pub(super) use permission::*;
+pub(super) use url::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/url.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/url.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..937b356f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/url.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+use anyhow::Result as AnyResult;
+use url::Url;
+
+pub fn normalize_app_url(mut url: Url) -> AnyResult<Url> {
+    validate_app_url(&url)?;
+
+    url.set_query(None);
+    url.set_fragment(None);
+
+    if !url.path().ends_with('/') {
+        let path = url.path().trim_end_matches('/');
+        url.set_path(&format!("{path}/"));
+    }
+
+    Ok(url)
+}
+
+pub fn validate_app_url(url: &Url) -> AnyResult<()> {
+    match url.scheme() {
+        "https" => {}
+        "http" if is_localhost(url) => {}
+        scheme => {
+            anyhow::bail!(
+                "unsupported app URL scheme '{scheme}', only https is allowed except http://localhost"
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    if url.host_str().is_none() {
+        anyhow::bail!("app URL must include a host");
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn is_localhost(url: &Url) -> bool {
+    matches!(url.host_str(), Some("localhost" | "127.0.0.1" | "::1"))
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/manifest.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/manifest.rs
index c924b6755..b293775e1 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/manifest.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/manifest.rs
@@ -199,7 +199,6 @@ impl SageAppManifestFile {
     }
 }
 
-
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
@@ -235,7 +234,7 @@ mod tests {
                 ],
             ),
         )
-            .unwrap()
+        .unwrap()
     }
 
     fn sample_manifest_with(
@@ -264,7 +263,7 @@ mod tests {
             author: None,
             donation: None,
         })
-            .unwrap()
+        .unwrap()
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -279,7 +278,7 @@ mod tests {
             author: None,
             donation: None,
         })
-            .unwrap_err();
+        .unwrap_err();
 
         assert!(err.to_string().contains("name cannot be empty"));
     }
@@ -296,7 +295,7 @@ mod tests {
             author: None,
             donation: None,
         })
-            .unwrap_err();
+        .unwrap_err();
 
         assert!(err.to_string().contains("version cannot be empty"));
     }
@@ -313,7 +312,7 @@ mod tests {
             author: None,
             donation: None,
         })
-            .unwrap();
+        .unwrap();
 
         assert_eq!(manifest.total_bytes(), 123);
     }
@@ -346,4 +345,3 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(manifest.icon(), None);
     }
 }
-
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/url.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/url.rs
index fd01f7baf..a69c13b21 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/url.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/url.rs
@@ -1,51 +1,100 @@
+use std::fmt;
+
 use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult};
+use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize, Serializer};
+use specta::Type;
+use url::Url;
+
+use crate::types::invariants::normalize_app_url;
+use crate::utils::slugify_app_name;
 
 pub const MANIFEST_FILE_NAME: &str = "sage-manifest.json";
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub struct SageAppUrl(String);
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Type)]
+pub struct SageAppUrl(Url);
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub struct SageAppManifestUrl(String);
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Type)]
+pub struct SageAppManifestUrl(Url);
 
 impl SageAppUrl {
     pub fn parse(value: impl AsRef<str>) -> AnyResult<Self> {
         let value = value.as_ref();
+        let url = Url::parse(value).with_context(|| format!("invalid app url: {value}"))?;
+        Ok(Self(normalize_app_url(url)?))
+    }
+
+    pub fn manifest_url(&self) -> SageAppManifestUrl {
+        SageAppManifestUrl::derive_from_app_url(self)
+    }
+
+    pub fn slug(&self) -> String {
+        let host = self.0.host_str().unwrap_or("app");
 
-        reqwest::Url::parse(value).with_context(|| format!("invalid app url: {value}"))?;
+        slugify_app_name(host)
+    }
 
-        Ok(Self(value.to_string()))
+    pub fn join(&self, relative_path: &str) -> AnyResult<String> {
+        Ok(self.0.join(relative_path)?.to_string())
     }
 
     pub fn as_str(&self) -> &str {
-        &self.0
+        self.0.as_str()
+    }
+
+    pub fn as_bytes(&self) -> &[u8] {
+        self.as_str().as_bytes()
     }
 
     pub fn into_string(self) -> String {
-        self.0
+        self.0.to_string()
     }
 }
 
 impl SageAppManifestUrl {
-    pub fn derive_from_app_url(app_url: &SageAppUrl) -> AnyResult<Self> {
-        let base = reqwest::Url::parse(app_url.as_str())
-            .with_context(|| format!("invalid app url: {}", app_url.as_str()))?;
+    fn derive_from_app_url(app_url: &SageAppUrl) -> Self {
+        let url = app_url
+            .0
+            .join(MANIFEST_FILE_NAME)
+            .expect("valid app url + static manifest path must always join");
 
-        let manifest_url = base.join(MANIFEST_FILE_NAME).with_context(|| {
-            format!(
-                "failed to derive manifest url from app url: {}",
-                app_url.as_str()
-            )
-        })?;
-
-        Ok(Self(manifest_url.to_string()))
+        Self(url)
     }
 
     pub fn as_str(&self) -> &str {
-        &self.0
+        self.0.as_str()
     }
 
-    pub fn into_string(self) -> String {
-        self.0
+    pub fn as_bytes(&self) -> &[u8] {
+        self.as_str().as_bytes()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Serialize for SageAppUrl {
+    fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
+    where
+        S: Serializer,
+    {
+        serializer.serialize_str(self.as_str())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for SageAppUrl {
+    fn deserialize<D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error>
+    where
+        D: Deserializer<'de>,
+    {
+        Self::parse(String::deserialize(deserializer)?).map_err(serde::de::Error::custom)
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for SageAppUrl {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.write_str(self.as_str())
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for SageAppManifestUrl {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.write_str(self.as_str())
     }
 }

From 12ed81fa5ec3facd1568e37403821cb1bc9fc111 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Tue, 28 Apr 2026 15:52:31 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 256/471] Refactor: replace `UrlInstallSource` with
 `SageAppUrl` for streamlined URL handling

- Removed `UrlInstallSource` and replaced its usage with `SageAppUrl` across installation logic.
- Simplified `AppInstallSource` implementation for URL-based installs.
- Updated related methods, tests, and imports for consistency and maintainability.
---
 .../src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs         | 16 ++++-------
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs | 28 ++++++-------------
 2 files changed, 13 insertions(+), 31 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs
index 21c849394..ee821c0e5 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ use tauri::{AppHandle, State, command};
 
 use crate::host::{AppState, Result};
 use crate::lifecycle::install::install_app_from_source;
-use crate::lifecycle::install::url::UrlInstallSource;
 use crate::lifecycle::install::zip::ZipInstallSource;
 use crate::lifecycle::{apps_root, list_installed_apps_internal, read_manifest, unzip_to_dir};
 use crate::types::{
@@ -114,14 +113,9 @@ pub async fn install_app_url(
     };
     let parsed_app_url = SageAppUrl::parse(&app_url)
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("invalid app URL {app_url}: {err}")))?;
-    install_app_from_source(
-        &app,
-        &base_path,
-        granted_permissions,
-        UrlInstallSource {
-            app_url: parsed_app_url,
-        },
-    )
-    .await
-    .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to install app URL {app_url}: {err}")).into())
+    install_app_from_source(&app, &base_path, granted_permissions, parsed_app_url)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| {
+            io::Error::other(format!("failed to install app URL {app_url}: {err}")).into()
+        })
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
index 49e646b9a..59a115d08 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
@@ -16,30 +16,18 @@ use crate::types::{
 };
 use crate::utils::bytes_sha256_hex;
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub struct UrlInstallSource {
-    pub app_url: SageAppUrl,
-}
-
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct PreparedUrlInstall {
     pub preview: SageAppUrlPreview,
 }
 
-impl UrlInstallSource {
-    pub fn parse(app_url: &str) -> AnyResult<Self> {
-        let app_url = SageAppUrl::parse(app_url)?;
-        Ok(Self { app_url })
-    }
-}
-
 #[async_trait]
-impl AppInstallSource for UrlInstallSource {
+impl AppInstallSource for SageAppUrl {
     type Prepared = PreparedUrlInstall;
 
     async fn prepare(&self) -> AnyResult<Self::Prepared> {
         Ok(PreparedUrlInstall {
-            preview: SageAppUrlPreview::new(&self.app_url).await?,
+            preview: SageAppUrlPreview::new(self).await?,
         })
     }
 
@@ -417,7 +405,7 @@ mod tests {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
         let existing = sample_app_in(dir.path(), "url-abc123", "existing-origin", false);
 
-        let source = UrlInstallSource::parse("https://example.com/app/").unwrap();
+        let source = SageAppUrl::parse("https://example.com/app/").unwrap();
 
         let origin = source
             .origin_id(dir.path(), "url-abc123", Some(&existing))
@@ -430,7 +418,7 @@ mod tests {
     fn url_origin_id_defaults_to_app_id_without_retired_origin() {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
 
-        let source = UrlInstallSource::parse("https://example.com/app/").unwrap();
+        let source = SageAppUrl::parse("https://example.com/app/").unwrap();
 
         let origin = source.origin_id(dir.path(), "url-abc123", None).unwrap();
 
@@ -443,7 +431,7 @@ mod tests {
 
         fake_retired_app_origins(&dir, false, false);
 
-        let source = UrlInstallSource::parse("https://example.com/app/").unwrap();
+        let source = SageAppUrl::parse("https://example.com/app/").unwrap();
 
         let origin = source.origin_id(dir.path(), "url-abc123", None).unwrap();
 
@@ -456,7 +444,7 @@ mod tests {
 
         fake_retired_app_origins(&dir, true, false);
 
-        let source = UrlInstallSource::parse("https://example.com/app/").unwrap();
+        let source = SageAppUrl::parse("https://example.com/app/").unwrap();
 
         let origin = source.origin_id(dir.path(), "url-abc123", None).unwrap();
 
@@ -474,7 +462,7 @@ mod tests {
         let before = read_retired_app_origins(dir.path()).unwrap();
         assert!(before[0].cleanup_pending());
 
-        let source = UrlInstallSource::parse("https://example.com/app/").unwrap();
+        let source = SageAppUrl::parse("https://example.com/app/").unwrap();
 
         let origin = source.origin_id(dir.path(), "url-abc123", None).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(origin, "url-abc123");
@@ -495,7 +483,7 @@ mod tests {
 
         fake_retired_app_origins(&dir, true, true);
 
-        let source = UrlInstallSource::parse("https://example.com/app/").unwrap();
+        let source = SageAppUrl::parse("https://example.com/app/").unwrap();
 
         let rotated = source.origin_id(dir.path(), "url-abc123", None).unwrap();
         assert_ne!(rotated, "url-abc123");

From 948d89eb5a8d29628b34c5514f97154468bf646b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Tue, 28 Apr 2026 16:26:59 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 257/471] Refactor: streamline app permission updates and
 introduce `AppUpdateResult`

- Replaced `update_app_permissions_with_change_internal` with `update_app_permissions`, returning `AppUpdateResult` for consolidated results.
- Introduced `GrantedPermissionsChange` struct to encapsulate permission diffs.
- Simplified methods for network whitelist and capability handling using `sorted_unique`.
- Cleaned up redundant code and improved clarity in permission update logic.
---
 .../src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs          |  13 +-
 .../src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs       | 174 ++++--------------
 .../sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/types.rs   |  81 +++++++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs     |  16 ++
 crates/sage-apps/src/utils.rs                 |   9 +
 5 files changed, 150 insertions(+), 143 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
index 94086a5aa..00b264efd 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use crate::bridge::event_emit::emit_bridge_event_to_app_id;
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::events::EventForApp;
 use crate::host::AppState;
 use crate::host::Result;
-use crate::lifecycle::update::permissions::update_app_permissions_with_change_internal;
+use crate::lifecycle::update::permissions::update_app_permissions;
 use crate::lifecycle::{
     download_url_snapshot, read_installed_app_by_id, write_installed_app_metadata,
 };
@@ -153,24 +153,25 @@ pub async fn apps_update_permissions(
         state.path.clone()
     };
 
-    let (_updated, capability_change, network_change) =
-        update_app_permissions_with_change_internal(&base_path, &app_id, &granted_permissions)
-            .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to update app permissions: {err}")))?;
+    let update_result = update_app_permissions(&base_path, &app_id, &granted_permissions)
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to update app permissions: {err}")))?;
 
+    let capability_change = update_result.change().capabilities();
     if !capability_change.added.is_empty() || !capability_change.removed.is_empty() {
         let _ = emit_bridge_event_to_app_id(
             &app,
             &app_id,
-            EventForApp::from_capabilities_change(USER_BRIDGE_CHANNEL, capability_change),
+            EventForApp::from_capabilities_change(USER_BRIDGE_CHANNEL, capability_change.clone()),
         )
         .await;
     }
 
+    let network_change = update_result.change().network_whitelist();
     if !network_change.added.is_empty() || !network_change.removed.is_empty() {
         let _ = emit_bridge_event_to_app_id(
             &app,
             &app_id,
-            EventForApp::from_network_whitelist_change(USER_BRIDGE_CHANNEL, network_change),
+            EventForApp::from_network_whitelist_change(USER_BRIDGE_CHANNEL, network_change.clone()),
         )
         .await;
     }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
index 2482a249c..3d3341ddf 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
@@ -1,107 +1,31 @@
-use std::collections::BTreeSet;
 use std::path::Path;
 
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::capabilities::get_user_capability_definition;
 use crate::lifecycle::update::types::{
-    GrantCapabilityOutcome, GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome, GrantedCapabilitiesChange,
-    GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange,
+    AppUpdateResult, GrantCapabilityOutcome, GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome, GrantedPermissionsChange,
 };
 use crate::lifecycle::{read_installed_app_by_id, write_installed_app_metadata};
-use crate::types::{SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, UserSageApp};
+use crate::types::{SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry};
+use crate::utils::sorted_unique;
 
 pub fn update_app_permissions(
     base_path: &Path,
     app_id: &str,
     granted_permissions: &SageGrantedPermissions,
-) -> anyhow::Result<UserSageApp> {
+) -> anyhow::Result<AppUpdateResult> {
     let mut app = read_installed_app_by_id(base_path, app_id)?;
 
+    let previous_permissions = app.common().granted_permissions().clone();
+
     app.common_mut().update_permissions(granted_permissions)?;
 
     write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app.app_path())?;
 
-    Ok(app)
-}
-
-fn sort_unique_network(
-    values: impl IntoIterator<Item = SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
-) -> Vec<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry> {
-    values
-        .into_iter()
-        .collect::<BTreeSet<_>>()
-        .into_iter()
-        .collect()
-}
-
-fn sort_unique_capabilities(
-    values: impl IntoIterator<Item = UserBridgeCapability>,
-) -> Vec<UserBridgeCapability> {
-    values
-        .into_iter()
-        .collect::<BTreeSet<_>>()
-        .into_iter()
-        .collect()
-}
-
-fn requested_capability_set(app: &UserSageApp) -> BTreeSet<UserBridgeCapability> {
-    app.common()
-        .requested_permissions()
-        .capabilities()
-        .required()
-        .chain(
-            app.common()
-                .requested_permissions()
-                .capabilities()
-                .optional(),
-        )
-        .copied()
-        .collect()
-}
-
-fn granted_capabilities(app: &UserSageApp) -> Vec<UserBridgeCapability> {
-    app.common()
-        .granted_permissions()
-        .capabilities()
-        .copied()
-        .collect()
-}
-
-fn granted_network_whitelist(app: &UserSageApp) -> Vec<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry> {
-    app.common()
-        .granted_permissions()
-        .network()
-        .whitelist()
-        .cloned()
-        .collect()
-}
+    let change =
+        GrantedPermissionsChange::diff(&previous_permissions, app.common().granted_permissions());
 
-fn diff_capabilities(
-    previous: &[UserBridgeCapability],
-    next: &[UserBridgeCapability],
-) -> GrantedCapabilitiesChange {
-    let previous_set: BTreeSet<UserBridgeCapability> = previous.iter().copied().collect();
-    let next_set: BTreeSet<UserBridgeCapability> = next.iter().copied().collect();
-
-    GrantedCapabilitiesChange {
-        removed: previous_set.difference(&next_set).copied().collect(),
-        added: next_set.difference(&previous_set).copied().collect(),
-        full: next.to_vec(),
-    }
-}
-
-fn diff_network_whitelist(
-    previous: &[SageNetworkWhitelistEntry],
-    next: &[SageNetworkWhitelistEntry],
-) -> GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange {
-    let previous_set: BTreeSet<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry> = previous.iter().cloned().collect();
-    let next_set: BTreeSet<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry> = next.iter().cloned().collect();
-
-    GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange {
-        removed: previous_set.difference(&next_set).cloned().collect(),
-        added: next_set.difference(&previous_set).cloned().collect(),
-        full: next.to_vec(),
-    }
+    Ok(AppUpdateResult::new(app, change))
 }
 
 pub fn grant_requested_capability_internal(
@@ -111,8 +35,13 @@ pub fn grant_requested_capability_internal(
 ) -> anyhow::Result<GrantCapabilityOutcome> {
     let app = read_installed_app_by_id(base_path, app_id)?;
 
-    let requested = requested_capability_set(&app);
-    if !requested.contains(&capability) {
+    let is_requested = app
+        .common()
+        .requested_permissions()
+        .capabilities()
+        .contains(capability);
+
+    if !is_requested {
         anyhow::bail!(
             "Capability was not requested by app manifest: {}",
             capability.key()
@@ -127,19 +56,19 @@ pub fn grant_requested_capability_internal(
         );
     }
 
-    let previous_capabilities = granted_capabilities(&app);
+    let previous_capabilities = app.common().granted_permissions().capabilities_vec();
 
     if previous_capabilities.contains(&capability) {
         return Ok(GrantCapabilityOutcome::AlreadyGranted {
             capability,
-            full_granted_capabilities: sort_unique_capabilities(previous_capabilities),
+            full_granted_capabilities: sorted_unique(previous_capabilities),
         });
     }
 
     let next_capabilities =
-        sort_unique_capabilities(previous_capabilities.iter().copied().chain([capability]));
+        sorted_unique(previous_capabilities.iter().copied().chain([capability]));
 
-    let previous_network = granted_network_whitelist(&app);
+    let previous_network = app.common().granted_permissions().network_whitelist_vec();
 
     let granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions::new(
         app.common().requested_permissions(),
@@ -147,12 +76,12 @@ pub fn grant_requested_capability_internal(
         previous_network.clone(),
     )?;
 
-    let updated = update_app_permissions(base_path, app_id, &granted_permissions)?;
-
-    let updated_capabilities = granted_capabilities(&updated);
-    let change = diff_capabilities(&previous_capabilities, &updated_capabilities);
+    let update_result = update_app_permissions(base_path, app_id, &granted_permissions)?;
 
-    Ok(GrantCapabilityOutcome::Granted { capability, change })
+    Ok(GrantCapabilityOutcome::Granted {
+        capability,
+        change: update_result.change().capabilities().clone(),
+    })
 }
 
 pub fn grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal(
@@ -162,73 +91,44 @@ pub fn grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal(
 ) -> anyhow::Result<GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome> {
     let app = read_installed_app_by_id(base_path, app_id)?;
 
-    if !app
+    let is_whitelist_entry_requested = app
         .common()
         .requested_permissions()
         .network()
         .whitelist()
-        .is_allowed(entry)
-    {
+        .is_allowed(entry);
+    if !is_whitelist_entry_requested {
         anyhow::bail!(
             "Network whitelist entry was not requested by app manifest: {}",
             entry.as_permission_string(),
         );
     }
 
-    let previous_whitelist = granted_network_whitelist(&app);
+    let previous_whitelist = app.common().granted_permissions().network_whitelist_vec();
 
     if previous_whitelist.iter().any(|existing| existing == entry) {
         return Ok(GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome::AlreadyGranted {
             entry: entry.clone(),
-            full_granted_network_whitelist: sort_unique_network(previous_whitelist),
+            full_granted_network_whitelist: sorted_unique(previous_whitelist),
         });
     }
 
-    let next_whitelist =
-        sort_unique_network(previous_whitelist.iter().cloned().chain([entry.clone()]));
+    let next_whitelist = sorted_unique(previous_whitelist.iter().cloned().chain([entry.clone()]));
 
     let granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions::new(
         app.common().requested_permissions(),
-        granted_capabilities(&app),
+        app.common().granted_permissions().capabilities_vec(),
         next_whitelist,
     )?;
 
-    let updated = update_app_permissions(base_path, app_id, &granted_permissions)?;
-
-    let updated_whitelist = granted_network_whitelist(&updated);
-    let change = diff_network_whitelist(&previous_whitelist, &updated_whitelist);
+    let update_result = update_app_permissions(base_path, app_id, &granted_permissions)?;
 
     Ok(GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome::Granted {
         entry: entry.clone(),
-        change,
+        change: update_result.change().network_whitelist().clone(),
     })
 }
 
-pub fn update_app_permissions_with_change_internal(
-    base_path: &Path,
-    app_id: &str,
-    granted_permissions: &SageGrantedPermissions,
-) -> anyhow::Result<(
-    UserSageApp,
-    GrantedCapabilitiesChange,
-    GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange,
-)> {
-    let previous = read_installed_app_by_id(base_path, app_id)?;
-
-    let previous_capabilities = granted_capabilities(&previous);
-    let previous_network = granted_network_whitelist(&previous);
-
-    let updated = update_app_permissions(base_path, app_id, granted_permissions)?;
-
-    let updated_capabilities = granted_capabilities(&updated);
-    let updated_network = granted_network_whitelist(&updated);
-
-    let capability_change = diff_capabilities(&previous_capabilities, &updated_capabilities);
-    let network_change = diff_network_whitelist(&previous_network, &updated_network);
-
-    Ok((updated, capability_change, network_change))
-}
-
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
@@ -328,11 +228,13 @@ mod tests {
         let granted =
             SageGrantedPermissions::new(app.common().requested_permissions(), [], []).unwrap();
 
-        let updated = update_app_permissions(dir.path(), app.common().id(), &granted).unwrap();
+        let update_result =
+            update_app_permissions(dir.path(), app.common().id(), &granted).unwrap();
 
         assert_eq!(
             entries(
-                updated
+                update_result
+                    .app()
                     .common()
                     .granted_permissions()
                     .network()
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/types.rs
index 0300bafc0..6a7e75dbd 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/types.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,18 @@
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
-use crate::types::SageNetworkWhitelistEntry;
+use crate::types::{SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, UserSageApp};
+use std::collections::BTreeSet;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct AppUpdateResult {
+    app: UserSageApp,
+    change: GrantedPermissionsChange,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct GrantedPermissionsChange {
+    network_whitelist: GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange,
+    capabilities: GrantedCapabilitiesChange,
+}
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct GrantedCapabilitiesChange {
@@ -38,3 +51,69 @@ pub enum GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome {
         change: GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange,
     },
 }
+
+impl GrantedPermissionsChange {
+    pub fn diff(previous: &SageGrantedPermissions, next: &SageGrantedPermissions) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            capabilities: GrantedCapabilitiesChange::diff(
+                &previous.capabilities_vec(),
+                &next.capabilities_vec(),
+            ),
+            network_whitelist: GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange::diff(
+                &previous.network_whitelist_vec(),
+                &next.network_whitelist_vec(),
+            ),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn capabilities(&self) -> &GrantedCapabilitiesChange {
+        &self.capabilities
+    }
+
+    pub fn network_whitelist(&self) -> &GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange {
+        &self.network_whitelist
+    }
+}
+
+impl AppUpdateResult {
+    pub fn new(app: UserSageApp, change: GrantedPermissionsChange) -> Self {
+        Self { app, change }
+    }
+
+    pub fn app(&self) -> &UserSageApp {
+        &self.app
+    }
+
+    pub fn change(&self) -> &GrantedPermissionsChange {
+        &self.change
+    }
+}
+
+impl GrantedCapabilitiesChange {
+    pub fn diff(previous: &[UserBridgeCapability], next: &[UserBridgeCapability]) -> Self {
+        let previous_set: BTreeSet<_> = previous.iter().copied().collect();
+        let next_set: BTreeSet<_> = next.iter().copied().collect();
+
+        Self {
+            removed: previous_set.difference(&next_set).copied().collect(),
+            added: next_set.difference(&previous_set).copied().collect(),
+            full: next.to_vec(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange {
+    pub fn diff(
+        previous: &[SageNetworkWhitelistEntry],
+        next: &[SageNetworkWhitelistEntry],
+    ) -> Self {
+        let previous_set: BTreeSet<_> = previous.iter().cloned().collect();
+        let next_set: BTreeSet<_> = next.iter().cloned().collect();
+
+        Self {
+            removed: previous_set.difference(&next_set).cloned().collect(),
+            added: next_set.difference(&previous_set).cloned().collect(),
+            full: next.to_vec(),
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs
index 2dc3da6f0..65de560b2 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs
@@ -224,10 +224,18 @@ impl SageGrantedPermissions {
         self.capabilities.contains(&capability)
     }
 
+    pub fn capabilities_vec(&self) -> Vec<UserBridgeCapability> {
+        self.capabilities.iter().copied().collect()
+    }
+
     pub fn network(&self) -> &SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
         &self.network
     }
 
+    pub fn network_whitelist_vec(&self) -> Vec<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry> {
+        self.network.whitelist().cloned().collect()
+    }
+
     pub fn shared_capabilities(&self) -> Vec<UserBridgeCapability> {
         self.capabilities().copied().shared()
     }
@@ -297,6 +305,14 @@ impl SageRequestedCapabilities {
         Self { required, optional }
     }
 
+    pub fn all(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &UserBridgeCapability> {
+        self.required().chain(self.optional())
+    }
+
+    pub fn contains(&self, capability: UserBridgeCapability) -> bool {
+        self.is_allowed(capability)
+    }
+
     pub fn empty() -> Self {
         Self::new([], [])
     }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/utils.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/utils.rs
index a26a70da5..e7529bedd 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/utils.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/utils.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
+use std::collections::BTreeSet;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 use std::time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};
 
@@ -49,3 +50,11 @@ pub fn builtin_apps_root() -> PathBuf {
         .join("sage-builtin-apps")
         .join("dist")
 }
+
+pub fn sorted_unique<T: Ord>(values: impl IntoIterator<Item = T>) -> Vec<T> {
+    values
+        .into_iter()
+        .collect::<BTreeSet<_>>()
+        .into_iter()
+        .collect()
+}

From c2dcc4a7136b1ecf45c3ddd8256f2d0eb917df7a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Tue, 28 Apr 2026 16:34:15 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 258/471] Refactor: simplify `write_installed_app_metadata` by
 removing redundant `app_dir` parameter

- Updated `write_installed_app_metadata` to use `app.app_path()` internally, removing the need for an additional `app_dir` argument.
- Refactored related calls across multiple files (`commands.rs`, `permissions.rs`, `install/mod.rs`, etc.) for consistency.
- Cleaned up tests to align with the updated function signature.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs |  2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs |  2 +-
 .../sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs   | 15 +++++------
 .../src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs          |  4 +--
 .../src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs       | 26 +++++++------------
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs         |  5 +---
 6 files changed, 21 insertions(+), 33 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
index c7b535b14..074358b50 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ where
 
     let installed = UserSageApp::new_installed(common, source.source(&prepared));
 
-    write_installed_app_metadata(&installed, &app_dir)?;
+    write_installed_app_metadata(&installed)?;
 
     Ok(installed)
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs
index 3710e6d60..82c280985 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ mod tests {
 
         let installed = UserSageApp::new_installed(common, UserSageAppSource::Zip);
 
-        write_installed_app_metadata(&installed, &app_dir).unwrap();
+        write_installed_app_metadata(&installed).unwrap();
 
         let (resolved_id, resolved_dir, existing) =
             resolve_zip_install_target(dir.path(), "Test App").unwrap();
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs
index 4e28b165a..0a29172f5 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs
@@ -59,8 +59,8 @@ pub fn read_installed_user_app_from_dir(dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<UserSageApp> {
     persisted.try_into()
 }
 
-pub fn write_installed_app_metadata(app: &UserSageApp, app_dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<()> {
-    let path = installed_metadata_path(app_dir);
+pub fn write_installed_app_metadata(app: &UserSageApp) -> AnyResult<()> {
+    let path = installed_metadata_path(&app.app_path());
     let persisted = PersistedUserSageApp::from(app);
 
     let text = serde_json::to_string_pretty(&persisted)
@@ -312,8 +312,7 @@ mod tests {
         let tmp = tempdir().unwrap();
         let app = sample_app(tmp.path(), "url-abc123", "origin-1");
 
-        let dir = app_dir(tmp.path(), app.common().id());
-        write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &dir).unwrap();
+        write_installed_app_metadata(&app).unwrap();
 
         let read_back = read_installed_app_by_id(tmp.path(), app.common().id()).unwrap();
 
@@ -437,10 +436,10 @@ mod tests {
         let base = tempdir().unwrap();
 
         let alpha = sample_app_named(base.path(), "a", "a", "Alpha");
-        write_installed_app_metadata(&alpha, Path::new(alpha.common().app_dir())).unwrap();
+        write_installed_app_metadata(&alpha).unwrap();
 
         let zeta = sample_app_named(base.path(), "z", "z", "Zeta");
-        write_installed_app_metadata(&zeta, Path::new(zeta.common().app_dir())).unwrap();
+        write_installed_app_metadata(&zeta).unwrap();
 
         let listed =
             without_system_apps(list_installed_apps_internal(&apps_root(base.path())).unwrap());
@@ -515,8 +514,8 @@ mod tests {
         let app_a = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-a", "origin-a");
         let app_b = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-b", "origin-b");
 
-        write_installed_app_metadata(&app_a, Path::new(app_a.common().app_dir())).unwrap();
-        write_installed_app_metadata(&app_b, Path::new(app_b.common().app_dir())).unwrap();
+        write_installed_app_metadata(&app_a).unwrap();
+        write_installed_app_metadata(&app_b).unwrap();
 
         let found = read_installed_user_app_by_origin_id(dir.path(), "origin-b").unwrap();
         assert_eq!(found.common().id(), "app-b");
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
index 00b264efd..8d91a8ed2 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ pub async fn download_app_update(
 
     app.set_pending_update(Some(pending));
 
-    write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app.app_path())
+    write_installed_app_metadata(&app)
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to write app metadata: {err}")))?;
 
     Ok(app)
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ pub async fn apply_app_update(
 
     app.set_pending_update(None);
 
-    write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app.app_path())
+    write_installed_app_metadata(&app)
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to write app metadata: {err}")))?;
 
     Ok(app)
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
index 3d3341ddf..11fbd599e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ pub fn update_app_permissions(
 
     app.common_mut().update_permissions(granted_permissions)?;
 
-    write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app.app_path())?;
+    write_installed_app_metadata(&app)?;
 
     let change =
         GrantedPermissionsChange::diff(&previous_permissions, app.common().granted_permissions());
@@ -222,8 +222,7 @@ mod tests {
     fn update_app_permissions_persists_required_network_entries() {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
         let app = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-1");
-        let app_path = app_dir(dir.path(), app.common().id());
-        write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app_path).unwrap();
+        write_installed_app_metadata(&app).unwrap();
 
         let granted =
             SageGrantedPermissions::new(app.common().requested_permissions(), [], []).unwrap();
@@ -262,8 +261,7 @@ mod tests {
     fn update_app_permissions_rejects_unrequested_capability() {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
         let app = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-1");
-        let app_path = app_dir(dir.path(), app.common().id());
-        write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app_path).unwrap();
+        write_installed_app_metadata(&app).unwrap();
 
         let err = SageGrantedPermissions::new(
             app.common().requested_permissions(),
@@ -281,8 +279,7 @@ mod tests {
     fn grant_requested_capability_grants_optional_capability() {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
         let app = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-1");
-        let app_path = app_dir(dir.path(), app.common().id());
-        write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app_path).unwrap();
+        write_installed_app_metadata(&app).unwrap();
 
         let outcome = grant_requested_capability_internal(
             dir.path(),
@@ -332,8 +329,7 @@ mod tests {
             .update_permissions(&granted_permissions)
             .unwrap();
 
-        let app_path = app_dir(dir.path(), app.common().id());
-        write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app_path).unwrap();
+        write_installed_app_metadata(&app).unwrap();
 
         let outcome = grant_requested_capability_internal(
             dir.path(),
@@ -363,8 +359,7 @@ mod tests {
     fn grant_requested_capability_rejects_unrequested_capability() {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
         let app = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-1");
-        let app_path = app_dir(dir.path(), app.common().id());
-        write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app_path).unwrap();
+        write_installed_app_metadata(&app).unwrap();
 
         let err = grant_requested_capability_internal(
             dir.path(),
@@ -383,8 +378,7 @@ mod tests {
     fn grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_grants_optional_entry() {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
         let app = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-1");
-        let app_path = app_dir(dir.path(), app.common().id());
-        write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app_path).unwrap();
+        write_installed_app_metadata(&app).unwrap();
 
         let outcome = grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal(
             dir.path(),
@@ -453,8 +447,7 @@ mod tests {
             .update_permissions(&granted_permissions)
             .unwrap();
 
-        let app_path = app_dir(dir.path(), app.common().id());
-        write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app_path).unwrap();
+        write_installed_app_metadata(&app).unwrap();
 
         let outcome = grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal(
             dir.path(),
@@ -487,8 +480,7 @@ mod tests {
     fn grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_rejects_unrequested_entry() {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
         let app = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-1");
-        let app_path = app_dir(dir.path(), app.common().id());
-        write_installed_app_metadata(&app, &app_path).unwrap();
+        write_installed_app_metadata(&app).unwrap();
 
         let err = grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal(
             dir.path(),
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
index 3a3042b08..7c40cdec6 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 use std::collections::BTreeMap;
-use std::path::PathBuf;
 
 use serde::Deserialize;
 use specta::Type;
@@ -139,9 +138,7 @@ fn persist_runtime_side_effects(app: &SageApp) -> Result<(), String> {
         return Ok(());
     };
 
-    let app_dir = PathBuf::from(user_app.common().app_dir());
-
-    write_installed_app_metadata(user_app, &app_dir)
+    write_installed_app_metadata(user_app)
         .map_err(|err| format!("failed to persist app runtime side effects: {err}"))
 }
 

From 0c5a70441324c976ba542842908f62093d9d0ea3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Tue, 28 Apr 2026 17:02:04 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 259/471] Refactor: simplify permission granting logic and
 replace internal methods

- Replaced `grant_requested_capability_internal` and `grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal` with `grant_capability` and `grant_network_whitelist_entry` for streamlined permission handling.
- Introduced `with_capability_added` and `with_network_whitelist_entry_added` for cleaner permission modifications.
- Removed unnecessary checks for unrequested permissions from `grant_*` functions, centralizing validation logic within permission structures.
- Updated related tests and removed redundant test cases for unrequested permissions.
---
 .../user/app/request_capability_grant.rs      |   8 +-
 .../app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs    |   8 +-
 .../src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs       | 131 +++---------------
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs     | 101 ++++++++++++++
 4 files changed, 121 insertions(+), 127 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
index 57a549240..3a4a70dff 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::bridge::types::RustBridgeApprovalBody;
 use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest};
 use crate::capabilities::get_user_capability_definition;
-use crate::lifecycle::update::permissions::grant_requested_capability_internal;
+use crate::lifecycle::update::permissions::grant_capability;
 use crate::lifecycle::update::types::GrantCapabilityOutcome;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
@@ -84,11 +84,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppRequestCapabilityGrant {
 
         let base_path = resolve_app_base_path(&tools)?;
 
-        let result = match grant_requested_capability_internal(
-            &base_path,
-            ctx.app.id(),
-            params.capability,
-        ) {
+        let result = match grant_capability(&base_path, ctx.app.id(), params.capability) {
             Ok(GrantCapabilityOutcome::AlreadyGranted {
                 capability,
                 full_granted_capabilities,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs
index 32661c44d..c809c02a3 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::resolve_app_base_path;
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::bridge::types::RustBridgeApprovalBody;
 use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest};
-use crate::lifecycle::update::permissions::grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal;
+use crate::lifecycle::update::permissions::grant_network_whitelist_entry;
 use crate::lifecycle::update::types::GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome;
 use crate::types::SageNetworkWhitelistEntry;
 
@@ -83,11 +83,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant {
 
         let base_path = resolve_app_base_path(&tools)?;
 
-        let result = match grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal(
-            &base_path,
-            ctx.app.id(),
-            &params.entry,
-        ) {
+        let result = match grant_network_whitelist_entry(&base_path, ctx.app.id(), &params.entry) {
             Ok(GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome::AlreadyGranted {
                 entry,
                 full_granted_network_whitelist,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
index 11fbd599e..37208769d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,11 @@
 use std::path::Path;
 
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
-use crate::capabilities::get_user_capability_definition;
 use crate::lifecycle::update::types::{
     AppUpdateResult, GrantCapabilityOutcome, GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome, GrantedPermissionsChange,
 };
 use crate::lifecycle::{read_installed_app_by_id, write_installed_app_metadata};
 use crate::types::{SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry};
-use crate::utils::sorted_unique;
 
 pub fn update_app_permissions(
     base_path: &Path,
@@ -28,53 +26,26 @@ pub fn update_app_permissions(
     Ok(AppUpdateResult::new(app, change))
 }
 
-pub fn grant_requested_capability_internal(
+pub fn grant_capability(
     base_path: &Path,
     app_id: &str,
     capability: UserBridgeCapability,
 ) -> anyhow::Result<GrantCapabilityOutcome> {
     let app = read_installed_app_by_id(base_path, app_id)?;
 
-    let is_requested = app
-        .common()
-        .requested_permissions()
-        .capabilities()
-        .contains(capability);
-
-    if !is_requested {
-        anyhow::bail!(
-            "Capability was not requested by app manifest: {}",
-            capability.key()
-        );
-    }
-
-    let definition = get_user_capability_definition(capability);
-    if !definition.flags().user_grantable() {
-        anyhow::bail!(
-            "Capability is not user-grantable and cannot be persisted as a user grant: {}",
-            capability.key()
-        );
-    }
-
     let previous_capabilities = app.common().granted_permissions().capabilities_vec();
 
     if previous_capabilities.contains(&capability) {
         return Ok(GrantCapabilityOutcome::AlreadyGranted {
             capability,
-            full_granted_capabilities: sorted_unique(previous_capabilities),
+            full_granted_capabilities: previous_capabilities,
         });
     }
 
-    let next_capabilities =
-        sorted_unique(previous_capabilities.iter().copied().chain([capability]));
-
-    let previous_network = app.common().granted_permissions().network_whitelist_vec();
-
-    let granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions::new(
-        app.common().requested_permissions(),
-        next_capabilities,
-        previous_network.clone(),
-    )?;
+    let granted_permissions = app
+        .common()
+        .granted_permissions()
+        .with_capability_added(app.common().requested_permissions(), capability)?;
 
     let update_result = update_app_permissions(base_path, app_id, &granted_permissions)?;
 
@@ -84,42 +55,26 @@ pub fn grant_requested_capability_internal(
     })
 }
 
-pub fn grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal(
+pub fn grant_network_whitelist_entry(
     base_path: &Path,
     app_id: &str,
     entry: &SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
 ) -> anyhow::Result<GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome> {
     let app = read_installed_app_by_id(base_path, app_id)?;
 
-    let is_whitelist_entry_requested = app
-        .common()
-        .requested_permissions()
-        .network()
-        .whitelist()
-        .is_allowed(entry);
-    if !is_whitelist_entry_requested {
-        anyhow::bail!(
-            "Network whitelist entry was not requested by app manifest: {}",
-            entry.as_permission_string(),
-        );
-    }
-
     let previous_whitelist = app.common().granted_permissions().network_whitelist_vec();
 
     if previous_whitelist.iter().any(|existing| existing == entry) {
         return Ok(GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome::AlreadyGranted {
             entry: entry.clone(),
-            full_granted_network_whitelist: sorted_unique(previous_whitelist),
+            full_granted_network_whitelist: previous_whitelist,
         });
     }
 
-    let next_whitelist = sorted_unique(previous_whitelist.iter().cloned().chain([entry.clone()]));
-
-    let granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions::new(
-        app.common().requested_permissions(),
-        app.common().granted_permissions().capabilities_vec(),
-        next_whitelist,
-    )?;
+    let granted_permissions = app
+        .common()
+        .granted_permissions()
+        .with_network_whitelist_entry_added(app.common().requested_permissions(), entry.clone())?;
 
     let update_result = update_app_permissions(base_path, app_id, &granted_permissions)?;
 
@@ -257,23 +212,6 @@ mod tests {
         );
     }
 
-    #[test]
-    fn update_app_permissions_rejects_unrequested_capability() {
-        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-        let app = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-1");
-        write_installed_app_metadata(&app).unwrap();
-
-        let err = SageGrantedPermissions::new(
-            app.common().requested_permissions(),
-            [UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXchAutoSubmit],
-            [],
-        )
-        .unwrap_err()
-        .to_string();
-
-        assert!(err.contains("not requested in manifest"));
-        assert!(err.contains(UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXchAutoSubmit.key()));
-    }
 
     #[test]
     fn grant_requested_capability_grants_optional_capability() {
@@ -281,7 +219,7 @@ mod tests {
         let app = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-1");
         write_installed_app_metadata(&app).unwrap();
 
-        let outcome = grant_requested_capability_internal(
+        let outcome = grant_capability(
             dir.path(),
             app.common().id(),
             UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
@@ -331,7 +269,7 @@ mod tests {
 
         write_installed_app_metadata(&app).unwrap();
 
-        let outcome = grant_requested_capability_internal(
+        let outcome = grant_capability(
             dir.path(),
             app.common().id(),
             UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
@@ -355,24 +293,6 @@ mod tests {
         }
     }
 
-    #[test]
-    fn grant_requested_capability_rejects_unrequested_capability() {
-        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-        let app = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-1");
-        write_installed_app_metadata(&app).unwrap();
-
-        let err = grant_requested_capability_internal(
-            dir.path(),
-            app.common().id(),
-            UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXchAutoSubmit,
-        )
-        .unwrap_err();
-
-        assert!(
-            err.to_string()
-                .contains("Capability was not requested by app manifest")
-        );
-    }
 
     #[test]
     fn grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_grants_optional_entry() {
@@ -380,7 +300,7 @@ mod tests {
         let app = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-1");
         write_installed_app_metadata(&app).unwrap();
 
-        let outcome = grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal(
+        let outcome = grant_network_whitelist_entry(
             dir.path(),
             app.common().id(),
             &network_whitelist_entry("WSS", "OPTIONAL.EXAMPLE.COM"),
@@ -449,7 +369,7 @@ mod tests {
 
         write_installed_app_metadata(&app).unwrap();
 
-        let outcome = grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal(
+        let outcome = grant_network_whitelist_entry(
             dir.path(),
             app.common().id(),
             &network_whitelist_entry("https", "required.example.com"),
@@ -475,23 +395,4 @@ mod tests {
             }
         }
     }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_rejects_unrequested_entry() {
-        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-        let app = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-1");
-        write_installed_app_metadata(&app).unwrap();
-
-        let err = grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_internal(
-            dir.path(),
-            app.common().id(),
-            &network_whitelist_entry("https", "evil.example.com"),
-        )
-        .unwrap_err();
-
-        assert!(
-            err.to_string()
-                .contains("Network whitelist entry was not requested by app manifest")
-        );
-    }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs
index 65de560b2..88ea61845 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs
@@ -217,6 +217,30 @@ impl SageGrantedPermissions {
         Self::new(requested, granted.capabilities, granted.network.whitelist)
     }
 
+    pub fn with_capability_added(
+        &self,
+        requested: &SageRequestedPermissions,
+        capability: UserBridgeCapability,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
+        Self::new(
+            requested,
+            self.capabilities.iter().copied().chain([capability]),
+            self.network.whitelist().cloned(),
+        )
+    }
+
+    pub fn with_network_whitelist_entry_added(
+        &self,
+        requested: &SageRequestedPermissions,
+        entry: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
+        Self::new(
+            requested,
+            self.capabilities.iter().copied(),
+            self.network.whitelist().cloned().chain([entry]),
+        )
+    }
+
     pub fn capabilities(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &UserBridgeCapability> {
         self.capabilities.iter()
     }
@@ -394,3 +418,80 @@ impl SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
         &self.whitelist
     }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    fn network_entry(scheme: &str, host: &str) -> SageNetworkWhitelistEntry {
+        SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new(scheme, host).unwrap()
+    }
+
+    fn requested_permissions() -> SageRequestedPermissions {
+        SageRequestedPermissions::new(
+            SageRequestedNetworkPermissions::new(
+                [network_entry("https", "required.example.com")],
+                [network_entry("wss", "optional.example.com")],
+            ),
+            SageRequestedCapabilities::new(
+                [],
+                [
+                    UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
+                    UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage,
+                ],
+            ),
+        )
+            .unwrap()
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn granted_permissions_reject_unrequested_capability() {
+        let requested = requested_permissions();
+
+        let err = SageGrantedPermissions::new(
+            &requested,
+            [UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXchAutoSubmit],
+            [],
+        )
+            .unwrap_err();
+
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("not requested in manifest"));
+        assert!(
+            err.to_string()
+                .contains(UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXchAutoSubmit.key())
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn with_capability_added_rejects_unrequested_capability() {
+        let requested = requested_permissions();
+        let granted = SageGrantedPermissions::new(&requested, [], []).unwrap();
+
+        let err = granted
+            .with_capability_added(&requested, UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXchAutoSubmit)
+            .unwrap_err();
+
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("not requested in manifest"));
+        assert!(
+            err.to_string()
+                .contains(UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXchAutoSubmit.key())
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn with_network_whitelist_entry_added_rejects_unrequested_entry() {
+        let requested = requested_permissions();
+        let granted = SageGrantedPermissions::new(&requested, [], []).unwrap();
+
+        let entry = network_entry("https", "evil.example.com");
+
+        let err = granted
+            .with_network_whitelist_entry_added(&requested, entry)
+            .unwrap_err();
+
+        assert!(
+            err.to_string()
+                .contains("granted network whitelist entry not requested in manifest")
+        );
+    }
+}

From df9ca87cc24c210b31d98b31fb03bdd7ce83c21d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Tue, 28 Apr 2026 17:44:56 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 260/471] Refactor: remove redundant bridge event emitters and
 consolidate permission update workflows

- Eliminated `emit_bridge_event_to_app_id` calls from permission update logic, centralizing event emission in `emit_granted_permissions_change`.
- Refactored `update_app_permissions` and `grant_*` functions to streamline workflows and reduce duplication.
- Introduced utility methods (`from_update`, `is_empty`) for managing permission changes and outcomes.
---
 .../user/app/request_capability_grant.rs      |  22 ++-
 .../app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs    |  22 ++-
 .../src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs          |  26 +--
 .../src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs       | 150 +++++++++++-------
 .../sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/types.rs   |  53 +++++++
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs      |   2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs     |   4 +-
 7 files changed, 172 insertions(+), 107 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
index 3a4a70dff..a3d95e89f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
@@ -3,12 +3,10 @@ use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
-use crate::bridge::event_emit::emit_bridge_event_to_app_id;
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
     BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
     BridgeMethodHandleError, parse_required_params,
 };
-use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::events::EventForApp;
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::resolve_app_base_path;
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::bridge::types::RustBridgeApprovalBody;
@@ -84,7 +82,14 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppRequestCapabilityGrant {
 
         let base_path = resolve_app_base_path(&tools)?;
 
-        let result = match grant_capability(&base_path, ctx.app.id(), params.capability) {
+        let result = match grant_capability(
+            tools.app_handle,
+            &base_path,
+            ctx.app.id(),
+            params.capability,
+        )
+        .await
+        {
             Ok(GrantCapabilityOutcome::AlreadyGranted {
                 capability,
                 full_granted_capabilities,
@@ -96,20 +101,11 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppRequestCapabilityGrant {
             },
 
             Ok(GrantCapabilityOutcome::Granted { capability, change }) => {
-                let full_granted_capabilities = change.full.clone();
-
-                let _ = emit_bridge_event_to_app_id(
-                    tools.app_handle,
-                    ctx.app.id(),
-                    EventForApp::from_capabilities_change(&request.channel, change),
-                )
-                .await;
-
                 RequestCapabilityGrantResult {
                     granted: true,
                     already_granted: None,
                     capability,
-                    full_granted_capabilities,
+                    full_granted_capabilities: change.full,
                 }
             }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs
index c809c02a3..ae86b8fee 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs
@@ -3,12 +3,10 @@ use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
-use crate::bridge::event_emit::emit_bridge_event_to_app_id;
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
     BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
     BridgeMethodHandleError, parse_required_params,
 };
-use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::events::EventForApp;
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::resolve_app_base_path;
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::bridge::types::RustBridgeApprovalBody;
@@ -83,7 +81,14 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant {
 
         let base_path = resolve_app_base_path(&tools)?;
 
-        let result = match grant_network_whitelist_entry(&base_path, ctx.app.id(), &params.entry) {
+        let result = match grant_network_whitelist_entry(
+            tools.app_handle,
+            &base_path,
+            ctx.app.id(),
+            &params.entry,
+        )
+        .await
+        {
             Ok(GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome::AlreadyGranted {
                 entry,
                 full_granted_network_whitelist,
@@ -95,20 +100,11 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant {
             },
 
             Ok(GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome::Granted { entry, change }) => {
-                let full = change.full.clone();
-
-                let _ = emit_bridge_event_to_app_id(
-                    tools.app_handle,
-                    ctx.app.id(),
-                    EventForApp::from_network_whitelist_change(&request.channel, change),
-                )
-                .await;
-
                 RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantResult {
                     granted: true,
                     already_granted: None,
                     entry,
-                    full_granted_network_whitelist: full,
+                    full_granted_network_whitelist: change.full,
                 }
             }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
index 8d91a8ed2..378f1ec2f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
@@ -2,9 +2,6 @@ use std::io;
 
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State, command};
 
-use crate::bridge::USER_BRIDGE_CHANNEL;
-use crate::bridge::event_emit::emit_bridge_event_to_app_id;
-use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::events::EventForApp;
 use crate::host::AppState;
 use crate::host::Result;
 use crate::lifecycle::update::permissions::update_app_permissions;
@@ -153,28 +150,9 @@ pub async fn apps_update_permissions(
         state.path.clone()
     };
 
-    let update_result = update_app_permissions(&base_path, &app_id, &granted_permissions)
+    update_app_permissions(&app, &base_path, &app_id, &granted_permissions)
+        .await
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to update app permissions: {err}")))?;
 
-    let capability_change = update_result.change().capabilities();
-    if !capability_change.added.is_empty() || !capability_change.removed.is_empty() {
-        let _ = emit_bridge_event_to_app_id(
-            &app,
-            &app_id,
-            EventForApp::from_capabilities_change(USER_BRIDGE_CHANNEL, capability_change.clone()),
-        )
-        .await;
-    }
-
-    let network_change = update_result.change().network_whitelist();
-    if !network_change.added.is_empty() || !network_change.removed.is_empty() {
-        let _ = emit_bridge_event_to_app_id(
-            &app,
-            &app_id,
-            EventForApp::from_network_whitelist_change(USER_BRIDGE_CHANNEL, network_change.clone()),
-        )
-        .await;
-    }
-
     Ok(())
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
index 37208769d..d35caeff4 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,55 @@
-use std::path::Path;
-
+use crate::bridge::USER_BRIDGE_CHANNEL;
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::bridge::event_emit::emit_bridge_event_to_app_id;
+use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::events::EventForApp;
 use crate::lifecycle::update::types::{
     AppUpdateResult, GrantCapabilityOutcome, GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome, GrantedPermissionsChange,
 };
 use crate::lifecycle::{read_installed_app_by_id, write_installed_app_metadata};
-use crate::types::{SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry};
+use crate::types::{SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, UserSageApp};
+use std::path::Path;
+use tauri::AppHandle;
 
-pub fn update_app_permissions(
+pub async fn update_app_permissions(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    base_path: &Path,
+    app_id: &str,
+    granted_permissions: &SageGrantedPermissions,
+) -> anyhow::Result<UserSageApp> {
+    let update_result = update_app_permissions_internal(base_path, app_id, granted_permissions)?;
+
+    emit_granted_permissions_change(app, app_id, update_result.change()).await;
+
+    Ok(update_result.into_app())
+}
+
+pub async fn grant_capability(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    base_path: &Path,
+    app_id: &str,
+    capability: UserBridgeCapability,
+) -> anyhow::Result<GrantCapabilityOutcome> {
+    let update = grant_capability_internal(base_path, app_id, capability)?;
+
+    emit_granted_permissions_change(app, app_id, update.change()).await;
+
+    Ok(GrantCapabilityOutcome::from_update(capability, &update))
+}
+
+pub async fn grant_network_whitelist_entry(
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
+    base_path: &Path,
+    app_id: &str,
+    entry: &SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
+) -> anyhow::Result<GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome> {
+    let update = grant_network_whitelist_entry_internal(base_path, app_id, entry)?;
+
+    emit_granted_permissions_change(app_handle, app_id, update.change()).await;
+
+    Ok(GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome::from_update(entry, &update))
+}
+
+fn update_app_permissions_internal(
     base_path: &Path,
     app_id: &str,
     granted_permissions: &SageGrantedPermissions,
@@ -26,62 +68,60 @@ pub fn update_app_permissions(
     Ok(AppUpdateResult::new(app, change))
 }
 
-pub fn grant_capability(
+fn grant_capability_internal(
     base_path: &Path,
     app_id: &str,
     capability: UserBridgeCapability,
-) -> anyhow::Result<GrantCapabilityOutcome> {
+) -> anyhow::Result<AppUpdateResult> {
     let app = read_installed_app_by_id(base_path, app_id)?;
 
-    let previous_capabilities = app.common().granted_permissions().capabilities_vec();
-
-    if previous_capabilities.contains(&capability) {
-        return Ok(GrantCapabilityOutcome::AlreadyGranted {
-            capability,
-            full_granted_capabilities: previous_capabilities,
-        });
-    }
-
     let granted_permissions = app
         .common()
         .granted_permissions()
         .with_capability_added(app.common().requested_permissions(), capability)?;
 
-    let update_result = update_app_permissions(base_path, app_id, &granted_permissions)?;
-
-    Ok(GrantCapabilityOutcome::Granted {
-        capability,
-        change: update_result.change().capabilities().clone(),
-    })
+    update_app_permissions_internal(base_path, app_id, &granted_permissions)
 }
 
-pub fn grant_network_whitelist_entry(
+fn grant_network_whitelist_entry_internal(
     base_path: &Path,
     app_id: &str,
     entry: &SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
-) -> anyhow::Result<GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome> {
+) -> anyhow::Result<AppUpdateResult> {
     let app = read_installed_app_by_id(base_path, app_id)?;
 
-    let previous_whitelist = app.common().granted_permissions().network_whitelist_vec();
-
-    if previous_whitelist.iter().any(|existing| existing == entry) {
-        return Ok(GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome::AlreadyGranted {
-            entry: entry.clone(),
-            full_granted_network_whitelist: previous_whitelist,
-        });
-    }
-
     let granted_permissions = app
         .common()
         .granted_permissions()
         .with_network_whitelist_entry_added(app.common().requested_permissions(), entry.clone())?;
 
-    let update_result = update_app_permissions(base_path, app_id, &granted_permissions)?;
+    update_app_permissions_internal(base_path, app_id, &granted_permissions)
+}
+
+async fn emit_granted_permissions_change(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    app_id: &str,
+    change: &GrantedPermissionsChange,
+) {
+    let capability_change = change.capabilities();
+    if !capability_change.is_empty() {
+        let _ = emit_bridge_event_to_app_id(
+            app,
+            app_id,
+            EventForApp::from_capabilities_change(USER_BRIDGE_CHANNEL, capability_change.clone()),
+        )
+        .await;
+    }
+    let network_change = change.network_whitelist();
 
-    Ok(GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome::Granted {
-        entry: entry.clone(),
-        change: update_result.change().network_whitelist().clone(),
-    })
+    if !network_change.is_empty() {
+        let _ = emit_bridge_event_to_app_id(
+            app,
+            app_id,
+            EventForApp::from_network_whitelist_change(USER_BRIDGE_CHANNEL, network_change.clone()),
+        )
+        .await;
+    }
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
@@ -183,7 +223,7 @@ mod tests {
             SageGrantedPermissions::new(app.common().requested_permissions(), [], []).unwrap();
 
         let update_result =
-            update_app_permissions(dir.path(), app.common().id(), &granted).unwrap();
+            update_app_permissions_internal(dir.path(), app.common().id(), &granted).unwrap();
 
         assert_eq!(
             entries(
@@ -212,19 +252,22 @@ mod tests {
         );
     }
 
-
     #[test]
     fn grant_requested_capability_grants_optional_capability() {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
         let app = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-1");
         write_installed_app_metadata(&app).unwrap();
 
-        let outcome = grant_capability(
+        let update_result = grant_capability_internal(
             dir.path(),
             app.common().id(),
             UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
         )
         .unwrap();
+        let outcome = GrantCapabilityOutcome::from_update(
+            UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
+            &update_result,
+        );
 
         match outcome {
             GrantCapabilityOutcome::Granted { capability, change } => {
@@ -269,12 +312,16 @@ mod tests {
 
         write_installed_app_metadata(&app).unwrap();
 
-        let outcome = grant_capability(
+        let update_result = grant_capability_internal(
             dir.path(),
             app.common().id(),
             UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
         )
         .unwrap();
+        let outcome = GrantCapabilityOutcome::from_update(
+            UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
+            &update_result,
+        );
 
         match outcome {
             GrantCapabilityOutcome::AlreadyGranted {
@@ -293,19 +340,16 @@ mod tests {
         }
     }
 
-
     #[test]
     fn grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_grants_optional_entry() {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
         let app = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-1");
         write_installed_app_metadata(&app).unwrap();
 
-        let outcome = grant_network_whitelist_entry(
-            dir.path(),
-            app.common().id(),
-            &network_whitelist_entry("WSS", "OPTIONAL.EXAMPLE.COM"),
-        )
-        .unwrap();
+        let entry = network_whitelist_entry("WSS", "OPTIONAL.EXAMPLE.COM");
+        let update_result =
+            grant_network_whitelist_entry_internal(dir.path(), app.common().id(), &entry).unwrap();
+        let outcome = GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome::from_update(&entry, &update_result);
 
         match outcome {
             GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome::Granted { entry, change } => {
@@ -369,12 +413,10 @@ mod tests {
 
         write_installed_app_metadata(&app).unwrap();
 
-        let outcome = grant_network_whitelist_entry(
-            dir.path(),
-            app.common().id(),
-            &network_whitelist_entry("https", "required.example.com"),
-        )
-        .unwrap();
+        let entry = network_whitelist_entry("https", "required.example.com");
+        let update_result =
+            grant_network_whitelist_entry_internal(dir.path(), app.common().id(), &entry).unwrap();
+        let outcome = GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome::from_update(&entry, &update_result);
 
         match outcome {
             GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome::AlreadyGranted {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/types.rs
index 6a7e75dbd..7668e44f4 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/types.rs
@@ -40,6 +40,25 @@ pub enum GrantCapabilityOutcome {
     },
 }
 
+impl GrantCapabilityOutcome {
+    pub fn from_update(capability: UserBridgeCapability, update_result: &AppUpdateResult) -> Self {
+        Self::from_change(capability, update_result.change().capabilities())
+    }
+    fn from_change(capability: UserBridgeCapability, change: &GrantedCapabilitiesChange) -> Self {
+        if change.added.is_empty() && change.removed.is_empty() {
+            Self::AlreadyGranted {
+                capability,
+                full_granted_capabilities: change.full.clone(),
+            }
+        } else {
+            Self::Granted {
+                capability,
+                change: change.clone(),
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub enum GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome {
     AlreadyGranted {
@@ -52,6 +71,28 @@ pub enum GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome {
     },
 }
 
+impl GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome {
+    pub fn from_update(entry: &SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, update_result: &AppUpdateResult) -> Self {
+        Self::from_change(entry, update_result.change().network_whitelist())
+    }
+    fn from_change(
+        entry: &SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
+        change: &GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange,
+    ) -> Self {
+        if change.added.is_empty() && change.removed.is_empty() {
+            Self::AlreadyGranted {
+                entry: entry.clone(),
+                full_granted_network_whitelist: change.full.clone(),
+            }
+        } else {
+            Self::Granted {
+                entry: entry.clone(),
+                change: change.clone(),
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 impl GrantedPermissionsChange {
     pub fn diff(previous: &SageGrantedPermissions, next: &SageGrantedPermissions) -> Self {
         Self {
@@ -84,6 +125,10 @@ impl AppUpdateResult {
         &self.app
     }
 
+    pub fn into_app(self) -> UserSageApp {
+        self.app
+    }
+
     pub fn change(&self) -> &GrantedPermissionsChange {
         &self.change
     }
@@ -100,6 +145,10 @@ impl GrantedCapabilitiesChange {
             full: next.to_vec(),
         }
     }
+
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.removed.is_empty() && self.added.is_empty()
+    }
 }
 
 impl GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange {
@@ -116,4 +165,8 @@ impl GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange {
             full: next.to_vec(),
         }
     }
+
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.removed.is_empty() && self.added.is_empty()
+    }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
index 52626833f..f44395e5a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ impl SageAppCommon {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    pub fn update_permissions(
+    pub(crate) fn update_permissions(
         &mut self,
         granted_permissions: &SageGrantedPermissions,
     ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs
index 88ea61845..385748f25 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs
@@ -441,7 +441,7 @@ mod tests {
                 ],
             ),
         )
-            .unwrap()
+        .unwrap()
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -453,7 +453,7 @@ mod tests {
             [UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXchAutoSubmit],
             [],
         )
-            .unwrap_err();
+        .unwrap_err();
 
         assert!(err.to_string().contains("not requested in manifest"));
         assert!(

From a6bb0905046965b62c31592a19d5577e44834de8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Tue, 28 Apr 2026 18:15:29 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 261/471] Refactor: centralize manifest fetching and app URL
 preview logic

- Replaced in-method manifest fetching with consolidated `fetch_url_manifest`.
- Updated `SageAppUrlPreview` to accept manifest and hash directly, streamlining app URL preview creation.
- Removed redundant `normalize_app_url` logic, moving validation into `SageAppUrl` parsing.
- Added new tests for `SageAppUrl` validation and formatting.
---
 .../src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs         | 12 ++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs | 90 ++-----------------
 .../src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs          |  7 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/preview.rs     | 14 ++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/url.rs             | 47 ++++++++++
 5 files changed, 72 insertions(+), 98 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs
index ee821c0e5..44a304c54 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,9 @@ use tauri::{AppHandle, State, command};
 use crate::host::{AppState, Result};
 use crate::lifecycle::install::install_app_from_source;
 use crate::lifecycle::install::zip::ZipInstallSource;
-use crate::lifecycle::{apps_root, list_installed_apps_internal, read_manifest, unzip_to_dir};
+use crate::lifecycle::{
+    apps_root, fetch_url_manifest, list_installed_apps_internal, read_manifest, unzip_to_dir,
+};
 use crate::types::{
     ListedSageApp, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppUrl, SageAppUrlPreview, SageGrantedPermissions,
     UserSageApp,
@@ -37,8 +39,14 @@ pub fn preview_app_zip(zip_path: String) -> Result<SageAppPackageManifest> {
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
 pub async fn preview_app_url(app_url: String) -> Result<SageAppUrlPreview> {
-    SageAppUrlPreview::parse(&app_url)
+    let app_url = SageAppUrl::parse(&app_url)
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("invalid app URL {app_url}: {err}")))?;
+
+    let (manifest, manifest_hash) = fetch_url_manifest(&app_url.manifest_url())
         .await
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to fetch app manifest: {err}")))?;
+
+    SageAppUrlPreview::new(&app_url, manifest, manifest_hash)
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to preview app URL: {err}")).into())
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
index 59a115d08..1f503c719 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,13 @@
 use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
 
-use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
+use anyhow::Result as AnyResult;
 use async_trait::async_trait;
-use url::Url;
 use uuid::Uuid;
 
 use super::AppInstallSource;
 use crate::lifecycle::registry::read_installed_app_by_id;
 use crate::lifecycle::{
-    download_url_snapshot, read_retired_app_origins, write_retired_app_origins,
+    download_url_snapshot, fetch_url_manifest, read_retired_app_origins, write_retired_app_origins,
 };
 use crate::types::{
     SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppUrl, SageAppUrlPreview, UserSageApp,
@@ -26,8 +25,10 @@ impl AppInstallSource for SageAppUrl {
     type Prepared = PreparedUrlInstall;
 
     async fn prepare(&self) -> AnyResult<Self::Prepared> {
+        let (manifest, manifest_hash) = fetch_url_manifest(&self.manifest_url()).await?;
+
         Ok(PreparedUrlInstall {
-            preview: SageAppUrlPreview::new(self).await?,
+            preview: SageAppUrlPreview::new(self, manifest, manifest_hash)?,
         })
     }
 
@@ -91,44 +92,6 @@ impl AppInstallSource for SageAppUrl {
     }
 }
 
-pub fn normalize_app_url(url: &str) -> AnyResult<String> {
-    let mut parsed = Url::parse(url).context("invalid app URL")?;
-
-    let scheme = parsed.scheme();
-    let host = parsed
-        .host_str()
-        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("app URL is missing host"))?
-        .to_ascii_lowercase();
-
-    let is_local_dev_host = host == "localhost" || host == "127.0.0.1" || host == "::1";
-
-    match scheme {
-        "https" => {}
-        "http" if is_local_dev_host => {}
-        "http" => {
-            return Err(anyhow!(
-                "URL app install requires HTTPS, except for localhost/127.0.0.1 development URLs"
-            ));
-        }
-        other => {
-            return Err(anyhow!("unsupported app URL scheme: {other}"));
-        }
-    }
-
-    parsed.set_fragment(None);
-
-    let path = parsed.path();
-    if !path.ends_with('/') {
-        parsed.set_path(&format!("{path}/"));
-    }
-
-    if parsed.query().is_some() {
-        parsed.set_query(None);
-    }
-
-    Ok(parsed.to_string())
-}
-
 pub fn generate_url_app_id(app_url: &SageAppUrl) -> String {
     let hash = bytes_sha256_hex(app_url.manifest_url().as_bytes());
     format!("url-{}-{}", app_url.slug(), &hash[..16])
@@ -307,33 +270,6 @@ mod tests {
             .expect("sample app should remain a user app")
     }
 
-    #[test]
-    fn normalize_app_url_keeps_https_and_adds_trailing_slash() {
-        let out = normalize_app_url("https://example.com/app").unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(out, "https://example.com/app/");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn normalize_app_url_strips_query_and_fragment() {
-        let out = normalize_app_url("https://example.com/app?x=1#frag").unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(out, "https://example.com/app/");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn normalize_app_url_allows_localhost_http() {
-        let out = normalize_app_url("http://localhost:4173").unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(out, "http://localhost:4173/");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn normalize_app_url_rejects_non_local_http() {
-        let err = normalize_app_url("http://example.com/app")
-            .unwrap_err()
-            .to_string();
-
-        assert!(err.contains("requires HTTPS"));
-    }
-
     #[test]
     fn generate_url_app_id_is_stable_for_same_app_url() {
         let a = generate_url_app_id(&SageAppUrl::parse("https://example.com/app").unwrap());
@@ -497,20 +433,4 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(retired[0].cleanup_pending());
         assert!(retired[0].storage_may_contain_secrets());
     }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn normalize_app_url_allows_loopback_http() {
-        assert_eq!(
-            normalize_app_url("http://127.0.0.1:4173").unwrap(),
-            "http://127.0.0.1:4173/"
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn normalize_app_url_rejects_unsupported_scheme() {
-        let err = normalize_app_url("ftp://example.com/app")
-            .unwrap_err()
-            .to_string();
-        assert!(err.contains("unsupported app URL scheme"));
-    }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
index 378f1ec2f..5b982b435 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@ use crate::host::AppState;
 use crate::host::Result;
 use crate::lifecycle::update::permissions::update_app_permissions;
 use crate::lifecycle::{
-    download_url_snapshot, read_installed_app_by_id, write_installed_app_metadata,
+    download_url_snapshot, fetch_url_manifest, read_installed_app_by_id,
+    write_installed_app_metadata,
 };
 use crate::types::{
     SageAppUrlPreview, SageGrantedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppPendingUpdate,
@@ -19,8 +20,10 @@ async fn fetch_pending_update(app: &UserSageApp) -> Result<Option<UserSageAppPen
         UserSageAppSource::Zip => return Ok(None),
     };
 
-    let preview = SageAppUrlPreview::new(&app_url)
+    let (manifest, manifest_hash) = fetch_url_manifest(&app_url.manifest_url())
         .await
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to fetch app manifest: {err}")))?;
+    let preview = SageAppUrlPreview::new(&app_url, manifest, manifest_hash)
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to preview app URL: {err}")))?;
 
     let active_snapshot = app.common().active_snapshot();
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/preview.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/preview.rs
index 9a1d31784..8a2a9d20d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/preview.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/preview.rs
@@ -48,10 +48,11 @@ impl UserSageAppPendingUpdate {
 }
 
 impl SageAppUrlPreview {
-    pub async fn new(app_url: &SageAppUrl) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
-        let manifest_url = app_url.manifest_url();
-        let (manifest, manifest_hash) = crate::lifecycle::fetch_url_manifest(&manifest_url).await?;
-
+    pub fn new(
+        app_url: &SageAppUrl,
+        manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
+        manifest_hash: String,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
         Ok(Self {
             app_url: app_url.clone(),
             manifest_hash: normalized_non_empty_string(manifest_hash, "manifest hash")?,
@@ -59,11 +60,6 @@ impl SageAppUrlPreview {
         })
     }
 
-    pub async fn parse(app_url: &str) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
-        let app_url = SageAppUrl::parse(app_url)?;
-        Self::new(&app_url).await
-    }
-
     pub fn from_pending_update(pending: &UserSageAppPendingUpdate) -> Self {
         Self {
             app_url: pending.app_url().clone(),
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/url.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/url.rs
index a69c13b21..0d8ac3a61 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/url.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/url.rs
@@ -98,3 +98,50 @@ impl fmt::Display for SageAppManifestUrl {
         f.write_str(self.as_str())
     }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn app_url_keeps_https_and_adds_trailing_slash() {
+        let out = SageAppUrl::parse("https://example.com/app").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(out.as_str(), "https://example.com/app/");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn app_url_strips_query_and_fragment() {
+        let out = SageAppUrl::parse("https://example.com/app?x=1#frag").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(out.as_str(), "https://example.com/app/");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn app_url_allows_localhost_http() {
+        let out = SageAppUrl::parse("http://localhost:4173").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(out.as_str(), "http://localhost:4173/");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn app_url_allows_loopback_http() {
+        let out = SageAppUrl::parse("http://127.0.0.1:4173").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(out.as_str(), "http://127.0.0.1:4173/");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn app_url_rejects_non_local_http() {
+        let err = SageAppUrl::parse("http://example.com/app")
+            .unwrap_err()
+            .to_string();
+
+        assert!(err.contains("requires HTTPS") || err.contains("only https"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn app_url_rejects_unsupported_scheme() {
+        let err = SageAppUrl::parse("ftp://example.com/app")
+            .unwrap_err()
+            .to_string();
+
+        assert!(err.contains("unsupported app URL scheme") || err.contains("only https"));
+    }
+}

From 11cf55a675b950f3affbc830c0a7a8f7d94e4336 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Tue, 28 Apr 2026 19:06:42 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 262/471] Refactor: centralize `active_manifest` usage and
 streamline `SageAppCommon` structure

- Replaced direct field storage (`name`, `version`, `entry_file`, `icon_file`, `requested_permissions`) in `SageAppCommon` with dynamic access via `active_manifest`.
- Simplified permission handling, validation logic, and related methods by leveraging `active_manifest`.
- Removed redundant field assignments and improved encapsulation for app attributes and permissions.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs | 39 +++++++++++-------------
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/flags.rs  |  8 ++---
 2 files changed, 22 insertions(+), 25 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
index f44395e5a..110e69377 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
@@ -17,12 +17,7 @@ use crate::types::storage::InstalledSageAppStorage;
 pub struct SageAppCommon {
     id: String,
     origin_id: String,
-    name: String,
-    version: String,
     app_dir: String,
-    entry_file: String,
-    icon_file: Option<String>,
-    requested_permissions: SageRequestedPermissions,
     granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
     capability_flags: SageAppFlags,
     storage: InstalledSageAppStorage,
@@ -78,7 +73,8 @@ impl SageAppCommon {
         granted_permissions: &SageGrantedPermissions,
     ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
         let required_network = self
-            .requested_permissions
+            .active_manifest()
+            .permissions()
             .network()
             .whitelist()
             .required()
@@ -87,7 +83,7 @@ impl SageAppCommon {
         let granted_network = granted_permissions.network().whitelist().cloned();
 
         let granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions::new(
-            &self.requested_permissions,
+            self.active_manifest().permissions(),
             granted_permissions.capabilities().copied(),
             required_network.chain(granted_network),
         )?;
@@ -134,12 +130,7 @@ impl SageAppCommon {
         let common = Self {
             id: identity.id,
             origin_id: identity.origin_id,
-            name: manifest.name().to_string(),
-            version: manifest.version().to_string(),
             app_dir: identity.app_dir,
-            entry_file: manifest.entry().to_string(),
-            icon_file: manifest.icon().map(str::to_string),
-            requested_permissions: manifest.permissions().clone(),
             granted_permissions,
             capability_flags,
             storage,
@@ -148,8 +139,8 @@ impl SageAppCommon {
 
         validate_snapshot_entry_and_icon_exist(
             &common.active_snapshot,
-            &common.entry_file,
-            common.icon_file.as_deref(),
+            common.entry_file(),
+            common.icon_file(),
             "app",
         )?;
 
@@ -165,11 +156,11 @@ impl SageAppCommon {
     }
 
     pub fn name(&self) -> &str {
-        &self.name
+        self.active_manifest().name()
     }
 
     pub fn version(&self) -> &str {
-        &self.version
+        self.active_manifest().version()
     }
 
     pub fn app_dir(&self) -> &str {
@@ -181,15 +172,15 @@ impl SageAppCommon {
     }
 
     pub fn entry_file(&self) -> &str {
-        &self.entry_file
+        self.active_manifest().entry()
     }
 
     pub fn icon_file(&self) -> Option<&str> {
-        self.icon_file.as_deref()
+        self.active_manifest().icon()
     }
 
     pub fn requested_permissions(&self) -> &SageRequestedPermissions {
-        &self.requested_permissions
+        self.active_manifest().permissions()
     }
 
     pub fn granted_permissions(&self) -> &SageGrantedPermissions {
@@ -208,12 +199,18 @@ impl SageAppCommon {
         &self.active_snapshot
     }
 
+    pub fn active_manifest(&self) -> &crate::types::manifest::SageAppPackageManifest {
+        self.active_snapshot.manifest()
+    }
+
     pub fn entry_path(&self) -> PathBuf {
-        self.active_snapshot.file_path(&self.entry_file)
+        self.active_snapshot
+            .file_path(self.active_manifest().entry())
     }
 
     pub fn icon_path(&self) -> Option<PathBuf> {
-        self.icon_file
+        self.active_manifest()
+            .icon()
             .as_ref()
             .map(|icon_file| self.active_snapshot.file_path(icon_file))
     }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/flags.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/flags.rs
index 3fd998b34..44395a15f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/flags.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/flags.rs
@@ -7,10 +7,10 @@ use specta::Type;
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct SageAppFlags {
-    pub(super) has_secret_access: bool,
-    pub(super) has_external_access: bool,
-    pub(super) storage_may_contain_secrets: bool,
-    pub(super) isolated: bool,
+    has_secret_access: bool,
+    has_external_access: bool,
+    storage_may_contain_secrets: bool,
+    isolated: bool,
 }
 
 impl SageAppFlags {

From acf222dd4c52df9df40737f75cfdf0632aacc80e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Tue, 28 Apr 2026 19:18:20 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 263/471] Refactor: introduce `SageAppIdentity` for
 encapsulating app identity fields

- Replaced `id`, `origin_id`, and `app_dir` fields in `SageAppCommon` with `SageAppIdentity`.
- Introduced `SageAppIdentity::new` for constructing and normalizing app identity.
- Updated all references and methods to use `SageAppIdentity` instead of individual fields.
- Removed redundant `normalize_app_identity` logic, consolidating validation into `SageAppIdentity`.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs | 26 +++++---
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs | 11 ++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs | 13 ++--
 .../sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs   | 10 ++-
 .../sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/types.rs |  8 +--
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs     | 10 ++-
 .../src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs       | 12 ++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs  | 12 ++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs           | 13 ++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs      | 65 ++++++++++---------
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/mod.rs         |  2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/app.rs  | 19 ------
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs             |  4 +-
 13 files changed, 96 insertions(+), 109 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
index 074358b50..fa7652bc4 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@ use tauri::AppHandle;
 
 use crate::lifecycle::{allocate_new_storage, apps_root, write_installed_app_metadata};
 use crate::types::{
-    InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppCommon, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot,
-    SageGrantedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
+    InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppPackageManifest,
+    SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
 };
 
 pub mod commands;
@@ -140,9 +140,11 @@ where
     source.after_origin_selected(base_path, &app_id, &origin_id)?;
 
     let common = SageAppCommon::new(
-        app_id.clone(),
-        origin_id,
-        app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+        SageAppIdentity::new(
+            app_id.clone(),
+            origin_id,
+            app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+        )?,
         granted_permissions,
         storage,
         snapshot,
@@ -171,8 +173,9 @@ mod tests {
     use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
     use crate::lifecycle::registry::read_installed_app_by_id;
     use crate::types::{
-        SageAppCommon, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
-        SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions,
+        SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifestParts,
+        SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
+        SageRequestedPermissions,
     };
     use tempfile::tempdir;
 
@@ -380,9 +383,12 @@ mod tests {
         .unwrap();
 
         let common = SageAppCommon::new(
-            "url-abc123".to_string(),
-            "r123-url-abc123".to_string(),
-            app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+            SageAppIdentity::new(
+                "url-abc123".to_string(),
+                "r123-url-abc123".to_string(),
+                app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+            )
+            .unwrap(),
             granted_permissions,
             InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
             SageAppSnapshot::new(
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
index 1f503c719..463e37869 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
@@ -161,9 +161,10 @@ mod tests {
     use crate::lifecycle::write_retired_app_origins;
     use crate::runtime::state::types::SageAppRuntimeRecord;
     use crate::types::{
-        InstalledSageAppStorage, RetiredAppOriginEntry, SageAppCommon, SageAppManifestFile,
-        SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
-        SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions,
+        InstalledSageAppStorage, RetiredAppOriginEntry, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity,
+        SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageGrantedPermissions,
+        SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
+        SageRequestedPermissions,
     };
     use tempfile::{TempDir, tempdir};
 
@@ -243,9 +244,7 @@ mod tests {
             SageAppSnapshot::new("hash", app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(), manifest).unwrap();
 
         let common = SageAppCommon::new(
-            app_id,
-            origin_id,
-            app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+            SageAppIdentity::new(app_id, origin_id, app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string()).unwrap(),
             granted_permissions,
             InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
             snapshot,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs
index 82c280985..5fd6b3d41 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs
@@ -129,8 +129,8 @@ mod tests {
     use super::*;
     use crate::lifecycle::write_installed_app_metadata;
     use crate::types::{
-        InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppCommon, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifestParts,
-        SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions,
+        InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppManifestFile,
+        SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions,
     };
     use tempfile::tempdir;
 
@@ -183,9 +183,12 @@ mod tests {
             SageGrantedPermissions::new(manifest.permissions(), [], []).unwrap();
 
         let common = SageAppCommon::new(
-            app_id.to_string(),
-            app_id.to_string(),
-            app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+            SageAppIdentity::new(
+                app_id.to_string(),
+                app_id.to_string(),
+                app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+            )
+            .unwrap(),
             granted_permissions,
             InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
             SageAppSnapshot::new(
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs
index 0a29172f5..2ef4f95f4 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs
@@ -239,9 +239,9 @@ mod tests {
     use crate::lifecycle::storage::record_storage_cleanup_failure;
     use crate::types::{
         InstalledSageAppStorage, ListedSageApp, PendingStorageCleanupTarget, RetiredAppOriginEntry,
-        SageAppCommon, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts,
-        SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
-        SageRequestedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
+        SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest,
+        SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissions,
+        SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
     };
     use std::fs;
     use tempfile::tempdir;
@@ -285,9 +285,7 @@ mod tests {
             SageAppSnapshot::new("hash", dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(), manifest).unwrap();
 
         let common = SageAppCommon::new(
-            app_id,
-            origin_id,
-            dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+            SageAppIdentity::new(app_id, origin_id, dir.to_string_lossy().to_string()).unwrap(),
             granted_permissions,
             InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
             snapshot,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/types.rs
index 7e6d88408..607c9c21b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/types.rs
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@ use std::convert::TryFrom;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 
 use crate::types::{
-    InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppCommon, SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissions, UserSageApp,
-    UserSageAppSource,
+    InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppSnapshot,
+    SageGrantedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
 };
 
 #[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
@@ -46,9 +46,7 @@ impl TryFrom<PersistedUserSageApp> for UserSageApp {
 
     fn try_from(persisted: PersistedUserSageApp) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
         let common = SageAppCommon::new(
-            persisted.id,
-            persisted.origin_id,
-            persisted.app_dir,
+            SageAppIdentity::new(persisted.id, persisted.origin_id, persisted.app_dir)?,
             persisted.granted_permissions,
             persisted.storage,
             persisted.active_snapshot,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
index a97fc7f6e..416bb03ce 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
@@ -218,9 +218,9 @@ mod tests {
     };
     use crate::runtime::state::types::SageAppRuntimeRecord;
     use crate::types::{
-        SageAppCommon, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts,
-        SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedCapabilities,
-        SageRequestedPermissions, UserSageAppSource,
+        SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest,
+        SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissions,
+        SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedPermissions, UserSageAppSource,
     };
     use tempfile::tempdir;
 
@@ -277,9 +277,7 @@ mod tests {
             SageAppSnapshot::new("hash", app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(), manifest).unwrap();
 
         let common = SageAppCommon::new(
-            app_id,
-            app_id,
-            app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+            SageAppIdentity::new(app_id, app_id, app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string()).unwrap(),
             granted_permissions,
             storage,
             snapshot,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
index d35caeff4..426e783da 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
@@ -133,10 +133,10 @@ mod tests {
         app_dir, read_installed_app_by_id, write_installed_app_metadata,
     };
     use crate::types::{
-        InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppCommon, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest,
-        SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissions,
-        SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
-        SageRequestedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
+        InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppManifestFile,
+        SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageAppSnapshot,
+        SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedCapabilities,
+        SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
     };
     use std::path::Path;
     use tempfile::tempdir;
@@ -198,9 +198,7 @@ mod tests {
             SageAppSnapshot::new("hash", app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(), manifest).unwrap();
 
         let common = SageAppCommon::new(
-            app_id,
-            app_id,
-            app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+            SageAppIdentity::new(app_id, app_id, app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string()).unwrap(),
             granted_permissions,
             InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
             snapshot,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
index e9488d90d..18ad0505f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ use tauri::command;
 
 use crate::host::Result;
 use crate::types::{
-    InstalledSageAppStorage, SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot,
-    SageGrantedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
+    InstalledSageAppStorage, SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppPackageManifest,
+    SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
 };
 use crate::utils::builtin_apps_root;
 
@@ -167,9 +167,11 @@ pub fn build_builtin_test_app(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<SageApp>> {
     )?;
 
     let common = SageAppCommon::new(
-        spec.app_id.to_string(),
-        spec.app_id.to_string(),
-        app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+        SageAppIdentity::new(
+            spec.app_id.to_string(),
+            spec.app_id.to_string(),
+            app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+        )?,
         granted_permissions,
         builtin_storage(spec.app_id),
         snapshot,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
index b9fd6ffc0..483ea7ca5 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
@@ -9,8 +9,9 @@ use tauri::command;
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
 use crate::host::Result;
 use crate::types::{
-    InstalledSageAppStorage, SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot,
-    SageGrantedPermissions, SageGrantedSystemPermissions, SystemAppPresentation, SystemSageApp,
+    InstalledSageAppStorage, SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppPackageManifest,
+    SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissions, SageGrantedSystemPermissions, SystemAppPresentation,
+    SystemSageApp,
 };
 use crate::utils::builtin_apps_root;
 
@@ -114,9 +115,11 @@ pub fn build_builtin_system_app(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<SageApp>> {
     )?;
 
     let common = SageAppCommon::new(
-        spec.app_id,
-        spec.app_id,
-        app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+        SageAppIdentity::new(
+            spec.app_id,
+            spec.app_id,
+            app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+        )?,
         granted_permissions,
         InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
         snapshot,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
index 110e69377..64e8c389d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
@@ -7,17 +7,24 @@ use crate::types::app::flags::SageAppFlags;
 use crate::types::app::preview::UserSageAppPendingUpdate;
 use crate::types::app::snapshot::SageAppSnapshot;
 use crate::types::invariants::{
-    normalize_app_identity, resolve_app_capability_flags, validate_snapshot_entry_and_icon_exist,
+    resolve_app_capability_flags, validate_snapshot_entry_and_icon_exist,
 };
+use crate::types::normalizers::normalized_non_empty_string;
 use crate::types::permissions::{SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions};
 use crate::types::storage::InstalledSageAppStorage;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub struct SageAppCommon {
+pub struct SageAppIdentity {
     id: String,
     origin_id: String,
     app_dir: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct SageAppCommon {
+    identity: SageAppIdentity,
     granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
     capability_flags: SageAppFlags,
     storage: InstalledSageAppStorage,
@@ -26,22 +33,12 @@ pub struct SageAppCommon {
 
 impl SageAppCommon {
     pub fn new(
-        id: impl Into<String>,
-        origin_id: impl Into<String>,
-        app_dir: impl Into<String>,
+        identity: SageAppIdentity,
         granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
         storage: InstalledSageAppStorage,
         snapshot: SageAppSnapshot,
     ) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
-        Self::build(
-            id.into(),
-            origin_id.into(),
-            app_dir.into(),
-            granted_permissions,
-            storage,
-            snapshot,
-            None,
-        )
+        Self::build(identity, granted_permissions, storage, snapshot, None)
     }
 
     pub fn apply_update(
@@ -51,9 +48,7 @@ impl SageAppCommon {
         snapshot: SageAppSnapshot,
     ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
         let next = Self::build(
-            self.id.clone(),
-            self.origin_id.clone(),
-            self.app_dir.clone(),
+            self.identity.clone(),
             granted_permissions,
             self.storage.clone(),
             snapshot,
@@ -89,9 +84,7 @@ impl SageAppCommon {
         )?;
 
         let next = Self::build(
-            self.id.clone(),
-            self.origin_id.clone(),
-            self.app_dir.clone(),
+            self.identity.clone(),
             granted_permissions,
             self.storage.clone(),
             self.active_snapshot.clone(),
@@ -107,16 +100,12 @@ impl SageAppCommon {
     }
 
     fn build(
-        id: String,
-        origin_id: String,
-        app_dir: String,
+        identity: SageAppIdentity,
         granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
         storage: InstalledSageAppStorage,
         snapshot: SageAppSnapshot,
         previous_flags: Option<&SageAppFlags>,
     ) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
-        let identity = normalize_app_identity(id, origin_id, app_dir)?;
-
         let manifest = snapshot.manifest();
 
         let granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions::from_requested_and_granted(
@@ -128,9 +117,7 @@ impl SageAppCommon {
             resolve_app_capability_flags(manifest, &granted_permissions, previous_flags)?;
 
         let common = Self {
-            id: identity.id,
-            origin_id: identity.origin_id,
-            app_dir: identity.app_dir,
+            identity,
             granted_permissions,
             capability_flags,
             storage,
@@ -148,11 +135,11 @@ impl SageAppCommon {
     }
 
     pub fn id(&self) -> &str {
-        &self.id
+        &self.identity.id
     }
 
     pub fn origin_id(&self) -> &str {
-        &self.origin_id
+        &self.identity.origin_id
     }
 
     pub fn name(&self) -> &str {
@@ -164,11 +151,11 @@ impl SageAppCommon {
     }
 
     pub fn app_dir(&self) -> &str {
-        &self.app_dir
+        &self.identity.app_dir
     }
 
     pub fn app_path(&self) -> PathBuf {
-        PathBuf::from(&self.app_dir)
+        PathBuf::from(&self.identity.app_dir)
     }
 
     pub fn entry_file(&self) -> &str {
@@ -215,3 +202,17 @@ impl SageAppCommon {
             .map(|icon_file| self.active_snapshot.file_path(icon_file))
     }
 }
+
+impl SageAppIdentity {
+    pub fn new(
+        id: impl Into<String>,
+        origin_id: impl Into<String>,
+        app_dir: impl Into<String>,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
+        Ok(Self {
+            id: normalized_non_empty_string(id, "app id")?,
+            origin_id: normalized_non_empty_string(origin_id, "app origin id")?,
+            app_dir: normalized_non_empty_string(app_dir, "app directory")?,
+        })
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/mod.rs
index 9bf0cd95c..5d89f0b3d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/mod.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ mod system;
 mod user;
 
 pub(crate) use author::SageAppAuthor;
-pub(crate) use common::SageAppCommon;
+pub(crate) use common::{SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity};
 pub(crate) use donation::SageAppDonation;
 pub(crate) use preview::{SageAppUrlPreview, UserSageAppPendingUpdate};
 pub(crate) use retired_origin::RetiredAppOriginEntry;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/app.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/app.rs
index 51c723d1a..51603ea7f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/app.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/app.rs
@@ -1,27 +1,8 @@
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
 use crate::types::app::SageAppFlags;
-use crate::types::normalizers::normalized_non_empty_string;
 use crate::types::{SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissions};
 
-pub struct NormalizedAppIdentity {
-    pub id: String,
-    pub origin_id: String,
-    pub app_dir: String,
-}
-
-pub fn normalize_app_identity(
-    id: String,
-    origin_id: String,
-    app_dir: String,
-) -> anyhow::Result<NormalizedAppIdentity> {
-    Ok(NormalizedAppIdentity {
-        id: normalized_non_empty_string(id, "app id")?,
-        origin_id: normalized_non_empty_string(origin_id, "app origin id")?,
-        app_dir: normalized_non_empty_string(app_dir, "app directory")?,
-    })
-}
-
 pub fn validate_app_flags_policy(flags: SageAppFlags) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
     if flags.has_external_access() && flags.has_secret_access() {
         anyhow::bail!(
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs
index fdcb4c94f..d6e7fb85d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs
@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@ mod url;
 
 pub(crate) use app::{
     CorruptedInstalledSageApp, ListedSageApp, RetiredAppOriginEntry, SageApp, SageAppCommon,
-    SageAppSnapshot, SageAppUrlPreview, SystemAppPresentation, SystemSageApp, UserSageApp,
-    UserSageAppPendingUpdate, UserSageAppSource,
+    SageAppIdentity, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppUrlPreview, SystemAppPresentation, SystemSageApp,
+    UserSageApp, UserSageAppPendingUpdate, UserSageAppSource,
 };
 pub(crate) use manifest::{SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest};
 pub(crate) use network::SageNetworkWhitelistEntry;

From 41fbbf8605a6df99faf27d483cdf7b56a30f7149 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Tue, 28 Apr 2026 19:20:54 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 264/471] Refactor: rename `capability_flags` to `flags` and
 update module paths for consistency
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

- Renamed `capability_flags` field and related methods to `flags`.
- Updated module paths (`system` → `system_apps`, `user` → `user_apps`) for improved clarity.
- Replaced all references to the renamed fields, methods, and modules across the codebase.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs     |  2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs              |  2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs        |  4 ++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs               |  2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs           | 14 +++++++-------
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/mod.rs              |  8 ++++----
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/retired_origin.rs   | 14 ++++----------
 .../src/types/app/{system.rs => system_apps.rs}    |  0
 .../src/types/app/{user.rs => user_apps.rs}        |  6 +++---
 9 files changed, 23 insertions(+), 29 deletions(-)
 rename crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/{system.rs => system_apps.rs} (100%)
 rename crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/{user.rs => user_apps.rs} (97%)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs
index 2ef4f95f4..26e5fbd5e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs
@@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ mod tests {
             read_back.common().granted_permissions(),
             app.common().granted_permissions()
         );
-        assert!(!read_back.common().capability_flags().has_external_access());
+        assert!(!read_back.common().flags().has_external_access());
     }
 
     #[test]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
index 7c40cdec6..5d92537a4 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ fn should_use_incognito(app: &SageApp) -> bool {
         .capabilities()
         .any(|cap| *cap == crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage);
 
-    !has_persistent_storage || app.capability_flags().storage_may_contain_secrets()
+    !has_persistent_storage || app.flags().storage_may_contain_secrets()
 }
 
 fn fallback_debug_slot(app_id: &str) -> usize {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs
index ed7b310b2..87181a6a1 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs
@@ -265,9 +265,9 @@ impl SageApp {
             .capabilities()
             .any(|cap| *cap == UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage);
 
-        if self.capability_flags().has_secret_access()
+        if self.flags().has_secret_access()
             && has_persistent_storage
-            && !self.capability_flags().storage_may_contain_secrets()
+            && !self.flags().storage_may_contain_secrets()
         {
             self.common_mut().mark_storage_may_contain_secrets();
         }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs
index 3e0d09367..13691b190 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ fn required_capabilities_for_app(app: &SageApp) -> Vec<SandboxCapability> {
     if has_persistent_storage {
         caps.push(SandboxCapability::StoragePersistenceNormal);
 
-        if app.capability_flags().has_secret_access() {
+        if app.flags().has_secret_access() {
             caps.push(SandboxCapability::StorageClearCycle);
         }
     } else {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
index 64e8c389d..90ff93d89 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ pub struct SageAppIdentity {
 pub struct SageAppCommon {
     identity: SageAppIdentity,
     granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
-    capability_flags: SageAppFlags,
+    flags: SageAppFlags,
     storage: InstalledSageAppStorage,
     active_snapshot: SageAppSnapshot,
 }
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ impl SageAppCommon {
             granted_permissions,
             self.storage.clone(),
             snapshot,
-            Some(&self.capability_flags),
+            Some(&self.flags),
         )?;
 
         if next.active_snapshot.manifest() != pending.manifest() {
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ impl SageAppCommon {
             granted_permissions,
             self.storage.clone(),
             self.active_snapshot.clone(),
-            Some(&self.capability_flags),
+            Some(&self.flags),
         )?;
 
         *self = next;
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ impl SageAppCommon {
     }
 
     pub fn mark_storage_may_contain_secrets(&mut self) {
-        self.capability_flags.mark_storage_may_contain_secrets();
+        self.flags.mark_storage_may_contain_secrets();
     }
 
     fn build(
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ impl SageAppCommon {
         let common = Self {
             identity,
             granted_permissions,
-            capability_flags,
+            flags: capability_flags,
             storage,
             active_snapshot: snapshot,
         };
@@ -174,8 +174,8 @@ impl SageAppCommon {
         &self.granted_permissions
     }
 
-    pub fn capability_flags(&self) -> &SageAppFlags {
-        &self.capability_flags
+    pub fn flags(&self) -> &SageAppFlags {
+        &self.flags
     }
 
     pub fn storage(&self) -> &InstalledSageAppStorage {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/mod.rs
index 5d89f0b3d..3b7a45334 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/mod.rs
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@ mod flags;
 mod preview;
 mod retired_origin;
 mod snapshot;
-mod system;
-mod user;
+mod system_apps;
+mod user_apps;
 
 pub(crate) use author::SageAppAuthor;
 pub(crate) use common::{SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity};
@@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ pub(crate) use donation::SageAppDonation;
 pub(crate) use preview::{SageAppUrlPreview, UserSageAppPendingUpdate};
 pub(crate) use retired_origin::RetiredAppOriginEntry;
 pub(crate) use snapshot::SageAppSnapshot;
-pub(crate) use system::{SystemAppPresentation, SystemSageApp};
-pub(crate) use user::{
+pub(crate) use system_apps::{SystemAppPresentation, SystemSageApp};
+pub(crate) use user_apps::{
     CorruptedInstalledSageApp, ListedSageApp, SageApp, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
 };
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/retired_origin.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/retired_origin.rs
index 963e46693..307f035c0 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/retired_origin.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/retired_origin.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 use uuid::Uuid;
 
-use crate::types::app::user::UserSageApp;
+use crate::types::app::user_apps::UserSageApp;
 use crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
@@ -25,21 +25,15 @@ impl RetiredAppOriginEntry {
             app_name: app.common().name().to_string(),
             origin_id: app.common().origin_id().to_string(),
             created_at_ms: unix_timestamp_ms(),
-            storage_may_contain_secrets: app
-                .common()
-                .capability_flags()
-                .storage_may_contain_secrets(),
+            storage_may_contain_secrets: app.common().flags().storage_may_contain_secrets(),
             cleanup_pending,
         }
     }
 
     pub fn update_retirement_state(&mut self, app: &UserSageApp, cleanup_pending: bool) {
         self.cleanup_pending = cleanup_pending;
-        self.storage_may_contain_secrets = self.storage_may_contain_secrets
-            || app
-                .common()
-                .capability_flags()
-                .storage_may_contain_secrets();
+        self.storage_may_contain_secrets =
+            self.storage_may_contain_secrets || app.common().flags().storage_may_contain_secrets();
     }
 
     pub fn matches_app_origin(&self, app_id: &str, origin_id: &str) -> bool {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/system.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/system_apps.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/system.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/system_apps.rs
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs
similarity index 97%
rename from crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs
index 68909db8b..848490398 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use crate::types::app::common::SageAppCommon;
 use crate::types::app::flags::SageAppFlags;
 use crate::types::app::preview::UserSageAppPendingUpdate;
 use crate::types::app::snapshot::SageAppSnapshot;
-use crate::types::app::system::SystemSageApp;
+use crate::types::app::system_apps::SystemSageApp;
 use crate::types::permissions::{
     SageGrantedPermissions, SageGrantedSystemPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions,
 };
@@ -162,8 +162,8 @@ impl SageApp {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn capability_flags(&self) -> &SageAppFlags {
-        self.common().capability_flags()
+    pub fn flags(&self) -> &SageAppFlags {
+        self.common().flags()
     }
 
     pub fn storage(&self) -> &InstalledSageAppStorage {

From fffd3284629f990bcd01e4c61de9c66eb5b35952 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Tue, 28 Apr 2026 20:21:32 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 265/471] Refactor: remove `state` module and consolidate
 `AppsHostState` into `host.rs`

- Eliminated the `state` module, moving `AppsHostState` definition directly into `host.rs`.
- Updated all references to `AppsHostState` across the codebase to reflect the new module structure.
- Reduced redundancy by improving visibility scoping and reorganizing related runtime methods.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs |   2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs       |   3 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs     |   6 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/shared.rs |   2 +-
 .../methods/system/runtime_manager/events.rs  |   2 +-
 .../system/runtime_manager/list_runtimes.rs   |   2 +-
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/app/lifecycle.rs  |   4 +-
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs    |  16 ++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs            |   2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs     |   4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/host.rs                  |  10 ++
 crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs                   |   3 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs |   2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs     |   2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs      |   3 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs       |   9 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs           |   4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs       |   2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs         |   4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs     |  27 ++++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs    |  68 +++++-------
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/remove.rs  |  17 ++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs   | 105 ++++++------------
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs   |   6 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs          |  17 ++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/commands.rs      |   2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/ingest.rs        |   2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/mod.rs           |   4 +-
 .../src/sandbox/probes/clear_cycle.rs         |  50 ++++-----
 .../sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/isolation.rs |   4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/mod.rs    |   8 +-
 .../sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/network.rs   |   4 +-
 .../src/sandbox/probes/persistence.rs         |   4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/poll.rs   |   2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runner.rs        |  40 +++----
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs       |  32 +++---
 crates/sage-apps/src/state/host.rs            |  10 --
 crates/sage-apps/src/state/mod.rs             |   3 -
 38 files changed, 232 insertions(+), 255 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/state/host.rs
 delete mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/state/mod.rs

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
index 9a284dc26..2c1dcc9b6 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ use crate::bridge::{
 };
 use crate::capabilities::{get_system_capability_definition, get_user_capability_definition};
 use crate::host::AppState;
-use crate::runtime::state::types::SageAppRuntimeKind;
+use crate::runtime::SageAppRuntimeKind;
 use crate::runtime::webview_locator::get_sage_webview;
 use crate::runtime::{assert_bridge_origin, resolve_app};
 use crate::types::SageApp;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
index 672f90457..80edc604a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
@@ -8,8 +8,7 @@ use crate::bridge::{
 };
 use crate::capabilities::user_registry;
 use crate::host::AppState;
-use crate::runtime::state::types::SageAppRuntimeKind;
-use crate::runtime::{assert_bridge_origin, resolve_app};
+use crate::runtime::{SageAppRuntimeKind, assert_bridge_origin, resolve_app};
 use crate::types::SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State, Webview};
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs
index 725b0624d..a6a884d4b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::events::EventForApp;
 use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeResponse, response_channel_for_runtime_kind};
-use crate::runtime::app_id_from_webview_label;
-use crate::runtime::state::read::find_runtime_by_app_id_optional;
-use crate::runtime::state::types::SageAppRuntimeKind;
 use crate::runtime::webview_locator::get_webview_in_sage_window;
+use crate::runtime::{
+    SageAppRuntimeKind, app_id_from_webview_label, find_runtime_by_app_id_optional,
+};
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Emitter, Manager};
 
 pub(crate) fn emit_bridge_response_to_source(
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/shared.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/shared.rs
index cc1f60d52..52487341a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/shared.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/shared.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
+use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::{BridgeCapability, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
 use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest};
 use crate::host::AppState;
-use crate::state::AppsHostState;
 use crate::types::SageApp;
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 use serde::de::DeserializeOwned;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/events.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/events.rs
index 784ebefd4..6f268c1ab 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/events.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/events.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::runtime::state::types::SageAppRuntimeRecord;
+use crate::runtime::SageAppRuntimeRecord;
 use serde::Serialize;
 use specta::Type;
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/list_runtimes.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/list_runtimes.rs
index 67c507873..730df98db 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/list_runtimes.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/list_runtimes.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
     BridgeMethodHandleError,
 };
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::runtime::state::read::list_runtimes;
+use crate::runtime::list_runtimes;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct RuntimeManagerListRuntimes;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/lifecycle.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/lifecycle.rs
index 7ee8aa60f..db8b87c12 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/lifecycle.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/lifecycle.rs
@@ -6,9 +6,7 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
     BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability, parse_required_params,
 };
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::runtime::state::types::{
-    ReadyToStopParams, RuntimeAckResult, SetBeforeStopListenerParams,
-};
+use crate::runtime::{ReadyToStopParams, RuntimeAckResult, SetBeforeStopListenerParams};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct AppLifecycleSetBeforeStopListener;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs
index ee629d883..0b7bdb161 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs
@@ -39,9 +39,11 @@ impl BridgeMethod for BridgeSend {
 
     fn approval_request(
         &self,
-        _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
         _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
     ) -> BridgeApprovalRequestResult {
+        check_ctx(&ctx)?;
+
         Ok(None)
     }
 
@@ -51,6 +53,8 @@ impl BridgeMethod for BridgeSend {
         tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
         request: &RustBridgeRequest,
     ) -> BridgeHandleResult {
+        check_ctx(&ctx)?;
+
         let payload: BridgeSendRequest = parse_required_params(self, request)?;
 
         let payload_value = serde_json::to_value(&payload).map_err(|err| {
@@ -65,3 +69,13 @@ impl BridgeMethod for BridgeSend {
         Ok(Box::new(BridgeSendResult { ok: true }))
     }
 }
+
+fn check_ctx(ctx: &BridgeContext<'_>) -> Result<(), BridgeMethodHandleError> {
+    if !ctx.app.is_sandbox_test() {
+        return Err(BridgeMethodHandleError::invalid_request(
+            "Method use is not allowed",
+        ));
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
index 0e2c0babb..fc44afc6b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ pub mod state;
 pub mod ts_exports;
 pub mod types;
 
-use crate::runtime::state::types::SageAppRuntimeKind;
+use crate::runtime::SageAppRuntimeKind;
 pub use types::{
     ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs, RustBridgeApprovalEvent, RustBridgeApprovalRequest,
     RustBridgeErrorPayload, RustBridgeErrorResponse, RustBridgeInvokeResult, RustBridgeRequest,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
index 4968897cf..eae120cad 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
@@ -13,11 +13,11 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::{
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::bridge::ping::BridgePingResult;
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::bridge::send::BridgeSendResult;
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::wallet::send_xch::WalletSendXchParams;
-use crate::runtime::state::types::{
+use crate::runtime::stop::SystemKillRuntimeResult;
+use crate::runtime::{
     ReadyToStopParams, RuntimeAckResult, SageAppRuntimeRecord, SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail,
     SetBeforeStopListenerParams,
 };
-use crate::runtime::stop::SystemKillRuntimeResult;
 use sage_api::{
     CheckAddress, CheckAddressResponse, GetCoins, GetCoinsByIds, GetCoinsByIdsResponse,
     GetCoinsResponse, GetDerivations, GetDerivationsResponse, GetKey, GetKeyResponse, GetKeys,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/host.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/host.rs
index 038df6809..12c6e51ff 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/host.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/host.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 use std::fmt;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
+use crate::bridge::state::BridgeState;
+use crate::runtime::AppRuntimeState;
+use crate::sandbox::SandboxStateStore;
 use sage::Sage;
 use sage_api::ErrorKind;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
@@ -9,6 +12,13 @@ use tokio::sync::Mutex;
 
 pub type AppState = Arc<Mutex<Sage>>;
 
+#[derive(Debug, Default)]
+pub struct AppsHostState {
+    pub runtime: AppRuntimeState,
+    pub bridge: BridgeState,
+    pub sandbox: SandboxStateStore,
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
 pub struct SageAppsError {
     pub kind: ErrorKind,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
index aa3535338..a0a278ce0 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
@@ -6,11 +6,10 @@ pub mod lifecycle;
 pub mod runtime;
 pub mod sandbox;
 pub mod security;
-pub mod state;
 pub mod storage;
 pub mod system_apps;
 pub mod types;
 pub mod utils;
 
+pub use host::AppsHostState;
 pub use security::{handle_system_app_protocol_request, handle_user_app_protocol_request};
-pub use state::AppsHostState;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
index 463e37869..4b877401e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ mod tests {
     use super::*;
     use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
     use crate::lifecycle::write_retired_app_origins;
-    use crate::runtime::state::types::SageAppRuntimeRecord;
+    use crate::runtime::SageAppRuntimeRecord;
     use crate::types::{
         InstalledSageAppStorage, RetiredAppOriginEntry, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity,
         SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageGrantedPermissions,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
index 416bb03ce..35b3eebcc 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ mod tests {
     use crate::lifecycle::{
         app_dir, read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries, read_retired_app_origins,
     };
-    use crate::runtime::state::types::SageAppRuntimeRecord;
+    use crate::runtime::SageAppRuntimeRecord;
     use crate::types::{
         SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest,
         SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissions,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs
index ab9c10262..5a8680086 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::runtime::start::{CreateInlineRuntimeArgs, create_inline_runtime};
-use crate::runtime::state::read::list_runtimes;
-use crate::runtime::state::types::SageAppRuntimeRecord;
+use crate::runtime::state::{SageAppRuntimeRecord, list_runtimes};
 use crate::runtime::stop::{SystemKillRuntimeResult, kill_runtime};
 use crate::runtime::{RuntimeTargetParams, focus_runtime, hide_runtime};
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
index e59ebf887..3a47e1be1 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
@@ -2,12 +2,13 @@ use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Emitter, Manager, State};
 
+use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::bridge::methods::system::RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent;
-use crate::runtime::state::read::{get_runtime_by_app_id, list_runtimes};
-use crate::runtime::state::types::{SageAppRuntimeKind, SageAppRuntimeRecord};
-use crate::runtime::state::write::write_runtime_and_emit_changed;
+use crate::runtime::state::{
+    SageAppRuntimeKind, SageAppRuntimeRecord, get_runtime_by_app_id, list_runtimes,
+    write_runtime_and_emit_changed,
+};
 use crate::runtime::webview_locator::{find_sage_window, get_webview_in_sage_window};
-use crate::state::AppsHostState;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs
index 234759b71..d77593638 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs
@@ -3,10 +3,12 @@ pub mod resolve;
 
 pub mod commands;
 pub mod start;
-pub mod state;
+mod state;
 pub mod stop;
 pub mod webview_locator;
 
 pub use commands::*;
 pub use manager::*;
 pub use resolve::*;
+
+pub(crate) use state::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
index 9ec7ba185..db3416a64 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 
 use crate::lifecycle::read_installed_app_by_id;
-use crate::runtime::state::types::SageAppRuntimeKind;
+use crate::runtime::state::SageAppRuntimeKind;
 use crate::runtime::webview_locator::get_webview_in_sage_window;
 use crate::sandbox::build_builtin_test_app;
 use crate::system_apps::build_builtin_system_app;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
index 5d92537a4..833c80df9 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
@@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ use tauri::webview::NewWindowResponse;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, LogicalPosition, LogicalSize, State, WebviewUrl};
 
 use crate::lifecycle::write_installed_app_metadata;
-use crate::runtime::state::types::{
+use crate::runtime::state::{
     SageAppRuntimeKind, SageAppRuntimeRecord, inline_label_for, runtime_id_for,
+    write_runtime_and_emit_changed, write_runtime_id_by_app_id,
 };
-use crate::runtime::state::write::{write_runtime_and_emit_changed, write_runtime_id_by_app_id};
 use crate::runtime::webview_locator::{
     find_webview_in_sage_window, get_sage_window, get_webview_in_sage_window,
 };
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs
index a13e84bdf..90b71aa5c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,23 @@
-pub mod read;
-pub mod remove;
-pub mod types;
-pub mod write;
+mod read;
+mod remove;
+mod types;
+mod write;
+
+pub use types::{AppRuntimeState, SageAppRuntimeKind, SageAppRuntimeRecord};
+
+pub(crate) use read::{find_runtime_by_app_id_optional, list_runtimes};
+pub(crate) use types::{
+    ReadyToStopParams, RuntimeAckResult, SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail, SetBeforeStopListenerParams,
+};
+
+pub(super) use read::{
+    find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional, find_runtime_id_by_app_id_optional, get_runtime_by_app_id,
+};
+pub(super) use remove::{
+    remove_before_stop_listeners_by_app_id, remove_pending_stop_ready,
+    remove_runtime_by_runtime_id, remove_runtime_id_by_app_id,
+};
+pub(super) use types::{inline_label_for, runtime_id_for};
+pub(super) use write::{
+    write_pending_stop_ready, write_runtime_and_emit_changed, write_runtime_id_by_app_id,
+};
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
index f1213512c..1cb16ffd0 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
@@ -3,50 +3,46 @@ use crate::runtime::state::types::SageAppRuntimeRecord;
 use std::cmp::Reverse;
 use tauri::State;
 
-pub async fn find_runtime_id_by_app_id_optional(
+pub(crate) async fn find_runtime_by_app_id_optional(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: &str,
-) -> Option<String> {
-    let runtime_by_app_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_id_by_app_id.lock().await;
-    runtime_by_app_id.get(app_id).cloned()
-}
+) -> Option<SageAppRuntimeRecord> {
+    let runtime_id = find_runtime_id_by_app_id_optional(apps_state, app_id).await?;
 
-pub async fn get_runtime_id_by_app_id(
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    app_id: &str,
-) -> Result<String, String> {
-    find_runtime_id_by_app_id_optional(apps_state, app_id)
-        .await
-        .ok_or_else(|| format!("runtime not found for app id: {app_id}"))
+    find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional(apps_state, &runtime_id).await
 }
 
-pub async fn find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional(
+pub(crate) async fn list_runtimes(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    runtime_id: &str,
-) -> Option<SageAppRuntimeRecord> {
-    let by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_by_runtime_id.lock().await;
-    by_runtime_id.get(runtime_id).cloned()
+) -> Result<Vec<SageAppRuntimeRecord>, String> {
+    let mut records = {
+        let by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_by_runtime_id.lock().await;
+        by_runtime_id.values().cloned().collect::<Vec<_>>()
+    };
+
+    records.retain(|record| !record.internal());
+    records.sort_by_key(|record| Reverse(record.started_at()));
+
+    Ok(records)
 }
 
-pub async fn get_runtime_by_runtime_id(
+pub(in crate::runtime) async fn find_runtime_id_by_app_id_optional(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    runtime_id: &str,
-) -> Result<SageAppRuntimeRecord, String> {
-    find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional(apps_state, runtime_id)
-        .await
-        .ok_or_else(|| format!("runtime record not found for runtime id: {runtime_id}"))
+    app_id: &str,
+) -> Option<String> {
+    let runtime_by_app_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_id_by_app_id.lock().await;
+    runtime_by_app_id.get(app_id).cloned()
 }
 
-pub async fn find_runtime_by_app_id_optional(
+pub(in crate::runtime) async fn find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    app_id: &str,
+    runtime_id: &str,
 ) -> Option<SageAppRuntimeRecord> {
-    let runtime_id = find_runtime_id_by_app_id_optional(apps_state, app_id).await?;
-
-    find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional(apps_state, &runtime_id).await
+    let by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_by_runtime_id.lock().await;
+    by_runtime_id.get(runtime_id).cloned()
 }
 
-pub async fn get_runtime_by_app_id(
+pub(in crate::runtime) async fn get_runtime_by_app_id(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: &str,
 ) -> Result<SageAppRuntimeRecord, String> {
@@ -54,17 +50,3 @@ pub async fn get_runtime_by_app_id(
         .await
         .ok_or_else(|| format!("runtime record not found for app id: {app_id}"))
 }
-
-pub async fn list_runtimes(
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-) -> Result<Vec<SageAppRuntimeRecord>, String> {
-    let mut records = {
-        let by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_by_runtime_id.lock().await;
-        by_runtime_id.values().cloned().collect::<Vec<_>>()
-    };
-
-    records.retain(|record| !record.internal());
-    records.sort_by_key(|record| Reverse(record.started_at()));
-
-    Ok(records)
-}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/remove.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/remove.rs
index 082f94151..13254aa5e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/remove.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/remove.rs
@@ -1,17 +1,23 @@
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use tauri::State;
 
-pub async fn remove_runtime_id_by_app_id(apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>, app_id: &str) {
+pub(in crate::runtime) async fn remove_runtime_id_by_app_id(
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    app_id: &str,
+) {
     let mut runtime_id_by_app_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_id_by_app_id.lock().await;
     runtime_id_by_app_id.remove(app_id);
 }
 
-pub async fn remove_runtime_by_runtime_id(apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>, runtime_id: &str) {
+pub(in crate::runtime) async fn remove_runtime_by_runtime_id(
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    runtime_id: &str,
+) {
     let mut runtime_by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_by_runtime_id.lock().await;
     runtime_by_runtime_id.remove(runtime_id);
 }
 
-pub async fn remove_before_stop_listeners_by_app_id(
+pub(in crate::runtime) async fn remove_before_stop_listeners_by_app_id(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: &str,
 ) {
@@ -23,7 +29,10 @@ pub async fn remove_before_stop_listeners_by_app_id(
     listeners.remove(app_id);
 }
 
-pub async fn remove_pending_stop_ready(apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>, request_id: &String) {
+pub(in crate::runtime) async fn remove_pending_stop_ready(
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    request_id: &String,
+) {
     let mut pending = apps_state.runtime.pending_stop_ready.lock().await;
     pending.remove(request_id);
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs
index 87181a6a1..24754c740 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs
@@ -16,39 +16,6 @@ pub enum SageAppRuntimeKind {
     System,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub struct SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail {
-    pub request_id: String,
-
-    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
-    pub reason: Option<String>,
-
-    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
-    pub app_id: Option<String>,
-
-    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
-    pub runtime_id: Option<String>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub struct SetBeforeStopListenerParams {
-    active: bool,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub struct ReadyToStopParams {
-    request_id: String,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub struct RuntimeAckResult {
-    pub ok: bool,
-}
-
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct SageAppRuntimeRecord {
@@ -75,40 +42,41 @@ pub struct AppRuntimeState {
     pub pending_stop_ready: Mutex<BTreeMap<String, oneshot::Sender<()>>>,
 }
 
-impl SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail {
-    pub fn new(
-        request_id: impl Into<String>,
-        reason: Option<impl Into<String>>,
-        app_id: Option<impl Into<String>>,
-        runtime_id: Option<impl Into<String>>,
-    ) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            request_id: request_id.into(),
-            reason: reason.map(Into::into),
-            app_id: app_id.map(Into::into),
-            runtime_id: runtime_id.map(Into::into),
-        }
-    }
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub(crate) struct SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail {
+    pub request_id: String,
 
-    pub fn request_id(&self) -> &str {
-        &self.request_id
-    }
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub reason: Option<String>,
 
-    pub fn reason(&self) -> Option<&str> {
-        self.reason.as_deref()
-    }
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub app_id: Option<String>,
 
-    pub fn app_id(&self) -> Option<&str> {
-        self.app_id.as_deref()
-    }
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub runtime_id: Option<String>,
+}
 
-    pub fn runtime_id(&self) -> Option<&str> {
-        self.runtime_id.as_deref()
-    }
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub(crate) struct SetBeforeStopListenerParams {
+    active: bool,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub(crate) struct ReadyToStopParams {
+    request_id: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub(crate) struct RuntimeAckResult {
+    pub ok: bool,
 }
 
 impl SetBeforeStopListenerParams {
-    pub fn active(&self) -> bool {
+    pub fn active(self) -> bool {
         self.active
     }
 }
@@ -119,16 +87,6 @@ impl ReadyToStopParams {
     }
 }
 
-impl RuntimeAckResult {
-    pub fn ok() -> Self {
-        Self { ok: true }
-    }
-
-    pub fn ok_value(&self) -> bool {
-        self.ok
-    }
-}
-
 impl SageAppRuntimeRecord {
     pub fn new_inline(
         app: &mut SageApp,
@@ -280,14 +238,17 @@ impl std::fmt::Debug for AppRuntimeState {
     }
 }
 
-pub fn runtime_id_for(app_id: &str, runtime_kind: SageAppRuntimeKind) -> String {
+pub(in crate::runtime) fn runtime_id_for(app_id: &str, runtime_kind: SageAppRuntimeKind) -> String {
     match runtime_kind {
         SageAppRuntimeKind::User => format!("runtime-{app_id}"),
         SageAppRuntimeKind::System => format!("system-runtime-{app_id}"),
     }
 }
 
-pub fn inline_label_for(app_id: &str, runtime_kind: SageAppRuntimeKind) -> String {
+pub(in crate::runtime) fn inline_label_for(
+    app_id: &str,
+    runtime_kind: SageAppRuntimeKind,
+) -> String {
     match runtime_kind {
         SageAppRuntimeKind::User => format!("app-inline-{app_id}"),
         SageAppRuntimeKind::System => format!("system-app-inline-{app_id}"),
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs
index 7e80142de..ff650b928 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use crate::runtime::emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed;
 use crate::runtime::state::types::SageAppRuntimeRecord;
 use crate::types::SageApp;
 
-pub async fn write_runtime_and_emit_changed(
+pub(in crate::runtime) async fn write_runtime_and_emit_changed(
     app: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     record: SageAppRuntimeRecord,
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ pub async fn write_runtime_and_emit_changed(
     emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(app, apps_state).await;
 }
 
-pub async fn write_runtime_id_by_app_id(
+pub(in crate::runtime) async fn write_runtime_id_by_app_id(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app: &SageApp,
     runtime_id: String,
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ pub async fn write_runtime_id_by_app_id(
     runtime_by_app_id.insert(app.id().to_string(), runtime_id);
 }
 
-pub async fn write_pending_stop_ready(
+pub(in crate::runtime) async fn write_pending_stop_ready(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     request_id: &str,
     tx: tokio::sync::oneshot::Sender<()>,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs
index a7644c442..648e15fb2 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,11 @@
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::runtime::emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed;
-use crate::runtime::state::read::{
-    find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional, find_runtime_id_by_app_id_optional, get_runtime_by_app_id,
-};
-use crate::runtime::state::remove::{
+use crate::runtime::state::{
+    SageAppRuntimeRecord, SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail, find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional,
+    find_runtime_id_by_app_id_optional, get_runtime_by_app_id,
     remove_before_stop_listeners_by_app_id, remove_pending_stop_ready,
-    remove_runtime_by_runtime_id, remove_runtime_id_by_app_id,
+    remove_runtime_by_runtime_id, remove_runtime_id_by_app_id, write_pending_stop_ready,
 };
-use crate::runtime::state::types::{SageAppRuntimeRecord, SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail};
-use crate::runtime::state::write::write_pending_stop_ready;
 use crate::runtime::webview_locator::find_webview_in_sage_window;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
@@ -27,7 +24,7 @@ pub struct SystemKillRuntimeResult {
     pub app_id: String,
 }
 
-pub async fn kill_runtime(
+pub(crate) async fn kill_runtime(
     app: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: &str,
@@ -43,7 +40,7 @@ pub async fn kill_runtime(
     })
 }
 
-pub async fn close_runtime_internal(
+pub(crate) async fn close_runtime_internal(
     app: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: &str,
@@ -51,7 +48,7 @@ pub async fn close_runtime_internal(
     close_runtime_internal_with_reason(app, apps_state, app_id, "host_close").await
 }
 
-pub async fn close_runtime_internal_with_reason(
+pub(super) async fn close_runtime_internal_with_reason(
     app: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: &str,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/commands.rs
index dbef870ca..21493104a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/commands.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
+use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::runtime::resolve_app;
-use crate::state::AppsHostState;
 
 use super::gate::evaluate_app_launch_gate;
 use super::runner::{begin_sandbox_run, sandbox_runner};
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/ingest.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/ingest.rs
index a9261e2e0..c9b695963 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/ingest.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/ingest.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use serde_json::Value;
 use tauri::State;
 
-use crate::state::AppsHostState;
+use crate::AppsHostState;
 
 use super::store::{SandboxAppResult, replace_by_app_id};
 use super::types::{
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/mod.rs
index a7e221704..75788e9d1 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/mod.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ pub mod types;
 pub use builtin_apps::*;
 pub use gate::*;
 pub use ingest::*;
-pub use runner::*;
-pub use runtime::*;
 pub use store::*;
 pub use types::*;
+
+pub use runner::ensure_initial_sandbox_run;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/clear_cycle.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/clear_cycle.rs
index 3dcf3eeb2..874df7ac3 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/clear_cycle.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/clear_cycle.rs
@@ -1,37 +1,14 @@
+use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::lifecycle::clear_runtime_browsing_data_internal;
 use crate::runtime::stop::close_runtime_internal;
 use crate::sandbox::BUILTIN_STORAGE_CLEAR_PERSISTENT_ID;
-use crate::state::AppsHostState;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
 use super::super::runtime::{run_clear_cycle_phase_runtime, unique_run_id};
 use super::super::types::{SandboxStorageClearProbePhase, SandboxStorageClearProbeResult};
 use super::poll::poll_clear_cycle_phase;
 
-async fn run_clear_cycle_phase(
-    app: &AppHandle,
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    app_id: &str,
-    run_id: &str,
-    phase: SandboxStorageClearProbePhase,
-) -> Result<SandboxStorageClearProbeResult, String> {
-    let phase_string = match phase {
-        SandboxStorageClearProbePhase::Write => "write",
-        SandboxStorageClearProbePhase::CheckPresent => "check_present",
-        SandboxStorageClearProbePhase::CheckAbsent => "check_absent",
-    }
-    .to_string();
-
-    run_clear_cycle_phase_runtime(app, apps_state, app_id, run_id, phase_string).await?;
-
-    let out = poll_clear_cycle_phase(apps_state, run_id, app_id, phase, 10_000).await;
-
-    let _ = close_runtime_internal(app, apps_state, app_id).await;
-
-    out
-}
-
-pub async fn run_clear_cycle_test(
+pub(in crate::sandbox) async fn run_clear_cycle_test(
     app: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
 ) -> Result<(bool, Option<String>), String> {
@@ -106,3 +83,26 @@ pub async fn run_clear_cycle_test(
         }),
     ))
 }
+
+async fn run_clear_cycle_phase(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    app_id: &str,
+    run_id: &str,
+    phase: SandboxStorageClearProbePhase,
+) -> Result<SandboxStorageClearProbeResult, String> {
+    let phase_string = match phase {
+        SandboxStorageClearProbePhase::Write => "write",
+        SandboxStorageClearProbePhase::CheckPresent => "check_present",
+        SandboxStorageClearProbePhase::CheckAbsent => "check_absent",
+    }
+    .to_string();
+
+    run_clear_cycle_phase_runtime(app, apps_state, app_id, run_id, phase_string).await?;
+
+    let out = poll_clear_cycle_phase(apps_state, run_id, app_id, phase, 10_000).await;
+
+    let _ = close_runtime_internal(app, apps_state, app_id).await;
+
+    out
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/isolation.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/isolation.rs
index 2b446bb19..d1b187183 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/isolation.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/isolation.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
+use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::sandbox::{
     BUILTIN_STORAGE_ISOLATION_INCOGNITO_ID, BUILTIN_STORAGE_ISOLATION_PERSISTENT_ID,
 };
-use crate::state::AppsHostState;
 
 use super::super::runtime::{start_test_app, stop_test_apps, unique_run_id};
 use super::poll::poll_isolation;
 
-pub async fn run_isolation_test(
+pub(in crate::sandbox) async fn run_isolation_test(
     app: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
 ) -> Result<(bool, Option<String>), String> {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/mod.rs
index 1e419dfef..b97dac090 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/mod.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ mod network;
 mod persistence;
 mod poll;
 
-pub use clear_cycle::run_clear_cycle_test;
-pub use isolation::run_isolation_test;
-pub use network::run_network_test;
-pub use persistence::run_persistence_test;
+pub(super) use clear_cycle::run_clear_cycle_test;
+pub(super) use isolation::run_isolation_test;
+pub(super) use network::run_network_test;
+pub(super) use persistence::run_persistence_test;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/network.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/network.rs
index 4bfdff511..d5824da4f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/network.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/network.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
+use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::sandbox::{BUILTIN_NETWORK_ALLOW_A_ID, BUILTIN_NETWORK_ALLOW_B_ID};
-use crate::state::AppsHostState;
 
 use super::super::runtime::{start_test_app, stop_test_apps, unique_run_id};
 use super::poll::poll_network;
 
-pub async fn run_network_test(
+pub(in crate::sandbox) async fn run_network_test(
     app: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
 ) -> Result<(bool, Option<String>), String> {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/persistence.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/persistence.rs
index 6e9d3f863..3f0bd821e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/persistence.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/persistence.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
+use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::sandbox::{BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_INCOGNITO_ID, BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_PERSISTENT_ID};
-use crate::state::AppsHostState;
 
 use super::super::runtime::{start_test_app, stop_test_apps, unique_run_id};
 use super::poll::{poll_persistence_read, poll_persistence_write};
 
-pub async fn run_persistence_test(
+pub(in crate::sandbox) async fn run_persistence_test(
     app: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
 ) -> Result<((bool, Option<String>), (bool, Option<String>)), String> {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/poll.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/poll.rs
index 98175d440..0283b4e10 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/poll.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/poll.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use super::super::types::{
     SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult, SandboxStorageClearProbePhase,
     SandboxStorageClearProbeResult,
 };
-use crate::state::AppsHostState;
+use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms;
 
 pub async fn poll_isolation(
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runner.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runner.rs
index abb02daa9..ded6315ac 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runner.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runner.rs
@@ -6,29 +6,11 @@ use super::types::{
     SandboxCapability, SandboxCapabilityStatus, SandboxRunState, SandboxState,
     build_running_sandbox_state, mark_cap,
 };
+use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::runtime::webview_locator::get_sage_webview;
-use crate::state::AppsHostState;
 use crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Emitter, Manager, State};
 
-async fn emit_state_view(app: &AppHandle, apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>) {
-    let baseline = apps_state.sandbox.baseline.lock().await.clone();
-    let current_run = apps_state.sandbox.current_run.lock().await.clone();
-    let view = build_state_view(&baseline, current_run.as_ref());
-
-    if let Ok(webview) = get_sage_webview(app) {
-        let _ = webview.emit("apps:sandbox-state-updated", view);
-    }
-}
-
-fn sandbox_state_is_all_pending(state: &SandboxState) -> bool {
-    state.storage_isolation_from_sage.status == SandboxCapabilityStatus::Pending
-        && state.storage_persistence_normal.status == SandboxCapabilityStatus::Pending
-        && state.storage_non_persistence_incognito.status == SandboxCapabilityStatus::Pending
-        && state.storage_clear_cycle.status == SandboxCapabilityStatus::Pending
-        && state.network_allowlist_enforced.status == SandboxCapabilityStatus::Pending
-}
-
 pub async fn ensure_initial_sandbox_run(app: AppHandle) -> Result<(), String> {
     let apps_state = app.state::<AppsHostState>();
 
@@ -59,7 +41,7 @@ pub async fn ensure_initial_sandbox_run(app: AppHandle) -> Result<(), String> {
     Ok(())
 }
 
-pub async fn begin_sandbox_run(
+pub(super) async fn begin_sandbox_run(
     app: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
 ) -> Result<super::types::SandboxStateView, String> {
@@ -280,3 +262,21 @@ pub async fn sandbox_runner(app: AppHandle) {
 
     emit_state_view(&app, &apps_state).await;
 }
+
+async fn emit_state_view(app: &AppHandle, apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>) {
+    let baseline = apps_state.sandbox.baseline.lock().await.clone();
+    let current_run = apps_state.sandbox.current_run.lock().await.clone();
+    let view = build_state_view(&baseline, current_run.as_ref());
+
+    if let Ok(webview) = get_sage_webview(app) {
+        let _ = webview.emit("apps:sandbox-state-updated", view);
+    }
+}
+
+fn sandbox_state_is_all_pending(state: &SandboxState) -> bool {
+    state.storage_isolation_from_sage.status == SandboxCapabilityStatus::Pending
+        && state.storage_persistence_normal.status == SandboxCapabilityStatus::Pending
+        && state.storage_non_persistence_incognito.status == SandboxCapabilityStatus::Pending
+        && state.storage_clear_cycle.status == SandboxCapabilityStatus::Pending
+        && state.network_allowlist_enforced.status == SandboxCapabilityStatus::Pending
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs
index f6866ad92..4822a9043 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs
@@ -1,25 +1,14 @@
+use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::runtime::apps_create_inline_runtime;
 use crate::runtime::start::CreateInlineRuntimeArgs;
 use crate::runtime::stop::close_runtime_internal;
-use crate::state::AppsHostState;
 use std::collections::{BTreeMap, HashMap};
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 use uuid::Uuid;
 
-pub const STORAGE_CLEAR_PROBE_PATH: &str = "/__sage/runtime-apps/storage-clear-probe/index.html";
+const STORAGE_CLEAR_PROBE_PATH: &str = "/__sage/runtime-apps/storage-clear-probe/index.html";
 
-pub fn unique_run_id(prefix: &str) -> String {
-    format!("{prefix}-{}", Uuid::new_v4())
-}
-
-fn debug_test_apps_enabled() -> bool {
-    cfg!(debug_assertions)
-        && std::env::var("SAGE_DEBUG_TEST_APPS")
-            .map(|v| v == "1")
-            .unwrap_or(false)
-}
-
-pub async fn stop_test_apps(
+pub(crate) async fn stop_test_apps(
     app: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_ids: &[&str],
@@ -29,7 +18,7 @@ pub async fn stop_test_apps(
     }
 }
 
-pub async fn start_test_app(
+pub(crate) async fn start_test_app(
     app: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: &str,
@@ -55,7 +44,7 @@ pub async fn start_test_app(
     .await
 }
 
-pub async fn run_clear_cycle_phase_runtime(
+pub(crate) async fn run_clear_cycle_phase_runtime(
     app: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: &str,
@@ -80,6 +69,10 @@ pub async fn run_clear_cycle_phase_runtime(
     .await
 }
 
+pub(super) fn unique_run_id(prefix: &str) -> String {
+    format!("{prefix}-{}", Uuid::new_v4())
+}
+
 async fn start_internal_runtime_for_sandbox(
     app: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
@@ -103,3 +96,10 @@ async fn start_internal_runtime_for_sandbox(
         .await
         .map(|_| ())
 }
+
+fn debug_test_apps_enabled() -> bool {
+    cfg!(debug_assertions)
+        && std::env::var("SAGE_DEBUG_TEST_APPS")
+            .map(|v| v == "1")
+            .unwrap_or(false)
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/state/host.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/state/host.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 9dc1e5d39..000000000
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/state/host.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-use crate::bridge::state::BridgeState;
-use crate::runtime::state::types::AppRuntimeState;
-use crate::sandbox::SandboxStateStore;
-
-#[derive(Debug, Default)]
-pub struct AppsHostState {
-    pub runtime: AppRuntimeState,
-    pub bridge: BridgeState,
-    pub sandbox: SandboxStateStore,
-}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/state/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/state/mod.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 1b4954eb9..000000000
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/state/mod.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-pub mod host;
-
-pub use host::*;

From ba89e18204f205f49f4c6a90906fb06b0fb16790 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Tue, 28 Apr 2026 23:36:53 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 266/471] Refactor: consolidate app handling logic and enhance
 SageApp modularity

- Introduced `into_sage_app` method in `SystemSageApp` for streamlined conversions.
- Added `RuntimeApp` enum with path resolution support, replacing `STORAGE_CLEAR_PROBE_PATH`.
- Refactored URI scheme handlers to centralize logic and improve readability (`app` and `system` protocols).
- Introduced `resolve_file_path` in `AppSnapshot` for robust path handling with validation.
- Simplified runtime state organization by updating method visibility and reducing redundancy.
- Cleaned up module imports and restructured `SageApp` type export for consistency.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/host.rs                  |   3 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs           |   2 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs     |  10 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs    |   8 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs       |  21 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/security/csp.rs          |   4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs     | 287 +++++-------------
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/mod.rs         |   4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/snapshot.rs    |  39 ++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/system_apps.rs |   5 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs             |   4 +-
 src-tauri/src/lib.rs                          |  34 +--
 12 files changed, 170 insertions(+), 251 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/host.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/host.rs
index 12c6e51ff..f7e7780eb 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/host.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/host.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 use std::fmt;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use crate::bridge::state::BridgeState;
 use crate::runtime::AppRuntimeState;
 use crate::sandbox::SandboxStateStore;
+use crate::types::SystemSageApp;
 use sage::Sage;
 use sage_api::ErrorKind;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
@@ -14,6 +16,7 @@ pub type AppState = Arc<Mutex<Sage>>;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Default)]
 pub struct AppsHostState {
+    pub system_apps: BTreeMap<String, SystemSageApp>,
     pub runtime: AppRuntimeState,
     pub bridge: BridgeState,
     pub sandbox: SandboxStateStore,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs
index d77593638..75c045f4c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs
@@ -11,4 +11,6 @@ pub use commands::*;
 pub use manager::*;
 pub use resolve::*;
 
+pub use state::find_runtime_by_app_id_optional;
+
 pub(crate) use state::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs
index 90b71aa5c..586e11e39 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs
@@ -5,14 +5,16 @@ mod write;
 
 pub use types::{AppRuntimeState, SageAppRuntimeKind, SageAppRuntimeRecord};
 
-pub(crate) use read::{find_runtime_by_app_id_optional, list_runtimes};
+pub use read::find_runtime_by_app_id_optional;
+
+pub(crate) use read::{
+    find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional, find_runtime_id_by_app_id_optional, get_runtime_by_app_id,
+    list_runtimes,
+};
 pub(crate) use types::{
     ReadyToStopParams, RuntimeAckResult, SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail, SetBeforeStopListenerParams,
 };
 
-pub(super) use read::{
-    find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional, find_runtime_id_by_app_id_optional, get_runtime_by_app_id,
-};
 pub(super) use remove::{
     remove_before_stop_listeners_by_app_id, remove_pending_stop_ready,
     remove_runtime_by_runtime_id, remove_runtime_id_by_app_id,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
index 1cb16ffd0..0e7e6de4d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use crate::runtime::state::types::SageAppRuntimeRecord;
 use std::cmp::Reverse;
 use tauri::State;
 
-pub(crate) async fn find_runtime_by_app_id_optional(
+pub async fn find_runtime_by_app_id_optional(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: &str,
 ) -> Option<SageAppRuntimeRecord> {
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn list_runtimes(
     Ok(records)
 }
 
-pub(in crate::runtime) async fn find_runtime_id_by_app_id_optional(
+pub(crate) async fn find_runtime_id_by_app_id_optional(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: &str,
 ) -> Option<String> {
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ pub(in crate::runtime) async fn find_runtime_id_by_app_id_optional(
     runtime_by_app_id.get(app_id).cloned()
 }
 
-pub(in crate::runtime) async fn find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional(
+pub(crate) async fn find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     runtime_id: &str,
 ) -> Option<SageAppRuntimeRecord> {
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ pub(in crate::runtime) async fn find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional(
     by_runtime_id.get(runtime_id).cloned()
 }
 
-pub(in crate::runtime) async fn get_runtime_by_app_id(
+pub(crate) async fn get_runtime_by_app_id(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: &str,
 ) -> Result<SageAppRuntimeRecord, String> {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs
index 4822a9043..f2b744f01 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs
@@ -2,12 +2,11 @@ use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::runtime::apps_create_inline_runtime;
 use crate::runtime::start::CreateInlineRuntimeArgs;
 use crate::runtime::stop::close_runtime_internal;
+use crate::security::RUNTIME_APPS_PREFIX;
 use std::collections::{BTreeMap, HashMap};
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 use uuid::Uuid;
 
-const STORAGE_CLEAR_PROBE_PATH: &str = "/__sage/runtime-apps/storage-clear-probe/index.html";
-
 pub(crate) async fn stop_test_apps(
     app: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
@@ -63,7 +62,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn run_clear_cycle_phase_runtime(
         apps_state,
         app_id,
         false,
-        Some(STORAGE_CLEAR_PROBE_PATH.into()),
+        Some(RuntimeApp::StorageClearProbe.path()),
         query,
     )
     .await
@@ -97,6 +96,22 @@ async fn start_internal_runtime_for_sandbox(
         .map(|_| ())
 }
 
+enum RuntimeApp {
+    StorageClearProbe,
+}
+
+impl RuntimeApp {
+    fn base(&self) -> &'static str {
+        match self {
+            Self::StorageClearProbe => "storage-clear-probe",
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn path(&self) -> String {
+        format!("{RUNTIME_APPS_PREFIX}{}/{}", self.base(), "index.html")
+    }
+}
+
 fn debug_test_apps_enabled() -> bool {
     cfg!(debug_assertions)
         && std::env::var("SAGE_DEBUG_TEST_APPS")
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/csp.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/csp.rs
index 9503f24c2..638274f8e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/csp.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/csp.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 use std::collections::BTreeSet;
 
-use crate::types::SageApp;
+use crate::types::SageAppCommon;
 
 fn csp_source_list(items: &[String]) -> String {
     items.join(" ")
 }
 
-pub fn build_app_csp(app: &SageApp) -> String {
+pub fn build_app_csp(app: &SageAppCommon) -> String {
     let default_src = csp_source_list(&["'self'".to_string()]);
     let script_src = csp_source_list(&["'self'".to_string(), "'wasm-unsafe-eval'".to_string()]);
     let style_src = csp_source_list(&["'self'".to_string(), "'unsafe-inline'".to_string()]);
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
index 6f3266f10..9268e5fc8 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
@@ -1,222 +1,87 @@
-use std::{fs, path::Path};
-
+use crate::lifecycle::read_installed_app_by_id;
+use crate::runtime::{SageAppRuntimeKind, app_id_from_webview_label};
+use crate::sandbox::builtin_runtime_apps_root;
+use crate::types::SageAppCommon;
+use crate::{AppsHostState, security::build_app_csp};
 use anyhow::{Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
+use std::fs;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
 use tauri::http::{Response, StatusCode};
+use tauri::{Manager, State, UriSchemeContext, Wry};
 
-use crate::{
-    lifecycle::{read_installed_user_app_by_origin_id, read_snapshot_file},
-    sandbox::{
-        build_builtin_test_app, builtin_runtime_apps_root, builtin_test_app_dir,
-        builtin_test_app_spec,
-    },
-    security::build_app_csp,
-    system_apps::{build_builtin_system_app, builtin_system_app_dir, builtin_system_app_spec},
-    types::SageApp,
-};
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub enum AppProtocolKind {
-    User,
-    System,
-}
-
-fn serve_runtime_app_asset(request_path: &str, csp: &str) -> AnyResult<Response<Vec<u8>>> {
-    let runtime_root = builtin_runtime_apps_root();
-    let relative_path = request_path
-        .strip_prefix("/__sage/runtime-apps/")
-        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("invalid runtime app path"))?;
-
-    let safe_path = format!("/{relative_path}");
-    let file_path = read_snapshot_file(&runtime_root, &safe_path)?;
-
-    if request_path.ends_with("/index.html") {
-        let html = fs::read_to_string(&file_path)?;
-
-        return Response::builder()
-            .status(StatusCode::OK)
-            .header("Content-Type", "text/html; charset=utf-8")
-            .header("Cache-Control", "no-store")
-            .header("Content-Security-Policy", csp)
-            .header("X-Content-Type-Options", "nosniff")
-            .body(html.into_bytes())
-            .map_err(|err| anyhow!("failed to build runtime app HTML response: {err}"));
-    }
-
-    let bytes = fs::read(&file_path)?;
-    let mime = mime_guess::from_path(&file_path)
-        .first_or_octet_stream()
-        .essence_str()
-        .to_string();
-
-    Response::builder()
-        .status(StatusCode::OK)
-        .header("Content-Type", mime)
-        .header("Cache-Control", "no-store")
-        .header("Content-Security-Policy", csp)
-        .header("X-Content-Type-Options", "nosniff")
-        .body(bytes)
-        .map_err(|err| anyhow!("failed to build runtime app response: {err}"))
-}
+pub const RUNTIME_APPS_PREFIX: &str = "/__sage/runtime-apps/";
 
-fn handle_builtin_test_app_request(
-    app_id: &str,
+pub fn handle_user_app_protocol_request(
+    ctx: &UriSchemeContext<'_, Wry>,
     request: &tauri::http::Request<Vec<u8>>,
-) -> AnyResult<Response<Vec<u8>>> {
-    let app = build_builtin_test_app(app_id)?
-        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("unknown builtin test app {app_id}"))?;
-
-    let request_path = request.uri().path();
-    let csp = build_app_csp(&app);
+) -> Response<Vec<u8>> {
+    let result = (|| -> anyhow::Result<_> {
+        let webview_label = ctx.webview_label();
 
-    if request_path.starts_with("/__sage/runtime-apps/") {
-        return serve_runtime_app_asset(request_path, &csp);
-    }
+        let (runtime_kind, app_id) = app_id_from_webview_label(webview_label)
+            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("invalid webview label"))?;
 
-    let app_dir = builtin_test_app_dir(app_id)?
-        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("missing builtin test app dir for {app_id}"))?;
+        if runtime_kind != SageAppRuntimeKind::User {
+            anyhow::bail!("not a user runtime");
+        }
 
-    let file_path = read_snapshot_file(&app_dir, request_path)?;
+        let app_handle = ctx.app_handle();
+        let base_path = app_handle.path().app_data_dir()?;
 
-    if request_path.is_empty() || request_path == "/" || request_path == "/index.html" {
-        let html = fs::read_to_string(&file_path)?;
+        let app = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, app_id)?;
 
-        return Response::builder()
-            .status(StatusCode::OK)
-            .header("Content-Type", "text/html; charset=utf-8")
-            .header("Cache-Control", "no-store")
-            .header("Content-Security-Policy", &csp)
-            .header("X-Content-Type-Options", "nosniff")
-            .body(html.into_bytes())
-            .map_err(|err| anyhow!("failed to build builtin test app HTML response: {err}"));
-    }
+        if request.uri().host() != Some(app.common().origin_id()) {
+            anyhow::bail!("host mismatch");
+        }
 
-    let bytes = fs::read(&file_path)?;
-    let mime = mime_guess::from_path(&file_path)
-        .first_or_octet_stream()
-        .essence_str()
-        .to_string();
+        handle_app_protocol_request(app.common(), request)
+    })();
 
-    Response::builder()
-        .status(StatusCode::OK)
-        .header("Content-Type", mime)
-        .header("Cache-Control", "no-store")
-        .header("Content-Security-Policy", csp)
-        .header("X-Content-Type-Options", "nosniff")
-        .body(bytes)
-        .map_err(|err| anyhow!("failed to build builtin test app response: {err}"))
+    result.unwrap_or_else(|_| not_found_response())
 }
 
-fn handle_builtin_system_app_request(
-    app_id: &str,
+pub fn handle_system_app_protocol_request(
+    ctx: &UriSchemeContext<'_, Wry>,
     request: &tauri::http::Request<Vec<u8>>,
-) -> AnyResult<Response<Vec<u8>>> {
-    let app = build_builtin_system_app(app_id)?
-        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("unknown builtin system app {app_id}"))?;
+) -> Response<Vec<u8>> {
+    let result = (|| {
+        let webview_label = ctx.webview_label();
 
-    let request_path = request.uri().path();
-    let csp = build_app_csp(&app);
-
-    if request_path.starts_with("/__sage/runtime-apps/") {
-        return serve_runtime_app_asset(request_path, &csp);
-    }
-
-    let app_dir = builtin_system_app_dir(app_id)?
-        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("missing builtin system app dir for {app_id}"))?;
-
-    let file_path = read_snapshot_file(&app_dir, request_path)?;
+        let (runtime_kind, app_id) = app_id_from_webview_label(webview_label)
+            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("invalid webview label"))?;
 
-    if request_path.is_empty() || request_path == "/" || request_path == "/index.html" {
-        let html = fs::read_to_string(&file_path)?;
-
-        return Response::builder()
-            .status(StatusCode::OK)
-            .header("Content-Type", "text/html; charset=utf-8")
-            .header("Cache-Control", "no-store")
-            .header("Content-Security-Policy", &csp)
-            .header("X-Content-Type-Options", "nosniff")
-            .body(html.into_bytes())
-            .map_err(|err| anyhow!("failed to build builtin system app HTML response: {err}"));
-    }
+        if runtime_kind != SageAppRuntimeKind::System {
+            anyhow::bail!("not a system runtime");
+        }
+        let state: State<'_, AppsHostState> = ctx.app_handle().state();
+        let app = state
+            .system_apps
+            .get(app_id)
+            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("unknown system app"))?;
+
+        if request.uri().host() != Some(app.common().origin_id()) {
+            anyhow::bail!("host mismatch");
+        }
 
-    let bytes = fs::read(&file_path)?;
-    let mime = mime_guess::from_path(&file_path)
-        .first_or_octet_stream()
-        .essence_str()
-        .to_string();
+        handle_app_protocol_request(app.common(), request)
+    })();
 
-    Response::builder()
-        .status(StatusCode::OK)
-        .header("Content-Type", mime)
-        .header("Cache-Control", "no-store")
-        .header("Content-Security-Policy", csp)
-        .header("X-Content-Type-Options", "nosniff")
-        .body(bytes)
-        .map_err(|err| anyhow!("failed to build builtin system app response: {err}"))
+    result.unwrap_or_else(|_| not_found_response())
 }
 
-pub fn handle_app_protocol_request(
-    base_path: &Path,
+fn handle_app_protocol_request(
+    app_common: &SageAppCommon,
     request: &tauri::http::Request<Vec<u8>>,
-    protocol_kind: AppProtocolKind,
 ) -> AnyResult<Response<Vec<u8>>> {
-    let uri = request.uri();
-
-    let host = uri
-        .host()
-        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("missing host in app URL"))?;
-
-    if builtin_test_app_spec(host).is_some() {
-        if protocol_kind != AppProtocolKind::User {
-            return Err(anyhow!(
-                "builtin sandbox test app {host} cannot be served through system protocol"
-            ));
-        }
-
-        return handle_builtin_test_app_request(host, request);
-    }
+    let request_path = request.uri().path();
 
-    if builtin_system_app_spec(host).is_some() {
-        if protocol_kind != AppProtocolKind::System {
-            return Err(anyhow!(
-                "builtin system app {host} cannot be served through user protocol"
-            ));
-        }
+    let file_path = match resolve_runtime_app_file(request_path)? {
+        Some(file_path) => file_path,
+        None => app_common
+            .active_snapshot()
+            .resolve_file_path(request_path)?,
+    };
 
-        return handle_builtin_system_app_request(host, request);
-    }
-
-    if protocol_kind != AppProtocolKind::User {
-        return Err(anyhow!(
-            "user-installed app {host} cannot be served through system protocol"
-        ));
-    }
-
-    let app = SageApp::User(read_installed_user_app_by_origin_id(base_path, host)?);
-    let request_path = uri.path();
-    let csp = build_app_csp(&app);
-
-    if request_path.starts_with("/__sage/runtime-apps/") {
-        return serve_runtime_app_asset(request_path, &csp);
-    }
-
-    let snapshot = app.active_snapshot();
-    let snapshot_dir = Path::new(snapshot.snapshot_dir());
-    let file_path = read_snapshot_file(snapshot_dir, request_path)?;
-
-    if request_path.is_empty() || request_path == "/" || request_path == "/index.html" {
-        let html = fs::read_to_string(&file_path)?;
-
-        return Response::builder()
-            .status(StatusCode::OK)
-            .header("Content-Type", "text/html; charset=utf-8")
-            .header("Cache-Control", "no-store")
-            .header("Content-Security-Policy", &csp)
-            .header("X-Content-Type-Options", "nosniff")
-            .body(html.into_bytes())
-            .map_err(|err| anyhow!("failed to build protocol response: {err}"));
-    }
-
-    let bytes = fs::read(&file_path)?;
     let mime = mime_guess::from_path(&file_path)
         .first_or_octet_stream()
         .essence_str()
@@ -226,22 +91,30 @@ pub fn handle_app_protocol_request(
         .status(StatusCode::OK)
         .header("Content-Type", mime)
         .header("Cache-Control", "no-store")
-        .header("Content-Security-Policy", csp)
+        .header("Content-Security-Policy", build_app_csp(app_common))
         .header("X-Content-Type-Options", "nosniff")
-        .body(bytes)
-        .map_err(|err| anyhow!("failed to build protocol response: {err}"))
+        .body(fs::read(&file_path)?)
+        .map_err(|err| anyhow!("failed to build app protocol response: {err}"))
 }
 
-pub fn handle_user_app_protocol_request(
-    base_path: &Path,
-    request: &tauri::http::Request<Vec<u8>>,
-) -> AnyResult<Response<Vec<u8>>> {
-    handle_app_protocol_request(base_path, request, AppProtocolKind::User)
+fn resolve_runtime_app_file(request_path: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<PathBuf>> {
+    let Some(relative_path) = request_path.strip_prefix(RUNTIME_APPS_PREFIX) else {
+        return Ok(None);
+    };
+
+    let runtime_root = builtin_runtime_apps_root();
+    let request_path = format!("/{relative_path}");
+
+    Ok(Some(crate::lifecycle::read_snapshot_file(
+        &runtime_root,
+        &request_path,
+    )?))
 }
 
-pub fn handle_system_app_protocol_request(
-    base_path: &Path,
-    request: &tauri::http::Request<Vec<u8>>,
-) -> AnyResult<Response<Vec<u8>>> {
-    handle_app_protocol_request(base_path, request, AppProtocolKind::System)
+fn not_found_response() -> Response<Vec<u8>> {
+    Response::builder()
+        .status(404)
+        .header("Content-Type", "text/plain; charset=utf-8")
+        .body("Not found".to_string().into_bytes())
+        .expect("failed to build error response")
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/mod.rs
index 3b7a45334..bc84f41a8 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/mod.rs
@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@ mod snapshot;
 mod system_apps;
 mod user_apps;
 
+pub use user_apps::SageApp;
+
 pub(crate) use author::SageAppAuthor;
 pub(crate) use common::{SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity};
 pub(crate) use donation::SageAppDonation;
@@ -16,7 +18,7 @@ pub(crate) use retired_origin::RetiredAppOriginEntry;
 pub(crate) use snapshot::SageAppSnapshot;
 pub(crate) use system_apps::{SystemAppPresentation, SystemSageApp};
 pub(crate) use user_apps::{
-    CorruptedInstalledSageApp, ListedSageApp, SageApp, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
+    CorruptedInstalledSageApp, ListedSageApp, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
 };
 
 pub(super) use flags::SageAppFlags;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/snapshot.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/snapshot.rs
index 62f330668..03362cbc5 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/snapshot.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/snapshot.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+use std::path::{Component, Path, PathBuf};
 
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
@@ -44,6 +44,43 @@ impl SageAppSnapshot {
         Self::new(format!("builtin-system:{app_id}"), snapshot_dir, manifest)
     }
 
+    pub fn resolve_file_path(&self, request_path: &str) -> anyhow::Result<PathBuf> {
+        let normalized = if request_path.is_empty() || request_path == "/" {
+            self.manifest().entry()
+        } else {
+            request_path.trim_start_matches('/')
+        };
+
+        let relative = Path::new(normalized);
+
+        if relative.is_absolute() {
+            anyhow::bail!("snapshot path must be relative");
+        }
+
+        for component in relative.components() {
+            match component {
+                Component::Normal(_) => {}
+                _ => anyhow::bail!("invalid snapshot path component in {request_path}"),
+            }
+        }
+
+        let root = Path::new(self.snapshot_dir());
+        let path = root.join(relative);
+
+        if !path.is_file() {
+            anyhow::bail!("snapshot file not found: {request_path}");
+        }
+
+        let canonical_root = root.canonicalize()?;
+        let canonical_path = path.canonicalize()?;
+
+        if !canonical_path.starts_with(&canonical_root) {
+            anyhow::bail!("snapshot path escapes root: {request_path}");
+        }
+
+        Ok(canonical_path)
+    }
+
     pub fn manifest_hash(&self) -> &str {
         &self.manifest_hash
     }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/system_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/system_apps.rs
index 180c10d61..fac77214d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/system_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/system_apps.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
+use crate::types::SageApp;
 use crate::types::app::common::SageAppCommon;
 use crate::types::permissions::SageGrantedSystemPermissions;
 
@@ -31,6 +32,10 @@ impl SystemSageApp {
         }
     }
 
+    pub fn into_sage_app(self) -> SageApp {
+        SageApp::System(self)
+    }
+
     pub fn common(&self) -> &SageAppCommon {
         &self.common
     }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs
index d6e7fb85d..097ccd034 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs
@@ -7,8 +7,10 @@ mod permissions;
 mod storage;
 mod url;
 
+pub use app::SageApp;
+
 pub(crate) use app::{
-    CorruptedInstalledSageApp, ListedSageApp, RetiredAppOriginEntry, SageApp, SageAppCommon,
+    CorruptedInstalledSageApp, ListedSageApp, RetiredAppOriginEntry, SageAppCommon,
     SageAppIdentity, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppUrlPreview, SystemAppPresentation, SystemSageApp,
     UserSageApp, UserSageAppPendingUpdate, UserSageAppSource,
 };
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
index 90814dbd4..5b4ff590d 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
@@ -14,6 +14,10 @@ mod commands;
 mod error;
 
 use sage_apps::bridge::RustBridgeApprovalEvent;
+use sage_apps::lifecycle::{read_installed_app_by_id, read_installed_user_app_by_origin_id};
+use sage_apps::runtime::{app_id_from_webview_label, find_runtime_by_app_id_optional};
+use sage_apps::security::handle_user_app_protocol_request;
+use sage_apps::types::SageApp;
 #[cfg(all(debug_assertions, not(mobile)))]
 use specta_typescript::{BigIntExportBehavior, Typescript};
 
@@ -206,36 +210,10 @@ pub fn run() {
 
     tauri_builder
         .register_uri_scheme_protocol("sage-app", move |ctx, request| {
-            let app_handle = ctx.app_handle();
-
-            let base_path: PathBuf = app_handle
-                .path()
-                .app_data_dir()
-                .expect("failed to resolve app data dir");
-
-            apps::handle_user_app_protocol_request(&base_path, &request).unwrap_or_else(|err| {
-                tauri::http::Response::builder()
-                    .status(404)
-                    .header("Content-Type", "text/plain; charset=utf-8")
-                    .body(format!("sage-app error: {err}").into_bytes())
-                    .expect("failed to build error response")
-            })
+            handle_user_app_protocol_request(&ctx, &request)
         })
         .register_uri_scheme_protocol("sage-system-app", move |ctx, request| {
-            let app_handle = ctx.app_handle();
-
-            let base_path: PathBuf = app_handle
-                .path()
-                .app_data_dir()
-                .expect("failed to resolve app data dir");
-
-            apps::handle_system_app_protocol_request(&base_path, &request).unwrap_or_else(|err| {
-                tauri::http::Response::builder()
-                    .status(404)
-                    .header("Content-Type", "text/plain; charset=utf-8")
-                    .body(format!("sage-system-app error: {err}").into_bytes())
-                    .expect("failed to build error response")
-            })
+            handle_system_app_protocol_request(&ctx, &request)
         })
         .invoke_handler(builder.invoke_handler())
         .setup(move |app| {

From 228716fe005f016634e6b6b68a279d2565ea60ca Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Tue, 28 Apr 2026 23:58:32 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 267/471] Move FE to new shape

---
 src-tauri/src/lib.rs                          |  8 +--
 src/bindings.ts                               | 10 ++--
 src/components/apps/AppApprovalBanner.tsx     |  2 +-
 src/components/apps/AppApprovalStrip.tsx      |  2 +-
 src/components/apps/AppIcon.tsx               |  8 +--
 src/components/apps/AppTile.tsx               |  4 +-
 src/components/apps/AppUpdateDialog.tsx       |  8 +--
 .../approval/CapabilityGrantApprovalCard.tsx  |  2 +-
 .../approval/GetSecretKeyApprovalCard.tsx     |  2 +-
 .../NetworkWhitelistGrantApprovalCard.tsx     |  2 +-
 .../apps/approval/SendXchApprovalCard.tsx     |  2 +-
 .../apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx        | 24 ++------
 src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx                  | 16 ++---
 src/hooks/useAppEmbeddedRuntime.ts            | 14 ++---
 src/lib/apps/restartAppRuntime.ts             |  4 +-
 src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts               |  2 +-
 src/lib/apps/types.ts                         |  8 +--
 src/lib/apps/updatePermissionsDelta.ts        |  2 +-
 src/pages/AppHost.tsx                         |  2 +-
 src/pages/Apps.tsx                            | 60 +++++++++----------
 src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx                   | 22 +++----
 21 files changed, 92 insertions(+), 112 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
index 5b4ff590d..b38c903d5 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-use std::path::PathBuf;
-
 use app_state::{AppState, Initialized, RpcTask};
 use rustls::crypto::aws_lc_rs::default_provider;
 use sage::Sage;
@@ -14,12 +12,10 @@ mod commands;
 mod error;
 
 use sage_apps::bridge::RustBridgeApprovalEvent;
-use sage_apps::lifecycle::{read_installed_app_by_id, read_installed_user_app_by_origin_id};
-use sage_apps::runtime::{app_id_from_webview_label, find_runtime_by_app_id_optional};
 use sage_apps::security::handle_user_app_protocol_request;
-use sage_apps::types::SageApp;
 #[cfg(all(debug_assertions, not(mobile)))]
 use specta_typescript::{BigIntExportBehavior, Typescript};
+use sage_apps::{handle_system_app_protocol_request, AppsHostState};
 
 #[cfg_attr(mobile, tauri::mobile_entry_point)]
 pub fn run() {
@@ -223,7 +219,7 @@ pub fn run() {
             app.manage(Initialized(Mutex::new(false)));
             app.manage(RpcTask(Mutex::new(None)));
             app.manage(app_state);
-            app.manage(apps::state::AppsHostState::default());
+            app.manage(AppsHostState::default());
 
             let app_handle = app.handle().clone();
             let cleanup_base_path = path.clone();
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index 0d57d9f12..a539ec568 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -2256,15 +2256,17 @@ export type SageApp = ({ kind: "system" } & SystemSageApp) | ({ kind: "user" } &
 export type SageAppAuthor = { name: string; avatar: string | null }
 export type SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView = { key: string; label: string; description: string; flags: SageAppCapabilityFlagsView }
 export type SageAppCapabilityFlagsView = { externallyObservable: boolean; accessesSensitiveSecret: boolean; requestableByApp: boolean; userGrantable: boolean }
-export type SageAppCommon = { id: string; originId: string; name: string; version: string; appDir: string; entryFile: string; iconFile: string | null; requestedPermissions: SageRequestedPermissions; grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions; capabilityFlags: SageAppFlags; storage: InstalledSageAppStorage; activeSnapshot: SageAppSnapshot }
+export type SageAppCommon = { identity: SageAppIdentity; grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions; flags: SageAppFlags; storage: InstalledSageAppStorage; activeSnapshot: SageAppSnapshot }
 export type SageAppDonation = { address: string }
 export type SageAppFlags = { hasSecretAccess: boolean; hasExternalAccess: boolean; storageMayContainSecrets: boolean; isolated: boolean }
+export type SageAppIdentity = { id: string; originId: string; appDir: string }
 export type SageAppManifestFile = { path: string; sha256: string; size: number }
 export type SageAppPackageManifest = { name: string; version: string; permissions: SageRequestedPermissions; files: SageAppManifestFile[]; total_bytes: number; entry: string | null; icon: string | null; author: SageAppAuthor | null; donation: SageAppDonation | null }
 export type SageAppRuntimeKind = "user" | "system"
 export type SageAppRuntimeRecord = { runtimeId: string; appId: string; appName: string; entrySrc: string; webviewLabel: string; hostWindowLabel: string; runtimeKind: SageAppRuntimeKind; mode: string; state: string; startedAt: number; lastActiveAt: number; visible: boolean; internal: boolean }
 export type SageAppSnapshot = { manifestHash: string; snapshotDir: string; totalBytes: number; manifest: SageAppPackageManifest }
-export type SageAppUrlPreview = { appUrl: string; manifestUrl: string; manifestHash: string; manifest: SageAppPackageManifest }
+export type SageAppUrl = string
+export type SageAppUrlPreview = { appUrl: SageAppUrl; manifestHash: string; manifest: SageAppPackageManifest }
 export type SageAppsError = { kind: ErrorKind; reason: string }
 export type SageGrantedNetworkPermissions = { whitelist: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[] }
 export type SageGrantedPermissions = { capabilities: UserBridgeCapability[]; network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions }
@@ -2843,8 +2845,8 @@ visible: boolean }
 export type UpdateOptionResponse = Record<string, never>
 export type UserBridgeCapability = "persistent_storage" | "bridge.send" | "app.get_capabilities" | "app.get_info" | "app.lifecycle.ready_to_stop" | "app.lifecycle.set_before_stop_listener" | "app.request_capability_grant" | "app.request_network_whitelist_grant" | "wallet.get_keys" | "wallet.get_key" | "wallet.get_secret_key" | "wallet.send_xch" | "wallet.send_xch_auto_submit" | "wallet.get_sync_status" | "wallet.get_version" | "wallet.check_address" | "wallet.get_derivations" | "wallet.get_spendable_coin_count" | "wallet.get_coins_by_ids" | "wallet.get_coins" | "wallet.get_pending_transactions" | "wallet.get_transaction" | "wallet.get_transactions"
 export type UserSageApp = { common: SageAppCommon; source: UserSageAppSource; pendingUpdate: UserSageAppPendingUpdate | null }
-export type UserSageAppPendingUpdate = { appUrl: string; manifestUrl: string; manifestHash: string; manifest: SageAppPackageManifest }
-export type UserSageAppSource = { kind: "zip" } | { kind: "url"; app_url: string; manifest_url: string }
+export type UserSageAppPendingUpdate = { appUrl: SageAppUrl; manifestHash: string; manifest: SageAppPackageManifest }
+export type UserSageAppSource = { kind: "zip" } | { kind: "url"; app_url: SageAppUrl }
 /**
  * View coin spends without signing
  */
diff --git a/src/components/apps/AppApprovalBanner.tsx b/src/components/apps/AppApprovalBanner.tsx
index c6fe522da..d3ef8d7a4 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/AppApprovalBanner.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/AppApprovalBanner.tsx
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ export function AppApprovalBanner({
       <AlertTitle>Approval required</AlertTitle>
       <AlertDescription className='space-y-3'>
         <div className='text-sm'>
-          App <strong>{req.app.common.name}</strong> wants to perform{' '}
+          App <strong>{req.app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.name}</strong> wants to perform{' '}
           <span className='font-mono'>{req.kind}</span>.
         </div>
 
diff --git a/src/components/apps/AppApprovalStrip.tsx b/src/components/apps/AppApprovalStrip.tsx
index 50bcced71..8e1301a3c 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/AppApprovalStrip.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/AppApprovalStrip.tsx
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ export function AppApprovalStrip({
 
               <div className='mt-1 flex items-center gap-2 text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
                 <BadgeCheck className='h-3.5 w-3.5' />
-                <span>{approval.approval.app.common.name}</span>
+                <span>{approval.approval.app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.name}</span>
                 <span>·</span>
                 <span>{approval.approval.requestId}</span>
               </div>
diff --git a/src/components/apps/AppIcon.tsx b/src/components/apps/AppIcon.tsx
index c20d6dfa6..434f49fb7 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/AppIcon.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/AppIcon.tsx
@@ -15,14 +15,14 @@ export function AppIconContent({
 }
 
 export function AppIcon({ app }: { app: ListedSageApp }) {
-  const name = app.kind === 'corrupted' ? app.id : app.common.name;
+  const name = app.kind === 'corrupted' ? app.id : app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.name;
 
   const iconUrl =
-    app.kind === 'corrupted' || !app.common.iconFile
+    app.kind === 'corrupted' || !app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.icon
       ? null
       : app.kind === 'system'
-        ? `sage-system-app://${app.common.originId}/${app.common.iconFile}`
-        : `sage-app://${app.common.originId}/${app.common.iconFile}`;
+        ? `sage-system-app://${app.common.identity.originId}/${app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.icon}`
+        : `sage-app://${app.common.identity.originId}/${app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.icon}`;
 
   return <AppIconContent name={name} iconUrl={iconUrl} />;
 }
diff --git a/src/components/apps/AppTile.tsx b/src/components/apps/AppTile.tsx
index 35bcccbce..d11b7b48a 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/AppTile.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/AppTile.tsx
@@ -46,9 +46,9 @@ export function AppTile({ app, launchDecision, onOpen, onContextMenu }: Props) {
       </div>
 
       <div className='min-w-0 w-full'>
-        <div className='truncate text-sm font-medium'>{app.common.name}</div>
+        <div className='truncate text-sm font-medium'>{app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.name}</div>
         <div className='truncate text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
-          v{app.common.version}
+          v{app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.version}
         </div>
 
         {isBlocked ? (
diff --git a/src/components/apps/AppUpdateDialog.tsx b/src/components/apps/AppUpdateDialog.tsx
index 842840a19..5b4481c23 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/AppUpdateDialog.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/AppUpdateDialog.tsx
@@ -68,8 +68,6 @@ function buildReviewApp(
     ...app,
     common: {
       ...app.common,
-      version: preview.manifest.version,
-      requestedPermissions: reviewManifest.permissions,
       grantedPermissions,
       activeSnapshot: {
         ...app.common.activeSnapshot,
@@ -112,8 +110,6 @@ function buildRemovedPermissionsApp(
     ...app,
     common: {
       ...app.common,
-      version: preview.manifest.version,
-      requestedPermissions: manifest.permissions,
       grantedPermissions: {
         capabilities: delta.removedGrantedCapabilities,
         network: {
@@ -267,9 +263,9 @@ export function AppUpdateDialog({
 
         <div className='space-y-5'>
           <div className='space-y-1 text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
-            <div>{app.common.name}</div>
+            <div>{app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.name}</div>
             <div>
-              v{app.common.version} → v{preview.manifest.version}
+              v{app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.version} → v{preview.manifest.version}
             </div>
           </div>
 
diff --git a/src/components/apps/approval/CapabilityGrantApprovalCard.tsx b/src/components/apps/approval/CapabilityGrantApprovalCard.tsx
index 221a9ed70..f1eea2c21 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/approval/CapabilityGrantApprovalCard.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/approval/CapabilityGrantApprovalCard.tsx
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ export function CapabilityGrantApprovalCard({ approval, expanded }: Props) {
           </div>
 
           <div className='mt-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
-            {approval.app.common.name} wants access to an additional capability.
+            {approval.app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.name} wants access to an additional capability.
           </div>
         </div>
       </div>
diff --git a/src/components/apps/approval/GetSecretKeyApprovalCard.tsx b/src/components/apps/approval/GetSecretKeyApprovalCard.tsx
index 541609814..63b659cc3 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/approval/GetSecretKeyApprovalCard.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/approval/GetSecretKeyApprovalCard.tsx
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ export function GetSecretKeyApprovalCard({ approval }: Props) {
           </div>
 
           <div className='mt-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
-            {approval.app.common.name} wants to get your secret key.
+            {approval.app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.name} wants to get your secret key.
           </div>
         </div>
       </div>
diff --git a/src/components/apps/approval/NetworkWhitelistGrantApprovalCard.tsx b/src/components/apps/approval/NetworkWhitelistGrantApprovalCard.tsx
index 3f0cad0e8..61f9e9ad9 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/approval/NetworkWhitelistGrantApprovalCard.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/approval/NetworkWhitelistGrantApprovalCard.tsx
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ export function NetworkWhitelistGrantApprovalCard({ approval }: Props) {
           </div>
 
           <div className='mt-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
-            {approval.app.common.name} wants to contact an additional network
+            {approval.app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.name} wants to contact an additional network
             target.
           </div>
         </div>
diff --git a/src/components/apps/approval/SendXchApprovalCard.tsx b/src/components/apps/approval/SendXchApprovalCard.tsx
index 6b20fe684..a90f28abe 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/approval/SendXchApprovalCard.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/approval/SendXchApprovalCard.tsx
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ export function SendXchApprovalCard({ approval, expanded }: Props) {
           </div>
 
           <div className='mt-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
-            {approval.app.common.name} wants to send funds from your wallet.
+            {approval.app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.name} wants to send funds from your wallet.
           </div>
         </div>
       </div>
diff --git a/src/components/apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx b/src/components/apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx
index 5893254a3..ef12d08e6 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx
@@ -32,27 +32,13 @@ function buildPreviewApp(
 ): UserSageApp {
   return {
     common: {
-      id: '__install_preview__',
-      originId: '__install_preview__',
-      name: manifest.name,
-      version: manifest.version,
-      appDir: '',
-      entryFile: manifest.entry ?? 'index.html',
-      iconFile: manifest.icon ?? 'icon.png',
-      requestedPermissions: manifest.permissions ?? {
-        network: {
-          whitelist: {
-            required: [],
-            optional: [],
-          },
-        },
-        capabilities: {
-          required: [],
-          optional: [],
-        },
+      identity: {
+        id: '__install_preview__',
+        originId: '__install_preview__',
+        appDir: '',
       },
       grantedPermissions,
-      capabilityFlags: {
+      flags: {
         hasSecretAccess: false,
         hasExternalAccess: false,
         storageMayContainSecrets: false,
diff --git a/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx b/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
index ace5a1338..04f3bae07 100644
--- a/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
+++ b/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
@@ -143,12 +143,12 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
         listed.filter(isInstalledEntry).map(async (app) => {
           try {
             return [
-              app.common.id,
-              await commands.appsGetAppLaunchGate(app.common.id),
+              app.common.identity.id,
+              await commands.appsGetAppLaunchGate(app.common.identity.id),
             ] as const;
           } catch (err) {
             console.error(
-              `Failed to refresh launch gate for ${app.common.id}:`,
+              `Failed to refresh launch gate for ${app.common.identity.id}:`,
               err,
             );
             return null;
@@ -180,12 +180,12 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
         listed.filter(isInstalledEntry).map(async (app) => {
           try {
             return [
-              app.common.id,
-              await commands.appsGetAppLaunchGate(app.common.id),
+              app.common.identity.id,
+              await commands.appsGetAppLaunchGate(app.common.identity.id),
             ] as const;
           } catch (err) {
             console.error(
-              `Failed to refresh launch gate for ${app.common.id}:`,
+              `Failed to refresh launch gate for ${app.common.identity.id}:`,
               err,
             );
             return null;
@@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
     (appId: string): InstalledEntry | undefined => {
       return apps.find(
         (item): item is InstalledEntry =>
-          isInstalledEntry(item) && item.common.id === appId,
+          isInstalledEntry(item) && item.common.identity.id === appId,
       );
     },
     [apps],
@@ -292,7 +292,7 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
     (appId: string): UserSageApp | undefined => {
       return apps.find(
         (item): item is { kind: 'user' } & UserSageApp =>
-          isUserListedApp(item) && item.common.id === appId,
+          isUserListedApp(item) && item.common.identity.id === appId,
       );
     },
     [apps],
diff --git a/src/hooks/useAppEmbeddedRuntime.ts b/src/hooks/useAppEmbeddedRuntime.ts
index 1cfa334fd..516ac04a3 100644
--- a/src/hooks/useAppEmbeddedRuntime.ts
+++ b/src/hooks/useAppEmbeddedRuntime.ts
@@ -115,13 +115,13 @@ export function useAppEmbeddedRuntime({ app, containerRef }: Args) {
         return;
       }
 
-      await syncBounds(installedApp.common.id);
+      await syncBounds(installedApp.common.identity.id);
 
       if (disposed) {
         return;
       }
 
-      await markRuntimeVisible(installedApp.common.id, true);
+      await markRuntimeVisible(installedApp.common.identity.id, true);
 
       if (disposed) {
         return;
@@ -131,18 +131,18 @@ export function useAppEmbeddedRuntime({ app, containerRef }: Args) {
       setAttachError(null);
       setAttaching(false);
 
-      scheduleSyncBounds(installedApp.common.id);
+      scheduleSyncBounds(installedApp.common.identity.id);
 
       delayedSyncTimers = [0, 50, 150, 300].map((delay) =>
         window.setTimeout(() => {
           if (!disposed) {
-            scheduleSyncBounds(installedApp.common.id);
+            scheduleSyncBounds(installedApp.common.identity.id);
           }
         }, delay),
       );
       resizeObserver = new ResizeObserver(() => {
         if (!disposed) {
-          scheduleSyncBounds(installedApp.common.id);
+          scheduleSyncBounds(installedApp.common.identity.id);
         }
       });
       const container = containerRef.current;
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ export function useAppEmbeddedRuntime({ app, containerRef }: Args) {
       resizeObserver.observe(container);
       const handleWindowResize = () => {
         if (!disposed) {
-          scheduleSyncBounds(installedApp.common.id);
+          scheduleSyncBounds(installedApp.common.identity.id);
         }
       };
       window.addEventListener('resize', handleWindowResize);
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ export function useAppEmbeddedRuntime({ app, containerRef }: Args) {
       setAttaching(false);
 
       if (runtimeCreated) {
-        void markRuntimeVisible(installedApp.common.id, false).catch(() => {
+        void markRuntimeVisible(installedApp.common.identity.id, false).catch(() => {
           //
         });
       }
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/restartAppRuntime.ts b/src/lib/apps/restartAppRuntime.ts
index 7eee4b942..62f8096fa 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/restartAppRuntime.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/restartAppRuntime.ts
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@ export async function restartAppRuntime(
 ) {
   const visible = options?.visible ?? false;
 
-  await closeAppRuntime(app.common.id, { timeoutMs: 8000 });
+  await closeAppRuntime(app.common.identity.id, { timeoutMs: 8000 });
   const runtime = await ensureInlineRuntime(app);
-  await markRuntimeVisible(app.common.id, visible);
+  await markRuntimeVisible(app.common.identity.id, visible);
   return runtime;
 }
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts b/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
index ede14bfec..9925a760c 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ export async function ensureInlineRuntime(
   app: AppLike,
 ): Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecord> {
   const args: CreateInlineRuntimeArgs = {
-    appId: app.common.id,
+    appId: app.common.identity.id,
     visible: true,
     internal: false,
     debugLayout: false,
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/types.ts b/src/lib/apps/types.ts
index fd3527013..bfafee945 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/types.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/types.ts
@@ -41,15 +41,15 @@ export function routeForApp(
 ): string | null {
   if ('kind' in app) {
     if (app.kind === 'user') {
-      return `/apps/${app.common.id}`;
+      return `/apps/${app.common.identity.id}`;
     }
 
-    return canRouteToApp(app) ? `/system-apps/${app.common.id}` : null;
+    return canRouteToApp(app) ? `/system-apps/${app.common.identity.id}` : null;
   }
 
   if ('source' in app) {
-    return `/apps/${app.common.id}`;
+    return `/apps/${app.common.identity.id}`;
   }
 
-  return canRouteToApp(app) ? `/system-apps/${app.common.id}` : null;
+  return canRouteToApp(app) ? `/system-apps/${app.common.identity.id}` : null;
 }
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/updatePermissionsDelta.ts b/src/lib/apps/updatePermissionsDelta.ts
index 744897aed..f760098ed 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/updatePermissionsDelta.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/updatePermissionsDelta.ts
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ export function getAppUpdatePermissionsDelta(
   app: UserSageApp,
   preview: SageAppUrlPreview | SageAppPackageManifest,
 ): AppUpdatePermissionsDelta {
-  const previousRequested = app.common.requestedPermissions;
+  const previousRequested = app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.permissions;
   const nextRequested = getManifestRequestedPermissions(preview);
 
   const previousCaps = getRequestedCapabilities(previousRequested);
diff --git a/src/pages/AppHost.tsx b/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
index c015ddca6..f1fa28d1d 100644
--- a/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ export function AppHost() {
 
   const userLaunchDecision =
     app?.kind === 'user'
-      ? formatSandboxLaunchDecision(getLaunchGate(app.common.id))
+      ? formatSandboxLaunchDecision(getLaunchGate(app.common.identity.id))
       : null;
 
   const routeableSystemApp =
diff --git a/src/pages/Apps.tsx b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
index 6f705df20..fe0a3f104 100644
--- a/src/pages/Apps.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
@@ -191,27 +191,27 @@ export function Apps() {
   const corruptedApps = useMemo(() => apps.filter(isCorruptedEntry), [apps]);
 
   const contextMenuPreview = contextMenu
-    ? updateAvailability[contextMenu.app.common.id]
+    ? updateAvailability[contextMenu.app.common.identity.id]
     : null;
 
   const contextMenuBusy = contextMenu
-    ? (busyAppIds[contextMenu.app.common.id] ?? false)
+    ? (busyAppIds[contextMenu.app.common.identity.id] ?? false)
     : false;
 
   const contextMenuCheckState = contextMenu
-    ? (updateCheckStateByAppId[contextMenu.app.common.id] ?? 'idle')
+    ? (updateCheckStateByAppId[contextMenu.app.common.identity.id] ?? 'idle')
     : 'idle';
 
   const contextMenuAppIsRunning = contextMenu
-    ? runningAppIds.has(contextMenu.app.common.id)
+    ? runningAppIds.has(contextMenu.app.common.identity.id)
     : false;
 
   const contextMenuClearDataBusy = contextMenu
-    ? (clearingDataByAppId[contextMenu.app.common.id] ?? false)
+    ? (clearingDataByAppId[contextMenu.app.common.identity.id] ?? false)
     : false;
 
   const contextMenuClearDataError = contextMenu
-    ? (clearDataErrorByAppId[contextMenu.app.common.id] ?? null)
+    ? (clearDataErrorByAppId[contextMenu.app.common.identity.id] ?? null)
     : null;
 
   function openUpdateDialog(
@@ -240,9 +240,9 @@ export function Apps() {
         setUpdateDialogBusy(true);
         setUpdateDialogError(null);
 
-        await performAppUpdate(app.common.id, nextGrantedPermissions, {
+        await performAppUpdate(app.common.identity.id, nextGrantedPermissions, {
           restartIfRunning: true,
-          visibleAfterRestart: runningAppIds.has(app.common.id),
+          visibleAfterRestart: runningAppIds.has(app.common.identity.id),
         });
 
         closeUpdateDialog();
@@ -274,13 +274,13 @@ export function Apps() {
     setContextMenu((prevContextMenu) => {
       if (prevContextMenu) {
         setUpdateCheckStateByAppId((prev) => {
-          if (prev[prevContextMenu.app.common.id] !== 'up_to_date') {
+          if (prev[prevContextMenu.app.common.identity.id] !== 'up_to_date') {
             return prev;
           }
 
           return {
             ...prev,
-            [prevContextMenu.app.common.id]: 'idle',
+            [prevContextMenu.app.common.identity.id]: 'idle',
           };
         });
       }
@@ -349,7 +349,7 @@ export function Apps() {
 
   const handleClearData = useCallback(
     async (app: InstalledEntry, reopen: boolean) => {
-      const appId = app.common.id;
+      const appId = app.common.identity.id;
 
       setClearingDataByAppId((prev) => ({
         ...prev,
@@ -400,7 +400,7 @@ export function Apps() {
       app: UserInstalledEntry,
       nextGrantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
     ): Promise<void> => {
-      const appId = app.common.id;
+      const appId = app.common.identity.id;
 
       setPermissionsDialogBusy(true);
       setPermissionsDialogError(null);
@@ -454,21 +454,21 @@ export function Apps() {
     setPermissionsDialogError(null);
 
     try {
-      await clearAppStorage(permissionsDialogApp.common.id);
+      await clearAppStorage(permissionsDialogApp.common.identity.id);
 
       await invoke('apps_update_permissions', {
-        appId: permissionsDialogApp.common.id,
+        appId: permissionsDialogApp.common.identity.id,
         grantedPermissions: pendingPermissionsRetry.nextGrantedPermissions,
         clearStorageTaint: true,
       });
 
-      const isRunning = runningAppIds.has(permissionsDialogApp.common.id);
+      const isRunning = runningAppIds.has(permissionsDialogApp.common.identity.id);
       if (isRunning) {
         const { restartAppRuntime } =
           await import('@/lib/apps/restartAppRuntime');
 
         await restartAppRuntime(permissionsDialogApp, { visible: true });
-        navigate(`/apps/${permissionsDialogApp.common.id}`);
+        navigate(`/apps/${permissionsDialogApp.common.identity.id}`);
       }
 
       await refresh();
@@ -494,13 +494,13 @@ export function Apps() {
 
     const timeoutId = window.setTimeout(() => {
       setUpdateCheckStateByAppId((prev) => {
-        if (prev[contextMenu.app.common.id] !== 'up_to_date') {
+        if (prev[contextMenu.app.common.identity.id] !== 'up_to_date') {
           return prev;
         }
 
         return {
           ...prev,
-          [contextMenu.app.common.id]: 'idle',
+          [contextMenu.app.common.identity.id]: 'idle',
         };
       });
     }, 3000);
@@ -516,7 +516,7 @@ export function Apps() {
     }
 
     const handleClose = () => {
-      if (clearingDataByAppId[contextMenu.app.common.id]) {
+      if (clearingDataByAppId[contextMenu.app.common.identity.id]) {
         return;
       }
 
@@ -525,7 +525,7 @@ export function Apps() {
 
     const handleKeyDown = (event: KeyboardEvent) => {
       if (event.key === 'Escape') {
-        if (clearingDataByAppId[contextMenu.app.common.id]) {
+        if (clearingDataByAppId[contextMenu.app.common.identity.id]) {
           return;
         }
 
@@ -707,7 +707,7 @@ export function Apps() {
             <div className='grid grid-cols-2 gap-4 sm:grid-cols-3 md:grid-cols-4 lg:grid-cols-5 xl:grid-cols-6'>
               {installedApps.map((app) => (
                 <AppTile
-                  key={app.common.id}
+                  key={app.common.identity.id}
                   app={app}
                   launchDecision={
                     app.kind === 'system'
@@ -717,11 +717,11 @@ export function Apps() {
                           description: 'System apps are managed by Sage.',
                         }
                       : formatSandboxLaunchDecision(
-                          getLaunchGate(app.common.id),
+                          getLaunchGate(app.common.identity.id),
                         )
                   }
                   onOpen={() => {
-                    navigate(`/apps/${app.common.id}`);
+                    navigate(`/apps/${app.common.identity.id}`);
                   }}
                   onContextMenu={(event) => {
                     event.preventDefault();
@@ -745,7 +745,7 @@ export function Apps() {
 
                     setClearDataErrorByAppId((prev) => ({
                       ...prev,
-                      [app.common.id]: null,
+                      [app.common.identity.id]: null,
                     }));
 
                     setContextMenu({
@@ -801,9 +801,9 @@ export function Apps() {
 
             setUpdateCheckStateByAppId((prev) => ({
               ...prev,
-              [contextMenu.app.common.id]: 'idle',
+              [contextMenu.app.common.identity.id]: 'idle',
             }));
-            navigate(`/apps/${contextMenu.app.common.id}`);
+            navigate(`/apps/${contextMenu.app.common.identity.id}`);
             closeContextMenu();
           }}
           onCheckForUpdate={() => {
@@ -811,7 +811,7 @@ export function Apps() {
               return;
             }
 
-            void handleCheckForUpdate(contextMenu.app.common.id);
+            void handleCheckForUpdate(contextMenu.app.common.identity.id);
           }}
           onUpdate={() => {
             if (
@@ -841,7 +841,7 @@ export function Apps() {
             }
 
             const targetApp = contextMenu.app;
-            const shouldReopen = runningAppIds.has(targetApp.common.id);
+            const shouldReopen = runningAppIds.has(targetApp.common.identity.id);
 
             void handleClearData(targetApp, shouldReopen);
           }}
@@ -852,10 +852,10 @@ export function Apps() {
 
             setUpdateCheckStateByAppId((prev) => ({
               ...prev,
-              [contextMenu.app.common.id]: 'idle',
+              [contextMenu.app.common.identity.id]: 'idle',
             }));
 
-            void uninstallApp(contextMenu.app.common.id).finally(() => {
+            void uninstallApp(contextMenu.app.common.identity.id).finally(() => {
               closeContextMenu();
             });
           }}
diff --git a/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx b/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
index ec5d0b1c4..3032bb52c 100644
--- a/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
@@ -79,10 +79,10 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
 
   const activeApp: UserSageApp | null = appId ? (getApp(appId) ?? null) : null;
   const activeUpdatePreview: SageAppUrlPreview | null = activeApp
-    ? (updateAvailability[activeApp.common.id] ?? null)
+    ? (updateAvailability[activeApp.common.identity.id] ?? null)
     : null;
   const activeBusy = activeApp
-    ? (busyAppIds[activeApp.common.id] ?? false)
+    ? (busyAppIds[activeApp.common.identity.id] ?? false)
     : false;
   const [donationOpen, setDonationOpen] = useState(false);
   const activeManifest = activeApp?.common.activeSnapshot.manifest;
@@ -119,16 +119,16 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
       }
 
       const iconSrc =
-        installedApp.common.iconFile == null
+        installedApp.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.icon == null
           ? null
           : installedApp.kind === 'system'
-            ? `sage-system-app://${installedApp.common.originId}/${installedApp.common.iconFile}`
-            : `sage-app://${installedApp.common.originId}/${installedApp.common.iconFile}`;
+            ? `sage-system-app://${installedApp.common.identity.originId}/${installedApp.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.icon}`
+            : `sage-app://${installedApp.common.identity.originId}/${installedApp.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.icon}`;
 
       out.push({
         appId: runtime.appId,
         runtimeKind: installedApp.kind,
-        name: installedApp.common.name ?? runtime.appName,
+        name: installedApp.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.name ?? runtime.appName,
         iconSrc,
         isActive: runtime.appId === appId,
       });
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
         setApplyingUpdate(true);
         setUpdateDialogError(null);
 
-        await performAppUpdate(activeApp.common.id, nextGrantedPermissions, {
+        await performAppUpdate(activeApp.common.identity.id, nextGrantedPermissions, {
           restartIfRunning: true,
           visibleAfterRestart: true,
         });
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
 
       {activeApp &&
       currentApproval &&
-      currentApproval.request.app.common.id === activeApp.common.id ? (
+      currentApproval.request.app.common.identity.id === activeApp.common.identity.id ? (
         <AppApprovalStrip
           approval={{
             approvalId: currentApproval.id,
@@ -236,11 +236,11 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
 
       {donationOpen && activeApp && activeManifest?.donation ? (
         <AppDonationStrip
-          appName={activeApp.common.name}
+          appName={activeApp.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.name}
           authorName={activeManifest.author?.name}
           authorAvatarSrc={
             activeManifest.author?.avatar
-              ? `sage-app://${activeApp.common.originId}/${activeManifest.author.avatar}`
+              ? `sage-app://${activeApp.common.identity.originId}/${activeManifest.author.avatar}`
               : null
           }
           donationAddress={activeManifest.donation.address}
@@ -265,7 +265,7 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
           <AlertDescription className='flex items-center justify-between gap-4'>
             <span>
               Version {activeUpdatePreview.manifest.version} is available for{' '}
-              {activeApp.common.name}.
+              {activeApp.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.name}.
             </span>
 
             <Button

From e7e95ba29e79843f637a220d1c61b945a65ae4d3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Wed, 29 Apr 2026 00:27:23 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 268/471] Refactor: move `is_sandbox_test` to `SageAppCommon`
 and streamline error handling

- Relocated `is_sandbox_test` from `UserSageApp` to `SageAppCommon` for improved access.
- Updated all references to use `common().is_sandbox_test`.
- Enhanced protocol error responses with a new `protocol_error_response` function.
- Adjusted `handle_app_protocol_request` logic to handle sandbox test errors gracefully.
---
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs    |  2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs         |  2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs     | 39 +++++++++++++++----
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs      |  6 ++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs   |  5 ---
 5 files changed, 39 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs
index 0b7bdb161..78e2653e1 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for BridgeSend {
 }
 
 fn check_ctx(ctx: &BridgeContext<'_>) -> Result<(), BridgeMethodHandleError> {
-    if !ctx.app.is_sandbox_test() {
+    if !ctx.app.common().is_sandbox_test() {
         return Err(BridgeMethodHandleError::invalid_request(
             "Method use is not allowed",
         ));
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
index 833c80df9..18b512ffd 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ pub async fn create_inline_runtime(
         .await;
     }
 
-    if !args.internal && !resolved.is_sandbox_test() {
+    if !args.internal && !resolved.common().is_sandbox_test() {
         let baseline = apps_state.sandbox.baseline.lock().await.clone();
         let current_run = apps_state.sandbox.current_run.lock().await.clone();
         let effective = sandbox::state_view::build_effective_state(&baseline, current_run.as_ref());
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
index 9268e5fc8..927fd1f8b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use crate::lifecycle::read_installed_app_by_id;
 use crate::runtime::{SageAppRuntimeKind, app_id_from_webview_label};
-use crate::sandbox::builtin_runtime_apps_root;
+use crate::sandbox::{build_builtin_test_app, builtin_runtime_apps_root, SANDBOX_TEST_ID_PREFIX};
 use crate::types::SageAppCommon;
 use crate::{AppsHostState, security::build_app_csp};
 use anyhow::{Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ pub fn handle_user_app_protocol_request(
     ctx: &UriSchemeContext<'_, Wry>,
     request: &tauri::http::Request<Vec<u8>>,
 ) -> Response<Vec<u8>> {
-    let result = (|| -> anyhow::Result<_> {
+    let result = (|| -> anyhow::Result<Response<Vec<u8>>> {
         let webview_label = ctx.webview_label();
 
         let (runtime_kind, app_id) = app_id_from_webview_label(webview_label)
@@ -28,13 +28,27 @@ pub fn handle_user_app_protocol_request(
         let app_handle = ctx.app_handle();
         let base_path = app_handle.path().app_data_dir()?;
 
-        let app = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, app_id)?;
+        let app_common = if app_id.starts_with(SANDBOX_TEST_ID_PREFIX) {
+            let app = build_builtin_test_app(app_id)?
+                .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("unknown builtin test app {app_id}"))?;
 
-        if request.uri().host() != Some(app.common().origin_id()) {
+            app.common().clone()
+        } else {
+            let app = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, app_id)
+                .map_err(|err| anyhow!("failed to read app {app_id}: {err}"))?;
+
+            app.common().clone()
+        };
+
+        if request.uri().host() != Some(app_common.origin_id()) {
             anyhow::bail!("host mismatch");
         }
 
-        handle_app_protocol_request(app.common(), request)
+        match handle_app_protocol_request(&app_common, request) {
+            Ok(response) => Ok(response),
+            Err(err) if app_common.is_sandbox_test() => Ok(protocol_error_response("sage-app", err)),
+            Err(_) => Ok(not_found_response()),
+        }
     })();
 
     result.unwrap_or_else(|_| not_found_response())
@@ -44,7 +58,7 @@ pub fn handle_system_app_protocol_request(
     ctx: &UriSchemeContext<'_, Wry>,
     request: &tauri::http::Request<Vec<u8>>,
 ) -> Response<Vec<u8>> {
-    let result = (|| {
+    let result = (|| -> anyhow::Result<Response<Vec<u8>>> {
         let webview_label = ctx.webview_label();
 
         let (runtime_kind, app_id) = app_id_from_webview_label(webview_label)
@@ -53,7 +67,9 @@ pub fn handle_system_app_protocol_request(
         if runtime_kind != SageAppRuntimeKind::System {
             anyhow::bail!("not a system runtime");
         }
+
         let state: State<'_, AppsHostState> = ctx.app_handle().state();
+
         let app = state
             .system_apps
             .get(app_id)
@@ -64,9 +80,10 @@ pub fn handle_system_app_protocol_request(
         }
 
         handle_app_protocol_request(app.common(), request)
+            .map_err(|err| anyhow!("sage-system-app error: {err}"))
     })();
 
-    result.unwrap_or_else(|_| not_found_response())
+    result.unwrap_or_else(|err| protocol_error_response("sage-system-app", err))
 }
 
 fn handle_app_protocol_request(
@@ -118,3 +135,11 @@ fn not_found_response() -> Response<Vec<u8>> {
         .body("Not found".to_string().into_bytes())
         .expect("failed to build error response")
 }
+
+fn protocol_error_response(prefix: &str, err: anyhow::Error) -> Response<Vec<u8>> {
+    Response::builder()
+        .status(500)
+        .header("Content-Type", "text/plain; charset=utf-8")
+        .body(format!("{prefix} error: {err}").into_bytes())
+        .expect("failed to build protocol error response")
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
index 90ff93d89..fe1521c08 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use std::path::PathBuf;
 
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
-
+use crate::sandbox::SANDBOX_TEST_ID_PREFIX;
 use crate::types::app::flags::SageAppFlags;
 use crate::types::app::preview::UserSageAppPendingUpdate;
 use crate::types::app::snapshot::SageAppSnapshot;
@@ -201,6 +201,10 @@ impl SageAppCommon {
             .as_ref()
             .map(|icon_file| self.active_snapshot.file_path(icon_file))
     }
+
+    pub fn is_sandbox_test(&self) -> bool {
+        self.id().starts_with(SANDBOX_TEST_ID_PREFIX)
+    }
 }
 
 impl SageAppIdentity {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs
index 848490398..873d654ba 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
-use crate::sandbox::SANDBOX_TEST_ID_PREFIX;
 use crate::types::SageAppUrl;
 use crate::types::app::common::SageAppCommon;
 use crate::types::app::flags::SageAppFlags;
@@ -201,10 +200,6 @@ impl SageApp {
             Self::User(_) => None,
         }
     }
-
-    pub fn is_sandbox_test(&self) -> bool {
-        self.id().starts_with(SANDBOX_TEST_ID_PREFIX)
-    }
 }
 
 impl CorruptedInstalledSageApp {

From 8236a4c1e6c794efd870dc968b018a0538f8979b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Wed, 29 Apr 2026 20:33:00 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 269/471] wip

---
 Cargo.lock                                    |   1 +
 crates/sage-apps/Cargo.toml                   |   1 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs | 179 +++++-------
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs       |  28 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs     |  35 ++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/shared.rs |   4 +-
 .../methods/system/runtime_manager/events.rs  |   6 +-
 .../system/runtime_manager/hide_runtime.rs    |   7 +-
 .../system/runtime_manager/list_runtimes.rs   |   8 +-
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/app/events.rs     |  16 +-
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/app/lifecycle.rs  |   2 +-
 .../user/app/request_capability_grant.rs      |   6 +-
 .../app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs    |  13 +-
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/ping.rs    |   4 +-
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs    |   4 +-
 .../methods/user/wallet/get_secret_key.rs     |   2 +-
 .../bridge/methods/user/wallet/send_xch.rs    |   6 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs            |  11 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs       |  11 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/state.rs          |   4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs     |   4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs          |  11 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/host.rs                  |   1 -
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs |   2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs     |  20 +-
 .../src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs       |  10 +-
 .../sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/types.rs   |   8 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs      |  24 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs       |  65 +++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs       |  82 +++---
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs         | 276 +++++++-----------
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs     |   6 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs    |  46 +--
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/remove.rs  |  12 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs   | 273 ++++++++++-------
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs   |  39 ++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs  |   2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/commands.rs      |   8 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs          |  13 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs       |  22 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/security/csp.rs          |   2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs     |  28 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/storage.rs               |  26 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs      |  23 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/mod.rs         |   6 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/snapshot.rs    |   7 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/system_apps.rs |   3 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs   | 113 ++++++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/common.rs |  39 +++
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/mod.rs    |   9 +
 .../sage-apps/src/types/app/view/network.rs   |  18 ++
 .../src/types/app/view/permission.rs          |  40 +++
 .../sage-apps/src/types/app/view/snapshot.rs  |  17 ++
 .../src/types/app/view/system_apps.rs         |  20 ++
 .../sage-apps/src/types/app/view/user_apps.rs |  45 +++
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs             |   6 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs     |  21 +-
 packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts   |   2 +-
 src-tauri/capabilities/system-apps.json       |   1 -
 src-tauri/permissions/bridge.toml             |   5 -
 src-tauri/src/lib.rs                          |   1 -
 61 files changed, 996 insertions(+), 708 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/common.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/mod.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/network.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/permission.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/snapshot.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/system_apps.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/user_apps.rs

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 2b94af6bd..4319f0754 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -6384,6 +6384,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "erased-serde",
  "hex",
  "mime_guess",
+ "parking_lot",
  "reqwest 0.12.24",
  "sage",
  "sage-api",
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/Cargo.toml b/crates/sage-apps/Cargo.toml
index f204f4f12..393809297 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/Cargo.toml
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ url = "2"
 async-trait = "0.1.89"
 erased-serde = "0.4.9"
 serde_path_to_error = "0.1.20"
+parking_lot = "0.12.5"
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 tempfile = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
index 2c1dcc9b6..61d414f86 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
@@ -1,43 +1,39 @@
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::{BridgeCapability, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodCapability;
-use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeTools};
+use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::bridge::registry::BridgeRegistry;
 use crate::bridge::state::write_pending_approval;
-use crate::bridge::{
-    RustBridgeApprovalEvent, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeInvokeResult, RustBridgeRequest,
-    RustBridgeResponse, response_channel_for_runtime_kind,
-};
+use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalEvent, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeInvokeResult, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
 use crate::capabilities::{get_system_capability_definition, get_user_capability_definition};
 use crate::host::AppState;
-use crate::runtime::SageAppRuntimeKind;
 use crate::runtime::webview_locator::get_sage_webview;
-use crate::runtime::{assert_bridge_origin, resolve_app};
-use crate::types::SageApp;
+use crate::runtime::assert_bridge_origin;
+use crate::types::{SageApp, SharedSageApp};
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Emitter, Manager, State, Webview};
 use uuid::Uuid;
 
 pub async fn process(
-    app: AppHandle,
+    app_handle: AppHandle,
     webview: Webview,
     app_state: State<'_, AppState>,
     request: RustBridgeRequest,
-    expected_runtime_kind: SageAppRuntimeKind,
 ) -> Result<RustBridgeInvokeResult, String> {
-    let expected_channel = response_channel_for_runtime_kind(expected_runtime_kind);
-
-    if let Err(response) = validate_request_basics(&request, expected_channel) {
-        return Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Immediate { response });
+    if let Some(version) = &request.bridge_version && version != "v1" {
+        return Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Immediate { response: RustBridgeResponse::error(
+            &request.id,
+            "unsupported_bridge_version",
+            format!("Unsupported Sage bridge version: {version}"),
+        ) });
     }
 
     let webview_label = webview.label().to_string();
 
-    let (app_id, runtime_kind) = match assert_bridge_origin(&app, &webview_label) {
+    let app = match assert_bridge_origin(&app_handle, &webview_label).await {
         Ok(value) => value,
         Err(err) => {
             return Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Immediate {
                 response: RustBridgeResponse::error(
-                    expected_channel,
                     &request.id,
                     "permission_denied",
                     format!("Bridge origin denied: {err}"),
@@ -46,35 +42,36 @@ pub async fn process(
         }
     };
 
-    if runtime_kind != expected_runtime_kind {
+    if app.webview_label_matches(&webview_label) {
         return Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Immediate {
             response: RustBridgeResponse::error(
-                expected_channel,
                 &request.id,
                 "permission_denied",
                 "This bridge is not available for this runtime kind",
             ),
         });
     }
-
-    let app_model = resolve_app(&app, &app_id)?;
-    let registry = BridgeRegistry::new_for_app(&app_model);
-
-    let Some(method) = registry.get(&request.method) else {
+    if !app.bridge_channel_matches(&request.channel) {
         return Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Immediate {
             response: RustBridgeResponse::error(
-                expected_channel,
                 &request.id,
-                "method_not_found",
-                format!("Unknown bridge method: {}", request.method),
+                "permission_denied",
+                "This bridge is not available for this runtime kind",
             ),
         });
+    }
+
+    let registry = BridgeRegistry::new_for_app(&app);
+
+    let method = match assert_method(&registry, &request) {
+        Ok(method) => method,
+        Err(response) => return Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Immediate { response })
     };
 
     match method.capability() {
         BridgeMethodCapability::Ungated => {}
         BridgeMethodCapability::Required(capability) => {
-            if let Err(response) = verify_capability(&app_model, &request, capability) {
+            if let Err(response) = verify_capability(&app, &request, capability) {
                 return Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Immediate { response });
             }
         }
@@ -82,7 +79,7 @@ pub async fn process(
 
     match method.approval_request(
         BridgeContext {
-            app: &app_model,
+            app: &app,
             source_label: &webview_label,
         },
         &request,
@@ -90,24 +87,23 @@ pub async fn process(
         Ok(Some(approval)) => {
             let approval_id = Uuid::new_v4().to_string();
 
-            let apps_state = app.state::<AppsHostState>();
+            let apps_state = app_handle.state::<AppsHostState>();
             write_pending_approval(
                 &apps_state,
                 &approval_id,
-                &app_model,
+                &app,
                 &webview_label,
                 &request,
             )
             .await;
 
-            emit_sage_approval_requested(&app, approval_id, approval)?;
+            emit_sage_approval_requested(&app_handle, approval_id, approval)?;
             return Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Pending {});
         }
         Ok(None) => {}
         Err(err) => {
             return Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Immediate {
                 response: RustBridgeResponse::error(
-                    expected_channel,
                     &request.id,
                     err.code,
                     err.message,
@@ -117,7 +113,7 @@ pub async fn process(
     }
 
     let response =
-        execute_bridge_request(&app, &app_state, &app_model, &webview_label, &request).await;
+        execute_bridge_request(&app_handle, &app_state, &app, &webview_label, &request).await;
 
     Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Immediate { response })
 }
@@ -125,19 +121,15 @@ pub async fn process(
 pub(crate) async fn execute_bridge_request(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
     app_state: &State<'_, AppState>,
-    app: &SageApp,
+    app: &SharedSageApp,
     source_label: &str,
     request: &RustBridgeRequest,
 ) -> RustBridgeResponse {
     let registry = BridgeRegistry::new_for_app(app);
 
-    let Some(method) = registry.get(&request.method) else {
-        return RustBridgeResponse::error(
-            &request.channel,
-            &request.id,
-            "method_not_found",
-            format!("Unknown bridge method: {}", request.method),
-        );
+    let method = match assert_method(&registry, &request) {
+        Ok(method) => method,
+        Err(response) => return response
     };
 
     let result = method
@@ -154,20 +146,19 @@ pub(crate) async fn execute_bridge_request(
 
     match result {
         Ok(value) => match erased_serde::serialize(&*value, serde_json::value::Serializer) {
-            Ok(value) => RustBridgeResponse::success(&request.channel, &request.id, &value),
+            Ok(value) => RustBridgeResponse::success(&request.id, &value),
             Err(err) => RustBridgeResponse::error(
-                &request.channel,
                 &request.id,
                 "internal_error",
                 format!("failed to encode {} result: {err}", method.name()),
             ),
         },
-        Err(err) => RustBridgeResponse::error(&request.channel, &request.id, err.code, err.message),
+        Err(err) => RustBridgeResponse::error(&request.id, err.code, err.message),
     }
 }
 
 fn verify_capability(
-    app: &SageApp,
+    app: &SharedSageApp,
     request: &RustBridgeRequest,
     capability: BridgeCapability,
 ) -> Result<(), RustBridgeResponse> {
@@ -197,47 +188,48 @@ fn verify_capability(
 }
 
 fn verify_user_capability(
-    app: &SageApp,
+    app: &SharedSageApp,
     request: &RustBridgeRequest,
     capability: UserBridgeCapability,
     shared_with_app: bool,
 ) -> Result<(), RustBridgeResponse> {
     if !shared_with_app {
         return Err(RustBridgeResponse::error(
-            &request.channel,
             &request.id,
             "permission_denied",
             format!("Capability {} is not shared with apps", capability.key()),
         ));
     }
 
-    let effective_capabilities = match app {
-        SageApp::User(user_app) => user_app
-            .common()
-            .requested_permissions()
-            .capabilities()
-            .resolve_effective_grants(
-                user_app
-                    .common()
-                    .granted_permissions()
-                    .capabilities()
-                    .copied(),
-            )
-            .map_err(|err| {
-                RustBridgeResponse::error(
-                    &request.channel,
-                    &request.id,
-                    "internal_error",
-                    format!("failed to resolve effective permissions: {err}"),
+    let effective_capabilities = app.with(|app| {
+        let effective = match app {
+            SageApp::User(user_app) => user_app
+                .common()
+                .requested_permissions()
+                .capabilities()
+                .resolve_effective_grants(
+                    user_app
+                        .common()
+                        .granted_permissions()
+                        .capabilities()
+                        .copied(),
                 )
-            })?,
+                .map_err(|err| {
+                    RustBridgeResponse::error(
+                        &request.id,
+                        "internal_error",
+                        format!("failed to resolve effective permissions: {err}"),
+                    )
+                })?,
 
-        SageApp::System(_) => app.granted_permissions().capabilities().copied().collect(),
-    };
+            SageApp::System(_) => app.granted_permissions().capabilities().copied().collect(),
+        };
+
+        Ok(effective)
+    })?;
 
     if !effective_capabilities.contains(&capability) {
         return Err(RustBridgeResponse::error(
-            &request.channel,
             &request.id,
             "permission_denied",
             format!("Permission denied for {}", capability.key()),
@@ -248,27 +240,25 @@ fn verify_user_capability(
 }
 
 fn verify_system_capability(
-    app: &SageApp,
+    app: &SharedSageApp,
     request: &RustBridgeRequest,
     capability: SystemBridgeCapability,
     shared_with_app: bool,
 ) -> Result<(), RustBridgeResponse> {
     if !shared_with_app {
         return Err(RustBridgeResponse::error(
-            &request.channel,
             &request.id,
             "permission_denied",
             format!("Capability {} is not shared with apps", capability.key()),
         ));
     }
 
-    let granted = app
+    let granted = app.with(|app| app
         .system_granted_permissions()
-        .is_some_and(|permissions| permissions.capabilities().contains(&capability));
+        .is_some_and(|permissions| permissions.capabilities().contains(&capability)));
 
     if !granted {
         return Err(RustBridgeResponse::error(
-            &request.channel,
             &request.id,
             "permission_denied",
             format!("Permission denied for {}", capability.key()),
@@ -278,32 +268,6 @@ fn verify_system_capability(
     Ok(())
 }
 
-fn validate_request_basics(
-    request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-    expected_channel: &str,
-) -> Result<(), RustBridgeResponse> {
-    if request.channel != expected_channel {
-        return Err(RustBridgeResponse::error(
-            expected_channel,
-            &request.id,
-            "invalid_request",
-            "Invalid bridge channel",
-        ));
-    }
-
-    if let Some(version) = &request.bridge_version
-        && version != "v1"
-    {
-        return Err(RustBridgeResponse::error(
-            expected_channel,
-            &request.id,
-            "unsupported_bridge_version",
-            format!("Unsupported Sage bridge version: {version}"),
-        ));
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
 
 fn emit_sage_approval_requested(
     app: &AppHandle,
@@ -320,3 +284,18 @@ fn emit_sage_approval_requested(
         )
         .map_err(|err| format!("failed to emit approval request event: {err}"))
 }
+
+fn assert_method<'a>(
+    registry: &'a BridgeRegistry,
+    request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+) -> Result<&'a dyn BridgeMethod, RustBridgeResponse> {
+    let Some(method) = registry.get(&request.method) else {
+        return Err(RustBridgeResponse::error(
+            &request.id,
+            "method_not_found",
+            format!("Unknown bridge method: {}", request.method),
+        ));
+    };
+
+    Ok(method)
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
index 80edc604a..c90d764c1 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
@@ -4,11 +4,10 @@ use crate::bridge::event_emit::emit_bridge_response_to_source;
 use crate::bridge::state::{get_pending_approval, remove_pending_approval};
 use crate::bridge::{
     ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs, RustBridgeInvokeResult, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse,
-    response_channel_for_runtime_kind,
 };
 use crate::capabilities::user_registry;
 use crate::host::AppState;
-use crate::runtime::{SageAppRuntimeKind, assert_bridge_origin, resolve_app};
+use crate::runtime::assert_bridge_origin;
 use crate::types::SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State, Webview};
 
@@ -20,24 +19,13 @@ pub async fn apps_invoke_bridge(
     app_state: State<'_, AppState>,
     request: RustBridgeRequest,
 ) -> Result<RustBridgeInvokeResult, String> {
-    process(app, webview, app_state, request, SageAppRuntimeKind::User).await
-}
-
-#[tauri::command]
-#[specta::specta]
-pub async fn apps_invoke_system_bridge(
-    app: AppHandle,
-    webview: Webview,
-    app_state: State<'_, AppState>,
-    request: RustBridgeRequest,
-) -> Result<RustBridgeInvokeResult, String> {
-    process(app, webview, app_state, request, SageAppRuntimeKind::System).await
+    process(app, webview, app_state, request).await
 }
 
 #[tauri::command]
 #[specta::specta]
 pub async fn apps_resolve_bridge_approval(
-    app: AppHandle,
+    app_handle: AppHandle,
     app_state: State<'_, AppState>,
     apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     args: ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs,
@@ -45,21 +33,19 @@ pub async fn apps_resolve_bridge_approval(
     let pending = get_pending_approval(&apps_state, &args.approval_id).await?;
     remove_pending_approval(&apps_state, &args.approval_id).await;
 
-    let (app_id, runtime_kind) = assert_bridge_origin(&app, &pending.app_webview_label)?;
-    let app_model = resolve_app(&app, &app_id)?;
+    let app = assert_bridge_origin(&app_handle, &pending.app_webview_label).await?;
 
     let response = if args.approved {
         execute_bridge_request(
-            &app,
+            &app_handle,
             &app_state,
-            &app_model,
+            &app,
             &pending.app_webview_label,
             &pending.request,
         )
         .await
     } else {
         RustBridgeResponse::error(
-            response_channel_for_runtime_kind(runtime_kind),
             &pending.request.id,
             "user_denied",
             args.reason
@@ -67,7 +53,7 @@ pub async fn apps_resolve_bridge_approval(
         )
     };
 
-    emit_bridge_response_to_source(&app, &pending.app_webview_label, &response)?;
+    emit_bridge_response_to_source(&app_handle, &pending.app_webview_label, &response).await?;
     Ok(())
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs
index a6a884d4b..1cb85cc80 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs
@@ -1,21 +1,23 @@
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::events::EventForApp;
-use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeResponse, response_channel_for_runtime_kind};
+use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeResponse, response_channel_for_app};
 use crate::runtime::webview_locator::get_webview_in_sage_window;
-use crate::runtime::{
-    SageAppRuntimeKind, app_id_from_webview_label, find_runtime_by_app_id_optional,
-};
+use crate::runtime::{app_id_from_webview_label, find_runtime_by_app_id_optional, get_runtime_by_app_id};
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Emitter, Manager};
+use crate::types::{SharedSageApp};
 
-pub(crate) fn emit_bridge_response_to_source(
+pub(crate) async fn emit_bridge_response_to_source(
     app: &AppHandle,
     app_webview_label: &str,
     response: &RustBridgeResponse,
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
-    let (runtime_kind, _) = app_id_from_webview_label(app_webview_label)
+    let app_id = app_id_from_webview_label(app_webview_label)
         .ok_or_else(|| format!("invalid webview label for bridge response: {app_webview_label}"))?;
+    let shared_runtime = get_runtime_by_app_id(&app.state(), app_id).await?;
+    let response_event = shared_runtime.with_app(response_event_for_app);
+
     get_webview_in_sage_window(app, app_webview_label)?
-        .emit(&response_event_for_runtime_kind(runtime_kind), response)
+        .emit(&response_event, response)
         .map_err(|err| format!("failed to emit bridge response: {err}"))
 }
 
@@ -30,18 +32,25 @@ pub(crate) async fn emit_bridge_event_to_app_id(
         return Ok(());
     };
 
-    get_webview_in_sage_window(app, runtime.webview_label())?
-        .emit(&event_event_for_runtime_kind(runtime.runtime_kind()), event)
+    let (webview_label, event_name) = runtime.with_runtime(|runtime| {
+        (
+            runtime.webview_label().to_string(),
+            event_event_for_app(runtime.app()),
+        )
+    });
+
+    get_webview_in_sage_window(app, &webview_label)?
+        .emit(&event_name, event)
         .map_err(|err| format!("failed to emit bridge event: {err}"))
 }
 
-fn response_event_for_runtime_kind(runtime_kind: SageAppRuntimeKind) -> String {
+fn response_event_for_app(app: &SharedSageApp) -> String {
     format!(
         "{}:response",
-        response_channel_for_runtime_kind(runtime_kind)
+        response_channel_for_app(app)
     )
 }
 
-fn event_event_for_runtime_kind(runtime_kind: SageAppRuntimeKind) -> String {
-    format!("{}:event", response_channel_for_runtime_kind(runtime_kind))
+fn event_event_for_app(app: &SharedSageApp) -> String {
+    format!("{}:event", response_channel_for_app(app))
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/shared.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/shared.rs
index 52487341a..6b0bb4fc6 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/shared.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/shared.rs
@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@ use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::{BridgeCapability, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
 use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest};
 use crate::host::AppState;
-use crate::types::SageApp;
+use crate::types::SharedSageApp;
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 use serde::de::DeserializeOwned;
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct BridgeContext<'a> {
-    pub app: &'a SageApp,
+    pub app: &'a SharedSageApp,
     pub source_label: &'a str,
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/events.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/events.rs
index 6f268c1ab..6c9beca68 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/events.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/events.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::runtime::SageAppRuntimeRecord;
+use crate::runtime::{SageAppRuntimeRecord, SageAppRuntimeRecordView};
 use serde::Serialize;
 use specta::Type;
 
@@ -8,11 +8,11 @@ pub struct RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent {
     pub channel: String,
     #[serde(rename = "type")]
     pub event_type: String,
-    pub runtimes: Vec<SageAppRuntimeRecord>,
+    pub runtimes: Vec<SageAppRuntimeRecordView>,
 }
 
 impl RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent {
-    pub fn new(channel: String, runtimes: Vec<SageAppRuntimeRecord>) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(channel: String, runtimes: Vec<SageAppRuntimeRecordView>) -> Self {
         Self {
             channel,
             event_type: "runtimeManager.runtimesChanged".to_string(),
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_runtime.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_runtime.rs
index a3930511c..2a6bd9192 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_runtime.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_runtime.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
 };
 use crate::bridge::methods::system::runtime_manager::RuntimeTargetParams;
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::runtime::hide_runtime;
+use crate::runtime::{hide_runtime, SageAppRuntimeRecordView};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct RuntimeManagerHideRuntime;
@@ -39,10 +39,11 @@ impl BridgeMethod for RuntimeManagerHideRuntime {
     ) -> BridgeHandleResult {
         let params: RuntimeTargetParams = parse_required_params(self, request)?;
 
-        let record = hide_runtime(tools.app_handle, tools.host_state, &params.app_id)
+        let runtime = hide_runtime(tools.app_handle, tools.host_state, &params.app_id)
             .await
             .map_err(BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error)?;
 
-        Ok(Box::new(record))
+        let runtime_view: SageAppRuntimeRecordView = runtime.into();
+        Ok(Box::new(runtime_view))
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/list_runtimes.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/list_runtimes.rs
index 730df98db..2ba5e5556 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/list_runtimes.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/list_runtimes.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
     BridgeMethodHandleError,
 };
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::runtime::list_runtimes;
+use crate::runtime::{list_runtimes, SageAppRuntimeRecordView};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct RuntimeManagerListRuntimes;
@@ -36,10 +36,12 @@ impl BridgeMethod for RuntimeManagerListRuntimes {
         tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
         _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
     ) -> BridgeHandleResult {
-        let records = list_runtimes(tools.host_state)
+        let runtimes = list_runtimes(tools.host_state)
             .await
             .map_err(BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error)?;
 
-        Ok(Box::new(records))
+        let runtime_views = runtimes.iter().map(Into::into).collect::<Vec<SageAppRuntimeRecordView>>();
+        
+        Ok(Box::new(runtime_views))
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/events.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/events.rs
index a352b4ec9..749b1d841 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/events.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/events.rs
@@ -33,26 +33,26 @@ pub struct GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent {
 }
 
 impl EventForApp {
-    pub fn from_capabilities_change(channel: &str, change: GrantedCapabilitiesChange) -> Self {
+    pub fn from_capabilities_change(channel: &str, change: &GrantedCapabilitiesChange) -> Self {
         EventForApp::GrantedCapabilitiesChange(GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent {
             channel: channel.to_string(),
             event_type: "grantedCapabilitiesChange".to_string(),
-            removed_granted_capabilities: change.removed,
-            added_granted_capabilities: change.added,
-            full_granted_capabilities: change.full,
+            removed_granted_capabilities: change.removed.clone(),
+            added_granted_capabilities: change.added.clone(),
+            full_granted_capabilities: change.full.clone(),
         })
     }
 
     pub fn from_network_whitelist_change(
         channel: &str,
-        change: GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange,
+        change: &GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange,
     ) -> Self {
         EventForApp::GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange(GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent {
             channel: channel.to_string(),
             event_type: "grantedNetworkWhitelistChange".to_string(),
-            removed_granted_network_whitelist: change.removed,
-            added_granted_network_whitelist: change.added,
-            full_granted_network_whitelist: change.full,
+            removed_granted_network_whitelist: change.removed.clone(),
+            added_granted_network_whitelist: change.added.clone(),
+            full_granted_network_whitelist: change.full.clone(),
         })
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/lifecycle.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/lifecycle.rs
index db8b87c12..6edee8f34 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/lifecycle.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/lifecycle.rs
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppLifecycleSetBeforeStopListener {
         if params.active() {
             listeners.insert(ctx.app.id().to_string());
         } else {
-            listeners.remove(ctx.app.id());
+            listeners.remove(&ctx.app.id());
         }
 
         Ok(Box::new(RuntimeAckResult { ok: true }))
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
index a3d95e89f..ca954c4ae 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
@@ -51,11 +51,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppRequestCapabilityGrant {
     ) -> BridgeApprovalRequestResult {
         let params: RequestCapabilityGrantParams = parse_required_params(self, request)?;
 
-        if ctx
-            .app
-            .granted_permissions()
-            .has_capability(params.capability)
-        {
+        if ctx.app.is_capability_granted(params.capability) {
             return Ok(None);
         }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs
index ae86b8fee..7212bff62 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs
@@ -53,16 +53,17 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant {
 
         if ctx
             .app
-            .granted_permissions()
-            .network()
-            .whitelist()
-            .any(|entry| entry == &params.entry)
+            .with(|app| app.granted_permissions()
+                .network()
+                .whitelist()
+                .any(|entry| entry == &params.entry)
+            )
         {
             return Ok(None);
         }
 
         Ok(Some(RustBridgeApprovalRequest {
-            app: ctx.app.clone(),
+            app: ctx.app.into(),
             source_label: ctx.source_label.to_string(),
             request_id: request.id.clone(),
             body: RustBridgeApprovalBody::NetworkWhitelistGrant {
@@ -84,7 +85,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant {
         let result = match grant_network_whitelist_entry(
             tools.app_handle,
             &base_path,
-            ctx.app.id(),
+            &ctx.app.id(),
             &params.entry,
         )
         .await
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/ping.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/ping.rs
index 9e5e26a5a..961d9bca3 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/ping.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/ping.rs
@@ -45,8 +45,8 @@ impl BridgeMethod for BridgePing {
     ) -> BridgeHandleResult {
         Ok(Box::new(BridgePingResult {
             ok: true,
-            app_id: ctx.app.id().to_string(),
-            app_name: ctx.app.name().to_string(),
+            app_id: ctx.app.id(),
+            app_name: ctx.app.name(),
         }))
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs
index 78e2653e1..ac35809b0 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for BridgeSend {
             ))
         })?;
 
-        crate::sandbox::ingest_bridge_send_payload(ctx.app.id(), &payload_value, tools.host_state)
+        crate::sandbox::ingest_bridge_send_payload(&ctx.app.id(), &payload_value, tools.host_state)
             .await;
 
         Ok(Box::new(BridgeSendResult { ok: true }))
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for BridgeSend {
 }
 
 fn check_ctx(ctx: &BridgeContext<'_>) -> Result<(), BridgeMethodHandleError> {
-    if !ctx.app.common().is_sandbox_test() {
+    if !ctx.app.with(|app| app.common().is_sandbox_test()) {
         return Err(BridgeMethodHandleError::invalid_request(
             "Method use is not allowed",
         ));
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_secret_key.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_secret_key.rs
index 30c95a288..3063d73b0 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_secret_key.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_secret_key.rs
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for WalletGetSecretKey {
         let params: GetSecretKey = parse_required_params(self, request)?;
 
         Ok(Some(RustBridgeApprovalRequest {
-            app: ctx.app.clone(),
+            app: ctx.app.into(),
             source_label: ctx.source_label.to_string(),
             request_id: request.id.clone(),
             body: RustBridgeApprovalBody::GetSecretKey {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/send_xch.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/send_xch.rs
index b516de02c..53532e9f2 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/send_xch.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/send_xch.rs
@@ -62,11 +62,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for WalletSendXch {
         ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
         request: &RustBridgeRequest,
     ) -> BridgeApprovalRequestResult {
-        if ctx
-            .app
-            .granted_permissions()
-            .has_capability(UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXchAutoSubmit)
-        {
+        if ctx.app.is_capability_granted(UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXchAutoSubmit) {
             return Ok(None);
         }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
index fc44afc6b..7b4411a56 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
@@ -8,19 +8,20 @@ pub mod state;
 pub mod ts_exports;
 pub mod types;
 
-use crate::runtime::SageAppRuntimeKind;
 pub use types::{
     ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs, RustBridgeApprovalEvent, RustBridgeApprovalRequest,
     RustBridgeErrorPayload, RustBridgeErrorResponse, RustBridgeInvokeResult, RustBridgeRequest,
     RustBridgeResponse, RustBridgeSuccessResponse,
 };
+use crate::types::SharedSageApp;
 
 pub const USER_BRIDGE_CHANNEL: &str = "sage-bridge";
 pub const SYSTEM_BRIDGE_CHANNEL: &str = "sage-system-bridge";
 
-pub(crate) fn response_channel_for_runtime_kind(runtime_kind: SageAppRuntimeKind) -> &'static str {
-    match runtime_kind {
-        SageAppRuntimeKind::User => USER_BRIDGE_CHANNEL,
-        SageAppRuntimeKind::System => SYSTEM_BRIDGE_CHANNEL,
+pub(crate) fn response_channel_for_app(app: &SharedSageApp) -> &'static str {
+    if app.is_system_app() {
+        return SYSTEM_BRIDGE_CHANNEL;
     }
+
+    USER_BRIDGE_CHANNEL
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs
index 3b05fd97d..51e1ae08b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ use super::methods::user::{
     WalletGetSyncStatus, WalletGetTransaction, WalletGetTransactions, WalletGetVersion,
     WalletSendXch,
 };
-use crate::types::SageApp;
+use crate::types::SharedSageApp;
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
@@ -36,11 +36,12 @@ impl BridgeRegistry {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn new_for_app(app: &SageApp) -> Self {
-        match app {
-            SageApp::User(_) => Self::new(BridgeRegistryKind::User),
-            SageApp::System(_) => Self::new(BridgeRegistryKind::System),
+    pub fn new_for_app(app: &SharedSageApp) -> Self {
+        if app.is_system_app() {
+            return Self::new(BridgeRegistryKind::System);
         }
+
+        Self::new(BridgeRegistryKind::User)
     }
 
     pub fn get(&self, method: &str) -> Option<&dyn BridgeMethod> {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/state.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/state.rs
index a6c17c2f5..d9710fcfe 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/state.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/state.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
 use crate::bridge::types::PendingBridgeApproval;
-use crate::types::SageApp;
+use crate::types::{SharedSageApp};
 use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 use tauri::State;
 use tokio::sync::Mutex;
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ pub struct BridgeState {
 pub(crate) async fn write_pending_approval(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     approval_id: &str,
-    sage_app: &SageApp,
+    sage_app: &SharedSageApp,
     webview_label: &str,
     request: &RustBridgeRequest,
 ) {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
index eae120cad..25f558707 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::user::bridge::send::BridgeSendResult;
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::wallet::send_xch::WalletSendXchParams;
 use crate::runtime::stop::SystemKillRuntimeResult;
 use crate::runtime::{
-    ReadyToStopParams, RuntimeAckResult, SageAppRuntimeRecord, SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail,
+    ReadyToStopParams, RuntimeAckResult, SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail,
     SetBeforeStopListenerParams,
 };
 use sage_api::{
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ pub fn export_system_bridge_typescript() -> Result<String, String> {
     let mut types = TypeCollection::default();
 
     types.register::<RuntimeTargetParams>();
-    types.register::<SageAppRuntimeRecord>();
+    //types.register::<SageAppRuntimeRecord>();
     types.register::<SystemKillRuntimeResult>();
     types.register::<RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent>();
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs
index 5a51965cd..463e460ab 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::wallet::send_xch::WalletSendXchParams;
-use crate::types::{SageApp, SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry};
+use crate::types::{SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView, SageAppView, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry};
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use serde_json::Value;
 use specta::Type;
@@ -33,7 +33,6 @@ pub struct RustBridgeErrorPayload {
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct RustBridgeSuccessResponse {
-    pub channel: String,
     pub bridge_version: String,
     pub id: String,
     pub ok: bool,
@@ -43,7 +42,6 @@ pub struct RustBridgeSuccessResponse {
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct RustBridgeErrorResponse {
-    pub channel: String,
     pub bridge_version: String,
     pub id: String,
     pub ok: bool,
@@ -60,7 +58,7 @@ pub enum RustBridgeResponse {
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct RustBridgeApprovalRequest {
-    pub app: SageApp,
+    pub app: SageAppView,
     pub source_label: String,
     pub request_id: String,
 
@@ -109,9 +107,8 @@ pub struct ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs {
 }
 
 impl RustBridgeResponse {
-    pub fn success(channel: &str, id: &str, result: &Value) -> RustBridgeResponse {
+    pub fn success(id: &str, result: &Value) -> RustBridgeResponse {
         RustBridgeResponse::Success(RustBridgeSuccessResponse {
-            channel: channel.into(),
             bridge_version: "v1".into(),
             id: id.into(),
             ok: true,
@@ -119,13 +116,11 @@ impl RustBridgeResponse {
         })
     }
     pub fn error(
-        channel: &str,
         id: &str,
         code: &str,
         message: impl Into<String>,
     ) -> RustBridgeResponse {
         RustBridgeResponse::Error(RustBridgeErrorResponse {
-            channel: channel.into(),
             bridge_version: "v1".into(),
             id: id.into(),
             ok: false,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/host.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/host.rs
index f7e7780eb..953fec41c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/host.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/host.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 use std::fmt;
 use std::sync::Arc;
-
 use crate::bridge::state::BridgeState;
 use crate::runtime::AppRuntimeState;
 use crate::sandbox::SandboxStateStore;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
index 4b877401e..2c488bc75 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ mod tests {
         let mut app = user_app.into_sage_app();
 
         let _runtime =
-            SageAppRuntimeRecord::new_inline(&mut app, "sage-app://test/index.html", true, false);
+            SageAppRuntimeRecord::new(&mut app, "sage-app://test/index.html", true, false);
 
         app.into_user()
             .expect("sample app should remain a user app")
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
index 35b3eebcc..c8c68bf1b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
@@ -197,15 +197,15 @@ pub async fn clear_runtime_browsing_data_internal(
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
 pub async fn apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data(
-    app: AppHandle,
+    app_handle: AppHandle,
     app_id: String,
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
-    let resolved = resolve_app(&app, &app_id)?;
+    close_runtime_internal(&app_handle, &app_handle.state(), &app_id).await?;
 
-    close_runtime_internal(&app, &app.state(), &app_id).await?;
+    let app = resolve_app(&app_handle, &app_id)?;
 
-    let target = cleanup_target_from_storage(resolved.storage());
-    clear_app_storage_by_target(&app, &target).await
+    let target = cleanup_target_from_storage(&app);
+    clear_app_storage_by_target(&app_handle, &target).await
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ mod tests {
     use crate::lifecycle::{
         app_dir, read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries, read_retired_app_origins,
     };
-    use crate::runtime::SageAppRuntimeRecord;
+    use crate::runtime::{SageAppRuntimeMode, SageAppRuntimeRecord, SageAppRuntimeVisibility};
     use crate::types::{
         SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest,
         SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissions,
@@ -287,10 +287,12 @@ mod tests {
         let mut app = UserSageApp::new_installed(common, source).into_sage_app();
 
         if storage_may_contain_secrets {
-            let _record = SageAppRuntimeRecord::new_inline(
-                &mut app,
+            let _record = SageAppRuntimeRecord::new(
+                &app,
+                "test",
                 "sage-app://test/index.html",
-                true,
+                SageAppRuntimeMode::Inline,
+                SageAppRuntimeVisibility::Visible,
                 false,
             );
         }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
index 426e783da..c09c6cd67 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ async fn emit_granted_permissions_change(
         let _ = emit_bridge_event_to_app_id(
             app,
             app_id,
-            EventForApp::from_capabilities_change(USER_BRIDGE_CHANNEL, capability_change.clone()),
+            EventForApp::from_capabilities_change(USER_BRIDGE_CHANNEL, capability_change),
         )
         .await;
     }
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ async fn emit_granted_permissions_change(
         let _ = emit_bridge_event_to_app_id(
             app,
             app_id,
-            EventForApp::from_network_whitelist_change(USER_BRIDGE_CHANNEL, network_change.clone()),
+            EventForApp::from_network_whitelist_change(USER_BRIDGE_CHANNEL, network_change),
         )
         .await;
     }
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ mod tests {
                     .common()
                     .granted_permissions()
                     .network()
-                    .whitelist()
+                    .whitelist_iter()
                     .cloned()
             ),
             [network_whitelist_entry("https", "required.example.com")]
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ mod tests {
                     .common()
                     .granted_permissions()
                     .network()
-                    .whitelist()
+                    .whitelist_iter()
                     .cloned()
             ),
             [network_whitelist_entry("https", "required.example.com")]
@@ -383,7 +383,7 @@ mod tests {
                     .common()
                     .granted_permissions()
                     .network()
-                    .whitelist()
+                    .whitelist_iter()
                     .cloned()
             ),
             [
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/types.rs
index 7668e44f4..5be7d2a75 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/types.rs
@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@ use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::types::{SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, UserSageApp};
 use std::collections::BTreeSet;
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+#[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct AppUpdateResult {
     app: UserSageApp,
     change: GrantedPermissionsChange,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+#[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct GrantedPermissionsChange {
     network_whitelist: GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange,
     capabilities: GrantedCapabilitiesChange,
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ pub struct GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange {
     pub full: Vec<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+#[derive(Debug)]
 pub enum GrantCapabilityOutcome {
     AlreadyGranted {
         capability: UserBridgeCapability,
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ impl GrantCapabilityOutcome {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+#[derive(Debug)]
 pub enum GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome {
     AlreadyGranted {
         entry: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs
index 5a8680086..fb3b2a0a9 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::runtime::start::{CreateInlineRuntimeArgs, create_inline_runtime};
-use crate::runtime::state::{SageAppRuntimeRecord, list_runtimes};
+use crate::runtime::start::{CreateRuntimeArgs, create_runtime};
+use crate::runtime::state::list_runtimes;
 use crate::runtime::stop::{SystemKillRuntimeResult, kill_runtime};
-use crate::runtime::{RuntimeTargetParams, focus_runtime, hide_runtime};
+use crate::runtime::{RuntimeTargetParams, focus_runtime, hide_runtime, SageAppRuntimeRecordView};
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
 #[tauri::command]
@@ -10,17 +10,17 @@ use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 pub async fn apps_create_inline_runtime(
     app: AppHandle,
     apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    args: CreateInlineRuntimeArgs,
-) -> Result<SageAppRuntimeRecord, String> {
-    create_inline_runtime(app, apps_state, args).await
+    args: CreateRuntimeArgs,
+) -> Result<SageAppRuntimeRecordView, String> {
+    create_runtime(app, apps_state, args).await.into()
 }
 
 #[tauri::command]
 #[specta::specta]
 pub async fn apps_list_runtimes(
     apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-) -> Result<Vec<SageAppRuntimeRecord>, String> {
-    list_runtimes(&apps_state).await
+) -> Result<Vec<SageAppRuntimeRecordView>, String> {
+    list_runtimes(&apps_state).await.map(Into::into)
 }
 
 #[tauri::command]
@@ -29,8 +29,8 @@ pub async fn apps_focus_runtime(
     app: AppHandle,
     apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     params: RuntimeTargetParams,
-) -> Result<SageAppRuntimeRecord, String> {
-    focus_runtime(&app, &apps_state, &params.app_id).await
+) -> Result<SageAppRuntimeRecordView, String> {
+    focus_runtime(&app, &apps_state, &params.app_id).await.into()
 }
 
 #[tauri::command]
@@ -39,8 +39,8 @@ pub async fn apps_hide_runtime(
     app: AppHandle,
     apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     params: RuntimeTargetParams,
-) -> Result<SageAppRuntimeRecord, String> {
-    hide_runtime(&app, &apps_state, &params.app_id).await
+) -> Result<SageAppRuntimeRecordView, String> {
+    hide_runtime(&app, &apps_state, &params.app_id).await.into()
 }
 
 #[tauri::command]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
index 3a47e1be1..3f847d7cd 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@ use tauri::{AppHandle, Emitter, Manager, State};
 
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::bridge::methods::system::RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent;
+use crate::runtime::{SageAppRuntimeRecordView, SharedRuntime};
 use crate::runtime::state::{
-    SageAppRuntimeKind, SageAppRuntimeRecord, get_runtime_by_app_id, list_runtimes,
-    write_runtime_and_emit_changed,
+    get_runtime_by_app_id, list_runtimes,
 };
 use crate::runtime::webview_locator::{find_sage_window, get_webview_in_sage_window};
 
@@ -24,19 +24,32 @@ pub(crate) async fn emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(
         return;
     };
 
-    let system_runtime_webview_labels = {
-        let by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_by_runtime_id.lock().await;
+    let system_runtime_webview_labels = runtimes
+        .iter()
+        .filter_map(|runtime| {
+            runtime.with_runtime(|record| {
+                if record.internal() {
+                    return None;
+                }
 
-        by_runtime_id
-            .values()
-            .filter(|record| {
-                !record.internal() && record.runtime_kind() == SageAppRuntimeKind::System
+                if !record.app().is_system_app() {
+                    return None;
+                }
+
+                Some(record.webview_label().to_string())
             })
-            .map(|record| record.webview_label().to_string())
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-    };
+        })
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+    let runtime_records = runtimes
+        .iter()
+        .map(Into::into)
+        .collect::<Vec<SageAppRuntimeRecordView>>();
 
-    let event = RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent::new("sage-system-bridge".to_string(), runtimes);
+    let event = RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent::new(
+        "sage-system-bridge".to_string(),
+        runtime_records,
+    );
 
     let Some(sage_window) = find_sage_window(app) else {
         return;
@@ -53,9 +66,12 @@ pub(crate) async fn focus_runtime(
     app: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: &str,
-) -> Result<SageAppRuntimeRecord, String> {
-    let mut runtime = get_runtime_by_app_id(apps_state, app_id).await?;
-    let webview = get_webview_in_sage_window(app, runtime.webview_label())?;
+) -> Result<SharedRuntime, String> {
+    let runtime = get_runtime_by_app_id(apps_state, app_id).await?;
+
+    let webview_label = runtime.with_runtime(|record| record.webview_label().to_string());
+
+    let webview = get_webview_in_sage_window(app, &webview_label)?;
 
     webview
         .show()
@@ -65,9 +81,10 @@ pub(crate) async fn focus_runtime(
         .set_focus()
         .map_err(|err| format!("failed to focus webview: {err}"))?;
 
-    runtime.mark_visible();
+    runtime.with_runtime_mut(|runtime| runtime.mark_visible());
+
+    emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(app, apps_state).await;
 
-    write_runtime_and_emit_changed(app, apps_state, runtime.clone()).await;
     Ok(runtime)
 }
 
@@ -75,16 +92,20 @@ pub(crate) async fn hide_runtime(
     app: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: &str,
-) -> Result<SageAppRuntimeRecord, String> {
-    let mut runtime = get_runtime_by_app_id(apps_state, app_id).await?;
-    let webview = get_webview_in_sage_window(app, runtime.webview_label())?;
+) -> Result<SharedRuntime, String> {
+    let runtime = get_runtime_by_app_id(apps_state, app_id).await?;
+
+    let webview_label = runtime.with_runtime(|record| record.webview_label().to_string());
+
+    let webview = get_webview_in_sage_window(app, &webview_label)?;
 
     webview
         .hide()
         .map_err(|err| format!("failed to hide webview: {err}"))?;
 
-    runtime.mark_hidden();
+    runtime.with_runtime_mut(|runtime| runtime.mark_hidden());
+
+    emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(app, apps_state).await;
 
-    write_runtime_and_emit_changed(app, apps_state, runtime.clone()).await;
     Ok(runtime)
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
index db3416a64..c8eb21e53 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
@@ -5,17 +5,19 @@ use crate::runtime::state::SageAppRuntimeKind;
 use crate::runtime::webview_locator::get_webview_in_sage_window;
 use crate::sandbox::build_builtin_test_app;
 use crate::system_apps::build_builtin_system_app;
-use crate::types::SageApp;
-use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager};
+use crate::types::{SageApp, SharedSageApp};
+use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
 use url::Url;
+use crate::AppsHostState;
+use crate::runtime::find_runtime_by_app_id_optional;
 
-pub fn app_id_from_webview_label(label: &str) -> Option<(SageAppRuntimeKind, &str)> {
-    if let Some(app_id) = label.strip_prefix("app-inline-") {
-        return Some((SageAppRuntimeKind::User, app_id));
+pub fn app_id_from_webview_label(label: &str) -> Option<&str> {
+    if let Some(app_id) = label.strip_prefix("app-") {
+        return Some(app_id);
     }
 
-    if let Some(app_id) = label.strip_prefix("system-app-inline-") {
-        return Some((SageAppRuntimeKind::System, app_id));
+    if let Some(app_id) = label.strip_prefix("system-app-") {
+        return Some(app_id);
     }
 
     None
@@ -28,90 +30,90 @@ pub fn runtime_kind_for_app(app: &SageApp) -> SageAppRuntimeKind {
     }
 }
 
-pub fn protocol_scheme_for_runtime_kind(runtime_kind: SageAppRuntimeKind) -> &'static str {
-    match runtime_kind {
-        SageAppRuntimeKind::User => "sage-app",
-        SageAppRuntimeKind::System => "sage-system-app",
+pub fn protocol_scheme_for_app(app: &SharedSageApp) -> &'static str {
+    if app.is_system_app() {
+        return "sage-system-app";
     }
+
+    "sage-app"
 }
 
-pub fn is_allowed_app_url(url: &Url, origin_id: &str, runtime_kind: SageAppRuntimeKind) -> bool {
-    url.scheme() == protocol_scheme_for_runtime_kind(runtime_kind)
-        && url.host_str() == Some(origin_id)
+pub fn is_allowed_app_url(url: &Url, app: &SharedSageApp) -> bool {
+    url.scheme() == protocol_scheme_for_app(app) && url.host_str() == Some(&app.origin_id())
 }
 
 pub fn build_entry_src(
-    app: &SageApp,
-    path: Option<String>,
+    app: &SharedSageApp,
     query: BTreeMap<String, String>,
-) -> String {
-    let runtime_kind = runtime_kind_for_app(app);
-    let scheme = protocol_scheme_for_runtime_kind(runtime_kind);
-    let entry_path = path.unwrap_or_else(|| format!("/{}", app.entry_file()));
+) -> Url {
+    let scheme = protocol_scheme_for_app(app);
 
-    let mut url = Url::parse(&format!("{scheme}://{}{}", app.origin_id(), entry_path))
+    let entry_file = app.with(|app| app.entry_file());
+    let mut url = Url::parse(&format!("{scheme}://{}/{}", app.origin_id(), entry_file))
         .expect("failed to build app entry URL");
 
     for (key, value) in query {
         url.query_pairs_mut().append_pair(&key, &value);
     }
 
-    url.to_string()
+    url
 }
 
-pub fn resolve_app(app: &AppHandle, app_id: &str) -> Result<SageApp, String> {
+pub fn resolve_app(app: &AppHandle, app_id: &str) -> Result<SharedSageApp, String> {
+    let state: State<'_, AppsHostState> = app.state();
+
     let base_path = app
         .path()
         .app_data_dir()
         .map_err(|e| format!("failed to resolve app data dir: {e}"))?;
 
     if let Ok(app) = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, app_id) {
-        return Ok(SageApp::User(app));
+        return Ok(SharedSageApp::new(SageApp::User(app)));
     }
 
     if let Some(app) = build_builtin_system_app(app_id)
         .map_err(|err| format!("failed to resolve builtin system app {app_id}: {err}"))?
     {
-        return Ok(app);
+        return Ok(SharedSageApp::new(app));
     }
 
     build_builtin_test_app(app_id)
         .map_err(|err| format!("failed to resolve builtin sandbox app {app_id}: {err}"))?
+        .map(SharedSageApp::new)
         .ok_or_else(|| format!("failed to resolve app {app_id}"))
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn assert_bridge_origin(
-    app: &AppHandle,
+pub(crate) async fn assert_bridge_origin(
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
     webview_label: &String,
-) -> Result<(String, SageAppRuntimeKind), String> {
-    let (runtime_kind, app_id) = app_id_from_webview_label(webview_label)
+) -> Result<SharedSageApp, String> {
+    let app_id = app_id_from_webview_label(webview_label)
         .ok_or_else(|| format!("invalid app runtime label: {webview_label}"))?;
 
-    let app_id = app_id.to_string();
-
-    let resolved = resolve_app(app, &app_id)?;
-    let expected_runtime_kind = runtime_kind_for_app(&resolved);
+    let runtime = find_runtime_by_app_id_optional(&app_handle.state(), app_id).await
+        .ok_or_else(|| format!("failed to find runtime for app {app_id}"))?;
+    let app = runtime.app();
 
-    if runtime_kind != expected_runtime_kind {
+    if !app.webview_label_matches(webview_label) {
         return Err(format!(
-            "bridge denied for {webview_label}: runtime kind mismatch (label={runtime_kind:?}, app={expected_runtime_kind:?})"
+            "bridge denied for {webview_label}: webview label mismatch"
         ));
     }
 
-    let app_webview = get_webview_in_sage_window(app, webview_label)?;
+    let app_webview = get_webview_in_sage_window(app_handle, webview_label)?;
 
     let current_url = app_webview
         .url()
         .map_err(|e| format!("failed to read current webview url: {e}"))?;
 
-    if !is_allowed_app_url(&current_url, resolved.origin_id(), runtime_kind) {
+    if !is_allowed_app_url(&current_url, &app) {
         return Err(format!(
             "bridge denied for {webview_label}: current url {} is outside {}://{}/...",
             current_url,
-            protocol_scheme_for_runtime_kind(runtime_kind),
-            resolved.origin_id()
+            protocol_scheme_for_app(&app),
+            app.origin_id()
         ));
     }
 
-    Ok((app_id, runtime_kind))
+    Ok(app)
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
index 18b512ffd..b8de778aa 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
@@ -3,137 +3,103 @@ use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 use serde::Deserialize;
 use specta::Type;
 use tauri::webview::NewWindowResponse;
-use tauri::{AppHandle, LogicalPosition, LogicalSize, State, WebviewUrl};
+use tauri::{AppHandle, LogicalPosition, LogicalSize, State, WebviewBuilder, WebviewUrl, Wry};
 
 use crate::lifecycle::write_installed_app_metadata;
-use crate::runtime::state::{
-    SageAppRuntimeKind, SageAppRuntimeRecord, inline_label_for, runtime_id_for,
-    write_runtime_and_emit_changed, write_runtime_id_by_app_id,
-};
+use crate::runtime::state::{SageAppRuntimeRecord, write_runtime, remove_runtime_by_runtime_id, remove_runtime_id_by_app_id};
 use crate::runtime::webview_locator::{
-    find_webview_in_sage_window, get_sage_window, get_webview_in_sage_window,
+    get_sage_window, get_webview_in_sage_window,
 };
-use crate::runtime::{build_entry_src, is_allowed_app_url, resolve_app, runtime_kind_for_app};
+use crate::runtime::{build_entry_src, emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed, find_runtime_by_app_id_optional, is_allowed_app_url, resolve_app, SageAppRuntimeMode, SageAppRuntimeVisibility, SharedRuntime};
 use crate::storage::parse_data_store_id;
-use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, SageApp};
+use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, SageApp, SharedSageApp};
 use crate::{AppsHostState, sandbox};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub struct CreateInlineRuntimeArgs {
+pub struct CreateRuntimeArgs {
     pub app_id: String,
-    pub visible: bool,
-    pub internal: bool,
+    pub mode: SageAppRuntimeMode,
+    pub visibility: SageAppRuntimeVisibility,
     pub debug_layout: bool,
     pub path: Option<String>,
     pub query: BTreeMap<String, String>,
 }
 
-pub async fn create_inline_runtime(
-    app: AppHandle,
+pub async fn create_runtime(
+    app_handle: AppHandle,
     apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    args: CreateInlineRuntimeArgs,
-) -> Result<SageAppRuntimeRecord, String> {
-    let mut resolved = resolve_app(&app, &args.app_id)?;
-    let runtime_kind = runtime_kind_for_app(&resolved);
-    let webview_label = inline_label_for(resolved.id(), runtime_kind);
-    let runtime_id = runtime_id_for(resolved.id(), runtime_kind);
-    let entry_src = build_entry_src(&resolved, args.path.clone(), args.query.clone());
-
-    if let Some(existing) = find_webview_in_sage_window(&app, &webview_label) {
-        return reuse_existing_inline_runtime(ReuseInlineRuntimeParams {
-            apps_state: &apps_state,
-            webview: &existing,
-            runtime_id,
-            app_id: resolved.id().to_string(),
-            app_name: resolved.name().to_string(),
-            entry_src,
-            webview_label,
-            runtime_kind,
-            visible: args.visible,
-            internal: args.internal,
-        })
-        .await;
+    args: CreateRuntimeArgs,
+) -> Result<SharedRuntime, String> {
+    if let Some(existing) = find_runtime_by_app_id_optional(&apps_state, &args.app_id).await {
+        return Ok(existing);
     }
 
-    if !args.internal && !resolved.common().is_sandbox_test() {
-        let baseline = apps_state.sandbox.baseline.lock().await.clone();
-        let current_run = apps_state.sandbox.current_run.lock().await.clone();
-        let effective = sandbox::state_view::build_effective_state(&baseline, current_run.as_ref());
-        let gate = sandbox::evaluate_app_launch_gate(&resolved, &effective);
+    let mut app = resolve_app(&app_handle, &args.app_id)?;
 
-        if !gate.allowed {
-            return Err(gate
-                .message
-                .unwrap_or_else(|| "App launch blocked by sandbox policy".into()));
-        }
+    let is_internal = app.with(|app| app.common().is_sandbox_test());
+    if !is_internal {
+        check_gates(&apps_state, &app).await?;
     }
 
-    let use_incognito = should_use_incognito(&resolved);
-    let origin_id_for_nav = resolved.origin_id().to_string();
-    let runtime_kind_for_nav = runtime_kind;
+    app.taint_storage_if_runtime_can_persist_secrets();
+    persist_runtime_side_effects(&app)?;
 
-    let mut builder = tauri::webview::WebviewBuilder::new(
+    let sage_window = get_sage_window(&app_handle)?;
+    let webview_label = app.webview_label();
+    let runtime = SageAppRuntimeRecord::new(
+        &app,
+        sage_window.label(),
         &webview_label,
-        WebviewUrl::CustomProtocol(
-            entry_src
-                .parse()
-                .map_err(|e| format!("invalid entry url: {e}"))?,
-        ),
+        SageAppRuntimeMode::Inline,
+        args.visibility,
+        is_internal,
+    );
+    let shared_runtime = write_runtime(&apps_state, runtime).await;
+
+    let runtime_for_nav = shared_runtime.clone();
+    let builder = WebviewBuilder::new(
+        &webview_label.to_string(),
+        WebviewUrl::CustomProtocol(build_entry_src(&app, args.query.clone())),
     )
-    .on_navigation(move |url| is_allowed_app_url(url, &origin_id_for_nav, runtime_kind_for_nav))
-    .on_new_window(move |_url, _features| NewWindowResponse::Deny);
-
-    if use_incognito {
-        builder = builder.incognito(true);
-    } else {
-        match resolved.storage() {
-            #[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios"))]
-            InstalledSageAppStorage::AppleDataStore { identifier_hex } => {
-                let identifier = parse_data_store_id(identifier_hex)?;
-                builder = builder.data_store_identifier(identifier);
-            }
+        .on_navigation(move |url| {
+            runtime_for_nav.with_runtime(|runtime| is_allowed_app_url(url, runtime.app()));
+        })
+        .on_new_window(move |_url, _features| NewWindowResponse::Deny);
 
-            #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
-            InstalledSageAppStorage::WindowsProfile { directory_name } => {
-                builder =
-                    builder.data_directory(crate::storage::data_directory_for(directory_name));
-            }
-
-            _ => {}
-        }
-    }
+    let builder = build_storage(builder, &app)?;
 
     let (x, y, width, height) = if args.debug_layout {
-        debug_layout_for_app(resolved.id())
+        debug_layout_for_app(&app.id())
     } else {
         (0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0)
     };
-
-    get_sage_window(&app)?
+    let add_child_result = get_sage_window(&app_handle)?
         .add_child(
             builder,
             LogicalPosition::new(x, y),
             LogicalSize::new(width, height),
-        )
-        .map_err(|e| format!("failed to create child webview: {e}"))?;
-
-    let record =
-        SageAppRuntimeRecord::new_inline(&mut resolved, entry_src, args.visible, args.internal);
-
-    persist_runtime_side_effects(&resolved)?;
+        );
+    if let Err(e) = add_child_result {
+        let (runtime_id, app_id) = shared_runtime.with_runtime(|runtime| {
+            (runtime.runtime_id(), runtime.app().id())
+        });
+        drop(shared_runtime);
+        remove_runtime_by_runtime_id(&apps_state, &runtime_id).await;
+        remove_runtime_id_by_app_id(&apps_state, &app_id).await;
+        return Err(format!("failed to create child webview: {e}"));
+    }
 
-    if !args.visible {
-        let _ = get_webview_in_sage_window(&app, record.webview_label())?.hide();
+    if args.visibility == SageAppRuntimeVisibility::Hidden {
+        let _ = get_webview_in_sage_window(&app_handle, &webview_label)?.hide();
     }
 
-    write_runtime_id_by_app_id(&apps_state, &resolved, record.runtime_id().to_string()).await;
-    write_runtime_and_emit_changed(&app, &apps_state, record.clone()).await;
+    emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(&app_handle, &apps_state).await;
 
-    Ok(record)
+    Ok(shared_runtime)
 }
 
-fn persist_runtime_side_effects(app: &SageApp) -> Result<(), String> {
+fn persist_runtime_side_effects(app: &SharedSageApp) -> Result<(), String> {
     let Some(user_app) = app.as_user() else {
         return Ok(());
     };
@@ -142,85 +108,6 @@ fn persist_runtime_side_effects(app: &SageApp) -> Result<(), String> {
         .map_err(|err| format!("failed to persist app runtime side effects: {err}"))
 }
 
-struct ReuseInlineRuntimeParams<'a> {
-    apps_state: &'a State<'a, AppsHostState>,
-    webview: &'a tauri::Webview,
-    runtime_id: String,
-    app_id: String,
-    app_name: String,
-    entry_src: String,
-    webview_label: String,
-    runtime_kind: SageAppRuntimeKind,
-    visible: bool,
-    internal: bool,
-}
-
-async fn reuse_existing_inline_runtime(
-    params: ReuseInlineRuntimeParams<'_>,
-) -> Result<SageAppRuntimeRecord, String> {
-    let ReuseInlineRuntimeParams {
-        apps_state,
-        webview,
-        runtime_id,
-        app_id,
-        app_name,
-        entry_src,
-        webview_label,
-        runtime_kind,
-        visible,
-        internal,
-    } = params;
-
-    if visible {
-        webview
-            .show()
-            .map_err(|e| format!("failed to show existing child webview: {e}"))?;
-    } else {
-        webview
-            .hide()
-            .map_err(|e| format!("failed to hide existing child webview: {e}"))?;
-    }
-
-    let mut record = {
-        let by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_by_runtime_id.lock().await;
-        by_runtime_id.get(&runtime_id).cloned()
-    }
-    .unwrap_or_else(|| {
-        SageAppRuntimeRecord::new_existing_inline_fallback(
-            runtime_id.clone(),
-            app_id.clone(),
-            app_name,
-            entry_src,
-            webview_label.clone(),
-            runtime_kind,
-            internal,
-        )
-    });
-
-    record.mark_inline_reused(visible, internal);
-
-    {
-        let mut by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_by_runtime_id.lock().await;
-        by_runtime_id.insert(runtime_id.clone(), record.clone());
-    }
-
-    {
-        let mut runtime_by_app_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_id_by_app_id.lock().await;
-        runtime_by_app_id.insert(app_id, runtime_id);
-    }
-
-    Ok(record)
-}
-
-fn should_use_incognito(app: &SageApp) -> bool {
-    let has_persistent_storage = app
-        .granted_permissions()
-        .capabilities()
-        .any(|cap| *cap == crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage);
-
-    !has_persistent_storage || app.flags().storage_may_contain_secrets()
-}
-
 fn fallback_debug_slot(app_id: &str) -> usize {
     app_id.bytes().fold(0usize, |acc, b| {
         acc.wrapping_mul(31).wrapping_add(b as usize)
@@ -255,3 +142,52 @@ fn debug_layout_for_app(app_id: &str) -> (f64, f64, f64, f64) {
 
     (x, y, cell_w, cell_h)
 }
+
+async fn check_gates(apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>, app: &SharedSageApp) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let baseline = apps_state.sandbox.baseline.lock().await.clone();
+    let current_run = apps_state.sandbox.current_run.lock().await.clone();
+    let effective = sandbox::state_view::build_effective_state(&baseline, current_run.as_ref());
+    let gate = sandbox::evaluate_app_launch_gate(&app, &effective);
+
+    if !gate.allowed {
+        return Err(gate
+            .message
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| "App launch blocked by sandbox policy".into()));
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn build_storage(mut builder: WebviewBuilder<Wry>, app: &SharedSageApp)-> Result<WebviewBuilder<Wry>, String> {
+    let (has_persistent_storage, storage) = app.with(|app| {
+        let has_persistent_storage = app.granted_permissions()
+            .capabilities()
+            .any(|cap| *cap == crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage);
+
+        (has_persistent_storage, app.storage().clone())
+    });
+
+    let should_use_incognito = !has_persistent_storage || app.storage_may_contain_secrets();
+
+    if should_use_incognito {
+        builder = builder.incognito(true);
+    } else {
+        match storage {
+            #[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios"))]
+            InstalledSageAppStorage::AppleDataStore { identifier_hex } => {
+                let identifier = parse_data_store_id(&identifier_hex)?;
+                builder = builder.data_store_identifier(identifier);
+            }
+
+            #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
+            InstalledSageAppStorage::WindowsProfile { directory_name } => {
+                builder =
+                    builder.data_directory(crate::storage::data_directory_for(directory_name));
+            }
+
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(builder)
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs
index 586e11e39..beb7529f9 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ mod remove;
 mod types;
 mod write;
 
-pub use types::{AppRuntimeState, SageAppRuntimeKind, SageAppRuntimeRecord};
+pub use types::{AppRuntimeState, SageAppRuntimeKind, SharedRuntime, SageAppRuntimeRecord, SageAppRuntimeRecordView};
 
 pub use read::find_runtime_by_app_id_optional;
 
@@ -13,13 +13,13 @@ pub(crate) use read::{
 };
 pub(crate) use types::{
     ReadyToStopParams, RuntimeAckResult, SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail, SetBeforeStopListenerParams,
+    SageAppRuntimeMode, SageAppRuntimeVisibility,
 };
 
 pub(super) use remove::{
     remove_before_stop_listeners_by_app_id, remove_pending_stop_ready,
     remove_runtime_by_runtime_id, remove_runtime_id_by_app_id,
 };
-pub(super) use types::{inline_label_for, runtime_id_for};
 pub(super) use write::{
-    write_pending_stop_ready, write_runtime_and_emit_changed, write_runtime_id_by_app_id,
+    write_pending_stop_ready, write_runtime,
 };
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
index 0e7e6de4d..598ec387c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
@@ -1,43 +1,28 @@
 use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::runtime::state::types::SageAppRuntimeRecord;
+use crate::runtime::state::types::{SharedRuntime};
 use std::cmp::Reverse;
 use tauri::State;
 
 pub async fn find_runtime_by_app_id_optional(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: &str,
-) -> Option<SageAppRuntimeRecord> {
+) -> Option<SharedRuntime> {
     let runtime_id = find_runtime_id_by_app_id_optional(apps_state, app_id).await?;
-
     find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional(apps_state, &runtime_id).await
 }
 
-pub(crate) async fn list_runtimes(
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-) -> Result<Vec<SageAppRuntimeRecord>, String> {
-    let mut records = {
-        let by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_by_runtime_id.lock().await;
-        by_runtime_id.values().cloned().collect::<Vec<_>>()
-    };
-
-    records.retain(|record| !record.internal());
-    records.sort_by_key(|record| Reverse(record.started_at()));
-
-    Ok(records)
-}
-
 pub(crate) async fn find_runtime_id_by_app_id_optional(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: &str,
 ) -> Option<String> {
-    let runtime_by_app_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_id_by_app_id.lock().await;
-    runtime_by_app_id.get(app_id).cloned()
+    let by_app_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_id_by_app_id.lock().await;
+    by_app_id.get(app_id).cloned()
 }
 
 pub(crate) async fn find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     runtime_id: &str,
-) -> Option<SageAppRuntimeRecord> {
+) -> Option<SharedRuntime> {
     let by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_by_runtime_id.lock().await;
     by_runtime_id.get(runtime_id).cloned()
 }
@@ -45,8 +30,27 @@ pub(crate) async fn find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional(
 pub(crate) async fn get_runtime_by_app_id(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: &str,
-) -> Result<SageAppRuntimeRecord, String> {
+) -> Result<SharedRuntime, String> {
     find_runtime_by_app_id_optional(apps_state, app_id)
         .await
         .ok_or_else(|| format!("runtime record not found for app id: {app_id}"))
 }
+
+pub(crate) async fn list_runtimes(
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+) -> Result<Vec<SharedRuntime>, String> {
+    let mut runtimes = {
+        let by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_by_runtime_id.lock().await;
+        by_runtime_id.values().cloned().collect::<Vec<_>>()
+    };
+
+    runtimes.retain(|runtime| {
+        !runtime.with_runtime(|runtime| runtime.internal())
+    });
+
+    runtimes.sort_by_key(|runtime| {
+        Reverse(runtime.with_runtime(|runtime| runtime.started_at()))
+    });
+
+    Ok(runtimes)
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/remove.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/remove.rs
index 13254aa5e..91f1f0b58 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/remove.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/remove.rs
@@ -13,8 +13,16 @@ pub(in crate::runtime) async fn remove_runtime_by_runtime_id(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     runtime_id: &str,
 ) {
-    let mut runtime_by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_by_runtime_id.lock().await;
-    runtime_by_runtime_id.remove(runtime_id);
+    let runtime = {
+        let mut by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_by_runtime_id.lock().await;
+        by_runtime_id.remove(runtime_id)
+    };
+
+    let Some(runtime) = runtime else {
+        return;
+    };
+
+    remove_runtime_id_by_app_id(apps_state, &runtime.app_id()).await;
 }
 
 pub(in crate::runtime) async fn remove_before_stop_listeners_by_app_id(
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs
index 24754c740..8eecbbab1 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 use std::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet};
-
+use std::sync::Arc;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 use tokio::sync::{Mutex, oneshot};
+use parking_lot::RwLock;
 
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
-use crate::runtime::runtime_kind_for_app;
-use crate::types::SageApp;
+use crate::types::{SageApp, SageAppView, SharedSageApp};
 use crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
@@ -16,27 +16,38 @@ pub enum SageAppRuntimeKind {
     System,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum SageAppRuntimeMode {
+    Inline,
+    Windowed,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum SageAppRuntimeVisibility {
+    Visible,
+    Hidden,
+}
+
 pub struct SageAppRuntimeRecord {
     runtime_id: String,
-    app_id: String,
-    app_name: String,
-    entry_src: String,
-    webview_label: String,
+    app: SharedSageApp,
     host_window_label: String,
-    runtime_kind: SageAppRuntimeKind,
-    mode: String,
-    state: String,
+    webview_label: String,
+    mode: SageAppRuntimeMode,
+    visibility: SageAppRuntimeVisibility,
     started_at: i64,
     last_active_at: i64,
-    visible: bool,
     internal: bool,
 }
 
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct SharedRuntime {
+    inner: Arc<RwLock<SageAppRuntimeRecord>>,
+}
+
 #[derive(Default)]
 pub struct AppRuntimeState {
-    pub runtime_by_runtime_id: Mutex<BTreeMap<String, SageAppRuntimeRecord>>,
+    pub runtime_by_runtime_id: Mutex<BTreeMap<String, SharedRuntime>>,
     pub runtime_id_by_app_id: Mutex<BTreeMap<String, String>>,
     pub before_stop_listeners_by_app_id: Mutex<BTreeSet<String>>,
     pub pending_stop_ready: Mutex<BTreeMap<String, oneshot::Sender<()>>>,
@@ -88,78 +99,42 @@ impl ReadyToStopParams {
 }
 
 impl SageAppRuntimeRecord {
-    pub fn new_inline(
-        app: &mut SageApp,
-        entry_src: impl Into<String>,
-        visible: bool,
-        internal: bool,
-    ) -> Self {
-        app.taint_storage_if_runtime_can_persist_secrets();
-
-        let runtime_kind = runtime_kind_for_app(app);
-        let now = unix_timestamp_ms();
-
-        Self {
-            runtime_id: runtime_id_for(app.id(), runtime_kind),
-            app_id: app.id().to_string(),
-            app_name: app.name().to_string(),
-            entry_src: entry_src.into(),
-            webview_label: inline_label_for(app.id(), runtime_kind),
-            host_window_label: "main".into(),
-            runtime_kind,
-            mode: "inline".into(),
-            state: runtime_state_for_visible(visible).into(),
-            started_at: now,
-            last_active_at: now,
-            visible,
-            internal,
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn new_existing_inline_fallback(
-        runtime_id: impl Into<String>,
-        app_id: impl Into<String>,
-        app_name: impl Into<String>,
-        entry_src: impl Into<String>,
-        webview_label: impl Into<String>,
-        runtime_kind: SageAppRuntimeKind,
+    pub fn new(
+        app: &SharedSageApp,
+        host_window_label: &str,
+        webview_label: &str,
+        mode: SageAppRuntimeMode,
+        visibility: SageAppRuntimeVisibility,
         internal: bool,
     ) -> Self {
         let now = unix_timestamp_ms();
 
         Self {
-            runtime_id: runtime_id.into(),
-            app_id: app_id.into(),
-            app_name: app_name.into(),
-            entry_src: entry_src.into(),
-            webview_label: webview_label.into(),
-            host_window_label: "main".into(),
-            runtime_kind,
-            mode: "inline".into(),
-            state: "hidden".into(),
+            runtime_id: runtime_id_for(app),
+            app: app.clone(),
+            host_window_label: host_window_label.to_string(),
+            webview_label: webview_label.to_string(),
+            mode,
+            visibility,
             started_at: now,
             last_active_at: now,
-            visible: false,
             internal,
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn mark_inline_reused(&mut self, visible: bool, internal: bool) {
-        self.visible = visible;
-        self.state = runtime_state_for_visible(visible).into();
+    pub fn mark_inline_reused(&mut self, state: SageAppRuntimeVisibility, internal: bool) {
+        self.visibility = state;
         self.last_active_at = unix_timestamp_ms();
         self.internal = internal;
     }
 
     pub fn mark_visible(&mut self) {
-        self.visible = true;
-        self.state = "running".into();
+        self.visibility = SageAppRuntimeVisibility::Visible;
         self.last_active_at = unix_timestamp_ms();
     }
 
     pub fn mark_hidden(&mut self) {
-        self.visible = false;
-        self.state = "hidden".into();
+        self.visibility = SageAppRuntimeVisibility::Hidden;
         self.last_active_at = unix_timestamp_ms();
     }
 
@@ -167,16 +142,20 @@ impl SageAppRuntimeRecord {
         &self.runtime_id
     }
 
-    pub fn app_id(&self) -> &str {
-        &self.app_id
+    pub fn app(&self) -> &SharedSageApp {
+        &self.app
+    }
+
+    pub fn app_id(&self) -> String {
+        self.app.with(|app| app.id().to_string())
     }
 
-    pub fn app_name(&self) -> &str {
-        &self.app_name
+    pub fn app_name(&self) -> String {
+        self.app.with(|app| app.name().to_string())
     }
 
-    pub fn entry_src(&self) -> &str {
-        &self.entry_src
+    pub fn entry_src(&self) -> String {
+        self.app.with(|app| app.common().entry_file().to_string())
     }
 
     pub fn webview_label(&self) -> &str {
@@ -187,16 +166,12 @@ impl SageAppRuntimeRecord {
         &self.host_window_label
     }
 
-    pub fn runtime_kind(&self) -> SageAppRuntimeKind {
-        self.runtime_kind
-    }
-
-    pub fn mode(&self) -> &str {
+    pub fn mode(&self) -> &SageAppRuntimeMode {
         &self.mode
     }
 
-    pub fn state(&self) -> &str {
-        &self.state
+    pub fn state(&self) -> &SageAppRuntimeVisibility {
+        &self.visibility
     }
 
     pub fn started_at(&self) -> i64 {
@@ -207,28 +182,36 @@ impl SageAppRuntimeRecord {
         self.last_active_at
     }
 
-    pub fn visible(&self) -> bool {
-        self.visible
-    }
-
     pub fn internal(&self) -> bool {
         self.internal
     }
 }
 
-impl SageApp {
-    pub(crate) fn taint_storage_if_runtime_can_persist_secrets(&mut self) {
-        let has_persistent_storage = self
-            .granted_permissions()
-            .capabilities()
-            .any(|cap| *cap == UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage);
-
-        if self.flags().has_secret_access()
-            && has_persistent_storage
-            && !self.flags().storage_may_contain_secrets()
-        {
-            self.common_mut().mark_storage_may_contain_secrets();
-        }
+impl SharedSageApp {
+    pub(crate) fn taint_storage_if_runtime_can_persist_secrets(&self) {
+        self.with_mut(|app| {
+            let has_persistent_storage = app
+                .granted_permissions()
+                .capabilities()
+                .any(|cap| *cap == UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage);
+
+            if app.flags().has_secret_access()
+                && has_persistent_storage
+                && !app.flags().storage_may_contain_secrets()
+            {
+                app.common_mut().mark_storage_may_contain_secrets();
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    pub fn webview_label(&self) -> String {
+        self.with(|app| {
+            if app.is_system() {
+                format!("system-app-{}", app.id())
+            } else {
+                format!("app-{}", app.id())
+            }
+        })
     }
 }
 
@@ -238,23 +221,99 @@ impl std::fmt::Debug for AppRuntimeState {
     }
 }
 
-pub(in crate::runtime) fn runtime_id_for(app_id: &str, runtime_kind: SageAppRuntimeKind) -> String {
-    match runtime_kind {
-        SageAppRuntimeKind::User => format!("runtime-{app_id}"),
-        SageAppRuntimeKind::System => format!("system-runtime-{app_id}"),
+pub(in crate::runtime) fn runtime_id_for(app: &SharedSageApp) -> String {
+    let (app_id, is_system_app) = app.with(|app| (app.id().to_string(), app.is_system()));
+    if is_system_app {
+        return format!("system-runtime-{app_id}")
     }
+
+    format!("runtime-{app_id}")
 }
 
-pub(in crate::runtime) fn inline_label_for(
-    app_id: &str,
-    runtime_kind: SageAppRuntimeKind,
-) -> String {
-    match runtime_kind {
-        SageAppRuntimeKind::User => format!("app-inline-{app_id}"),
-        SageAppRuntimeKind::System => format!("system-app-inline-{app_id}"),
+impl SharedRuntime {
+    pub fn new(runtime: SageAppRuntimeRecord) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            inner: Arc::new(RwLock::new(runtime)),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn with_runtime<T>(&self, f: impl FnOnce(&SageAppRuntimeRecord) -> T) -> T {
+        let runtime = self.inner.read();
+        f(&runtime)
+    }
+
+    pub fn with_runtime_mut<T>(&self, f: impl FnOnce(&mut SageAppRuntimeRecord) -> T) -> T {
+        let mut runtime = self.inner.write();
+        f(&mut runtime)
+    }
+
+    pub fn app(&self) -> SharedSageApp {
+        self.with_runtime(|runtime| runtime.app.clone())
+    }
+
+    pub fn with_app<T>(&self, f: impl FnOnce(&SharedSageApp) -> T) -> T {
+        self.with_runtime(|runtime| f(runtime.app()))
+    }
+
+    pub fn with_app_inner<T>(&self, f: impl FnOnce(&SageApp) -> T) -> T {
+        self.with_runtime(|runtime| runtime.app().with(f))
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_user_app(&self) -> bool {
+        self.with_app(|shared_app| shared_app.is_user_app())
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_system_app(&self) -> bool {
+        self.with_app(|shared_app| shared_app.is_system_app())
+    }
+
+    pub fn app_id(&self) -> String {
+        self.with_app_inner(|app| app.id().to_string())
     }
 }
 
 fn runtime_state_for_visible(visible: bool) -> &'static str {
     if visible { "running" } else { "hidden" }
 }
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+pub struct SageAppRuntimeRecordView {
+    runtime_id: String,
+    app: SageAppView,
+    mode: SageAppRuntimeMode,
+    visibility: SageAppRuntimeVisibility,
+    started_at: i64,
+    last_active_at: i64,
+    internal: bool,
+}
+
+impl From<&SharedRuntime> for SageAppRuntimeRecordView {
+    fn from(value: &SharedRuntime) -> Self {
+        value.with_runtime(|runtime| Self {
+            runtime_id: runtime.runtime_id.clone(),
+            app: runtime.app.into(),
+            mode: runtime.mode,
+            visibility: runtime.visibility,
+            started_at: runtime.started_at,
+            last_active_at: runtime.last_active_at,
+            internal: runtime.internal,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+
+
+
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs
index ff650b928..51e124efd 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs
@@ -1,17 +1,31 @@
-use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
-
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use tauri::State;
+use parking_lot::RwLock;
 use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::runtime::emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed;
-use crate::runtime::state::types::SageAppRuntimeRecord;
+use crate::runtime::SharedRuntime;
+use crate::runtime::state::types::{SageAppRuntimeRecord};
 use crate::types::SageApp;
 
-pub(in crate::runtime) async fn write_runtime_and_emit_changed(
-    app: &AppHandle,
+pub(in crate::runtime) async fn write_runtime(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    record: SageAppRuntimeRecord,
-) {
-    write_runtime(apps_state, record).await;
-    emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(app, apps_state).await;
+    runtime: SageAppRuntimeRecord,
+) -> SharedRuntime {
+    let runtime_id = runtime.runtime_id().to_string();
+    let app_id = runtime.app().id().to_string();
+
+    let runtime = Arc::new(RwLock::new(runtime));
+
+    {
+        let mut by_app_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_id_by_app_id.lock().await;
+        by_app_id.insert(app_id, runtime_id.clone());
+    }
+
+    {
+        let mut by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_by_runtime_id.lock().await;
+        by_runtime_id.insert(runtime_id, Arc::clone(&runtime));
+    }
+
+    runtime
 }
 
 pub(in crate::runtime) async fn write_runtime_id_by_app_id(
@@ -31,8 +45,3 @@ pub(in crate::runtime) async fn write_pending_stop_ready(
     let mut pending = apps_state.runtime.pending_stop_ready.lock().await;
     pending.insert(request_id.to_string(), tx);
 }
-
-async fn write_runtime(apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>, record: SageAppRuntimeRecord) {
-    let mut by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_by_runtime_id.lock().await;
-    by_runtime_id.insert(record.runtime_id().to_string(), record);
-}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
index 18ad0505f..3671028c8 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
-use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
 use std::path::Path;
 use std::{fs, path::PathBuf};
+use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
 use tauri::command;
 
 use crate::host::Result;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/commands.rs
index 21493104a..0ba74b8a7 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/commands.rs
@@ -22,18 +22,20 @@ pub async fn apps_get_sandbox_state(
 #[tauri::command]
 #[specta::specta]
 pub async fn apps_get_app_launch_gate(
-    app: AppHandle,
+    app_handle: AppHandle,
     apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: String,
 ) -> Result<AppLaunchGateResult, String> {
-    let installed = resolve_app(&app, &app_id)?;
+    let app = resolve_app(&app_handle, &app_id)?;
 
     let baseline = apps_state.sandbox.baseline.lock().await.clone();
     let current_run = apps_state.sandbox.current_run.lock().await.clone();
 
     let effective = build_effective_state(&baseline, current_run.as_ref());
 
-    Ok(evaluate_app_launch_gate(&installed, &effective))
+    let evaluated_gate = evaluate_app_launch_gate(&app, &effective);
+    
+    Ok(evaluated_gate)
 }
 
 #[tauri::command]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs
index 13691b190..e3ce2cfaa 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
-use crate::types::SageApp;
+use crate::types::{SharedSageApp};
 
 use super::{AppLaunchGateResult, SandboxCapability, SandboxCapabilityStatus, SandboxState};
 
@@ -18,19 +18,16 @@ fn capability_status(
     }
 }
 
-fn required_capabilities_for_app(app: &SageApp) -> Vec<SandboxCapability> {
+fn required_capabilities_for_app(app: &SharedSageApp) -> Vec<SandboxCapability> {
     let mut caps = vec![
         SandboxCapability::StorageIsolationFromSage,
         SandboxCapability::NetworkAllowlistEnforced,
     ];
 
-    let has_persistent_storage = app
-        .granted_permissions()
-        .has_capability(UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage);
-    if has_persistent_storage {
+    if app.is_capability_granted(UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage) {
         caps.push(SandboxCapability::StoragePersistenceNormal);
 
-        if app.flags().has_secret_access() {
+        if app.has_secret_access() {
             caps.push(SandboxCapability::StorageClearCycle);
         }
     } else {
@@ -40,7 +37,7 @@ fn required_capabilities_for_app(app: &SageApp) -> Vec<SandboxCapability> {
     caps
 }
 
-pub fn evaluate_app_launch_gate(app: &SageApp, effective: &SandboxState) -> AppLaunchGateResult {
+pub fn evaluate_app_launch_gate(app: &SharedSageApp, effective: &SandboxState) -> AppLaunchGateResult {
     if app.id().starts_with("__sage_test_") {
         return AppLaunchGateResult {
             allowed: true,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs
index f2b744f01..b1749ca75 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::runtime::apps_create_inline_runtime;
-use crate::runtime::start::CreateInlineRuntimeArgs;
+use crate::runtime::{apps_create_inline_runtime, SageAppRuntimeMode, SageAppRuntimeVisibility};
+use crate::runtime::start::CreateRuntimeArgs;
 use crate::runtime::stop::close_runtime_internal;
 use crate::security::RUNTIME_APPS_PREFIX;
 use std::collections::{BTreeMap, HashMap};
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn start_test_app(
         app,
         apps_state,
         app_id,
-        false,
+        SageAppRuntimeVisibility::Hidden,
         path,
         query_map.into_iter().collect(),
     )
@@ -44,13 +44,13 @@ pub(crate) async fn start_test_app(
 }
 
 pub(crate) async fn run_clear_cycle_phase_runtime(
-    app: &AppHandle,
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: &str,
     run_id: &str,
     phase_string: String,
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
-    let _ = close_runtime_internal(app, apps_state, app_id).await;
+    let _ = close_runtime_internal(app_handle, apps_state, app_id).await;
 
     let mut query = BTreeMap::new();
     query.insert("runId".to_string(), run_id.to_string());
@@ -58,10 +58,10 @@ pub(crate) async fn run_clear_cycle_phase_runtime(
     query.insert("appId".to_string(), app_id.to_string());
 
     start_internal_runtime_for_sandbox(
-        app,
+        app_handle,
         apps_state,
         app_id,
-        false,
+        SageAppRuntimeVisibility::Hidden,
         Some(RuntimeApp::StorageClearProbe.path()),
         query,
     )
@@ -76,16 +76,16 @@ async fn start_internal_runtime_for_sandbox(
     app: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: &str,
-    visible: bool,
+    visibility: SageAppRuntimeVisibility,
     path: Option<String>,
     query: BTreeMap<String, String>,
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
     let debug_test_apps = debug_test_apps_enabled();
 
-    let args = CreateInlineRuntimeArgs {
+    let args = CreateRuntimeArgs {
         app_id: app_id.to_string(),
-        visible: if debug_test_apps { true } else { visible },
-        internal: true,
+        mode: SageAppRuntimeMode::Inline,
+        visibility: if debug_test_apps { SageAppRuntimeVisibility::Visible } else { visibility },
         debug_layout: debug_test_apps,
         path,
         query,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/csp.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/csp.rs
index 638274f8e..49824cbb2 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/csp.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/csp.rs
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ pub fn build_app_csp(app: &SageAppCommon) -> String {
 
     let mut connect_sources = BTreeSet::from(["'self'".to_string()]);
 
-    for entry in app.granted_permissions().network().whitelist() {
+    for entry in app.granted_permissions().network().whitelist_iter() {
         connect_sources.insert(entry.as_permission_string());
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
index 927fd1f8b..3309f2a29 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use crate::lifecycle::read_installed_app_by_id;
-use crate::runtime::{SageAppRuntimeKind, app_id_from_webview_label};
+use crate::runtime::{app_id_from_webview_label, find_runtime_by_app_id_optional};
 use crate::sandbox::{build_builtin_test_app, builtin_runtime_apps_root, SANDBOX_TEST_ID_PREFIX};
 use crate::types::SageAppCommon;
 use crate::{AppsHostState, security::build_app_csp};
@@ -11,17 +11,20 @@ use tauri::{Manager, State, UriSchemeContext, Wry};
 
 pub const RUNTIME_APPS_PREFIX: &str = "/__sage/runtime-apps/";
 
-pub fn handle_user_app_protocol_request(
+pub async fn handle_user_app_protocol_request(
     ctx: &UriSchemeContext<'_, Wry>,
     request: &tauri::http::Request<Vec<u8>>,
 ) -> Response<Vec<u8>> {
-    let result = (|| -> anyhow::Result<Response<Vec<u8>>> {
+    let result = (async || -> anyhow::Result<Response<Vec<u8>>> {
         let webview_label = ctx.webview_label();
 
-        let (runtime_kind, app_id) = app_id_from_webview_label(webview_label)
+        let app_id = app_id_from_webview_label(webview_label)
             .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("invalid webview label"))?;
 
-        if runtime_kind != SageAppRuntimeKind::User {
+        let runtime = find_runtime_by_app_id_optional(&ctx.app_handle().state(), app_id).await
+            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("unknown app"))?;
+
+        if runtime.is_user_app() {
             anyhow::bail!("not a user runtime");
         }
 
@@ -49,22 +52,25 @@ pub fn handle_user_app_protocol_request(
             Err(err) if app_common.is_sandbox_test() => Ok(protocol_error_response("sage-app", err)),
             Err(_) => Ok(not_found_response()),
         }
-    })();
+    })().await;
 
     result.unwrap_or_else(|_| not_found_response())
 }
 
-pub fn handle_system_app_protocol_request(
+pub async fn handle_system_app_protocol_request(
     ctx: &UriSchemeContext<'_, Wry>,
     request: &tauri::http::Request<Vec<u8>>,
 ) -> Response<Vec<u8>> {
-    let result = (|| -> anyhow::Result<Response<Vec<u8>>> {
+    let result = (async || -> anyhow::Result<Response<Vec<u8>>> {
         let webview_label = ctx.webview_label();
 
-        let (runtime_kind, app_id) = app_id_from_webview_label(webview_label)
+        let app_id = app_id_from_webview_label(webview_label)
             .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("invalid webview label"))?;
 
-        if runtime_kind != SageAppRuntimeKind::System {
+        let runtime = find_runtime_by_app_id_optional(&ctx.app_handle().state(), app_id).await
+            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("unknown app"))?;
+
+        if runtime.is_system_app() {
             anyhow::bail!("not a system runtime");
         }
 
@@ -81,7 +87,7 @@ pub fn handle_system_app_protocol_request(
 
         handle_app_protocol_request(app.common(), request)
             .map_err(|err| anyhow!("sage-system-app error: {err}"))
-    })();
+    })().await;
 
     result.unwrap_or_else(|err| protocol_error_response("sage-system-app", err))
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/storage.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/storage.rs
index 872f98078..51bf95db0 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/storage.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/storage.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, PendingStorageCleanupTarget};
+use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, PendingStorageCleanupTarget, SharedSageApp};
 
 #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
 pub fn data_directory_for(directory_name: &str) -> PathBuf {
@@ -23,19 +23,21 @@ pub fn parse_data_store_id(identifier_hex: &str) -> Result<[u8; 16], String> {
 }
 
 pub fn cleanup_target_from_storage(
-    storage: &InstalledSageAppStorage,
+    app: &SharedSageApp,
 ) -> PendingStorageCleanupTarget {
-    match storage {
-        InstalledSageAppStorage::AppleDataStore { identifier_hex } => {
-            PendingStorageCleanupTarget::AppleDataStore {
-                identifier_hex: identifier_hex.clone(),
+    app.with(|app| 
+        match app.storage() {
+            InstalledSageAppStorage::AppleDataStore { identifier_hex } => {
+                PendingStorageCleanupTarget::AppleDataStore {
+                    identifier_hex: identifier_hex.clone(),
+                }
             }
-        }
-        InstalledSageAppStorage::WindowsProfile { directory_name } => {
-            PendingStorageCleanupTarget::WindowsProfile {
-                directory_name: directory_name.clone(),
+            InstalledSageAppStorage::WindowsProfile { directory_name } => {
+                PendingStorageCleanupTarget::WindowsProfile {
+                    directory_name: directory_name.clone(),
+                }
             }
+            InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged => PendingStorageCleanupTarget::Unmanaged,
         }
-        InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged => PendingStorageCleanupTarget::Unmanaged,
-    }
+    )
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
index fe1521c08..8d668a695 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use specta::Type;
 use crate::sandbox::SANDBOX_TEST_ID_PREFIX;
 use crate::types::app::flags::SageAppFlags;
 use crate::types::app::preview::UserSageAppPendingUpdate;
@@ -13,16 +11,14 @@ use crate::types::normalizers::normalized_non_empty_string;
 use crate::types::permissions::{SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions};
 use crate::types::storage::InstalledSageAppStorage;
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+#[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct SageAppIdentity {
     id: String,
     origin_id: String,
     app_dir: String,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+#[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct SageAppCommon {
     identity: SageAppIdentity,
     granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
@@ -75,7 +71,7 @@ impl SageAppCommon {
             .required()
             .cloned();
 
-        let granted_network = granted_permissions.network().whitelist().cloned();
+        let granted_network = granted_permissions.network().whitelist_iter().cloned();
 
         let granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions::new(
             self.active_manifest().permissions(),
@@ -134,6 +130,7 @@ impl SageAppCommon {
         Ok(common)
     }
 
+    pub fn identity(&self) -> &SageAppIdentity { &self.identity }
     pub fn id(&self) -> &str {
         &self.identity.id
     }
@@ -219,4 +216,16 @@ impl SageAppIdentity {
             app_dir: normalized_non_empty_string(app_dir, "app directory")?,
         })
     }
+
+    pub fn id(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.id
+    }
+
+    pub fn origin_id(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.origin_id
+    }
+
+    pub fn app_dir(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.app_dir
+    }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/mod.rs
index bc84f41a8..07c3bf85e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/mod.rs
@@ -7,8 +7,9 @@ mod retired_origin;
 mod snapshot;
 mod system_apps;
 mod user_apps;
+mod view;
 
-pub use user_apps::SageApp;
+pub use user_apps::SharedSageApp;
 
 pub(crate) use author::SageAppAuthor;
 pub(crate) use common::{SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity};
@@ -18,7 +19,8 @@ pub(crate) use retired_origin::RetiredAppOriginEntry;
 pub(crate) use snapshot::SageAppSnapshot;
 pub(crate) use system_apps::{SystemAppPresentation, SystemSageApp};
 pub(crate) use user_apps::{
-    CorruptedInstalledSageApp, ListedSageApp, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
+    CorruptedInstalledSageApp, ListedSageApp, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource, SageApp
 };
+pub(crate) use view::{SageAppView, UserSageAppView};
 
 pub(super) use flags::SageAppFlags;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/snapshot.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/snapshot.rs
index 03362cbc5..30f0a9422 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/snapshot.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/snapshot.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,8 @@
 use std::path::{Component, Path, PathBuf};
-
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use specta::Type;
-
 use crate::types::manifest::SageAppPackageManifest;
 use crate::types::normalizers::normalized_non_empty_string;
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+#[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct SageAppSnapshot {
     manifest_hash: String,
     snapshot_dir: String,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/system_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/system_apps.rs
index fac77214d..4c43b8cbc 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/system_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/system_apps.rs
@@ -11,8 +11,7 @@ pub enum SystemAppPresentation {
     Modal,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+#[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct SystemSageApp {
     common: SageAppCommon,
     system_granted_permissions: SageGrantedSystemPermissions,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs
index 873d654ba..60eda8c72 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
-
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::bridge::{SYSTEM_BRIDGE_CHANNEL, USER_BRIDGE_CHANNEL};
 use crate::types::SageAppUrl;
 use crate::types::app::common::SageAppCommon;
 use crate::types::app::flags::SageAppFlags;
@@ -13,6 +15,89 @@ use crate::types::permissions::{
 };
 use crate::types::storage::InstalledSageAppStorage;
 
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct SharedSageApp {
+    inner: Arc<parking_lot::RwLock<SageApp>>,
+}
+
+impl SharedSageApp {
+    pub fn new(app: SageApp) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            inner: Arc::new(parking_lot::RwLock::new(app)),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn with<T>(&self, f: impl FnOnce(&SageApp) -> T) -> T {
+        let app = self.inner.read();
+        f(&app)
+    }
+
+    pub fn with_mut<T>(&self, f: impl FnOnce(&mut SageApp) -> T) -> T {
+        let mut app = self.inner.write();
+        f(&mut app)
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_user_app(&self) -> bool {
+        self.with(|app| app.is_user())
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_system_app(&self) -> bool {
+        self.with(|app| app.is_system())
+    }
+
+    pub fn id(&self) -> String {
+        self.with(|app| app.id().to_string())
+    }
+    
+    pub fn name(&self) -> String {
+        self.with(|app| app.name().to_string())
+    }
+
+    pub fn origin_id(&self) -> String { self.with(|app| app.origin_id().to_string()) }
+
+    pub fn is_capability_granted(&self, capability: UserBridgeCapability) -> bool {
+        self.with(|app| app.granted_permissions().has_capability(capability))
+    }
+
+    pub fn has_secret_access(&self) -> bool {
+        self.with(|app| app.flags().has_secret_access())
+    }
+
+    pub fn storage_may_contain_secrets(&self) -> bool {
+        self.with(|app| app.flags().storage_may_contain_secrets())
+    }
+
+    pub fn webview_label_matches(&self, label: &str) -> bool {
+        let app_id = self.id();
+        if let Some(extracted_app_id) = label.strip_prefix("app-") {
+            return self.is_user_app() && extracted_app_id == app_id;
+        }
+        if let Some(extracted_app_id) = label.strip_prefix("system-app-") {
+            return self.is_system_app() && extracted_app_id == app_id;
+        }
+
+        false
+    }
+
+    pub fn bridge_channel_matches(&self, channel: &str) -> bool {
+        if self.is_system_app() {
+            return USER_BRIDGE_CHANNEL == channel || SYSTEM_BRIDGE_CHANNEL == channel;
+        }
+        if self.is_user_app() {
+            return USER_BRIDGE_CHANNEL == channel;
+        }
+
+        false
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+#[allow(clippy::large_enum_variant)]
+pub enum SageApp {
+    System(SystemSageApp),
+    User(UserSageApp),
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
 #[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub enum UserSageAppSource {
@@ -20,22 +105,13 @@ pub enum UserSageAppSource {
     Url { app_url: SageAppUrl },
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+#[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct UserSageApp {
     common: SageAppCommon,
     source: UserSageAppSource,
     pending_update: Option<UserSageAppPendingUpdate>,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
-#[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "camelCase")]
-#[allow(clippy::large_enum_variant)]
-pub enum SageApp {
-    System(SystemSageApp),
-    User(UserSageApp),
-}
-
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct CorruptedInstalledSageApp {
@@ -44,8 +120,7 @@ pub struct CorruptedInstalledSageApp {
     error: String,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
-#[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "camelCase")]
+#[derive(Debug)]
 #[allow(clippy::large_enum_variant)]
 pub enum ListedSageApp {
     User(UserSageApp),
@@ -100,6 +175,14 @@ impl UserSageApp {
 }
 
 impl SageApp {
+    pub fn is_user(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self, Self::User(_))
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_system(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self, Self::System(_))
+    }
+
     pub fn common(&self) -> &SageAppCommon {
         match self {
             Self::System(app) => app.common(),
@@ -138,8 +221,8 @@ impl SageApp {
         self.common().app_path()
     }
 
-    pub fn entry_file(&self) -> &str {
-        self.common().entry_file()
+    pub fn entry_file(&self) -> String {
+        self.common().entry_file().to_string()
     }
 
     pub fn icon_file(&self) -> Option<&str> {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/common.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/common.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f7d5da638
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/common.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use specta::Type;
+use crate::types::app::view::permission::SageGrantedPermissionsView;
+use crate::types::app::view::snapshot::SageAppSnapshotView;
+use crate::types::{SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity};
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct SageAppIdentityView {
+    id: String,
+    origin_id: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct SageAppCommonView {
+    identity: SageAppIdentityView,
+    granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissionsView,
+    active_snapshot: SageAppSnapshotView,
+}
+
+impl From<&SageAppCommon> for SageAppCommonView {
+    fn from(common: &SageAppCommon) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            identity: common.identity().into(),
+            active_snapshot: common.active_snapshot().into(),
+            granted_permissions: common.granted_permissions().into(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<&SageAppIdentity> for SageAppIdentityView {
+    fn from(value: &SageAppIdentity) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            id: value.id().to_string(),
+            origin_id: value.origin_id().to_string()
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..41cf7a767
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+mod user_apps;
+mod system_apps;
+mod common;
+mod snapshot;
+mod permission;
+mod network;
+
+pub(crate) use user_apps::{SageAppView, UserSageAppView};
+
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/network.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/network.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ecdc26535
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/network.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+use serde::Serialize;
+use specta::Type;
+use crate::types::SageNetworkWhitelistEntry;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
+pub struct SageNetworkWhitelistEntryView {
+    scheme: String,
+    host: String,
+}
+
+impl From<&SageNetworkWhitelistEntry> for SageNetworkWhitelistEntryView {
+    fn from(entry: &SageNetworkWhitelistEntry) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            scheme: entry.scheme().to_string(),
+            host: entry.host().to_string(),
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/permission.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/permission.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..da3117267
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/permission.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+use std::collections::BTreeSet;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use specta::Type;
+use crate::bridge::capabilities::{SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
+use crate::types::{SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry};
+use crate::types::permissions::SageGrantedNetworkPermissions;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct SageGrantedPermissionsView {
+    capabilities: BTreeSet<UserBridgeCapability>,
+    network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissionsView,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct SageGrantedNetworkPermissionsView {
+    whitelist: BTreeSet<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct SageGrantedSystemPermissionsView {
+    capabilities: Vec<SystemBridgeCapability>,
+}
+
+impl From<&SageGrantedPermissions> for SageGrantedPermissionsView {
+    fn from(permissions: &SageGrantedPermissions) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            network: permissions.network().into(),
+            capabilities: permissions.shared_capabilities().iter().copied().collect(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<&SageGrantedNetworkPermissions> for SageGrantedNetworkPermissionsView {
+    fn from(value: &SageGrantedNetworkPermissions) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            whitelist: value.whitelist().clone()
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/snapshot.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/snapshot.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b51ed12ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/snapshot.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use specta::Type;
+use crate::types::{SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot};
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct SageAppSnapshotView {
+    manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
+}
+
+impl From<&SageAppSnapshot> for SageAppSnapshotView {
+    fn from(value: &SageAppSnapshot) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            manifest: value.manifest().clone(),
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/system_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/system_apps.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e2d67606e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/system_apps.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use specta::Type;
+use crate::types::{SageGrantedSystemPermissions, SystemSageApp};
+use crate::types::app::view::common::SageAppCommonView;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct SystemSageAppView {
+    common: SageAppCommonView,
+    system_granted_permissions: SageGrantedSystemPermissions,
+}
+
+impl From<&SystemSageApp> for SystemSageAppView {
+    fn from(value: &SystemSageApp) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            common: value.common().into(),
+            system_granted_permissions: value.system_granted_permissions().clone(),
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/user_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/user_apps.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bd84bf80b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/user_apps.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use specta::Type;
+use crate::types::{CorruptedInstalledSageApp, SageApp, SharedSageApp, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource};
+use crate::types::app::view::system_apps::SystemSageAppView;
+use crate::types::app::view::common::SageAppCommonView;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
+#[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "camelCase")]
+#[allow(clippy::large_enum_variant)]
+pub enum ListedSageAppView {
+    User(UserSageAppView),
+    System(SystemSageAppView),
+    Corrupted(CorruptedInstalledSageApp),
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+pub enum SageAppView {
+    System(SystemSageAppView),
+    User(UserSageAppView),
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct UserSageAppView {
+    common: SageAppCommonView,
+    source: UserSageAppSource,
+}
+
+impl From<&SharedSageApp> for SageAppView {
+    fn from(app: &SharedSageApp) -> Self {
+        app.with(|app| match app {
+            SageApp::User(app) => SageAppView::User(app.into()),
+            SageApp::System(app) => SageAppView::System(app.into()),
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<&UserSageApp> for UserSageAppView {
+    fn from(app: &UserSageApp) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            common: app.common().into(),
+            source: app.source().clone(),
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs
index 097ccd034..e11207940 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs
@@ -7,12 +7,12 @@ mod permissions;
 mod storage;
 mod url;
 
-pub use app::SageApp;
+pub use app::SharedSageApp;
 
 pub(crate) use app::{
-    CorruptedInstalledSageApp, ListedSageApp, RetiredAppOriginEntry, SageAppCommon,
+    CorruptedInstalledSageApp, ListedSageApp, RetiredAppOriginEntry, SageApp, SageAppCommon,
     SageAppIdentity, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppUrlPreview, SystemAppPresentation, SystemSageApp,
-    UserSageApp, UserSageAppPendingUpdate, UserSageAppSource,
+    UserSageApp, UserSageAppPendingUpdate, UserSageAppSource, SageAppView
 };
 pub(crate) use manifest::{SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest};
 pub(crate) use network::SageNetworkWhitelistEntry;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs
index 385748f25..1d66dc6fb 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs
@@ -28,19 +28,18 @@ pub struct SageRequestedPermissions {
     capabilities: SageRequestedCapabilities,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(Debug, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
     whitelist: BTreeSet<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(Debug, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct SageGrantedPermissions {
     capabilities: BTreeSet<UserBridgeCapability>,
     network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Default, PartialEq, Eq, Type)]
 pub struct SageGrantedSystemPermissions {
     capabilities: Vec<SystemBridgeCapability>,
 }
@@ -178,7 +177,11 @@ impl SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
         Ok(Self { whitelist })
     }
 
-    pub fn whitelist(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &SageNetworkWhitelistEntry> {
+    pub fn whitelist(&self) -> &BTreeSet<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry> {
+        &self.whitelist
+    }
+
+    pub fn whitelist_iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &SageNetworkWhitelistEntry> {
         self.whitelist.iter()
     }
 }
@@ -200,7 +203,7 @@ impl SageGrantedPermissions {
 
         validate_permissions_policy(
             effective_capabilities,
-            network.whitelist().cloned(),
+            network.whitelist_iter().cloned(),
             "granted permissions",
         )?;
 
@@ -225,7 +228,7 @@ impl SageGrantedPermissions {
         Self::new(
             requested,
             self.capabilities.iter().copied().chain([capability]),
-            self.network.whitelist().cloned(),
+            self.network.whitelist_iter().cloned(),
         )
     }
 
@@ -237,7 +240,7 @@ impl SageGrantedPermissions {
         Self::new(
             requested,
             self.capabilities.iter().copied(),
-            self.network.whitelist().cloned().chain([entry]),
+            self.network.whitelist_iter().cloned().chain([entry]),
         )
     }
 
@@ -257,7 +260,7 @@ impl SageGrantedPermissions {
     }
 
     pub fn network_whitelist_vec(&self) -> Vec<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry> {
-        self.network.whitelist().cloned().collect()
+        self.network.whitelist_iter().cloned().collect()
     }
 
     pub fn shared_capabilities(&self) -> Vec<UserBridgeCapability> {
diff --git a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
index 5f7c6bc98..891cfd25e 100644
--- a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ export function initSageSystemRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
   const core = createBridgeRuntimeCore({
     channel: SAGE_SYSTEM_BRIDGE_CHANNEL,
     version: SAGE_SYSTEM_BRIDGE_VERSION,
-    invokeCommand: 'apps_invoke_system_bridge',
+    invokeCommand: 'apps_invoke_bridge',
     requestIdPrefix: 'sage-system',
   });
 
diff --git a/src-tauri/capabilities/system-apps.json b/src-tauri/capabilities/system-apps.json
index eff13f311..62641b255 100644
--- a/src-tauri/capabilities/system-apps.json
+++ b/src-tauri/capabilities/system-apps.json
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@
     "core:event:default",
     "core:webview:default",
     "allow-apps-invoke-bridge",
-    "allow-apps-invoke-system-bridge"
   ]
 }
 
diff --git a/src-tauri/permissions/bridge.toml b/src-tauri/permissions/bridge.toml
index 052e69e3b..4add2b195 100644
--- a/src-tauri/permissions/bridge.toml
+++ b/src-tauri/permissions/bridge.toml
@@ -3,11 +3,6 @@ identifier = "allow-apps-invoke-bridge"
 description = "Allows embedded user app webviews to invoke the Sage bridge entrypoint."
 commands.allow = ["apps_invoke_bridge"]
 
-[[permission]]
-identifier = "allow-apps-invoke-system-bridge"
-description = "Allows embedded system app webviews to invoke the Sage system bridge entrypoint."
-commands.allow = ["apps_invoke_system_bridge"]
-
 [[permission]]
 identifier = "allow-apps-resolve-bridge-approval"
 description = "Allows the main Sage UI to resolve pending bridge approvals."
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
index b38c903d5..340f11d90 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
@@ -146,7 +146,6 @@ pub fn run() {
             commands::is_asset_owned,
             commands::get_xch_usd_price,
             apps::bridge::commands::apps_invoke_bridge,
-            apps::bridge::commands::apps_invoke_system_bridge,
             apps::bridge::commands::apps_resolve_bridge_approval,
             apps::bridge::commands::get_user_capability_definitions,
             apps::sandbox::commands::apps_get_sandbox_state,

From 89f83fa2119bd2b2e13efb63f1bf589a89696ef9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Thu, 30 Apr 2026 05:37:15 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 270/471] WIP

---
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs |   2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs     |  10 +-
 .../methods/system/runtime_manager/events.rs  |   2 +-
 .../system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs   |   8 +-
 .../system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs    |  28 +-
 .../methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs      |   7 +-
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_info.rs   |  48 +--
 .../user/app/request_capability_grant.rs      |   4 +-
 .../app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs    |   2 +-
 .../bridge/methods/user/wallet/send_xch.rs    |   2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/host.rs                  |  27 +-
 .../src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs         |  31 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs |  34 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs |  51 +--
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs |   9 +-
 .../sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs   |  60 ++--
 .../sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/types.rs |  89 +++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs     |  79 +++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs   |  55 +--
 .../src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs          | 273 ++++++++++-----
 .../src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs       | 323 +++++++++++-------
 .../sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/types.rs   |  15 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs      |  23 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs       |   4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs       | 119 ++++++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs         |  25 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs     |   6 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs    |  21 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs   |  89 ++---
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/view.rs    |  35 ++
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs   |  16 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs          |  42 +--
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs  |  37 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/commands.rs      |  26 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/security/csp.rs          |  12 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs     |  91 +++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/storage.rs               |  26 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs           |  87 +++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs      |  28 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/mod.rs         |   4 +-
 .../sage-apps/src/types/app/retired_origin.rs |  16 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/snapshot.rs    |  34 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs   | 147 +++++++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/mod.rs    |   2 +-
 .../sage-apps/src/types/app/view/network.rs   |   4 +-
 .../src/types/app/view/permission.rs          |  11 +-
 .../sage-apps/src/types/app/view/user_apps.rs |  29 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs             |  10 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/network.rs         |   2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs     | 100 +++---
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/storage.rs         |   8 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/view.rs            | 119 +++++++
 src-tauri/capabilities/system-apps.json       |   2 +-
 src-tauri/src/lib.rs                          |  10 +-
 54 files changed, 1510 insertions(+), 834 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/view.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/types/view.rs

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
index 61d414f86..3f8a823dd 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn execute_bridge_request(
 ) -> RustBridgeResponse {
     let registry = BridgeRegistry::new_for_app(app);
 
-    let method = match assert_method(&registry, &request) {
+    let method = match assert_method(&registry, request) {
         Ok(method) => method,
         Err(response) => return response
     };
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs
index 1cb85cc80..a2767554a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn emit_bridge_response_to_source(
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
     let app_id = app_id_from_webview_label(app_webview_label)
         .ok_or_else(|| format!("invalid webview label for bridge response: {app_webview_label}"))?;
-    let shared_runtime = get_runtime_by_app_id(&app.state(), app_id).await?;
+    let shared_runtime = get_runtime_by_app_id(&app.state(), app_id).await.map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
     let response_event = shared_runtime.with_app(response_event_for_app);
 
     get_webview_in_sage_window(app, app_webview_label)?
@@ -22,11 +22,11 @@ pub(crate) async fn emit_bridge_response_to_source(
 }
 
 pub(crate) async fn emit_bridge_event_to_app_id(
-    app: &AppHandle,
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
     app_id: &str,
     event: EventForApp,
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
-    let apps_state = app.state::<AppsHostState>();
+    let apps_state = app_handle.state::<AppsHostState>();
 
     let Some(runtime) = find_runtime_by_app_id_optional(&apps_state, app_id).await else {
         return Ok(());
@@ -35,11 +35,11 @@ pub(crate) async fn emit_bridge_event_to_app_id(
     let (webview_label, event_name) = runtime.with_runtime(|runtime| {
         (
             runtime.webview_label().to_string(),
-            event_event_for_app(runtime.app()),
+            event_event_for_app(&runtime.app()),
         )
     });
 
-    get_webview_in_sage_window(app, &webview_label)?
+    get_webview_in_sage_window(app_handle, &webview_label)?
         .emit(&event_name, event)
         .map_err(|err| format!("failed to emit bridge event: {err}"))
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/events.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/events.rs
index 6c9beca68..8f8a476fc 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/events.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/events.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::runtime::{SageAppRuntimeRecord, SageAppRuntimeRecordView};
+use crate::runtime::SageAppRuntimeRecordView;
 use serde::Serialize;
 use specta::Type;
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs
index fdcc0bedf..61807bea1 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
 };
 use crate::bridge::methods::system::runtime_manager::RuntimeTargetParams;
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::runtime::focus_runtime;
+use crate::runtime::{focus_runtime, SageAppRuntimeRecordView};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct RuntimeManagerFocusRuntime;
@@ -39,10 +39,12 @@ impl BridgeMethod for RuntimeManagerFocusRuntime {
     ) -> BridgeHandleResult {
         let params: RuntimeTargetParams = parse_required_params(self, request)?;
 
-        let record = focus_runtime(tools.app_handle, tools.host_state, &params.app_id)
+        let runtime = focus_runtime(tools.app_handle, tools.host_state, &params.app_id)
             .await
             .map_err(BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error)?;
 
-        Ok(Box::new(record))
+        let runtime_view: SageAppRuntimeRecordView = runtime.into();
+
+        Ok(Box::new(runtime_view))
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs
index 53208c072..9dc2eb84f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs
@@ -1,18 +1,29 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
-
+use serde::Serialize;
 use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
     BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
-    BridgeMethodHandleError, parse_required_params,
+    parse_required_params,
 };
 use crate::bridge::methods::system::runtime_manager::RuntimeTargetParams;
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::runtime::stop::kill_runtime;
+use crate::runtime::stop::{kill_runtime, SystemKillRuntimeError};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct RuntimeManagerKillRuntime;
 
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Serialize)]
+pub struct RuntimeManagerKillRuntimeResponse {
+    ok: bool
+}
+
+impl RuntimeManagerKillRuntimeResponse {
+    pub fn ok() -> Box<Self> {
+        Box::new(Self { ok: true })
+    }
+}
+
 #[async_trait]
 impl BridgeMethod for RuntimeManagerKillRuntime {
     fn name(&self) -> &'static str {
@@ -39,15 +50,14 @@ impl BridgeMethod for RuntimeManagerKillRuntime {
     ) -> BridgeHandleResult {
         let params: RuntimeTargetParams = parse_required_params(self, request)?;
 
-        let result = kill_runtime(
+        match kill_runtime(
             tools.app_handle,
             tools.host_state,
             &params.app_id,
             "user_kill",
-        )
-        .await
-        .map_err(BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error)?;
-
-        Ok(Box::new(result))
+        ).await {
+            Ok(_) => Ok(RuntimeManagerKillRuntimeResponse::ok()),
+            Err(SystemKillRuntimeError::NotFound) => Ok(RuntimeManagerKillRuntimeResponse::ok())
+        }
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs
index 5d6fcf1f1..e75228b00 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppGetCapabilities {
         _tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
         _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
     ) -> BridgeHandleResult {
-        let effective_capabilities = match ctx.app {
+        let effective_capabilities = ctx.app.with(|app| match app {
             SageApp::User(user_app) => user_app
                 .common()
                 .requested_permissions()
@@ -49,13 +49,12 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppGetCapabilities {
                 )
                 .unwrap_or_default(),
 
-            SageApp::System(_) => ctx
-                .app
+            SageApp::System(_) => app
                 .granted_permissions()
                 .capabilities()
                 .copied()
                 .collect(),
-        };
+        });
 
         let shared_capabilities = effective_capabilities.shared();
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_info.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_info.rs
index 8fec9471f..2a6cbffe5 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_info.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_info.rs
@@ -55,30 +55,34 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppGetInfo {
         _tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
         _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
     ) -> BridgeHandleResult {
-        let network = ctx
+        let result = ctx
             .app
-            .granted_permissions()
-            .network()
-            .whitelist()
-            .map(|entry| SageNetworkPermissionInfo {
-                scheme: entry.scheme().to_string(),
-                host: entry.host().to_string(),
-                required: ctx
-                    .app
-                    .requested_permissions()
+            .with(|app| {
+                let network = app
+                    .granted_permissions()
                     .network()
-                    .whitelist()
-                    .is_required(entry),
-            })
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+                    .whitelist_iter()
+                    .map(|entry| SageNetworkPermissionInfo {
+                        scheme: entry.scheme().to_string(),
+                        host: entry.host().to_string(),
+                        required: app
+                            .requested_permissions()
+                            .network()
+                            .whitelist()
+                            .is_required(entry),
+                    })
+                    .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+                AppGetInfoResult {
+                    id: app.id().to_string(),
+                    name: app.name().to_string(),
+                    version: app.version().to_string(),
+                    requested_permissions: app.requested_permissions().clone(),
+                    capabilities: app.granted_permissions().shared_capabilities(),
+                    network,
+                }
+            }
+        );
 
-        Ok(Box::new(AppGetInfoResult {
-            id: ctx.app.id().to_string(),
-            name: ctx.app.name().to_string(),
-            version: ctx.app.version().to_string(),
-            requested_permissions: ctx.app.requested_permissions().clone(),
-            capabilities: ctx.app.granted_permissions().shared_capabilities(),
-            network,
-        }))
+        Ok(Box::new(result))
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
index ca954c4ae..1db98a001 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppRequestCapabilityGrant {
         let definition = get_user_capability_definition(params.capability);
 
         Ok(Some(RustBridgeApprovalRequest {
-            app: ctx.app.clone(),
+            app: ctx.app.into(),
             source_label: ctx.source_label.to_string(),
             request_id: request.id.clone(),
             body: RustBridgeApprovalBody::CapabilityGrant {
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppRequestCapabilityGrant {
         let result = match grant_capability(
             tools.app_handle,
             &base_path,
-            ctx.app.id(),
+            &ctx.app.id(),
             params.capability,
         )
         .await
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs
index 7212bff62..f55b00c1e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant {
             .app
             .with(|app| app.granted_permissions()
                 .network()
-                .whitelist()
+                .whitelist_iter()
                 .any(|entry| entry == &params.entry)
             )
         {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/send_xch.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/send_xch.rs
index 53532e9f2..ccd99b71a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/send_xch.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/send_xch.rs
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for WalletSendXch {
         let params = parse_required_params::<WalletSendXchParams>(self, request)?;
 
         Ok(Some(RustBridgeApprovalRequest {
-            app: ctx.app.clone(),
+            app: ctx.app.into(),
             source_label: ctx.source_label.to_string(),
             request_id: request.id.clone(),
             body: RustBridgeApprovalBody::SendXch { summary: params },
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/host.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/host.rs
index 953fec41c..74bf079b8 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/host.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/host.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
-use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+use std::collections::{BTreeMap, HashMap};
 use std::fmt;
 use std::sync::Arc;
+use parking_lot::RwLock;
 use crate::bridge::state::BridgeState;
 use crate::runtime::AppRuntimeState;
 use crate::sandbox::SandboxStateStore;
@@ -16,11 +17,26 @@ pub type AppState = Arc<Mutex<Sage>>;
 #[derive(Debug, Default)]
 pub struct AppsHostState {
     pub system_apps: BTreeMap<String, SystemSageApp>,
+    pub app_operation_locks: RwLock<HashMap<String, Arc<Mutex<()>>>>,
     pub runtime: AppRuntimeState,
     pub bridge: BridgeState,
     pub sandbox: SandboxStateStore,
 }
 
+impl AppsHostState {
+    pub fn operation_lock_for_app(&self, app_id: &str) -> Arc<Mutex<()>> {
+        if let Some(lock) = self.app_operation_locks.read().get(app_id) {
+            return lock.clone();
+        }
+
+        self.app_operation_locks
+            .write()
+            .entry(app_id.to_string())
+            .or_insert_with(|| Arc::new(Mutex::new(())))
+            .clone()
+    }
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
 pub struct SageAppsError {
     pub kind: ErrorKind,
@@ -54,6 +70,15 @@ impl From<std::io::Error> for SageAppsError {
     }
 }
 
+impl From<anyhow::Error> for SageAppsError {
+    fn from(error: anyhow::Error) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            kind: ErrorKind::Internal,
+            reason: error.to_string(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 impl fmt::Display for SageAppsError {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         write!(f, "{}", self.reason)
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs
index 44a304c54..86f91ab75 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs
@@ -8,10 +8,7 @@ use crate::lifecycle::install::zip::ZipInstallSource;
 use crate::lifecycle::{
     apps_root, fetch_url_manifest, list_installed_apps_internal, read_manifest, unzip_to_dir,
 };
-use crate::types::{
-    ListedSageApp, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppUrl, SageAppUrlPreview, SageGrantedPermissions,
-    UserSageApp,
-};
+use crate::types::{ListedSageAppView, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppUrl, SageAppUrlPreview, SageGrantedPermissionsInput, UserSageAppView};
 use uuid::Uuid;
 
 #[allow(clippy::needless_pass_by_value)]
@@ -52,7 +49,7 @@ pub async fn preview_app_url(app_url: String) -> Result<SageAppUrlPreview> {
 
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
-pub async fn list_installed_apps(state: State<'_, AppState>) -> Result<Vec<ListedSageApp>> {
+pub async fn list_installed_apps(state: State<'_, AppState>) -> Result<Vec<ListedSageAppView>> {
     let base_path = {
         let state = state.lock().await;
         state.path.clone()
@@ -68,6 +65,7 @@ pub async fn list_installed_apps(state: State<'_, AppState>) -> Result<Vec<Liste
     })?;
 
     list_installed_apps_internal(&root)
+        .map(|apps| apps.iter().map(Into::into).collect())
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to list installed apps: {err}")).into())
 }
 
@@ -77,8 +75,8 @@ pub async fn install_app_zip(
     app: AppHandle,
     state: State<'_, AppState>,
     zip_path: String,
-    granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
-) -> Result<UserSageApp> {
+    granted_permissions_input: SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
+) -> Result<UserSageAppView> {
     let base_path = {
         let state = state.lock().await;
         state.path.clone()
@@ -96,15 +94,15 @@ pub async fn install_app_zip(
     let source = ZipInstallSource::new(&root, zip_path.clone());
     let unpack_dir = source.unpack_dir.clone();
 
-    let result = install_app_from_source(&app, &base_path, granted_permissions, source).await;
+    let result = install_app_from_source(&app, &base_path, granted_permissions_input, source).await;
 
     if unpack_dir.exists() {
         let _ = fs::remove_dir_all(&unpack_dir);
     }
 
-    result.map_err(|err| {
-        io::Error::other(format!("failed to install app zip {zip_path}: {err}")).into()
-    })
+    result
+        .map(|app| (&app).into())
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to install app zip {zip_path}: {err}")).into())
 }
 
 #[command]
@@ -113,16 +111,19 @@ pub async fn install_app_url(
     app: AppHandle,
     state: State<'_, AppState>,
     app_url: String,
-    granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
-) -> Result<UserSageApp> {
+    granted_permissions_input: SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
+) -> Result<UserSageAppView> {
     let base_path = {
         let state = state.lock().await;
         state.path.clone()
     };
     let parsed_app_url = SageAppUrl::parse(&app_url)
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("invalid app URL {app_url}: {err}")))?;
-    install_app_from_source(&app, &base_path, granted_permissions, parsed_app_url)
-        .await
+    let result = install_app_from_source(&app, &base_path, granted_permissions_input, parsed_app_url)
+        .await;
+
+    result
+        .map(|app| (&app).into())
         .map_err(|err| {
             io::Error::other(format!("failed to install app URL {app_url}: {err}")).into()
         })
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
index fa7652bc4..25b35a16d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
@@ -7,11 +7,8 @@ use anyhow::Result as AnyResult;
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 use tauri::AppHandle;
 
-use crate::lifecycle::{allocate_new_storage, apps_root, write_installed_app_metadata};
-use crate::types::{
-    InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppPackageManifest,
-    SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
-};
+use crate::lifecycle::{allocate_new_storage, apps_root, write_user_app_metadata};
+use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissionsInput, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource};
 
 pub mod commands;
 pub mod url;
@@ -84,7 +81,7 @@ impl InstallStorageResolver for TauriStorageResolver {
 pub async fn install_app_from_source<S>(
     app: &AppHandle,
     base_path: &Path,
-    granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
+    granted_permissions_input: SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
     source: S,
 ) -> AnyResult<UserSageApp>
 where
@@ -92,7 +89,7 @@ where
 {
     install_app_from_source_with_storage(
         base_path,
-        granted_permissions,
+        granted_permissions_input,
         source,
         &TauriStorageResolver,
         Some(app),
@@ -102,7 +99,7 @@ where
 
 async fn install_app_from_source_with_storage<S, R>(
     base_path: &Path,
-    granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
+    sage_granted_permissions_input: SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
     source: S,
     storage_resolver: &R,
     app: Option<&AppHandle>,
@@ -117,10 +114,7 @@ where
     let prepared = source.prepare().await?;
     let manifest = source.manifest(&prepared);
 
-    let granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions::from_requested_and_granted(
-        manifest.permissions(),
-        granted_permissions,
-    )?;
+    let granted_permissions = sage_granted_permissions_input.resolve(manifest.permissions())?;
 
     let (app_id, app_dir, existing_app) = source.resolve_target(&root, base_path, &prepared)?;
 
@@ -152,7 +146,7 @@ where
 
     let installed = UserSageApp::new_installed(common, source.source(&prepared));
 
-    write_installed_app_metadata(&installed)?;
+    write_user_app_metadata(&installed)?;
 
     Ok(installed)
 }
@@ -172,11 +166,7 @@ mod tests {
     use super::*;
     use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
     use crate::lifecycle::registry::read_installed_app_by_id;
-    use crate::types::{
-        SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifestParts,
-        SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
-        SageRequestedPermissions,
-    };
+    use crate::types::{SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions};
     use tempfile::tempdir;
 
     struct TestStorageResolver {
@@ -290,15 +280,13 @@ mod tests {
 
         let manifest = sample_manifest();
 
-        let granted = SageGrantedPermissions::new(
-            manifest.permissions(),
+        let granted = SageGrantedPermissionsInput::new(
             [UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage],
             [SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new_unchecked(
                 "https",
                 "api.example.com",
             )],
-        )
-        .unwrap();
+        );
 
         let installed = install_app_from_source_with_storage(
             dir.path(),
@@ -335,7 +323,7 @@ mod tests {
     async fn shared_installer_rejects_unrequested_granted_permission() {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
 
-        let granted = SageGrantedPermissions::new_unchecked(
+        let granted = SageGrantedPermissionsInput::new_unchecked(
             [UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage],
             [SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new_unchecked(
                 "https",
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
index 2c488bc75..17f6056d8 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
@@ -159,13 +159,8 @@ mod tests {
     use super::*;
     use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
     use crate::lifecycle::write_retired_app_origins;
-    use crate::runtime::SageAppRuntimeRecord;
-    use crate::types::{
-        InstalledSageAppStorage, RetiredAppOriginEntry, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity,
-        SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageGrantedPermissions,
-        SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
-        SageRequestedPermissions,
-    };
+    use crate::runtime::{SageAppRuntimeMode, SageAppRuntimeRecord, SageAppRuntimeVisibility};
+    use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, RetiredAppOriginEntry, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions, SharedSageApp};
     use tempfile::{TempDir, tempdir};
 
     fn fake_retired_app_origins(
@@ -221,7 +216,7 @@ mod tests {
         app_id: &str,
         origin_id: &str,
         storage_may_contain_secrets: bool,
-    ) -> UserSageApp {
+    ) -> SharedSageApp {
         let app_dir = crate::lifecycle::registry::app_dir(base, app_id);
         std::fs::create_dir_all(&app_dir).unwrap();
         std::fs::write(app_dir.join("index.html"), "x").unwrap();
@@ -249,24 +244,28 @@ mod tests {
             InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
             snapshot,
         )
-        .unwrap();
+            .unwrap();
 
-        let user_app = UserSageApp::new_installed(
-            common,
-            UserSageAppSource::url("https://example.com/app/").unwrap(),
+        let app = SharedSageApp::new(
+            UserSageApp::new_installed(
+                common,
+                UserSageAppSource::url("https://example.com/app/").unwrap(),
+            )
+                .into_sage_app(),
         );
 
-        if !storage_may_contain_secrets {
-            return user_app;
+        if storage_may_contain_secrets {
+            let _runtime = SageAppRuntimeRecord::new(
+                &app,
+                "test",
+                "sage-app://test/index.html",
+                SageAppRuntimeMode::Inline,
+                SageAppRuntimeVisibility::Visible,
+                false,
+            );
         }
 
-        let mut app = user_app.into_sage_app();
-
-        let _runtime =
-            SageAppRuntimeRecord::new(&mut app, "sage-app://test/index.html", true, false);
-
-        app.into_user()
-            .expect("sample app should remain a user app")
+        app
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -342,8 +341,14 @@ mod tests {
 
         let source = SageAppUrl::parse("https://example.com/app/").unwrap();
 
-        let origin = source
-            .origin_id(dir.path(), "url-abc123", Some(&existing))
+        let origin = existing
+            .try_with(|app| {
+                let user_app = app
+                    .as_user()
+                    .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("expected user app"))?;
+
+                source.origin_id(dir.path(), "url-abc123", Some(user_app))
+            })
             .unwrap();
 
         assert_eq!(origin, "existing-origin");
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs
index 5fd6b3d41..183045fa4 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs
@@ -128,10 +128,7 @@ fn find_existing_installed_app_by_name(
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
     use crate::lifecycle::write_installed_app_metadata;
-    use crate::types::{
-        InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppManifestFile,
-        SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions,
-    };
+    use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions, SharedSageApp};
     use tempfile::tempdir;
 
     fn sample_manifest_named(name: &str) -> SageAppPackageManifest {
@@ -200,7 +197,9 @@ mod tests {
         )
         .unwrap();
 
-        let installed = UserSageApp::new_installed(common, UserSageAppSource::Zip);
+        let installed = SharedSageApp::new(
+            UserSageApp::new_installed(common, UserSageAppSource::Zip).into_sage_app(),
+        );
 
         write_installed_app_metadata(&installed).unwrap();
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs
index 26e5fbd5e..141cdab04 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs
@@ -9,10 +9,7 @@ use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult};
 
 use crate::lifecycle::types::PersistedUserSageApp;
 use crate::system_apps::list_builtin_system_apps;
-use crate::types::{
-    CorruptedInstalledSageApp, ListedSageApp, PendingStorageCleanupEntry, RetiredAppOriginEntry,
-    SageApp, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, UserSageApp,
-};
+use crate::types::{CorruptedInstalledSageApp, ListedSageApp, PendingStorageCleanupEntry, RetiredAppOriginEntry, SageApp, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SharedSageApp, UserSageApp};
 
 const INSTALLED_METADATA_FILE: &str = ".sage-installed.json";
 const PENDING_STORAGE_CLEANUP_FILE: &str = ".sage-pending-storage-cleanup.json";
@@ -59,9 +56,14 @@ pub fn read_installed_user_app_from_dir(dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<UserSageApp> {
     persisted.try_into()
 }
 
-pub fn write_installed_app_metadata(app: &UserSageApp) -> AnyResult<()> {
-    let path = installed_metadata_path(&app.app_path());
-    let persisted = PersistedUserSageApp::from(app);
+pub fn write_installed_app_metadata(app: &SharedSageApp) -> AnyResult<()> {
+    if app.is_system_app() {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+
+    let app_path = app.app_path();
+    let path = installed_metadata_path(&app_path);
+    let persisted = PersistedUserSageApp::try_from(app)?;
 
     let text = serde_json::to_string_pretty(&persisted)
         .map_err(|err| anyhow::anyhow!("failed to serialize installed app metadata: {err}"))?;
@@ -213,6 +215,19 @@ pub fn write_retired_app_origins(
     Ok(())
 }
 
+pub fn write_user_app_metadata(app: &UserSageApp) -> AnyResult<()> {
+    let path = installed_metadata_path(&app.app_path());
+    let persisted = PersistedUserSageApp::try_from(app)?;
+
+    let text = serde_json::to_string_pretty(&persisted)
+        .map_err(|err| anyhow::anyhow!("failed to serialize installed app metadata: {err}"))?;
+
+    fs::write(&path, format!("{text}\n"))
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to write {}", path.display()))?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
 pub fn read_installed_user_app_by_origin_id(
     base_path: &Path,
     origin_id: &str,
@@ -269,11 +284,10 @@ mod tests {
         .unwrap()
     }
 
-    fn sample_app(base: &Path, app_id: &str, origin_id: &str) -> UserSageApp {
+    fn sample_app(base: &Path, app_id: &str, origin_id: &str) -> SharedSageApp {
         sample_app_named(base, app_id, origin_id, "Test App")
     }
-
-    fn sample_app_named(base: &Path, app_id: &str, origin_id: &str, name: &str) -> UserSageApp {
+    fn sample_app_named(base: &Path, app_id: &str, origin_id: &str, name: &str) -> SharedSageApp {
         let dir = app_dir(base, app_id);
         write_index(&dir);
 
@@ -292,10 +306,10 @@ mod tests {
         )
         .unwrap();
 
-        UserSageApp::new_installed(
+        SharedSageApp::new(SageApp::User(UserSageApp::new_installed(
             common,
             UserSageAppSource::url("https://example.com/app/").unwrap(),
-        )
+        )))
     }
 
     fn without_system_apps(listed: Vec<ListedSageApp>) -> Vec<ListedSageApp> {
@@ -312,16 +326,18 @@ mod tests {
 
         write_installed_app_metadata(&app).unwrap();
 
-        let read_back = read_installed_app_by_id(tmp.path(), app.common().id()).unwrap();
-
-        assert_eq!(read_back.common().id(), app.common().id());
-        assert_eq!(read_back.common().origin_id(), app.common().origin_id());
-        assert_eq!(read_back.common().storage(), app.common().storage());
-        assert_eq!(
-            read_back.common().granted_permissions(),
-            app.common().granted_permissions()
-        );
-        assert!(!read_back.common().flags().has_external_access());
+        let read_back = read_installed_app_by_id(tmp.path(), &app.id()).unwrap();
+
+        app.with(|app| {
+            assert_eq!(read_back.common().id(), app.id());
+            assert_eq!(read_back.common().origin_id(), app.origin_id());
+            assert_eq!(read_back.common().storage(), app.common().storage());
+            assert_eq!(
+                read_back.common().granted_permissions(),
+                app.common().granted_permissions()
+            );
+            assert!(!read_back.common().flags().has_external_access());
+        });
     }
 
     #[test]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/types.rs
index 607c9c21b..96f9345fa 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/types.rs
@@ -1,52 +1,64 @@
-use std::convert::TryFrom;
-
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize};
 
 use crate::types::{
     InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppSnapshot,
-    SageGrantedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
+    SageGrantedPermissions, SharedSageApp, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
 };
 
-#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct PersistedUserSageApp {
-    id: String,
-    origin_id: String,
-    app_dir: String,
+    identity: SageAppIdentity,
     granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
     storage: InstalledSageAppStorage,
     active_snapshot: SageAppSnapshot,
     source: UserSageAppSource,
 }
 
-impl From<&UserSageApp> for PersistedUserSageApp {
-    fn from(app: &UserSageApp) -> Self {
-        let common = app.common();
+impl TryFrom<&SharedSageApp> for PersistedUserSageApp {
+    type Error = anyhow::Error;
 
-        Self {
-            id: common.id().to_string(),
-            origin_id: common.origin_id().to_string(),
-            app_dir: common.app_dir().to_string(),
-            granted_permissions: common.granted_permissions().clone(),
-            storage: common.storage().clone(),
-            active_snapshot: common.active_snapshot().clone(),
-            source: app.source().clone(),
-        }
+    fn try_from(app: &SharedSageApp) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
+        app.try_with(|app| {
+            let user_app = app
+                .as_user()
+                .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("not a user app"))?;
+
+            let common = user_app.common();
+
+            Ok(Self {
+                identity: common.identity().clone(),
+                granted_permissions: common.granted_permissions().clone(),
+                storage: common.storage().clone(),
+                active_snapshot: common.active_snapshot().clone(),
+                source: user_app.source().clone(),
+            })
+        })
     }
 }
 
-impl From<UserSageApp> for PersistedUserSageApp {
-    fn from(app: UserSageApp) -> Self {
-        Self::from(&app)
+impl TryFrom<&UserSageApp> for PersistedUserSageApp {
+    type Error = anyhow::Error;
+
+    fn try_from(user_app: &UserSageApp) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
+        let common = user_app.common();
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            identity: common.identity().clone(),
+            granted_permissions: common.granted_permissions().clone(),
+            storage: common.storage().clone(),
+            active_snapshot: common.active_snapshot().clone(),
+            source: user_app.source().clone(),
+        })
     }
 }
 
 impl TryFrom<PersistedUserSageApp> for UserSageApp {
     type Error = anyhow::Error;
 
-    fn try_from(persisted: PersistedUserSageApp) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+    fn try_from(persisted: PersistedUserSageApp) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
         let common = SageAppCommon::new(
-            SageAppIdentity::new(persisted.id, persisted.origin_id, persisted.app_dir)?,
+            persisted.identity,
             persisted.granted_permissions,
             persisted.storage,
             persisted.active_snapshot,
@@ -55,3 +67,30 @@ impl TryFrom<PersistedUserSageApp> for UserSageApp {
         Ok(UserSageApp::new_installed(common, persisted.source))
     }
 }
+
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+struct PersistedUserSageAppRaw {
+    identity: SageAppIdentity,
+    granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
+    storage: InstalledSageAppStorage,
+    active_snapshot: SageAppSnapshot,
+    source: UserSageAppSource,
+}
+
+impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for PersistedUserSageApp {
+    fn deserialize<D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error>
+    where
+        D: Deserializer<'de>,
+    {
+        let raw = PersistedUserSageAppRaw::deserialize(deserializer)?;
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            identity: raw.identity,
+            granted_permissions: raw.granted_permissions,
+            storage: raw.storage,
+            active_snapshot: raw.active_snapshot,
+            source: raw.source,
+        })
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
index c8c68bf1b..e0b53c0a2 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use anyhow::Context;
 use anyhow::{Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
 #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
 use std::fs;
-use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State, command};
+use tauri::{AppHandle, State, command};
 #[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios"))]
 use uuid::Uuid;
 
@@ -14,13 +14,10 @@ use crate::lifecycle::{
     read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries, read_retired_app_origins,
     write_pending_storage_cleanup_entries, write_retired_app_origins,
 };
-use crate::runtime::resolve_app;
+use crate::runtime::resolve_stopped_app;
 use crate::runtime::stop::close_runtime_internal;
 use crate::storage::{cleanup_target_from_storage, parse_data_store_id};
-use crate::types::{
-    InstalledSageAppStorage, PendingStorageCleanupEntry, PendingStorageCleanupTarget,
-    RetiredAppOriginEntry, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
-};
+use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, PendingStorageCleanupEntry, PendingStorageCleanupTarget, RetiredAppOriginEntry, SharedSageApp};
 
 #[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios"))]
 pub async fn allocate_new_storage(
@@ -75,12 +72,12 @@ pub async fn allocate_new_storage(
 
 pub fn record_storage_cleanup_failure(
     base_path: &Path,
-    app: &UserSageApp,
+    app: &SharedSageApp,
     error: &str,
 ) -> AnyResult<()> {
     let mut entries = read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries(base_path)?;
 
-    let target = cleanup_target_from_storage(app.common().storage());
+    let target = cleanup_target_from_storage(&app.with(|app| app.storage().clone()));
 
     if let Some(entry) = entries.iter_mut().find(|entry| entry.target() == &target) {
         entry.record_failed_attempt(error);
@@ -163,26 +160,36 @@ pub async fn clear_app_storage_by_target(
 }
 
 pub fn enqueue_retired_app_origin(
-    base_path: &Path,
-    app: &UserSageApp,
+    app: &SharedSageApp,
     cleanup_pending: bool,
 ) -> AnyResult<()> {
-    let UserSageAppSource::Url { .. } = app.source() else {
-        return Ok(());
+    let app_parent_path = app.with(|app| {
+        let user = app.as_user()?;
+
+        match user.source() {
+            crate::types::UserSageAppSource::Url { .. } => {}
+            crate::types::UserSageAppSource::Zip => return None,
+        }
+
+        let app_path = app.app_path();
+        app_path.parent().map(|path| path.to_path_buf())
+    });
+    let Some(app_parent_path) = app_parent_path else {
+         return Ok(());
     };
 
-    let mut entries = read_retired_app_origins(base_path)?;
+    let mut entries = read_retired_app_origins(&app_parent_path)?;
 
     if let Some(existing) = entries
         .iter_mut()
-        .find(|entry| entry.origin_id() == app.common().origin_id())
+        .find(|entry| entry.origin_id() == app.origin_id())
     {
         existing.update_retirement_state(app, cleanup_pending);
     } else {
         entries.push(RetiredAppOriginEntry::new(app, cleanup_pending));
     }
 
-    write_retired_app_origins(base_path, &entries)
+    write_retired_app_origins(&app_parent_path, &entries)
 }
 
 pub async fn clear_runtime_browsing_data_internal(
@@ -200,11 +207,12 @@ pub async fn apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data(
     app_handle: AppHandle,
     app_id: String,
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
-    close_runtime_internal(&app_handle, &app_handle.state(), &app_id).await?;
-
-    let app = resolve_app(&app_handle, &app_id)?;
+    let resolved_app = resolve_stopped_app(&app_handle, &app_id).await.map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
 
-    let target = cleanup_target_from_storage(&app);
+    let storage = resolved_app.with_app(|app| {
+        app.with(|app| app.storage().clone())
+    });
+    let target = cleanup_target_from_storage(&storage);
     clear_app_storage_by_target(&app_handle, &target).await
 }
 
@@ -217,11 +225,7 @@ mod tests {
         app_dir, read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries, read_retired_app_origins,
     };
     use crate::runtime::{SageAppRuntimeMode, SageAppRuntimeRecord, SageAppRuntimeVisibility};
-    use crate::types::{
-        SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest,
-        SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissions,
-        SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedPermissions, UserSageAppSource,
-    };
+    use crate::types::{SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedPermissions, SharedSageApp, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource};
     use tempfile::tempdir;
 
     fn write_index(app_dir: &Path) {
@@ -236,7 +240,7 @@ mod tests {
         storage: InstalledSageAppStorage,
         source: UserSageAppSource,
         storage_may_contain_secrets: bool,
-    ) -> UserSageApp {
+    ) -> SharedSageApp {
         let app_dir = app_dir(base_path, app_id);
         write_index(&app_dir);
 
@@ -284,7 +288,7 @@ mod tests {
         )
         .unwrap();
 
-        let mut app = UserSageApp::new_installed(common, source).into_sage_app();
+        let app = SharedSageApp::new(UserSageApp::new_installed(common, source).into_sage_app());
 
         if storage_may_contain_secrets {
             let _record = SageAppRuntimeRecord::new(
@@ -297,11 +301,12 @@ mod tests {
             );
         }
 
-        app.into_user()
-            .expect("sample app should remain a user app")
+        assert!(app.is_user_app(), "sample app should remain a user app");
+
+        app
     }
 
-    fn sample_app(base_path: &Path, storage: InstalledSageAppStorage) -> UserSageApp {
+    fn sample_app(base_path: &Path, storage: InstalledSageAppStorage) -> SharedSageApp {
         sample_app_with(
             base_path,
             "url-abc123",
@@ -442,7 +447,7 @@ mod tests {
             true,
         );
 
-        enqueue_retired_app_origin(dir.path(), &app, true).unwrap();
+        enqueue_retired_app_origin(&app, true).unwrap();
 
         let entries = read_retired_app_origins(dir.path()).unwrap();
         assert!(entries.is_empty());
@@ -453,12 +458,12 @@ mod tests {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
         let app = sample_app(dir.path(), InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged);
 
-        enqueue_retired_app_origin(dir.path(), &app, true).unwrap();
+        enqueue_retired_app_origin(&app, true).unwrap();
 
         let entries = read_retired_app_origins(dir.path()).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(entries.len(), 1);
-        assert_eq!(entries[0].app_id(), app.common().id());
-        assert_eq!(entries[0].origin_id(), app.common().origin_id());
+        assert_eq!(entries[0].app_id(), app.id());
+        assert_eq!(entries[0].origin_id(), app.origin_id());
         assert!(entries[0].cleanup_pending());
         assert!(entries[0].storage_may_contain_secrets());
     }
@@ -468,8 +473,8 @@ mod tests {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
         let app = sample_app(dir.path(), InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged);
 
-        enqueue_retired_app_origin(dir.path(), &app, true).unwrap();
-        enqueue_retired_app_origin(dir.path(), &app, false).unwrap();
+        enqueue_retired_app_origin(&app, true).unwrap();
+        enqueue_retired_app_origin(&app, false).unwrap();
 
         let entries = read_retired_app_origins(dir.path()).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(entries.len(), 1);
@@ -489,7 +494,7 @@ mod tests {
             false,
         );
 
-        enqueue_retired_app_origin(dir.path(), &clean_app, false).unwrap();
+        enqueue_retired_app_origin(&clean_app, false).unwrap();
 
         let tainted_app = sample_app_with(
             dir.path(),
@@ -500,7 +505,7 @@ mod tests {
             true,
         );
 
-        enqueue_retired_app_origin(dir.path(), &tainted_app, true).unwrap();
+        enqueue_retired_app_origin(&tainted_app, true).unwrap();
 
         let entries = read_retired_app_origins(dir.path()).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(entries.len(), 1);
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs
index 583a92e59..45550163b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 use crate::host::{AppState, Result};
 use crate::lifecycle::{
-    apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data, apps_root, enqueue_retired_app_origin,
-    read_installed_app_by_id, record_storage_cleanup_failure,
+    apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data, apps_root, enqueue_retired_app_origin, record_storage_cleanup_failure,
 };
 use std::{fs, io};
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State, command};
+use crate::runtime::{resolve_stopped_app, ResolveStoppedError};
 
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
@@ -18,36 +18,37 @@ pub async fn uninstall_app(
         state.path.clone()
     };
 
-    let installed = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id).ok();
+    let resolved_app = match resolve_stopped_app(&app, &app_id).await {
+        Ok(app) => app,
+        Err(ResolveStoppedError::AppDirMissing) => return Ok(()),
+        Err(ResolveStoppedError::CloseAttemptsHit) => {
+            return Err(io::Error::other(
+                "failed to uninstall app because runtime could not be stopped",
+            )
+                .into());
+        }
+    };
 
-    if let Some(installed) = &installed {
-        let cleanup_result = apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data(app.clone(), app_id.clone()).await;
+    let cleanup_result = apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data(app.clone(), app_id.clone()).await;
 
-        match cleanup_result {
-            Ok(()) => {
-                enqueue_retired_app_origin(&base_path, installed, false).map_err(|err| {
-                    io::Error::other(format!(
-                        "failed to retire app origin after uninstall cleanup: {err}"
-                    ))
+    resolved_app.try_with_app(|installed| {
+        if let Ok(()) = cleanup_result {
+            enqueue_retired_app_origin(installed, false).map_err(|_| {
+                io::Error::other("failed to retire app origin")
+            })?;
+        } else {
+            record_storage_cleanup_failure(&base_path, installed, "storage cleanup failed")
+                .map_err(|_| {
+                    io::Error::other("failed to record storage cleanup failure")
                 })?;
-            }
-            Err(err) => {
-                record_storage_cleanup_failure(&base_path, installed, &err).map_err(
-                    |queue_err| {
-                        io::Error::other(format!(
-                            "failed to enqueue pending storage cleanup after clear failure ({err}): {queue_err}"
-                        ))
-                    },
-                )?;
 
-                enqueue_retired_app_origin(&base_path, installed, true).map_err(|origin_err| {
-                    io::Error::other(format!(
-                        "failed to retire app origin after cleanup failure ({err}): {origin_err}"
-                    ))
-                })?;
-            }
+            enqueue_retired_app_origin(installed, true).map_err(|_| {
+                io::Error::other("failed to retire app origin")
+            })?;
         }
-    }
+
+        Ok::<(), crate::host::SageAppsError>(())
+    })?;
 
     let dir = apps_root(&base_path).join(&app_id);
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
index 5b982b435..5b92b35be 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
@@ -5,157 +5,246 @@ use tauri::{AppHandle, State, command};
 use crate::host::AppState;
 use crate::host::Result;
 use crate::lifecycle::update::permissions::update_app_permissions;
-use crate::lifecycle::{
-    download_url_snapshot, fetch_url_manifest, read_installed_app_by_id,
-    write_installed_app_metadata,
-};
-use crate::types::{
-    SageAppUrlPreview, SageGrantedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppPendingUpdate,
-    UserSageAppSource,
-};
-
-async fn fetch_pending_update(app: &UserSageApp) -> Result<Option<UserSageAppPendingUpdate>> {
-    let app_url = match app.source() {
-        UserSageAppSource::Url { app_url } => app_url.clone(),
-        UserSageAppSource::Zip => return Ok(None),
-    };
-
-    let (manifest, manifest_hash) = fetch_url_manifest(&app_url.manifest_url())
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to fetch app manifest: {err}")))?;
-    let preview = SageAppUrlPreview::new(&app_url, manifest, manifest_hash)
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to preview app URL: {err}")))?;
-
-    let active_snapshot = app.common().active_snapshot();
-
-    if preview.manifest_hash() == active_snapshot.manifest_hash()
-        && preview.manifest() == active_snapshot.manifest()
-    {
-        return Ok(None);
-    }
-
-    Ok(Some(UserSageAppPendingUpdate::new(
-        app_url,
-        preview.manifest_hash().to_string(),
-        preview.manifest().clone(),
-    )))
-}
+use crate::lifecycle::{download_url_snapshot, fetch_url_manifest, write_installed_app_metadata};
+use crate::runtime::resolve_app;
+use crate::types::{ResolvedStoppedApp, SageApp, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppUrlPreview, SageAppView, SageGrantedPermissionsInput, SharedSageApp, UserSageAppPendingUpdate, UserSageAppSource};
 
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
 pub async fn check_app_update(
-    state: State<'_, AppState>,
+    app_handle: AppHandle,
     app_id: String,
 ) -> Result<Option<SageAppUrlPreview>> {
-    let base_path = {
-        let state = state.lock().await;
-        state.path.clone()
-    };
-
-    let app = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id)
+    let app = resolve_app(&app_handle, &app_id).await
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to read installed app {app_id}: {err}")))?;
 
+    let app = app.clone_app_for_operation();
     let Some(pending) = fetch_pending_update(&app).await? else {
         return Ok(None);
     };
 
-    if let Some(existing_pending) = app.pending_update()
-        && existing_pending.manifest_hash() == pending.manifest_hash()
-        && existing_pending.manifest() == pending.manifest()
-    {
-        return Ok(None);
-    }
-
-    Ok(Some(SageAppUrlPreview::from_pending_update(&pending)))
+    app.with(|app| {
+        let SageApp::User(app) = app else {
+            return Ok(None);
+        };
+
+        if let Some(existing_pending) = app.pending_update()
+            && existing_pending.manifest_hash() == pending.manifest_hash()
+            && existing_pending.manifest() == pending.manifest()
+        {
+            return Ok(None);
+        }
+        Ok(Some(SageAppUrlPreview::from_pending_update(&pending)))
+    })
 }
 
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
 pub async fn download_app_update(
-    state: State<'_, AppState>,
+    app_handle: AppHandle,
     app_id: String,
-) -> Result<UserSageApp> {
-    let base_path = {
-        let state = state.lock().await;
-        state.path.clone()
-    };
-
-    let mut app = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id)
+) -> Result<SageAppView> {
+    let app = resolve_app(&app_handle, &app_id).await
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to read installed app {app_id}: {err}")))?;
 
+    let app = app.clone_app_for_operation();
+
     let Some(pending) = fetch_pending_update(&app).await? else {
-        return Ok(app);
+        return Ok(app.into());
     };
 
-    app.set_pending_update(Some(pending));
+    app.try_with_mut(|app| app.set_pending_update(Some(pending)))?;
 
     write_installed_app_metadata(&app)
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to write app metadata: {err}")))?;
 
-    Ok(app)
+    Ok((&app).into())
 }
 
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
 pub async fn apply_app_update(
     state: State<'_, AppState>,
+    app_handle: AppHandle,
     app_id: String,
-    granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
-) -> Result<UserSageApp> {
-    let base_path = {
+    granted_permissions_input: SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
+) -> Result<SageAppView> {
+    let _base_path = {
         let state = state.lock().await;
         state.path.clone()
     };
 
-    let mut app = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, &app_id)
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to read installed app {app_id}: {err}")))?;
+    let resolved = crate::runtime::resolve_stopped_app(&app_handle, &app_id)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| {
+            io::Error::other(format!(
+                "failed to resolve stopped app {app_id} for update: {err}"
+            ))
+        })?;
+
+    let pending = resolved.try_with_app(|app| {
+        app.try_with(|sage_app| {
+            let user_app = sage_app
+                .as_user()
+                .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("system app cannot receive user update"))?;
 
-    let pending = match app.pending_update().cloned() {
+            Ok::<_, anyhow::Error>(user_app.pending_update().cloned())
+        })
+    })?;
+
+    let pending = match pending {
         Some(pending) => pending,
-        None => fetch_pending_update(&app)
+        None => fetch_pending_update_for_resolved_stopped_app(&resolved)
             .await?
             .ok_or_else(|| io::Error::other(format!("app {app_id} has no available update")))?,
     };
 
+    let app_path = resolved.with_app(|app| app.with(SageApp::app_path));
+
     let snapshot = download_url_snapshot(
-        &app.app_path(),
+        &app_path,
         pending.app_url(),
         pending.manifest(),
         pending.manifest_hash(),
     )
-    .await
-    .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to download update snapshot: {err}")))?;
-
-    app.common_mut()
-        .apply_update(&pending, granted_permissions, snapshot)
-        .map_err(|err| {
-            io::Error::other(format!("failed to apply app update permissions: {err}"))
-        })?;
-
-    app.set_pending_update(None);
-
-    write_installed_app_metadata(&app)
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to write app metadata: {err}")))?;
-
-    Ok(app)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to download update snapshot: {err}")))?;
+
+    resolved.try_with_app(|app| {
+        app.try_with_mut(|sage_app| {
+            let user_app = sage_app
+                .as_user_mut()
+                .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("system app cannot receive user update"))?;
+
+            let granted_permissions = granted_permissions_input
+                .resolve(pending.manifest().permissions())
+                .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("invalid update permissions: {err}")))?;
+            user_app
+                .common_mut()
+                .apply_update(&pending, granted_permissions, snapshot)
+                .map_err(|err| anyhow::anyhow!("failed to apply app update permissions: {err}"))?;
+
+            user_app.set_pending_update(None);
+
+            Ok::<_, anyhow::Error>(())
+        })
+    })?;
+
+    resolved.try_with_app(|app| {
+        write_installed_app_metadata(app)
+            .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to write app metadata: {err}")))
+    })?;
+
+    Ok(resolved.with_app(|app| app.into()))
 }
 
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
 pub async fn apps_update_permissions(
-    app: AppHandle,
-    state: State<'_, AppState>,
+    app_handle: AppHandle,
     app_id: String,
-    granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
+    granted_permissions_input: SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
 ) -> Result<()> {
-    let base_path = {
-        let state = state.lock().await;
-        state.path.clone()
-    };
+    let resolved = resolve_app(&app_handle, &app_id)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to read installed app {app_id}: {err}")))?;
+
+    let requested = resolved.with_app(|app| {
+        app.with(|sage_app| sage_app.requested_permissions().clone())
+    });
 
-    update_app_permissions(&app, &base_path, &app_id, &granted_permissions)
+    let granted_permissions = granted_permissions_input
+        .resolve(&requested)
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("invalid granted permissions: {err}")))?;
+
+    update_app_permissions(&app_handle, &app_id, &granted_permissions)
         .await
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to update app permissions: {err}")))?;
 
     Ok(())
 }
+
+async fn fetch_pending_update(app: &SharedSageApp) -> Result<Option<UserSageAppPendingUpdate>> {
+    struct FetchDeps {
+        source: UserSageAppSource,
+        active_snapshot: SageAppSnapshot,
+    }
+
+    let deps = app.with(|app| match app {
+        SageApp::System(_) => None,
+        SageApp::User(user_app) => Some(FetchDeps {
+            source: user_app.source().clone(),
+            active_snapshot: user_app.common().active_snapshot().clone(),
+        }),
+    });
+    let Some(deps) = deps else {
+        return Ok(None);
+    };
+    let app_url = match deps.source {
+        UserSageAppSource::Url { app_url } => app_url.clone(),
+        UserSageAppSource::Zip => return Ok(None),
+    };
+
+    let (manifest, manifest_hash) = fetch_url_manifest(&app_url.manifest_url())
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to fetch app manifest: {err}")))?;
+    let preview = SageAppUrlPreview::new(&app_url, manifest, manifest_hash)
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to preview app URL: {err}")))?;
+
+    if preview.manifest_hash() == deps.active_snapshot.manifest_hash()
+        && preview.manifest() == deps.active_snapshot.manifest()
+    {
+        return Ok(None);
+    }
+
+    Ok(Some(UserSageAppPendingUpdate::new(
+        app_url,
+        preview.manifest_hash().to_string(),
+        preview.manifest().clone(),
+    )))
+}
+
+async fn fetch_pending_update_for_resolved_stopped_app(
+    resolved: &ResolvedStoppedApp,
+) -> Result<Option<UserSageAppPendingUpdate>> {
+    let deps = resolved.try_with_app(|app| {
+        app.try_with(|sage_app| {
+            let Some(user_app) = sage_app.as_user() else {
+                return Ok(None);
+            };
+
+            Ok::<_, anyhow::Error>(Some((
+                user_app.source().clone(),
+                user_app.common().active_snapshot().clone(),
+            )))
+        })
+    })?;
+
+    let Some((source, active_snapshot)) = deps else {
+        return Ok(None);
+    };
+
+    let app_url = match source {
+        UserSageAppSource::Url { app_url } => app_url,
+        UserSageAppSource::Zip => return Ok(None),
+    };
+
+    let (manifest, manifest_hash) = fetch_url_manifest(&app_url.manifest_url())
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to fetch app manifest: {err}")))?;
+
+    let preview = SageAppUrlPreview::new(&app_url, manifest, manifest_hash)
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to preview app URL: {err}")))?;
+
+    if preview.manifest_hash() == active_snapshot.manifest_hash()
+        && preview.manifest() == active_snapshot.manifest()
+    {
+        return Ok(None);
+    }
+
+    Ok(Some(UserSageAppPendingUpdate::new(
+        app_url,
+        preview.manifest_hash().to_string(),
+        preview.manifest().clone(),
+    )))
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
index c09c6cd67..1dda0bc24 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,8 @@
+use std::path::Path;
+
+use anyhow::Context;
+use tauri::AppHandle;
+
 use crate::bridge::USER_BRIDGE_CHANNEL;
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::bridge::event_emit::emit_bridge_event_to_app_id;
@@ -5,122 +10,157 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::events::EventForApp;
 use crate::lifecycle::update::types::{
     AppUpdateResult, GrantCapabilityOutcome, GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome, GrantedPermissionsChange,
 };
-use crate::lifecycle::{read_installed_app_by_id, write_installed_app_metadata};
-use crate::types::{SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, UserSageApp};
-use std::path::Path;
-use tauri::AppHandle;
+use crate::lifecycle::write_installed_app_metadata;
+use crate::runtime::resolve_app;
+use crate::types::{SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SharedSageApp};
 
 pub async fn update_app_permissions(
-    app: &AppHandle,
-    base_path: &Path,
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
     app_id: &str,
     granted_permissions: &SageGrantedPermissions,
-) -> anyhow::Result<UserSageApp> {
-    let update_result = update_app_permissions_internal(base_path, app_id, granted_permissions)?;
+) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let update_result =
+        update_app_permissions_internal(app_handle, app_id, granted_permissions).await?;
 
-    emit_granted_permissions_change(app, app_id, update_result.change()).await;
+    emit_granted_permissions_change(app_handle, app_id, update_result.change()).await;
 
-    Ok(update_result.into_app())
+    Ok(())
 }
 
 pub async fn grant_capability(
-    app: &AppHandle,
-    base_path: &Path,
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
+    _base_path: &Path,
     app_id: &str,
     capability: UserBridgeCapability,
 ) -> anyhow::Result<GrantCapabilityOutcome> {
-    let update = grant_capability_internal(base_path, app_id, capability)?;
+    let update = grant_capability_internal(app_handle, app_id, capability).await?;
 
-    emit_granted_permissions_change(app, app_id, update.change()).await;
+    emit_granted_permissions_change(app_handle, app_id, update.change()).await;
 
     Ok(GrantCapabilityOutcome::from_update(capability, &update))
 }
 
 pub async fn grant_network_whitelist_entry(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
-    base_path: &Path,
+    _base_path: &Path,
     app_id: &str,
     entry: &SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
 ) -> anyhow::Result<GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome> {
-    let update = grant_network_whitelist_entry_internal(base_path, app_id, entry)?;
+    let update = grant_network_whitelist_entry_internal(app_handle, app_id, entry).await?;
 
     emit_granted_permissions_change(app_handle, app_id, update.change()).await;
 
     Ok(GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome::from_update(entry, &update))
 }
 
-fn update_app_permissions_internal(
-    base_path: &Path,
+async fn update_app_permissions_internal(
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
     app_id: &str,
     granted_permissions: &SageGrantedPermissions,
 ) -> anyhow::Result<AppUpdateResult> {
-    let mut app = read_installed_app_by_id(base_path, app_id)?;
+    let app = resolve_app_for_permission_update(app_handle, app_id).await?;
 
-    let previous_permissions = app.common().granted_permissions().clone();
-
-    app.common_mut().update_permissions(granted_permissions)?;
-
-    write_installed_app_metadata(&app)?;
-
-    let change =
-        GrantedPermissionsChange::diff(&previous_permissions, app.common().granted_permissions());
-
-    Ok(AppUpdateResult::new(app, change))
+    apply_granted_permissions_to_app(&app, granted_permissions)
 }
 
-fn grant_capability_internal(
-    base_path: &Path,
+async fn grant_capability_internal(
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
     app_id: &str,
     capability: UserBridgeCapability,
 ) -> anyhow::Result<AppUpdateResult> {
-    let app = read_installed_app_by_id(base_path, app_id)?;
+    let app = resolve_app_for_permission_update(app_handle, app_id).await?;
 
-    let granted_permissions = app
-        .common()
-        .granted_permissions()
-        .with_capability_added(app.common().requested_permissions(), capability)?;
+    let granted_permissions = app.try_with(|sage_app| {
+        sage_app
+            .common()
+            .granted_permissions()
+            .with_capability_added(sage_app.common().requested_permissions(), capability)
+    })?;
 
-    update_app_permissions_internal(base_path, app_id, &granted_permissions)
+    apply_granted_permissions_to_app(&app, &granted_permissions)
 }
 
-fn grant_network_whitelist_entry_internal(
-    base_path: &Path,
+async fn grant_network_whitelist_entry_internal(
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
     app_id: &str,
     entry: &SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
 ) -> anyhow::Result<AppUpdateResult> {
-    let app = read_installed_app_by_id(base_path, app_id)?;
+    let app = resolve_app_for_permission_update(app_handle, app_id).await?;
+
+    let granted_permissions = app.try_with(|sage_app| {
+        sage_app
+            .common()
+            .granted_permissions()
+            .with_network_whitelist_entry_added(
+                sage_app.common().requested_permissions(),
+                entry.clone(),
+            )
+    })?;
+
+    apply_granted_permissions_to_app(&app, &granted_permissions)
+}
+
+async fn resolve_app_for_permission_update(
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
+    app_id: &str,
+) -> anyhow::Result<SharedSageApp> {
+    let resolved_app = resolve_app(app_handle, app_id)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|_| anyhow::anyhow!("app not found"))?;
+
+    Ok(resolved_app.clone_app_for_operation())
+}
+
+fn apply_granted_permissions_to_app(
+    app: &SharedSageApp,
+    granted_permissions: &SageGrantedPermissions,
+) -> anyhow::Result<AppUpdateResult> {
+    let (previous, new) = app.try_with_mut(|sage_app| {
+        let previous = sage_app.common().granted_permissions().clone();
 
-    let granted_permissions = app
-        .common()
-        .granted_permissions()
-        .with_network_whitelist_entry_added(app.common().requested_permissions(), entry.clone())?;
+        sage_app
+            .common_mut()
+            .update_permissions(granted_permissions)
+            .context("failed to update app permissions")?;
 
-    update_app_permissions_internal(base_path, app_id, &granted_permissions)
+        let new = sage_app.common().granted_permissions().clone();
+
+        Ok::<_, anyhow::Error>((previous, new))
+    })?;
+
+    write_installed_app_metadata(app).context("failed to persist app metadata")?;
+
+    Ok(AppUpdateResult::new(GrantedPermissionsChange::diff(
+        &previous,
+        &new,
+    )))
 }
 
 async fn emit_granted_permissions_change(
-    app: &AppHandle,
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
     app_id: &str,
     change: &GrantedPermissionsChange,
 ) {
     let capability_change = change.capabilities();
+
     if !capability_change.is_empty() {
         let _ = emit_bridge_event_to_app_id(
-            app,
+            app_handle,
             app_id,
             EventForApp::from_capabilities_change(USER_BRIDGE_CHANNEL, capability_change),
         )
-        .await;
+            .await;
     }
+
     let network_change = change.network_whitelist();
 
     if !network_change.is_empty() {
         let _ = emit_bridge_event_to_app_id(
-            app,
+            app_handle,
             app_id,
             EventForApp::from_network_whitelist_change(USER_BRIDGE_CHANNEL, network_change),
         )
-        .await;
+            .await;
     }
 }
 
@@ -129,16 +169,13 @@ mod tests {
     use super::*;
 
     use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
-    use crate::lifecycle::registry::{
-        app_dir, read_installed_app_by_id, write_installed_app_metadata,
-    };
+    use crate::lifecycle::registry::{app_dir, read_installed_app_by_id};
     use crate::types::{
-        InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppManifestFile,
+        InstalledSageAppStorage, SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppManifestFile,
         SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageAppSnapshot,
-        SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedCapabilities,
-        SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
+        SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions,
+        UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
     };
-    use std::path::Path;
     use tempfile::tempdir;
 
     fn network_whitelist_entry(scheme: &str, host: &str) -> SageNetworkWhitelistEntry {
@@ -155,14 +192,10 @@ mod tests {
         values.into_iter().collect()
     }
 
-    fn write_file(path: &Path, text: &str) {
-        std::fs::write(path, text).unwrap();
-    }
-
-    fn sample_app(base: &Path, app_id: &str) -> UserSageApp {
+    fn sample_app(base: &Path, app_id: &str) -> SharedSageApp {
         let app_dir = app_dir(base, app_id);
         std::fs::create_dir_all(&app_dir).unwrap();
-        write_file(&app_dir.join("index.html"), "test");
+        std::fs::write(app_dir.join("index.html"), "test").unwrap();
 
         let requested_permissions = SageRequestedPermissions::new(
             SageRequestedNetworkPermissions::new(
@@ -177,19 +210,19 @@ mod tests {
                 ],
             ),
         )
-        .unwrap();
+            .unwrap();
 
         let manifest = SageAppPackageManifest::try_from(SageAppPackageManifestParts {
             name: "Test App".to_string(),
             version: "1.0.0".to_string(),
             permissions: requested_permissions.clone(),
-            files: Vec::from([SageAppManifestFile::new("index.html", "a".repeat(64), 4).unwrap()]),
+            files: vec![SageAppManifestFile::new("index.html", "a".repeat(64), 4).unwrap()],
             entry: Some("index.html".to_string()),
             icon: None,
             author: None,
             donation: None,
         })
-        .unwrap();
+            .unwrap();
 
         let granted_permissions =
             SageGrantedPermissions::new(&requested_permissions, [], []).unwrap();
@@ -203,40 +236,34 @@ mod tests {
             InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
             snapshot,
         )
-        .unwrap();
+            .unwrap();
 
-        UserSageApp::new_installed(
+        SharedSageApp::new(SageApp::User(UserSageApp::new_installed(
             common,
             UserSageAppSource::url("https://example.com/app/").unwrap(),
-        )
+        )))
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn update_app_permissions_persists_required_network_entries() {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
         let app = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-1");
+
         write_installed_app_metadata(&app).unwrap();
 
-        let granted =
-            SageGrantedPermissions::new(app.common().requested_permissions(), [], []).unwrap();
+        let granted = app
+            .try_with(|app| SageGrantedPermissions::new(app.common().requested_permissions(), [], []))
+            .unwrap();
 
-        let update_result =
-            update_app_permissions_internal(dir.path(), app.common().id(), &granted).unwrap();
+        let update_result = apply_granted_permissions_to_app(&app, &granted).unwrap();
 
         assert_eq!(
-            entries(
-                update_result
-                    .app()
-                    .common()
-                    .granted_permissions()
-                    .network()
-                    .whitelist_iter()
-                    .cloned()
-            ),
+            entries(update_result.change().network_whitelist().full.clone()),
             [network_whitelist_entry("https", "required.example.com")]
         );
 
-        let reloaded = read_installed_app_by_id(dir.path(), app.common().id()).unwrap();
+        let reloaded = read_installed_app_by_id(dir.path(), "app-1").unwrap();
+
         assert_eq!(
             entries(
                 reloaded
@@ -254,18 +281,24 @@ mod tests {
     fn grant_requested_capability_grants_optional_capability() {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
         let app = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-1");
+
         write_installed_app_metadata(&app).unwrap();
 
-        let update_result = grant_capability_internal(
-            dir.path(),
-            app.common().id(),
-            UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-        let outcome = GrantCapabilityOutcome::from_update(
-            UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
-            &update_result,
-        );
+        let granted = app
+            .try_with(|app| {
+                app.common()
+                    .granted_permissions()
+                    .with_capability_added(
+                        app.common().requested_permissions(),
+                        UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
+                    )
+            })
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let update_result = apply_granted_permissions_to_app(&app, &granted).unwrap();
+
+        let outcome =
+            GrantCapabilityOutcome::from_update(UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch, &update_result);
 
         match outcome {
             GrantCapabilityOutcome::Granted { capability, change } => {
@@ -279,7 +312,8 @@ mod tests {
             }
         }
 
-        let reloaded = read_installed_app_by_id(dir.path(), app.common().id()).unwrap();
+        let reloaded = read_installed_app_by_id(dir.path(), "app-1").unwrap();
+
         assert_eq!(
             caps(
                 reloaded
@@ -295,31 +329,35 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn grant_requested_capability_returns_already_granted_when_present() {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-        let mut app = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-1");
+        let app = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-1");
 
-        let granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions::new(
-            app.common().requested_permissions(),
-            [UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch],
-            [network_whitelist_entry("https", "required.example.com")],
-        )
-        .unwrap();
+        let granted = app
+            .try_with(|app| {
+                SageGrantedPermissions::new(
+                    app.common().requested_permissions(),
+                    [UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch],
+                    [network_whitelist_entry("https", "required.example.com")],
+                )
+            })
+            .unwrap();
+
+        apply_granted_permissions_to_app(&app, &granted).unwrap();
 
-        app.common_mut()
-            .update_permissions(&granted_permissions)
+        let same_granted = app
+            .try_with(|app| {
+                app.common()
+                    .granted_permissions()
+                    .with_capability_added(
+                        app.common().requested_permissions(),
+                        UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
+                    )
+            })
             .unwrap();
 
-        write_installed_app_metadata(&app).unwrap();
+        let update_result = apply_granted_permissions_to_app(&app, &same_granted).unwrap();
 
-        let update_result = grant_capability_internal(
-            dir.path(),
-            app.common().id(),
-            UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-        let outcome = GrantCapabilityOutcome::from_update(
-            UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
-            &update_result,
-        );
+        let outcome =
+            GrantCapabilityOutcome::from_update(UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch, &update_result);
 
         match outcome {
             GrantCapabilityOutcome::AlreadyGranted {
@@ -342,11 +380,24 @@ mod tests {
     fn grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_grants_optional_entry() {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
         let app = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-1");
+
         write_installed_app_metadata(&app).unwrap();
 
         let entry = network_whitelist_entry("WSS", "OPTIONAL.EXAMPLE.COM");
-        let update_result =
-            grant_network_whitelist_entry_internal(dir.path(), app.common().id(), &entry).unwrap();
+
+        let granted = app
+            .try_with(|app| {
+                app.common()
+                    .granted_permissions()
+                    .with_network_whitelist_entry_added(
+                        app.common().requested_permissions(),
+                        entry.clone(),
+                    )
+            })
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let update_result = apply_granted_permissions_to_app(&app, &granted).unwrap();
+
         let outcome = GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome::from_update(&entry, &update_result);
 
         match outcome {
@@ -376,7 +427,8 @@ mod tests {
             }
         }
 
-        let reloaded = read_installed_app_by_id(dir.path(), app.common().id()).unwrap();
+        let reloaded = read_installed_app_by_id(dir.path(), "app-1").unwrap();
+
         assert_eq!(
             entries(
                 reloaded
@@ -396,24 +448,35 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_returns_already_granted_when_present() {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-        let mut app = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-1");
-
-        let granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions::new(
-            app.common().requested_permissions(),
-            [],
-            [network_whitelist_entry("https", "required.example.com")],
-        )
-        .unwrap();
+        let app = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-1");
 
-        app.common_mut()
-            .update_permissions(&granted_permissions)
+        let granted = app
+            .try_with(|app| {
+                SageGrantedPermissions::new(
+                    app.common().requested_permissions(),
+                    [],
+                    [network_whitelist_entry("https", "required.example.com")],
+                )
+            })
             .unwrap();
 
-        write_installed_app_metadata(&app).unwrap();
+        apply_granted_permissions_to_app(&app, &granted).unwrap();
 
         let entry = network_whitelist_entry("https", "required.example.com");
-        let update_result =
-            grant_network_whitelist_entry_internal(dir.path(), app.common().id(), &entry).unwrap();
+
+        let same_granted = app
+            .try_with(|app| {
+                app.common()
+                    .granted_permissions()
+                    .with_network_whitelist_entry_added(
+                        app.common().requested_permissions(),
+                        entry.clone(),
+                    )
+            })
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let update_result = apply_granted_permissions_to_app(&app, &same_granted).unwrap();
+
         let outcome = GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome::from_update(&entry, &update_result);
 
         match outcome {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/types.rs
index 5be7d2a75..610f25b58 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/types.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
-use crate::types::{SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, UserSageApp};
+use crate::types::{SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry};
 use std::collections::BTreeSet;
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct AppUpdateResult {
-    app: UserSageApp,
     change: GrantedPermissionsChange,
 }
 
@@ -117,16 +116,8 @@ impl GrantedPermissionsChange {
 }
 
 impl AppUpdateResult {
-    pub fn new(app: UserSageApp, change: GrantedPermissionsChange) -> Self {
-        Self { app, change }
-    }
-
-    pub fn app(&self) -> &UserSageApp {
-        &self.app
-    }
-
-    pub fn into_app(self) -> UserSageApp {
-        self.app
+    pub fn new(change: GrantedPermissionsChange) -> Self {
+        Self { change }
     }
 
     pub fn change(&self) -> &GrantedPermissionsChange {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs
index fb3b2a0a9..f57e72b00 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ pub async fn apps_create_inline_runtime(
     apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     args: CreateRuntimeArgs,
 ) -> Result<SageAppRuntimeRecordView, String> {
-    create_runtime(app, apps_state, args).await.into()
+    create_runtime(app, apps_state, args).await.map(Into::into)
 }
 
 #[tauri::command]
@@ -20,7 +20,9 @@ pub async fn apps_create_inline_runtime(
 pub async fn apps_list_runtimes(
     apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
 ) -> Result<Vec<SageAppRuntimeRecordView>, String> {
-    list_runtimes(&apps_state).await.map(Into::into)
+    list_runtimes(&apps_state)
+        .await
+        .map(|runtimes| runtimes.into_iter().map(Into::into).collect())
 }
 
 #[tauri::command]
@@ -30,7 +32,9 @@ pub async fn apps_focus_runtime(
     apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     params: RuntimeTargetParams,
 ) -> Result<SageAppRuntimeRecordView, String> {
-    focus_runtime(&app, &apps_state, &params.app_id).await.into()
+    focus_runtime(&app, &apps_state, &params.app_id)
+        .await
+        .map(Into::into)
 }
 
 #[tauri::command]
@@ -40,7 +44,9 @@ pub async fn apps_hide_runtime(
     apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     params: RuntimeTargetParams,
 ) -> Result<SageAppRuntimeRecordView, String> {
-    hide_runtime(&app, &apps_state, &params.app_id).await.into()
+    hide_runtime(&app, &apps_state, &params.app_id)
+        .await
+        .map(Into::into)
 }
 
 #[tauri::command]
@@ -50,5 +56,12 @@ pub async fn apps_kill_runtime(
     apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     params: RuntimeTargetParams,
 ) -> Result<SystemKillRuntimeResult, String> {
-    kill_runtime(&app, &apps_state, &params.app_id, "user_kill").await
+    kill_runtime(&app, &apps_state, &params.app_id, "user_kill")
+        .await
+        .map_err(|_| "Runtime not found".to_string())?;
+
+    Ok(SystemKillRuntimeResult {
+        ok: true,
+        app_id: params.app_id,
+    })
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
index 3f847d7cd..9c8e1b1c6 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn focus_runtime(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: &str,
 ) -> Result<SharedRuntime, String> {
-    let runtime = get_runtime_by_app_id(apps_state, app_id).await?;
+    let runtime = get_runtime_by_app_id(apps_state, app_id).await.map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
 
     let webview_label = runtime.with_runtime(|record| record.webview_label().to_string());
 
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn hide_runtime(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: &str,
 ) -> Result<SharedRuntime, String> {
-    let runtime = get_runtime_by_app_id(apps_state, app_id).await?;
+    let runtime = get_runtime_by_app_id(apps_state, app_id).await.map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
 
     let webview_label = runtime.with_runtime(|record| record.webview_label().to_string());
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
index c8eb21e53..1a5655797 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
@@ -1,15 +1,52 @@
 use std::collections::BTreeMap;
-
+use std::fmt::Display;
 use crate::lifecycle::read_installed_app_by_id;
 use crate::runtime::state::SageAppRuntimeKind;
 use crate::runtime::webview_locator::get_webview_in_sage_window;
 use crate::sandbox::build_builtin_test_app;
-use crate::system_apps::build_builtin_system_app;
-use crate::types::{SageApp, SharedSageApp};
+use crate::types::{ResolvedApp, ResolvedRunningApp, ResolvedStoppedApp, SageApp, SharedSageApp};
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
 use url::Url;
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::runtime::find_runtime_by_app_id_optional;
+use crate::runtime::stop::close_runtime_internal;
+use tokio::time::{sleep, Duration};
+
+const MAX_STOP_RESOLVE_ATTEMPTS: usize = 5;
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub enum ResolveError {
+    AppDirMissing,
+    NotFound(String),
+    BuildFailed(String),
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
+pub enum ResolveStoppedError {
+    AppDirMissing,
+    CloseAttemptsHit
+}
+
+impl Display for ResolveError {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        let str = match self {
+            ResolveError::AppDirMissing => "app dir missing".to_string(),
+            ResolveError::NotFound(msg) => msg.clone(),
+            ResolveError::BuildFailed(msg) => msg.clone(),
+        };
+        write!(f, "{}", str)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Display for ResolveStoppedError {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        let str = match self {
+            ResolveStoppedError::CloseAttemptsHit => "too many close attempts".to_string(),
+            ResolveStoppedError::AppDirMissing => "app dir missing".to_string(),
+        };
+        write!(f, "{}", str)
+    }
+}
 
 pub fn app_id_from_webview_label(label: &str) -> Option<&str> {
     if let Some(app_id) = label.strip_prefix("app-") {
@@ -59,28 +96,78 @@ pub fn build_entry_src(
     url
 }
 
-pub fn resolve_app(app: &AppHandle, app_id: &str) -> Result<SharedSageApp, String> {
+pub async fn resolve_stopped_app(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    app_id: &str,
+) -> Result<ResolvedStoppedApp, ResolveStoppedError> {
+    let apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState> = app.state();
+    let mut delay = Duration::from_millis(25);
+
+    for attempt in 1..=MAX_STOP_RESOLVE_ATTEMPTS {
+        let resolved_app = resolve_app(app, app_id).await.map_err(|e| match e {
+            ResolveError::AppDirMissing
+            | ResolveError::NotFound(_)
+            | ResolveError::BuildFailed(_) => ResolveStoppedError::AppDirMissing,
+        })?;
+        match resolved_app {
+            ResolvedApp::Stopped(stopped) => {
+                return Ok(stopped);
+            }
+
+            ResolvedApp::Running(running) => {
+                drop(running);
+
+                close_runtime_internal(app, &apps_state, app_id).await;
+
+                if attempt < MAX_STOP_RESOLVE_ATTEMPTS {
+                    sleep(delay).await;
+                    delay *= 2;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    Err(ResolveStoppedError::CloseAttemptsHit)
+}
+
+pub async fn resolve_app(app: &AppHandle, app_id: &str) -> Result<ResolvedApp, ResolveError> {
     let state: State<'_, AppsHostState> = app.state();
+    let lock = state.inner().operation_lock_for_app(app_id);
+
+    let guard = lock.lock_owned().await;
+
+    if let Some(runtime) = find_runtime_by_app_id_optional(&state, app_id).await {
+        drop(guard);
+
+        return Ok(ResolvedApp::Running(ResolvedRunningApp::new(runtime)));
+    }
 
     let base_path = app
         .path()
         .app_data_dir()
-        .map_err(|e| format!("failed to resolve app data dir: {e}"))?;
+        .map_err(|_| ResolveError::AppDirMissing)?;
 
     if let Ok(app) = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, app_id) {
-        return Ok(SharedSageApp::new(SageApp::User(app)));
-    }
-
-    if let Some(app) = build_builtin_system_app(app_id)
-        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to resolve builtin system app {app_id}: {err}"))?
-    {
-        return Ok(SharedSageApp::new(app));
+        return Ok(
+            ResolvedApp::Stopped(ResolvedStoppedApp::new(
+                SharedSageApp::new(SageApp::User(app)),
+                guard
+            ))
+        );
     }
 
-    build_builtin_test_app(app_id)
-        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to resolve builtin sandbox app {app_id}: {err}"))?
-        .map(SharedSageApp::new)
-        .ok_or_else(|| format!("failed to resolve app {app_id}"))
+    let Some(app) = build_builtin_test_app(app_id)
+        .map_err(|err| ResolveError::BuildFailed(format!(
+            "failed to resolve builtin sandbox app {app_id}: {err}"
+        )))?
+    else {
+        return Err(ResolveError::NotFound(format!("failed to resolve app {app_id}")));
+    };
+
+    Ok(ResolvedApp::Stopped(ResolvedStoppedApp::new(
+        SharedSageApp::new(app),
+        guard,
+    )))
 }
 
 pub(crate) async fn assert_bridge_origin(
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
index b8de778aa..c0346f1fb 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
@@ -10,9 +10,9 @@ use crate::runtime::state::{SageAppRuntimeRecord, write_runtime, remove_runtime_
 use crate::runtime::webview_locator::{
     get_sage_window, get_webview_in_sage_window,
 };
-use crate::runtime::{build_entry_src, emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed, find_runtime_by_app_id_optional, is_allowed_app_url, resolve_app, SageAppRuntimeMode, SageAppRuntimeVisibility, SharedRuntime};
+use crate::runtime::{build_entry_src, emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed, is_allowed_app_url, resolve_app, SageAppRuntimeMode, SageAppRuntimeVisibility, SharedRuntime};
 use crate::storage::parse_data_store_id;
-use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, SageApp, SharedSageApp};
+use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, ResolvedApp, SharedSageApp};
 use crate::{AppsHostState, sandbox};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Type)]
@@ -31,11 +31,10 @@ pub async fn create_runtime(
     apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     args: CreateRuntimeArgs,
 ) -> Result<SharedRuntime, String> {
-    if let Some(existing) = find_runtime_by_app_id_optional(&apps_state, &args.app_id).await {
-        return Ok(existing);
-    }
-
-    let mut app = resolve_app(&app_handle, &args.app_id)?;
+    let app = match resolve_app(&app_handle, &args.app_id).await.map_err(|e| e.to_string())? {
+        ResolvedApp::Running(running) => return Ok(running.runtime()),
+        ResolvedApp::Stopped(stopped) => stopped.into_app()
+    };
 
     let is_internal = app.with(|app| app.common().is_sandbox_test());
     if !is_internal {
@@ -59,11 +58,11 @@ pub async fn create_runtime(
 
     let runtime_for_nav = shared_runtime.clone();
     let builder = WebviewBuilder::new(
-        &webview_label.to_string(),
+        webview_label.to_string(),
         WebviewUrl::CustomProtocol(build_entry_src(&app, args.query.clone())),
     )
         .on_navigation(move |url| {
-            runtime_for_nav.with_runtime(|runtime| is_allowed_app_url(url, runtime.app()));
+            runtime_for_nav.with_runtime(|runtime| is_allowed_app_url(url, &runtime.app()))
         })
         .on_new_window(move |_url, _features| NewWindowResponse::Deny);
 
@@ -100,11 +99,11 @@ pub async fn create_runtime(
 }
 
 fn persist_runtime_side_effects(app: &SharedSageApp) -> Result<(), String> {
-    let Some(user_app) = app.as_user() else {
+    if app.is_system_app() {
         return Ok(());
-    };
+    }
 
-    write_installed_app_metadata(user_app)
+    write_installed_app_metadata(app)
         .map_err(|err| format!("failed to persist app runtime side effects: {err}"))
 }
 
@@ -147,7 +146,7 @@ async fn check_gates(apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>, app: &SharedSageApp)
     let baseline = apps_state.sandbox.baseline.lock().await.clone();
     let current_run = apps_state.sandbox.current_run.lock().await.clone();
     let effective = sandbox::state_view::build_effective_state(&baseline, current_run.as_ref());
-    let gate = sandbox::evaluate_app_launch_gate(&app, &effective);
+    let gate = sandbox::evaluate_app_launch_gate(app, &effective);
 
     if !gate.allowed {
         return Err(gate
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs
index beb7529f9..a2356b52c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs
@@ -2,14 +2,16 @@ mod read;
 mod remove;
 mod types;
 mod write;
+mod view;
 
-pub use types::{AppRuntimeState, SageAppRuntimeKind, SharedRuntime, SageAppRuntimeRecord, SageAppRuntimeRecordView};
+pub use view::SageAppRuntimeRecordView;
+pub use types::{AppRuntimeState, SageAppRuntimeKind, SharedRuntime, SageAppRuntimeRecord};
 
 pub use read::find_runtime_by_app_id_optional;
 
 pub(crate) use read::{
     find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional, find_runtime_id_by_app_id_optional, get_runtime_by_app_id,
-    list_runtimes,
+    list_runtimes, GetRuntimeError
 };
 pub(crate) use types::{
     ReadyToStopParams, RuntimeAckResult, SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail, SetBeforeStopListenerParams,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
index 598ec387c..0c4577aa9 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,21 @@
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::runtime::state::types::{SharedRuntime};
 use std::cmp::Reverse;
+use std::fmt::Display;
 use tauri::State;
 
+pub enum GetRuntimeError {
+    NotFound,
+}
+
+impl Display for GetRuntimeError {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "{}", match self {
+            GetRuntimeError::NotFound => String::from("Runtime not found"),
+        })
+    }
+}
+
 pub async fn find_runtime_by_app_id_optional(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: &str,
@@ -30,10 +43,10 @@ pub(crate) async fn find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional(
 pub(crate) async fn get_runtime_by_app_id(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: &str,
-) -> Result<SharedRuntime, String> {
+) -> Result<SharedRuntime, GetRuntimeError> {
     find_runtime_by_app_id_optional(apps_state, app_id)
         .await
-        .ok_or_else(|| format!("runtime record not found for app id: {app_id}"))
+        .ok_or(GetRuntimeError::NotFound)
 }
 
 pub(crate) async fn list_runtimes(
@@ -45,11 +58,11 @@ pub(crate) async fn list_runtimes(
     };
 
     runtimes.retain(|runtime| {
-        !runtime.with_runtime(|runtime| runtime.internal())
+        !runtime.with_runtime(super::types::SageAppRuntimeRecord::internal)
     });
 
     runtimes.sort_by_key(|runtime| {
-        Reverse(runtime.with_runtime(|runtime| runtime.started_at()))
+        Reverse(runtime.with_runtime(super::types::SageAppRuntimeRecord::started_at))
     });
 
     Ok(runtimes)
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs
index 8eecbbab1..f1cba9347 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs
@@ -4,9 +4,8 @@ use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 use tokio::sync::{Mutex, oneshot};
 use parking_lot::RwLock;
-
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
-use crate::types::{SageApp, SageAppView, SharedSageApp};
+use crate::types::{SageApp, SharedSageApp};
 use crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
@@ -28,6 +27,7 @@ pub enum SageAppRuntimeVisibility {
     Hidden,
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct SageAppRuntimeRecord {
     runtime_id: String,
     app: SharedSageApp,
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ pub struct SageAppRuntimeRecord {
     internal: bool,
 }
 
-#[derive(Clone)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct SharedRuntime {
     inner: Arc<RwLock<SageAppRuntimeRecord>>,
 }
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ impl SageAppRuntimeRecord {
 
         Self {
             runtime_id: runtime_id_for(app),
-            app: app.clone(),
+            app: app.clone_for_runtime_owner(),
             host_window_label: host_window_label.to_string(),
             webview_label: webview_label.to_string(),
             mode,
@@ -138,24 +138,24 @@ impl SageAppRuntimeRecord {
         self.last_active_at = unix_timestamp_ms();
     }
 
-    pub fn runtime_id(&self) -> &str {
-        &self.runtime_id
+    pub fn runtime_id(&self) -> String {
+        self.runtime_id.to_string()
     }
 
-    pub fn app(&self) -> &SharedSageApp {
-        &self.app
+    pub fn app(&self) -> SharedSageApp {
+        self.app.clone_for_runtime_owner()
     }
 
     pub fn app_id(&self) -> String {
-        self.app.with(|app| app.id().to_string())
+        self.app.id()
     }
 
     pub fn app_name(&self) -> String {
-        self.app.with(|app| app.name().to_string())
+        self.app.name()
     }
 
     pub fn entry_src(&self) -> String {
-        self.app.with(|app| app.common().entry_file().to_string())
+        self.app.with(SageApp::entry_file)
     }
 
     pub fn webview_label(&self) -> &str {
@@ -166,12 +166,12 @@ impl SageAppRuntimeRecord {
         &self.host_window_label
     }
 
-    pub fn mode(&self) -> &SageAppRuntimeMode {
-        &self.mode
+    pub fn mode(&self) -> SageAppRuntimeMode {
+        self.mode
     }
 
-    pub fn state(&self) -> &SageAppRuntimeVisibility {
-        &self.visibility
+    pub fn visibility(&self) -> SageAppRuntimeVisibility {
+        self.visibility
     }
 
     pub fn started_at(&self) -> i64 {
@@ -248,11 +248,12 @@ impl SharedRuntime {
     }
 
     pub fn app(&self) -> SharedSageApp {
-        self.with_runtime(|runtime| runtime.app.clone())
+        self.with_runtime(|runtime| runtime.app.clone_for_resolved_running_app())
     }
 
     pub fn with_app<T>(&self, f: impl FnOnce(&SharedSageApp) -> T) -> T {
-        self.with_runtime(|runtime| f(runtime.app()))
+        let app = self.app();
+        f(&app)
     }
 
     pub fn with_app_inner<T>(&self, f: impl FnOnce(&SageApp) -> T) -> T {
@@ -260,60 +261,18 @@ impl SharedRuntime {
     }
 
     pub fn is_user_app(&self) -> bool {
-        self.with_app(|shared_app| shared_app.is_user_app())
+        self.with_app(SharedSageApp::is_user_app)
     }
 
     pub fn is_system_app(&self) -> bool {
-        self.with_app(|shared_app| shared_app.is_system_app())
+        self.with_app(SharedSageApp::is_system_app)
     }
 
-    pub fn app_id(&self) -> String {
-        self.with_app_inner(|app| app.id().to_string())
+    pub fn runtime_id(&self) -> String {
+        self.with_runtime(|runtime| runtime.runtime_id().to_string())
     }
-}
-
-fn runtime_state_for_visible(visible: bool) -> &'static str {
-    if visible { "running" } else { "hidden" }
-}
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
 
-
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-pub struct SageAppRuntimeRecordView {
-    runtime_id: String,
-    app: SageAppView,
-    mode: SageAppRuntimeMode,
-    visibility: SageAppRuntimeVisibility,
-    started_at: i64,
-    last_active_at: i64,
-    internal: bool,
-}
-
-impl From<&SharedRuntime> for SageAppRuntimeRecordView {
-    fn from(value: &SharedRuntime) -> Self {
-        value.with_runtime(|runtime| Self {
-            runtime_id: runtime.runtime_id.clone(),
-            app: runtime.app.into(),
-            mode: runtime.mode,
-            visibility: runtime.visibility,
-            started_at: runtime.started_at,
-            last_active_at: runtime.last_active_at,
-            internal: runtime.internal,
-        })
+    pub fn app_id(&self) -> String {
+        self.with_app_inner(|app| app.id().to_string())
     }
 }
-
-
-
-
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/view.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/view.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ad84ffb53
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/view.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use specta::Type;
+use crate::runtime::{SageAppRuntimeMode, SageAppRuntimeVisibility, SharedRuntime};
+use crate::types::SageAppView;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+pub struct SageAppRuntimeRecordView {
+    runtime_id: String,
+    app: SageAppView,
+    mode: SageAppRuntimeMode,
+    visibility: SageAppRuntimeVisibility,
+    started_at: i64,
+    last_active_at: i64,
+    internal: bool,
+}
+
+impl From<&SharedRuntime> for SageAppRuntimeRecordView {
+    fn from(value: &SharedRuntime) -> Self {
+        value.with_runtime(|runtime| Self {
+            runtime_id: runtime.runtime_id().clone(),
+            app: runtime.app().into(),
+            mode: runtime.mode(),
+            visibility: runtime.visibility(),
+            started_at: runtime.started_at(),
+            last_active_at: runtime.last_active_at(),
+            internal: runtime.internal(),
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<SharedRuntime> for SageAppRuntimeRecordView {
+    fn from(value: SharedRuntime) -> Self {
+        Self::from(&value)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs
index 51e124efd..e21231281 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,7 @@
-use std::sync::Arc;
 use tauri::State;
-use parking_lot::RwLock;
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::runtime::SharedRuntime;
 use crate::runtime::state::types::{SageAppRuntimeRecord};
-use crate::types::SageApp;
 
 pub(in crate::runtime) async fn write_runtime(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
@@ -13,7 +10,7 @@ pub(in crate::runtime) async fn write_runtime(
     let runtime_id = runtime.runtime_id().to_string();
     let app_id = runtime.app().id().to_string();
 
-    let runtime = Arc::new(RwLock::new(runtime));
+    let runtime = SharedRuntime::new(runtime);
 
     {
         let mut by_app_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_id_by_app_id.lock().await;
@@ -22,21 +19,12 @@ pub(in crate::runtime) async fn write_runtime(
 
     {
         let mut by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_by_runtime_id.lock().await;
-        by_runtime_id.insert(runtime_id, Arc::clone(&runtime));
+        by_runtime_id.insert(runtime_id, runtime.clone());
     }
 
     runtime
 }
 
-pub(in crate::runtime) async fn write_runtime_id_by_app_id(
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    app: &SageApp,
-    runtime_id: String,
-) {
-    let mut runtime_by_app_id = apps_state.runtime.runtime_id_by_app_id.lock().await;
-    runtime_by_app_id.insert(app.id().to_string(), runtime_id);
-}
-
 pub(in crate::runtime) async fn write_pending_stop_ready(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     request_id: &str,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs
index 648e15fb2..fbabecb97 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::runtime::emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed;
+use crate::runtime::{emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed, GetRuntimeError, SharedRuntime};
 use crate::runtime::state::{
-    SageAppRuntimeRecord, SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail, find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional,
+    SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail, find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional,
     find_runtime_id_by_app_id_optional, get_runtime_by_app_id,
     remove_before_stop_listeners_by_app_id, remove_pending_stop_ready,
     remove_runtime_by_runtime_id, remove_runtime_id_by_app_id, write_pending_stop_ready,
@@ -24,27 +24,31 @@ pub struct SystemKillRuntimeResult {
     pub app_id: String,
 }
 
+
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
+pub enum SystemKillRuntimeError {
+    NotFound
+}
+
 pub(crate) async fn kill_runtime(
     app: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: &str,
     reason: &str,
-) -> Result<SystemKillRuntimeResult, String> {
-    let _ = get_runtime_by_app_id(apps_state, app_id).await?;
+) -> Result<(), SystemKillRuntimeError> {
+    let _ = get_runtime_by_app_id(apps_state, app_id).await.map_err(|e| match e {
+        GetRuntimeError::NotFound => SystemKillRuntimeError::NotFound
+    });
 
-    close_runtime_internal_with_reason(app, apps_state, app_id, reason).await?;
-
-    Ok(SystemKillRuntimeResult {
-        ok: true,
-        app_id: app_id.to_string(),
-    })
+    close_runtime_internal_with_reason(app, apps_state, app_id, reason).await;
+    Ok(())
 }
 
 pub(crate) async fn close_runtime_internal(
     app: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: &str,
-) -> Result<(), String> {
+) {
     close_runtime_internal_with_reason(app, apps_state, app_id, "host_close").await
 }
 
@@ -53,18 +57,18 @@ pub(super) async fn close_runtime_internal_with_reason(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: &str,
     reason: &str,
-) -> Result<(), String> {
+) {
     let Some(runtime_id) = find_runtime_id_by_app_id_optional(apps_state, app_id).await else {
-        return Ok(());
+        return;
     };
     let Some(runtime) = find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional(apps_state, &runtime_id).await else {
         remove_runtime_id_by_app_id(apps_state, app_id).await;
-        return Ok(());
+        return;
     };
 
     let _ = wait_for_before_stop_ack(app, apps_state, &runtime, reason).await;
 
-    if let Some(webview) = find_webview_in_sage_window(app, runtime.webview_label()) {
+    if let Some(webview) = find_webview_in_sage_window(app, &runtime.app().webview_label()) {
         let _ = webview.close();
     }
 
@@ -72,14 +76,12 @@ pub(super) async fn close_runtime_internal_with_reason(
     remove_runtime_id_by_app_id(apps_state, app_id).await;
     remove_before_stop_listeners_by_app_id(apps_state, app_id).await;
     emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(app, apps_state).await;
-
-    Ok(())
 }
 
 async fn wait_for_before_stop_ack(
     app: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    runtime: &SageAppRuntimeRecord,
+    runtime: &SharedRuntime,
     reason: &str,
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
     let has_listener = {
@@ -88,13 +90,13 @@ async fn wait_for_before_stop_ack(
             .before_stop_listeners_by_app_id
             .lock()
             .await;
-        listeners.contains(runtime.app_id())
+        listeners.contains(&runtime.app_id())
     };
 
     if !has_listener {
         return Ok(());
     }
-    let Some(app_webview) = find_webview_in_sage_window(app, runtime.webview_label()) else {
+    let Some(app_webview) = find_webview_in_sage_window(app, &runtime.app().webview_label()) else {
         return Ok(());
     };
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
index 3671028c8..daf8e3dbb 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
-use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
+use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult};
 use std::path::Path;
 use std::{fs, path::PathBuf};
 use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
-use tauri::command;
 
-use crate::host::Result;
+use crate::system_apps::AppBuildError;
 use crate::types::{
     InstalledSageAppStorage, SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppPackageManifest,
     SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
@@ -133,7 +132,7 @@ fn read_builtin_manifest(app_dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<SageAppPackageManifest> {
     Ok(manifest)
 }
 
-pub fn build_builtin_test_app(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<SageApp>> {
+pub fn build_builtin_test_app(app_id: &str) -> Result<Option<SageApp>, AppBuildError> {
     let Some(spec) = builtin_test_app_spec(app_id) else {
         return Ok(None);
     };
@@ -141,13 +140,10 @@ pub fn build_builtin_test_app(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<SageApp>> {
     let app_dir = builtin_test_apps_root().join(spec.dir_name);
 
     if !app_dir.is_dir() {
-        return Err(anyhow!(
-            "builtin test app directory does not exist: {}",
-            app_dir.display()
-        ));
+        return Err(AppBuildError::AppDirMissing);
     }
 
-    let manifest = read_builtin_manifest(&app_dir)?;
+    let manifest = read_builtin_manifest(&app_dir).map_err(|_| AppBuildError::ManifestFailure)?;
 
     let granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions::new(
         manifest.permissions(),
@@ -158,42 +154,33 @@ pub fn build_builtin_test_app(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<SageApp>> {
             .whitelist()
             .required()
             .cloned(),
-    )?;
+    ).map_err(|_| AppBuildError::InternalError)?;
 
     let snapshot = SageAppSnapshot::new(
         format!("builtin:{}", spec.app_id),
         app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
         manifest.clone(),
-    )?;
+    ).map_err(|_| AppBuildError::InternalError)?;
 
     let common = SageAppCommon::new(
         SageAppIdentity::new(
             spec.app_id.to_string(),
             spec.app_id.to_string(),
             app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-        )?,
+        ).map_err(|_| AppBuildError::InternalError)?,
         granted_permissions,
         builtin_storage(spec.app_id),
         snapshot,
-    )?;
+    ).map_err(|_| AppBuildError::InternalError)?;
+
+
 
     let entry_file = app_dir.join(common.entry_file());
     if !entry_file.is_file() {
-        return Err(anyhow!(
-            "builtin test app entry file does not exist: {}",
-            entry_file.display()
-        ));
+        return Err(AppBuildError::EntryFileNotFound);
     }
 
     let app = UserSageApp::new_installed(common, UserSageAppSource::Zip);
 
     Ok(Some(SageApp::User(app)))
 }
-
-#[command]
-#[specta::specta]
-pub fn get_builtin_test_app(app_id: &str) -> Result<Option<SageApp>> {
-    build_builtin_test_app(app_id).map_err(|err| {
-        std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to load builtin test app: {err}")).into()
-    })
-}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/commands.rs
index 0ba74b8a7..552006d8e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/commands.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
+use tauri::{command, AppHandle, State};
 
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::runtime::resolve_app;
-
+use crate::sandbox::build_builtin_test_app;
 use super::gate::evaluate_app_launch_gate;
 use super::runner::{begin_sandbox_run, sandbox_runner};
 use super::state_view::{build_effective_state, build_state_view};
@@ -19,26 +19,30 @@ pub async fn apps_get_sandbox_state(
     Ok(build_state_view(&baseline, current_run.as_ref()))
 }
 
-#[tauri::command]
+#[command]
 #[specta::specta]
 pub async fn apps_get_app_launch_gate(
     app_handle: AppHandle,
     apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: String,
 ) -> Result<AppLaunchGateResult, String> {
-    let app = resolve_app(&app_handle, &app_id)?;
+    let resolved_app = resolve_app(&app_handle, &app_id)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|_| "app not found".to_string())?;
 
     let baseline = apps_state.sandbox.baseline.lock().await.clone();
     let current_run = apps_state.sandbox.current_run.lock().await.clone();
 
     let effective = build_effective_state(&baseline, current_run.as_ref());
 
-    let evaluated_gate = evaluate_app_launch_gate(&app, &effective);
+    let evaluated_gate = resolved_app.with_app(|app| {
+        evaluate_app_launch_gate(app, &effective)
+    });
     
     Ok(evaluated_gate)
 }
 
-#[tauri::command]
+#[command]
 #[specta::specta]
 pub async fn apps_rerun_sandbox_tests(
     app: AppHandle,
@@ -54,3 +58,13 @@ pub async fn apps_rerun_sandbox_tests(
 
     Ok(view)
 }
+
+#[command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub fn get_builtin_test_app(app_id: String) -> crate::host::Result<Option<crate::types::SageAppView>> {
+    build_builtin_test_app(&app_id)
+        .map(|app| app.map(|app| crate::types::SharedSageApp::new(app).into()))
+        .map_err(|err| {
+            std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to load builtin test app: {err}")).into()
+        })
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/csp.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/csp.rs
index 49824cbb2..f9ee02b03 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/csp.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/csp.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 use std::collections::BTreeSet;
 
-use crate::types::SageAppCommon;
+use crate::types::{SharedSageApp};
 
 fn csp_source_list(items: &[String]) -> String {
     items.join(" ")
 }
 
-pub fn build_app_csp(app: &SageAppCommon) -> String {
+pub fn build_app_csp(app: &SharedSageApp) -> String {
     let default_src = csp_source_list(&["'self'".to_string()]);
     let script_src = csp_source_list(&["'self'".to_string(), "'wasm-unsafe-eval'".to_string()]);
     let style_src = csp_source_list(&["'self'".to_string(), "'unsafe-inline'".to_string()]);
@@ -29,9 +29,11 @@ pub fn build_app_csp(app: &SageAppCommon) -> String {
 
     let mut connect_sources = BTreeSet::from(["'self'".to_string()]);
 
-    for entry in app.granted_permissions().network().whitelist_iter() {
-        connect_sources.insert(entry.as_permission_string());
-    }
+    app.with(|app| {
+        for entry in app.granted_permissions().network().whitelist_iter() {
+            connect_sources.insert(entry.as_permission_string());
+        }
+    });
 
     let connect_src = csp_source_list(&connect_sources.into_iter().collect::<Vec<_>>());
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
index 3309f2a29..97e3ad28f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,12 @@
-use crate::lifecycle::read_installed_app_by_id;
 use crate::runtime::{app_id_from_webview_label, find_runtime_by_app_id_optional};
-use crate::sandbox::{build_builtin_test_app, builtin_runtime_apps_root, SANDBOX_TEST_ID_PREFIX};
-use crate::types::SageAppCommon;
-use crate::{AppsHostState, security::build_app_csp};
+use crate::sandbox::builtin_runtime_apps_root;
+use crate::types::SharedSageApp;
+use crate::security::build_app_csp;
 use anyhow::{Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
 use std::fs;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 use tauri::http::{Response, StatusCode};
-use tauri::{Manager, State, UriSchemeContext, Wry};
+use tauri::{Manager, UriSchemeContext, Wry};
 
 pub const RUNTIME_APPS_PREFIX: &str = "/__sage/runtime-apps/";
 
@@ -15,7 +14,7 @@ pub async fn handle_user_app_protocol_request(
     ctx: &UriSchemeContext<'_, Wry>,
     request: &tauri::http::Request<Vec<u8>>,
 ) -> Response<Vec<u8>> {
-    let result = (async || -> anyhow::Result<Response<Vec<u8>>> {
+    let result = async {
         let webview_label = ctx.webview_label();
 
         let app_id = app_id_from_webview_label(webview_label)
@@ -24,35 +23,24 @@ pub async fn handle_user_app_protocol_request(
         let runtime = find_runtime_by_app_id_optional(&ctx.app_handle().state(), app_id).await
             .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("unknown app"))?;
 
-        if runtime.is_user_app() {
+        if !runtime.is_user_app() {
             anyhow::bail!("not a user runtime");
         }
 
-        let app_handle = ctx.app_handle();
-        let base_path = app_handle.path().app_data_dir()?;
+        let app = runtime.app();
 
-        let app_common = if app_id.starts_with(SANDBOX_TEST_ID_PREFIX) {
-            let app = build_builtin_test_app(app_id)?
-                .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("unknown builtin test app {app_id}"))?;
-
-            app.common().clone()
-        } else {
-            let app = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, app_id)
-                .map_err(|err| anyhow!("failed to read app {app_id}: {err}"))?;
-
-            app.common().clone()
-        };
-
-        if request.uri().host() != Some(app_common.origin_id()) {
+        if request.uri().host() != Some(&app.origin_id()) {
             anyhow::bail!("host mismatch");
         }
 
-        match handle_app_protocol_request(&app_common, request) {
+        let is_sandbox_test = app.with(|app| app.common().is_sandbox_test());
+
+        match handle_app_protocol_request(&app, request) {
             Ok(response) => Ok(response),
-            Err(err) if app_common.is_sandbox_test() => Ok(protocol_error_response("sage-app", err)),
+            Err(err) if is_sandbox_test => Ok(protocol_error_response("sage-app", &err)),
             Err(_) => Ok(not_found_response()),
         }
-    })().await;
+    }.await;
 
     result.unwrap_or_else(|_| not_found_response())
 }
@@ -61,7 +49,7 @@ pub async fn handle_system_app_protocol_request(
     ctx: &UriSchemeContext<'_, Wry>,
     request: &tauri::http::Request<Vec<u8>>,
 ) -> Response<Vec<u8>> {
-    let result = (async || -> anyhow::Result<Response<Vec<u8>>> {
+    let result = async {
         let webview_label = ctx.webview_label();
 
         let app_id = app_id_from_webview_label(webview_label)
@@ -70,39 +58,36 @@ pub async fn handle_system_app_protocol_request(
         let runtime = find_runtime_by_app_id_optional(&ctx.app_handle().state(), app_id).await
             .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("unknown app"))?;
 
-        if runtime.is_system_app() {
+        if !runtime.is_system_app() {
             anyhow::bail!("not a system runtime");
         }
+        let app = runtime.app();
 
-        let state: State<'_, AppsHostState> = ctx.app_handle().state();
-
-        let app = state
-            .system_apps
-            .get(app_id)
-            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("unknown system app"))?;
-
-        if request.uri().host() != Some(app.common().origin_id()) {
+        if request.uri().host() != Some(&app.origin_id()) {
             anyhow::bail!("host mismatch");
         }
 
-        handle_app_protocol_request(app.common(), request)
+        handle_app_protocol_request(&app, request)
             .map_err(|err| anyhow!("sage-system-app error: {err}"))
-    })().await;
+    }.await;
 
-    result.unwrap_or_else(|err| protocol_error_response("sage-system-app", err))
+    result.unwrap_or_else(|err| protocol_error_response("sage-system-app", &err))
 }
 
 fn handle_app_protocol_request(
-    app_common: &SageAppCommon,
+    app: &SharedSageApp,
     request: &tauri::http::Request<Vec<u8>>,
 ) -> AnyResult<Response<Vec<u8>>> {
     let request_path = request.uri().path();
 
     let file_path = match resolve_runtime_app_file(request_path)? {
         Some(file_path) => file_path,
-        None => app_common
-            .active_snapshot()
-            .resolve_file_path(request_path)?,
+        None => {
+            let file_path = app.with(|app| app.active_snapshot()
+                .resolve_file_path(request_path));
+
+            file_path?
+        }
     };
 
     let mime = mime_guess::from_path(&file_path)
@@ -114,24 +99,24 @@ fn handle_app_protocol_request(
         .status(StatusCode::OK)
         .header("Content-Type", mime)
         .header("Cache-Control", "no-store")
-        .header("Content-Security-Policy", build_app_csp(app_common))
+        .header("Content-Security-Policy", build_app_csp(app))
         .header("X-Content-Type-Options", "nosniff")
         .body(fs::read(&file_path)?)
         .map_err(|err| anyhow!("failed to build app protocol response: {err}"))
 }
 
 fn resolve_runtime_app_file(request_path: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<PathBuf>> {
-    let Some(relative_path) = request_path.strip_prefix(RUNTIME_APPS_PREFIX) else {
-        return Ok(None);
-    };
+    if let Some(relative_path) = request_path.strip_prefix(RUNTIME_APPS_PREFIX) {
+        let runtime_root = builtin_runtime_apps_root();
+        let request_path = format!("/{relative_path}");
 
-    let runtime_root = builtin_runtime_apps_root();
-    let request_path = format!("/{relative_path}");
+        return Ok(Some(crate::lifecycle::read_snapshot_file(
+            &runtime_root,
+            &request_path,
+        )?));
+    }
 
-    Ok(Some(crate::lifecycle::read_snapshot_file(
-        &runtime_root,
-        &request_path,
-    )?))
+    Ok(None)
 }
 
 fn not_found_response() -> Response<Vec<u8>> {
@@ -142,7 +127,7 @@ fn not_found_response() -> Response<Vec<u8>> {
         .expect("failed to build error response")
 }
 
-fn protocol_error_response(prefix: &str, err: anyhow::Error) -> Response<Vec<u8>> {
+fn protocol_error_response(prefix: &str, err: &anyhow::Error) -> Response<Vec<u8>> {
     Response::builder()
         .status(500)
         .header("Content-Type", "text/plain; charset=utf-8")
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/storage.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/storage.rs
index 51bf95db0..872f98078 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/storage.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/storage.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, PendingStorageCleanupTarget, SharedSageApp};
+use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, PendingStorageCleanupTarget};
 
 #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
 pub fn data_directory_for(directory_name: &str) -> PathBuf {
@@ -23,21 +23,19 @@ pub fn parse_data_store_id(identifier_hex: &str) -> Result<[u8; 16], String> {
 }
 
 pub fn cleanup_target_from_storage(
-    app: &SharedSageApp,
+    storage: &InstalledSageAppStorage,
 ) -> PendingStorageCleanupTarget {
-    app.with(|app| 
-        match app.storage() {
-            InstalledSageAppStorage::AppleDataStore { identifier_hex } => {
-                PendingStorageCleanupTarget::AppleDataStore {
-                    identifier_hex: identifier_hex.clone(),
-                }
+    match storage {
+        InstalledSageAppStorage::AppleDataStore { identifier_hex } => {
+            PendingStorageCleanupTarget::AppleDataStore {
+                identifier_hex: identifier_hex.clone(),
             }
-            InstalledSageAppStorage::WindowsProfile { directory_name } => {
-                PendingStorageCleanupTarget::WindowsProfile {
-                    directory_name: directory_name.clone(),
-                }
+        }
+        InstalledSageAppStorage::WindowsProfile { directory_name } => {
+            PendingStorageCleanupTarget::WindowsProfile {
+                directory_name: directory_name.clone(),
             }
-            InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged => PendingStorageCleanupTarget::Unmanaged,
         }
-    )
+        InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged => PendingStorageCleanupTarget::Unmanaged,
+    }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
index 483ea7ca5..5b4367acd 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
@@ -2,12 +2,10 @@ use std::{
     fs,
     path::{Path, PathBuf},
 };
-
-use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
-use tauri::command;
+use std::fmt::Display;
+use anyhow::{Result as AnyResult};
 
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
-use crate::host::Result;
 use crate::types::{
     InstalledSageAppStorage, SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppPackageManifest,
     SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissions, SageGrantedSystemPermissions, SystemAppPresentation,
@@ -38,6 +36,42 @@ const BUILTIN_SYSTEM_APPS: &[BuiltinSystemAppSpec] = &[BuiltinSystemAppSpec {
     ],
 }];
 
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
+pub enum AppBuildError {
+    AppDirMissing,
+    ManifestFailure,
+    InternalError,
+    EntryFileNotFound,
+}
+
+impl Display for AppBuildError {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        let str = match self {
+            AppBuildError::AppDirMissing => String::from("app directory missing"),
+            AppBuildError::ManifestFailure => String::from("manifest failure"),
+            AppBuildError::InternalError => String::from("internal error"),
+            AppBuildError::EntryFileNotFound => String::from("entry not found"),
+        };
+        write!(f, "{}", str)
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
+pub enum ReadBuiltinManifestError {
+    NotFound,
+    ParseFailed,
+}
+
+#[tauri::command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub fn get_builtin_system_app(app_id: String) -> crate::host::Result<Option<crate::types::SageAppView>> {
+    build_builtin_system_app(&app_id)
+        .map(|app| app.map(|app| crate::types::SharedSageApp::new(app).into()))
+        .map_err(|err| {
+            std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to load builtin system app: {err}")).into()
+        })
+}
+
 pub fn builtin_system_app_spec(app_id: &str) -> Option<&'static BuiltinSystemAppSpec> {
     BUILTIN_SYSTEM_APPS
         .iter()
@@ -56,25 +90,15 @@ pub fn builtin_system_app_dir(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<PathBuf>> {
     Ok(Some(builtin_system_apps_root().join(spec.dir_name)))
 }
 
-fn read_builtin_manifest(app_dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<SageAppPackageManifest> {
+fn read_builtin_manifest(app_dir: &Path) -> Result<SageAppPackageManifest, ReadBuiltinManifestError> {
     let manifest_path = app_dir.join("sage-manifest.json");
 
-    let manifest_text = fs::read_to_string(&manifest_path).with_context(|| {
-        format!(
-            "failed to read builtin system app manifest {}",
-            manifest_path.display()
-        )
-    })?;
-
-    serde_json::from_str(&manifest_text).with_context(|| {
-        format!(
-            "failed to parse builtin system app manifest {}",
-            manifest_path.display()
-        )
-    })
+    let manifest_text = fs::read_to_string(&manifest_path).map_err(|_| ReadBuiltinManifestError::NotFound)?;
+
+    serde_json::from_str(&manifest_text).map_err(|_| ReadBuiltinManifestError::ParseFailed)
 }
 
-pub fn build_builtin_system_app(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<SageApp>> {
+pub fn build_builtin_system_app(app_id: &str) -> Result<Option<SageApp>, AppBuildError> {
     let Some(spec) = builtin_system_app_spec(app_id) else {
         return Ok(None);
     };
@@ -82,13 +106,10 @@ pub fn build_builtin_system_app(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<SageApp>> {
     let app_dir = builtin_system_apps_root().join(spec.dir_name);
 
     if !app_dir.is_dir() {
-        return Err(anyhow!(
-            "builtin system app directory does not exist: {}",
-            app_dir.display()
-        ));
+        return Err(AppBuildError::AppDirMissing);
     }
 
-    let manifest = read_builtin_manifest(&app_dir)?;
+    let manifest = read_builtin_manifest(&app_dir).map_err(|_| AppBuildError::ManifestFailure)?;
 
     let requested_capabilities = manifest
         .permissions()
@@ -106,24 +127,24 @@ pub fn build_builtin_system_app(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<SageApp>> {
             .whitelist()
             .required()
             .cloned(),
-    )?;
+    ).map_err(|_| AppBuildError::InternalError)?;
 
     let snapshot = SageAppSnapshot::new_builtin_system(
         spec.app_id,
         app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
         manifest,
-    )?;
+    ).map_err(|_| AppBuildError::InternalError)?;
 
     let common = SageAppCommon::new(
         SageAppIdentity::new(
             spec.app_id,
             spec.app_id,
             app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-        )?,
+        ).map_err(|_| AppBuildError::InternalError)?,
         granted_permissions,
         InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
         snapshot,
-    )?;
+    ).map_err(|_| AppBuildError::InternalError)?;
 
     let app = SystemSageApp::new(
         common,
@@ -138,18 +159,10 @@ pub fn list_builtin_system_apps() -> AnyResult<Vec<SageApp>> {
     let mut out = Vec::new();
 
     for spec in BUILTIN_SYSTEM_APPS {
-        if let Some(app) = build_builtin_system_app(spec.app_id)? {
+        if let Some(app) = build_builtin_system_app(spec.app_id).map_err(|err| anyhow::anyhow!(format!("{err}")))? {
             out.push(app);
         }
     }
 
     Ok(out)
 }
-
-#[command]
-#[specta::specta]
-pub fn get_builtin_system_app(app_id: &str) -> Result<Option<SageApp>> {
-    build_builtin_system_app(app_id).map_err(|err| {
-        std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to load builtin system app: {err}")).into()
-    })
-}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
index 8d668a695..518716f05 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use std::path::PathBuf;
-
+use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize};
 use crate::sandbox::SANDBOX_TEST_ID_PREFIX;
 use crate::types::app::flags::SageAppFlags;
 use crate::types::app::preview::UserSageAppPendingUpdate;
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ use crate::types::normalizers::normalized_non_empty_string;
 use crate::types::permissions::{SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions};
 use crate::types::storage::InstalledSageAppStorage;
 
-#[derive(Debug)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize)]
 pub struct SageAppIdentity {
     id: String,
     origin_id: String,
@@ -229,3 +229,27 @@ impl SageAppIdentity {
         &self.app_dir
     }
 }
+
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+struct SageAppIdentityRaw {
+    id: String,
+    origin_id: String,
+    app_dir: String,
+}
+
+impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for SageAppIdentity {
+    fn deserialize<D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error>
+    where
+        D: Deserializer<'de>,
+    {
+        let raw = SageAppIdentityRaw::deserialize(deserializer)?;
+
+        SageAppIdentity::new(
+            raw.id,
+            raw.origin_id,
+            raw.app_dir,
+        )
+            .map_err(serde::de::Error::custom)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/mod.rs
index 07c3bf85e..b57b78b1b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/mod.rs
@@ -19,8 +19,8 @@ pub(crate) use retired_origin::RetiredAppOriginEntry;
 pub(crate) use snapshot::SageAppSnapshot;
 pub(crate) use system_apps::{SystemAppPresentation, SystemSageApp};
 pub(crate) use user_apps::{
-    CorruptedInstalledSageApp, ListedSageApp, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource, SageApp
+    CorruptedInstalledSageApp, ListedSageApp, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource, SageApp, ResolvedApp, ResolvedStoppedApp, ResolvedRunningApp
 };
-pub(crate) use view::{SageAppView, UserSageAppView};
+pub(crate) use view::{ListedSageAppView, SageAppView, UserSageAppView};
 
 pub(super) use flags::SageAppFlags;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/retired_origin.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/retired_origin.rs
index 307f035c0..2ed778f17 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/retired_origin.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/retired_origin.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 use uuid::Uuid;
 
-use crate::types::app::user_apps::UserSageApp;
+use crate::types::SharedSageApp;
 use crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
@@ -18,22 +18,22 @@ pub struct RetiredAppOriginEntry {
 }
 
 impl RetiredAppOriginEntry {
-    pub fn new(app: &UserSageApp, cleanup_pending: bool) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(app: &SharedSageApp, cleanup_pending: bool) -> Self {
         Self {
             id: Uuid::new_v4().to_string(),
-            app_id: app.common().id().to_string(),
-            app_name: app.common().name().to_string(),
-            origin_id: app.common().origin_id().to_string(),
+            app_id: app.id().to_string(),
+            app_name: app.name().to_string(),
+            origin_id: app.origin_id().to_string(),
             created_at_ms: unix_timestamp_ms(),
-            storage_may_contain_secrets: app.common().flags().storage_may_contain_secrets(),
+            storage_may_contain_secrets: app.storage_may_contain_secrets(),
             cleanup_pending,
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn update_retirement_state(&mut self, app: &UserSageApp, cleanup_pending: bool) {
+    pub fn update_retirement_state(&mut self, app: &SharedSageApp, cleanup_pending: bool) {
         self.cleanup_pending = cleanup_pending;
         self.storage_may_contain_secrets =
-            self.storage_may_contain_secrets || app.common().flags().storage_may_contain_secrets();
+            self.storage_may_contain_secrets || app.storage_may_contain_secrets();
     }
 
     pub fn matches_app_origin(&self, app_id: &str, origin_id: &str) -> bool {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/snapshot.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/snapshot.rs
index 30f0a9422..5c7e58b31 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/snapshot.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/snapshot.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
+use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer};
 use std::path::{Component, Path, PathBuf};
+use serde::Serialize;
 use crate::types::manifest::SageAppPackageManifest;
 use crate::types::normalizers::normalized_non_empty_string;
 
-#[derive(Debug)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize)]
 pub struct SageAppSnapshot {
     manifest_hash: String,
     snapshot_dir: String,
-    total_bytes: u64,
     manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
 }
 
@@ -22,7 +23,6 @@ impl SageAppSnapshot {
         let snapshot = Self {
             manifest_hash,
             snapshot_dir,
-            total_bytes: manifest.total_bytes(),
             manifest,
         };
 
@@ -84,10 +84,6 @@ impl SageAppSnapshot {
         &self.snapshot_dir
     }
 
-    pub fn total_bytes(&self) -> u64 {
-        self.total_bytes
-    }
-
     pub fn manifest(&self) -> &SageAppPackageManifest {
         &self.manifest
     }
@@ -108,3 +104,27 @@ impl SageAppSnapshot {
         Ok(())
     }
 }
+
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+struct SageAppSnapshotDeserialize {
+    manifest_hash: String,
+    snapshot_dir: String,
+    manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
+}
+
+impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for SageAppSnapshot {
+    fn deserialize<D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error>
+    where
+        D: Deserializer<'de>,
+    {
+        let raw = SageAppSnapshotDeserialize::deserialize(deserializer)?;
+
+        SageAppSnapshot::new(
+            raw.manifest_hash,
+            raw.snapshot_dir,
+            raw.manifest,
+        )
+            .map_err(serde::de::Error::custom)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs
index 60eda8c72..33b8a80d4 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,6 @@
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use specta::Type;
-use std::path::PathBuf;
-use std::sync::Arc;
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::bridge::{SYSTEM_BRIDGE_CHANNEL, USER_BRIDGE_CHANNEL};
-use crate::types::SageAppUrl;
+use crate::runtime::SharedRuntime;
 use crate::types::app::common::SageAppCommon;
 use crate::types::app::flags::SageAppFlags;
 use crate::types::app::preview::UserSageAppPendingUpdate;
@@ -14,8 +10,83 @@ use crate::types::permissions::{
     SageGrantedPermissions, SageGrantedSystemPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions,
 };
 use crate::types::storage::InstalledSageAppStorage;
+use crate::types::SageAppUrl;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use specta::Type;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use tokio::sync::OwnedMutexGuard;
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct ResolvedStoppedApp {
+    app: SharedSageApp,
+    _guard: OwnedMutexGuard<()>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct ResolvedRunningApp {
+    runtime: SharedRuntime,
+}
+
+impl ResolvedStoppedApp {
+    pub fn new(app: SharedSageApp, _guard: OwnedMutexGuard<()>) -> Self {
+        Self { app, _guard }
+    }
+
+    pub fn with_app<T>(&self, f: impl FnOnce(&SharedSageApp) -> T) -> T {
+        f(&self.app)
+    }
+
+    pub fn try_with_app<T, E>(
+        &self,
+        f: impl FnOnce(&SharedSageApp) -> Result<T, E>,
+    ) -> Result<T, E> {
+        f(&self.app)
+    }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+    pub fn into_app(self) -> SharedSageApp {
+        self.app
+    }
+}
+
+impl ResolvedRunningApp {
+    pub fn new(runtime: SharedRuntime) -> Self {
+        Self { runtime }
+    }
+
+    pub fn runtime(&self) -> SharedRuntime {
+        self.runtime.clone()
+    }
+
+    pub fn with_app<T>(&self, f: impl FnOnce(&SharedSageApp) -> T) -> T {
+        let app = self.runtime.app();
+        f(&app)
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub enum ResolvedApp {
+    Stopped(ResolvedStoppedApp),
+    Running(ResolvedRunningApp),
+}
+
+impl ResolvedApp {
+    pub fn with_app<T>(&self, f: impl FnOnce(&SharedSageApp) -> T) -> T {
+        match self {
+            Self::Stopped(stopped) => stopped.with_app(f),
+            Self::Running(running) => running.with_app(f),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn clone_app_for_operation(&self) -> SharedSageApp {
+        match self {
+            Self::Stopped(stopped) => stopped.app.clone_for_resolved_running_app(),
+            Self::Running(running) => running.runtime.app(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct SharedSageApp {
     inner: Arc<parking_lot::RwLock<SageApp>>,
 }
@@ -27,6 +98,18 @@ impl SharedSageApp {
         }
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn clone_for_runtime_owner(&self) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            inner: Arc::clone(&self.inner),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn clone_for_resolved_running_app(&self) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            inner: Arc::clone(&self.inner),
+        }
+    }
+
     pub fn with<T>(&self, f: impl FnOnce(&SageApp) -> T) -> T {
         let app = self.inner.read();
         f(&app)
@@ -37,6 +120,16 @@ impl SharedSageApp {
         f(&mut app)
     }
 
+    pub fn try_with<T, E>(&self, f: impl FnOnce(&SageApp) -> Result<T, E>) -> Result<T, E> {
+        let app = self.inner.read();
+        f(&app)
+    }
+
+    pub fn try_with_mut<T, E>(&self, f: impl FnOnce(&mut SageApp) -> Result<T, E>) -> Result<T, E> {
+        let mut app = self.inner.write();
+        f(&mut app)
+    }
+
     pub fn is_user_app(&self) -> bool {
         self.with(|app| app.is_user())
     }
@@ -48,12 +141,26 @@ impl SharedSageApp {
     pub fn id(&self) -> String {
         self.with(|app| app.id().to_string())
     }
-    
+
     pub fn name(&self) -> String {
         self.with(|app| app.name().to_string())
     }
 
-    pub fn origin_id(&self) -> String { self.with(|app| app.origin_id().to_string()) }
+    pub fn origin_id(&self) -> String {
+        self.with(|app| app.origin_id().to_string())
+    }
+
+    pub fn app_path(&self) -> PathBuf {
+        self.with(|app| app.app_path())
+    }
+
+    pub fn source(&self) -> Option<UserSageAppSource> {
+        self.with(|app| app.as_user().map(|user| user.source().clone()))
+    }
+
+    pub fn pending_update(&self) -> Option<UserSageAppPendingUpdate> {
+        self.with(|app| app.as_user().and_then(|user| user.pending_update().cloned()))
+    }
 
     pub fn is_capability_granted(&self, capability: UserBridgeCapability) -> bool {
         self.with(|app| app.granted_permissions().has_capability(capability))
@@ -69,9 +176,11 @@ impl SharedSageApp {
 
     pub fn webview_label_matches(&self, label: &str) -> bool {
         let app_id = self.id();
+
         if let Some(extracted_app_id) = label.strip_prefix("app-") {
             return self.is_user_app() && extracted_app_id == app_id;
         }
+
         if let Some(extracted_app_id) = label.strip_prefix("system-app-") {
             return self.is_system_app() && extracted_app_id == app_id;
         }
@@ -83,6 +192,7 @@ impl SharedSageApp {
         if self.is_system_app() {
             return USER_BRIDGE_CHANNEL == channel || SYSTEM_BRIDGE_CHANNEL == channel;
         }
+
         if self.is_user_app() {
             return USER_BRIDGE_CHANNEL == channel;
         }
@@ -131,7 +241,6 @@ pub enum ListedSageApp {
 impl UserSageAppSource {
     pub fn url(app_url: impl AsRef<str>) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
         let app_url = SageAppUrl::parse(app_url.as_ref())?;
-
         Ok(Self::Url { app_url })
     }
 }
@@ -256,6 +365,19 @@ impl SageApp {
         self.common().active_snapshot()
     }
 
+    pub fn set_pending_update(
+        &mut self,
+        pending_update: Option<UserSageAppPendingUpdate>,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        match self {
+            Self::User(app) => {
+                app.set_pending_update(pending_update);
+                Ok(())
+            }
+            Self::System(_) => anyhow::bail!("system app cannot have pending user update"),
+        }
+    }
+
     pub fn as_user(&self) -> Option<&UserSageApp> {
         match self {
             Self::User(app) => Some(app),
@@ -263,6 +385,13 @@ impl SageApp {
         }
     }
 
+    pub fn as_user_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut UserSageApp> {
+        match self {
+            Self::User(app) => Some(app),
+            Self::System(_) => None,
+        }
+    }
+
     pub fn as_system(&self) -> Option<&SystemSageApp> {
         match self {
             Self::System(app) => Some(app),
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/mod.rs
index 41cf7a767..a30e663cd 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/mod.rs
@@ -5,5 +5,5 @@ mod snapshot;
 mod permission;
 mod network;
 
-pub(crate) use user_apps::{SageAppView, UserSageAppView};
+pub(crate) use user_apps::{ListedSageAppView, SageAppView, UserSageAppView};
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/network.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/network.rs
index ecdc26535..0b028c9dc 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/network.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/network.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-use serde::Serialize;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 use crate::types::SageNetworkWhitelistEntry;
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
 pub struct SageNetworkWhitelistEntryView {
     scheme: String,
     host: String,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/permission.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/permission.rs
index da3117267..60cd6973c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/permission.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/permission.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@ use std::collections::BTreeSet;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::{SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
-use crate::types::{SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry};
+use crate::types::{SageGrantedPermissions};
+use crate::types::app::view::network::SageNetworkWhitelistEntryView;
 use crate::types::permissions::SageGrantedNetworkPermissions;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
@@ -13,7 +14,7 @@ pub struct SageGrantedPermissionsView {
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct SageGrantedNetworkPermissionsView {
-    whitelist: BTreeSet<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
+    whitelist: BTreeSet<SageNetworkWhitelistEntryView>,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
@@ -34,7 +35,11 @@ impl From<&SageGrantedPermissions> for SageGrantedPermissionsView {
 impl From<&SageGrantedNetworkPermissions> for SageGrantedNetworkPermissionsView {
     fn from(value: &SageGrantedNetworkPermissions) -> Self {
         Self {
-            whitelist: value.whitelist().clone()
+            whitelist: value
+                .whitelist()
+                .iter()
+                .map(Into::into)
+                .collect(),
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/user_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/user_apps.rs
index bd84bf80b..bf628fdee 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/user_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/user_apps.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
-use crate::types::{CorruptedInstalledSageApp, SageApp, SharedSageApp, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource};
+use crate::types::{
+    CorruptedInstalledSageApp, ListedSageApp, SageApp, SharedSageApp, UserSageApp,
+    UserSageAppSource,
+};
 use crate::types::app::view::system_apps::SystemSageAppView;
 use crate::types::app::view::common::SageAppCommonView;
 
@@ -19,7 +22,7 @@ pub enum SageAppView {
     User(UserSageAppView),
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct UserSageAppView {
     common: SageAppCommonView,
@@ -35,6 +38,12 @@ impl From<&SharedSageApp> for SageAppView {
     }
 }
 
+impl From<SharedSageApp> for SageAppView {
+    fn from(app: SharedSageApp) -> Self {
+        (&app).into()
+    }
+}
+
 impl From<&UserSageApp> for UserSageAppView {
     fn from(app: &UserSageApp) -> Self {
         Self {
@@ -43,3 +52,19 @@ impl From<&UserSageApp> for UserSageAppView {
         }
     }
 }
+
+impl From<UserSageApp> for UserSageAppView {
+    fn from(app: UserSageApp) -> Self {
+        (&app).into()
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<&ListedSageApp> for ListedSageAppView {
+    fn from(value: &ListedSageApp) -> Self {
+        match value {
+            ListedSageApp::User(app) => ListedSageAppView::User(app.into()),
+            ListedSageApp::System(app) => ListedSageAppView::System(app.into()),
+            ListedSageApp::Corrupted(app) => ListedSageAppView::Corrupted(app.clone()),
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs
index e11207940..802352b42 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs
@@ -6,23 +6,29 @@ mod normalizers;
 mod permissions;
 mod storage;
 mod url;
+mod view;
 
 pub use app::SharedSageApp;
 
 pub(crate) use app::{
     CorruptedInstalledSageApp, ListedSageApp, RetiredAppOriginEntry, SageApp, SageAppCommon,
     SageAppIdentity, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppUrlPreview, SystemAppPresentation, SystemSageApp,
-    UserSageApp, UserSageAppPendingUpdate, UserSageAppSource, SageAppView
+    UserSageApp, UserSageAppPendingUpdate, UserSageAppSource, SageAppView, ResolvedApp, ResolvedStoppedApp, ResolvedRunningApp,
+    ListedSageAppView, UserSageAppView,
 };
 pub(crate) use manifest::{SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest};
 pub(crate) use network::SageNetworkWhitelistEntry;
 pub(crate) use permissions::{
-    SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView, SageGrantedPermissions, SageGrantedSystemPermissions,
+    SageGrantedPermissions, SageGrantedSystemPermissions,
     SageRequestedPermissions,
 };
 pub(crate) use storage::{
     InstalledSageAppStorage, PendingStorageCleanupEntry, PendingStorageCleanupTarget,
 };
+pub(crate) use view::{
+    SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView,
+    SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
+};
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 pub(crate) use manifest::SageAppPackageManifestParts;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/network.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/network.rs
index c47af656a..ea8ddc835 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/network.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/network.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ pub struct SageNetworkWhitelistEntry {
     host: String,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist {
     required: BTreeSet<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
     optional: BTreeSet<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs
index 1d66dc6fb..884569b7d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::{
     SharedCapabilitiesExt, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability,
 };
-use crate::capabilities::{CapabilityDefinition, CapabilityFlags, get_user_capability_definition};
+use crate::capabilities::{get_user_capability_definition};
 use crate::types::invariants::{
     build_user_grantable_capability_set, split_required_optional_set, validate_permissions_policy,
     validate_requested_capabilities_are_requestable,
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 use std::collections::BTreeSet;
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
     whitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist,
 }
@@ -28,12 +28,12 @@ pub struct SageRequestedPermissions {
     capabilities: SageRequestedCapabilities,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default, Serialize, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
     whitelist: BTreeSet<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default, Serialize, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct SageGrantedPermissions {
     capabilities: BTreeSet<UserBridgeCapability>,
     network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions,
@@ -44,25 +44,6 @@ pub struct SageGrantedSystemPermissions {
     capabilities: Vec<SystemBridgeCapability>,
 }
 
-#[allow(clippy::struct_excessive_bools)]
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub struct SageAppCapabilityFlagsView {
-    externally_observable: bool,
-    accesses_sensitive_secret: bool,
-    requestable_by_app: bool,
-    user_grantable: bool,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub struct SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView {
-    key: String,
-    label: String,
-    description: String,
-    flags: SageAppCapabilityFlagsView,
-}
-
 #[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Default)]
 struct RawNetworkWhitelistBucket {
     #[serde(default)]
@@ -124,28 +105,6 @@ impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for SageRequestedPermissions {
     }
 }
 
-impl From<CapabilityFlags> for SageAppCapabilityFlagsView {
-    fn from(flags: CapabilityFlags) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            externally_observable: flags.externally_observable(),
-            accesses_sensitive_secret: flags.accesses_sensitive_secret(),
-            requestable_by_app: flags.requestable_by_app(),
-            user_grantable: flags.user_grantable(),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<CapabilityDefinition<UserBridgeCapability>> for SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView {
-    fn from(definition: CapabilityDefinition<UserBridgeCapability>) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            key: definition.capability().key().to_string(),
-            label: definition.label().to_string(),
-            description: definition.description().to_string(),
-            flags: definition.flags().into(),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 impl SageGrantedSystemPermissions {
     pub fn new(capabilities: impl IntoIterator<Item = SystemBridgeCapability>) -> Self {
         Self {
@@ -422,6 +381,57 @@ impl SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
     }
 }
 
+impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for SageGrantedPermissions {
+    fn deserialize<D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error>
+    where
+        D: Deserializer<'de>,
+    {
+        #[derive(Deserialize)]
+        #[serde(deny_unknown_fields)]
+        struct RawSageGrantedPermissions {
+            #[serde(default)]
+            capabilities: BTreeSet<UserBridgeCapability>,
+
+            #[serde(default)]
+            network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions,
+        }
+
+        let raw = RawSageGrantedPermissions::deserialize(deserializer)?;
+
+        validate_permissions_policy(
+            raw.capabilities.iter().copied(),
+            raw.network.whitelist_iter().cloned(),
+            "granted permissions",
+        )
+            .map_err(serde::de::Error::custom)?;
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            capabilities: raw.capabilities,
+            network: raw.network,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
+    fn deserialize<D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error>
+    where
+        D: Deserializer<'de>,
+    {
+        #[derive(Deserialize)]
+        #[serde(deny_unknown_fields)]
+        struct Raw {
+            #[serde(default)]
+            whitelist: BTreeSet<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
+        }
+
+        let raw = Raw::deserialize(deserializer)?;
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            whitelist: raw.whitelist,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/storage.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/storage.rs
index 287444343..3ff13f1ee 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/storage.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/storage.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-use crate::types::app::UserSageApp;
 use crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 use uuid::Uuid;
+use crate::types::SharedSageApp;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
 #[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "camelCase")]
@@ -34,13 +34,13 @@ pub struct PendingStorageCleanupEntry {
 }
 
 impl PendingStorageCleanupEntry {
-    pub fn new(app: &UserSageApp, target: PendingStorageCleanupTarget, error: &str) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(app: &SharedSageApp, target: PendingStorageCleanupTarget, error: &str) -> Self {
         let now = unix_timestamp_ms();
 
         Self {
             id: Uuid::new_v4().to_string(),
-            app_id: app.common().id().to_string(),
-            app_name: app.common().name().to_string(),
+            app_id: app.id(),
+            app_name: app.name(),
             target,
             created_at_ms: now,
             last_attempt_at_ms: Some(now),
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/view.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/view.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..72e6ae1b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/view.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+use std::collections::BTreeSet;
+
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use specta::Type;
+
+use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::capabilities::{CapabilityDefinition, CapabilityFlags};
+use crate::types::{SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedPermissions};
+
+#[allow(clippy::struct_excessive_bools)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct SageAppCapabilityFlagsView {
+    externally_observable: bool,
+    accesses_sensitive_secret: bool,
+    requestable_by_app: bool,
+    user_grantable: bool,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView {
+    key: String,
+    label: String,
+    description: String,
+    flags: SageAppCapabilityFlagsView,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct SageGrantedPermissionsInput {
+    capabilities: BTreeSet<UserBridgeCapability>,
+    network_whitelist: BTreeSet<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct SageGrantedPermissionsView {
+    capabilities: BTreeSet<UserBridgeCapability>,
+    network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissionsView,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct SageGrantedNetworkPermissionsView {
+    whitelist: BTreeSet<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
+}
+
+impl SageGrantedPermissionsInput {
+    pub fn new(
+        capabilities: impl IntoIterator<Item = UserBridgeCapability>,
+        network_whitelist: impl IntoIterator<Item = SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            capabilities: capabilities.into_iter().collect(),
+            network_whitelist: network_whitelist.into_iter().collect(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(test)]
+    pub fn new_unchecked(
+        capabilities: impl IntoIterator<Item = UserBridgeCapability>,
+        network_whitelist: impl IntoIterator<Item = SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self::new(capabilities, network_whitelist)
+    }
+
+    pub fn resolve(
+        &self,
+        requested: &SageRequestedPermissions,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<SageGrantedPermissions> {
+        SageGrantedPermissions::new(
+            requested,
+            self.capabilities(),
+            self.network_whitelist(),
+        )
+    }
+
+    pub fn capabilities(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = UserBridgeCapability> + '_ {
+        self.capabilities.iter().copied()
+    }
+
+    pub fn network_whitelist(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = SageNetworkWhitelistEntry> + '_ {
+        self.network_whitelist.iter().cloned()
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<&SageGrantedPermissions> for SageGrantedPermissionsView {
+    fn from(permissions: &SageGrantedPermissions) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            capabilities: permissions.shared_capabilities().into_iter().collect(),
+            network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissionsView {
+                whitelist: permissions.network().whitelist().clone(),
+            },
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<CapabilityFlags> for SageAppCapabilityFlagsView {
+    fn from(flags: CapabilityFlags) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            externally_observable: flags.externally_observable(),
+            accesses_sensitive_secret: flags.accesses_sensitive_secret(),
+            requestable_by_app: flags.requestable_by_app(),
+            user_grantable: flags.user_grantable(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<CapabilityDefinition<UserBridgeCapability>> for SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView {
+    fn from(definition: CapabilityDefinition<UserBridgeCapability>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            key: definition.capability().key().to_string(),
+            label: definition.label().to_string(),
+            description: definition.description().to_string(),
+            flags: definition.flags().into(),
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src-tauri/capabilities/system-apps.json b/src-tauri/capabilities/system-apps.json
index 62641b255..1747c3b23 100644
--- a/src-tauri/capabilities/system-apps.json
+++ b/src-tauri/capabilities/system-apps.json
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
   "permissions": [
     "core:event:default",
     "core:webview:default",
-    "allow-apps-invoke-bridge",
+    "allow-apps-invoke-bridge"
   ]
 }
 
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
index 340f11d90..2f281b149 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ pub fn run() {
             apps::lifecycle::update::commands::apply_app_update,
             apps::lifecycle::update::commands::apps_update_permissions,
             apps::lifecycle::apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data,
-            apps::sandbox::get_builtin_test_app,
+            apps::sandbox::commands::get_builtin_test_app,
             apps::system_apps::get_builtin_system_app,
             apps::runtime::commands::apps_create_inline_runtime,
             apps::runtime::commands::apps_list_runtimes,
@@ -205,10 +205,14 @@ pub fn run() {
 
     tauri_builder
         .register_uri_scheme_protocol("sage-app", move |ctx, request| {
-            handle_user_app_protocol_request(&ctx, &request)
+            tauri::async_runtime::block_on(
+                handle_user_app_protocol_request(&ctx, &request)
+            )
         })
         .register_uri_scheme_protocol("sage-system-app", move |ctx, request| {
-            handle_system_app_protocol_request(&ctx, &request)
+            tauri::async_runtime::block_on(
+                handle_system_app_protocol_request(&ctx, &request)
+            )
         })
         .invoke_handler(builder.invoke_handler())
         .setup(move |app| {

From 58cf10b261990cc888e19417b946ca81e7bfab54 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Thu, 30 Apr 2026 18:45:13 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 271/471] WIP

---
 .../apps/task-manager/src/App.tsx             | 60 ++++++++++-----
 .../apps/task-manager/src/taskManagerApi.ts   | 14 ++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/view.rs    |  7 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/mod.rs    |  1 +
 .../sage-apps/src/types/app/view/network.rs   |  1 +
 .../src/types/app/view/permission.rs          |  2 +
 .../src/types/app/view/system_apps.rs         |  4 +-
 .../sage-apps/src/types/app/view/user_apps.rs | 18 +++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/view.rs            | 26 +++----
 packages/sage-system-app-sdk/package.json     |  2 +-
 packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts   |  8 +-
 packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/types.ts     |  8 +-
 packages/sage-system-app-sdk/tsup.config.ts   | 34 +++------
 src/bindings.ts                               | 73 +++++++++----------
 src/components/apps/AppIcon.tsx               |  7 +-
 src/components/apps/AppTile.tsx               |  4 +-
 src/components/apps/AppUpdateDialog.tsx       | 29 ++++----
 src/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx        |  8 +-
 .../apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx        | 24 ++----
 .../apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx    | 24 +++---
 .../apps/permissions/permissionUtils.ts       | 10 +--
 src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx                  | 51 ++++++-------
 src/hooks/useAppEmbeddedRuntime.ts            |  4 +-
 src/hooks/useAppRuntimes.ts                   |  6 +-
 src/lib/apps/restartAppRuntime.ts             |  8 +-
 src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts               | 36 ++++-----
 src/lib/apps/sandbox.ts                       |  8 +-
 src/lib/apps/types.ts                         | 16 ++--
 src/lib/apps/updatePermissionsDelta.ts        | 10 +--
 src/pages/Apps.tsx                            | 52 ++++++++-----
 src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx                   | 25 ++++---
 31 files changed, 307 insertions(+), 273 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/src/App.tsx b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/src/App.tsx
index 0f912e0e0..90265ba4b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/src/App.tsx
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/src/App.tsx
@@ -7,6 +7,9 @@ import {
   onRuntimesChanged,
   type RuntimeRecord,
 } from './taskManagerApi';
+import type {
+  SageAppRuntimeRecordView,
+} from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
 
 function formatDuration(ms: number) {
   const safeMs = Math.max(0, ms);
@@ -34,10 +37,8 @@ function formatTime(value: number) {
   }).format(new Date(value));
 }
 
-function statusColor(state: string) {
-  const normalized = state.toLowerCase();
-
-  if (normalized.includes('running') || normalized.includes('active')) {
+function statusColor() {
+  /*if (normalized.includes('running') || normalized.includes('active')) {
     return '#34d399';
   }
 
@@ -47,7 +48,7 @@ function statusColor(state: string) {
 
   if (normalized.includes('failed') || normalized.includes('error')) {
     return '#fb7185';
-  }
+  }*/
 
   return '#94a3b8';
 }
@@ -109,6 +110,22 @@ function Metric({ label, value }: { label: string; value: string | number }) {
   );
 }
 
+function runtimeAppId(runtime: SageAppRuntimeRecordView): string {
+  return runtime.app.common.identity.id;
+}
+
+function runtimeAppName(runtime: SageAppRuntimeRecordView): string {
+  return runtime.app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.name;
+}
+
+function runtimeKind(runtime: SageAppRuntimeRecordView): 'User' | 'System' {
+  return 'User' in runtime.app ? 'User' : 'System';
+}
+
+function runtimeVisible(runtime: SageAppRuntimeRecordView): boolean {
+  return runtime.visibility === 'Visible';
+}
+
 export function App() {
   const [runtimes, setRuntimes] = useState<RuntimeRecord[]>([]);
   const [loading, setLoading] = useState(true);
@@ -155,7 +172,10 @@ export function App() {
   }, []);
 
   const sorted = useMemo(
-    () => [...runtimes].sort((a, b) => a.appName.localeCompare(b.appName)),
+    () =>
+      [...runtimes].sort((a, b) =>
+        runtimeAppName(a).localeCompare(runtimeAppName(b)),
+      ),
     [runtimes],
   );
 
@@ -298,8 +318,8 @@ export function App() {
             </div>
           ) : (
             sorted.map((runtime, index) => {
-              const busy = busyAppId === runtime.appId;
-              const color = statusColor(runtime.state);
+              const busy = busyAppId === runtimeAppId(runtime);
+              const color = statusColor();
 
               return (
                 <div
@@ -350,10 +370,10 @@ export function App() {
                           letterSpacing: '-0.01em',
                         }}
                       >
-                        {runtime.appName}
+                        {runtimeAppName(runtime)}
                       </div>
 
-                      {runtime.visible ? (
+                      {runtimeVisible(runtime) ? (
                         <span
                           style={{
                             padding: '3px 8px',
@@ -394,7 +414,7 @@ export function App() {
                         whiteSpace: 'nowrap',
                       }}
                     >
-                      {runtime.appId}
+                      {runtimeAppId(runtime)}
                     </div>
 
                     <div
@@ -413,8 +433,10 @@ export function App() {
                         label='Started'
                         value={formatTime(runtime.startedAt)}
                       />
-                      <Metric label='Kind' value={runtime.runtimeKind} />
-                      <Metric label='State' value={runtime.state} />
+                      <Metric
+                        label='Kind'
+                        value={runtimeKind(runtime)}
+                      />
                       <Metric label='Mode' value={runtime.mode} />
                     </div>
                   </div>
@@ -430,8 +452,8 @@ export function App() {
                     <ActionButton
                       disabled={busy}
                       onClick={() =>
-                        runAction(runtime.appId, () =>
-                          focusRuntime(runtime.appId),
+                        runAction(runtimeAppId(runtime), () =>
+                          focusRuntime(runtimeAppId(runtime)),
                         )
                       }
                     >
@@ -441,8 +463,8 @@ export function App() {
                     <ActionButton
                       disabled={busy}
                       onClick={() =>
-                        runAction(runtime.appId, () =>
-                          hideRuntime(runtime.appId),
+                        runAction(runtimeAppId(runtime), () =>
+                          hideRuntime(runtimeAppId(runtime)),
                         )
                       }
                     >
@@ -453,8 +475,8 @@ export function App() {
                       danger
                       disabled={busy}
                       onClick={() =>
-                        runAction(runtime.appId, async () => {
-                          await killRuntime(runtime.appId);
+                        runAction(runtimeAppId(runtime), async () => {
+                          await killRuntime(runtimeAppId(runtime));
                           await refresh();
                         })
                       }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/src/taskManagerApi.ts b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/src/taskManagerApi.ts
index 8d6f06890..615b92e6b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/src/taskManagerApi.ts
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/src/taskManagerApi.ts
@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@ import {
   getSageSystemClient,
   type RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent,
   type RuntimeTargetParams,
-  type SageAppRuntimeRecord,
+  type SageAppRuntimeRecordView,
   type SystemKillRuntimeResult,
 } from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
 
 const client = await getSageSystemClient();
 
-export type { SageAppRuntimeRecord as RuntimeRecord };
+export type { SageAppRuntimeRecordView as RuntimeRecord };
 
 export function onRuntimesChanged(
   handler: (event: RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent) => void,
@@ -16,21 +16,17 @@ export function onRuntimesChanged(
   return client.runtimeManager.onRuntimesChanged(handler);
 }
 
-export async function listRuntimes(): Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecord[]> {
+export async function listRuntimes(): Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecordView[]> {
   return await client.runtimeManager.listRuntimes();
 }
 
-export async function focusRuntime(
-  appId: string,
-): Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecord> {
+export async function focusRuntime(appId: string): Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecordView> {
   return await client.runtimeManager.focusRuntime({
     appId,
   } satisfies RuntimeTargetParams);
 }
 
-export async function hideRuntime(
-  appId: string,
-): Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecord> {
+export async function hideRuntime(appId: string): Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecordView> {
   return await client.runtimeManager.hideRuntime({
     appId,
   } satisfies RuntimeTargetParams);
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/view.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/view.rs
index ad84ffb53..847466e02 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/view.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/view.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,14 @@
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use serde::{Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 use crate::runtime::{SageAppRuntimeMode, SageAppRuntimeVisibility, SharedRuntime};
 use crate::types::SageAppView;
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct SageAppRuntimeRecordView {
     runtime_id: String,
     app: SageAppView,
+    webview_label: String,
     mode: SageAppRuntimeMode,
     visibility: SageAppRuntimeVisibility,
     started_at: i64,
@@ -19,6 +21,7 @@ impl From<&SharedRuntime> for SageAppRuntimeRecordView {
         value.with_runtime(|runtime| Self {
             runtime_id: runtime.runtime_id().clone(),
             app: runtime.app().into(),
+            webview_label: runtime.webview_label().to_string(),
             mode: runtime.mode(),
             visibility: runtime.visibility(),
             started_at: runtime.started_at(),
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/mod.rs
index a30e663cd..0baca5e8b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/mod.rs
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ mod common;
 mod snapshot;
 mod permission;
 mod network;
+mod preview;
 
 pub(crate) use user_apps::{ListedSageAppView, SageAppView, UserSageAppView};
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/network.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/network.rs
index 0b028c9dc..7d2926d1c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/network.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/network.rs
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ use specta::Type;
 use crate::types::SageNetworkWhitelistEntry;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct SageNetworkWhitelistEntryView {
     scheme: String,
     host: String,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/permission.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/permission.rs
index 60cd6973c..f7963cd8a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/permission.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/permission.rs
@@ -7,12 +7,14 @@ use crate::types::app::view::network::SageNetworkWhitelistEntryView;
 use crate::types::permissions::SageGrantedNetworkPermissions;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct SageGrantedPermissionsView {
     capabilities: BTreeSet<UserBridgeCapability>,
     network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissionsView,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct SageGrantedNetworkPermissionsView {
     whitelist: BTreeSet<SageNetworkWhitelistEntryView>,
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/system_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/system_apps.rs
index e2d67606e..d07cf13f3 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/system_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/system_apps.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
-use crate::types::{SageGrantedSystemPermissions, SystemSageApp};
+use crate::types::{SageGrantedSystemPermissions, SystemAppPresentation, SystemSageApp};
 use crate::types::app::view::common::SageAppCommonView;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct SystemSageAppView {
     common: SageAppCommonView,
+    presentation: SystemAppPresentation,
     system_granted_permissions: SageGrantedSystemPermissions,
 }
 
@@ -14,6 +15,7 @@ impl From<&SystemSageApp> for SystemSageAppView {
     fn from(value: &SystemSageApp) -> Self {
         Self {
             common: value.common().into(),
+            presentation: value.presentation(),
             system_granted_permissions: value.system_granted_permissions().clone(),
         }
     }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/user_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/user_apps.rs
index bf628fdee..268141a9d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/user_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/user_apps.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,9 @@
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use serde::{Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
-use crate::types::{
-    CorruptedInstalledSageApp, ListedSageApp, SageApp, SharedSageApp, UserSageApp,
-    UserSageAppSource,
-};
+use crate::types::{CorruptedInstalledSageApp, ListedSageApp, SageApp, SharedSageApp, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource};
 use crate::types::app::view::system_apps::SystemSageAppView;
 use crate::types::app::view::common::SageAppCommonView;
+use crate::types::app::view::preview::UserSageAppPendingUpdateView;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "camelCase")]
@@ -16,17 +14,22 @@ pub enum ListedSageAppView {
     Corrupted(CorruptedInstalledSageApp),
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[allow(clippy::large_enum_variant)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
+#[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub enum SageAppView {
     System(SystemSageAppView),
     User(UserSageAppView),
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct UserSageAppView {
     common: SageAppCommonView,
     source: UserSageAppSource,
+
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pending_update: Option<UserSageAppPendingUpdateView>,
 }
 
 impl From<&SharedSageApp> for SageAppView {
@@ -49,6 +52,7 @@ impl From<&UserSageApp> for UserSageAppView {
         Self {
             common: app.common().into(),
             source: app.source().clone(),
+            pending_update: app.pending_update().map(Into::into),
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/view.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/view.rs
index 72e6ae1b8..c0cdbcaf3 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/view.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/view.rs
@@ -30,7 +30,13 @@ pub struct SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView {
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct SageGrantedPermissionsInput {
     capabilities: BTreeSet<UserBridgeCapability>,
-    network_whitelist: BTreeSet<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
+    network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissionsInput,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct SageGrantedNetworkPermissionsInput {
+    whitelist: BTreeSet<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
@@ -53,26 +59,20 @@ impl SageGrantedPermissionsInput {
     ) -> Self {
         Self {
             capabilities: capabilities.into_iter().collect(),
-            network_whitelist: network_whitelist.into_iter().collect(),
+            network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissionsInput {
+                whitelist: network_whitelist.into_iter().collect(),
+            },
         }
     }
 
-    #[cfg(test)]
-    pub fn new_unchecked(
-        capabilities: impl IntoIterator<Item = UserBridgeCapability>,
-        network_whitelist: impl IntoIterator<Item = SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
-    ) -> Self {
-        Self::new(capabilities, network_whitelist)
-    }
-
     pub fn resolve(
         &self,
         requested: &SageRequestedPermissions,
     ) -> anyhow::Result<SageGrantedPermissions> {
         SageGrantedPermissions::new(
             requested,
-            self.capabilities(),
-            self.network_whitelist(),
+            self.capabilities.iter().copied(),
+            self.network.whitelist.iter().cloned(),
         )
     }
 
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ impl SageGrantedPermissionsInput {
     }
 
     pub fn network_whitelist(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = SageNetworkWhitelistEntry> + '_ {
-        self.network_whitelist.iter().cloned()
+        self.network.whitelist.iter().cloned()
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/package.json b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/package.json
index 0b7bb4feb..98d27ca85 100644
--- a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/package.json
+++ b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/package.json
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
   ],
   "scripts": {
     "generate:types": "node ./scripts/export-types.mjs",
-    "build": "pnpm run generate:types && tsup",
+    "build": "pnpm run clean && pnpm run generate:types && tsup && tsc -p tsconfig.build.json",
     "dev": "pnpm run generate:types && tsup --watch",
     "clean": "rm -rf dist"
   },
diff --git a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
index 891cfd25e..1a4d5e84a 100644
--- a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import type {
   RuntimeTargetParams,
-  SageAppRuntimeRecord,
+  SageAppRuntimeRecordView,
   SageSystemBridgeResponse,
   SageSystemClient,
   SageSystemBridgeVersion,
@@ -153,20 +153,20 @@ export function initSageSystemRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
   w.__SAGE_SYSTEM__ = {
     runtimeManager: {
       async listRuntimes() {
-        return await callHost<SageAppRuntimeRecord[]>(
+        return await callHost<SageAppRuntimeRecordView[]>(
           'runtimeManager.listRuntimes',
         );
       },
 
       async focusRuntime(input: RuntimeTargetParams) {
-        return await callHost<SageAppRuntimeRecord>(
+        return await callHost<SageAppRuntimeRecordView>(
           'runtimeManager.focusRuntime',
           input,
         );
       },
 
       async hideRuntime(input: RuntimeTargetParams) {
-        return await callHost<SageAppRuntimeRecord>(
+        return await callHost<SageAppRuntimeRecordView>(
           'runtimeManager.hideRuntime',
           input,
         );
diff --git a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/types.ts b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/types.ts
index 64a50788c..961881ce7 100644
--- a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/types.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/types.ts
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ export * from './generated-types';
 import type {
   RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent,
   RuntimeTargetParams,
-  SageAppRuntimeRecord,
+  SageAppRuntimeRecordView,
   SystemKillRuntimeResult,
 } from './generated-types';
 
@@ -34,9 +34,9 @@ export type SageSystemBridgeResponse =
   | SageSystemBridgeErrorResponse;
 
 export type SageSystemRuntimeManagerClient = {
-  listRuntimes(): Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecord[]>;
-  focusRuntime(input: RuntimeTargetParams): Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecord>;
-  hideRuntime(input: RuntimeTargetParams): Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecord>;
+  listRuntimes(): Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecordView[]>;
+  focusRuntime(input: RuntimeTargetParams): Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecordView>;
+  hideRuntime(input: RuntimeTargetParams): Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecordView>;
   killRuntime(input: RuntimeTargetParams): Promise<SystemKillRuntimeResult>;
   onRuntimesChanged(
     handler: (event: RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent) => void,
diff --git a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/tsup.config.ts b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/tsup.config.ts
index 68ca87c34..2f4645a6f 100644
--- a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/tsup.config.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/tsup.config.ts
@@ -1,26 +1,14 @@
 import { defineConfig } from 'tsup';
 
-export default defineConfig([
-  {
-    entry: {
-      index: 'src/index.ts',
-    },
-    format: ['esm'],
-    dts: true,
-    splitting: false,
-    outDir: 'dist',
-    clean: true,
-    noExternal: ['@sage-app/sdk'],
+export default defineConfig({
+  entry: {
+    index: 'src/index.ts',
+    'runtime-bridge': 'src/runtime-bridge-entry.ts',
   },
-  {
-    entry: {
-      'runtime-bridge': 'src/runtime-bridge-entry.ts',
-    },
-    format: ['esm'],
-    dts: false,
-    splitting: false,
-    outDir: 'dist',
-    clean: false,
-    noExternal: ['@sage-app/sdk'],
-  },
-]);
+  format: ['esm'],
+  dts: false,
+  splitting: false,
+  outDir: 'dist',
+  clean: true,
+  noExternal: ['@sage-app/sdk'],
+});
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index a539ec568..c6c3015fa 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -365,9 +365,6 @@ async getXchUsdPrice(req: GetXchUsdPrice) : Promise<GetXchUsdPriceResponse> {
 async appsInvokeBridge(request: RustBridgeRequest) : Promise<RustBridgeInvokeResult> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_invoke_bridge", { request });
 },
-async appsInvokeSystemBridge(request: RustBridgeRequest) : Promise<RustBridgeInvokeResult> {
-    return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_invoke_system_bridge", { request });
-},
 async appsResolveBridgeApproval(args: ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs) : Promise<null> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_resolve_bridge_approval", { args });
 },
@@ -383,7 +380,7 @@ async appsGetAppLaunchGate(appId: string) : Promise<AppLaunchGateResult> {
 async appsRerunSandboxTests() : Promise<SandboxStateView> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_rerun_sandbox_tests");
 },
-async listInstalledApps() : Promise<ListedSageApp[]> {
+async listInstalledApps() : Promise<ListedSageAppView[]> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("list_installed_apps");
 },
 async previewAppZip(zipPath: string) : Promise<SageAppPackageManifest> {
@@ -392,11 +389,11 @@ async previewAppZip(zipPath: string) : Promise<SageAppPackageManifest> {
 async previewAppUrl(appUrl: string) : Promise<SageAppUrlPreview> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("preview_app_url", { appUrl });
 },
-async installAppZip(zipPath: string, grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions) : Promise<UserSageApp> {
-    return await TAURI_INVOKE("install_app_zip", { zipPath, grantedPermissions });
+async installAppZip(zipPath: string, grantedPermissionsInput: SageGrantedPermissionsInput) : Promise<UserSageAppView> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("install_app_zip", { zipPath, grantedPermissionsInput });
 },
-async installAppUrl(appUrl: string, grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions) : Promise<UserSageApp> {
-    return await TAURI_INVOKE("install_app_url", { appUrl, grantedPermissions });
+async installAppUrl(appUrl: string, grantedPermissionsInput: SageGrantedPermissionsInput) : Promise<UserSageAppView> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("install_app_url", { appUrl, grantedPermissionsInput });
 },
 async uninstallApp(appId: string) : Promise<null> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("uninstall_app", { appId });
@@ -404,34 +401,34 @@ async uninstallApp(appId: string) : Promise<null> {
 async checkAppUpdate(appId: string) : Promise<SageAppUrlPreview | null> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("check_app_update", { appId });
 },
-async downloadAppUpdate(appId: string) : Promise<UserSageApp> {
+async downloadAppUpdate(appId: string) : Promise<SageAppView> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("download_app_update", { appId });
 },
-async applyAppUpdate(appId: string, grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions) : Promise<UserSageApp> {
-    return await TAURI_INVOKE("apply_app_update", { appId, grantedPermissions });
+async applyAppUpdate(appId: string, grantedPermissionsInput: SageGrantedPermissionsInput) : Promise<SageAppView> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("apply_app_update", { appId, grantedPermissionsInput });
 },
-async appsUpdatePermissions(appId: string, grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions) : Promise<null> {
-    return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_update_permissions", { appId, grantedPermissions });
+async appsUpdatePermissions(appId: string, grantedPermissionsInput: SageGrantedPermissionsInput) : Promise<null> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_update_permissions", { appId, grantedPermissionsInput });
 },
 async appsClearRuntimeBrowsingData(appId: string) : Promise<null> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data", { appId });
 },
-async getBuiltinTestApp(appId: string) : Promise<SageApp | null> {
+async getBuiltinTestApp(appId: string) : Promise<SageAppView | null> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("get_builtin_test_app", { appId });
 },
-async getBuiltinSystemApp(appId: string) : Promise<SageApp | null> {
+async getBuiltinSystemApp(appId: string) : Promise<SageAppView | null> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("get_builtin_system_app", { appId });
 },
-async appsCreateInlineRuntime(args: CreateInlineRuntimeArgs) : Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecord> {
+async appsCreateInlineRuntime(args: CreateRuntimeArgs) : Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecordView> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_create_inline_runtime", { args });
 },
-async appsListRuntimes() : Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecord[]> {
+async appsListRuntimes() : Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecordView[]> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_list_runtimes");
 },
-async appsFocusRuntime(params: RuntimeTargetParams) : Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecord> {
+async appsFocusRuntime(params: RuntimeTargetParams) : Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecordView> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_focus_runtime", { params });
 },
-async appsHideRuntime(params: RuntimeTargetParams) : Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecord> {
+async appsHideRuntime(params: RuntimeTargetParams) : Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecordView> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_hide_runtime", { params });
 },
 async appsKillRuntime(params: RuntimeTargetParams) : Promise<SystemKillRuntimeResult> {
@@ -820,7 +817,7 @@ fee: Amount;
  * Whether to automatically submit the transaction
  */
 auto_submit?: boolean }
-export type CreateInlineRuntimeArgs = { appId: string; visible: boolean; internal: boolean; debugLayout: boolean; path: string | null; query: Partial<{ [key in string]: string }> }
+export type CreateRuntimeArgs = { appId: string; mode: SageAppRuntimeMode; visibility: SageAppRuntimeVisibility; debugLayout: boolean; path: string | null; query: Partial<{ [key in string]: string }> }
 export type CreateTransaction = { 
 /**
  * Pre-selected coins to use in the transaction prior to coin selection
@@ -1779,7 +1776,6 @@ index: number }
  */
 export type IncreaseDerivationIndexResponse = Record<string, never>
 export type InheritedNetwork = "mainnet" | "testnet11"
-export type InstalledSageAppStorage = { kind: "appleDataStore"; identifier_hex: string } | { kind: "windowsProfile"; directory_name: string } | { kind: "unmanaged" }
 /**
  * Check if an asset is owned
  */
@@ -1838,7 +1834,7 @@ innerPuzzleHash: string | null;
  * Amount
  */
 amount: number | null }
-export type ListedSageApp = ({ kind: "user" } & UserSageApp) | ({ kind: "system" } & SystemSageApp) | ({ kind: "corrupted" } & CorruptedInstalledSageApp)
+export type ListedSageAppView = ({ kind: "user" } & UserSageAppView) | ({ kind: "system" } & SystemSageAppView) | ({ kind: "corrupted" } & CorruptedInstalledSageApp)
 export type LogFile = { name: string; text: string }
 /**
  * Login to a wallet using a fingerprint
@@ -2245,33 +2241,36 @@ export type ResyncCatResponse = Record<string, never>
 export type ResyncResponse = Record<string, never>
 export type RuntimeTargetParams = { appId: string }
 export type RustBridgeApprovalEvent = { approvalId: string; approval: RustBridgeApprovalRequest }
-export type RustBridgeApprovalRequest = ({ kind: "getSecretKey"; fingerprint: number } | { kind: "sendXch"; summary: WalletSendXchParams } | { kind: "capabilityGrant"; capability: UserBridgeCapability; definition: SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView } | { kind: "networkWhitelistGrant"; entry: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry }) & { app: SageApp; sourceLabel: string; requestId: string }
+export type RustBridgeApprovalRequest = ({ kind: "getSecretKey"; fingerprint: number } | { kind: "sendXch"; summary: WalletSendXchParams } | { kind: "capabilityGrant"; capability: UserBridgeCapability; definition: SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView } | { kind: "networkWhitelistGrant"; entry: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry }) & { app: SageAppView; sourceLabel: string; requestId: string }
 export type RustBridgeErrorPayload = { code: string; message: string }
-export type RustBridgeErrorResponse = { channel: string; bridgeVersion: string; id: string; ok: boolean; error: RustBridgeErrorPayload }
+export type RustBridgeErrorResponse = { bridgeVersion: string; id: string; ok: boolean; error: RustBridgeErrorPayload }
 export type RustBridgeInvokeResult = { kind: "immediate"; response: RustBridgeResponse } | { kind: "pending" }
 export type RustBridgeRequest = { channel: string; bridgeVersion: string | null; id: string; method: string; paramsJson: string | null }
 export type RustBridgeResponse = RustBridgeSuccessResponse | RustBridgeErrorResponse
-export type RustBridgeSuccessResponse = { channel: string; bridgeVersion: string; id: string; ok: boolean; resultJson: string }
-export type SageApp = ({ kind: "system" } & SystemSageApp) | ({ kind: "user" } & UserSageApp)
+export type RustBridgeSuccessResponse = { bridgeVersion: string; id: string; ok: boolean; resultJson: string }
 export type SageAppAuthor = { name: string; avatar: string | null }
 export type SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView = { key: string; label: string; description: string; flags: SageAppCapabilityFlagsView }
 export type SageAppCapabilityFlagsView = { externallyObservable: boolean; accessesSensitiveSecret: boolean; requestableByApp: boolean; userGrantable: boolean }
-export type SageAppCommon = { identity: SageAppIdentity; grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions; flags: SageAppFlags; storage: InstalledSageAppStorage; activeSnapshot: SageAppSnapshot }
+export type SageAppCommonView = { identity: SageAppIdentityView; grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissionsView; activeSnapshot: SageAppSnapshotView }
 export type SageAppDonation = { address: string }
-export type SageAppFlags = { hasSecretAccess: boolean; hasExternalAccess: boolean; storageMayContainSecrets: boolean; isolated: boolean }
-export type SageAppIdentity = { id: string; originId: string; appDir: string }
+export type SageAppIdentityView = { id: string; originId: string }
 export type SageAppManifestFile = { path: string; sha256: string; size: number }
 export type SageAppPackageManifest = { name: string; version: string; permissions: SageRequestedPermissions; files: SageAppManifestFile[]; total_bytes: number; entry: string | null; icon: string | null; author: SageAppAuthor | null; donation: SageAppDonation | null }
-export type SageAppRuntimeKind = "user" | "system"
-export type SageAppRuntimeRecord = { runtimeId: string; appId: string; appName: string; entrySrc: string; webviewLabel: string; hostWindowLabel: string; runtimeKind: SageAppRuntimeKind; mode: string; state: string; startedAt: number; lastActiveAt: number; visible: boolean; internal: boolean }
-export type SageAppSnapshot = { manifestHash: string; snapshotDir: string; totalBytes: number; manifest: SageAppPackageManifest }
+export type SageAppRuntimeMode = "Inline" | "Windowed"
+export type SageAppRuntimeRecordView = { runtimeId: string; app: SageAppView; webviewLabel: string; mode: SageAppRuntimeMode; visibility: SageAppRuntimeVisibility; startedAt: number; lastActiveAt: number; internal: boolean }
+export type SageAppRuntimeVisibility = "Visible" | "Hidden"
+export type SageAppSnapshotView = { manifest: SageAppPackageManifest }
 export type SageAppUrl = string
 export type SageAppUrlPreview = { appUrl: SageAppUrl; manifestHash: string; manifest: SageAppPackageManifest }
+export type SageAppView = ({ kind: "system" } & SystemSageAppView) | ({ kind: "user" } & UserSageAppView)
 export type SageAppsError = { kind: ErrorKind; reason: string }
-export type SageGrantedNetworkPermissions = { whitelist: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[] }
-export type SageGrantedPermissions = { capabilities: UserBridgeCapability[]; network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions }
+export type SageGrantedNetworkPermissionsInput = { whitelist: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[] }
+export type SageGrantedNetworkPermissionsView = { whitelist: SageNetworkWhitelistEntryView[] }
+export type SageGrantedPermissionsInput = { capabilities: UserBridgeCapability[]; network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissionsInput }
+export type SageGrantedPermissionsView = { capabilities: UserBridgeCapability[]; network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissionsView }
 export type SageGrantedSystemPermissions = { capabilities: SystemBridgeCapability[] }
 export type SageNetworkWhitelistEntry = { scheme: string; host: string }
+export type SageNetworkWhitelistEntryView = { scheme: string; host: string }
 export type SageRequestedCapabilities = { required: UserBridgeCapability[]; optional: UserBridgeCapability[] }
 export type SageRequestedNetworkPermissions = { whitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist }
 export type SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist = { required: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[]; optional: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[] }
@@ -2626,7 +2625,7 @@ export type SyncEvent = { type: "start"; ip: string } | { type: "stop" } | { typ
 export type SystemAppPresentation = "Taskbar" | "Modal"
 export type SystemBridgeCapability = "runtime_manager.list_runtimes" | "runtime_manager.focus_runtime" | "runtime_manager.hide_runtime" | "runtime_manager.kill_runtime" | "runtime_manager.listen_runtimes_changed"
 export type SystemKillRuntimeResult = { ok: boolean; appId: string }
-export type SystemSageApp = { common: SageAppCommon; systemGrantedPermissions: SageGrantedSystemPermissions; presentation: SystemAppPresentation }
+export type SystemSageAppView = { common: SageAppCommonView; presentation: SystemAppPresentation; systemGrantedPermissions: SageGrantedSystemPermissions }
 /**
  * Accept an offer
  */
@@ -2844,9 +2843,9 @@ visible: boolean }
  */
 export type UpdateOptionResponse = Record<string, never>
 export type UserBridgeCapability = "persistent_storage" | "bridge.send" | "app.get_capabilities" | "app.get_info" | "app.lifecycle.ready_to_stop" | "app.lifecycle.set_before_stop_listener" | "app.request_capability_grant" | "app.request_network_whitelist_grant" | "wallet.get_keys" | "wallet.get_key" | "wallet.get_secret_key" | "wallet.send_xch" | "wallet.send_xch_auto_submit" | "wallet.get_sync_status" | "wallet.get_version" | "wallet.check_address" | "wallet.get_derivations" | "wallet.get_spendable_coin_count" | "wallet.get_coins_by_ids" | "wallet.get_coins" | "wallet.get_pending_transactions" | "wallet.get_transaction" | "wallet.get_transactions"
-export type UserSageApp = { common: SageAppCommon; source: UserSageAppSource; pendingUpdate: UserSageAppPendingUpdate | null }
-export type UserSageAppPendingUpdate = { appUrl: SageAppUrl; manifestHash: string; manifest: SageAppPackageManifest }
+export type UserSageAppPendingUpdateView = { appUrl: SageAppUrl; manifestHash: string; manifest: SageAppPackageManifest }
 export type UserSageAppSource = { kind: "zip" } | { kind: "url"; app_url: SageAppUrl }
+export type UserSageAppView = { common: SageAppCommonView; source: UserSageAppSource; pendingUpdate?: UserSageAppPendingUpdateView | null }
 /**
  * View coin spends without signing
  */
diff --git a/src/components/apps/AppIcon.tsx b/src/components/apps/AppIcon.tsx
index 434f49fb7..a29d14d0f 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/AppIcon.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/AppIcon.tsx
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { ListedSageApp } from '@/bindings.ts';
+import { ListedSageAppView } from '@/bindings.ts';
 
 export function AppIconContent({
   name,
@@ -14,8 +14,9 @@ export function AppIconContent({
   return <>{name.trim().charAt(0).toUpperCase() || 'A'}</>;
 }
 
-export function AppIcon({ app }: { app: ListedSageApp }) {
-  const name = app.kind === 'corrupted' ? app.id : app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.name;
+export function AppIcon({ app }: { app: ListedSageAppView }) {
+  const name =
+    app.kind === 'corrupted' ? app.id : app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.name;
 
   const iconUrl =
     app.kind === 'corrupted' || !app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.icon
diff --git a/src/components/apps/AppTile.tsx b/src/components/apps/AppTile.tsx
index d11b7b48a..9cc15187b 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/AppTile.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/AppTile.tsx
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-import type { SageApp } from '@/bindings';
+import type { SageAppView } from '@/bindings';
 import type { SandboxLaunchDecision } from '@/lib/apps/sandboxPolicy';
 import { AppIcon } from '@/components/apps/AppIcon.tsx';
 
 interface Props {
-  app: SageApp;
+  app: SageAppView;
   launchDecision: SandboxLaunchDecision;
   onOpen: () => void;
   onContextMenu: (event: React.MouseEvent<HTMLButtonElement>) => void;
diff --git a/src/components/apps/AppUpdateDialog.tsx b/src/components/apps/AppUpdateDialog.tsx
index 5b4481c23..4ca4583cb 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/AppUpdateDialog.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/AppUpdateDialog.tsx
@@ -2,9 +2,10 @@ import { useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react';
 import type {
   SageAppPackageManifest,
   SageAppUrlPreview,
-  SageGrantedPermissions,
+  SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
+  SageGrantedPermissionsView,
   SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
-  UserSageApp,
+  UserSageAppView,
 } from '@/bindings';
 import {
   networkKey,
@@ -27,12 +28,12 @@ import {
 
 interface Props {
   open: boolean;
-  app: UserSageApp | null;
+  app: UserSageAppView | null;
   preview: SageAppUrlPreview | null;
   submitting: boolean;
   error: string | null;
   onCancel: () => void;
-  onConfirm: (nextGranted: SageGrantedPermissions) => void;
+  onConfirm: (nextGranted: SageGrantedPermissionsInput) => void;
 }
 
 function buildReviewManifest(
@@ -57,11 +58,11 @@ function buildReviewManifest(
 }
 
 function buildReviewApp(
-  app: UserSageApp,
+  app: UserSageAppView,
   preview: SageAppUrlPreview,
   delta: AppUpdatePermissionsDelta,
-  grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
-): UserSageApp {
+  grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissionsView,
+): UserSageAppView {
   const reviewManifest = buildReviewManifest(preview, delta);
 
   return {
@@ -78,10 +79,10 @@ function buildReviewApp(
 }
 
 function buildRemovedPermissionsApp(
-  app: UserSageApp,
+  app: UserSageAppView,
   preview: SageAppUrlPreview,
   delta: AppUpdatePermissionsDelta,
-): UserSageApp | null {
+): UserSageAppView | null {
   const hasRemoved =
     delta.removedGrantedCapabilities.length > 0 ||
     delta.removedGrantedNetwork.length > 0;
@@ -137,10 +138,10 @@ export function AppUpdateDialog({
   const [
     selectedOptionalGrantedPermissions,
     setSelectedOptionalGrantedPermissions,
-  ] = useState<SageGrantedPermissions>({
+  ] = useState<SageGrantedPermissionsInput>({
     capabilities: [],
     network: {
-      whitelist: [],
+      whitelist: []
     },
   });
 
@@ -180,7 +181,7 @@ export function AppUpdateDialog({
           ...selectedOptionalGrantedPermissions.network.whitelist,
         ]),
       },
-    } satisfies SageGrantedPermissions;
+    } satisfies SageGrantedPermissionsView;
   }, [delta, selectedOptionalGrantedPermissions]);
 
   const finalGranted = useMemo(() => {
@@ -206,9 +207,9 @@ export function AppUpdateDialog({
     return {
       capabilities: nextCapabilities,
       network: {
-        whitelist: sortNetwork(nextNetworkMap.values()),
+        whitelist: sortNetwork(nextNetworkMap.values())
       },
-    } satisfies SageGrantedPermissions;
+    } satisfies SageGrantedPermissionsInput;
   }, [delta, selectedOptionalGrantedPermissions]);
 
   const reviewApp = useMemo(() => {
diff --git a/src/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx b/src/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx
index 1223738f9..8ead34d40 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import { useState } from 'react';
 import type {
   SageAppPackageManifest,
   SageAppUrlPreview,
-  SageGrantedPermissions,
+  SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
 } from '@/bindings';
 import { formatAppError } from '@/lib/apps/formatAppError.ts';
 import { InstallSourceCard } from './InstallSourceCard';
@@ -17,11 +17,11 @@ interface Props {
   onPreviewUrl: (appUrl: string) => Promise<SageAppUrlPreview>;
   onInstallZip: (
     zipPath: string,
-    grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
+    grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
   ) => Promise<void>;
   onInstallUrl: (
     appUrl: string,
-    grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
+    grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
   ) => Promise<void>;
 }
 
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ export function InstallAppForm({
   const [urlInput, setUrlInput] = useState('');
   const [source, setSource] = useState<InstallSource | null>(null);
   const [grantedPermissions, setGrantedPermissions] =
-    useState<SageGrantedPermissions>(buildEmptyGrantedPermissions());
+    useState<SageGrantedPermissionsInput>(buildEmptyGrantedPermissions());
 
   async function handleSelectZipPath(zipPath: string) {
     try {
diff --git a/src/components/apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx b/src/components/apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx
index ef12d08e6..0a81415d3 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 import type {
   SageAppPackageManifest,
-  SageGrantedPermissions,
-  UserSageApp,
+  SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
+  SageGrantedPermissionsView,
+  UserSageAppView,
 } from '@/bindings';
 import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
 import {
@@ -20,35 +21,24 @@ interface Props {
   source: InstallSource | null;
   error: string | null;
   installing: boolean;
-  grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions;
-  onGrantedPermissionsChange: (next: SageGrantedPermissions) => void;
+  grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissionsView;
+  onGrantedPermissionsChange: (next: SageGrantedPermissionsInput) => void;
   onCancel: () => void;
   onConfirm: () => void;
 }
 
 function buildPreviewApp(
   manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
-  grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
-): UserSageApp {
+  grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissionsView,
+): UserSageAppView {
   return {
     common: {
       identity: {
         id: '__install_preview__',
         originId: '__install_preview__',
-        appDir: '',
       },
       grantedPermissions,
-      flags: {
-        hasSecretAccess: false,
-        hasExternalAccess: false,
-        storageMayContainSecrets: false,
-        isolated: false,
-      },
-      storage: { kind: 'unmanaged' },
       activeSnapshot: {
-        manifestHash: '__install_preview__',
-        snapshotDir: '',
-        totalBytes: 0,
         manifest,
       },
     },
diff --git a/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx b/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx
index e6e35c18f..dd0aa481a 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 import { useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react';
 import type {
-  SageApp,
   SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView,
-  SageGrantedPermissions,
+  SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
+  SageGrantedPermissionsView,
   SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
-  SystemSageApp,
+  SystemSageAppView,
   UserBridgeCapability,
-  UserSageApp,
+  UserSageAppView,
 } from '@/bindings';
 import { commands } from '@/bindings';
 import { Checkbox } from '@/components/ui/checkbox';
@@ -29,9 +29,9 @@ import {
 } from 'lucide-react';
 
 interface Props {
-  app: SageApp | UserSageApp | SystemSageApp;
-  grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions;
-  onGrantedPermissionsChange?: (next: SageGrantedPermissions) => void;
+  app: UserSageAppView | SystemSageAppView;
+  grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissionsView;
+  onGrantedPermissionsChange?: (next: SageGrantedPermissionsInput) => void;
   editable?: boolean;
 }
 
@@ -707,7 +707,7 @@ export function PermissionsEditor({
     [ungrantedOptionalEntries],
   );
 
-  function emitGrantedPermissions(next: SageGrantedPermissions) {
+  function emitGrantedPermissions(next: SageGrantedPermissionsInput) {
     onGrantedPermissionsChange?.(next);
   }
 
@@ -730,8 +730,10 @@ export function PermissionsEditor({
       }
 
       emitGrantedPermissions({
-        ...grantedPermissions,
         capabilities: [...nextSet].sort((a, b) => a.localeCompare(b)),
+        network: {
+          whitelist: grantedNetworkWhitelist
+        },
       });
 
       return;
@@ -758,12 +760,12 @@ export function PermissionsEditor({
     });
 
     emitGrantedPermissions({
-      ...grantedPermissions,
+      capabilities: grantedCapabilities,
       network: {
         whitelist: sortNetworkEntries([
           ...requestedRequiredNetwork,
           ...nextOptional,
-        ]),
+        ])
       },
     });
   }
diff --git a/src/components/apps/permissions/permissionUtils.ts b/src/components/apps/permissions/permissionUtils.ts
index 06f33fc4e..d5ea59ceb 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/permissions/permissionUtils.ts
+++ b/src/components/apps/permissions/permissionUtils.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import type {
   SageAppPackageManifest,
-  SageGrantedPermissions,
+  SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
   SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
 } from '@/bindings';
 import { sortCapabilities } from '@/lib/apps/permissionCollections.ts';
@@ -15,18 +15,18 @@ function sortNetworkEntries(
   });
 }
 
-export function buildEmptyGrantedPermissions(): SageGrantedPermissions {
+export function buildEmptyGrantedPermissions(): SageGrantedPermissionsInput {
   return {
     capabilities: [],
     network: {
-      whitelist: [],
+      whitelist: []
     },
   };
 }
 
 export function buildInitialGrantedPermissions(
   manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
-): SageGrantedPermissions {
+): SageGrantedPermissionsInput {
   return {
     capabilities: sortCapabilities(
       manifest.permissions?.capabilities?.required ?? [],
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ export function buildInitialGrantedPermissions(
     network: {
       whitelist: sortNetworkEntries(
         manifest.permissions?.network?.whitelist?.required ?? [],
-      ),
+      )
     },
   };
 }
diff --git a/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx b/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
index 04f3bae07..4e4c38d85 100644
--- a/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
+++ b/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
@@ -11,12 +11,13 @@ import { listen, type UnlistenFn } from '@tauri-apps/api/event';
 import {
   type AppLaunchGateResult,
   commands,
-  type ListedSageApp,
+  type ListedSageAppView,
   type SageAppUrlPreview,
-  type SageGrantedPermissions,
+  SageAppView,
+  SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
   type SandboxStateView,
-  type SystemSageApp,
-  type UserSageApp,
+  type SystemSageAppView,
+  type UserSageAppView,
 } from '@/bindings';
 import { useAppPendingApprovals } from '@/hooks/useAppPendingApprovals';
 import { useBridgeHost } from '@/hooks/useBridgeHost';
@@ -27,12 +28,12 @@ interface PerformAppUpdateOptions {
   visibleAfterRestart?: boolean;
 }
 
-type UserInstalledEntry = { kind: 'user' } & UserSageApp;
-type SystemInstalledEntry = { kind: 'system' } & SystemSageApp;
+type UserInstalledEntry = { kind: 'user' } & UserSageAppView;
+type SystemInstalledEntry = { kind: 'system' } & SystemSageAppView;
 type InstalledEntry = UserInstalledEntry | SystemInstalledEntry;
 
 interface AppsContextValue {
-  apps: ListedSageApp[];
+  apps: ListedSageAppView[];
   loading: boolean;
   error: string | null;
   busyAppIds: Record<string, boolean>;
@@ -47,13 +48,13 @@ interface AppsContextValue {
   approveCurrentApproval: () => void;
   rejectCurrentApproval: () => void;
 
-  getApp: (appId: string) => UserSageApp | undefined;
+  getApp: (appId: string) => UserSageAppView | undefined;
   getListedApp: (appId: string) => InstalledEntry | undefined;
   getLaunchGate: (appId: string) => AppLaunchGateResult | null;
 
   refresh: () => Promise<void>;
   refreshInstalledApps: () => Promise<void>;
-  refreshLaunchGates: (listed?: ListedSageApp[]) => Promise<void>;
+  refreshLaunchGates: (listed?: ListedSageAppView[]) => Promise<void>;
   setBusy: (appId: string, busy: boolean) => void;
   setUpdateAvailability: (
     updater:
@@ -65,19 +66,19 @@ interface AppsContextValue {
 
   installApp: (
     zipPath: string,
-    grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
-  ) => Promise<UserSageApp>;
+    grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
+  ) => Promise<UserSageAppView>;
   installUrlApp: (
     appUrl: string,
-    grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
-  ) => Promise<UserSageApp>;
+    grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
+  ) => Promise<UserSageAppView>;
   uninstallApp: (appId: string) => Promise<void>;
   checkForUpdate: (appId: string) => Promise<SageAppUrlPreview | null>;
   performAppUpdate: (
     appId: string,
-    grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
+    grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
     options?: PerformAppUpdateOptions,
-  ) => Promise<UserSageApp>;
+  ) => Promise<SageAppView>;
   clearAppStorage: (appId: string) => Promise<void>;
   rerunSandboxTests: () => Promise<SandboxStateView>;
 }
@@ -101,18 +102,18 @@ function isLaunchGateEntry(
   return entry !== null;
 }
 
-function isInstalledEntry(entry: ListedSageApp): entry is InstalledEntry {
+function isInstalledEntry(entry: ListedSageAppView): entry is InstalledEntry {
   return entry.kind === 'user' || entry.kind === 'system';
 }
 
 function isUserListedApp(
-  entry: ListedSageApp,
-): entry is { kind: 'user' } & UserSageApp {
+  entry: ListedSageAppView,
+): entry is { kind: 'user' } & UserSageAppView {
   return entry.kind === 'user';
 }
 
 export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
-  const [apps, setApps] = useState<ListedSageApp[]>([]);
+  const [apps, setApps] = useState<ListedSageAppView[]>([]);
   const [loading, setLoading] = useState(true);
   const [error, setError] = useState<string | null>(null);
   const [busyAppIds, setBusyAppIds] = useState<Record<string, boolean>>({});
@@ -138,7 +139,7 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
   const { isReady: bridgeHostReady } = useBridgeHost({ requestApproval });
 
   const refreshLaunchGates = useCallback(
-    async (listed: ListedSageApp[] = apps) => {
+    async (listed: ListedSageAppView[] = apps) => {
       const entries = await Promise.all(
         listed.filter(isInstalledEntry).map(async (app) => {
           try {
@@ -289,9 +290,9 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
   );
 
   const getApp = useCallback(
-    (appId: string): UserSageApp | undefined => {
+    (appId: string): UserSageAppView | undefined => {
       return apps.find(
-        (item): item is { kind: 'user' } & UserSageApp =>
+        (item): item is { kind: 'user' } & UserSageAppView =>
           isUserListedApp(item) && item.common.identity.id === appId,
       );
     },
@@ -318,7 +319,7 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
   );
 
   const installApp = useCallback(
-    async (zipPath: string, grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions) => {
+    async (zipPath: string, grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissionsInput) => {
       const installed = await commands.installAppZip(
         zipPath,
         grantedPermissions,
@@ -330,7 +331,7 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
   );
 
   const installUrlApp = useCallback(
-    async (appUrl: string, grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions) => {
+    async (appUrl: string, grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissionsInput) => {
       const installed = await commands.installAppUrl(
         appUrl,
         grantedPermissions,
@@ -378,7 +379,7 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
   const performAppUpdate = useCallback(
     async (
       appId: string,
-      grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
+      grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
       options?: PerformAppUpdateOptions,
     ) => {
       setBusy(appId, true);
diff --git a/src/hooks/useAppEmbeddedRuntime.ts b/src/hooks/useAppEmbeddedRuntime.ts
index 516ac04a3..0a2589ac7 100644
--- a/src/hooks/useAppEmbeddedRuntime.ts
+++ b/src/hooks/useAppEmbeddedRuntime.ts
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import {
   getRuntimeWebview,
   markRuntimeVisible,
 } from '@/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry';
-import type { SageApp } from '@/bindings';
+import type { SageAppView } from '@/bindings';
 import { getCurrentWindow } from '@tauri-apps/api/window';
 
 async function getMacWindowedTopInsetPx(): Promise<number> {
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ function formatError(err: unknown): string {
 }
 
 interface Args {
-  app: SageApp | null | undefined;
+  app: SageAppView | null | undefined;
   containerRef: React.RefObject<HTMLDivElement | null>;
 }
 
diff --git a/src/hooks/useAppRuntimes.ts b/src/hooks/useAppRuntimes.ts
index bab439ea4..cf527872b 100644
--- a/src/hooks/useAppRuntimes.ts
+++ b/src/hooks/useAppRuntimes.ts
@@ -2,19 +2,19 @@ import { useEffect, useState } from 'react';
 import {
   listAppRuntimes,
   subscribeAppRuntimes,
-  type SageAppRuntimeRecord,
+  type SageAppRuntimeRecordView,
 } from '@/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry';
 
 export function useAppRuntimes(options?: { includeInternal?: boolean }) {
   const includeInternal = options?.includeInternal ?? false;
 
-  const [runtimes, setRuntimes] = useState<SageAppRuntimeRecord[]>(() => {
+  const [runtimes, setRuntimes] = useState<SageAppRuntimeRecordView[]>(() => {
     const all = listAppRuntimes();
     return includeInternal ? all : all.filter((runtime) => !runtime.internal);
   });
 
   useEffect(() => {
-    return subscribeAppRuntimes((next: SageAppRuntimeRecord[]) => {
+    return subscribeAppRuntimes((next: SageAppRuntimeRecordView[]) => {
       setRuntimes(
         includeInternal ? next : next.filter((runtime) => !runtime.internal),
       );
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/restartAppRuntime.ts b/src/lib/apps/restartAppRuntime.ts
index 62f8096fa..0a867bf82 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/restartAppRuntime.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/restartAppRuntime.ts
@@ -1,11 +1,15 @@
-import type { SageApp, SystemSageApp, UserSageApp } from '@/bindings';
+import type {
+  SageAppView,
+  SystemSageAppView,
+  UserSageAppView,
+} from '@/bindings';
 import {
   closeAppRuntime,
   ensureInlineRuntime,
   markRuntimeVisible,
 } from '@/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry';
 
-type AppLike = SageApp | UserSageApp | SystemSageApp;
+type AppLike = SageAppView | UserSageAppView | SystemSageAppView;
 
 export async function restartAppRuntime(
   app: AppLike,
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts b/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
index 9925a760c..d11883362 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
@@ -1,25 +1,25 @@
 import { Webview } from '@tauri-apps/api/webview';
 import {
   commands,
-  type CreateInlineRuntimeArgs,
-  type SageAppRuntimeRecord,
-  type SystemSageApp,
-  type UserSageApp,
-  type SageApp,
+  type CreateRuntimeArgs,
+  type SageAppRuntimeRecordView,
+  type SystemSageAppView,
+  type UserSageAppView,
+  type SageAppView,
   type RuntimeTargetParams,
 } from '@/bindings';
 
-export type { SageAppRuntimeRecord };
+export type { SageAppRuntimeRecordView };
 
-type RuntimeListener = (records: SageAppRuntimeRecord[]) => void;
-type AppLike = SageApp | UserSageApp | SystemSageApp;
+type RuntimeListener = (records: SageAppRuntimeRecordView[]) => void;
+type AppLike = SageAppView | UserSageAppView | SystemSageAppView;
 
 const listeners = new Set<RuntimeListener>();
-let cachedRuntimes: SageAppRuntimeRecord[] = [];
+let cachedRuntimes: SageAppRuntimeRecordView[] = [];
 let pollTimer: number | null = null;
 let polling = false;
 
-async function refreshRuntimes(): Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecord[]> {
+async function refreshRuntimes(): Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecordView[]> {
   if (polling) {
     return cachedRuntimes;
   }
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ export function subscribeAppRuntimes(listener: RuntimeListener): () => void {
   };
 }
 
-export function listAppRuntimes(): SageAppRuntimeRecord[] {
+export function listAppRuntimes(): SageAppRuntimeRecordView[] {
   return cachedRuntimes;
 }
 
@@ -88,8 +88,10 @@ export async function getRuntimeWebview(
   appId: string,
 ): Promise<Webview | null> {
   const runtime =
-    cachedRuntimes.find((item) => item.appId === appId) ??
-    (await refreshRuntimes()).find((item) => item.appId === appId);
+    cachedRuntimes.find((item) => item.app.common.identity.id === appId) ??
+    (await refreshRuntimes()).find(
+      (item) => item.app.common.identity.id === appId,
+    );
 
   if (!runtime) {
     return null;
@@ -136,11 +138,11 @@ export async function closeAppRuntime(
 
 export async function ensureInlineRuntime(
   app: AppLike,
-): Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecord> {
-  const args: CreateInlineRuntimeArgs = {
+): Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecordView> {
+  const args: CreateRuntimeArgs = {
     appId: app.common.identity.id,
-    visible: true,
-    internal: false,
+    mode: 'Inline',
+    visibility: 'Visible',
     debugLayout: false,
     path: null,
     query: {},
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/sandbox.ts b/src/lib/apps/sandbox.ts
index 7922d477d..ca8533e10 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/sandbox.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/sandbox.ts
@@ -2,12 +2,12 @@ import type {
   SandboxCapabilityResult,
   SandboxState,
   SandboxStateView,
-  SageApp,
-  SystemSageApp,
-  UserSageApp,
+  SageAppView,
+  SystemSageAppView,
+  UserSageAppView,
 } from '@/bindings';
 
-type AppLike = SageApp | UserSageApp | SystemSageApp;
+type AppLike = SageAppView | UserSageAppView | SystemSageAppView;
 
 export type SandboxCapability =
   | 'storage_isolation_from_sage'
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/types.ts b/src/lib/apps/types.ts
index bfafee945..826f7fd04 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/types.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/types.ts
@@ -1,17 +1,17 @@
-import type { SageApp, SystemSageApp, UserSageApp } from '@/bindings';
+import type { SageAppView, SystemSageAppView, UserSageAppView } from '@/bindings';
 
-export type UserApp = Extract<SageApp, { kind: 'user' }>;
-export type SystemApp = Extract<SageApp, { kind: 'system' }>;
-export type RouteableApp = UserApp | SystemApp;
+export type UserAppView = Extract<SageAppView, { kind: 'user' }>;
+export type SystemAppView = Extract<SageAppView, { kind: 'system' }>;
+export type RouteableApp = UserAppView | SystemAppView;
 
-export function asUserApp(app: UserSageApp): UserApp {
+export function asUserApp(app: UserSageAppView): UserAppView {
   return {
     kind: 'user',
     ...app,
   };
 }
 
-export function asSystemApp(app: SystemSageApp): SystemApp {
+export function asSystemApp(app: SystemSageAppView): SystemAppView {
   return {
     kind: 'system',
     ...app,
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ export function asSystemApp(app: SystemSageApp): SystemApp {
 }
 
 export function canRouteToApp(
-  app: SageApp | UserSageApp | SystemSageApp,
+  app: SageAppView | UserSageAppView | SystemSageAppView,
 ): boolean {
   if ('kind' in app) {
     if (app.kind === 'user') {
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ export function canRouteToApp(
 }
 
 export function routeForApp(
-  app: SageApp | UserSageApp | SystemSageApp,
+  app: SageAppView | UserSageAppView | SystemSageAppView,
 ): string | null {
   if ('kind' in app) {
     if (app.kind === 'user') {
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/updatePermissionsDelta.ts b/src/lib/apps/updatePermissionsDelta.ts
index f760098ed..2cff66a5e 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/updatePermissionsDelta.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/updatePermissionsDelta.ts
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 import type {
-  UserSageApp,
+  UserSageAppView,
   SageAppPackageManifest,
   SageAppUrlPreview,
-  SageGrantedPermissions,
+  SageGrantedPermissionsView,
   SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
   SageRequestedPermissions,
   UserBridgeCapability,
@@ -67,12 +67,12 @@ export interface AppUpdatePermissionsDelta {
   removedGrantedCapabilities: UserBridgeCapability[];
   removedGrantedNetwork: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[];
 
-  nextGrantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions;
+  nextGrantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissionsView;
   requiresUserReview: boolean;
 }
 
 export function getAppUpdatePermissionsDelta(
-  app: UserSageApp,
+  app: UserSageAppView,
   preview: SageAppUrlPreview | SageAppPackageManifest,
 ): AppUpdatePermissionsDelta {
   const previousRequested = app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.permissions;
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ export function getAppUpdatePermissionsDelta(
     });
   }
 
-  const nextGrantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions = {
+  const nextGrantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissionsView = {
     capabilities: nextGrantedCapabilities,
     network: {
       whitelist: sortNetwork(nextGrantedNetworkMap.values()),
diff --git a/src/pages/Apps.tsx b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
index fe0a3f104..be42bc410 100644
--- a/src/pages/Apps.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
@@ -11,12 +11,13 @@ import {
   DialogTitle,
 } from '@/components/ui/dialog';
 import type {
-  ListedSageApp,
+  ListedSageAppView,
   SageAppPackageManifest,
   SageAppUrlPreview,
-  SageGrantedPermissions,
-  SystemSageApp,
-  UserSageApp,
+  SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
+  SageGrantedPermissionsView,
+  SystemSageAppView,
+  UserSageAppView,
 } from '@/bindings.ts';
 import { invoke } from '@tauri-apps/api/core';
 import { useApps } from '@/contexts/AppsContext.tsx';
@@ -38,10 +39,10 @@ import { formatAppError } from '@/lib/apps/formatAppError.ts';
 import { AppUpdateDialog } from '@/components/apps/AppUpdateDialog.tsx';
 import { getAppUpdatePermissionsDelta } from '@/lib/apps/updatePermissionsDelta.ts';
 
-type UserInstalledEntry = { kind: 'user' } & UserSageApp;
-type SystemInstalledEntry = { kind: 'system' } & SystemSageApp;
+type UserInstalledEntry = { kind: 'user' } & UserSageAppView;
+type SystemInstalledEntry = { kind: 'system' } & SystemSageAppView;
 type InstalledEntry = UserInstalledEntry | SystemInstalledEntry;
-type CorruptedEntry = Extract<ListedSageApp, { kind: 'corrupted' }>;
+type CorruptedEntry = Extract<ListedSageAppView, { kind: 'corrupted' }>;
 
 type AppContextMenuState = {
   app: InstalledEntry;
@@ -49,7 +50,7 @@ type AppContextMenuState = {
   y: number;
 } | null;
 
-function isInstalledEntry(entry: ListedSageApp): entry is InstalledEntry {
+function isInstalledEntry(entry: ListedSageAppView): entry is InstalledEntry {
   return entry.kind === 'user' || entry.kind === 'system';
 }
 
@@ -59,13 +60,13 @@ function isUserInstalledEntry(
   return entry.kind === 'user';
 }
 
-function isCorruptedEntry(entry: ListedSageApp): entry is CorruptedEntry {
+function isCorruptedEntry(entry: ListedSageAppView): entry is CorruptedEntry {
   return entry.kind === 'corrupted';
 }
 
 type PendingPermissionsRetry = {
   appId: string;
-  nextGrantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions;
+  nextGrantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissionsView;
 } | null;
 
 function clampContextMenuPosition(args: {
@@ -144,9 +145,11 @@ export function Apps() {
   const [pendingPermissionsRetry, setPendingPermissionsRetry] =
     useState<PendingPermissionsRetry>(null);
   const [editingGrantedPermissions, setEditingGrantedPermissions] =
-    useState<SageGrantedPermissions>({
+    useState<SageGrantedPermissionsInput>({
       capabilities: [],
-      network: { whitelist: [] },
+      network: {
+        whitelist: []
+      },
     });
 
   const showSandboxDebugResults =
@@ -175,7 +178,7 @@ export function Apps() {
   const baselineSandboxState = getBaselineSandboxState(sandboxState);
 
   const runningAppIds = useMemo(() => {
-    return new Set(runtimes.map((runtime) => runtime.appId));
+    return new Set(runtimes.map((runtime) => runtime.app.common.identity.id));
   }, [runtimes]);
 
   const installedApps = useMemo(
@@ -234,7 +237,7 @@ export function Apps() {
   const handleConfirmUpdate = useCallback(
     async (
       app: UserInstalledEntry,
-      nextGrantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
+      nextGrantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissionsView,
     ) => {
       try {
         setUpdateDialogBusy(true);
@@ -398,7 +401,7 @@ export function Apps() {
   const handleApplyPermissions = useCallback(
     async (
       app: UserInstalledEntry,
-      nextGrantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
+      nextGrantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissionsView,
     ): Promise<void> => {
       const appId = app.common.identity.id;
 
@@ -841,7 +844,9 @@ export function Apps() {
             }
 
             const targetApp = contextMenu.app;
-            const shouldReopen = runningAppIds.has(targetApp.common.identity.id);
+            const shouldReopen = runningAppIds.has(
+              targetApp.common.identity.id,
+            );
 
             void handleClearData(targetApp, shouldReopen);
           }}
@@ -855,9 +860,11 @@ export function Apps() {
               [contextMenu.app.common.identity.id]: 'idle',
             }));
 
-            void uninstallApp(contextMenu.app.common.identity.id).finally(() => {
-              closeContextMenu();
-            });
+            void uninstallApp(contextMenu.app.common.identity.id).finally(
+              () => {
+                closeContextMenu();
+              },
+            );
           }}
         />
       </div>
@@ -916,7 +923,12 @@ export function Apps() {
 
               <PermissionsEditor
                 app={permissionsDialogApp}
-                grantedPermissions={editingGrantedPermissions}
+                grantedPermissions={{
+                  capabilities: editingGrantedPermissions.capabilities,
+                  network: {
+                    whitelist: editingGrantedPermissions.network.whitelist,
+                  },
+                }}
                 onGrantedPermissionsChange={setEditingGrantedPermissions}
               />
 
diff --git a/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx b/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
index 3032bb52c..df6748e2f 100644
--- a/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
@@ -17,8 +17,8 @@ import { Outlet, useNavigate, useParams } from 'react-router-dom';
 import {
   commands,
   type SageAppUrlPreview,
-  type SageGrantedPermissions,
-  type UserSageApp,
+  type SageGrantedPermissionsView,
+  type UserSageAppView,
 } from '@/bindings';
 import { AppUpdateDialog } from '@/components/apps/AppUpdateDialog.tsx';
 import { getAppUpdatePermissionsDelta } from '@/lib/apps/updatePermissionsDelta.ts';
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
     setTabOrder((prev) => {
       const runtimeIds = runtimes
         .filter((runtime) => {
-          const installedApp = getListedApp(runtime.appId);
+          const installedApp = getListedApp(runtime.app.common.identity.id);
           if (!installedApp) {
             return false;
           }
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
 
           return installedApp.presentation === 'Taskbar';
         })
-        .map((runtime) => runtime.appId);
+        .map((runtime) => runtime.app.common.identity.id);
 
       const kept = prev.filter((runtimeAppId) =>
         runtimeIds.includes(runtimeAppId),
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
     });
   }, [runtimes, getListedApp]);
 
-  const activeApp: UserSageApp | null = appId ? (getApp(appId) ?? null) : null;
+  const activeApp: UserSageAppView | null = appId ? (getApp(appId) ?? null) : null;
   const activeUpdatePreview: SageAppUrlPreview | null = activeApp
     ? (updateAvailability[activeApp.common.identity.id] ?? null)
     : null;
@@ -95,7 +95,9 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
 
   const tabs = useMemo<AppTaskBarTab[]>(() => {
     const runtimeByAppId = new Map(
-      runtimes.map((runtime) => [runtime.appId, runtime] as const),
+      runtimes.map(
+        (runtime) => [runtime.app.common.identity.id, runtime] as const,
+      ),
     );
 
     const out: AppTaskBarTab[] = [];
@@ -106,7 +108,7 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
         continue;
       }
 
-      const installedApp = getListedApp(runtime.appId);
+      const installedApp = getListedApp(runtime.app.common.identity.id);
       if (!installedApp) {
         continue;
       }
@@ -126,11 +128,12 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
             : `sage-app://${installedApp.common.identity.originId}/${installedApp.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.icon}`;
 
       out.push({
-        appId: runtime.appId,
+        appId: runtime.app.common.identity.id,
         runtimeKind: installedApp.kind,
-        name: installedApp.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.name ?? runtime.appName,
+        name:
+          installedApp.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.name,
         iconSrc,
-        isActive: runtime.appId === appId,
+        isActive: runtime.app.common.identity.id === appId,
       });
     }
 
@@ -138,7 +141,7 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
   }, [runtimes, tabOrder, getListedApp, appId]);
 
   const handleConfirmUpdate = useCallback(
-    async (nextGrantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissions) => {
+    async (nextGrantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissionsView) => {
       if (!activeApp) {
         return;
       }

From a7775d4fe6b855e504f843e6c0a58db33969d487 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Thu, 30 Apr 2026 18:51:02 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 272/471] WIP

---
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs |  2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs       | 13 ++++++
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs          |  2 +-
 .../sage-apps/src/types/app/view/preview.rs   | 21 +++++++++
 .../sage-system-app-sdk/tsconfig.build.json   | 11 +++++
 src/lib/apps/grantedPermissions.ts            | 44 +++++++++++++++++++
 6 files changed, 91 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/preview.rs
 create mode 100644 packages/sage-system-app-sdk/tsconfig.build.json
 create mode 100644 src/lib/apps/grantedPermissions.ts

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
index 25b35a16d..64065f508 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
@@ -323,7 +323,7 @@ mod tests {
     async fn shared_installer_rejects_unrequested_granted_permission() {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
 
-        let granted = SageGrantedPermissionsInput::new_unchecked(
+        let granted = SageGrantedPermissionsInput::new(
             [UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage],
             [SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new_unchecked(
                 "https",
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
index 1a5655797..7627144c3 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::runtime::find_runtime_by_app_id_optional;
 use crate::runtime::stop::close_runtime_internal;
 use tokio::time::{sleep, Duration};
+use crate::system_apps::build_builtin_system_app;
 
 const MAX_STOP_RESOLVE_ATTEMPTS: usize = 5;
 
@@ -155,6 +156,18 @@ pub async fn resolve_app(app: &AppHandle, app_id: &str) -> Result<ResolvedApp, R
             ))
         );
     }
+    if let Some(app) = build_builtin_system_app(app_id)
+        .map_err(|err| {
+            ResolveError::BuildFailed(format!(
+                "failed to resolve builtin system app {app_id}: {err}"
+            ))
+        })?
+    {
+        return Ok(ResolvedApp::Stopped(ResolvedStoppedApp::new(
+            SharedSageApp::new(app),
+            guard,
+        )));
+    }
 
     let Some(app) = build_builtin_test_app(app_id)
         .map_err(|err| ResolveError::BuildFailed(format!(
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs
index e3ce2cfaa..82a5c1762 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ fn required_capabilities_for_app(app: &SharedSageApp) -> Vec<SandboxCapability>
 }
 
 pub fn evaluate_app_launch_gate(app: &SharedSageApp, effective: &SandboxState) -> AppLaunchGateResult {
-    if app.id().starts_with("__sage_test_") {
+    if app.is_system_app() || app.id().starts_with("__sage_test_") {
         return AppLaunchGateResult {
             allowed: true,
             kind: "allowed".into(),
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/preview.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/preview.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..214bf2392
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/preview.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+use serde::{Serialize};
+use specta::Type;
+use crate::types::{SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppUrl, UserSageAppPendingUpdate};
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct UserSageAppPendingUpdateView {
+    app_url: SageAppUrl,
+    manifest_hash: String,
+    manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
+}
+
+impl From<&UserSageAppPendingUpdate> for UserSageAppPendingUpdateView {
+    fn from(value: &UserSageAppPendingUpdate) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            app_url: value.app_url().clone(),
+            manifest_hash: value.manifest_hash().to_string(),
+            manifest: value.manifest().clone(),
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/tsconfig.build.json b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/tsconfig.build.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..65f737621
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/tsconfig.build.json
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+{
+  "extends": "./tsconfig.json",
+  "compilerOptions": {
+    "noEmit": false,
+    "declaration": true,
+    "emitDeclarationOnly": true,
+    "declarationMap": false,
+    "outDir": "dist",
+    "rootDir": "src"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/grantedPermissions.ts b/src/lib/apps/grantedPermissions.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..19eacdfa7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/apps/grantedPermissions.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+import type {
+  SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
+  SageGrantedPermissionsView,
+} from '@/bindings';
+
+export function grantedViewToInput(
+  view: SageGrantedPermissionsView,
+): SageGrantedPermissionsInput {
+  return {
+    capabilities: view.capabilities,
+    network: {
+      whitelist: view.network.whitelist
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+export function grantedInputToView(
+  input: SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
+): SageGrantedPermissionsView {
+  return {
+    capabilities: input.capabilities,
+    network: {
+      whitelist: input.network.whitelist,
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+export function emptyGrantedPermissionsInput(): SageGrantedPermissionsInput {
+  return {
+    capabilities: [],
+    network: {
+      whitelist: []
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+export function emptyGrantedPermissionsView(): SageGrantedPermissionsView {
+  return {
+    capabilities: [],
+    network: {
+      whitelist: [],
+    },
+  };
+}

From e7cb142fe05ca0662ab721a03b4319f70463415c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Thu, 30 Apr 2026 19:18:16 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 273/471] Refactor: enhance `build_system_apps` with dist
 directory checks and copy logic

- Added validation for `dist` directory existence before processing system apps.
- Introduced `copy_dir_contents` utility to handle directory content copying during builds.
- Updated task manager manifest to reference `icon.svg` directly.
---
 .../apps/task-manager/sage-manifest.json      |  2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/build/system_apps.rs     | 51 ++++++++++++++++++-
 2 files changed, 50 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/sage-manifest.json b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/sage-manifest.json
index c9ad368f7..3b02a4fd2 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/sage-manifest.json
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/sage-manifest.json
@@ -15,5 +15,5 @@
   },
   "files": [],
   "entry": "index.html",
-  "icon": "public/icon.svg"
+  "icon": "icon.svg"
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/system_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/system_apps.rs
index dedbda5a8..6d593136d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/system_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/system_apps.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use std::path::Path;
+use std::{fs, path::Path};
 
 use super::finalize::finalize_prebuilt_app;
 
@@ -20,10 +20,57 @@ pub fn build_system_apps(
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
     for system_app in SYSTEM_BUILD_PLAN {
         let app_src_dir = system_apps_src_dir.join(system_app.app_dir_name);
+        let app_dist_dir = app_src_dir.join("dist");
         let manifest_src = app_src_dir.join("sage-manifest.json");
         let out_dir = system_out_dir.join(system_app.out_dir_name);
 
-        finalize_prebuilt_app(&app_src_dir, &manifest_src, &out_dir, system_sdk_dist)?;
+        if !app_dist_dir.is_dir() {
+            return Err(format!(
+                "missing built system app dist directory at {}",
+                app_dist_dir.display()
+            ));
+        }
+
+        if out_dir.exists() {
+            fs::remove_dir_all(&out_dir)
+                .map_err(|err| format!("failed to remove {}: {err}", out_dir.display()))?;
+        }
+
+        fs::create_dir_all(&out_dir)
+            .map_err(|err| format!("failed to create {}: {err}", out_dir.display()))?;
+
+        copy_dir_contents(&app_dist_dir, &out_dir)?;
+
+        finalize_prebuilt_app(&out_dir, &manifest_src, &out_dir, system_sdk_dist)?;
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn copy_dir_contents(src: &Path, dst: &Path) -> Result<(), String> {
+    for entry in fs::read_dir(src).map_err(|err| format!("failed to read {}: {err}", src.display()))?
+    {
+        let entry = entry.map_err(|err| format!("failed to read dir entry: {err}"))?;
+        let src_path = entry.path();
+        let dst_path = dst.join(entry.file_name());
+
+        let metadata = entry
+            .metadata()
+            .map_err(|err| format!("failed to stat {}: {err}", src_path.display()))?;
+
+        if metadata.is_dir() {
+            fs::create_dir_all(&dst_path)
+                .map_err(|err| format!("failed to create {}: {err}", dst_path.display()))?;
+            copy_dir_contents(&src_path, &dst_path)?;
+        } else if metadata.is_file() {
+            fs::copy(&src_path, &dst_path).map_err(|err| {
+                format!(
+                    "failed to copy {} to {}: {err}",
+                    src_path.display(),
+                    dst_path.display()
+                )
+            })?;
+        }
     }
 
     Ok(())

From 7f1131bd24c0d4dd4d520fa6bb651f344ab6b1e8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Thu, 30 Apr 2026 20:32:36 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 274/471] Refactor: remove `#[serde(rename_all =
 "camelCase")]`, improve error messaging, and update webview configurations

- Removed `#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]` from struct definitions for consistency.
- Enhanced error handling with improved context in deserialization failure cases.
- Updated webview configurations in `apps.json` and `system-apps.json` to expand
---
 .../system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/src/App.tsx          | 2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs              | 6 +++---
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs             | 7 ++++++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/types.rs           | 2 --
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs                   | 1 -
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/snapshot.rs                 | 1 -
 src-tauri/capabilities/apps.json                           | 2 +-
 src-tauri/capabilities/system-apps.json                    | 2 +-
 8 files changed, 12 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/src/App.tsx b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/src/App.tsx
index 90265ba4b..d9f75efc1 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/src/App.tsx
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/src/App.tsx
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ function runtimeAppName(runtime: SageAppRuntimeRecordView): string {
 }
 
 function runtimeKind(runtime: SageAppRuntimeRecordView): 'User' | 'System' {
-  return 'User' in runtime.app ? 'User' : 'System';
+  return runtime.app.kind === 'user' ? 'User' : 'System';
 }
 
 function runtimeVisible(runtime: SageAppRuntimeRecordView): boolean {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
index 3f8a823dd..84076cec0 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
@@ -42,12 +42,12 @@ pub async fn process(
         }
     };
 
-    if app.webview_label_matches(&webview_label) {
+    if !app.webview_label_matches(&webview_label) {
         return Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Immediate {
             response: RustBridgeResponse::error(
                 &request.id,
                 "permission_denied",
-                "This bridge is not available for this runtime kind",
+                format!("Webview label doesn't match what app expects. Actual webview label: {}, app_id: {}", webview_label, app.id()),
             ),
         });
     }
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ pub async fn process(
             response: RustBridgeResponse::error(
                 &request.id,
                 "permission_denied",
-                "This bridge is not available for this runtime kind",
+                format!("Bridge channel doesn't match what app expects. Actual bridge channel: {}, app_id: {}", request.channel, app.id()),
             ),
         });
     }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs
index 141cdab04..a3add963c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs
@@ -51,7 +51,12 @@ pub fn read_installed_user_app_from_dir(dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<UserSageApp> {
         fs::read_to_string(&path).with_context(|| format!("failed to read {}", path.display()))?;
 
     let persisted: PersistedUserSageApp = serde_json::from_str(&text)
-        .with_context(|| format!("failed to parse installed app metadata {}", path.display()))?;
+        .map_err(|err| {
+            anyhow::anyhow!(
+            "failed to parse installed app metadata {}: {err}\n\n{text}",
+            path.display()
+        )
+        })?;
 
     persisted.try_into()
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/types.rs
index 96f9345fa..a8a433ec8 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/types.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ use crate::types::{
 };
 
 #[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct PersistedUserSageApp {
     identity: SageAppIdentity,
     granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
@@ -69,7 +68,6 @@ impl TryFrom<PersistedUserSageApp> for UserSageApp {
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Deserialize)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 struct PersistedUserSageAppRaw {
     identity: SageAppIdentity,
     granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
index 518716f05..3ea07509f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
@@ -231,7 +231,6 @@ impl SageAppIdentity {
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Deserialize)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 struct SageAppIdentityRaw {
     id: String,
     origin_id: String,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/snapshot.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/snapshot.rs
index 5c7e58b31..4481f777a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/snapshot.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/snapshot.rs
@@ -106,7 +106,6 @@ impl SageAppSnapshot {
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Deserialize)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 struct SageAppSnapshotDeserialize {
     manifest_hash: String,
     snapshot_dir: String,
diff --git a/src-tauri/capabilities/apps.json b/src-tauri/capabilities/apps.json
index afc352c62..df6166f73 100644
--- a/src-tauri/capabilities/apps.json
+++ b/src-tauri/capabilities/apps.json
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
   "$schema": "../gen/schemas/desktop-schema.json",
   "identifier": "app-webview",
   "description": "Minimal IPC for installed app windows and embedded user app webviews",
-  "webviews": ["app-inline-*"],
+  "webviews": ["app-*"],
   "permissions": [
     "core:event:default",
     "core:webview:default",
diff --git a/src-tauri/capabilities/system-apps.json b/src-tauri/capabilities/system-apps.json
index 1747c3b23..fda4cd18a 100644
--- a/src-tauri/capabilities/system-apps.json
+++ b/src-tauri/capabilities/system-apps.json
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
   "$schema": "../gen/schemas/desktop-schema.json",
   "identifier": "system-app-webview",
   "description": "Minimal IPC for embedded system app webviews",
-  "webviews": ["system-app-inline-*"],
+  "webviews": ["system-app-*"],
   "permissions": [
     "core:event:default",
     "core:webview:default",

From e94ea8bcfcbdb37d516175d2ff4ee21100280aae Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 1 May 2026 01:16:05 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 275/471] Impostors

---
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs |  41 ++++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs       |   3 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs       |  71 +++++----
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs         |  10 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs     |   6 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs    |  58 ++++++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/remove.rs  |  47 ++++++
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs   | 145 ++++++++++++++++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs   |  31 +++-
 .../sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/isolation.rs |   2 -
 .../sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/network.rs   |   2 -
 .../src/sandbox/probes/persistence.rs         |   4 -
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs       |  22 ---
 crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs     |  72 ++++-----
 14 files changed, 387 insertions(+), 127 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
index 84076cec0..64ae714fa 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ use crate::bridge::state::write_pending_approval;
 use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalEvent, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeInvokeResult, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
 use crate::capabilities::{get_system_capability_definition, get_user_capability_definition};
 use crate::host::AppState;
-use crate::runtime::webview_locator::get_sage_webview;
-use crate::runtime::assert_bridge_origin;
+use crate::runtime::webview_locator::{get_sage_webview, get_webview_in_sage_window};
+use crate::runtime::{app_id_from_webview_label, is_allowed_app_url, protocol_scheme_for_app, resolve_possibly_impostor_running_app};
 use crate::types::{SageApp, SharedSageApp};
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Emitter, Manager, State, Webview};
 use uuid::Uuid;
@@ -299,3 +299,40 @@ fn assert_method<'a>(
 
     Ok(method)
 }
+
+pub(super) async fn assert_bridge_origin(
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
+    webview_label: &String,
+) -> Result<SharedSageApp, String> {
+    let app_id = app_id_from_webview_label(webview_label)
+        .ok_or_else(|| format!("invalid app runtime label: {webview_label}"))?;
+
+    let runtime = resolve_possibly_impostor_running_app(&app_handle.state(), app_id)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|_| format!("failed to find runtime for app {app_id}"))?;
+
+    let app = runtime.identity_app();
+
+    if !app.webview_label_matches(webview_label) {
+        return Err(format!(
+            "bridge denied for {webview_label}: webview label mismatch"
+        ));
+    }
+
+    let app_webview = get_webview_in_sage_window(app_handle, webview_label)?;
+
+    let current_url = app_webview
+        .url()
+        .map_err(|e| format!("failed to read current webview url: {e}"))?;
+
+    if !is_allowed_app_url(&current_url, &app) {
+        return Err(format!(
+            "bridge denied for {webview_label}: current url {} is outside {}://{}/...",
+            current_url,
+            protocol_scheme_for_app(&app),
+            app.origin_id()
+        ));
+    }
+
+    Ok(app)
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
index c90d764c1..4d916a12a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::bridge::bridge_request::{execute_bridge_request, process};
+use crate::bridge::bridge_request::{assert_bridge_origin, execute_bridge_request, process};
 use crate::bridge::event_emit::emit_bridge_response_to_source;
 use crate::bridge::state::{get_pending_approval, remove_pending_approval};
 use crate::bridge::{
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ use crate::bridge::{
 };
 use crate::capabilities::user_registry;
 use crate::host::AppState;
-use crate::runtime::assert_bridge_origin;
 use crate::types::SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State, Webview};
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
index 7627144c3..b25a4aa7b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
@@ -2,13 +2,12 @@ use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 use std::fmt::Display;
 use crate::lifecycle::read_installed_app_by_id;
 use crate::runtime::state::SageAppRuntimeKind;
-use crate::runtime::webview_locator::get_webview_in_sage_window;
 use crate::sandbox::build_builtin_test_app;
 use crate::types::{ResolvedApp, ResolvedRunningApp, ResolvedStoppedApp, SageApp, SharedSageApp};
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
 use url::Url;
 use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::runtime::find_runtime_by_app_id_optional;
+use crate::runtime::{find_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id_optional, find_runtime_by_app_id_optional, GetRuntimeError, SharedImpostorRuntime, SharedRuntime};
 use crate::runtime::stop::close_runtime_internal;
 use tokio::time::{sleep, Duration};
 use crate::system_apps::build_builtin_system_app;
@@ -28,6 +27,11 @@ pub enum ResolveStoppedError {
     CloseAttemptsHit
 }
 
+pub(in crate) enum PossiblyImpostorRuntime {
+    Legit(SharedRuntime),
+    Impostor(SharedImpostorRuntime),
+}
+
 impl Display for ResolveError {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
         let str = match self {
@@ -183,37 +187,50 @@ pub async fn resolve_app(app: &AppHandle, app_id: &str) -> Result<ResolvedApp, R
     )))
 }
 
-pub(crate) async fn assert_bridge_origin(
-    app_handle: &AppHandle,
-    webview_label: &String,
-) -> Result<SharedSageApp, String> {
-    let app_id = app_id_from_webview_label(webview_label)
-        .ok_or_else(|| format!("invalid app runtime label: {webview_label}"))?;
+pub(crate) async fn resolve_possibly_impostor_running_app(
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    app_id: &str,
+) -> Result<PossiblyImpostorRuntime, GetRuntimeError> {
+    if let Some(runtime) =
+        find_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id_optional(apps_state, app_id).await
+    {
+        return Ok(PossiblyImpostorRuntime::Impostor(runtime));
+    }
+
+    if let Some(runtime) = find_runtime_by_app_id_optional(apps_state, app_id).await {
+        return Ok(PossiblyImpostorRuntime::Legit(runtime));
+    }
 
-    let runtime = find_runtime_by_app_id_optional(&app_handle.state(), app_id).await
-        .ok_or_else(|| format!("failed to find runtime for app {app_id}"))?;
-    let app = runtime.app();
+    Err(GetRuntimeError::NotFound)
+}
 
-    if !app.webview_label_matches(webview_label) {
-        return Err(format!(
-            "bridge denied for {webview_label}: webview label mismatch"
-        ));
+impl PossiblyImpostorRuntime {
+    pub(crate) fn identity_app(&self) -> SharedSageApp {
+        match self {
+            Self::Legit(runtime) => runtime.app(),
+            Self::Impostor(runtime) => runtime.victim_app(),
+        }
     }
 
-    let app_webview = get_webview_in_sage_window(app_handle, webview_label)?;
+    pub(crate) fn content_app(&self) -> SharedSageApp {
+        match self {
+            Self::Legit(runtime) => runtime.app(),
+            Self::Impostor(runtime) => runtime.impostor_app(),
+        }
+    }
 
-    let current_url = app_webview
-        .url()
-        .map_err(|e| format!("failed to read current webview url: {e}"))?;
+    pub(crate) fn is_user_app(&self) -> bool {
+        self.identity_app().is_user_app()
+    }
 
-    if !is_allowed_app_url(&current_url, &app) {
-        return Err(format!(
-            "bridge denied for {webview_label}: current url {} is outside {}://{}/...",
-            current_url,
-            protocol_scheme_for_app(&app),
-            app.origin_id()
-        ));
+    pub(crate) fn is_system_app(&self) -> bool {
+        self.identity_app().is_system_app()
     }
 
-    Ok(app)
+    pub(crate) fn webview_label(&self) -> String {
+        match self {
+            Self::Legit(runtime) => runtime.with_runtime(|r| r.webview_label().to_string()),
+            Self::Impostor(runtime) => runtime.webview_label(),
+        }
+    }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
index c0346f1fb..6497da29e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ use crate::runtime::state::{SageAppRuntimeRecord, write_runtime, remove_runtime_
 use crate::runtime::webview_locator::{
     get_sage_window, get_webview_in_sage_window,
 };
-use crate::runtime::{build_entry_src, emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed, is_allowed_app_url, resolve_app, SageAppRuntimeMode, SageAppRuntimeVisibility, SharedRuntime};
+use crate::runtime::{build_entry_src, emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed, is_allowed_app_url, resolve_app, SageAppRuntimeImpostorKind, SageAppRuntimeMode, SageAppRuntimeVisibility, SharedRuntime};
 use crate::storage::parse_data_store_id;
 use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, ResolvedApp, SharedSageApp};
 use crate::{AppsHostState, sandbox};
@@ -22,7 +22,13 @@ pub struct CreateRuntimeArgs {
     pub mode: SageAppRuntimeMode,
     pub visibility: SageAppRuntimeVisibility,
     pub debug_layout: bool,
-    pub path: Option<String>,
+    pub query: BTreeMap<String, String>,
+}
+
+pub(in crate::runtime) struct CreateImpostorRuntimeArgs {
+    pub kind: SageAppRuntimeImpostorKind,
+    pub visibility: SageAppRuntimeVisibility,
+    pub debug_layout: bool,
     pub query: BTreeMap<String, String>,
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs
index a2356b52c..399bc1014 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs
@@ -5,17 +5,17 @@ mod write;
 mod view;
 
 pub use view::SageAppRuntimeRecordView;
-pub use types::{AppRuntimeState, SageAppRuntimeKind, SharedRuntime, SageAppRuntimeRecord};
+pub(crate) use types::{AppRuntimeState, SageAppRuntimeKind, SharedRuntime, SageAppRuntimeRecord};
 
 pub use read::find_runtime_by_app_id_optional;
 
 pub(crate) use read::{
     find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional, find_runtime_id_by_app_id_optional, get_runtime_by_app_id,
-    list_runtimes, GetRuntimeError
+    list_runtimes, find_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id_optional, GetRuntimeError
 };
 pub(crate) use types::{
     ReadyToStopParams, RuntimeAckResult, SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail, SetBeforeStopListenerParams,
-    SageAppRuntimeMode, SageAppRuntimeVisibility,
+    SageAppRuntimeMode, SageAppRuntimeVisibility, SageAppRuntimeImpostorKind, SharedImpostorRuntime,
 };
 
 pub(super) use remove::{
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
index 0c4577aa9..10b39eff8 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
@@ -1,18 +1,24 @@
-use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::runtime::state::types::{SharedRuntime};
 use std::cmp::Reverse;
 use std::fmt::Display;
+
 use tauri::State;
 
+use crate::AppsHostState;
+use crate::runtime::state::types::{SharedImpostorRuntime, SharedRuntime};
+
 pub enum GetRuntimeError {
     NotFound,
 }
 
 impl Display for GetRuntimeError {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
-        write!(f, "{}", match self {
-            GetRuntimeError::NotFound => String::from("Runtime not found"),
-        })
+        write!(
+            f,
+            "{}",
+            match self {
+                GetRuntimeError::NotFound => String::from("Runtime not found"),
+            },
+        )
     }
 }
 
@@ -40,6 +46,37 @@ pub(crate) async fn find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional(
     by_runtime_id.get(runtime_id).cloned()
 }
 
+pub(crate) async fn find_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id_optional(
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    victim_app_id: &str,
+) -> Option<SharedImpostorRuntime> {
+    let runtime_id =
+        find_impostor_runtime_id_by_victim_app_id_optional(apps_state, victim_app_id).await?;
+
+    find_impostor_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional(apps_state, &runtime_id).await
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn find_impostor_runtime_id_by_victim_app_id_optional(
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    victim_app_id: &str,
+) -> Option<String> {
+    let by_victim_app_id = apps_state
+        .runtime
+        .impostor_runtime_id_by_victim_app_id
+        .lock()
+        .await;
+
+    by_victim_app_id.get(victim_app_id).cloned()
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn find_impostor_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional(
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    runtime_id: &str,
+) -> Option<SharedImpostorRuntime> {
+    let by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.impostor_by_runtime_id.lock().await;
+    by_runtime_id.get(runtime_id).cloned()
+}
+
 pub(crate) async fn get_runtime_by_app_id(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: &str,
@@ -49,6 +86,15 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_runtime_by_app_id(
         .ok_or(GetRuntimeError::NotFound)
 }
 
+pub(crate) async fn get_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id(
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    victim_app_id: &str,
+) -> Result<SharedImpostorRuntime, GetRuntimeError> {
+    find_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id_optional(apps_state, victim_app_id)
+        .await
+        .ok_or(GetRuntimeError::NotFound)
+}
+
 pub(crate) async fn list_runtimes(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
 ) -> Result<Vec<SharedRuntime>, String> {
@@ -66,4 +112,4 @@ pub(crate) async fn list_runtimes(
     });
 
     Ok(runtimes)
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/remove.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/remove.rs
index 91f1f0b58..ef5975b3b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/remove.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/remove.rs
@@ -44,3 +44,50 @@ pub(in crate::runtime) async fn remove_pending_stop_ready(
     let mut pending = apps_state.runtime.pending_stop_ready.lock().await;
     pending.remove(request_id);
 }
+
+pub(in crate::runtime) async fn remove_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id(
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    victim_app_id: &str,
+) {
+    let runtime_id = {
+        let mut by_victim_app_id = apps_state
+            .runtime
+            .impostor_runtime_id_by_victim_app_id
+            .lock()
+            .await;
+
+        by_victim_app_id.remove(victim_app_id)
+    };
+
+    if let Some(runtime_id) = runtime_id {
+        remove_impostor_runtime_by_runtime_id(apps_state, &runtime_id).await;
+    }
+}
+
+pub(in crate::runtime) async fn remove_impostor_runtime_by_runtime_id(
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    runtime_id: &str,
+) {
+    let runtime = {
+        let mut by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.impostor_by_runtime_id.lock().await;
+        by_runtime_id.remove(runtime_id)
+    };
+
+    let Some(runtime) = runtime else {
+        return;
+    };
+
+    let victim_app_id = runtime.victim_app_id();
+
+    {
+        let mut by_victim_app_id = apps_state
+            .runtime
+            .impostor_runtime_id_by_victim_app_id
+            .lock()
+            .await;
+
+        if by_victim_app_id.get(&victim_app_id) == Some(&runtime_id.to_string()) {
+            by_victim_app_id.remove(&victim_app_id);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs
index f1cba9347..5a3e33dd9 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs
@@ -45,10 +45,35 @@ pub struct SharedRuntime {
     inner: Arc<RwLock<SageAppRuntimeRecord>>,
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum SageAppRuntimeImpostorKind {
+    StorageClearProbe,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct SageAppRuntimeImpostorRecord {
+    runtime_id: String,
+    victim_app: SharedSageApp,
+    impostor_app: SharedSageApp,
+    host_window_label: String,
+    webview_label: String,
+    kind: SageAppRuntimeImpostorKind,
+    started_at: i64,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct SharedImpostorRuntime {
+    inner: Arc<RwLock<SageAppRuntimeImpostorRecord>>,
+}
+
 #[derive(Default)]
 pub struct AppRuntimeState {
     pub runtime_by_runtime_id: Mutex<BTreeMap<String, SharedRuntime>>,
     pub runtime_id_by_app_id: Mutex<BTreeMap<String, String>>,
+
+    pub impostor_by_runtime_id: Mutex<BTreeMap<String, SharedImpostorRuntime>>,
+    pub impostor_runtime_id_by_victim_app_id: Mutex<BTreeMap<String, String>>,
+
     pub before_stop_listeners_by_app_id: Mutex<BTreeSet<String>>,
     pub pending_stop_ready: Mutex<BTreeMap<String, oneshot::Sender<()>>>,
 }
@@ -86,6 +111,28 @@ pub(crate) struct RuntimeAckResult {
     pub ok: bool,
 }
 
+pub(in crate::runtime) fn runtime_id_for(app: &SharedSageApp) -> String {
+    let (app_id, is_system_app) = app.with(|app| (app.id().to_string(), app.is_system()));
+    if is_system_app {
+        return format!("system-runtime-{app_id}")
+    }
+
+    format!("runtime-{app_id}")
+}
+
+pub(in crate::runtime) fn impostor_runtime_id_for(
+    victim_app: &SharedSageApp,
+    kind: SageAppRuntimeImpostorKind,
+) -> String {
+    let victim_app_id = victim_app.id();
+
+    match kind {
+        SageAppRuntimeImpostorKind::StorageClearProbe => {
+            format!("impostor-storage-clear-probe-{victim_app_id}")
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 impl SetBeforeStopListenerParams {
     pub fn active(self) -> bool {
         self.active
@@ -221,15 +268,6 @@ impl std::fmt::Debug for AppRuntimeState {
     }
 }
 
-pub(in crate::runtime) fn runtime_id_for(app: &SharedSageApp) -> String {
-    let (app_id, is_system_app) = app.with(|app| (app.id().to_string(), app.is_system()));
-    if is_system_app {
-        return format!("system-runtime-{app_id}")
-    }
-
-    format!("runtime-{app_id}")
-}
-
 impl SharedRuntime {
     pub fn new(runtime: SageAppRuntimeRecord) -> Self {
         Self {
@@ -276,3 +314,92 @@ impl SharedRuntime {
         self.with_app_inner(|app| app.id().to_string())
     }
 }
+
+impl SageAppRuntimeImpostorRecord {
+    pub fn new(
+        victim_app: &SharedSageApp,
+        impostor_app: &SharedSageApp,
+        host_window_label: &str,
+        webview_label: &str,
+        kind: SageAppRuntimeImpostorKind,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            runtime_id: impostor_runtime_id_for(victim_app, kind),
+            victim_app: victim_app.clone_for_runtime_owner(),
+            impostor_app: impostor_app.clone_for_runtime_owner(),
+            host_window_label: host_window_label.to_string(),
+            webview_label: webview_label.to_string(),
+            kind,
+            started_at: unix_timestamp_ms(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn runtime_id(&self) -> String {
+        self.runtime_id.clone()
+    }
+
+    pub fn victim_app(&self) -> SharedSageApp {
+        self.victim_app.clone_for_runtime_owner()
+    }
+
+    pub fn impostor_app(&self) -> SharedSageApp {
+        self.impostor_app.clone_for_runtime_owner()
+    }
+
+    pub fn victim_app_id(&self) -> String {
+        self.victim_app.id()
+    }
+
+    pub fn webview_label(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.webview_label
+    }
+
+    pub fn host_window_label(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.host_window_label
+    }
+
+    pub fn kind(&self) -> SageAppRuntimeImpostorKind {
+        self.kind
+    }
+
+    pub fn started_at(&self) -> i64 {
+        self.started_at
+    }
+}
+
+impl SharedImpostorRuntime {
+    pub fn new(runtime: SageAppRuntimeImpostorRecord) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            inner: Arc::new(RwLock::new(runtime)),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn with_runtime<T>(&self, f: impl FnOnce(&SageAppRuntimeImpostorRecord) -> T) -> T {
+        let runtime = self.inner.read();
+        f(&runtime)
+    }
+
+    pub fn victim_app(&self) -> SharedSageApp {
+        self.with_runtime(|runtime| runtime.victim_app.clone_for_resolved_running_app())
+    }
+
+    pub fn impostor_app(&self) -> SharedSageApp {
+        self.with_runtime(|runtime| runtime.impostor_app.clone_for_resolved_running_app())
+    }
+
+    pub fn victim_app_id(&self) -> String {
+        self.with_runtime(SageAppRuntimeImpostorRecord::victim_app_id)
+    }
+
+    pub fn runtime_id(&self) -> String {
+        self.with_runtime(SageAppRuntimeImpostorRecord::runtime_id)
+    }
+
+    pub fn webview_label(&self) -> String {
+        self.with_runtime(|runtime| runtime.webview_label().to_string())
+    }
+
+    pub fn kind(&self) -> SageAppRuntimeImpostorKind {
+        self.with_runtime(SageAppRuntimeImpostorRecord::kind)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs
index e21231281..3c5d0671f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use tauri::State;
+
 use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::runtime::SharedRuntime;
-use crate::runtime::state::types::{SageAppRuntimeRecord};
+use crate::runtime::state::types::{SageAppRuntimeImpostorRecord, SageAppRuntimeRecord, SharedRuntime, SharedImpostorRuntime};
 
 pub(in crate::runtime) async fn write_runtime(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
@@ -25,6 +25,33 @@ pub(in crate::runtime) async fn write_runtime(
     runtime
 }
 
+pub(in crate::runtime) async fn write_impostor_runtime(
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    runtime: SageAppRuntimeImpostorRecord,
+) -> SharedImpostorRuntime {
+    let runtime_id = runtime.runtime_id();
+    let victim_app_id = runtime.victim_app_id();
+
+    let runtime = SharedImpostorRuntime::new(runtime);
+
+    {
+        let mut by_victim_app_id = apps_state
+            .runtime
+            .impostor_runtime_id_by_victim_app_id
+            .lock()
+            .await;
+
+        by_victim_app_id.insert(victim_app_id, runtime_id.clone());
+    }
+
+    {
+        let mut by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.impostor_by_runtime_id.lock().await;
+        by_runtime_id.insert(runtime_id, runtime.clone());
+    }
+
+    runtime
+}
+
 pub(in crate::runtime) async fn write_pending_stop_ready(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     request_id: &str,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/isolation.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/isolation.rs
index d1b187183..47d3342cf 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/isolation.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/isolation.rs
@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@ pub(in crate::sandbox) async fn run_isolation_test(
         apps_state,
         BUILTIN_STORAGE_ISOLATION_PERSISTENT_ID,
         &[("runId", run_id.clone())],
-        None,
     )
     .await?;
     start_test_app(
@@ -33,7 +32,6 @@ pub(in crate::sandbox) async fn run_isolation_test(
         apps_state,
         BUILTIN_STORAGE_ISOLATION_INCOGNITO_ID,
         &[("runId", run_id.clone())],
-        None,
     )
     .await?;
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/network.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/network.rs
index d5824da4f..88ef9f5bc 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/network.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/network.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ pub(in crate::sandbox) async fn run_network_test(
         apps_state,
         BUILTIN_NETWORK_ALLOW_A_ID,
         &[("runId", run_id.clone())],
-        None,
     )
     .await?;
     start_test_app(
@@ -28,7 +27,6 @@ pub(in crate::sandbox) async fn run_network_test(
         apps_state,
         BUILTIN_NETWORK_ALLOW_B_ID,
         &[("runId", run_id.clone())],
-        None,
     )
     .await?;
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/persistence.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/persistence.rs
index 3f0bd821e..4fc34fc82 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/persistence.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/persistence.rs
@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@ pub(in crate::sandbox) async fn run_persistence_test(
         apps_state,
         BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_PERSISTENT_ID,
         &[("runId", run_id.clone()), ("phase", "write".into())],
-        None,
     )
     .await?;
     start_test_app(
@@ -31,7 +30,6 @@ pub(in crate::sandbox) async fn run_persistence_test(
         apps_state,
         BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_INCOGNITO_ID,
         &[("runId", run_id.clone()), ("phase", "write".into())],
-        None,
     )
     .await?;
 
@@ -119,7 +117,6 @@ pub(in crate::sandbox) async fn run_persistence_test(
         apps_state,
         BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_PERSISTENT_ID,
         &[("runId", run_id.clone()), ("phase", "read".into())],
-        None,
     )
     .await?;
     start_test_app(
@@ -127,7 +124,6 @@ pub(in crate::sandbox) async fn run_persistence_test(
         apps_state,
         BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_INCOGNITO_ID,
         &[("runId", run_id.clone()), ("phase", "read".into())],
-        None,
     )
     .await?;
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs
index b1749ca75..21a91a154 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::runtime::{apps_create_inline_runtime, SageAppRuntimeMode, SageAppRuntimeVisibility};
 use crate::runtime::start::CreateRuntimeArgs;
 use crate::runtime::stop::close_runtime_internal;
-use crate::security::RUNTIME_APPS_PREFIX;
 use std::collections::{BTreeMap, HashMap};
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 use uuid::Uuid;
@@ -22,7 +21,6 @@ pub(crate) async fn start_test_app(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: &str,
     query: &[(&str, String)],
-    path: Option<String>,
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
     let mut query_map = HashMap::new();
 
@@ -37,7 +35,6 @@ pub(crate) async fn start_test_app(
         apps_state,
         app_id,
         SageAppRuntimeVisibility::Hidden,
-        path,
         query_map.into_iter().collect(),
     )
     .await
@@ -62,7 +59,6 @@ pub(crate) async fn run_clear_cycle_phase_runtime(
         apps_state,
         app_id,
         SageAppRuntimeVisibility::Hidden,
-        Some(RuntimeApp::StorageClearProbe.path()),
         query,
     )
     .await
@@ -77,7 +73,6 @@ async fn start_internal_runtime_for_sandbox(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: &str,
     visibility: SageAppRuntimeVisibility,
-    path: Option<String>,
     query: BTreeMap<String, String>,
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
     let debug_test_apps = debug_test_apps_enabled();
@@ -87,7 +82,6 @@ async fn start_internal_runtime_for_sandbox(
         mode: SageAppRuntimeMode::Inline,
         visibility: if debug_test_apps { SageAppRuntimeVisibility::Visible } else { visibility },
         debug_layout: debug_test_apps,
-        path,
         query,
     };
 
@@ -96,22 +90,6 @@ async fn start_internal_runtime_for_sandbox(
         .map(|_| ())
 }
 
-enum RuntimeApp {
-    StorageClearProbe,
-}
-
-impl RuntimeApp {
-    fn base(&self) -> &'static str {
-        match self {
-            Self::StorageClearProbe => "storage-clear-probe",
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn path(&self) -> String {
-        format!("{RUNTIME_APPS_PREFIX}{}/{}", self.base(), "index.html")
-    }
-}
-
 fn debug_test_apps_enabled() -> bool {
     cfg!(debug_assertions)
         && std::env::var("SAGE_DEBUG_TEST_APPS")
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
index 97e3ad28f..25fe78c27 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
@@ -1,15 +1,10 @@
-use crate::runtime::{app_id_from_webview_label, find_runtime_by_app_id_optional};
-use crate::sandbox::builtin_runtime_apps_root;
-use crate::types::SharedSageApp;
+use crate::runtime::{app_id_from_webview_label, resolve_possibly_impostor_running_app, PossiblyImpostorRuntime};
 use crate::security::build_app_csp;
 use anyhow::{Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
 use std::fs;
-use std::path::PathBuf;
 use tauri::http::{Response, StatusCode};
 use tauri::{Manager, UriSchemeContext, Wry};
 
-pub const RUNTIME_APPS_PREFIX: &str = "/__sage/runtime-apps/";
-
 pub async fn handle_user_app_protocol_request(
     ctx: &UriSchemeContext<'_, Wry>,
     request: &tauri::http::Request<Vec<u8>>,
@@ -20,27 +15,30 @@ pub async fn handle_user_app_protocol_request(
         let app_id = app_id_from_webview_label(webview_label)
             .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("invalid webview label"))?;
 
-        let runtime = find_runtime_by_app_id_optional(&ctx.app_handle().state(), app_id).await
-            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("unknown app"))?;
+        let runtime =
+            resolve_possibly_impostor_running_app(&ctx.app_handle().state(), app_id)
+                .await
+                .map_err(|_| anyhow!("failed to find runtime for app {app_id}"))?;
 
         if !runtime.is_user_app() {
             anyhow::bail!("not a user runtime");
         }
 
-        let app = runtime.app();
+        let identity_app = runtime.identity_app();
 
-        if request.uri().host() != Some(&app.origin_id()) {
+        if request.uri().host() != Some(&identity_app.origin_id()) {
             anyhow::bail!("host mismatch");
         }
 
-        let is_sandbox_test = app.with(|app| app.common().is_sandbox_test());
+        let is_sandbox_test = identity_app.with(|app| app.common().is_sandbox_test());
 
-        match handle_app_protocol_request(&app, request) {
+        match handle_app_protocol_request(&runtime, request) {
             Ok(response) => Ok(response),
             Err(err) if is_sandbox_test => Ok(protocol_error_response("sage-app", &err)),
             Err(_) => Ok(not_found_response()),
         }
-    }.await;
+    }
+        .await;
 
     result.unwrap_or_else(|_| not_found_response())
 }
@@ -55,40 +53,40 @@ pub async fn handle_system_app_protocol_request(
         let app_id = app_id_from_webview_label(webview_label)
             .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("invalid webview label"))?;
 
-        let runtime = find_runtime_by_app_id_optional(&ctx.app_handle().state(), app_id).await
-            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("unknown app"))?;
+        let runtime =
+            resolve_possibly_impostor_running_app(&ctx.app_handle().state(), app_id)
+                .await
+                .map_err(|_| anyhow!("failed to find runtime for app {app_id}"))?;
 
         if !runtime.is_system_app() {
             anyhow::bail!("not a system runtime");
         }
-        let app = runtime.app();
 
-        if request.uri().host() != Some(&app.origin_id()) {
+        let identity_app = runtime.identity_app();
+
+        if request.uri().host() != Some(&identity_app.origin_id()) {
             anyhow::bail!("host mismatch");
         }
 
-        handle_app_protocol_request(&app, request)
+        handle_app_protocol_request(&runtime, request)
             .map_err(|err| anyhow!("sage-system-app error: {err}"))
-    }.await;
+    }
+        .await;
 
     result.unwrap_or_else(|err| protocol_error_response("sage-system-app", &err))
 }
 
 fn handle_app_protocol_request(
-    app: &SharedSageApp,
+    runtime: &PossiblyImpostorRuntime,
     request: &tauri::http::Request<Vec<u8>>,
 ) -> AnyResult<Response<Vec<u8>>> {
+    let identity_app = runtime.identity_app();
+    let content_app = runtime.content_app();
     let request_path = request.uri().path();
 
-    let file_path = match resolve_runtime_app_file(request_path)? {
-        Some(file_path) => file_path,
-        None => {
-            let file_path = app.with(|app| app.active_snapshot()
-                .resolve_file_path(request_path));
-
-            file_path?
-        }
-    };
+    let file_path = content_app.with(|app| {
+        app.active_snapshot().resolve_file_path(request_path)
+    })?;
 
     let mime = mime_guess::from_path(&file_path)
         .first_or_octet_stream()
@@ -99,26 +97,12 @@ fn handle_app_protocol_request(
         .status(StatusCode::OK)
         .header("Content-Type", mime)
         .header("Cache-Control", "no-store")
-        .header("Content-Security-Policy", build_app_csp(app))
+        .header("Content-Security-Policy", build_app_csp(&identity_app))
         .header("X-Content-Type-Options", "nosniff")
         .body(fs::read(&file_path)?)
         .map_err(|err| anyhow!("failed to build app protocol response: {err}"))
 }
 
-fn resolve_runtime_app_file(request_path: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<PathBuf>> {
-    if let Some(relative_path) = request_path.strip_prefix(RUNTIME_APPS_PREFIX) {
-        let runtime_root = builtin_runtime_apps_root();
-        let request_path = format!("/{relative_path}");
-
-        return Ok(Some(crate::lifecycle::read_snapshot_file(
-            &runtime_root,
-            &request_path,
-        )?));
-    }
-
-    Ok(None)
-}
-
 fn not_found_response() -> Response<Vec<u8>> {
     Response::builder()
         .status(404)

From aebf72449f17fcda683c867f027615eb9b6d1302 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 1 May 2026 03:14:17 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 276/471] Refactor: implement verified storage clear cycle and
 improve impostor runtime handling

- Added `run_verified_storage_clear_cycle` to centralize and validate the app storage clearing process.
- Introduced `create_impostor_runtime_from_stopped` for better handling of impostor runtimes.
- Updated related modules to unify storage clear and runtime lifecycle logic.
- Removed redundant functions and improved consistency across the codebase.
---
 .../storage-clear-probe/sage-manifest.json    |   1 -
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs |  43 +++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs       |   4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/shared.rs |   2 +
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs    |  12 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs     |  17 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs           |   2 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs       |  31 ++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs         |  73 +++++++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs     |   5 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs    |   9 -
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs          |  22 ++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/storage.rs       | 174 ++++++++++++++++++
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs  |  72 ++++++++
 .../src/sandbox/probes/clear_cycle.rs         | 111 ++---------
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/poll.rs   |  35 +---
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs       |  24 ---
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs      |   6 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/flags.rs       |   4 +
 src/bindings.ts                               |   2 +-
 src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts               |   1 -
 21 files changed, 429 insertions(+), 221 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/storage.rs

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/runtime-apps-src/storage-clear-probe/sage-manifest.json b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/runtime-apps-src/storage-clear-probe/sage-manifest.json
index 274d498ae..d74048dd5 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/runtime-apps-src/storage-clear-probe/sage-manifest.json
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/runtime-apps-src/storage-clear-probe/sage-manifest.json
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "Clear probe",
   "version": "1.0.0",
-  "icon": "icon.svg",
   "permissions": {
     "network": {},
     "capabilities": {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
index 64ae714fa..487026382 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
@@ -8,11 +8,16 @@ use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalEvent, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBrid
 use crate::capabilities::{get_system_capability_definition, get_user_capability_definition};
 use crate::host::AppState;
 use crate::runtime::webview_locator::{get_sage_webview, get_webview_in_sage_window};
-use crate::runtime::{app_id_from_webview_label, is_allowed_app_url, protocol_scheme_for_app, resolve_possibly_impostor_running_app};
+use crate::runtime::{app_id_from_webview_label, is_allowed_app_url, protocol_scheme_for_app, resolve_possibly_impostor_running_app, PossiblyImpostorRuntime, SharedImpostorRuntime};
 use crate::types::{SageApp, SharedSageApp};
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Emitter, Manager, State, Webview};
 use uuid::Uuid;
 
+pub(crate) struct BridgeOrigin {
+    pub app: SharedSageApp,
+    pub impostor_runtime: Option<SharedImpostorRuntime>,
+}
+
 pub async fn process(
     app_handle: AppHandle,
     webview: Webview,
@@ -29,7 +34,7 @@ pub async fn process(
 
     let webview_label = webview.label().to_string();
 
-    let app = match assert_bridge_origin(&app_handle, &webview_label).await {
+    let origin = match assert_bridge_origin(&app_handle, &webview_label).await {
         Ok(value) => value,
         Err(err) => {
             return Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Immediate {
@@ -42,6 +47,9 @@ pub async fn process(
         }
     };
 
+    let app = &origin.app;
+    let impostor_runtime = &origin.impostor_runtime;
+
     if !app.webview_label_matches(&webview_label) {
         return Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Immediate {
             response: RustBridgeResponse::error(
@@ -61,17 +69,22 @@ pub async fn process(
         });
     }
 
-    let registry = BridgeRegistry::new_for_app(&app);
+    let registry = BridgeRegistry::new_for_app(app);
 
     let method = match assert_method(&registry, &request) {
         Ok(method) => method,
         Err(response) => return Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Immediate { response })
     };
 
+    let authority_app = origin
+        .impostor_runtime
+        .as_ref().map_or_else(|| app.clone_for_runtime_owner(), SharedImpostorRuntime::impostor_app);
+
     match method.capability() {
         BridgeMethodCapability::Ungated => {}
+
         BridgeMethodCapability::Required(capability) => {
-            if let Err(response) = verify_capability(&app, &request, capability) {
+            if let Err(response) = verify_capability(&authority_app, &request, capability) {
                 return Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Immediate { response });
             }
         }
@@ -79,8 +92,9 @@ pub async fn process(
 
     match method.approval_request(
         BridgeContext {
-            app: &app,
+            app,
             source_label: &webview_label,
+            impostor_runtime,
         },
         &request,
     ) {
@@ -91,7 +105,7 @@ pub async fn process(
             write_pending_approval(
                 &apps_state,
                 &approval_id,
-                &app,
+                app,
                 &webview_label,
                 &request,
             )
@@ -113,7 +127,7 @@ pub async fn process(
     }
 
     let response =
-        execute_bridge_request(&app_handle, &app_state, &app, &webview_label, &request).await;
+        execute_bridge_request(&app_handle, &app_state, &origin, &webview_label, &request).await;
 
     Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Immediate { response })
 }
@@ -121,11 +135,11 @@ pub async fn process(
 pub(crate) async fn execute_bridge_request(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
     app_state: &State<'_, AppState>,
-    app: &SharedSageApp,
+    origin: &BridgeOrigin,
     source_label: &str,
     request: &RustBridgeRequest,
 ) -> RustBridgeResponse {
-    let registry = BridgeRegistry::new_for_app(app);
+    let registry = BridgeRegistry::new_for_app(&origin.app);
 
     let method = match assert_method(&registry, request) {
         Ok(method) => method,
@@ -134,7 +148,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn execute_bridge_request(
 
     let result = method
         .handle(
-            BridgeContext { app, source_label },
+            BridgeContext { app: &origin.app, source_label, impostor_runtime: &origin.impostor_runtime},
             BridgeTools {
                 app_handle,
                 app_state,
@@ -303,7 +317,7 @@ fn assert_method<'a>(
 pub(super) async fn assert_bridge_origin(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
     webview_label: &String,
-) -> Result<SharedSageApp, String> {
+) -> Result<BridgeOrigin, String> {
     let app_id = app_id_from_webview_label(webview_label)
         .ok_or_else(|| format!("invalid app runtime label: {webview_label}"))?;
 
@@ -313,6 +327,11 @@ pub(super) async fn assert_bridge_origin(
 
     let app = runtime.identity_app();
 
+    let impostor_runtime = match &runtime {
+        PossiblyImpostorRuntime::Legit(_) => None,
+        PossiblyImpostorRuntime::Impostor(runtime) => Some(runtime),
+    };
+
     if !app.webview_label_matches(webview_label) {
         return Err(format!(
             "bridge denied for {webview_label}: webview label mismatch"
@@ -334,5 +353,5 @@ pub(super) async fn assert_bridge_origin(
         ));
     }
 
-    Ok(app)
+    Ok(BridgeOrigin { app, impostor_runtime: impostor_runtime.cloned() })
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
index 4d916a12a..24ead2666 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
@@ -32,13 +32,13 @@ pub async fn apps_resolve_bridge_approval(
     let pending = get_pending_approval(&apps_state, &args.approval_id).await?;
     remove_pending_approval(&apps_state, &args.approval_id).await;
 
-    let app = assert_bridge_origin(&app_handle, &pending.app_webview_label).await?;
+    let origin = assert_bridge_origin(&app_handle, &pending.app_webview_label).await?;
 
     let response = if args.approved {
         execute_bridge_request(
             &app_handle,
             &app_state,
-            &app,
+            &origin,
             &pending.app_webview_label,
             &pending.request,
         )
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/shared.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/shared.rs
index 6b0bb4fc6..286ae3865 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/shared.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/shared.rs
@@ -5,11 +5,13 @@ use crate::host::AppState;
 use crate::types::SharedSageApp;
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 use serde::de::DeserializeOwned;
+use crate::runtime::SharedImpostorRuntime;
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct BridgeContext<'a> {
     pub app: &'a SharedSageApp,
     pub source_label: &'a str,
+    pub impostor_runtime: &'a Option<SharedImpostorRuntime>,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs
index ac35809b0..1e5097971 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
     BridgeMethodHandleError, parse_required_params,
 };
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::runtime::SageAppRuntimeImpostorKind;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct BridgeSend;
@@ -71,7 +72,16 @@ impl BridgeMethod for BridgeSend {
 }
 
 fn check_ctx(ctx: &BridgeContext<'_>) -> Result<(), BridgeMethodHandleError> {
-    if !ctx.app.with(|app| app.common().is_sandbox_test()) {
+    let is_sandbox_test = ctx.app.with(|app| app.common().is_sandbox_test());
+
+    let is_storage_clear_probe = ctx
+        .impostor_runtime
+        .as_ref()
+        .is_some_and(|runtime| {
+            runtime.kind() == SageAppRuntimeImpostorKind::StorageClearProbe
+        });
+
+    if !is_sandbox_test && !is_storage_clear_probe {
         return Err(BridgeMethodHandleError::invalid_request(
             "Method use is not allowed",
         ));
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
index e0b53c0a2..0f2554ee2 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
@@ -10,11 +10,8 @@ use tauri::{AppHandle, State, command};
 use uuid::Uuid;
 
 use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::lifecycle::{
-    read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries, read_retired_app_origins,
-    write_pending_storage_cleanup_entries, write_retired_app_origins,
-};
-use crate::runtime::resolve_stopped_app;
+use crate::lifecycle::{read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries, read_retired_app_origins, write_pending_storage_cleanup_entries, write_retired_app_origins};
+use crate::runtime::{resolve_stopped_app, run_verified_storage_clear_cycle};
 use crate::runtime::stop::close_runtime_internal;
 use crate::storage::{cleanup_target_from_storage, parse_data_store_id};
 use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, PendingStorageCleanupEntry, PendingStorageCleanupTarget, RetiredAppOriginEntry, SharedSageApp};
@@ -207,13 +204,11 @@ pub async fn apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data(
     app_handle: AppHandle,
     app_id: String,
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
-    let resolved_app = resolve_stopped_app(&app_handle, &app_id).await.map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
+    let resolved_app = resolve_stopped_app(&app_handle, &app_id)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
 
-    let storage = resolved_app.with_app(|app| {
-        app.with(|app| app.storage().clone())
-    });
-    let target = cleanup_target_from_storage(&storage);
-    clear_app_storage_by_target(&app_handle, &target).await
+    run_verified_storage_clear_cycle(&app_handle, &resolved_app).await
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs
index 75c045f4c..c671f548f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ pub mod start;
 mod state;
 pub mod stop;
 pub mod webview_locator;
+mod storage;
 
 pub use commands::*;
 pub use manager::*;
@@ -14,3 +15,4 @@ pub use resolve::*;
 pub use state::find_runtime_by_app_id_optional;
 
 pub(crate) use state::*;
+pub(crate) use storage::run_verified_storage_clear_cycle;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
index b25a4aa7b..a478c5e76 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
@@ -84,14 +84,19 @@ pub fn is_allowed_app_url(url: &Url, app: &SharedSageApp) -> bool {
     url.scheme() == protocol_scheme_for_app(app) && url.host_str() == Some(&app.origin_id())
 }
 
-pub fn build_entry_src(
-    app: &SharedSageApp,
+pub fn build_entry_src_for(
+    identity_app: &SharedSageApp,
+    content_app: &SharedSageApp,
     query: BTreeMap<String, String>,
 ) -> Url {
-    let scheme = protocol_scheme_for_app(app);
-
-    let entry_file = app.with(|app| app.entry_file());
-    let mut url = Url::parse(&format!("{scheme}://{}/{}", app.origin_id(), entry_file))
+    let scheme = protocol_scheme_for_app(identity_app);
+    let entry_file = content_app.with(|app| app.entry_file());
+
+    let mut url = Url::parse(&format!(
+        "{scheme}://{}/{}",
+        identity_app.origin_id(),
+        entry_file
+    ))
         .expect("failed to build app entry URL");
 
     for (key, value) in query {
@@ -101,6 +106,13 @@ pub fn build_entry_src(
     url
 }
 
+pub fn build_entry_src(
+    app: &SharedSageApp,
+    query: BTreeMap<String, String>,
+) -> Url {
+    build_entry_src_for(app, app, query)
+}
+
 pub async fn resolve_stopped_app(
     app: &AppHandle,
     app_id: &str,
@@ -226,11 +238,4 @@ impl PossiblyImpostorRuntime {
     pub(crate) fn is_system_app(&self) -> bool {
         self.identity_app().is_system_app()
     }
-
-    pub(crate) fn webview_label(&self) -> String {
-        match self {
-            Self::Legit(runtime) => runtime.with_runtime(|r| r.webview_label().to_string()),
-            Self::Impostor(runtime) => runtime.webview_label(),
-        }
-    }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
index 6497da29e..8fc7e411b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
@@ -6,13 +6,13 @@ use tauri::webview::NewWindowResponse;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, LogicalPosition, LogicalSize, State, WebviewBuilder, WebviewUrl, Wry};
 
 use crate::lifecycle::write_installed_app_metadata;
-use crate::runtime::state::{SageAppRuntimeRecord, write_runtime, remove_runtime_by_runtime_id, remove_runtime_id_by_app_id};
+use crate::runtime::state::{SageAppRuntimeRecord, write_runtime, remove_runtime_by_runtime_id, remove_runtime_id_by_app_id, remove_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id, write_impostor_runtime};
 use crate::runtime::webview_locator::{
     get_sage_window, get_webview_in_sage_window,
 };
-use crate::runtime::{build_entry_src, emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed, is_allowed_app_url, resolve_app, SageAppRuntimeImpostorKind, SageAppRuntimeMode, SageAppRuntimeVisibility, SharedRuntime};
+use crate::runtime::{build_entry_src, build_entry_src_for, emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed, is_allowed_app_url, resolve_app, SageAppRuntimeImpostorKind, SageAppRuntimeImpostorRecord, SageAppRuntimeMode, SageAppRuntimeVisibility, SharedImpostorRuntime, SharedRuntime};
 use crate::storage::parse_data_store_id;
-use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, ResolvedApp, SharedSageApp};
+use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, ResolvedApp, ResolvedStoppedApp, SharedSageApp};
 use crate::{AppsHostState, sandbox};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Type)]
@@ -104,6 +104,73 @@ pub async fn create_runtime(
     Ok(shared_runtime)
 }
 
+pub(in crate::runtime) async fn create_impostor_runtime_from_stopped(
+    app_handle: AppHandle,
+    apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    stopped: &ResolvedStoppedApp,
+    impostor_app: SharedSageApp,
+    args: CreateImpostorRuntimeArgs,
+) -> Result<SharedImpostorRuntime, String> {
+    let victim_app = stopped.with_app(|app| app.clone_for_runtime_owner());
+
+    if !impostor_app.with(|app| app.common().is_sandbox_test())
+        && !impostor_app.id().starts_with("__sage_runtime_")
+    {
+        return Err("impostor runtime app must be internal".into());
+    }
+
+    remove_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id(&apps_state, &victim_app.id()).await;
+
+    let sage_window = get_sage_window(&app_handle)?;
+    let webview_label = victim_app.webview_label();
+
+    let runtime = SageAppRuntimeImpostorRecord::new(
+        &victim_app,
+        &impostor_app,
+        sage_window.label(),
+        &webview_label,
+        args.kind,
+    );
+
+    let shared_runtime = write_impostor_runtime(&apps_state, runtime).await;
+
+    let entry_url = build_entry_src_for(&victim_app, &impostor_app, args.query.clone());
+
+    let builder = WebviewBuilder::new(
+        webview_label.to_string(),
+        WebviewUrl::CustomProtocol(entry_url.clone()),
+    )
+        .on_navigation(move |next_url| {
+            *next_url == entry_url
+        })
+        .on_new_window(move |_url, _features| NewWindowResponse::Deny);
+
+    let builder = build_storage(builder, &victim_app)?;
+
+    let (x, y, width, height) = if args.debug_layout {
+        debug_layout_for_app(&victim_app.id())
+    } else {
+        (0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0)
+    };
+
+    let add_child_result = get_sage_window(&app_handle)?.add_child(
+        builder,
+        LogicalPosition::new(x, y),
+        LogicalSize::new(width, height),
+    );
+
+    if let Err(err) = add_child_result {
+        remove_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id(&apps_state, &victim_app.id()).await;
+        return Err(format!("failed to create impostor child webview: {err}"));
+    }
+
+    if args.visibility == SageAppRuntimeVisibility::Hidden {
+        let _ = get_webview_in_sage_window(&app_handle, &webview_label)?.hide();
+    }
+
+    Ok(shared_runtime)
+}
+
 fn persist_runtime_side_effects(app: &SharedSageApp) -> Result<(), String> {
     if app.is_system_app() {
         return Ok(());
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs
index 399bc1014..6d1965153 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs
@@ -16,12 +16,13 @@ pub(crate) use read::{
 pub(crate) use types::{
     ReadyToStopParams, RuntimeAckResult, SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail, SetBeforeStopListenerParams,
     SageAppRuntimeMode, SageAppRuntimeVisibility, SageAppRuntimeImpostorKind, SharedImpostorRuntime,
+    SageAppRuntimeImpostorRecord,
 };
 
 pub(super) use remove::{
     remove_before_stop_listeners_by_app_id, remove_pending_stop_ready,
-    remove_runtime_by_runtime_id, remove_runtime_id_by_app_id,
+    remove_runtime_by_runtime_id, remove_runtime_id_by_app_id, remove_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id,
 };
 pub(super) use write::{
-    write_pending_stop_ready, write_runtime,
+    write_pending_stop_ready, write_runtime, write_impostor_runtime
 };
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
index 10b39eff8..109db3882 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
@@ -86,15 +86,6 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_runtime_by_app_id(
         .ok_or(GetRuntimeError::NotFound)
 }
 
-pub(crate) async fn get_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id(
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    victim_app_id: &str,
-) -> Result<SharedImpostorRuntime, GetRuntimeError> {
-    find_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id_optional(apps_state, victim_app_id)
-        .await
-        .ok_or(GetRuntimeError::NotFound)
-}
-
 pub(crate) async fn list_runtimes(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
 ) -> Result<Vec<SharedRuntime>, String> {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs
index fbabecb97..7cc0fea8c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,6 @@
 use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::runtime::{emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed, GetRuntimeError, SharedRuntime};
-use crate::runtime::state::{
-    SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail, find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional,
-    find_runtime_id_by_app_id_optional, get_runtime_by_app_id,
-    remove_before_stop_listeners_by_app_id, remove_pending_stop_ready,
-    remove_runtime_by_runtime_id, remove_runtime_id_by_app_id, write_pending_stop_ready,
-};
+use crate::runtime::{emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed, find_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id_optional, GetRuntimeError, SharedRuntime};
+use crate::runtime::state::{SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail, find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional, find_runtime_id_by_app_id_optional, get_runtime_by_app_id, remove_before_stop_listeners_by_app_id, remove_pending_stop_ready, remove_runtime_by_runtime_id, remove_runtime_id_by_app_id, write_pending_stop_ready, remove_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id};
 use crate::runtime::webview_locator::find_webview_in_sage_window;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
@@ -58,6 +53,19 @@ pub(super) async fn close_runtime_internal_with_reason(
     app_id: &str,
     reason: &str,
 ) {
+    // Impostor?
+    if let Some(impostor) = find_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id_optional(apps_state, app_id).await {
+        let webview_label = impostor.webview_label();
+
+        if let Some(webview) = find_webview_in_sage_window(app, &webview_label) {
+            let _ = webview.close();
+        }
+
+        remove_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id(apps_state, app_id).await;
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // Legit?
     let Some(runtime_id) = find_runtime_id_by_app_id_optional(apps_state, app_id).await else {
         return;
     };
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/storage.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/storage.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cf945f1ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/storage.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+use std::time::Duration;
+use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
+use tokio::time::sleep;
+use crate::AppsHostState;
+use crate::lifecycle::{clear_app_storage_by_target, write_installed_app_metadata};
+use crate::runtime::{SageAppRuntimeImpostorKind, SageAppRuntimeVisibility};
+use crate::runtime::start::{create_impostor_runtime_from_stopped, CreateImpostorRuntimeArgs};
+use crate::runtime::stop::close_runtime_internal;
+use crate::sandbox::{build_builtin_runtime_app, SandboxStorageClearProbePhase, SandboxStorageClearProbeResult, BUILTIN_STORAGE_CLEAR_PROBE_RUNTIME_ID};
+use crate::storage::cleanup_target_from_storage;
+use crate::types::SharedSageApp;
+use crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms;
+
+pub(crate) async fn run_verified_storage_clear_cycle(
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
+    resolved_app: &crate::types::ResolvedStoppedApp,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState> = app_handle.state();
+
+    let app_id = resolved_app.with_app(SharedSageApp::id);
+    let run_id = unique_run_id("storage-clear-cycle");
+
+    let write = run_storage_clear_phase(
+        app_handle,
+        &apps_state,
+        resolved_app,
+        &run_id,
+        SandboxStorageClearProbePhase::Write,
+    )
+        .await?;
+
+    if write.error.is_some() || !write.local_storage_present || !write.indexed_db_present {
+        return Err(write
+            .error
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| "storage clear write probe failed".into()));
+    }
+
+    let present = run_storage_clear_phase(
+        app_handle,
+        &apps_state,
+        resolved_app,
+        &run_id,
+        SandboxStorageClearProbePhase::CheckPresent,
+    )
+        .await?;
+
+    if present.error.is_some() || !present.local_storage_present || !present.indexed_db_present {
+        return Err(present
+            .error
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| "storage clear presence probe failed".into()));
+    }
+
+    let storage = resolved_app.with_app(|app| {
+        app.with(|app| app.storage().clone())
+    });
+
+    let target = cleanup_target_from_storage(&storage);
+    clear_app_storage_by_target(app_handle, &target).await?;
+
+    let absent = run_storage_clear_phase(
+        app_handle,
+        &apps_state,
+        resolved_app,
+        &run_id,
+        SandboxStorageClearProbePhase::CheckAbsent,
+    )
+        .await?;
+
+    if let Some(error) = absent.error {
+        return Err(error);
+    }
+
+    if absent.local_storage_present || absent.indexed_db_present {
+        return Err("storage clear verification failed because probe data was still visible".into());
+    }
+
+    resolved_app.try_with_app(|app| {
+        app.try_with_mut(|app| {
+            app.common_mut().clear_storage_may_contain_secrets();
+            Ok::<(), anyhow::Error>(())
+        })?;
+
+        write_installed_app_metadata(app)
+    })
+        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to persist cleared storage state: {err}"))?;
+
+    let _ = close_runtime_internal(app_handle, &apps_state, &app_id).await;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+async fn run_storage_clear_phase(
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    resolved_app: &crate::types::ResolvedStoppedApp,
+    run_id: &str,
+    phase: SandboxStorageClearProbePhase,
+) -> Result<SandboxStorageClearProbeResult, String> {
+    let app_id = resolved_app.with_app(SharedSageApp::id);
+
+    let phase_string = match phase {
+        SandboxStorageClearProbePhase::Write => "write",
+        SandboxStorageClearProbePhase::CheckPresent => "check_present",
+        SandboxStorageClearProbePhase::CheckAbsent => "check_absent",
+    }
+        .to_string();
+
+    let impostor_app = build_builtin_runtime_app(BUILTIN_STORAGE_CLEAR_PROBE_RUNTIME_ID)
+        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to build storage clear probe runtime app: {err}"))?
+        .ok_or_else(|| "missing storage clear probe runtime app".to_string())?;
+
+    let impostor_app = SharedSageApp::new(impostor_app);
+
+    let mut query = std::collections::BTreeMap::new();
+    query.insert("runId".to_string(), run_id.to_string());
+    query.insert("phase".to_string(), phase_string);
+    query.insert("appId".to_string(), app_id.clone());
+
+    create_impostor_runtime_from_stopped(
+        app_handle.clone(),
+        apps_state.clone(),
+        resolved_app,
+        impostor_app,
+        CreateImpostorRuntimeArgs {
+            kind: SageAppRuntimeImpostorKind::StorageClearProbe,
+            visibility: SageAppRuntimeVisibility::Hidden,
+            debug_layout: false,
+            query,
+        },
+    )
+        .await?;
+
+    let out = poll_clear_cycle_phase(apps_state, run_id, &app_id, phase, 10_000).await;
+
+    let _ = close_runtime_internal(app_handle, apps_state, &app_id).await;
+
+    out
+}
+
+fn unique_run_id(prefix: &str) -> String {
+    format!("{prefix}-{}", uuid::Uuid::new_v4())
+}
+
+async fn poll_clear_cycle_phase(
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    run_id: &str,
+    app_id: &str,
+    phase: SandboxStorageClearProbePhase,
+    timeout_ms: i64,
+) -> Result<SandboxStorageClearProbeResult, String> {
+    let started = unix_timestamp_ms();
+
+    loop {
+        let results = {
+            let runs = apps_state.sandbox.runs.lock().await;
+            runs.get(run_id)
+                .map(|r| r.clear_cycle.clone())
+                .unwrap_or_default()
+        };
+
+        if let Some(found) = results
+            .into_iter()
+            .find(|item| item.app_id == app_id && item.data.phase == phase)
+        {
+            return Ok(found.data);
+        }
+
+        if unix_timestamp_ms() - started >= timeout_ms {
+            return Err("Timed out waiting for sandbox storage clear phase.".into());
+        }
+
+        sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)).await;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
index daf8e3dbb..06fdb6bbb 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
@@ -16,6 +16,12 @@ macro_rules! sandbox_test_id_prefix {
     };
 }
 
+macro_rules! runtime_id_prefix {
+    () => {
+        "__sage_runtime_"
+    };
+}
+
 pub const SANDBOX_TEST_ID_PREFIX: &str = sandbox_test_id_prefix!();
 
 pub const BUILTIN_STORAGE_ISOLATION_PERSISTENT_ID: &str =
@@ -31,6 +37,9 @@ pub const BUILTIN_STORAGE_CLEAR_PERSISTENT_ID: &str =
 pub const BUILTIN_NETWORK_ALLOW_A_ID: &str = concat!(sandbox_test_id_prefix!(), "network_allow_a");
 pub const BUILTIN_NETWORK_ALLOW_B_ID: &str = concat!(sandbox_test_id_prefix!(), "network_allow_b");
 
+pub const BUILTIN_STORAGE_CLEAR_PROBE_RUNTIME_ID: &str =
+    concat!(runtime_id_prefix!(), "storage_clear_probe");
+
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct BuiltinTestAppSpec {
     pub app_id: &'static str,
@@ -184,3 +193,66 @@ pub fn build_builtin_test_app(app_id: &str) -> Result<Option<SageApp>, AppBuildE
 
     Ok(Some(SageApp::User(app)))
 }
+
+pub fn build_builtin_runtime_app(
+    app_id: &str,
+) -> Result<Option<SageApp>, AppBuildError> {
+    if app_id != BUILTIN_STORAGE_CLEAR_PROBE_RUNTIME_ID {
+        return Ok(None);
+    }
+
+    let app_dir = builtin_runtime_apps_root().join("storage-clear-probe");
+
+    if !app_dir.is_dir() {
+        return Err(AppBuildError::AppDirMissing);
+    }
+
+    let manifest = read_builtin_manifest(&app_dir).map_err(|_| AppBuildError::ManifestFailure)?;
+
+    let granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions::for_builtin_requested(
+        manifest.permissions(),
+    )
+        .map_err(|err| {
+            eprintln!("runtime app granted_permissions failed: {err}");
+            AppBuildError::InternalError
+        })?;
+
+    let snapshot = SageAppSnapshot::new(
+        format!("builtin-runtime:{app_id}"),
+        app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+        manifest.clone(),
+    )
+        .map_err(|err| {
+            eprintln!("runtime app snapshot failed: {err}");
+            AppBuildError::InternalError
+        })?;
+
+    let common = SageAppCommon::new(
+        SageAppIdentity::new(
+            app_id,
+            app_id,
+            app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+        )
+            .map_err(|err| {
+                eprintln!("runtime app identity failed: {err}");
+                AppBuildError::InternalError
+            })?,
+        granted_permissions,
+        InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
+        snapshot,
+    )
+        .map_err(|err| {
+            eprintln!("runtime app common failed: {err}");
+            AppBuildError::InternalError
+        })?;
+
+    let entry_file = app_dir.join(common.entry_file());
+    if !entry_file.is_file() {
+        return Err(AppBuildError::EntryFileNotFound);
+    }
+
+    Ok(Some(SageApp::User(UserSageApp::new_installed(
+        common,
+        UserSageAppSource::Zip,
+    ))))
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/clear_cycle.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/clear_cycle.rs
index 874df7ac3..7ab19cf7e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/clear_cycle.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/clear_cycle.rs
@@ -1,108 +1,21 @@
 use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::lifecycle::clear_runtime_browsing_data_internal;
-use crate::runtime::stop::close_runtime_internal;
 use crate::sandbox::BUILTIN_STORAGE_CLEAR_PERSISTENT_ID;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
-
-use super::super::runtime::{run_clear_cycle_phase_runtime, unique_run_id};
-use super::super::types::{SandboxStorageClearProbePhase, SandboxStorageClearProbeResult};
-use super::poll::poll_clear_cycle_phase;
+use crate::runtime::{resolve_stopped_app, run_verified_storage_clear_cycle};
 
 pub(in crate::sandbox) async fn run_clear_cycle_test(
     app: &AppHandle,
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    _apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
 ) -> Result<(bool, Option<String>), String> {
-    let run_id = unique_run_id("storage-clear-cycle");
-    let app_id = BUILTIN_STORAGE_CLEAR_PERSISTENT_ID;
-
-    let write = run_clear_cycle_phase(
-        app,
-        apps_state,
-        app_id,
-        &run_id,
-        SandboxStorageClearProbePhase::Write,
-    )
-    .await?;
-
-    if write.error.is_some() || !write.local_storage_present || !write.indexed_db_present {
-        return Ok((
-            false,
-            Some(
-                write
-                    .error
-                    .unwrap_or_else(|| "Storage clear write probe failed.".into()),
-            ),
-        ));
-    }
-
-    let present = run_clear_cycle_phase(
-        app,
-        apps_state,
-        app_id,
-        &run_id,
-        SandboxStorageClearProbePhase::CheckPresent,
-    )
-    .await?;
-
-    if present.error.is_some() || !present.local_storage_present || !present.indexed_db_present {
-        return Ok((
-            false,
-            Some(
-                present
-                    .error
-                    .unwrap_or_else(|| "Storage clear presence probe failed.".into()),
-            ),
-        ));
-    }
-
-    clear_runtime_browsing_data_internal(app, apps_state, app_id).await?;
-
-    let absent = run_clear_cycle_phase(
-        app,
-        apps_state,
-        app_id,
-        &run_id,
-        SandboxStorageClearProbePhase::CheckAbsent,
-    )
-    .await?;
-
-    if absent.error.is_some() {
-        return Ok((false, absent.error));
+    let resolved_app = resolve_stopped_app(app, BUILTIN_STORAGE_CLEAR_PERSISTENT_ID)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| err.to_string())?;
+
+    match run_verified_storage_clear_cycle(app, &resolved_app).await {
+        Ok(()) => Ok((
+            true,
+            Some("Storage clear cycle removed localStorage and IndexedDB for the target app origin.".into()),
+        )),
+        Err(err) => Ok((false, Some(err))),
     }
-
-    let passed = !absent.local_storage_present && !absent.indexed_db_present;
-
-    Ok((
-        passed,
-        Some(if passed {
-            "Storage clear cycle removed localStorage and IndexedDB for the target app origin."
-                .into()
-        } else {
-            "Storage clear cycle failed because data was still visible after host-side clearing."
-                .into()
-        }),
-    ))
-}
-
-async fn run_clear_cycle_phase(
-    app: &AppHandle,
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    app_id: &str,
-    run_id: &str,
-    phase: SandboxStorageClearProbePhase,
-) -> Result<SandboxStorageClearProbeResult, String> {
-    let phase_string = match phase {
-        SandboxStorageClearProbePhase::Write => "write",
-        SandboxStorageClearProbePhase::CheckPresent => "check_present",
-        SandboxStorageClearProbePhase::CheckAbsent => "check_absent",
-    }
-    .to_string();
-
-    run_clear_cycle_phase_runtime(app, apps_state, app_id, run_id, phase_string).await?;
-
-    let out = poll_clear_cycle_phase(apps_state, run_id, app_id, phase, 10_000).await;
-
-    let _ = close_runtime_internal(app, apps_state, app_id).await;
-
-    out
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/poll.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/poll.rs
index 0283b4e10..ef779c4ed 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/poll.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/poll.rs
@@ -4,8 +4,7 @@ use tokio::time::{Duration, sleep};
 use super::super::store::SandboxAppResult;
 use super::super::types::{
     SandboxIsolationProbeResult, SandboxNetworkProbeResult, SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult,
-    SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult, SandboxStorageClearProbePhase,
-    SandboxStorageClearProbeResult,
+    SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult,
 };
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms;
@@ -121,35 +120,3 @@ pub async fn poll_network(
         sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)).await;
     }
 }
-
-pub async fn poll_clear_cycle_phase(
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    run_id: &str,
-    app_id: &str,
-    phase: SandboxStorageClearProbePhase,
-    timeout_ms: i64,
-) -> Result<SandboxStorageClearProbeResult, String> {
-    let started = unix_timestamp_ms();
-
-    loop {
-        let results = {
-            let runs = apps_state.sandbox.runs.lock().await;
-            runs.get(run_id)
-                .map(|r| r.clear_cycle.clone())
-                .unwrap_or_default()
-        };
-
-        if let Some(found) = results
-            .into_iter()
-            .find(|item| item.app_id == app_id && item.data.phase == phase)
-        {
-            return Ok(found.data);
-        }
-
-        if unix_timestamp_ms() - started >= timeout_ms {
-            return Err("Timed out waiting for sandbox storage clear phase.".into());
-        }
-
-        sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)).await;
-    }
-}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs
index 21a91a154..a71ab958f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs
@@ -40,30 +40,6 @@ pub(crate) async fn start_test_app(
     .await
 }
 
-pub(crate) async fn run_clear_cycle_phase_runtime(
-    app_handle: &AppHandle,
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    app_id: &str,
-    run_id: &str,
-    phase_string: String,
-) -> Result<(), String> {
-    let _ = close_runtime_internal(app_handle, apps_state, app_id).await;
-
-    let mut query = BTreeMap::new();
-    query.insert("runId".to_string(), run_id.to_string());
-    query.insert("phase".to_string(), phase_string);
-    query.insert("appId".to_string(), app_id.to_string());
-
-    start_internal_runtime_for_sandbox(
-        app_handle,
-        apps_state,
-        app_id,
-        SageAppRuntimeVisibility::Hidden,
-        query,
-    )
-    .await
-}
-
 pub(super) fn unique_run_id(prefix: &str) -> String {
     format!("{prefix}-{}", Uuid::new_v4())
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
index 3ea07509f..3a740f59b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
@@ -91,10 +91,14 @@ impl SageAppCommon {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    pub fn mark_storage_may_contain_secrets(&mut self) {
+    pub(crate) fn mark_storage_may_contain_secrets(&mut self) {
         self.flags.mark_storage_may_contain_secrets();
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn clear_storage_may_contain_secrets(&mut self) {
+        self.flags.clear_storage_may_contain_secrets();
+    }
+
     fn build(
         identity: SageAppIdentity,
         granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/flags.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/flags.rs
index 44395a15f..1aabbc12d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/flags.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/flags.rs
@@ -55,6 +55,10 @@ impl SageAppFlags {
         self.isolated = true;
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn clear_storage_may_contain_secrets(&mut self) {
+        self.storage_may_contain_secrets = false;
+    }
+
     pub fn has_secret_access(self) -> bool {
         self.has_secret_access
     }
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index c6c3015fa..cf8f046dc 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -817,7 +817,7 @@ fee: Amount;
  * Whether to automatically submit the transaction
  */
 auto_submit?: boolean }
-export type CreateRuntimeArgs = { appId: string; mode: SageAppRuntimeMode; visibility: SageAppRuntimeVisibility; debugLayout: boolean; path: string | null; query: Partial<{ [key in string]: string }> }
+export type CreateRuntimeArgs = { appId: string; mode: SageAppRuntimeMode; visibility: SageAppRuntimeVisibility; debugLayout: boolean; query: Partial<{ [key in string]: string }> }
 export type CreateTransaction = { 
 /**
  * Pre-selected coins to use in the transaction prior to coin selection
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts b/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
index d11883362..b794a8f5d 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
@@ -144,7 +144,6 @@ export async function ensureInlineRuntime(
     mode: 'Inline',
     visibility: 'Visible',
     debugLayout: false,
-    path: null,
     query: {},
   };
 

From 963d2292fd9da21bc16559856e970c0eb7662ccd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 1 May 2026 03:32:03 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 277/471] Refactor: split storage build logic, enhance clear
 cycle test, and improve app runtime handling

- Extracted `build_storage` logic into `build_persistent_storage_target` for better modularity.
- Enhanced `run_clear_cycle_test` with additional write/read polling and detailed result validation.
- Improved sandbox app runtime lifecycle for storage clear cycle tests.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs         | 59 +++++++-------
 .../src/sandbox/probes/clear_cycle.rs         | 76 ++++++++++++++++---
 2 files changed, 100 insertions(+), 35 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
index 8fc7e411b..426b09b19 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ pub(in crate::runtime) async fn create_impostor_runtime_from_stopped(
     impostor_app: SharedSageApp,
     args: CreateImpostorRuntimeArgs,
 ) -> Result<SharedImpostorRuntime, String> {
-    let victim_app = stopped.with_app(|app| app.clone_for_runtime_owner());
+    let victim_app = stopped.with_app(SharedSageApp::clone_for_runtime_owner);
 
     if !impostor_app.with(|app| app.common().is_sandbox_test())
         && !impostor_app.id().starts_with("__sage_runtime_")
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ pub(in crate::runtime) async fn create_impostor_runtime_from_stopped(
         })
         .on_new_window(move |_url, _features| NewWindowResponse::Deny);
 
-    let builder = build_storage(builder, &victim_app)?;
+    let builder = build_persistent_storage_target(builder, &victim_app)?;
 
     let (x, y, width, height) = if args.debug_layout {
         debug_layout_for_app(&victim_app.id())
@@ -230,35 +230,42 @@ async fn check_gates(apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>, app: &SharedSageApp)
     Ok(())
 }
 
-fn build_storage(mut builder: WebviewBuilder<Wry>, app: &SharedSageApp)-> Result<WebviewBuilder<Wry>, String> {
-    let (has_persistent_storage, storage) = app.with(|app| {
-        let has_persistent_storage = app.granted_permissions()
+fn build_storage(builder: WebviewBuilder<Wry>, app: &SharedSageApp) -> Result<WebviewBuilder<Wry>, String> {
+    let has_persistent_storage = app.with(|app| {
+        app.granted_permissions()
             .capabilities()
-            .any(|cap| *cap == crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage);
-
-        (has_persistent_storage, app.storage().clone())
+            .any(|cap| *cap == crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage)
     });
 
-    let should_use_incognito = !has_persistent_storage || app.storage_may_contain_secrets();
+    if !has_persistent_storage {
+        return Ok(builder.incognito(true));
+    }
 
-    if should_use_incognito {
-        builder = builder.incognito(true);
-    } else {
-        match storage {
-            #[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios"))]
-            InstalledSageAppStorage::AppleDataStore { identifier_hex } => {
-                let identifier = parse_data_store_id(&identifier_hex)?;
-                builder = builder.data_store_identifier(identifier);
-            }
-
-            #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
-            InstalledSageAppStorage::WindowsProfile { directory_name } => {
-                builder =
-                    builder.data_directory(crate::storage::data_directory_for(directory_name));
-            }
-
-            _ => {}
+    build_persistent_storage_target(builder, app)
+}
+
+fn build_persistent_storage_target(
+    mut builder: WebviewBuilder<Wry>,
+    app: &SharedSageApp,
+) -> Result<WebviewBuilder<Wry>, String> {
+    let storage = app.with(|app| app.storage().clone());
+
+    match storage {
+        #[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios"))]
+        InstalledSageAppStorage::AppleDataStore { identifier_hex } => {
+            let identifier = parse_data_store_id(&identifier_hex)?;
+            builder = builder.data_store_identifier(identifier);
         }
+
+        #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
+        InstalledSageAppStorage::WindowsProfile { directory_name } => {
+            builder = builder.data_directory(crate::storage::data_directory_for(directory_name));
+        }
+
+        InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged => {}
+
+        #[allow(unreachable_patterns)]
+        _ => {}
     }
 
     Ok(builder)
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/clear_cycle.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/clear_cycle.rs
index 7ab19cf7e..651055890 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/clear_cycle.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/clear_cycle.rs
@@ -1,21 +1,79 @@
 use crate::AppsHostState;
+use crate::runtime::{resolve_stopped_app, run_verified_storage_clear_cycle};
+use crate::runtime::stop::close_runtime_internal;
 use crate::sandbox::BUILTIN_STORAGE_CLEAR_PERSISTENT_ID;
+use crate::sandbox::probes::poll::{poll_persistence_read, poll_persistence_write};
+use crate::sandbox::runtime::{start_test_app, unique_run_id};
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
-use crate::runtime::{resolve_stopped_app, run_verified_storage_clear_cycle};
 
 pub(in crate::sandbox) async fn run_clear_cycle_test(
     app: &AppHandle,
-    _apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
 ) -> Result<(bool, Option<String>), String> {
-    let resolved_app = resolve_stopped_app(app, BUILTIN_STORAGE_CLEAR_PERSISTENT_ID)
+    let app_id = BUILTIN_STORAGE_CLEAR_PERSISTENT_ID;
+    let run_id = unique_run_id("storage-clear-cycle-victim");
+
+    start_test_app(
+        app,
+        apps_state,
+        app_id,
+        &[("runId", run_id.clone()), ("phase", "write".into())],
+    )
+        .await?;
+
+    let write_results = poll_persistence_write(apps_state, &run_id, 1, 10_000).await?;
+    let Some(write) = write_results.into_iter().find(|item| item.app_id == app_id) else {
+        let () = close_runtime_internal(app, apps_state, app_id).await;
+        return Ok((false, Some("Timed out waiting for victim storage write result.".into())));
+    };
+
+    let () = close_runtime_internal(app, apps_state, app_id).await;
+
+    if write.data.error.is_some() || !write.data.local_storage_wrote || !write.data.indexed_db_wrote {
+        return Ok((
+            false,
+            Some(write.data.error.unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                "Victim storage write probe failed.".into()
+            })),
+        ));
+    }
+
+    let resolved_app = resolve_stopped_app(app, app_id)
         .await
         .map_err(|err| err.to_string())?;
 
-    match run_verified_storage_clear_cycle(app, &resolved_app).await {
-        Ok(()) => Ok((
-            true,
-            Some("Storage clear cycle removed localStorage and IndexedDB for the target app origin.".into()),
-        )),
-        Err(err) => Ok((false, Some(err))),
+    run_verified_storage_clear_cycle(app, &resolved_app).await?;
+
+    drop(resolved_app);
+
+    start_test_app(
+        app,
+        apps_state,
+        app_id,
+        &[("runId", run_id.clone()), ("phase", "read".into())],
+    )
+        .await?;
+
+    let read_results = poll_persistence_read(apps_state, &run_id, 1, 10_000).await?;
+    let Some(read) = read_results.into_iter().find(|item| item.app_id == app_id) else {
+        let () = close_runtime_internal(app, apps_state, app_id).await;
+        return Ok((false, Some("Timed out waiting for victim storage read result.".into())));
+    };
+
+    let () = close_runtime_internal(app, apps_state, app_id).await;
+
+    if read.data.error.is_some() {
+        return Ok((false, read.data.error));
     }
+
+    let passed = !read.data.local_storage_present && !read.data.indexed_db_present;
+
+    Ok((
+        passed,
+        Some(if passed {
+            "Storage clear cycle removed data written and read back through the victim app.".into()
+        } else {
+            "Storage clear cycle completed, but victim app still saw localStorage or IndexedDB data afterwards.".into()
+        }),
+    ))
 }

From b9957abefedc7080457f35b5e4004fe19123a498 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 1 May 2026 04:09:45 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 278/471] Refactor: replace `invoke` with
 `commands.appsUpdatePermissions` for permission updates

- Updated permission update calls to use `commands.appsUpdatePermissions`.
- Simplified function calls and improved code clarity by removing `invoke` usage.
---
 src/pages/Apps.tsx | 18 +++++++-----------
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/pages/Apps.tsx b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
index be42bc410..386804af5 100644
--- a/src/pages/Apps.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
@@ -10,7 +10,8 @@ import {
   DialogHeader,
   DialogTitle,
 } from '@/components/ui/dialog';
-import type {
+import {
+  commands,
   ListedSageAppView,
   SageAppPackageManifest,
   SageAppUrlPreview,
@@ -410,11 +411,7 @@ export function Apps() {
       setPendingPermissionsRetry(null);
 
       try {
-        await invoke('apps_update_permissions', {
-          appId,
-          grantedPermissions: nextGrantedPermissions,
-          clearStorageTaint: false,
-        });
+        await commands.appsUpdatePermissions(appId, nextGrantedPermissions);
 
         const isRunning = runningAppIds.has(appId);
         if (isRunning) {
@@ -459,11 +456,10 @@ export function Apps() {
     try {
       await clearAppStorage(permissionsDialogApp.common.identity.id);
 
-      await invoke('apps_update_permissions', {
-        appId: permissionsDialogApp.common.identity.id,
-        grantedPermissions: pendingPermissionsRetry.nextGrantedPermissions,
-        clearStorageTaint: true,
-      });
+      await commands.appsUpdatePermissions(
+        permissionsDialogApp.common.identity.id,
+        pendingPermissionsRetry.nextGrantedPermissions,
+      );
 
       const isRunning = runningAppIds.has(permissionsDialogApp.common.identity.id);
       if (isRunning) {

From abb6d9d01466d9b28f074e244cc249a7cc4e2b9e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 1 May 2026 04:43:37 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 279/471] Refactor: optimize launch gate refresh logic and
 improve error handling

- Replaced `Promise.all` with `Promise.allSettled` for better error handling during launch gate refresh.
- Simplified redundant code with `installedAppId` helper function.
- Decoupled sandbox state refresh from app listing for improved modularity.
- Updated dependent functions to pass apps explicitly to `refreshLaunchGates`.
---
 src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx | 94 +++++++++++++++---------------------
 1 file changed, 40 insertions(+), 54 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx b/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
index 4e4c38d85..119a58186 100644
--- a/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
+++ b/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
@@ -96,16 +96,14 @@ function formatError(err: unknown): string {
   }
 }
 
-function isLaunchGateEntry(
-  entry: readonly [string, AppLaunchGateResult] | null,
-): entry is readonly [string, AppLaunchGateResult] {
-  return entry !== null;
-}
-
 function isInstalledEntry(entry: ListedSageAppView): entry is InstalledEntry {
   return entry.kind === 'user' || entry.kind === 'system';
 }
 
+function installedAppId(app: InstalledEntry): string {
+  return app.common.identity.id;
+}
+
 function isUserListedApp(
   entry: ListedSageAppView,
 ): entry is { kind: 'user' } & UserSageAppView {
@@ -139,29 +137,31 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
   const { isReady: bridgeHostReady } = useBridgeHost({ requestApproval });
 
   const refreshLaunchGates = useCallback(
-    async (listed: ListedSageAppView[] = apps) => {
-      const entries = await Promise.all(
-        listed.filter(isInstalledEntry).map(async (app) => {
-          try {
-            return [
-              app.common.identity.id,
-              await commands.appsGetAppLaunchGate(app.common.identity.id),
-            ] as const;
-          } catch (err) {
-            console.error(
-              `Failed to refresh launch gate for ${app.common.identity.id}:`,
-              err,
-            );
-            return null;
-          }
+    async (listed: ListedSageAppView[]) => {
+      const installed = listed.filter(isInstalledEntry);
+
+      const results = await Promise.allSettled(
+        installed.map(async (app) => {
+          const appId = installedAppId(app);
+          const gate = await commands.appsGetAppLaunchGate(appId);
+          return [appId, gate] as const;
         }),
       );
 
-      setLaunchGatesByAppId(
-        Object.fromEntries(entries.filter(isLaunchGateEntry)),
-      );
+      const next: Record<string, AppLaunchGateResult> = {};
+
+      for (const result of results) {
+        if (result.status === 'fulfilled') {
+          const [appId, gate] = result.value;
+          next[appId] = gate;
+        } else {
+          console.error('Failed to refresh launch gate:', result.reason);
+        }
+      }
+
+      setLaunchGatesByAppId(next);
     },
-    [apps],
+    [],
   );
 
   const refreshInstalledApps = useCallback(async () => {
@@ -169,40 +169,26 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
     setError(null);
 
     try {
-      const [listed, sandbox] = await Promise.all([
-        commands.listInstalledApps(),
-        commands.appsGetSandboxState(),
-      ]);
+      const listed = await commands.listInstalledApps();
 
       setApps(listed);
-      setSandboxState(sandbox);
+      setLoading(false);
 
-      const entries = await Promise.all(
-        listed.filter(isInstalledEntry).map(async (app) => {
-          try {
-            return [
-              app.common.identity.id,
-              await commands.appsGetAppLaunchGate(app.common.identity.id),
-            ] as const;
-          } catch (err) {
-            console.error(
-              `Failed to refresh launch gate for ${app.common.identity.id}:`,
-              err,
-            );
-            return null;
-          }
-        }),
-      );
+      void (async () => {
+        try {
+          const sandbox = await commands.appsGetSandboxState();
+          setSandboxState(sandbox);
+        } catch (err) {
+          console.error('Failed to refresh sandbox state:', err);
+        }
+      })();
 
-      setLaunchGatesByAppId(
-        Object.fromEntries(entries.filter(isLaunchGateEntry)),
-      );
+      void refreshLaunchGates(listed);
     } catch (err) {
       setError(formatError(err));
-    } finally {
       setLoading(false);
     }
-  }, []);
+  }, [refreshLaunchGates]);
 
   useEffect(() => {
     void refreshInstalledApps();
@@ -220,7 +206,7 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
             if (isCancelled) return;
 
             setSandboxState(event.payload);
-            void refreshLaunchGates();
+            void refreshLaunchGates(apps);
           },
         );
       } catch (err) {
@@ -250,7 +236,7 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
         const next = await commands.appsGetSandboxState();
         if (!isCancelled) {
           setSandboxState(next);
-          void refreshLaunchGates();
+          void refreshLaunchGates(apps);
         }
       } catch (err) {
         if (!isCancelled) {
@@ -426,7 +412,7 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
   const rerunSandboxTests = useCallback(async () => {
     const next = await commands.appsRerunSandboxTests();
     setSandboxState(next);
-    await refreshLaunchGates();
+    await refreshLaunchGates(apps);
     return next;
   }, [refreshLaunchGates]);
 

From b13a55a1a6bdabe80a2b6f8d55b5d8d9c359300c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 1 May 2026 04:55:48 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 280/471] Refactor: rename and streamline app permissions
 update logic

- Renamed `update_app_permissions` to `update_app_permissions_for_app` for clarity.
- Removed unused `update_app_permissions_internal` function.
- Simplified permission update workflow with direct app references.
---
 .../src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs          |  6 ++++--
 .../src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs       | 21 ++++++-------------
 src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx                  |  2 +-
 3 files changed, 11 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
index 5b92b35be..410cf6015 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use tauri::{AppHandle, State, command};
 
 use crate::host::AppState;
 use crate::host::Result;
-use crate::lifecycle::update::permissions::update_app_permissions;
+use crate::lifecycle::update::permissions::update_app_permissions_for_app;
 use crate::lifecycle::{download_url_snapshot, fetch_url_manifest, write_installed_app_metadata};
 use crate::runtime::resolve_app;
 use crate::types::{ResolvedStoppedApp, SageApp, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppUrlPreview, SageAppView, SageGrantedPermissionsInput, SharedSageApp, UserSageAppPendingUpdate, UserSageAppSource};
@@ -157,7 +157,9 @@ pub async fn apps_update_permissions(
         .resolve(&requested)
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("invalid granted permissions: {err}")))?;
 
-    update_app_permissions(&app_handle, &app_id, &granted_permissions)
+    let app = resolved.clone_app_for_operation();
+
+    update_app_permissions_for_app(&app_handle, &app, &granted_permissions)
         .await
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to update app permissions: {err}")))?;
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
index 1dda0bc24..d3d80a39a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
@@ -14,15 +14,16 @@ use crate::lifecycle::write_installed_app_metadata;
 use crate::runtime::resolve_app;
 use crate::types::{SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SharedSageApp};
 
-pub async fn update_app_permissions(
+pub async fn update_app_permissions_for_app(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
-    app_id: &str,
+    app: &SharedSageApp,
     granted_permissions: &SageGrantedPermissions,
 ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-    let update_result =
-        update_app_permissions_internal(app_handle, app_id, granted_permissions).await?;
+    let app_id = app.id();
+
+    let update_result = apply_granted_permissions_to_app(app, granted_permissions)?;
 
-    emit_granted_permissions_change(app_handle, app_id, update_result.change()).await;
+    emit_granted_permissions_change(app_handle, &app_id, update_result.change()).await;
 
     Ok(())
 }
@@ -53,16 +54,6 @@ pub async fn grant_network_whitelist_entry(
     Ok(GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome::from_update(entry, &update))
 }
 
-async fn update_app_permissions_internal(
-    app_handle: &AppHandle,
-    app_id: &str,
-    granted_permissions: &SageGrantedPermissions,
-) -> anyhow::Result<AppUpdateResult> {
-    let app = resolve_app_for_permission_update(app_handle, app_id).await?;
-
-    apply_granted_permissions_to_app(&app, granted_permissions)
-}
-
 async fn grant_capability_internal(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
     app_id: &str,
diff --git a/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx b/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
index 119a58186..39f4969f4 100644
--- a/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
+++ b/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ interface AppsContextValue {
 
   refresh: () => Promise<void>;
   refreshInstalledApps: () => Promise<void>;
-  refreshLaunchGates: (listed?: ListedSageAppView[]) => Promise<void>;
+  refreshLaunchGates: (listed: ListedSageAppView[]) => Promise<void>;
   setBusy: (appId: string, busy: boolean) => void;
   setUpdateAvailability: (
     updater:

From bb482968809ccb8b2e6e3fb865c1d4e16665bdf2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 1 May 2026 05:16:58 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 281/471] Refactor: replace `Deserialize` with `Serialize` for
 view structs and update permission type mappings

- Removed `Deserialize` trait from multiple view structs to streamline serialization usage.
- Updated `SageGrantedSystemPermissions` type mappings to `SageGrantedSystemPermissionsView`.
- Added `From` implementation for permissions type conversions.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/common.rs  |  6 +++---
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/network.rs |  4 ++--
 .../sage-apps/src/types/app/view/permission.rs | 18 +++++++++++++-----
 .../sage-apps/src/types/app/view/snapshot.rs   |  4 ++--
 .../src/types/app/view/system_apps.rs          | 11 ++++++-----
 src/bindings.ts                                |  4 ++--
 6 files changed, 28 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/common.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/common.rs
index f7d5da638..f71ec191b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/common.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/common.rs
@@ -1,17 +1,17 @@
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use serde::{Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 use crate::types::app::view::permission::SageGrantedPermissionsView;
 use crate::types::app::view::snapshot::SageAppSnapshotView;
 use crate::types::{SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity};
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct SageAppIdentityView {
     id: String,
     origin_id: String,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct SageAppCommonView {
     identity: SageAppIdentityView,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/network.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/network.rs
index 7d2926d1c..87fb117a0 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/network.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/network.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use serde::{Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 use crate::types::SageNetworkWhitelistEntry;
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct SageNetworkWhitelistEntryView {
     scheme: String,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/permission.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/permission.rs
index f7963cd8a..a84959faa 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/permission.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/permission.rs
@@ -1,25 +1,25 @@
 use std::collections::BTreeSet;
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use serde::{Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::{SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
-use crate::types::{SageGrantedPermissions};
+use crate::types::{SageGrantedPermissions, SageGrantedSystemPermissions};
 use crate::types::app::view::network::SageNetworkWhitelistEntryView;
 use crate::types::permissions::SageGrantedNetworkPermissions;
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct SageGrantedPermissionsView {
     capabilities: BTreeSet<UserBridgeCapability>,
     network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissionsView,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct SageGrantedNetworkPermissionsView {
     whitelist: BTreeSet<SageNetworkWhitelistEntryView>,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct SageGrantedSystemPermissionsView {
     capabilities: Vec<SystemBridgeCapability>,
@@ -45,3 +45,11 @@ impl From<&SageGrantedNetworkPermissions> for SageGrantedNetworkPermissionsView
         }
     }
 }
+
+impl From<&SageGrantedSystemPermissions> for SageGrantedSystemPermissionsView {
+    fn from(value: &SageGrantedSystemPermissions) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            capabilities: value.capabilities().to_vec(),
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/snapshot.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/snapshot.rs
index b51ed12ac..8f610efe8 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/snapshot.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/snapshot.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use serde::{Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 use crate::types::{SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot};
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct SageAppSnapshotView {
     manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/system_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/system_apps.rs
index d07cf13f3..5ca9d400f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/system_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/system_apps.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,15 @@
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use serde::{Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
-use crate::types::{SageGrantedSystemPermissions, SystemAppPresentation, SystemSageApp};
+use crate::types::{SystemAppPresentation, SystemSageApp};
 use crate::types::app::view::common::SageAppCommonView;
+use crate::types::app::view::permission::SageGrantedSystemPermissionsView;
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct SystemSageAppView {
     common: SageAppCommonView,
     presentation: SystemAppPresentation,
-    system_granted_permissions: SageGrantedSystemPermissions,
+    system_granted_permissions: SageGrantedSystemPermissionsView,
 }
 
 impl From<&SystemSageApp> for SystemSageAppView {
@@ -16,7 +17,7 @@ impl From<&SystemSageApp> for SystemSageAppView {
         Self {
             common: value.common().into(),
             presentation: value.presentation(),
-            system_granted_permissions: value.system_granted_permissions().clone(),
+            system_granted_permissions: value.system_granted_permissions().into(),
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index cf8f046dc..f59b61f52 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -2268,7 +2268,7 @@ export type SageGrantedNetworkPermissionsInput = { whitelist: SageNetworkWhiteli
 export type SageGrantedNetworkPermissionsView = { whitelist: SageNetworkWhitelistEntryView[] }
 export type SageGrantedPermissionsInput = { capabilities: UserBridgeCapability[]; network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissionsInput }
 export type SageGrantedPermissionsView = { capabilities: UserBridgeCapability[]; network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissionsView }
-export type SageGrantedSystemPermissions = { capabilities: SystemBridgeCapability[] }
+export type SageGrantedSystemPermissionsView = { capabilities: SystemBridgeCapability[] }
 export type SageNetworkWhitelistEntry = { scheme: string; host: string }
 export type SageNetworkWhitelistEntryView = { scheme: string; host: string }
 export type SageRequestedCapabilities = { required: UserBridgeCapability[]; optional: UserBridgeCapability[] }
@@ -2625,7 +2625,7 @@ export type SyncEvent = { type: "start"; ip: string } | { type: "stop" } | { typ
 export type SystemAppPresentation = "Taskbar" | "Modal"
 export type SystemBridgeCapability = "runtime_manager.list_runtimes" | "runtime_manager.focus_runtime" | "runtime_manager.hide_runtime" | "runtime_manager.kill_runtime" | "runtime_manager.listen_runtimes_changed"
 export type SystemKillRuntimeResult = { ok: boolean; appId: string }
-export type SystemSageAppView = { common: SageAppCommonView; presentation: SystemAppPresentation; systemGrantedPermissions: SageGrantedSystemPermissions }
+export type SystemSageAppView = { common: SageAppCommonView; presentation: SystemAppPresentation; systemGrantedPermissions: SageGrantedSystemPermissionsView }
 /**
  * Accept an offer
  */

From 284f046470b2d3050ad213bb1136a36bec2e9fbc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 1 May 2026 15:05:17 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 282/471] Refactor: update `AppTaskBar` tab handling to use app
 object references

- Replaced individual app properties (`appId`, `name`, `iconSrc`) with `InstalledAppView` object.
- Migrated tab rendering logic to leverage centralized app icon and name data.
- Refactored runtime and drag state management to use app identity consistently.
- Enhanced `AppIcon` handling to dynamically generate app icon URLs from embedded icon data.
- Updated `SageAppCommonView` with new `icon` field and adapted associated bindings.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/common.rs | 25 +++++++++++
 src/bindings.ts                               |  3 +-
 src/components/apps/AppIcon.tsx               | 31 ++++++-------
 src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx            | 45 +++++++++----------
 src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx                   | 39 +++++-----------
 5 files changed, 74 insertions(+), 69 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/common.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/common.rs
index f71ec191b..523dd7ba8 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/common.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/common.rs
@@ -17,6 +17,14 @@ pub struct SageAppCommonView {
     identity: SageAppIdentityView,
     granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissionsView,
     active_snapshot: SageAppSnapshotView,
+    icon: Option<SageAppIconView>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct SageAppIconView {
+    mime: String,
+    bytes: Vec<u8>,
 }
 
 impl From<&SageAppCommon> for SageAppCommonView {
@@ -25,6 +33,7 @@ impl From<&SageAppCommon> for SageAppCommonView {
             identity: common.identity().into(),
             active_snapshot: common.active_snapshot().into(),
             granted_permissions: common.granted_permissions().into(),
+            icon: read_common_icon(common),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -37,3 +46,19 @@ impl From<&SageAppIdentity> for SageAppIdentityView {
         }
     }
 }
+
+fn read_common_icon(common: &SageAppCommon) -> Option<SageAppIconView> {
+    let icon_path = common.active_snapshot().manifest().icon()?;
+    let file_path = common
+        .active_snapshot()
+        .resolve_file_path(icon_path)
+        .ok()?;
+
+    let bytes = std::fs::read(&file_path).ok()?;
+    let mime = mime_guess::from_path(&file_path)
+        .first_or_octet_stream()
+        .essence_str()
+        .to_string();
+
+    Some(SageAppIconView { mime, bytes })
+}
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index f59b61f52..874292f70 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -2251,8 +2251,9 @@ export type RustBridgeSuccessResponse = { bridgeVersion: string; id: string; ok:
 export type SageAppAuthor = { name: string; avatar: string | null }
 export type SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView = { key: string; label: string; description: string; flags: SageAppCapabilityFlagsView }
 export type SageAppCapabilityFlagsView = { externallyObservable: boolean; accessesSensitiveSecret: boolean; requestableByApp: boolean; userGrantable: boolean }
-export type SageAppCommonView = { identity: SageAppIdentityView; grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissionsView; activeSnapshot: SageAppSnapshotView }
+export type SageAppCommonView = { identity: SageAppIdentityView; grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissionsView; activeSnapshot: SageAppSnapshotView; icon: SageAppIconView | null }
 export type SageAppDonation = { address: string }
+export type SageAppIconView = { mime: string; bytes: number[] }
 export type SageAppIdentityView = { id: string; originId: string }
 export type SageAppManifestFile = { path: string; sha256: string; size: number }
 export type SageAppPackageManifest = { name: string; version: string; permissions: SageRequestedPermissions; files: SageAppManifestFile[]; total_bytes: number; entry: string | null; icon: string | null; author: SageAppAuthor | null; donation: SageAppDonation | null }
diff --git a/src/components/apps/AppIcon.tsx b/src/components/apps/AppIcon.tsx
index a29d14d0f..f3417459d 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/AppIcon.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/AppIcon.tsx
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { useMemo } from 'react';
 import { ListedSageAppView } from '@/bindings.ts';
 
 export function AppIconContent({
@@ -8,7 +9,9 @@ export function AppIconContent({
   iconUrl: string | null;
 }) {
   if (iconUrl) {
-    return <img src={iconUrl} alt='' />;
+    return (
+      <img src={iconUrl} alt='' className='h-full w-full object-contain' />
+    );
   }
 
   return <>{name.trim().charAt(0).toUpperCase() || 'A'}</>;
@@ -18,22 +21,20 @@ export function AppIcon({ app }: { app: ListedSageAppView }) {
   const name =
     app.kind === 'corrupted' ? app.id : app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.name;
 
-  const iconUrl =
-    app.kind === 'corrupted' || !app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.icon
-      ? null
-      : app.kind === 'system'
-        ? `sage-system-app://${app.common.identity.originId}/${app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.icon}`
-        : `sage-app://${app.common.identity.originId}/${app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.icon}`;
+  const iconUrl = useMemo(() => {
+    return iconUrlFromApp(app);
+  }, [app]);
 
   return <AppIconContent name={name} iconUrl={iconUrl} />;
 }
 
-export function InstallAppIcon({
-  name,
-  iconUrl,
-}: {
-  name: string;
-  iconUrl: string | null;
-}) {
-  return <AppIconContent name={name} iconUrl={iconUrl} />;
+function iconUrlFromApp(app: ListedSageAppView): string | null {
+  if (app.kind === 'corrupted') return null;
+
+  const icon = app.common.icon;
+  if (!icon) return null;
+
+  return URL.createObjectURL(
+    new Blob([new Uint8Array(icon.bytes)], { type: icon.mime }),
+  );
 }
diff --git a/src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx b/src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx
index 7cc42ef8d..59eac4889 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx
@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@ import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button.tsx';
 import { Blocks, X } from 'lucide-react';
 import clsx from 'clsx';
 import { useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react';
-import { AppIconContent } from '@/components/apps/AppIcon.tsx';
+import { AppIcon } from '@/components/apps/AppIcon.tsx';
+import { ListedSageAppView } from '@/bindings.ts';
+
+type InstalledAppView = Exclude<ListedSageAppView, { kind: 'corrupted' }>;
 
 export interface AppTaskBarTab {
-  appId: string;
-  runtimeKind: 'user' | 'system';
-  name: string;
-  iconSrc: string | null;
+  app: InstalledAppView;
   isActive: boolean;
 }
 
@@ -69,11 +69,11 @@ export function AppTaskBar({
   const [previewOrder, setPreviewOrder] = useState<string[] | null>(null);
   const [tabsViewportWidthPx, setTabsViewportWidthPx] = useState(0);
 
-  const baseOrder = useMemo(() => tabs.map((tab) => tab.appId), [tabs]);
+  const baseOrder = useMemo(() => tabs.map((tab) => tab.app.common.identity.id), [tabs]);
   const activeOrder = previewOrder ?? baseOrder;
 
   const tabsById = useMemo(() => {
-    return new Map(tabs.map((tab) => [tab.appId, tab] as const));
+    return new Map(tabs.map((tab) => [tab.app.common.identity.id, tab] as const));
   }, [tabs]);
 
   const orderedTabs = useMemo<AppTaskBarTab[]>(() => {
@@ -258,11 +258,12 @@ export function AppTaskBar({
           }}
         >
           {orderedTabs.map((tab) => {
-            const isDragged = dragState?.draggedAppId === tab.appId;
+            const isDragged =
+              dragState?.draggedAppId === tab.app.common.identity.id;
 
             return (
               <div
-                key={tab.appId}
+                key={tab.app.common.identity.id}
                 className={clsx('shrink-0', isDragged && 'opacity-0')}
                 style={{ width: `${tabWidthPx}px` }}
               >
@@ -286,7 +287,9 @@ export function AppTaskBar({
                     }
 
                     const viewportRect = viewportEl.getBoundingClientRect();
-                    const currentIndex = activeOrder.indexOf(tab.appId);
+                    const currentIndex = activeOrder.indexOf(
+                      tab.app.common.identity.id,
+                    );
                     const slotLeftPx = currentIndex * slotSpanPx;
                     const pointerXWithinStripPx =
                       event.clientX - viewportRect.left + viewportEl.scrollLeft;
@@ -298,7 +301,7 @@ export function AppTaskBar({
 
                     setPreviewOrder((prev) => prev ?? baseOrder);
                     setDragState({
-                      draggedAppId: tab.appId,
+                      draggedAppId: tab.app.common.identity.id,
                       pointerOffsetWithinTab: pointerOffsetWithinTabPx,
                       currentPointerX: event.clientX,
                       overlayLeftPx: slotLeftPx,
@@ -312,11 +315,11 @@ export function AppTaskBar({
                   )}
                 >
                   <div className='flex h-4 w-4 shrink-0 items-center justify-center overflow-hidden rounded-sm'>
-                    <AppIconContent name={tab.name} iconUrl={tab.iconSrc} />
+                    <AppIcon app={tab.app} />
                   </div>
 
                   <span className='min-w-0 flex-1 truncate text-sm font-medium'>
-                    {tab.name}
+                    {tab.app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.name}
                   </span>
 
                   <span
@@ -368,20 +371,12 @@ export function AppTaskBar({
                           : 'bg-muted text-muted-foreground',
                       )}
                     >
-                      {draggedTab.iconSrc ? (
-                        <img
-                          src={draggedTab.iconSrc}
-                          alt=''
-                          className='h-4 w-4 shrink-0 rounded-sm'
-                        />
-                      ) : (
-                        <div className='flex h-4 w-4 shrink-0 items-center justify-center rounded-sm bg-border text-[10px] font-semibold'>
-                          {draggedTab.name.slice(0, 1).toUpperCase()}
-                        </div>
-                      )}
+                      <div className='flex h-4 w-4 shrink-0 items-center justify-center overflow-hidden rounded-sm'>
+                        <AppIcon app={draggedTab.app} />
+                      </div>
 
                       <span className='min-w-0 flex-1 truncate text-sm font-medium'>
-                        {draggedTab.name}
+                        {draggedTab.app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.name}
                       </span>
 
                       <span className='shrink-0 opacity-100'>
diff --git a/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx b/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
index df6748e2f..3bdbb73cb 100644
--- a/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
@@ -104,14 +104,10 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
 
     for (const runtimeAppId of tabOrder) {
       const runtime = runtimeByAppId.get(runtimeAppId);
-      if (!runtime) {
-        continue;
-      }
+      if (!runtime) continue;
 
       const installedApp = getListedApp(runtime.app.common.identity.id);
-      if (!installedApp) {
-        continue;
-      }
+      if (!installedApp) continue;
 
       if (
         installedApp.kind === 'system' &&
@@ -120,19 +116,8 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
         continue;
       }
 
-      const iconSrc =
-        installedApp.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.icon == null
-          ? null
-          : installedApp.kind === 'system'
-            ? `sage-system-app://${installedApp.common.identity.originId}/${installedApp.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.icon}`
-            : `sage-app://${installedApp.common.identity.originId}/${installedApp.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.icon}`;
-
       out.push({
-        appId: runtime.app.common.identity.id,
-        runtimeKind: installedApp.kind,
-        name:
-          installedApp.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.name,
-        iconSrc,
+        app: installedApp,
         isActive: runtime.app.common.identity.id === appId,
       });
     }
@@ -192,23 +177,20 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
           navigate('/apps');
         }}
         onSelectApp={(tab) => {
-          const targetApp = getListedApp(tab.appId);
-          if (!targetApp) {
-            return;
-          }
-
-          const nextRoute = routeForApp(targetApp);
+          const nextRoute = routeForApp(tab.app);
           if (!nextRoute) {
             return;
           }
 
-          void focusRuntime(tab.appId).then(() => {
+          void focusRuntime(tab.app.common.identity.id).then(() => {
             navigate(nextRoute);
           });
         }}
         onCloseApp={(tab) => {
-          void killRuntime(tab.appId).then(() => {
-            if (tab.appId === appId) {
+          const tabAppId = tab.app.common.identity.id;
+
+          void killRuntime(tabAppId).then(() => {
+            if (tabAppId === appId) {
               navigate('/apps');
             }
           });
@@ -220,7 +202,8 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
 
       {activeApp &&
       currentApproval &&
-      currentApproval.request.app.common.identity.id === activeApp.common.identity.id ? (
+      currentApproval.request.app.common.identity.id ===
+        activeApp.common.identity.id ? (
         <AppApprovalStrip
           approval={{
             approvalId: currentApproval.id,

From 85ecca37c0f41cb4b1555e88dfd1f0de3a784968 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 1 May 2026 17:54:26 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 283/471] Refactor: remove `channel` property from bridge
 requests and responses

- Removed `channel` field from bridge request/response structures and associated APIs.
- Updated bridge processing logic to rely on app context and registry kind instead of channel matching.
- Simplified event emission and handling by replacing dynamic event names with standard strings.
- Refactored permission management to support new system bridge logic and permissions.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs | 106 ++++++++++++------
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs       |  20 +++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs     |  37 ++----
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/shared.rs |   1 -
 .../methods/system/runtime_manager/events.rs  |   4 +-
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/app/events.rs     |   7 +-
 .../user/app/request_capability_grant.rs      |   2 +-
 .../app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs    |   2 +-
 .../methods/user/wallet/get_secret_key.rs     |   2 +-
 .../bridge/methods/user/wallet/send_xch.rs    |   2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs            |  12 --
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs       |   2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/state.rs          |   6 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs          |   3 +-
 .../src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs       |   5 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs       |   1 -
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs   |  13 ---
 .../sage-app-sdk/src/bridge-runtime-core.ts   |  14 +--
 packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts          |   9 +-
 packages/sage-app-sdk/src/types.ts            |   2 -
 packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/index.ts     |   1 -
 packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts   |  13 +--
 packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/types.ts     |   3 -
 src-tauri/capabilities/system-apps.json       |   3 +-
 src-tauri/permissions/bridge.toml             |   5 +
 src/bindings.ts                               |   2 +-
 .../apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx        |   1 +
 src/lib/apps/bridge/responses.ts              |   1 -
 28 files changed, 127 insertions(+), 152 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
index 487026382..2444b0309 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::{BridgeCapability, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::bridge::registry::BridgeRegistry;
+use crate::bridge::registry::{BridgeRegistry, BridgeRegistryKind};
 use crate::bridge::state::write_pending_approval;
 use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalEvent, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeInvokeResult, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
 use crate::capabilities::{get_system_capability_definition, get_user_capability_definition};
@@ -18,18 +18,14 @@ pub(crate) struct BridgeOrigin {
     pub impostor_runtime: Option<SharedImpostorRuntime>,
 }
 
-pub async fn process(
+pub async fn process_user(
     app_handle: AppHandle,
     webview: Webview,
     app_state: State<'_, AppState>,
     request: RustBridgeRequest,
 ) -> Result<RustBridgeInvokeResult, String> {
-    if let Some(version) = &request.bridge_version && version != "v1" {
-        return Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Immediate { response: RustBridgeResponse::error(
-            &request.id,
-            "unsupported_bridge_version",
-            format!("Unsupported Sage bridge version: {version}"),
-        ) });
+    if let Err(result) = assert_bridge_version(&request) {
+        return Ok(result);
     }
 
     let webview_label = webview.label().to_string();
@@ -47,29 +43,47 @@ pub async fn process(
         }
     };
 
-    let app = &origin.app;
-    let impostor_runtime = &origin.impostor_runtime;
+    process_shared(app_handle, app_state, origin, BridgeRegistryKind::User, request).await
+}
 
-    if !app.webview_label_matches(&webview_label) {
-        return Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Immediate {
-            response: RustBridgeResponse::error(
-                &request.id,
-                "permission_denied",
-                format!("Webview label doesn't match what app expects. Actual webview label: {}, app_id: {}", webview_label, app.id()),
-            ),
-        });
-    }
-    if !app.bridge_channel_matches(&request.channel) {
-        return Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Immediate {
-            response: RustBridgeResponse::error(
-                &request.id,
-                "permission_denied",
-                format!("Bridge channel doesn't match what app expects. Actual bridge channel: {}, app_id: {}", request.channel, app.id()),
-            ),
-        });
+pub async fn process_system(
+    app_handle: AppHandle,
+    webview: Webview,
+    app_state: State<'_, AppState>,
+    request: RustBridgeRequest,
+) -> Result<RustBridgeInvokeResult, String> {
+    if let Err(result) = assert_bridge_version(&request) {
+        return Ok(result);
     }
+    let webview_label = webview.label().to_string();
+
+    let origin = match assert_system_bridge_origin(&app_handle, &webview_label).await {
+        Ok(origin) => origin,
+        Err(err) => {
+            return Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Immediate {
+                response: RustBridgeResponse::error(
+                    &request.id,
+                    "permission_denied",
+                    format!("Bridge origin denied: {err}"),
+                ),
+            });
+        }
+    };
+
+    process_shared(app_handle, app_state, origin, BridgeRegistryKind::System, request).await
+}
 
-    let registry = BridgeRegistry::new_for_app(app);
+async fn process_shared(
+    app_handle: AppHandle,
+    app_state: State<'_, AppState>,
+    origin: BridgeOrigin,
+    registry_kind: BridgeRegistryKind,
+    request: RustBridgeRequest,
+) -> Result<RustBridgeInvokeResult, String> {
+    let registry = BridgeRegistry::new(registry_kind);
+
+    let app = &origin.app;
+    let impostor_runtime = &origin.impostor_runtime;
 
     let method = match assert_method(&registry, &request) {
         Ok(method) => method,
@@ -93,7 +107,6 @@ pub async fn process(
     match method.approval_request(
         BridgeContext {
             app,
-            source_label: &webview_label,
             impostor_runtime,
         },
         &request,
@@ -106,8 +119,8 @@ pub async fn process(
                 &apps_state,
                 &approval_id,
                 app,
-                &webview_label,
                 &request,
+                registry_kind,
             )
             .await;
 
@@ -127,7 +140,7 @@ pub async fn process(
     }
 
     let response =
-        execute_bridge_request(&app_handle, &app_state, &origin, &webview_label, &request).await;
+        execute_bridge_request(&app_handle, &app_state, &origin, registry, &request).await;
 
     Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Immediate { response })
 }
@@ -136,11 +149,9 @@ pub(crate) async fn execute_bridge_request(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
     app_state: &State<'_, AppState>,
     origin: &BridgeOrigin,
-    source_label: &str,
+    registry: BridgeRegistry,
     request: &RustBridgeRequest,
 ) -> RustBridgeResponse {
-    let registry = BridgeRegistry::new_for_app(&origin.app);
-
     let method = match assert_method(&registry, request) {
         Ok(method) => method,
         Err(response) => return response
@@ -148,7 +159,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn execute_bridge_request(
 
     let result = method
         .handle(
-            BridgeContext { app: &origin.app, source_label, impostor_runtime: &origin.impostor_runtime},
+            BridgeContext { app: &origin.app, impostor_runtime: &origin.impostor_runtime},
             BridgeTools {
                 app_handle,
                 app_state,
@@ -314,6 +325,19 @@ fn assert_method<'a>(
     Ok(method)
 }
 
+async fn assert_system_bridge_origin(
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
+    webview_label: &String,
+) -> Result<BridgeOrigin, String> {
+    let origin = assert_bridge_origin(app_handle, webview_label).await?;
+
+    if !origin.app.is_system_app() {
+        return Err("origin app is not a system app".to_string());
+    }
+
+    Ok(origin)
+}
+
 pub(super) async fn assert_bridge_origin(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
     webview_label: &String,
@@ -355,3 +379,15 @@ pub(super) async fn assert_bridge_origin(
 
     Ok(BridgeOrigin { app, impostor_runtime: impostor_runtime.cloned() })
 }
+
+fn assert_bridge_version(request: &RustBridgeRequest) -> Result<(), RustBridgeInvokeResult> {
+    if let Some(version) = &request.bridge_version && version != "v1" {
+        return Err(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Immediate { response: RustBridgeResponse::error(
+            &request.id,
+            "unsupported_bridge_version",
+            format!("Unsupported Sage bridge version: {version}"),
+        ) });
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
index 24ead2666..fe1d5f519 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::bridge::bridge_request::{assert_bridge_origin, execute_bridge_request, process};
+use crate::bridge::bridge_request::{assert_bridge_origin, execute_bridge_request, process_system, process_user};
 use crate::bridge::event_emit::emit_bridge_response_to_source;
 use crate::bridge::state::{get_pending_approval, remove_pending_approval};
 use crate::bridge::{
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ use crate::capabilities::user_registry;
 use crate::host::AppState;
 use crate::types::SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State, Webview};
+use crate::bridge::registry::BridgeRegistry;
 
 #[tauri::command]
 #[specta::specta]
@@ -18,7 +19,18 @@ pub async fn apps_invoke_bridge(
     app_state: State<'_, AppState>,
     request: RustBridgeRequest,
 ) -> Result<RustBridgeInvokeResult, String> {
-    process(app, webview, app_state, request).await
+    process_user(app, webview, app_state, request).await
+}
+
+#[tauri::command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn apps_invoke_system_bridge(
+    app: AppHandle,
+    webview: Webview,
+    app_state: State<'_, AppState>,
+    request: RustBridgeRequest,
+) -> Result<RustBridgeInvokeResult, String> {
+    process_system(app, webview, app_state, request).await
 }
 
 #[tauri::command]
@@ -39,7 +51,7 @@ pub async fn apps_resolve_bridge_approval(
             &app_handle,
             &app_state,
             &origin,
-            &pending.app_webview_label,
+            BridgeRegistry::new(pending.registry_kind),
             &pending.request,
         )
         .await
@@ -52,7 +64,7 @@ pub async fn apps_resolve_bridge_approval(
         )
     };
 
-    emit_bridge_response_to_source(&app_handle, &pending.app_webview_label, &response).await?;
+    emit_bridge_response_to_source(&app_handle, &origin.app, &response).await?;
     Ok(())
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs
index a2767554a..c18e7daeb 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs
@@ -1,23 +1,18 @@
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::events::EventForApp;
-use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeResponse, response_channel_for_app};
+use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeResponse};
 use crate::runtime::webview_locator::get_webview_in_sage_window;
-use crate::runtime::{app_id_from_webview_label, find_runtime_by_app_id_optional, get_runtime_by_app_id};
+use crate::runtime::{find_runtime_by_app_id_optional};
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Emitter, Manager};
 use crate::types::{SharedSageApp};
 
 pub(crate) async fn emit_bridge_response_to_source(
-    app: &AppHandle,
-    app_webview_label: &str,
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
+    app: &SharedSageApp,
     response: &RustBridgeResponse,
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
-    let app_id = app_id_from_webview_label(app_webview_label)
-        .ok_or_else(|| format!("invalid webview label for bridge response: {app_webview_label}"))?;
-    let shared_runtime = get_runtime_by_app_id(&app.state(), app_id).await.map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
-    let response_event = shared_runtime.with_app(response_event_for_app);
-
-    get_webview_in_sage_window(app, app_webview_label)?
-        .emit(&response_event, response)
+    get_webview_in_sage_window(app_handle, &app.webview_label())?
+        .emit("sage-bridge:response", response)
         .map_err(|err| format!("failed to emit bridge response: {err}"))
 }
 
@@ -32,25 +27,11 @@ pub(crate) async fn emit_bridge_event_to_app_id(
         return Ok(());
     };
 
-    let (webview_label, event_name) = runtime.with_runtime(|runtime| {
-        (
-            runtime.webview_label().to_string(),
-            event_event_for_app(&runtime.app()),
-        )
+    let webview_label = runtime.with_runtime(|runtime| {
+        runtime.webview_label().to_string()
     });
 
     get_webview_in_sage_window(app_handle, &webview_label)?
-        .emit(&event_name, event)
+        .emit("sage-bridge:event", event)
         .map_err(|err| format!("failed to emit bridge event: {err}"))
 }
-
-fn response_event_for_app(app: &SharedSageApp) -> String {
-    format!(
-        "{}:response",
-        response_channel_for_app(app)
-    )
-}
-
-fn event_event_for_app(app: &SharedSageApp) -> String {
-    format!("{}:event", response_channel_for_app(app))
-}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/shared.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/shared.rs
index 286ae3865..05f554cc9 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/shared.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/shared.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ use crate::runtime::SharedImpostorRuntime;
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct BridgeContext<'a> {
     pub app: &'a SharedSageApp,
-    pub source_label: &'a str,
     pub impostor_runtime: &'a Option<SharedImpostorRuntime>,
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/events.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/events.rs
index 8f8a476fc..11b60fc98 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/events.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/events.rs
@@ -5,16 +5,14 @@ use specta::Type;
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent {
-    pub channel: String,
     #[serde(rename = "type")]
     pub event_type: String,
     pub runtimes: Vec<SageAppRuntimeRecordView>,
 }
 
 impl RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent {
-    pub fn new(channel: String, runtimes: Vec<SageAppRuntimeRecordView>) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(runtimes: Vec<SageAppRuntimeRecordView>) -> Self {
         Self {
-            channel,
             event_type: "runtimeManager.runtimesChanged".to_string(),
             runtimes,
         }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/events.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/events.rs
index 749b1d841..ac6ff4a0a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/events.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/events.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ pub enum EventForApp {
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent {
-    pub channel: String,
     #[serde(rename = "type")]
     pub event_type: String,
     pub removed_granted_capabilities: Vec<UserBridgeCapability>,
@@ -24,7 +23,6 @@ pub struct GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent {
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent {
-    pub channel: String,
     #[serde(rename = "type")]
     pub event_type: String,
     pub removed_granted_network_whitelist: Vec<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
@@ -33,9 +31,8 @@ pub struct GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent {
 }
 
 impl EventForApp {
-    pub fn from_capabilities_change(channel: &str, change: &GrantedCapabilitiesChange) -> Self {
+    pub fn from_capabilities_change(change: &GrantedCapabilitiesChange) -> Self {
         EventForApp::GrantedCapabilitiesChange(GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent {
-            channel: channel.to_string(),
             event_type: "grantedCapabilitiesChange".to_string(),
             removed_granted_capabilities: change.removed.clone(),
             added_granted_capabilities: change.added.clone(),
@@ -44,11 +41,9 @@ impl EventForApp {
     }
 
     pub fn from_network_whitelist_change(
-        channel: &str,
         change: &GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange,
     ) -> Self {
         EventForApp::GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange(GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent {
-            channel: channel.to_string(),
             event_type: "grantedNetworkWhitelistChange".to_string(),
             removed_granted_network_whitelist: change.removed.clone(),
             added_granted_network_whitelist: change.added.clone(),
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
index 1db98a001..bc32b2967 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppRequestCapabilityGrant {
 
         Ok(Some(RustBridgeApprovalRequest {
             app: ctx.app.into(),
-            source_label: ctx.source_label.to_string(),
+            source_label: ctx.app.webview_label(),
             request_id: request.id.clone(),
             body: RustBridgeApprovalBody::CapabilityGrant {
                 capability: params.capability,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs
index f55b00c1e..209a9f0f6 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant {
 
         Ok(Some(RustBridgeApprovalRequest {
             app: ctx.app.into(),
-            source_label: ctx.source_label.to_string(),
+            source_label: ctx.app.webview_label(),
             request_id: request.id.clone(),
             body: RustBridgeApprovalBody::NetworkWhitelistGrant {
                 entry: params.entry,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_secret_key.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_secret_key.rs
index 3063d73b0..d507ce5ef 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_secret_key.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_secret_key.rs
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for WalletGetSecretKey {
 
         Ok(Some(RustBridgeApprovalRequest {
             app: ctx.app.into(),
-            source_label: ctx.source_label.to_string(),
+            source_label: ctx.app.webview_label(),
             request_id: request.id.clone(),
             body: RustBridgeApprovalBody::GetSecretKey {
                 fingerprint: params.fingerprint,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/send_xch.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/send_xch.rs
index ccd99b71a..45bd24d59 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/send_xch.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/send_xch.rs
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for WalletSendXch {
 
         Ok(Some(RustBridgeApprovalRequest {
             app: ctx.app.into(),
-            source_label: ctx.source_label.to_string(),
+            source_label: ctx.app.webview_label(),
             request_id: request.id.clone(),
             body: RustBridgeApprovalBody::SendXch { summary: params },
         }))
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
index 7b4411a56..91464d012 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
@@ -13,15 +13,3 @@ pub use types::{
     RustBridgeErrorPayload, RustBridgeErrorResponse, RustBridgeInvokeResult, RustBridgeRequest,
     RustBridgeResponse, RustBridgeSuccessResponse,
 };
-use crate::types::SharedSageApp;
-
-pub const USER_BRIDGE_CHANNEL: &str = "sage-bridge";
-pub const SYSTEM_BRIDGE_CHANNEL: &str = "sage-system-bridge";
-
-pub(crate) fn response_channel_for_app(app: &SharedSageApp) -> &'static str {
-    if app.is_system_app() {
-        return SYSTEM_BRIDGE_CHANNEL;
-    }
-
-    USER_BRIDGE_CHANNEL
-}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs
index 51e1ae08b..bbd197d51 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ impl BridgeRegistry {
     }
 
     pub fn get(&self, method: &str) -> Option<&dyn BridgeMethod> {
-        self.methods.get(method).map(std::convert::AsRef::as_ref)
+        self.methods.get(method).map(AsRef::as_ref)
     }
 
     pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (&'static str, &dyn BridgeMethod)> {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/state.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/state.rs
index d9710fcfe..369b0b393 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/state.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/state.rs
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ use crate::types::{SharedSageApp};
 use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 use tauri::State;
 use tokio::sync::Mutex;
+use crate::bridge::registry::BridgeRegistryKind;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Default)]
 pub struct BridgeState {
@@ -15,16 +16,17 @@ pub(crate) async fn write_pending_approval(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     approval_id: &str,
     sage_app: &SharedSageApp,
-    webview_label: &str,
     request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    registry_kind: BridgeRegistryKind,
 ) {
     let mut pending = apps_state.bridge.pending_approvals.lock().await;
     pending.insert(
         approval_id.to_string(),
         PendingBridgeApproval {
             app_id: sage_app.id().to_string(),
-            app_webview_label: webview_label.to_string(),
+            app_webview_label: sage_app.webview_label(),
             request: request.clone(),
+            registry_kind
         },
     );
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs
index 463e460ab..ba134e730 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs
@@ -5,18 +5,19 @@ use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use serde_json::Value;
 use specta::Type;
 use tauri_specta::Event;
+use crate::bridge::registry::BridgeRegistryKind;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct PendingBridgeApproval {
     pub app_id: String,
     pub app_webview_label: String,
     pub request: RustBridgeRequest,
+    pub registry_kind: BridgeRegistryKind,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct RustBridgeRequest {
-    pub channel: String,
     pub bridge_version: Option<String>,
     pub id: String,
     pub method: String,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
index d3d80a39a..787fd3fb7 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ use std::path::Path;
 use anyhow::Context;
 use tauri::AppHandle;
 
-use crate::bridge::USER_BRIDGE_CHANNEL;
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::bridge::event_emit::emit_bridge_event_to_app_id;
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::events::EventForApp;
@@ -138,7 +137,7 @@ async fn emit_granted_permissions_change(
         let _ = emit_bridge_event_to_app_id(
             app_handle,
             app_id,
-            EventForApp::from_capabilities_change(USER_BRIDGE_CHANNEL, capability_change),
+            EventForApp::from_capabilities_change(capability_change),
         )
             .await;
     }
@@ -149,7 +148,7 @@ async fn emit_granted_permissions_change(
         let _ = emit_bridge_event_to_app_id(
             app_handle,
             app_id,
-            EventForApp::from_network_whitelist_change(USER_BRIDGE_CHANNEL, network_change),
+            EventForApp::from_network_whitelist_change(network_change),
         )
             .await;
     }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
index 9c8e1b1c6..77d0af3c3 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
@@ -47,7 +47,6 @@ pub(crate) async fn emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(
         .collect::<Vec<SageAppRuntimeRecordView>>();
 
     let event = RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent::new(
-        "sage-system-bridge".to_string(),
         runtime_records,
     );
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs
index 33b8a80d4..6edbf4dc1 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
-use crate::bridge::{SYSTEM_BRIDGE_CHANNEL, USER_BRIDGE_CHANNEL};
 use crate::runtime::SharedRuntime;
 use crate::types::app::common::SageAppCommon;
 use crate::types::app::flags::SageAppFlags;
@@ -187,18 +186,6 @@ impl SharedSageApp {
 
         false
     }
-
-    pub fn bridge_channel_matches(&self, channel: &str) -> bool {
-        if self.is_system_app() {
-            return USER_BRIDGE_CHANNEL == channel || SYSTEM_BRIDGE_CHANNEL == channel;
-        }
-
-        if self.is_user_app() {
-            return USER_BRIDGE_CHANNEL == channel;
-        }
-
-        false
-    }
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/bridge-runtime-core.ts b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/bridge-runtime-core.ts
index 3db7c1d8c..8bb277e9a 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/bridge-runtime-core.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/bridge-runtime-core.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ import { invoke } from '@tauri-apps/api/core';
 import { getCurrentWebview } from '@tauri-apps/api/webview';
 
 export type GenericBridgeRequest = {
-  channel: string;
   bridgeVersion?: string;
   id: string;
   method: string;
@@ -10,7 +9,6 @@ export type GenericBridgeRequest = {
 };
 
 export type GenericBridgeSuccessResponse = {
-  channel: string;
   bridgeVersion: string;
   id: string;
   ok: true;
@@ -18,7 +16,6 @@ export type GenericBridgeSuccessResponse = {
 };
 
 export type GenericBridgeErrorResponse = {
-  channel: string;
   bridgeVersion: string;
   id: string;
   ok: false;
@@ -34,14 +31,12 @@ export type GenericBridgeResponse =
 
 type RustBridgeResponse =
   | {
-      channel: string;
       bridgeVersion: string;
       id: string;
       ok: true;
       resultJson: string;
     }
   | {
-      channel: string;
       bridgeVersion: string;
       id: string;
       ok: false;
@@ -82,7 +77,6 @@ type PendingBridgeRequest = {
 };
 
 export type BridgeRuntimeCoreConfig = {
-  channel: string;
   version: string;
   invokeCommand: string;
   requestIdPrefix: string;
@@ -118,13 +112,11 @@ export function parseJsonOrNull(value: string | null | undefined): unknown {
 }
 
 export function toSdkBridgeResponse(
-  channel: string,
   version: string,
   response: RustBridgeResponse,
 ): GenericBridgeResponse {
   if ('resultJson' in response) {
     return {
-      channel,
       bridgeVersion: version,
       id: response.id,
       ok: true,
@@ -133,7 +125,6 @@ export function toSdkBridgeResponse(
   }
 
   return {
-    channel,
     bridgeVersion: version,
     id: response.id,
     ok: false,
@@ -174,7 +165,7 @@ export function createBridgeRuntimeCore(
         }
 
         pendingRequests.delete(id);
-        reject(new Error(`${config.channel} timeout for ${method}`));
+        reject(new Error(`timeout for ${method}`));
       }, timeoutMs);
 
       pendingRequests.set(id, {
@@ -187,7 +178,6 @@ export function createBridgeRuntimeCore(
       void (async () => {
         try {
           const request: GenericBridgeRequest = {
-            channel: config.channel,
             bridgeVersion: config.version,
             id,
             method,
@@ -198,7 +188,6 @@ export function createBridgeRuntimeCore(
             config.invokeCommand,
             {
               request: {
-                channel: request.channel,
                 bridgeVersion: request.bridgeVersion ?? null,
                 id: request.id,
                 method: request.method,
@@ -212,7 +201,6 @@ export function createBridgeRuntimeCore(
 
           if (result.kind === 'immediate') {
             const response = toSdkBridgeResponse(
-              config.channel,
               config.version,
               result.response,
             );
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
index a38324319..ed58f0944 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
@@ -71,10 +71,6 @@ function isBridgeRuntimeEvent(value: unknown): value is SageBridgeRuntimeEvent {
     return false;
   }
 
-  if (value.channel !== 'sage-bridge') {
-    return false;
-  }
-
   return (
     value.type === 'grantedCapabilitiesChange' ||
     value.type === 'grantedNetworkWhitelistChange'
@@ -86,7 +82,6 @@ function isGrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent(
 ): value is Generated.GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent {
   return (
     isObject(value) &&
-    value.channel === 'sage-bridge' &&
     value.type === 'grantedCapabilitiesChange'
   );
 }
@@ -96,7 +91,6 @@ function isGrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent(
 ): value is Generated.GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent {
   return (
     isObject(value) &&
-    value.channel === 'sage-bridge' &&
     value.type === 'grantedNetworkWhitelistChange'
   );
 }
@@ -113,7 +107,6 @@ export function initSageRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
   }
 
   const core = createBridgeRuntimeCore({
-    channel: 'sage-bridge',
     version: SAGE_BRIDGE_VERSION,
     invokeCommand: 'apps_invoke_bridge',
     requestIdPrefix: 'sage',
@@ -159,6 +152,7 @@ export function initSageRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
       const data = event.payload;
 
       if (!isBridgeRuntimeEvent(data)) {
+        console.warn('[Sage SDK] Dropped unknown runtime event:', data);
         return;
       }
 
@@ -197,7 +191,6 @@ export function initSageRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
 
         if (
           !data ||
-          data.channel !== 'sage-bridge' ||
           data.bridgeVersion !== SAGE_BRIDGE_VERSION
         ) {
           return;
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/types.ts b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/types.ts
index 218c7e747..6da17484b 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/types.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/types.ts
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ export type SageBridgeSendPayload = {
 };
 
 export type SageBridgeSuccessResponse = {
-  channel: 'sage-bridge';
   bridgeVersion: SageBridgeVersion;
   id: string;
   ok: true;
@@ -18,7 +17,6 @@ export type SageBridgeSuccessResponse = {
 };
 
 export type SageBridgeErrorResponse = {
-  channel: 'sage-bridge';
   bridgeVersion: SageBridgeVersion;
   id: string;
   ok: false;
diff --git a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/index.ts b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/index.ts
index bbc0b3410..a60d86683 100644
--- a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/index.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/index.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 export {
   initSageSystemRuntimeBridge,
   SAGE_SYSTEM_BRIDGE_VERSION,
-  SAGE_SYSTEM_BRIDGE_CHANNEL,
 } from './runtime';
 
 export {
diff --git a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
index 1a4d5e84a..86c24837a 100644
--- a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ import type {
 } from './types';
 import { createBridgeRuntimeCore } from '@sage-app/sdk';
 
-export const SAGE_SYSTEM_BRIDGE_CHANNEL = 'sage-system-bridge';
 export const SAGE_SYSTEM_BRIDGE_VERSION: SageSystemBridgeVersion = 'v1';
 
 type SageSystemListenEvent<T = unknown> = {
@@ -58,9 +57,8 @@ export function initSageSystemRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
   }
 
   const core = createBridgeRuntimeCore({
-    channel: SAGE_SYSTEM_BRIDGE_CHANNEL,
     version: SAGE_SYSTEM_BRIDGE_VERSION,
-    invokeCommand: 'apps_invoke_bridge',
+    invokeCommand: 'apps_invoke_system_bridge',
     requestIdPrefix: 'sage-system',
   });
 
@@ -76,13 +74,12 @@ export function initSageSystemRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
 
   webview
     .listen(
-      `${SAGE_SYSTEM_BRIDGE_CHANNEL}:response`,
+      `sage-system-bridge:response`,
       (event: SageSystemListenEvent<SageSystemBridgeResponse>) => {
         const data = event.payload;
 
         if (
           !data ||
-          data.channel !== SAGE_SYSTEM_BRIDGE_CHANNEL ||
           data.bridgeVersion !== SAGE_SYSTEM_BRIDGE_VERSION
         ) {
           return;
@@ -109,7 +106,7 @@ export function initSageSystemRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
     )
     .catch((error: unknown) => {
       console.error(
-        `Failed to subscribe to ${SAGE_SYSTEM_BRIDGE_CHANNEL}:response:`,
+        `Failed to subscribe to response:`,
         error,
       );
     });
@@ -127,7 +124,7 @@ export function initSageSystemRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
 
   webview
     .listen(
-      `${SAGE_SYSTEM_BRIDGE_CHANNEL}:event`,
+      `sage-system-bridge:event`,
       (event: SageSystemListenEvent) => {
         const data = event.payload;
 
@@ -145,7 +142,7 @@ export function initSageSystemRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
     )
     .catch((error: unknown) => {
       console.error(
-        `Failed to subscribe to ${SAGE_SYSTEM_BRIDGE_CHANNEL}:event:`,
+        `Failed to subscribe to event:`,
         error,
       );
     });
diff --git a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/types.ts b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/types.ts
index 961881ce7..e2a92a4ef 100644
--- a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/types.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/types.ts
@@ -7,11 +7,9 @@ import type {
   SystemKillRuntimeResult,
 } from './generated-types';
 
-export type SageSystemBridgeChannel = 'sage-system-bridge';
 export type SageSystemBridgeVersion = 'v1';
 
 export type SageSystemBridgeSuccessResponse = {
-  channel: SageSystemBridgeChannel;
   bridgeVersion: SageSystemBridgeVersion;
   id: string;
   ok: true;
@@ -19,7 +17,6 @@ export type SageSystemBridgeSuccessResponse = {
 };
 
 export type SageSystemBridgeErrorResponse = {
-  channel: SageSystemBridgeChannel;
   bridgeVersion: SageSystemBridgeVersion;
   id: string;
   ok: false;
diff --git a/src-tauri/capabilities/system-apps.json b/src-tauri/capabilities/system-apps.json
index fda4cd18a..2ef60b6ce 100644
--- a/src-tauri/capabilities/system-apps.json
+++ b/src-tauri/capabilities/system-apps.json
@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@
   "permissions": [
     "core:event:default",
     "core:webview:default",
-    "allow-apps-invoke-bridge"
+    "allow-apps-invoke-bridge",
+    "allow-apps-invoke-system-bridge"
   ]
 }
 
diff --git a/src-tauri/permissions/bridge.toml b/src-tauri/permissions/bridge.toml
index 4add2b195..c0d313f20 100644
--- a/src-tauri/permissions/bridge.toml
+++ b/src-tauri/permissions/bridge.toml
@@ -3,6 +3,11 @@ identifier = "allow-apps-invoke-bridge"
 description = "Allows embedded user app webviews to invoke the Sage bridge entrypoint."
 commands.allow = ["apps_invoke_bridge"]
 
+[[permission]]
+identifier = "allow-apps-invoke-system-bridge"
+description = "Allows embedded system app webviews to invoke the system Sage bridge entrypoint."
+commands.allow = ["apps_invoke_system_bridge"]
+
 [[permission]]
 identifier = "allow-apps-resolve-bridge-approval"
 description = "Allows the main Sage UI to resolve pending bridge approvals."
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index 874292f70..7ea27985e 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -2245,7 +2245,7 @@ export type RustBridgeApprovalRequest = ({ kind: "getSecretKey"; fingerprint: nu
 export type RustBridgeErrorPayload = { code: string; message: string }
 export type RustBridgeErrorResponse = { bridgeVersion: string; id: string; ok: boolean; error: RustBridgeErrorPayload }
 export type RustBridgeInvokeResult = { kind: "immediate"; response: RustBridgeResponse } | { kind: "pending" }
-export type RustBridgeRequest = { channel: string; bridgeVersion: string | null; id: string; method: string; paramsJson: string | null }
+export type RustBridgeRequest = { bridgeVersion: string | null; id: string; method: string; paramsJson: string | null }
 export type RustBridgeResponse = RustBridgeSuccessResponse | RustBridgeErrorResponse
 export type RustBridgeSuccessResponse = { bridgeVersion: string; id: string; ok: boolean; resultJson: string }
 export type SageAppAuthor = { name: string; avatar: string | null }
diff --git a/src/components/apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx b/src/components/apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx
index 0a81415d3..563dd353e 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx
@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@ function buildPreviewApp(
       activeSnapshot: {
         manifest,
       },
+      icon: null,
     },
     source: { kind: 'zip' },
     pendingUpdate: null,
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/bridge/responses.ts b/src/lib/apps/bridge/responses.ts
index 1fbf3ad32..2c63734de 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/bridge/responses.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/bridge/responses.ts
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ export function success(
   result: unknown,
 ): SageBridgeSuccessResponse {
   return {
-    channel: 'sage-bridge',
     bridgeVersion: BRIDGE_VERSION,
     id,
     ok: true,

From dbf4a5c5cd1a5429ed4e09050b6b723c42de3df4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 1 May 2026 18:03:40 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 284/471] Refactor: add `appsInvokeSystemBridge` command and
 update apps context dependencies

- Introduced `appsInvokeSystemBridge` to support system bridge invocation.
- Registered the new command in `lib.rs` for app bridge commands.
- Updated apps context hooks to include `apps` dependencies for consistency.
---
 src-tauri/src/lib.rs         | 1 +
 src/bindings.ts              | 3 +++
 src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx | 6 +++---
 3 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
index 2f281b149..6273b1603 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
@@ -146,6 +146,7 @@ pub fn run() {
             commands::is_asset_owned,
             commands::get_xch_usd_price,
             apps::bridge::commands::apps_invoke_bridge,
+            apps::bridge::commands::apps_invoke_system_bridge,
             apps::bridge::commands::apps_resolve_bridge_approval,
             apps::bridge::commands::get_user_capability_definitions,
             apps::sandbox::commands::apps_get_sandbox_state,
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index 7ea27985e..bb5d81fb7 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -365,6 +365,9 @@ async getXchUsdPrice(req: GetXchUsdPrice) : Promise<GetXchUsdPriceResponse> {
 async appsInvokeBridge(request: RustBridgeRequest) : Promise<RustBridgeInvokeResult> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_invoke_bridge", { request });
 },
+async appsInvokeSystemBridge(request: RustBridgeRequest) : Promise<RustBridgeInvokeResult> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_invoke_system_bridge", { request });
+},
 async appsResolveBridgeApproval(args: ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs) : Promise<null> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_resolve_bridge_approval", { args });
 },
diff --git a/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx b/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
index 39f4969f4..103aaab15 100644
--- a/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
+++ b/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
       isCancelled = true;
       if (unsubscribe) void unsubscribe();
     };
-  }, [refreshLaunchGates]);
+  }, [apps, refreshLaunchGates]);
 
   const currentSandboxRunId = sandboxState?.currentRun?.runId ?? null;
 
@@ -255,7 +255,7 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
       isCancelled = true;
       window.clearInterval(intervalId);
     };
-  }, [currentSandboxRunId, refreshLaunchGates]);
+  }, [apps, currentSandboxRunId, refreshLaunchGates]);
 
   const refresh = refreshInstalledApps;
 
@@ -414,7 +414,7 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
     setSandboxState(next);
     await refreshLaunchGates(apps);
     return next;
-  }, [refreshLaunchGates]);
+  }, [apps, refreshLaunchGates]);
 
   const value = useMemo<AppsContextValue>(
     () => ({

From 6ea13dd5228ca8ad499e03d8552d05b3142b9d98 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 1 May 2026 18:41:22 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 285/471] Refactor: remove async usage from protocol handlers
 and add immediate runtime resolution

- Replaced `async` functions in protocol handlers with synchronous equivalents for simpler execution.
- Introduced immediate runtime resolution functions (`resolve_possibly_impostor_running_app_immediate`, etc.).
- Updated `lib.rs` to remove runtime `block_on` calls.
- Refactored runtime resolution logic to utilize immediate variants for performance improvements.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs    | 18 +++++++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs  |  4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs | 54 ++++++++++++++++++++++
 crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs  | 22 ++++-----
 src-tauri/src/lib.rs                       |  8 +---
 5 files changed, 85 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
index a478c5e76..2da36dc90 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use crate::types::{ResolvedApp, ResolvedRunningApp, ResolvedStoppedApp, SageApp,
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
 use url::Url;
 use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::runtime::{find_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id_optional, find_runtime_by_app_id_optional, GetRuntimeError, SharedImpostorRuntime, SharedRuntime};
+use crate::runtime::{find_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id_optional, find_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id_optional_immediate, find_runtime_by_app_id_optional, find_runtime_by_app_id_optional_immediate, GetRuntimeError, SharedImpostorRuntime, SharedRuntime};
 use crate::runtime::stop::close_runtime_internal;
 use tokio::time::{sleep, Duration};
 use crate::system_apps::build_builtin_system_app;
@@ -216,6 +216,22 @@ pub(crate) async fn resolve_possibly_impostor_running_app(
     Err(GetRuntimeError::NotFound)
 }
 
+pub(crate) fn resolve_possibly_impostor_running_app_immediate(
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    app_id: &str,
+) -> Result<PossiblyImpostorRuntime, String> {
+    if let Some(runtime) =
+        find_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id_optional_immediate(apps_state, app_id)?
+    {
+        return Ok(PossiblyImpostorRuntime::Impostor(runtime));
+    }
+    if let Some(runtime) = find_runtime_by_app_id_optional_immediate(apps_state, app_id)? {
+        return Ok(PossiblyImpostorRuntime::Legit(runtime));
+    }
+
+    Err("runtime not found".to_string())
+}
+
 impl PossiblyImpostorRuntime {
     pub(crate) fn identity_app(&self) -> SharedSageApp {
         match self {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs
index 6d1965153..3f749fe95 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,9 @@ pub use read::find_runtime_by_app_id_optional;
 
 pub(crate) use read::{
     find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional, find_runtime_id_by_app_id_optional, get_runtime_by_app_id,
-    list_runtimes, find_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id_optional, GetRuntimeError
+    list_runtimes, find_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id_optional, 
+    find_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id_optional_immediate, find_runtime_by_app_id_optional_immediate, 
+    GetRuntimeError
 };
 pub(crate) use types::{
     ReadyToStopParams, RuntimeAckResult, SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail, SetBeforeStopListenerParams,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
index 109db3882..f25eddc26 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
@@ -30,6 +30,33 @@ pub async fn find_runtime_by_app_id_optional(
     find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional(apps_state, &runtime_id).await
 }
 
+pub(crate) fn find_runtime_by_app_id_optional_immediate(
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    app_id: &str,
+) -> Result<Option<SharedRuntime>, String> {
+    let runtime_id = {
+        let by_app_id = apps_state
+            .runtime
+            .runtime_id_by_app_id
+            .try_lock()
+            .map_err(|_| "runtime_id_by_app_id is busy".to_string())?;
+
+        by_app_id.get(app_id).cloned()
+    };
+
+    let Some(runtime_id) = runtime_id else {
+        return Ok(None);
+    };
+
+    let by_runtime_id = apps_state
+        .runtime
+        .runtime_by_runtime_id
+        .try_lock()
+        .map_err(|_| "runtime_by_runtime_id is busy".to_string())?;
+
+    Ok(by_runtime_id.get(&runtime_id).cloned())
+}
+
 pub(crate) async fn find_runtime_id_by_app_id_optional(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: &str,
@@ -56,6 +83,33 @@ pub(crate) async fn find_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id_optional(
     find_impostor_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional(apps_state, &runtime_id).await
 }
 
+pub(crate) fn find_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id_optional_immediate(
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    victim_app_id: &str,
+) -> Result<Option<SharedImpostorRuntime>, String> {
+    let runtime_id = {
+        let by_victim_app_id = apps_state
+            .runtime
+            .impostor_runtime_id_by_victim_app_id
+            .try_lock()
+            .map_err(|_| "impostor_runtime_id_by_victim_app_id is busy".to_string())?;
+
+        by_victim_app_id.get(victim_app_id).cloned()
+    };
+
+    let Some(runtime_id) = runtime_id else {
+        return Ok(None);
+    };
+
+    let by_runtime_id = apps_state
+        .runtime
+        .impostor_by_runtime_id
+        .try_lock()
+        .map_err(|_| "impostor_by_runtime_id is busy".to_string())?;
+
+    Ok(by_runtime_id.get(&runtime_id).cloned())
+}
+
 pub(crate) async fn find_impostor_runtime_id_by_victim_app_id_optional(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     victim_app_id: &str,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
index 25fe78c27..7db21488c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
@@ -1,23 +1,22 @@
-use crate::runtime::{app_id_from_webview_label, resolve_possibly_impostor_running_app, PossiblyImpostorRuntime};
+use crate::runtime::{app_id_from_webview_label, resolve_possibly_impostor_running_app_immediate, PossiblyImpostorRuntime};
 use crate::security::build_app_csp;
 use anyhow::{Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
 use std::fs;
 use tauri::http::{Response, StatusCode};
 use tauri::{Manager, UriSchemeContext, Wry};
 
-pub async fn handle_user_app_protocol_request(
+pub fn handle_user_app_protocol_request(
     ctx: &UriSchemeContext<'_, Wry>,
     request: &tauri::http::Request<Vec<u8>>,
 ) -> Response<Vec<u8>> {
-    let result = async {
+    let result = (|| {
         let webview_label = ctx.webview_label();
 
         let app_id = app_id_from_webview_label(webview_label)
             .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("invalid webview label"))?;
 
         let runtime =
-            resolve_possibly_impostor_running_app(&ctx.app_handle().state(), app_id)
-                .await
+            resolve_possibly_impostor_running_app_immediate(&ctx.app_handle().state(), app_id)
                 .map_err(|_| anyhow!("failed to find runtime for app {app_id}"))?;
 
         if !runtime.is_user_app() {
@@ -37,25 +36,23 @@ pub async fn handle_user_app_protocol_request(
             Err(err) if is_sandbox_test => Ok(protocol_error_response("sage-app", &err)),
             Err(_) => Ok(not_found_response()),
         }
-    }
-        .await;
+    })();
 
     result.unwrap_or_else(|_| not_found_response())
 }
 
-pub async fn handle_system_app_protocol_request(
+pub fn handle_system_app_protocol_request(
     ctx: &UriSchemeContext<'_, Wry>,
     request: &tauri::http::Request<Vec<u8>>,
 ) -> Response<Vec<u8>> {
-    let result = async {
+    let result = (|| {
         let webview_label = ctx.webview_label();
 
         let app_id = app_id_from_webview_label(webview_label)
             .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("invalid webview label"))?;
 
         let runtime =
-            resolve_possibly_impostor_running_app(&ctx.app_handle().state(), app_id)
-                .await
+            resolve_possibly_impostor_running_app_immediate(&ctx.app_handle().state(), app_id)
                 .map_err(|_| anyhow!("failed to find runtime for app {app_id}"))?;
 
         if !runtime.is_system_app() {
@@ -70,8 +67,7 @@ pub async fn handle_system_app_protocol_request(
 
         handle_app_protocol_request(&runtime, request)
             .map_err(|err| anyhow!("sage-system-app error: {err}"))
-    }
-        .await;
+    })();
 
     result.unwrap_or_else(|err| protocol_error_response("sage-system-app", &err))
 }
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
index 6273b1603..589e7dc89 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
@@ -206,14 +206,10 @@ pub fn run() {
 
     tauri_builder
         .register_uri_scheme_protocol("sage-app", move |ctx, request| {
-            tauri::async_runtime::block_on(
-                handle_user_app_protocol_request(&ctx, &request)
-            )
+            handle_user_app_protocol_request(&ctx, &request)
         })
         .register_uri_scheme_protocol("sage-system-app", move |ctx, request| {
-            tauri::async_runtime::block_on(
-                handle_system_app_protocol_request(&ctx, &request)
-            )
+            handle_system_app_protocol_request(&ctx, &request)
         })
         .invoke_handler(builder.invoke_handler())
         .setup(move |app| {

From c67febd59e27dff550fb83e13bc94720d2511cc7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 1 May 2026 18:43:38 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 286/471] Fix: prevent event propagation on AppTaskBar button
 to avoid unintended behavior

- Added `onPointerDown` handler with `event.stopPropagation()` to ensure proper interaction handling.
---
 src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx | 3 +++
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx b/src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx
index 59eac4889..bed3e195c 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx
@@ -335,6 +335,9 @@ export function AppTaskBar({
                       variant='ghost'
                       size='icon'
                       className='h-6 w-6'
+                      onPointerDown={(event) => {
+                        event.stopPropagation();
+                      }}
                       onClick={(event) => {
                         event.stopPropagation();
                         onCloseApp(tab);

From adbeebbf9d6de38619b1f773bcbb533a597d235d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 1 May 2026 19:15:19 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 287/471] Add active runtime tracking by host window and
 enhance runtime visibility handling

- Introduced `active_runtime_id_by_host_window_label` for maintaining active runtime associations per host window.
- Added `clear_active_runtime_if_matches` and `set_active_runtime_for_host_window` helper functions for managing active runtime state.
- Enhanced runtime visibility handling by implementing `hide_runtime_by_runtime_id_if_present` and updating runtime activation logic to toggle visibility appropriately.
- Updated `AppRuntimeState` and runtime state manipulation functions to support new active runtime behavior.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs      | 109 +++++++++++++++++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/remove.rs |  30 ++++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs  |   1 +
 3 files changed, 127 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
index 77d0af3c3..f274f3b29 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
@@ -4,11 +4,11 @@ use tauri::{AppHandle, Emitter, Manager, State};
 
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::bridge::methods::system::RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent;
-use crate::runtime::{SageAppRuntimeRecordView, SharedRuntime};
 use crate::runtime::state::{
-    get_runtime_by_app_id, list_runtimes,
+    find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional, get_runtime_by_app_id, list_runtimes,
 };
 use crate::runtime::webview_locator::{find_sage_window, get_webview_in_sage_window};
+use crate::runtime::{SageAppRuntimeRecordView, SharedRuntime};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
@@ -16,6 +16,71 @@ pub struct RuntimeTargetParams {
     pub app_id: String,
 }
 
+struct RuntimeWindowIdentity {
+    runtime_id: String,
+    host_window_label: String,
+    webview_label: String,
+}
+
+fn runtime_window_identity(runtime: &SharedRuntime) -> RuntimeWindowIdentity {
+    runtime.with_runtime(|record| RuntimeWindowIdentity {
+        runtime_id: record.runtime_id(),
+        host_window_label: record.host_window_label().to_string(),
+        webview_label: record.webview_label().to_string(),
+    })
+}
+
+async fn clear_active_runtime_if_matches(
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    host_window_label: &str,
+    runtime_id: &str,
+) {
+    let mut active = apps_state
+        .runtime
+        .active_runtime_id_by_host_window_label
+        .lock()
+        .await;
+
+    if active
+        .get(host_window_label)
+        .is_some_and(|active_runtime_id| active_runtime_id == runtime_id)
+    {
+        active.remove(host_window_label);
+    }
+}
+
+async fn set_active_runtime_for_host_window(
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    host_window_label: &str,
+    runtime_id: &str,
+) -> Option<String> {
+    let mut active = apps_state
+        .runtime
+        .active_runtime_id_by_host_window_label
+        .lock()
+        .await;
+
+    active.insert(host_window_label.to_string(), runtime_id.to_string())
+}
+
+async fn hide_runtime_by_runtime_id_if_present(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    runtime_id: &str,
+) {
+    let Some(runtime) = find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional(apps_state, runtime_id).await else {
+        return;
+    };
+
+    let webview_label = runtime.with_runtime(|record| record.webview_label().to_string());
+
+    if let Ok(webview) = get_webview_in_sage_window(app, &webview_label) {
+        let _ = webview.hide();
+    }
+
+    runtime.with_runtime_mut(|runtime| runtime.mark_hidden());
+}
+
 pub(crate) async fn emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(
     app: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
@@ -46,9 +111,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(
         .map(Into::into)
         .collect::<Vec<SageAppRuntimeRecordView>>();
 
-    let event = RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent::new(
-        runtime_records,
-    );
+    let event = RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent::new(runtime_records);
 
     let Some(sage_window) = find_sage_window(app) else {
         return;
@@ -66,11 +129,25 @@ pub(crate) async fn focus_runtime(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: &str,
 ) -> Result<SharedRuntime, String> {
-    let runtime = get_runtime_by_app_id(apps_state, app_id).await.map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
-
-    let webview_label = runtime.with_runtime(|record| record.webview_label().to_string());
+    let runtime = get_runtime_by_app_id(apps_state, app_id)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
+
+    let runtime_window_identity = runtime_window_identity(&runtime);
+
+    let previous_runtime_id = set_active_runtime_for_host_window(
+        apps_state,
+        &runtime_window_identity.host_window_label,
+        &runtime_window_identity.runtime_id
+    ).await;
+
+    if let Some(previous_runtime_id) = previous_runtime_id
+        && previous_runtime_id != runtime_window_identity.runtime_id
+    {
+        hide_runtime_by_runtime_id_if_present(app, apps_state, &previous_runtime_id).await;
+    }
 
-    let webview = get_webview_in_sage_window(app, &webview_label)?;
+    let webview = get_webview_in_sage_window(app, &runtime_window_identity.webview_label)?;
 
     webview
         .show()
@@ -92,11 +169,13 @@ pub(crate) async fn hide_runtime(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: &str,
 ) -> Result<SharedRuntime, String> {
-    let runtime = get_runtime_by_app_id(apps_state, app_id).await.map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
+    let runtime = get_runtime_by_app_id(apps_state, app_id)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
 
-    let webview_label = runtime.with_runtime(|record| record.webview_label().to_string());
+    let runtime_window_identity = runtime_window_identity(&runtime);
 
-    let webview = get_webview_in_sage_window(app, &webview_label)?;
+    let webview = get_webview_in_sage_window(app, &runtime_window_identity.webview_label)?;
 
     webview
         .hide()
@@ -104,6 +183,12 @@ pub(crate) async fn hide_runtime(
 
     runtime.with_runtime_mut(|runtime| runtime.mark_hidden());
 
+    clear_active_runtime_if_matches(
+        apps_state,
+        &runtime_window_identity.host_window_label,
+        &runtime_window_identity.runtime_id
+    ).await;
+
     emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(app, apps_state).await;
 
     Ok(runtime)
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/remove.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/remove.rs
index ef5975b3b..aeec5f36d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/remove.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/remove.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,25 @@
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use tauri::State;
 
+async fn clear_active_runtime_if_matches(
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    host_window_label: &str,
+    runtime_id: &str,
+) {
+    let mut active = apps_state
+        .runtime
+        .active_runtime_id_by_host_window_label
+        .lock()
+        .await;
+
+    if active
+        .get(host_window_label)
+        .is_some_and(|active_runtime_id| active_runtime_id == runtime_id)
+    {
+        active.remove(host_window_label);
+    }
+}
+
 pub(in crate::runtime) async fn remove_runtime_id_by_app_id(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: &str,
@@ -22,7 +41,16 @@ pub(in crate::runtime) async fn remove_runtime_by_runtime_id(
         return;
     };
 
-    remove_runtime_id_by_app_id(apps_state, &runtime.app_id()).await;
+    let (host_window_label, removed_runtime_id, app_id) = runtime.with_runtime(|runtime| {
+        (
+            runtime.host_window_label().to_string(),
+            runtime.runtime_id(),
+            runtime.app_id(),
+        )
+    });
+
+    clear_active_runtime_if_matches(apps_state, &host_window_label, &removed_runtime_id).await;
+    remove_runtime_id_by_app_id(apps_state, &app_id).await;
 }
 
 pub(in crate::runtime) async fn remove_before_stop_listeners_by_app_id(
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs
index 5a3e33dd9..15f7b1fa1 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs
@@ -70,6 +70,7 @@ pub struct SharedImpostorRuntime {
 pub struct AppRuntimeState {
     pub runtime_by_runtime_id: Mutex<BTreeMap<String, SharedRuntime>>,
     pub runtime_id_by_app_id: Mutex<BTreeMap<String, String>>,
+    pub active_runtime_id_by_host_window_label: Mutex<BTreeMap<String, String>>,
 
     pub impostor_by_runtime_id: Mutex<BTreeMap<String, SharedImpostorRuntime>>,
     pub impostor_runtime_id_by_victim_app_id: Mutex<BTreeMap<String, String>>,

From d8d4e01cf7e01a2871ed95035d544f122d1133f2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 1 May 2026 21:58:02 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 288/471] Refactor: unify runtime event handling and streamline
 event emission logic

- Consolidated runtime event handling into the `emit_runtime_event_to_app_id` function for improved reusability and consistency.
- Updated `RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent` and related event types with `AppRuntimeEvent` for standardized naming and dispatching.
- Refactored system bridge event handling in the SDK to utilize typed runtime event envelopes and improve safety.
- Simplified runtime visibility updates with method extraction (`SageAppRuntimeRecord::mark_hidden` and `mark_visible` support).
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs     |  62 ++++-
 .../src/bridge/methods/system/mod.rs          |   2 +-
 .../methods/system/runtime_manager/events.rs  |  16 +-
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/app/events.rs     |  79 +++---
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs       |   2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs     |   9 +-
 .../src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs       |  12 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs       | 151 ++++++-----
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs       |   7 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs     |   6 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs    |  20 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/remove.rs  |  20 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs          |  27 +-
 packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts          | 253 +++++++++---------
 packages/sage-app-sdk/src/types.ts            |   9 +-
 packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts   | 189 ++++++++-----
 16 files changed, 477 insertions(+), 387 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs
index c18e7daeb..953beacf6 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,48 @@
+use serde::Serialize;
+use specta::Type;
 use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::events::EventForApp;
 use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeResponse};
 use crate::runtime::webview_locator::get_webview_in_sage_window;
-use crate::runtime::{find_runtime_by_app_id_optional};
+use crate::runtime::resolve_possibly_impostor_running_app_immediate;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Emitter, Manager};
 use crate::types::{SharedSageApp};
 
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct RuntimeEvent<T: AppRuntimeEvent> {
+    #[serde(rename = "type")]
+    pub event_type: &'static str,
+
+    pub payload: T,
+}
+
+pub fn runtime_event<T: AppRuntimeEvent>(payload: T) -> RuntimeEvent<T> {
+    RuntimeEvent {
+        event_type: T::TYPE,
+        payload,
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum AppRuntimeEventRail {
+    User,
+    System,
+}
+
+impl AppRuntimeEventRail {
+    pub fn event_name(self) -> &'static str {
+        match self {
+            Self::User => "sage-bridge:event",
+            Self::System => "sage-system-bridge:event",
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub trait AppRuntimeEvent: Serialize + Type + Clone {
+    const TYPE: &'static str;
+    const RAIL: AppRuntimeEventRail;
+}
+
 pub(crate) async fn emit_bridge_response_to_source(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
     app: &SharedSageApp,
@@ -16,22 +53,21 @@ pub(crate) async fn emit_bridge_response_to_source(
         .map_err(|err| format!("failed to emit bridge response: {err}"))
 }
 
-pub(crate) async fn emit_bridge_event_to_app_id(
+pub(crate) async fn emit_runtime_event_to_app_id<T>(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
     app_id: &str,
-    event: EventForApp,
-) -> Result<(), String> {
+    event: T,
+) -> Result<(), String>
+where
+    T: AppRuntimeEvent,
+{
     let apps_state = app_handle.state::<AppsHostState>();
 
-    let Some(runtime) = find_runtime_by_app_id_optional(&apps_state, app_id).await else {
-        return Ok(());
-    };
+    let runtime = resolve_possibly_impostor_running_app_immediate(&apps_state, app_id)?;
 
-    let webview_label = runtime.with_runtime(|runtime| {
-        runtime.webview_label().to_string()
-    });
+    let webview_label = runtime.identity_webview_label();
 
     get_webview_in_sage_window(app_handle, &webview_label)?
-        .emit("sage-bridge:event", event)
-        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to emit bridge event: {err}"))
+        .emit(T::RAIL.event_name(), runtime_event(event))
+        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to emit runtime event: {err}"))
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/mod.rs
index 632a6f560..6f9a8acf9 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/mod.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
-pub mod runtime_manager;
+mod runtime_manager;
 
 pub use runtime_manager::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/events.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/events.rs
index 11b60fc98..ff714dc64 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/events.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/events.rs
@@ -1,20 +1,22 @@
-use crate::runtime::SageAppRuntimeRecordView;
 use serde::Serialize;
 use specta::Type;
 
+use crate::bridge::event_emit::{AppRuntimeEvent, AppRuntimeEventRail};
+use crate::runtime::SageAppRuntimeRecordView;
+
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent {
-    #[serde(rename = "type")]
-    pub event_type: String,
     pub runtimes: Vec<SageAppRuntimeRecordView>,
 }
 
 impl RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent {
     pub fn new(runtimes: Vec<SageAppRuntimeRecordView>) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            event_type: "runtimeManager.runtimesChanged".to_string(),
-            runtimes,
-        }
+        Self { runtimes }
     }
 }
+
+impl AppRuntimeEvent for RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent {
+    const TYPE: &'static str = "runtimeManager.runtimesChanged";
+    const RAIL: AppRuntimeEventRail = AppRuntimeEventRail::System;
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/events.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/events.rs
index ac6ff4a0a..1b8710d89 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/events.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/events.rs
@@ -1,53 +1,72 @@
+use serde::Serialize;
+use specta::Type;
+
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::bridge::event_emit::{AppRuntimeEvent, AppRuntimeEventRail};
 use crate::lifecycle::update::types::{GrantedCapabilitiesChange, GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange};
 use crate::types::SageNetworkWhitelistEntry;
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use specta::Type;
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
-pub enum EventForApp {
-    GrantedCapabilitiesChange(GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent),
-    GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange(GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent),
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent {
-    #[serde(rename = "type")]
-    pub event_type: String,
     pub removed_granted_capabilities: Vec<UserBridgeCapability>,
     pub added_granted_capabilities: Vec<UserBridgeCapability>,
     pub full_granted_capabilities: Vec<UserBridgeCapability>,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+impl GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent {
+    pub fn from_change(change: &GrantedCapabilitiesChange) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            removed_granted_capabilities: change.removed.clone(),
+            added_granted_capabilities: change.added.clone(),
+            full_granted_capabilities: change.full.clone(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl AppRuntimeEvent for GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent {
+    const TYPE: &'static str = "grantedCapabilitiesChange";
+    const RAIL: AppRuntimeEventRail = AppRuntimeEventRail::User;
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent {
-    #[serde(rename = "type")]
-    pub event_type: String,
     pub removed_granted_network_whitelist: Vec<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
     pub added_granted_network_whitelist: Vec<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
     pub full_granted_network_whitelist: Vec<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
 }
 
-impl EventForApp {
-    pub fn from_capabilities_change(change: &GrantedCapabilitiesChange) -> Self {
-        EventForApp::GrantedCapabilitiesChange(GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent {
-            event_type: "grantedCapabilitiesChange".to_string(),
-            removed_granted_capabilities: change.removed.clone(),
-            added_granted_capabilities: change.added.clone(),
-            full_granted_capabilities: change.full.clone(),
-        })
-    }
-
-    pub fn from_network_whitelist_change(
-        change: &GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange,
-    ) -> Self {
-        EventForApp::GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange(GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent {
-            event_type: "grantedNetworkWhitelistChange".to_string(),
+impl GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent {
+    pub fn from_change(change: &GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange) -> Self {
+        Self {
             removed_granted_network_whitelist: change.removed.clone(),
             added_granted_network_whitelist: change.added.clone(),
             full_granted_network_whitelist: change.full.clone(),
-        })
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl AppRuntimeEvent for GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent {
+    const TYPE: &'static str = "grantedNetworkWhitelistChange";
+    const RAIL: AppRuntimeEventRail = AppRuntimeEventRail::User;
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct BeforeStopEvent {
+    pub request_id: String,
+}
+
+impl BeforeStopEvent {
+    pub fn new(request_id: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            request_id: request_id.into(),
+        }
     }
 }
+
+impl AppRuntimeEvent for BeforeStopEvent {
+    const TYPE: &'static str = "lifecycle.beforeStop";
+    const RAIL: AppRuntimeEventRail = AppRuntimeEventRail::User;
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs
index bbd197d51..3fe91cc87 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use super::methods::BridgeMethod;
-use super::methods::system::runtime_manager::{
+use super::methods::system::{
     RuntimeManagerFocusRuntime, RuntimeManagerHideRuntime, RuntimeManagerKillRuntime,
     RuntimeManagerListRuntimes,
 };
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
index 25f558707..2de205ec0 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-use crate::bridge::methods::system::RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent;
-use crate::bridge::methods::system::runtime_manager::RuntimeTargetParams;
+use crate::bridge::methods::system::{RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent, RuntimeTargetParams};
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::get_info::{AppGetInfoResult, SageNetworkPermissionInfo};
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::request_capability_grant::{
     RequestCapabilityGrantParams, RequestCapabilityGrantResult,
@@ -15,8 +14,7 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::user::bridge::send::BridgeSendResult;
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::wallet::send_xch::WalletSendXchParams;
 use crate::runtime::stop::SystemKillRuntimeResult;
 use crate::runtime::{
-    ReadyToStopParams, RuntimeAckResult, SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail,
-    SetBeforeStopListenerParams,
+    ReadyToStopParams, RuntimeAckResult, SetBeforeStopListenerParams,
 };
 use sage_api::{
     CheckAddress, CheckAddressResponse, GetCoins, GetCoinsByIds, GetCoinsByIdsResponse,
@@ -28,6 +26,7 @@ use sage_api::{
 };
 use specta::TypeCollection;
 use specta_typescript::{BigIntExportBehavior, Typescript};
+use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::events::BeforeStopEvent;
 
 pub fn export_system_bridge_typescript() -> Result<String, String> {
     let mut types = TypeCollection::default();
@@ -58,7 +57,7 @@ pub fn export_user_bridge_typescript() -> Result<String, String> {
     types.register::<RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantResult>();
     types.register::<GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent>();
     types.register::<GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent>();
-    types.register::<SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail>();
+    types.register::<BeforeStopEvent>();
     types.register::<SetBeforeStopListenerParams>();
     types.register::<ReadyToStopParams>();
     types.register::<RuntimeAckResult>();
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
index 787fd3fb7..6c3a77fad 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@ use anyhow::Context;
 use tauri::AppHandle;
 
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
-use crate::bridge::event_emit::emit_bridge_event_to_app_id;
-use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::events::EventForApp;
+use crate::bridge::event_emit::{emit_runtime_event_to_app_id};
+use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::{GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent, GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent};
 use crate::lifecycle::update::types::{
     AppUpdateResult, GrantCapabilityOutcome, GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome, GrantedPermissionsChange,
 };
@@ -134,10 +134,10 @@ async fn emit_granted_permissions_change(
     let capability_change = change.capabilities();
 
     if !capability_change.is_empty() {
-        let _ = emit_bridge_event_to_app_id(
+        let _ = emit_runtime_event_to_app_id(
             app_handle,
             app_id,
-            EventForApp::from_capabilities_change(capability_change),
+            GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent::from_change(capability_change)
         )
             .await;
     }
@@ -145,10 +145,10 @@ async fn emit_granted_permissions_change(
     let network_change = change.network_whitelist();
 
     if !network_change.is_empty() {
-        let _ = emit_bridge_event_to_app_id(
+        let _ = emit_runtime_event_to_app_id(
             app_handle,
             app_id,
-            EventForApp::from_network_whitelist_change(network_change),
+            GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent::from_change(network_change)
         )
             .await;
     }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
index f274f3b29..e041e9d59 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,15 @@
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
-use tauri::{AppHandle, Emitter, Manager, State};
+use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
 use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::bridge::methods::system::RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent;
+use crate::bridge::event_emit::emit_runtime_event_to_app_id;
+use crate::bridge::methods::system::{RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent};
 use crate::runtime::state::{
     find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional, get_runtime_by_app_id, list_runtimes,
 };
-use crate::runtime::webview_locator::{find_sage_window, get_webview_in_sage_window};
-use crate::runtime::{SageAppRuntimeRecordView, SharedRuntime};
+use crate::runtime::webview_locator::get_webview_in_sage_window;
+use crate::runtime::{SageAppRuntimeRecord, SageAppRuntimeRecordView, SharedRuntime};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
@@ -22,74 +23,15 @@ struct RuntimeWindowIdentity {
     webview_label: String,
 }
 
-fn runtime_window_identity(runtime: &SharedRuntime) -> RuntimeWindowIdentity {
-    runtime.with_runtime(|record| RuntimeWindowIdentity {
-        runtime_id: record.runtime_id(),
-        host_window_label: record.host_window_label().to_string(),
-        webview_label: record.webview_label().to_string(),
-    })
-}
-
-async fn clear_active_runtime_if_matches(
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    host_window_label: &str,
-    runtime_id: &str,
-) {
-    let mut active = apps_state
-        .runtime
-        .active_runtime_id_by_host_window_label
-        .lock()
-        .await;
-
-    if active
-        .get(host_window_label)
-        .is_some_and(|active_runtime_id| active_runtime_id == runtime_id)
-    {
-        active.remove(host_window_label);
-    }
-}
-
-async fn set_active_runtime_for_host_window(
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    host_window_label: &str,
-    runtime_id: &str,
-) -> Option<String> {
-    let mut active = apps_state
-        .runtime
-        .active_runtime_id_by_host_window_label
-        .lock()
-        .await;
-
-    active.insert(host_window_label.to_string(), runtime_id.to_string())
-}
-
-async fn hide_runtime_by_runtime_id_if_present(
-    app: &AppHandle,
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    runtime_id: &str,
-) {
-    let Some(runtime) = find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional(apps_state, runtime_id).await else {
-        return;
-    };
-
-    let webview_label = runtime.with_runtime(|record| record.webview_label().to_string());
-
-    if let Ok(webview) = get_webview_in_sage_window(app, &webview_label) {
-        let _ = webview.hide();
-    }
-
-    runtime.with_runtime_mut(|runtime| runtime.mark_hidden());
-}
-
 pub(crate) async fn emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(
-    app: &AppHandle,
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
 ) {
     let Ok(runtimes) = list_runtimes(apps_state).await else {
         return;
     };
 
-    let system_runtime_webview_labels = runtimes
+    let system_app_ids = runtimes
         .iter()
         .filter_map(|runtime| {
             runtime.with_runtime(|record| {
@@ -101,7 +43,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(
                     return None;
                 }
 
-                Some(record.webview_label().to_string())
+                Some(record.app().id())
             })
         })
         .collect::<Vec<_>>();
@@ -113,14 +55,12 @@ pub(crate) async fn emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(
 
     let event = RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent::new(runtime_records);
 
-    let Some(sage_window) = find_sage_window(app) else {
-        return;
-    };
-
-    for system_webview_label in system_runtime_webview_labels {
-        if let Some(webview) = sage_window.get_webview(&system_webview_label) {
-            let _ = webview.emit("sage-system-bridge:event", event.clone());
-        }
+    for system_app_id in system_app_ids {
+        let _ = emit_runtime_event_to_app_id(
+            app_handle,
+            &system_app_id,
+            event.clone(),
+        ).await;
     }
 }
 
@@ -157,7 +97,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn focus_runtime(
         .set_focus()
         .map_err(|err| format!("failed to focus webview: {err}"))?;
 
-    runtime.with_runtime_mut(|runtime| runtime.mark_visible());
+    runtime.with_runtime_mut(SageAppRuntimeRecord::mark_visible);
 
     emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(app, apps_state).await;
 
@@ -181,7 +121,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn hide_runtime(
         .hide()
         .map_err(|err| format!("failed to hide webview: {err}"))?;
 
-    runtime.with_runtime_mut(|runtime| runtime.mark_hidden());
+    runtime.with_runtime_mut(SageAppRuntimeRecord::mark_hidden);
 
     clear_active_runtime_if_matches(
         apps_state,
@@ -193,3 +133,62 @@ pub(crate) async fn hide_runtime(
 
     Ok(runtime)
 }
+
+pub(super) async fn clear_active_runtime_if_matches(
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    host_window_label: &str,
+    runtime_id: &str,
+) {
+    let mut active = apps_state
+        .runtime
+        .active_runtime_id_by_host_window_label
+        .lock()
+        .await;
+
+    if active
+        .get(host_window_label)
+        .is_some_and(|active_runtime_id| active_runtime_id == runtime_id)
+    {
+        active.remove(host_window_label);
+    }
+}
+
+async fn set_active_runtime_for_host_window(
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    host_window_label: &str,
+    runtime_id: &str,
+) -> Option<String> {
+    let mut active = apps_state
+        .runtime
+        .active_runtime_id_by_host_window_label
+        .lock()
+        .await;
+
+    active.insert(host_window_label.to_string(), runtime_id.to_string())
+}
+
+async fn hide_runtime_by_runtime_id_if_present(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    runtime_id: &str,
+) {
+    let Some(runtime) = find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional(apps_state, runtime_id).await else {
+        return;
+    };
+
+    let webview_label = runtime.with_runtime(|record| record.webview_label().to_string());
+
+    if let Ok(webview) = get_webview_in_sage_window(app, &webview_label) {
+        let _ = webview.hide();
+    }
+
+    runtime.with_runtime_mut(SageAppRuntimeRecord::mark_hidden);
+}
+
+fn runtime_window_identity(runtime: &SharedRuntime) -> RuntimeWindowIdentity {
+    runtime.with_runtime(|record| RuntimeWindowIdentity {
+        runtime_id: record.runtime_id(),
+        host_window_label: record.host_window_label().to_string(),
+        webview_label: record.webview_label().to_string(),
+    })
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
index 2da36dc90..01dee486b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
@@ -247,6 +247,13 @@ impl PossiblyImpostorRuntime {
         }
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn identity_webview_label(&self) -> String {
+        match self {
+            PossiblyImpostorRuntime::Legit(runtime) => runtime.with_runtime(|runtime| runtime.webview_label().to_string()),
+            PossiblyImpostorRuntime::Impostor(runtime) => runtime.with_runtime(|runtime| runtime.victim_app().webview_label()),
+        }
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn is_user_app(&self) -> bool {
         self.identity_app().is_user_app()
     }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs
index 3f749fe95..99685b1df 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs
@@ -11,12 +11,12 @@ pub use read::find_runtime_by_app_id_optional;
 
 pub(crate) use read::{
     find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional, find_runtime_id_by_app_id_optional, get_runtime_by_app_id,
-    list_runtimes, find_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id_optional, 
-    find_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id_optional_immediate, find_runtime_by_app_id_optional_immediate, 
+    list_runtimes, find_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id_optional,
+    find_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id_optional_immediate, find_runtime_by_app_id_optional_immediate,
     GetRuntimeError
 };
 pub(crate) use types::{
-    ReadyToStopParams, RuntimeAckResult, SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail, SetBeforeStopListenerParams,
+    ReadyToStopParams, RuntimeAckResult, SetBeforeStopListenerParams,
     SageAppRuntimeMode, SageAppRuntimeVisibility, SageAppRuntimeImpostorKind, SharedImpostorRuntime,
     SageAppRuntimeImpostorRecord,
 };
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
index f25eddc26..3cc875acb 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
@@ -39,7 +39,10 @@ pub(crate) fn find_runtime_by_app_id_optional_immediate(
             .runtime
             .runtime_id_by_app_id
             .try_lock()
-            .map_err(|_| "runtime_id_by_app_id is busy".to_string())?;
+            .map_err(|_| {
+                eprintln!("runtime_id_by_app_id is busy");
+                "runtime_id_by_app_id is busy".to_string()
+            })?;
 
         by_app_id.get(app_id).cloned()
     };
@@ -52,7 +55,10 @@ pub(crate) fn find_runtime_by_app_id_optional_immediate(
         .runtime
         .runtime_by_runtime_id
         .try_lock()
-        .map_err(|_| "runtime_by_runtime_id is busy".to_string())?;
+        .map_err(|_| {
+            eprintln!("runtime_by_runtime_id is busy");
+            "runtime_by_runtime_id is busy".to_string()
+        })?;
 
     Ok(by_runtime_id.get(&runtime_id).cloned())
 }
@@ -92,7 +98,10 @@ pub(crate) fn find_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id_optional_immediate(
             .runtime
             .impostor_runtime_id_by_victim_app_id
             .try_lock()
-            .map_err(|_| "impostor_runtime_id_by_victim_app_id is busy".to_string())?;
+            .map_err(|_| {
+                eprintln!("impostor_runtime_id_by_victim_app_id is busy");
+                "impostor_runtime_id_by_victim_app_id is busy".to_string()
+            })?;
 
         by_victim_app_id.get(victim_app_id).cloned()
     };
@@ -105,7 +114,10 @@ pub(crate) fn find_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id_optional_immediate(
         .runtime
         .impostor_by_runtime_id
         .try_lock()
-        .map_err(|_| "impostor_by_runtime_id is busy".to_string())?;
+        .map_err(|_| {
+            eprintln!("impostor_by_runtime_id is busy");
+            "impostor_by_runtime_id is busy".to_string()
+        })?;
 
     Ok(by_runtime_id.get(&runtime_id).cloned())
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/remove.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/remove.rs
index aeec5f36d..66dbd9b73 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/remove.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/remove.rs
@@ -1,24 +1,6 @@
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use tauri::State;
-
-async fn clear_active_runtime_if_matches(
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    host_window_label: &str,
-    runtime_id: &str,
-) {
-    let mut active = apps_state
-        .runtime
-        .active_runtime_id_by_host_window_label
-        .lock()
-        .await;
-
-    if active
-        .get(host_window_label)
-        .is_some_and(|active_runtime_id| active_runtime_id == runtime_id)
-    {
-        active.remove(host_window_label);
-    }
-}
+use crate::runtime::manager::clear_active_runtime_if_matches;
 
 pub(in crate::runtime) async fn remove_runtime_id_by_app_id(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs
index 7cc0fea8c..27b519e45 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,16 @@
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::runtime::{emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed, find_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id_optional, GetRuntimeError, SharedRuntime};
-use crate::runtime::state::{SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail, find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional, find_runtime_id_by_app_id_optional, get_runtime_by_app_id, remove_before_stop_listeners_by_app_id, remove_pending_stop_ready, remove_runtime_by_runtime_id, remove_runtime_id_by_app_id, write_pending_stop_ready, remove_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id};
+use crate::runtime::state::{find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional, find_runtime_id_by_app_id_optional, get_runtime_by_app_id, remove_before_stop_listeners_by_app_id, remove_pending_stop_ready, remove_runtime_by_runtime_id, remove_runtime_id_by_app_id, write_pending_stop_ready, remove_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id};
 use crate::runtime::webview_locator::find_webview_in_sage_window;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 use std::time::Duration;
-use tauri::{AppHandle, Emitter, State};
+use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 use tokio::sync::oneshot;
 use tokio::time::timeout;
 use uuid::Uuid;
+use crate::bridge::event_emit::emit_runtime_event_to_app_id;
+use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::events::BeforeStopEvent;
 
 const BEFORE_STOP_TIMEOUT_MS: u64 = 5_000;
 
@@ -44,14 +46,14 @@ pub(crate) async fn close_runtime_internal(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: &str,
 ) {
-    close_runtime_internal_with_reason(app, apps_state, app_id, "host_close").await
+    close_runtime_internal_with_reason(app, apps_state, app_id, "host_close").await;
 }
 
 pub(super) async fn close_runtime_internal_with_reason(
     app: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: &str,
-    reason: &str,
+    _reason: &str,
 ) {
     // Impostor?
     if let Some(impostor) = find_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id_optional(apps_state, app_id).await {
@@ -74,7 +76,7 @@ pub(super) async fn close_runtime_internal_with_reason(
         return;
     };
 
-    let _ = wait_for_before_stop_ack(app, apps_state, &runtime, reason).await;
+    let _ = wait_for_before_stop_ack(app, apps_state, &runtime).await;
 
     if let Some(webview) = find_webview_in_sage_window(app, &runtime.app().webview_label()) {
         let _ = webview.close();
@@ -87,10 +89,9 @@ pub(super) async fn close_runtime_internal_with_reason(
 }
 
 async fn wait_for_before_stop_ack(
-    app: &AppHandle,
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     runtime: &SharedRuntime,
-    reason: &str,
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
     let has_listener = {
         let listeners = apps_state
@@ -104,23 +105,13 @@ async fn wait_for_before_stop_ack(
     if !has_listener {
         return Ok(());
     }
-    let Some(app_webview) = find_webview_in_sage_window(app, &runtime.app().webview_label()) else {
-        return Ok(());
-    };
 
     let request_id = Uuid::new_v4().to_string();
     let (tx, rx) = oneshot::channel();
 
     write_pending_stop_ready(apps_state, &request_id, tx).await;
 
-    let detail = SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail {
-        request_id: request_id.clone(),
-        reason: Some(reason.to_string()),
-        app_id: Some(runtime.app_id().to_string()),
-        runtime_id: Some(runtime.runtime_id().to_string()),
-    };
-
-    let _ = app_webview.emit("sage-lifecycle:before-stop", detail);
+    let _ = emit_runtime_event_to_app_id(app_handle, &runtime.app_id(), BeforeStopEvent::new(&request_id)).await;
     let _ = timeout(Duration::from_millis(BEFORE_STOP_TIMEOUT_MS), rx).await;
 
     remove_pending_stop_ready(apps_state, &request_id).await;
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
index ed58f0944..f9b3e8fbd 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
 import type * as Generated from './generated-types';
 import type {
-  SageBridgeResponse,
-  SageBridgeRuntimeEvent,
   SageBridgeSendPayload,
   SageBridgeVersion,
   SageClient,
 } from './types';
-import { createBridgeRuntimeCore } from './bridge-runtime-core';
+import {
+  createBridgeRuntimeCore,
+  parseJsonOrNull,
+} from './bridge-runtime-core';
 
 export const SAGE_BRIDGE_VERSION: SageBridgeVersion = 'v1';
 
@@ -31,10 +32,32 @@ type SageWindow = Window &
     __SAGE_RUNTIME_BRIDGE_INITIALIZED__?: boolean;
   };
 
-type BeforeStopPublicDetail = Omit<
-  Generated.SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail,
-  'requestId'
->;
+type RuntimeEventEnvelope<T = unknown> = {
+  type: string;
+  payload: T;
+};
+
+type RustLikeBridgeSuccessResponse = {
+  bridgeVersion: SageBridgeVersion;
+  id: string;
+  ok: true;
+  result?: unknown;
+  resultJson?: string;
+};
+
+type RustLikeBridgeErrorResponse = {
+  bridgeVersion: SageBridgeVersion;
+  id: string;
+  ok: false;
+  error: {
+    code: string;
+    message: string;
+  };
+};
+
+type RustLikeBridgeResponse =
+  | RustLikeBridgeSuccessResponse
+  | RustLikeBridgeErrorResponse;
 
 function getSageWindow(): SageWindow {
   return window as SageWindow;
@@ -66,35 +89,79 @@ function isObject(value: unknown): value is Record<string, unknown> {
   return !!value && typeof value === 'object';
 }
 
-function isBridgeRuntimeEvent(value: unknown): value is SageBridgeRuntimeEvent {
-  if (!isObject(value)) {
-    return false;
-  }
-
+function isRuntimeEventEnvelope(value: unknown): value is RuntimeEventEnvelope {
   return (
-    value.type === 'grantedCapabilitiesChange' ||
-    value.type === 'grantedNetworkWhitelistChange'
+    isObject(value) && typeof value.type === 'string' && 'payload' in value
   );
 }
 
-function isGrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent(
-  value: unknown,
-): value is Generated.GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent {
-  return (
-    isObject(value) &&
-    value.type === 'grantedCapabilitiesChange'
+function dispatchRuntimeEvent(data: RuntimeEventEnvelope) {
+  window.dispatchEvent(
+    new CustomEvent<RuntimeEventEnvelope>('sage:event', {
+      detail: data,
+    }),
   );
-}
 
-function isGrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent(
-  value: unknown,
-): value is Generated.GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent {
-  return (
-    isObject(value) &&
-    value.type === 'grantedNetworkWhitelistChange'
+  window.dispatchEvent(
+    new CustomEvent<RuntimeEventEnvelope>(`sage:event:${data.type}`, {
+      detail: data,
+    }),
   );
 }
 
+function onRuntimeEventType<T>(
+  type: string,
+
+  handler: (event: T) => void,
+): () => void {
+  const listener = (event: Event) => {
+    const custom = event as CustomEvent<RuntimeEventEnvelope<T>>;
+
+    handler(custom.detail.payload);
+  };
+
+  window.addEventListener(`sage:event:${type}`, listener as EventListener);
+
+  return () => {
+    window.removeEventListener(`sage:event:${type}`, listener as EventListener);
+  };
+}
+
+function bridgeResponseResult(data: RustLikeBridgeSuccessResponse): unknown {
+  if ('result' in data) {
+    return data.result;
+  }
+
+  return parseJsonOrNull(data.resultJson);
+}
+
+function handleBeforeStopEvent(
+  event: Generated.BeforeStopEvent,
+  beforeStopHandlers: Set<
+    (event: Generated.BeforeStopEvent) => void | Promise<void>
+  >,
+  callHost: <T>(method: string, params?: unknown) => Promise<T>,
+  rejectAllPending: (reason: string) => void,
+) {
+  rejectAllPending('Sage runtime is stopping');
+
+  if (!event?.requestId || beforeStopHandlers.size === 0) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  const handlers = Array.from(beforeStopHandlers);
+
+  void Promise.allSettled(
+    handlers.map((handler) => Promise.resolve(handler(event))),
+  ).finally(() => {
+    void callHost<Generated.RuntimeAckResult>('app.lifecycle.readyToStop', {
+      requestId: event.requestId,
+    } satisfies Generated.ReadyToStopParams).catch((error: unknown) => {
+      console.error('Failed to acknowledge before-stop:', error);
+    });
+  });
+}
+
 export function initSageRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
   const w = getSageWindow();
 
@@ -123,7 +190,7 @@ export function initSageRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
   w.__SAGE_RUNTIME_BRIDGE_INITIALIZED__ = true;
 
   const beforeStopHandlers = new Set<
-    (detail: BeforeStopPublicDetail) => void | Promise<void>
+    (event: Generated.BeforeStopEvent) => void | Promise<void>
   >();
   let beforeStopRegistered = false;
 
@@ -151,30 +218,13 @@ export function initSageRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
     .listen('sage-bridge:event', (event: SageListenEvent) => {
       const data = event.payload;
 
-      if (!isBridgeRuntimeEvent(data)) {
-        console.warn('[Sage SDK] Dropped unknown runtime event:', data);
+      if (!isRuntimeEventEnvelope(data)) {
+        console.warn('[Sage SDK] Dropped malformed runtime event:', data);
         return;
       }
 
       try {
-        if (isGrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent(data)) {
-          window.dispatchEvent(
-            new CustomEvent<Generated.GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent>(
-              'app:granted-capabilities-change',
-              { detail: data },
-            ),
-          );
-          return;
-        }
-
-        if (isGrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent(data)) {
-          window.dispatchEvent(
-            new CustomEvent<Generated.GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent>(
-              'app:granted-network-whitelist-change',
-              { detail: data },
-            ),
-          );
-        }
+        dispatchRuntimeEvent(data);
       } catch (error: unknown) {
         console.error('Failed to dispatch Sage bridge runtime event:', error);
       }
@@ -183,21 +233,36 @@ export function initSageRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
       console.error('Failed to subscribe to sage-bridge:event:', error);
     });
 
+  onRuntimeEventType<Generated.BeforeStopEvent>(
+    'lifecycle.beforeStop',
+    (detail) => {
+      handleBeforeStopEvent(
+        detail,
+        beforeStopHandlers,
+        callHost,
+        rejectAllPending,
+      );
+    },
+  );
+
   webview
-    .listen<SageBridgeResponse>(
+    .listen<RustLikeBridgeResponse>(
       'sage-bridge:response',
-      (event: SageListenEvent<SageBridgeResponse>) => {
+      (event: SageListenEvent<RustLikeBridgeResponse>) => {
         const data = event.payload;
 
-        if (
-          !data ||
-          data.bridgeVersion !== SAGE_BRIDGE_VERSION
-        ) {
+        if (!data || data.bridgeVersion !== SAGE_BRIDGE_VERSION) {
+          console.warn('[Sage SDK] Dropped malformed bridge response:', data);
           return;
         }
 
         const pending = core.pendingRequests.get(data.id);
         if (!pending) {
+          console.warn(
+            '[Sage SDK] Response for unknown request id:',
+            data.id,
+            data,
+          );
           return;
         }
 
@@ -205,7 +270,7 @@ export function initSageRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
         window.clearTimeout(pending.timeoutId);
 
         if (data.ok) {
-          pending.resolve(data.result as unknown);
+          pending.resolve(bridgeResponseResult(data));
         } else {
           pending.reject(
             new Error(data.error?.message || 'Unknown Sage bridge error'),
@@ -217,46 +282,6 @@ export function initSageRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
       console.error('Failed to subscribe to sage-bridge:response:', error);
     });
 
-  webview
-    .listen<Generated.SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail>(
-      'sage-lifecycle:before-stop',
-      (event: SageListenEvent<Generated.SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail>) => {
-        const detail = event.payload;
-        rejectAllPending('Sage runtime is stopping');
-
-        if (!detail?.requestId || beforeStopHandlers.size === 0) {
-          return;
-        }
-
-        const publicDetail: BeforeStopPublicDetail = {
-          reason: detail.reason,
-          appId: detail.appId,
-          runtimeId: detail.runtimeId,
-        };
-
-        const handlers = Array.from(beforeStopHandlers);
-
-        void Promise.allSettled(
-          handlers.map((handler) => Promise.resolve(handler(publicDetail))),
-        ).finally(() => {
-          void callHost<Generated.RuntimeAckResult>(
-            'app.lifecycle.readyToStop',
-            {
-              requestId: detail.requestId,
-            } satisfies Generated.ReadyToStopParams,
-          ).catch((error: unknown) => {
-            console.error('Failed to acknowledge before-stop:', error);
-          });
-        });
-      },
-    )
-    .catch((error: unknown) => {
-      console.error(
-        'Failed to subscribe to sage-lifecycle:before-stop:',
-        error,
-      );
-    });
-
   w.__SAGE__ = {
     initialAppInfo: w.__SAGE_APP_INFO__ ?? buildFallbackAppInfo(),
     app: {
@@ -295,43 +320,17 @@ export function initSageRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
       },
 
       onGrantedCapabilitiesChange(handler) {
-        const listener = (event: Event) => {
-          const custom =
-            event as CustomEvent<Generated.GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent>;
-          handler(custom.detail);
-        };
-
-        window.addEventListener(
-          'app:granted-capabilities-change',
-          listener as EventListener,
+        return onRuntimeEventType<Generated.GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent>(
+          'grantedCapabilitiesChange',
+          handler,
         );
-
-        return () => {
-          window.removeEventListener(
-            'app:granted-capabilities-change',
-            listener as EventListener,
-          );
-        };
       },
 
       onGrantedNetworkWhitelistChange(handler) {
-        const listener = (event: Event) => {
-          const custom =
-            event as CustomEvent<Generated.GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent>;
-          handler(custom.detail);
-        };
-
-        window.addEventListener(
-          'app:granted-network-whitelist-change',
-          listener as EventListener,
+        return onRuntimeEventType<Generated.GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent>(
+          'grantedNetworkWhitelistChange',
+          handler,
         );
-
-        return () => {
-          window.removeEventListener(
-            'app:granted-network-whitelist-change',
-            listener as EventListener,
-          );
-        };
       },
 
       lifecycle: {
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/types.ts b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/types.ts
index 6da17484b..2be3ed50b 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/types.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/types.ts
@@ -26,10 +26,6 @@ export type SageBridgeErrorResponse = {
   };
 };
 
-export type SageBridgeResponse =
-  | SageBridgeSuccessResponse
-  | SageBridgeErrorResponse;
-
 export type SageBridgeRuntimeEvent =
   | Generated.GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent
   | Generated.GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent;
@@ -72,9 +68,7 @@ export type SageWalletClient = {
 
 export type SageAppLifecycleClient = {
   onBeforeStop(
-    handler: (
-      detail: Omit<Generated.SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail, 'requestId'>,
-    ) => void | Promise<void>,
+    handler: (event: Generated.BeforeStopEvent) => void | Promise<void>,
   ): () => void;
 };
 
@@ -108,5 +102,4 @@ export type {
   RuntimeAckResult,
   ReadyToStopParams,
   SetBeforeStopListenerParams,
-  SageLifecycleBeforeStopDetail,
 } from './generated-types';
diff --git a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
index 86c24837a..42f785b41 100644
--- a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
@@ -1,13 +1,12 @@
 import type {
   RuntimeTargetParams,
   SageAppRuntimeRecordView,
-  SageSystemBridgeResponse,
   SageSystemClient,
   SageSystemBridgeVersion,
   SystemKillRuntimeResult,
   RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent,
 } from './types';
-import { createBridgeRuntimeCore } from '@sage-app/sdk';
+import { createBridgeRuntimeCore, parseJsonOrNull } from '@sage-app/sdk';
 
 export const SAGE_SYSTEM_BRIDGE_VERSION: SageSystemBridgeVersion = 'v1';
 
@@ -31,20 +30,97 @@ type SageSystemWindow = Window &
     __SAGE_SYSTEM_RUNTIME_BRIDGE_INITIALIZED__?: boolean;
   };
 
+type SystemRuntimeEventEnvelope<T = unknown> = {
+  type: string;
+  payload: T;
+};
+
+type RustLikeSystemBridgeSuccessResponse = {
+  bridgeVersion: SageSystemBridgeVersion;
+  id: string;
+  ok: true;
+  result?: unknown;
+  resultJson?: string;
+};
+
+type RustLikeSystemBridgeErrorResponse = {
+  bridgeVersion: SageSystemBridgeVersion;
+  id: string;
+  ok: false;
+  error: {
+    code: string;
+    message: string;
+  };
+};
+
+type RustLikeSystemBridgeResponse =
+  | RustLikeSystemBridgeSuccessResponse
+  | RustLikeSystemBridgeErrorResponse;
+
 function getSageWindow(): SageSystemWindow {
   return window as SageSystemWindow;
 }
 
-function isRuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent(
+function isObject(value: unknown): value is Record<string, unknown> {
+  return !!value && typeof value === 'object';
+}
+
+function isSystemRuntimeEventEnvelope(
   value: unknown,
-): value is RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent {
+): value is SystemRuntimeEventEnvelope {
   return (
-    !!value &&
-    typeof value === 'object' &&
-    (value as { type?: unknown }).type === 'runtimeManager.runtimesChanged'
+    isObject(value) && typeof value.type === 'string' && 'payload' in value
   );
 }
 
+function dispatchSystemRuntimeEvent(data: SystemRuntimeEventEnvelope) {
+  window.dispatchEvent(
+    new CustomEvent<SystemRuntimeEventEnvelope>('sage-system:event', {
+      detail: data,
+    }),
+  );
+
+  window.dispatchEvent(
+    new CustomEvent<SystemRuntimeEventEnvelope>(
+      `sage-system:event:${data.type}`,
+
+      { detail: data },
+    ),
+  );
+}
+
+function onSystemRuntimeEventType<T>(
+  type: string,
+  handler: (event: T) => void,
+): () => void {
+  const listener = (event: Event) => {
+    const custom = event as CustomEvent<SystemRuntimeEventEnvelope<T>>;
+    handler(custom.detail.payload);
+  };
+
+  window.addEventListener(
+    `sage-system:event:${type}`,
+    listener as EventListener,
+  );
+
+  return () => {
+    window.removeEventListener(
+      `sage-system:event:${type}`,
+      listener as EventListener,
+    );
+  };
+}
+
+function bridgeResponseResult(
+  data: RustLikeSystemBridgeSuccessResponse,
+): unknown {
+  if ('result' in data) {
+    return data.result;
+  }
+
+  return parseJsonOrNull(data.resultJson);
+}
+
 export function initSageSystemRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
   const w = getSageWindow();
 
@@ -68,25 +144,30 @@ export function initSageSystemRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
 
   const webview = core.webview as SageWebviewHandle;
   const callHost = core.callHost;
-  const rejectAllPending = core.rejectAllPending;
 
   w.__SAGE_SYSTEM_RUNTIME_BRIDGE_INITIALIZED__ = true;
 
   webview
-    .listen(
-      `sage-system-bridge:response`,
-      (event: SageSystemListenEvent<SageSystemBridgeResponse>) => {
+    .listen<RustLikeSystemBridgeResponse>(
+      'sage-system-bridge:response',
+      (event: SageSystemListenEvent<RustLikeSystemBridgeResponse>) => {
         const data = event.payload;
 
-        if (
-          !data ||
-          data.bridgeVersion !== SAGE_SYSTEM_BRIDGE_VERSION
-        ) {
+        if (!data || data.bridgeVersion !== SAGE_SYSTEM_BRIDGE_VERSION) {
+          console.warn(
+            '[Sage System SDK] Dropped malformed bridge response:',
+            data,
+          );
           return;
         }
 
         const pending = core.pendingRequests.get(data.id);
         if (!pending) {
+          console.warn(
+            '[Sage System SDK] Response for unknown request id:',
+            data.id,
+            data,
+          );
           return;
         }
 
@@ -94,7 +175,7 @@ export function initSageSystemRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
         window.clearTimeout(pending.timeoutId);
 
         if (data.ok) {
-          pending.resolve(data.result as unknown);
+          pending.resolve(bridgeResponseResult(data));
         } else {
           pending.reject(
             new Error(
@@ -105,46 +186,32 @@ export function initSageSystemRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
       },
     )
     .catch((error: unknown) => {
-      console.error(
-        `Failed to subscribe to response:`,
-        error,
-      );
-    });
-
-  webview
-    .listen('sage-lifecycle:before-stop', () => {
-      rejectAllPending('Sage system runtime is stopping');
-    })
-    .catch((error: unknown) => {
-      console.error(
-        'Failed to subscribe to sage-lifecycle:before-stop:',
-        error,
-      );
+      console.error('Failed to subscribe to system bridge response:', error);
     });
 
   webview
-    .listen(
-      `sage-system-bridge:event`,
-      (event: SageSystemListenEvent) => {
-        const data = event.payload;
-
-        if (!isRuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent(data)) {
-          return;
-        }
+    .listen('sage-system-bridge:event', (event: SageSystemListenEvent) => {
+      const data = event.payload;
 
-        window.dispatchEvent(
-          new CustomEvent<RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent>(
-            'runtimeManager:runtimesChanged',
-            { detail: data },
-          ),
+      if (!isSystemRuntimeEventEnvelope(data)) {
+        console.warn(
+          '[Sage System SDK] Dropped malformed runtime event:',
+          data,
         );
-      },
-    )
+        return;
+      }
+
+      try {
+        dispatchSystemRuntimeEvent(data);
+      } catch (error: unknown) {
+        console.error(
+          'Failed to dispatch Sage system bridge runtime event:',
+          error,
+        );
+      }
+    })
     .catch((error: unknown) => {
-      console.error(
-        `Failed to subscribe to event:`,
-        error,
-      );
+      console.error('Failed to subscribe to system bridge event:', error);
     });
 
   w.__SAGE_SYSTEM__ = {
@@ -177,26 +244,10 @@ export function initSageSystemRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
       },
 
       onRuntimesChanged(handler) {
-        const listener = (event: Event) => {
-          const custom =
-            event as CustomEvent<RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent>;
-
-          handler(custom.detail);
-        };
-
-        window.addEventListener(
-          'runtimeManager:runtimesChanged',
-
-          listener as EventListener,
+        return onSystemRuntimeEventType<RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent>(
+          'runtimeManager.runtimesChanged',
+          handler,
         );
-
-        return () => {
-          window.removeEventListener(
-            'runtimeManager:runtimesChanged',
-
-            listener as EventListener,
-          );
-        };
       },
     },
   };

From 48b012212ae2ab82c1ef883a5aca1b0245232f8e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 1 May 2026 22:18:06 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 289/471] Add active runtime change event handling and improve
 runtime state updates

- Introduced `ActiveRuntimeChangedEvent` for tracking active runtime changes.
- Added `emit_runtime_event_to_sage_webview` for dispatching runtime events to Sage webview.
- Updated runtime activation logic to emit `ActiveRuntimeChangedEvent` on changes.
- Enhanced runtime event handling with new subscription and listener support in `runtimeRegistry`.
- Improved runtime visibility and polling lifecycle management with consolidated event logic.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs     |  16 ++-
 .../methods/system/runtime_manager/events.rs  |  13 ++
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs       |  48 ++++---
 src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts               | 131 ++++++++++++++++--
 src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx                   |  54 ++++++--
 5 files changed, 225 insertions(+), 37 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs
index 953beacf6..eb977522c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs
@@ -2,11 +2,13 @@ use serde::Serialize;
 use specta::Type;
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeResponse};
-use crate::runtime::webview_locator::get_webview_in_sage_window;
+use crate::runtime::webview_locator::{get_sage_webview, get_webview_in_sage_window};
 use crate::runtime::resolve_possibly_impostor_running_app_immediate;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Emitter, Manager};
 use crate::types::{SharedSageApp};
 
+const SAGE_RUNTIME_EVENT_NAME: &str = "apps:runtime-event";
+
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct RuntimeEvent<T: AppRuntimeEvent> {
@@ -71,3 +73,15 @@ where
         .emit(T::RAIL.event_name(), runtime_event(event))
         .map_err(|err| format!("failed to emit runtime event: {err}"))
 }
+
+pub(crate) fn emit_runtime_event_to_sage_webview<T>(
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
+    event: T,
+) -> Result<(), String>
+where
+    T: AppRuntimeEvent,
+{
+    get_sage_webview(app_handle)?
+        .emit(SAGE_RUNTIME_EVENT_NAME, runtime_event(event))
+        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to emit runtime event to Sage webview: {err}"))
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/events.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/events.rs
index ff714dc64..d8c42fbf1 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/events.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/events.rs
@@ -10,6 +10,14 @@ pub struct RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent {
     pub runtimes: Vec<SageAppRuntimeRecordView>,
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct ActiveRuntimeChangedEvent {
+    pub host_window_label: String,
+    pub app_id: Option<String>,
+    pub runtime_id: Option<String>,
+}
+
 impl RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent {
     pub fn new(runtimes: Vec<SageAppRuntimeRecordView>) -> Self {
         Self { runtimes }
@@ -20,3 +28,8 @@ impl AppRuntimeEvent for RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent {
     const TYPE: &'static str = "runtimeManager.runtimesChanged";
     const RAIL: AppRuntimeEventRail = AppRuntimeEventRail::System;
 }
+
+impl AppRuntimeEvent for ActiveRuntimeChangedEvent {
+    const TYPE: &'static str = "runtimeManager.activeRuntimeChanged";
+    const RAIL: AppRuntimeEventRail = AppRuntimeEventRail::System;
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
index e041e9d59..69f3bebf9 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,16 @@
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
-use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
+use tauri::{AppHandle, Emitter, State};
 
 use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::bridge::event_emit::emit_runtime_event_to_app_id;
+use crate::bridge::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
+use crate::bridge::event_emit::{emit_runtime_event_to_app_id, emit_runtime_event_to_sage_webview, runtime_event, AppRuntimeEvent};
 use crate::bridge::methods::system::{RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent};
+use crate::bridge::methods::system::events::ActiveRuntimeChangedEvent;
 use crate::runtime::state::{
     find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional, get_runtime_by_app_id, list_runtimes,
 };
-use crate::runtime::webview_locator::get_webview_in_sage_window;
+use crate::runtime::webview_locator::{get_sage_webview, get_webview_in_sage_window};
 use crate::runtime::{SageAppRuntimeRecord, SageAppRuntimeRecordView, SharedRuntime};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Serialize, Type)]
@@ -35,15 +37,23 @@ pub(crate) async fn emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(
         .iter()
         .filter_map(|runtime| {
             runtime.with_runtime(|record| {
-                if record.internal() {
+                if record.internal() || !record.app().is_system_app() {
                     return None;
                 }
 
-                if !record.app().is_system_app() {
-                    return None;
+                let can_receive = record.app().with(|app| {
+                    app.system_granted_permissions().is_some_and(|permissions| {
+                        permissions
+                            .capabilities()
+                            .contains(&SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerListRuntimes)
+                    })
+                });
+
+                if can_receive {
+                    Some(record.app().id())
+                } else {
+                    None
                 }
-
-                Some(record.app().id())
             })
         })
         .collect::<Vec<_>>();
@@ -56,16 +66,14 @@ pub(crate) async fn emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(
     let event = RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent::new(runtime_records);
 
     for system_app_id in system_app_ids {
-        let _ = emit_runtime_event_to_app_id(
-            app_handle,
-            &system_app_id,
-            event.clone(),
-        ).await;
+        let _ = emit_runtime_event_to_app_id(app_handle, &system_app_id, event.clone()).await;
     }
+
+    let _ = emit_runtime_event_to_sage_webview(app_handle, event);
 }
 
 pub(crate) async fn focus_runtime(
-    app: &AppHandle,
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: &str,
 ) -> Result<SharedRuntime, String> {
@@ -84,10 +92,10 @@ pub(crate) async fn focus_runtime(
     if let Some(previous_runtime_id) = previous_runtime_id
         && previous_runtime_id != runtime_window_identity.runtime_id
     {
-        hide_runtime_by_runtime_id_if_present(app, apps_state, &previous_runtime_id).await;
+        hide_runtime_by_runtime_id_if_present(app_handle, apps_state, &previous_runtime_id).await;
     }
 
-    let webview = get_webview_in_sage_window(app, &runtime_window_identity.webview_label)?;
+    let webview = get_webview_in_sage_window(app_handle, &runtime_window_identity.webview_label)?;
 
     webview
         .show()
@@ -99,7 +107,13 @@ pub(crate) async fn focus_runtime(
 
     runtime.with_runtime_mut(SageAppRuntimeRecord::mark_visible);
 
-    emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(app, apps_state).await;
+    emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(app_handle, apps_state).await;
+
+    let _ = emit_runtime_event_to_sage_webview(app_handle, ActiveRuntimeChangedEvent {
+        host_window_label: runtime_window_identity.host_window_label.clone(),
+        app_id: Some(runtime.app_id()),
+        runtime_id: Some(runtime_window_identity.runtime_id.clone()),
+    });
 
     Ok(runtime)
 }
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts b/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
index b794a8f5d..5924720c4 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { Webview } from '@tauri-apps/api/webview';
+import { Webview, getCurrentWebview } from '@tauri-apps/api/webview';
 import {
   commands,
   type CreateRuntimeArgs,
@@ -12,13 +12,113 @@ import {
 export type { SageAppRuntimeRecordView };
 
 type RuntimeListener = (records: SageAppRuntimeRecordView[]) => void;
+type ActiveRuntimeListener = (event: ActiveRuntimeChangedPayload) => void;
 type AppLike = SageAppView | UserSageAppView | SystemSageAppView;
 
+interface RuntimeEventEnvelope<T = unknown> {
+  type: string;
+  payload: T;
+}
+
+interface RuntimesChangedPayload {
+  runtimes: SageAppRuntimeRecordView[];
+}
+
+export interface ActiveRuntimeChangedPayload {
+  hostWindowLabel: string;
+  appId: string | null;
+  runtimeId: string | null;
+}
+
+const HOST_RUNTIME_EVENT_NAME = 'apps:runtime-event';
+
 const listeners = new Set<RuntimeListener>();
+const activeRuntimeListeners = new Set<ActiveRuntimeListener>();
+
 let cachedRuntimes: SageAppRuntimeRecordView[] = [];
 let pollTimer: number | null = null;
 let polling = false;
 
+let runtimeEventsMounted = false;
+let unlistenRuntimeEvents: (() => void) | null = null;
+
+function notifyRuntimeListeners(next: SageAppRuntimeRecordView[]) {
+  cachedRuntimes = next;
+
+  for (const listener of listeners) {
+    listener(next);
+  }
+}
+
+function notifyActiveRuntimeListeners(event: ActiveRuntimeChangedPayload) {
+  for (const listener of activeRuntimeListeners) {
+    listener(event);
+  }
+}
+
+function isObject(value: unknown): value is Record<string, unknown> {
+  return !!value && typeof value === 'object';
+}
+
+function isRuntimesChangedEvent(
+  value: unknown,
+): value is RuntimeEventEnvelope<RuntimesChangedPayload> {
+  if (!isObject(value)) return false;
+  if (value.type !== 'runtimeManager.runtimesChanged') return false;
+  if (!isObject(value.payload)) return false;
+
+  return Array.isArray(value.payload.runtimes);
+}
+
+function isActiveRuntimeChangedEvent(
+  value: unknown,
+): value is RuntimeEventEnvelope<ActiveRuntimeChangedPayload> {
+  if (!isObject(value)) return false;
+  if (value.type !== 'runtimeManager.activeRuntimeChanged') return false;
+  if (!isObject(value.payload)) return false;
+
+  const payload = value.payload;
+
+  return (
+    typeof payload.hostWindowLabel === 'string' &&
+    (typeof payload.appId === 'string' || payload.appId === null) &&
+    (typeof payload.runtimeId === 'string' || payload.runtimeId === null)
+  );
+}
+
+function shouldKeepRuntimeEventsMounted() {
+  return listeners.size > 0 || activeRuntimeListeners.size > 0;
+}
+
+function ensureRuntimeEventsMounted() {
+  if (runtimeEventsMounted) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  runtimeEventsMounted = true;
+
+  void getCurrentWebview()
+    .listen(HOST_RUNTIME_EVENT_NAME, (event) => {
+      const data = event.payload;
+
+      if (isRuntimesChangedEvent(data)) {
+        notifyRuntimeListeners(data.payload.runtimes);
+        return;
+      }
+
+      if (isActiveRuntimeChangedEvent(data)) {
+        notifyActiveRuntimeListeners(data.payload);
+      }
+    })
+    .then((unlisten) => {
+      unlistenRuntimeEvents = unlisten;
+    })
+    .catch((err) => {
+      runtimeEventsMounted = false;
+      console.error('Failed to subscribe to runtime manager events:', err);
+    });
+}
+
 async function refreshRuntimes(): Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecordView[]> {
   if (polling) {
     return cachedRuntimes;
@@ -27,12 +127,7 @@ async function refreshRuntimes(): Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecordView[]> {
   polling = true;
   try {
     const next = await commands.appsListRuntimes();
-    cachedRuntimes = next;
-
-    for (const listener of listeners) {
-      listener(next);
-    }
-
+    notifyRuntimeListeners(next);
     return next;
   } catch (err) {
     console.error('Failed to refresh app runtimes:', err);
@@ -43,6 +138,8 @@ async function refreshRuntimes(): Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecordView[]> {
 }
 
 function ensurePolling() {
+  ensureRuntimeEventsMounted();
+
   if (pollTimer != null) {
     return;
   }
@@ -55,7 +152,7 @@ function ensurePolling() {
 }
 
 function maybeStopPolling() {
-  if (listeners.size > 0) {
+  if (shouldKeepRuntimeEventsMounted()) {
     return;
   }
 
@@ -63,6 +160,12 @@ function maybeStopPolling() {
     window.clearInterval(pollTimer);
     pollTimer = null;
   }
+
+  if (unlistenRuntimeEvents) {
+    unlistenRuntimeEvents();
+    unlistenRuntimeEvents = null;
+    runtimeEventsMounted = false;
+  }
 }
 
 function runtimeTarget(appId: string): RuntimeTargetParams {
@@ -80,6 +183,18 @@ export function subscribeAppRuntimes(listener: RuntimeListener): () => void {
   };
 }
 
+export function subscribeActiveRuntime(
+  listener: ActiveRuntimeListener,
+): () => void {
+  activeRuntimeListeners.add(listener);
+  ensureRuntimeEventsMounted();
+
+  return () => {
+    activeRuntimeListeners.delete(listener);
+    maybeStopPolling();
+  };
+}
+
 export function listAppRuntimes(): SageAppRuntimeRecordView[] {
   return cachedRuntimes;
 }
diff --git a/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx b/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
index 3bdbb73cb..b72ada2ca 100644
--- a/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
@@ -1,15 +1,17 @@
 import { Alert, AlertDescription, AlertTitle } from '@/components/ui/alert';
 import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
-import {
-  AppApprovalStrip,
-} from '@/components/apps/AppApprovalStrip.tsx';
+import { AppApprovalStrip } from '@/components/apps/AppApprovalStrip.tsx';
 import {
   AppTaskBar,
   type AppTaskBarTab,
 } from '@/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx';
 import { useApps } from '@/contexts/AppsContext.tsx';
 import { useAppRuntimes } from '@/hooks/useAppRuntimes';
-import { focusRuntime, killRuntime } from '@/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry';
+import {
+  focusRuntime,
+  killRuntime,
+  subscribeActiveRuntime,
+} from '@/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry';
 import { formatAppError } from '@/lib/apps/formatAppError';
 import { routeForApp } from '@/lib/apps/types';
 import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react';
@@ -49,6 +51,27 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
   const [updateDialogError, setUpdateDialogError] = useState<string | null>(
     null,
   );
+  const [donationOpen, setDonationOpen] = useState(false);
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    return subscribeActiveRuntime((event) => {
+      if (!event.appId || event.appId === appId) {
+        return;
+      }
+
+      const app = getListedApp(event.appId);
+      if (!app) {
+        return;
+      }
+
+      const route = routeForApp(app);
+      if (!route) {
+        return;
+      }
+
+      navigate(route, { replace: true });
+    });
+  }, [appId, getListedApp, navigate]);
 
   useEffect(() => {
     setTabOrder((prev) => {
@@ -73,20 +96,24 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
       const added = runtimeIds.filter(
         (runtimeAppId) => !kept.includes(runtimeAppId),
       );
+
       return [...kept, ...added];
     });
   }, [runtimes, getListedApp]);
 
-  const activeApp: UserSageAppView | null = appId ? (getApp(appId) ?? null) : null;
+  const activeApp: UserSageAppView | null = appId
+    ? (getApp(appId) ?? null)
+    : null;
+
   const activeUpdatePreview: SageAppUrlPreview | null = activeApp
     ? (updateAvailability[activeApp.common.identity.id] ?? null)
     : null;
+
   const activeBusy = activeApp
     ? (busyAppIds[activeApp.common.identity.id] ?? false)
     : false;
-  const [donationOpen, setDonationOpen] = useState(false);
-  const activeManifest = activeApp?.common.activeSnapshot.manifest;
 
+  const activeManifest = activeApp?.common.activeSnapshot.manifest;
   const hasDonation = !!activeManifest?.donation?.address;
 
   useEffect(() => {
@@ -135,10 +162,14 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
         setApplyingUpdate(true);
         setUpdateDialogError(null);
 
-        await performAppUpdate(activeApp.common.identity.id, nextGrantedPermissions, {
-          restartIfRunning: true,
-          visibleAfterRestart: true,
-        });
+        await performAppUpdate(
+          activeApp.common.identity.id,
+          nextGrantedPermissions,
+          {
+            restartIfRunning: true,
+            visibleAfterRestart: true,
+          },
+        );
 
         setUpdateDialogOpen(false);
       } catch (err) {
@@ -234,6 +265,7 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
             if (!activeManifest.donation) {
               return;
             }
+
             void commands.sendXch({
               address: activeManifest.donation.address,
               amount: amountMojos,

From 39258dc4cd5230a5295300bf14f08d00a780a211 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 1 May 2026 22:20:26 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 290/471] Refactor: extract `isActiveRoute` helper to simplify
 NavLink active state logic

---
 src/components/NavLink.tsx | 20 +++++++++++++++++---
 1 file changed, 17 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/components/NavLink.tsx b/src/components/NavLink.tsx
index fab185512..33d535268 100644
--- a/src/components/NavLink.tsx
+++ b/src/components/NavLink.tsx
@@ -14,6 +14,22 @@ interface NavLinkProps extends PropsWithChildren {
   ariaCurrent?: 'page' | 'step' | 'location' | 'date' | 'time' | true | false;
 }
 
+function isActiveRoute(pathname: string, url: string): boolean {
+  if (pathname === url) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  if (url === '/') {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  if (pathname.startsWith(url)) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  return url === '/apps' && pathname.startsWith('/system-apps');
+}
+
 export function NavLink({
   url,
   children,
@@ -24,9 +40,7 @@ export function NavLink({
 }: NavLinkProps) {
   const location = useLocation();
   const isActive =
-    typeof url === 'string' &&
-    (location.pathname === url ||
-      (url !== '/' && location.pathname.startsWith(url)));
+    typeof url === 'string' && isActiveRoute(location.pathname, url);
 
   const baseClassName = `flex items-center gap-3 transition-all ${
     isCollapsed ? 'justify-center p-2 rounded-full' : 'px-2 rounded-lg py-1.5'

From 393ce5f88b5fbbca7f1e5dea750aae5868679c55 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 2 May 2026 00:19:36 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 291/471] Improve error handling and logging in
 `build_builtin_system_app`

- Added detailed error logs for missing app directory, manifest failures, permission granting, snapshot creation, and app identity initialization.
- Improved resilience by handling errors explicitly with structured log outputs.
- Updated permission filtering to only include user-grantable capabilities.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs | 79 +++++++++++++++++++++++------
 1 file changed, 64 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
index 5b4367acd..f984c31c2 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
@@ -106,19 +106,34 @@ pub fn build_builtin_system_app(app_id: &str) -> Result<Option<SageApp>, AppBuil
     let app_dir = builtin_system_apps_root().join(spec.dir_name);
 
     if !app_dir.is_dir() {
+        eprintln!("[build_builtin_system_app] missing app_dir for {app_id}: {}", app_dir.display());
         return Err(AppBuildError::AppDirMissing);
     }
 
-    let manifest = read_builtin_manifest(&app_dir).map_err(|_| AppBuildError::ManifestFailure)?;
+    let manifest = match read_builtin_manifest(&app_dir) {
+        Ok(m) => m,
+        Err(err) => {
+            eprintln!(
+                "[build_builtin_system_app] manifest failure for {app_id} at {}: {err:?}",
+                app_dir.display()
+            );
+            return Err(AppBuildError::ManifestFailure);
+        }
+    };
 
     let requested_capabilities = manifest
         .permissions()
         .capabilities()
         .required()
         .chain(manifest.permissions().capabilities().optional())
-        .copied();
-
-    let granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions::new(
+        .copied()
+        .filter(|capability| {
+            crate::capabilities::get_user_capability_definition(*capability)
+                .flags()
+                .user_grantable()
+        });
+
+    let granted_permissions = match SageGrantedPermissions::new(
         manifest.permissions(),
         requested_capabilities,
         manifest
@@ -127,24 +142,58 @@ pub fn build_builtin_system_app(app_id: &str) -> Result<Option<SageApp>, AppBuil
             .whitelist()
             .required()
             .cloned(),
-    ).map_err(|_| AppBuildError::InternalError)?;
+    ) {
+        Ok(p) => p,
+        Err(err) => {
+            eprintln!(
+                "[build_builtin_system_app] granted_permissions failure for {app_id}: {err:?}\nmanifest: {manifest:?}"
+            );
+            return Err(AppBuildError::InternalError);
+        }
+    };
 
-    let snapshot = SageAppSnapshot::new_builtin_system(
+    let snapshot = match SageAppSnapshot::new_builtin_system(
         spec.app_id,
         app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
         manifest,
-    ).map_err(|_| AppBuildError::InternalError)?;
-
-    let common = SageAppCommon::new(
-        SageAppIdentity::new(
-            spec.app_id,
-            spec.app_id,
-            app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-        ).map_err(|_| AppBuildError::InternalError)?,
+    ) {
+        Ok(s) => s,
+        Err(err) => {
+            eprintln!(
+                "[build_builtin_system_app] snapshot failure for {app_id}: {err:?}"
+            );
+            return Err(AppBuildError::InternalError);
+        }
+    };
+
+    let identity = match SageAppIdentity::new(
+        spec.app_id,
+        spec.app_id,
+        app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+    ) {
+        Ok(i) => i,
+        Err(err) => {
+            eprintln!(
+                "[build_builtin_system_app] identity failure for {app_id}: {err:?}"
+            );
+            return Err(AppBuildError::InternalError);
+        }
+    };
+
+    let common = match SageAppCommon::new(
+        identity,
         granted_permissions,
         InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
         snapshot,
-    ).map_err(|_| AppBuildError::InternalError)?;
+    ) {
+        Ok(c) => c,
+        Err(err) => {
+            eprintln!(
+                "[build_builtin_system_app] common failure for {app_id}: {err:?}"
+            );
+            return Err(AppBuildError::InternalError);
+        }
+    };
 
     let app = SystemSageApp::new(
         common,

From f0e5e0e4484811fab8690bfdcb533393cd100bc8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 2 May 2026 02:02:04 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 292/471] Themes

---
 .../apps/task-manager/postcss.config.js       |  13 +
 .../apps/task-manager/sage-manifest.json      |   6 +-
 .../apps/task-manager/src/App.tsx             | 410 ++++--------------
 .../apps/task-manager/src/styles.css          |  19 +-
 .../apps/task-manager/src/taskManagerApi.ts   |   1 +
 .../apps/task-manager/tailwind.config.js      |  29 ++
 .../builtin-apps/system-apps-src/package.json |   5 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs |  40 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/capabilities.rs   |   3 +
 .../bridge/methods/user/environment/mod.rs    |   3 +
 .../methods/user/environment/theme/events.rs  |  15 +
 .../user/environment/theme/get_current.rs     |  74 ++++
 .../methods/user/environment/theme/mod.rs     |   7 +
 .../sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/mod.rs  |   1 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs       |   6 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs     |   3 +
 .../sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs |  18 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/environment/commands.rs  |  20 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/environment/mod.rs       |   2 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/environment/theme.rs     |  39 ++
 crates/sage-apps/src/host.rs                  |  16 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs                   |   1 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs       |   6 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs    |   4 +-
 docs/generated/system-bridge-methods.md       | 132 ------
 docs/generated/user-bridge-capabilities.md    |  42 ++
 docs/generated/user-bridge-methods.md         |   6 +
 packages/sage-app-sdk/src/index.ts            |   1 +
 packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts          |  39 ++
 packages/sage-app-sdk/src/theme.ts            |  65 +++
 packages/sage-app-sdk/src/types.ts            |  19 +-
 .../scripts/export-types.mjs                  | 138 +++++-
 packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/client.ts    |  23 +-
 packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts   | 100 +++--
 packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/types.ts     |  25 +-
 src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml          |   1 +
 src-tauri/src/lib.rs                          |   1 +
 src/App.tsx                                   |   2 +
 src/bindings.ts                               |   6 +-
 src/components/RustThemeSync.tsx              |  25 ++
 src/lib/apps/environmentTheme.ts              |  60 +++
 41 files changed, 847 insertions(+), 579 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/postcss.config.js
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/tailwind.config.js
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/mod.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/theme/events.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/theme/get_current.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/theme/mod.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/environment/commands.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/environment/mod.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/environment/theme.rs
 create mode 100644 packages/sage-app-sdk/src/theme.ts
 create mode 100644 src/components/RustThemeSync.tsx
 create mode 100644 src/lib/apps/environmentTheme.ts

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/postcss.config.js b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/postcss.config.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c97c6b959
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/postcss.config.js
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+import { dirname, join } from 'node:path';
+import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url';
+
+const dir = dirname(fileURLToPath(import.meta.url));
+
+export default {
+  plugins: {
+    tailwindcss: {
+      config: join(dir, 'tailwind.config.js'),
+    },
+    autoprefixer: {},
+  },
+};
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/sage-manifest.json b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/sage-manifest.json
index 3b02a4fd2..bcad44969 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/sage-manifest.json
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/sage-manifest.json
@@ -9,7 +9,11 @@
       }
     },
     "capabilities": {
-      "required": [],
+      "required": [
+        "environment.theme.get_current",
+        "environment.theme.listen_changed",
+        "environment.theme.css_vars"
+      ],
       "optional": []
     }
   },
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/src/App.tsx b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/src/App.tsx
index d9f75efc1..c7183329f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/src/App.tsx
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/src/App.tsx
@@ -7,25 +7,16 @@ import {
   onRuntimesChanged,
   type RuntimeRecord,
 } from './taskManagerApi';
-import type {
-  SageAppRuntimeRecordView,
-} from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
+import type { SageAppRuntimeRecordView } from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
 
 function formatDuration(ms: number) {
-  const safeMs = Math.max(0, ms);
-  const s = Math.floor(safeMs / 1000);
+  const s = Math.floor(Math.max(0, ms) / 1000);
   const h = Math.floor(s / 3600);
   const m = Math.floor((s % 3600) / 60);
   const sec = s % 60;
 
-  if (h > 0) {
-    return `${h}h ${String(m).padStart(2, '0')}m ${String(sec).padStart(2, '0')}s`;
-  }
-
-  if (m > 0) {
-    return `${m}m ${String(sec).padStart(2, '0')}s`;
-  }
-
+  if (h > 0) return `${h}h ${String(m).padStart(2, '0')}m`;
+  if (m > 0) return `${m}m ${String(sec).padStart(2, '0')}s`;
   return `${sec}s`;
 }
 
@@ -37,20 +28,20 @@ function formatTime(value: number) {
   }).format(new Date(value));
 }
 
-function statusColor() {
-  /*if (normalized.includes('running') || normalized.includes('active')) {
-    return '#34d399';
-  }
+function runtimeAppId(runtime: SageAppRuntimeRecordView) {
+  return runtime.app.common.identity.id;
+}
 
-  if (normalized.includes('stopping') || normalized.includes('starting')) {
-    return '#fbbf24';
-  }
+function runtimeAppName(runtime: SageAppRuntimeRecordView) {
+  return runtime.app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.name;
+}
 
-  if (normalized.includes('failed') || normalized.includes('error')) {
-    return '#fb7185';
-  }*/
+function runtimeKind(runtime: SageAppRuntimeRecordView) {
+  return runtime.app.kind === 'user' ? 'User' : 'System';
+}
 
-  return '#94a3b8';
+function runtimeVisible(runtime: SageAppRuntimeRecordView) {
+  return runtime.visibility === 'Visible';
 }
 
 function ActionButton({
@@ -68,23 +59,13 @@ function ActionButton({
     <button
       disabled={disabled}
       onClick={() => void onClick()}
-      style={{
-        height: 34,
-        padding: '0 12px',
-        borderRadius: 999,
-        border: danger
-          ? '1px solid rgba(251,113,133,0.35)'
-          : '1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.12)',
-        background: danger
-          ? 'rgba(251,113,133,0.10)'
-          : 'rgba(255,255,255,0.055)',
-        color: danger ? '#fecdd3' : '#f8fafc',
-        cursor: disabled ? 'not-allowed' : 'pointer',
-        opacity: disabled ? 0.45 : 1,
-        fontSize: 13,
-        fontWeight: 600,
-        backdropFilter: 'blur(16px)',
-      }}
+      className={[
+        'h-8 rounded-md border px-3 text-xs font-semibold transition-colors',
+        'disabled:cursor-not-allowed disabled:opacity-50',
+        danger
+          ? 'border-destructive bg-destructive text-destructive-foreground hover:bg-destructive/90'
+          : 'border-border bg-secondary text-secondary-foreground hover:bg-secondary/80',
+      ].join(' ')}
     >
       {children}
     </button>
@@ -93,39 +74,13 @@ function ActionButton({
 
 function Metric({ label, value }: { label: string; value: string | number }) {
   return (
-    <div
-      style={{
-        minWidth: 88,
-        padding: '10px 12px',
-        borderRadius: 14,
-        background: 'rgba(255,255,255,0.045)',
-        border: '1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.08)',
-      }}
-    >
-      <div style={{ fontSize: 11, color: 'rgba(248,250,252,0.48)' }}>
-        {label}
-      </div>
-      <div style={{ marginTop: 4, fontSize: 14, fontWeight: 700 }}>{value}</div>
+    <div className='rounded-lg border border-border bg-muted px-3 py-2'>
+      <div className='text-[11px] text-muted-foreground'>{label}</div>
+      <div className='mt-1 text-sm font-bold text-foreground'>{value}</div>
     </div>
   );
 }
 
-function runtimeAppId(runtime: SageAppRuntimeRecordView): string {
-  return runtime.app.common.identity.id;
-}
-
-function runtimeAppName(runtime: SageAppRuntimeRecordView): string {
-  return runtime.app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.name;
-}
-
-function runtimeKind(runtime: SageAppRuntimeRecordView): 'User' | 'System' {
-  return runtime.app.kind === 'user' ? 'User' : 'System';
-}
-
-function runtimeVisible(runtime: SageAppRuntimeRecordView): boolean {
-  return runtime.visibility === 'Visible';
-}
-
 export function App() {
   const [runtimes, setRuntimes] = useState<RuntimeRecord[]>([]);
   const [loading, setLoading] = useState(true);
@@ -142,13 +97,8 @@ export function App() {
   }
 
   useEffect(() => {
-    const intervalId = window.setInterval(() => {
-      setNow(Date.now());
-    }, 1000);
-
-    return () => {
-      window.clearInterval(intervalId);
-    };
+    const id = window.setInterval(() => setNow(Date.now()), 1000);
+    return () => window.clearInterval(id);
   }, []);
 
   useEffect(() => {
@@ -157,10 +107,7 @@ export function App() {
     void refresh();
 
     const unsubscribe = onRuntimesChanged((event) => {
-      if (disposed) {
-        return;
-      }
-
+      if (disposed) return;
       setRuntimes(event.runtimes);
       setLoading(false);
     });
@@ -179,13 +126,6 @@ export function App() {
     [runtimes],
   );
 
-  const totals = useMemo(
-    () => ({
-      runtimes: runtimes.length,
-    }),
-    [runtimes],
-  );
-
   async function runAction(appId: string, action: () => Promise<unknown>) {
     setBusyAppId(appId);
     try {
@@ -196,235 +136,89 @@ export function App() {
   }
 
   return (
-    <div
-      style={{
-        fontFamily:
-          'Inter, ui-sans-serif, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", sans-serif',
-        minHeight: '100vh',
-        color: '#f8fafc',
-        background:
-          'radial-gradient(circle at top left, rgba(59,130,246,0.22), transparent 34%), radial-gradient(circle at top right, rgba(168,85,247,0.16), transparent 32%), linear-gradient(180deg, #09090b 0%, #0f1117 100%)',
-      }}
-    >
-      <div style={{ maxWidth: 1180, margin: '0 auto', padding: 24 }}>
-        <div
-          style={{
-            display: 'flex',
-            justifyContent: 'space-between',
-            alignItems: 'flex-start',
-            gap: 20,
-            marginBottom: 22,
-          }}
-        >
+    <div className='min-h-screen bg-background text-foreground font-sans'>
+      <main className='mx-auto max-w-6xl p-6'>
+        <header className='mb-5 flex items-start justify-between gap-4'>
           <div>
-            <div
-              style={{
-                display: 'inline-flex',
-                alignItems: 'center',
-                gap: 8,
-                padding: '5px 10px',
-                borderRadius: 999,
-                border: '1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.10)',
-                background: 'rgba(255,255,255,0.045)',
-                color: 'rgba(248,250,252,0.68)',
-                fontSize: 12,
-                marginBottom: 10,
-              }}
-            >
-              <span
-                style={{
-                  width: 7,
-                  height: 7,
-                  borderRadius: 999,
-                  background: '#34d399',
-                  boxShadow: '0 0 18px rgba(52,211,153,0.75)',
-                }}
-              />
+            <div className='text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
               Built-in system app
             </div>
-
-            <h1
-              style={{
-                margin: 0,
-                fontSize: 34,
-                letterSpacing: '-0.04em',
-                lineHeight: 1,
-              }}
-            >
+            <h1 className='mt-1 text-3xl font-bold tracking-tight'>
               Task Manager
             </h1>
-
-            <div
-              style={{
-                marginTop: 8,
-                color: 'rgba(248,250,252,0.56)',
-                fontSize: 14,
-              }}
-            >
-              Live runtime control · updated {formatTime(now)}
+            <div className='mt-1 text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
+              {runtimes.length} runtimes · updated {formatTime(now)}
             </div>
           </div>
 
-          <button
-            onClick={() => void refresh()}
-            disabled={loading}
-            style={{
-              height: 40,
-              padding: '0 16px',
-              borderRadius: 999,
-              border: '1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.14)',
-              background:
-                'linear-gradient(180deg, rgba(255,255,255,0.11), rgba(255,255,255,0.055))',
-              color: '#f8fafc',
-              cursor: loading ? 'not-allowed' : 'pointer',
-              opacity: loading ? 0.6 : 1,
-              fontWeight: 700,
-              boxShadow: '0 14px 40px rgba(0,0,0,0.25)',
-            }}
-          >
+          <ActionButton disabled={loading} onClick={refresh}>
             {loading ? 'Refreshing…' : 'Refresh'}
-          </button>
-        </div>
-
-        <div
-          style={{
-            display: 'grid',
-            gridTemplateColumns: 'repeat(4, minmax(0, 1fr))',
-            gap: 12,
-            marginBottom: 18,
-          }}
-        >
-          <Metric label='Runtimes' value={totals.runtimes} />
-        </div>
-
-        <div
-          style={{
-            overflow: 'hidden',
-            borderRadius: 24,
-            border: '1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.10)',
-            background: 'rgba(15,23,42,0.48)',
-            boxShadow:
-              '0 24px 80px rgba(0,0,0,0.38), inset 0 1px 0 rgba(255,255,255,0.06)',
-            backdropFilter: 'blur(22px)',
-          }}
-        >
+          </ActionButton>
+        </header>
+
+        <section className='mb-4 grid grid-cols-1 gap-3 sm:grid-cols-3'>
+          <Metric label='Runtimes' value={runtimes.length} />
+          <Metric
+            label='Visible'
+            value={runtimes.filter(runtimeVisible).length}
+          />
+          <Metric
+            label='Hidden'
+            value={
+              runtimes.filter((runtime) => !runtimeVisible(runtime)).length
+            }
+          />
+        </section>
+
+        <section className='overflow-hidden rounded-xl border border-border bg-card text-card-foreground'>
           {loading && sorted.length === 0 ? (
-            <div style={{ padding: 22, color: 'rgba(248,250,252,0.62)' }}>
-              Loading runtimes…
-            </div>
+            <div className='p-5 text-muted-foreground'>Loading runtimes…</div>
           ) : sorted.length === 0 ? (
-            <div style={{ padding: 28, color: 'rgba(248,250,252,0.62)' }}>
-              No running apps.
-            </div>
+            <div className='p-5 text-muted-foreground'>No running apps.</div>
           ) : (
             sorted.map((runtime, index) => {
-              const busy = busyAppId === runtimeAppId(runtime);
-              const color = statusColor();
+              const appId = runtimeAppId(runtime);
+              const visible = runtimeVisible(runtime);
+              const busy = busyAppId === appId;
 
               return (
                 <div
                   key={runtime.runtimeId}
-                  style={{
-                    display: 'grid',
-                    gridTemplateColumns: 'minmax(0, 1fr) auto',
-                    gap: 18,
-                    padding: 18,
-                    borderTop:
-                      index === 0
-                        ? 'none'
-                        : '1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.075)',
-                    background:
-                      index % 2 === 0
-                        ? 'rgba(255,255,255,0.018)'
-                        : 'transparent',
-                  }}
+                  className={[
+                    'grid gap-4 p-4 md:grid-cols-[minmax(0,1fr)_auto]',
+                    index === 0 ? '' : 'border-t border-border',
+                  ].join(' ')}
                 >
-                  <div style={{ minWidth: 0 }}>
-                    <div
-                      style={{
-                        display: 'flex',
-                        alignItems: 'center',
-                        gap: 10,
-                        minWidth: 0,
-                      }}
-                    >
+                  <div className='min-w-0'>
+                    <div className='flex min-w-0 items-center gap-2'>
                       <span
-                        style={{
-                          width: 9,
-                          height: 9,
-                          borderRadius: 999,
-                          background: color,
-                          boxShadow: `0 0 18px ${color}`,
-                          flexShrink: 0,
-                        }}
+                        className={[
+                          'h-2.5 w-2.5 shrink-0 rounded-full',
+                          visible ? 'bg-primary' : 'bg-muted-foreground',
+                        ].join(' ')}
                       />
 
-                      <div
-                        style={{
-                          minWidth: 0,
-                          overflow: 'hidden',
-                          textOverflow: 'ellipsis',
-                          whiteSpace: 'nowrap',
-                          fontSize: 16,
-                          fontWeight: 750,
-                          letterSpacing: '-0.01em',
-                        }}
-                      >
+                      <strong className='min-w-0 truncate text-sm font-semibold'>
                         {runtimeAppName(runtime)}
-                      </div>
+                      </strong>
 
-                      {runtimeVisible(runtime) ? (
-                        <span
-                          style={{
-                            padding: '3px 8px',
-                            borderRadius: 999,
-                            background: 'rgba(52,211,153,0.10)',
-                            border: '1px solid rgba(52,211,153,0.20)',
-                            color: '#bbf7d0',
-                            fontSize: 11,
-                            fontWeight: 700,
-                          }}
-                        >
-                          Visible
-                        </span>
-                      ) : (
-                        <span
-                          style={{
-                            padding: '3px 8px',
-                            borderRadius: 999,
-                            background: 'rgba(148,163,184,0.10)',
-                            border: '1px solid rgba(148,163,184,0.16)',
-                            color: '#cbd5e1',
-                            fontSize: 11,
-                            fontWeight: 700,
-                          }}
-                        >
-                          Hidden
-                        </span>
-                      )}
+                      <span
+                        className={[
+                          'rounded-full px-2 py-0.5 text-[11px] font-bold',
+                          visible
+                            ? 'bg-primary text-primary-foreground'
+                            : 'bg-muted text-muted-foreground',
+                        ].join(' ')}
+                      >
+                        {visible ? 'Visible' : 'Hidden'}
+                      </span>
                     </div>
 
-                    <div
-                      style={{
-                        marginTop: 7,
-                        fontSize: 12,
-                        color: 'rgba(248,250,252,0.45)',
-                        overflow: 'hidden',
-                        textOverflow: 'ellipsis',
-                        whiteSpace: 'nowrap',
-                      }}
-                    >
-                      {runtimeAppId(runtime)}
+                    <div className='mt-1 truncate text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
+                      {appId}
                     </div>
 
-                    <div
-                      style={{
-                        display: 'flex',
-                        flexWrap: 'wrap',
-                        gap: 8,
-                        marginTop: 12,
-                      }}
-                    >
+                    <div className='mt-3 grid grid-cols-2 gap-2 sm:grid-cols-4'>
                       <Metric
                         label='Uptime'
                         value={formatDuration(now - runtime.startedAt)}
@@ -433,40 +227,24 @@ export function App() {
                         label='Started'
                         value={formatTime(runtime.startedAt)}
                       />
-                      <Metric
-                        label='Kind'
-                        value={runtimeKind(runtime)}
-                      />
+                      <Metric label='Kind' value={runtimeKind(runtime)} />
                       <Metric label='Mode' value={runtime.mode} />
                     </div>
                   </div>
 
-                  <div
-                    style={{
-                      display: 'flex',
-                      alignItems: 'flex-start',
-                      gap: 8,
-                      flexShrink: 0,
-                    }}
-                  >
+                  <div className='flex items-start gap-2'>
                     <ActionButton
-                      disabled={busy}
+                      disabled={busy || visible}
                       onClick={() =>
-                        runAction(runtimeAppId(runtime), () =>
-                          focusRuntime(runtimeAppId(runtime)),
-                        )
+                        runAction(appId, () => focusRuntime(appId))
                       }
                     >
                       Focus
                     </ActionButton>
 
                     <ActionButton
-                      disabled={busy}
-                      onClick={() =>
-                        runAction(runtimeAppId(runtime), () =>
-                          hideRuntime(runtimeAppId(runtime)),
-                        )
-                      }
+                      disabled={busy || !visible}
+                      onClick={() => runAction(appId, () => hideRuntime(appId))}
                     >
                       Hide
                     </ActionButton>
@@ -475,8 +253,8 @@ export function App() {
                       danger
                       disabled={busy}
                       onClick={() =>
-                        runAction(runtimeAppId(runtime), async () => {
-                          await killRuntime(runtimeAppId(runtime));
+                        runAction(appId, async () => {
+                          await killRuntime(appId);
                           await refresh();
                         })
                       }
@@ -488,8 +266,8 @@ export function App() {
               );
             })
           )}
-        </div>
-      </div>
+        </section>
+      </main>
     </div>
   );
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/src/styles.css b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/src/styles.css
index b8fb92b84..72d47ffeb 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/src/styles.css
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/src/styles.css
@@ -1,18 +1,15 @@
+@config "../tailwind.config.js";
+
+@tailwind base;
+@tailwind components;
+@tailwind utilities;
+
 html,
 body,
 #root {
-    margin: 0;
-    width: 100%;
-    height: 100%;
     min-height: 100%;
-    overflow: hidden;
-    background: #0b0b0c;
 }
 
-* {
-    box-sizing: border-box;
-}
-
-button {
-    font: inherit;
+body {
+    margin: 0;
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/src/taskManagerApi.ts b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/src/taskManagerApi.ts
index 615b92e6b..32e050bdd 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/src/taskManagerApi.ts
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/src/taskManagerApi.ts
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import {
 } from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
 
 const client = await getSageSystemClient();
+await client.environment.theme.mountCssVars();
 
 export type { SageAppRuntimeRecordView as RuntimeRecord };
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/tailwind.config.js b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/tailwind.config.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..63b213f46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/tailwind.config.js
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+import { dirname, join } from 'node:path';
+import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url';
+
+const dir = dirname(fileURLToPath(import.meta.url));
+
+export default {
+  content: [join(dir, 'index.html'), join(dir, 'src/**/*.{ts,tsx}')],
+  theme: {
+    extend: {
+      colors: {
+        background: 'hsl(var(--background))',
+        foreground: 'hsl(var(--foreground))',
+        card: 'hsl(var(--card))',
+        'card-foreground': 'hsl(var(--card-foreground))',
+        primary: 'hsl(var(--primary))',
+        'primary-foreground': 'hsl(var(--primary-foreground))',
+        secondary: 'hsl(var(--secondary))',
+        'secondary-foreground': 'hsl(var(--secondary-foreground))',
+        muted: 'hsl(var(--muted))',
+        'muted-foreground': 'hsl(var(--muted-foreground))',
+        destructive: 'hsl(var(--destructive))',
+        'destructive-foreground': 'hsl(var(--destructive-foreground))',
+        border: 'hsl(var(--border))',
+        input: 'hsl(var(--input))',
+        ring: 'hsl(var(--ring))',
+      },
+    },
+  },
+};
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/package.json b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/package.json
index 581e56b00..404404b53 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/package.json
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/package.json
@@ -16,6 +16,9 @@
     "@types/react-dom": "^18.3.7",
     "@vitejs/plugin-react": "^5.0.4",
     "typescript": "^5.9.3",
-    "vite": "^7.3.1"
+    "vite": "^7.3.1",
+    "tailwindcss": "^3.4.17",
+    "postcss": "^8.4.49",
+    "autoprefixer": "^10.4.20"
   }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
index 2444b0309..50d2a9b22 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ use crate::capabilities::{get_system_capability_definition, get_user_capability_
 use crate::host::AppState;
 use crate::runtime::webview_locator::{get_sage_webview, get_webview_in_sage_window};
 use crate::runtime::{app_id_from_webview_label, is_allowed_app_url, protocol_scheme_for_app, resolve_possibly_impostor_running_app, PossiblyImpostorRuntime, SharedImpostorRuntime};
-use crate::types::{SageApp, SharedSageApp};
+use crate::types::SharedSageApp;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Emitter, Manager, State, Webview};
 use uuid::Uuid;
 
@@ -227,30 +227,22 @@ fn verify_user_capability(
     }
 
     let effective_capabilities = app.with(|app| {
-        let effective = match app {
-            SageApp::User(user_app) => user_app
-                .common()
-                .requested_permissions()
-                .capabilities()
-                .resolve_effective_grants(
-                    user_app
-                        .common()
-                        .granted_permissions()
-                        .capabilities()
-                        .copied(),
+        app.common()
+            .requested_permissions()
+            .capabilities()
+            .resolve_effective_grants(
+                app.common()
+                    .granted_permissions()
+                    .capabilities()
+                    .copied(),
+            )
+            .map_err(|err| {
+                RustBridgeResponse::error(
+                    &request.id,
+                    "internal_error",
+                    format!("failed to resolve effective permissions: {err}"),
                 )
-                .map_err(|err| {
-                    RustBridgeResponse::error(
-                        &request.id,
-                        "internal_error",
-                        format!("failed to resolve effective permissions: {err}"),
-                    )
-                })?,
-
-            SageApp::System(_) => app.granted_permissions().capabilities().copied().collect(),
-        };
-
-        Ok(effective)
+            })
     })?;
 
     if !effective_capabilities.contains(&capability) {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/capabilities.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/capabilities.rs
index 602cf1bb4..9c671d98b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/capabilities.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/capabilities.rs
@@ -84,6 +84,9 @@ define_bridge_capabilities! {
         WalletGetPendingTransactions => "wallet.get_pending_transactions",
         WalletGetTransaction => "wallet.get_transaction",
         WalletGetTransactions => "wallet.get_transactions",
+        EnvironmentThemeGetCurrent => "environment.theme.get_current",
+        EnvironmentThemeCssVars => "environment.theme.css_vars",
+        EnvironmentThemeListenChanged => "environment.theme.listen_changed",
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bd6240ce7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+mod theme;
+
+pub(crate) use theme::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/theme/events.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/theme/events.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..019ee7023
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/theme/events.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use specta::Type;
+use crate::bridge::event_emit::{AppRuntimeEvent, AppRuntimeEventRail};
+use crate::bridge::methods::user::environment::EnvironmentThemeView;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct EnvironmentThemeChangedEvent {
+    pub theme: EnvironmentThemeView,
+}
+
+impl AppRuntimeEvent for EnvironmentThemeChangedEvent {
+    const TYPE: &'static str = "environment.theme.changed";
+    const RAIL: AppRuntimeEventRail = AppRuntimeEventRail::User;
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/theme/get_current.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/theme/get_current.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8f3701c96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/theme/get_current.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use specta::Type;
+
+use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
+use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError};
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct EnvironmentThemeView {
+    pub name: String,
+    pub display_name: String,
+
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub most_like: Option<String>,
+
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub inherits: Option<String>,
+
+    pub css_vars: BTreeMap<String, String>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct EnvironmentThemeGetCurrentResult {
+    pub theme: EnvironmentThemeView,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct EnvironmentThemeGetCurrent;
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl BridgeMethod for EnvironmentThemeGetCurrent {
+    fn name(&self) -> &'static str {
+        "environment.theme.getCurrent"
+    }
+
+    fn capability(&self) -> BridgeMethodCapability {
+        BridgeMethodCapability::user(UserBridgeCapability::EnvironmentThemeGetCurrent)
+    }
+
+    fn approval_request(
+        &self,
+        _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> BridgeApprovalRequestResult {
+        Ok(None)
+    }
+
+    async fn handle(
+        &self,
+        _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
+        _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> BridgeHandleResult {
+        let theme = tools
+            .host_state
+            .environment
+            .theme
+            .current
+            .lock()
+            .await
+            .clone()
+            .ok_or_else(|| {
+                BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error("current theme is not initialized")
+            })?;
+
+        Ok(Box::new(EnvironmentThemeGetCurrentResult { theme }))
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/theme/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/theme/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4f40599f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/theme/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+mod get_current;
+mod events;
+
+pub use get_current::{
+    EnvironmentThemeGetCurrent, EnvironmentThemeView, EnvironmentThemeGetCurrentResult
+};
+pub use events::{EnvironmentThemeChangedEvent};
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/mod.rs
index 1ea8d4bbe..02f371ecf 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/mod.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 pub mod app;
 pub mod bridge;
 pub mod wallet;
+pub mod environment;
 
 pub use app::{
     AppGetCapabilities, AppGetInfo, AppLifecycleReadyToStop, AppLifecycleSetBeforeStopListener,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs
index 3fe91cc87..158577f47 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ use super::methods::user::{
 };
 use crate::types::SharedSageApp;
 use std::collections::HashMap;
+use crate::bridge::methods::user::environment::EnvironmentThemeGetCurrent;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub enum BridgeRegistryKind {
@@ -90,11 +91,14 @@ fn build_user_methods() -> HashMap<&'static str, Box<dyn BridgeMethod>> {
     insert_method(&mut methods, WalletGetTransaction);
     insert_method(&mut methods, WalletGetTransactions);
 
+    // Environment
+    insert_method(&mut methods, EnvironmentThemeGetCurrent);
+
     methods
 }
 
 fn build_system_methods() -> HashMap<&'static str, Box<dyn BridgeMethod>> {
-    let mut methods = build_user_methods();
+    let mut methods: HashMap<&'static str, Box<dyn BridgeMethod>> = HashMap::new();
 
     insert_method(&mut methods, RuntimeManagerListRuntimes);
     insert_method(&mut methods, RuntimeManagerFocusRuntime);
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
index 2de205ec0..1bbe1fd20 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ use sage_api::{
 use specta::TypeCollection;
 use specta_typescript::{BigIntExportBehavior, Typescript};
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::events::BeforeStopEvent;
+use crate::bridge::methods::user::environment::{EnvironmentThemeChangedEvent, EnvironmentThemeGetCurrentResult};
 
 pub fn export_system_bridge_typescript() -> Result<String, String> {
     let mut types = TypeCollection::default();
@@ -87,6 +88,8 @@ pub fn export_user_bridge_typescript() -> Result<String, String> {
     types.register::<GetTransactionResponse>();
     types.register::<GetTransactions>();
     types.register::<GetTransactionsResponse>();
+    types.register::<EnvironmentThemeGetCurrentResult>();
+    types.register::<EnvironmentThemeChangedEvent>();
 
     Typescript::default()
         .bigint(BigIntExportBehavior::Number)
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs
index a894b4aa8..c9dc328d9 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs
@@ -169,6 +169,24 @@ pub(crate) fn get_user_capability_definition(
             "Allows the app to list wallet transactions.",
             CapabilityFlags::new(false, false, true, true, true),
         ),
+        UserBridgeCapability::EnvironmentThemeGetCurrent => CapabilityDefinition::new(
+            capability,
+            "Read current theme",
+            "Allows the app to read Sage's current theme.",
+            CapabilityFlags::new(false, false, true, false, true),
+        ),
+        UserBridgeCapability::EnvironmentThemeCssVars => CapabilityDefinition::new(
+            capability,
+            "Use Sage theme CSS variables",
+            "Allows Sage to inject current theme CSS variables into the app runtime.",
+            CapabilityFlags::new(false, false, true, false, true),
+        ),
+        UserBridgeCapability::EnvironmentThemeListenChanged => CapabilityDefinition::new(
+            capability,
+            "Observe theme changes",
+            "Allows the app to receive events when Sage's theme changes.",
+            CapabilityFlags::new(false, false, true, false, true),
+        ),
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/environment/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/environment/commands.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..de7f39b10
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/environment/commands.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
+
+use crate::AppsHostState;
+use crate::bridge::methods::user::environment::EnvironmentThemeView;
+use crate::environment::theme::apply_environment_theme;
+
+#[tauri::command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn apps_set_environment_theme(
+    app_handle: AppHandle,
+    apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    theme: EnvironmentThemeView,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    {
+        let mut current = apps_state.environment.theme.current.lock().await;
+        *current = Some(theme.clone());
+    }
+
+    apply_environment_theme(&app_handle, &apps_state, theme).await
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/environment/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/environment/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6f47491ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/environment/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+pub mod commands;
+pub mod theme;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/environment/theme.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/environment/theme.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2017d516e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/environment/theme.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
+
+use crate::AppsHostState;
+use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::bridge::event_emit::emit_runtime_event_to_app_id;
+use crate::bridge::methods::user::environment::{EnvironmentThemeChangedEvent, EnvironmentThemeView};
+use crate::runtime::list_runtimes;
+
+pub async fn apply_environment_theme(
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    theme: EnvironmentThemeView,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let runtimes = list_runtimes(apps_state).await?;
+
+    for runtime in runtimes {
+        let (app_id, should_emit_event) = runtime.with_runtime(|record| {
+            let app = record.app();
+
+            (
+                app.id(),
+                app.is_capability_granted(UserBridgeCapability::EnvironmentThemeListenChanged),
+            )
+        });
+
+        if should_emit_event {
+            let _ = emit_runtime_event_to_app_id(
+                app_handle,
+                &app_id,
+                EnvironmentThemeChangedEvent {
+                    theme: theme.clone(),
+                },
+            )
+                .await;
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/host.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/host.rs
index 74bf079b8..88d90a1f1 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/host.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/host.rs
@@ -1,26 +1,26 @@
-use std::collections::{BTreeMap, HashMap};
+use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::fmt;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use parking_lot::RwLock;
 use crate::bridge::state::BridgeState;
 use crate::runtime::AppRuntimeState;
 use crate::sandbox::SandboxStateStore;
-use crate::types::SystemSageApp;
 use sage::Sage;
 use sage_api::ErrorKind;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 use tokio::sync::Mutex;
+use crate::bridge::methods::user::environment::EnvironmentThemeView;
 
 pub type AppState = Arc<Mutex<Sage>>;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Default)]
 pub struct AppsHostState {
-    pub system_apps: BTreeMap<String, SystemSageApp>,
     pub app_operation_locks: RwLock<HashMap<String, Arc<Mutex<()>>>>,
     pub runtime: AppRuntimeState,
     pub bridge: BridgeState,
     pub sandbox: SandboxStateStore,
+    pub environment: AppsEnvironmentState,
 }
 
 impl AppsHostState {
@@ -43,6 +43,16 @@ pub struct SageAppsError {
     pub reason: String,
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug, Default)]
+pub struct AppsEnvironmentState {
+    pub theme: AppsEnvironmentThemeState,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Default)]
+pub struct AppsEnvironmentThemeState {
+    pub current: Mutex<Option<EnvironmentThemeView>>,
+}
+
 impl From<sage::Error> for SageAppsError {
     fn from(error: sage::Error) -> Self {
         Self {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
index a0a278ce0..f41a191ea 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ pub mod storage;
 pub mod system_apps;
 pub mod types;
 pub mod utils;
+pub mod environment;
 
 pub use host::AppsHostState;
 pub use security::{handle_system_app_protocol_request, handle_user_app_protocol_request};
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
index 69f3bebf9..656dbc30e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
-use tauri::{AppHandle, Emitter, State};
+use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
-use crate::bridge::event_emit::{emit_runtime_event_to_app_id, emit_runtime_event_to_sage_webview, runtime_event, AppRuntimeEvent};
+use crate::bridge::event_emit::{emit_runtime_event_to_app_id, emit_runtime_event_to_sage_webview};
 use crate::bridge::methods::system::{RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent};
 use crate::bridge::methods::system::events::ActiveRuntimeChangedEvent;
 use crate::runtime::state::{
     find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional, get_runtime_by_app_id, list_runtimes,
 };
-use crate::runtime::webview_locator::{get_sage_webview, get_webview_in_sage_window};
+use crate::runtime::webview_locator::get_webview_in_sage_window;
 use crate::runtime::{SageAppRuntimeRecord, SageAppRuntimeRecordView, SharedRuntime};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Serialize, Type)]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
index 3cc875acb..2f3d4b911 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ pub(crate) fn find_runtime_by_app_id_optional_immediate(
             .runtime_id_by_app_id
             .try_lock()
             .map_err(|_| {
-                eprintln!("runtime_id_by_app_id is busy");
+                eprintln!("runtime_id_by_app_id is busy for app_id '{}'", app_id);
                 "runtime_id_by_app_id is busy".to_string()
             })?;
 
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ pub(crate) fn find_runtime_by_app_id_optional_immediate(
         .runtime_by_runtime_id
         .try_lock()
         .map_err(|_| {
-            eprintln!("runtime_by_runtime_id is busy");
+            eprintln!("runtime_by_runtime_id is busy for app_id '{}'", app_id);
             "runtime_by_runtime_id is busy".to_string()
         })?;
 
diff --git a/docs/generated/system-bridge-methods.md b/docs/generated/system-bridge-methods.md
index 0207486b4..6b00c1177 100644
--- a/docs/generated/system-bridge-methods.md
+++ b/docs/generated/system-bridge-methods.md
@@ -1,53 +1,5 @@
 # System bridge methods
 
-## `app.getCapabilities`
-
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Capability | `app.get_capabilities` |
-
-## `app.getInfo`
-
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Capability | `app.get_info` |
-
-## `app.lifecycle.readyToStop`
-
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Capability | `app.lifecycle.ready_to_stop` |
-
-## `app.lifecycle.setBeforeStopListener`
-
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Capability | `app.lifecycle.set_before_stop_listener` |
-
-## `app.requestCapabilityGrant`
-
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Capability | `app.request_capability_grant` |
-
-## `app.requestNetworkWhitelistGrant`
-
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Capability | `app.request_network_whitelist_grant` |
-
-## `bridge.ping`
-
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Capability | `ungated` |
-
-## `bridge.send`
-
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Capability | `bridge.send` |
-
 ## `runtimeManager.focusRuntime`
 
 | Field | Value |
@@ -72,87 +24,3 @@
 |---|---|
 | Capability | `runtime_manager.list_runtimes` |
 
-## `wallet.checkAddress`
-
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Capability | `wallet.check_address` |
-
-## `wallet.getCoins`
-
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Capability | `wallet.get_coins` |
-
-## `wallet.getCoinsByIds`
-
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Capability | `wallet.get_coins_by_ids` |
-
-## `wallet.getDerivations`
-
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Capability | `wallet.get_derivations` |
-
-## `wallet.getKey`
-
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Capability | `wallet.get_key` |
-
-## `wallet.getKeys`
-
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Capability | `wallet.get_keys` |
-
-## `wallet.getPendingTransactions`
-
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Capability | `wallet.get_pending_transactions` |
-
-## `wallet.getSecretKey`
-
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Capability | `wallet.get_secret_key` |
-
-## `wallet.getSpendableCoinCount`
-
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Capability | `wallet.get_spendable_coin_count` |
-
-## `wallet.getSyncStatus`
-
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Capability | `wallet.get_sync_status` |
-
-## `wallet.getTransaction`
-
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Capability | `wallet.get_transaction` |
-
-## `wallet.getTransactions`
-
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Capability | `wallet.get_transactions` |
-
-## `wallet.getVersion`
-
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Capability | `wallet.get_version` |
-
-## `wallet.sendXch`
-
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Capability | `wallet.send_xch` |
-
diff --git a/docs/generated/user-bridge-capabilities.md b/docs/generated/user-bridge-capabilities.md
index cb72c12b9..1dc1d4f96 100644
--- a/docs/generated/user-bridge-capabilities.md
+++ b/docs/generated/user-bridge-capabilities.md
@@ -322,3 +322,45 @@ Allows the app to list wallet transactions.
 | Externally observable | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
+## `environment.theme.get_current`
+
+**Read current theme**
+
+Allows the app to read Sage's current theme.
+
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `false` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
+
+## `environment.theme.css_vars`
+
+**Use Sage theme CSS variables**
+
+Allows Sage to inject current theme CSS variables into the app runtime.
+
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `false` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
+
+## `environment.theme.listen_changed`
+
+**Observe theme changes**
+
+Allows the app to receive events when Sage's theme changes.
+
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `false` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
+
diff --git a/docs/generated/user-bridge-methods.md b/docs/generated/user-bridge-methods.md
index 22eca9c2a..3b400ca72 100644
--- a/docs/generated/user-bridge-methods.md
+++ b/docs/generated/user-bridge-methods.md
@@ -48,6 +48,12 @@
 |---|---|
 | Capability | `bridge.send` |
 
+## `environment.theme.getCurrent`
+
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Capability | `environment.theme.get_current` |
+
 ## `wallet.checkAddress`
 
 | Field | Value |
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/index.ts b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/index.ts
index d221c014d..84ab4af16 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/index.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/index.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 export { initSageRuntimeBridge, SAGE_BRIDGE_VERSION } from './runtime';
+export * from './theme';
 
 export {
   isSageRuntimeAvailable,
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
index f9b3e8fbd..c8c238c3a 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import {
   createBridgeRuntimeCore,
   parseJsonOrNull,
 } from './bridge-runtime-core';
+import { applySageThemeCssVars, clearSageThemeCssVars } from './theme';
 
 export const SAGE_BRIDGE_VERSION: SageBridgeVersion = 'v1';
 
@@ -436,6 +437,44 @@ export function initSageRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
         );
       },
     },
+    environment: {
+      theme: {
+        async getCurrent() {
+          return await callHost<Generated.EnvironmentThemeGetCurrentResult>(
+            'environment.theme.getCurrent',
+          );
+        },
+
+        onChanged(handler) {
+          return onRuntimeEventType<Generated.EnvironmentThemeChangedEvent>(
+            'environment.theme.changed',
+            handler,
+          );
+        },
+
+        async mountCssVars() {
+          const current =
+            await callHost<Generated.EnvironmentThemeGetCurrentResult>(
+              'environment.theme.getCurrent',
+            );
+
+          applySageThemeCssVars(current.theme);
+
+          const unlisten =
+            onRuntimeEventType<Generated.EnvironmentThemeChangedEvent>(
+              'environment.theme.changed',
+              (event) => {
+                applySageThemeCssVars(event.theme);
+              },
+            );
+
+          return () => {
+            unlisten();
+            clearSageThemeCssVars();
+          };
+        },
+      },
+    },
   };
 
   return true;
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/theme.ts b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/theme.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cb977efe4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/theme.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+import type * as Generated from './generated-types';
+
+export const sageThemeVars = {
+  background: '--background',
+  foreground: '--foreground',
+  card: '--card',
+  cardForeground: '--card-foreground',
+  popover: '--popover',
+  popoverForeground: '--popover-foreground',
+  primary: '--primary',
+  primaryForeground: '--primary-foreground',
+  secondary: '--secondary',
+  secondaryForeground: '--secondary-foreground',
+  muted: '--muted',
+  mutedForeground: '--muted-foreground',
+  accent: '--accent',
+  accentForeground: '--accent-foreground',
+  destructive: '--destructive',
+  destructiveForeground: '--destructive-foreground',
+  border: '--border',
+  input: '--input',
+  ring: '--ring',
+  radius: '--radius',
+} as const;
+
+export type SageThemeVar = keyof typeof sageThemeVars;
+
+export function cssVar(name: SageThemeVar): string {
+  return `hsl(var(${sageThemeVars[name]}))`;
+}
+
+export function rawCssVar(name: SageThemeVar): string {
+  return `var(${sageThemeVars[name]})`;
+}
+
+export function applySageThemeCssVars(
+  theme: Generated.EnvironmentThemeView,
+): void {
+  let el = document.getElementById('sage-environment-theme-vars');
+
+  if (!el) {
+    el = document.createElement('style');
+    el.id = 'sage-environment-theme-vars';
+    document.head.appendChild(el);
+  }
+
+  const vars = Object.entries(theme.cssVars)
+    .filter((entry): entry is [string, string] => {
+      const [key, value] = entry;
+
+      return (
+        key.startsWith('--') &&
+        typeof value === 'string' &&
+        value.trim().length > 0
+      );
+    })
+    .map(([key, value]) => `${key}: ${value.trim()};`)
+    .join(' ');
+
+  el.textContent = vars ? `:root { ${vars} }` : '';
+}
+
+export function clearSageThemeCssVars(): void {
+  document.getElementById('sage-environment-theme-vars')?.remove();
+}
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/types.ts b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/types.ts
index 2be3ed50b..8819a5c32 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/types.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/types.ts
@@ -26,10 +26,6 @@ export type SageBridgeErrorResponse = {
   };
 };
 
-export type SageBridgeRuntimeEvent =
-  | Generated.GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent
-  | Generated.GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent;
-
 export type SageWalletClient = {
   getKeys(): Promise<Generated.GetKeysResponse>;
   getKey(input: Generated.GetKey): Promise<Generated.GetKeyResponse>;
@@ -92,10 +88,25 @@ export type SageAppClient = {
   lifecycle: SageAppLifecycleClient;
 };
 
+export type SageEnvironmentThemeClient = {
+  getCurrent(): Promise<Generated.EnvironmentThemeGetCurrentResult>;
+
+  onChanged(
+    handler: (event: Generated.EnvironmentThemeChangedEvent) => void,
+  ): () => void;
+
+  mountCssVars(): Promise<() => void>;
+};
+
+export type SageEnvironmentClient = {
+  theme: SageEnvironmentThemeClient;
+};
+
 export type SageClient = {
   initialAppInfo: Generated.AppGetInfoResult;
   app: SageAppClient;
   wallet: SageWalletClient;
+  environment: SageEnvironmentClient;
 };
 
 export type {
diff --git a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/scripts/export-types.mjs b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/scripts/export-types.mjs
index 66bed9ba5..bccac74c6 100644
--- a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/scripts/export-types.mjs
+++ b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/scripts/export-types.mjs
@@ -1,12 +1,21 @@
 import { execFileSync } from 'node:child_process';
 import fs from 'node:fs';
 import path from 'node:path';
+import ts from 'typescript';
 
 const packageDir = process.cwd();
 const repoRoot = path.resolve(packageDir, '../..');
-const outPath = path.join(packageDir, 'src', 'generated-types.ts');
 
-const stdout = execFileSync(
+const systemOutPath = path.join(packageDir, 'src', 'generated-types.ts');
+const userTypesPath = path.join(
+  repoRoot,
+  'packages',
+  'sage-app-sdk',
+  'src',
+  'generated-types.ts',
+);
+
+const systemSource = execFileSync(
   'cargo',
   ['run', '-p', 'sage-apps', '--bin', 'export_bridge_types', '--', 'system'],
   {
@@ -16,5 +25,126 @@ const stdout = execFileSync(
   },
 );
 
-fs.writeFileSync(outPath, stdout);
-console.log(`Wrote ${path.relative(packageDir, outPath)}`);
+const userSource = fs.existsSync(userTypesPath)
+  ? fs.readFileSync(userTypesPath, 'utf8')
+  : '';
+
+function collectExportedNames(source, fileName) {
+  const file = ts.createSourceFile(
+    fileName,
+    source,
+    ts.ScriptTarget.Latest,
+    true,
+  );
+
+  const names = new Set();
+
+  for (const node of file.statements) {
+    const modifiers = ts.getModifiers(node) ?? [];
+    const exported = modifiers.some(
+      (modifier) => modifier.kind === ts.SyntaxKind.ExportKeyword,
+    );
+
+    if (!exported) continue;
+
+    if (
+      (ts.isTypeAliasDeclaration(node) ||
+        ts.isInterfaceDeclaration(node) ||
+        ts.isEnumDeclaration(node) ||
+        ts.isClassDeclaration(node) ||
+        ts.isFunctionDeclaration(node)) &&
+      node.name
+    ) {
+      names.add(node.name.text);
+    }
+  }
+
+  return names;
+}
+
+function stripDuplicateExportedDeclarations(source, fileName, duplicateNames) {
+  const file = ts.createSourceFile(
+    fileName,
+    source,
+    ts.ScriptTarget.Latest,
+    true,
+  );
+
+  const ranges = [];
+
+  for (const node of file.statements) {
+    const modifiers = ts.getModifiers(node) ?? [];
+    const exported = modifiers.some(
+      (modifier) => modifier.kind === ts.SyntaxKind.ExportKeyword,
+    );
+
+    if (!exported) continue;
+
+    const name =
+      (ts.isTypeAliasDeclaration(node) ||
+        ts.isInterfaceDeclaration(node) ||
+        ts.isEnumDeclaration(node) ||
+        ts.isClassDeclaration(node) ||
+        ts.isFunctionDeclaration(node)) &&
+      node.name
+        ? node.name.text
+        : null;
+
+    if (!name || !duplicateNames.has(name)) continue;
+
+    ranges.push([node.getFullStart(), node.getEnd()]);
+  }
+
+  let next = source;
+
+  for (const [start, end] of ranges.sort((a, b) => b[0] - a[0])) {
+    next = next.slice(0, start) + next.slice(end);
+  }
+
+  return next.replace(/\n{3,}/g, '\n\n').trimStart();
+}
+
+function collectReferencedDuplicateNames(source, duplicateNames) {
+  const referenced = [];
+
+  for (const name of duplicateNames) {
+    const regex = new RegExp(`\\b${name}\\b`, 'g');
+
+    if (regex.test(source)) {
+      referenced.push(name);
+    }
+  }
+
+  return referenced.sort();
+}
+
+function prependUserSdkTypeImports(source, names) {
+  if (names.length === 0) {
+    return source;
+  }
+
+  return `import type {\n${names
+    .map((name) => `  ${name},`)
+    .join('\n')}\n} from '@sage-app/sdk';\n\n${source}`;
+}
+
+const userNames = collectExportedNames(userSource, userTypesPath);
+
+let cleanedSystemSource = stripDuplicateExportedDeclarations(
+  systemSource,
+  'system-generated-types.ts',
+  userNames,
+);
+
+const importsFromUserSdk = collectReferencedDuplicateNames(
+  cleanedSystemSource,
+  userNames,
+);
+
+cleanedSystemSource = prependUserSdkTypeImports(
+  cleanedSystemSource,
+  importsFromUserSdk,
+);
+
+fs.writeFileSync(systemOutPath, cleanedSystemSource);
+console.log(`Wrote ${path.relative(packageDir, systemOutPath)}`);
diff --git a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/client.ts b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/client.ts
index 19c2266bf..7156ee293 100644
--- a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/client.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/client.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 import type { SageSystemClient } from './types';
-import { initSageSystemRuntimeBridge } from './runtime';
+import {
+  getSageSystemClient as getRuntimeSageSystemClient,
+  initSageSystemRuntimeBridge,
+} from './runtime';
 
 type SageSystemGlobal = typeof globalThis & {
   __TAURI__?: unknown;
@@ -27,21 +30,7 @@ export function hasSageSystemBridge(): boolean {
 }
 
 export async function getSageSystemClient(): Promise<SageSystemClient> {
-  let client = getClientFromWindow();
-
-  if (client) {
-    return client;
-  }
-
-  initSageSystemRuntimeBridge();
-
-  client = getClientFromWindow();
-
-  if (!client) {
-    throw new Error('Sage system bridge is unavailable in this runtime.');
-  }
-
-  return client;
+  return await getRuntimeSageSystemClient();
 }
 
 function isObject(value: unknown): value is Record<string, unknown> {
@@ -65,3 +54,5 @@ export function formatSageError(err: unknown): string {
 
   return String(err);
 }
+
+export { initSageSystemRuntimeBridge };
diff --git a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
index 42f785b41..4c48fabd2 100644
--- a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
@@ -1,12 +1,17 @@
 import type {
   RuntimeTargetParams,
   SageAppRuntimeRecordView,
-  SageSystemClient,
   SageSystemBridgeVersion,
+  SageSystemClient,
+  SageSystemRuntimeManagerClient,
   SystemKillRuntimeResult,
   RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent,
 } from './types';
-import { createBridgeRuntimeCore, parseJsonOrNull } from '@sage-app/sdk';
+import {
+  createBridgeRuntimeCore,
+  getSageClient,
+  parseJsonOrNull,
+} from '@sage-app/sdk';
 
 export const SAGE_SYSTEM_BRIDGE_VERSION: SageSystemBridgeVersion = 'v1';
 
@@ -26,6 +31,7 @@ type SageWebviewHandle = {
 
 type SageSystemWindow = Window &
   typeof globalThis & {
+    __SAGE_SYSTEM_RUNTIME__?: SageSystemRuntimeManagerClient;
     __SAGE_SYSTEM__?: SageSystemClient;
     __SAGE_SYSTEM_RUNTIME_BRIDGE_INITIALIZED__?: boolean;
   };
@@ -83,7 +89,6 @@ function dispatchSystemRuntimeEvent(data: SystemRuntimeEventEnvelope) {
   window.dispatchEvent(
     new CustomEvent<SystemRuntimeEventEnvelope>(
       `sage-system:event:${data.type}`,
-
       { detail: data },
     ),
   );
@@ -124,10 +129,6 @@ function bridgeResponseResult(
 export function initSageSystemRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
   const w = getSageWindow();
 
-  if (w.__SAGE_SYSTEM__) {
-    return true;
-  }
-
   if (w.__SAGE_SYSTEM_RUNTIME_BRIDGE_INITIALIZED__) {
     return true;
   }
@@ -214,43 +215,66 @@ export function initSageSystemRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
       console.error('Failed to subscribe to system bridge event:', error);
     });
 
-  w.__SAGE_SYSTEM__ = {
-    runtimeManager: {
-      async listRuntimes() {
-        return await callHost<SageAppRuntimeRecordView[]>(
-          'runtimeManager.listRuntimes',
-        );
-      },
+  w.__SAGE_SYSTEM_RUNTIME__ = {
+    async listRuntimes() {
+      return await callHost<SageAppRuntimeRecordView[]>(
+        'runtimeManager.listRuntimes',
+      );
+    },
 
-      async focusRuntime(input: RuntimeTargetParams) {
-        return await callHost<SageAppRuntimeRecordView>(
-          'runtimeManager.focusRuntime',
-          input,
-        );
-      },
+    async focusRuntime(input: RuntimeTargetParams) {
+      return await callHost<SageAppRuntimeRecordView>(
+        'runtimeManager.focusRuntime',
+        input,
+      );
+    },
 
-      async hideRuntime(input: RuntimeTargetParams) {
-        return await callHost<SageAppRuntimeRecordView>(
-          'runtimeManager.hideRuntime',
-          input,
-        );
-      },
+    async hideRuntime(input: RuntimeTargetParams) {
+      return await callHost<SageAppRuntimeRecordView>(
+        'runtimeManager.hideRuntime',
+        input,
+      );
+    },
 
-      async killRuntime(input: RuntimeTargetParams) {
-        return await callHost<SystemKillRuntimeResult>(
-          'runtimeManager.killRuntime',
-          input,
-        );
-      },
+    async killRuntime(input: RuntimeTargetParams) {
+      return await callHost<SystemKillRuntimeResult>(
+        'runtimeManager.killRuntime',
+        input,
+      );
+    },
 
-      onRuntimesChanged(handler) {
-        return onSystemRuntimeEventType<RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent>(
-          'runtimeManager.runtimesChanged',
-          handler,
-        );
-      },
+    onRuntimesChanged(handler) {
+      return onSystemRuntimeEventType<RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent>(
+        'runtimeManager.runtimesChanged',
+        handler,
+      );
     },
   };
 
   return true;
 }
+
+export async function getSageSystemClient(): Promise<SageSystemClient> {
+  if (!initSageSystemRuntimeBridge()) {
+    throw new Error('Sage system bridge failed to initialize');
+  }
+
+  const w = getSageWindow();
+
+  if (!w.__SAGE_SYSTEM_RUNTIME__) {
+    throw new Error('Sage system runtime client is not initialized');
+  }
+
+  if (w.__SAGE_SYSTEM__) {
+    return w.__SAGE_SYSTEM__;
+  }
+
+  const userClient = await getSageClient();
+
+  w.__SAGE_SYSTEM__ = {
+    ...userClient,
+    runtimeManager: w.__SAGE_SYSTEM_RUNTIME__,
+  };
+
+  return w.__SAGE_SYSTEM__;
+}
diff --git a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/types.ts b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/types.ts
index e2a92a4ef..8695d6779 100644
--- a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/types.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/types.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
+export * from '@sage-app/sdk';
 export * from './generated-types';
 
+import type { SageClient } from '@sage-app/sdk';
 import type {
   RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent,
   RuntimeTargetParams,
@@ -9,27 +11,6 @@ import type {
 
 export type SageSystemBridgeVersion = 'v1';
 
-export type SageSystemBridgeSuccessResponse = {
-  bridgeVersion: SageSystemBridgeVersion;
-  id: string;
-  ok: true;
-  result: unknown;
-};
-
-export type SageSystemBridgeErrorResponse = {
-  bridgeVersion: SageSystemBridgeVersion;
-  id: string;
-  ok: false;
-  error: {
-    code: string;
-    message: string;
-  };
-};
-
-export type SageSystemBridgeResponse =
-  | SageSystemBridgeSuccessResponse
-  | SageSystemBridgeErrorResponse;
-
 export type SageSystemRuntimeManagerClient = {
   listRuntimes(): Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecordView[]>;
   focusRuntime(input: RuntimeTargetParams): Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecordView>;
@@ -40,6 +21,6 @@ export type SageSystemRuntimeManagerClient = {
   ): () => void;
 };
 
-export type SageSystemClient = {
+export type SageSystemClient = SageClient & {
   runtimeManager: SageSystemRuntimeManagerClient;
 };
diff --git a/src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml b/src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml
index 58c8d0557..c19ab7744 100644
--- a/src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml
+++ b/src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml
@@ -124,6 +124,7 @@ commands.allow = [
     "apps_create_inline_runtime",
     "apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data",
     "apps_resolve_bridge_approval",
+    "apps_set_environment_theme",
     "get_user_capability_definitions",
     "apps_get_sandbox_state",
     "apps_get_app_launch_gate",
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
index 589e7dc89..086edf569 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
@@ -149,6 +149,7 @@ pub fn run() {
             apps::bridge::commands::apps_invoke_system_bridge,
             apps::bridge::commands::apps_resolve_bridge_approval,
             apps::bridge::commands::get_user_capability_definitions,
+            apps::environment::commands::apps_set_environment_theme,
             apps::sandbox::commands::apps_get_sandbox_state,
             apps::sandbox::commands::apps_get_app_launch_gate,
             apps::sandbox::commands::apps_rerun_sandbox_tests,
diff --git a/src/App.tsx b/src/App.tsx
index d60895e8a..055550afc 100644
--- a/src/App.tsx
+++ b/src/App.tsx
@@ -61,6 +61,7 @@ import { Apps } from '@/pages/Apps.tsx';
 import { AppHost } from '@/pages/AppHost.tsx';
 import { AppsProvider } from '@/contexts/AppsContext.tsx';
 import { AppsWorkspace } from '@/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx';
+import { RustThemeSync } from '@/components/RustThemeSync.tsx';
 
 // Theme-aware toast container component
 function ThemeAwareToastContainer() {
@@ -204,6 +205,7 @@ function AppInner() {
     isLocaleInitialized && (
       <I18nProvider i18n={i18n}>
         <WalletProvider>
+          <RustThemeSync />
           <PeerProvider>
             <AppsProvider>
               <WalletConnectProvider>
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index bb5d81fb7..0d3f0bc33 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -374,6 +374,9 @@ async appsResolveBridgeApproval(args: ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs) : Promise<null>
 async getUserCapabilityDefinitions() : Promise<SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView[]> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("get_user_capability_definitions");
 },
+async appsSetEnvironmentTheme(theme: EnvironmentThemeView) : Promise<null> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_set_environment_theme", { theme });
+},
 async appsGetSandboxState() : Promise<SandboxStateView> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_get_sandbox_state");
 },
@@ -886,6 +889,7 @@ export type DeleteUserThemeResponse = Record<string, never>
 export type DerivationRecord = { index: number; public_key: string; address: string }
 export type DidRecord = { launcher_id: string; name: string | null; visible: boolean; coin_id: string; address: string; amount: Amount; recovery_hash: string | null; created_height: number | null }
 export type EmptyResponse = Record<string, never>
+export type EnvironmentThemeView = { name: string; displayName: string; mostLike?: string | null; inherits?: string | null; cssVars: Partial<{ [key in string]: string }> }
 export type Error = { kind: ErrorKind; reason: string }
 export type ErrorKind = "wallet" | "api" | "not_found" | "unauthorized" | "internal" | "database_migration" | "nfc"
 /**
@@ -2846,7 +2850,7 @@ visible: boolean }
  * Response after updating an option
  */
 export type UpdateOptionResponse = Record<string, never>
-export type UserBridgeCapability = "persistent_storage" | "bridge.send" | "app.get_capabilities" | "app.get_info" | "app.lifecycle.ready_to_stop" | "app.lifecycle.set_before_stop_listener" | "app.request_capability_grant" | "app.request_network_whitelist_grant" | "wallet.get_keys" | "wallet.get_key" | "wallet.get_secret_key" | "wallet.send_xch" | "wallet.send_xch_auto_submit" | "wallet.get_sync_status" | "wallet.get_version" | "wallet.check_address" | "wallet.get_derivations" | "wallet.get_spendable_coin_count" | "wallet.get_coins_by_ids" | "wallet.get_coins" | "wallet.get_pending_transactions" | "wallet.get_transaction" | "wallet.get_transactions"
+export type UserBridgeCapability = "persistent_storage" | "bridge.send" | "app.get_capabilities" | "app.get_info" | "app.lifecycle.ready_to_stop" | "app.lifecycle.set_before_stop_listener" | "app.request_capability_grant" | "app.request_network_whitelist_grant" | "wallet.get_keys" | "wallet.get_key" | "wallet.get_secret_key" | "wallet.send_xch" | "wallet.send_xch_auto_submit" | "wallet.get_sync_status" | "wallet.get_version" | "wallet.check_address" | "wallet.get_derivations" | "wallet.get_spendable_coin_count" | "wallet.get_coins_by_ids" | "wallet.get_coins" | "wallet.get_pending_transactions" | "wallet.get_transaction" | "wallet.get_transactions" | "environment.theme.get_current" | "environment.theme.css_vars" | "environment.theme.listen_changed"
 export type UserSageAppPendingUpdateView = { appUrl: SageAppUrl; manifestHash: string; manifest: SageAppPackageManifest }
 export type UserSageAppSource = { kind: "zip" } | { kind: "url"; app_url: SageAppUrl }
 export type UserSageAppView = { common: SageAppCommonView; source: UserSageAppSource; pendingUpdate?: UserSageAppPendingUpdateView | null }
diff --git a/src/components/RustThemeSync.tsx b/src/components/RustThemeSync.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0dd676e83
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/components/RustThemeSync.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+import { useEffect } from 'react';
+import { useTheme } from 'theme-o-rama';
+import { publishEnvironmentThemeToRust } from '@/lib/apps/environmentTheme';
+
+export function RustThemeSync() {
+  const { currentTheme } = useTheme();
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!currentTheme) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    const frame = requestAnimationFrame(() => {
+      void publishEnvironmentThemeToRust(currentTheme).catch((err) => {
+        console.error('Failed to publish current theme to Rust:', err);
+      });
+    });
+
+    return () => {
+      cancelAnimationFrame(frame);
+    };
+  }, [currentTheme]);
+
+  return null;
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/environmentTheme.ts b/src/lib/apps/environmentTheme.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7ec5e3bc2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/apps/environmentTheme.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+import { commands } from '@/bindings';
+import type { Theme } from 'theme-o-rama';
+
+const SAGE_THEME_VAR_NAMES = [
+  '--background',
+  '--foreground',
+  '--card',
+  '--card-foreground',
+  '--popover',
+  '--popover-foreground',
+  '--primary',
+  '--primary-foreground',
+  '--secondary',
+  '--secondary-foreground',
+  '--muted',
+  '--muted-foreground',
+  '--accent',
+  '--accent-foreground',
+  '--destructive',
+  '--destructive-foreground',
+  '--border',
+  '--input',
+  '--ring',
+  '--radius',
+];
+
+function normalizeCssVarValue(value: string): string {
+  const trimmed = value.trim();
+
+  // unwrap hsl(...) → inner value (for Tailwind hsl(var(--...)))
+  const match = trimmed.match(/^hsl\((.*)\)$/i);
+  if (match) {
+    return match[1].trim();
+  }
+
+  return trimmed;
+}
+
+function collectResolvedThemeCssVars(): Record<string, string> {
+  const style = getComputedStyle(document.documentElement);
+
+  return Object.fromEntries(
+    SAGE_THEME_VAR_NAMES.map((name) => {
+      const raw = style.getPropertyValue(name);
+      return [name, normalizeCssVarValue(raw)];
+    }),
+  );
+}
+
+export async function publishEnvironmentThemeToRust(
+  currentTheme: Theme,
+): Promise<void> {
+  await commands.appsSetEnvironmentTheme({
+    name: currentTheme.name,
+    displayName: currentTheme.displayName,
+    mostLike: currentTheme.mostLike ?? null,
+    inherits: currentTheme.inherits ?? null,
+    cssVars: collectResolvedThemeCssVars(),
+  });
+}

From 66255c5ec27bb328b67895c1c6fbf135c80b1638 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 2 May 2026 02:05:40 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 293/471] Improve `apply_environment_theme` to enhance
 permission checks

- Updated `should_emit_event` logic to use effective grants for determining capabilities, improving accuracy and resilience in permission checks.
- Refactored `apply_environment_theme` implementation for better readability and robustness.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/environment/theme.rs | 25 ++++++++++++++++++-----
 1 file changed, 20 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/environment/theme.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/environment/theme.rs
index 2017d516e..409092ac0 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/environment/theme.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/environment/theme.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,9 @@ use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::bridge::event_emit::emit_runtime_event_to_app_id;
-use crate::bridge::methods::user::environment::{EnvironmentThemeChangedEvent, EnvironmentThemeView};
+use crate::bridge::methods::user::environment::{
+    EnvironmentThemeChangedEvent, EnvironmentThemeView,
+};
 use crate::runtime::list_runtimes;
 
 pub async fn apply_environment_theme(
@@ -17,10 +19,23 @@ pub async fn apply_environment_theme(
         let (app_id, should_emit_event) = runtime.with_runtime(|record| {
             let app = record.app();
 
-            (
-                app.id(),
-                app.is_capability_granted(UserBridgeCapability::EnvironmentThemeListenChanged),
-            )
+            let should_emit_event = app.with(|app| {
+                app.common()
+                    .requested_permissions()
+                    .capabilities()
+                    .resolve_effective_grants(
+                        app.common()
+                            .granted_permissions()
+                            .capabilities()
+                            .copied(),
+                    )
+                    .map(|caps| {
+                        caps.contains(&UserBridgeCapability::EnvironmentThemeListenChanged)
+                    })
+                    .unwrap_or(false)
+            });
+
+            (app.id(), should_emit_event)
         });
 
         if should_emit_event {

From 54c3b2cba9111f26291db23ff707eb0854c147b2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 2 May 2026 02:39:49 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 294/471] Refactor: add immediate runtime lookup with retry
 logic

- Introduced `retry_immediate_lookup` for immediate runtime resolution with retry support on lock contention.
- Extracted `find_runtime_by_app_id_optional_immediate_once` and `find_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id_optional_immediate_once` for modular runtime fetching logic.
- Added constants for retry timeout and delay configuration.
- Improved error handling with busy lock detection and structured error messages.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs | 159 ++++++++++++++-------
 1 file changed, 105 insertions(+), 54 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
index 2f3d4b911..8e4a97a03 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,16 @@
 use std::cmp::Reverse;
 use std::fmt::Display;
+use std::thread::sleep;
+use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
 
 use tauri::State;
 
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::runtime::state::types::{SharedImpostorRuntime, SharedRuntime};
 
+const IMMEDIATE_LOCK_RETRY_TIMEOUT_MS: u64 = 20;
+const IMMEDIATE_LOCK_RETRY_DELAY_MS: u64 = 2;
+
 pub enum GetRuntimeError {
     NotFound,
 }
@@ -34,33 +39,9 @@ pub(crate) fn find_runtime_by_app_id_optional_immediate(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: &str,
 ) -> Result<Option<SharedRuntime>, String> {
-    let runtime_id = {
-        let by_app_id = apps_state
-            .runtime
-            .runtime_id_by_app_id
-            .try_lock()
-            .map_err(|_| {
-                eprintln!("runtime_id_by_app_id is busy for app_id '{}'", app_id);
-                "runtime_id_by_app_id is busy".to_string()
-            })?;
-
-        by_app_id.get(app_id).cloned()
-    };
-
-    let Some(runtime_id) = runtime_id else {
-        return Ok(None);
-    };
-
-    let by_runtime_id = apps_state
-        .runtime
-        .runtime_by_runtime_id
-        .try_lock()
-        .map_err(|_| {
-            eprintln!("runtime_by_runtime_id is busy for app_id '{}'", app_id);
-            "runtime_by_runtime_id is busy".to_string()
-        })?;
-
-    Ok(by_runtime_id.get(&runtime_id).cloned())
+    retry_immediate_lookup("runtime lookup", || {
+        find_runtime_by_app_id_optional_immediate_once(apps_state, app_id)
+    })
 }
 
 pub(crate) async fn find_runtime_id_by_app_id_optional(
@@ -93,33 +74,12 @@ pub(crate) fn find_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id_optional_immediate(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     victim_app_id: &str,
 ) -> Result<Option<SharedImpostorRuntime>, String> {
-    let runtime_id = {
-        let by_victim_app_id = apps_state
-            .runtime
-            .impostor_runtime_id_by_victim_app_id
-            .try_lock()
-            .map_err(|_| {
-                eprintln!("impostor_runtime_id_by_victim_app_id is busy");
-                "impostor_runtime_id_by_victim_app_id is busy".to_string()
-            })?;
-
-        by_victim_app_id.get(victim_app_id).cloned()
-    };
-
-    let Some(runtime_id) = runtime_id else {
-        return Ok(None);
-    };
-
-    let by_runtime_id = apps_state
-        .runtime
-        .impostor_by_runtime_id
-        .try_lock()
-        .map_err(|_| {
-            eprintln!("impostor_by_runtime_id is busy");
-            "impostor_by_runtime_id is busy".to_string()
-        })?;
-
-    Ok(by_runtime_id.get(&runtime_id).cloned())
+    retry_immediate_lookup("impostor runtime lookup", || {
+        find_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id_optional_immediate_once(
+            apps_state,
+            victim_app_id,
+        )
+    })
 }
 
 pub(crate) async fn find_impostor_runtime_id_by_victim_app_id_optional(
@@ -170,3 +130,94 @@ pub(crate) async fn list_runtimes(
 
     Ok(runtimes)
 }
+
+fn find_runtime_by_app_id_optional_immediate_once(
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    app_id: &str,
+) -> Result<Option<SharedRuntime>, String> {
+    let runtime_id = {
+        let by_app_id = apps_state
+            .runtime
+            .runtime_id_by_app_id
+            .try_lock()
+            .map_err(|_| {
+                eprintln!("runtime_id_by_app_id is busy for app_id '{app_id}'");
+                "runtime_id_by_app_id is busy".to_string()
+            })?;
+
+        by_app_id.get(app_id).cloned()
+    };
+
+    let Some(runtime_id) = runtime_id else {
+        return Ok(None);
+    };
+
+    let by_runtime_id = apps_state
+        .runtime
+        .runtime_by_runtime_id
+        .try_lock()
+        .map_err(|_| {
+            eprintln!("runtime_by_runtime_id is busy for app_id '{app_id}'");
+            "runtime_by_runtime_id is busy".to_string()
+        })?;
+
+    Ok(by_runtime_id.get(&runtime_id).cloned())
+}
+
+fn find_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id_optional_immediate_once(
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    victim_app_id: &str,
+) -> Result<Option<SharedImpostorRuntime>, String> {
+    let runtime_id = {
+        let by_victim_app_id = apps_state
+            .runtime
+            .impostor_runtime_id_by_victim_app_id
+            .try_lock()
+            .map_err(|_| {
+                eprintln!("impostor_runtime_id_by_victim_app_id is busy");
+                "impostor_runtime_id_by_victim_app_id is busy".to_string()
+            })?;
+
+        by_victim_app_id.get(victim_app_id).cloned()
+    };
+
+    let Some(runtime_id) = runtime_id else {
+        return Ok(None);
+    };
+
+    let by_runtime_id = apps_state
+        .runtime
+        .impostor_by_runtime_id
+        .try_lock()
+        .map_err(|_| {
+            eprintln!("impostor_by_runtime_id is busy");
+            "impostor_by_runtime_id is busy".to_string()
+        })?;
+
+    Ok(by_runtime_id.get(&runtime_id).cloned())
+}
+
+fn is_busy_error(err: &str) -> bool {
+    err.contains(" is busy")
+}
+
+fn retry_immediate_lookup<T>(
+    label: &str,
+    mut lookup: impl FnMut() -> Result<T, String>,
+) -> Result<T, String> {
+    let deadline = Instant::now() + Duration::from_millis(IMMEDIATE_LOCK_RETRY_TIMEOUT_MS);
+
+    loop {
+        match lookup() {
+            Ok(value) => return Ok(value),
+            Err(err) if is_busy_error(&err) && Instant::now() < deadline => {
+                sleep(Duration::from_millis(IMMEDIATE_LOCK_RETRY_DELAY_MS));
+            }
+            Err(err) => return Err(err),
+        }
+
+        if Instant::now() >= deadline {
+            return Err(format!("{label} is busy"));
+        }
+    }
+}

From c8dfa91fb3b59b8fb6c48baca59e0bd7a79adcf7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 2 May 2026 02:54:37 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 295/471] Move capabilities list

---
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs   |  2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/shared.rs   |  2 +-
 .../system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs     |  2 +-
 .../system/runtime_manager/hide_runtime.rs      |  2 +-
 .../system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs      |  2 +-
 .../system/runtime_manager/list_runtimes.rs     |  2 +-
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/app/events.rs       |  2 +-
 .../bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs |  2 +-
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_info.rs     |  2 +-
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/app/lifecycle.rs    |  2 +-
 .../user/app/request_capability_grant.rs        |  2 +-
 .../user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs |  2 +-
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs      |  2 +-
 .../user/environment/theme/get_current.rs       |  2 +-
 .../methods/user/wallet/get_secret_key.rs       |  2 +-
 .../bridge/methods/user/wallet/read_methods.rs  |  2 +-
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/send_xch.rs  |  2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs              |  1 -
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs            |  2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs              |  2 +-
 .../sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs   |  2 +-
 .../capabilities.rs => capabilities/list.rs}    |  2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/mod.rs        |  1 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/types.rs      |  2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/environment/theme.rs       |  2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs   |  2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs   |  2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs       |  2 +-
 .../src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs         |  4 ++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/types.rs  |  2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs         |  2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs           |  2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs      | 17 ++++++++---------
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs     |  2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs            |  2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs             |  2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/flags.rs         |  4 ++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs     |  2 +-
 .../sage-apps/src/types/app/view/permission.rs  |  2 +-
 .../src/types/invariants/permission.rs          |  2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/manifest.rs          |  2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs       |  2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/view.rs              |  2 +-
 43 files changed, 51 insertions(+), 52 deletions(-)
 rename crates/sage-apps/src/{bridge/capabilities.rs => capabilities/list.rs} (98%)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
index 50d2a9b22..62e722b06 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::bridge::capabilities::{BridgeCapability, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
+use crate::capabilities::list::{BridgeCapability, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::bridge::registry::{BridgeRegistry, BridgeRegistryKind};
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/shared.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/shared.rs
index 05f554cc9..f71da3a00 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/shared.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/shared.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::bridge::capabilities::{BridgeCapability, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
+use crate::capabilities::list::{BridgeCapability, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
 use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest};
 use crate::host::AppState;
 use crate::types::SharedSageApp;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs
index 61807bea1..970ab95f0 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
 use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
-use crate::bridge::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
+use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
     BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
     BridgeMethodHandleError, parse_required_params,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_runtime.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_runtime.rs
index 2a6bd9192..8c1460b56 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_runtime.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_runtime.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
 use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
-use crate::bridge::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
+use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
     BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
     BridgeMethodHandleError, parse_required_params,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs
index 9dc2eb84f..660fabd52 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 use serde::Serialize;
 use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
-use crate::bridge::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
+use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
     BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
     parse_required_params,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/list_runtimes.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/list_runtimes.rs
index 2ba5e5556..7899ef250 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/list_runtimes.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/list_runtimes.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
 use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
-use crate::bridge::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
+use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
     BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
     BridgeMethodHandleError,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/events.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/events.rs
index 1b8710d89..129619898 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/events.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/events.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use serde::Serialize;
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::bridge::event_emit::{AppRuntimeEvent, AppRuntimeEventRail};
 use crate::lifecycle::update::types::{GrantedCapabilitiesChange, GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange};
 use crate::types::SageNetworkWhitelistEntry;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs
index e75228b00..0843d71a2 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
 use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
-use crate::bridge::capabilities::{SharedCapabilitiesExt, UserBridgeCapability};
+use crate::capabilities::list::{SharedCapabilitiesExt, UserBridgeCapability};
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
     BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
 };
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_info.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_info.rs
index 2a6cbffe5..94e9f49a7 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_info.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_info.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
 use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
-use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
     BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
 };
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/lifecycle.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/lifecycle.rs
index 6edee8f34..d6e480aac 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/lifecycle.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/lifecycle.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
 use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
-use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
     BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability, parse_required_params,
 };
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
index bc32b2967..8660460d1 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use async_trait::async_trait;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
     BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
     BridgeMethodHandleError, parse_required_params,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs
index 209a9f0f6..263626233 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use async_trait::async_trait;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
     BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
     BridgeMethodHandleError, parse_required_params,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs
index 1e5097971..0626c1535 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
 use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
-use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
     BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
     BridgeMethodHandleError, parse_required_params,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/theme/get_current.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/theme/get_current.rs
index 8f3701c96..47a6731a9 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/theme/get_current.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/theme/get_current.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
 use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
-use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError};
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_secret_key.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_secret_key.rs
index d507ce5ef..fd87cedfe 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_secret_key.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_secret_key.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 use sage_api::GetSecretKey;
 
-use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
     BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
     BridgeMethodHandleError, parse_required_params,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/read_methods.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/read_methods.rs
index 8310ffa2b..0ee87d9ca 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/read_methods.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/read_methods.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
 use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
-use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
     BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
     BridgeMethodHandleError, parse_required_params,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/send_xch.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/send_xch.rs
index 45bd24d59..ddeb62fb7 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/send_xch.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/send_xch.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use async_trait::async_trait;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
     BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
     BridgeMethodHandleError, parse_required_params,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
index 91464d012..a8c645b56 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 pub mod bridge_request;
-pub mod capabilities;
 pub mod commands;
 pub mod event_emit;
 pub mod methods;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs
index ba134e730..5966f495d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::wallet::send_xch::WalletSendXchParams;
 use crate::types::{SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView, SageAppView, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry};
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs
index ea8f1519b..c22d139de 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use std::fmt::Write;
 use std::{fs, path::PathBuf};
 
-use crate::bridge::capabilities::{BridgeCapability, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
+use crate::capabilities::list::{BridgeCapability, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodCapability;
 use crate::bridge::registry::{BridgeRegistry, BridgeRegistryKind};
 use crate::capabilities::{get_system_capability_definition, get_user_capability_definition};
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs
index c9dc328d9..201810c3c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 
-use crate::bridge::capabilities::{SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
+use crate::capabilities::list::{SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
 use crate::capabilities::types::{
     CapabilityDefinition, CapabilityFlags, SystemCapabilityDefinition, UserCapabilityDefinition,
 };
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/capabilities.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs
similarity index 98%
rename from crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/capabilities.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs
index 9c671d98b..d3e75110d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/capabilities.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ where
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-    use crate::bridge::capabilities::{SharedCapabilitiesExt, UserBridgeCapability};
+    use crate::capabilities::list::{SharedCapabilitiesExt, UserBridgeCapability};
     use crate::capabilities::user_registry;
 
     fn first_shared_capability() -> UserBridgeCapability {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/mod.rs
index f51731c5f..85987c1de 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/mod.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 mod definitions;
 mod types;
+pub mod list;
 
 pub(crate) use definitions::{
     get_system_capability_definition, get_user_capability_definition, user_registry,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/types.rs
index 6c48f3b3e..9f25fc4fa 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/types.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::bridge::capabilities::{SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
+use crate::capabilities::list::{SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
 use crate::capabilities::definitions::get_user_capability_definition;
 
 #[allow(clippy::struct_excessive_bools)]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/environment/theme.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/environment/theme.rs
index 409092ac0..54b4cadd4 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/environment/theme.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/environment/theme.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
 use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::bridge::event_emit::emit_runtime_event_to_app_id;
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::environment::{
     EnvironmentThemeChangedEvent, EnvironmentThemeView,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
index 64065f508..a0d47307b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ pub fn recreate_app_dir(app_dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<()> {
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
-    use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+    use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
     use crate::lifecycle::registry::read_installed_app_by_id;
     use crate::types::{SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions};
     use tempfile::tempdir;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
index 17f6056d8..fe0d7a958 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ pub fn resolve_url_install_target(
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
-    use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+    use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
     use crate::lifecycle::write_retired_app_origins;
     use crate::runtime::{SageAppRuntimeMode, SageAppRuntimeRecord, SageAppRuntimeVisibility};
     use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, RetiredAppOriginEntry, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions, SharedSageApp};
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
index 0f2554ee2..d7e6279c6 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ pub async fn apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data(
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
 
-    use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+    use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
     use crate::lifecycle::{
         app_dir, read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries, read_retired_app_origins,
     };
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
index 6c3a77fad..b44a0a3d0 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use std::path::Path;
 use anyhow::Context;
 use tauri::AppHandle;
 
-use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::bridge::event_emit::{emit_runtime_event_to_app_id};
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::{GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent, GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent};
 use crate::lifecycle::update::types::{
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ async fn emit_granted_permissions_change(
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
 
-    use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+    use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
     use crate::lifecycle::registry::{app_dir, read_installed_app_by_id};
     use crate::types::{
         InstalledSageAppStorage, SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppManifestFile,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/types.rs
index 610f25b58..2a5202da1 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/types.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::types::{SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry};
 use std::collections::BTreeSet;
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
index 656dbc30e..a6ba71523 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use specta::Type;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
 use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::bridge::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
+use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
 use crate::bridge::event_emit::{emit_runtime_event_to_app_id, emit_runtime_event_to_sage_webview};
 use crate::bridge::methods::system::{RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent};
 use crate::bridge::methods::system::events::ActiveRuntimeChangedEvent;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
index 426b09b19..9f94484fc 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ fn build_storage(builder: WebviewBuilder<Wry>, app: &SharedSageApp) -> Result<We
     let has_persistent_storage = app.with(|app| {
         app.granted_permissions()
             .capabilities()
-            .any(|cap| *cap == crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage)
+            .any(|cap| *cap == crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage)
     });
 
     if !has_persistent_storage {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
index 8e4a97a03..b049d49de 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
@@ -140,10 +140,7 @@ fn find_runtime_by_app_id_optional_immediate_once(
             .runtime
             .runtime_id_by_app_id
             .try_lock()
-            .map_err(|_| {
-                eprintln!("runtime_id_by_app_id is busy for app_id '{app_id}'");
-                "runtime_id_by_app_id is busy".to_string()
-            })?;
+            .map_err(|_| "runtime_id_by_app_id is busy".to_string())?;
 
         by_app_id.get(app_id).cloned()
     };
@@ -156,10 +153,7 @@ fn find_runtime_by_app_id_optional_immediate_once(
         .runtime
         .runtime_by_runtime_id
         .try_lock()
-        .map_err(|_| {
-            eprintln!("runtime_by_runtime_id is busy for app_id '{app_id}'");
-            "runtime_by_runtime_id is busy".to_string()
-        })?;
+        .map_err(|_| "runtime_by_runtime_id is busy".to_string())?;
 
     Ok(by_runtime_id.get(&runtime_id).cloned())
 }
@@ -206,8 +200,11 @@ fn retry_immediate_lookup<T>(
     mut lookup: impl FnMut() -> Result<T, String>,
 ) -> Result<T, String> {
     let deadline = Instant::now() + Duration::from_millis(IMMEDIATE_LOCK_RETRY_TIMEOUT_MS);
+    let mut attempts = 0usize;
 
     loop {
+        attempts += 1;
+
         match lookup() {
             Ok(value) => return Ok(value),
             Err(err) if is_busy_error(&err) && Instant::now() < deadline => {
@@ -217,7 +214,9 @@ fn retry_immediate_lookup<T>(
         }
 
         if Instant::now() >= deadline {
-            return Err(format!("{label} is busy"));
+            let err = format!("{label} is busy after {attempts} attempts");
+            eprintln!("{err}");
+            return Err(err);
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs
index 15f7b1fa1..0fab9b285 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 use tokio::sync::{Mutex, oneshot};
 use parking_lot::RwLock;
-use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::types::{SageApp, SharedSageApp};
 use crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms;
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs
index 82a5c1762..e1abb9184 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::types::{SharedSageApp};
 
 use super::{AppLaunchGateResult, SandboxCapability, SandboxCapabilityStatus, SandboxState};
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
index f984c31c2..cda5ee03e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use std::{
 use std::fmt::Display;
 use anyhow::{Result as AnyResult};
 
-use crate::bridge::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
+use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
 use crate::types::{
     InstalledSageAppStorage, SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppPackageManifest,
     SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissions, SageGrantedSystemPermissions, SystemAppPresentation,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/flags.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/flags.rs
index 1aabbc12d..cf59d6808 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/flags.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/flags.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::capabilities::CapabilityFlags;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ impl SageAppFlags {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-    use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+    use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
     use crate::types::app::flags::SageAppFlags;
 
     #[test]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs
index 6edbf4dc1..a9329fc08 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::runtime::SharedRuntime;
 use crate::types::app::common::SageAppCommon;
 use crate::types::app::flags::SageAppFlags;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/permission.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/permission.rs
index a84959faa..f8c5d9c6a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/permission.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/permission.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use std::collections::BTreeSet;
 use serde::{Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
-use crate::bridge::capabilities::{SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
+use crate::capabilities::list::{SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
 use crate::types::{SageGrantedPermissions, SageGrantedSystemPermissions};
 use crate::types::app::view::network::SageNetworkWhitelistEntryView;
 use crate::types::permissions::SageGrantedNetworkPermissions;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/permission.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/permission.rs
index d19510939..8b7abaa6e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/permission.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/permission.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use std::collections::BTreeSet;
 
-use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::capabilities::{CapabilityFlags, get_user_capability_definition};
 use crate::types::network::SageNetworkWhitelistEntry;
 use crate::types::permissions::SageRequestedCapabilities;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/manifest.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/manifest.rs
index b293775e1..23992e96d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/manifest.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/manifest.rs
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ impl SageAppManifestFile {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-    use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+    use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
     use crate::types::{
         SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts,
         SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs
index 884569b7d..cedcd29c9 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::bridge::capabilities::{
+use crate::capabilities::list::{
     SharedCapabilitiesExt, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability,
 };
 use crate::capabilities::{get_user_capability_definition};
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/view.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/view.rs
index c0cdbcaf3..9a7611dfc 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/view.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/view.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use std::collections::BTreeSet;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::bridge::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::capabilities::{CapabilityDefinition, CapabilityFlags};
 use crate::types::{SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedPermissions};
 

From 169e2d485a23d690ed3cf603e51c5a38c1c3f6e7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 2 May 2026 03:00:40 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 296/471] Refactor: extract `get_protocol_request_runtime` to
 simplify runtime resolution logic

- Consolidated runtime resolution into `get_protocol_request_runtime` for improved code reuse and clarity.
- Removed redundant host validation and streamlined protocol request handling.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs | 43 +++++++++--------------
 1 file changed, 17 insertions(+), 26 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
index 7db21488c..188fccf04 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
@@ -10,14 +10,7 @@ pub fn handle_user_app_protocol_request(
     request: &tauri::http::Request<Vec<u8>>,
 ) -> Response<Vec<u8>> {
     let result = (|| {
-        let webview_label = ctx.webview_label();
-
-        let app_id = app_id_from_webview_label(webview_label)
-            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("invalid webview label"))?;
-
-        let runtime =
-            resolve_possibly_impostor_running_app_immediate(&ctx.app_handle().state(), app_id)
-                .map_err(|_| anyhow!("failed to find runtime for app {app_id}"))?;
+        let runtime = get_protocol_request_runtime(ctx)?;
 
         if !runtime.is_user_app() {
             anyhow::bail!("not a user runtime");
@@ -25,10 +18,6 @@ pub fn handle_user_app_protocol_request(
 
         let identity_app = runtime.identity_app();
 
-        if request.uri().host() != Some(&identity_app.origin_id()) {
-            anyhow::bail!("host mismatch");
-        }
-
         let is_sandbox_test = identity_app.with(|app| app.common().is_sandbox_test());
 
         match handle_app_protocol_request(&runtime, request) {
@@ -46,25 +35,12 @@ pub fn handle_system_app_protocol_request(
     request: &tauri::http::Request<Vec<u8>>,
 ) -> Response<Vec<u8>> {
     let result = (|| {
-        let webview_label = ctx.webview_label();
-
-        let app_id = app_id_from_webview_label(webview_label)
-            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("invalid webview label"))?;
-
-        let runtime =
-            resolve_possibly_impostor_running_app_immediate(&ctx.app_handle().state(), app_id)
-                .map_err(|_| anyhow!("failed to find runtime for app {app_id}"))?;
+        let runtime = get_protocol_request_runtime(ctx)?;
 
         if !runtime.is_system_app() {
             anyhow::bail!("not a system runtime");
         }
 
-        let identity_app = runtime.identity_app();
-
-        if request.uri().host() != Some(&identity_app.origin_id()) {
-            anyhow::bail!("host mismatch");
-        }
-
         handle_app_protocol_request(&runtime, request)
             .map_err(|err| anyhow!("sage-system-app error: {err}"))
     })();
@@ -72,11 +48,26 @@ pub fn handle_system_app_protocol_request(
     result.unwrap_or_else(|err| protocol_error_response("sage-system-app", &err))
 }
 
+fn get_protocol_request_runtime(ctx: &UriSchemeContext<'_, Wry>) -> AnyResult<PossiblyImpostorRuntime> {
+    let webview_label = ctx.webview_label();
+
+    let app_id = app_id_from_webview_label(webview_label)
+        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("invalid webview label"))?;
+
+    resolve_possibly_impostor_running_app_immediate(&ctx.app_handle().state(), app_id)
+            .map_err(|_| anyhow!("failed to find runtime for app {app_id}"))
+}
+
 fn handle_app_protocol_request(
     runtime: &PossiblyImpostorRuntime,
     request: &tauri::http::Request<Vec<u8>>,
 ) -> AnyResult<Response<Vec<u8>>> {
     let identity_app = runtime.identity_app();
+
+    if request.uri().host() != Some(&identity_app.origin_id()) {
+        anyhow::bail!("host mismatch");
+    }
+
     let content_app = runtime.content_app();
     let request_path = request.uri().path();
 

From 9c27fdd134114ba04e815ea7fbbbc8b84de897b3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 2 May 2026 03:03:20 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 297/471] Allow Clippy lint for enum variant naming in
 capabilities list

---
 crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs
index d3e75110d..482ccfd81 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ macro_rules! define_bridge_capabilities {
             Ord,
             Hash,
         )]
+        #[allow(clippy::enum_variant_names)]
         $visibility enum $name {
             $(
                 #[serde(rename = $key)]

From 84aa7b0a46c02fede8c7bc035cb0be647e6b5e6d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 2 May 2026 03:06:50 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 298/471] Extract `assert_bridge_origin` to `security::bridge`
 module

- Moved `assert_bridge_origin` implementation to `security::bridge` for improved modularity and code organization.
- Updated imports and references across modules to use the new location.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs | 47 ++-----------------
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs       |  3 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/security/bridge.rs       | 46 ++++++++++++++++++
 crates/sage-apps/src/security/mod.rs          |  2 +
 4 files changed, 53 insertions(+), 45 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/security/bridge.rs

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
index 62e722b06..c647f989e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
@@ -7,11 +7,12 @@ use crate::bridge::state::write_pending_approval;
 use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalEvent, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeInvokeResult, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
 use crate::capabilities::{get_system_capability_definition, get_user_capability_definition};
 use crate::host::AppState;
-use crate::runtime::webview_locator::{get_sage_webview, get_webview_in_sage_window};
-use crate::runtime::{app_id_from_webview_label, is_allowed_app_url, protocol_scheme_for_app, resolve_possibly_impostor_running_app, PossiblyImpostorRuntime, SharedImpostorRuntime};
+use crate::runtime::webview_locator::{get_sage_webview};
+use crate::runtime::{SharedImpostorRuntime};
 use crate::types::SharedSageApp;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Emitter, Manager, State, Webview};
 use uuid::Uuid;
+use crate::security::assert_bridge_origin;
 
 pub(crate) struct BridgeOrigin {
     pub app: SharedSageApp,
@@ -330,48 +331,6 @@ async fn assert_system_bridge_origin(
     Ok(origin)
 }
 
-pub(super) async fn assert_bridge_origin(
-    app_handle: &AppHandle,
-    webview_label: &String,
-) -> Result<BridgeOrigin, String> {
-    let app_id = app_id_from_webview_label(webview_label)
-        .ok_or_else(|| format!("invalid app runtime label: {webview_label}"))?;
-
-    let runtime = resolve_possibly_impostor_running_app(&app_handle.state(), app_id)
-        .await
-        .map_err(|_| format!("failed to find runtime for app {app_id}"))?;
-
-    let app = runtime.identity_app();
-
-    let impostor_runtime = match &runtime {
-        PossiblyImpostorRuntime::Legit(_) => None,
-        PossiblyImpostorRuntime::Impostor(runtime) => Some(runtime),
-    };
-
-    if !app.webview_label_matches(webview_label) {
-        return Err(format!(
-            "bridge denied for {webview_label}: webview label mismatch"
-        ));
-    }
-
-    let app_webview = get_webview_in_sage_window(app_handle, webview_label)?;
-
-    let current_url = app_webview
-        .url()
-        .map_err(|e| format!("failed to read current webview url: {e}"))?;
-
-    if !is_allowed_app_url(&current_url, &app) {
-        return Err(format!(
-            "bridge denied for {webview_label}: current url {} is outside {}://{}/...",
-            current_url,
-            protocol_scheme_for_app(&app),
-            app.origin_id()
-        ));
-    }
-
-    Ok(BridgeOrigin { app, impostor_runtime: impostor_runtime.cloned() })
-}
-
 fn assert_bridge_version(request: &RustBridgeRequest) -> Result<(), RustBridgeInvokeResult> {
     if let Some(version) = &request.bridge_version && version != "v1" {
         return Err(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Immediate { response: RustBridgeResponse::error(
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
index fe1d5f519..f667f949c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::bridge::bridge_request::{assert_bridge_origin, execute_bridge_request, process_system, process_user};
+use crate::bridge::bridge_request::{execute_bridge_request, process_system, process_user};
 use crate::bridge::event_emit::emit_bridge_response_to_source;
 use crate::bridge::state::{get_pending_approval, remove_pending_approval};
 use crate::bridge::{
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ use crate::host::AppState;
 use crate::types::SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State, Webview};
 use crate::bridge::registry::BridgeRegistry;
+use crate::security::assert_bridge_origin;
 
 #[tauri::command]
 #[specta::specta]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/bridge.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/bridge.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dac58d690
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/bridge.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager};
+use crate::bridge::bridge_request::BridgeOrigin;
+use crate::runtime::{app_id_from_webview_label, is_allowed_app_url, protocol_scheme_for_app, resolve_possibly_impostor_running_app, PossiblyImpostorRuntime};
+use crate::runtime::webview_locator::get_webview_in_sage_window;
+
+pub(crate) async fn assert_bridge_origin(
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
+    webview_label: &String,
+) -> Result<BridgeOrigin, String> {
+    let app_id = app_id_from_webview_label(webview_label)
+        .ok_or_else(|| format!("invalid app runtime label: {webview_label}"))?;
+
+    let runtime = resolve_possibly_impostor_running_app(&app_handle.state(), app_id)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|_| format!("failed to find runtime for app {app_id}"))?;
+
+    let app = runtime.identity_app();
+
+    let impostor_runtime = match &runtime {
+        PossiblyImpostorRuntime::Legit(_) => None,
+        PossiblyImpostorRuntime::Impostor(runtime) => Some(runtime),
+    };
+
+    if !app.webview_label_matches(webview_label) {
+        return Err(format!(
+            "bridge denied for {webview_label}: webview label mismatch"
+        ));
+    }
+
+    let app_webview = get_webview_in_sage_window(app_handle, webview_label)?;
+
+    let current_url = app_webview
+        .url()
+        .map_err(|e| format!("failed to read current webview url: {e}"))?;
+
+    if !is_allowed_app_url(&current_url, &app) {
+        return Err(format!(
+            "bridge denied for {webview_label}: current url {} is outside {}://{}/...",
+            current_url,
+            protocol_scheme_for_app(&app),
+            app.origin_id()
+        ));
+    }
+
+    Ok(BridgeOrigin { app, impostor_runtime: impostor_runtime.cloned() })
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/mod.rs
index dc73f8c88..e2bbf4636 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/mod.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 pub mod csp;
 pub mod protocol;
+mod bridge;
 
 pub use csp::*;
 pub use protocol::*;
+pub(crate) use bridge::*;

From 4704089b4b9109272a0ef55da533971461125f27 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 2 May 2026 03:27:16 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 299/471] Refactor bridge request handling

- Modularized bridge request processing by introducing `process`, `process_system`, and `process_after_approval` functions.
- Improved approval flow by encapsulating logic in `request_approval`.
- Updated imports and references for better encapsulation and reusability.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs | 98 ++++++++++++++-----
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs       | 42 +-------
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs            |  4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/security/bridge.rs       |  2 +-
 4 files changed, 80 insertions(+), 66 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
index c647f989e..c03bd57b6 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@ use crate::capabilities::list::{BridgeCapability, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBr
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::bridge::registry::{BridgeRegistry, BridgeRegistryKind};
-use crate::bridge::state::write_pending_approval;
-use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalEvent, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeInvokeResult, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
+use crate::bridge::state::{get_pending_approval, remove_pending_approval, write_pending_approval};
+use crate::bridge::{ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs, RustBridgeApprovalEvent, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeInvokeResult, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
 use crate::capabilities::{get_system_capability_definition, get_user_capability_definition};
 use crate::host::AppState;
 use crate::runtime::webview_locator::{get_sage_webview};
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ use crate::runtime::{SharedImpostorRuntime};
 use crate::types::SharedSageApp;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Emitter, Manager, State, Webview};
 use uuid::Uuid;
+use crate::bridge::event_emit::emit_bridge_response_to_source;
 use crate::security::assert_bridge_origin;
 
 pub(crate) struct BridgeOrigin {
@@ -19,7 +20,7 @@ pub(crate) struct BridgeOrigin {
     pub impostor_runtime: Option<SharedImpostorRuntime>,
 }
 
-pub async fn process_user(
+pub(super) async fn process(
     app_handle: AppHandle,
     webview: Webview,
     app_state: State<'_, AppState>,
@@ -32,7 +33,7 @@ pub async fn process_user(
     let webview_label = webview.label().to_string();
 
     let origin = match assert_bridge_origin(&app_handle, &webview_label).await {
-        Ok(value) => value,
+        Ok(origin) => origin,
         Err(err) => {
             return Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Immediate {
                 response: RustBridgeResponse::error(
@@ -47,7 +48,7 @@ pub async fn process_user(
     process_shared(app_handle, app_state, origin, BridgeRegistryKind::User, request).await
 }
 
-pub async fn process_system(
+pub(super) async fn process_system(
     app_handle: AppHandle,
     webview: Webview,
     app_state: State<'_, AppState>,
@@ -74,6 +75,39 @@ pub async fn process_system(
     process_shared(app_handle, app_state, origin, BridgeRegistryKind::System, request).await
 }
 
+pub(super) async fn process_after_approval(
+    app_handle: AppHandle,
+    app_state: State<'_, AppState>,
+    apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    args: ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let pending = get_pending_approval(&apps_state, &args.approval_id).await?;
+    remove_pending_approval(&apps_state, &args.approval_id).await;
+
+    let origin = assert_bridge_origin(&app_handle, &pending.app_webview_label).await?;
+
+    let response = if args.approved {
+        execute_bridge_request(
+            &app_handle,
+            &app_state,
+            &origin,
+            BridgeRegistry::new(pending.registry_kind),
+            &pending.request,
+        )
+            .await
+    } else {
+        RustBridgeResponse::error(
+            &pending.request.id,
+            "user_denied",
+            args.reason
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| "User denied the request".to_string()),
+        )
+    };
+
+    emit_bridge_response_to_source(&app_handle, &origin.app, &response).await?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
 async fn process_shared(
     app_handle: AppHandle,
     app_state: State<'_, AppState>,
@@ -113,40 +147,28 @@ async fn process_shared(
         &request,
     ) {
         Ok(Some(approval)) => {
-            let approval_id = Uuid::new_v4().to_string();
-
-            let apps_state = app_handle.state::<AppsHostState>();
-            write_pending_approval(
-                &apps_state,
-                &approval_id,
-                app,
-                &request,
-                registry_kind,
-            )
-            .await;
+            request_approval(&app_handle, approval, app, &request, registry_kind).await?;
+            Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Pending {})
+        }
+        Ok(None) => {
+            let response =
+                execute_bridge_request(&app_handle, &app_state, &origin, registry, &request).await;
 
-            emit_sage_approval_requested(&app_handle, approval_id, approval)?;
-            return Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Pending {});
+            Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Immediate { response })
         }
-        Ok(None) => {}
         Err(err) => {
-            return Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Immediate {
+            Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Immediate {
                 response: RustBridgeResponse::error(
                     &request.id,
                     err.code,
                     err.message,
                 ),
-            });
+            })
         }
     }
-
-    let response =
-        execute_bridge_request(&app_handle, &app_state, &origin, registry, &request).await;
-
-    Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Immediate { response })
 }
 
-pub(crate) async fn execute_bridge_request(
+async fn execute_bridge_request(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
     app_state: &State<'_, AppState>,
     origin: &BridgeOrigin,
@@ -183,6 +205,28 @@ pub(crate) async fn execute_bridge_request(
     }
 }
 
+async fn request_approval(
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
+    approval: RustBridgeApprovalRequest,
+    app: &SharedSageApp,
+    request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    registry_kind: BridgeRegistryKind
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let approval_id = Uuid::new_v4().to_string();
+
+    let apps_state = app_handle.state::<AppsHostState>();
+    write_pending_approval(
+        &apps_state,
+        &approval_id,
+        app,
+        request,
+        registry_kind,
+    )
+        .await;
+
+    emit_sage_approval_requested(app_handle, approval_id, approval)
+}
+
 fn verify_capability(
     app: &SharedSageApp,
     request: &RustBridgeRequest,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
index f667f949c..69d82d1c5 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
@@ -1,16 +1,12 @@
 use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::bridge::bridge_request::{execute_bridge_request, process_system, process_user};
-use crate::bridge::event_emit::emit_bridge_response_to_source;
-use crate::bridge::state::{get_pending_approval, remove_pending_approval};
+use crate::bridge::bridge_request::{process_system, process, process_after_approval};
 use crate::bridge::{
-    ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs, RustBridgeInvokeResult, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse,
+    ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs, RustBridgeInvokeResult, RustBridgeRequest,
 };
 use crate::capabilities::user_registry;
 use crate::host::AppState;
 use crate::types::SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State, Webview};
-use crate::bridge::registry::BridgeRegistry;
-use crate::security::assert_bridge_origin;
 
 #[tauri::command]
 #[specta::specta]
@@ -20,7 +16,7 @@ pub async fn apps_invoke_bridge(
     app_state: State<'_, AppState>,
     request: RustBridgeRequest,
 ) -> Result<RustBridgeInvokeResult, String> {
-    process_user(app, webview, app_state, request).await
+    process(app, webview, app_state, request).await
 }
 
 #[tauri::command]
@@ -30,9 +26,7 @@ pub async fn apps_invoke_system_bridge(
     webview: Webview,
     app_state: State<'_, AppState>,
     request: RustBridgeRequest,
-) -> Result<RustBridgeInvokeResult, String> {
-    process_system(app, webview, app_state, request).await
-}
+) -> Result<RustBridgeInvokeResult, String> { process_system(app, webview, app_state, request).await }
 
 #[tauri::command]
 #[specta::specta]
@@ -41,33 +35,7 @@ pub async fn apps_resolve_bridge_approval(
     app_state: State<'_, AppState>,
     apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     args: ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs,
-) -> Result<(), String> {
-    let pending = get_pending_approval(&apps_state, &args.approval_id).await?;
-    remove_pending_approval(&apps_state, &args.approval_id).await;
-
-    let origin = assert_bridge_origin(&app_handle, &pending.app_webview_label).await?;
-
-    let response = if args.approved {
-        execute_bridge_request(
-            &app_handle,
-            &app_state,
-            &origin,
-            BridgeRegistry::new(pending.registry_kind),
-            &pending.request,
-        )
-        .await
-    } else {
-        RustBridgeResponse::error(
-            &pending.request.id,
-            "user_denied",
-            args.reason
-                .unwrap_or_else(|| "User denied the request".to_string()),
-        )
-    };
-
-    emit_bridge_response_to_source(&app_handle, &origin.app, &response).await?;
-    Ok(())
-}
+) -> Result<(), String> { process_after_approval(app_handle, app_state, apps_state, args).await }
 
 #[tauri::command]
 #[specta::specta]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
index a8c645b56..f98d34434 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-pub mod bridge_request;
+mod bridge_request;
 pub mod commands;
 pub mod event_emit;
 pub mod methods;
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ pub mod state;
 pub mod ts_exports;
 pub mod types;
 
+pub(crate) use bridge_request::BridgeOrigin;
+
 pub use types::{
     ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs, RustBridgeApprovalEvent, RustBridgeApprovalRequest,
     RustBridgeErrorPayload, RustBridgeErrorResponse, RustBridgeInvokeResult, RustBridgeRequest,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/bridge.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/bridge.rs
index dac58d690..0b80348c6 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/bridge.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/bridge.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager};
-use crate::bridge::bridge_request::BridgeOrigin;
+use crate::bridge::BridgeOrigin;
 use crate::runtime::{app_id_from_webview_label, is_allowed_app_url, protocol_scheme_for_app, resolve_possibly_impostor_running_app, PossiblyImpostorRuntime};
 use crate::runtime::webview_locator::get_webview_in_sage_window;
 

From 753684da4f08e7abdce23ac40a39ab3fc75f19ec Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 2 May 2026 03:42:59 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 300/471] Refactor bridge types and state for modularity

- Consolidated `BridgeOrigin` into `types` for centralized type definitions.
- Removed redundant `app_id` from `PendingBridgeApproval`, simplifying its structure.
- Reorganized and refactored bridge-related code for improved encapsulation and maintainability.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs |  7 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs            | 13 ++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/state.rs          |  1 -
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs          | 66 ++++++++++---------
 4 files changed, 44 insertions(+), 43 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
index c03bd57b6..74a6ed9c7 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::bridge::registry::{BridgeRegistry, BridgeRegistryKind};
 use crate::bridge::state::{get_pending_approval, remove_pending_approval, write_pending_approval};
-use crate::bridge::{ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs, RustBridgeApprovalEvent, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeInvokeResult, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
+use crate::bridge::{BridgeOrigin, ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs, RustBridgeApprovalEvent, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeInvokeResult, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
 use crate::capabilities::{get_system_capability_definition, get_user_capability_definition};
 use crate::host::AppState;
 use crate::runtime::webview_locator::{get_sage_webview};
@@ -15,11 +15,6 @@ use uuid::Uuid;
 use crate::bridge::event_emit::emit_bridge_response_to_source;
 use crate::security::assert_bridge_origin;
 
-pub(crate) struct BridgeOrigin {
-    pub app: SharedSageApp,
-    pub impostor_runtime: Option<SharedImpostorRuntime>,
-}
-
 pub(super) async fn process(
     app_handle: AppHandle,
     webview: Webview,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
index f98d34434..062f128ae 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
@@ -5,12 +5,13 @@ pub mod methods;
 pub mod registry;
 pub mod state;
 pub mod ts_exports;
-pub mod types;
-
-pub(crate) use bridge_request::BridgeOrigin;
+mod types;
 
 pub use types::{
-    ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs, RustBridgeApprovalEvent, RustBridgeApprovalRequest,
-    RustBridgeErrorPayload, RustBridgeErrorResponse, RustBridgeInvokeResult, RustBridgeRequest,
-    RustBridgeResponse, RustBridgeSuccessResponse,
+    RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeInvokeResult, RustBridgeResponse,
+    RustBridgeSuccessResponse, RustBridgeErrorResponse, RustBridgeErrorPayload,
+    RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeApprovalBody,
+    ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs, RustBridgeApprovalEvent
 };
+
+pub(crate) use types::{BridgeOrigin};
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/state.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/state.rs
index 369b0b393..08a522a76 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/state.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/state.rs
@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@ pub(crate) async fn write_pending_approval(
     pending.insert(
         approval_id.to_string(),
         PendingBridgeApproval {
-            app_id: sage_app.id().to_string(),
             app_webview_label: sage_app.webview_label(),
             request: request.clone(),
             registry_kind
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs
index 5966f495d..0ea587249 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs
@@ -1,19 +1,12 @@
 use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::wallet::send_xch::WalletSendXchParams;
-use crate::types::{SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView, SageAppView, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry};
+use crate::types::{SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView, SageAppView, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SharedSageApp};
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use serde_json::Value;
 use specta::Type;
 use tauri_specta::Event;
 use crate::bridge::registry::BridgeRegistryKind;
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub struct PendingBridgeApproval {
-    pub app_id: String,
-    pub app_webview_label: String,
-    pub request: RustBridgeRequest,
-    pub registry_kind: BridgeRegistryKind,
-}
+use crate::runtime::SharedImpostorRuntime;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
@@ -25,10 +18,17 @@ pub struct RustBridgeRequest {
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub struct RustBridgeErrorPayload {
-    pub code: String,
-    pub message: String,
+#[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub enum RustBridgeInvokeResult {
+    Immediate { response: RustBridgeResponse },
+    Pending {},
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
+#[serde(untagged)]
+pub enum RustBridgeResponse {
+    Success(RustBridgeSuccessResponse),
+    Error(RustBridgeErrorResponse),
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
@@ -50,10 +50,18 @@ pub struct RustBridgeErrorResponse {
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
-#[serde(untagged)]
-pub enum RustBridgeResponse {
-    Success(RustBridgeSuccessResponse),
-    Error(RustBridgeErrorResponse),
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct RustBridgeErrorPayload {
+    pub code: String,
+    pub message: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs {
+    pub approval_id: String,
+    pub approved: bool,
+    pub reason: Option<String>,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
@@ -67,6 +75,7 @@ pub struct RustBridgeApprovalRequest {
     pub body: RustBridgeApprovalBody,
 }
 
+
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
 #[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub enum RustBridgeApprovalBody {
@@ -92,23 +101,20 @@ pub struct RustBridgeApprovalEvent {
     pub approval: RustBridgeApprovalRequest,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
-#[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub enum RustBridgeInvokeResult {
-    Immediate { response: RustBridgeResponse },
-    Pending {},
+pub(crate) struct BridgeOrigin {
+    pub app: SharedSageApp,
+    pub impostor_runtime: Option<SharedImpostorRuntime>,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Type)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub struct ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs {
-    pub approval_id: String,
-    pub approved: bool,
-    pub reason: Option<String>,
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub(crate) struct PendingBridgeApproval {
+    pub app_webview_label: String,
+    pub request: RustBridgeRequest,
+    pub registry_kind: BridgeRegistryKind,
 }
 
 impl RustBridgeResponse {
-    pub fn success(id: &str, result: &Value) -> RustBridgeResponse {
+    pub(crate) fn success(id: &str, result: &Value) -> RustBridgeResponse {
         RustBridgeResponse::Success(RustBridgeSuccessResponse {
             bridge_version: "v1".into(),
             id: id.into(),
@@ -116,7 +122,7 @@ impl RustBridgeResponse {
             result_json: serde_json::to_string(result).unwrap_or_else(|_| "null".to_string()),
         })
     }
-    pub fn error(
+    pub(crate) fn error(
         id: &str,
         code: &str,
         message: impl Into<String>,

From 6306aeb8ba12c9a86a12df2375a0a87e84f33f6d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 2 May 2026 03:50:00 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 301/471] Refactor `event_emit` and bridge imports for improved
 encapsulation and organization

---
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs     | 30 +++++++++----------
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs            |  6 ++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/environment/theme.rs     |  2 +-
 .../src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs       |  2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs       |  2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs          |  2 +-
 6 files changed, 23 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs
index eb977522c..6cd849e6d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs
@@ -11,14 +11,14 @@ const SAGE_RUNTIME_EVENT_NAME: &str = "apps:runtime-event";
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub struct RuntimeEvent<T: AppRuntimeEvent> {
+pub(crate) struct RuntimeEvent<T: AppRuntimeEvent> {
     #[serde(rename = "type")]
     pub event_type: &'static str,
 
     pub payload: T,
 }
 
-pub fn runtime_event<T: AppRuntimeEvent>(payload: T) -> RuntimeEvent<T> {
+pub(crate) fn runtime_event<T: AppRuntimeEvent>(payload: T) -> RuntimeEvent<T> {
     RuntimeEvent {
         event_type: T::TYPE,
         payload,
@@ -26,13 +26,13 @@ pub fn runtime_event<T: AppRuntimeEvent>(payload: T) -> RuntimeEvent<T> {
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub enum AppRuntimeEventRail {
+pub(crate) enum AppRuntimeEventRail {
     User,
     System,
 }
 
 impl AppRuntimeEventRail {
-    pub fn event_name(self) -> &'static str {
+    pub(crate) fn event_name(self) -> &'static str {
         match self {
             Self::User => "sage-bridge:event",
             Self::System => "sage-system-bridge:event",
@@ -40,21 +40,11 @@ impl AppRuntimeEventRail {
     }
 }
 
-pub trait AppRuntimeEvent: Serialize + Type + Clone {
+pub(crate) trait AppRuntimeEvent: Serialize + Type + Clone {
     const TYPE: &'static str;
     const RAIL: AppRuntimeEventRail;
 }
 
-pub(crate) async fn emit_bridge_response_to_source(
-    app_handle: &AppHandle,
-    app: &SharedSageApp,
-    response: &RustBridgeResponse,
-) -> Result<(), String> {
-    get_webview_in_sage_window(app_handle, &app.webview_label())?
-        .emit("sage-bridge:response", response)
-        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to emit bridge response: {err}"))
-}
-
 pub(crate) async fn emit_runtime_event_to_app_id<T>(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
     app_id: &str,
@@ -85,3 +75,13 @@ where
         .emit(SAGE_RUNTIME_EVENT_NAME, runtime_event(event))
         .map_err(|err| format!("failed to emit runtime event to Sage webview: {err}"))
 }
+
+pub(super) async fn emit_bridge_response_to_source(
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
+    app: &SharedSageApp,
+    response: &RustBridgeResponse,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    get_webview_in_sage_window(app_handle, &app.webview_label())?
+        .emit("sage-bridge:response", response)
+        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to emit bridge response: {err}"))
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
index 062f128ae..2ea602985 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
-mod bridge_request;
 pub mod commands;
-pub mod event_emit;
+
+mod bridge_request;
+mod event_emit;
 pub mod methods;
 pub mod registry;
 pub mod state;
@@ -14,4 +15,5 @@ pub use types::{
     ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs, RustBridgeApprovalEvent
 };
 
+pub(crate) use event_emit::{emit_runtime_event_to_app_id, emit_runtime_event_to_sage_webview};
 pub(crate) use types::{BridgeOrigin};
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/environment/theme.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/environment/theme.rs
index 54b4cadd4..cb5907fce 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/environment/theme.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/environment/theme.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
-use crate::bridge::event_emit::emit_runtime_event_to_app_id;
+use crate::bridge::emit_runtime_event_to_app_id;
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::environment::{
     EnvironmentThemeChangedEvent, EnvironmentThemeView,
 };
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
index b44a0a3d0..31d435e73 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use anyhow::Context;
 use tauri::AppHandle;
 
 use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
-use crate::bridge::event_emit::{emit_runtime_event_to_app_id};
+use crate::bridge::{emit_runtime_event_to_app_id};
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::{GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent, GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent};
 use crate::lifecycle::update::types::{
     AppUpdateResult, GrantCapabilityOutcome, GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome, GrantedPermissionsChange,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
index a6ba71523..678fe57eb 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
-use crate::bridge::event_emit::{emit_runtime_event_to_app_id, emit_runtime_event_to_sage_webview};
+use crate::bridge::{emit_runtime_event_to_app_id, emit_runtime_event_to_sage_webview};
 use crate::bridge::methods::system::{RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent};
 use crate::bridge::methods::system::events::ActiveRuntimeChangedEvent;
 use crate::runtime::state::{
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs
index 27b519e45..7efec89f0 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 use tokio::sync::oneshot;
 use tokio::time::timeout;
 use uuid::Uuid;
-use crate::bridge::event_emit::emit_runtime_event_to_app_id;
+use crate::bridge::emit_runtime_event_to_app_id;
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::events::BeforeStopEvent;
 
 const BEFORE_STOP_TIMEOUT_MS: u64 = 5_000;

From 0b49d85f9a4d35d6d63fa10aa2b0e2ea1dce9dd2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 2 May 2026 03:59:34 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 302/471] Refactor bridge methods and capabilities visibility
 for enhanced encapsulation and modularity

- Updated various bridge methods, structs, and enums to use `pub(crate)` for restricting visibility to the current crate.
- Reorganized imports to align with the new visibility rules.
- Improved encapsulation of bridge-related capabilities, enhancing maintainability.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs |  2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/mod.rs    |  7 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/shared.rs | 74 +++++++++----------
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/app/mod.rs        |  2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs       | 19 ++---
 crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs            |  4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs     |  9 ---
 7 files changed, 51 insertions(+), 66 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
index 74a6ed9c7..a49d0e1a7 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::capabilities::list::{BridgeCapability, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodCapability;
+use crate::bridge::methods::BridgeMethodCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::bridge::registry::{BridgeRegistry, BridgeRegistryKind};
 use crate::bridge::state::{get_pending_approval, remove_pending_approval, write_pending_approval};
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/mod.rs
index f1a5dba5f..6de2e826e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/mod.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
-pub mod shared;
+mod shared;
 pub mod system;
 pub mod user;
 
-pub use shared::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+pub(crate) use shared::{
+    BridgeContext, BridgeTools,
+    BridgeMethod, BridgeMethodCapability
+};
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/shared.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/shared.rs
index f71da3a00..c086b57f7 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/shared.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/shared.rs
@@ -7,88 +7,88 @@ use async_trait::async_trait;
 use serde::de::DeserializeOwned;
 use crate::runtime::SharedImpostorRuntime;
 
+#[async_trait]
+pub(crate) trait BridgeMethod: Send + Sync {
+    fn name(&self) -> &'static str;
+    fn capability(&self) -> BridgeMethodCapability;
+
+    fn approval_request(
+        &self,
+        ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> BridgeApprovalRequestResult;
+
+    async fn handle(
+        &self,
+        ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
+        request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> BridgeHandleResult;
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub(crate) enum BridgeMethodCapability {
+    Ungated,
+    Required(BridgeCapability),
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct BridgeContext<'a> {
+pub(crate) struct BridgeContext<'a> {
     pub app: &'a SharedSageApp,
     pub impostor_runtime: &'a Option<SharedImpostorRuntime>,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct BridgeTools<'a> {
+pub(crate) struct BridgeTools<'a> {
     pub app_handle: &'a tauri::AppHandle,
     pub app_state: &'a tauri::State<'a, AppState>,
     pub host_state: &'a tauri::State<'a, AppsHostState>,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub enum BridgeMethodCapability {
-    Ungated,
-    Required(BridgeCapability),
-}
-
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub struct BridgeMethodHandleError {
+pub(crate) struct BridgeMethodHandleError {
     pub code: &'static str,
     pub message: String,
 }
 
 impl BridgeMethodHandleError {
-    pub fn new(code: &'static str, message: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+    pub(super) fn new(code: &'static str, message: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
         Self {
             code,
             message: message.into(),
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn invalid_request(message: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+    pub(super) fn invalid_request(message: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
         Self::new("invalid_request", message)
     }
 
-    pub fn internal_error(message: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+    pub(super) fn internal_error(message: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
         Self::new("internal_error", message)
     }
 }
 
-pub type BridgeApprovalRequestResult =
+pub(super) type BridgeApprovalRequestResult =
     Result<Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest>, BridgeMethodHandleError>;
 
-pub type BridgeHandleResult =
+pub(super) type BridgeHandleResult =
     Result<Box<dyn erased_serde::Serialize + Send>, BridgeMethodHandleError>;
 
-#[async_trait]
-pub trait BridgeMethod: Send + Sync {
-    fn name(&self) -> &'static str;
-    fn capability(&self) -> BridgeMethodCapability;
-
-    fn approval_request(
-        &self,
-        ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
-        request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-    ) -> BridgeApprovalRequestResult;
-
-    async fn handle(
-        &self,
-        ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
-        tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
-        request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-    ) -> BridgeHandleResult;
-}
-
 impl BridgeMethodCapability {
-    pub fn ungated() -> Self {
+    pub(super) fn ungated() -> Self {
         Self::Ungated
     }
 
-    pub fn user(cap: UserBridgeCapability) -> Self {
+    pub(super) fn user(cap: UserBridgeCapability) -> Self {
         Self::Required(BridgeCapability::User(cap))
     }
 
-    pub fn system(cap: SystemBridgeCapability) -> Self {
+    pub(super) fn system(cap: SystemBridgeCapability) -> Self {
         Self::Required(BridgeCapability::System(cap))
     }
 }
 
-pub fn parse_required_params<T>(
+pub(super) fn parse_required_params<T>(
     method: &impl BridgeMethod,
     request: &RustBridgeRequest,
 ) -> Result<T, BridgeMethodHandleError>
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/mod.rs
index e8c99262e..998600f82 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/mod.rs
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ pub use request_network_whitelist_grant::AppRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant;
 use crate::bridge::methods::BridgeTools;
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodHandleError;
 
-pub fn resolve_app_base_path(tools: &BridgeTools<'_>) -> Result<PathBuf, BridgeMethodHandleError> {
+pub(crate) fn resolve_app_base_path(tools: &BridgeTools<'_>) -> Result<PathBuf, BridgeMethodHandleError> {
     tools.app_handle.path().app_data_dir().map_err(|err| {
         BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error(format!("failed to resolve app data dir: {err}"))
     })
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs
index 158577f47..b97f1ad96 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs
@@ -11,22 +11,21 @@ use super::methods::user::{
     WalletGetSyncStatus, WalletGetTransaction, WalletGetTransactions, WalletGetVersion,
     WalletSendXch,
 };
-use crate::types::SharedSageApp;
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::environment::EnvironmentThemeGetCurrent;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub enum BridgeRegistryKind {
+pub(crate) enum BridgeRegistryKind {
     User,
     System,
 }
 
-pub struct BridgeRegistry {
+pub(crate) struct BridgeRegistry {
     methods: HashMap<&'static str, Box<dyn BridgeMethod>>,
 }
 
 impl BridgeRegistry {
-    pub fn new(kind: BridgeRegistryKind) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn new(kind: BridgeRegistryKind) -> Self {
         match kind {
             BridgeRegistryKind::User => Self {
                 methods: build_user_methods(),
@@ -37,19 +36,11 @@ impl BridgeRegistry {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn new_for_app(app: &SharedSageApp) -> Self {
-        if app.is_system_app() {
-            return Self::new(BridgeRegistryKind::System);
-        }
-
-        Self::new(BridgeRegistryKind::User)
-    }
-
-    pub fn get(&self, method: &str) -> Option<&dyn BridgeMethod> {
+    pub(crate) fn get(&self, method: &str) -> Option<&dyn BridgeMethod> {
         self.methods.get(method).map(AsRef::as_ref)
     }
 
-    pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (&'static str, &dyn BridgeMethod)> {
+    pub(crate) fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (&'static str, &dyn BridgeMethod)> {
         self.methods
             .iter()
             .map(|(name, method)| (*name, method.as_ref()))
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs
index c22d139de..4860eb837 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use std::fmt::Write;
 use std::{fs, path::PathBuf};
 
 use crate::capabilities::list::{BridgeCapability, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodCapability;
+use crate::bridge::methods::BridgeMethodCapability;
 use crate::bridge::registry::{BridgeRegistry, BridgeRegistryKind};
 use crate::capabilities::{get_system_capability_definition, get_user_capability_definition};
 
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ pub fn system_capabilities_markdown() -> String {
     out
 }
 
-pub fn bridge_methods_markdown(kind: BridgeRegistryKind) -> String {
+pub(crate) fn bridge_methods_markdown(kind: BridgeRegistryKind) -> String {
     let title = match kind {
         BridgeRegistryKind::User => "User bridge methods",
         BridgeRegistryKind::System => "System bridge methods",
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs
index 482ccfd81..15f013468 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs
@@ -101,15 +101,6 @@ define_bridge_capabilities! {
     }
 }
 
-impl BridgeCapability {
-    pub fn key(self) -> &'static str {
-        match self {
-            Self::User(capability) => capability.key(),
-            Self::System(capability) => capability.key(),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 pub trait SharedCapabilitiesExt {
     fn shared(self) -> Vec<UserBridgeCapability>;
 }

From 838b577e1ceb67d646c4c5a7024baad845bd284c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 2 May 2026 04:08:08 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 303/471] Refactor runtime and bridge visibility for improved
 encapsulation and modularity

- Updated visibility of multiple structs, methods, and modules to `pub(crate)` for stricter access control.
- Reorganized imports and redefined visibility rules to align with modular design principles.
---
 .../src/bridge/methods/system/mod.rs          |  2 +-
 .../methods/system/runtime_manager/events.rs  |  6 ++---
 .../system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs   |  5 ++---
 .../system/runtime_manager/hide_runtime.rs    |  5 ++---
 .../system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs    |  4 ++--
 .../system/runtime_manager/list_runtimes.rs   |  2 +-
 .../methods/system/runtime_manager/mod.rs     | 22 +++++++++----------
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs     |  6 ++---
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs       |  3 +--
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs           |  8 ++++---
 10 files changed, 29 insertions(+), 34 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/mod.rs
index 6f9a8acf9..c43ccb9d1 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/mod.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 mod runtime_manager;
 
-pub use runtime_manager::*;
+pub(crate) use runtime_manager::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/events.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/events.rs
index d8c42fbf1..f8f7f83e3 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/events.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/events.rs
@@ -6,20 +6,20 @@ use crate::runtime::SageAppRuntimeRecordView;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub struct RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent {
+pub(crate) struct RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent {
     pub runtimes: Vec<SageAppRuntimeRecordView>,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub struct ActiveRuntimeChangedEvent {
+pub(crate) struct ActiveRuntimeChangedEvent {
     pub host_window_label: String,
     pub app_id: Option<String>,
     pub runtime_id: Option<String>,
 }
 
 impl RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent {
-    pub fn new(runtimes: Vec<SageAppRuntimeRecordView>) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn new(runtimes: Vec<SageAppRuntimeRecordView>) -> Self {
         Self { runtimes }
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs
index 970ab95f0..0cea9d9d6 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs
@@ -6,12 +6,11 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
     BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
     BridgeMethodHandleError, parse_required_params,
 };
-use crate::bridge::methods::system::runtime_manager::RuntimeTargetParams;
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::runtime::{focus_runtime, SageAppRuntimeRecordView};
+use crate::runtime::{focus_runtime, RuntimeTargetParams, SageAppRuntimeRecordView};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
-pub struct RuntimeManagerFocusRuntime;
+pub(crate) struct RuntimeManagerFocusRuntime;
 
 #[async_trait]
 impl BridgeMethod for RuntimeManagerFocusRuntime {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_runtime.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_runtime.rs
index 8c1460b56..4a4cd0999 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_runtime.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_runtime.rs
@@ -6,12 +6,11 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
     BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
     BridgeMethodHandleError, parse_required_params,
 };
-use crate::bridge::methods::system::runtime_manager::RuntimeTargetParams;
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::runtime::{hide_runtime, SageAppRuntimeRecordView};
+use crate::runtime::{hide_runtime, RuntimeTargetParams, SageAppRuntimeRecordView};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
-pub struct RuntimeManagerHideRuntime;
+pub(crate) struct RuntimeManagerHideRuntime;
 
 #[async_trait]
 impl BridgeMethod for RuntimeManagerHideRuntime {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs
index 660fabd52..cf57627c3 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs
@@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
     BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
     parse_required_params,
 };
-use crate::bridge::methods::system::runtime_manager::RuntimeTargetParams;
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::runtime::RuntimeTargetParams;
 use crate::runtime::stop::{kill_runtime, SystemKillRuntimeError};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
-pub struct RuntimeManagerKillRuntime;
+pub(crate) struct RuntimeManagerKillRuntime;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Serialize)]
 pub struct RuntimeManagerKillRuntimeResponse {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/list_runtimes.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/list_runtimes.rs
index 7899ef250..139300ec3 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/list_runtimes.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/list_runtimes.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::runtime::{list_runtimes, SageAppRuntimeRecordView};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
-pub struct RuntimeManagerListRuntimes;
+pub(crate) struct RuntimeManagerListRuntimes;
 
 #[async_trait]
 impl BridgeMethod for RuntimeManagerListRuntimes {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/mod.rs
index aa9123af7..424ee5819 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/mod.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,11 @@
-pub mod events;
-pub mod focus_runtime;
-pub mod hide_runtime;
-pub mod kill_runtime;
-pub mod list_runtimes;
+mod events;
+mod focus_runtime;
+mod hide_runtime;
+mod kill_runtime;
+mod list_runtimes;
 
-pub use events::RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent;
-pub use focus_runtime::RuntimeManagerFocusRuntime;
-pub use hide_runtime::RuntimeManagerHideRuntime;
-pub use kill_runtime::RuntimeManagerKillRuntime;
-pub use list_runtimes::RuntimeManagerListRuntimes;
-
-pub use crate::runtime::RuntimeTargetParams;
+pub(crate) use events::{RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent, ActiveRuntimeChangedEvent};
+pub(crate) use focus_runtime::RuntimeManagerFocusRuntime;
+pub(crate) use hide_runtime::RuntimeManagerHideRuntime;
+pub(crate) use kill_runtime::RuntimeManagerKillRuntime;
+pub(crate) use list_runtimes::RuntimeManagerListRuntimes;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
index 1bbe1fd20..078b0c9f8 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::bridge::methods::system::{RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent, RuntimeTargetParams};
+use crate::bridge::methods::system::{RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent};
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::get_info::{AppGetInfoResult, SageNetworkPermissionInfo};
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::request_capability_grant::{
     RequestCapabilityGrantParams, RequestCapabilityGrantResult,
@@ -13,9 +13,7 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::user::bridge::ping::BridgePingResult;
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::bridge::send::BridgeSendResult;
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::wallet::send_xch::WalletSendXchParams;
 use crate::runtime::stop::SystemKillRuntimeResult;
-use crate::runtime::{
-    ReadyToStopParams, RuntimeAckResult, SetBeforeStopListenerParams,
-};
+use crate::runtime::{ReadyToStopParams, RuntimeAckResult, RuntimeTargetParams, SetBeforeStopListenerParams};
 use sage_api::{
     CheckAddress, CheckAddressResponse, GetCoins, GetCoinsByIds, GetCoinsByIdsResponse,
     GetCoinsResponse, GetDerivations, GetDerivationsResponse, GetKey, GetKeyResponse, GetKeys,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
index 678fe57eb..5f0e59b5c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
@@ -5,8 +5,7 @@ use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
 use crate::bridge::{emit_runtime_event_to_app_id, emit_runtime_event_to_sage_webview};
-use crate::bridge::methods::system::{RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent};
-use crate::bridge::methods::system::events::ActiveRuntimeChangedEvent;
+use crate::bridge::methods::system::{RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent, ActiveRuntimeChangedEvent};
 use crate::runtime::state::{
     find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional, get_runtime_by_app_id, list_runtimes,
 };
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs
index c671f548f..85d310d41 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs
@@ -8,11 +8,13 @@ pub mod stop;
 pub mod webview_locator;
 mod storage;
 
+pub use manager::RuntimeTargetParams;
+
 pub use commands::*;
-pub use manager::*;
-pub use resolve::*;
+pub(crate) use manager::*;
+pub(crate) use resolve::*;
 
-pub use state::find_runtime_by_app_id_optional;
+pub(crate) use state::find_runtime_by_app_id_optional;
 
 pub(crate) use state::*;
 pub(crate) use storage::run_verified_storage_clear_cycle;

From 960b8ae0b7d6801d42644f2cfc84da6869488eed Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 2 May 2026 04:34:48 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 304/471] Update storage capability naming for clarity and
 consistency

- Renamed `PersistentStorage` to `StoragePersistentWebview` across the codebase to better reflect its purpose.
- Updated related references, manifests, permissions, and documentation.
- Removed unused `AppApprovalBanner` component.
---
 .../sage-manifest.persistent.json             |  2 +-
 .../sage-manifest.persistent.json             |  2 +-
 .../sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs |  2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs     |  2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs |  8 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs |  6 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs     |  6 +-
 .../src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs       |  2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs         |  2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs   |  6 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs          |  2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/manifest.rs        |  2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs     |  2 +-
 docs/generated/user-bridge-capabilities.md    |  2 +-
 src/bindings.ts                               |  2 +-
 src/components/apps/AppApprovalBanner.tsx     | 86 -------------------
 src/components/apps/AppTile.tsx               |  3 -
 .../apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx    | 10 +--
 src/lib/apps/sandbox.ts                       |  2 +-
 19 files changed, 30 insertions(+), 119 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 src/components/apps/AppApprovalBanner.tsx

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.persistent.json b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.persistent.json
index 4f90592a8..8ac913d95 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.persistent.json
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.persistent.json
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
   "icon": "icon.svg",
   "permissions": {
     "capabilities": {
-      "required": ["bridge.send","persistent_storage"],
+      "required": ["bridge.send","storage.persistent_webview"],
       "optional": []
     }
   },
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/sage-manifest.persistent.json b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/sage-manifest.persistent.json
index 95f949e92..2fed6670b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/sage-manifest.persistent.json
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/sage-manifest.persistent.json
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
   "icon": "icon.svg",
   "permissions": {
     "capabilities": {
-      "required": ["bridge.send","persistent_storage"],
+      "required": ["bridge.send","storage.persistent_webview"],
       "optional": []
     }
   },
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs
index 201810c3c..acca13274 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ pub(crate) fn get_user_capability_definition(
     capability: UserBridgeCapability,
 ) -> UserCapabilityDefinition {
     match capability {
-        UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage => CapabilityDefinition::new(
+        UserBridgeCapability::StoragePersistentWebview => CapabilityDefinition::new(
             capability,
             "Persistent storage",
             "Allows the app to store data on this device between sessions.",
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs
index 15f013468..cf1634c6b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ pub enum BridgeCapability {
 
 define_bridge_capabilities! {
     pub enum UserBridgeCapability {
-        PersistentStorage => "persistent_storage",
+        StoragePersistentWebview => "storage.persistent_webview",
         BridgeSend => "bridge.send",
         AppGetCapabilities => "app.get_capabilities",
         AppGetInfo => "app.get_info",
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
index a0d47307b..141f1cbe4 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ mod tests {
                     [],
                 ),
                 SageRequestedCapabilities::new(
-                    [UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage],
+                    [UserBridgeCapability::StoragePersistentWebview],
                     [UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch],
                 ),
             )
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ mod tests {
         let manifest = sample_manifest();
 
         let granted = SageGrantedPermissionsInput::new(
-            [UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage],
+            [UserBridgeCapability::StoragePersistentWebview],
             [SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new_unchecked(
                 "https",
                 "api.example.com",
@@ -324,7 +324,7 @@ mod tests {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
 
         let granted = SageGrantedPermissionsInput::new(
-            [UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage],
+            [UserBridgeCapability::StoragePersistentWebview],
             [SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new_unchecked(
                 "https",
                 "evil.example.com",
@@ -365,7 +365,7 @@ mod tests {
 
         let granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions::new(
             manifest.permissions(),
-            [UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage],
+            [UserBridgeCapability::StoragePersistentWebview],
             [],
         )
         .unwrap();
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
index fe0d7a958..a22adfc38 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ mod tests {
             SageRequestedCapabilities::new(
                 [],
                 [
-                    UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage,
+                    UserBridgeCapability::StoragePersistentWebview,
                     UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetSecretKey,
                 ],
             ),
@@ -225,11 +225,11 @@ mod tests {
 
         let granted_capabilities = if storage_may_contain_secrets {
             vec![
-                UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage,
+                UserBridgeCapability::StoragePersistentWebview,
                 UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetSecretKey,
             ]
         } else {
-            vec![UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage]
+            vec![UserBridgeCapability::StoragePersistentWebview]
         };
 
         let granted_permissions =
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
index d7e6279c6..701450fd7 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ mod tests {
         let requested_permissions = SageRequestedPermissions::new(
             crate::types::SageRequestedNetworkPermissions::empty(),
             SageRequestedCapabilities::new(
-                [UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage],
+                [UserBridgeCapability::StoragePersistentWebview],
                 [UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetSecretKey],
             ),
         )
@@ -262,11 +262,11 @@ mod tests {
 
         let granted_capabilities = if storage_may_contain_secrets {
             vec![
-                UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage,
+                UserBridgeCapability::StoragePersistentWebview,
                 UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetSecretKey,
             ]
         } else {
-            vec![UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage]
+            vec![UserBridgeCapability::StoragePersistentWebview]
         };
 
         let granted_permissions =
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
index 31d435e73..b00402d2d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ mod tests {
                 [],
                 [
                     UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
-                    UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage,
+                    UserBridgeCapability::StoragePersistentWebview,
                 ],
             ),
         )
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
index 9f94484fc..d3ad18200 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ fn build_storage(builder: WebviewBuilder<Wry>, app: &SharedSageApp) -> Result<We
     let has_persistent_storage = app.with(|app| {
         app.granted_permissions()
             .capabilities()
-            .any(|cap| *cap == crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage)
+            .any(|cap| *cap == crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability::StoragePersistentWebview)
     });
 
     if !has_persistent_storage {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs
index 0fab9b285..ff11d8932 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs
@@ -238,13 +238,13 @@ impl SageAppRuntimeRecord {
 impl SharedSageApp {
     pub(crate) fn taint_storage_if_runtime_can_persist_secrets(&self) {
         self.with_mut(|app| {
-            let has_persistent_storage = app
+            let has_persistent_webview_storage = app
                 .granted_permissions()
                 .capabilities()
-                .any(|cap| *cap == UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage);
+                .any(|cap| *cap == UserBridgeCapability::StoragePersistentWebview);
 
             if app.flags().has_secret_access()
-                && has_persistent_storage
+                && has_persistent_webview_storage
                 && !app.flags().storage_may_contain_secrets()
             {
                 app.common_mut().mark_storage_may_contain_secrets();
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs
index e1abb9184..ad8cd1ccd 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ fn required_capabilities_for_app(app: &SharedSageApp) -> Vec<SandboxCapability>
         SandboxCapability::NetworkAllowlistEnforced,
     ];
 
-    if app.is_capability_granted(UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage) {
+    if app.is_capability_granted(UserBridgeCapability::StoragePersistentWebview) {
         caps.push(SandboxCapability::StoragePersistenceNormal);
 
         if app.has_secret_access() {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/manifest.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/manifest.rs
index 23992e96d..881d11009 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/manifest.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/manifest.rs
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ mod tests {
             SageRequestedCapabilities::new(
                 [UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch],
                 [
-                    UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage,
+                    UserBridgeCapability::StoragePersistentWebview,
                     UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetSecretKey,
                 ],
             ),
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs
index cedcd29c9..5659c8c46 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs
@@ -450,7 +450,7 @@ mod tests {
                 [],
                 [
                     UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
-                    UserBridgeCapability::PersistentStorage,
+                    UserBridgeCapability::StoragePersistentWebview,
                 ],
             ),
         )
diff --git a/docs/generated/user-bridge-capabilities.md b/docs/generated/user-bridge-capabilities.md
index 1dc1d4f96..ea47e4af1 100644
--- a/docs/generated/user-bridge-capabilities.md
+++ b/docs/generated/user-bridge-capabilities.md
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # User bridge capabilities
 
-## `persistent_storage`
+## `storage.persistent_webview`
 
 **Persistent storage**
 
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index 0d3f0bc33..beec73848 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -2850,7 +2850,7 @@ visible: boolean }
  * Response after updating an option
  */
 export type UpdateOptionResponse = Record<string, never>
-export type UserBridgeCapability = "persistent_storage" | "bridge.send" | "app.get_capabilities" | "app.get_info" | "app.lifecycle.ready_to_stop" | "app.lifecycle.set_before_stop_listener" | "app.request_capability_grant" | "app.request_network_whitelist_grant" | "wallet.get_keys" | "wallet.get_key" | "wallet.get_secret_key" | "wallet.send_xch" | "wallet.send_xch_auto_submit" | "wallet.get_sync_status" | "wallet.get_version" | "wallet.check_address" | "wallet.get_derivations" | "wallet.get_spendable_coin_count" | "wallet.get_coins_by_ids" | "wallet.get_coins" | "wallet.get_pending_transactions" | "wallet.get_transaction" | "wallet.get_transactions" | "environment.theme.get_current" | "environment.theme.css_vars" | "environment.theme.listen_changed"
+export type UserBridgeCapability = "storage.persistent_webview" | "bridge.send" | "app.get_capabilities" | "app.get_info" | "app.lifecycle.ready_to_stop" | "app.lifecycle.set_before_stop_listener" | "app.request_capability_grant" | "app.request_network_whitelist_grant" | "wallet.get_keys" | "wallet.get_key" | "wallet.get_secret_key" | "wallet.send_xch" | "wallet.send_xch_auto_submit" | "wallet.get_sync_status" | "wallet.get_version" | "wallet.check_address" | "wallet.get_derivations" | "wallet.get_spendable_coin_count" | "wallet.get_coins_by_ids" | "wallet.get_coins" | "wallet.get_pending_transactions" | "wallet.get_transaction" | "wallet.get_transactions" | "environment.theme.get_current" | "environment.theme.css_vars" | "environment.theme.listen_changed"
 export type UserSageAppPendingUpdateView = { appUrl: SageAppUrl; manifestHash: string; manifest: SageAppPackageManifest }
 export type UserSageAppSource = { kind: "zip" } | { kind: "url"; app_url: SageAppUrl }
 export type UserSageAppView = { common: SageAppCommonView; source: UserSageAppSource; pendingUpdate?: UserSageAppPendingUpdateView | null }
diff --git a/src/components/apps/AppApprovalBanner.tsx b/src/components/apps/AppApprovalBanner.tsx
deleted file mode 100644
index d3ef8d7a4..000000000
--- a/src/components/apps/AppApprovalBanner.tsx
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,86 +0,0 @@
-import { Alert, AlertDescription, AlertTitle } from '@/components/ui/alert';
-import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
-import { PendingApprovalItem } from '@/hooks/useAppPendingApprovals.ts';
-
-interface Props {
-  currentApproval: PendingApprovalItem | null;
-  queuedApprovalCount: number;
-  currentApprovalSecondsLeft: number;
-  onApprove: () => void;
-  onReject: () => void;
-}
-
-function renderApprovalDetails(currentApproval: PendingApprovalItem) {
-  const req = currentApproval.request;
-
-  switch (req.kind) {
-    case 'sendXch':
-      return (
-        <div className='rounded-md border p-3 text-xs font-mono whitespace-pre-wrap break-all'>
-          {JSON.stringify(req.summary, null, 2)}
-        </div>
-      );
-
-    case 'capabilityGrant':
-      return (
-        <div className='rounded-md border p-3 text-xs'>
-          Grant capability: <span className='font-mono'>{req.capability}</span>
-        </div>
-      );
-
-    case 'networkWhitelistGrant':
-      return (
-        <div className='rounded-md border p-3 text-xs'>
-          Grant network access:{' '}
-          <span className='font-mono'>
-            {req.entry.scheme}://{req.entry.host}
-          </span>
-        </div>
-      );
-  }
-}
-
-export function AppApprovalBanner({
-  currentApproval,
-  queuedApprovalCount,
-  currentApprovalSecondsLeft,
-  onApprove,
-  onReject,
-}: Props) {
-  if (!currentApproval) {
-    return null;
-  }
-
-  const req = currentApproval.request;
-
-  return (
-    <Alert>
-      <AlertTitle>Approval required</AlertTitle>
-      <AlertDescription className='space-y-3'>
-        <div className='text-sm'>
-          App <strong>{req.app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.name}</strong> wants to perform{' '}
-          <span className='font-mono'>{req.kind}</span>.
-        </div>
-
-        <div className='text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
-          Expires in {currentApprovalSecondsLeft}s
-          {queuedApprovalCount > 0
-            ? ` · ${queuedApprovalCount} more approval${
-                queuedApprovalCount === 1 ? '' : 's'
-              } pending`
-            : ''}
-        </div>
-
-        {renderApprovalDetails(currentApproval)}
-
-        <div className='flex gap-2'>
-          <Button variant='outline' onClick={onReject}>
-            Reject
-          </Button>
-
-          <Button onClick={onApprove}>Approve</Button>
-        </div>
-      </AlertDescription>
-    </Alert>
-  );
-}
diff --git a/src/components/apps/AppTile.tsx b/src/components/apps/AppTile.tsx
index 9cc15187b..b8984e2a8 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/AppTile.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/AppTile.tsx
@@ -47,9 +47,6 @@ export function AppTile({ app, launchDecision, onOpen, onContextMenu }: Props) {
 
       <div className='min-w-0 w-full'>
         <div className='truncate text-sm font-medium'>{app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.name}</div>
-        <div className='truncate text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
-          v{app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.version}
-        </div>
 
         {isBlocked ? (
           <div className='relative z-20 mt-1 text-xs text-amber-600'>
diff --git a/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx b/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx
index dd0aa481a..588861863 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ function normalizeKey(key: string): string {
 
 function capabilitySensitivityRank(key: string): number {
   if (key.includes('secret')) return 0;
-  if (key === 'persistent_storage') return 2;
+  if (key === 'storage') return 2;
   if (key.includes('send') || key.includes('network')) return 3;
   return 4;
 }
@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ function groupIcon(node: PermissionGroupNode) {
   const normalized = normalizeKey(node.id);
 
   if (normalized === 'network') return <Globe className='h-4 w-4' />;
-  if (normalized === 'persistent_storage')
+  if (normalized === 'storage.persistent_webview')
     return <HardDrive className='h-4 w-4' />;
   if (normalized.includes('secret') || normalized.includes('wallet')) {
     return <KeyRound className='h-4 w-4' />;
@@ -280,10 +280,10 @@ function buildGroupedPermissionTree(
   const persistentEntries = entries.filter(
     (entry) =>
       entry.kind === 'capability' &&
-      normalizeKey(entry.key) === 'persistent_storage',
+      normalizeKey(entry.key) === 'storage.persistent_webview',
   );
   if (persistentEntries.length > 0) {
-    const persistentNode = makeNode('persistent_storage', 'Persistent storage');
+    const persistentNode = makeNode('storage.persistent_webview', 'Persistent storage');
     persistentNode.entries = sortPermissionEntries(persistentEntries);
     persistentNode.sensitivityRank = 2;
     roots.push(persistentNode);
@@ -292,7 +292,7 @@ function buildGroupedPermissionTree(
   const generalCapabilityEntries = entries.filter(
     (entry) =>
       entry.kind === 'capability' &&
-      normalizeKey(entry.key) !== 'persistent_storage',
+      normalizeKey(entry.key) !== 'storage.persistent_webview',
   );
 
   const capabilityRoot = makeNode('capabilities_root', 'Capabilities');
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/sandbox.ts b/src/lib/apps/sandbox.ts
index ca8533e10..e304869ed 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/sandbox.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/sandbox.ts
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ export function getRequiredSandboxCapabilities(
   const required: SandboxCapability[] = ['storage_isolation_from_sage'];
 
   if (
-    app.common.grantedPermissions.capabilities.includes('persistent_storage')
+    app.common.grantedPermissions.capabilities.includes('storage.persistent_webview')
   ) {
     required.push('storage_persistence_normal');
   } else {

From ed0e7b8d342c4daa25724f3912c43dbc42375b36 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 2 May 2026 04:36:09 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 305/471] Refactor `uninstall.rs` for improved error handling,
 clarity, and modularity

- Enhanced handling of corrupted app directories by allowing deletion even if resolution fails.
- Improved `apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data` logic by adding conditional resolution checks.
- Refactored code for better readability and maintainability with reorganized imports and streamlined logic.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs | 53 +++++++++++----------
 1 file changed, 29 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs
index 45550163b..c05855621 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
 use crate::host::{AppState, Result};
 use crate::lifecycle::{
-    apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data, apps_root, enqueue_retired_app_origin, record_storage_cleanup_failure,
+    apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data, apps_root, enqueue_retired_app_origin,
+    record_storage_cleanup_failure,
 };
-use std::{fs, io};
-use tauri::{AppHandle, State, command};
 use crate::runtime::{resolve_stopped_app, ResolveStoppedError};
+use std::{fs, io};
+use tauri::{command, AppHandle, State};
 
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
@@ -18,9 +19,17 @@ pub async fn uninstall_app(
         state.path.clone()
     };
 
+    let dir = apps_root(&base_path).join(&app_id);
+
     let resolved_app = match resolve_stopped_app(&app, &app_id).await {
-        Ok(app) => app,
-        Err(ResolveStoppedError::AppDirMissing) => return Ok(()),
+        Ok(app) => Some(app),
+
+        Err(ResolveStoppedError::AppDirMissing) => {
+            // Corrupted apps may not resolve, but their installed directory can
+            // still exist and should be removable from the UI.
+            None
+        }
+
         Err(ResolveStoppedError::CloseAttemptsHit) => {
             return Err(io::Error::other(
                 "failed to uninstall app because runtime could not be stopped",
@@ -29,28 +38,24 @@ pub async fn uninstall_app(
         }
     };
 
-    let cleanup_result = apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data(app.clone(), app_id.clone()).await;
-
-    resolved_app.try_with_app(|installed| {
-        if let Ok(()) = cleanup_result {
-            enqueue_retired_app_origin(installed, false).map_err(|_| {
-                io::Error::other("failed to retire app origin")
-            })?;
-        } else {
-            record_storage_cleanup_failure(&base_path, installed, "storage cleanup failed")
-                .map_err(|_| {
-                    io::Error::other("failed to record storage cleanup failure")
-                })?;
+    if let Some(resolved_app) = resolved_app {
+        let cleanup_result = apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data(app.clone(), app_id.clone()).await;
 
-            enqueue_retired_app_origin(installed, true).map_err(|_| {
-                io::Error::other("failed to retire app origin")
-            })?;
-        }
+        resolved_app.try_with_app(|installed| {
+            if cleanup_result.is_ok() {
+                enqueue_retired_app_origin(installed, false)
+                    .map_err(|_| io::Error::other("failed to retire app origin"))?;
+            } else {
+                record_storage_cleanup_failure(&base_path, installed, "storage cleanup failed")
+                    .map_err(|_| io::Error::other("failed to record storage cleanup failure"))?;
 
-        Ok::<(), crate::host::SageAppsError>(())
-    })?;
+                enqueue_retired_app_origin(installed, true)
+                    .map_err(|_| io::Error::other("failed to retire app origin"))?;
+            }
 
-    let dir = apps_root(&base_path).join(&app_id);
+            Ok::<(), crate::host::SageAppsError>(())
+        })?;
+    }
 
     if dir.exists() {
         fs::remove_dir_all(&dir).map_err(|err| {

From f3cdecba42b731bcf8b4170746c7caa89aa373cc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 2 May 2026 15:00:48 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 306/471] Add `manifestVersion` and `sageVersion` support to
 manifests

- Introduced `manifestVersion` (default `0`) to manifests, allowing for versioning of the manifest format.
- Added `sageVersion` with `min` and `testedMax` fields to specify compatible Sage versions.
- Refactored handling of corrupted app directories to include manifest header and icon fallback.
- Simplified logic for parsing manifests and improved error handling.
- Made visibility and
---
 .../storage-clear-probe/sage-manifest.json    |   5 +
 .../apps/task-manager/sage-manifest.json      |   5 +
 .../network-allow-a/sage-manifest.json        |   5 +
 .../network-allow-b/sage-manifest.json        |   9 +-
 .../sage-manifest.incognito.json              |   5 +
 .../sage-manifest.persistent.json             |   7 +-
 .../sage-manifest.incognito.json              |   5 +
 .../sage-manifest.persistent.json             |   7 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs |   5 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs |  11 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs |   5 +-
 .../sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs   |  84 ++++++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs     |  28 ++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs   |  36 +++-
 .../src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs       |   5 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/mod.rs         |   2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs   | 154 ++++++-------
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/common.rs |  26 ++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/mod.rs    |   1 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/manifest.rs        | 204 ++++++++++++++++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs             |  10 +-
 src/bindings.ts                               |   7 +-
 src/components/apps/AppIcon.tsx               |   7 +-
 src/components/apps/CorruptedAppCard.tsx      |  59 ++++-
 24 files changed, 534 insertions(+), 158 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/runtime-apps-src/storage-clear-probe/sage-manifest.json b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/runtime-apps-src/storage-clear-probe/sage-manifest.json
index d74048dd5..4260677ee 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/runtime-apps-src/storage-clear-probe/sage-manifest.json
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/runtime-apps-src/storage-clear-probe/sage-manifest.json
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
 {
+  "manifestVersion": 0,
+  "sageVersion": {
+    "min": "0.0.0",
+    "testedMax": "99.0.0"
+  },
   "name": "Clear probe",
   "version": "1.0.0",
   "permissions": {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/sage-manifest.json b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/sage-manifest.json
index bcad44969..6fe375a5a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/sage-manifest.json
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/sage-manifest.json
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
 {
+  "manifestVersion": 0,
+  "sageVersion": {
+    "min": "0.0.0",
+    "testedMax": "99.0.0"
+  },
   "name": "Task Manager",
   "version": "0.1.0",
   "permissions": {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-a/sage-manifest.json b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-a/sage-manifest.json
index 921b34b64..ea554a0ed 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-a/sage-manifest.json
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-a/sage-manifest.json
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
 {
+  "manifestVersion": 0,
+  "sageVersion": {
+    "min": "0.0.0",
+    "testedMax": "99.0.0"
+  },
   "name": "Network Allow A",
   "version": "1.0.0",
   "icon": "icon.svg",
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-b/sage-manifest.json b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-b/sage-manifest.json
index 9fe44d828..a556b760a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-b/sage-manifest.json
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-b/sage-manifest.json
@@ -1,13 +1,16 @@
 {
+  "manifestVersion": 0,
+  "sageVersion": {
+    "min": "0.0.0",
+    "testedMax": "99.0.0"
+  },
   "name": "Network Allow B",
   "version": "1.0.0",
   "icon": "icon.svg",
   "permissions": {
     "network": {
       "whitelist": {
-        "required": [
-          "https://example.org"
-        ]
+        "required": ["https://example.org"]
       }
     },
     "capabilities": {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.incognito.json b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.incognito.json
index 964f2059c..c50a494cc 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.incognito.json
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.incognito.json
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
 {
+  "manifestVersion": 0,
+  "sageVersion": {
+    "min": "0.0.0",
+    "testedMax": "99.0.0"
+  },
   "name": "Sage Storage Isolation",
   "version": "1.0.0",
   "icon": "icon.svg",
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.persistent.json b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.persistent.json
index 8ac913d95..a4cfdb8fb 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.persistent.json
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.persistent.json
@@ -1,10 +1,15 @@
 {
+  "manifestVersion": 0,
+  "sageVersion": {
+    "min": "0.0.0",
+    "testedMax": "99.0.0"
+  },
   "name": "Sage Storage Isolation",
   "version": "1.0.0",
   "icon": "icon.svg",
   "permissions": {
     "capabilities": {
-      "required": ["bridge.send","storage.persistent_webview"],
+      "required": ["bridge.send", "storage.persistent_webview"],
       "optional": []
     }
   },
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/sage-manifest.incognito.json b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/sage-manifest.incognito.json
index e50d7e11e..6a8ac2077 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/sage-manifest.incognito.json
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/sage-manifest.incognito.json
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
 {
+  "manifestVersion": 0,
+  "sageVersion": {
+    "min": "0.0.0",
+    "testedMax": "99.0.0"
+  },
   "name": "Storage Persistence",
   "version": "1.0.0",
   "icon": "icon.svg",
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/sage-manifest.persistent.json b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/sage-manifest.persistent.json
index 2fed6670b..202e08fdb 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/sage-manifest.persistent.json
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/sage-manifest.persistent.json
@@ -1,10 +1,15 @@
 {
+  "manifestVersion": 0,
+  "sageVersion": {
+    "min": "0.0.0",
+    "testedMax": "99.0.0"
+  },
   "name": "Storage Persistence",
   "version": "1.0.0",
   "icon": "icon.svg",
   "permissions": {
     "capabilities": {
-      "required": ["bridge.send","storage.persistent_webview"],
+      "required": ["bridge.send", "storage.persistent_webview"],
       "optional": []
     }
   },
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
index 141f1cbe4..84772fd38 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
@@ -183,8 +183,12 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     fn sample_manifest() -> SageAppPackageManifest {
+        let (manifest_version, sage_version) = SageAppPackageManifestParts::v0_defaults();
         SageAppPackageManifest::try_from(SageAppPackageManifestParts {
+            manifest_version,
             name: "Test App".into(),
+            icon: None,
+            sage_version,
             version: "1.0.0".into(),
             permissions: SageRequestedPermissions::new(
                 SageRequestedNetworkPermissions::new(
@@ -204,7 +208,6 @@ mod tests {
                 SageAppManifestFile::new("index.html".to_string(), "a".repeat(64), 123).unwrap(),
             ],
             entry: Some("index.html".into()),
-            icon: None,
             author: None,
             donation: None,
         })
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
index a22adfc38..443c1d8c1 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
@@ -198,13 +198,16 @@ mod tests {
         )
         .unwrap();
 
+        let (manifest_version, sage_version) = SageAppPackageManifestParts::v0_defaults();
         SageAppPackageManifest::try_from(SageAppPackageManifestParts {
+            manifest_version,
             name: "Test App".into(),
+            icon: None,
+            sage_version,
             version: "1.0.0".into(),
             permissions,
             files: vec![SageAppManifestFile::new("index.html", "a".repeat(64), 123).unwrap()],
             entry: Some("index.html".into()),
-            icon: None,
             author: None,
             donation: None,
         })
@@ -238,7 +241,7 @@ mod tests {
         let snapshot =
             SageAppSnapshot::new("hash", app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(), manifest).unwrap();
 
-        let common = SageAppCommon::new(
+        let mut common = SageAppCommon::new(
             SageAppIdentity::new(app_id, origin_id, app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string()).unwrap(),
             granted_permissions,
             InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
@@ -246,6 +249,10 @@ mod tests {
         )
             .unwrap();
 
+        if storage_may_contain_secrets {
+            common.mark_storage_may_contain_secrets();
+        }
+
         let app = SharedSageApp::new(
             UserSageApp::new_installed(
                 common,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs
index 183045fa4..3c4b635f4 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs
@@ -132,15 +132,18 @@ mod tests {
     use tempfile::tempdir;
 
     fn sample_manifest_named(name: &str) -> SageAppPackageManifest {
+        let (manifest_version, sage_version) = SageAppPackageManifestParts::v0_defaults();
         SageAppPackageManifest::try_from(SageAppPackageManifestParts {
+            manifest_version,
             name: name.into(),
+            icon: None,
+            sage_version,
             version: "1.0.0".into(),
             permissions: SageRequestedPermissions::empty(),
             files: vec![
                 SageAppManifestFile::new("index.html".to_string(), "a".repeat(64), 123).unwrap(),
             ],
             entry: Some("index.html".into()),
-            icon: None,
             author: None,
             donation: None,
         })
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs
index a3add963c..7bf80be52 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult};
 
 use crate::lifecycle::types::PersistedUserSageApp;
 use crate::system_apps::list_builtin_system_apps;
-use crate::types::{CorruptedInstalledSageApp, ListedSageApp, PendingStorageCleanupEntry, RetiredAppOriginEntry, SageApp, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SharedSageApp, UserSageApp};
+use crate::types::{CorruptedInstalledSageApp, ListedSageApp, PendingStorageCleanupEntry, RetiredAppOriginEntry, SageApp, SageAppIconView, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SharedSageApp, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource};
 
 const INSTALLED_METADATA_FILE: &str = ".sage-installed.json";
 const PENDING_STORAGE_CLEANUP_FILE: &str = ".sage-pending-storage-cleanup.json";
@@ -122,11 +122,20 @@ pub fn list_installed_apps_internal(root: &Path) -> AnyResult<Vec<ListedSageApp>
 
         match read_installed_user_app_from_dir(&path) {
             Ok(app) => apps.push(ListedSageApp::User(app)),
-            Err(err) => apps.push(ListedSageApp::Corrupted(CorruptedInstalledSageApp::new(
-                id,
-                path.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-                err.to_string(),
-            ))),
+            Err(err) => {
+                let (manifest_header, source, icon) = read_corrupted_installed_app_fallback(&path);
+
+                apps.push(ListedSageApp::Corrupted(
+                    CorruptedInstalledSageApp::new(
+                        id,
+                        path.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+                        err.to_string(),
+                    )
+                        .with_manifest_header(manifest_header)
+                        .with_source(source)
+                        .with_icon(icon),
+                ));
+            }
         }
     }
 
@@ -252,17 +261,61 @@ pub fn read_installed_user_app_by_origin_id(
     ))
 }
 
+fn read_corrupted_installed_app_fallback(
+    dir: &Path,
+) -> (
+    Option<crate::types::SageAppManifestHeaderV0>,
+    Option<UserSageAppSource>,
+    Option<SageAppIconView>,
+) {
+    let path = installed_metadata_path(dir);
+
+    let Ok(text) = fs::read_to_string(&path) else {
+        return (None, None, None);
+    };
+
+    let Ok(value) = serde_json::from_str::<serde_json::Value>(&text) else {
+        return (None, None, None);
+    };
+
+    let source = value
+        .get("source")
+        .cloned()
+        .and_then(|value| serde_json::from_value::<UserSageAppSource>(value).ok());
+
+    let manifest_header = value
+        .get("activeSnapshot")
+        .or_else(|| value.get("active_snapshot"))
+        .and_then(|snapshot| snapshot.get("manifest"))
+        .cloned()
+        .and_then(|manifest| crate::types::parse_manifest_header_v0_from_value(manifest).ok());
+
+    let icon = manifest_header
+        .as_ref()
+        .and_then(|header| header.icon.as_deref())
+        .and_then(|icon_path| {
+            value
+                .get("activeSnapshot")
+                .or_else(|| value.get("active_snapshot"))
+                .and_then(|snapshot| {
+                    snapshot
+                        .get("snapshotDir")
+                        .or_else(|| snapshot.get("snapshot_dir"))
+                })
+                .and_then(serde_json::Value::as_str)
+                .map(|snapshot_dir| Path::new(snapshot_dir).join(icon_path))
+        })
+        .and_then(|path| SageAppIconView::from_file_path(&path));
+
+    (manifest_header, source, icon)
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
 
     use crate::lifecycle::storage::record_storage_cleanup_failure;
-    use crate::types::{
-        InstalledSageAppStorage, ListedSageApp, PendingStorageCleanupTarget, RetiredAppOriginEntry,
-        SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest,
-        SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissions,
-        SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
-    };
+    use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, ListedSageApp, PendingStorageCleanupTarget, RetiredAppOriginEntry, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource};
     use std::fs;
     use tempfile::tempdir;
 
@@ -276,13 +329,17 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     fn sample_manifest(name: &str) -> SageAppPackageManifest {
+        let (manifest_version, sage_version) = SageAppPackageManifestParts::v0_defaults();
+
         SageAppPackageManifest::try_from(SageAppPackageManifestParts {
+            manifest_version,
             name: name.to_string(),
+            icon: None,
+            sage_version,
             version: "1.0.0".to_string(),
             permissions: SageRequestedPermissions::empty(),
             files: vec![sample_manifest_file("index.html", 1)],
             entry: Some("index.html".to_string()),
-            icon: None,
             author: None,
             donation: None,
         })
@@ -513,6 +570,7 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     #[test]
+    #[allow(clippy::insecure_http)]
     fn parse_network_permission_target_rejects_unsupported_scheme() {
         let err = parse_network_permission_target("http://example.com").unwrap_err();
         assert!(err.contains("only https and wss allowed"));
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
index 701450fd7..975404c01 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ pub fn enqueue_retired_app_origin(
     app: &SharedSageApp,
     cleanup_pending: bool,
 ) -> AnyResult<()> {
-    let app_parent_path = app.with(|app| {
+    let base_path = app.with(|app| {
         let user = app.as_user()?;
 
         match user.source() {
@@ -169,13 +169,18 @@ pub fn enqueue_retired_app_origin(
         }
 
         let app_path = app.app_path();
-        app_path.parent().map(|path| path.to_path_buf())
+
+        app_path
+            .parent()
+            .and_then(Path::parent)
+            .map(Path::to_path_buf)
     });
-    let Some(app_parent_path) = app_parent_path else {
-         return Ok(());
+
+    let Some(base_path) = base_path else {
+        return Ok(());
     };
 
-    let mut entries = read_retired_app_origins(&app_parent_path)?;
+    let mut entries = read_retired_app_origins(&base_path)?;
 
     if let Some(existing) = entries
         .iter_mut()
@@ -186,7 +191,7 @@ pub fn enqueue_retired_app_origin(
         entries.push(RetiredAppOriginEntry::new(app, cleanup_pending));
     }
 
-    write_retired_app_origins(&app_parent_path, &entries)
+    write_retired_app_origins(&base_path, &entries)
 }
 
 pub async fn clear_runtime_browsing_data_internal(
@@ -248,13 +253,16 @@ mod tests {
         )
         .unwrap();
 
+        let (manifest_version, sage_version) = SageAppPackageManifestParts::v0_defaults();
         let manifest = SageAppPackageManifest::try_from(SageAppPackageManifestParts {
+            manifest_version,
             name: name.to_string(),
+            icon: None,
+            sage_version,
             version: "1.0.0".to_string(),
             permissions: requested_permissions.clone(),
             files: vec![SageAppManifestFile::new("index.html", "a".repeat(64), 1).unwrap()],
             entry: Some("index.html".to_string()),
-            icon: None,
             author: None,
             donation: None,
         })
@@ -275,7 +283,7 @@ mod tests {
         let snapshot =
             SageAppSnapshot::new("hash", app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(), manifest).unwrap();
 
-        let common = SageAppCommon::new(
+        let mut common = SageAppCommon::new(
             SageAppIdentity::new(app_id, app_id, app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string()).unwrap(),
             granted_permissions,
             storage,
@@ -283,6 +291,10 @@ mod tests {
         )
         .unwrap();
 
+        if storage_may_contain_secrets {
+            common.mark_storage_may_contain_secrets();
+        }
+
         let app = SharedSageApp::new(UserSageApp::new_installed(common, source).into_sage_app());
 
         if storage_may_contain_secrets {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs
index c05855621..dc1288a42 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,9 @@ use crate::lifecycle::{
 };
 use crate::runtime::{resolve_stopped_app, ResolveStoppedError};
 use std::{fs, io};
+use std::time::Duration;
 use tauri::{command, AppHandle, State};
+use tokio::time::timeout;
 
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
@@ -14,6 +16,8 @@ pub async fn uninstall_app(
     state: State<'_, AppState>,
     app_id: String,
 ) -> Result<()> {
+    eprintln!("[uninstall_app] start {app_id}");
+
     let base_path = {
         let state = state.lock().await;
         state.path.clone()
@@ -21,16 +25,20 @@ pub async fn uninstall_app(
 
     let dir = apps_root(&base_path).join(&app_id);
 
+    eprintln!("[uninstall_app] resolving stopped {app_id}");
     let resolved_app = match resolve_stopped_app(&app, &app_id).await {
-        Ok(app) => Some(app),
+        Ok(app) => {
+            eprintln!("[uninstall_app] resolved stopped {app_id}");
+            Some(app)
+        }
 
         Err(ResolveStoppedError::AppDirMissing) => {
-            // Corrupted apps may not resolve, but their installed directory can
-            // still exist and should be removable from the UI.
+            eprintln!("[uninstall_app] app dir missing/unresolvable {app_id}; removing dir only");
             None
         }
 
         Err(ResolveStoppedError::CloseAttemptsHit) => {
+            eprintln!("[uninstall_app] close attempts hit {app_id}");
             return Err(io::Error::other(
                 "failed to uninstall app because runtime could not be stopped",
             )
@@ -39,8 +47,22 @@ pub async fn uninstall_app(
     };
 
     if let Some(resolved_app) = resolved_app {
-        let cleanup_result = apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data(app.clone(), app_id.clone()).await;
+        eprintln!("[uninstall_app] clearing browsing data {app_id}");
+        let cleanup_result = timeout(
+            Duration::from_millis(2_000),
+            apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data(app.clone(), app_id.clone()),
+        )
+            .await
+            .unwrap_or_else(|_| {
+                eprintln!("[uninstall_app] storage cleanup timed out for {app_id}");
+                Err("storage cleanup timed out".to_string())
+            });
+        eprintln!(
+            "[uninstall_app] browsing data cleanup done {app_id}: {:?}",
+            cleanup_result
+        );
 
+        eprintln!("[uninstall_app] retiring origin {app_id}");
         resolved_app.try_with_app(|installed| {
             if cleanup_result.is_ok() {
                 enqueue_retired_app_origin(installed, false)
@@ -55,9 +77,11 @@ pub async fn uninstall_app(
 
             Ok::<(), crate::host::SageAppsError>(())
         })?;
+        eprintln!("[uninstall_app] retired origin {app_id}");
     }
 
     if dir.exists() {
+        eprintln!("[uninstall_app] removing dir {}", dir.display());
         fs::remove_dir_all(&dir).map_err(|err| {
             io::Error::other(format!(
                 "failed to remove installed app {} at {}: {err}",
@@ -65,7 +89,11 @@ pub async fn uninstall_app(
                 dir.display()
             ))
         })?;
+        eprintln!("[uninstall_app] removed dir {}", dir.display());
+    } else {
+        eprintln!("[uninstall_app] dir already gone {}", dir.display());
     }
 
+    eprintln!("[uninstall_app] done {app_id}");
     Ok(())
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
index b00402d2d..4a76893e4 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
@@ -202,13 +202,16 @@ mod tests {
         )
             .unwrap();
 
+        let (manifest_version, sage_version) = SageAppPackageManifestParts::v0_defaults();
         let manifest = SageAppPackageManifest::try_from(SageAppPackageManifestParts {
+            manifest_version,
             name: "Test App".to_string(),
+            icon: None,
+            sage_version,
             version: "1.0.0".to_string(),
             permissions: requested_permissions.clone(),
             files: vec![SageAppManifestFile::new("index.html", "a".repeat(64), 4).unwrap()],
             entry: Some("index.html".to_string()),
-            icon: None,
             author: None,
             donation: None,
         })
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/mod.rs
index b57b78b1b..b07aac926 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/mod.rs
@@ -21,6 +21,6 @@ pub(crate) use system_apps::{SystemAppPresentation, SystemSageApp};
 pub(crate) use user_apps::{
     CorruptedInstalledSageApp, ListedSageApp, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource, SageApp, ResolvedApp, ResolvedStoppedApp, ResolvedRunningApp
 };
-pub(crate) use view::{ListedSageAppView, SageAppView, UserSageAppView};
+pub(crate) use view::{ListedSageAppView, SageAppView, UserSageAppView, SageAppIconView};
 
 pub(super) use flags::SageAppFlags;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs
index a9329fc08..5b9ec3590 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ use specta::Type;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use tokio::sync::OwnedMutexGuard;
+use crate::types::app::view::SageAppIconView;
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct ResolvedStoppedApp {
@@ -130,11 +131,11 @@ impl SharedSageApp {
     }
 
     pub fn is_user_app(&self) -> bool {
-        self.with(|app| app.is_user())
+        self.with(SageApp::is_user)
     }
 
     pub fn is_system_app(&self) -> bool {
-        self.with(|app| app.is_system())
+        self.with(SageApp::is_system)
     }
 
     pub fn id(&self) -> String {
@@ -150,7 +151,7 @@ impl SharedSageApp {
     }
 
     pub fn app_path(&self) -> PathBuf {
-        self.with(|app| app.app_path())
+        self.with(SageApp::app_path)
     }
 
     pub fn source(&self) -> Option<UserSageAppSource> {
@@ -213,8 +214,17 @@ pub struct UserSageApp {
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct CorruptedInstalledSageApp {
     id: String,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    icon: Option<SageAppIconView>,
+
     app_dir: String,
     error: String,
+
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    manifest_header: Option<crate::types::SageAppManifestHeaderV0>,
+
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    source: Option<UserSageAppSource>,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
@@ -225,15 +235,8 @@ pub enum ListedSageApp {
     Corrupted(CorruptedInstalledSageApp),
 }
 
-impl UserSageAppSource {
-    pub fn url(app_url: impl AsRef<str>) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
-        let app_url = SageAppUrl::parse(app_url.as_ref())?;
-        Ok(Self::Url { app_url })
-    }
-}
-
 impl UserSageApp {
-    pub fn new_installed(common: SageAppCommon, source: UserSageAppSource) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn new_installed(common: SageAppCommon, source: UserSageAppSource) -> Self {
         Self {
             common,
             source,
@@ -241,118 +244,106 @@ impl UserSageApp {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn set_pending_update(&mut self, pending_update: Option<UserSageAppPendingUpdate>) {
+    pub(crate) fn set_pending_update(&mut self, pending_update: Option<UserSageAppPendingUpdate>) {
         self.pending_update = pending_update;
     }
 
-    pub fn into_sage_app(self) -> SageApp {
-        SageApp::User(self)
-    }
-
-    pub fn common(&self) -> &SageAppCommon {
+    pub(crate) fn common(&self) -> &SageAppCommon {
         &self.common
     }
 
-    pub fn common_mut(&mut self) -> &mut SageAppCommon {
+    pub(crate) fn common_mut(&mut self) -> &mut SageAppCommon {
         &mut self.common
     }
 
-    pub fn source(&self) -> &UserSageAppSource {
+    pub(crate) fn source(&self) -> &UserSageAppSource {
         &self.source
     }
 
-    pub fn pending_update(&self) -> Option<&UserSageAppPendingUpdate> {
+    pub(crate) fn pending_update(&self) -> Option<&UserSageAppPendingUpdate> {
         self.pending_update.as_ref()
     }
 
-    pub fn app_path(&self) -> PathBuf {
+    pub(crate) fn app_path(&self) -> PathBuf {
         self.common().app_path()
     }
 }
 
 impl SageApp {
-    pub fn is_user(&self) -> bool {
+    pub(crate) fn is_user(&self) -> bool {
         matches!(self, Self::User(_))
     }
 
-    pub fn is_system(&self) -> bool {
+    pub(crate) fn is_system(&self) -> bool {
         matches!(self, Self::System(_))
     }
 
-    pub fn common(&self) -> &SageAppCommon {
+    pub(crate) fn common(&self) -> &SageAppCommon {
         match self {
             Self::System(app) => app.common(),
             Self::User(app) => app.common(),
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn common_mut(&mut self) -> &mut SageAppCommon {
+    pub(crate) fn common_mut(&mut self) -> &mut SageAppCommon {
         match self {
             Self::System(app) => app.common_mut(),
             Self::User(app) => app.common_mut(),
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn id(&self) -> &str {
+    pub(crate) fn id(&self) -> &str {
         self.common().id()
     }
 
-    pub fn origin_id(&self) -> &str {
+    pub(crate) fn origin_id(&self) -> &str {
         self.common().origin_id()
     }
 
-    pub fn name(&self) -> &str {
+    pub(crate) fn name(&self) -> &str {
         self.common().name()
     }
 
-    pub fn version(&self) -> &str {
+    pub(crate) fn version(&self) -> &str {
         self.common().version()
     }
 
-    pub fn app_dir(&self) -> &str {
-        self.common().app_dir()
-    }
-
-    pub fn app_path(&self) -> PathBuf {
+    pub(crate) fn app_path(&self) -> PathBuf {
         self.common().app_path()
     }
 
-    pub fn entry_file(&self) -> String {
+    pub(crate) fn entry_file(&self) -> String {
         self.common().entry_file().to_string()
     }
 
-    pub fn icon_file(&self) -> Option<&str> {
-        self.common().icon_file()
-    }
-
-    pub fn requested_permissions(&self) -> &SageRequestedPermissions {
+    pub(crate) fn requested_permissions(&self) -> &SageRequestedPermissions {
         self.common().requested_permissions()
     }
 
-    pub fn granted_permissions(&self) -> &SageGrantedPermissions {
+    pub(crate) fn granted_permissions(&self) -> &SageGrantedPermissions {
         self.common().granted_permissions()
     }
 
-    pub fn system_granted_permissions(&self) -> Option<&SageGrantedSystemPermissions> {
+    pub(crate) fn system_granted_permissions(&self) -> Option<&SageGrantedSystemPermissions> {
         match self {
             Self::System(app) => Some(app.system_granted_permissions()),
             Self::User(_) => None,
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn flags(&self) -> &SageAppFlags {
+    pub(crate) fn flags(&self) -> &SageAppFlags {
         self.common().flags()
     }
 
-    pub fn storage(&self) -> &InstalledSageAppStorage {
+    pub(crate) fn storage(&self) -> &InstalledSageAppStorage {
         self.common().storage()
     }
 
-    pub fn active_snapshot(&self) -> &SageAppSnapshot {
+    pub(crate) fn active_snapshot(&self) -> &SageAppSnapshot {
         self.common().active_snapshot()
     }
 
-    pub fn set_pending_update(
+    pub(crate) fn set_pending_update(
         &mut self,
         pending_update: Option<UserSageAppPendingUpdate>,
     ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
@@ -365,40 +356,19 @@ impl SageApp {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn as_user(&self) -> Option<&UserSageApp> {
+    pub(crate) fn as_user(&self) -> Option<&UserSageApp> {
         match self {
             Self::User(app) => Some(app),
             Self::System(_) => None,
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn as_user_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut UserSageApp> {
+    pub(crate) fn as_user_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut UserSageApp> {
         match self {
             Self::User(app) => Some(app),
             Self::System(_) => None,
         }
     }
-
-    pub fn as_system(&self) -> Option<&SystemSageApp> {
-        match self {
-            Self::System(app) => Some(app),
-            Self::User(_) => None,
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn into_user(self) -> Option<UserSageApp> {
-        match self {
-            Self::User(app) => Some(app),
-            Self::System(_) => None,
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn into_system(self) -> Option<SystemSageApp> {
-        match self {
-            Self::System(app) => Some(app),
-            Self::User(_) => None,
-        }
-    }
 }
 
 impl CorruptedInstalledSageApp {
@@ -409,20 +379,58 @@ impl CorruptedInstalledSageApp {
     ) -> Self {
         Self {
             id: id.into(),
+            icon: None,
             app_dir: app_dir.into(),
             error: error.into(),
+            manifest_header: None,
+            source: None,
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn id(&self) -> &str {
+    pub(crate) fn with_icon(
+        mut self,
+        icon: Option<SageAppIconView>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        self.icon = icon;
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn with_manifest_header(
+        mut self,
+        manifest_header: Option<crate::types::SageAppManifestHeaderV0>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        self.manifest_header = manifest_header;
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn with_source(mut self, source: Option<UserSageAppSource>) -> Self {
+        self.source = source;
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn id(&self) -> &str {
         &self.id
     }
+}
 
-    pub fn app_dir(&self) -> &str {
-        &self.app_dir
+#[cfg(test)]
+impl UserSageAppSource {
+    pub(crate) fn url(app_url: impl AsRef<str>) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
+        let app_url = SageAppUrl::parse(app_url.as_ref())?;
+        Ok(Self::Url { app_url })
     }
+}
 
-    pub fn error(&self) -> &str {
+#[cfg(test)]
+impl UserSageApp {
+    pub(crate) fn into_sage_app(self) -> SageApp {
+        SageApp::User(self)
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+impl CorruptedInstalledSageApp {
+    pub(crate) fn error(&self) -> &str {
         &self.error
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/common.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/common.rs
index 523dd7ba8..54949a872 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/common.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/common.rs
@@ -6,14 +6,14 @@ use crate::types::{SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub struct SageAppIdentityView {
+pub(crate) struct SageAppIdentityView {
     id: String,
     origin_id: String,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub struct SageAppCommonView {
+pub(crate) struct SageAppCommonView {
     identity: SageAppIdentityView,
     granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissionsView,
     active_snapshot: SageAppSnapshotView,
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ pub struct SageAppCommonView {
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub struct SageAppIconView {
+pub(crate) struct SageAppIconView {
     mime: String,
     bytes: Vec<u8>,
 }
@@ -47,6 +47,18 @@ impl From<&SageAppIdentity> for SageAppIdentityView {
     }
 }
 
+impl SageAppIconView {
+    pub(crate) fn from_file_path(file_path: &std::path::Path) -> Option<Self> {
+        let bytes = std::fs::read(file_path).ok()?;
+        let mime = mime_guess::from_path(file_path)
+            .first_or_octet_stream()
+            .essence_str()
+            .to_string();
+
+        Some(Self { mime, bytes })
+    }
+}
+
 fn read_common_icon(common: &SageAppCommon) -> Option<SageAppIconView> {
     let icon_path = common.active_snapshot().manifest().icon()?;
     let file_path = common
@@ -54,11 +66,5 @@ fn read_common_icon(common: &SageAppCommon) -> Option<SageAppIconView> {
         .resolve_file_path(icon_path)
         .ok()?;
 
-    let bytes = std::fs::read(&file_path).ok()?;
-    let mime = mime_guess::from_path(&file_path)
-        .first_or_octet_stream()
-        .essence_str()
-        .to_string();
-
-    Some(SageAppIconView { mime, bytes })
+    SageAppIconView::from_file_path(&file_path)
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/mod.rs
index 0baca5e8b..3c4832c53 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/mod.rs
@@ -7,4 +7,5 @@ mod network;
 mod preview;
 
 pub(crate) use user_apps::{ListedSageAppView, SageAppView, UserSageAppView};
+pub(crate) use common::SageAppIconView;
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/manifest.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/manifest.rs
index 881d11009..1ebe98940 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/manifest.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/manifest.rs
@@ -11,6 +11,32 @@ use crate::types::invariants::{
 use crate::types::normalizers::normalized_non_empty_string;
 use crate::types::permissions::SageRequestedPermissions;
 
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Default, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct SageAppManifestVersion(pub u16);
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct SageAppManifestSageVersion {
+    pub min: String,
+
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub tested_max: Option<String>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct SageAppManifestHeaderV0 {
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub manifest_version: SageAppManifestVersion,
+
+    pub name: String,
+
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub icon: Option<String>,
+
+    pub sage_version: SageAppManifestSageVersion,
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct SageAppManifestFile {
     path: String,
@@ -20,32 +46,47 @@ pub struct SageAppManifestFile {
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct SageAppPackageManifestParts {
+    pub manifest_version: SageAppManifestVersion,
     pub name: String,
+    pub icon: Option<String>,
+    pub sage_version: SageAppManifestSageVersion,
     pub version: String,
     pub permissions: SageRequestedPermissions,
     pub files: Vec<SageAppManifestFile>,
     pub entry: Option<String>,
-    pub icon: Option<String>,
     pub author: Option<SageAppAuthor>,
     pub donation: Option<SageAppDonation>,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct SageAppPackageManifest {
+    manifest_version: SageAppManifestVersion,
     name: String,
+    icon: Option<String>,
+    sage_version: SageAppManifestSageVersion,
     version: String,
     permissions: SageRequestedPermissions,
     files: Vec<SageAppManifestFile>,
     total_bytes: u64,
     entry: Option<String>,
-    icon: Option<String>,
     author: Option<SageAppAuthor>,
     donation: Option<SageAppDonation>,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Default)]
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 struct RawSageAppPackageManifest {
+    #[serde(default)]
+    manifest_version: SageAppManifestVersion,
+
     name: String,
+
+    #[serde(default)]
+    icon: Option<String>,
+
+    sage_version: SageAppManifestSageVersion,
+
     version: String,
 
     #[serde(default)]
@@ -57,9 +98,6 @@ struct RawSageAppPackageManifest {
     #[serde(default)]
     entry: Option<String>,
 
-    #[serde(default)]
-    icon: Option<String>,
-
     #[serde(default)]
     author: Option<SageAppAuthor>,
 
@@ -75,18 +113,20 @@ impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for SageAppPackageManifest {
         let raw = <RawSageAppPackageManifest as Deserialize>::deserialize(deserializer)?;
 
         SageAppPackageManifest::try_from(SageAppPackageManifestParts {
+            manifest_version: raw.manifest_version,
             name: raw.name,
+            icon: raw.icon,
+            sage_version: raw.sage_version,
             version: raw.version,
             permissions: raw
                 .permissions
                 .unwrap_or_else(SageRequestedPermissions::empty),
             files: raw.files,
             entry: raw.entry,
-            icon: raw.icon,
             author: raw.author,
             donation: raw.donation,
         })
-        .map_err(serde::de::Error::custom)
+            .map_err(serde::de::Error::custom)
     }
 }
 
@@ -94,9 +134,32 @@ impl TryFrom<SageAppPackageManifestParts> for SageAppPackageManifest {
     type Error = anyhow::Error;
 
     fn try_from(value: SageAppPackageManifestParts) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
+        if value.manifest_version.0 != 0 {
+            return Err(anyhow::anyhow!(
+                "unsupported manifestVersion {}",
+                value.manifest_version.0
+            ));
+        }
+
         let name = normalized_non_empty_string(value.name, "manifest name")?;
         let version = normalized_non_empty_string(value.version, "manifest version")?;
 
+        let sage_version_min =
+            normalized_non_empty_string(value.sage_version.min, "manifest sageVersion.min")?;
+
+        let sage_version_tested_max = value
+            .sage_version
+            .tested_max
+            .map(|tested_max| {
+                normalized_non_empty_string(tested_max, "manifest sageVersion.testedMax")
+            })
+            .transpose()?;
+
+        let sage_version = SageAppManifestSageVersion {
+            min: sage_version_min,
+            tested_max: sage_version_tested_max,
+        };
+
         let entry = normalize_optional_manifest_path(value.entry, "manifest entry")?;
         let icon = normalize_optional_manifest_path(value.icon, "manifest icon")?;
 
@@ -116,24 +179,42 @@ impl TryFrom<SageAppPackageManifestParts> for SageAppPackageManifest {
         validate_declared_manifest_asset_exists(icon.as_deref(), &value.files, "icon")?;
 
         Ok(Self {
+            manifest_version: value.manifest_version,
             name,
+            icon,
+            sage_version,
             version,
             permissions: value.permissions,
             files: value.files,
             total_bytes,
             entry,
-            icon,
             author,
             donation,
         })
     }
 }
 
+impl SageAppPackageManifestParts {
+    pub fn v0_defaults() -> (SageAppManifestVersion, SageAppManifestSageVersion) {
+        (
+            SageAppManifestVersion(0),
+            SageAppManifestSageVersion {
+                min: "0.0.0".to_string(),
+                tested_max: None,
+            },
+        )
+    }
+}
+
 impl SageAppPackageManifest {
     pub fn validate_package_files(&self, package_root: &Path) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
         validate_package_files_match_manifest(package_root, self.files())
     }
 
+    pub fn manifest_version(&self) -> SageAppManifestVersion {
+        self.manifest_version
+    }
+
     pub fn name(&self) -> &str {
         &self.name
     }
@@ -142,6 +223,10 @@ impl SageAppPackageManifest {
         &self.version
     }
 
+    pub fn sage_version(&self) -> &SageAppManifestSageVersion {
+        &self.sage_version
+    }
+
     pub fn permissions(&self) -> &SageRequestedPermissions {
         &self.permissions
     }
@@ -199,13 +284,43 @@ impl SageAppManifestFile {
     }
 }
 
+pub fn parse_manifest_version_from_value(
+    value: &serde_json::Value,
+) -> anyhow::Result<SageAppManifestVersion> {
+    let version = value
+        .get("manifestVersion")
+        .and_then(serde_json::Value::as_u64)
+        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("manifestVersion is missing"))?;
+
+    let version =
+        u16::try_from(version).map_err(|_| anyhow::anyhow!("manifestVersion is too large"))?;
+
+    Ok(SageAppManifestVersion(version))
+}
+
+pub fn parse_manifest_header_v0_from_value(
+    value: serde_json::Value,
+) -> anyhow::Result<SageAppManifestHeaderV0> {
+    let version = parse_manifest_version_from_value(&value)?;
+
+    if version.0 != 0 {
+        return Err(anyhow::anyhow!(
+            "unsupported manifest header version {}",
+            version.0
+        ));
+    }
+
+    serde_json::from_value(value)
+        .map_err(|err| anyhow::anyhow!("failed to parse manifest v0 header: {err}"))
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
     use crate::types::{
-        SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts,
-        SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
-        SageRequestedPermissions,
+        SageAppManifestFile, SageAppManifestSageVersion, SageAppManifestVersion,
+        SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
+        SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions,
     };
 
     fn sample_manifest_file(path: &str, size: u64) -> SageAppManifestFile {
@@ -234,7 +349,17 @@ mod tests {
                 ],
             ),
         )
-        .unwrap()
+            .unwrap()
+    }
+
+    fn manifest_header_parts() -> (SageAppManifestVersion, SageAppManifestSageVersion) {
+        (
+            SageAppManifestVersion(0),
+            SageAppManifestSageVersion {
+                min: "0.0.0".to_string(),
+                tested_max: None,
+            },
+        )
     }
 
     fn sample_manifest_with(
@@ -253,66 +378,103 @@ mod tests {
             files.push(sample_manifest_file(icon_file, 1));
         }
 
+        let (manifest_version, sage_version) = manifest_header_parts();
+
         SageAppPackageManifest::try_from(SageAppPackageManifestParts {
+            manifest_version,
             name: "Test App".to_string(),
+            icon: icon_file,
+            sage_version,
             version: "1.0.0".to_string(),
             permissions: requested_permissions(),
             files,
             entry: entry_file,
-            icon: icon_file,
             author: None,
             donation: None,
         })
-        .unwrap()
+            .unwrap()
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn manifest_rejects_blank_name() {
+        let (manifest_version, sage_version) = manifest_header_parts();
+
         let err = SageAppPackageManifest::try_from(SageAppPackageManifestParts {
+            manifest_version,
             name: "   ".to_string(),
+            icon: Some("icon.png".to_string()),
+            sage_version,
             version: "1.0.0".to_string(),
             permissions: SageRequestedPermissions::empty(),
             files: vec![sample_file()],
             entry: Some("index.html".to_string()),
-            icon: Some("icon.png".to_string()),
             author: None,
             donation: None,
         })
-        .unwrap_err();
+            .unwrap_err();
 
         assert!(err.to_string().contains("name cannot be empty"));
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn manifest_rejects_blank_version() {
+        let (manifest_version, sage_version) = manifest_header_parts();
+
         let err = SageAppPackageManifest::try_from(SageAppPackageManifestParts {
+            manifest_version,
             name: "Test".to_string(),
+            icon: Some("icon.png".to_string()),
+            sage_version,
             version: "   ".to_string(),
             permissions: SageRequestedPermissions::empty(),
             files: vec![sample_file()],
             entry: Some("index.html".to_string()),
-            icon: Some("icon.png".to_string()),
             author: None,
             donation: None,
         })
-        .unwrap_err();
+            .unwrap_err();
 
         assert!(err.to_string().contains("version cannot be empty"));
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn manifest_rejects_unsupported_manifest_version() {
+        let (_, sage_version) = manifest_header_parts();
+
+        let err = SageAppPackageManifest::try_from(SageAppPackageManifestParts {
+            manifest_version: SageAppManifestVersion(1),
+            name: "Test".to_string(),
+            icon: None,
+            sage_version,
+            version: "1.0.0".to_string(),
+            permissions: SageRequestedPermissions::empty(),
+            files: vec![sample_file()],
+            entry: Some("index.html".to_string()),
+            author: None,
+            donation: None,
+        })
+            .unwrap_err();
+
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("unsupported manifestVersion 1"));
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn manifest_total_size_is_computed() {
+        let (manifest_version, sage_version) = manifest_header_parts();
+
         let manifest = SageAppPackageManifest::try_from(SageAppPackageManifestParts {
+            manifest_version,
             name: "Test App".to_string(),
+            icon: None,
+            sage_version,
             version: "1.0.0".to_string(),
             permissions: SageRequestedPermissions::empty(),
             files: vec![sample_manifest_file("dist/index.html", 123)],
             entry: Some("dist/index.html".to_string()),
-            icon: None,
             author: None,
             donation: None,
         })
-        .unwrap();
+            .unwrap();
 
         assert_eq!(manifest.total_bytes(), 123);
     }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs
index 802352b42..9b1268176 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs
@@ -14,9 +14,13 @@ pub(crate) use app::{
     CorruptedInstalledSageApp, ListedSageApp, RetiredAppOriginEntry, SageApp, SageAppCommon,
     SageAppIdentity, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppUrlPreview, SystemAppPresentation, SystemSageApp,
     UserSageApp, UserSageAppPendingUpdate, UserSageAppSource, SageAppView, ResolvedApp, ResolvedStoppedApp, ResolvedRunningApp,
-    ListedSageAppView, UserSageAppView,
+    ListedSageAppView, UserSageAppView, SageAppIconView
+};
+pub(crate) use manifest::{
+    SageAppManifestFile, SageAppManifestHeaderV0,
+    SageAppPackageManifest,
+    parse_manifest_header_v0_from_value,
 };
-pub(crate) use manifest::{SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest};
 pub(crate) use network::SageNetworkWhitelistEntry;
 pub(crate) use permissions::{
     SageGrantedPermissions, SageGrantedSystemPermissions,
@@ -31,7 +35,7 @@ pub(crate) use view::{
 };
 
 #[cfg(test)]
-pub(crate) use manifest::SageAppPackageManifestParts;
+pub(crate) use manifest::{SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageAppManifestSageVersion, SageAppManifestVersion};
 #[cfg(test)]
 pub(crate) use permissions::{SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions};
 pub(crate) use url::{MANIFEST_FILE_NAME, SageAppManifestUrl, SageAppUrl};
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index beec73848..df5f03019 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -806,7 +806,7 @@ export type CombineOffersResponse = {
  * Combined offer string
  */
 offer: string }
-export type CorruptedInstalledSageApp = { id: string; appDir: string; error: string }
+export type CorruptedInstalledSageApp = { id: string; icon?: SageAppIconView | null; appDir: string; error: string; manifestHeader?: SageAppManifestHeaderV0 | null; source?: UserSageAppSource | null }
 /**
  * Create a new DID
  */
@@ -2263,7 +2263,10 @@ export type SageAppDonation = { address: string }
 export type SageAppIconView = { mime: string; bytes: number[] }
 export type SageAppIdentityView = { id: string; originId: string }
 export type SageAppManifestFile = { path: string; sha256: string; size: number }
-export type SageAppPackageManifest = { name: string; version: string; permissions: SageRequestedPermissions; files: SageAppManifestFile[]; total_bytes: number; entry: string | null; icon: string | null; author: SageAppAuthor | null; donation: SageAppDonation | null }
+export type SageAppManifestHeaderV0 = { manifestVersion?: SageAppManifestVersion; name: string; icon?: string | null; sageVersion: SageAppManifestSageVersion }
+export type SageAppManifestSageVersion = { min: string; testedMax?: string | null }
+export type SageAppManifestVersion = number
+export type SageAppPackageManifest = { manifestVersion: SageAppManifestVersion; name: string; icon: string | null; sageVersion: SageAppManifestSageVersion; version: string; permissions: SageRequestedPermissions; files: SageAppManifestFile[]; totalBytes: number; entry: string | null; author: SageAppAuthor | null; donation: SageAppDonation | null }
 export type SageAppRuntimeMode = "Inline" | "Windowed"
 export type SageAppRuntimeRecordView = { runtimeId: string; app: SageAppView; webviewLabel: string; mode: SageAppRuntimeMode; visibility: SageAppRuntimeVisibility; startedAt: number; lastActiveAt: number; internal: boolean }
 export type SageAppRuntimeVisibility = "Visible" | "Hidden"
diff --git a/src/components/apps/AppIcon.tsx b/src/components/apps/AppIcon.tsx
index f3417459d..f5867591d 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/AppIcon.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/AppIcon.tsx
@@ -19,7 +19,9 @@ export function AppIconContent({
 
 export function AppIcon({ app }: { app: ListedSageAppView }) {
   const name =
-    app.kind === 'corrupted' ? app.id : app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.name;
+    app.kind === 'corrupted'
+      ? (app.manifestHeader?.name ?? app.id)
+      : app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.name;
 
   const iconUrl = useMemo(() => {
     return iconUrlFromApp(app);
@@ -29,9 +31,8 @@ export function AppIcon({ app }: { app: ListedSageAppView }) {
 }
 
 function iconUrlFromApp(app: ListedSageAppView): string | null {
-  if (app.kind === 'corrupted') return null;
+  const icon = app.kind === 'corrupted' ? app.icon : app.common.icon;
 
-  const icon = app.common.icon;
   if (!icon) return null;
 
   return URL.createObjectURL(
diff --git a/src/components/apps/CorruptedAppCard.tsx b/src/components/apps/CorruptedAppCard.tsx
index 0bd34467c..b9fe4dcac 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/CorruptedAppCard.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/CorruptedAppCard.tsx
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { AppIconContent } from '@/components/apps/AppIcon';
 import { Badge } from '@/components/ui/badge';
 import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
 import { Card, CardContent, CardHeader, CardTitle } from '@/components/ui/card';
@@ -9,19 +10,58 @@ interface Props {
   onRemove: () => Promise<void>;
 }
 
+function appDisplayName(app: CorruptedInstalledSageApp): string {
+  return app.manifestHeader?.name ?? app.id;
+}
+
+function appIconUrl(app: CorruptedInstalledSageApp): string | null {
+  const icon = app.manifestHeader?.icon;
+  if (!icon) return null;
+
+  return `sage-app://${app.id}/${icon}`;
+}
+
 export function CorruptedAppCard({ app, onRemove }: Props) {
+  const name = appDisplayName(app);
+  const iconUrl = appIconUrl(app);
+  const sageVersion = app.manifestHeader?.sageVersion;
+
   return (
     <Card>
       <CardHeader className='flex flex-row items-start justify-between space-y-0 gap-4'>
-        <div className='space-y-2 min-w-0'>
-          <CardTitle className='flex items-center gap-3'>
-            <TriangleAlert className='h-5 w-5 text-destructive' />
-            <span>{app.id}</span>
-            <Badge variant='destructive'>corrupted</Badge>
-          </CardTitle>
-
-          <div className='text-xs text-muted-foreground break-all'>
-            App dir: {app.appDir}
+        <div className='flex min-w-0 gap-3'>
+          <div className='flex h-11 w-11 shrink-0 items-center justify-center overflow-hidden rounded-xl border bg-muted text-sm font-semibold text-muted-foreground'>
+            <AppIconContent name={name} iconUrl={iconUrl} />
+          </div>
+
+          <div className='space-y-2 min-w-0'>
+            <CardTitle className='flex flex-wrap items-center gap-2'>
+              <TriangleAlert className='h-5 w-5 text-destructive' />
+              <span className='truncate'>{name}</span>
+              <Badge variant='destructive'>corrupted</Badge>
+              {app.manifestHeader ? (
+                <Badge variant='outline'>
+                  manifest v{app.manifestHeader.manifestVersion}
+                </Badge>
+              ) : null}
+            </CardTitle>
+
+            <div className='text-xs text-muted-foreground break-all'>
+              ID: {app.id}
+            </div>
+
+            <div className='text-xs text-muted-foreground break-all'>
+              App dir: {app.appDir}
+            </div>
+
+            {sageVersion ? (
+              <div className='text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
+                Requires Sage {sageVersion.min}
+                {sageVersion.testedMax
+                  ? ` · tested up to ${sageVersion.testedMax}`
+                  : null}
+              </div>
+            ) : null}
           </div>
         </div>
 
@@ -39,4 +79,3 @@ export function CorruptedAppCard({ app, onRemove }: Props) {
     </Card>
   );
 }
-

From 6fe21dc02043c4f28981224a33392aa1b21a190b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 2 May 2026 16:28:04 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 307/471] Support partial manifests and improve error handling

- Added support for handling partial manifests in updates and installations.
- Improved error reporting for non-installable manifests, with detailed user-facing messages.
- Updated preview logic, including manifest header fallback and safe handling of incomplete data.
- Refactored update and installation flows to better handle full and partial manifest types.
- Enhanced maintainability by centralizing manifest-related operations and reorganizing related code.
---
 .../src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs         |  6 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs | 13 +--
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs    | 58 ++++++++++---
 .../src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs          | 70 +++++++++++----
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/preview.rs     | 42 +++++++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/manifest.rs        | 47 ++++++++++
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs             |  2 +-
 src/bindings.ts                               |  3 +-
 src/components/apps/AppUpdateDialog.tsx       | 85 +++++++++++++++++--
 .../apps/AppsLaunchpadContextMenu.tsx         | 18 +++-
 src/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx        |  8 +-
 .../apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx        | 78 +++++++++++++++--
 src/lib/apps/updatePermissionsDelta.ts        | 14 ++-
 src/pages/Apps.tsx                            | 24 ++++++
 src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx                   | 11 ++-
 15 files changed, 415 insertions(+), 64 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs
index 86f91ab75..ed57817eb 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs
@@ -5,9 +5,7 @@ use tauri::{AppHandle, State, command};
 use crate::host::{AppState, Result};
 use crate::lifecycle::install::install_app_from_source;
 use crate::lifecycle::install::zip::ZipInstallSource;
-use crate::lifecycle::{
-    apps_root, fetch_url_manifest, list_installed_apps_internal, read_manifest, unzip_to_dir,
-};
+use crate::lifecycle::{apps_root, fetch_url_manifest_preview, list_installed_apps_internal, read_manifest, unzip_to_dir};
 use crate::types::{ListedSageAppView, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppUrl, SageAppUrlPreview, SageGrantedPermissionsInput, UserSageAppView};
 use uuid::Uuid;
 
@@ -39,7 +37,7 @@ pub async fn preview_app_url(app_url: String) -> Result<SageAppUrlPreview> {
     let app_url = SageAppUrl::parse(&app_url)
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("invalid app URL {app_url}: {err}")))?;
 
-    let (manifest, manifest_hash) = fetch_url_manifest(&app_url.manifest_url())
+    let (manifest, manifest_hash) = fetch_url_manifest_preview(&app_url.manifest_url())
         .await
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to fetch app manifest: {err}")))?;
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
index 443c1d8c1..f0d83635d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
@@ -6,9 +6,7 @@ use uuid::Uuid;
 
 use super::AppInstallSource;
 use crate::lifecycle::registry::read_installed_app_by_id;
-use crate::lifecycle::{
-    download_url_snapshot, fetch_url_manifest, read_retired_app_origins, write_retired_app_origins,
-};
+use crate::lifecycle::{download_url_snapshot, fetch_url_manifest_preview, read_retired_app_origins, write_retired_app_origins};
 use crate::types::{
     SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppUrl, SageAppUrlPreview, UserSageApp,
     UserSageAppSource,
@@ -25,7 +23,7 @@ impl AppInstallSource for SageAppUrl {
     type Prepared = PreparedUrlInstall;
 
     async fn prepare(&self) -> AnyResult<Self::Prepared> {
-        let (manifest, manifest_hash) = fetch_url_manifest(&self.manifest_url()).await?;
+        let (manifest, manifest_hash) = fetch_url_manifest_preview(&self.manifest_url()).await?;
 
         Ok(PreparedUrlInstall {
             preview: SageAppUrlPreview::new(self, manifest, manifest_hash)?,
@@ -33,7 +31,10 @@ impl AppInstallSource for SageAppUrl {
     }
 
     fn manifest<'a>(&self, prepared: &'a Self::Prepared) -> &'a SageAppPackageManifest {
-        prepared.preview.manifest()
+        prepared
+            .preview
+            .require_full_manifest()
+            .expect("URL install requires full manifest")
     }
 
     fn source(&self, prepared: &Self::Prepared) -> UserSageAppSource {
@@ -59,7 +60,7 @@ impl AppInstallSource for SageAppUrl {
         download_url_snapshot(
             app_dir,
             prepared.preview.app_url(),
-            prepared.preview.manifest(),
+            prepared.preview.require_full_manifest()?,
             prepared.preview.manifest_hash(),
         )
         .await
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs
index a03ab45a3..4cae2667b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,27 @@
 use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult};
 
-use crate::types::{MANIFEST_FILE_NAME, SageAppManifestUrl, SageAppPackageManifest};
+use crate::types::{
+    MANIFEST_FILE_NAME, SageAppManifestUrl, SageAppPackageManifest,
+    SageAppPackageManifestPreview,
+};
 use crate::utils::bytes_sha256_hex;
 
 pub async fn fetch_url_manifest(
     manifest_url: &SageAppManifestUrl,
 ) -> AnyResult<(SageAppPackageManifest, String)> {
+    let (preview, hash) = fetch_url_manifest_preview(manifest_url).await?;
+
+    match preview {
+        SageAppPackageManifestPreview::Full { manifest } => Ok((manifest, hash)),
+        SageAppPackageManifestPreview::Partial { parse_error, .. } => {
+            Err(anyhow::anyhow!("failed to parse manifest json: {parse_error}"))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub async fn fetch_url_manifest_preview(
+    manifest_url: &SageAppManifestUrl,
+) -> AnyResult<(SageAppPackageManifestPreview, String)> {
     let manifest_url = manifest_url.as_str();
 
     let response = reqwest::get(manifest_url)
@@ -24,23 +40,44 @@ pub async fn fetch_url_manifest(
     let manifest_text = std::str::from_utf8(&bytes)
         .with_context(|| format!("manifest is not valid UTF-8: {manifest_url}"))?;
 
+    Ok((parse_manifest_preview(manifest_text, manifest_url)?, manifest_hash))
+}
+
+pub fn parse_manifest_preview(
+    manifest_text: &str,
+    source_label: &str,
+) -> AnyResult<SageAppPackageManifestPreview> {
     let mut deserializer = serde_json::Deserializer::from_str(manifest_text);
-    let manifest: SageAppPackageManifest = serde_path_to_error::deserialize(&mut deserializer)
-        .map_err(|err| {
-            anyhow::anyhow!(
-                "failed to parse manifest json from {manifest_url} at {}: {}",
-                err.path(),
-                err.inner()
-            )
-        })?;
 
-    Ok((manifest, manifest_hash))
+    match serde_path_to_error::deserialize::<_, SageAppPackageManifest>(&mut deserializer) {
+        Ok(manifest) => Ok(SageAppPackageManifestPreview::Full { manifest }),
+
+        Err(full_err) => {
+            let parse_error = format!("at {}: {}", full_err.path(), full_err.inner());
+
+            let value: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_str(manifest_text)
+                .with_context(|| format!("failed to parse manifest JSON from {source_label}"))?;
+
+            let manifest_header = crate::types::parse_manifest_header_v0_from_value(value)
+                .with_context(|| {
+                    format!(
+                        "failed to parse fallback manifest header from {source_label}; full parse failed {parse_error}"
+                    )
+                })?;
+
+            Ok(SageAppPackageManifestPreview::Partial {
+                manifest_header,
+                parse_error,
+            })
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 pub fn read_manifest(package_root: &std::path::Path) -> AnyResult<SageAppPackageManifest> {
     let manifest_path = package_root.join(MANIFEST_FILE_NAME);
     let manifest_text = std::fs::read_to_string(&manifest_path)
         .with_context(|| format!("failed to read {}", manifest_path.display()))?;
+
     let mut deserializer = serde_json::Deserializer::from_str(&manifest_text);
     let manifest: SageAppPackageManifest = serde_path_to_error::deserialize(&mut deserializer)
         .map_err(|err| {
@@ -51,5 +88,6 @@ pub fn read_manifest(package_root: &std::path::Path) -> AnyResult<SageAppPackage
                 err.inner()
             )
         })?;
+
     Ok(manifest)
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
index 410cf6015..4cf1c4808 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use tauri::{AppHandle, State, command};
 use crate::host::AppState;
 use crate::host::Result;
 use crate::lifecycle::update::permissions::update_app_permissions_for_app;
-use crate::lifecycle::{download_url_snapshot, fetch_url_manifest, write_installed_app_metadata};
+use crate::lifecycle::{download_url_snapshot, fetch_url_manifest, fetch_url_manifest_preview, write_installed_app_metadata};
 use crate::runtime::resolve_app;
 use crate::types::{ResolvedStoppedApp, SageApp, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppUrlPreview, SageAppView, SageGrantedPermissionsInput, SharedSageApp, UserSageAppPendingUpdate, UserSageAppSource};
 
@@ -19,23 +19,49 @@ pub async fn check_app_update(
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to read installed app {app_id}: {err}")))?;
 
     let app = app.clone_app_for_operation();
-    let Some(pending) = fetch_pending_update(&app).await? else {
+
+    let deps = app.with(|app| match app {
+        SageApp::System(_) => None,
+        SageApp::User(user_app) => Some((
+            user_app.source().clone(),
+            user_app.common().active_snapshot().clone(),
+            user_app.pending_update().cloned(),
+        )),
+    });
+
+    let Some((source, active_snapshot, existing_pending)) = deps else {
         return Ok(None);
     };
 
-    app.with(|app| {
-        let SageApp::User(app) = app else {
-            return Ok(None);
-        };
+    let app_url = match source {
+        UserSageAppSource::Url { app_url } => app_url,
+        UserSageAppSource::Zip => return Ok(None),
+    };
+
+    let (manifest_preview, manifest_hash) = fetch_url_manifest_preview(&app_url.manifest_url())
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to fetch app manifest: {err}")))?;
+
+    let preview = SageAppUrlPreview::new(&app_url, manifest_preview, manifest_hash)
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to preview app URL: {err}")))?;
 
-        if let Some(existing_pending) = app.pending_update()
-            && existing_pending.manifest_hash() == pending.manifest_hash()
-            && existing_pending.manifest() == pending.manifest()
+    if preview.manifest_hash() == active_snapshot.manifest_hash() {
+        if let Some(full_manifest) = preview.full_manifest()
+            && full_manifest == active_snapshot.manifest()
         {
             return Ok(None);
         }
-        Ok(Some(SageAppUrlPreview::from_pending_update(&pending)))
-    })
+    }
+
+    if let Some(existing_pending) = existing_pending
+        && let Some(full_manifest) = preview.full_manifest()
+        && existing_pending.manifest_hash() == preview.manifest_hash()
+        && existing_pending.manifest() == full_manifest
+    {
+        return Ok(None);
+    }
+
+    Ok(Some(preview))
 }
 
 #[command]
@@ -182,6 +208,7 @@ async fn fetch_pending_update(app: &SharedSageApp) -> Result<Option<UserSageAppP
     let Some(deps) = deps else {
         return Ok(None);
     };
+
     let app_url = match deps.source {
         UserSageAppSource::Url { app_url } => app_url.clone(),
         UserSageAppSource::Zip => return Ok(None),
@@ -190,11 +217,16 @@ async fn fetch_pending_update(app: &SharedSageApp) -> Result<Option<UserSageAppP
     let (manifest, manifest_hash) = fetch_url_manifest(&app_url.manifest_url())
         .await
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to fetch app manifest: {err}")))?;
-    let preview = SageAppUrlPreview::new(&app_url, manifest, manifest_hash)
+
+    let preview = SageAppUrlPreview::from_full_manifest(&app_url, manifest, manifest_hash)
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to preview app URL: {err}")))?;
 
+    let manifest = preview
+        .require_full_manifest()
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("update manifest is not installable: {err}")))?;
+
     if preview.manifest_hash() == deps.active_snapshot.manifest_hash()
-        && preview.manifest() == deps.active_snapshot.manifest()
+        && manifest == deps.active_snapshot.manifest()
     {
         return Ok(None);
     }
@@ -202,7 +234,7 @@ async fn fetch_pending_update(app: &SharedSageApp) -> Result<Option<UserSageAppP
     Ok(Some(UserSageAppPendingUpdate::new(
         app_url,
         preview.manifest_hash().to_string(),
-        preview.manifest().clone(),
+        manifest.clone(),
     )))
 }
 
@@ -235,11 +267,15 @@ async fn fetch_pending_update_for_resolved_stopped_app(
         .await
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to fetch app manifest: {err}")))?;
 
-    let preview = SageAppUrlPreview::new(&app_url, manifest, manifest_hash)
+    let preview = SageAppUrlPreview::from_full_manifest(&app_url, manifest, manifest_hash)
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to preview app URL: {err}")))?;
 
+    let manifest = preview
+        .require_full_manifest()
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("update manifest is not installable: {err}")))?;
+
     if preview.manifest_hash() == active_snapshot.manifest_hash()
-        && preview.manifest() == active_snapshot.manifest()
+        && manifest == active_snapshot.manifest()
     {
         return Ok(None);
     }
@@ -247,6 +283,6 @@ async fn fetch_pending_update_for_resolved_stopped_app(
     Ok(Some(UserSageAppPendingUpdate::new(
         app_url,
         preview.manifest_hash().to_string(),
-        preview.manifest().clone(),
+        manifest.clone(),
     )))
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/preview.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/preview.rs
index 8a2a9d20d..431bf3afd 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/preview.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/preview.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::types::SageAppUrl;
-use crate::types::manifest::SageAppPackageManifest;
+use crate::types::{
+    SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestPreview, SageAppUrl,
+};
 use crate::types::normalizers::normalized_non_empty_string;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
@@ -18,7 +19,7 @@ pub struct UserSageAppPendingUpdate {
 pub struct SageAppUrlPreview {
     app_url: SageAppUrl,
     manifest_hash: String,
-    manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
+    manifest: SageAppPackageManifestPreview,
 }
 
 impl UserSageAppPendingUpdate {
@@ -50,7 +51,7 @@ impl UserSageAppPendingUpdate {
 impl SageAppUrlPreview {
     pub fn new(
         app_url: &SageAppUrl,
-        manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
+        manifest: SageAppPackageManifestPreview,
         manifest_hash: String,
     ) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
         Ok(Self {
@@ -60,11 +61,25 @@ impl SageAppUrlPreview {
         })
     }
 
+    pub fn from_full_manifest(
+        app_url: &SageAppUrl,
+        manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
+        manifest_hash: String,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
+        Self::new(
+            app_url,
+            SageAppPackageManifestPreview::Full { manifest },
+            manifest_hash,
+        )
+    }
+
     pub fn from_pending_update(pending: &UserSageAppPendingUpdate) -> Self {
         Self {
             app_url: pending.app_url().clone(),
             manifest_hash: pending.manifest_hash().to_string(),
-            manifest: pending.manifest().clone(),
+            manifest: SageAppPackageManifestPreview::Full {
+                manifest: pending.manifest().clone(),
+            },
         }
     }
 
@@ -76,7 +91,22 @@ impl SageAppUrlPreview {
         &self.manifest_hash
     }
 
-    pub fn manifest(&self) -> &SageAppPackageManifest {
+    pub fn manifest(&self) -> &SageAppPackageManifestPreview {
         &self.manifest
     }
+
+    pub fn full_manifest(&self) -> Option<&SageAppPackageManifest> {
+        self.manifest.full_manifest()
+    }
+
+    pub fn require_full_manifest(&self) -> anyhow::Result<&SageAppPackageManifest> {
+        self.full_manifest().ok_or_else(|| {
+            anyhow::anyhow!(
+                "manifest could not be fully parsed: {}",
+                self.manifest
+                    .parse_error()
+                    .unwrap_or("unknown manifest parse error")
+            )
+        })
+    }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/manifest.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/manifest.rs
index 1ebe98940..56b7a59db 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/manifest.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/manifest.rs
@@ -58,6 +58,19 @@ pub struct SageAppPackageManifestParts {
     pub donation: Option<SageAppDonation>,
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "camelCase")]
+#[allow(clippy::large_enum_variant)]
+pub enum SageAppPackageManifestPreview {
+    Full {
+        manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
+    },
+    Partial {
+        manifest_header: SageAppManifestHeaderV0,
+        parse_error: String,
+    },
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct SageAppPackageManifest {
@@ -194,6 +207,31 @@ impl TryFrom<SageAppPackageManifestParts> for SageAppPackageManifest {
     }
 }
 
+impl SageAppPackageManifestPreview {
+    pub fn full_manifest(&self) -> Option<&SageAppPackageManifest> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Full { manifest } => Some(manifest),
+            Self::Partial { .. } => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn manifest_header(&self) -> SageAppManifestHeaderV0 {
+        match self {
+            Self::Full { manifest } => manifest.header_v0(),
+            Self::Partial {
+                manifest_header, ..
+            } => manifest_header.clone(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn parse_error(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Full { .. } => None,
+            Self::Partial { parse_error, .. } => Some(parse_error),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 impl SageAppPackageManifestParts {
     pub fn v0_defaults() -> (SageAppManifestVersion, SageAppManifestSageVersion) {
         (
@@ -254,6 +292,15 @@ impl SageAppPackageManifest {
     pub fn donation(&self) -> Option<&SageAppDonation> {
         self.donation.as_ref()
     }
+
+    pub fn header_v0(&self) -> SageAppManifestHeaderV0 {
+        SageAppManifestHeaderV0 {
+            manifest_version: self.manifest_version,
+            name: self.name.clone(),
+            icon: self.icon.clone(),
+            sage_version: self.sage_version.clone(),
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 impl SageAppManifestFile {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs
index 9b1268176..7c723e80e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ pub(crate) use app::{
 };
 pub(crate) use manifest::{
     SageAppManifestFile, SageAppManifestHeaderV0,
-    SageAppPackageManifest,
+    SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestPreview,
     parse_manifest_header_v0_from_value,
 };
 pub(crate) use network::SageNetworkWhitelistEntry;
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index df5f03019..911408c98 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -2267,12 +2267,13 @@ export type SageAppManifestHeaderV0 = { manifestVersion?: SageAppManifestVersion
 export type SageAppManifestSageVersion = { min: string; testedMax?: string | null }
 export type SageAppManifestVersion = number
 export type SageAppPackageManifest = { manifestVersion: SageAppManifestVersion; name: string; icon: string | null; sageVersion: SageAppManifestSageVersion; version: string; permissions: SageRequestedPermissions; files: SageAppManifestFile[]; totalBytes: number; entry: string | null; author: SageAppAuthor | null; donation: SageAppDonation | null }
+export type SageAppPackageManifestPreview = { kind: "full"; manifest: SageAppPackageManifest } | { kind: "partial"; manifest_header: SageAppManifestHeaderV0; parse_error: string }
 export type SageAppRuntimeMode = "Inline" | "Windowed"
 export type SageAppRuntimeRecordView = { runtimeId: string; app: SageAppView; webviewLabel: string; mode: SageAppRuntimeMode; visibility: SageAppRuntimeVisibility; startedAt: number; lastActiveAt: number; internal: boolean }
 export type SageAppRuntimeVisibility = "Visible" | "Hidden"
 export type SageAppSnapshotView = { manifest: SageAppPackageManifest }
 export type SageAppUrl = string
-export type SageAppUrlPreview = { appUrl: SageAppUrl; manifestHash: string; manifest: SageAppPackageManifest }
+export type SageAppUrlPreview = { appUrl: SageAppUrl; manifestHash: string; manifest: SageAppPackageManifestPreview }
 export type SageAppView = ({ kind: "system" } & SystemSageAppView) | ({ kind: "user" } & UserSageAppView)
 export type SageAppsError = { kind: ErrorKind; reason: string }
 export type SageGrantedNetworkPermissionsInput = { whitelist: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[] }
diff --git a/src/components/apps/AppUpdateDialog.tsx b/src/components/apps/AppUpdateDialog.tsx
index 4ca4583cb..6338092f8 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/AppUpdateDialog.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/AppUpdateDialog.tsx
@@ -36,12 +36,24 @@ interface Props {
   onConfirm: (nextGranted: SageGrantedPermissionsInput) => void;
 }
 
+function fullPreviewManifest(
+  preview: SageAppUrlPreview,
+): SageAppPackageManifest {
+  if (preview.manifest.kind !== 'full') {
+    throw new Error('Expected full app update manifest');
+  }
+
+  return preview.manifest.manifest;
+}
+
 function buildReviewManifest(
   preview: SageAppUrlPreview,
   delta: AppUpdatePermissionsDelta,
 ): SageAppPackageManifest {
+  const manifest = fullPreviewManifest(preview);
+
   return {
-    ...preview.manifest,
+    ...manifest,
     permissions: {
       capabilities: {
         required: delta.requiredCapabilitiesToGrant,
@@ -92,7 +104,7 @@ function buildRemovedPermissionsApp(
   }
 
   const manifest: SageAppPackageManifest = {
-    ...preview.manifest,
+    ...fullPreviewManifest(preview),
     permissions: {
       capabilities: {
         required: delta.removedGrantedCapabilities,
@@ -141,7 +153,7 @@ export function AppUpdateDialog({
   ] = useState<SageGrantedPermissionsInput>({
     capabilities: [],
     network: {
-      whitelist: []
+      whitelist: [],
     },
   });
 
@@ -157,6 +169,59 @@ export function AppUpdateDialog({
     }
   }, [open]);
 
+  if (open && app && preview?.manifest.kind === 'partial') {
+    const partial = preview.manifest;
+    const header = partial.manifest_header;
+
+    return (
+      <Dialog open={open} onOpenChange={(nextOpen) => !nextOpen && onCancel()}>
+        <DialogContent className='max-w-2xl'>
+          <DialogHeader>
+            <DialogTitle>Update cannot be installed</DialogTitle>
+          </DialogHeader>
+
+          <div className='space-y-4 text-sm'>
+            <div className='space-y-1 text-muted-foreground'>
+              <div>{header.name}</div>
+              <div>Manifest version {header.manifestVersion ?? 0}</div>
+              <div>
+                Requires Sage {header.sageVersion.min}
+                {header.sageVersion.testedMax
+                  ? ` · tested up to ${header.sageVersion.testedMax}`
+                  : null}
+              </div>
+            </div>
+
+            <div className='rounded-md border border-destructive/30 bg-destructive/10 p-3 text-destructive'>
+              This app update uses manifest features this Sage version cannot
+              understand, so it cannot be installed safely.
+            </div>
+
+            <div className='text-muted-foreground'>
+              Try updating Sage if a newer version is available. If this is
+              already the latest Sage version, the app developer needs to
+              publish a compatible manifest.
+            </div>
+
+            <pre className='max-h-48 overflow-auto rounded-md bg-muted p-3 text-xs whitespace-pre-wrap'>
+              {partial.parse_error}
+            </pre>
+
+            {error ? (
+              <div className='text-sm text-destructive'>{error}</div>
+            ) : null}
+          </div>
+
+          <DialogFooter>
+            <Button variant='outline' onClick={onCancel} disabled={submitting}>
+              Close
+            </Button>
+          </DialogFooter>
+        </DialogContent>
+      </Dialog>
+    );
+  }
+
   const delta = useMemo(() => {
     if (!app || !preview) {
       return null;
@@ -165,6 +230,14 @@ export function AppUpdateDialog({
     return getAppUpdatePermissionsDelta(app, preview);
   }, [app, preview]);
 
+  const nextManifest = useMemo(() => {
+    if (!preview || preview.manifest.kind !== 'full') {
+      return null;
+    }
+
+    return preview.manifest.manifest;
+  }, [preview]);
+
   const reviewGrantedPermissions = useMemo(() => {
     if (!delta) {
       return null;
@@ -207,7 +280,7 @@ export function AppUpdateDialog({
     return {
       capabilities: nextCapabilities,
       network: {
-        whitelist: sortNetwork(nextNetworkMap.values())
+        whitelist: sortNetwork(nextNetworkMap.values()),
       },
     } satisfies SageGrantedPermissionsInput;
   }, [delta, selectedOptionalGrantedPermissions]);
@@ -231,6 +304,7 @@ export function AppUpdateDialog({
   if (
     !app ||
     !preview ||
+    !nextManifest ||
     !delta ||
     !reviewGrantedPermissions ||
     !finalGranted ||
@@ -266,7 +340,8 @@ export function AppUpdateDialog({
           <div className='space-y-1 text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
             <div>{app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.name}</div>
             <div>
-              v{app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.version} → v{preview.manifest.version}
+              v{app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.version} → v
+              {nextManifest.version}
             </div>
           </div>
 
diff --git a/src/components/apps/AppsLaunchpadContextMenu.tsx b/src/components/apps/AppsLaunchpadContextMenu.tsx
index 711a324a3..bc9ed1827 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/AppsLaunchpadContextMenu.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/AppsLaunchpadContextMenu.tsx
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ interface Props {
   y: number;
   busy: boolean;
   hasUpdate: boolean;
+  updateIsInstallable: boolean;
   isRunning: boolean;
   updateCheckState: AppsLaunchpadContextMenuUpdateState;
   clearDataBusy?: boolean;
@@ -32,6 +33,7 @@ export function AppsLaunchpadContextMenu({
   y,
   busy,
   hasUpdate,
+  updateIsInstallable,
   isRunning,
   updateCheckState,
   clearDataBusy = false,
@@ -51,6 +53,13 @@ export function AppsLaunchpadContextMenu({
   }
 
   const clearDataDisabled = busy || clearDataBusy || !clearDataEnabled;
+  const updateDisabled = busy || clearDataBusy;
+
+  const updateLabel = updateIsInstallable
+    ? isRunning
+      ? 'Update and reopen'
+      : 'Update'
+    : 'Update issue';
 
   return (
     <>
@@ -95,11 +104,14 @@ export function AppsLaunchpadContextMenu({
         ) : (
           <button
             type='button'
-            className='flex w-full rounded-lg px-3 py-2 text-left text-sm hover:bg-muted disabled:opacity-50'
-            disabled={busy || clearDataBusy}
+            className={[
+              'flex w-full rounded-lg px-3 py-2 text-left text-sm hover:bg-muted disabled:opacity-50',
+              updateIsInstallable ? '' : 'text-amber-600 dark:text-amber-400',
+            ].join(' ')}
+            disabled={updateDisabled}
             onClick={onUpdate}
           >
-            {isRunning ? 'Update and reopen' : 'Update'}
+            {updateLabel}
           </button>
         )}
 
diff --git a/src/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx b/src/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx
index 8ead34d40..d42efab7d 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx
@@ -80,7 +80,13 @@ export function InstallAppForm({
         preview,
       });
 
-      setGrantedPermissions(buildInitialGrantedPermissions(preview.manifest));
+      if (preview.manifest.kind === 'full') {
+        setGrantedPermissions(
+          buildInitialGrantedPermissions(preview.manifest.manifest),
+        );
+      } else {
+        setGrantedPermissions(buildEmptyGrantedPermissions());
+      }
     } catch (err) {
       setError(formatAppError(err));
     }
diff --git a/src/components/apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx b/src/components/apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx
index 563dd353e..1cd96b785 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx
@@ -27,6 +27,18 @@ interface Props {
   onConfirm: () => void;
 }
 
+function installManifest(source: InstallSource): SageAppPackageManifest | null {
+  if (source.kind === 'zip') {
+    return source.manifest;
+  }
+
+  if (source.preview.manifest.kind !== 'full') {
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  return source.preview.manifest.manifest;
+}
+
 function buildPreviewApp(
   manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
   grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissionsView,
@@ -83,6 +95,7 @@ function resolveInstallIconUrl(
     return null;
   }
 }
+
 function computeManifestSize(manifest: SageAppPackageManifest): number {
   return manifest.files.reduce((sum, f) => sum + (f.size ?? 0), 0);
 }
@@ -147,9 +160,7 @@ function InstallAppSummary({
 
             <div>
               <span className='text-foreground'>Size:</span>{' '}
-              {previewSizeBytes !== null
-                ? formatBytes(previewSizeBytes)
-                : 'Unknown'}
+              {formatBytes(previewSizeBytes)}
             </div>
           </div>
         </div>
@@ -177,8 +188,65 @@ export function InstallPermissionsDialog({
     );
   }
 
-  const manifest =
-    source.kind === 'zip' ? source.manifest : source.preview.manifest;
+  const manifest = installManifest(source);
+
+  if (!manifest) {
+    const partial =
+      source.kind === 'url' && source.preview.manifest.kind === 'partial'
+        ? source.preview.manifest
+        : null;
+
+    return (
+      <Dialog open={open} onOpenChange={(nextOpen) => !nextOpen && onCancel()}>
+        <DialogContent className='max-w-lg'>
+          <DialogHeader className='pb-1'>
+            <DialogTitle>App cannot be installed</DialogTitle>
+          </DialogHeader>
+
+          <div className='space-y-4 text-sm'>
+            {partial ? (
+              <>
+                <div className='space-y-1 text-muted-foreground'>
+                  <div>{partial.manifest_header.name}</div>
+                  <div>
+                    Requires Sage {partial.manifest_header.sageVersion.min}
+                    {partial.manifest_header.sageVersion.testedMax
+                      ? ` · tested up to ${partial.manifest_header.sageVersion.testedMax}`
+                      : null}
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+
+                <div className='rounded-md border border-destructive/30 bg-destructive/10 p-3 text-destructive'>
+                  This app uses manifest features this Sage version cannot
+                  understand, so it cannot be installed safely.
+                </div>
+
+                <pre className='max-h-48 overflow-auto rounded-md bg-muted p-3 text-xs whitespace-pre-wrap'>
+                  {partial.parse_error}
+                </pre>
+              </>
+            ) : (
+              <div className='text-destructive'>
+                This app manifest cannot be installed by this Sage version.
+              </div>
+            )}
+
+            {error ? (
+              <div className='rounded-lg border border-destructive/30 bg-destructive/5 px-3 py-2 text-sm text-destructive'>
+                {error}
+              </div>
+            ) : null}
+          </div>
+
+          <DialogFooter className='gap-2'>
+            <Button variant='outline' onClick={onCancel} disabled={installing}>
+              Close
+            </Button>
+          </DialogFooter>
+        </DialogContent>
+      </Dialog>
+    );
+  }
 
   const previewApp = buildPreviewApp(manifest, grantedPermissions);
 
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/updatePermissionsDelta.ts b/src/lib/apps/updatePermissionsDelta.ts
index 2cff66a5e..7cb44779a 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/updatePermissionsDelta.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/updatePermissionsDelta.ts
@@ -46,9 +46,17 @@ function getRequestedNetwork(permissions: SageRequestedPermissions) {
 function getManifestRequestedPermissions(
   manifest: SageAppPackageManifest | SageAppUrlPreview,
 ): SageRequestedPermissions {
-  return 'manifest' in manifest
-    ? manifest.manifest.permissions
-    : manifest.permissions;
+  if ('manifest' in manifest) {
+    if (manifest.manifest.kind !== 'full') {
+      throw new Error(
+        'Cannot calculate permissions delta for partial manifest',
+      );
+    }
+
+    return manifest.manifest.manifest.permissions;
+  }
+
+  return manifest.permissions;
 }
 
 export interface AppUpdatePermissionsDelta {
diff --git a/src/pages/Apps.tsx b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
index 386804af5..2161b586c 100644
--- a/src/pages/Apps.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
@@ -114,6 +114,24 @@ function isStorageTaintPermissionError(message: string): boolean {
   );
 }
 
+function isFullUpdatePreview(preview: SageAppUrlPreview | null): boolean {
+  return preview?.manifest.kind === 'full';
+}
+
+function isPartialUpdatePreview(preview: SageAppUrlPreview | null): boolean {
+  return preview?.manifest.kind === 'partial';
+}
+
+function requireFullPreviewManifest(
+  preview: SageAppUrlPreview,
+): SageAppPackageManifest {
+  if (preview.manifest.kind !== 'full') {
+    throw new Error('Expected full update manifest');
+  }
+
+  return preview.manifest.manifest;
+}
+
 export function Apps() {
   const navigate = useNavigate();
   const [installOpen, setInstallOpen] = useState(false);
@@ -261,6 +279,11 @@ export function Apps() {
 
   const handleReviewOrApplyUpdate = useCallback(
     async (app: UserInstalledEntry, preview: SageAppUrlPreview) => {
+      if (preview.manifest.kind === 'partial') {
+        openUpdateDialog(app, preview);
+        return;
+      }
+
       const delta = getAppUpdatePermissionsDelta(app, preview);
 
       if (!delta.requiresUserReview) {
@@ -788,6 +811,7 @@ export function Apps() {
           y={contextMenu?.y ?? 0}
           busy={contextMenuBusy}
           hasUpdate={!!contextMenuPreview}
+          updateIsInstallable={isFullUpdatePreview(contextMenuPreview)}
           isRunning={contextMenuAppIsRunning}
           updateCheckState={contextMenuCheckState}
           clearDataBusy={contextMenuClearDataBusy}
diff --git a/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx b/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
index b72ada2ca..c3a98df56 100644
--- a/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
@@ -186,6 +186,12 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
       return;
     }
 
+    if (activeUpdatePreview.manifest.kind === 'partial') {
+      setUpdateDialogError(null);
+      setUpdateDialogOpen(true);
+      return;
+    }
+
     const delta = getAppUpdatePermissionsDelta(activeApp, activeUpdatePreview);
 
     if (!delta.requiresUserReview) {
@@ -282,8 +288,9 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
           <AlertTitle>New version available</AlertTitle>
           <AlertDescription className='flex items-center justify-between gap-4'>
             <span>
-              Version {activeUpdatePreview.manifest.version} is available for{' '}
-              {activeApp.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.name}.
+              {activeUpdatePreview.manifest.kind === 'full'
+                ? `Version ${activeUpdatePreview.manifest.manifest.version} is available for ${activeApp.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.name}.`
+                : `An update is available for ${activeApp.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.name}, but it cannot be installed by this Sage version.`}
             </span>
 
             <Button

From 1bde19f51d189311190c86c47a22e6f185c2966d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 2 May 2026 18:20:46 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 308/471] Add app update review UI and backend support for
 permission handling

- Implemented a new app update review interface for evaluating permissions and updates.
- Added backend methods for `applyPermissions`, `applyUpdate`, and `getReviewContext`.
- Introduced `App.tsx` for handling review logic and user interactions.
- Included support for displaying app review states, error handling, and confirmation actions.
- Added SVG icon and `index.html` for the new app update UI.
---
 .../apps/app-update/index.html                |  15 +
 .../apps/app-update/package.json              |   5 +
 .../apps/app-update/postcss.config.js         |  13 +
 .../apps/app-update/public/icon.svg           |   5 +
 .../apps/app-update/sage-manifest.json        |  28 +
 .../apps/app-update/src/App.tsx               | 650 ++++++++++++++++++
 .../apps/app-update/src/main.tsx              |  10 +
 .../apps/app-update/src/styles.css            |  18 +
 .../apps/app-update/tailwind.config.js        |  29 +
 .../apps/app-update/tsconfig.json             |   4 +
 .../apps/app-update/vite.config.ts            |   3 +
 .../apps/task-manager/vite.config.ts          |  17 +-
 .../system-apps-src/vite.system-app.config.ts |  21 +
 .../app_permissions/apply_permissions.rs      | 104 +++
 .../app_permissions/get_review_context.rs     |  81 +++
 .../methods/system/app_permissions/mod.rs     |  11 +
 .../methods/system/app_update/apply_update.rs |  82 +++
 .../system/app_update/get_review_context.rs   |  94 +++
 .../bridge/methods/system/app_update/mod.rs   |   9 +
 .../capabilities/list_user_definitions.rs     |  46 ++
 .../bridge/methods/system/capabilities/mod.rs |   3 +
 .../src/bridge/methods/system/mod.rs          |   6 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs       |  10 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs     |  12 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/build/system_apps.rs     |  47 +-
 .../sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs |  48 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs     |   8 +
 .../src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs          |  11 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs      |  76 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs           |  39 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/system_apps.rs |   4 +-
 docs/generated/system-bridge-capabilities.md  |  70 ++
 docs/generated/system-bridge-methods.md       |  30 +
 packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts   | 163 +++--
 packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/types.ts     |  51 +-
 src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml          |   1 +
 src-tauri/src/lib.rs                          |   1 +
 src/bindings.ts                               |  10 +-
 src/lib/apps/openAppUpdate.ts                 |  17 +
 src/pages/Apps.tsx                            | 134 +---
 40 files changed, 1721 insertions(+), 265 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/index.html
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/package.json
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/postcss.config.js
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/public/icon.svg
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/sage-manifest.json
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/src/App.tsx
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/src/main.tsx
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/src/styles.css
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/tailwind.config.js
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/tsconfig.json
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/vite.config.ts
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/vite.system-app.config.ts
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_permissions/apply_permissions.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_permissions/get_review_context.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_permissions/mod.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/apply_update.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/get_review_context.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/mod.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/capabilities/list_user_definitions.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/capabilities/mod.rs
 create mode 100644 src/lib/apps/openAppUpdate.ts

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/index.html b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ccd273c36
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<html lang="en">
+<head>
+  <meta charset="UTF-8" />
+  <meta
+    name="viewport"
+    content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"
+  />
+  <title>Sage Update Review</title>
+</head>
+<body>
+<div id="root"></div>
+<script type="module" src="/src/main.tsx"></script>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/package.json b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0eeda0cfd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+{
+  "name": "sage-system-app-update-review",
+  "private": true,
+  "type": "module"
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/postcss.config.js b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/postcss.config.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c97c6b959
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/postcss.config.js
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+import { dirname, join } from 'node:path';
+import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url';
+
+const dir = dirname(fileURLToPath(import.meta.url));
+
+export default {
+  plugins: {
+    tailwindcss: {
+      config: join(dir, 'tailwind.config.js'),
+    },
+    autoprefixer: {},
+  },
+};
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/public/icon.svg b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/public/icon.svg
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..118db3ea7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/public/icon.svg
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 64 64">
+    <rect width="64" height="64" rx="16" fill="#1f2937"/>
+    <path d="M18 34a14 14 0 1 0 4-10" fill="none" stroke="#ffffff" stroke-width="5" stroke-linecap="round"/>
+    <path d="M16 18v13h13" fill="none" stroke="#ffffff" stroke-width="5" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"/>
+</svg>
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/sage-manifest.json b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/sage-manifest.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fc5df3c86
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/sage-manifest.json
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+{
+  "manifestVersion": 0,
+  "sageVersion": {
+    "min": "0.0.0",
+    "testedMax": "99.0.0"
+  },
+  "name": "Update Review",
+  "version": "0.1.0",
+  "permissions": {
+    "network": {
+      "whitelist": {
+        "required": [],
+        "optional": []
+      }
+    },
+    "capabilities": {
+      "required": [
+        "environment.theme.get_current",
+        "environment.theme.listen_changed",
+        "environment.theme.css_vars"
+      ],
+      "optional": []
+    }
+  },
+  "files": [],
+  "entry": "index.html",
+  "icon": "icon.svg"
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/src/App.tsx b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/src/App.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7526970ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/src/App.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,650 @@
+import { useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react';
+import {
+  formatSageError,
+  getSageSystemClient,
+  type AppPermissionsReviewContext,
+  type AppUpdateReviewContext,
+  type SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView,
+  type SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
+  type SageGrantedPermissionsView,
+  type SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
+  type SageRequestedPermissions,
+  type UserBridgeCapability,
+  type UserSageAppView,
+} from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
+
+type Mode = 'review-update' | 'review-permissions';
+
+type LoadState =
+  | { kind: 'loading' }
+  | { kind: 'error'; error: string }
+  | {
+      kind: 'ready';
+      mode: Mode;
+      app: UserSageAppView;
+      updateContext: AppUpdateReviewContext | null;
+      permissionsContext: AppPermissionsReviewContext | null;
+      definitions: SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView[];
+    };
+
+function networkKey(entry: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry): string {
+  return `${entry.scheme}://${entry.host}`;
+}
+
+function sortCapabilities(
+  values: Iterable<UserBridgeCapability>,
+): UserBridgeCapability[] {
+  return [...new Set(values)].sort((a, b) => a.localeCompare(b));
+}
+
+function sortNetwork(
+  values: Iterable<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
+): SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[] {
+  return [...values].sort((a, b) => networkKey(a).localeCompare(networkKey(b)));
+}
+
+function getRequestedCapabilities(permissions: SageRequestedPermissions) {
+  return {
+    required: permissions.capabilities.required ?? [],
+    optional: permissions.capabilities.optional ?? [],
+  };
+}
+
+function getRequestedNetwork(permissions: SageRequestedPermissions) {
+  return {
+    required: permissions.network.whitelist.required ?? [],
+    optional: permissions.network.whitelist.optional ?? [],
+  };
+}
+
+function definitionMap(definitions: SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView[]) {
+  return new Map(
+    definitions.map((definition) => [
+      definition.key as UserBridgeCapability,
+      definition,
+    ]),
+  );
+}
+
+function isUserGrantable(
+  definitionsByKey: Map<UserBridgeCapability, SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView>,
+  capability: UserBridgeCapability,
+): boolean {
+  return definitionsByKey.get(capability)?.flags.userGrantable === true;
+}
+
+function buildPermissionReviewApp(
+  app: UserSageAppView,
+  grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissionsView,
+): UserSageAppView {
+  return {
+    ...app,
+    common: {
+      ...app.common,
+      grantedPermissions,
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+function buildUpdateReviewApp(
+  app: UserSageAppView,
+  context: AppUpdateReviewContext,
+  grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissionsView,
+): UserSageAppView | null {
+  if (!context.preview || context.preview.manifest.kind !== 'full') {
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  return {
+    ...app,
+    common: {
+      ...app.common,
+      grantedPermissions,
+      activeSnapshot: {
+        ...app.common.activeSnapshot,
+        manifest: context.preview.manifest.manifest,
+      },
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+function nextPermissionsForUpdate(args: {
+  app: UserSageAppView;
+  context: AppUpdateReviewContext;
+  definitionsByKey: Map<UserBridgeCapability, SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView>;
+}): SageGrantedPermissionsView | null {
+  if (!args.context.preview || args.context.preview.manifest.kind !== 'full') {
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  const nextRequested = args.context.preview.manifest.manifest.permissions;
+  const nextCaps = getRequestedCapabilities(nextRequested);
+  const nextNetwork = getRequestedNetwork(nextRequested);
+
+  const nextAllowedCaps = new Set([...nextCaps.required, ...nextCaps.optional]);
+  const nextAllowedNetwork = new Set([
+    ...nextNetwork.required.map(networkKey),
+    ...nextNetwork.optional.map(networkKey),
+  ]);
+
+  const retainedCapabilities = (
+    args.app.common.grantedPermissions.capabilities ?? []
+  )
+    .filter((capability) => nextAllowedCaps.has(capability))
+    .filter((capability) => isUserGrantable(args.definitionsByKey, capability));
+
+  const requiredGrantable = nextCaps.required.filter((capability) =>
+    isUserGrantable(args.definitionsByKey, capability),
+  );
+
+  const retainedNetwork = (
+    args.app.common.grantedPermissions.network.whitelist ?? []
+  ).filter((entry) => nextAllowedNetwork.has(networkKey(entry)));
+
+  const networkMap = new Map<string, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>();
+
+  for (const entry of retainedNetwork) {
+    networkMap.set(networkKey(entry), entry);
+  }
+
+  for (const entry of nextNetwork.required) {
+    networkMap.set(networkKey(entry), entry);
+  }
+
+  return {
+    capabilities: sortCapabilities([
+      ...retainedCapabilities,
+      ...requiredGrantable,
+    ]),
+    network: {
+      whitelist: sortNetwork(networkMap.values()),
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+function permissionRows(args: {
+  app: UserSageAppView;
+  grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissionsView;
+  definitionsByKey: Map<UserBridgeCapability, SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView>;
+}) {
+  const requestedCaps = getRequestedCapabilities(
+    args.app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.permissions,
+  );
+  const requestedNetwork = getRequestedNetwork(
+    args.app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.permissions,
+  );
+
+  const grantedCaps = new Set(args.grantedPermissions.capabilities ?? []);
+  const grantedNetwork = new Set(
+    (args.grantedPermissions.network.whitelist ?? []).map(networkKey),
+  );
+
+  const capabilityRows = [
+    ...requestedCaps.required.map((capability) => ({
+      id: `cap:${capability}`,
+      kind: 'capability' as const,
+      capability,
+      label: args.definitionsByKey.get(capability)?.label ?? capability,
+      description: args.definitionsByKey.get(capability)?.description ?? null,
+      required: true,
+      granted: true,
+      editable: false,
+      visible: isUserGrantable(args.definitionsByKey, capability),
+    })),
+    ...requestedCaps.optional.map((capability) => ({
+      id: `cap:${capability}`,
+      kind: 'capability' as const,
+      capability,
+      label: args.definitionsByKey.get(capability)?.label ?? capability,
+      description: args.definitionsByKey.get(capability)?.description ?? null,
+      required: false,
+      granted: grantedCaps.has(capability),
+      editable: isUserGrantable(args.definitionsByKey, capability),
+      visible: isUserGrantable(args.definitionsByKey, capability),
+    })),
+  ].filter((row) => row.visible);
+
+  const networkRows = [
+    ...requestedNetwork.required.map((entry) => ({
+      id: `net:${networkKey(entry)}`,
+      kind: 'network' as const,
+      entry,
+      label: networkKey(entry),
+      description: null,
+      required: true,
+      granted: true,
+      editable: false,
+    })),
+    ...requestedNetwork.optional.map((entry) => ({
+      id: `net:${networkKey(entry)}`,
+      kind: 'network' as const,
+      entry,
+      label: networkKey(entry),
+      description: null,
+      required: false,
+      granted: grantedNetwork.has(networkKey(entry)),
+      editable: true,
+    })),
+  ];
+
+  return [...networkRows, ...capabilityRows];
+}
+
+function PermissionEditor({
+  app,
+  grantedPermissions,
+  definitions,
+  disabled,
+  onChange,
+}: {
+  app: UserSageAppView;
+  grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissionsView;
+  definitions: SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView[];
+  disabled?: boolean;
+  onChange: (next: SageGrantedPermissionsInput) => void;
+}) {
+  const definitionsByKey = useMemo(
+    () => definitionMap(definitions),
+    [definitions],
+  );
+
+  const rows = useMemo(
+    () => permissionRows({ app, grantedPermissions, definitionsByKey }),
+    [app, grantedPermissions, definitionsByKey],
+  );
+
+  function emitCapability(capability: UserBridgeCapability, granted: boolean) {
+    const next = new Set(grantedPermissions.capabilities ?? []);
+
+    if (granted) {
+      next.add(capability);
+    } else {
+      next.delete(capability);
+    }
+
+    const requested = getRequestedCapabilities(
+      app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.permissions,
+    );
+
+    for (const required of requested.required) {
+      if (isUserGrantable(definitionsByKey, required)) {
+        next.add(required);
+      }
+    }
+
+    onChange({
+      capabilities: sortCapabilities(next),
+      network: grantedPermissions.network,
+    });
+  }
+
+  function emitNetwork(entry: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, granted: boolean) {
+    const requested = getRequestedNetwork(
+      app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.permissions,
+    );
+
+    const next = new Map<string, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>();
+
+    for (const required of requested.required) {
+      next.set(networkKey(required), required);
+    }
+
+    for (const existing of grantedPermissions.network.whitelist ?? []) {
+      next.set(networkKey(existing), existing);
+    }
+
+    if (granted) {
+      next.set(networkKey(entry), entry);
+    } else {
+      next.delete(networkKey(entry));
+    }
+
+    onChange({
+      capabilities: grantedPermissions.capabilities,
+      network: {
+        whitelist: sortNetwork(next.values()),
+      },
+    });
+  }
+
+  if (rows.length === 0) {
+    return (
+      <div className='rounded-xl border p-4 text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
+        This app does not request any user-reviewable permissions.
+      </div>
+    );
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <div className='space-y-2'>
+      {rows.map((row) => (
+        <label
+          key={row.id}
+          className='flex gap-3 rounded-xl border bg-background/60 p-3 text-sm'
+        >
+          <input
+            type='checkbox'
+            className='mt-1'
+            checked={row.granted}
+            disabled={disabled || row.required || !row.editable}
+            onChange={(event) => {
+              if (row.kind === 'capability') {
+                emitCapability(row.capability, event.target.checked);
+              } else {
+                emitNetwork(row.entry, event.target.checked);
+              }
+            }}
+          />
+
+          <div className='min-w-0 flex-1'>
+            <div className='flex items-center gap-2'>
+              <div className='truncate font-medium'>{row.label}</div>
+              {row.required ? (
+                <span className='rounded-full border px-2 py-0.5 text-[10px] uppercase text-muted-foreground'>
+                  Required
+                </span>
+              ) : null}
+            </div>
+
+            {row.description ? (
+              <div className='mt-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
+                {row.description}
+              </div>
+            ) : row.kind === 'network' ? (
+              <div className='mt-1 font-mono text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
+                {row.label}
+              </div>
+            ) : null}
+          </div>
+        </label>
+      ))}
+    </div>
+  );
+}
+
+function AppBody({ state }: { state: Extract<LoadState, { kind: 'ready' }> }) {
+  const [submitting, setSubmitting] = useState(false);
+  const [submitError, setSubmitError] = useState<string | null>(null);
+  const [grantedPermissions, setGrantedPermissions] =
+    useState<SageGrantedPermissionsInput>(state.app.common.grantedPermissions);
+
+  const definitionsByKey = useMemo(
+    () => definitionMap(state.definitions),
+    [state.definitions],
+  );
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (state.mode !== 'review-update' || !state.updateContext) {
+      setGrantedPermissions(state.app.common.grantedPermissions);
+      return;
+    }
+
+    const next = nextPermissionsForUpdate({
+      app: state.app,
+      context: state.updateContext,
+      definitionsByKey,
+    });
+
+    if (next) {
+      setGrantedPermissions(next);
+    }
+  }, [definitionsByKey, state]);
+
+  const reviewApp = useMemo(() => {
+    if (state.mode === 'review-permissions') {
+      return buildPermissionReviewApp(state.app, grantedPermissions);
+    }
+
+    if (!state.updateContext) {
+      return null;
+    }
+
+    return buildUpdateReviewApp(
+      state.app,
+      state.updateContext,
+      grantedPermissions,
+    );
+  }, [grantedPermissions, state]);
+
+  async function closeModal() {
+    const client = await getSageSystemClient();
+    await client.runtimeManager.killRuntime({ appId: 'app-update' });
+  }
+
+  async function submit() {
+    setSubmitting(true);
+    setSubmitError(null);
+
+    try {
+      const client = await getSageSystemClient();
+
+      if (state.mode === 'review-permissions') {
+        await client.appPermissions.applyPermissions({
+          appId: state.app.common.identity.id,
+          grantedPermissions,
+        });
+      } else {
+        await client.appUpdate.applyUpdate({
+          appId: state.app.common.identity.id,
+          grantedPermissions,
+        });
+      }
+
+      await closeModal();
+    } catch (err) {
+      setSubmitError(formatSageError(err));
+    } finally {
+      setSubmitting(false);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (state.mode === 'review-update') {
+    const preview = state.updateContext?.preview ?? null;
+
+    if (!preview) {
+      return (
+        <div className='space-y-4'>
+          <h1 className='text-lg font-semibold'>App is up to date</h1>
+          <p className='text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
+            No installable update is available for{' '}
+            {state.app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.name}.
+          </p>
+          <div className='flex justify-end'>
+            <button
+              className='rounded-md border px-4 py-2 text-sm'
+              onClick={closeModal}
+            >
+              Close
+            </button>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      );
+    }
+
+    if (preview.manifest.kind === 'partial') {
+      const header = preview.manifest.manifest_header;
+
+      return (
+        <div className='space-y-4'>
+          <h1 className='text-lg font-semibold'>Update cannot be installed</h1>
+          <div className='text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
+            {header.name} requires manifest features this Sage version cannot
+            safely understand.
+          </div>
+          <pre className='max-h-48 overflow-auto rounded-xl bg-muted p-3 text-xs whitespace-pre-wrap'>
+            {preview.manifest.parse_error}
+          </pre>
+          <div className='flex justify-end'>
+            <button
+              className='rounded-md border px-4 py-2 text-sm'
+              onClick={closeModal}
+            >
+              Close
+            </button>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (!reviewApp) {
+    return (
+      <div className='space-y-4'>
+        <h1 className='text-lg font-semibold'>Nothing to review</h1>
+        <button
+          className='rounded-md border px-4 py-2 text-sm'
+          onClick={closeModal}
+        >
+          Close
+        </button>
+      </div>
+    );
+  }
+
+  const title =
+    state.mode === 'review-update'
+      ? 'Review app update'
+      : 'Change app permissions';
+
+  const subtitle =
+    state.mode === 'review-update' &&
+    state.updateContext?.preview?.manifest.kind === 'full'
+      ? `v${state.app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.version} → v${state.updateContext.preview.manifest.manifest.version}`
+      : state.app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.version;
+
+  return (
+    <div className='space-y-5'>
+      <div>
+        <h1 className='text-lg font-semibold'>{title}</h1>
+        <div className='mt-1 text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
+          {state.app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.name} · {subtitle}
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+      <PermissionEditor
+        app={reviewApp}
+        grantedPermissions={grantedPermissions}
+        definitions={state.definitions}
+        disabled={submitting}
+        onChange={setGrantedPermissions}
+      />
+
+      {submitError ? (
+        <div className='rounded-xl border border-destructive/30 bg-destructive/10 p-3 text-sm text-destructive'>
+          {submitError}
+        </div>
+      ) : null}
+
+      <div className='flex justify-end gap-2'>
+        <button
+          className='rounded-md border px-4 py-2 text-sm'
+          disabled={submitting}
+          onClick={closeModal}
+        >
+          Cancel
+        </button>
+        <button
+          className='rounded-md bg-primary px-4 py-2 text-sm text-primary-foreground disabled:opacity-60'
+          disabled={submitting}
+          onClick={submit}
+        >
+          {submitting
+            ? state.mode === 'review-update'
+              ? 'Updating…'
+              : 'Saving…'
+            : state.mode === 'review-update'
+              ? 'Confirm update'
+              : 'Save permissions'}
+        </button>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  );
+}
+
+export function App() {
+  const [state, setState] = useState<LoadState>({ kind: 'loading' });
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    let cancelled = false;
+
+    async function load() {
+      try {
+        const params = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);
+        const appId = params.get('appId');
+        const mode = (params.get('mode') ?? 'review-update') as Mode;
+
+        if (!appId) {
+          setState({ kind: 'error', error: 'Missing appId' });
+          return;
+        }
+
+        const client = await getSageSystemClient();
+        await client.environment.theme.mountCssVars();
+
+        const definitions = await client.capabilities.listUserDefinitions();
+
+        if (mode === 'review-permissions') {
+          const permissionsContext =
+            await client.appPermissions.getReviewContext({ appId });
+
+          if (!cancelled) {
+            setState({
+              kind: 'ready',
+              mode,
+              app: permissionsContext.app,
+              permissionsContext,
+              updateContext: null,
+              definitions,
+            });
+          }
+
+          return;
+        }
+
+        const updateContext = await client.appUpdate.getReviewContext({
+          appId,
+        });
+
+        if (!cancelled) {
+          setState({
+            kind: 'ready',
+            mode: 'review-update',
+            app: updateContext.app,
+            updateContext,
+            permissionsContext: null,
+            definitions,
+          });
+        }
+      } catch (err) {
+        if (!cancelled) {
+          setState({ kind: 'error', error: formatSageError(err) });
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    void load();
+
+    return () => {
+      cancelled = true;
+    };
+  }, []);
+
+  return (
+    <div className='flex h-full min-h-full w-full items-center justify-center bg-black/70 p-6 text-foreground'>
+      <div className='max-h-[85vh] w-full max-w-2xl overflow-auto rounded-2xl border bg-card p-6 text-card-foreground shadow-2xl'>
+        {state.kind === 'loading' ? (
+          <div className='text-sm text-muted-foreground'>Loading review…</div>
+        ) : state.kind === 'error' ? (
+          <div className='space-y-3'>
+            <h1 className='text-lg font-semibold'>App update failed</h1>
+            <div className='rounded-xl border border-destructive/30 bg-destructive/10 p-3 text-sm text-destructive'>
+              {state.error}
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        ) : (
+          <AppBody state={state} />
+        )}
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  );
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/src/main.tsx b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/src/main.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ed0dc6330
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/src/main.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+import React from 'react';
+import ReactDOM from 'react-dom/client';
+import { App } from './App';
+import './styles.css';
+
+ReactDOM.createRoot(document.getElementById('root')!).render(
+  <React.StrictMode>
+    <App />
+  </React.StrictMode>,
+);
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/src/styles.css b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/src/styles.css
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a04f05a0b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/src/styles.css
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+@config "../tailwind.config.js";
+
+@tailwind base;
+@tailwind components;
+@tailwind utilities;
+
+html,
+body,
+#root {
+    min-height: 100%;
+    width: 100%;
+    height: 100%;
+}
+
+body {
+    margin: 0;
+    background: transparent;
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/tailwind.config.js b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/tailwind.config.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..63b213f46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/tailwind.config.js
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+import { dirname, join } from 'node:path';
+import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url';
+
+const dir = dirname(fileURLToPath(import.meta.url));
+
+export default {
+  content: [join(dir, 'index.html'), join(dir, 'src/**/*.{ts,tsx}')],
+  theme: {
+    extend: {
+      colors: {
+        background: 'hsl(var(--background))',
+        foreground: 'hsl(var(--foreground))',
+        card: 'hsl(var(--card))',
+        'card-foreground': 'hsl(var(--card-foreground))',
+        primary: 'hsl(var(--primary))',
+        'primary-foreground': 'hsl(var(--primary-foreground))',
+        secondary: 'hsl(var(--secondary))',
+        'secondary-foreground': 'hsl(var(--secondary-foreground))',
+        muted: 'hsl(var(--muted))',
+        'muted-foreground': 'hsl(var(--muted-foreground))',
+        destructive: 'hsl(var(--destructive))',
+        'destructive-foreground': 'hsl(var(--destructive-foreground))',
+        border: 'hsl(var(--border))',
+        input: 'hsl(var(--input))',
+        ring: 'hsl(var(--ring))',
+      },
+    },
+  },
+};
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/tsconfig.json b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/tsconfig.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3d61827d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/tsconfig.json
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+{
+  "extends": "../../tsconfig.base.json",
+  "include": ["src", "vite.config.ts"]
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/vite.config.ts b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/vite.config.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c2498e6d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/vite.config.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+import { defineSageSystemAppConfig } from '../../vite.system-app.config';
+
+export default defineSageSystemAppConfig(import.meta.url);
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/vite.config.ts b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/vite.config.ts
index bb13f67a5..c2498e6d6 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/vite.config.ts
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/vite.config.ts
@@ -1,16 +1,3 @@
-import { defineConfig } from 'vite';
-import react from '@vitejs/plugin-react';
-import { resolve } from 'node:path';
+import { defineSageSystemAppConfig } from '../../vite.system-app.config';
 
-export default defineConfig({
-  root: __dirname,
-  plugins: [react()],
-  publicDir: resolve(__dirname, 'public'),
-  build: {
-    outDir: resolve(__dirname, 'dist'),
-    emptyOutDir: true,
-    rollupOptions: {
-      input: resolve(__dirname, 'index.html'),
-    },
-  },
-});
+export default defineSageSystemAppConfig(import.meta.url);
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/vite.system-app.config.ts b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/vite.system-app.config.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f81c38bf3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/vite.system-app.config.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+import { defineConfig } from 'vite';
+import react from '@vitejs/plugin-react';
+import { dirname, resolve } from 'node:path';
+import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url';
+
+export function defineSageSystemAppConfig(importMetaUrl: string) {
+  const dir = dirname(fileURLToPath(importMetaUrl));
+
+  return defineConfig({
+    root: dir,
+    plugins: [react()],
+    publicDir: resolve(dir, 'public'),
+    build: {
+      outDir: resolve(dir, 'dist'),
+      emptyOutDir: true,
+      rollupOptions: {
+        input: resolve(dir, 'index.html'),
+      },
+    },
+  });
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_permissions/apply_permissions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_permissions/apply_permissions.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9d23c45bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_permissions/apply_permissions.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use specta::Type;
+
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
+    parse_required_params, BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult,
+    BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError,
+};
+use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
+use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
+use crate::lifecycle::update::permissions::update_app_permissions_for_app;
+use crate::runtime::resolve_app;
+use crate::types::{SageGrantedPermissionsInput, SageApp, UserSageAppView};
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Serialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct AppPermissionsApplyPermissionsParams {
+    pub app_id: String,
+    pub granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct AppPermissionsApplyPermissionsResult {
+    pub app: UserSageAppView,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub(crate) struct AppPermissionsApplyPermissions;
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl BridgeMethod for AppPermissionsApplyPermissions {
+    fn name(&self) -> &'static str {
+        "appPermissions.applyPermissions"
+    }
+
+    fn capability(&self) -> BridgeMethodCapability {
+        BridgeMethodCapability::system(SystemBridgeCapability::AppPermissionsApply)
+    }
+
+    fn approval_request(
+        &self,
+        _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> BridgeApprovalRequestResult {
+        Ok(None)
+    }
+
+    async fn handle(
+        &self,
+        _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
+        request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> BridgeHandleResult {
+        let params: AppPermissionsApplyPermissionsParams = parse_required_params(self, request)?;
+
+        let resolved = resolve_app(tools.app_handle, &params.app_id)
+            .await
+            .map_err(|err| {
+                BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error(format!(
+                    "failed to resolve app {}: {err}",
+                    params.app_id
+                ))
+            })?;
+
+        let requested = resolved.with_app(|app| {
+            app.with(|sage_app| sage_app.requested_permissions().clone())
+        });
+
+        let granted_permissions = params
+            .granted_permissions
+            .resolve(&requested)
+            .map_err(|err| {
+                BridgeMethodHandleError::invalid_request(format!(
+                    "invalid granted permissions: {err}"
+                ))
+            })?;
+
+        let app = resolved.clone_app_for_operation();
+
+        update_app_permissions_for_app(tools.app_handle, &app, &granted_permissions)
+            .await
+            .map_err(|err| {
+                BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error(format!(
+                    "failed to update app permissions: {err}"
+                ))
+            })?;
+
+        let app_view = app
+            .with(|sage_app| match sage_app {
+                SageApp::User(user_app) => Some(UserSageAppView::from(user_app)),
+                SageApp::System(_) => None,
+            })
+            .ok_or_else(|| {
+                BridgeMethodHandleError::invalid_request(format!(
+                    "app {} is not a user app",
+                    params.app_id
+                ))
+            })?;
+
+        Ok(Box::new(AppPermissionsApplyPermissionsResult { app: app_view }))
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_permissions/get_review_context.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_permissions/get_review_context.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ae95b1c39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_permissions/get_review_context.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use specta::Type;
+
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
+    parse_required_params, BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult,
+    BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError,
+};
+use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
+use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
+use crate::runtime::resolve_app;
+use crate::types::{SageApp, UserSageAppView};
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Serialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct AppPermissionsGetReviewContextParams {
+    pub app_id: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct AppPermissionsReviewContext {
+    pub app: UserSageAppView,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub(crate) struct AppPermissionsGetReviewContext;
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl BridgeMethod for AppPermissionsGetReviewContext {
+    fn name(&self) -> &'static str {
+        "appPermissions.getReviewContext"
+    }
+
+    fn capability(&self) -> BridgeMethodCapability {
+        BridgeMethodCapability::system(SystemBridgeCapability::AppPermissionsRead)
+    }
+
+    fn approval_request(
+        &self,
+        _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> BridgeApprovalRequestResult {
+        Ok(None)
+    }
+
+    async fn handle(
+        &self,
+        _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
+        request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> BridgeHandleResult {
+        let params: AppPermissionsGetReviewContextParams = parse_required_params(self, request)?;
+
+        let resolved = resolve_app(tools.app_handle, &params.app_id)
+            .await
+            .map_err(|err| {
+                BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error(format!(
+                    "failed to resolve app {}: {err}",
+                    params.app_id
+                ))
+            })?;
+
+        let app = resolved
+            .with_app(|app| {
+                app.with(|sage_app| match sage_app {
+                    SageApp::User(user_app) => Some(UserSageAppView::from(user_app)),
+                    SageApp::System(_) => None,
+                })
+            })
+            .ok_or_else(|| {
+                BridgeMethodHandleError::invalid_request(format!(
+                    "app {} is not a user app",
+                    params.app_id
+                ))
+            })?;
+
+        Ok(Box::new(AppPermissionsReviewContext { app }))
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_permissions/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_permissions/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..51fd37e2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_permissions/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+mod apply_permissions;
+mod get_review_context;
+
+pub(crate) use apply_permissions::{
+    AppPermissionsApplyPermissions, AppPermissionsApplyPermissionsParams,
+    AppPermissionsApplyPermissionsResult,
+};
+pub(crate) use get_review_context::{
+    AppPermissionsGetReviewContext, AppPermissionsGetReviewContextParams,
+    AppPermissionsReviewContext,
+};
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/apply_update.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/apply_update.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a082ae0aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/apply_update.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use specta::Type;
+
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
+    parse_required_params, BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult,
+    BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError,
+};
+use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
+use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
+use crate::lifecycle::update::commands::{apply_app_update, download_app_update};
+use crate::types::{SageAppView, SageGrantedPermissionsInput};
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Serialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct AppUpdateApplyUpdateParams {
+    pub app_id: String,
+    pub granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct AppUpdateApplyUpdateResult {
+    pub app: SageAppView,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub(crate) struct AppUpdateApplyUpdate;
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl BridgeMethod for AppUpdateApplyUpdate {
+    fn name(&self) -> &'static str {
+        "appUpdate.applyUpdate"
+    }
+
+    fn capability(&self) -> BridgeMethodCapability {
+        BridgeMethodCapability::system(SystemBridgeCapability::AppUpdateApply)
+    }
+
+    fn approval_request(
+        &self,
+        _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> BridgeApprovalRequestResult {
+        Ok(None)
+    }
+
+    async fn handle(
+        &self,
+        _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
+        request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> BridgeHandleResult {
+        let params: AppUpdateApplyUpdateParams = parse_required_params(self, request)?;
+
+        download_app_update(tools.app_handle.clone(), params.app_id.clone())
+            .await
+            .map_err(|err| {
+                BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error(format!(
+                    "failed to download update for {}: {err}",
+                    params.app_id
+                ))
+            })?;
+
+        let app = apply_app_update(
+            tools.app_state.clone(),
+            tools.app_handle.clone(),
+            params.app_id.clone(),
+            params.granted_permissions,
+        )
+            .await
+            .map_err(|err| {
+                BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error(format!(
+                    "failed to apply update for {}: {err}",
+                    params.app_id
+                ))
+            })?;
+
+        Ok(Box::new(AppUpdateApplyUpdateResult { app }))
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/get_review_context.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/get_review_context.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..770b94b6c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/get_review_context.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use specta::Type;
+
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
+    parse_required_params, BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult,
+    BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError,
+};
+use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
+use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
+use crate::lifecycle::update::commands::check_app_update;
+use crate::runtime::resolve_app;
+use crate::types::{SageApp, SageAppUrlPreview, UserSageAppView};
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Serialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct AppUpdateGetReviewContextParams {
+    pub app_id: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct AppUpdateReviewContext {
+    pub app: UserSageAppView,
+
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub preview: Option<SageAppUrlPreview>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub(crate) struct AppUpdateGetReviewContext;
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl BridgeMethod for AppUpdateGetReviewContext {
+    fn name(&self) -> &'static str {
+        "appUpdate.getReviewContext"
+    }
+
+    fn capability(&self) -> BridgeMethodCapability {
+        BridgeMethodCapability::system(SystemBridgeCapability::AppUpdateRead)
+    }
+
+    fn approval_request(
+        &self,
+        _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> BridgeApprovalRequestResult {
+        Ok(None)
+    }
+
+    async fn handle(
+        &self,
+        _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
+        request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> BridgeHandleResult {
+        let params: AppUpdateGetReviewContextParams = parse_required_params(self, request)?;
+
+        let resolved = resolve_app(tools.app_handle, &params.app_id)
+            .await
+            .map_err(|err| {
+                BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error(format!(
+                    "failed to resolve app {}: {err}",
+                    params.app_id
+                ))
+            })?;
+
+        let app = resolved
+            .with_app(|app| {
+                app.with(|sage_app| match sage_app {
+                    SageApp::User(user_app) => Some(UserSageAppView::from(user_app)),
+                    SageApp::System(_) => None,
+                })
+            })
+            .ok_or_else(|| {
+                BridgeMethodHandleError::invalid_request(format!(
+                    "app {} is not a user app",
+                    params.app_id
+                ))
+            })?;
+
+        let preview = check_app_update(tools.app_handle.clone(), params.app_id.clone())
+            .await
+            .map_err(|err| {
+                BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error(format!(
+                    "failed to check update for {}: {err}",
+                    params.app_id
+                ))
+            })?;
+
+        Ok(Box::new(AppUpdateReviewContext { app, preview }))
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0c55dd13e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+mod apply_update;
+mod get_review_context;
+
+pub(crate) use apply_update::{AppUpdateApplyUpdate, AppUpdateApplyUpdateParams, AppUpdateApplyUpdateResult};
+pub(crate) use get_review_context::{
+    AppUpdateGetReviewContext,
+    AppUpdateGetReviewContextParams,
+    AppUpdateReviewContext,
+};
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/capabilities/list_user_definitions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/capabilities/list_user_definitions.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5ea288ba7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/capabilities/list_user_definitions.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
+    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
+};
+use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
+use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
+use crate::capabilities::user_registry;
+use crate::types::SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub(crate) struct CapabilitiesListUserDefinitions;
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl BridgeMethod for CapabilitiesListUserDefinitions {
+    fn name(&self) -> &'static str {
+        "capabilities.listUserDefinitions"
+    }
+
+    fn capability(&self) -> BridgeMethodCapability {
+        BridgeMethodCapability::system(SystemBridgeCapability::CapabilityDefinitionsRead)
+    }
+
+    fn approval_request(
+        &self,
+        _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> BridgeApprovalRequestResult {
+        Ok(None)
+    }
+
+    async fn handle(
+        &self,
+        _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        _tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
+        _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> BridgeHandleResult {
+        let definitions = user_registry()
+            .into_values()
+            .map(Into::into)
+            .collect::<Vec<SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView>>();
+
+        Ok(Box::new(definitions))
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/capabilities/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/capabilities/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6cf994070
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/capabilities/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+mod list_user_definitions;
+
+pub(crate) use list_user_definitions::CapabilitiesListUserDefinitions;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/mod.rs
index c43ccb9d1..ee66afb29 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/mod.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,9 @@
+mod app_permissions;
+mod app_update;
+mod capabilities;
 mod runtime_manager;
 
+pub(crate) use app_permissions::*;
+pub(crate) use app_update::*;
+pub(crate) use capabilities::*;
 pub(crate) use runtime_manager::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs
index b97f1ad96..71d021233 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,5 @@
 use super::methods::BridgeMethod;
-use super::methods::system::{
-    RuntimeManagerFocusRuntime, RuntimeManagerHideRuntime, RuntimeManagerKillRuntime,
-    RuntimeManagerListRuntimes,
-};
+use super::methods::system::{AppPermissionsApplyPermissions, AppPermissionsGetReviewContext, AppUpdateApplyUpdate, AppUpdateGetReviewContext, CapabilitiesListUserDefinitions, RuntimeManagerFocusRuntime, RuntimeManagerHideRuntime, RuntimeManagerKillRuntime, RuntimeManagerListRuntimes};
 use super::methods::user::{
     AppGetCapabilities, AppGetInfo, AppLifecycleReadyToStop, AppLifecycleSetBeforeStopListener,
     AppRequestCapabilityGrant, AppRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant, BridgePing, BridgeSend,
@@ -95,6 +92,11 @@ fn build_system_methods() -> HashMap<&'static str, Box<dyn BridgeMethod>> {
     insert_method(&mut methods, RuntimeManagerFocusRuntime);
     insert_method(&mut methods, RuntimeManagerHideRuntime);
     insert_method(&mut methods, RuntimeManagerKillRuntime);
+    insert_method(&mut methods, AppUpdateGetReviewContext);
+    insert_method(&mut methods, AppUpdateApplyUpdate);
+    insert_method(&mut methods, CapabilitiesListUserDefinitions);
+    insert_method(&mut methods, AppPermissionsGetReviewContext);
+    insert_method(&mut methods, AppPermissionsApplyPermissions);
 
     methods
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
index 078b0c9f8..f7b655cd3 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::bridge::methods::system::{RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent};
+use crate::bridge::methods::system::{AppPermissionsApplyPermissionsParams, AppPermissionsApplyPermissionsResult, AppPermissionsGetReviewContextParams, AppPermissionsReviewContext, AppUpdateApplyUpdateParams, AppUpdateApplyUpdateResult, AppUpdateGetReviewContextParams, AppUpdateReviewContext, RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent};
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::get_info::{AppGetInfoResult, SageNetworkPermissionInfo};
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::request_capability_grant::{
     RequestCapabilityGrantParams, RequestCapabilityGrantResult,
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ use specta::TypeCollection;
 use specta_typescript::{BigIntExportBehavior, Typescript};
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::events::BeforeStopEvent;
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::environment::{EnvironmentThemeChangedEvent, EnvironmentThemeGetCurrentResult};
+use crate::types::SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView;
 
 pub fn export_system_bridge_typescript() -> Result<String, String> {
     let mut types = TypeCollection::default();
@@ -34,6 +35,15 @@ pub fn export_system_bridge_typescript() -> Result<String, String> {
     //types.register::<SageAppRuntimeRecord>();
     types.register::<SystemKillRuntimeResult>();
     types.register::<RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent>();
+    types.register::<AppUpdateGetReviewContextParams>();
+    types.register::<AppUpdateReviewContext>();
+    types.register::<AppUpdateApplyUpdateParams>();
+    types.register::<AppUpdateApplyUpdateResult>();
+    types.register::<SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView>();
+    types.register::<AppPermissionsGetReviewContextParams>();
+    types.register::<AppPermissionsReviewContext>();
+    types.register::<AppPermissionsApplyPermissionsParams>();
+    types.register::<AppPermissionsApplyPermissionsResult>();
 
     Typescript::default()
         .bigint(BigIntExportBehavior::Number)
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/system_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/system_apps.rs
index 6d593136d..7ec4d3105 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/system_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/system_apps.rs
@@ -2,27 +2,46 @@ use std::{fs, path::Path};
 
 use super::finalize::finalize_prebuilt_app;
 
-#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
-struct SystemApp {
-    app_dir_name: &'static str,
-    out_dir_name: &'static str,
-}
-
-const SYSTEM_BUILD_PLAN: &[SystemApp] = &[SystemApp {
-    app_dir_name: "task-manager",
-    out_dir_name: "task-manager",
-}];
-
 pub fn build_system_apps(
     system_apps_src_dir: &Path,
     system_out_dir: &Path,
     system_sdk_dist: &Path,
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
-    for system_app in SYSTEM_BUILD_PLAN {
-        let app_src_dir = system_apps_src_dir.join(system_app.app_dir_name);
+    let mut app_dirs = fs::read_dir(system_apps_src_dir)
+        .map_err(|err| {
+            format!(
+                "failed to read system apps source directory {}: {err}",
+                system_apps_src_dir.display()
+            )
+        })?
+        .map(|entry| entry.map(|entry| entry.path()))
+        .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()
+        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to read system app directory entry: {err}"))?;
+
+    app_dirs.sort();
+
+    for app_src_dir in app_dirs {
+        if !app_src_dir.is_dir() {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        let app_dir_name = app_src_dir
+            .file_name()
+            .and_then(|name| name.to_str())
+            .ok_or_else(|| {
+                format!(
+                    "invalid system app directory name at {}",
+                    app_src_dir.display()
+                )
+            })?;
+
         let app_dist_dir = app_src_dir.join("dist");
         let manifest_src = app_src_dir.join("sage-manifest.json");
-        let out_dir = system_out_dir.join(system_app.out_dir_name);
+        let out_dir = system_out_dir.join(app_dir_name);
+
+        if !manifest_src.is_file() {
+            continue;
+        }
 
         if !app_dist_dir.is_dir() {
             return Err(format!(
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs
index acca13274..1bc38b954 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs
@@ -198,35 +198,61 @@ pub(crate) fn get_system_capability_definition(
             capability,
             "List app runtimes",
             "Allows the system app to inspect running Sage app runtimes.",
-            CapabilityFlags::new(false, false, true, false, true),
+            system_app_flags(),
         ),
-
         SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerFocusRuntime => CapabilityDefinition::new(
             capability,
             "Focus app runtimes",
             "Allows the system app to focus running Sage app runtimes.",
-            CapabilityFlags::new(false, false, true, false, true),
+            system_app_flags(),
         ),
-
         SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerHideRuntime => CapabilityDefinition::new(
             capability,
             "Hide app runtimes",
             "Allows the system app to hide running Sage app runtimes.",
-            CapabilityFlags::new(false, false, true, false, true),
+            system_app_flags(),
         ),
-
         SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerKillRuntime => CapabilityDefinition::new(
             capability,
             "Kill app runtimes",
             "Allows the system app to stop running Sage app runtimes.",
-            CapabilityFlags::new(false, false, true, false, true),
+            system_app_flags(),
         ),
-
         SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerListenRuntimesChanged => CapabilityDefinition::new(
             capability,
             "Observe runtime changes",
             "Allows the system app to receive events when Sage app runtimes change.",
-            CapabilityFlags::new(false, false, true, false, true),
+            system_app_flags(),
+        ),
+        SystemBridgeCapability::AppUpdateRead => CapabilityDefinition::new(
+            capability,
+            "Read app update review context",
+            "Allows the system app to read update information for installed Sage apps.",
+            system_app_flags(),
+        ),
+        SystemBridgeCapability::AppUpdateApply => CapabilityDefinition::new(
+            capability,
+            "Apply app updates",
+            "Allows the system app to download and apply approved Sage app updates.",
+            system_app_flags(),
+        ),
+        SystemBridgeCapability::CapabilityDefinitionsRead => CapabilityDefinition::new(
+            capability,
+            "Read capability definitions",
+            "Allows the system app to read Sage capability definitions.",
+            system_app_flags(),
+        ),
+        SystemBridgeCapability::AppPermissionsRead => CapabilityDefinition::new(
+            capability,
+            "Read app permissions",
+            "Allows the system app to read app permissions for review.",
+            system_app_flags(),
+        ),
+        SystemBridgeCapability::AppPermissionsApply => CapabilityDefinition::new(
+            capability,
+            "Apply app permissions",
+            "Allows the system app to apply reviewed app permission changes.",
+            system_app_flags(),
         ),
     }
 }
@@ -238,3 +264,7 @@ pub(crate) fn user_registry() -> BTreeMap<UserBridgeCapability, UserCapabilityDe
         .map(|capability| (capability, get_user_capability_definition(capability)))
         .collect()
 }
+
+fn system_app_flags() -> CapabilityFlags {
+    CapabilityFlags::new(false, false, true, false, true)
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs
index cf1634c6b..4c4aee581 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs
@@ -98,6 +98,14 @@ define_bridge_capabilities! {
         RuntimeManagerHideRuntime => "runtime_manager.hide_runtime",
         RuntimeManagerKillRuntime => "runtime_manager.kill_runtime",
         RuntimeManagerListenRuntimesChanged => "runtime_manager.listen_runtimes_changed",
+
+        CapabilityDefinitionsRead => "capability_definitions.read",
+
+        AppPermissionsRead => "app_permissions.read",
+        AppPermissionsApply => "app_permissions.apply",
+
+        AppUpdateRead => "app_update.read",
+        AppUpdateApply => "app_update.apply",
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
index 4cf1c4808..388c8a838 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
@@ -45,12 +45,11 @@ pub async fn check_app_update(
     let preview = SageAppUrlPreview::new(&app_url, manifest_preview, manifest_hash)
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to preview app URL: {err}")))?;
 
-    if preview.manifest_hash() == active_snapshot.manifest_hash() {
-        if let Some(full_manifest) = preview.full_manifest()
-            && full_manifest == active_snapshot.manifest()
-        {
-            return Ok(None);
-        }
+    if preview.manifest_hash() == active_snapshot.manifest_hash()
+        && let Some(full_manifest) = preview.full_manifest()
+        && full_manifest == active_snapshot.manifest()
+    {
+        return Ok(None);
     }
 
     if let Some(existing_pending) = existing_pending
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs
index f57e72b00..d0e6668ee 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,76 @@
-use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::runtime::start::{CreateRuntimeArgs, create_runtime};
-use crate::runtime::state::list_runtimes;
-use crate::runtime::stop::{SystemKillRuntimeResult, kill_runtime};
-use crate::runtime::{RuntimeTargetParams, focus_runtime, hide_runtime, SageAppRuntimeRecordView};
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+
+use serde::Deserialize;
+use specta::Type;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
+use crate::runtime::start::{create_runtime, CreateRuntimeArgs};
+use crate::runtime::state::list_runtimes;
+use crate::runtime::stop::{kill_runtime, SystemKillRuntimeResult};
+use crate::runtime::{
+    focus_runtime, hide_runtime, RuntimeTargetParams, SageAppRuntimeMode,
+    SageAppRuntimeRecordView, SageAppRuntimeVisibility,
+};
+use crate::system_apps::SYSTEM_APP_APP_UPDATE_ID;
+use crate::AppsHostState;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub enum StartSystemAppArgs {
+    AppUpdate(StartAppUpdateArgs),
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct StartAppUpdateArgs {
+    pub mode: StartAppUpdateMode,
+    pub app_id: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub enum StartAppUpdateMode {
+    ReviewUpdate,
+    ReviewPermissions,
+}
+
+impl StartAppUpdateMode {
+    fn query_value(self) -> &'static str {
+        match self {
+            Self::ReviewUpdate => "review-update",
+            Self::ReviewPermissions => "review-permissions",
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[tauri::command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn apps_start_system_app(
+    app: AppHandle,
+    apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    args: StartSystemAppArgs,
+) -> Result<SageAppRuntimeRecordView, String> {
+    let create_args = match args {
+        StartSystemAppArgs::AppUpdate(args) => {
+            let mut query = BTreeMap::new();
+
+            query.insert("appId".to_string(), args.app_id);
+            query.insert("mode".to_string(), args.mode.query_value().to_string());
+            query.insert("visibleOverLaunchpad".to_string(), "true".to_string());
+
+            CreateRuntimeArgs {
+                app_id: SYSTEM_APP_APP_UPDATE_ID.to_string(),
+                mode: SageAppRuntimeMode::Inline,
+                visibility: SageAppRuntimeVisibility::Visible,
+                debug_layout: false,
+                query,
+            }
+        }
+    };
+
+    create_runtime(app, apps_state, create_args).await.map(Into::into)
+}
+
 #[tauri::command]
 #[specta::specta]
 pub async fn apps_create_inline_runtime(
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
index cda5ee03e..70280737b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ use crate::types::{
 use crate::utils::builtin_apps_root;
 
 pub const SYSTEM_APP_TASK_MANAGER_ID: &str = "task-manager";
+pub const SYSTEM_APP_APP_UPDATE_ID: &str = "app-update";
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct BuiltinSystemAppSpec {
@@ -23,18 +24,32 @@ pub struct BuiltinSystemAppSpec {
     pub system_capabilities: &'static [SystemBridgeCapability],
 }
 
-const BUILTIN_SYSTEM_APPS: &[BuiltinSystemAppSpec] = &[BuiltinSystemAppSpec {
-    app_id: SYSTEM_APP_TASK_MANAGER_ID,
-    dir_name: "task-manager",
-    presentation: SystemAppPresentation::Taskbar,
-    system_capabilities: &[
-        SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerListRuntimes,
-        SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerFocusRuntime,
-        SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerHideRuntime,
-        SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerKillRuntime,
-        SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerListenRuntimesChanged,
-    ],
-}];
+const BUILTIN_SYSTEM_APPS: &[BuiltinSystemAppSpec] = &[
+    BuiltinSystemAppSpec {
+        app_id: SYSTEM_APP_TASK_MANAGER_ID,
+        dir_name: "task-manager",
+        presentation: SystemAppPresentation::Taskbar,
+        system_capabilities: &[
+            SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerListRuntimes,
+            SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerFocusRuntime,
+            SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerHideRuntime,
+            SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerKillRuntime,
+            SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerListenRuntimesChanged,
+        ],
+    },
+    BuiltinSystemAppSpec {
+        app_id: SYSTEM_APP_APP_UPDATE_ID,
+        dir_name: "app-update",
+        presentation: SystemAppPresentation::AppModal,
+        system_capabilities: &[
+            SystemBridgeCapability::CapabilityDefinitionsRead,
+            SystemBridgeCapability::AppPermissionsRead,
+            SystemBridgeCapability::AppPermissionsApply,
+            SystemBridgeCapability::AppUpdateRead,
+            SystemBridgeCapability::AppUpdateApply,
+        ],
+    },
+];
 
 #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
 pub enum AppBuildError {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/system_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/system_apps.rs
index 4c43b8cbc..95380f02f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/system_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/system_apps.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::types::SageApp;
 use crate::types::app::common::SageAppCommon;
 use crate::types::permissions::SageGrantedSystemPermissions;
+use crate::types::SageApp;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub enum SystemAppPresentation {
     Taskbar,
-    Modal,
+    AppModal,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
diff --git a/docs/generated/system-bridge-capabilities.md b/docs/generated/system-bridge-capabilities.md
index f92ff9962..e3811c323 100644
--- a/docs/generated/system-bridge-capabilities.md
+++ b/docs/generated/system-bridge-capabilities.md
@@ -70,3 +70,73 @@ Allows the system app to receive events when Sage app runtimes change.
 | Externally observable | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
+## `capability_definitions.read`
+
+**Read capability definitions**
+
+Allows the system app to read Sage capability definitions.
+
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `false` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
+
+## `app_permissions.read`
+
+**Read app permissions**
+
+Allows the system app to read app permissions for review.
+
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `false` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
+
+## `app_permissions.apply`
+
+**Apply app permissions**
+
+Allows the system app to apply reviewed app permission changes.
+
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `false` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
+
+## `app_update.read`
+
+**Read app update review context**
+
+Allows the system app to read update information for installed Sage apps.
+
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `false` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
+
+## `app_update.apply`
+
+**Apply app updates**
+
+Allows the system app to download and apply approved Sage app updates.
+
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `false` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
+
diff --git a/docs/generated/system-bridge-methods.md b/docs/generated/system-bridge-methods.md
index 6b00c1177..b0b880716 100644
--- a/docs/generated/system-bridge-methods.md
+++ b/docs/generated/system-bridge-methods.md
@@ -1,5 +1,35 @@
 # System bridge methods
 
+## `appPermissions.applyPermissions`
+
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Capability | `app_permissions.apply` |
+
+## `appPermissions.getReviewContext`
+
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Capability | `app_permissions.read` |
+
+## `appUpdate.applyUpdate`
+
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Capability | `app_update.apply` |
+
+## `appUpdate.getReviewContext`
+
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Capability | `app_update.read` |
+
+## `capabilities.listUserDefinitions`
+
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Capability | `capability_definitions.read` |
+
 ## `runtimeManager.focusRuntime`
 
 | Field | Value |
diff --git a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
index 4c48fabd2..44ed34a3b 100644
--- a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
@@ -1,12 +1,5 @@
-import type {
-  RuntimeTargetParams,
-  SageAppRuntimeRecordView,
-  SageSystemBridgeVersion,
-  SageSystemClient,
-  SageSystemRuntimeManagerClient,
-  SystemKillRuntimeResult,
-  RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent,
-} from './types';
+import type * as Generated from './generated-types';
+import type { SageSystemBridgeVersion, SageSystemClient } from './types';
 import {
   createBridgeRuntimeCore,
   getSageClient,
@@ -31,9 +24,7 @@ type SageWebviewHandle = {
 
 type SageSystemWindow = Window &
   typeof globalThis & {
-    __SAGE_SYSTEM_RUNTIME__?: SageSystemRuntimeManagerClient;
     __SAGE_SYSTEM__?: SageSystemClient;
-    __SAGE_SYSTEM_RUNTIME_BRIDGE_INITIALIZED__?: boolean;
   };
 
 type SystemRuntimeEventEnvelope<T = unknown> = {
@@ -129,7 +120,7 @@ function bridgeResponseResult(
 export function initSageSystemRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
   const w = getSageWindow();
 
-  if (w.__SAGE_SYSTEM_RUNTIME_BRIDGE_INITIALIZED__) {
+  if (w.__SAGE_SYSTEM__) {
     return true;
   }
 
@@ -146,8 +137,6 @@ export function initSageSystemRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
   const webview = core.webview as SageWebviewHandle;
   const callHost = core.callHost;
 
-  w.__SAGE_SYSTEM_RUNTIME_BRIDGE_INITIALIZED__ = true;
-
   webview
     .listen<RustLikeSystemBridgeResponse>(
       'sage-system-bridge:response',
@@ -215,66 +204,118 @@ export function initSageSystemRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
       console.error('Failed to subscribe to system bridge event:', error);
     });
 
-  w.__SAGE_SYSTEM_RUNTIME__ = {
-    async listRuntimes() {
-      return await callHost<SageAppRuntimeRecordView[]>(
-        'runtimeManager.listRuntimes',
-      );
-    },
-
-    async focusRuntime(input: RuntimeTargetParams) {
-      return await callHost<SageAppRuntimeRecordView>(
-        'runtimeManager.focusRuntime',
-        input,
-      );
-    },
-
-    async hideRuntime(input: RuntimeTargetParams) {
-      return await callHost<SageAppRuntimeRecordView>(
-        'runtimeManager.hideRuntime',
-        input,
-      );
-    },
-
-    async killRuntime(input: RuntimeTargetParams) {
-      return await callHost<SystemKillRuntimeResult>(
-        'runtimeManager.killRuntime',
-        input,
-      );
-    },
-
-    onRuntimesChanged(handler) {
-      return onSystemRuntimeEventType<RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent>(
-        'runtimeManager.runtimesChanged',
-        handler,
-      );
-    },
-  };
+  void getSageClient()
+    .then((userClient) => {
+      w.__SAGE_SYSTEM__ = {
+        ...userClient,
+
+        runtimeManager: {
+          async listRuntimes() {
+            return await callHost<Generated.SageAppRuntimeRecordView[]>(
+              'runtimeManager.listRuntimes',
+            );
+          },
+
+          async focusRuntime(input: Generated.RuntimeTargetParams) {
+            return await callHost<Generated.SageAppRuntimeRecordView>(
+              'runtimeManager.focusRuntime',
+              input,
+            );
+          },
+
+          async hideRuntime(input: Generated.RuntimeTargetParams) {
+            return await callHost<Generated.SageAppRuntimeRecordView>(
+              'runtimeManager.hideRuntime',
+              input,
+            );
+          },
+
+          async killRuntime(input: Generated.RuntimeTargetParams) {
+            return await callHost<Generated.SystemKillRuntimeResult>(
+              'runtimeManager.killRuntime',
+              input,
+            );
+          },
+
+          onRuntimesChanged(handler) {
+            return onSystemRuntimeEventType<Generated.RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent>(
+              'runtimeManager.runtimesChanged',
+              handler,
+            );
+          },
+        },
+
+        appUpdate: {
+          async getReviewContext(
+            input: Generated.AppUpdateGetReviewContextParams,
+          ) {
+            return await callHost<Generated.AppUpdateReviewContext>(
+              'appUpdate.getReviewContext',
+              input,
+            );
+          },
+
+          async applyUpdate(input: Generated.AppUpdateApplyUpdateParams) {
+            return await callHost<Generated.AppUpdateApplyUpdateResult>(
+              'appUpdate.applyUpdate',
+              input,
+            );
+          },
+        },
+        capabilities: {
+          async listUserDefinitions() {
+            return await callHost<Generated.SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView[]>(
+              'capabilities.listUserDefinitions',
+            );
+          },
+        },
+
+        appPermissions: {
+          async getReviewContext(
+            input: Generated.AppPermissionsGetReviewContextParams,
+          ) {
+            return await callHost<Generated.AppPermissionsReviewContext>(
+              'appPermissions.getReviewContext',
+              input,
+            );
+          },
+
+          async applyPermissions(
+            input: Generated.AppPermissionsApplyPermissionsParams,
+          ) {
+            return await callHost<Generated.AppPermissionsApplyPermissionsResult>(
+              'appPermissions.applyPermissions',
+              input,
+            );
+          },
+        },
+      };
+    })
+    .catch((error: unknown) => {
+      console.error('Failed to initialize Sage system client:', error);
+    });
 
   return true;
 }
 
 export async function getSageSystemClient(): Promise<SageSystemClient> {
-  if (!initSageSystemRuntimeBridge()) {
-    throw new Error('Sage system bridge failed to initialize');
-  }
+  initSageSystemRuntimeBridge();
 
   const w = getSageWindow();
 
-  if (!w.__SAGE_SYSTEM_RUNTIME__) {
-    throw new Error('Sage system runtime client is not initialized');
-  }
-
   if (w.__SAGE_SYSTEM__) {
     return w.__SAGE_SYSTEM__;
   }
 
-  const userClient = await getSageClient();
+  const started = Date.now();
 
-  w.__SAGE_SYSTEM__ = {
-    ...userClient,
-    runtimeManager: w.__SAGE_SYSTEM_RUNTIME__,
-  };
+  while (!w.__SAGE_SYSTEM__) {
+    if (Date.now() - started > 5000) {
+      throw new Error('Sage system bridge failed to initialize');
+    }
+
+    await new Promise((resolve) => window.setTimeout(resolve, 10));
+  }
 
   return w.__SAGE_SYSTEM__;
 }
diff --git a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/types.ts b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/types.ts
index 8695d6779..a79d55749 100644
--- a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/types.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/types.ts
@@ -1,26 +1,55 @@
+import type * as Generated from './generated-types';
+
 export * from '@sage-app/sdk';
 export * from './generated-types';
 
 import type { SageClient } from '@sage-app/sdk';
-import type {
-  RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent,
-  RuntimeTargetParams,
-  SageAppRuntimeRecordView,
-  SystemKillRuntimeResult,
-} from './generated-types';
 
 export type SageSystemBridgeVersion = 'v1';
 
 export type SageSystemRuntimeManagerClient = {
-  listRuntimes(): Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecordView[]>;
-  focusRuntime(input: RuntimeTargetParams): Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecordView>;
-  hideRuntime(input: RuntimeTargetParams): Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecordView>;
-  killRuntime(input: RuntimeTargetParams): Promise<SystemKillRuntimeResult>;
+  listRuntimes(): Promise<Generated.SageAppRuntimeRecordView[]>;
+  focusRuntime(
+    input: Generated.RuntimeTargetParams,
+  ): Promise<Generated.SageAppRuntimeRecordView>;
+  hideRuntime(
+    input: Generated.RuntimeTargetParams,
+  ): Promise<Generated.SageAppRuntimeRecordView>;
+  killRuntime(
+    input: Generated.RuntimeTargetParams,
+  ): Promise<Generated.SystemKillRuntimeResult>;
   onRuntimesChanged(
-    handler: (event: RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent) => void,
+    handler: (event: Generated.RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent) => void,
   ): () => void;
 };
 
+export type SageSystemCapabilitiesClient = {
+  listUserDefinitions(): Promise<Generated.SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView[]>;
+};
+
+export type SageSystemAppPermissionsClient = {
+  getReviewContext(
+    input: Generated.AppPermissionsGetReviewContextParams,
+  ): Promise<Generated.AppPermissionsReviewContext>;
+
+  applyPermissions(
+    input: Generated.AppPermissionsApplyPermissionsParams,
+  ): Promise<Generated.AppPermissionsApplyPermissionsResult>;
+};
+
+export type SageSystemAppUpdateClient = {
+  getReviewContext(
+    input: Generated.AppUpdateGetReviewContextParams,
+  ): Promise<Generated.AppUpdateReviewContext>;
+
+  applyUpdate(
+    input: Generated.AppUpdateApplyUpdateParams,
+  ): Promise<Generated.AppUpdateApplyUpdateResult>;
+};
+
 export type SageSystemClient = SageClient & {
   runtimeManager: SageSystemRuntimeManagerClient;
+  capabilities: SageSystemCapabilitiesClient;
+  appPermissions: SageSystemAppPermissionsClient;
+  appUpdate: SageSystemAppUpdateClient;
 };
diff --git a/src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml b/src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml
index c19ab7744..956cd38a7 100644
--- a/src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml
+++ b/src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml
@@ -121,6 +121,7 @@ commands.allow = [
     "get_logs",
     "is_asset_owned",
     "get_xch_usd_price",
+    "apps_start_system_app",
     "apps_create_inline_runtime",
     "apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data",
     "apps_resolve_bridge_approval",
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
index 086edf569..89958ec71 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
@@ -166,6 +166,7 @@ pub fn run() {
             apps::lifecycle::apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data,
             apps::sandbox::commands::get_builtin_test_app,
             apps::system_apps::get_builtin_system_app,
+            apps::runtime::commands::apps_start_system_app,
             apps::runtime::commands::apps_create_inline_runtime,
             apps::runtime::commands::apps_list_runtimes,
             apps::runtime::commands::apps_focus_runtime,
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index 911408c98..1965f95d8 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -425,6 +425,9 @@ async getBuiltinTestApp(appId: string) : Promise<SageAppView | null> {
 async getBuiltinSystemApp(appId: string) : Promise<SageAppView | null> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("get_builtin_system_app", { appId });
 },
+async appsStartSystemApp(args: StartSystemAppArgs) : Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecordView> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_start_system_app", { args });
+},
 async appsCreateInlineRuntime(args: CreateRuntimeArgs) : Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecordView> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_create_inline_runtime", { args });
 },
@@ -2621,6 +2624,9 @@ fee: Amount;
  * Whether to automatically submit the transaction
  */
 auto_submit?: boolean }
+export type StartAppUpdateArgs = { mode: StartAppUpdateMode; appId: string }
+export type StartAppUpdateMode = "reviewUpdate" | "reviewPermissions"
+export type StartSystemAppArgs = ({ kind: "appUpdate" } & StartAppUpdateArgs)
 /**
  * Submit a transaction to the network
  */
@@ -2634,8 +2640,8 @@ spend_bundle: SpendBundleJson }
  */
 export type SubmitTransactionResponse = Record<string, never>
 export type SyncEvent = { type: "start"; ip: string } | { type: "stop" } | { type: "subscribed" } | { type: "derivation" } | { type: "coin_state" } | { type: "transaction_failed"; transaction_id: string; error: string | null } | { type: "puzzle_batch_synced" } | { type: "cat_info" } | { type: "did_info" } | { type: "nft_data" }
-export type SystemAppPresentation = "Taskbar" | "Modal"
-export type SystemBridgeCapability = "runtime_manager.list_runtimes" | "runtime_manager.focus_runtime" | "runtime_manager.hide_runtime" | "runtime_manager.kill_runtime" | "runtime_manager.listen_runtimes_changed"
+export type SystemAppPresentation = "Taskbar" | "AppModal"
+export type SystemBridgeCapability = "runtime_manager.list_runtimes" | "runtime_manager.focus_runtime" | "runtime_manager.hide_runtime" | "runtime_manager.kill_runtime" | "runtime_manager.listen_runtimes_changed" | "capability_definitions.read" | "app_permissions.read" | "app_permissions.apply" | "app_update.read" | "app_update.apply"
 export type SystemKillRuntimeResult = { ok: boolean; appId: string }
 export type SystemSageAppView = { common: SageAppCommonView; presentation: SystemAppPresentation; systemGrantedPermissions: SageGrantedSystemPermissionsView }
 /**
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/openAppUpdate.ts b/src/lib/apps/openAppUpdate.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..94000de46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/apps/openAppUpdate.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+import { commands } from '@/bindings';
+
+export async function openAppUpdateReview(appId: string) {
+  return await commands.appsStartSystemApp({
+    kind: 'appUpdate',
+    mode: 'reviewUpdate',
+    appId,
+  });
+}
+
+export async function openAppPermissionsReview(appId: string) {
+  return await commands.appsStartSystemApp({
+    kind: 'appUpdate',
+    mode: 'reviewPermissions',
+    appId,
+  });
+}
diff --git a/src/pages/Apps.tsx b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
index 2161b586c..5f3b83a6c 100644
--- a/src/pages/Apps.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
@@ -37,8 +37,10 @@ import { useNavigate } from 'react-router-dom';
 import { PermissionsEditor } from '@/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx';
 import { AppTile } from '@/components/apps/AppTile';
 import { formatAppError } from '@/lib/apps/formatAppError.ts';
-import { AppUpdateDialog } from '@/components/apps/AppUpdateDialog.tsx';
-import { getAppUpdatePermissionsDelta } from '@/lib/apps/updatePermissionsDelta.ts';
+import {
+  openAppPermissionsReview,
+  openAppUpdateReview,
+} from '@/lib/apps/openAppUpdate.ts';
 
 type UserInstalledEntry = { kind: 'user' } & UserSageAppView;
 type SystemInstalledEntry = { kind: 'system' } & SystemSageAppView;
@@ -118,20 +120,6 @@ function isFullUpdatePreview(preview: SageAppUrlPreview | null): boolean {
   return preview?.manifest.kind === 'full';
 }
 
-function isPartialUpdatePreview(preview: SageAppUrlPreview | null): boolean {
-  return preview?.manifest.kind === 'partial';
-}
-
-function requireFullPreviewManifest(
-  preview: SageAppUrlPreview,
-): SageAppPackageManifest {
-  if (preview.manifest.kind !== 'full') {
-    throw new Error('Expected full update manifest');
-  }
-
-  return preview.manifest.manifest;
-}
-
 export function Apps() {
   const navigate = useNavigate();
   const [installOpen, setInstallOpen] = useState(false);
@@ -153,14 +141,6 @@ export function Apps() {
   const [permissionsDialogError, setPermissionsDialogError] = useState<
     string | null
   >(null);
-  const [updateDialogApp, setUpdateDialogApp] =
-    useState<UserInstalledEntry | null>(null);
-  const [updateDialogPreview, setUpdateDialogPreview] =
-    useState<SageAppUrlPreview | null>(null);
-  const [updateDialogBusy, setUpdateDialogBusy] = useState(false);
-  const [updateDialogError, setUpdateDialogError] = useState<string | null>(
-    null,
-  );
   const [pendingPermissionsRetry, setPendingPermissionsRetry] =
     useState<PendingPermissionsRetry>(null);
   const [editingGrantedPermissions, setEditingGrantedPermissions] =
@@ -183,7 +163,6 @@ export function Apps() {
     installUrlApp,
     uninstallApp,
     checkForUpdate,
-    performAppUpdate,
     clearAppStorage,
     updateAvailability,
     busyAppIds,
@@ -236,67 +215,6 @@ export function Apps() {
     ? (clearDataErrorByAppId[contextMenu.app.common.identity.id] ?? null)
     : null;
 
-  function openUpdateDialog(
-    app: UserInstalledEntry,
-    preview: SageAppUrlPreview,
-  ) {
-    setUpdateDialogApp(app);
-    setUpdateDialogPreview(preview);
-    setUpdateDialogBusy(false);
-    setUpdateDialogError(null);
-  }
-
-  function closeUpdateDialog() {
-    setUpdateDialogApp(null);
-    setUpdateDialogPreview(null);
-    setUpdateDialogBusy(false);
-    setUpdateDialogError(null);
-  }
-
-  const handleConfirmUpdate = useCallback(
-    async (
-      app: UserInstalledEntry,
-      nextGrantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissionsView,
-    ) => {
-      try {
-        setUpdateDialogBusy(true);
-        setUpdateDialogError(null);
-
-        await performAppUpdate(app.common.identity.id, nextGrantedPermissions, {
-          restartIfRunning: true,
-          visibleAfterRestart: runningAppIds.has(app.common.identity.id),
-        });
-
-        closeUpdateDialog();
-      } catch (err) {
-        setUpdateDialogError(formatAppError(err));
-      } finally {
-        setUpdateDialogBusy(false);
-      }
-    },
-    [performAppUpdate, runningAppIds],
-  );
-
-  const handleReviewOrApplyUpdate = useCallback(
-    async (app: UserInstalledEntry, preview: SageAppUrlPreview) => {
-      if (preview.manifest.kind === 'partial') {
-        openUpdateDialog(app, preview);
-        return;
-      }
-
-      const delta = getAppUpdatePermissionsDelta(app, preview);
-
-      if (!delta.requiresUserReview) {
-        closeUpdateDialog();
-        await handleConfirmUpdate(app, delta.nextGrantedPermissions);
-        return;
-      }
-
-      openUpdateDialog(app, preview);
-    },
-    [handleConfirmUpdate],
-  );
-
   const closeContextMenu = useCallback(() => {
     setContextMenu((prevContextMenu) => {
       if (prevContextMenu) {
@@ -351,18 +269,6 @@ export function Apps() {
     }
   }
 
-  function openPermissionsDialog(app: InstalledEntry) {
-    if (!isUserInstalledEntry(app)) {
-      return;
-    }
-
-    setPermissionsDialogApp(app);
-    setEditingGrantedPermissions(app.common.grantedPermissions);
-    setPermissionsDialogBusy(false);
-    setPermissionsDialogError(null);
-    setPendingPermissionsRetry(null);
-  }
-
   function closePermissionsDialog() {
     setPermissionsDialogApp(null);
     setEditingGrantedPermissions({
@@ -845,18 +751,20 @@ export function Apps() {
               return;
             }
 
-            const app = contextMenu.app;
-            const preview = contextMenuPreview;
+            const appId = contextMenu.app.common.identity.id;
 
             closeContextMenu();
-            void handleReviewOrApplyUpdate(app, preview);
+            void openAppUpdateReview(appId);
           }}
           onChangePermissions={() => {
-            if (!contextMenu) {
+            if (!contextMenu || !isUserInstalledEntry(contextMenu.app)) {
               return;
             }
 
-            openPermissionsDialog(contextMenu.app);
+            const appId = contextMenu.app.common.identity.id;
+
+            closeContextMenu();
+            void openAppPermissionsReview(appId);
           }}
           onClearData={() => {
             if (!contextMenu) {
@@ -994,26 +902,6 @@ export function Apps() {
           ) : null}
         </DialogContent>
       </Dialog>
-
-      <AppUpdateDialog
-        open={!!updateDialogApp && !!updateDialogPreview}
-        app={updateDialogApp}
-        preview={updateDialogPreview}
-        submitting={updateDialogBusy}
-        error={updateDialogError}
-        onCancel={() => {
-          if (!updateDialogBusy) {
-            closeUpdateDialog();
-          }
-        }}
-        onConfirm={(nextGranted) => {
-          if (!updateDialogApp) {
-            return;
-          }
-
-          void handleConfirmUpdate(updateDialogApp, nextGranted);
-        }}
-      />
     </>
   );
 }

From 4593709dadd910789dd490fb444df618b5df5d8d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 2 May 2026 18:46:01 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 309/471] Add `SystemAppModalLayer` for managing system app
 modals

- Introduced the `SystemAppModalLayer` component to handle display and synchronization of system app modals.
- Integrated the new component into `AppsWorkspace` and `Apps` to manage visibility and runtime interactions.
- Updated system app runtime capabilities to support modal lifecycle management.
- Adjusted styles and layout for proper modal rendering and behavior.
---
 .../apps/app-update/src/App.tsx               |   4 +-
 .../apps/app-update/src/styles.css            |   4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs           |   1 +
 src/components/apps/SystemAppModalLayer.tsx   | 106 ++++++++++++++++++
 src/pages/Apps.tsx                            |   3 +
 src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx                   |   5 +-
 6 files changed, 118 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/components/apps/SystemAppModalLayer.tsx

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/src/App.tsx b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/src/App.tsx
index 7526970ee..3556492d1 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/src/App.tsx
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/src/App.tsx
@@ -630,8 +630,8 @@ export function App() {
   }, []);
 
   return (
-    <div className='flex h-full min-h-full w-full items-center justify-center bg-black/70 p-6 text-foreground'>
-      <div className='max-h-[85vh] w-full max-w-2xl overflow-auto rounded-2xl border bg-card p-6 text-card-foreground shadow-2xl'>
+    <div className='h-screen w-screen overflow-hidden text-foreground'>
+      <div className='h-full w-full overflow-auto rounded-2xl bg-card p-6 text-card-foreground shadow-2xl'>
         {state.kind === 'loading' ? (
           <div className='text-sm text-muted-foreground'>Loading review…</div>
         ) : state.kind === 'error' ? (
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/src/styles.css b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/src/styles.css
index a04f05a0b..1f81182e9 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/src/styles.css
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/src/styles.css
@@ -7,12 +7,12 @@
 html,
 body,
 #root {
-    min-height: 100%;
     width: 100%;
     height: 100%;
+    margin: 0;
 }
 
 body {
-    margin: 0;
+    overflow: hidden;
     background: transparent;
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
index 70280737b..7e12d477b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@ const BUILTIN_SYSTEM_APPS: &[BuiltinSystemAppSpec] = &[
             SystemBridgeCapability::AppPermissionsApply,
             SystemBridgeCapability::AppUpdateRead,
             SystemBridgeCapability::AppUpdateApply,
+            SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerKillRuntime,
         ],
     },
 ];
diff --git a/src/components/apps/SystemAppModalLayer.tsx b/src/components/apps/SystemAppModalLayer.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..03e312d4c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/components/apps/SystemAppModalLayer.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useRef } from 'react';
+import { LogicalPosition, LogicalSize } from '@tauri-apps/api/dpi';
+import { Webview } from '@tauri-apps/api/webview';
+import { useAppRuntimes } from '@/hooks/useAppRuntimes';
+
+export function SystemAppModalLayer() {
+  const modalBoundsRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement | null>(null);
+  const lastRectByWebviewLabelRef = useRef<
+    Map<string, { left: number; top: number; width: number; height: number }>
+  >(new Map());
+
+  const runtimes = useAppRuntimes({ includeInternal: true });
+
+  const modalRuntimes = useMemo(
+    () =>
+      runtimes.filter(
+        (runtime) =>
+          runtime.app.kind === 'system' &&
+          runtime.app.presentation === 'AppModal' &&
+          runtime.visibility === 'Visible',
+      ),
+    [runtimes],
+  );
+
+  const modalRuntimeLabels = useMemo(
+    () => modalRuntimes.map((runtime) => runtime.webviewLabel).sort(),
+    [modalRuntimes],
+  );
+
+  const modalRuntimeLabelsKey = modalRuntimeLabels.join('\n');
+
+  const sync = useCallback(async () => {
+    const bounds = modalBoundsRef.current;
+    if (!bounds) return;
+
+    const rect = bounds.getBoundingClientRect();
+
+    const nextRect = {
+      left: Math.round(rect.left),
+      top: Math.round(rect.top),
+      width: Math.round(rect.width),
+      height: Math.round(rect.height),
+    };
+
+    for (const webviewLabel of modalRuntimeLabels) {
+      const previous = lastRectByWebviewLabelRef.current.get(webviewLabel);
+
+      const unchanged =
+        previous &&
+        previous.left === nextRect.left &&
+        previous.top === nextRect.top &&
+        previous.width === nextRect.width &&
+        previous.height === nextRect.height;
+
+      if (unchanged) {
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      const webview = await Webview.getByLabel(webviewLabel).catch(() => null);
+      if (!webview) continue;
+
+      await webview.setPosition(
+        new LogicalPosition(nextRect.left, nextRect.top),
+      );
+      await webview.setSize(new LogicalSize(nextRect.width, nextRect.height));
+      await webview.show();
+
+      lastRectByWebviewLabelRef.current.set(webviewLabel, nextRect);
+    }
+  }, [modalRuntimeLabels]);
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    void sync();
+
+    const observer = new ResizeObserver(() => {
+      void sync();
+    });
+
+    if (modalBoundsRef.current) {
+      observer.observe(modalBoundsRef.current);
+    }
+
+    window.addEventListener('resize', sync);
+
+    return () => {
+      observer.disconnect();
+      window.removeEventListener('resize', sync);
+    };
+  }, [sync, modalRuntimeLabelsKey]);
+
+  if (modalRuntimes.length === 0) {
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <div
+      className='pointer-events-none absolute inset-0 z-50 flex items-center justify-center bg-black/35 p-6'
+      aria-hidden
+    >
+      <div
+        ref={modalBoundsRef}
+        className='h-[min(720px,85vh)] w-[min(720px,calc(100vw-3rem))]'
+      />
+    </div>
+  );
+}
diff --git a/src/pages/Apps.tsx b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
index 5f3b83a6c..cbbf7ba59 100644
--- a/src/pages/Apps.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@ import {
   openAppPermissionsReview,
   openAppUpdateReview,
 } from '@/lib/apps/openAppUpdate.ts';
+import { SystemAppModalLayer } from '@/components/apps/SystemAppModalLayer.tsx';
 
 type UserInstalledEntry = { kind: 'user' } & UserSageAppView;
 type SystemInstalledEntry = { kind: 'system' } & SystemSageAppView;
@@ -795,6 +796,8 @@ export function Apps() {
             );
           }}
         />
+
+        <SystemAppModalLayer />
       </div>
 
       <Dialog
diff --git a/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx b/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
index c3a98df56..abe7f69d6 100644
--- a/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ import {
 import { AppUpdateDialog } from '@/components/apps/AppUpdateDialog.tsx';
 import { getAppUpdatePermissionsDelta } from '@/lib/apps/updatePermissionsDelta.ts';
 import { AppDonationStrip } from '@/components/apps/AppDonationStrip.tsx';
+import { SystemAppModalLayer } from '@/components/apps/SystemAppModalLayer';
 
 export function AppsWorkspace() {
   const { appId } = useParams();
@@ -206,7 +207,7 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
   }, [activeApp, activeUpdatePreview, handleConfirmUpdate]);
 
   return (
-    <div className='flex h-full min-h-0 w-full flex-col overflow-hidden'>
+    <div className='relative flex h-full min-h-0 w-full flex-col overflow-hidden'>
       <AppTaskBar
         tabs={tabs}
         activeAppId={appId ?? null}
@@ -310,6 +311,8 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
         <Outlet />
       </div>
 
+      <SystemAppModalLayer />
+
       <AppUpdateDialog
         open={updateDialogOpen}
         app={activeApp}

From 708b9bbad17772161f4766faf3a08b46409c4dd9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 2 May 2026 19:10:24 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 310/471] Introduce `@sage-app/ui` package and integrate
 permissions editor

- Added the `@sage-app/ui` package with the `PermissionsEditor` component for managing app permissions.
- Refactored existing permissions logic to utilize the shared `PermissionsEditor`.
- Updated Tailwind configuration to include styles for the new package.
- Integrated the new package into relevant components and adjusted dependencies.
---
 .../apps/app-update/src/App.tsx               | 217 +----
 .../apps/app-update/tailwind.config.js        |  11 +-
 .../builtin-apps/system-apps-src/package.json |   1 +
 package.json                                  |   1 +
 packages/sage-app-ui/package.json             |  30 +
 packages/sage-app-ui/src/index.ts             |   1 +
 .../src/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx     | 796 ++++++++++++++++++
 packages/sage-app-ui/src/permissions/index.ts |   1 +
 packages/sage-app-ui/tsconfig.json            |  14 +
 packages/sage-app-ui/tsup.config.ts           |  13 +
 pnpm-lock.yaml                                |  43 +
 .../apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx    | 787 +----------------
 12 files changed, 925 insertions(+), 990 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 packages/sage-app-ui/package.json
 create mode 100644 packages/sage-app-ui/src/index.ts
 create mode 100644 packages/sage-app-ui/src/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx
 create mode 100644 packages/sage-app-ui/src/permissions/index.ts
 create mode 100644 packages/sage-app-ui/tsconfig.json
 create mode 100644 packages/sage-app-ui/tsup.config.ts

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/src/App.tsx b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/src/App.tsx
index 3556492d1..3480b10a6 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/src/App.tsx
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/src/App.tsx
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react';
+import { PermissionsEditor } from '@sage-app/ui/permissions';
 import {
   formatSageError,
   getSageSystemClient,
@@ -162,206 +163,6 @@ function nextPermissionsForUpdate(args: {
   };
 }
 
-function permissionRows(args: {
-  app: UserSageAppView;
-  grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissionsView;
-  definitionsByKey: Map<UserBridgeCapability, SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView>;
-}) {
-  const requestedCaps = getRequestedCapabilities(
-    args.app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.permissions,
-  );
-  const requestedNetwork = getRequestedNetwork(
-    args.app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.permissions,
-  );
-
-  const grantedCaps = new Set(args.grantedPermissions.capabilities ?? []);
-  const grantedNetwork = new Set(
-    (args.grantedPermissions.network.whitelist ?? []).map(networkKey),
-  );
-
-  const capabilityRows = [
-    ...requestedCaps.required.map((capability) => ({
-      id: `cap:${capability}`,
-      kind: 'capability' as const,
-      capability,
-      label: args.definitionsByKey.get(capability)?.label ?? capability,
-      description: args.definitionsByKey.get(capability)?.description ?? null,
-      required: true,
-      granted: true,
-      editable: false,
-      visible: isUserGrantable(args.definitionsByKey, capability),
-    })),
-    ...requestedCaps.optional.map((capability) => ({
-      id: `cap:${capability}`,
-      kind: 'capability' as const,
-      capability,
-      label: args.definitionsByKey.get(capability)?.label ?? capability,
-      description: args.definitionsByKey.get(capability)?.description ?? null,
-      required: false,
-      granted: grantedCaps.has(capability),
-      editable: isUserGrantable(args.definitionsByKey, capability),
-      visible: isUserGrantable(args.definitionsByKey, capability),
-    })),
-  ].filter((row) => row.visible);
-
-  const networkRows = [
-    ...requestedNetwork.required.map((entry) => ({
-      id: `net:${networkKey(entry)}`,
-      kind: 'network' as const,
-      entry,
-      label: networkKey(entry),
-      description: null,
-      required: true,
-      granted: true,
-      editable: false,
-    })),
-    ...requestedNetwork.optional.map((entry) => ({
-      id: `net:${networkKey(entry)}`,
-      kind: 'network' as const,
-      entry,
-      label: networkKey(entry),
-      description: null,
-      required: false,
-      granted: grantedNetwork.has(networkKey(entry)),
-      editable: true,
-    })),
-  ];
-
-  return [...networkRows, ...capabilityRows];
-}
-
-function PermissionEditor({
-  app,
-  grantedPermissions,
-  definitions,
-  disabled,
-  onChange,
-}: {
-  app: UserSageAppView;
-  grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissionsView;
-  definitions: SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView[];
-  disabled?: boolean;
-  onChange: (next: SageGrantedPermissionsInput) => void;
-}) {
-  const definitionsByKey = useMemo(
-    () => definitionMap(definitions),
-    [definitions],
-  );
-
-  const rows = useMemo(
-    () => permissionRows({ app, grantedPermissions, definitionsByKey }),
-    [app, grantedPermissions, definitionsByKey],
-  );
-
-  function emitCapability(capability: UserBridgeCapability, granted: boolean) {
-    const next = new Set(grantedPermissions.capabilities ?? []);
-
-    if (granted) {
-      next.add(capability);
-    } else {
-      next.delete(capability);
-    }
-
-    const requested = getRequestedCapabilities(
-      app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.permissions,
-    );
-
-    for (const required of requested.required) {
-      if (isUserGrantable(definitionsByKey, required)) {
-        next.add(required);
-      }
-    }
-
-    onChange({
-      capabilities: sortCapabilities(next),
-      network: grantedPermissions.network,
-    });
-  }
-
-  function emitNetwork(entry: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, granted: boolean) {
-    const requested = getRequestedNetwork(
-      app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.permissions,
-    );
-
-    const next = new Map<string, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>();
-
-    for (const required of requested.required) {
-      next.set(networkKey(required), required);
-    }
-
-    for (const existing of grantedPermissions.network.whitelist ?? []) {
-      next.set(networkKey(existing), existing);
-    }
-
-    if (granted) {
-      next.set(networkKey(entry), entry);
-    } else {
-      next.delete(networkKey(entry));
-    }
-
-    onChange({
-      capabilities: grantedPermissions.capabilities,
-      network: {
-        whitelist: sortNetwork(next.values()),
-      },
-    });
-  }
-
-  if (rows.length === 0) {
-    return (
-      <div className='rounded-xl border p-4 text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
-        This app does not request any user-reviewable permissions.
-      </div>
-    );
-  }
-
-  return (
-    <div className='space-y-2'>
-      {rows.map((row) => (
-        <label
-          key={row.id}
-          className='flex gap-3 rounded-xl border bg-background/60 p-3 text-sm'
-        >
-          <input
-            type='checkbox'
-            className='mt-1'
-            checked={row.granted}
-            disabled={disabled || row.required || !row.editable}
-            onChange={(event) => {
-              if (row.kind === 'capability') {
-                emitCapability(row.capability, event.target.checked);
-              } else {
-                emitNetwork(row.entry, event.target.checked);
-              }
-            }}
-          />
-
-          <div className='min-w-0 flex-1'>
-            <div className='flex items-center gap-2'>
-              <div className='truncate font-medium'>{row.label}</div>
-              {row.required ? (
-                <span className='rounded-full border px-2 py-0.5 text-[10px] uppercase text-muted-foreground'>
-                  Required
-                </span>
-              ) : null}
-            </div>
-
-            {row.description ? (
-              <div className='mt-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
-                {row.description}
-              </div>
-            ) : row.kind === 'network' ? (
-              <div className='mt-1 font-mono text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
-                {row.label}
-              </div>
-            ) : null}
-          </div>
-        </label>
-      ))}
-    </div>
-  );
-}
-
 function AppBody({ state }: { state: Extract<LoadState, { kind: 'ready' }> }) {
   const [submitting, setSubmitting] = useState(false);
   const [submitError, setSubmitError] = useState<string | null>(null);
@@ -451,7 +252,7 @@ function AppBody({ state }: { state: Extract<LoadState, { kind: 'ready' }> }) {
           </p>
           <div className='flex justify-end'>
             <button
-              className='rounded-md border px-4 py-2 text-sm'
+              className='rounded-md border border-border px-4 py-2 text-sm'
               onClick={closeModal}
             >
               Close
@@ -476,7 +277,7 @@ function AppBody({ state }: { state: Extract<LoadState, { kind: 'ready' }> }) {
           </pre>
           <div className='flex justify-end'>
             <button
-              className='rounded-md border px-4 py-2 text-sm'
+              className='rounded-md border border-border px-4 py-2 text-sm'
               onClick={closeModal}
             >
               Close
@@ -492,7 +293,7 @@ function AppBody({ state }: { state: Extract<LoadState, { kind: 'ready' }> }) {
       <div className='space-y-4'>
         <h1 className='text-lg font-semibold'>Nothing to review</h1>
         <button
-          className='rounded-md border px-4 py-2 text-sm'
+          className='rounded-md border border-border px-4 py-2 text-sm'
           onClick={closeModal}
         >
           Close
@@ -521,12 +322,12 @@ function AppBody({ state }: { state: Extract<LoadState, { kind: 'ready' }> }) {
         </div>
       </div>
 
-      <PermissionEditor
+      <PermissionsEditor
         app={reviewApp}
         grantedPermissions={grantedPermissions}
-        definitions={state.definitions}
-        disabled={submitting}
-        onChange={setGrantedPermissions}
+        capabilityDefinitions={state.definitions}
+        editable={!submitting}
+        onGrantedPermissionsChange={setGrantedPermissions}
       />
 
       {submitError ? (
@@ -537,7 +338,7 @@ function AppBody({ state }: { state: Extract<LoadState, { kind: 'ready' }> }) {
 
       <div className='flex justify-end gap-2'>
         <button
-          className='rounded-md border px-4 py-2 text-sm'
+          className='rounded-md border border-border px-4 py-2 text-sm disabled:opacity-60'
           disabled={submitting}
           onClick={closeModal}
         >
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/tailwind.config.js b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/tailwind.config.js
index 63b213f46..114e283cb 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/tailwind.config.js
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/tailwind.config.js
@@ -1,10 +1,15 @@
-import { dirname, join } from 'node:path';
+import { dirname, join, resolve } from 'node:path';
 import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url';
 
 const dir = dirname(fileURLToPath(import.meta.url));
+const repoRoot = resolve(dir, '../../../../../..');
 
 export default {
-  content: [join(dir, 'index.html'), join(dir, 'src/**/*.{ts,tsx}')],
+  content: [
+    join(dir, 'index.html'),
+    join(dir, 'src/**/*.{ts,tsx}'),
+    join(repoRoot, 'packages/sage-app-ui/src/**/*.{ts,tsx}'),
+  ],
   theme: {
     extend: {
       colors: {
@@ -23,6 +28,8 @@ export default {
         border: 'hsl(var(--border))',
         input: 'hsl(var(--input))',
         ring: 'hsl(var(--ring))',
+        popover: 'hsl(var(--popover))',
+        'popover-foreground': 'hsl(var(--popover-foreground))',
       },
     },
   },
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/package.json b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/package.json
index 404404b53..e10abb264 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/package.json
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/package.json
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
   "dependencies": {
     "@tauri-apps/api": "^2.10.1",
     "@sage-system-app/sdk": "workspace:*",
+    "@sage-app/ui": "workspace:*",
     "react": "^18.3.1",
     "react-dom": "^18.3.1"
   },
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index f3a1bcde0..fd36c7d3b 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -45,6 +45,7 @@
     "@radix-ui/react-tooltip": "^1.2.8",
     "@react-spring/web": "^9.7.5",
     "@sage-app/sdk": "workspace:*",
+    "@sage-app/ui": "workspace:*",
     "@tanstack/react-table": "^8.21.3",
     "@tanstack/react-virtual": "^3.13.18",
     "@tauri-apps/api": "^2.10.1",
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-ui/package.json b/packages/sage-app-ui/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d0920706e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/sage-app-ui/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+{
+  "name": "@sage-app/ui",
+  "private": true,
+  "type": "module",
+  "main": "./dist/index.js",
+  "module": "./dist/index.js",
+  "types": "./dist/index.d.ts",
+  "exports": {
+    ".": {
+      "types": "./dist/index.d.ts",
+      "import": "./dist/index.js"
+    },
+    "./permissions": {
+      "types": "./dist/permissions/index.d.ts",
+      "import": "./dist/permissions/index.js"
+    }
+  },
+  "dependencies": {
+    "@sage-system-app/sdk": "workspace:*",
+    "lucide-react": "^0.468.0",
+    "react": "^18.3.1"
+  },
+  "devDependencies": {
+    "typescript": "^5.9.3",
+    "tsup": "^8.5.0"
+  },
+  "scripts": {
+    "build": "tsup"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/index.ts b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/index.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c85954d3e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/index.ts
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+export * from './permissions';
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b61f73927
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,796 @@
+import { useMemo, useState } from 'react';
+import type {
+  SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView,
+  SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
+  SageGrantedPermissionsView,
+  SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
+  SystemSageAppView,
+  UserBridgeCapability,
+  UserSageAppView,
+} from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
+import {
+  ChevronDown,
+  ChevronRight,
+  CircleHelp,
+  Globe,
+  HardDrive,
+  KeyRound,
+  Radio,
+  Shield,
+} from 'lucide-react';
+
+interface Props {
+  app: UserSageAppView | SystemSageAppView;
+  grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissionsView;
+  capabilityDefinitions: SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView[];
+  onGrantedPermissionsChange?: (next: SageGrantedPermissionsInput) => void;
+  editable?: boolean;
+}
+
+type PermissionEntry =
+  | {
+      id: string;
+      kind: 'capability';
+      key: string;
+      capability: UserBridgeCapability;
+      label: string;
+      description: string | null;
+      required: boolean;
+      granted: boolean;
+      sensitivityRank: number;
+    }
+  | {
+      id: string;
+      kind: 'network';
+      key: string;
+      label: string;
+      description: string | null;
+      required: boolean;
+      granted: boolean;
+      sensitivityRank: number;
+    };
+
+interface PermissionGroupNode {
+  id: string;
+  label: string;
+  children: PermissionGroupNode[];
+  entries: PermissionEntry[];
+  sensitivityRank: number;
+}
+
+function cn(...classes: Array<string | false | null | undefined>) {
+  return classes.filter(Boolean).join(' ');
+}
+
+function networkKey(entry: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry): string {
+  return `${entry.scheme}://${entry.host}`;
+}
+
+function sortNetworkEntries(
+  entries: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[],
+): SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[] {
+  return [...entries].sort((a, b) =>
+    networkKey(a).localeCompare(networkKey(b)),
+  );
+}
+
+function titleCasePart(value: string): string {
+  if (!value) return value;
+  return value.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + value.slice(1);
+}
+
+function segmentLabel(segment: string): string {
+  return segment.split('_').filter(Boolean).map(titleCasePart).join(' ');
+}
+
+function formatCapabilityLeafLabel(key: string): string {
+  const parts = key.split('.');
+  return segmentLabel(parts[parts.length - 1] ?? key);
+}
+
+function normalizeKey(key: string): string {
+  return key.trim().toLowerCase();
+}
+
+function capabilitySensitivityRank(key: string): number {
+  if (key.includes('secret')) return 0;
+  if (key === 'storage.persistent_webview') return 2;
+  if (key.includes('send') || key.includes('network')) return 3;
+  return 4;
+}
+
+function capabilityDefinitionMap(
+  definitions: SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView[],
+): Map<UserBridgeCapability, SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView> {
+  return new Map(
+    definitions.map((definition) => [
+      definition.key as UserBridgeCapability,
+      definition,
+    ]),
+  );
+}
+
+function isUserGrantableCapability(
+  capability: UserBridgeCapability,
+  definitionsByKey: Map<UserBridgeCapability, SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView>,
+): boolean {
+  return definitionsByKey.get(capability)?.flags.userGrantable === true;
+}
+
+function buildCapabilityEntries(
+  requestedRequired: UserBridgeCapability[],
+  requestedOptional: UserBridgeCapability[],
+  grantedCapabilities: UserBridgeCapability[],
+  definitionsByKey: Map<UserBridgeCapability, SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView>,
+): PermissionEntry[] {
+  const grantedSet = new Set<UserBridgeCapability>(grantedCapabilities);
+
+  const requiredEntries: PermissionEntry[] = requestedRequired
+    .filter((capability) =>
+      isUserGrantableCapability(capability, definitionsByKey),
+    )
+    .map((capability) => {
+      const definition = definitionsByKey.get(capability);
+      const key = capability;
+
+      return {
+        id: `capability:${key}`,
+        kind: 'capability',
+        key,
+        capability,
+        label: definition?.label ?? formatCapabilityLeafLabel(key),
+        description: definition?.description ?? null,
+        required: true,
+        granted: true,
+        sensitivityRank: capabilitySensitivityRank(key),
+      };
+    });
+
+  const optionalEntries: PermissionEntry[] = requestedOptional
+    .filter((capability) =>
+      isUserGrantableCapability(capability, definitionsByKey),
+    )
+    .map((capability) => {
+      const definition = definitionsByKey.get(capability);
+      const key = capability;
+
+      return {
+        id: `capability:${key}`,
+        kind: 'capability',
+        key,
+        capability,
+        label: definition?.label ?? formatCapabilityLeafLabel(key),
+        description: definition?.description ?? null,
+        required: false,
+        granted: grantedSet.has(capability),
+        sensitivityRank: capabilitySensitivityRank(key),
+      };
+    });
+
+  return [...requiredEntries, ...optionalEntries];
+}
+
+function buildNetworkEntries(
+  requestedRequired: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[],
+  requestedOptional: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[],
+  grantedNetworkWhitelist: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[],
+): PermissionEntry[] {
+  const grantedSet = new Set(
+    grantedNetworkWhitelist.map((entry) => networkKey(entry)),
+  );
+
+  const requiredEntries: PermissionEntry[] = requestedRequired.map((entry) => {
+    const key = networkKey(entry);
+
+    return {
+      id: `network:${key}`,
+      kind: 'network',
+      key,
+      label: key,
+      description: null,
+      required: true,
+      granted: true,
+      sensitivityRank: 1,
+    };
+  });
+
+  const optionalEntries: PermissionEntry[] = requestedOptional.map((entry) => {
+    const key = networkKey(entry);
+
+    return {
+      id: `network:${key}`,
+      kind: 'network',
+      key,
+      label: key,
+      description: null,
+      required: false,
+      granted: grantedSet.has(key),
+      sensitivityRank: 1,
+    };
+  });
+
+  return [...requiredEntries, ...optionalEntries];
+}
+
+function sortPermissionEntries(entries: PermissionEntry[]): PermissionEntry[] {
+  return [...entries].sort((a, b) => {
+    if (a.sensitivityRank !== b.sensitivityRank) {
+      return a.sensitivityRank - b.sensitivityRank;
+    }
+
+    if (a.kind !== b.kind) {
+      return a.kind.localeCompare(b.kind);
+    }
+
+    return a.key.localeCompare(b.key);
+  });
+}
+
+function groupIcon(node: PermissionGroupNode) {
+  const normalized = normalizeKey(node.id);
+
+  if (normalized === 'network') return <Globe className='h-4 w-4' />;
+  if (normalized === 'storage.persistent_webview')
+    return <HardDrive className='h-4 w-4' />;
+  if (normalized.includes('secret') || normalized.includes('wallet')) {
+    return <KeyRound className='h-4 w-4' />;
+  }
+  if (normalized.includes('send') || normalized.includes('submit')) {
+    return <Radio className='h-4 w-4' />;
+  }
+
+  return <Shield className='h-4 w-4' />;
+}
+
+function makeNode(id: string, label: string): PermissionGroupNode {
+  return {
+    id,
+    label,
+    children: [],
+    entries: [],
+    sensitivityRank: 999,
+  };
+}
+
+function updateNodeSensitivity(
+  node: PermissionGroupNode,
+  rank: number,
+): PermissionGroupNode {
+  node.sensitivityRank = Math.min(node.sensitivityRank, rank);
+  return node;
+}
+
+function buildGroupedPermissionTree(
+  entries: PermissionEntry[],
+): PermissionGroupNode[] {
+  const roots: PermissionGroupNode[] = [];
+
+  const networkEntries = entries.filter((entry) => entry.kind === 'network');
+  if (networkEntries.length > 0) {
+    const networkNode = makeNode('network', 'Network access');
+    networkNode.entries = sortPermissionEntries(networkEntries);
+    networkNode.sensitivityRank = 1;
+    roots.push(networkNode);
+  }
+
+  const persistentEntries = entries.filter(
+    (entry) =>
+      entry.kind === 'capability' &&
+      normalizeKey(entry.key) === 'storage.persistent_webview',
+  );
+  if (persistentEntries.length > 0) {
+    const persistentNode = makeNode(
+      'storage.persistent_webview',
+      'Persistent storage',
+    );
+    persistentNode.entries = sortPermissionEntries(persistentEntries);
+    persistentNode.sensitivityRank = 2;
+    roots.push(persistentNode);
+  }
+
+  const generalCapabilityEntries = entries.filter(
+    (entry) =>
+      entry.kind === 'capability' &&
+      normalizeKey(entry.key) !== 'storage.persistent_webview',
+  );
+
+  const capabilityRoot = makeNode('capabilities_root', 'Capabilities');
+
+  for (const entry of generalCapabilityEntries) {
+    const parts = entry.key.split('.');
+    const leafParentParts = parts.slice(0, -1);
+
+    if (leafParentParts.length === 0) {
+      capabilityRoot.entries.push(entry);
+      updateNodeSensitivity(capabilityRoot, entry.sensitivityRank);
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    let current = capabilityRoot;
+    updateNodeSensitivity(current, entry.sensitivityRank);
+
+    for (let index = 0; index < leafParentParts.length; index += 1) {
+      const segment = leafParentParts[index];
+      const fullPath = leafParentParts.slice(0, index + 1).join('.');
+      let child = current.children.find((node) => node.id === fullPath);
+
+      if (!child) {
+        child = makeNode(fullPath, segmentLabel(segment));
+        current.children.push(child);
+      }
+
+      updateNodeSensitivity(child, entry.sensitivityRank);
+      current = child;
+    }
+
+    current.entries.push(entry);
+    updateNodeSensitivity(current, entry.sensitivityRank);
+  }
+
+  function sortNode(node: PermissionGroupNode) {
+    node.entries = sortPermissionEntries(node.entries);
+
+    node.children.sort((a, b) => {
+      if (a.sensitivityRank !== b.sensitivityRank) {
+        return a.sensitivityRank - b.sensitivityRank;
+      }
+
+      return a.label.localeCompare(b.label);
+    });
+
+    for (const child of node.children) {
+      sortNode(child);
+    }
+  }
+
+  sortNode(capabilityRoot);
+
+  if (capabilityRoot.entries.length > 0 || capabilityRoot.children.length > 0) {
+    roots.push(...capabilityRoot.children);
+
+    if (capabilityRoot.entries.length > 0) {
+      const miscNode = makeNode('misc', 'Other capabilities');
+      miscNode.entries = capabilityRoot.entries;
+      miscNode.sensitivityRank = capabilityRoot.sensitivityRank;
+      roots.push(miscNode);
+    }
+  }
+
+  roots.sort((a, b) => {
+    if (a.sensitivityRank !== b.sensitivityRank) {
+      return a.sensitivityRank - b.sensitivityRank;
+    }
+
+    return a.label.localeCompare(b.label);
+  });
+
+  return roots;
+}
+
+function CapabilityHelp({ description }: { description: string | null }) {
+  if (!description) return null;
+
+  return (
+    <span className='relative inline-flex group'>
+      <button
+        type='button'
+        className='shrink-0 rounded-sm p-0.5 text-muted-foreground transition-colors hover:text-foreground'
+        onClick={(event) => event.preventDefault()}
+        aria-label='Permission details'
+      >
+        <CircleHelp className='h-4 w-4' />
+      </button>
+
+      <span className='pointer-events-none absolute right-0 top-6 z-50 hidden w-72 rounded-md border bg-popover p-2 text-left text-xs text-popover-foreground shadow-md group-hover:block'>
+        {description}
+      </span>
+    </span>
+  );
+}
+
+function PermissionRow({
+  entry,
+  editable,
+  onToggle,
+}: {
+  entry: PermissionEntry;
+  editable: boolean;
+  onToggle: (entry: PermissionEntry, nextGranted: boolean) => void;
+}) {
+  return (
+    <label className='flex items-start gap-3 rounded-xl border border-border px-3 py-3 text-sm'>
+      <input
+        type='checkbox'
+        checked={entry.granted}
+        disabled={!editable || entry.required}
+        onChange={(event) => {
+          onToggle(entry, event.target.checked);
+        }}
+        className='mt-1 h-4 w-4'
+      />
+
+      <div className='min-w-0 flex-1'>
+        <div className='flex items-center gap-2'>
+          <div
+            className={
+              entry.kind === 'network'
+                ? 'min-w-0 flex-1 truncate font-mono text-sm'
+                : 'min-w-0 flex-1 truncate font-medium'
+            }
+          >
+            {entry.label}
+          </div>
+
+          {entry.kind === 'capability' ? (
+            <CapabilityHelp description={entry.description} />
+          ) : null}
+
+          {entry.required ? (
+            <span className='rounded-full border border-border px-2 py-0.5 text-[10px] uppercase tracking-wide text-muted-foreground'>
+              Required
+            </span>
+          ) : null}
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    </label>
+  );
+}
+
+function PermissionGroupBlock({
+  node,
+  editable,
+  onToggleEntry,
+}: {
+  node: PermissionGroupNode;
+  editable: boolean;
+  onToggleEntry: (entry: PermissionEntry, nextGranted: boolean) => void;
+}) {
+  return (
+    <div className='space-y-3 rounded-2xl border border-border p-4'>
+      <div className='flex items-center gap-2'>
+        <div className='text-muted-foreground'>{groupIcon(node)}</div>
+        <div className='text-sm font-medium'>{node.label}</div>
+      </div>
+
+      {node.entries.length > 0 ? (
+        <div className='space-y-2'>
+          {node.entries.map((entry) => (
+            <PermissionRow
+              key={entry.id}
+              entry={entry}
+              editable={editable}
+              onToggle={onToggleEntry}
+            />
+          ))}
+        </div>
+      ) : null}
+
+      {node.children.length > 0 ? (
+        <div className='space-y-3'>
+          {node.children.map((child) => (
+            <PermissionGroupBlock
+              key={child.id}
+              node={child}
+              editable={editable}
+              onToggleEntry={onToggleEntry}
+            />
+          ))}
+        </div>
+      ) : null}
+    </div>
+  );
+}
+
+function countNodeEntries(node: PermissionGroupNode): number {
+  return (
+    node.entries.length +
+    node.children.reduce((sum, child) => sum + countNodeEntries(child), 0)
+  );
+}
+
+function PermissionSection({
+  title,
+  subtitle,
+  groups,
+  editable,
+  collapsed,
+  onToggleCollapsed,
+  onToggleEntry,
+}: {
+  title: string;
+  subtitle?: string;
+  groups: PermissionGroupNode[];
+  editable: boolean;
+  collapsed?: boolean;
+  onToggleCollapsed?: () => void;
+  onToggleEntry: (entry: PermissionEntry, nextGranted: boolean) => void;
+}) {
+  if (groups.length === 0) return null;
+
+  const itemCount = groups.reduce(
+    (count, group) => count + countNodeEntries(group),
+    0,
+  );
+  const contentHidden = Boolean(collapsed);
+
+  return (
+    <div className='space-y-3'>
+      <div className='flex items-center justify-between gap-3'>
+        <div>
+          <h3 className='text-sm font-medium'>{title}</h3>
+          {subtitle ? (
+            <div className='mt-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground'>{subtitle}</div>
+          ) : null}
+        </div>
+
+        {onToggleCollapsed ? (
+          <button
+            type='button'
+            className='inline-flex h-8 items-center gap-1 rounded-md px-2 text-sm text-muted-foreground hover:bg-muted'
+            onClick={onToggleCollapsed}
+          >
+            {contentHidden ? (
+              <ChevronRight className='h-4 w-4' />
+            ) : (
+              <ChevronDown className='h-4 w-4' />
+            )}
+            {itemCount}
+          </button>
+        ) : null}
+      </div>
+
+      {!contentHidden ? (
+        <div className='space-y-3'>
+          {groups.map((group) => (
+            <PermissionGroupBlock
+              key={group.id}
+              node={group}
+              editable={editable}
+              onToggleEntry={onToggleEntry}
+            />
+          ))}
+        </div>
+      ) : null}
+    </div>
+  );
+}
+
+export function PermissionsEditor({
+  app,
+  grantedPermissions,
+  capabilityDefinitions,
+  onGrantedPermissionsChange,
+  editable = true,
+}: Props) {
+  const manifest =
+    'pendingUpdate' in app && app.pendingUpdate
+      ? app.pendingUpdate.manifest
+      : app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest;
+
+  const [showOptional, setShowOptional] = useState(false);
+
+  const definitionsByKey = useMemo(
+    () => capabilityDefinitionMap(capabilityDefinitions),
+    [capabilityDefinitions],
+  );
+
+  const grantedCapabilities = useMemo(
+    () => grantedPermissions.capabilities ?? [],
+    [grantedPermissions.capabilities],
+  );
+
+  const grantedNetworkWhitelist = useMemo(
+    () => grantedPermissions.network.whitelist ?? [],
+    [grantedPermissions.network.whitelist],
+  );
+
+  const requestedRequiredCapabilities = useMemo(
+    () => manifest.permissions?.capabilities?.required ?? [],
+    [manifest.permissions?.capabilities?.required],
+  );
+
+  const requestedOptionalCapabilities = useMemo(
+    () => manifest.permissions?.capabilities?.optional ?? [],
+    [manifest.permissions?.capabilities?.optional],
+  );
+
+  const requestedRequiredNetwork = useMemo(
+    () => manifest.permissions?.network?.whitelist?.required ?? [],
+    [manifest.permissions?.network?.whitelist?.required],
+  );
+
+  const requestedOptionalNetwork = useMemo(
+    () => manifest.permissions?.network?.whitelist?.optional ?? [],
+    [manifest.permissions?.network?.whitelist?.optional],
+  );
+
+  const userGrantableRequiredCapabilities = useMemo(
+    () =>
+      requestedRequiredCapabilities.filter((capability) =>
+        isUserGrantableCapability(capability, definitionsByKey),
+      ),
+    [requestedRequiredCapabilities, definitionsByKey],
+  );
+
+  const requiredEntries = useMemo(() => {
+    const capabilityEntries = buildCapabilityEntries(
+      requestedRequiredCapabilities,
+      [],
+      grantedCapabilities,
+      definitionsByKey,
+    );
+
+    const networkEntries = buildNetworkEntries(
+      requestedRequiredNetwork,
+      [],
+      grantedNetworkWhitelist,
+    );
+
+    return sortPermissionEntries([...capabilityEntries, ...networkEntries]);
+  }, [
+    requestedRequiredCapabilities,
+    grantedCapabilities,
+    requestedRequiredNetwork,
+    grantedNetworkWhitelist,
+    definitionsByKey,
+  ]);
+
+  const optionalEntries = useMemo(() => {
+    const capabilityEntries = buildCapabilityEntries(
+      [],
+      requestedOptionalCapabilities,
+      grantedCapabilities,
+      definitionsByKey,
+    );
+
+    const networkEntries = buildNetworkEntries(
+      [],
+      requestedOptionalNetwork,
+      grantedNetworkWhitelist,
+    );
+
+    return sortPermissionEntries([...capabilityEntries, ...networkEntries]);
+  }, [
+    requestedOptionalCapabilities,
+    grantedCapabilities,
+    requestedOptionalNetwork,
+    grantedNetworkWhitelist,
+    definitionsByKey,
+  ]);
+
+  const grantedOptionalEntries = useMemo(
+    () => optionalEntries.filter((entry) => entry.granted),
+    [optionalEntries],
+  );
+
+  const ungrantedOptionalEntries = useMemo(
+    () => optionalEntries.filter((entry) => !entry.granted),
+    [optionalEntries],
+  );
+
+  const requiredGroups = useMemo(
+    () => buildGroupedPermissionTree(requiredEntries),
+    [requiredEntries],
+  );
+
+  const grantedOptionalGroups = useMemo(
+    () => buildGroupedPermissionTree(grantedOptionalEntries),
+    [grantedOptionalEntries],
+  );
+
+  const ungrantedOptionalGroups = useMemo(
+    () => buildGroupedPermissionTree(ungrantedOptionalEntries),
+    [ungrantedOptionalEntries],
+  );
+
+  function emitGrantedPermissions(next: SageGrantedPermissionsInput) {
+    onGrantedPermissionsChange?.(next);
+  }
+
+  function handleToggleEntry(entry: PermissionEntry, nextGranted: boolean) {
+    if (!editable || entry.required) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    if (entry.kind === 'capability') {
+      const nextSet = new Set<UserBridgeCapability>(grantedCapabilities);
+
+      if (nextGranted) {
+        nextSet.add(entry.capability);
+      } else {
+        nextSet.delete(entry.capability);
+      }
+
+      for (const requiredCapability of userGrantableRequiredCapabilities) {
+        nextSet.add(requiredCapability);
+      }
+
+      emitGrantedPermissions({
+        capabilities: [...nextSet].sort((a, b) => a.localeCompare(b)),
+        network: {
+          whitelist: grantedNetworkWhitelist,
+        },
+      });
+
+      return;
+    }
+
+    const requiredKeys = new Set<string>(
+      requestedRequiredNetwork.map((item) => networkKey(item)),
+    );
+
+    const nextOptional = requestedOptionalNetwork.filter((item) => {
+      const key = networkKey(item);
+
+      if (requiredKeys.has(key)) {
+        return false;
+      }
+
+      if (key !== entry.key) {
+        return grantedNetworkWhitelist.some(
+          (grantedEntry) => networkKey(grantedEntry) === key,
+        );
+      }
+
+      return nextGranted;
+    });
+
+    emitGrantedPermissions({
+      capabilities: grantedCapabilities,
+      network: {
+        whitelist: sortNetworkEntries([
+          ...requestedRequiredNetwork,
+          ...nextOptional,
+        ]),
+      },
+    });
+  }
+
+  if (
+    requiredEntries.length === 0 &&
+    grantedOptionalEntries.length === 0 &&
+    ungrantedOptionalEntries.length === 0
+  ) {
+    return (
+      <div className='rounded-xl border border-border px-3 py-4 text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
+        This app does not request any permissions.
+      </div>
+    );
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <div className='space-y-5'>
+      {requiredGroups.length > 0 ? (
+        <PermissionSection
+          title='Required permissions'
+          subtitle='These are necessary for the app to function.'
+          groups={requiredGroups}
+          editable={editable}
+          onToggleEntry={handleToggleEntry}
+        />
+      ) : null}
+
+      {grantedOptionalGroups.length > 0 ? (
+        <PermissionSection
+          title='Granted optional permissions'
+          subtitle='These optional permissions are currently enabled.'
+          groups={grantedOptionalGroups}
+          editable={editable}
+          onToggleEntry={handleToggleEntry}
+        />
+      ) : null}
+
+      {ungrantedOptionalGroups.length > 0 ? (
+        <PermissionSection
+          title='Optional permissions'
+          subtitle='You can grant these now or keep them disabled.'
+          groups={ungrantedOptionalGroups}
+          editable={editable}
+          collapsed={!showOptional}
+          onToggleCollapsed={() => setShowOptional((prev) => !prev)}
+          onToggleEntry={handleToggleEntry}
+        />
+      ) : null}
+    </div>
+  );
+}
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/permissions/index.ts b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/permissions/index.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..478865f14
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/permissions/index.ts
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+export * from './PermissionsEditor';
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-ui/tsconfig.json b/packages/sage-app-ui/tsconfig.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..702000f72
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/sage-app-ui/tsconfig.json
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+{
+  "compilerOptions": {
+    "target": "ES2022",
+    "lib": ["ES2022", "DOM", "DOM.Iterable"],
+    "module": "ESNext",
+    "moduleResolution": "Bundler",
+    "jsx": "react-jsx",
+    "strict": true,
+    "skipLibCheck": true,
+    "declaration": true,
+    "declarationMap": true
+  },
+  "include": ["src"]
+}
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-ui/tsup.config.ts b/packages/sage-app-ui/tsup.config.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..aee7eb1f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/sage-app-ui/tsup.config.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+import { defineConfig } from 'tsup';
+
+export default defineConfig({
+  entry: {
+    index: 'src/index.ts',
+    'permissions/index': 'src/permissions/index.ts',
+  },
+  format: ['esm'],
+  dts: true,
+  sourcemap: true,
+  clean: true,
+  external: ['react', 'react/jsx-runtime'],
+});
diff --git a/pnpm-lock.yaml b/pnpm-lock.yaml
index 562ce856a..56b31565c 100644
--- a/pnpm-lock.yaml
+++ b/pnpm-lock.yaml
@@ -83,6 +83,9 @@ importers:
       '@sage-app/sdk':
         specifier: workspace:*
         version: link:packages/sage-app-sdk
+      '@sage-app/ui':
+        specifier: workspace:*
+        version: link:packages/sage-app-ui
       '@tanstack/react-table':
         specifier: ^8.21.3
         version: 8.21.3(react-dom@18.3.1(react@18.3.1))(react@18.3.1)
@@ -279,6 +282,9 @@ importers:
 
   crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src:
     dependencies:
+      '@sage-app/ui':
+        specifier: workspace:*
+        version: link:../../../../packages/sage-app-ui
       '@sage-system-app/sdk':
         specifier: workspace:*
         version: link:../../../../packages/sage-system-app-sdk
@@ -301,6 +307,15 @@ importers:
       '@vitejs/plugin-react':
         specifier: ^5.0.4
         version: 5.2.0(vite@7.3.1(@types/node@22.19.10)(jiti@2.6.1)(yaml@2.5.1))
+      autoprefixer:
+        specifier: ^10.4.20
+        version: 10.4.24(postcss@8.5.6)
+      postcss:
+        specifier: ^8.4.49
+        version: 8.5.6
+      tailwindcss:
+        specifier: ^3.4.17
+        version: 3.4.19(yaml@2.5.1)
       typescript:
         specifier: ^5.9.3
         version: 5.9.3
@@ -317,6 +332,25 @@ importers:
         specifier: ^5.6.3
         version: 5.9.3
 
+  packages/sage-app-ui:
+    dependencies:
+      '@sage-system-app/sdk':
+        specifier: workspace:*
+        version: link:../sage-system-app-sdk
+      lucide-react:
+        specifier: ^0.468.0
+        version: 0.468.0(react@18.3.1)
+      react:
+        specifier: ^18.3.1
+        version: 18.3.1
+    devDependencies:
+      tsup:
+        specifier: ^8.5.0
+        version: 8.5.1(@swc/core@1.15.11)(jiti@2.6.1)(postcss@8.5.6)(typescript@5.9.3)(yaml@2.5.1)
+      typescript:
+        specifier: ^5.9.3
+        version: 5.9.3
+
   packages/sage-system-app-sdk:
     dependencies:
       '@sage-app/sdk':
@@ -3053,6 +3087,11 @@ packages:
     peerDependencies:
       react: ^16.5.1 || ^17.0.0 || ^18.0.0 || ^19.0.0-rc
 
+  lucide-react@0.468.0:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-6koYRhnM2N0GGZIdXzSeiNwguv1gt/FAjZOiPl76roBi3xKEXa4WmfpxgQwTTL4KipXjefrnf3oV4IsYhi4JFA==}
+    peerDependencies:
+      react: ^16.5.1 || ^17.0.0 || ^18.0.0 || ^19.0.0-rc
+
   magic-string@0.30.21:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-vd2F4YUyEXKGcLHoq+TEyCjxueSeHnFxyyjNp80yg0XV4vUhnDer/lvvlqM/arB5bXQN5K2/3oinyCRyx8T2CQ==}
 
@@ -7037,6 +7076,10 @@ snapshots:
     dependencies:
       react: 18.3.1
 
+  lucide-react@0.468.0(react@18.3.1):
+    dependencies:
+      react: 18.3.1
+
   magic-string@0.30.21:
     dependencies:
       '@jridgewell/sourcemap-codec': 1.5.5
diff --git a/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx b/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx
index 588861863..b3be04b22 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx
@@ -1,32 +1,13 @@
-import { useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react';
+import { useEffect, useState } from 'react';
+import { PermissionsEditor as SharedPermissionsEditor } from '@sage-app/ui/permissions';
 import type {
   SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView,
   SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
   SageGrantedPermissionsView,
-  SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
   SystemSageAppView,
-  UserBridgeCapability,
   UserSageAppView,
 } from '@/bindings';
 import { commands } from '@/bindings';
-import { Checkbox } from '@/components/ui/checkbox';
-import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
-import {
-  Tooltip,
-  TooltipContent,
-  TooltipProvider,
-  TooltipTrigger,
-} from '@/components/ui/tooltip';
-import {
-  ChevronDown,
-  ChevronRight,
-  CircleHelp,
-  Globe,
-  HardDrive,
-  KeyRound,
-  Radio,
-  Shield,
-} from 'lucide-react';
 
 interface Props {
   app: UserSageAppView | SystemSageAppView;
@@ -35,541 +16,7 @@ interface Props {
   editable?: boolean;
 }
 
-type PermissionEntry =
-  | {
-      id: string;
-      kind: 'capability';
-      key: string;
-      capability: UserBridgeCapability;
-      label: string;
-      description: string | null;
-      required: boolean;
-      granted: boolean;
-      sensitivityRank: number;
-    }
-  | {
-      id: string;
-      kind: 'network';
-      key: string;
-      label: string;
-      description: string | null;
-      required: boolean;
-      granted: boolean;
-      sensitivityRank: number;
-    };
-
-interface PermissionGroupNode {
-  id: string;
-  label: string;
-  children: PermissionGroupNode[];
-  entries: PermissionEntry[];
-  sensitivityRank: number;
-}
-
-function networkKey(entry: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry): string {
-  return `${entry.scheme}://${entry.host}`;
-}
-
-function sortNetworkEntries(
-  entries: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[],
-): SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[] {
-  return [...entries].sort((a, b) =>
-    networkKey(a).localeCompare(networkKey(b)),
-  );
-}
-
-function titleCasePart(value: string): string {
-  if (!value) return value;
-  return value.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + value.slice(1);
-}
-
-function segmentLabel(segment: string): string {
-  return segment.split('_').filter(Boolean).map(titleCasePart).join(' ');
-}
-
-function formatCapabilityLeafLabel(key: string): string {
-  const parts = key.split('.');
-  return segmentLabel(parts[parts.length - 1] ?? key);
-}
-
-function normalizeKey(key: string): string {
-  return key.trim().toLowerCase();
-}
-
-function capabilitySensitivityRank(key: string): number {
-  if (key.includes('secret')) return 0;
-  if (key === 'storage') return 2;
-  if (key.includes('send') || key.includes('network')) return 3;
-  return 4;
-}
-
-function capabilityDefinitionMap(
-  definitions: SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView[],
-): Map<UserBridgeCapability, SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView> {
-  return new Map(
-    definitions.map((definition) => [
-      definition.key as UserBridgeCapability,
-      definition,
-    ]),
-  );
-}
-
-function isUserGrantableCapability(
-  capability: UserBridgeCapability,
-  definitionsByKey: Map<UserBridgeCapability, SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView>,
-): boolean {
-  return definitionsByKey.get(capability)?.flags.userGrantable === true;
-}
-
-function buildCapabilityEntries(
-  requestedRequired: UserBridgeCapability[],
-  requestedOptional: UserBridgeCapability[],
-  grantedCapabilities: UserBridgeCapability[],
-  definitionsByKey: Map<UserBridgeCapability, SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView>,
-): PermissionEntry[] {
-  const grantedSet = new Set<UserBridgeCapability>(grantedCapabilities);
-
-  const requiredEntries: PermissionEntry[] = requestedRequired
-    .filter((capability) =>
-      isUserGrantableCapability(capability, definitionsByKey),
-    )
-    .map((capability) => {
-      const definition = definitionsByKey.get(capability);
-      const key = capability;
-
-      return {
-        id: `capability:${key}`,
-        kind: 'capability',
-        key,
-        capability,
-        label: definition?.label ?? formatCapabilityLeafLabel(key),
-        description: definition?.description ?? null,
-        required: true,
-        granted: true,
-        sensitivityRank: capabilitySensitivityRank(key),
-      };
-    });
-
-  const optionalEntries: PermissionEntry[] = requestedOptional
-    .filter((capability) =>
-      isUserGrantableCapability(capability, definitionsByKey),
-    )
-    .map((capability) => {
-      const definition = definitionsByKey.get(capability);
-      const key = capability;
-
-      return {
-        id: `capability:${key}`,
-        kind: 'capability',
-        key,
-        capability,
-        label: definition?.label ?? formatCapabilityLeafLabel(key),
-        description: definition?.description ?? null,
-        required: false,
-        granted: grantedSet.has(capability),
-        sensitivityRank: capabilitySensitivityRank(key),
-      };
-    });
-
-  return [...requiredEntries, ...optionalEntries];
-}
-
-function buildNetworkEntries(
-  requestedRequired: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[],
-  requestedOptional: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[],
-  grantedNetworkWhitelist: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[],
-): PermissionEntry[] {
-  const grantedSet = new Set(
-    grantedNetworkWhitelist.map((entry) => networkKey(entry)),
-  );
-
-  const requiredEntries: PermissionEntry[] = requestedRequired.map((entry) => {
-    const key = networkKey(entry);
-
-    return {
-      id: `network:${key}`,
-      kind: 'network',
-      key,
-      label: key,
-      description: null,
-      required: true,
-      granted: true,
-      sensitivityRank: 1,
-    };
-  });
-
-  const optionalEntries: PermissionEntry[] = requestedOptional.map((entry) => {
-    const key = networkKey(entry);
-
-    return {
-      id: `network:${key}`,
-      kind: 'network',
-      key,
-      label: key,
-      description: null,
-      required: false,
-      granted: grantedSet.has(key),
-      sensitivityRank: 1,
-    };
-  });
-
-  return [...requiredEntries, ...optionalEntries];
-}
-
-function sortPermissionEntries(entries: PermissionEntry[]): PermissionEntry[] {
-  return [...entries].sort((a, b) => {
-    if (a.sensitivityRank !== b.sensitivityRank) {
-      return a.sensitivityRank - b.sensitivityRank;
-    }
-
-    if (a.kind !== b.kind) {
-      return a.kind.localeCompare(b.kind);
-    }
-
-    return a.key.localeCompare(b.key);
-  });
-}
-
-function groupIcon(node: PermissionGroupNode) {
-  const normalized = normalizeKey(node.id);
-
-  if (normalized === 'network') return <Globe className='h-4 w-4' />;
-  if (normalized === 'storage.persistent_webview')
-    return <HardDrive className='h-4 w-4' />;
-  if (normalized.includes('secret') || normalized.includes('wallet')) {
-    return <KeyRound className='h-4 w-4' />;
-  }
-  if (normalized.includes('send') || normalized.includes('submit')) {
-    return <Radio className='h-4 w-4' />;
-  }
-
-  return <Shield className='h-4 w-4' />;
-}
-
-function makeNode(id: string, label: string): PermissionGroupNode {
-  return {
-    id,
-    label,
-    children: [],
-    entries: [],
-    sensitivityRank: 999,
-  };
-}
-
-function updateNodeSensitivity(
-  node: PermissionGroupNode,
-  rank: number,
-): PermissionGroupNode {
-  node.sensitivityRank = Math.min(node.sensitivityRank, rank);
-  return node;
-}
-
-function buildGroupedPermissionTree(
-  entries: PermissionEntry[],
-): PermissionGroupNode[] {
-  const roots: PermissionGroupNode[] = [];
-
-  const networkEntries = entries.filter((entry) => entry.kind === 'network');
-  if (networkEntries.length > 0) {
-    const networkNode = makeNode('network', 'Network access');
-    networkNode.entries = sortPermissionEntries(networkEntries);
-    networkNode.sensitivityRank = 1;
-    roots.push(networkNode);
-  }
-
-  const persistentEntries = entries.filter(
-    (entry) =>
-      entry.kind === 'capability' &&
-      normalizeKey(entry.key) === 'storage.persistent_webview',
-  );
-  if (persistentEntries.length > 0) {
-    const persistentNode = makeNode('storage.persistent_webview', 'Persistent storage');
-    persistentNode.entries = sortPermissionEntries(persistentEntries);
-    persistentNode.sensitivityRank = 2;
-    roots.push(persistentNode);
-  }
-
-  const generalCapabilityEntries = entries.filter(
-    (entry) =>
-      entry.kind === 'capability' &&
-      normalizeKey(entry.key) !== 'storage.persistent_webview',
-  );
-
-  const capabilityRoot = makeNode('capabilities_root', 'Capabilities');
-
-  for (const entry of generalCapabilityEntries) {
-    const parts = entry.key.split('.');
-    const leafParentParts = parts.slice(0, -1);
-
-    if (leafParentParts.length === 0) {
-      capabilityRoot.entries.push(entry);
-      updateNodeSensitivity(capabilityRoot, entry.sensitivityRank);
-      continue;
-    }
-
-    let current = capabilityRoot;
-    updateNodeSensitivity(current, entry.sensitivityRank);
-
-    for (let index = 0; index < leafParentParts.length; index += 1) {
-      const segment = leafParentParts[index];
-      const fullPath = leafParentParts.slice(0, index + 1).join('.');
-      let child = current.children.find((node) => node.id === fullPath);
-
-      if (!child) {
-        child = makeNode(fullPath, segmentLabel(segment));
-        current.children.push(child);
-      }
-
-      updateNodeSensitivity(child, entry.sensitivityRank);
-      current = child;
-    }
-
-    current.entries.push(entry);
-    updateNodeSensitivity(current, entry.sensitivityRank);
-  }
-
-  function sortNode(node: PermissionGroupNode) {
-    node.entries = sortPermissionEntries(node.entries);
-
-    node.children.sort((a, b) => {
-      if (a.sensitivityRank !== b.sensitivityRank) {
-        return a.sensitivityRank - b.sensitivityRank;
-      }
-
-      return a.label.localeCompare(b.label);
-    });
-
-    for (const child of node.children) {
-      sortNode(child);
-    }
-  }
-
-  sortNode(capabilityRoot);
-
-  if (capabilityRoot.entries.length > 0 || capabilityRoot.children.length > 0) {
-    roots.push(...capabilityRoot.children);
-
-    if (capabilityRoot.entries.length > 0) {
-      const miscNode = makeNode('misc', 'Other capabilities');
-      miscNode.entries = capabilityRoot.entries;
-      miscNode.sensitivityRank = capabilityRoot.sensitivityRank;
-      roots.push(miscNode);
-    }
-  }
-
-  roots.sort((a, b) => {
-    if (a.sensitivityRank !== b.sensitivityRank) {
-      return a.sensitivityRank - b.sensitivityRank;
-    }
-
-    return a.label.localeCompare(b.label);
-  });
-
-  return roots;
-}
-
-function CapabilityHelp({ description }: { description: string | null }) {
-  if (!description) return null;
-
-  return (
-    <Tooltip>
-      <TooltipTrigger asChild>
-        <button
-          type='button'
-          className='shrink-0 rounded-sm p-0.5 text-muted-foreground transition-colors hover:text-foreground'
-          onClick={(event) => event.preventDefault()}
-          aria-label='Permission details'
-        >
-          <CircleHelp className='h-4 w-4' />
-        </button>
-      </TooltipTrigger>
-      <TooltipContent className='max-w-xs text-left'>
-        {description}
-      </TooltipContent>
-    </Tooltip>
-  );
-}
-
-function PermissionRow({
-  entry,
-  editable,
-  onToggle,
-}: {
-  entry: PermissionEntry;
-  editable: boolean;
-  onToggle: (entry: PermissionEntry, nextGranted: boolean) => void;
-}) {
-  return (
-    <label className='flex items-start gap-3 rounded-xl border px-3 py-3 text-sm'>
-      <Checkbox
-        checked={entry.granted}
-        disabled={!editable || entry.required}
-        onCheckedChange={(checked) => {
-          onToggle(entry, Boolean(checked));
-        }}
-        className='mt-0.5'
-      />
-
-      <div className='min-w-0 flex-1'>
-        <div className='flex items-center gap-2'>
-          <div
-            className={
-              entry.kind === 'network'
-                ? 'min-w-0 flex-1 truncate font-mono text-sm'
-                : 'min-w-0 flex-1 truncate font-medium'
-            }
-          >
-            {entry.label}
-          </div>
-
-          {entry.kind === 'capability' ? (
-            <CapabilityHelp description={entry.description} />
-          ) : null}
-
-          {entry.required ? (
-            <span className='rounded-full border px-2 py-0.5 text-[10px] uppercase tracking-wide text-muted-foreground'>
-              Required
-            </span>
-          ) : null}
-        </div>
-      </div>
-    </label>
-  );
-}
-
-function PermissionGroupBlock({
-  node,
-  editable,
-  onToggleEntry,
-}: {
-  node: PermissionGroupNode;
-  editable: boolean;
-  onToggleEntry: (entry: PermissionEntry, nextGranted: boolean) => void;
-}) {
-  return (
-    <div className='space-y-3 rounded-2xl border p-4'>
-      <div className='flex items-center gap-2'>
-        <div className='text-muted-foreground'>{groupIcon(node)}</div>
-        <div className='text-sm font-medium'>{node.label}</div>
-      </div>
-
-      {node.entries.length > 0 ? (
-        <div className='space-y-2'>
-          {node.entries.map((entry) => (
-            <PermissionRow
-              key={entry.id}
-              entry={entry}
-              editable={editable}
-              onToggle={onToggleEntry}
-            />
-          ))}
-        </div>
-      ) : null}
-
-      {node.children.length > 0 ? (
-        <div className='space-y-3'>
-          {node.children.map((child) => (
-            <PermissionGroupBlock
-              key={child.id}
-              node={child}
-              editable={editable}
-              onToggleEntry={onToggleEntry}
-            />
-          ))}
-        </div>
-      ) : null}
-    </div>
-  );
-}
-
-function countNodeEntries(node: PermissionGroupNode): number {
-  return (
-    node.entries.length +
-    node.children.reduce((sum, child) => sum + countNodeEntries(child), 0)
-  );
-}
-
-function PermissionSection({
-  title,
-  subtitle,
-  groups,
-  editable,
-  collapsed,
-  onToggleCollapsed,
-  onToggleEntry,
-}: {
-  title: string;
-  subtitle?: string;
-  groups: PermissionGroupNode[];
-  editable: boolean;
-  collapsed?: boolean;
-  onToggleCollapsed?: () => void;
-  onToggleEntry: (entry: PermissionEntry, nextGranted: boolean) => void;
-}) {
-  if (groups.length === 0) return null;
-
-  const itemCount = groups.reduce(
-    (count, group) => count + countNodeEntries(group),
-    0,
-  );
-  const contentHidden = Boolean(collapsed);
-
-  return (
-    <div className='space-y-3'>
-      <div className='flex items-center justify-between gap-3'>
-        <div>
-          <h3 className='text-sm font-medium'>{title}</h3>
-          {subtitle ? (
-            <div className='mt-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground'>{subtitle}</div>
-          ) : null}
-        </div>
-
-        {onToggleCollapsed ? (
-          <Button
-            type='button'
-            variant='ghost'
-            size='sm'
-            className='h-8 gap-1 px-2 text-muted-foreground'
-            onClick={onToggleCollapsed}
-          >
-            {contentHidden ? (
-              <ChevronRight className='h-4 w-4' />
-            ) : (
-              <ChevronDown className='h-4 w-4' />
-            )}
-            {itemCount}
-          </Button>
-        ) : null}
-      </div>
-
-      {!contentHidden ? (
-        <div className='space-y-3'>
-          {groups.map((group) => (
-            <PermissionGroupBlock
-              key={group.id}
-              node={group}
-              editable={editable}
-              onToggleEntry={onToggleEntry}
-            />
-          ))}
-        </div>
-      ) : null}
-    </div>
-  );
-}
-
-export function PermissionsEditor({
-  app,
-  grantedPermissions,
-  onGrantedPermissionsChange,
-  editable = true,
-}: Props) {
-  const manifest =
-    'pendingUpdate' in app && app.pendingUpdate
-      ? app.pendingUpdate.manifest
-      : app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest;
-
-  const [showOptional, setShowOptional] = useState(false);
+export function PermissionsEditor(props: Props) {
   const [capabilityDefinitions, setCapabilityDefinitions] = useState<
     SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView[]
   >([]);
@@ -593,230 +40,10 @@ export function PermissionsEditor({
     };
   }, []);
 
-  const definitionsByKey = useMemo(
-    () => capabilityDefinitionMap(capabilityDefinitions),
-    [capabilityDefinitions],
-  );
-
-  const grantedCapabilities = useMemo(
-    () => grantedPermissions.capabilities ?? [],
-    [grantedPermissions.capabilities],
-  );
-
-  const grantedNetworkWhitelist = useMemo(
-    () => grantedPermissions.network.whitelist ?? [],
-    [grantedPermissions.network.whitelist],
-  );
-
-  const requestedRequiredCapabilities = useMemo(
-    () => manifest.permissions?.capabilities?.required ?? [],
-    [manifest.permissions?.capabilities?.required],
-  );
-
-  const requestedOptionalCapabilities = useMemo(
-    () => manifest.permissions?.capabilities?.optional ?? [],
-    [manifest.permissions?.capabilities?.optional],
-  );
-
-  const requestedRequiredNetwork = useMemo(
-    () => manifest.permissions?.network?.whitelist?.required ?? [],
-    [manifest.permissions?.network?.whitelist?.required],
-  );
-
-  const requestedOptionalNetwork = useMemo(
-    () => manifest.permissions?.network?.whitelist?.optional ?? [],
-    [manifest.permissions?.network?.whitelist?.optional],
-  );
-
-  const userGrantableRequiredCapabilities = useMemo(
-    () =>
-      requestedRequiredCapabilities.filter((capability) =>
-        isUserGrantableCapability(capability, definitionsByKey),
-      ),
-    [requestedRequiredCapabilities, definitionsByKey],
-  );
-
-  const requiredEntries = useMemo(() => {
-    const capabilityEntries = buildCapabilityEntries(
-      requestedRequiredCapabilities,
-      [],
-      grantedCapabilities,
-      definitionsByKey,
-    );
-
-    const networkEntries = buildNetworkEntries(
-      requestedRequiredNetwork,
-      [],
-      grantedNetworkWhitelist,
-    );
-
-    return sortPermissionEntries([...capabilityEntries, ...networkEntries]);
-  }, [
-    requestedRequiredCapabilities,
-    grantedCapabilities,
-    requestedRequiredNetwork,
-    grantedNetworkWhitelist,
-    definitionsByKey,
-  ]);
-
-  const optionalEntries = useMemo(() => {
-    const capabilityEntries = buildCapabilityEntries(
-      [],
-      requestedOptionalCapabilities,
-      grantedCapabilities,
-      definitionsByKey,
-    );
-
-    const networkEntries = buildNetworkEntries(
-      [],
-      requestedOptionalNetwork,
-      grantedNetworkWhitelist,
-    );
-
-    return sortPermissionEntries([...capabilityEntries, ...networkEntries]);
-  }, [
-    requestedOptionalCapabilities,
-    grantedCapabilities,
-    requestedOptionalNetwork,
-    grantedNetworkWhitelist,
-    definitionsByKey,
-  ]);
-
-  const grantedOptionalEntries = useMemo(
-    () => optionalEntries.filter((entry) => entry.granted),
-    [optionalEntries],
-  );
-
-  const ungrantedOptionalEntries = useMemo(
-    () => optionalEntries.filter((entry) => !entry.granted),
-    [optionalEntries],
-  );
-
-  const requiredGroups = useMemo(
-    () => buildGroupedPermissionTree(requiredEntries),
-    [requiredEntries],
-  );
-
-  const grantedOptionalGroups = useMemo(
-    () => buildGroupedPermissionTree(grantedOptionalEntries),
-    [grantedOptionalEntries],
-  );
-
-  const ungrantedOptionalGroups = useMemo(
-    () => buildGroupedPermissionTree(ungrantedOptionalEntries),
-    [ungrantedOptionalEntries],
-  );
-
-  function emitGrantedPermissions(next: SageGrantedPermissionsInput) {
-    onGrantedPermissionsChange?.(next);
-  }
-
-  function handleToggleEntry(entry: PermissionEntry, nextGranted: boolean) {
-    if (!editable || entry.required) {
-      return;
-    }
-
-    if (entry.kind === 'capability') {
-      const nextSet = new Set<UserBridgeCapability>(grantedCapabilities);
-
-      if (nextGranted) {
-        nextSet.add(entry.capability);
-      } else {
-        nextSet.delete(entry.capability);
-      }
-
-      for (const requiredCapability of userGrantableRequiredCapabilities) {
-        nextSet.add(requiredCapability);
-      }
-
-      emitGrantedPermissions({
-        capabilities: [...nextSet].sort((a, b) => a.localeCompare(b)),
-        network: {
-          whitelist: grantedNetworkWhitelist
-        },
-      });
-
-      return;
-    }
-
-    const requiredKeys = new Set<string>(
-      requestedRequiredNetwork.map((item) => networkKey(item)),
-    );
-
-    const nextOptional = requestedOptionalNetwork.filter((item) => {
-      const key = networkKey(item);
-
-      if (requiredKeys.has(key)) {
-        return false;
-      }
-
-      if (key !== entry.key) {
-        return grantedNetworkWhitelist.some(
-          (grantedEntry) => networkKey(grantedEntry) === key,
-        );
-      }
-
-      return nextGranted;
-    });
-
-    emitGrantedPermissions({
-      capabilities: grantedCapabilities,
-      network: {
-        whitelist: sortNetworkEntries([
-          ...requestedRequiredNetwork,
-          ...nextOptional,
-        ])
-      },
-    });
-  }
-
-  if (
-    requiredEntries.length === 0 &&
-    grantedOptionalEntries.length === 0 &&
-    ungrantedOptionalEntries.length === 0
-  ) {
-    return (
-      <div className='rounded-xl border px-3 py-4 text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
-        This app does not request any permissions.
-      </div>
-    );
-  }
-
   return (
-    <TooltipProvider delayDuration={0} skipDelayDuration={0}>
-      <div className='space-y-5'>
-        {requiredGroups.length > 0 ? (
-          <PermissionSection
-            title='Required permissions'
-            subtitle='These are necessary for the app to function.'
-            groups={requiredGroups}
-            editable={editable}
-            onToggleEntry={handleToggleEntry}
-          />
-        ) : null}
-
-        {grantedOptionalGroups.length > 0 ? (
-          <PermissionSection
-            title='Granted optional permissions'
-            subtitle='These optional permissions are currently enabled.'
-            groups={grantedOptionalGroups}
-            editable={editable}
-            onToggleEntry={handleToggleEntry}
-          />
-        ) : null}
-
-        {ungrantedOptionalGroups.length > 0 ? (
-          <PermissionSection
-            title='Optional permissions'
-            subtitle='You can grant these now or keep them disabled.'
-            groups={ungrantedOptionalGroups}
-            editable={editable}
-            collapsed={!showOptional}
-            onToggleCollapsed={() => setShowOptional((prev) => !prev)}
-            onToggleEntry={handleToggleEntry}
-          />
-        ) : null}
-      </div>
-    </TooltipProvider>
+    <SharedPermissionsEditor
+      {...props}
+      capabilityDefinitions={capabilityDefinitions}
+    />
   );
 }

From 4e8a9109859f43266521dd03be8057b64c3332c4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 2 May 2026 19:33:31 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 311/471] Adjust modal styles, webview transparency, and layout
 structure

- Updated styles in `SystemAppModalLayer` for refined modal dimensions and background appearance.
- Enabled webview transparency in the runtime via `.transparent(true)` for better visual integration.
- Refined layout in `AppsWorkspace` for proper hierarchy and modal placement.
- Added `macos-private-api` support to `tauri` dependencies.
---
 crates/sage-apps/Cargo.toml                 | 2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs       | 1 +
 src/components/apps/SystemAppModalLayer.tsx | 4 ++--
 src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx                 | 5 ++---
 4 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/Cargo.toml b/crates/sage-apps/Cargo.toml
index 393809297..50a95c534 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/Cargo.toml
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ serde_json = { workspace = true }
 specta = { workspace = true, features = ["derive", "function", "url"] }
 tauri-specta = { workspace = true, features = ["derive"] }
 specta-typescript = { workspace = true }
-tauri = { workspace = true, features = [] }
+tauri = { workspace = true, features = ["macos-private-api"] }
 tokio = { workspace = true }
 reqwest = { workspace = true, features = ["json", "rustls-tls"] }
 anyhow = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
index d3ad18200..fd36cc5bb 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
@@ -67,6 +67,7 @@ pub async fn create_runtime(
         webview_label.to_string(),
         WebviewUrl::CustomProtocol(build_entry_src(&app, args.query.clone())),
     )
+        .transparent(true)
         .on_navigation(move |url| {
             runtime_for_nav.with_runtime(|runtime| is_allowed_app_url(url, &runtime.app()))
         })
diff --git a/src/components/apps/SystemAppModalLayer.tsx b/src/components/apps/SystemAppModalLayer.tsx
index 03e312d4c..8ae854dd2 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/SystemAppModalLayer.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/SystemAppModalLayer.tsx
@@ -94,12 +94,12 @@ export function SystemAppModalLayer() {
 
   return (
     <div
-      className='pointer-events-none absolute inset-0 z-50 flex items-center justify-center bg-black/35 p-6'
+      className='pointer-events-none absolute inset-0 z-50 flex items-start justify-center bg-black/30 px-6 pb-6 pt-[12vh]'
       aria-hidden
     >
       <div
         ref={modalBoundsRef}
-        className='h-[min(720px,85vh)] w-[min(720px,calc(100vw-3rem))]'
+        className='h-[min(620px,72vh)] w-[min(620px,calc(100vw-4rem))]'
       />
     </div>
   );
diff --git a/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx b/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
index abe7f69d6..2723545d8 100644
--- a/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
@@ -307,12 +307,11 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
         </Alert>
       ) : null}
 
-      <div className='flex-1 min-h-0 overflow-hidden'>
+      <div className='relative flex-1 min-h-0 overflow-hidden'>
         <Outlet />
+        <SystemAppModalLayer />
       </div>
 
-      <SystemAppModalLayer />
-
       <AppUpdateDialog
         open={updateDialogOpen}
         app={activeApp}

From ceffe57792a240e60345e24178e926f4b64a98fd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 2 May 2026 19:55:12 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 312/471] Refine modal and app layout styles

- Updated `SystemAppModalLayer` with improved modal positioning, background blur, and transparency adjustments.
- Adjusted `App.tsx` layout with new background transparency, border styling, and dynamic color handling for enhanced UI aesthetics.
---
 .../system-apps-src/apps/app-update/src/App.tsx            | 7 +++++--
 src/components/apps/SystemAppModalLayer.tsx                | 6 ++++--
 2 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/src/App.tsx b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/src/App.tsx
index 3480b10a6..ac979214c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/src/App.tsx
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/src/App.tsx
@@ -431,8 +431,11 @@ export function App() {
   }, []);
 
   return (
-    <div className='h-screen w-screen overflow-hidden text-foreground'>
-      <div className='h-full w-full overflow-auto rounded-2xl bg-card p-6 text-card-foreground shadow-2xl'>
+    <div className='h-screen w-screen overflow-hidden bg-transparent text-foreground'>
+      <div
+        className='h-full w-full overflow-auto rounded-2xl border border-border p-6 text-card-foreground shadow-2xl'
+        style={{ backgroundColor: 'hsl(var(--card) / 0.82)' }}
+      >
         {state.kind === 'loading' ? (
           <div className='text-sm text-muted-foreground'>Loading review…</div>
         ) : state.kind === 'error' ? (
diff --git a/src/components/apps/SystemAppModalLayer.tsx b/src/components/apps/SystemAppModalLayer.tsx
index 8ae854dd2..0e9592d1b 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/SystemAppModalLayer.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/SystemAppModalLayer.tsx
@@ -94,12 +94,14 @@ export function SystemAppModalLayer() {
 
   return (
     <div
-      className='pointer-events-none absolute inset-0 z-50 flex items-start justify-center bg-black/30 px-6 pb-6 pt-[12vh]'
+      className='pointer-events-none absolute inset-0 z-50 flex items-center justify-center px-6 py-8'
       aria-hidden
     >
+      <div className='absolute inset-0 bg-black/25 backdrop-blur-sm' />
+
       <div
         ref={modalBoundsRef}
-        className='h-[min(620px,72vh)] w-[min(620px,calc(100vw-4rem))]'
+        className='relative h-[min(620px,72vh)] w-[min(620px,calc(100vw-4rem))]'
       />
     </div>
   );

From aabe01f3eb58641a4923c3fb7395c6d285f6a513 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 2 May 2026 20:00:21 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 313/471] Refactor `SystemAppModalLayer` for improved runtime
 synchronization and retry handling

- Introduced `CachedRuntimeRect` type for better code readability.
- Added `retryTimerRef` logic to handle missing webview retries.
- Refined `sync` logic to clean stale runtime labels and schedule retries when necessary.
- Enhanced `useEffect` cleanup to manage pending retries and observer disconnection safely.
---
 src/components/apps/SystemAppModalLayer.tsx | 95 ++++++++++++++++-----
 1 file changed, 74 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/components/apps/SystemAppModalLayer.tsx b/src/components/apps/SystemAppModalLayer.tsx
index 0e9592d1b..c28bd491a 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/SystemAppModalLayer.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/SystemAppModalLayer.tsx
@@ -3,11 +3,19 @@ import { LogicalPosition, LogicalSize } from '@tauri-apps/api/dpi';
 import { Webview } from '@tauri-apps/api/webview';
 import { useAppRuntimes } from '@/hooks/useAppRuntimes';
 
+type CachedRuntimeRect = {
+  left: number;
+  top: number;
+  width: number;
+  height: number;
+};
+
 export function SystemAppModalLayer() {
   const modalBoundsRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement | null>(null);
-  const lastRectByWebviewLabelRef = useRef<
-    Map<string, { left: number; top: number; width: number; height: number }>
-  >(new Map());
+  const lastRectByWebviewLabelRef = useRef<Map<string, CachedRuntimeRect>>(
+    new Map(),
+  );
+  const retryTimerRef = useRef<number | null>(null);
 
   const runtimes = useAppRuntimes({ includeInternal: true });
 
@@ -22,17 +30,40 @@ export function SystemAppModalLayer() {
     [runtimes],
   );
 
-  const modalRuntimeLabels = useMemo(
-    () => modalRuntimes.map((runtime) => runtime.webviewLabel).sort(),
+  const modalRuntimeKey = useMemo(
+    () =>
+      modalRuntimes
+        .map((runtime) => `${runtime.webviewLabel}:${runtime.runtimeId}`)
+        .sort()
+        .join('\n'),
     [modalRuntimes],
   );
 
-  const modalRuntimeLabelsKey = modalRuntimeLabels.join('\n');
+  const scheduleRetry = useCallback(() => {
+    if (retryTimerRef.current != null) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    retryTimerRef.current = window.setTimeout(() => {
+      retryTimerRef.current = null;
+      void sync();
+    }, 50);
+  }, []);
 
   const sync = useCallback(async () => {
     const bounds = modalBoundsRef.current;
     if (!bounds) return;
 
+    const activeLabels = new Set(
+      modalRuntimes.map((runtime) => runtime.webviewLabel),
+    );
+
+    for (const cachedLabel of lastRectByWebviewLabelRef.current.keys()) {
+      if (!activeLabels.has(cachedLabel)) {
+        lastRectByWebviewLabelRef.current.delete(cachedLabel);
+      }
+    }
+
     const rect = bounds.getBoundingClientRect();
 
     const nextRect = {
@@ -42,8 +73,21 @@ export function SystemAppModalLayer() {
       height: Math.round(rect.height),
     };
 
-    for (const webviewLabel of modalRuntimeLabels) {
-      const previous = lastRectByWebviewLabelRef.current.get(webviewLabel);
+    let missingWebview = false;
+
+    for (const runtime of modalRuntimes) {
+      const webview = await Webview.getByLabel(runtime.webviewLabel).catch(
+        () => null,
+      );
+
+      if (!webview) {
+        missingWebview = true;
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      const previous = lastRectByWebviewLabelRef.current.get(
+        runtime.webviewLabel,
+      );
 
       const unchanged =
         previous &&
@@ -52,25 +96,29 @@ export function SystemAppModalLayer() {
         previous.width === nextRect.width &&
         previous.height === nextRect.height;
 
-      if (unchanged) {
-        continue;
-      }
+      if (!unchanged) {
+        await webview.setPosition(
+          new LogicalPosition(nextRect.left, nextRect.top),
+        );
+        await webview.setSize(new LogicalSize(nextRect.width, nextRect.height));
 
-      const webview = await Webview.getByLabel(webviewLabel).catch(() => null);
-      if (!webview) continue;
+        lastRectByWebviewLabelRef.current.set(runtime.webviewLabel, nextRect);
+      }
 
-      await webview.setPosition(
-        new LogicalPosition(nextRect.left, nextRect.top),
-      );
-      await webview.setSize(new LogicalSize(nextRect.width, nextRect.height));
       await webview.show();
+    }
 
-      lastRectByWebviewLabelRef.current.set(webviewLabel, nextRect);
+    if (missingWebview && modalRuntimes.length > 0) {
+      scheduleRetry();
     }
-  }, [modalRuntimeLabels]);
+  }, [modalRuntimes, scheduleRetry]);
 
   useEffect(() => {
-    void sync();
+    lastRectByWebviewLabelRef.current.clear();
+
+    requestAnimationFrame(() => {
+      void sync();
+    });
 
     const observer = new ResizeObserver(() => {
       void sync();
@@ -85,8 +133,13 @@ export function SystemAppModalLayer() {
     return () => {
       observer.disconnect();
       window.removeEventListener('resize', sync);
+
+      if (retryTimerRef.current != null) {
+        window.clearTimeout(retryTimerRef.current);
+        retryTimerRef.current = null;
+      }
     };
-  }, [sync, modalRuntimeLabelsKey]);
+  }, [sync, modalRuntimeKey]);
 
   if (modalRuntimes.length === 0) {
     return null;

From ccf666fdc40dc95ffb34b477199371c24d7451b1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 2 May 2026 20:36:56 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 314/471] Add `theme.css` and integrate shared design tokens

- Introduced `theme.css` in `@sage-app/sdk` for consistent styling with shared design tokens.
- Updated `package.json` to include `theme.css` in build output and module exports.
- Integrated `theme.css` into Task Manager styles via `@import`.
- Adjusted build script to handle `theme.css` and its type definition outputs.
---
 .../apps/task-manager/src/styles.css          |  1 +
 packages/sage-app-sdk/package.json            |  7 +-
 packages/sage-app-sdk/src/theme-css.d.ts      |  4 +
 packages/sage-app-sdk/src/theme.css           | 77 +++++++++++++++++++
 4 files changed, 88 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 create mode 100644 packages/sage-app-sdk/src/theme-css.d.ts
 create mode 100644 packages/sage-app-sdk/src/theme.css

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/src/styles.css b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/src/styles.css
index 72d47ffeb..614527a13 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/src/styles.css
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/src/styles.css
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+@import "@sage-app/sdk/theme.css";
 @config "../tailwind.config.js";
 
 @tailwind base;
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/package.json b/packages/sage-app-sdk/package.json
index 69e8b3d08..9035a120e 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-sdk/package.json
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/package.json
@@ -19,6 +19,11 @@
     "./bridge-runtime-core": {
       "types": "./dist/bridge-runtime-core.d.ts",
       "import": "./dist/bridge-runtime-core.js"
+    },
+    "./theme.css": {
+      "types": "./dist/theme-css.d.ts",
+      "style": "./dist/theme.css",
+      "default": "./dist/theme.css"
     }
   },
   "files": [
@@ -27,7 +32,7 @@
   ],
   "scripts": {
     "generate:types": "node ./scripts/export-types.mjs",
-    "build": "pnpm run generate:types && tsup",
+    "build": "pnpm run generate:types && tsup && cp src/theme.css dist/theme.css && cp src/theme-css.d.ts dist/theme-css.d.ts",
     "dev": "pnpm run generate:types && tsup --watch",
     "clean": "rm -rf dist"
   },
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/theme-css.d.ts b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/theme-css.d.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3b7af61fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/theme-css.d.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+declare module '@sage-app/sdk/theme.css' {
+  const css: string;
+  export default css;
+}
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/theme.css b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/theme.css
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..84818ff24
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/theme.css
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+html,
+body,
+#root {
+    background: transparent;
+}
+
+body {
+    margin: 0;
+    color: var(--foreground);
+}
+
+@layer base {
+    * {
+        border-color: var(--border);
+    }
+
+    body {
+        background: transparent;
+        color: var(--foreground);
+    }
+}
+
+@layer utilities {
+    .bg-background {
+        background-color: var(--background);
+    }
+
+    .text-foreground {
+        color: var(--foreground);
+    }
+
+    .bg-card {
+        background-color: var(--card);
+        backdrop-filter: var(--card-backdrop-filter);
+        -webkit-backdrop-filter: var(--card-backdrop-filter);
+    }
+
+    .text-card-foreground {
+        color: var(--card-foreground);
+    }
+
+    .bg-muted {
+        background-color: var(--muted);
+    }
+
+    .text-muted-foreground {
+        color: var(--muted-foreground);
+    }
+
+    .bg-secondary {
+        background-color: var(--secondary);
+    }
+
+    .text-secondary-foreground {
+        color: var(--secondary-foreground);
+    }
+
+    .bg-primary {
+        background-color: var(--primary);
+    }
+
+    .text-primary-foreground {
+        color: var(--primary-foreground);
+    }
+
+    .bg-destructive {
+        background-color: var(--destructive);
+    }
+
+    .text-destructive-foreground {
+        color: var(--destructive-foreground);
+    }
+
+    .border-border {
+        border-color: var(--border);
+    }
+}

From 4c253fcf80f705c225bdb34674ec621cffd01023 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 2 May 2026 21:58:00 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 315/471] Refactor system app build output structure and
 integrate shared theme

- Updated `vite.system-app.config.ts` to restructure build output directory under `work/system-apps`.
- Enhanced `build/system_apps.rs` to support new output structure and improve error handling for missing directories.
- Integrated `@sage-app/sdk/theme.css` into `app-update` styles for consistent theming.
---
 .../apps/app-update/src/styles.css             |  1 +
 .../system-apps-src/vite.system-app.config.ts  | 14 ++++++++++++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/build/system_apps.rs      | 18 +++++++++++++++---
 3 files changed, 28 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/src/styles.css b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/src/styles.css
index 1f81182e9..ad480ae12 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/src/styles.css
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/src/styles.css
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+@import "@sage-app/sdk/theme.css";
 @config "../tailwind.config.js";
 
 @tailwind base;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/vite.system-app.config.ts b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/vite.system-app.config.ts
index f81c38bf3..e922f1f38 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/vite.system-app.config.ts
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/vite.system-app.config.ts
@@ -1,17 +1,27 @@
 import { defineConfig } from 'vite';
 import react from '@vitejs/plugin-react';
-import { dirname, resolve } from 'node:path';
+import { basename, dirname, resolve } from 'node:path';
 import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url';
 
 export function defineSageSystemAppConfig(importMetaUrl: string) {
   const dir = dirname(fileURLToPath(importMetaUrl));
+  const appName = basename(dir);
+  const workspaceRoot = resolve(dir, '../../../../../..');
 
   return defineConfig({
     root: dir,
     plugins: [react()],
     publicDir: resolve(dir, 'public'),
     build: {
-      outDir: resolve(dir, 'dist'),
+      outDir: resolve(
+        workspaceRoot,
+        'target',
+        'sage-builtin-apps',
+        'work',
+        'system-apps',
+        appName,
+        'dist',
+      ),
       emptyOutDir: true,
       rollupOptions: {
         input: resolve(dir, 'index.html'),
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/system_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/system_apps.rs
index 7ec4d3105..033948a36 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/system_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/system_apps.rs
@@ -7,6 +7,18 @@ pub fn build_system_apps(
     system_out_dir: &Path,
     system_sdk_dist: &Path,
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let work_system_apps_dir = system_out_dir
+        .parent()
+        .and_then(|dist_dir| dist_dir.parent())
+        .ok_or_else(|| {
+            format!(
+                "failed to resolve builtin apps root from {}",
+                system_out_dir.display()
+            )
+        })?
+        .join("work")
+        .join("system-apps");
+
     let mut app_dirs = fs::read_dir(system_apps_src_dir)
         .map_err(|err| {
             format!(
@@ -35,14 +47,14 @@ pub fn build_system_apps(
                 )
             })?;
 
-        let app_dist_dir = app_src_dir.join("dist");
         let manifest_src = app_src_dir.join("sage-manifest.json");
-        let out_dir = system_out_dir.join(app_dir_name);
-
         if !manifest_src.is_file() {
             continue;
         }
 
+        let app_dist_dir = work_system_apps_dir.join(app_dir_name).join("dist");
+        let out_dir = system_out_dir.join(app_dir_name);
+
         if !app_dist_dir.is_dir() {
             return Err(format!(
                 "missing built system app dist directory at {}",

From d1911c761836a856ad2834f13a3abd07c2135e1b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 2 May 2026 22:46:30 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 316/471] Refactor Tailwind configuration and standardize theme
 integration

- Extracted shared Tailwind configuration into `tailwind.shared.js` for reuse across system apps.
- Updated `app-update` and `task-manager` Tailwind configs to use the shared configuration.
- Standardized color variable usage with `normalizeCssVarValue` function in `@sage-app-sdk/theme.ts`.
- Simplified and optimized `theme.css` styles, removing redundant utility layers.
- Improved modal and app layout styling in `SystemAppModalLayer` and `App.tsx`.
---
 .../apps/app-update/src/App.tsx               |  5 +-
 .../apps/app-update/tailwind.config.js        | 28 +--------
 .../apps/task-manager/tailwind.config.js      | 35 +++--------
 .../system-apps-src/tailwind.shared.js        | 28 +++++++++
 packages/sage-app-sdk/src/theme.css           | 62 +------------------
 packages/sage-app-sdk/src/theme.ts            | 17 ++++-
 src/components/apps/SystemAppModalLayer.tsx   | 13 ++--
 7 files changed, 69 insertions(+), 119 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/tailwind.shared.js

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/src/App.tsx b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/src/App.tsx
index ac979214c..8708536fd 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/src/App.tsx
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/src/App.tsx
@@ -432,10 +432,7 @@ export function App() {
 
   return (
     <div className='h-screen w-screen overflow-hidden bg-transparent text-foreground'>
-      <div
-        className='h-full w-full overflow-auto rounded-2xl border border-border p-6 text-card-foreground shadow-2xl'
-        style={{ backgroundColor: 'hsl(var(--card) / 0.82)' }}
-      >
+      <div className='h-full w-full overflow-auto rounded-2xl bg-transparent p-6 text-foreground'>
         {state.kind === 'loading' ? (
           <div className='text-sm text-muted-foreground'>Loading review…</div>
         ) : state.kind === 'error' ? (
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/tailwind.config.js b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/tailwind.config.js
index 114e283cb..3529ce72b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/tailwind.config.js
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/tailwind.config.js
@@ -1,36 +1,14 @@
 import { dirname, join, resolve } from 'node:path';
 import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url';
+import { createSageTailwindConfig } from '../../tailwind.shared.js';
 
 const dir = dirname(fileURLToPath(import.meta.url));
 const repoRoot = resolve(dir, '../../../../../..');
 
-export default {
+export default createSageTailwindConfig({
   content: [
     join(dir, 'index.html'),
     join(dir, 'src/**/*.{ts,tsx}'),
     join(repoRoot, 'packages/sage-app-ui/src/**/*.{ts,tsx}'),
   ],
-  theme: {
-    extend: {
-      colors: {
-        background: 'hsl(var(--background))',
-        foreground: 'hsl(var(--foreground))',
-        card: 'hsl(var(--card))',
-        'card-foreground': 'hsl(var(--card-foreground))',
-        primary: 'hsl(var(--primary))',
-        'primary-foreground': 'hsl(var(--primary-foreground))',
-        secondary: 'hsl(var(--secondary))',
-        'secondary-foreground': 'hsl(var(--secondary-foreground))',
-        muted: 'hsl(var(--muted))',
-        'muted-foreground': 'hsl(var(--muted-foreground))',
-        destructive: 'hsl(var(--destructive))',
-        'destructive-foreground': 'hsl(var(--destructive-foreground))',
-        border: 'hsl(var(--border))',
-        input: 'hsl(var(--input))',
-        ring: 'hsl(var(--ring))',
-        popover: 'hsl(var(--popover))',
-        'popover-foreground': 'hsl(var(--popover-foreground))',
-      },
-    },
-  },
-};
+});
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/tailwind.config.js b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/tailwind.config.js
index 63b213f46..3529ce72b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/tailwind.config.js
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/tailwind.config.js
@@ -1,29 +1,14 @@
-import { dirname, join } from 'node:path';
+import { dirname, join, resolve } from 'node:path';
 import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url';
+import { createSageTailwindConfig } from '../../tailwind.shared.js';
 
 const dir = dirname(fileURLToPath(import.meta.url));
+const repoRoot = resolve(dir, '../../../../../..');
 
-export default {
-  content: [join(dir, 'index.html'), join(dir, 'src/**/*.{ts,tsx}')],
-  theme: {
-    extend: {
-      colors: {
-        background: 'hsl(var(--background))',
-        foreground: 'hsl(var(--foreground))',
-        card: 'hsl(var(--card))',
-        'card-foreground': 'hsl(var(--card-foreground))',
-        primary: 'hsl(var(--primary))',
-        'primary-foreground': 'hsl(var(--primary-foreground))',
-        secondary: 'hsl(var(--secondary))',
-        'secondary-foreground': 'hsl(var(--secondary-foreground))',
-        muted: 'hsl(var(--muted))',
-        'muted-foreground': 'hsl(var(--muted-foreground))',
-        destructive: 'hsl(var(--destructive))',
-        'destructive-foreground': 'hsl(var(--destructive-foreground))',
-        border: 'hsl(var(--border))',
-        input: 'hsl(var(--input))',
-        ring: 'hsl(var(--ring))',
-      },
-    },
-  },
-};
+export default createSageTailwindConfig({
+  content: [
+    join(dir, 'index.html'),
+    join(dir, 'src/**/*.{ts,tsx}'),
+    join(repoRoot, 'packages/sage-app-ui/src/**/*.{ts,tsx}'),
+  ],
+});
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/tailwind.shared.js b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/tailwind.shared.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c4e80bb0d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/tailwind.shared.js
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+export function createSageTailwindConfig({ content }) {
+  return {
+    content,
+    theme: {
+      extend: {
+        colors: {
+          background: 'var(--background)',
+          foreground: 'var(--foreground)',
+          card: 'var(--card)',
+          'card-foreground': 'var(--card-foreground)',
+          primary: 'var(--primary)',
+          'primary-foreground': 'var(--primary-foreground)',
+          secondary: 'var(--secondary)',
+          'secondary-foreground': 'var(--secondary-foreground)',
+          muted: 'var(--muted)',
+          'muted-foreground': 'var(--muted-foreground)',
+          destructive: 'var(--destructive)',
+          'destructive-foreground': 'var(--destructive-foreground)',
+          border: 'var(--border)',
+          input: 'var(--input)',
+          ring: 'var(--ring)',
+          popover: 'var(--popover)',
+          'popover-foreground': 'var(--popover-foreground)',
+        },
+      },
+    },
+  };
+}
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/theme.css b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/theme.css
index 84818ff24..4ef7ed38e 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/theme.css
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/theme.css
@@ -6,72 +6,16 @@ body,
 
 body {
     margin: 0;
-    color: var(--foreground);
+    color: hsl(var(--foreground));
 }
 
 @layer base {
     * {
-        border-color: var(--border);
+        border-color: hsl(var(--border));
     }
 
     body {
         background: transparent;
-        color: var(--foreground);
-    }
-}
-
-@layer utilities {
-    .bg-background {
-        background-color: var(--background);
-    }
-
-    .text-foreground {
-        color: var(--foreground);
-    }
-
-    .bg-card {
-        background-color: var(--card);
-        backdrop-filter: var(--card-backdrop-filter);
-        -webkit-backdrop-filter: var(--card-backdrop-filter);
-    }
-
-    .text-card-foreground {
-        color: var(--card-foreground);
-    }
-
-    .bg-muted {
-        background-color: var(--muted);
-    }
-
-    .text-muted-foreground {
-        color: var(--muted-foreground);
-    }
-
-    .bg-secondary {
-        background-color: var(--secondary);
-    }
-
-    .text-secondary-foreground {
-        color: var(--secondary-foreground);
-    }
-
-    .bg-primary {
-        background-color: var(--primary);
-    }
-
-    .text-primary-foreground {
-        color: var(--primary-foreground);
-    }
-
-    .bg-destructive {
-        background-color: var(--destructive);
-    }
-
-    .text-destructive-foreground {
-        color: var(--destructive-foreground);
-    }
-
-    .border-border {
-        border-color: var(--border);
+        color: hsl(var(--foreground));
     }
 }
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/theme.ts b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/theme.ts
index cb977efe4..a9cbfd6d9 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/theme.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/theme.ts
@@ -26,13 +26,26 @@ export const sageThemeVars = {
 export type SageThemeVar = keyof typeof sageThemeVars;
 
 export function cssVar(name: SageThemeVar): string {
-  return `hsl(var(${sageThemeVars[name]}))`;
+  return `var(${sageThemeVars[name]})`;
 }
 
 export function rawCssVar(name: SageThemeVar): string {
   return `var(${sageThemeVars[name]})`;
 }
 
+function normalizeCssVarValue(value: string): string {
+  const trimmed = value.trim();
+
+  const hslTuple =
+    /^-?\d+(\.\d+)?(?:deg|rad|turn)?\s+-?\d+(\.\d+)?%\s+-?\d+(\.\d+)?%(?:\s*\/\s*(?:\d+(\.\d+)?%?|\.\d+))?$/;
+
+  if (hslTuple.test(trimmed)) {
+    return `hsl(${trimmed})`;
+  }
+
+  return trimmed;
+}
+
 export function applySageThemeCssVars(
   theme: Generated.EnvironmentThemeView,
 ): void {
@@ -54,7 +67,7 @@ export function applySageThemeCssVars(
         value.trim().length > 0
       );
     })
-    .map(([key, value]) => `${key}: ${value.trim()};`)
+    .map(([key, value]) => `${key}: ${normalizeCssVarValue(value)};`)
     .join(' ');
 
   el.textContent = vars ? `:root { ${vars} }` : '';
diff --git a/src/components/apps/SystemAppModalLayer.tsx b/src/components/apps/SystemAppModalLayer.tsx
index c28bd491a..8081c518d 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/SystemAppModalLayer.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/SystemAppModalLayer.tsx
@@ -3,12 +3,12 @@ import { LogicalPosition, LogicalSize } from '@tauri-apps/api/dpi';
 import { Webview } from '@tauri-apps/api/webview';
 import { useAppRuntimes } from '@/hooks/useAppRuntimes';
 
-type CachedRuntimeRect = {
+interface CachedRuntimeRect {
   left: number;
   top: number;
   width: number;
   height: number;
-};
+}
 
 export function SystemAppModalLayer() {
   const modalBoundsRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement | null>(null);
@@ -150,11 +150,16 @@ export function SystemAppModalLayer() {
       className='pointer-events-none absolute inset-0 z-50 flex items-center justify-center px-6 py-8'
       aria-hidden
     >
-      <div className='absolute inset-0 bg-black/25 backdrop-blur-sm' />
+      <div className='absolute inset-0 bg-black/20 backdrop-blur-sm' />
 
       <div
         ref={modalBoundsRef}
-        className='relative h-[min(620px,72vh)] w-[min(620px,calc(100vw-4rem))]'
+        className='relative h-[min(620px,72vh)] w-[min(620px,calc(100vw-4rem))] rounded-2xl border border-border shadow-2xl'
+        style={{
+          backdropFilter: 'blur(60px) saturate(0.75)',
+          WebkitBackdropFilter: 'blur(60px) saturate(0.75)',
+          backgroundColor: 'rgb(255 255 255 / 0.12)',
+        }}
       />
     </div>
   );

From 70b0a397fc8c7c9f02e1d5681ecf69344d03f653 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 2 May 2026 22:51:13 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 317/471] Improve runtime synchronization during resize in
 `SystemAppModalLayer`

- Added `resizeRafRef` and `resizePumpUntilRef` to handle animations and throttled synchronization during resize events.
- Introduced `pumpSyncDuringResize` method for efficient runtime updates while resizing.
- Replaced `sync` calls in resize observer and event listener with the new `pumpSyncDuringResize`.
- Enhanced cleanup logic to properly handle pending animation frames.
---
 src/components/apps/SystemAppModalLayer.tsx | 40 +++++++++++++++++----
 1 file changed, 33 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/components/apps/SystemAppModalLayer.tsx b/src/components/apps/SystemAppModalLayer.tsx
index 8081c518d..a11595800 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/SystemAppModalLayer.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/SystemAppModalLayer.tsx
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@ export function SystemAppModalLayer() {
     new Map(),
   );
   const retryTimerRef = useRef<number | null>(null);
+  const resizeRafRef = useRef<number | null>(null);
+  const resizePumpUntilRef = useRef(0);
 
   const runtimes = useAppRuntimes({ includeInternal: true });
 
@@ -40,9 +42,7 @@ export function SystemAppModalLayer() {
   );
 
   const scheduleRetry = useCallback(() => {
-    if (retryTimerRef.current != null) {
-      return;
-    }
+    if (retryTimerRef.current != null) return;
 
     retryTimerRef.current = window.setTimeout(() => {
       retryTimerRef.current = null;
@@ -113,6 +113,27 @@ export function SystemAppModalLayer() {
     }
   }, [modalRuntimes, scheduleRetry]);
 
+  const pumpSyncDuringResize = useCallback(() => {
+    resizePumpUntilRef.current = performance.now() + 250;
+
+    if (resizeRafRef.current != null) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    const tick = () => {
+      lastRectByWebviewLabelRef.current.clear();
+      void sync();
+
+      if (performance.now() < resizePumpUntilRef.current) {
+        resizeRafRef.current = window.requestAnimationFrame(tick);
+      } else {
+        resizeRafRef.current = null;
+      }
+    };
+
+    resizeRafRef.current = window.requestAnimationFrame(tick);
+  }, [sync]);
+
   useEffect(() => {
     lastRectByWebviewLabelRef.current.clear();
 
@@ -121,25 +142,30 @@ export function SystemAppModalLayer() {
     });
 
     const observer = new ResizeObserver(() => {
-      void sync();
+      pumpSyncDuringResize();
     });
 
     if (modalBoundsRef.current) {
       observer.observe(modalBoundsRef.current);
     }
 
-    window.addEventListener('resize', sync);
+    window.addEventListener('resize', pumpSyncDuringResize);
 
     return () => {
       observer.disconnect();
-      window.removeEventListener('resize', sync);
+      window.removeEventListener('resize', pumpSyncDuringResize);
 
       if (retryTimerRef.current != null) {
         window.clearTimeout(retryTimerRef.current);
         retryTimerRef.current = null;
       }
+
+      if (resizeRafRef.current != null) {
+        window.cancelAnimationFrame(resizeRafRef.current);
+        resizeRafRef.current = null;
+      }
     };
-  }, [sync, modalRuntimeKey]);
+  }, [sync, pumpSyncDuringResize, modalRuntimeKey]);
 
   if (modalRuntimes.length === 0) {
     return null;

From 5d5d4951b4ad7a01aa8962b68204e1b0f3c848dd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 2 May 2026 23:20:52 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 318/471] Set `titleBarStyle` to `Transparent` in Tauri config
 and remove unused Mac-specific window inset logic

---
 src-tauri/tauri.conf.json          |  3 ++-
 src/hooks/useAppEmbeddedRuntime.ts | 14 ++------------
 2 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src-tauri/tauri.conf.json b/src-tauri/tauri.conf.json
index 4626f248f..3621ce462 100644
--- a/src-tauri/tauri.conf.json
+++ b/src-tauri/tauri.conf.json
@@ -17,7 +17,8 @@
         "height": 750,
         "resizable": true,
         "maximized": false,
-        "visible": true
+        "visible": true,
+        "titleBarStyle": "Transparent"
       }
     ],
     "security": {
diff --git a/src/hooks/useAppEmbeddedRuntime.ts b/src/hooks/useAppEmbeddedRuntime.ts
index 0a2589ac7..4acd23ee6 100644
--- a/src/hooks/useAppEmbeddedRuntime.ts
+++ b/src/hooks/useAppEmbeddedRuntime.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import React, { useCallback, useEffect, useState } from 'react';
-import { platform } from '@tauri-apps/plugin-os';
 import { LogicalPosition, LogicalSize } from '@tauri-apps/api/dpi';
 import {
   ensureInlineRuntime,
@@ -7,14 +6,6 @@ import {
   markRuntimeVisible,
 } from '@/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry';
 import type { SageAppView } from '@/bindings';
-import { getCurrentWindow } from '@tauri-apps/api/window';
-
-async function getMacWindowedTopInsetPx(): Promise<number> {
-  const isMac = platform() === 'macos';
-  const isMaximized = await getCurrentWindow().isMaximized();
-
-  return isMac && !isMaximized ? 30 : 0;
-}
 
 function formatError(err: unknown): string {
   if (err instanceof Error) return err.message;
@@ -45,12 +36,11 @@ export function useAppEmbeddedRuntime({ app, containerRef }: Args) {
         return;
       }
 
-      const inset = await getMacWindowedTopInsetPx();
       const rect = container.getBoundingClientRect();
       const width = Math.max(1, Math.round(rect.width));
-      const height = Math.max(1, Math.round(rect.height - inset));
+      const height = Math.max(1, Math.round(rect.height));
       const x = Math.round(rect.left);
-      const y = Math.round(rect.top + inset);
+      const y = Math.round(rect.top);
 
       await webview.setPosition(new LogicalPosition(x, y));
       await webview.setSize(new LogicalSize(width, height));

From 82a9d02292aa1a1d5dcde5264173f08b49bebfa2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sun, 3 May 2026 00:05:27 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 319/471] Integrate `SystemModalShell` and implement
 `useRuntimeWebviewBounds`

- Added `SystemModalShell` component in `@sage-app/ui` for consistent modal layout and structure.
- Created `useRuntimeWebviewBounds` hook for streamlined runtime webview synchronization.
- Refactored `SystemAppModalLayer`, `useAppEmbeddedRuntime`, and `App.tsx` to utilize the new component and hook.
- Updated build scripts, package exports, and Tailwind configuration to include the new additions.
---
 .../apps/app-update/src/App.tsx               |  29 ++-
 package.json                                  |   5 +-
 packages/sage-app-ui/package.json             |   4 +
 .../src/system-modal/SystemModalShell.tsx     |  38 ++++
 .../sage-app-ui/src/system-modal/index.ts     |   1 +
 packages/sage-app-ui/tsup.config.ts           |   1 +
 src/components/apps/SystemAppModalLayer.tsx   | 195 ++----------------
 src/hooks/useAppEmbeddedRuntime.ts            | 136 ++++--------
 src/hooks/useRuntimeWebviewBounds.ts          | 108 ++++++++++
 src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx                   |  90 +-------
 10 files changed, 231 insertions(+), 376 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 packages/sage-app-ui/src/system-modal/SystemModalShell.tsx
 create mode 100644 packages/sage-app-ui/src/system-modal/index.ts
 create mode 100644 src/hooks/useRuntimeWebviewBounds.ts

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/src/App.tsx b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/src/App.tsx
index 8708536fd..562362721 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/src/App.tsx
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/src/App.tsx
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ import {
   type UserBridgeCapability,
   type UserSageAppView,
 } from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
+import { SystemModalShell } from '@sage-app/ui/system-modal';
 
 type Mode = 'review-update' | 'review-permissions';
 
@@ -431,21 +432,19 @@ export function App() {
   }, []);
 
   return (
-    <div className='h-screen w-screen overflow-hidden bg-transparent text-foreground'>
-      <div className='h-full w-full overflow-auto rounded-2xl bg-transparent p-6 text-foreground'>
-        {state.kind === 'loading' ? (
-          <div className='text-sm text-muted-foreground'>Loading review…</div>
-        ) : state.kind === 'error' ? (
-          <div className='space-y-3'>
-            <h1 className='text-lg font-semibold'>App update failed</h1>
-            <div className='rounded-xl border border-destructive/30 bg-destructive/10 p-3 text-sm text-destructive'>
-              {state.error}
-            </div>
+    <SystemModalShell>
+      {state.kind === 'loading' ? (
+        <div className='text-sm text-muted-foreground'>Loading review…</div>
+      ) : state.kind === 'error' ? (
+        <div className='space-y-3'>
+          <h1 className='text-lg font-semibold'>App update failed</h1>
+          <div className='rounded-xl border border-destructive/30 bg-destructive/10 p-3 text-sm text-destructive'>
+            {state.error}
           </div>
-        ) : (
-          <AppBody state={state} />
-        )}
-      </div>
-    </div>
+        </div>
+      ) : (
+        <AppBody state={state} />
+      )}
+    </SystemModalShell>
   );
 }
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index fd36c7d3b..e1c99b08e 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -7,8 +7,9 @@
   "scripts": {
     "dev": "vite",
     "build:system-apps": "pnpm --dir crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src build",
-    "build:sdk": "pnpm --filter @sage-app/sdk build && pnpm --filter @sage-system-app/sdk build",
-    "build": "pnpm build:sdk && pnpm build:system-apps && tsc -b && vite build",
+    "build:packages": "pnpm --filter @sage-app/sdk build && pnpm --filter @sage-system-app/sdk build && pnpm --filter @sage-app/ui build",
+    "build:sdk": "pnpm build:packages",
+    "build": "pnpm build:packages && pnpm build:system-apps && tsc -b && vite build",
     "tauri:dev": "pnpm build && tauri dev",
     "tauri:build": "pnpm build && tauri build",
     "lint": "eslint .",
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-ui/package.json b/packages/sage-app-ui/package.json
index d0920706e..ee954ac66 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-ui/package.json
+++ b/packages/sage-app-ui/package.json
@@ -13,6 +13,10 @@
     "./permissions": {
       "types": "./dist/permissions/index.d.ts",
       "import": "./dist/permissions/index.js"
+    },
+    "./system-modal": {
+      "types": "./dist/system-modal/index.d.ts",
+      "import": "./dist/system-modal/index.js"
     }
   },
   "dependencies": {
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/system-modal/SystemModalShell.tsx b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/system-modal/SystemModalShell.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6904085f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/system-modal/SystemModalShell.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+import type { ReactNode } from 'react';
+
+interface SystemModalShellProps {
+  children: ReactNode;
+  className?: string;
+  contentClassName?: string;
+}
+
+export function SystemModalShell({
+  children,
+  className = '',
+  contentClassName = '',
+}: SystemModalShellProps) {
+  return (
+    <div
+      className={[
+        'h-screen w-screen overflow-hidden bg-black/20 p-6 text-foreground backdrop-blur-sm',
+        'flex items-center justify-center',
+        className,
+      ].join(' ')}
+    >
+      <div
+        className={[
+          'h-[min(620px,72vh)] w-[min(620px,calc(100vw-4rem))]',
+          'overflow-auto rounded-2xl border border-border p-6 shadow-2xl',
+          contentClassName,
+        ].join(' ')}
+        style={{
+          backdropFilter: 'blur(60px) saturate(0.75)',
+          WebkitBackdropFilter: 'blur(60px) saturate(0.75)',
+          backgroundColor: 'rgb(255 255 255 / 0.12)',
+        }}
+      >
+        {children}
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  );
+}
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/system-modal/index.ts b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/system-modal/index.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c9b19e0cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/system-modal/index.ts
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+export { SystemModalShell } from './SystemModalShell';
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-ui/tsup.config.ts b/packages/sage-app-ui/tsup.config.ts
index aee7eb1f8..cd390cbb6 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-ui/tsup.config.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-app-ui/tsup.config.ts
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ export default defineConfig({
   entry: {
     index: 'src/index.ts',
     'permissions/index': 'src/permissions/index.ts',
+    'system-modal/index': 'src/system-modal/index.ts',
   },
   format: ['esm'],
   dts: true,
diff --git a/src/components/apps/SystemAppModalLayer.tsx b/src/components/apps/SystemAppModalLayer.tsx
index a11595800..2feaf7f85 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/SystemAppModalLayer.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/SystemAppModalLayer.tsx
@@ -1,192 +1,35 @@
-import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useRef } from 'react';
-import { LogicalPosition, LogicalSize } from '@tauri-apps/api/dpi';
-import { Webview } from '@tauri-apps/api/webview';
+import { useMemo, useRef } from 'react';
 import { useAppRuntimes } from '@/hooks/useAppRuntimes';
-
-interface CachedRuntimeRect {
-  left: number;
-  top: number;
-  width: number;
-  height: number;
-}
+import { useRuntimeWebviewBounds } from '@/hooks/useRuntimeWebviewBounds';
 
 export function SystemAppModalLayer() {
-  const modalBoundsRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement | null>(null);
-  const lastRectByWebviewLabelRef = useRef<Map<string, CachedRuntimeRect>>(
-    new Map(),
-  );
-  const retryTimerRef = useRef<number | null>(null);
-  const resizeRafRef = useRef<number | null>(null);
-  const resizePumpUntilRef = useRef(0);
+  const containerRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement | null>(null);
 
   const runtimes = useAppRuntimes({ includeInternal: true });
 
-  const modalRuntimes = useMemo(
-    () =>
-      runtimes.filter(
-        (runtime) =>
-          runtime.app.kind === 'system' &&
-          runtime.app.presentation === 'AppModal' &&
-          runtime.visibility === 'Visible',
-      ),
-    [runtimes],
-  );
-
-  const modalRuntimeKey = useMemo(
-    () =>
-      modalRuntimes
-        .map((runtime) => `${runtime.webviewLabel}:${runtime.runtimeId}`)
-        .sort()
-        .join('\n'),
-    [modalRuntimes],
-  );
-
-  const scheduleRetry = useCallback(() => {
-    if (retryTimerRef.current != null) return;
-
-    retryTimerRef.current = window.setTimeout(() => {
-      retryTimerRef.current = null;
-      void sync();
-    }, 50);
-  }, []);
-
-  const sync = useCallback(async () => {
-    const bounds = modalBoundsRef.current;
-    if (!bounds) return;
-
-    const activeLabels = new Set(
-      modalRuntimes.map((runtime) => runtime.webviewLabel),
+  const modalRuntime = useMemo(() => {
+    return runtimes.find(
+      (runtime) =>
+        runtime.app.kind === 'system' &&
+        runtime.app.presentation === 'AppModal' &&
+        runtime.visibility === 'Visible',
     );
+  }, [runtimes]);
 
-    for (const cachedLabel of lastRectByWebviewLabelRef.current.keys()) {
-      if (!activeLabels.has(cachedLabel)) {
-        lastRectByWebviewLabelRef.current.delete(cachedLabel);
-      }
-    }
-
-    const rect = bounds.getBoundingClientRect();
-
-    const nextRect = {
-      left: Math.round(rect.left),
-      top: Math.round(rect.top),
-      width: Math.round(rect.width),
-      height: Math.round(rect.height),
-    };
-
-    let missingWebview = false;
-
-    for (const runtime of modalRuntimes) {
-      const webview = await Webview.getByLabel(runtime.webviewLabel).catch(
-        () => null,
-      );
-
-      if (!webview) {
-        missingWebview = true;
-        continue;
-      }
-
-      const previous = lastRectByWebviewLabelRef.current.get(
-        runtime.webviewLabel,
-      );
-
-      const unchanged =
-        previous &&
-        previous.left === nextRect.left &&
-        previous.top === nextRect.top &&
-        previous.width === nextRect.width &&
-        previous.height === nextRect.height;
-
-      if (!unchanged) {
-        await webview.setPosition(
-          new LogicalPosition(nextRect.left, nextRect.top),
-        );
-        await webview.setSize(new LogicalSize(nextRect.width, nextRect.height));
+  useRuntimeWebviewBounds({
+    webviewLabel: modalRuntime?.webviewLabel ?? null,
+    containerRef,
+    enabled: !!modalRuntime,
+  });
 
-        lastRectByWebviewLabelRef.current.set(runtime.webviewLabel, nextRect);
-      }
-
-      await webview.show();
-    }
-
-    if (missingWebview && modalRuntimes.length > 0) {
-      scheduleRetry();
-    }
-  }, [modalRuntimes, scheduleRetry]);
-
-  const pumpSyncDuringResize = useCallback(() => {
-    resizePumpUntilRef.current = performance.now() + 250;
-
-    if (resizeRafRef.current != null) {
-      return;
-    }
-
-    const tick = () => {
-      lastRectByWebviewLabelRef.current.clear();
-      void sync();
-
-      if (performance.now() < resizePumpUntilRef.current) {
-        resizeRafRef.current = window.requestAnimationFrame(tick);
-      } else {
-        resizeRafRef.current = null;
-      }
-    };
-
-    resizeRafRef.current = window.requestAnimationFrame(tick);
-  }, [sync]);
-
-  useEffect(() => {
-    lastRectByWebviewLabelRef.current.clear();
-
-    requestAnimationFrame(() => {
-      void sync();
-    });
-
-    const observer = new ResizeObserver(() => {
-      pumpSyncDuringResize();
-    });
-
-    if (modalBoundsRef.current) {
-      observer.observe(modalBoundsRef.current);
-    }
-
-    window.addEventListener('resize', pumpSyncDuringResize);
-
-    return () => {
-      observer.disconnect();
-      window.removeEventListener('resize', pumpSyncDuringResize);
-
-      if (retryTimerRef.current != null) {
-        window.clearTimeout(retryTimerRef.current);
-        retryTimerRef.current = null;
-      }
-
-      if (resizeRafRef.current != null) {
-        window.cancelAnimationFrame(resizeRafRef.current);
-        resizeRafRef.current = null;
-      }
-    };
-  }, [sync, pumpSyncDuringResize, modalRuntimeKey]);
-
-  if (modalRuntimes.length === 0) {
+  if (!modalRuntime) {
     return null;
   }
 
   return (
     <div
-      className='pointer-events-none absolute inset-0 z-50 flex items-center justify-center px-6 py-8'
-      aria-hidden
-    >
-      <div className='absolute inset-0 bg-black/20 backdrop-blur-sm' />
-
-      <div
-        ref={modalBoundsRef}
-        className='relative h-[min(620px,72vh)] w-[min(620px,calc(100vw-4rem))] rounded-2xl border border-border shadow-2xl'
-        style={{
-          backdropFilter: 'blur(60px) saturate(0.75)',
-          WebkitBackdropFilter: 'blur(60px) saturate(0.75)',
-          backgroundColor: 'rgb(255 255 255 / 0.12)',
-        }}
-      />
-    </div>
+      ref={containerRef}
+      className='absolute inset-0 z-50 pointer-events-none'
+    />
   );
 }
diff --git a/src/hooks/useAppEmbeddedRuntime.ts b/src/hooks/useAppEmbeddedRuntime.ts
index 4acd23ee6..7adbe2acf 100644
--- a/src/hooks/useAppEmbeddedRuntime.ts
+++ b/src/hooks/useAppEmbeddedRuntime.ts
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-import React, { useCallback, useEffect, useState } from 'react';
-import { LogicalPosition, LogicalSize } from '@tauri-apps/api/dpi';
+import React, { useEffect, useState } from 'react';
 import {
   ensureInlineRuntime,
   getRuntimeWebview,
   markRuntimeVisible,
 } from '@/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry';
 import type { SageAppView } from '@/bindings';
+import { useRuntimeWebviewBounds } from '@/hooks/useRuntimeWebviewBounds';
 
 function formatError(err: unknown): string {
   if (err instanceof Error) return err.message;
@@ -26,58 +26,30 @@ interface Args {
 export function useAppEmbeddedRuntime({ app, containerRef }: Args) {
   const [attachError, setAttachError] = useState<string | null>(null);
   const [attaching, setAttaching] = useState(false);
+  const [webviewLabel, setWebviewLabel] = useState<string | null>(null);
 
-  const syncBounds = useCallback(
-    async (appId: string) => {
-      const webview = await getRuntimeWebview(appId);
-      const container = containerRef.current;
+  const appId = app?.common.identity.id ?? null;
 
-      if (!webview || !container) {
-        return;
-      }
-
-      const rect = container.getBoundingClientRect();
-      const width = Math.max(1, Math.round(rect.width));
-      const height = Math.max(1, Math.round(rect.height));
-      const x = Math.round(rect.left);
-      const y = Math.round(rect.top);
-
-      await webview.setPosition(new LogicalPosition(x, y));
-      await webview.setSize(new LogicalSize(width, height));
-    },
-    [containerRef],
-  );
-
-  const scheduleSyncBounds = useCallback(
-    (appId: string) => {
-      requestAnimationFrame(() => {
-        void syncBounds(appId).catch((err) => {
-          const message = formatError(err);
-
-          if (message.includes('webview not found')) {
-            return;
-          }
-
-          console.error('Failed to sync embedded app webview bounds:', err);
-        });
-      });
-    },
-    [syncBounds],
-  );
+  const { scheduleSyncBounds } = useRuntimeWebviewBounds({
+    webviewLabel,
+    containerRef,
+    enabled: !!appId && !!webviewLabel,
+  });
 
   useEffect(() => {
     setAttachError(null);
+    setWebviewLabel(null);
+
     if (!app || !containerRef.current) {
       setAttaching(false);
       return;
     }
 
     const installedApp = app;
+    const installedAppId = installedApp.common.identity.id;
+
     let disposed = false;
     let runtimeCreated = false;
-    let resizeObserver: ResizeObserver | null = null;
-    let removeWindowResize: (() => void) | null = null;
-    let delayedSyncTimers: number[] = [];
     let showAttachingTimer: number | null = null;
 
     const clearShowAttachingTimer = () => {
@@ -87,82 +59,43 @@ export function useAppEmbeddedRuntime({ app, containerRef }: Args) {
       }
     };
 
-    const clearDelayedSyncTimers = () => {
-      delayedSyncTimers.forEach((id) => window.clearTimeout(id));
-      delayedSyncTimers = [];
-    };
-
     const mount = async () => {
       showAttachingTimer = window.setTimeout(() => {
         if (!disposed) {
           setAttaching(true);
         }
       }, 200);
+
       await ensureInlineRuntime(installedApp);
       runtimeCreated = true;
 
-      if (disposed) {
-        return;
-      }
+      if (disposed) return;
 
-      await syncBounds(installedApp.common.identity.id);
+      const webview = await getRuntimeWebview(installedAppId);
 
-      if (disposed) {
-        return;
+      if (!webview) {
+        throw new Error(`webview not found for app ${installedAppId}`);
       }
 
-      await markRuntimeVisible(installedApp.common.identity.id, true);
+      setWebviewLabel(webview.label);
 
-      if (disposed) {
-        return;
-      }
+      await markRuntimeVisible(installedAppId, true);
+
+      if (disposed) return;
 
       clearShowAttachingTimer();
       setAttachError(null);
       setAttaching(false);
-
-      scheduleSyncBounds(installedApp.common.identity.id);
-
-      delayedSyncTimers = [0, 50, 150, 300].map((delay) =>
-        window.setTimeout(() => {
-          if (!disposed) {
-            scheduleSyncBounds(installedApp.common.identity.id);
-          }
-        }, delay),
-      );
-      resizeObserver = new ResizeObserver(() => {
-        if (!disposed) {
-          scheduleSyncBounds(installedApp.common.identity.id);
-        }
-      });
-      const container = containerRef.current;
-
-      if (!container) {
-        return;
-      }
-      resizeObserver.observe(container);
-      const handleWindowResize = () => {
-        if (!disposed) {
-          scheduleSyncBounds(installedApp.common.identity.id);
-        }
-      };
-      window.addEventListener('resize', handleWindowResize);
-
-      removeWindowResize = () => {
-        window.removeEventListener('resize', handleWindowResize);
-      };
     };
 
     void mount().catch((err) => {
-      if (disposed) {
-        return;
-      }
-      clearShowAttachingTimer();
+      if (disposed) return;
 
-      const message = formatError(err);
-      setAttachError(message);
+      clearShowAttachingTimer();
 
+      setAttachError(formatError(err));
       setAttaching(false);
+
       console.error('Failed to attach app runtime:', err);
     });
 
@@ -170,18 +103,23 @@ export function useAppEmbeddedRuntime({ app, containerRef }: Args) {
       disposed = true;
       clearShowAttachingTimer();
       setAttaching(false);
+      setWebviewLabel(null);
 
       if (runtimeCreated) {
-        void markRuntimeVisible(installedApp.common.identity.id, false).catch(() => {
+        void markRuntimeVisible(installedAppId, false).catch(() => {
           //
         });
       }
-
-      resizeObserver?.disconnect();
-      removeWindowResize?.();
-      clearDelayedSyncTimers();
     };
-  }, [app, containerRef, scheduleSyncBounds, syncBounds]);
+  }, [app, containerRef]);
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!webviewLabel) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    scheduleSyncBounds();
+  }, [webviewLabel, scheduleSyncBounds]);
 
   return {
     attaching,
diff --git a/src/hooks/useRuntimeWebviewBounds.ts b/src/hooks/useRuntimeWebviewBounds.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..92a8c1fab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/hooks/useRuntimeWebviewBounds.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+import React, { useCallback, useEffect } from 'react';
+import { LogicalPosition, LogicalSize } from '@tauri-apps/api/dpi';
+import { Webview } from '@tauri-apps/api/webview';
+
+function formatError(err: unknown): string {
+  if (err instanceof Error) return err.message;
+  if (typeof err === 'string') return err;
+
+  try {
+    return JSON.stringify(err, null, 2);
+  } catch {
+    return String(err);
+  }
+}
+
+interface Args {
+  webviewLabel: string | null | undefined;
+  containerRef: React.RefObject<HTMLElement | null>;
+  enabled?: boolean;
+}
+
+export function useRuntimeWebviewBounds({
+  webviewLabel,
+  containerRef,
+  enabled = true,
+}: Args) {
+  const syncBounds = useCallback(async () => {
+    if (!enabled || !webviewLabel) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    const container = containerRef.current;
+    if (!container) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    const webview = await Webview.getByLabel(webviewLabel).catch(() => null);
+    if (!webview) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    const rect = container.getBoundingClientRect();
+
+    await webview.setPosition(
+      new LogicalPosition(Math.round(rect.left), Math.round(rect.top)),
+    );
+
+    await webview.setSize(
+      new LogicalSize(
+        Math.max(1, Math.round(rect.width)),
+        Math.max(1, Math.round(rect.height)),
+      ),
+    );
+  }, [containerRef, enabled, webviewLabel]);
+
+  const scheduleSyncBounds = useCallback(() => {
+    requestAnimationFrame(() => {
+      void syncBounds().catch((err) => {
+        const message = formatError(err);
+
+        if (message.includes('webview not found')) {
+          return;
+        }
+
+        console.error('Failed to sync runtime webview bounds:', err);
+      });
+    });
+  }, [syncBounds]);
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!enabled || !webviewLabel || !containerRef.current) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    let disposed = false;
+    let delayedSyncTimers: number[] = [];
+    let resizeObserver: ResizeObserver | null = null;
+
+    const run = () => {
+      if (!disposed) {
+        scheduleSyncBounds();
+      }
+    };
+
+    run();
+
+    delayedSyncTimers = [0, 50, 150, 300].map((delay) =>
+      window.setTimeout(run, delay),
+    );
+
+    resizeObserver = new ResizeObserver(run);
+    resizeObserver.observe(containerRef.current);
+
+    window.addEventListener('resize', run);
+
+    return () => {
+      disposed = true;
+      delayedSyncTimers.forEach((id) => window.clearTimeout(id));
+      resizeObserver?.disconnect();
+      window.removeEventListener('resize', run);
+    };
+  }, [containerRef, enabled, scheduleSyncBounds, webviewLabel]);
+
+  return {
+    syncBounds,
+    scheduleSyncBounds,
+  };
+}
diff --git a/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx b/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
index 2723545d8..c7fb41414 100644
--- a/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
@@ -12,20 +12,17 @@ import {
   killRuntime,
   subscribeActiveRuntime,
 } from '@/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry';
-import { formatAppError } from '@/lib/apps/formatAppError';
 import { routeForApp } from '@/lib/apps/types';
-import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react';
+import { useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react';
 import { Outlet, useNavigate, useParams } from 'react-router-dom';
 import {
   commands,
   type SageAppUrlPreview,
-  type SageGrantedPermissionsView,
   type UserSageAppView,
 } from '@/bindings';
-import { AppUpdateDialog } from '@/components/apps/AppUpdateDialog.tsx';
-import { getAppUpdatePermissionsDelta } from '@/lib/apps/updatePermissionsDelta.ts';
 import { AppDonationStrip } from '@/components/apps/AppDonationStrip.tsx';
 import { SystemAppModalLayer } from '@/components/apps/SystemAppModalLayer';
+import { openAppUpdateReview } from '@/lib/apps/openAppUpdate.ts';
 
 export function AppsWorkspace() {
   const { appId } = useParams();
@@ -37,7 +34,6 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
     getListedApp,
     updateAvailability,
     busyAppIds,
-    performAppUpdate,
     currentApproval,
     queuedApprovalCount,
     currentApprovalSecondsLeft,
@@ -46,12 +42,7 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
   } = useApps();
 
   const [approvalExpanded, setApprovalExpanded] = useState(false);
-  const [applyingUpdate, setApplyingUpdate] = useState(false);
   const [tabOrder, setTabOrder] = useState<string[]>([]);
-  const [updateDialogOpen, setUpdateDialogOpen] = useState(false);
-  const [updateDialogError, setUpdateDialogError] = useState<string | null>(
-    null,
-  );
   const [donationOpen, setDonationOpen] = useState(false);
 
   useEffect(() => {
@@ -153,59 +144,6 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
     return out;
   }, [runtimes, tabOrder, getListedApp, appId]);
 
-  const handleConfirmUpdate = useCallback(
-    async (nextGrantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissionsView) => {
-      if (!activeApp) {
-        return;
-      }
-
-      try {
-        setApplyingUpdate(true);
-        setUpdateDialogError(null);
-
-        await performAppUpdate(
-          activeApp.common.identity.id,
-          nextGrantedPermissions,
-          {
-            restartIfRunning: true,
-            visibleAfterRestart: true,
-          },
-        );
-
-        setUpdateDialogOpen(false);
-      } catch (err) {
-        setUpdateDialogError(formatAppError(err));
-      } finally {
-        setApplyingUpdate(false);
-      }
-    },
-    [activeApp, performAppUpdate],
-  );
-
-  const handleReviewOrApplyUpdate = useCallback(async () => {
-    if (!activeApp || !activeUpdatePreview) {
-      return;
-    }
-
-    if (activeUpdatePreview.manifest.kind === 'partial') {
-      setUpdateDialogError(null);
-      setUpdateDialogOpen(true);
-      return;
-    }
-
-    const delta = getAppUpdatePermissionsDelta(activeApp, activeUpdatePreview);
-
-    if (!delta.requiresUserReview) {
-      setUpdateDialogOpen(false);
-      setUpdateDialogError(null);
-      await handleConfirmUpdate(delta.nextGrantedPermissions);
-      return;
-    }
-
-    setUpdateDialogError(null);
-    setUpdateDialogOpen(true);
-  }, [activeApp, activeUpdatePreview, handleConfirmUpdate]);
-
   return (
     <div className='relative flex h-full min-h-0 w-full flex-col overflow-hidden'>
       <AppTaskBar
@@ -296,12 +234,13 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
 
             <Button
               variant='outline'
-              disabled={activeBusy || applyingUpdate}
+              disabled={activeBusy}
               onClick={() => {
-                void handleReviewOrApplyUpdate();
+                if (!activeApp) return;
+                void openAppUpdateReview(activeApp.common.identity.id);
               }}
             >
-              {applyingUpdate ? 'Updating...' : 'Review update'}
+              Review update
             </Button>
           </AlertDescription>
         </Alert>
@@ -311,23 +250,6 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
         <Outlet />
         <SystemAppModalLayer />
       </div>
-
-      <AppUpdateDialog
-        open={updateDialogOpen}
-        app={activeApp}
-        preview={activeUpdatePreview}
-        submitting={applyingUpdate}
-        error={updateDialogError}
-        onCancel={() => {
-          if (!applyingUpdate) {
-            setUpdateDialogOpen(false);
-            setUpdateDialogError(null);
-          }
-        }}
-        onConfirm={(nextGranted) => {
-          void handleConfirmUpdate(nextGranted);
-        }}
-      />
     </div>
   );
 }

From 70deacacea255d664b6d9fe698bd0cd0ca15faa0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sun, 3 May 2026 01:48:51 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 320/471] Refactor build process for system and test apps,
 integrate `build-builtin-static.mjs` script

- Removed legacy Rust-based build logic for runtime, test, and system apps in favor of a new Node.js-based build pipeline.
- Introduced `build-builtin-static.mjs` for streamlined build orchestration, handling runtime and sandbox test apps.
- Added `dev-system-apps-watch.mjs` for hot-reload functionality during development of system apps.
- Restructured output directories for runtime and test apps under `builtin-apps/build/dist`.
- Updated script and package configurations to support the new build pipeline and directory structure.
- Removed obsolete Rust modules (`finalize.rs`, `fs_utils.rs`, `runtime_apps.rs`, etc.) and rewired references to the new Node.js-based approach.
---
 .gitignore                                    |   2 +-
 .../src/runtime}/storage-clear-probe/app.js   |   0
 .../runtime}/storage-clear-probe/index.html   |   0
 .../storage-clear-probe/sage-manifest.json    |   0
 .../src/sandbox-test}/_shared/debug-tools.js  |   0
 .../src/sandbox-test}/_shared/icon.svg        |   0
 .../src/sandbox-test}/_shared/index.html      |   0
 .../src/sandbox-test}/network-allow-a/app.js  |   0
 .../network-allow-a/sage-manifest.json        |   0
 .../src/sandbox-test}/network-allow-b/app.js  |   0
 .../network-allow-b/sage-manifest.json        |   0
 .../sage-storage-isolation/app.js             |   0
 .../sage-manifest.incognito.json              |   0
 .../sage-manifest.persistent.json             |   0
 .../sandbox-test}/storage-persistence/app.js  |   0
 .../sage-manifest.incognito.json              |   0
 .../sage-manifest.persistent.json             |   0
 .../src/system}/apps/app-update/index.html    |   0
 .../src/system}/apps/app-update/package.json  |   0
 .../system}/apps/app-update/postcss.config.js |   0
 .../system}/apps/app-update/public/icon.svg   |   0
 .../apps/app-update/sage-manifest.json        |   0
 .../src/system}/apps/app-update/src/App.tsx   |   0
 .../src/system}/apps/app-update/src/main.tsx  |   0
 .../system}/apps/app-update/src/styles.css    |   0
 .../apps/app-update/tailwind.config.js        |   2 +-
 .../src/system}/apps/app-update/tsconfig.json |   0
 .../system}/apps/app-update/vite.config.ts    |   0
 .../src/system}/apps/task-manager/index.html  |   0
 .../system}/apps/task-manager/package.json    |   0
 .../apps/task-manager/postcss.config.js       |   0
 .../system}/apps/task-manager/public/icon.svg |   0
 .../apps/task-manager/sage-manifest.json      |   0
 .../src/system}/apps/task-manager/src/App.tsx |   0
 .../system}/apps/task-manager/src/main.tsx    |   0
 .../system}/apps/task-manager/src/styles.css  |   0
 .../apps/task-manager/src/taskManagerApi.ts   |   0
 .../apps/task-manager/tailwind.config.js      |   2 +-
 .../system}/apps/task-manager/tsconfig.json   |   0
 .../system}/apps/task-manager/vite.config.ts  |   0
 .../src/system}/build.mjs                     |  25 ++-
 .../src/system}/package.json                  |   0
 .../src/system}/tailwind.shared.js            |   0
 .../src/system}/tsconfig.base.json            |   0
 .../src/system}/vite.system-app.config.ts     |  11 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/build/builtin_apps.rs    | 171 ++----------------
 crates/sage-apps/src/build/finalize.rs        | 111 ------------
 crates/sage-apps/src/build/fs_utils.rs        | 165 -----------------
 crates/sage-apps/src/build/mod.rs             |   5 -
 crates/sage-apps/src/build/runtime_apps.rs    |  32 ----
 crates/sage-apps/src/build/system_apps.rs     | 108 -----------
 crates/sage-apps/src/build/test_apps.rs       |  84 ---------
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs  |   4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs           |   2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/utils.rs                 |   8 +-
 package.json                                  |  16 +-
 pnpm-lock.yaml                                | 143 ++++++++++++++-
 pnpm-workspace.yaml                           |   2 +-
 scripts/build-builtin-static.mjs              | 138 ++++++++++++++
 scripts/dev-system-apps-watch.mjs             | 136 ++++++++++++++
 src-tauri/build.rs                            |   6 +-
 src/hooks/useDevSystemAppsReload.ts           |  76 ++++++++
 62 files changed, 557 insertions(+), 692 deletions(-)
 rename {crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/runtime-apps-src => builtin-apps/src/runtime}/storage-clear-probe/app.js (100%)
 rename {crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/runtime-apps-src => builtin-apps/src/runtime}/storage-clear-probe/index.html (100%)
 rename {crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/runtime-apps-src => builtin-apps/src/runtime}/storage-clear-probe/sage-manifest.json (100%)
 rename {crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src => builtin-apps/src/sandbox-test}/_shared/debug-tools.js (100%)
 rename {crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src => builtin-apps/src/sandbox-test}/_shared/icon.svg (100%)
 rename {crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src => builtin-apps/src/sandbox-test}/_shared/index.html (100%)
 rename {crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src => builtin-apps/src/sandbox-test}/network-allow-a/app.js (100%)
 rename {crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src => builtin-apps/src/sandbox-test}/network-allow-a/sage-manifest.json (100%)
 rename {crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src => builtin-apps/src/sandbox-test}/network-allow-b/app.js (100%)
 rename {crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src => builtin-apps/src/sandbox-test}/network-allow-b/sage-manifest.json (100%)
 rename {crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src => builtin-apps/src/sandbox-test}/sage-storage-isolation/app.js (100%)
 rename {crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src => builtin-apps/src/sandbox-test}/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.incognito.json (100%)
 rename {crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src => builtin-apps/src/sandbox-test}/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.persistent.json (100%)
 rename {crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src => builtin-apps/src/sandbox-test}/storage-persistence/app.js (100%)
 rename {crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src => builtin-apps/src/sandbox-test}/storage-persistence/sage-manifest.incognito.json (100%)
 rename {crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src => builtin-apps/src/sandbox-test}/storage-persistence/sage-manifest.persistent.json (100%)
 rename {crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src => builtin-apps/src/system}/apps/app-update/index.html (100%)
 rename {crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src => builtin-apps/src/system}/apps/app-update/package.json (100%)
 rename {crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src => builtin-apps/src/system}/apps/app-update/postcss.config.js (100%)
 rename {crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src => builtin-apps/src/system}/apps/app-update/public/icon.svg (100%)
 rename {crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src => builtin-apps/src/system}/apps/app-update/sage-manifest.json (100%)
 rename {crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src => builtin-apps/src/system}/apps/app-update/src/App.tsx (100%)
 rename {crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src => builtin-apps/src/system}/apps/app-update/src/main.tsx (100%)
 rename {crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src => builtin-apps/src/system}/apps/app-update/src/styles.css (100%)
 rename {crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src => builtin-apps/src/system}/apps/app-update/tailwind.config.js (88%)
 rename {crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src => builtin-apps/src/system}/apps/app-update/tsconfig.json (100%)
 rename {crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src => builtin-apps/src/system}/apps/app-update/vite.config.ts (100%)
 rename {crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src => builtin-apps/src/system}/apps/task-manager/index.html (100%)
 rename {crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src => builtin-apps/src/system}/apps/task-manager/package.json (100%)
 rename {crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src => builtin-apps/src/system}/apps/task-manager/postcss.config.js (100%)
 rename {crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src => builtin-apps/src/system}/apps/task-manager/public/icon.svg (100%)
 rename {crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src => builtin-apps/src/system}/apps/task-manager/sage-manifest.json (100%)
 rename {crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src => builtin-apps/src/system}/apps/task-manager/src/App.tsx (100%)
 rename {crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src => builtin-apps/src/system}/apps/task-manager/src/main.tsx (100%)
 rename {crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src => builtin-apps/src/system}/apps/task-manager/src/styles.css (100%)
 rename {crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src => builtin-apps/src/system}/apps/task-manager/src/taskManagerApi.ts (100%)
 rename {crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src => builtin-apps/src/system}/apps/task-manager/tailwind.config.js (88%)
 rename {crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src => builtin-apps/src/system}/apps/task-manager/tsconfig.json (100%)
 rename {crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src => builtin-apps/src/system}/apps/task-manager/vite.config.ts (100%)
 rename {crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src => builtin-apps/src/system}/build.mjs (68%)
 rename {crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src => builtin-apps/src/system}/package.json (100%)
 rename {crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src => builtin-apps/src/system}/tailwind.shared.js (100%)
 rename {crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src => builtin-apps/src/system}/tsconfig.base.json (100%)
 rename {crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src => builtin-apps/src/system}/vite.system-app.config.ts (81%)
 delete mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/build/finalize.rs
 delete mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/build/fs_utils.rs
 delete mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/build/runtime_apps.rs
 delete mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/build/system_apps.rs
 delete mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/build/test_apps.rs
 create mode 100644 scripts/build-builtin-static.mjs
 create mode 100644 scripts/dev-system-apps-watch.mjs
 create mode 100644 src/hooks/useDevSystemAppsReload.ts

diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 3e021c89d..345d1e575 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -28,4 +28,4 @@ target
 .env
 /test.sqlite*
 
-crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/dist
+/builtin-apps/build/
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/runtime-apps-src/storage-clear-probe/app.js b/builtin-apps/src/runtime/storage-clear-probe/app.js
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/runtime-apps-src/storage-clear-probe/app.js
rename to builtin-apps/src/runtime/storage-clear-probe/app.js
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/runtime-apps-src/storage-clear-probe/index.html b/builtin-apps/src/runtime/storage-clear-probe/index.html
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/runtime-apps-src/storage-clear-probe/index.html
rename to builtin-apps/src/runtime/storage-clear-probe/index.html
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/runtime-apps-src/storage-clear-probe/sage-manifest.json b/builtin-apps/src/runtime/storage-clear-probe/sage-manifest.json
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/runtime-apps-src/storage-clear-probe/sage-manifest.json
rename to builtin-apps/src/runtime/storage-clear-probe/sage-manifest.json
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/_shared/debug-tools.js b/builtin-apps/src/sandbox-test/_shared/debug-tools.js
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/_shared/debug-tools.js
rename to builtin-apps/src/sandbox-test/_shared/debug-tools.js
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/_shared/icon.svg b/builtin-apps/src/sandbox-test/_shared/icon.svg
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/_shared/icon.svg
rename to builtin-apps/src/sandbox-test/_shared/icon.svg
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/_shared/index.html b/builtin-apps/src/sandbox-test/_shared/index.html
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/_shared/index.html
rename to builtin-apps/src/sandbox-test/_shared/index.html
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-a/app.js b/builtin-apps/src/sandbox-test/network-allow-a/app.js
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-a/app.js
rename to builtin-apps/src/sandbox-test/network-allow-a/app.js
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-a/sage-manifest.json b/builtin-apps/src/sandbox-test/network-allow-a/sage-manifest.json
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-a/sage-manifest.json
rename to builtin-apps/src/sandbox-test/network-allow-a/sage-manifest.json
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-b/app.js b/builtin-apps/src/sandbox-test/network-allow-b/app.js
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-b/app.js
rename to builtin-apps/src/sandbox-test/network-allow-b/app.js
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-b/sage-manifest.json b/builtin-apps/src/sandbox-test/network-allow-b/sage-manifest.json
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/network-allow-b/sage-manifest.json
rename to builtin-apps/src/sandbox-test/network-allow-b/sage-manifest.json
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/app.js b/builtin-apps/src/sandbox-test/sage-storage-isolation/app.js
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/app.js
rename to builtin-apps/src/sandbox-test/sage-storage-isolation/app.js
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.incognito.json b/builtin-apps/src/sandbox-test/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.incognito.json
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.incognito.json
rename to builtin-apps/src/sandbox-test/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.incognito.json
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.persistent.json b/builtin-apps/src/sandbox-test/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.persistent.json
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.persistent.json
rename to builtin-apps/src/sandbox-test/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.persistent.json
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/app.js b/builtin-apps/src/sandbox-test/storage-persistence/app.js
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/app.js
rename to builtin-apps/src/sandbox-test/storage-persistence/app.js
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/sage-manifest.incognito.json b/builtin-apps/src/sandbox-test/storage-persistence/sage-manifest.incognito.json
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/sage-manifest.incognito.json
rename to builtin-apps/src/sandbox-test/storage-persistence/sage-manifest.incognito.json
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/sage-manifest.persistent.json b/builtin-apps/src/sandbox-test/storage-persistence/sage-manifest.persistent.json
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src/storage-persistence/sage-manifest.persistent.json
rename to builtin-apps/src/sandbox-test/storage-persistence/sage-manifest.persistent.json
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/index.html b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/index.html
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/index.html
rename to builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/index.html
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/package.json b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/package.json
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/package.json
rename to builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/package.json
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/postcss.config.js b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/postcss.config.js
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/postcss.config.js
rename to builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/postcss.config.js
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/public/icon.svg b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/public/icon.svg
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/public/icon.svg
rename to builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/public/icon.svg
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/sage-manifest.json b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/sage-manifest.json
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/sage-manifest.json
rename to builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/sage-manifest.json
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/src/App.tsx b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/App.tsx
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/src/App.tsx
rename to builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/App.tsx
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/src/main.tsx b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/main.tsx
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/src/main.tsx
rename to builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/main.tsx
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/src/styles.css b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/styles.css
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/src/styles.css
rename to builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/styles.css
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/tailwind.config.js b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/tailwind.config.js
similarity index 88%
rename from crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/tailwind.config.js
rename to builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/tailwind.config.js
index 3529ce72b..13edcb743 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/tailwind.config.js
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/tailwind.config.js
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url';
 import { createSageTailwindConfig } from '../../tailwind.shared.js';
 
 const dir = dirname(fileURLToPath(import.meta.url));
-const repoRoot = resolve(dir, '../../../../../..');
+const repoRoot = resolve(dir, '../../../../..');
 
 export default createSageTailwindConfig({
   content: [
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/tsconfig.json b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/tsconfig.json
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/tsconfig.json
rename to builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/tsconfig.json
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/vite.config.ts b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/vite.config.ts
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/app-update/vite.config.ts
rename to builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/vite.config.ts
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/index.html b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/task-manager/index.html
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/index.html
rename to builtin-apps/src/system/apps/task-manager/index.html
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/package.json b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/task-manager/package.json
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/package.json
rename to builtin-apps/src/system/apps/task-manager/package.json
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/postcss.config.js b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/task-manager/postcss.config.js
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/postcss.config.js
rename to builtin-apps/src/system/apps/task-manager/postcss.config.js
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/public/icon.svg b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/task-manager/public/icon.svg
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/public/icon.svg
rename to builtin-apps/src/system/apps/task-manager/public/icon.svg
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/sage-manifest.json b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/task-manager/sage-manifest.json
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/sage-manifest.json
rename to builtin-apps/src/system/apps/task-manager/sage-manifest.json
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/src/App.tsx b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/task-manager/src/App.tsx
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/src/App.tsx
rename to builtin-apps/src/system/apps/task-manager/src/App.tsx
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/src/main.tsx b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/task-manager/src/main.tsx
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/src/main.tsx
rename to builtin-apps/src/system/apps/task-manager/src/main.tsx
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/src/styles.css b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/task-manager/src/styles.css
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/src/styles.css
rename to builtin-apps/src/system/apps/task-manager/src/styles.css
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/src/taskManagerApi.ts b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/task-manager/src/taskManagerApi.ts
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/src/taskManagerApi.ts
rename to builtin-apps/src/system/apps/task-manager/src/taskManagerApi.ts
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/tailwind.config.js b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/task-manager/tailwind.config.js
similarity index 88%
rename from crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/tailwind.config.js
rename to builtin-apps/src/system/apps/task-manager/tailwind.config.js
index 3529ce72b..13edcb743 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/tailwind.config.js
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/task-manager/tailwind.config.js
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url';
 import { createSageTailwindConfig } from '../../tailwind.shared.js';
 
 const dir = dirname(fileURLToPath(import.meta.url));
-const repoRoot = resolve(dir, '../../../../../..');
+const repoRoot = resolve(dir, '../../../../..');
 
 export default createSageTailwindConfig({
   content: [
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/tsconfig.json b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/task-manager/tsconfig.json
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/tsconfig.json
rename to builtin-apps/src/system/apps/task-manager/tsconfig.json
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/vite.config.ts b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/task-manager/vite.config.ts
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/apps/task-manager/vite.config.ts
rename to builtin-apps/src/system/apps/task-manager/vite.config.ts
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/build.mjs b/builtin-apps/src/system/build.mjs
similarity index 68%
rename from crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/build.mjs
rename to builtin-apps/src/system/build.mjs
index 1fa75c4d6..a95e9dec0 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/build.mjs
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/build.mjs
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@ import { readdirSync, statSync } from 'node:fs';
 import { join, resolve } from 'node:path';
 
 const packageRoot = resolve(import.meta.dirname);
-const appsRoot = resolve(import.meta.dirname, 'apps');
-
+const appsRoot = join(packageRoot, 'apps');
+const outRoot = resolve(packageRoot, '../../build/dist/system');
 const pnpm = process.platform === 'win32' ? 'pnpm.cmd' : 'pnpm';
 
 const apps = readdirSync(appsRoot)
@@ -12,7 +12,8 @@ const apps = readdirSync(appsRoot)
   .filter((entry) => statSync(entry.dir).isDirectory());
 
 for (const app of apps) {
-  console.log(`\n==> Typechecking system app: ${app.name}`);
+  console.log(`\n==> Building system app: ${app.name}`);
+
   execFileSync(
     pnpm,
     ['exec', 'tsc', '--noEmit', '--project', join(app.dir, 'tsconfig.json')],
@@ -22,7 +23,6 @@ for (const app of apps) {
     },
   );
 
-  console.log(`\n==> Building system app: ${app.name}`);
   execFileSync(
     pnpm,
     ['exec', 'vite', 'build', '--config', join(app.dir, 'vite.config.ts')],
@@ -31,4 +31,21 @@ for (const app of apps) {
       cwd: packageRoot,
     },
   );
+
+  execFileSync(
+    pnpm,
+    [
+      'exec',
+      'sage-app',
+      'finalize-manifest',
+      '--source',
+      join(app.dir, 'sage-manifest.json'),
+      '--dist',
+      join(outRoot, app.name),
+    ],
+    {
+      stdio: 'inherit',
+      cwd: packageRoot,
+    },
+  );
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/package.json b/builtin-apps/src/system/package.json
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/package.json
rename to builtin-apps/src/system/package.json
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/tailwind.shared.js b/builtin-apps/src/system/tailwind.shared.js
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/tailwind.shared.js
rename to builtin-apps/src/system/tailwind.shared.js
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/tsconfig.base.json b/builtin-apps/src/system/tsconfig.base.json
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/tsconfig.base.json
rename to builtin-apps/src/system/tsconfig.base.json
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/vite.system-app.config.ts b/builtin-apps/src/system/vite.system-app.config.ts
similarity index 81%
rename from crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/vite.system-app.config.ts
rename to builtin-apps/src/system/vite.system-app.config.ts
index e922f1f38..7dbfe1a75 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src/vite.system-app.config.ts
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/vite.system-app.config.ts
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url';
 export function defineSageSystemAppConfig(importMetaUrl: string) {
   const dir = dirname(fileURLToPath(importMetaUrl));
   const appName = basename(dir);
-  const workspaceRoot = resolve(dir, '../../../../../..');
+  const workspaceRoot = resolve(dir, '../../../../..');
 
   return defineConfig({
     root: dir,
@@ -15,12 +15,11 @@ export function defineSageSystemAppConfig(importMetaUrl: string) {
     build: {
       outDir: resolve(
         workspaceRoot,
-        'target',
-        'sage-builtin-apps',
-        'work',
-        'system-apps',
-        appName,
+        'builtin-apps',
+        'build',
         'dist',
+        'system',
+        appName,
       ),
       emptyOutDir: true,
       rollupOptions: {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/builtin_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/builtin_apps.rs
index 925a2a97e..d28bf4161 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/builtin_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/builtin_apps.rs
@@ -1,183 +1,42 @@
-use crate::build::{runtime_apps, system_apps, test_apps};
-use sha2::Digest;
-use std::fs;
 use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
 
 const SAGE_BUILTIN_APPS_DIST_ENV: &str = "SAGE_BUILTIN_APPS_DIST";
 
-const SAGE_RUNTIME_METADATA_FILES: &[&str] = &[
-    ".sage-installed.json",
-    ".sage-pending-storage-cleanup.json",
-    ".sage-retired-app-origins.json",
-];
-
 pub fn build_builtin_apps() -> Result<(), String> {
     let manifest_dir = PathBuf::from(env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR"));
-    let builtin_root = manifest_dir.join("builtin-apps");
-
-    let test_src_dir = builtin_root.join("test-apps-src");
-    let runtime_src_dir = builtin_root.join("runtime-apps-src");
-    let system_apps_workspace_dir = builtin_root.join("system-apps-src");
-    let system_apps_src_dir = system_apps_workspace_dir.join("apps");
 
     let workspace_root = manifest_dir
         .parent()
-        .and_then(|p| p.parent())
+        .and_then(|path| path.parent())
         .ok_or_else(|| "crates/sage-apps should have workspace root above it".to_string())?;
-    let dist_root = workspace_root
-        .join("target")
-        .join("sage-builtin-apps")
-        .join("dist");
-    let test_out_dir = dist_root.join("test-apps");
-    let runtime_out_dir = dist_root.join("runtime-apps");
-    let system_out_dir = dist_root.join("system-apps");
 
-    let workspace_root = manifest_dir
-        .parent()
-        .and_then(|p| p.parent())
-        .ok_or_else(|| "crates/sage-apps should have workspace root above it".to_string())?;
-
-    let user_sdk_dist = workspace_root
-        .join("packages")
-        .join("sage-app-sdk")
-        .join("dist");
-
-    let system_sdk_dist = workspace_root
-        .join("packages")
-        .join("sage-system-app-sdk")
+    let dist_root = workspace_root
+        .join("builtin-apps")
+        .join("build")
         .join("dist");
 
-    println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed={}", test_src_dir.display());
-    println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed={}", runtime_src_dir.display());
-    println!(
-        "cargo:rerun-if-changed={}",
-        system_apps_workspace_dir.display()
-    );
-    println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed={}", user_sdk_dist.display());
-    println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed={}", system_sdk_dist.display());
-
     println!(
         "cargo:rustc-env={SAGE_BUILTIN_APPS_DIST_ENV}={}",
         dist_root.display()
     );
 
-    if dist_root.exists() {
-        fs::remove_dir_all(&dist_root)
-            .map_err(|err| format!("failed to remove {}: {err}", dist_root.display()))?;
-    }
-
-    fs::create_dir_all(&test_out_dir)
-        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to create {}: {err}", test_out_dir.display()))?;
-    fs::create_dir_all(&runtime_out_dir)
-        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to create {}: {err}", runtime_out_dir.display()))?;
-    fs::create_dir_all(&system_out_dir)
-        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to create {}: {err}", system_out_dir.display()))?;
-
-    test_apps::build_test_apps(&test_src_dir, &test_out_dir, &user_sdk_dist)?;
-    runtime_apps::build_runtime_apps(&runtime_src_dir, &runtime_out_dir, &user_sdk_dist)?;
-    system_apps::build_system_apps(&system_apps_src_dir, &system_out_dir, &system_sdk_dist)?;
-
-    inject_all_manifests(&test_out_dir)?;
-    inject_all_manifests(&runtime_out_dir)?;
-    inject_all_manifests(&system_out_dir)?;
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn inject_all_manifests(root: &Path) -> Result<(), String> {
-    for entry in
-        fs::read_dir(root).map_err(|err| format!("failed to read {}: {err}", root.display()))?
-    {
-        let entry = entry.map_err(|err| format!("failed to read dir entry: {err}"))?;
-        let app_dir = entry.path();
+    println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed={}", dist_root.display());
 
-        if app_dir.is_dir() && app_dir.join("sage-manifest.json").is_file() {
-            inject_manifest_files(&app_dir)?;
-        }
-    }
+    require_dir(&dist_root)?;
+    require_dir(&dist_root.join("sandbox-test"))?;
+    require_dir(&dist_root.join("runtime"))?;
+    require_dir(&dist_root.join("system"))?;
 
     Ok(())
 }
 
-fn inject_manifest_files(app_dir: &Path) -> Result<(), String> {
-    let manifest_path = app_dir.join("sage-manifest.json");
-
-    let manifest_text = fs::read_to_string(&manifest_path)
-        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to read {}: {err}", manifest_path.display()))?;
-
-    let mut manifest: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_str(&manifest_text)
-        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to parse {}: {err}", manifest_path.display()))?;
-
-    let mut files = Vec::new();
-    collect_manifest_files(app_dir, app_dir, &mut files)?;
-
-    files.sort_by(|a, b| {
-        a["path"]
-            .as_str()
-            .unwrap_or_default()
-            .cmp(b["path"].as_str().unwrap_or_default())
-    });
-
-    manifest["files"] = serde_json::Value::Array(files);
-
-    let next_text = serde_json::to_string_pretty(&manifest)
-        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to serialize {}: {err}", manifest_path.display()))?;
-    let next_text = format!("{next_text}\n");
-
-    if manifest_text == next_text {
+fn require_dir(path: &Path) -> Result<(), String> {
+    if path.is_dir() {
         return Ok(());
     }
 
-    fs::write(&manifest_path, next_text)
-        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to write {}: {err}", manifest_path.display()))?;
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn collect_manifest_files(
-    root: &Path,
-    dir: &Path,
-    files: &mut Vec<serde_json::Value>,
-) -> Result<(), String> {
-    for entry in
-        fs::read_dir(dir).map_err(|err| format!("failed to read {}: {err}", dir.display()))?
-    {
-        let entry = entry.map_err(|err| format!("failed to read dir entry: {err}"))?;
-        let path = entry.path();
-        let metadata = entry
-            .metadata()
-            .map_err(|err| format!("failed to stat {}: {err}", path.display()))?;
-
-        if metadata.is_dir() {
-            collect_manifest_files(root, &path, files)?;
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        if !metadata.is_file() {
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        let rel = path
-            .strip_prefix(root)
-            .map_err(|err| format!("failed to relativize {}: {err}", path.display()))?
-            .to_string_lossy()
-            .replace('\\', "/");
-
-        if rel == "sage-manifest.json" || SAGE_RUNTIME_METADATA_FILES.contains(&rel.as_str()) {
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        let bytes =
-            fs::read(&path).map_err(|err| format!("failed to read {}: {err}", path.display()))?;
-
-        let sha256 = hex::encode(sha2::Sha256::digest(&bytes));
-
-        files.push(serde_json::json!({
-            "path": rel,
-            "sha256": sha256,
-            "size": metadata.len(),
-        }));
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
+    Err(format!(
+        "missing builtin apps build output at {}. Run `pnpm build:builtin-apps` first.",
+        path.display()
+    ))
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/finalize.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/finalize.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 0eed5bc10..000000000
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/finalize.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,111 +0,0 @@
-use std::collections::BTreeSet;
-use std::fs;
-use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
-
-use super::fs_utils::{copy_dir_all_if_changed, copy_file_if_changed, remove_unexpected_files};
-
-pub fn finalize_source_app(
-    shared_dir: Option<&Path>,
-    source_dir: &Path,
-    out_dir: &Path,
-    manifest_file_name: Option<&str>,
-    sdk_dist: &Path,
-) -> Result<(), String> {
-    fs::create_dir_all(out_dir)
-        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to create {}: {err}", out_dir.display()))?;
-
-    let mut expected_files = BTreeSet::<PathBuf>::new();
-
-    if let Some(shared_dir) = shared_dir
-        && shared_dir.is_dir()
-    {
-        copy_dir_all_if_changed(shared_dir, out_dir, &mut expected_files)?;
-    }
-
-    copy_dir_all_if_changed(source_dir, out_dir, &mut expected_files)?;
-
-    if let Some(manifest_file_name) = manifest_file_name {
-        let rel = PathBuf::from("sage-manifest.json");
-        copy_file_if_changed(
-            &source_dir.join(manifest_file_name),
-            &out_dir.join(&rel),
-            &format!("manifest {manifest_file_name}"),
-        )?;
-        expected_files.insert(rel);
-
-        for legacy_name in [
-            "sage-manifest.json",
-            "sage-manifest.persistent.json",
-            "sage-manifest.incognito.json",
-        ] {
-            let rel = PathBuf::from(legacy_name);
-            if rel != PathBuf::from("sage-manifest.json") {
-                let path = out_dir.join(&rel);
-                if path.is_file() {
-                    fs::remove_file(&path)
-                        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to remove {}: {err}", path.display()))?;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    let bridge_rel = PathBuf::from("bridge.js");
-    copy_file_if_changed(
-        &sdk_dist.join("runtime-bridge.js"),
-        &out_dir.join(&bridge_rel),
-        "SDK runtime bridge build output",
-    )?;
-    expected_files.insert(bridge_rel);
-
-    let sdk_rel = PathBuf::from("sdk.js");
-    copy_file_if_changed(
-        &sdk_dist.join("index.js"),
-        &out_dir.join(&sdk_rel),
-        "SDK index build output",
-    )?;
-    expected_files.insert(sdk_rel);
-
-    remove_unexpected_files(out_dir, &expected_files)?;
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-pub fn finalize_prebuilt_app(
-    built_dir: &Path,
-    manifest_src: &Path,
-    out_dir: &Path,
-    sdk_dist: &Path,
-) -> Result<(), String> {
-    fs::create_dir_all(out_dir)
-        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to create {}: {err}", out_dir.display()))?;
-
-    let mut expected_files = BTreeSet::<PathBuf>::new();
-
-    copy_dir_all_if_changed(built_dir, out_dir, &mut expected_files)?;
-
-    let manifest_rel = PathBuf::from("sage-manifest.json");
-    copy_file_if_changed(
-        manifest_src,
-        &out_dir.join(&manifest_rel),
-        "system app manifest",
-    )?;
-    expected_files.insert(manifest_rel);
-
-    let bridge_rel = PathBuf::from("bridge.js");
-    copy_file_if_changed(
-        &sdk_dist.join("runtime-bridge.js"),
-        &out_dir.join(&bridge_rel),
-        "system SDK runtime bridge build output",
-    )?;
-    expected_files.insert(bridge_rel);
-
-    let sdk_rel = PathBuf::from("sdk.js");
-    copy_file_if_changed(
-        &sdk_dist.join("index.js"),
-        &out_dir.join(&sdk_rel),
-        "system SDK index build output",
-    )?;
-    expected_files.insert(sdk_rel);
-
-    remove_unexpected_files(out_dir, &expected_files)?;
-    Ok(())
-}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/fs_utils.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/fs_utils.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 9ac0bfec0..000000000
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/fs_utils.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,165 +0,0 @@
-use std::collections::BTreeSet;
-use std::fs;
-use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
-
-pub fn files_equal(src: &Path, dst: &Path) -> Result<bool, String> {
-    if !src.is_file() || !dst.is_file() {
-        return Ok(false);
-    }
-
-    let src_meta =
-        fs::metadata(src).map_err(|err| format!("failed to stat {}: {err}", src.display()))?;
-    let dst_meta =
-        fs::metadata(dst).map_err(|err| format!("failed to stat {}: {err}", dst.display()))?;
-
-    if src_meta.len() != dst_meta.len() {
-        return Ok(false);
-    }
-
-    let src_bytes =
-        fs::read(src).map_err(|err| format!("failed to read {}: {err}", src.display()))?;
-    let dst_bytes =
-        fs::read(dst).map_err(|err| format!("failed to read {}: {err}", dst.display()))?;
-
-    Ok(src_bytes == dst_bytes)
-}
-
-pub fn copy_file_if_changed(src: &Path, dst: &Path, label: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
-    if !src.is_file() {
-        return Err(format!("missing {label} at {}", src.display()));
-    }
-
-    if files_equal(src, dst)? {
-        return Ok(());
-    }
-
-    if let Some(parent) = dst.parent() {
-        fs::create_dir_all(parent)
-            .map_err(|err| format!("failed to create {}: {err}", parent.display()))?;
-    }
-
-    fs::copy(src, dst).map_err(|err| {
-        format!(
-            "failed to copy {} -> {}: {err}",
-            src.display(),
-            dst.display()
-        )
-    })?;
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-pub fn collect_files_recursive(
-    root: &Path,
-    current: &Path,
-    out: &mut Vec<PathBuf>,
-) -> Result<(), String> {
-    for entry in fs::read_dir(current)
-        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to read {}: {err}", current.display()))?
-    {
-        let entry =
-            entry.map_err(|err| format!("failed to read entry in {}: {err}", current.display()))?;
-        let path = entry.path();
-        let file_type = entry
-            .file_type()
-            .map_err(|err| format!("failed to stat {}: {err}", path.display()))?;
-
-        if file_type.is_dir() {
-            collect_files_recursive(root, &path, out)?;
-        } else if file_type.is_file() {
-            let rel = path
-                .strip_prefix(root)
-                .map_err(|err| {
-                    format!(
-                        "failed to strip prefix {} from {}: {err}",
-                        root.display(),
-                        path.display()
-                    )
-                })?
-                .to_path_buf();
-            out.push(rel);
-        }
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-pub fn copy_dir_all_if_changed(
-    src: &Path,
-    dst: &Path,
-    expected_files: &mut BTreeSet<PathBuf>,
-) -> Result<(), String> {
-    if !src.is_dir() {
-        return Err(format!("missing directory: {}", src.display()));
-    }
-
-    fs::create_dir_all(dst).map_err(|err| format!("failed to create {}: {err}", dst.display()))?;
-
-    let mut rel_files = Vec::new();
-    collect_files_recursive(src, src, &mut rel_files)?;
-
-    for rel in rel_files {
-        let src_path = src.join(&rel);
-        let dst_path = dst.join(&rel);
-        copy_file_if_changed(&src_path, &dst_path, "built app file")?;
-        expected_files.insert(rel);
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-pub fn remove_unexpected_files(
-    dir: &Path,
-    expected_files: &BTreeSet<PathBuf>,
-) -> Result<(), String> {
-    if !dir.is_dir() {
-        return Ok(());
-    }
-
-    let mut existing_files = Vec::new();
-    collect_files_recursive(dir, dir, &mut existing_files)?;
-
-    for rel in existing_files {
-        if !expected_files.contains(&rel) {
-            let path = dir.join(&rel);
-            fs::remove_file(&path)
-                .map_err(|err| format!("failed to remove {}: {err}", path.display()))?;
-        }
-    }
-
-    remove_empty_dirs_recursively(dir)?;
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-pub fn remove_empty_dirs_recursively(dir: &Path) -> Result<bool, String> {
-    if !dir.is_dir() {
-        return Ok(false);
-    }
-
-    let mut is_empty = true;
-
-    for entry in
-        fs::read_dir(dir).map_err(|err| format!("failed to read {}: {err}", dir.display()))?
-    {
-        let entry =
-            entry.map_err(|err| format!("failed to read entry in {}: {err}", dir.display()))?;
-        let path = entry.path();
-        let file_type = entry
-            .file_type()
-            .map_err(|err| format!("failed to stat {}: {err}", path.display()))?;
-
-        if file_type.is_dir() {
-            let child_empty = remove_empty_dirs_recursively(&path)?;
-            if child_empty {
-                fs::remove_dir(&path)
-                    .map_err(|err| format!("failed to remove {}: {err}", path.display()))?;
-            } else {
-                is_empty = false;
-            }
-        } else {
-            is_empty = false;
-        }
-    }
-
-    Ok(is_empty)
-}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/mod.rs
index 88b539bb7..dce9a8ebe 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/mod.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,2 @@
 pub mod builtin_apps;
 pub mod docs;
-mod finalize;
-mod fs_utils;
-mod runtime_apps;
-mod system_apps;
-mod test_apps;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/runtime_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/runtime_apps.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index c48fae82a..000000000
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/runtime_apps.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-use std::path::Path;
-
-use super::finalize::finalize_source_app;
-
-#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
-struct RuntimeApp {
-    source_dir_name: &'static str,
-    out_dir_name: &'static str,
-}
-
-const RUNTIME_BUILD_PLAN: &[RuntimeApp] = &[RuntimeApp {
-    source_dir_name: "storage-clear-probe",
-    out_dir_name: "storage-clear-probe",
-}];
-
-pub fn build_runtime_apps(
-    runtime_src_dir: &Path,
-    runtime_out_dir: &Path,
-    user_sdk_dist: &Path,
-) -> Result<(), String> {
-    for runtime_app in RUNTIME_BUILD_PLAN {
-        finalize_source_app(
-            None,
-            &runtime_src_dir.join(runtime_app.source_dir_name),
-            &runtime_out_dir.join(runtime_app.out_dir_name),
-            None,
-            user_sdk_dist,
-        )?;
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/system_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/system_apps.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 033948a36..000000000
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/system_apps.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,108 +0,0 @@
-use std::{fs, path::Path};
-
-use super::finalize::finalize_prebuilt_app;
-
-pub fn build_system_apps(
-    system_apps_src_dir: &Path,
-    system_out_dir: &Path,
-    system_sdk_dist: &Path,
-) -> Result<(), String> {
-    let work_system_apps_dir = system_out_dir
-        .parent()
-        .and_then(|dist_dir| dist_dir.parent())
-        .ok_or_else(|| {
-            format!(
-                "failed to resolve builtin apps root from {}",
-                system_out_dir.display()
-            )
-        })?
-        .join("work")
-        .join("system-apps");
-
-    let mut app_dirs = fs::read_dir(system_apps_src_dir)
-        .map_err(|err| {
-            format!(
-                "failed to read system apps source directory {}: {err}",
-                system_apps_src_dir.display()
-            )
-        })?
-        .map(|entry| entry.map(|entry| entry.path()))
-        .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()
-        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to read system app directory entry: {err}"))?;
-
-    app_dirs.sort();
-
-    for app_src_dir in app_dirs {
-        if !app_src_dir.is_dir() {
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        let app_dir_name = app_src_dir
-            .file_name()
-            .and_then(|name| name.to_str())
-            .ok_or_else(|| {
-                format!(
-                    "invalid system app directory name at {}",
-                    app_src_dir.display()
-                )
-            })?;
-
-        let manifest_src = app_src_dir.join("sage-manifest.json");
-        if !manifest_src.is_file() {
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        let app_dist_dir = work_system_apps_dir.join(app_dir_name).join("dist");
-        let out_dir = system_out_dir.join(app_dir_name);
-
-        if !app_dist_dir.is_dir() {
-            return Err(format!(
-                "missing built system app dist directory at {}",
-                app_dist_dir.display()
-            ));
-        }
-
-        if out_dir.exists() {
-            fs::remove_dir_all(&out_dir)
-                .map_err(|err| format!("failed to remove {}: {err}", out_dir.display()))?;
-        }
-
-        fs::create_dir_all(&out_dir)
-            .map_err(|err| format!("failed to create {}: {err}", out_dir.display()))?;
-
-        copy_dir_contents(&app_dist_dir, &out_dir)?;
-
-        finalize_prebuilt_app(&out_dir, &manifest_src, &out_dir, system_sdk_dist)?;
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn copy_dir_contents(src: &Path, dst: &Path) -> Result<(), String> {
-    for entry in fs::read_dir(src).map_err(|err| format!("failed to read {}: {err}", src.display()))?
-    {
-        let entry = entry.map_err(|err| format!("failed to read dir entry: {err}"))?;
-        let src_path = entry.path();
-        let dst_path = dst.join(entry.file_name());
-
-        let metadata = entry
-            .metadata()
-            .map_err(|err| format!("failed to stat {}: {err}", src_path.display()))?;
-
-        if metadata.is_dir() {
-            fs::create_dir_all(&dst_path)
-                .map_err(|err| format!("failed to create {}: {err}", dst_path.display()))?;
-            copy_dir_contents(&src_path, &dst_path)?;
-        } else if metadata.is_file() {
-            fs::copy(&src_path, &dst_path).map_err(|err| {
-                format!(
-                    "failed to copy {} to {}: {err}",
-                    src_path.display(),
-                    dst_path.display()
-                )
-            })?;
-        }
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/test_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/test_apps.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 8457c4d17..000000000
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/test_apps.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,84 +0,0 @@
-use std::path::Path;
-
-use super::finalize::finalize_source_app;
-
-#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
-struct TestVariant {
-    out_dir_name: &'static str,
-    manifest_file_name: &'static str,
-}
-
-#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
-struct TestGroup {
-    source_dir_name: &'static str,
-    variants: &'static [TestVariant],
-}
-
-const TEST_BUILD_PLAN: &[TestGroup] = &[
-    TestGroup {
-        source_dir_name: "sage-storage-isolation",
-        variants: &[
-            TestVariant {
-                out_dir_name: "sage-storage-isolation-persistent",
-                manifest_file_name: "sage-manifest.persistent.json",
-            },
-            TestVariant {
-                out_dir_name: "sage-storage-isolation-incognito",
-                manifest_file_name: "sage-manifest.incognito.json",
-            },
-        ],
-    },
-    TestGroup {
-        source_dir_name: "storage-persistence",
-        variants: &[
-            TestVariant {
-                out_dir_name: "storage-persistence-persistent",
-                manifest_file_name: "sage-manifest.persistent.json",
-            },
-            TestVariant {
-                out_dir_name: "storage-persistence-incognito",
-                manifest_file_name: "sage-manifest.incognito.json",
-            },
-            TestVariant {
-                out_dir_name: "storage-clear-persistent",
-                manifest_file_name: "sage-manifest.persistent.json",
-            },
-        ],
-    },
-    TestGroup {
-        source_dir_name: "network-allow-a",
-        variants: &[TestVariant {
-            out_dir_name: "network-allow-a",
-            manifest_file_name: "sage-manifest.json",
-        }],
-    },
-    TestGroup {
-        source_dir_name: "network-allow-b",
-        variants: &[TestVariant {
-            out_dir_name: "network-allow-b",
-            manifest_file_name: "sage-manifest.json",
-        }],
-    },
-];
-
-pub fn build_test_apps(
-    test_src_dir: &Path,
-    test_out_dir: &Path,
-    user_sdk_dist: &Path,
-) -> Result<(), String> {
-    let shared_test_dir = test_src_dir.join("_shared");
-
-    for group in TEST_BUILD_PLAN {
-        for variant in group.variants {
-            finalize_source_app(
-                Some(&shared_test_dir),
-                &test_src_dir.join(group.source_dir_name),
-                &test_out_dir.join(variant.out_dir_name),
-                Some(variant.manifest_file_name),
-                user_sdk_dist,
-            )?;
-        }
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
index 06fdb6bbb..a76249125 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
@@ -82,11 +82,11 @@ pub fn builtin_test_app_spec(app_id: &str) -> Option<&'static BuiltinTestAppSpec
 }
 
 pub fn builtin_test_apps_root() -> PathBuf {
-    builtin_apps_root().join("test-apps")
+    builtin_apps_root().join("sandbox-test")
 }
 
 pub fn builtin_runtime_apps_root() -> PathBuf {
-    builtin_apps_root().join("runtime-apps")
+    builtin_apps_root().join("runtime")
 }
 
 pub fn builtin_test_app_dir(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<PathBuf>> {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
index 7e12d477b..463c43b67 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ pub fn builtin_system_app_spec(app_id: &str) -> Option<&'static BuiltinSystemApp
 }
 
 pub fn builtin_system_apps_root() -> PathBuf {
-    builtin_apps_root().join("system-apps")
+    builtin_apps_root().join("system")
 }
 
 pub fn builtin_system_app_dir(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<PathBuf>> {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/utils.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/utils.rs
index e7529bedd..9939b51eb 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/utils.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/utils.rs
@@ -40,14 +40,18 @@ pub fn slugify_app_name(name: &str) -> String {
 }
 
 pub fn builtin_apps_root() -> PathBuf {
+    if let Some(path) = option_env!("SAGE_BUILTIN_APPS_DIST") {
+        return PathBuf::from(path);
+    }
+
     let manifest_dir = PathBuf::from(env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR"));
 
     manifest_dir
         .parent()
         .and_then(|path| path.parent())
         .expect("crates/sage-apps should have workspace root above it")
-        .join("target")
-        .join("sage-builtin-apps")
+        .join("builtin-apps")
+        .join("build")
         .join("dist")
 }
 
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index e1c99b08e..6e8480ab6 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -6,11 +6,14 @@
   "packageManager": "pnpm@10.13.1",
   "scripts": {
     "dev": "vite",
-    "build:system-apps": "pnpm --dir crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src build",
+    "dev:system-apps": "node scripts/dev-system-apps-watch.mjs",
     "build:packages": "pnpm --filter @sage-app/sdk build && pnpm --filter @sage-system-app/sdk build && pnpm --filter @sage-app/ui build",
-    "build:sdk": "pnpm build:packages",
-    "build": "pnpm build:packages && pnpm build:system-apps && tsc -b && vite build",
-    "tauri:dev": "pnpm build && tauri dev",
+    "build:sdk": "pnpm run build:packages",
+    "build:system-apps": "pnpm --dir builtin-apps/src/system build",
+    "build:builtin-static": "node scripts/build-builtin-static.mjs",
+    "build:builtin-apps": "pnpm run build:packages && pnpm run build:system-apps && pnpm run build:builtin-static",
+    "build": "pnpm run build:builtin-apps && tsc -b && vite build",
+    "tauri:dev": "concurrently -k -n SYSTEM,TAURI -c yellow,cyan \"pnpm dev:system-apps\" \"tauri dev\"",
     "tauri:build": "pnpm build && tauri build",
     "lint": "eslint .",
     "preview": "vite preview",
@@ -112,6 +115,9 @@
     "ts-prune": "^0.10.3",
     "typescript": "^5.9.3",
     "typescript-eslint": "^8.54.0",
-    "vite": "^7.3.1"
+    "vite": "^7.3.1",
+    "chokidar": "^3.6.0",
+    "ws": "^8.18.0",
+    "concurrently": "^9.0.1"
   }
 }
diff --git a/pnpm-lock.yaml b/pnpm-lock.yaml
index 56b31565c..ed0a503bf 100644
--- a/pnpm-lock.yaml
+++ b/pnpm-lock.yaml
@@ -243,6 +243,12 @@ importers:
       autoprefixer:
         specifier: ^10.4.24
         version: 10.4.24(postcss@8.5.6)
+      chokidar:
+        specifier: ^3.6.0
+        version: 3.6.0
+      concurrently:
+        specifier: ^9.0.1
+        version: 9.2.1
       eslint:
         specifier: ^8.57.1
         version: 8.57.1
@@ -279,15 +285,18 @@ importers:
       vite:
         specifier: ^7.3.1
         version: 7.3.1(@types/node@22.19.10)(jiti@1.21.7)(yaml@2.5.1)
+      ws:
+        specifier: ^8.18.0
+        version: 8.20.0
 
-  crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src:
+  builtin-apps/src/system:
     dependencies:
       '@sage-app/ui':
         specifier: workspace:*
-        version: link:../../../../packages/sage-app-ui
+        version: link:../../../packages/sage-app-ui
       '@sage-system-app/sdk':
         specifier: workspace:*
-        version: link:../../../../packages/sage-system-app-sdk
+        version: link:../../../packages/sage-system-app-sdk
       '@tauri-apps/api':
         specifier: ^2.10.1
         version: 2.10.1
@@ -2326,6 +2335,10 @@ packages:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-IqLQi4lO0nIB4tcdTpN4LCB9FI3uqrJZK7RC515EnhZ6qBaglkIgICb1wjeAqpdoOabm1+SuQtkXIPdYC93jhQ==}
     engines: {node: '>= 0.2.0'}
 
+  cliui@8.0.1:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-BSeNnyus75C4//NQ9gQt1/csTXyo/8Sb+afLAkzAptFuMsod9HFokGNudZpi/oQV73hnVK+sR+5PVRMd+Dr7YQ==}
+    engines: {node: '>=12'}
+
   clone@1.0.4:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-JQHZ2QMW6l3aH/j6xCqQThY/9OH4D/9ls34cgkUBiEeocRTU04tHfKPBsUK1PqZCUQM7GiA0IIXJSuXHI64Kbg==}
     engines: {node: '>=0.8'}
@@ -2372,6 +2385,11 @@ packages:
   concat-map@0.0.1:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-/Srv4dswyQNBfohGpz9o6Yb3Gz3SrUDqBH5rTuhGR7ahtlbYKnVxw2bCFMRljaA7EXHaXZ8wsHdodFvbkhKmqg==}
 
+  concurrently@9.2.1:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-fsfrO0MxV64Znoy8/l1vVIjjHa29SZyyqPgQBwhiDcaW8wJc2W3XWVOGx4M3oJBnv/zdUZIIp1gDeS98GzP8Ng==}
+    engines: {node: '>=18'}
+    hasBin: true
+
   confbox@0.1.8:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-RMtmw0iFkeR4YV+fUOSucriAQNb9g8zFR52MWCtl+cCZOFRNL6zeB395vPzFhEjjn4fMxXudmELnl/KF/WrK6w==}
 
@@ -2491,6 +2509,9 @@ packages:
   emoji-mart@5.6.0:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-eJp3QRe79pjwa+duv+n7+5YsNhRcMl812EcFVwrnRvYKoNPoQb5qxU8DG6Bgwji0akHdp6D4Ln6tYLG58MFSow==}
 
+  emoji-regex@8.0.0:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-MSjYzcWNOA0ewAHpz0MxpYFvwg6yjy1NG3xteoqz644VCo/RPgnr1/GGt+ic3iJTzQ8Eu3TdM14SawnVUmGE6A==}
+
   error-ex@1.3.4:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-sqQamAnR14VgCr1A618A3sGrygcpK+HEbenA/HiEAkkUwcZIIB/tgWqHFxWgOyDh4nB4JCRimh79dR5Ywc9MDQ==}
 
@@ -2717,6 +2738,10 @@ packages:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-3hN7NaskYvMDLQY55gnW3NQ+mesEAepTqlg+VEbj7zzqEMBVNhzcGYYeqFo/TlYz6eQiFcp1HcsCZO+nGgS8zg==}
     engines: {node: '>=6.9.0'}
 
+  get-caller-file@2.0.5:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-DyFP3BM/3YHTQOCUL/w0OZHR0lpKeGrxotcHWcqNEdnltqFwXVfhEBQ94eIo34AfQpo0rGki4cyIiftY06h2Fg==}
+    engines: {node: 6.* || 8.* || >= 10.*}
+
   get-intrinsic@1.3.0:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-9fSjSaos/fRIVIp+xSJlE6lfwhES7LNtKaCBIamHsjr2na1BiABJPo0mOjjz8GJDURarmCPGqaiVg5mfjb98CQ==}
     engines: {node: '>= 0.4'}
@@ -2883,6 +2908,10 @@ packages:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-1pC6N8qWJbWoPtEjgcL2xyhQOP491EQjeUo3qTKcmV8YSDDJrOepfG8pcC7h/QgnQHYSv0mJ3Z/ZWxmatVrysg==}
     engines: {node: '>= 0.4'}
 
+  is-fullwidth-code-point@3.0.0:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-zymm5+u+sCsSWyD9qNaejV3DFvhCKclKdizYaJUuHA83RLjb7nSuGnddCHGv0hk+KY7BMAlsWeK4Ueg6EV6XQg==}
+    engines: {node: '>=8'}
+
   is-generator-function@1.1.2:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-upqt1SkGkODW9tsGNG5mtXTXtECizwtS2kA161M+gJPc1xdb/Ax629af6YrTwcOeQHbewrPNlE5Dx7kzvXTizA==}
     engines: {node: '>= 0.4'}
@@ -3539,6 +3568,10 @@ packages:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-dYqgNSZbDwkaJ2ceRd9ojCGjBq+mOm9LmtXnAnEGyHhN/5R7iDW2TRw3h+o/jCFxus3P2LfWIIiwowAjANm7IA==}
     engines: {node: '>= 0.4'}
 
+  require-directory@2.1.1:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-fGxEI7+wsG9xrvdjsrlmL22OMTTiHRwAMroiEeMgq8gzoLC/PQr7RsRDSTLUg/bZAZtF+TVIkHc6/4RIKrui+Q==}
+    engines: {node: '>=0.10.0'}
+
   resolve-from@4.0.0:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-pb/MYmXstAkysRFx8piNI1tGFNQIFA3vkE3Gq4EuA1dF6gHp/+vgZqsCGJapvy8N3Q+4o7FwvquPJcnZ7RYy4g==}
     engines: {node: '>=4'}
@@ -3577,6 +3610,9 @@ packages:
   run-parallel@1.2.0:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-5l4VyZR86LZ/lDxZTR6jqL8AFE2S0IFLMP26AbjsLVADxHdhB/c0GUsH+y39UfCi3dzz8OlQuPmnaJOMoDHQBA==}
 
+  rxjs@7.8.2:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-dhKf903U/PQZY6boNNtAGdWbG85WAbjT/1xYoZIC7FAY0yWapOBQVsVrDl58W86//e1VpMNBtRV4MaXfdMySFA==}
+
   safe-array-concat@1.1.3:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-AURm5f0jYEOydBj7VQlVvDrjeFgthDdEF5H1dP+6mNpoXOMo1quQqJ4wvJDyRZ9+pO3kGWoOdmV08cSv2aJV6Q==}
     engines: {node: '>=0.4'}
@@ -3628,6 +3664,10 @@ packages:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-7++dFhtcx3353uBaq8DDR4NuxBetBzC7ZQOhmTQInHEd6bSrXdiEyzCvG07Z44UYdLShWUyXt5M/yhz8ekcb1A==}
     engines: {node: '>=8'}
 
+  shell-quote@1.8.3:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-ObmnIF4hXNg1BqhnHmgbDETF8dLPCggZWBjkQfhZpbszZnYur5DUljTcCHii5LC3J5E0yeO/1LIMyH+UvHQgyw==}
+    engines: {node: '>= 0.4'}
+
   side-channel-list@1.0.0:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-FCLHtRD/gnpCiCHEiJLOwdmFP+wzCmDEkc9y7NsYxeF4u7Btsn1ZuwgwJGxImImHicJArLP4R0yX4c2KCrMrTA==}
     engines: {node: '>= 0.4'}
@@ -3683,6 +3723,10 @@ packages:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-eLoXW/DHyl62zxY4SCaIgnRhuMr6ri4juEYARS8E6sCEqzKpOiE521Ucofdx+KnDZl5xmvGYaaKCk5FEOxJCoQ==}
     engines: {node: '>= 0.4'}
 
+  string-width@4.2.3:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-wKyQRQpjJ0sIp62ErSZdGsjMJWsap5oRNihHhu6G7JVO/9jIB6UyevL+tXuOqrng8j/cxKTWyWUwvSTriiZz/g==}
+    engines: {node: '>=8'}
+
   string.prototype.matchall@4.0.12:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-6CC9uyBL+/48dYizRf7H7VAYCMCNTBeM78x/VTUe9bFEaxBepPJDa1Ow99LqI/1yF7kuy7Q3cQsYMrcjGUcskA==}
     engines: {node: '>= 0.4'}
@@ -3722,6 +3766,10 @@ packages:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-qpCAvRl9stuOHveKsn7HncJRvv501qIacKzQlO/+Lwxc9+0q2wLyv4Dfvt80/DPn2pqOBsJdDiogXGR9+OvwRw==}
     engines: {node: '>=8'}
 
+  supports-color@8.1.1:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-MpUEN2OodtUzxvKQl72cUF7RQ5EiHsGvSsVG0ia9c5RbWGL2CI4C7EpPS8UTBIplnlzZiNuV56w+FuNxy3ty2Q==}
+    engines: {node: '>=10'}
+
   supports-preserve-symlinks-flag@1.0.0:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-ot0WnXS9fgdkgIcePe6RHNk1WA8+muPa6cSjeR3V8K27q9BB1rTE3R1p7Hv0z1ZyAc8s6Vvv8DIyWf681MAt0w==}
     engines: {node: '>= 0.4'}
@@ -4061,6 +4109,10 @@ packages:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-BN22B5eaMMI9UMtjrGd5g5eCYPpCPDUy0FJXbYsaT5zYxjFOckS53SQDE3pWkVoWpHXVb3BrYcEN4Twa55B5cA==}
     engines: {node: '>=0.10.0'}
 
+  wrap-ansi@7.0.0:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-YVGIj2kamLSTxw6NsZjoBxfSwsn0ycdesmc4p+Q21c5zPuZ1pl+NfxVdxPtdHvmNVOQ6XSYG4AUtyt/Fi7D16Q==}
+    engines: {node: '>=10'}
+
   wrappy@1.0.2:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-l4Sp/DRseor9wL6EvV2+TuQn63dMkPjZ/sp9XkghTEbV9KlPS1xUsZ3u7/IQO4wxtcFB4bgpQPRcR3QCvezPcQ==}
 
@@ -4076,6 +4128,22 @@ packages:
       utf-8-validate:
         optional: true
 
+  ws@8.20.0:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-sAt8BhgNbzCtgGbt2OxmpuryO63ZoDk/sqaB/znQm94T4fCEsy/yV+7CdC1kJhOU9lboAEU7R3kquuycDoibVA==}
+    engines: {node: '>=10.0.0'}
+    peerDependencies:
+      bufferutil: ^4.0.1
+      utf-8-validate: '>=5.0.2'
+    peerDependenciesMeta:
+      bufferutil:
+        optional: true
+      utf-8-validate:
+        optional: true
+
+  y18n@5.0.8:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-0pfFzegeDWJHJIAmTLRP2DwHjdF5s7jo9tuztdQxAhINCdvS+3nGINqPd00AphqJR/0LhANUS6/+7SCb98YOfA==}
+    engines: {node: '>=10'}
+
   yallist@3.1.1:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-a4UGQaWPH59mOXUYnAG2ewncQS4i4F43Tv3JoAM+s2VDAmS9NsK8GpDMLrCHPksFT7h3K6TOoUNn2pb7RoXx4g==}
 
@@ -4088,6 +4156,14 @@ packages:
     engines: {node: '>= 14'}
     hasBin: true
 
+  yargs-parser@21.1.1:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-tVpsJW7DdjecAiFpbIB1e3qxIQsE6NoPc5/eTdrbbIC4h0LVsWhnoa3g+m2HclBIujHzsxZ4VJVA+GUuc2/LBw==}
+    engines: {node: '>=12'}
+
+  yargs@17.7.2:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-7dSzzRQ++CKnNI/krKnYRV7JKKPUXMEh61soaHKg9mrWEhzFWhFnxPxGl+69cD1Ou63C13NUPCnmIcrvqCuM6w==}
+    engines: {node: '>=12'}
+
   yocto-queue@0.1.0:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-rVksvsnNCdJ/ohGc6xgPwyN8eheCxsiLM8mxuE/t/mOVqJewPuO1miLpTHQiRgTKCLexL4MeAFVagts7HmNZ2Q==}
     engines: {node: '>=10'}
@@ -6179,6 +6255,12 @@ snapshots:
     dependencies:
       colors: 1.0.3
 
+  cliui@8.0.1:
+    dependencies:
+      string-width: 4.2.3
+      strip-ansi: 6.0.1
+      wrap-ansi: 7.0.0
+
   clone@1.0.4: {}
 
   clsx@2.1.1: {}
@@ -6215,6 +6297,15 @@ snapshots:
 
   concat-map@0.0.1: {}
 
+  concurrently@9.2.1:
+    dependencies:
+      chalk: 4.1.2
+      rxjs: 7.8.2
+      shell-quote: 1.8.3
+      supports-color: 8.1.1
+      tree-kill: 1.2.2
+      yargs: 17.7.2
+
   confbox@0.1.8: {}
 
   consola@3.4.2: {}
@@ -6330,6 +6421,8 @@ snapshots:
 
   emoji-mart@5.6.0: {}
 
+  emoji-regex@8.0.0: {}
+
   error-ex@1.3.4:
     dependencies:
       is-arrayish: 0.2.1
@@ -6707,6 +6800,8 @@ snapshots:
 
   gensync@1.0.0-beta.2: {}
 
+  get-caller-file@2.0.5: {}
+
   get-intrinsic@1.3.0:
     dependencies:
       call-bind-apply-helpers: 1.0.2
@@ -6897,6 +6992,8 @@ snapshots:
     dependencies:
       call-bound: 1.0.4
 
+  is-fullwidth-code-point@3.0.0: {}
+
   is-generator-function@1.1.2:
     dependencies:
       call-bound: 1.0.4
@@ -7524,6 +7621,8 @@ snapshots:
       gopd: 1.2.0
       set-function-name: 2.0.2
 
+  require-directory@2.1.1: {}
+
   resolve-from@4.0.0: {}
 
   resolve-from@5.0.0: {}
@@ -7586,6 +7685,10 @@ snapshots:
     dependencies:
       queue-microtask: 1.2.3
 
+  rxjs@7.8.2:
+    dependencies:
+      tslib: 2.8.1
+
   safe-array-concat@1.1.3:
     dependencies:
       call-bind: 1.0.8
@@ -7645,6 +7748,8 @@ snapshots:
 
   shebang-regex@3.0.0: {}
 
+  shell-quote@1.8.3: {}
+
   side-channel-list@1.0.0:
     dependencies:
       es-errors: 1.3.0
@@ -7702,6 +7807,12 @@ snapshots:
       es-errors: 1.3.0
       internal-slot: 1.1.0
 
+  string-width@4.2.3:
+    dependencies:
+      emoji-regex: 8.0.0
+      is-fullwidth-code-point: 3.0.0
+      strip-ansi: 6.0.1
+
   string.prototype.matchall@4.0.12:
     dependencies:
       call-bind: 1.0.8
@@ -7770,6 +7881,10 @@ snapshots:
     dependencies:
       has-flag: 4.0.0
 
+  supports-color@8.1.1:
+    dependencies:
+      has-flag: 4.0.0
+
   supports-preserve-symlinks-flag@1.0.0: {}
 
   tailwind-merge@2.6.1: {}
@@ -8119,10 +8234,20 @@ snapshots:
 
   word-wrap@1.2.5: {}
 
+  wrap-ansi@7.0.0:
+    dependencies:
+      ansi-styles: 4.3.0
+      string-width: 4.2.3
+      strip-ansi: 6.0.1
+
   wrappy@1.0.2: {}
 
   ws@7.5.10: {}
 
+  ws@8.20.0: {}
+
+  y18n@5.0.8: {}
+
   yallist@3.1.1: {}
 
   yaml@1.10.2: {}
@@ -8130,6 +8255,18 @@ snapshots:
   yaml@2.5.1:
     optional: true
 
+  yargs-parser@21.1.1: {}
+
+  yargs@17.7.2:
+    dependencies:
+      cliui: 8.0.1
+      escalade: 3.2.0
+      get-caller-file: 2.0.5
+      require-directory: 2.1.1
+      string-width: 4.2.3
+      y18n: 5.0.8
+      yargs-parser: 21.1.1
+
   yocto-queue@0.1.0: {}
 
   zod@3.25.76: {}
diff --git a/pnpm-workspace.yaml b/pnpm-workspace.yaml
index 6c50bcfe2..891d86051 100644
--- a/pnpm-workspace.yaml
+++ b/pnpm-workspace.yaml
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 packages:
   - "packages/*"
-  - "crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src"
+  - "builtin-apps/src/system"
diff --git a/scripts/build-builtin-static.mjs b/scripts/build-builtin-static.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2d86ed6c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scripts/build-builtin-static.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+import {
+  cpSync,
+  existsSync,
+  mkdirSync,
+  readdirSync,
+  rmSync,
+  statSync,
+} from 'node:fs';
+import { execFileSync } from 'node:child_process';
+import { join, resolve } from 'node:path';
+
+const repoRoot = resolve(import.meta.dirname, '..');
+
+const runtimeSrc = join(repoRoot, 'builtin-apps/src/runtime');
+const sandboxTestSrc = join(repoRoot, 'builtin-apps/src/sandbox-test');
+
+const outRoot = join(repoRoot, 'builtin-apps/build/dist');
+const runtimeOut = join(outRoot, 'runtime');
+const testOut = join(outRoot, 'sandbox-test');
+
+const userSdkDist = join(repoRoot, 'packages/sage-app-sdk/dist');
+const pnpm = process.platform === 'win32' ? 'pnpm.cmd' : 'pnpm';
+
+function copyDirFresh(src, dst) {
+  rmSync(dst, { recursive: true, force: true });
+  mkdirSync(dst, { recursive: true });
+  cpSync(src, dst, { recursive: true });
+}
+
+function copyRuntimeBridge(outDir) {
+  cpSync(join(userSdkDist, 'runtime-bridge.js'), join(outDir, 'bridge.js'));
+  cpSync(join(userSdkDist, 'index.js'), join(outDir, 'sdk.js'));
+}
+
+function finalizeManifest(source, dist) {
+  execFileSync(
+    pnpm,
+    [
+      'exec',
+      'sage-app',
+      'finalize-manifest',
+      '--source',
+      source,
+      '--dist',
+      dist,
+    ],
+    { stdio: 'inherit', cwd: repoRoot },
+  );
+}
+
+function buildRuntimeApp(name) {
+  const src = join(runtimeSrc, name);
+  const out = join(runtimeOut, name);
+
+  copyDirFresh(src, out);
+  copyRuntimeBridge(out);
+  finalizeManifest(join(src, 'sage-manifest.json'), out);
+}
+
+function buildSandboxTestVariant({
+  sourceDirName,
+  outDirName,
+  manifestFileName,
+}) {
+  const shared = join(sandboxTestSrc, '_shared');
+  const src = join(sandboxTestSrc, sourceDirName);
+  const out = join(testOut, outDirName);
+
+  rmSync(out, { recursive: true, force: true });
+  mkdirSync(out, { recursive: true });
+
+  cpSync(shared, out, { recursive: true });
+  cpSync(src, out, { recursive: true });
+
+  copyRuntimeBridge(out);
+  finalizeManifest(join(src, manifestFileName), out);
+}
+
+if (!existsSync(userSdkDist)) {
+  throw new Error(`missing user SDK dist at ${userSdkDist}`);
+}
+
+mkdirSync(runtimeOut, { recursive: true });
+mkdirSync(testOut, { recursive: true });
+
+for (const name of readdirSync(runtimeSrc)) {
+  const src = join(runtimeSrc, name);
+
+  if (!statSync(src).isDirectory()) {
+    continue;
+  }
+
+  console.log(`\n==> Building builtin runtime app: ${name}`);
+  buildRuntimeApp(name);
+}
+
+const sandboxTests = [
+  {
+    sourceDirName: 'sage-storage-isolation',
+    outDirName: 'sage-storage-isolation-persistent',
+    manifestFileName: 'sage-manifest.persistent.json',
+  },
+  {
+    sourceDirName: 'sage-storage-isolation',
+    outDirName: 'sage-storage-isolation-incognito',
+    manifestFileName: 'sage-manifest.incognito.json',
+  },
+  {
+    sourceDirName: 'storage-persistence',
+    outDirName: 'storage-persistence-persistent',
+    manifestFileName: 'sage-manifest.persistent.json',
+  },
+  {
+    sourceDirName: 'storage-persistence',
+    outDirName: 'storage-persistence-incognito',
+    manifestFileName: 'sage-manifest.incognito.json',
+  },
+  {
+    sourceDirName: 'storage-persistence',
+    outDirName: 'storage-clear-persistent',
+    manifestFileName: 'sage-manifest.persistent.json',
+  },
+  {
+    sourceDirName: 'network-allow-a',
+    outDirName: 'network-allow-a',
+    manifestFileName: 'sage-manifest.json',
+  },
+  {
+    sourceDirName: 'network-allow-b',
+    outDirName: 'network-allow-b',
+    manifestFileName: 'sage-manifest.json',
+  },
+];
+
+for (const test of sandboxTests) {
+  console.log(`\n==> Building builtin sandbox test: ${test.outDirName}`);
+  buildSandboxTestVariant(test);
+}
diff --git a/scripts/dev-system-apps-watch.mjs b/scripts/dev-system-apps-watch.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8df708895
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scripts/dev-system-apps-watch.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+import chokidar from 'chokidar';
+import { WebSocketServer } from 'ws';
+import { spawn } from 'node:child_process';
+
+const PORT = 1421;
+
+const watchPaths = [
+  'builtin-apps/src/system/apps/**/*',
+  'builtin-apps/src/system/*.ts',
+  'builtin-apps/src/system/*.js',
+  'packages/sage-app-sdk/src/**/*',
+  'packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/**/*',
+  'packages/sage-app-ui/src/**/*',
+];
+
+const ignored = [
+  '**/node_modules/**',
+  '**/dist/**',
+  'builtin-apps/build/**',
+  'packages/*/src/generated-types.ts',
+];
+
+const wss = new WebSocketServer({ port: PORT });
+
+let timer = null;
+let running = false;
+let queuedPackages = false;
+let queuedSystemApps = false;
+let scheduledNeedsPackages = false;
+
+function run(command, args) {
+  return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+    const child = spawn(command, args, {
+      stdio: 'inherit',
+      shell: process.platform === 'win32',
+    });
+
+    child.on('exit', (code) => {
+      if (code === 0) resolve();
+      else
+        reject(new Error(`${command} ${args.join(' ')} failed with ${code}`));
+    });
+  });
+}
+
+function broadcast(payload) {
+  const text = JSON.stringify(payload);
+
+  for (const client of wss.clients) {
+    if (client.readyState === client.OPEN) {
+      client.send(text);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+async function rebuild({ packages = false } = {}) {
+  if (running) {
+    queuedSystemApps = true;
+    queuedPackages ||= packages;
+    return;
+  }
+
+  running = true;
+
+  try {
+    if (packages) {
+      console.log('\n[system-apps-dev] rebuilding shared packages...');
+      await run('pnpm', ['run', 'build:packages']);
+    }
+
+    console.log('\n[system-apps-dev] rebuilding system apps...');
+    await run('pnpm', ['run', 'build:system-apps']);
+
+    broadcast({
+      type: 'system-apps-built',
+      ok: true,
+      at: Date.now(),
+    });
+
+    console.log('\n[system-apps-dev] done');
+  } catch (err) {
+    console.error('\n[system-apps-dev] build failed:', err);
+
+    broadcast({
+      type: 'system-apps-built',
+      ok: false,
+      error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
+      at: Date.now(),
+    });
+  } finally {
+    running = false;
+
+    if (queuedSystemApps || queuedPackages) {
+      const nextPackages = queuedPackages;
+      queuedSystemApps = false;
+      queuedPackages = false;
+
+      void rebuild({ packages: nextPackages });
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+function schedule({ packages = false } = {}) {
+  scheduledNeedsPackages ||= packages;
+
+  if (timer) {
+    clearTimeout(timer);
+  }
+
+  timer = setTimeout(() => {
+    const packages = scheduledNeedsPackages;
+
+    timer = null;
+    scheduledNeedsPackages = false;
+
+    void rebuild({ packages });
+  }, 150);
+}
+
+console.log(`[system-apps-dev] websocket listening on ws://127.0.0.1:${PORT}`);
+console.log('[system-apps-dev] watching system apps + SDK/UI packages');
+
+chokidar
+  .watch(watchPaths, {
+    ignored,
+    ignoreInitial: true,
+  })
+  .on('all', (event, path) => {
+    const packages = path.startsWith('packages/');
+
+    console.log(
+      `[system-apps-dev] ${event}: ${path}${packages ? ' [packages]' : ''}`,
+    );
+
+    schedule({ packages });
+  });
diff --git a/src-tauri/build.rs b/src-tauri/build.rs
index 3560c884f..49d818cc1 100644
--- a/src-tauri/build.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/build.rs
@@ -40,12 +40,10 @@ fn main() {
     println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed=../crates/sage-apps/src/permissions");
     println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed=../crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs");
     println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed=../crates/sage-apps/src/build/builtin_apps.rs");
-    println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed=../crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/test-apps-src");
-    println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed=../crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/runtime-apps-src");
-    println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed=../crates/sage-apps/builtin-apps/system-apps-src");
+    println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed=../builtin-apps/build/dist");
 
     if let Err(err) = sage_apps::build::builtin_apps::build_builtin_apps() {
-        panic!("failed to build builtin apps: {err}");
+        panic!("failed to locate builtin apps build output: {err}");
     }
 
     if let Err(err) = sage_apps::build::docs::generate_docs() {
diff --git a/src/hooks/useDevSystemAppsReload.ts b/src/hooks/useDevSystemAppsReload.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5e9a22322
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/hooks/useDevSystemAppsReload.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+import { useEffect } from 'react';
+import { Webview } from '@tauri-apps/api/webview';
+import type { SageAppRuntimeRecordView } from '@/bindings';
+
+export function useDevSystemAppsReload(runtimes: SageAppRuntimeRecordView[]) {
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!import.meta.env.DEV) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    let disposed = false;
+    let ws: WebSocket | null = null;
+    let reconnectTimer: number | null = null;
+
+    const connect = () => {
+      if (disposed) return;
+
+      ws = new WebSocket('ws://127.0.0.1:1421');
+
+      ws.onmessage = (event) => {
+        let payload: unknown;
+
+        try {
+          payload = JSON.parse(event.data);
+        } catch {
+          return;
+        }
+
+        if (
+          !payload ||
+          typeof payload !== 'object' ||
+          (payload as { type?: string }).type !== 'system-apps-built' ||
+          (payload as { ok?: boolean }).ok !== true
+        ) {
+          return;
+        }
+
+        for (const runtime of runtimes) {
+          if (runtime.app.kind !== 'system') {
+            continue;
+          }
+
+          void Webview.getByLabel(runtime.webviewLabel)
+            .then((webview) => {
+              if (!webview) return;
+              return webview.emit('sage-dev:reload-system-app');
+            })
+            .catch(() => {
+              //
+            });
+        }
+      };
+
+      ws.onclose = () => {
+        if (disposed) return;
+
+        reconnectTimer = window.setTimeout(() => {
+          reconnectTimer = null;
+          connect();
+        }, 1000);
+      };
+    };
+
+    connect();
+
+    return () => {
+      disposed = true;
+
+      if (reconnectTimer !== null) {
+        window.clearTimeout(reconnectTimer);
+      }
+
+      ws?.close();
+    };
+  }, [runtimes]);
+}

From d2ff7c965824d39f7cc95d8fc4f08421541cc288 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sun, 3 May 2026 02:14:07 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 321/471] Refactor system app reload logic and integrate
 `setupDevSystemAppsReload`

- Moved `useDevSystemAppsReload` from React hook to standalone `setupDevSystemAppsReload` function for improved modularity.
- Updated system app reload process to use `appsDevReloadRuntime` command for better runtime synchronization.
- Replaced Webview-based reload logic with Tauri commands for streamlined development workflows.
- Adjusted `AppsWorkspace` to utilize `setupDevSystemAppsReload` with `runtimesRef` for dynamic runtime tracking.
- Added new Tauri command `apps_dev_reload_runtime` to handle runtime reloads via webview scripts.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs      | 33 +++++++-
 src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml          |  1 +
 src-tauri/src/lib.rs                          |  1 +
 src/bindings.ts                               |  3 +
 .../system-apps/setupDevSystemAppsReload.ts   | 71 +++++++++++++++++
 src/hooks/useDevSystemAppsReload.ts           | 76 -------------------
 src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx                   | 25 +++++-
 7 files changed, 132 insertions(+), 78 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/dev/system-apps/setupDevSystemAppsReload.ts
 delete mode 100644 src/hooks/useDevSystemAppsReload.ts

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs
index d0e6668ee..d714b2fd0 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 
 use serde::Deserialize;
 use specta::Type;
-use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
+use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
 
 use crate::runtime::start::{create_runtime, CreateRuntimeArgs};
 use crate::runtime::state::list_runtimes;
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ use crate::runtime::{
 };
 use crate::system_apps::SYSTEM_APP_APP_UPDATE_ID;
 use crate::AppsHostState;
+use crate::runtime::webview_locator::get_webview_in_sage_window;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Type)]
 #[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "camelCase")]
@@ -131,3 +132,33 @@ pub async fn apps_kill_runtime(
         app_id: params.app_id,
     })
 }
+
+#[tauri::command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn apps_dev_reload_runtime(
+    app: AppHandle,
+    apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    params: RuntimeTargetParams,
+) -> Result<SageAppRuntimeRecordView, String> {
+    let runtime = crate::runtime::state::get_runtime_by_app_id(&apps_state, &params.app_id)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|_| "Runtime not found".to_string())?;
+
+    let webview_label = runtime.with_runtime(|runtime| runtime.webview_label().to_string());
+
+    let webview = get_webview_in_sage_window(&app, &webview_label)?;
+
+    webview
+        .eval(
+            r#"
+            (() => {
+              const url = new URL(window.location.href);
+              url.searchParams.set('__sage_dev_reload', String(Date.now()));
+              window.location.replace(url.toString());
+            })();
+            "#,
+        )
+        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to reload runtime webview: {err}"))?;
+
+    Ok(runtime.into())
+}
diff --git a/src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml b/src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml
index 956cd38a7..2dacab11e 100644
--- a/src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml
+++ b/src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml
@@ -145,4 +145,5 @@ commands.allow = [
     "apps_focus_runtime",
     "apps_hide_runtime",
     "apps_kill_runtime",
+    "apps_dev_reload_runtime",
 ]
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
index 89958ec71..99a174004 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
@@ -172,6 +172,7 @@ pub fn run() {
             apps::runtime::commands::apps_focus_runtime,
             apps::runtime::commands::apps_hide_runtime,
             apps::runtime::commands::apps_kill_runtime,
+            apps::runtime::commands::apps_dev_reload_runtime,
         ])
         .events(collect_events![SyncEvent, RustBridgeApprovalEvent]);
 
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index 1965f95d8..903116d7a 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -442,6 +442,9 @@ async appsHideRuntime(params: RuntimeTargetParams) : Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecor
 },
 async appsKillRuntime(params: RuntimeTargetParams) : Promise<SystemKillRuntimeResult> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_kill_runtime", { params });
+},
+async appsDevReloadRuntime(params: RuntimeTargetParams) : Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecordView> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_dev_reload_runtime", { params });
 }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/dev/system-apps/setupDevSystemAppsReload.ts b/src/dev/system-apps/setupDevSystemAppsReload.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5035d8397
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/dev/system-apps/setupDevSystemAppsReload.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+import { commands, type SageAppRuntimeRecordView } from '@/bindings';
+
+type GetRuntimes = () => SageAppRuntimeRecordView[];
+
+interface DevMessage {
+  type?: string;
+  ok?: boolean;
+}
+
+export function setupDevSystemAppsReload(getRuntimes: GetRuntimes): () => void {
+  let disposed = false;
+  let ws: WebSocket | null = null;
+  let reconnectTimer: number | null = null;
+
+  const connect = () => {
+    if (disposed) return;
+
+    ws = new WebSocket('ws://127.0.0.1:1421');
+
+    ws.onmessage = (event) => {
+      let payload: DevMessage;
+
+      try {
+        payload = JSON.parse(event.data) as DevMessage;
+      } catch {
+        return;
+      }
+
+      if (payload.type !== 'system-apps-built' || payload.ok !== true) {
+        return;
+      }
+
+      for (const runtime of getRuntimes()) {
+        if (runtime.app.kind !== 'system') {
+          continue;
+        }
+
+        void commands
+          .appsDevReloadRuntime({
+            appId: runtime.app.common.identity.id,
+          })
+          .catch(() => {
+            //
+          });
+      }
+    };
+
+    ws.onclose = () => {
+      if (disposed) return;
+
+      reconnectTimer = window.setTimeout(() => {
+        reconnectTimer = null;
+        connect();
+      }, 1000);
+    };
+  };
+
+  connect();
+
+  return () => {
+    disposed = true;
+
+    if (reconnectTimer !== null) {
+      window.clearTimeout(reconnectTimer);
+      reconnectTimer = null;
+    }
+
+    ws?.close();
+    ws = null;
+  };
+}
diff --git a/src/hooks/useDevSystemAppsReload.ts b/src/hooks/useDevSystemAppsReload.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 5e9a22322..000000000
--- a/src/hooks/useDevSystemAppsReload.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,76 +0,0 @@
-import { useEffect } from 'react';
-import { Webview } from '@tauri-apps/api/webview';
-import type { SageAppRuntimeRecordView } from '@/bindings';
-
-export function useDevSystemAppsReload(runtimes: SageAppRuntimeRecordView[]) {
-  useEffect(() => {
-    if (!import.meta.env.DEV) {
-      return;
-    }
-
-    let disposed = false;
-    let ws: WebSocket | null = null;
-    let reconnectTimer: number | null = null;
-
-    const connect = () => {
-      if (disposed) return;
-
-      ws = new WebSocket('ws://127.0.0.1:1421');
-
-      ws.onmessage = (event) => {
-        let payload: unknown;
-
-        try {
-          payload = JSON.parse(event.data);
-        } catch {
-          return;
-        }
-
-        if (
-          !payload ||
-          typeof payload !== 'object' ||
-          (payload as { type?: string }).type !== 'system-apps-built' ||
-          (payload as { ok?: boolean }).ok !== true
-        ) {
-          return;
-        }
-
-        for (const runtime of runtimes) {
-          if (runtime.app.kind !== 'system') {
-            continue;
-          }
-
-          void Webview.getByLabel(runtime.webviewLabel)
-            .then((webview) => {
-              if (!webview) return;
-              return webview.emit('sage-dev:reload-system-app');
-            })
-            .catch(() => {
-              //
-            });
-        }
-      };
-
-      ws.onclose = () => {
-        if (disposed) return;
-
-        reconnectTimer = window.setTimeout(() => {
-          reconnectTimer = null;
-          connect();
-        }, 1000);
-      };
-    };
-
-    connect();
-
-    return () => {
-      disposed = true;
-
-      if (reconnectTimer !== null) {
-        window.clearTimeout(reconnectTimer);
-      }
-
-      ws?.close();
-    };
-  }, [runtimes]);
-}
diff --git a/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx b/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
index c7fb41414..fbfa791d2 100644
--- a/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ import {
   subscribeActiveRuntime,
 } from '@/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry';
 import { routeForApp } from '@/lib/apps/types';
-import { useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react';
+import { useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react';
 import { Outlet, useNavigate, useParams } from 'react-router-dom';
 import {
   commands,
@@ -28,6 +28,29 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
   const { appId } = useParams();
   const navigate = useNavigate();
   const runtimes = useAppRuntimes();
+  const runtimesRef = useRef(runtimes);
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    runtimesRef.current = runtimes;
+  }, [runtimes]);
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!import.meta.env.DEV) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    let cleanup: (() => void) | null = null;
+
+    void import('@/dev/system-apps/setupDevSystemAppsReload').then(
+      ({ setupDevSystemAppsReload }) => {
+        cleanup = setupDevSystemAppsReload(() => runtimesRef.current);
+      },
+    );
+
+    return () => {
+      cleanup?.();
+    };
+  }, []);
 
   const {
     getApp,

From f9e24e508c25a8da2cc437a7d6f376e7c884bdb9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sun, 3 May 2026 02:21:07 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 322/471] Add selective app rebuilds in build and watch scripts

- Updated `build.mjs` to allow selective builds for specified apps using CLI arguments.
- Enhanced `dev-system-apps-watch.mjs` to support targeted rebuilds based on file changes, improving development efficiency.
- Refined task scheduling logic to rebuild only affected apps or packages when necessary.
- Minor update: corrected app header typo in `Task Manager`.
---
 .../src/system/apps/task-manager/src/App.tsx  |  2 +-
 builtin-apps/src/system/build.mjs             | 22 ++++++-
 scripts/dev-system-apps-watch.mjs             | 62 ++++++++++++++++---
 3 files changed, 73 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/task-manager/src/App.tsx b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/task-manager/src/App.tsx
index c7183329f..bc388fc1f 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/task-manager/src/App.tsx
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/task-manager/src/App.tsx
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ export function App() {
               Built-in system app
             </div>
             <h1 className='mt-1 text-3xl font-bold tracking-tight'>
-              Task Manager
+              Task Managers
             </h1>
             <div className='mt-1 text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
               {runtimes.length} runtimes · updated {formatTime(now)}
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/build.mjs b/builtin-apps/src/system/build.mjs
index a95e9dec0..014f4b00a 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/build.mjs
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/build.mjs
@@ -5,11 +5,27 @@ import { join, resolve } from 'node:path';
 const packageRoot = resolve(import.meta.dirname);
 const appsRoot = join(packageRoot, 'apps');
 const outRoot = resolve(packageRoot, '../../build/dist/system');
+
 const pnpm = process.platform === 'win32' ? 'pnpm.cmd' : 'pnpm';
 
-const apps = readdirSync(appsRoot)
-  .map((name) => ({ name, dir: join(appsRoot, name) }))
-  .filter((entry) => statSync(entry.dir).isDirectory());
+// 👇 NEW: read CLI args
+const onlyApps = process.argv.slice(2); // e.g. ["task-manager"]
+
+function listAllApps() {
+  return readdirSync(appsRoot)
+    .map((name) => ({ name, dir: join(appsRoot, name) }))
+    .filter((entry) => statSync(entry.dir).isDirectory());
+}
+
+const apps =
+  onlyApps.length > 0
+    ? listAllApps().filter((app) => onlyApps.includes(app.name))
+    : listAllApps();
+
+if (apps.length === 0) {
+  console.log('[system-apps] no apps to build');
+  process.exit(0);
+}
 
 for (const app of apps) {
   console.log(`\n==> Building system app: ${app.name}`);
diff --git a/scripts/dev-system-apps-watch.mjs b/scripts/dev-system-apps-watch.mjs
index 8df708895..d4f4596a9 100644
--- a/scripts/dev-system-apps-watch.mjs
+++ b/scripts/dev-system-apps-watch.mjs
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ let running = false;
 let queuedPackages = false;
 let queuedSystemApps = false;
 let scheduledNeedsPackages = false;
+let scheduledApps = new Set();
 
 function run(command, args) {
   return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
@@ -53,10 +54,20 @@ function broadcast(payload) {
   }
 }
 
-async function rebuild({ packages = false } = {}) {
+function systemAppNameFromPath(path) {
+  const match = path.match(/^builtin-apps\/src\/system\/apps\/([^/]+)\//);
+  return match?.[1] ?? null;
+}
+
+async function rebuild({ packages = false, apps = [] } = {}) {
   if (running) {
     queuedSystemApps = true;
     queuedPackages ||= packages;
+
+    for (const app of apps) {
+      scheduledApps.add(app);
+    }
+
     return;
   }
 
@@ -68,12 +79,23 @@ async function rebuild({ packages = false } = {}) {
       await run('pnpm', ['run', 'build:packages']);
     }
 
-    console.log('\n[system-apps-dev] rebuilding system apps...');
-    await run('pnpm', ['run', 'build:system-apps']);
+    const buildArgs =
+      apps.length > 0
+        ? ['run', 'build:system-apps', '--', ...apps]
+        : ['run', 'build:system-apps'];
+
+    console.log(
+      apps.length > 0
+        ? `\n[system-apps-dev] rebuilding system apps: ${apps.join(', ')}`
+        : '\n[system-apps-dev] rebuilding all system apps...',
+    );
+
+    await run('pnpm', buildArgs);
 
     broadcast({
       type: 'system-apps-built',
       ok: true,
+      apps,
       at: Date.now(),
     });
 
@@ -85,35 +107,51 @@ async function rebuild({ packages = false } = {}) {
       type: 'system-apps-built',
       ok: false,
       error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
+      apps,
       at: Date.now(),
     });
   } finally {
     running = false;
 
-    if (queuedSystemApps || queuedPackages) {
+    if (queuedSystemApps || queuedPackages || scheduledApps.size > 0) {
       const nextPackages = queuedPackages;
+      const nextApps = [...scheduledApps];
+
       queuedSystemApps = false;
       queuedPackages = false;
+      scheduledApps = new Set();
 
-      void rebuild({ packages: nextPackages });
+      void rebuild({
+        packages: nextPackages,
+        apps: nextPackages ? [] : nextApps,
+      });
     }
   }
 }
 
-function schedule({ packages = false } = {}) {
+function schedule({ packages = false, appName = null } = {}) {
   scheduledNeedsPackages ||= packages;
 
+  if (appName) {
+    scheduledApps.add(appName);
+  }
+
   if (timer) {
     clearTimeout(timer);
   }
 
   timer = setTimeout(() => {
     const packages = scheduledNeedsPackages;
+    const apps = [...scheduledApps];
 
     timer = null;
     scheduledNeedsPackages = false;
+    scheduledApps = new Set();
 
-    void rebuild({ packages });
+    void rebuild({
+      packages,
+      apps: packages ? [] : apps,
+    });
   }, 150);
 }
 
@@ -127,10 +165,16 @@ chokidar
   })
   .on('all', (event, path) => {
     const packages = path.startsWith('packages/');
+    const appName = packages ? null : systemAppNameFromPath(path);
 
     console.log(
-      `[system-apps-dev] ${event}: ${path}${packages ? ' [packages]' : ''}`,
+      `[system-apps-dev] ${event}: ${path}${
+        packages ? ' [packages]' : appName ? ` [${appName}]` : ' [all]'
+      }`,
     );
 
-    schedule({ packages });
+    schedule({
+      packages,
+      appName,
+    });
   });

From 71b61ca9c800128643034f6f4dcb04b258fd73ea Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sun, 3 May 2026 03:26:00 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 323/471] Add `AppModalShell` component and refactor update app
 modal

- Introduced `AppModalShell` component for consistent, customizable modal structure.
- Updated `App.tsx` in the `app-update` app to use the new component, simplifying layout and improving readability.
- Adjusted `SystemModalShell` styles for better usability and visual clarity.
- Exported `AppModalShell` from `@sage-app/ui/system-modal` for reuse in other apps.
---
 .../src/system/apps/app-update/src/App.tsx    | 112 +++++++++---------
 .../src/system-modal/AppModalShell.tsx        |  81 +++++++++++++
 .../src/system-modal/SystemModalShell.tsx     |  12 +-
 .../sage-app-ui/src/system-modal/index.ts     |   1 +
 4 files changed, 147 insertions(+), 59 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 packages/sage-app-ui/src/system-modal/AppModalShell.tsx

diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/App.tsx b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/App.tsx
index 562362721..3390168ca 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/App.tsx
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/App.tsx
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ import {
   type UserBridgeCapability,
   type UserSageAppView,
 } from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
-import { SystemModalShell } from '@sage-app/ui/system-modal';
+import { AppModalShell, SystemModalShell } from '@sage-app/ui/system-modal';
 
 type Mode = 'review-update' | 'review-permissions';
 
@@ -315,51 +315,51 @@ function AppBody({ state }: { state: Extract<LoadState, { kind: 'ready' }> }) {
       : state.app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.version;
 
   return (
-    <div className='space-y-5'>
-      <div>
-        <h1 className='text-lg font-semibold'>{title}</h1>
-        <div className='mt-1 text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
-          {state.app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.name} · {subtitle}
+    <AppModalShell
+      title={title}
+      appName={state.app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.name}
+      appVersion={subtitle}
+      footer={
+        <div className='flex justify-end gap-2'>
+          <button
+            className='rounded-md border border-border px-4 py-2 text-sm disabled:opacity-60'
+            disabled={submitting}
+            onClick={closeModal}
+          >
+            Cancel
+          </button>
+          <button
+            className='rounded-md bg-primary px-4 py-2 text-sm text-primary-foreground disabled:opacity-60'
+            disabled={submitting}
+            onClick={submit}
+          >
+            {submitting
+              ? state.mode === 'review-update'
+                ? 'Updating…'
+                : 'Saving…'
+              : state.mode === 'review-update'
+                ? 'Confirm update'
+                : 'Save permissions'}
+          </button>
         </div>
+      }
+    >
+      <div className='space-y-4'>
+        <PermissionsEditor
+          app={reviewApp}
+          grantedPermissions={grantedPermissions}
+          capabilityDefinitions={state.definitions}
+          editable={!submitting}
+          onGrantedPermissionsChange={setGrantedPermissions}
+        />
+
+        {submitError ? (
+          <div className='rounded-xl border border-destructive/30 bg-destructive/10 p-3 text-sm text-destructive'>
+            {submitError}
+          </div>
+        ) : null}
       </div>
-
-      <PermissionsEditor
-        app={reviewApp}
-        grantedPermissions={grantedPermissions}
-        capabilityDefinitions={state.definitions}
-        editable={!submitting}
-        onGrantedPermissionsChange={setGrantedPermissions}
-      />
-
-      {submitError ? (
-        <div className='rounded-xl border border-destructive/30 bg-destructive/10 p-3 text-sm text-destructive'>
-          {submitError}
-        </div>
-      ) : null}
-
-      <div className='flex justify-end gap-2'>
-        <button
-          className='rounded-md border border-border px-4 py-2 text-sm disabled:opacity-60'
-          disabled={submitting}
-          onClick={closeModal}
-        >
-          Cancel
-        </button>
-        <button
-          className='rounded-md bg-primary px-4 py-2 text-sm text-primary-foreground disabled:opacity-60'
-          disabled={submitting}
-          onClick={submit}
-        >
-          {submitting
-            ? state.mode === 'review-update'
-              ? 'Updating…'
-              : 'Saving…'
-            : state.mode === 'review-update'
-              ? 'Confirm update'
-              : 'Save permissions'}
-        </button>
-      </div>
-    </div>
+    </AppModalShell>
   );
 }
 
@@ -431,20 +431,26 @@ export function App() {
     };
   }, []);
 
-  return (
-    <SystemModalShell>
-      {state.kind === 'loading' ? (
+  if (state.kind === 'loading') {
+    return (
+      <SystemModalShell>
         <div className='text-sm text-muted-foreground'>Loading review…</div>
-      ) : state.kind === 'error' ? (
+      </SystemModalShell>
+    );
+  }
+
+  if (state.kind === 'error') {
+    return (
+      <SystemModalShell>
         <div className='space-y-3'>
           <h1 className='text-lg font-semibold'>App update failed</h1>
           <div className='rounded-xl border border-destructive/30 bg-destructive/10 p-3 text-sm text-destructive'>
             {state.error}
           </div>
         </div>
-      ) : (
-        <AppBody state={state} />
-      )}
-    </SystemModalShell>
-  );
+      </SystemModalShell>
+    );
+  }
+
+  return <AppBody state={state} />;
 }
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/system-modal/AppModalShell.tsx b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/system-modal/AppModalShell.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5d2786161
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/system-modal/AppModalShell.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+import type { ReactNode } from 'react';
+import { SystemModalShell } from './SystemModalShell';
+
+interface AppModalShellProps {
+  title: ReactNode;
+  appName: ReactNode;
+  children: ReactNode;
+  appVersion?: ReactNode;
+  appIconSrc?: string | null;
+  description?: ReactNode;
+  footer?: ReactNode;
+  className?: string;
+  bodyClassName?: string;
+  contentClassName?: string;
+}
+
+export function AppModalShell({
+  title,
+  appName,
+  appIconSrc,
+  description,
+  footer,
+  children,
+  className = '',
+  bodyClassName = '',
+  contentClassName = '',
+}: AppModalShellProps) {
+  return (
+    <SystemModalShell
+      contentClassName={['p-0 overflow-hidden', contentClassName].join(' ')}
+    >
+      <div className={['flex h-full min-h-0 flex-col', className].join(' ')}>
+        <header className='grid h-20 shrink-0 grid-cols-[5rem_1fr] border-b border-border bg-card'>
+          <div className='border-r border-border bg-background'>
+            {appIconSrc ? (
+              <img
+                src={appIconSrc}
+                alt=''
+                className='h-full w-full object-cover'
+              />
+            ) : (
+              <div className='h-full w-full bg-muted' />
+            )}
+          </div>
+
+          <div className='flex min-w-0 flex-col justify-center px-5'>
+            <div className='truncate text-xs font-medium uppercase tracking-wide text-muted-foreground'>
+              {appName}
+            </div>
+
+            <h1 className='mt-0.5 truncate text-lg font-semibold text-card-foreground'>
+              {title}
+            </h1>
+
+            {description ? (
+              <div className='mt-0.5 truncate text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
+                {description}
+              </div>
+            ) : null}
+          </div>
+        </header>
+
+        <main
+          className={[
+            'min-h-0 flex-1 overflow-auto',
+            'bg-card px-6 py-5',
+            bodyClassName,
+          ].join(' ')}
+        >
+          {children}
+        </main>
+
+        {footer ? (
+          <footer className='shrink-0 border-t border-border bg-card px-6 py-4'>
+            {footer}
+          </footer>
+        ) : null}
+      </div>
+    </SystemModalShell>
+  );
+}
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/system-modal/SystemModalShell.tsx b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/system-modal/SystemModalShell.tsx
index 6904085f1..d2a5104e8 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/system-modal/SystemModalShell.tsx
+++ b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/system-modal/SystemModalShell.tsx
@@ -14,21 +14,21 @@ export function SystemModalShell({
   return (
     <div
       className={[
-        'h-screen w-screen overflow-hidden bg-black/20 p-6 text-foreground backdrop-blur-sm',
-        'flex items-center justify-center',
+        'flex h-screen w-screen items-center justify-center overflow-hidden',
+        'bg-black/20 text-foreground backdrop-blur-sm',
         className,
       ].join(' ')}
     >
       <div
         className={[
           'h-[min(620px,72vh)] w-[min(620px,calc(100vw-4rem))]',
-          'overflow-auto rounded-2xl border border-border p-6 shadow-2xl',
+          'overflow-hidden rounded-2xl border border-border shadow-2xl',
           contentClassName,
         ].join(' ')}
         style={{
-          backdropFilter: 'blur(60px) saturate(0.75)',
-          WebkitBackdropFilter: 'blur(60px) saturate(0.75)',
-          backgroundColor: 'rgb(255 255 255 / 0.12)',
+          backdropFilter: 'blur(80px) saturate(0.55)',
+          WebkitBackdropFilter: 'blur(80px) saturate(0.55)',
+          backgroundColor: 'rgb(255 255 255 / 0.08)',
         }}
       >
         {children}
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/system-modal/index.ts b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/system-modal/index.ts
index c9b19e0cf..3868b0162 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/system-modal/index.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/system-modal/index.ts
@@ -1 +1,2 @@
 export { SystemModalShell } from './SystemModalShell';
+export { AppModalShell } from './AppModalShell';

From a49e5bb7b91166e2c605426b9aaa55fe8a8abf55 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sun, 3 May 2026 05:03:31 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 324/471] Enhance modal theming and layout consistency

- Added `resolveModalTint` and `colorWithAlpha` utilities to dynamically compute modal tint with transparency.
- Updated `SystemModalShell` to use computed tint for improved visual coherence.
- Refined `AppModalShell` styles, standardizing background and foreground color usage for better consistency.
---
 .../src/system-modal/AppModalShell.tsx        | 13 +++----
 .../src/system-modal/SystemModalShell.tsx     | 37 ++++++++++++++++++-
 2 files changed, 42 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/system-modal/AppModalShell.tsx b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/system-modal/AppModalShell.tsx
index 5d2786161..5cdf51b8a 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/system-modal/AppModalShell.tsx
+++ b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/system-modal/AppModalShell.tsx
@@ -30,8 +30,8 @@ export function AppModalShell({
       contentClassName={['p-0 overflow-hidden', contentClassName].join(' ')}
     >
       <div className={['flex h-full min-h-0 flex-col', className].join(' ')}>
-        <header className='grid h-20 shrink-0 grid-cols-[5rem_1fr] border-b border-border bg-card'>
-          <div className='border-r border-border bg-background'>
+        <header className='grid h-20 shrink-0 grid-cols-[5rem_1fr] border-b border-border'>
+          <div className='border-r border-border'>
             {appIconSrc ? (
               <img
                 src={appIconSrc}
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ export function AppModalShell({
                 className='h-full w-full object-cover'
               />
             ) : (
-              <div className='h-full w-full bg-muted' />
+              <div className='h-full w-full bg-foreground/5' />
             )}
           </div>
 
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ export function AppModalShell({
               {appName}
             </div>
 
-            <h1 className='mt-0.5 truncate text-lg font-semibold text-card-foreground'>
+            <h1 className='mt-0.5 truncate text-lg font-semibold text-foreground'>
               {title}
             </h1>
 
@@ -62,8 +62,7 @@ export function AppModalShell({
 
         <main
           className={[
-            'min-h-0 flex-1 overflow-auto',
-            'bg-card px-6 py-5',
+            'min-h-0 flex-1 overflow-auto px-6 py-5',
             bodyClassName,
           ].join(' ')}
         >
@@ -71,7 +70,7 @@ export function AppModalShell({
         </main>
 
         {footer ? (
-          <footer className='shrink-0 border-t border-border bg-card px-6 py-4'>
+          <footer className='shrink-0 border-t border-border px-6 py-4'>
             {footer}
           </footer>
         ) : null}
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/system-modal/SystemModalShell.tsx b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/system-modal/SystemModalShell.tsx
index d2a5104e8..367d458fc 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/system-modal/SystemModalShell.tsx
+++ b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/system-modal/SystemModalShell.tsx
@@ -6,11 +6,46 @@ interface SystemModalShellProps {
   contentClassName?: string;
 }
 
+function resolveModalTint(): string {
+  const root = getComputedStyle(document.documentElement);
+
+  const candidates = [
+    root.getPropertyValue('--background').trim(),
+    root.getPropertyValue('--secondary').trim(),
+    root.getPropertyValue('--muted').trim(),
+    root.getPropertyValue('--card').trim(),
+  ];
+
+  return (
+    candidates.find(
+      (value) =>
+        value.length > 0 &&
+        value !== 'transparent' &&
+        value !== 'rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)',
+    ) ?? '#1d2530'
+  );
+}
+
+function colorWithAlpha(color: string, alpha: number): string {
+  if (color.startsWith('#')) {
+    return `color-mix(in srgb, ${color} ${alpha * 100}%, transparent)`;
+  }
+
+  if (color.startsWith('rgb') || color.startsWith('hsl')) {
+    return `color-mix(in srgb, ${color} ${alpha * 100}%, transparent)`;
+  }
+
+  // HSL channel format, e.g. "222 47% 11%"
+  return `hsl(${color} / ${alpha})`;
+}
+
 export function SystemModalShell({
   children,
   className = '',
   contentClassName = '',
 }: SystemModalShellProps) {
+  const tint = resolveModalTint();
+
   return (
     <div
       className={[
@@ -28,7 +63,7 @@ export function SystemModalShell({
         style={{
           backdropFilter: 'blur(80px) saturate(0.55)',
           WebkitBackdropFilter: 'blur(80px) saturate(0.55)',
-          backgroundColor: 'rgb(255 255 255 / 0.08)',
+          backgroundColor: colorWithAlpha(tint, 0.7),
         }}
       >
         {children}

From 9abe758a9a44a11b220dcf46cdca399a5d83ee68 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sun, 3 May 2026 19:53:35 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 325/471] Implement app installation framework and refactor
 related components

- Introduced `app-install` system app for managing installation of apps from URLs or ZIP files.
- Added `App.tsx` with structured views for loading, source selection, and installation review.
- Integrated APIs for app installation (`previewUrl`, `previewZip`, `installUrl`, `installZip`) and runtime control (`closeSelf`).
- Refined `PermissionsEditor` for viewing and editing app permissions pre-installation.
- Created modular components (`ErrorState`, `InstallSummary`, `LoadingState`) for app UI consistency.
- Replaced legacy app update-specific helpers and utilities (e.g., `definitions.ts`, `permissions.ts`).
- Enhanced `icon.svg` with new design for app-install interface.
- Standardized app modal usage with `AppModalShell` component across `app-install`.
---
 Cargo.lock                                    | 108 ++---
 .../src/system/apps/app-install/index.html    |  15 +
 .../src/system/apps/app-install/package.json  |   5 +
 .../system/apps/app-install/postcss.config.js |  13 +
 .../system/apps/app-install/public/icon.svg   |  10 +
 .../apps/app-install/sage-manifest.json       |  27 ++
 .../src/system/apps/app-install/src/App.tsx   |  78 +++
 .../src/system/apps/app-install/src/api.ts    |  63 +++
 .../app-install/src/components/ErrorState.tsx |  16 +
 .../src/components/InstallSummary.tsx         |  38 ++
 .../src/components/LoadingState.tsx           |  14 +
 .../src/components/ReviewInstallView.tsx      | 106 +++++
 .../src/components/SelectSourceView.tsx       | 116 +++++
 .../components/UnsupportedManifestView.tsx    |  62 +++
 .../system/apps/app-install/src/constants.ts  |   6 +
 .../src/system/apps/app-install/src/main.tsx  |  10 +
 .../system/apps/app-install/src/styles.css    |  19 +
 .../src/system/apps/app-install/src/types.ts  |  20 +
 .../apps/app-install/src/utils/format.ts      |  22 +
 .../apps/app-install/src/utils/icons.ts       |  29 ++
 .../apps/app-install/src/utils/permissions.ts |  96 ++++
 .../apps/app-install/tailwind.config.js       |  14 +
 .../src/system/apps/app-install/tsconfig.json |   4 +
 .../system/apps/app-install/vite.config.ts    |   3 +
 .../system/apps/app-update/public/icon.svg    |   5 -
 .../system/apps/app-update/sage-manifest.json |   8 +-
 .../src/system/apps/app-update/src/App.tsx    | 448 +-----------------
 .../src/components/NoUpdateBody.tsx           |  18 +
 .../src/components/PartialUpdateBody.tsx      |  24 +
 .../src/components/PermissionsReviewBody.tsx  |  83 ++++
 .../src/components/UpdateReviewBody.tsx       | 129 +++++
 .../apps/app-update/src/hooks/useLoadState.ts |  72 +++
 .../src/hooks/useUpdatePermissions.ts         |  49 ++
 .../src/system/apps/app-update/src/types.ts   |  20 +
 .../apps/app-update/src/utils/definitions.ts  |  15 +
 .../apps/app-update/src/utils/permissions.ts  |  80 ++++
 builtin-apps/src/system/tsconfig.base.json    |   4 +
 crates/sage-apps/Cargo.toml                   |   1 +
 .../methods/system/app_install/install_url.rs |  65 +++
 .../methods/system/app_install/install_zip.rs |  66 +++
 .../bridge/methods/system/app_install/mod.rs  |  24 +
 .../methods/system/app_install/preview_url.rs |  55 +++
 .../methods/system/app_install/preview_zip.rs |  54 +++
 .../bridge/methods/system/file_system/mod.rs  |   5 +
 .../methods/system/file_system/select_file.rs |  86 ++++
 .../src/bridge/methods/system/mod.rs          |   4 +
 .../system/runtime_manager/close_self.rs      |  53 +++
 .../methods/system/runtime_manager/mod.rs     |   2 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs       |  21 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs     |  58 ++-
 .../sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs |  24 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs     |  17 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs      |  39 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs           |  15 +-
 docs/generated/system-bridge-capabilities.md  |  56 +++
 docs/generated/system-bridge-methods.md       |  36 ++
 docs/generated/user-bridge-capabilities.md    |  52 +-
 package.json                                  |   2 +-
 packages/sage-app-ui/package.json             |   8 -
 .../sage-app-ui/src/components/AppIcon.tsx    |  82 ++++
 .../PermissionsEditor.tsx                     |   0
 .../src/{permissions => components}/index.ts  |   1 +
 packages/sage-app-ui/src/index.ts             |   3 +-
 .../sage-app-ui/src/presentation/index.ts     |   1 +
 .../modal}/AppModalShell.tsx                  |  72 ++-
 .../modal}/SystemModalShell.tsx               |   2 +-
 .../src/presentation/modal/index.ts           |   2 +
 .../sage-app-ui/src/system-modal/index.ts     |   2 -
 packages/sage-app-ui/tsup.config.ts           |   4 +-
 packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts   |  41 ++
 packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/types.ts     |  26 +
 src/bindings.ts                               |   8 +-
 .../apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx    |   2 +-
 src/pages/Apps.tsx                            |  41 +-
 74 files changed, 2227 insertions(+), 652 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/index.html
 create mode 100644 builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/package.json
 create mode 100644 builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/postcss.config.js
 create mode 100644 builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/public/icon.svg
 create mode 100644 builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/sage-manifest.json
 create mode 100644 builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/App.tsx
 create mode 100644 builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/api.ts
 create mode 100644 builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/ErrorState.tsx
 create mode 100644 builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/InstallSummary.tsx
 create mode 100644 builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/LoadingState.tsx
 create mode 100644 builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/ReviewInstallView.tsx
 create mode 100644 builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/SelectSourceView.tsx
 create mode 100644 builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/UnsupportedManifestView.tsx
 create mode 100644 builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/constants.ts
 create mode 100644 builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/main.tsx
 create mode 100644 builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/styles.css
 create mode 100644 builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/types.ts
 create mode 100644 builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/utils/format.ts
 create mode 100644 builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/utils/icons.ts
 create mode 100644 builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/utils/permissions.ts
 create mode 100644 builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/tailwind.config.js
 create mode 100644 builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/tsconfig.json
 create mode 100644 builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/vite.config.ts
 delete mode 100644 builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/public/icon.svg
 create mode 100644 builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/components/NoUpdateBody.tsx
 create mode 100644 builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/components/PartialUpdateBody.tsx
 create mode 100644 builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/components/PermissionsReviewBody.tsx
 create mode 100644 builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/components/UpdateReviewBody.tsx
 create mode 100644 builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/hooks/useLoadState.ts
 create mode 100644 builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/hooks/useUpdatePermissions.ts
 create mode 100644 builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/types.ts
 create mode 100644 builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/utils/definitions.ts
 create mode 100644 builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/utils/permissions.ts
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/install_url.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/install_zip.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/mod.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/preview_url.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/preview_zip.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/file_system/mod.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/file_system/select_file.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/close_self.rs
 create mode 100644 packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/AppIcon.tsx
 rename packages/sage-app-ui/src/{permissions => components}/PermissionsEditor.tsx (100%)
 rename packages/sage-app-ui/src/{permissions => components}/index.ts (57%)
 create mode 100644 packages/sage-app-ui/src/presentation/index.ts
 rename packages/sage-app-ui/src/{system-modal => presentation/modal}/AppModalShell.tsx (54%)
 rename packages/sage-app-ui/src/{system-modal => presentation/modal}/SystemModalShell.tsx (97%)
 create mode 100644 packages/sage-app-ui/src/presentation/modal/index.ts
 delete mode 100644 packages/sage-app-ui/src/system-modal/index.ts

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 4319f0754..a74626d62 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -239,27 +239,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "stable_deref_trait",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "ashpd"
-version = "0.11.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6cbdf310d77fd3aaee6ea2093db7011dc2d35d2eb3481e5607f1f8d942ed99df"
-dependencies = [
- "enumflags2",
- "futures-channel",
- "futures-util",
- "rand 0.9.2",
- "raw-window-handle",
- "serde",
- "serde_repr",
- "tokio",
- "url",
- "wayland-backend",
- "wayland-client",
- "wayland-protocols",
- "zbus",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "asn1-rs"
 version = "0.6.2"
@@ -2247,15 +2226,6 @@ version = "1.0.10"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "8975ffdaa0ef3661bfe02dbdcc06c9f829dfafe6a3c474de366a8d5e44276921"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "dlib"
-version = "0.5.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "330c60081dcc4c72131f8eb70510f1ac07223e5d4163db481a04a0befcffa412"
-dependencies = [
- "libloading 0.8.9",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "dlopen2"
 version = "0.8.1"
@@ -5969,11 +5939,10 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rfd"
-version = "0.15.4"
+version = "0.16.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ef2bee61e6cffa4635c72d7d81a84294e28f0930db0ddcb0f66d10244674ebed"
+checksum = "a15ad77d9e70a92437d8f74c35d99b4e4691128df018833e99f90bcd36152672"
 dependencies = [
- "ashpd",
  "block2 0.6.2",
  "dispatch2",
  "glib-sys",
@@ -5989,7 +5958,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "wasm-bindgen",
  "wasm-bindgen-futures",
  "web-sys",
- "windows-sys 0.59.0",
+ "windows-sys 0.60.2",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -6395,6 +6364,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "specta",
  "specta-typescript",
  "tauri",
+ "tauri-plugin-dialog",
  "tauri-specta",
  "tempfile",
  "tokio",
@@ -6661,12 +6631,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "syn 2.0.111",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "scoped-tls"
-version = "1.0.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e1cf6437eb19a8f4a6cc0f7dca544973b0b78843adbfeb3683d1a94a0024a294"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "scopeguard"
 version = "1.2.0"
@@ -6823,9 +6787,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "serde_spanned"
-version = "1.0.3"
+version = "1.1.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e24345aa0fe688594e73770a5f6d1b216508b4f93484c0026d521acd30134392"
+checksum = "6662b5879511e06e8999a8a235d848113e942c9124f211511b16466ee2995f26"
 dependencies = [
  "serde_core",
 ]
@@ -7707,9 +7671,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "tauri-plugin-dialog"
-version = "2.4.2"
+version = "2.7.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "313f8138692ddc4a2127c4c9607d616a46f5c042e77b3722450866da0aad2f19"
+checksum = "65981abb771e74e571a38196c3baa11c459379164791eba0e67abc1a5fac9884"
 dependencies = [
  "log",
  "raw-window-handle",
@@ -7725,13 +7689,15 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "tauri-plugin-fs"
-version = "2.4.4"
+version = "2.5.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "47df422695255ecbe7bac7012440eddaeefd026656171eac9559f5243d3230d9"
+checksum = "b7ecc274121aca0c036a2b42d1cbe83d368d348f54e0bb8a735c2b1548e8f371"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "dunce",
  "glob",
+ "log",
+ "objc2-foundation 0.3.2",
  "percent-encoding",
  "schemars 0.8.22",
  "serde",
@@ -7741,7 +7707,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "tauri-plugin",
  "tauri-utils",
  "thiserror 2.0.17",
- "toml 0.9.8",
+ "toml 1.1.0+spec-1.1.0",
  "url",
 ]
 
@@ -8172,7 +8138,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "signal-hook-registry",
  "socket2",
  "tokio-macros",
- "tracing",
  "windows-sys 0.61.2",
 ]
 
@@ -8258,13 +8223,28 @@ checksum = "f0dc8b1fb61449e27716ec0e1bdf0f6b8f3e8f6b05391e8497b8b6d7804ea6d8"
 dependencies = [
  "indexmap 2.12.1",
  "serde_core",
- "serde_spanned 1.0.3",
+ "serde_spanned 1.1.1",
  "toml_datetime 0.7.3",
  "toml_parser",
  "toml_writer",
  "winnow 0.7.14",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "toml"
+version = "1.1.0+spec-1.1.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f8195ca05e4eb728f4ba94f3e3291661320af739c4e43779cbdfae82ab239fcc"
+dependencies = [
+ "indexmap 2.12.1",
+ "serde_core",
+ "serde_spanned 1.1.1",
+ "toml_datetime 1.1.1+spec-1.1.0",
+ "toml_parser",
+ "toml_writer",
+ "winnow 1.0.2",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "toml_datetime"
 version = "0.6.11"
@@ -8283,6 +8263,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "serde_core",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "toml_datetime"
+version = "1.1.1+spec-1.1.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "3165f65f62e28e0115a00b2ebdd37eb6f3b641855f9d636d3cd4103767159ad7"
+dependencies = [
+ "serde_core",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "toml_edit"
 version = "0.19.15"
@@ -8333,11 +8322,11 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "toml_parser"
-version = "1.0.4"
+version = "1.1.2+spec-1.1.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c0cbe268d35bdb4bb5a56a2de88d0ad0eb70af5384a99d648cd4b3d04039800e"
+checksum = "a2abe9b86193656635d2411dc43050282ca48aa31c2451210f4202550afb7526"
 dependencies = [
- "winnow 0.7.14",
+ "winnow 1.0.2",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -8348,9 +8337,9 @@ checksum = "5d99f8c9a7727884afe522e9bd5edbfc91a3312b36a77b5fb8926e4c31a41801"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "toml_writer"
-version = "1.0.4"
+version = "1.1.1+spec-1.1.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "df8b2b54733674ad286d16267dcfc7a71ed5c776e4ac7aa3c3e2561f7c637bf2"
+checksum = "756daf9b1013ebe47a8776667b466417e2d4c5679d441c26230efd9ef78692db"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "tower"
@@ -8990,7 +8979,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "cc",
  "downcast-rs",
  "rustix 1.1.3",
- "scoped-tls",
  "smallvec",
  "wayland-sys",
 ]
@@ -9049,8 +9037,6 @@ version = "0.31.7"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "34949b42822155826b41db8e5d0c1be3a2bd296c747577a43a3e6daefc296142"
 dependencies = [
- "dlib",
- "log",
  "pkg-config",
 ]
 
@@ -9716,6 +9702,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "memchr",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "winnow"
+version = "1.0.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "2ee1708bef14716a11bae175f579062d4554d95be2c6829f518df847b7b3fdd0"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "winreg"
 version = "0.55.0"
@@ -10028,7 +10020,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "ordered-stream",
  "serde",
  "serde_repr",
- "tokio",
  "tracing",
  "uds_windows",
  "uuid",
@@ -10281,7 +10272,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "endi",
  "enumflags2",
  "serde",
- "url",
  "winnow 0.7.14",
  "zvariant_derive",
  "zvariant_utils",
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/index.html b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ccd273c36
--- /dev/null
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<html lang="en">
+<head>
+  <meta charset="UTF-8" />
+  <meta
+    name="viewport"
+    content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"
+  />
+  <title>Sage Update Review</title>
+</head>
+<body>
+<div id="root"></div>
+<script type="module" src="/src/main.tsx"></script>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/package.json b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0eeda0cfd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+{
+  "name": "sage-system-app-update-review",
+  "private": true,
+  "type": "module"
+}
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/postcss.config.js b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/postcss.config.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c97c6b959
--- /dev/null
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/postcss.config.js
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+import { dirname, join } from 'node:path';
+import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url';
+
+const dir = dirname(fileURLToPath(import.meta.url));
+
+export default {
+  plugins: {
+    tailwindcss: {
+      config: join(dir, 'tailwind.config.js'),
+    },
+    autoprefixer: {},
+  },
+};
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/public/icon.svg b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/public/icon.svg
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..af1297f54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/public/icon.svg
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+<svg width="256" height="256" viewBox="0 0 256 256" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
+    <rect width="256" height="256" rx="56" fill="#1D2530"/>
+    <path d="M64 104L128 72L192 104L128 136L64 104Z" fill="#DFFF75"/>
+    <path d="M64 104V168L128 200V136L64 104Z" fill="#9FB84F"/>
+    <path d="M192 104V168L128 200V136L192 104Z" fill="#78923E"/>
+    <path d="M100 70H156V116H184L128 174L72 116H100V70Z" fill="#E8F3FC"/>
+    <path d="M108 78H148V124H164L128 162L92 124H108V78Z" fill="#7FB6FF"/>
+    <path d="M64 104L128 136L192 104" stroke="#1D2530" stroke-width="8" stroke-linejoin="round"/>
+    <path d="M64 104V168L128 200L192 168V104" stroke="#E8F3FC" stroke-opacity="0.18" stroke-width="8" stroke-linejoin="round"/>
+</svg>
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/sage-manifest.json b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/sage-manifest.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..00493b54b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/sage-manifest.json
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+{
+  "manifestVersion": 0,
+  "sageVersion": {
+    "min": "0.0.0"
+  },
+  "name": "Install App",
+  "version": "0.1.0",
+  "permissions": {
+    "network": {
+      "whitelist": {
+        "required": [],
+        "optional": []
+      }
+    },
+    "capabilities": {
+      "required": [
+        "environment.theme.get_current",
+        "environment.theme.listen_changed",
+        "environment.theme.css_vars"
+      ],
+      "optional": []
+    }
+  },
+  "files": [],
+  "entry": "index.html",
+  "icon": "icon.svg"
+}
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/App.tsx b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/App.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f0d0005f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/App.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+import { useEffect, useState } from 'react';
+import { formatSageError, getSageSystemClient } from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
+import { previewUrl } from './api';
+import { ErrorState } from './components/ErrorState';
+import { LoadingState } from './components/LoadingState';
+import { ReviewInstallView } from './components/ReviewInstallView';
+import { SelectSourceView } from './components/SelectSourceView';
+import type { LoadState } from './types';
+
+export function App() {
+  const [state, setState] = useState<LoadState>({ kind: 'loading' });
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    let cancelled = false;
+
+    async function load() {
+      try {
+        const client = await getSageSystemClient();
+        await client.environment.theme.mountCssVars();
+
+        const definitions = await client.capabilities.listUserDefinitions();
+
+        const params = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);
+        const mode = params.get('mode') ?? 'select-source';
+        const appUrl = params.get('appUrl');
+
+        if (mode === 'url' && appUrl) {
+          const source = await previewUrl(appUrl);
+
+          if (!cancelled) {
+            setState({
+              kind: 'review',
+              definitions,
+              source,
+            });
+          }
+
+          return;
+        }
+
+        if (!cancelled) {
+          setState({ kind: 'selecting', definitions });
+        }
+      } catch (err) {
+        if (!cancelled) {
+          setState({ kind: 'error', error: formatSageError(err) });
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    void load();
+
+    return () => {
+      cancelled = true;
+    };
+  }, []);
+
+  if (state.kind === 'loading') return <LoadingState />;
+  if (state.kind === 'error') return <ErrorState error={state.error} />;
+
+  if (state.kind === 'selecting') {
+    return (
+      <SelectSourceView
+        onReview={(source) =>
+          setState({
+            kind: 'review',
+            definitions: state.definitions,
+            source,
+          })
+        }
+      />
+    );
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <ReviewInstallView source={state.source} definitions={state.definitions} />
+  );
+}
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/api.ts b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/api.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f5e7f8000
--- /dev/null
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/api.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+import {
+  getSageSystemClient,
+  type SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
+} from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
+import type { InstallSource } from './types';
+
+export async function closeSelf() {
+  const client = await getSageSystemClient();
+  void client.runtimeManager.closeSelf();
+}
+
+export async function previewUrl(appUrl: string): Promise<InstallSource> {
+  const client = await getSageSystemClient();
+  const preview = await client.appInstall.previewUrl({ appUrl });
+
+  return {
+    kind: 'url',
+    appUrl: preview.appUrl,
+    preview,
+  };
+}
+
+export async function selectAndPreviewZip(): Promise<InstallSource | null> {
+  const client = await getSageSystemClient();
+
+  const selected = await client.fileSystem.selectFile({
+    title: 'Select Sage app package',
+    filters: [{ name: 'Zip Archive', extensions: ['zip'] }],
+  });
+
+  if (!selected.path) {
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  const manifest = await client.appInstall.previewZip({
+    zipPath: selected.path,
+  });
+
+  return {
+    kind: 'zip',
+    zipPath: selected.path,
+    manifest,
+  };
+}
+
+export async function installSource(
+  source: InstallSource,
+  grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
+) {
+  const client = await getSageSystemClient();
+
+  if (source.kind === 'zip') {
+    await client.appInstall.installZip({
+      zipPath: source.zipPath,
+      grantedPermissions,
+    });
+  } else {
+    await client.appInstall.installUrl({
+      appUrl: source.appUrl,
+      grantedPermissions,
+    });
+  }
+}
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/ErrorState.tsx b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/ErrorState.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5e0cfe264
--- /dev/null
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/ErrorState.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+import { AppModalShell } from '@sage-app/ui';
+import { INSTALL_APP_ICON } from '../constants';
+
+export function ErrorState({ error }: { error: string }) {
+  return (
+    <AppModalShell
+      appName='Sage'
+      appIcon={INSTALL_APP_ICON}
+      title='Install app failed'
+    >
+      <div className='rounded-xl border border-destructive/30 bg-destructive/10 p-3 text-sm text-destructive'>
+        {error}
+      </div>
+    </AppModalShell>
+  );
+}
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/InstallSummary.tsx b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/InstallSummary.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..611452c2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/InstallSummary.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+import { AppIconFromUrl } from '@sage-app/ui';
+import type { SageAppPackageManifest } from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
+import type { InstallSource } from '../types';
+import { formatBytes, manifestSize } from '../utils/format';
+import { resolveManifestIconUrl } from '../utils/icons';
+
+export function InstallSummary({
+  source,
+  manifest,
+}: {
+  source: InstallSource;
+  manifest: SageAppPackageManifest;
+}) {
+  return (
+    <div className='rounded-2xl border border-border p-4'>
+      <div className='flex items-start gap-4'>
+        <div className='h-16 w-16 overflow-hidden rounded-2xl border border-border'>
+          <AppIconFromUrl
+            name={manifest.name}
+            iconUrl={resolveManifestIconUrl(source, manifest)}
+          />
+        </div>
+
+        <div className='min-w-0 flex-1'>
+          <div className='truncate text-xl font-semibold'>{manifest.name}</div>
+
+          <div className='mt-1 text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
+            v{manifest.version} · {formatBytes(manifestSize(manifest))}
+          </div>
+
+          <div className='mt-2 truncate text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
+            {source.kind === 'url' ? source.appUrl : source.zipPath}
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  );
+}
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/LoadingState.tsx b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/LoadingState.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..663399ffd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/LoadingState.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+import { AppModalShell } from '@sage-app/ui';
+import { INSTALL_APP_ICON } from '../constants';
+
+export function LoadingState() {
+  return (
+    <AppModalShell
+      appName='Sage'
+      appIcon={INSTALL_APP_ICON}
+      title='Install app'
+    >
+      <div className='text-sm text-muted-foreground'>Loading installer…</div>
+    </AppModalShell>
+  );
+}
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/ReviewInstallView.tsx b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/ReviewInstallView.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..62a746c3e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/ReviewInstallView.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+import { useMemo, useState } from 'react';
+import { AppModalShell, PermissionsEditor } from '@sage-app/ui';
+import {
+  formatSageError,
+  type SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView,
+  type SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
+} from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
+import { closeSelf, installSource } from '../api';
+import type { InstallSource } from '../types';
+import { resolveInstallIcon } from '../utils/icons';
+import {
+  buildPreviewApp,
+  emptyGrantedPermissions,
+  initialGrantedPermissions,
+  installManifest,
+} from '../utils/permissions';
+import { InstallSummary } from './InstallSummary';
+import { UnsupportedManifestView } from './UnsupportedManifestView';
+
+export function ReviewInstallView({
+  source,
+  definitions,
+}: {
+  source: InstallSource;
+  definitions: SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView[];
+}) {
+  const manifest = installManifest(source);
+  const [installing, setInstalling] = useState(false);
+  const [error, setError] = useState<string | null>(null);
+  const [grantedPermissions, setGrantedPermissions] =
+    useState<SageGrantedPermissionsInput>(() =>
+      manifest
+        ? initialGrantedPermissions(manifest, definitions)
+        : emptyGrantedPermissions(),
+    );
+
+  const previewApp = useMemo(() => {
+    if (!manifest) return null;
+    return buildPreviewApp(manifest, grantedPermissions);
+  }, [manifest, grantedPermissions]);
+
+  async function install() {
+    if (!manifest) return;
+
+    setInstalling(true);
+    setError(null);
+
+    try {
+      await installSource(source, grantedPermissions);
+      await closeSelf();
+    } catch (err) {
+      setError(formatSageError(err));
+    } finally {
+      setInstalling(false);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (!manifest || !previewApp) {
+    return <UnsupportedManifestView source={source} error={error} />;
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <AppModalShell
+      appName={manifest.name}
+      appIcon={resolveInstallIcon(source, manifest)}
+      title='Install app'
+      footer={
+        <div className='flex justify-end gap-2'>
+          <button
+            className='rounded-md border border-border px-4 py-2 text-sm disabled:opacity-60'
+            disabled={installing}
+            onClick={closeSelf}
+          >
+            Cancel
+          </button>
+
+          <button
+            className='rounded-md bg-primary px-4 py-2 text-sm text-primary-foreground disabled:opacity-60'
+            disabled={installing}
+            onClick={install}
+          >
+            {installing ? 'Installing…' : 'Install'}
+          </button>
+        </div>
+      }
+    >
+      <div className='space-y-5'>
+        <InstallSummary source={source} manifest={manifest} />
+
+        <PermissionsEditor
+          app={previewApp}
+          grantedPermissions={grantedPermissions}
+          capabilityDefinitions={definitions}
+          editable={!installing}
+          onGrantedPermissionsChange={setGrantedPermissions}
+        />
+
+        {error ? (
+          <div className='rounded-xl border border-destructive/30 bg-destructive/10 p-3 text-sm text-destructive'>
+            {error}
+          </div>
+        ) : null}
+      </div>
+    </AppModalShell>
+  );
+}
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/SelectSourceView.tsx b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/SelectSourceView.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9c7175e09
--- /dev/null
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/SelectSourceView.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+import { useState } from 'react';
+import { AppModalShell } from '@sage-app/ui';
+import { formatSageError } from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
+import { closeSelf, previewUrl, selectAndPreviewZip } from '../api';
+import { INSTALL_APP_ICON } from '../constants';
+import type { InstallSource } from '../types';
+
+export function SelectSourceView({
+  onReview,
+}: {
+  onReview: (source: InstallSource) => void;
+}) {
+  const [urlInput, setUrlInput] = useState('');
+  const [working, setWorking] = useState(false);
+  const [error, setError] = useState<string | null>(null);
+
+  async function handlePreviewUrl() {
+    setWorking(true);
+    setError(null);
+
+    try {
+      onReview(await previewUrl(urlInput.trim()));
+    } catch (err) {
+      setError(formatSageError(err));
+    } finally {
+      setWorking(false);
+    }
+  }
+
+  async function handleSelectZip() {
+    setWorking(true);
+    setError(null);
+
+    try {
+      const source = await selectAndPreviewZip();
+      if (source) onReview(source);
+    } catch (err) {
+      setError(formatSageError(err));
+    } finally {
+      setWorking(false);
+    }
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <AppModalShell
+      appName='Sage'
+      appIcon={INSTALL_APP_ICON}
+      title='Install app'
+      footer={
+        <div className='flex justify-end'>
+          <button
+            className='rounded-md border border-border px-4 py-2 text-sm disabled:opacity-60'
+            disabled={working}
+            onClick={closeSelf}
+          >
+            Close
+          </button>
+        </div>
+      }
+    >
+      <div className='space-y-5'>
+        <div className='rounded-2xl border border-border p-4'>
+          <div className='text-sm font-medium'>Install from URL</div>
+          <p className='mt-1 text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
+            Best for published apps and updates.
+          </p>
+
+          <div className='mt-4 flex gap-2'>
+            <input
+              className='min-w-0 flex-1 rounded-md border border-input bg-transparent px-3 py-2 text-sm outline-none'
+              value={urlInput}
+              disabled={working}
+              placeholder='https://example.com/my-app/'
+              onChange={(event) => setUrlInput(event.target.value)}
+              onKeyDown={(event) => {
+                if (event.key === 'Enter' && urlInput.trim()) {
+                  event.preventDefault();
+                  void handlePreviewUrl();
+                }
+              }}
+            />
+
+            <button
+              className='rounded-md bg-primary px-4 py-2 text-sm text-primary-foreground disabled:opacity-60'
+              disabled={working || !urlInput.trim()}
+              onClick={handlePreviewUrl}
+            >
+              Preview
+            </button>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div className='rounded-2xl border border-dashed border-border p-4'>
+          <div className='text-sm font-medium'>Install from ZIP</div>
+          <p className='mt-1 text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
+            Useful for local builds, testing, or manual package installs.
+          </p>
+
+          <button
+            className='mt-4 rounded-md border border-border px-4 py-2 text-sm disabled:opacity-60'
+            disabled={working}
+            onClick={handleSelectZip}
+          >
+            Select .zip package
+          </button>
+        </div>
+
+        {error ? (
+          <div className='rounded-xl border border-destructive/30 bg-destructive/10 p-3 text-sm text-destructive'>
+            {error}
+          </div>
+        ) : null}
+      </div>
+    </AppModalShell>
+  );
+}
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/UnsupportedManifestView.tsx b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/UnsupportedManifestView.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..90367955c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/UnsupportedManifestView.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+import { AppModalShell } from '@sage-app/ui';
+import { closeSelf } from '../api';
+import { INSTALL_APP_ICON } from '../constants';
+import type { InstallSource } from '../types';
+
+export function UnsupportedManifestView({
+  source,
+  error,
+}: {
+  source: InstallSource;
+  error: string | null;
+}) {
+  const partial =
+    source.kind === 'url' && source.preview.manifest.kind === 'partial'
+      ? source.preview.manifest
+      : null;
+
+  return (
+    <AppModalShell
+      appName={partial?.manifest_header.name ?? 'Sage app'}
+      appIcon={INSTALL_APP_ICON}
+      title='App cannot be installed'
+      footer={
+        <div className='flex justify-end'>
+          <button
+            className='rounded-md border border-border px-4 py-2 text-sm'
+            onClick={closeSelf}
+          >
+            Close
+          </button>
+        </div>
+      }
+    >
+      <div className='space-y-4 text-sm'>
+        {partial ? (
+          <>
+            <div className='text-muted-foreground'>
+              Requires Sage {partial.manifest_header.sageVersion.min}
+              {partial.manifest_header.sageVersion.testedMax
+                ? ` · tested up to ${partial.manifest_header.sageVersion.testedMax}`
+                : null}
+            </div>
+
+            <pre className='max-h-64 overflow-auto rounded-xl bg-muted p-3 text-xs whitespace-pre-wrap'>
+              {partial.parse_error}
+            </pre>
+          </>
+        ) : (
+          <div className='text-destructive'>
+            This app manifest cannot be installed by this Sage version.
+          </div>
+        )}
+
+        {error ? (
+          <div className='rounded-xl border border-destructive/30 bg-destructive/10 p-3 text-sm text-destructive'>
+            {error}
+          </div>
+        ) : null}
+      </div>
+    </AppModalShell>
+  );
+}
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/constants.ts b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/constants.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cd992d900
--- /dev/null
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/constants.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+import type { AppModalIcon } from '@sage-app/ui';
+
+export const INSTALL_APP_ICON: AppModalIcon = {
+  kind: 'url',
+  iconUrl: '/icon.svg',
+};
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/main.tsx b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/main.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ed0dc6330
--- /dev/null
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/main.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+import React from 'react';
+import ReactDOM from 'react-dom/client';
+import { App } from './App';
+import './styles.css';
+
+ReactDOM.createRoot(document.getElementById('root')!).render(
+  <React.StrictMode>
+    <App />
+  </React.StrictMode>,
+);
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/styles.css b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/styles.css
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ad480ae12
--- /dev/null
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/styles.css
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+@import "@sage-app/sdk/theme.css";
+@config "../tailwind.config.js";
+
+@tailwind base;
+@tailwind components;
+@tailwind utilities;
+
+html,
+body,
+#root {
+    width: 100%;
+    height: 100%;
+    margin: 0;
+}
+
+body {
+    overflow: hidden;
+    background: transparent;
+}
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/types.ts b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/types.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8dd55ef4c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/types.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+import type {
+  SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView,
+  SageAppPackageManifest,
+  SageAppUrlPreview,
+} from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
+
+export type InstallSource =
+  | { kind: 'zip'; zipPath: string; manifest: SageAppPackageManifest }
+  | { kind: 'url'; appUrl: string; preview: SageAppUrlPreview };
+
+export type LoadState =
+  | { kind: 'loading' }
+  | { kind: 'selecting'; definitions: SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView[] }
+  | {
+      kind: 'review';
+      definitions: SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView[];
+      source: InstallSource;
+    }
+  | { kind: 'error'; error: string };
+
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/utils/format.ts b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/utils/format.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..338fac151
--- /dev/null
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/utils/format.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+import type { SageAppPackageManifest } from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
+
+export function formatBytes(bytes: number): string {
+  if (!Number.isFinite(bytes) || bytes < 0) return 'Unknown';
+  if (bytes < 1024) return `${bytes} B`;
+
+  const units = ['KB', 'MB', 'GB', 'TB'];
+  let value = bytes / 1024;
+  let unitIndex = 0;
+
+  while (value >= 1024 && unitIndex < units.length - 1) {
+    value /= 1024;
+    unitIndex += 1;
+  }
+
+  const digits = value >= 100 ? 0 : value >= 10 ? 1 : 2;
+  return `${value.toFixed(digits)} ${units[unitIndex]}`;
+}
+
+export function manifestSize(manifest: SageAppPackageManifest): number {
+  return manifest.files.reduce((sum, file) => sum + (file.size ?? 0), 0);
+}
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/utils/icons.ts b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/utils/icons.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b2741eb91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/utils/icons.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+import type { AppModalIcon } from '@sage-app/ui';
+import type { SageAppPackageManifest } from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
+import { INSTALL_APP_ICON } from '../constants';
+import type { InstallSource } from '../types';
+
+export function resolveManifestIconUrl(
+  source: InstallSource,
+  manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
+): string | null {
+  if (source.kind !== 'url' || !manifest.icon) return null;
+
+  try {
+    return new URL(manifest.icon, source.preview.appUrl).toString();
+  } catch {
+    return null;
+  }
+}
+
+export function resolveInstallIcon(
+  source: InstallSource,
+  manifest: SageAppPackageManifest | null,
+): AppModalIcon {
+  if (!manifest) return INSTALL_APP_ICON;
+
+  return {
+    kind: 'url',
+    iconUrl: resolveManifestIconUrl(source, manifest),
+  };
+}
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/utils/permissions.ts b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/utils/permissions.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c069ce289
--- /dev/null
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/utils/permissions.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+import type {
+  SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView,
+  SageAppPackageManifest,
+  SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
+  SageGrantedPermissionsView,
+  SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
+  UserBridgeCapability,
+  UserSageAppView,
+} from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
+import type { InstallSource } from '../types';
+
+function networkKey(entry: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry): string {
+  return `${entry.scheme}://${entry.host}`;
+}
+
+function sortCapabilities(
+  values: Iterable<UserBridgeCapability>,
+): UserBridgeCapability[] {
+  return [...new Set(values)].sort((a, b) => a.localeCompare(b));
+}
+
+function sortNetwork(
+  values: Iterable<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
+): SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[] {
+  return [...values].sort((a, b) => networkKey(a).localeCompare(networkKey(b)));
+}
+
+function definitionMap(definitions: SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView[]) {
+  return new Map(
+    definitions.map((definition) => [
+      definition.key as UserBridgeCapability,
+      definition,
+    ]),
+  );
+}
+
+function isUserGrantable(
+  definitionsByKey: Map<UserBridgeCapability, SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView>,
+  capability: UserBridgeCapability,
+): boolean {
+  return definitionsByKey.get(capability)?.flags.userGrantable === true;
+}
+
+export function emptyGrantedPermissions(): SageGrantedPermissionsInput {
+  return {
+    capabilities: [],
+    network: { whitelist: [] },
+  };
+}
+
+export function initialGrantedPermissions(
+  manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
+  definitions: SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView[],
+): SageGrantedPermissionsInput {
+  const definitionsByKey = definitionMap(definitions);
+
+  return {
+    capabilities: sortCapabilities(
+      (manifest.permissions.capabilities.required ?? []).filter((capability) =>
+        isUserGrantable(definitionsByKey, capability),
+      ),
+    ),
+    network: {
+      whitelist: sortNetwork(
+        manifest.permissions.network.whitelist.required ?? [],
+      ),
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+export function installManifest(
+  source: InstallSource,
+): SageAppPackageManifest | null {
+  if (source.kind === 'zip') return source.manifest;
+  if (source.preview.manifest.kind !== 'full') return null;
+  return source.preview.manifest.manifest;
+}
+
+export function buildPreviewApp(
+  manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
+  grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissionsView,
+): UserSageAppView {
+  return {
+    common: {
+      identity: {
+        id: '__install_preview__',
+        originId: '__install_preview__',
+      },
+      grantedPermissions,
+      activeSnapshot: { manifest },
+      icon: null,
+    },
+    source: { kind: 'zip' },
+    pendingUpdate: null,
+  };
+}
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/tailwind.config.js b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/tailwind.config.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..13edcb743
--- /dev/null
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/tailwind.config.js
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+import { dirname, join, resolve } from 'node:path';
+import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url';
+import { createSageTailwindConfig } from '../../tailwind.shared.js';
+
+const dir = dirname(fileURLToPath(import.meta.url));
+const repoRoot = resolve(dir, '../../../../..');
+
+export default createSageTailwindConfig({
+  content: [
+    join(dir, 'index.html'),
+    join(dir, 'src/**/*.{ts,tsx}'),
+    join(repoRoot, 'packages/sage-app-ui/src/**/*.{ts,tsx}'),
+  ],
+});
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/tsconfig.json b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/tsconfig.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3d61827d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/tsconfig.json
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+{
+  "extends": "../../tsconfig.base.json",
+  "include": ["src", "vite.config.ts"]
+}
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/vite.config.ts b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/vite.config.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c2498e6d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/vite.config.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+import { defineSageSystemAppConfig } from '../../vite.system-app.config';
+
+export default defineSageSystemAppConfig(import.meta.url);
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/public/icon.svg b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/public/icon.svg
deleted file mode 100644
index 118db3ea7..000000000
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/public/icon.svg
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 64 64">
-    <rect width="64" height="64" rx="16" fill="#1f2937"/>
-    <path d="M18 34a14 14 0 1 0 4-10" fill="none" stroke="#ffffff" stroke-width="5" stroke-linecap="round"/>
-    <path d="M16 18v13h13" fill="none" stroke="#ffffff" stroke-width="5" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"/>
-</svg>
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/sage-manifest.json b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/sage-manifest.json
index fc5df3c86..992f99964 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/sage-manifest.json
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/sage-manifest.json
@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
 {
   "manifestVersion": 0,
   "sageVersion": {
-    "min": "0.0.0",
-    "testedMax": "99.0.0"
+    "min": "0.0.0"
   },
-  "name": "Update Review",
+  "name": "Update App",
   "version": "0.1.0",
   "permissions": {
     "network": {
@@ -23,6 +22,5 @@
     }
   },
   "files": [],
-  "entry": "index.html",
-  "icon": "icon.svg"
+  "entry": "index.html"
 }
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/App.tsx b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/App.tsx
index 3390168ca..3c7348b42 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/App.tsx
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/App.tsx
@@ -1,435 +1,10 @@
-import { useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react';
-import { PermissionsEditor } from '@sage-app/ui/permissions';
-import {
-  formatSageError,
-  getSageSystemClient,
-  type AppPermissionsReviewContext,
-  type AppUpdateReviewContext,
-  type SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView,
-  type SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
-  type SageGrantedPermissionsView,
-  type SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
-  type SageRequestedPermissions,
-  type UserBridgeCapability,
-  type UserSageAppView,
-} from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
-import { AppModalShell, SystemModalShell } from '@sage-app/ui/system-modal';
-
-type Mode = 'review-update' | 'review-permissions';
-
-type LoadState =
-  | { kind: 'loading' }
-  | { kind: 'error'; error: string }
-  | {
-      kind: 'ready';
-      mode: Mode;
-      app: UserSageAppView;
-      updateContext: AppUpdateReviewContext | null;
-      permissionsContext: AppPermissionsReviewContext | null;
-      definitions: SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView[];
-    };
-
-function networkKey(entry: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry): string {
-  return `${entry.scheme}://${entry.host}`;
-}
-
-function sortCapabilities(
-  values: Iterable<UserBridgeCapability>,
-): UserBridgeCapability[] {
-  return [...new Set(values)].sort((a, b) => a.localeCompare(b));
-}
-
-function sortNetwork(
-  values: Iterable<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
-): SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[] {
-  return [...values].sort((a, b) => networkKey(a).localeCompare(networkKey(b)));
-}
-
-function getRequestedCapabilities(permissions: SageRequestedPermissions) {
-  return {
-    required: permissions.capabilities.required ?? [],
-    optional: permissions.capabilities.optional ?? [],
-  };
-}
-
-function getRequestedNetwork(permissions: SageRequestedPermissions) {
-  return {
-    required: permissions.network.whitelist.required ?? [],
-    optional: permissions.network.whitelist.optional ?? [],
-  };
-}
-
-function definitionMap(definitions: SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView[]) {
-  return new Map(
-    definitions.map((definition) => [
-      definition.key as UserBridgeCapability,
-      definition,
-    ]),
-  );
-}
-
-function isUserGrantable(
-  definitionsByKey: Map<UserBridgeCapability, SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView>,
-  capability: UserBridgeCapability,
-): boolean {
-  return definitionsByKey.get(capability)?.flags.userGrantable === true;
-}
-
-function buildPermissionReviewApp(
-  app: UserSageAppView,
-  grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissionsView,
-): UserSageAppView {
-  return {
-    ...app,
-    common: {
-      ...app.common,
-      grantedPermissions,
-    },
-  };
-}
-
-function buildUpdateReviewApp(
-  app: UserSageAppView,
-  context: AppUpdateReviewContext,
-  grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissionsView,
-): UserSageAppView | null {
-  if (!context.preview || context.preview.manifest.kind !== 'full') {
-    return null;
-  }
-
-  return {
-    ...app,
-    common: {
-      ...app.common,
-      grantedPermissions,
-      activeSnapshot: {
-        ...app.common.activeSnapshot,
-        manifest: context.preview.manifest.manifest,
-      },
-    },
-  };
-}
-
-function nextPermissionsForUpdate(args: {
-  app: UserSageAppView;
-  context: AppUpdateReviewContext;
-  definitionsByKey: Map<UserBridgeCapability, SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView>;
-}): SageGrantedPermissionsView | null {
-  if (!args.context.preview || args.context.preview.manifest.kind !== 'full') {
-    return null;
-  }
-
-  const nextRequested = args.context.preview.manifest.manifest.permissions;
-  const nextCaps = getRequestedCapabilities(nextRequested);
-  const nextNetwork = getRequestedNetwork(nextRequested);
-
-  const nextAllowedCaps = new Set([...nextCaps.required, ...nextCaps.optional]);
-  const nextAllowedNetwork = new Set([
-    ...nextNetwork.required.map(networkKey),
-    ...nextNetwork.optional.map(networkKey),
-  ]);
-
-  const retainedCapabilities = (
-    args.app.common.grantedPermissions.capabilities ?? []
-  )
-    .filter((capability) => nextAllowedCaps.has(capability))
-    .filter((capability) => isUserGrantable(args.definitionsByKey, capability));
-
-  const requiredGrantable = nextCaps.required.filter((capability) =>
-    isUserGrantable(args.definitionsByKey, capability),
-  );
-
-  const retainedNetwork = (
-    args.app.common.grantedPermissions.network.whitelist ?? []
-  ).filter((entry) => nextAllowedNetwork.has(networkKey(entry)));
-
-  const networkMap = new Map<string, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>();
-
-  for (const entry of retainedNetwork) {
-    networkMap.set(networkKey(entry), entry);
-  }
-
-  for (const entry of nextNetwork.required) {
-    networkMap.set(networkKey(entry), entry);
-  }
-
-  return {
-    capabilities: sortCapabilities([
-      ...retainedCapabilities,
-      ...requiredGrantable,
-    ]),
-    network: {
-      whitelist: sortNetwork(networkMap.values()),
-    },
-  };
-}
-
-function AppBody({ state }: { state: Extract<LoadState, { kind: 'ready' }> }) {
-  const [submitting, setSubmitting] = useState(false);
-  const [submitError, setSubmitError] = useState<string | null>(null);
-  const [grantedPermissions, setGrantedPermissions] =
-    useState<SageGrantedPermissionsInput>(state.app.common.grantedPermissions);
-
-  const definitionsByKey = useMemo(
-    () => definitionMap(state.definitions),
-    [state.definitions],
-  );
-
-  useEffect(() => {
-    if (state.mode !== 'review-update' || !state.updateContext) {
-      setGrantedPermissions(state.app.common.grantedPermissions);
-      return;
-    }
-
-    const next = nextPermissionsForUpdate({
-      app: state.app,
-      context: state.updateContext,
-      definitionsByKey,
-    });
-
-    if (next) {
-      setGrantedPermissions(next);
-    }
-  }, [definitionsByKey, state]);
-
-  const reviewApp = useMemo(() => {
-    if (state.mode === 'review-permissions') {
-      return buildPermissionReviewApp(state.app, grantedPermissions);
-    }
-
-    if (!state.updateContext) {
-      return null;
-    }
-
-    return buildUpdateReviewApp(
-      state.app,
-      state.updateContext,
-      grantedPermissions,
-    );
-  }, [grantedPermissions, state]);
-
-  async function closeModal() {
-    const client = await getSageSystemClient();
-    await client.runtimeManager.killRuntime({ appId: 'app-update' });
-  }
-
-  async function submit() {
-    setSubmitting(true);
-    setSubmitError(null);
-
-    try {
-      const client = await getSageSystemClient();
-
-      if (state.mode === 'review-permissions') {
-        await client.appPermissions.applyPermissions({
-          appId: state.app.common.identity.id,
-          grantedPermissions,
-        });
-      } else {
-        await client.appUpdate.applyUpdate({
-          appId: state.app.common.identity.id,
-          grantedPermissions,
-        });
-      }
-
-      await closeModal();
-    } catch (err) {
-      setSubmitError(formatSageError(err));
-    } finally {
-      setSubmitting(false);
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (state.mode === 'review-update') {
-    const preview = state.updateContext?.preview ?? null;
-
-    if (!preview) {
-      return (
-        <div className='space-y-4'>
-          <h1 className='text-lg font-semibold'>App is up to date</h1>
-          <p className='text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
-            No installable update is available for{' '}
-            {state.app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.name}.
-          </p>
-          <div className='flex justify-end'>
-            <button
-              className='rounded-md border border-border px-4 py-2 text-sm'
-              onClick={closeModal}
-            >
-              Close
-            </button>
-          </div>
-        </div>
-      );
-    }
-
-    if (preview.manifest.kind === 'partial') {
-      const header = preview.manifest.manifest_header;
-
-      return (
-        <div className='space-y-4'>
-          <h1 className='text-lg font-semibold'>Update cannot be installed</h1>
-          <div className='text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
-            {header.name} requires manifest features this Sage version cannot
-            safely understand.
-          </div>
-          <pre className='max-h-48 overflow-auto rounded-xl bg-muted p-3 text-xs whitespace-pre-wrap'>
-            {preview.manifest.parse_error}
-          </pre>
-          <div className='flex justify-end'>
-            <button
-              className='rounded-md border border-border px-4 py-2 text-sm'
-              onClick={closeModal}
-            >
-              Close
-            </button>
-          </div>
-        </div>
-      );
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (!reviewApp) {
-    return (
-      <div className='space-y-4'>
-        <h1 className='text-lg font-semibold'>Nothing to review</h1>
-        <button
-          className='rounded-md border border-border px-4 py-2 text-sm'
-          onClick={closeModal}
-        >
-          Close
-        </button>
-      </div>
-    );
-  }
-
-  const title =
-    state.mode === 'review-update'
-      ? 'Review app update'
-      : 'Change app permissions';
-
-  const subtitle =
-    state.mode === 'review-update' &&
-    state.updateContext?.preview?.manifest.kind === 'full'
-      ? `v${state.app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.version} → v${state.updateContext.preview.manifest.manifest.version}`
-      : state.app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.version;
-
-  return (
-    <AppModalShell
-      title={title}
-      appName={state.app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.name}
-      appVersion={subtitle}
-      footer={
-        <div className='flex justify-end gap-2'>
-          <button
-            className='rounded-md border border-border px-4 py-2 text-sm disabled:opacity-60'
-            disabled={submitting}
-            onClick={closeModal}
-          >
-            Cancel
-          </button>
-          <button
-            className='rounded-md bg-primary px-4 py-2 text-sm text-primary-foreground disabled:opacity-60'
-            disabled={submitting}
-            onClick={submit}
-          >
-            {submitting
-              ? state.mode === 'review-update'
-                ? 'Updating…'
-                : 'Saving…'
-              : state.mode === 'review-update'
-                ? 'Confirm update'
-                : 'Save permissions'}
-          </button>
-        </div>
-      }
-    >
-      <div className='space-y-4'>
-        <PermissionsEditor
-          app={reviewApp}
-          grantedPermissions={grantedPermissions}
-          capabilityDefinitions={state.definitions}
-          editable={!submitting}
-          onGrantedPermissionsChange={setGrantedPermissions}
-        />
-
-        {submitError ? (
-          <div className='rounded-xl border border-destructive/30 bg-destructive/10 p-3 text-sm text-destructive'>
-            {submitError}
-          </div>
-        ) : null}
-      </div>
-    </AppModalShell>
-  );
-}
+import { SystemModalShell } from '@sage-app/ui';
+import { useLoadState } from './hooks/useLoadState';
+import { UpdateReviewBody } from './components/UpdateReviewBody';
+import { PermissionsReviewBody } from './components/PermissionsReviewBody';
 
 export function App() {
-  const [state, setState] = useState<LoadState>({ kind: 'loading' });
-
-  useEffect(() => {
-    let cancelled = false;
-
-    async function load() {
-      try {
-        const params = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);
-        const appId = params.get('appId');
-        const mode = (params.get('mode') ?? 'review-update') as Mode;
-
-        if (!appId) {
-          setState({ kind: 'error', error: 'Missing appId' });
-          return;
-        }
-
-        const client = await getSageSystemClient();
-        await client.environment.theme.mountCssVars();
-
-        const definitions = await client.capabilities.listUserDefinitions();
-
-        if (mode === 'review-permissions') {
-          const permissionsContext =
-            await client.appPermissions.getReviewContext({ appId });
-
-          if (!cancelled) {
-            setState({
-              kind: 'ready',
-              mode,
-              app: permissionsContext.app,
-              permissionsContext,
-              updateContext: null,
-              definitions,
-            });
-          }
-
-          return;
-        }
-
-        const updateContext = await client.appUpdate.getReviewContext({
-          appId,
-        });
-
-        if (!cancelled) {
-          setState({
-            kind: 'ready',
-            mode: 'review-update',
-            app: updateContext.app,
-            updateContext,
-            permissionsContext: null,
-            definitions,
-          });
-        }
-      } catch (err) {
-        if (!cancelled) {
-          setState({ kind: 'error', error: formatSageError(err) });
-        }
-      }
-    }
-
-    void load();
-
-    return () => {
-      cancelled = true;
-    };
-  }, []);
+  const state = useLoadState();
 
   if (state.kind === 'loading') {
     return (
@@ -442,15 +17,14 @@ export function App() {
   if (state.kind === 'error') {
     return (
       <SystemModalShell>
-        <div className='space-y-3'>
-          <h1 className='text-lg font-semibold'>App update failed</h1>
-          <div className='rounded-xl border border-destructive/30 bg-destructive/10 p-3 text-sm text-destructive'>
-            {state.error}
-          </div>
-        </div>
+        <div className='text-destructive'>{state.error}</div>
       </SystemModalShell>
     );
   }
 
-  return <AppBody state={state} />;
+  if (state.mode === 'review-permissions') {
+    return <PermissionsReviewBody state={state} />;
+  }
+
+  return <UpdateReviewBody state={state} />;
 }
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/components/NoUpdateBody.tsx b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/components/NoUpdateBody.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b16978556
--- /dev/null
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/components/NoUpdateBody.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+export function NoUpdateBody({ name, onClose }: any) {
+  return (
+    <div className='space-y-4'>
+      <h1 className='text-lg font-semibold'>App is up to date</h1>
+      <p className='text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
+        No installable update is available for {name}.
+      </p>
+      <div className='flex justify-end'>
+        <button
+          className='rounded-md border px-4 py-2 text-sm'
+          onClick={onClose}
+        >
+          Close
+        </button>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  );
+}
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/components/PartialUpdateBody.tsx b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/components/PartialUpdateBody.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..14b183d0e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/components/PartialUpdateBody.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+export function PartialUpdateBody({ header, error, onClose }: any) {
+  return (
+    <div className='space-y-4'>
+      <h1 className='text-lg font-semibold'>Update cannot be installed</h1>
+
+      <div className='text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
+        {header.name} requires unsupported manifest features.
+      </div>
+
+      <pre className='max-h-48 overflow-auto rounded-xl bg-muted p-3 text-xs whitespace-pre-wrap'>
+        {error}
+      </pre>
+
+      <div className='flex justify-end'>
+        <button
+          className='rounded-md border px-4 py-2 text-sm'
+          onClick={onClose}
+        >
+          Close
+        </button>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  );
+}
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/components/PermissionsReviewBody.tsx b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/components/PermissionsReviewBody.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3a2b876cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/components/PermissionsReviewBody.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+import { useState } from 'react';
+import {
+  appModalIconFromCommonView,
+  AppModalShell,
+  PermissionsEditor,
+} from '@sage-app/ui';
+import { formatSageError, getSageSystemClient } from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
+
+export function PermissionsReviewBody({ state }: any) {
+  const [submitting, setSubmitting] = useState(false);
+  const [error, setError] = useState<string | null>(null);
+  const [grantedPermissions, setGrantedPermissions] = useState(
+    state.app.common.grantedPermissions,
+  );
+
+  async function close() {
+    const client = await getSageSystemClient();
+    await client.runtimeManager.closeSelf();
+  }
+
+  async function submit() {
+    setSubmitting(true);
+    setError(null);
+
+    try {
+      const client = await getSageSystemClient();
+
+      await client.appPermissions.applyPermissions({
+        appId: state.app.common.identity.id,
+        grantedPermissions,
+      });
+
+      await close();
+    } catch (err) {
+      setError(formatSageError(err));
+    } finally {
+      setSubmitting(false);
+    }
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <AppModalShell
+      appName={state.app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.name}
+      appIcon={appModalIconFromCommonView(state.app.common)}
+      title='Change app permissions'
+      footer={
+        <div className='flex justify-end gap-2'>
+          <button
+            className='rounded-md border px-4 py-2 text-sm'
+            disabled={submitting}
+            onClick={close}
+          >
+            Cancel
+          </button>
+
+          <button
+            className='rounded-md bg-primary px-4 py-2 text-sm text-primary-foreground'
+            disabled={submitting}
+            onClick={submit}
+          >
+            {submitting ? 'Saving…' : 'Save permissions'}
+          </button>
+        </div>
+      }
+    >
+      <div className='space-y-4'>
+        <PermissionsEditor
+          app={state.app}
+          grantedPermissions={grantedPermissions}
+          capabilityDefinitions={state.definitions}
+          editable={!submitting}
+          onGrantedPermissionsChange={setGrantedPermissions}
+        />
+
+        {error && (
+          <div className='rounded-xl border border-destructive/30 bg-destructive/10 p-3 text-sm text-destructive'>
+            {error}
+          </div>
+        )}
+      </div>
+    </AppModalShell>
+  );
+}
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/components/UpdateReviewBody.tsx b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/components/UpdateReviewBody.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fc4d6b044
--- /dev/null
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/components/UpdateReviewBody.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+import { useState, useMemo } from 'react';
+import {
+  appModalIconFromCommonView,
+  AppModalShell,
+  PermissionsEditor,
+} from '@sage-app/ui';
+import { formatSageError, getSageSystemClient } from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
+import { useUpdatePermissions } from '../hooks/useUpdatePermissions';
+import { NoUpdateBody } from './NoUpdateBody';
+import { PartialUpdateBody } from './PartialUpdateBody';
+
+export function UpdateReviewBody({ state }: any) {
+  const [submitting, setSubmitting] = useState(false);
+  const [error, setError] = useState<string | null>(null);
+
+  const { grantedPermissions, setGrantedPermissions } = useUpdatePermissions({
+    app: state.app,
+    context: state.updateContext,
+    definitions: state.definitions,
+  });
+
+  async function close() {
+    const client = await getSageSystemClient();
+    await client.runtimeManager.closeSelf();
+  }
+
+  async function submit() {
+    setSubmitting(true);
+    setError(null);
+
+    try {
+      const client = await getSageSystemClient();
+
+      await client.appUpdate.applyUpdate({
+        appId: state.app.common.identity.id,
+        grantedPermissions,
+      });
+
+      await close();
+    } catch (err) {
+      setError(formatSageError(err));
+    } finally {
+      setSubmitting(false);
+    }
+  }
+
+  const preview = state.updateContext?.preview ?? null;
+
+  // ---- No update
+  if (!preview) {
+    return (
+      <NoUpdateBody
+        name={state.app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.name}
+        onClose={close}
+      />
+    );
+  }
+
+  // ---- Partial / unsupported
+  if (preview.manifest.kind === 'partial') {
+    return (
+      <PartialUpdateBody
+        header={preview.manifest.manifest_header}
+        error={preview.manifest.parse_error}
+        onClose={close}
+      />
+    );
+  }
+
+  // ---- Build preview app
+  const reviewApp = useMemo(() => {
+    return {
+      ...state.app,
+      common: {
+        ...state.app.common,
+        grantedPermissions,
+        activeSnapshot: {
+          ...state.app.common.activeSnapshot,
+          manifest: preview.manifest.manifest,
+        },
+      },
+    };
+  }, [state.app, grantedPermissions, preview]);
+
+  const subtitle = `v${state.app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.version} → v${preview.manifest.manifest.version}`;
+
+  return (
+    <AppModalShell
+      title='Review app update'
+      appIcon={appModalIconFromCommonView(state.app.common)}
+      appName={state.app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.name}
+      footer={
+        <div className='flex justify-end gap-2'>
+          <button
+            className='rounded-md border px-4 py-2 text-sm'
+            disabled={submitting}
+            onClick={close}
+          >
+            Cancel
+          </button>
+
+          <button
+            className='rounded-md bg-primary px-4 py-2 text-sm text-primary-foreground'
+            disabled={submitting}
+            onClick={submit}
+          >
+            {submitting ? 'Updating…' : 'Confirm update'}
+          </button>
+        </div>
+      }
+    >
+      <div className='space-y-4'>
+        <PermissionsEditor
+          app={reviewApp}
+          grantedPermissions={grantedPermissions}
+          capabilityDefinitions={state.definitions}
+          editable={!submitting}
+          onGrantedPermissionsChange={setGrantedPermissions}
+        />
+
+        {error && (
+          <div className='rounded-xl border border-destructive/30 bg-destructive/10 p-3 text-sm text-destructive'>
+            {error}
+          </div>
+        )}
+      </div>
+    </AppModalShell>
+  );
+}
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/hooks/useLoadState.ts b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/hooks/useLoadState.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5461fac15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/hooks/useLoadState.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+import { useEffect, useState } from 'react';
+import { formatSageError, getSageSystemClient } from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
+import type { LoadState, Mode } from '../types';
+
+export function useLoadState() {
+  const [state, setState] = useState<LoadState>({ kind: 'loading' });
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    let cancelled = false;
+
+    async function load() {
+      try {
+        const params = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);
+        const appId = params.get('appId');
+        const mode = (params.get('mode') ?? 'review-update') as Mode;
+
+        if (!appId) {
+          setState({ kind: 'error', error: 'Missing appId' });
+          return;
+        }
+
+        const client = await getSageSystemClient();
+        await client.environment.theme.mountCssVars();
+
+        const definitions = await client.capabilities.listUserDefinitions();
+
+        if (mode === 'review-permissions') {
+          const permissionsContext =
+            await client.appPermissions.getReviewContext({ appId });
+
+          if (!cancelled) {
+            setState({
+              kind: 'ready',
+              mode,
+              app: permissionsContext.app,
+              permissionsContext,
+              updateContext: null,
+              definitions,
+            });
+          }
+          return;
+        }
+
+        const updateContext = await client.appUpdate.getReviewContext({
+          appId,
+        });
+
+        if (!cancelled) {
+          setState({
+            kind: 'ready',
+            mode: 'review-update',
+            app: updateContext.app,
+            updateContext,
+            permissionsContext: null,
+            definitions,
+          });
+        }
+      } catch (err) {
+        if (!cancelled) {
+          setState({ kind: 'error', error: formatSageError(err) });
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    void load();
+    return () => {
+      cancelled = true;
+    };
+  }, []);
+
+  return state;
+}
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/hooks/useUpdatePermissions.ts b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/hooks/useUpdatePermissions.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8b41a178d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/hooks/useUpdatePermissions.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+import { useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react';
+import type {
+  AppUpdateReviewContext,
+  SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView,
+  SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
+  SageGrantedPermissionsView,
+  UserSageAppView,
+} from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
+import { definitionMap } from '../utils/definitions';
+import { nextPermissionsForUpdate } from '../utils/permissions';
+
+export function useUpdatePermissions(args: {
+  app: UserSageAppView;
+  context: AppUpdateReviewContext | null;
+  definitions: SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView[];
+}) {
+  const { app, context, definitions } = args;
+
+  const [grantedPermissions, setGrantedPermissions] =
+    useState<SageGrantedPermissionsInput>(app.common.grantedPermissions);
+
+  const definitionsByKey = useMemo(
+    () => definitionMap(definitions),
+    [definitions],
+  );
+
+  // auto-adjust permissions when update context changes
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!context) {
+      setGrantedPermissions(app.common.grantedPermissions);
+      return;
+    }
+
+    const next = nextPermissionsForUpdate({
+      app,
+      context,
+      definitionsByKey,
+    });
+
+    if (next) {
+      setGrantedPermissions(next);
+    }
+  }, [app, context, definitionsByKey]);
+
+  return {
+    grantedPermissions,
+    setGrantedPermissions,
+  };
+}
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/types.ts b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/types.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a1ebc2590
--- /dev/null
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/types.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+import type {
+  AppPermissionsReviewContext,
+  AppUpdateReviewContext,
+  SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView,
+  UserSageAppView,
+} from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
+
+export type Mode = 'review-update' | 'review-permissions';
+
+export type LoadState =
+  | { kind: 'loading' }
+  | { kind: 'error'; error: string }
+  | {
+      kind: 'ready';
+      mode: Mode;
+      app: UserSageAppView;
+      updateContext: AppUpdateReviewContext | null;
+      permissionsContext: AppPermissionsReviewContext | null;
+      definitions: SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView[];
+    };
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/utils/definitions.ts b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/utils/definitions.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ae91ffb63
--- /dev/null
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/utils/definitions.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+import type {
+  SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView,
+  UserBridgeCapability,
+} from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
+
+export function definitionMap(definitions: SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView[]) {
+  return new Map(definitions.map((d) => [d.key as UserBridgeCapability, d]));
+}
+
+export function isUserGrantable(
+  definitions: Map<UserBridgeCapability, SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView>,
+  capability: UserBridgeCapability,
+) {
+  return definitions.get(capability)?.flags.userGrantable === true;
+}
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/utils/permissions.ts b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/utils/permissions.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e58fecf05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/utils/permissions.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+import type {
+  SageGrantedPermissionsView,
+  SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
+  SageRequestedPermissions,
+  UserBridgeCapability,
+} from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
+import { isUserGrantable } from './definitions';
+
+function networkKey(entry: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry) {
+  return `${entry.scheme}://${entry.host}`;
+}
+
+function sortCapabilities(values: Iterable<UserBridgeCapability>) {
+  return [...new Set(values)].sort((a, b) => a.localeCompare(b));
+}
+
+function sortNetwork(values: Iterable<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>) {
+  return [...values].sort((a, b) => networkKey(a).localeCompare(networkKey(b)));
+}
+
+export function nextPermissionsForUpdate(args: {
+  app: any;
+  context: any;
+  definitionsByKey: Map<any, any>;
+}): SageGrantedPermissionsView | null {
+  if (!args.context.preview || args.context.preview.manifest.kind !== 'full') {
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  const nextRequested = args.context.preview.manifest.manifest.permissions;
+
+  const nextCaps = {
+    required: nextRequested.capabilities.required ?? [],
+    optional: nextRequested.capabilities.optional ?? [],
+  };
+
+  const nextNetwork = {
+    required: nextRequested.network.whitelist.required ?? [],
+    optional: nextRequested.network.whitelist.optional ?? [],
+  };
+
+  const nextAllowedCaps = new Set([...nextCaps.required, ...nextCaps.optional]);
+  const nextAllowedNetwork = new Set([
+    ...nextNetwork.required.map(networkKey),
+    ...nextNetwork.optional.map(networkKey),
+  ]);
+
+  const retainedCapabilities = (
+    args.app.common.grantedPermissions.capabilities ?? []
+  )
+    .filter((c: UserBridgeCapability) => nextAllowedCaps.has(c))
+    .filter((c: UserBridgeCapability) =>
+      isUserGrantable(args.definitionsByKey, c),
+    );
+
+  const requiredGrantable = nextCaps.required.filter(
+    (c: UserBridgeCapability) => isUserGrantable(args.definitionsByKey, c),
+  );
+
+  const retainedNetwork = (
+    args.app.common.grantedPermissions.network.whitelist ?? []
+  ).filter((e: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry) =>
+    nextAllowedNetwork.has(networkKey(e)),
+  );
+
+  const networkMap = new Map<string, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>();
+
+  for (const e of retainedNetwork) networkMap.set(networkKey(e), e);
+  for (const e of nextNetwork.required) networkMap.set(networkKey(e), e);
+
+  return {
+    capabilities: sortCapabilities([
+      ...retainedCapabilities,
+      ...requiredGrantable,
+    ]),
+    network: {
+      whitelist: sortNetwork(networkMap.values()),
+    },
+  };
+}
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/tsconfig.base.json b/builtin-apps/src/system/tsconfig.base.json
index d88f8bcee..95f6b32ae 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/tsconfig.base.json
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/tsconfig.base.json
@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
 {
   "compilerOptions": {
+    "baseUrl": "../../..",
+    "paths": {
+      "@sage-app/ui": ["packages/sage-app-ui/src/index.ts"]
+    },
     "target": "ES2022",
     "useDefineForClassFields": true,
     "lib": ["ES2022", "DOM", "DOM.Iterable"],
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/Cargo.toml b/crates/sage-apps/Cargo.toml
index 50a95c534..669953fa9 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/Cargo.toml
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ specta = { workspace = true, features = ["derive", "function", "url"] }
 tauri-specta = { workspace = true, features = ["derive"] }
 specta-typescript = { workspace = true }
 tauri = { workspace = true, features = ["macos-private-api"] }
+tauri-plugin-dialog = "2.7.1"
 tokio = { workspace = true }
 reqwest = { workspace = true, features = ["json", "rustls-tls"] }
 anyhow = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/install_url.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/install_url.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7cc0d657b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/install_url.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+use serde::{Deserialize};
+use specta::Type;
+use tauri::Manager;
+
+use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
+    parse_required_params, BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult,
+    BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError,
+};
+use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::bridge::methods::system::AppInstallInstallResult;
+use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
+use crate::lifecycle::install::commands::install_app_url;
+use crate::types::{SageGrantedPermissionsInput};
+
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct AppInstallInstallUrlParams {
+    app_url: String,
+    granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub(crate) struct AppInstallInstallUrl;
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl BridgeMethod for AppInstallInstallUrl {
+    fn name(&self) -> &'static str {
+        "appInstall.installUrl"
+    }
+
+    fn capability(&self) -> BridgeMethodCapability {
+        BridgeMethodCapability::system(SystemBridgeCapability::AppInstallApply)
+    }
+
+    fn approval_request(
+        &self,
+        _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> BridgeApprovalRequestResult {
+        Ok(None)
+    }
+
+    async fn handle(
+        &self,
+        _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
+        request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> BridgeHandleResult {
+        let params: AppInstallInstallUrlParams = parse_required_params(self, request)?;
+        let state = tools.app_handle.state::<crate::host::AppState>();
+
+        let app = install_app_url(
+            tools.app_handle.clone(),
+            state,
+            params.app_url,
+            params.granted_permissions,
+        )
+            .await
+            .map_err(|err| BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error(err.to_string()))?;
+
+        Ok(Box::new(AppInstallInstallResult::new(app)))
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/install_zip.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/install_zip.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b6aea20a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/install_zip.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+use serde::Deserialize;
+use specta::Type;
+use tauri::Manager;
+
+use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
+    parse_required_params, BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult,
+    BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError,
+};
+use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
+use crate::lifecycle::install::commands::install_app_zip;
+use crate::types::SageGrantedPermissionsInput;
+
+use super::AppInstallInstallResult;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct AppInstallInstallZipParams {
+    zip_path: String,
+    granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub(crate) struct AppInstallInstallZip;
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl BridgeMethod for AppInstallInstallZip {
+    fn name(&self) -> &'static str {
+        "appInstall.installZip"
+    }
+
+    fn capability(&self) -> BridgeMethodCapability {
+        BridgeMethodCapability::system(SystemBridgeCapability::AppInstallApply)
+    }
+
+    fn approval_request(
+        &self,
+        _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> BridgeApprovalRequestResult {
+        Ok(None)
+    }
+
+    async fn handle(
+        &self,
+        _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
+        request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> BridgeHandleResult {
+        let params: AppInstallInstallZipParams = parse_required_params(self, request)?;
+        let state = tools.app_handle.state::<crate::host::AppState>();
+
+        let app = install_app_zip(
+            tools.app_handle.clone(),
+            state,
+            params.zip_path,
+            params.granted_permissions,
+        )
+            .await
+            .map_err(|err| BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error(err.to_string()))?;
+
+        Ok(Box::new(AppInstallInstallResult::new(app)))
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cedd06350
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+mod preview_url;
+mod preview_zip;
+mod install_url;
+mod install_zip;
+
+use serde::Serialize;
+use specta::Type;
+pub(crate) use preview_url::{AppInstallPreviewUrl, AppInstallPreviewUrlParams};
+pub(crate) use preview_zip::{AppInstallPreviewZip, AppInstallPreviewZipParams};
+pub(crate) use install_url::{AppInstallInstallUrl, AppInstallInstallUrlParams};
+pub(crate) use install_zip::{AppInstallInstallZip, AppInstallInstallZipParams};
+use crate::types::UserSageAppView;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub(crate) struct AppInstallInstallResult {
+    app: UserSageAppView,
+}
+
+impl AppInstallInstallResult {
+    pub fn new(app: UserSageAppView) -> Self {
+        Self { app }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/preview_url.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/preview_url.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6d153ead9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/preview_url.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+use serde::Deserialize;
+use specta::Type;
+
+use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
+    parse_required_params, BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult,
+    BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError,
+};
+use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
+use crate::lifecycle::install::commands::preview_app_url;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct AppInstallPreviewUrlParams {
+    app_url: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub(crate) struct AppInstallPreviewUrl;
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl BridgeMethod for AppInstallPreviewUrl {
+    fn name(&self) -> &'static str {
+        "appInstall.previewUrl"
+    }
+
+    fn capability(&self) -> BridgeMethodCapability {
+        BridgeMethodCapability::system(SystemBridgeCapability::AppInstallPreview)
+    }
+
+    fn approval_request(
+        &self,
+        _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> BridgeApprovalRequestResult {
+        Ok(None)
+    }
+
+    async fn handle(
+        &self,
+        _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        _tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
+        request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> BridgeHandleResult {
+        let params: AppInstallPreviewUrlParams = parse_required_params(self, request)?;
+
+        let preview = preview_app_url(params.app_url)
+            .await
+            .map_err(|err| BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error(err.to_string()))?;
+
+        Ok(Box::new(preview))
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/preview_zip.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/preview_zip.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..081f5cbf4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/preview_zip.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+use serde::Deserialize;
+use specta::Type;
+
+use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
+    parse_required_params, BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult,
+    BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError,
+};
+use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
+use crate::lifecycle::install::commands::preview_app_zip;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct AppInstallPreviewZipParams {
+    zip_path: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub(crate) struct AppInstallPreviewZip;
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl BridgeMethod for AppInstallPreviewZip {
+    fn name(&self) -> &'static str {
+        "appInstall.previewZip"
+    }
+
+    fn capability(&self) -> BridgeMethodCapability {
+        BridgeMethodCapability::system(SystemBridgeCapability::AppInstallPreview)
+    }
+
+    fn approval_request(
+        &self,
+        _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> BridgeApprovalRequestResult {
+        Ok(None)
+    }
+
+    async fn handle(
+        &self,
+        _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        _tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
+        request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> BridgeHandleResult {
+        let params: AppInstallPreviewZipParams = parse_required_params(self, request)?;
+
+        let manifest = preview_app_zip(params.zip_path)
+            .map_err(|err| BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error(err.to_string()))?;
+
+        Ok(Box::new(manifest))
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/file_system/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/file_system/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4664ad449
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/file_system/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+mod select_file;
+
+pub(crate) use select_file::{
+    FileSystemSelectFile, FileSystemSelectFileParams, FileSystemSelectFileResult,
+};
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/file_system/select_file.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/file_system/select_file.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9193c93b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/file_system/select_file.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use specta::Type;
+use tauri_plugin_dialog::DialogExt;
+
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
+    parse_required_params, BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult,
+    BridgeMethodCapability,
+};
+use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
+use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct FileSystemSelectFileFilter {
+    name: String,
+    extensions: Vec<String>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct FileSystemSelectFileParams {
+    #[serde(default)]
+    title: Option<String>,
+
+    #[serde(default)]
+    filters: Vec<FileSystemSelectFileFilter>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct FileSystemSelectFileResult {
+    path: Option<String>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub(crate) struct FileSystemSelectFile;
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl BridgeMethod for FileSystemSelectFile {
+    fn name(&self) -> &'static str {
+        "fileSystem.selectFile"
+    }
+
+    fn capability(&self) -> BridgeMethodCapability {
+        BridgeMethodCapability::system(SystemBridgeCapability::FileSystemSelectFile)
+    }
+
+    fn approval_request(
+        &self,
+        _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> BridgeApprovalRequestResult {
+        Ok(None)
+    }
+
+    async fn handle(
+        &self,
+        _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
+        request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> BridgeHandleResult {
+        let params: FileSystemSelectFileParams = parse_required_params(self, request)?;
+
+        let mut dialog = tools.app_handle.dialog().file();
+
+        if let Some(title) = params.title {
+            dialog = dialog.set_title(title);
+        }
+
+        for filter in params.filters {
+            let extensions = filter
+                .extensions
+                .iter()
+                .map(String::as_str)
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+            dialog = dialog.add_filter(filter.name, &extensions);
+        }
+
+        let selected = dialog.blocking_pick_file().map(|path| path.to_string());
+
+        Ok(Box::new(FileSystemSelectFileResult { path: selected }))
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/mod.rs
index ee66afb29..275b7e0f8 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/mod.rs
@@ -2,8 +2,12 @@ mod app_permissions;
 mod app_update;
 mod capabilities;
 mod runtime_manager;
+mod app_install;
+mod file_system;
 
 pub(crate) use app_permissions::*;
 pub(crate) use app_update::*;
 pub(crate) use capabilities::*;
 pub(crate) use runtime_manager::*;
+pub(crate) use app_install::*;
+pub(crate) use file_system::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/close_self.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/close_self.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f99728c6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/close_self.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+
+use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
+    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
+};
+use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
+use crate::runtime::stop::{kill_runtime, SystemKillRuntimeError};
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub(crate) struct RuntimeManagerCloseSelf;
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl BridgeMethod for RuntimeManagerCloseSelf {
+    fn name(&self) -> &'static str {
+        "runtimeManager.closeSelf"
+    }
+
+    fn capability(&self) -> BridgeMethodCapability {
+        BridgeMethodCapability::system(SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerCloseSelf)
+    }
+
+    fn approval_request(
+        &self,
+        _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> BridgeApprovalRequestResult {
+        Ok(None)
+    }
+
+    async fn handle(
+        &self,
+        ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
+        _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> BridgeHandleResult {
+        let app_id = ctx.app.id();
+
+        match kill_runtime(
+            tools.app_handle,
+            tools.host_state,
+            &app_id,
+            "self_close",
+        )
+            .await
+        {
+            Ok(_) | Err(SystemKillRuntimeError::NotFound) => {
+                Ok(Box::new(()))
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/mod.rs
index 424ee5819..d2685cba4 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/mod.rs
@@ -3,9 +3,11 @@ mod focus_runtime;
 mod hide_runtime;
 mod kill_runtime;
 mod list_runtimes;
+mod close_self;
 
 pub(crate) use events::{RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent, ActiveRuntimeChangedEvent};
 pub(crate) use focus_runtime::RuntimeManagerFocusRuntime;
 pub(crate) use hide_runtime::RuntimeManagerHideRuntime;
 pub(crate) use kill_runtime::RuntimeManagerKillRuntime;
 pub(crate) use list_runtimes::RuntimeManagerListRuntimes;
+pub(crate) use close_self::RuntimeManagerCloseSelf;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs
index 71d021233..f769eb7e2 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,6 @@
 use super::methods::BridgeMethod;
-use super::methods::system::{AppPermissionsApplyPermissions, AppPermissionsGetReviewContext, AppUpdateApplyUpdate, AppUpdateGetReviewContext, CapabilitiesListUserDefinitions, RuntimeManagerFocusRuntime, RuntimeManagerHideRuntime, RuntimeManagerKillRuntime, RuntimeManagerListRuntimes};
-use super::methods::user::{
-    AppGetCapabilities, AppGetInfo, AppLifecycleReadyToStop, AppLifecycleSetBeforeStopListener,
-    AppRequestCapabilityGrant, AppRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant, BridgePing, BridgeSend,
-    WalletCheckAddress, WalletGetCoins, WalletGetCoinsByIds, WalletGetDerivations, WalletGetKey,
-    WalletGetKeys, WalletGetPendingTransactions, WalletGetSecretKey, WalletGetSpendableCoinCount,
-    WalletGetSyncStatus, WalletGetTransaction, WalletGetTransactions, WalletGetVersion,
-    WalletSendXch,
-};
+use super::methods::system::*;
+use super::methods::user::*;
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::environment::EnvironmentThemeGetCurrent;
 
@@ -92,12 +85,22 @@ fn build_system_methods() -> HashMap<&'static str, Box<dyn BridgeMethod>> {
     insert_method(&mut methods, RuntimeManagerFocusRuntime);
     insert_method(&mut methods, RuntimeManagerHideRuntime);
     insert_method(&mut methods, RuntimeManagerKillRuntime);
+    insert_method(&mut methods, RuntimeManagerCloseSelf);
+
+    insert_method(&mut methods, AppInstallPreviewUrl);
+    insert_method(&mut methods, AppInstallPreviewZip);
+    insert_method(&mut methods, AppInstallInstallUrl);
+    insert_method(&mut methods, AppInstallInstallZip);
+
     insert_method(&mut methods, AppUpdateGetReviewContext);
     insert_method(&mut methods, AppUpdateApplyUpdate);
+
     insert_method(&mut methods, CapabilitiesListUserDefinitions);
     insert_method(&mut methods, AppPermissionsGetReviewContext);
     insert_method(&mut methods, AppPermissionsApplyPermissions);
 
+    insert_method(&mut methods, FileSystemSelectFile);
+
     methods
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
index f7b655cd3..d7febd6a0 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::bridge::methods::system::{AppPermissionsApplyPermissionsParams, AppPermissionsApplyPermissionsResult, AppPermissionsGetReviewContextParams, AppPermissionsReviewContext, AppUpdateApplyUpdateParams, AppUpdateApplyUpdateResult, AppUpdateGetReviewContextParams, AppUpdateReviewContext, RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent};
+use crate::bridge::methods::system::{AppInstallInstallResult, AppInstallInstallUrlParams, AppInstallInstallZipParams, AppInstallPreviewUrlParams, AppInstallPreviewZipParams, AppPermissionsApplyPermissionsParams, AppPermissionsApplyPermissionsResult, AppPermissionsGetReviewContextParams, AppPermissionsReviewContext, AppUpdateApplyUpdateParams, AppUpdateApplyUpdateResult, AppUpdateGetReviewContextParams, AppUpdateReviewContext, FileSystemSelectFileParams, FileSystemSelectFileResult, RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent};
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::get_info::{AppGetInfoResult, SageNetworkPermissionInfo};
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::request_capability_grant::{
     RequestCapabilityGrantParams, RequestCapabilityGrantResult,
@@ -28,29 +28,6 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::events::BeforeStopEvent;
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::environment::{EnvironmentThemeChangedEvent, EnvironmentThemeGetCurrentResult};
 use crate::types::SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView;
 
-pub fn export_system_bridge_typescript() -> Result<String, String> {
-    let mut types = TypeCollection::default();
-
-    types.register::<RuntimeTargetParams>();
-    //types.register::<SageAppRuntimeRecord>();
-    types.register::<SystemKillRuntimeResult>();
-    types.register::<RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent>();
-    types.register::<AppUpdateGetReviewContextParams>();
-    types.register::<AppUpdateReviewContext>();
-    types.register::<AppUpdateApplyUpdateParams>();
-    types.register::<AppUpdateApplyUpdateResult>();
-    types.register::<SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView>();
-    types.register::<AppPermissionsGetReviewContextParams>();
-    types.register::<AppPermissionsReviewContext>();
-    types.register::<AppPermissionsApplyPermissionsParams>();
-    types.register::<AppPermissionsApplyPermissionsResult>();
-
-    Typescript::default()
-        .bigint(BigIntExportBehavior::Number)
-        .export(&types)
-        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to export system bridge TS types: {err}"))
-}
-
 pub fn export_user_bridge_typescript() -> Result<String, String> {
     let mut types = TypeCollection::default();
 
@@ -104,3 +81,36 @@ pub fn export_user_bridge_typescript() -> Result<String, String> {
         .export(&types)
         .map_err(|err| format!("failed to export user bridge TS types: {err}"))
 }
+
+pub fn export_system_bridge_typescript() -> Result<String, String> {
+    let mut types = TypeCollection::default();
+
+    types.register::<RuntimeTargetParams>();
+    types.register::<SystemKillRuntimeResult>();
+    types.register::<RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent>();
+
+    types.register::<AppInstallPreviewUrlParams>();
+    types.register::<AppInstallPreviewZipParams>();
+    types.register::<AppInstallInstallUrlParams>();
+    types.register::<AppInstallInstallZipParams>();
+    types.register::<AppInstallInstallResult>();
+
+    types.register::<AppUpdateGetReviewContextParams>();
+    types.register::<AppUpdateReviewContext>();
+    types.register::<AppUpdateApplyUpdateParams>();
+    types.register::<AppUpdateApplyUpdateResult>();
+
+    types.register::<SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView>();
+    types.register::<AppPermissionsGetReviewContextParams>();
+    types.register::<AppPermissionsReviewContext>();
+    types.register::<AppPermissionsApplyPermissionsParams>();
+    types.register::<AppPermissionsApplyPermissionsResult>();
+
+    types.register::<FileSystemSelectFileParams>();
+    types.register::<FileSystemSelectFileResult>();
+
+    Typescript::default()
+        .bigint(BigIntExportBehavior::Number)
+        .export(&types)
+        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to export system bridge TS types: {err}"))
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs
index 1bc38b954..29d62ab73 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs
@@ -254,6 +254,30 @@ pub(crate) fn get_system_capability_definition(
             "Allows the system app to apply reviewed app permission changes.",
             system_app_flags(),
         ),
+        SystemBridgeCapability::AppInstallPreview => CapabilityDefinition::new(
+            capability,
+            "Preview app installs",
+            "Allows the system app to preview URL and ZIP app installations.",
+            system_app_flags(),
+        ),
+        SystemBridgeCapability::AppInstallApply => CapabilityDefinition::new(
+            capability,
+            "Install apps",
+            "Allows the system app to install Sage apps after review.",
+            system_app_flags(),
+        ),
+        SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerCloseSelf => CapabilityDefinition::new(
+            capability,
+            "Close itself",
+            "Allows the system app to close its own runtime.",
+            system_app_flags(),
+        ),
+        SystemBridgeCapability::FileSystemSelectFile => CapabilityDefinition::new(
+            capability,
+            "Select file",
+            "Allows the system app to ask the user to select a local file.",
+            system_app_flags(),
+        ),
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs
index 4c4aee581..290a2fc75 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs
@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@ macro_rules! define_bridge_capabilities {
             Ord,
             Hash,
         )]
-        #[allow(clippy::enum_variant_names)]
         $visibility enum $name {
             $(
                 #[serde(rename = $key)]
@@ -62,14 +61,17 @@ pub enum BridgeCapability {
 
 define_bridge_capabilities! {
     pub enum UserBridgeCapability {
-        StoragePersistentWebview => "storage.persistent_webview",
         BridgeSend => "bridge.send",
-        AppGetCapabilities => "app.get_capabilities",
+
         AppGetInfo => "app.get_info",
+
         AppLifecycleReadyToStop => "app.lifecycle.ready_to_stop",
         AppLifecycleSetBeforeStopListener => "app.lifecycle.set_before_stop_listener",
+
+        AppGetCapabilities => "app.get_capabilities",
         AppRequestCapabilityGrant => "app.request_capability_grant",
         AppRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant => "app.request_network_whitelist_grant",
+
         WalletGetKeys => "wallet.get_keys",
         WalletGetKey => "wallet.get_key",
         WalletGetSecretKey => "wallet.get_secret_key",
@@ -85,9 +87,12 @@ define_bridge_capabilities! {
         WalletGetPendingTransactions => "wallet.get_pending_transactions",
         WalletGetTransaction => "wallet.get_transaction",
         WalletGetTransactions => "wallet.get_transactions",
+
         EnvironmentThemeGetCurrent => "environment.theme.get_current",
         EnvironmentThemeCssVars => "environment.theme.css_vars",
         EnvironmentThemeListenChanged => "environment.theme.listen_changed",
+
+        StoragePersistentWebview => "storage.persistent_webview",
     }
 }
 
@@ -98,14 +103,20 @@ define_bridge_capabilities! {
         RuntimeManagerHideRuntime => "runtime_manager.hide_runtime",
         RuntimeManagerKillRuntime => "runtime_manager.kill_runtime",
         RuntimeManagerListenRuntimesChanged => "runtime_manager.listen_runtimes_changed",
+        RuntimeManagerCloseSelf => "runtime_manager.close_self",
 
         CapabilityDefinitionsRead => "capability_definitions.read",
 
         AppPermissionsRead => "app_permissions.read",
         AppPermissionsApply => "app_permissions.apply",
 
+        AppInstallPreview => "app_install.preview",
+        AppInstallApply => "app_install.apply",
+
         AppUpdateRead => "app_update.read",
         AppUpdateApply => "app_update.apply",
+
+        FileSystemSelectFile => "file_system.select_file",
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs
index d714b2fd0..8b7801c87 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 
 use serde::Deserialize;
 use specta::Type;
-use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
+use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
 use crate::runtime::start::{create_runtime, CreateRuntimeArgs};
 use crate::runtime::state::list_runtimes;
@@ -11,16 +11,30 @@ use crate::runtime::{
     focus_runtime, hide_runtime, RuntimeTargetParams, SageAppRuntimeMode,
     SageAppRuntimeRecordView, SageAppRuntimeVisibility,
 };
-use crate::system_apps::SYSTEM_APP_APP_UPDATE_ID;
+use crate::system_apps::{SYSTEM_APP_APP_INSTALL_ID, SYSTEM_APP_APP_UPDATE_ID};
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::runtime::webview_locator::get_webview_in_sage_window;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Type)]
 #[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub enum StartSystemAppArgs {
+    AppInstall(StartAppInstallArgs),
     AppUpdate(StartAppUpdateArgs),
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct StartAppInstallArgs {
+    pub source: StartAppInstallSource,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub enum StartAppInstallSource {
+    SelectSource,
+    Url { app_url: String },
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct StartAppUpdateArgs {
@@ -52,6 +66,27 @@ pub async fn apps_start_system_app(
     args: StartSystemAppArgs,
 ) -> Result<SageAppRuntimeRecordView, String> {
     let create_args = match args {
+        StartSystemAppArgs::AppInstall(args) => {
+            let mut query = BTreeMap::new();
+
+            match args.source {
+                StartAppInstallSource::SelectSource => {
+                    query.insert("mode".to_string(), "select-source".to_string());
+                }
+                StartAppInstallSource::Url { app_url } => {
+                    query.insert("mode".to_string(), "url".to_string());
+                    query.insert("appUrl".to_string(), app_url);
+                }
+            }
+
+            CreateRuntimeArgs {
+                app_id: SYSTEM_APP_APP_INSTALL_ID.to_string(),
+                mode: SageAppRuntimeMode::Inline,
+                visibility: SageAppRuntimeVisibility::Visible,
+                debug_layout: false,
+                query,
+            }
+        }
         StartSystemAppArgs::AppUpdate(args) => {
             let mut query = BTreeMap::new();
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
index 463c43b67..77a984fd1 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ use crate::utils::builtin_apps_root;
 
 pub const SYSTEM_APP_TASK_MANAGER_ID: &str = "task-manager";
 pub const SYSTEM_APP_APP_UPDATE_ID: &str = "app-update";
+pub const SYSTEM_APP_APP_INSTALL_ID: &str = "app-install";
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct BuiltinSystemAppSpec {
@@ -47,7 +48,19 @@ const BUILTIN_SYSTEM_APPS: &[BuiltinSystemAppSpec] = &[
             SystemBridgeCapability::AppPermissionsApply,
             SystemBridgeCapability::AppUpdateRead,
             SystemBridgeCapability::AppUpdateApply,
-            SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerKillRuntime,
+            SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerCloseSelf,
+        ],
+    },
+    BuiltinSystemAppSpec {
+        app_id: SYSTEM_APP_APP_INSTALL_ID,
+        dir_name: "app-install",
+        presentation: SystemAppPresentation::AppModal,
+        system_capabilities: &[
+            SystemBridgeCapability::CapabilityDefinitionsRead,
+            SystemBridgeCapability::AppInstallPreview,
+            SystemBridgeCapability::AppInstallApply,
+            SystemBridgeCapability::FileSystemSelectFile,
+            SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerCloseSelf,
         ],
     },
 ];
diff --git a/docs/generated/system-bridge-capabilities.md b/docs/generated/system-bridge-capabilities.md
index e3811c323..449adf3f5 100644
--- a/docs/generated/system-bridge-capabilities.md
+++ b/docs/generated/system-bridge-capabilities.md
@@ -70,6 +70,20 @@ Allows the system app to receive events when Sage app runtimes change.
 | Externally observable | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
+## `runtime_manager.close_self`
+
+**Close itself**
+
+Allows the system app to close its own runtime.
+
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `false` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
+
 ## `capability_definitions.read`
 
 **Read capability definitions**
@@ -112,6 +126,34 @@ Allows the system app to apply reviewed app permission changes.
 | Externally observable | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
+## `app_install.preview`
+
+**Preview app installs**
+
+Allows the system app to preview URL and ZIP app installations.
+
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `false` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
+
+## `app_install.apply`
+
+**Install apps**
+
+Allows the system app to install Sage apps after review.
+
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `false` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
+
 ## `app_update.read`
 
 **Read app update review context**
@@ -140,3 +182,17 @@ Allows the system app to download and apply approved Sage app updates.
 | Externally observable | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
+## `file_system.select_file`
+
+**Select file**
+
+Allows the system app to ask the user to select a local file.
+
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `false` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
+
diff --git a/docs/generated/system-bridge-methods.md b/docs/generated/system-bridge-methods.md
index b0b880716..02b4e643e 100644
--- a/docs/generated/system-bridge-methods.md
+++ b/docs/generated/system-bridge-methods.md
@@ -1,5 +1,29 @@
 # System bridge methods
 
+## `appInstall.installUrl`
+
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Capability | `app_install.apply` |
+
+## `appInstall.installZip`
+
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Capability | `app_install.apply` |
+
+## `appInstall.previewUrl`
+
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Capability | `app_install.preview` |
+
+## `appInstall.previewZip`
+
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Capability | `app_install.preview` |
+
 ## `appPermissions.applyPermissions`
 
 | Field | Value |
@@ -30,6 +54,18 @@
 |---|---|
 | Capability | `capability_definitions.read` |
 
+## `fileSystem.selectFile`
+
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Capability | `file_system.select_file` |
+
+## `runtimeManager.closeSelf`
+
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Capability | `runtime_manager.close_self` |
+
 ## `runtimeManager.focusRuntime`
 
 | Field | Value |
diff --git a/docs/generated/user-bridge-capabilities.md b/docs/generated/user-bridge-capabilities.md
index ea47e4af1..40fde541d 100644
--- a/docs/generated/user-bridge-capabilities.md
+++ b/docs/generated/user-bridge-capabilities.md
@@ -1,19 +1,5 @@
 # User bridge capabilities
 
-## `storage.persistent_webview`
-
-**Persistent storage**
-
-Allows the app to store data on this device between sessions.
-
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `true` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
-| Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
-
 ## `bridge.send`
 
 **Bridge messaging**
@@ -28,11 +14,11 @@ Allows the app to send messages through the Sage bridge. (Only for sandbox tests
 | Externally observable | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
-## `app.get_capabilities`
+## `app.get_info`
 
-**Read granted capabilities**
+**Read app information**
 
-Allows the app to read the capabilities currently visible to it.
+Allows the app to read its Sage app identity and permission information.
 
 | Flag | Value |
 |---|---|
@@ -42,11 +28,11 @@ Allows the app to read the capabilities currently visible to it.
 | Externally observable | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
-## `app.get_info`
+## `app.lifecycle.ready_to_stop`
 
-**Read app information**
+**Acknowledge app shutdown**
 
-Allows the app to read its Sage app identity and permission information.
+Allows the app to acknowledge that it is ready to stop after a lifecycle request.
 
 | Flag | Value |
 |---|---|
@@ -56,11 +42,11 @@ Allows the app to read its Sage app identity and permission information.
 | Externally observable | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
-## `app.lifecycle.ready_to_stop`
+## `app.lifecycle.set_before_stop_listener`
 
-**Acknowledge app shutdown**
+**Listen before app shutdown**
 
-Allows the app to acknowledge that it is ready to stop after a lifecycle request.
+Allows the app to register a before-stop lifecycle listener.
 
 | Flag | Value |
 |---|---|
@@ -70,11 +56,11 @@ Allows the app to acknowledge that it is ready to stop after a lifecycle request
 | Externally observable | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
-## `app.lifecycle.set_before_stop_listener`
+## `app.get_capabilities`
 
-**Listen before app shutdown**
+**Read granted capabilities**
 
-Allows the app to register a before-stop lifecycle listener.
+Allows the app to read the capabilities currently visible to it.
 
 | Flag | Value |
 |---|---|
@@ -364,3 +350,17 @@ Allows the app to receive events when Sage's theme changes.
 | Externally observable | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
+## `storage.persistent_webview`
+
+**Persistent storage**
+
+Allows the app to store data on this device between sessions.
+
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `true` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
+
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index 6e8480ab6..ea2867fed 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
     "build:builtin-static": "node scripts/build-builtin-static.mjs",
     "build:builtin-apps": "pnpm run build:packages && pnpm run build:system-apps && pnpm run build:builtin-static",
     "build": "pnpm run build:builtin-apps && tsc -b && vite build",
-    "tauri:dev": "concurrently -k -n SYSTEM,TAURI -c yellow,cyan \"pnpm dev:system-apps\" \"tauri dev\"",
+    "tauri:dev": "pnpm build && concurrently -k -n SYSTEM,TAURI -c yellow,cyan \"pnpm dev:system-apps\" \"tauri dev\"",
     "tauri:build": "pnpm build && tauri build",
     "lint": "eslint .",
     "preview": "vite preview",
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-ui/package.json b/packages/sage-app-ui/package.json
index ee954ac66..5d5bfe85c 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-ui/package.json
+++ b/packages/sage-app-ui/package.json
@@ -9,14 +9,6 @@
     ".": {
       "types": "./dist/index.d.ts",
       "import": "./dist/index.js"
-    },
-    "./permissions": {
-      "types": "./dist/permissions/index.d.ts",
-      "import": "./dist/permissions/index.js"
-    },
-    "./system-modal": {
-      "types": "./dist/system-modal/index.d.ts",
-      "import": "./dist/system-modal/index.js"
     }
   },
   "dependencies": {
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/AppIcon.tsx b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/AppIcon.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3bcfd8cf6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/AppIcon.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+import { useEffect, useMemo } from 'react';
+import { SageAppCommonView } from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
+
+export type AppIconBytes = {
+  bytes: number[];
+  mime: string;
+};
+
+export function AppIconFromUrl({
+  name,
+  iconUrl,
+  className,
+}: {
+  name: string;
+  iconUrl: string | null;
+  className?: string;
+}) {
+  if (iconUrl) {
+    return (
+      <img
+        src={iconUrl}
+        alt=''
+        className={['h-full w-full object-contain', className].join(' ')}
+      />
+    );
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <div className={['flex items-center justify-center', className].join(' ')}>
+      {name.trim().charAt(0).toUpperCase() || 'A'}
+    </div>
+  );
+}
+
+export function AppIconFromBytes({
+  name,
+  icon,
+  className,
+}: {
+  name: string;
+  icon: AppIconBytes | null;
+  className?: string;
+}) {
+  const iconUrl = useMemo(() => {
+    if (!icon) return null;
+
+    return URL.createObjectURL(
+      new Blob([new Uint8Array(icon.bytes)], { type: icon.mime }),
+    );
+  }, [icon]);
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    return () => {
+      if (iconUrl) URL.revokeObjectURL(iconUrl);
+    };
+  }, [iconUrl]);
+
+  return <AppIconFromUrl name={name} iconUrl={iconUrl} className={className} />;
+}
+
+export function AppIconFromCommonView({ common }: { common: SageAppCommonView }) {
+  const icon = common.icon;
+
+  if (!icon) {
+    return (
+      <AppIconFromBytes
+        name={common.activeSnapshot.manifest.name}
+        icon={null}
+      />
+    );
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <AppIconFromBytes
+      name={common.activeSnapshot.manifest.name}
+      icon={{
+        bytes: icon.bytes,
+        mime: icon.mime,
+      }}
+    />
+  );
+}
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor.tsx
similarity index 100%
rename from packages/sage-app-ui/src/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx
rename to packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor.tsx
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/permissions/index.ts b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/index.ts
similarity index 57%
rename from packages/sage-app-ui/src/permissions/index.ts
rename to packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/index.ts
index 478865f14..a90e8b316 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/permissions/index.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/index.ts
@@ -1 +1,2 @@
+export * from './AppIcon';
 export * from './PermissionsEditor';
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/index.ts b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/index.ts
index c85954d3e..a70ffbc4e 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/index.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/index.ts
@@ -1 +1,2 @@
-export * from './permissions';
+export * from './components';
+export * from './presentation';
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/presentation/index.ts b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/presentation/index.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..133aa7420
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/presentation/index.ts
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+export * from './modal';
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/system-modal/AppModalShell.tsx b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/presentation/modal/AppModalShell.tsx
similarity index 54%
rename from packages/sage-app-ui/src/system-modal/AppModalShell.tsx
rename to packages/sage-app-ui/src/presentation/modal/AppModalShell.tsx
index 5cdf51b8a..36b77f3ae 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/system-modal/AppModalShell.tsx
+++ b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/presentation/modal/AppModalShell.tsx
@@ -1,24 +1,48 @@
 import type { ReactNode } from 'react';
 import { SystemModalShell } from './SystemModalShell';
+import {
+  AppIconBytes,
+  AppIconFromBytes,
+  AppIconFromUrl,
+} from '../../components';
+import {SageAppCommonView} from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
 
 interface AppModalShellProps {
-  title: ReactNode;
-  appName: ReactNode;
+  title: string;
+  appName: string;
   children: ReactNode;
-  appVersion?: ReactNode;
-  appIconSrc?: string | null;
-  description?: ReactNode;
+  appIcon: AppModalIcon;
+  description?: string;
   footer?: ReactNode;
   className?: string;
   bodyClassName?: string;
   contentClassName?: string;
 }
 
+export type AppModalIcon =
+  | { kind: 'url'; iconUrl: string | null }
+  | { kind: 'bytes'; icon: AppIconBytes | null };
+
+export function appModalIconFromCommonView(common: SageAppCommonView): AppModalIcon {
+  const icon = common.icon;
+
+  if (!icon) {
+    return { kind: 'bytes', icon: null };
+  }
+
+  return {
+    kind: 'bytes',
+    icon: {
+      bytes: icon.bytes,
+      mime: icon.mime,
+    },
+  };
+}
+
 export function AppModalShell({
   title,
   appName,
-  appIconSrc,
-  description,
+  appIcon,
   footer,
   children,
   className = '',
@@ -30,20 +54,26 @@ export function AppModalShell({
       contentClassName={['p-0 overflow-hidden', contentClassName].join(' ')}
     >
       <div className={['flex h-full min-h-0 flex-col', className].join(' ')}>
-        <header className='grid h-20 shrink-0 grid-cols-[5rem_1fr] border-b border-border'>
+        <header className='grid h-16 shrink-0 grid-cols-[4rem_1fr] border-b border-border'>
           <div className='border-r border-border'>
-            {appIconSrc ? (
-              <img
-                src={appIconSrc}
-                alt=''
-                className='h-full w-full object-cover'
-              />
-            ) : (
-              <div className='h-full w-full bg-foreground/5' />
-            )}
+            <div className='h-full w-full p-1'>
+              {appIcon.kind === 'url' ? (
+                <AppIconFromUrl
+                  name={appName}
+                  iconUrl={appIcon.iconUrl}
+                  className='h-full w-full'
+                />
+              ) : (
+                <AppIconFromBytes
+                  name={appName}
+                  icon={appIcon.icon}
+                  className='h-full w-full'
+                />
+              )}
+            </div>
           </div>
 
-          <div className='flex min-w-0 flex-col justify-center px-5'>
+          <div className='flex min-w-0 flex-col justify-center px-3'>
             <div className='truncate text-xs font-medium uppercase tracking-wide text-muted-foreground'>
               {appName}
             </div>
@@ -51,12 +81,6 @@ export function AppModalShell({
             <h1 className='mt-0.5 truncate text-lg font-semibold text-foreground'>
               {title}
             </h1>
-
-            {description ? (
-              <div className='mt-0.5 truncate text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
-                {description}
-              </div>
-            ) : null}
           </div>
         </header>
 
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/system-modal/SystemModalShell.tsx b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/presentation/modal/SystemModalShell.tsx
similarity index 97%
rename from packages/sage-app-ui/src/system-modal/SystemModalShell.tsx
rename to packages/sage-app-ui/src/presentation/modal/SystemModalShell.tsx
index 367d458fc..8cc79c85c 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/system-modal/SystemModalShell.tsx
+++ b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/presentation/modal/SystemModalShell.tsx
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ export function SystemModalShell({
         style={{
           backdropFilter: 'blur(80px) saturate(0.55)',
           WebkitBackdropFilter: 'blur(80px) saturate(0.55)',
-          backgroundColor: colorWithAlpha(tint, 0.7),
+          backgroundColor: colorWithAlpha(tint, 0.8),
         }}
       >
         {children}
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/presentation/modal/index.ts b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/presentation/modal/index.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bb446def6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/presentation/modal/index.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+export * from './SystemModalShell';
+export * from './AppModalShell';
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/system-modal/index.ts b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/system-modal/index.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 3868b0162..000000000
--- a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/system-modal/index.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-export { SystemModalShell } from './SystemModalShell';
-export { AppModalShell } from './AppModalShell';
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-ui/tsup.config.ts b/packages/sage-app-ui/tsup.config.ts
index cd390cbb6..6e1e981c2 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-ui/tsup.config.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-app-ui/tsup.config.ts
@@ -2,9 +2,7 @@ import { defineConfig } from 'tsup';
 
 export default defineConfig({
   entry: {
-    index: 'src/index.ts',
-    'permissions/index': 'src/permissions/index.ts',
-    'system-modal/index': 'src/system-modal/index.ts',
+    index: 'src/index.ts'
   },
   format: ['esm'],
   dts: true,
diff --git a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
index 44ed34a3b..6031c3b26 100644
--- a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
@@ -236,6 +236,9 @@ export function initSageSystemRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
               input,
             );
           },
+          async closeSelf() {
+            return await callHost<void>('runtimeManager.closeSelf');
+          },
 
           onRuntimesChanged(handler) {
             return onSystemRuntimeEventType<Generated.RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent>(
@@ -245,6 +248,36 @@ export function initSageSystemRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
           },
         },
 
+        appInstall: {
+          async previewUrl(input: Generated.AppInstallPreviewUrlParams) {
+            return await callHost<Generated.SageAppUrlPreview>(
+              'appInstall.previewUrl',
+              input,
+            );
+          },
+
+          async previewZip(input: Generated.AppInstallPreviewZipParams) {
+            return await callHost<Generated.SageAppPackageManifest>(
+              'appInstall.previewZip',
+              input,
+            );
+          },
+
+          async installUrl(input: Generated.AppInstallInstallUrlParams) {
+            return await callHost<Generated.AppInstallInstallResult>(
+              'appInstall.installUrl',
+              input,
+            );
+          },
+
+          async installZip(input: Generated.AppInstallInstallZipParams) {
+            return await callHost<Generated.AppInstallInstallResult>(
+              'appInstall.installZip',
+              input,
+            );
+          },
+        },
+
         appUpdate: {
           async getReviewContext(
             input: Generated.AppUpdateGetReviewContextParams,
@@ -289,6 +322,14 @@ export function initSageSystemRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
             );
           },
         },
+        fileSystem: {
+          async selectFile(input: Generated.FileSystemSelectFileParams) {
+            return await callHost<Generated.FileSystemSelectFileResult>(
+              'fileSystem.selectFile',
+              input,
+            );
+          },
+        },
       };
     })
     .catch((error: unknown) => {
diff --git a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/types.ts b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/types.ts
index a79d55749..a250a8114 100644
--- a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/types.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/types.ts
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ export type SageSystemRuntimeManagerClient = {
   onRuntimesChanged(
     handler: (event: Generated.RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent) => void,
   ): () => void;
+  closeSelf(): Promise<void>;
 };
 
 export type SageSystemCapabilitiesClient = {
@@ -37,6 +38,24 @@ export type SageSystemAppPermissionsClient = {
   ): Promise<Generated.AppPermissionsApplyPermissionsResult>;
 };
 
+export type SageSystemAppInstallClient = {
+  previewUrl(
+    input: Generated.AppInstallPreviewUrlParams,
+  ): Promise<Generated.SageAppUrlPreview>;
+
+  previewZip(
+    input: Generated.AppInstallPreviewZipParams,
+  ): Promise<Generated.SageAppPackageManifest>;
+
+  installUrl(
+    input: Generated.AppInstallInstallUrlParams,
+  ): Promise<Generated.AppInstallInstallResult>;
+
+  installZip(
+    input: Generated.AppInstallInstallZipParams,
+  ): Promise<Generated.AppInstallInstallResult>;
+};
+
 export type SageSystemAppUpdateClient = {
   getReviewContext(
     input: Generated.AppUpdateGetReviewContextParams,
@@ -46,10 +65,17 @@ export type SageSystemAppUpdateClient = {
     input: Generated.AppUpdateApplyUpdateParams,
   ): Promise<Generated.AppUpdateApplyUpdateResult>;
 };
+export type SageSystemFileSystemClient = {
+  selectFile(
+    input: Generated.FileSystemSelectFileParams,
+  ): Promise<Generated.FileSystemSelectFileResult>;
+};
 
 export type SageSystemClient = SageClient & {
   runtimeManager: SageSystemRuntimeManagerClient;
   capabilities: SageSystemCapabilitiesClient;
   appPermissions: SageSystemAppPermissionsClient;
+  appInstall: SageSystemAppInstallClient;
   appUpdate: SageSystemAppUpdateClient;
+  fileSystem: SageSystemFileSystemClient;
 };
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index 903116d7a..b3089c922 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -2627,9 +2627,11 @@ fee: Amount;
  * Whether to automatically submit the transaction
  */
 auto_submit?: boolean }
+export type StartAppInstallArgs = { source: StartAppInstallSource }
+export type StartAppInstallSource = { kind: "selectSource" } | { kind: "url"; app_url: string }
 export type StartAppUpdateArgs = { mode: StartAppUpdateMode; appId: string }
 export type StartAppUpdateMode = "reviewUpdate" | "reviewPermissions"
-export type StartSystemAppArgs = ({ kind: "appUpdate" } & StartAppUpdateArgs)
+export type StartSystemAppArgs = ({ kind: "appInstall" } & StartAppInstallArgs) | ({ kind: "appUpdate" } & StartAppUpdateArgs)
 /**
  * Submit a transaction to the network
  */
@@ -2644,7 +2646,7 @@ spend_bundle: SpendBundleJson }
 export type SubmitTransactionResponse = Record<string, never>
 export type SyncEvent = { type: "start"; ip: string } | { type: "stop" } | { type: "subscribed" } | { type: "derivation" } | { type: "coin_state" } | { type: "transaction_failed"; transaction_id: string; error: string | null } | { type: "puzzle_batch_synced" } | { type: "cat_info" } | { type: "did_info" } | { type: "nft_data" }
 export type SystemAppPresentation = "Taskbar" | "AppModal"
-export type SystemBridgeCapability = "runtime_manager.list_runtimes" | "runtime_manager.focus_runtime" | "runtime_manager.hide_runtime" | "runtime_manager.kill_runtime" | "runtime_manager.listen_runtimes_changed" | "capability_definitions.read" | "app_permissions.read" | "app_permissions.apply" | "app_update.read" | "app_update.apply"
+export type SystemBridgeCapability = "runtime_manager.list_runtimes" | "runtime_manager.focus_runtime" | "runtime_manager.hide_runtime" | "runtime_manager.kill_runtime" | "runtime_manager.listen_runtimes_changed" | "runtime_manager.close_self" | "capability_definitions.read" | "app_permissions.read" | "app_permissions.apply" | "app_install.preview" | "app_install.apply" | "app_update.read" | "app_update.apply" | "file_system.select_file"
 export type SystemKillRuntimeResult = { ok: boolean; appId: string }
 export type SystemSageAppView = { common: SageAppCommonView; presentation: SystemAppPresentation; systemGrantedPermissions: SageGrantedSystemPermissionsView }
 /**
@@ -2863,7 +2865,7 @@ visible: boolean }
  * Response after updating an option
  */
 export type UpdateOptionResponse = Record<string, never>
-export type UserBridgeCapability = "storage.persistent_webview" | "bridge.send" | "app.get_capabilities" | "app.get_info" | "app.lifecycle.ready_to_stop" | "app.lifecycle.set_before_stop_listener" | "app.request_capability_grant" | "app.request_network_whitelist_grant" | "wallet.get_keys" | "wallet.get_key" | "wallet.get_secret_key" | "wallet.send_xch" | "wallet.send_xch_auto_submit" | "wallet.get_sync_status" | "wallet.get_version" | "wallet.check_address" | "wallet.get_derivations" | "wallet.get_spendable_coin_count" | "wallet.get_coins_by_ids" | "wallet.get_coins" | "wallet.get_pending_transactions" | "wallet.get_transaction" | "wallet.get_transactions" | "environment.theme.get_current" | "environment.theme.css_vars" | "environment.theme.listen_changed"
+export type UserBridgeCapability = "bridge.send" | "app.get_info" | "app.lifecycle.ready_to_stop" | "app.lifecycle.set_before_stop_listener" | "app.get_capabilities" | "app.request_capability_grant" | "app.request_network_whitelist_grant" | "wallet.get_keys" | "wallet.get_key" | "wallet.get_secret_key" | "wallet.send_xch" | "wallet.send_xch_auto_submit" | "wallet.get_sync_status" | "wallet.get_version" | "wallet.check_address" | "wallet.get_derivations" | "wallet.get_spendable_coin_count" | "wallet.get_coins_by_ids" | "wallet.get_coins" | "wallet.get_pending_transactions" | "wallet.get_transaction" | "wallet.get_transactions" | "environment.theme.get_current" | "environment.theme.css_vars" | "environment.theme.listen_changed" | "storage.persistent_webview"
 export type UserSageAppPendingUpdateView = { appUrl: SageAppUrl; manifestHash: string; manifest: SageAppPackageManifest }
 export type UserSageAppSource = { kind: "zip" } | { kind: "url"; app_url: SageAppUrl }
 export type UserSageAppView = { common: SageAppCommonView; source: UserSageAppSource; pendingUpdate?: UserSageAppPendingUpdateView | null }
diff --git a/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx b/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx
index b3be04b22..af121d1f9 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { useEffect, useState } from 'react';
-import { PermissionsEditor as SharedPermissionsEditor } from '@sage-app/ui/permissions';
+import { PermissionsEditor as SharedPermissionsEditor } from '@sage-app/ui';
 import type {
   SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView,
   SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
diff --git a/src/pages/Apps.tsx b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
index cbbf7ba59..6fe1f3b84 100644
--- a/src/pages/Apps.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import { Alert, AlertDescription, AlertTitle } from '@/components/ui/alert';
-import { InstallAppForm } from '@/components/apps/InstallAppForm';
 import { CorruptedAppCard } from '@/components/apps/CorruptedAppCard';
 import { AppsLaunchpadContextMenu } from '@/components/apps/AppsLaunchpadContextMenu';
 import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
@@ -13,14 +12,12 @@ import {
 import {
   commands,
   ListedSageAppView,
-  SageAppPackageManifest,
   SageAppUrlPreview,
   SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
   SageGrantedPermissionsView,
   SystemSageAppView,
   UserSageAppView,
 } from '@/bindings.ts';
-import { invoke } from '@tauri-apps/api/core';
 import { useApps } from '@/contexts/AppsContext.tsx';
 import { useAppRuntimes } from '@/hooks/useAppRuntimes.ts';
 import {
@@ -123,7 +120,6 @@ function isFullUpdatePreview(preview: SageAppUrlPreview | null): boolean {
 
 export function Apps() {
   const navigate = useNavigate();
-  const [installOpen, setInstallOpen] = useState(false);
   const [contextMenu, setContextMenu] = useState<AppContextMenuState>(null);
   const pageRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement | null>(null);
   const runtimes = useAppRuntimes();
@@ -160,8 +156,6 @@ export function Apps() {
     loading,
     error,
     refresh,
-    installApp,
-    installUrlApp,
     uninstallApp,
     checkForUpdate,
     clearAppStorage,
@@ -503,7 +497,10 @@ export function Apps() {
             <Button
               variant='outline'
               onClick={() => {
-                setInstallOpen(true);
+                void commands.appsStartSystemApp({
+                  kind: 'appInstall',
+                  source: { kind: 'selectSource' },
+                });
               }}
             >
               <Plus className='mr-2 h-4 w-4' />
@@ -800,36 +797,6 @@ export function Apps() {
         <SystemAppModalLayer />
       </div>
 
-      <Dialog
-        open={installOpen}
-        onOpenChange={(open) => {
-          setInstallOpen(open);
-        }}
-      >
-        <DialogContent className='max-w-2xl'>
-          <DialogHeader>
-            <DialogTitle>Install App</DialogTitle>
-          </DialogHeader>
-
-          <InstallAppForm
-            onPreviewZip={(zipPath: string) =>
-              invoke<SageAppPackageManifest>('preview_app_zip', { zipPath })
-            }
-            onPreviewUrl={(appUrl: string) =>
-              invoke<SageAppUrlPreview>('preview_app_url', { appUrl })
-            }
-            onInstallZip={async (zipPath, grantedPermissions) => {
-              await installApp(zipPath, grantedPermissions);
-              setInstallOpen(false);
-            }}
-            onInstallUrl={async (appUrl, grantedPermissions) => {
-              await installUrlApp(appUrl, grantedPermissions);
-              setInstallOpen(false);
-            }}
-          />
-        </DialogContent>
-      </Dialog>
-
       <Dialog
         open={!!permissionsDialogApp}
         onOpenChange={(open) => {

From 0697989bf1071ea7febc6bb160bc688fa1b09127 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sun, 3 May 2026 20:11:52 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 326/471] Adjust modal background transparency and footer
 padding
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

- Updated `SystemModalShell` background transparency for better visual distinction (`0.8` → `0.85`).
- Refined `AppModalShell` footer padding for improved layout consistency (`py-4` → `py-3`).
---
 packages/sage-app-ui/src/presentation/modal/AppModalShell.tsx   | 2 +-
 .../sage-app-ui/src/presentation/modal/SystemModalShell.tsx     | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/presentation/modal/AppModalShell.tsx b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/presentation/modal/AppModalShell.tsx
index 36b77f3ae..5a13a16ae 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/presentation/modal/AppModalShell.tsx
+++ b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/presentation/modal/AppModalShell.tsx
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ export function AppModalShell({
         </main>
 
         {footer ? (
-          <footer className='shrink-0 border-t border-border px-6 py-4'>
+          <footer className='shrink-0 border-t border-border px-6 py-3'>
             {footer}
           </footer>
         ) : null}
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/presentation/modal/SystemModalShell.tsx b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/presentation/modal/SystemModalShell.tsx
index 8cc79c85c..ff359d349 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/presentation/modal/SystemModalShell.tsx
+++ b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/presentation/modal/SystemModalShell.tsx
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ export function SystemModalShell({
         style={{
           backdropFilter: 'blur(80px) saturate(0.55)',
           WebkitBackdropFilter: 'blur(80px) saturate(0.55)',
-          backgroundColor: colorWithAlpha(tint, 0.8),
+          backgroundColor: colorWithAlpha(tint, 0.85),
         }}
       >
         {children}

From 1991f0295e664068a8b48f01f94672af53fc1be1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sun, 3 May 2026 20:19:36 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 327/471] Remove `InstallAppForm` and
 `InstallPermissionsDialog` components

- Deleted `InstallAppForm` and `InstallPermissionsDialog` components along with associated utilities and bindings (`permissionUtils`, `formatAppError`).
- Updated `SelectSourceView` button styles to include hover state.
---
 .../src/components/SelectSourceView.tsx       |   2 +-
 src/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx        | 148 ---------
 .../apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx        | 288 ------------------
 3 files changed, 1 insertion(+), 437 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 src/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx
 delete mode 100644 src/components/apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx

diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/SelectSourceView.tsx b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/SelectSourceView.tsx
index 9c7175e09..b9611a708 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/SelectSourceView.tsx
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/SelectSourceView.tsx
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ export function SelectSourceView({
       footer={
         <div className='flex justify-end'>
           <button
-            className='rounded-md border border-border px-4 py-2 text-sm disabled:opacity-60'
+            className='rounded-md border border-border px-4 py-2 text-sm disabled:opacity-60 hover:bg-muted'
             disabled={working}
             onClick={closeSelf}
           >
diff --git a/src/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx b/src/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx
deleted file mode 100644
index d42efab7d..000000000
--- a/src/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,148 +0,0 @@
-import { useState } from 'react';
-import type {
-  SageAppPackageManifest,
-  SageAppUrlPreview,
-  SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
-} from '@/bindings';
-import { formatAppError } from '@/lib/apps/formatAppError.ts';
-import { InstallSourceCard } from './InstallSourceCard';
-import {
-  buildEmptyGrantedPermissions,
-  buildInitialGrantedPermissions,
-} from '@/components/apps/permissions/permissionUtils.ts';
-import { InstallPermissionsDialog } from '@/components/apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx';
-
-interface Props {
-  onPreviewZip: (zipPath: string) => Promise<SageAppPackageManifest>;
-  onPreviewUrl: (appUrl: string) => Promise<SageAppUrlPreview>;
-  onInstallZip: (
-    zipPath: string,
-    grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
-  ) => Promise<void>;
-  onInstallUrl: (
-    appUrl: string,
-    grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
-  ) => Promise<void>;
-}
-
-export type InstallSource =
-  | {
-      kind: 'zip';
-      zipPath: string;
-      manifest: SageAppPackageManifest;
-    }
-  | {
-      kind: 'url';
-      appUrl: string;
-      preview: SageAppUrlPreview;
-    };
-
-export function InstallAppForm({
-  onPreviewZip,
-  onPreviewUrl,
-  onInstallZip,
-  onInstallUrl,
-}: Props) {
-  const [installing, setInstalling] = useState(false);
-  const [error, setError] = useState<string | null>(null);
-  const [urlInput, setUrlInput] = useState('');
-  const [source, setSource] = useState<InstallSource | null>(null);
-  const [grantedPermissions, setGrantedPermissions] =
-    useState<SageGrantedPermissionsInput>(buildEmptyGrantedPermissions());
-
-  async function handleSelectZipPath(zipPath: string) {
-    try {
-      setError(null);
-
-      const nextManifest = await onPreviewZip(zipPath);
-
-      setSource({
-        kind: 'zip',
-        zipPath,
-        manifest: nextManifest,
-      });
-
-      setGrantedPermissions(buildInitialGrantedPermissions(nextManifest));
-    } catch (err) {
-      setError(formatAppError(err));
-    }
-  }
-
-  async function handlePreviewUrl() {
-    try {
-      setError(null);
-
-      const preview = await onPreviewUrl(urlInput.trim());
-
-      setSource({
-        kind: 'url',
-        appUrl: preview.appUrl,
-        preview,
-      });
-
-      if (preview.manifest.kind === 'full') {
-        setGrantedPermissions(
-          buildInitialGrantedPermissions(preview.manifest.manifest),
-        );
-      } else {
-        setGrantedPermissions(buildEmptyGrantedPermissions());
-      }
-    } catch (err) {
-      setError(formatAppError(err));
-    }
-  }
-
-  async function confirmInstall() {
-    if (!source) {
-      return;
-    }
-
-    try {
-      setInstalling(true);
-      setError(null);
-
-      if (source.kind === 'zip') {
-        await onInstallZip(source.zipPath, grantedPermissions);
-      } else {
-        await onInstallUrl(source.appUrl, grantedPermissions);
-      }
-
-      setSource(null);
-      setGrantedPermissions(buildEmptyGrantedPermissions());
-      setUrlInput('');
-    } catch (err) {
-      setError(formatAppError(err));
-    } finally {
-      setInstalling(false);
-    }
-  }
-
-  function resetDialog() {
-    setSource(null);
-    setGrantedPermissions(buildEmptyGrantedPermissions());
-    setError(null);
-  }
-
-  return (
-    <>
-      <InstallSourceCard
-        installing={installing}
-        urlInput={urlInput}
-        onUrlInputChange={setUrlInput}
-        onSelectZipPath={handleSelectZipPath}
-        onPreviewUrl={handlePreviewUrl}
-        error={error}
-      />
-
-      <InstallPermissionsDialog
-        source={source}
-        error={error}
-        installing={installing}
-        grantedPermissions={grantedPermissions}
-        onGrantedPermissionsChange={setGrantedPermissions}
-        onCancel={resetDialog}
-        onConfirm={confirmInstall}
-      />
-    </>
-  );
-}
diff --git a/src/components/apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx b/src/components/apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx
deleted file mode 100644
index 1cd96b785..000000000
--- a/src/components/apps/permissions/InstallDialog.tsx
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,288 +0,0 @@
-import type {
-  SageAppPackageManifest,
-  SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
-  SageGrantedPermissionsView,
-  UserSageAppView,
-} from '@/bindings';
-import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
-import {
-  Dialog,
-  DialogContent,
-  DialogFooter,
-  DialogHeader,
-  DialogTitle,
-} from '@/components/ui/dialog';
-import { PermissionsEditor } from '@/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor';
-import { Globe, Package } from 'lucide-react';
-import { InstallSource } from '@/components/apps/InstallAppForm.tsx';
-import { AppIconContent } from '@/components/apps/AppIcon.tsx';
-
-interface Props {
-  source: InstallSource | null;
-  error: string | null;
-  installing: boolean;
-  grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissionsView;
-  onGrantedPermissionsChange: (next: SageGrantedPermissionsInput) => void;
-  onCancel: () => void;
-  onConfirm: () => void;
-}
-
-function installManifest(source: InstallSource): SageAppPackageManifest | null {
-  if (source.kind === 'zip') {
-    return source.manifest;
-  }
-
-  if (source.preview.manifest.kind !== 'full') {
-    return null;
-  }
-
-  return source.preview.manifest.manifest;
-}
-
-function buildPreviewApp(
-  manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
-  grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissionsView,
-): UserSageAppView {
-  return {
-    common: {
-      identity: {
-        id: '__install_preview__',
-        originId: '__install_preview__',
-      },
-      grantedPermissions,
-      activeSnapshot: {
-        manifest,
-      },
-      icon: null,
-    },
-    source: { kind: 'zip' },
-    pendingUpdate: null,
-  };
-}
-
-function formatBytes(bytes: number): string {
-  if (!Number.isFinite(bytes) || bytes < 0) {
-    return 'Unknown';
-  }
-
-  if (bytes < 1024) {
-    return `${bytes} B`;
-  }
-
-  const units = ['KB', 'MB', 'GB', 'TB'];
-  let value = bytes / 1024;
-  let unitIndex = 0;
-
-  while (value >= 1024 && unitIndex < units.length - 1) {
-    value /= 1024;
-    unitIndex += 1;
-  }
-
-  const digits = value >= 100 ? 0 : value >= 10 ? 1 : 2;
-  return `${value.toFixed(digits)} ${units[unitIndex]}`;
-}
-
-function resolveInstallIconUrl(
-  source: InstallSource,
-  manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
-): string | null {
-  if (source.kind !== 'url') return null;
-  if (!manifest.icon) return null;
-
-  try {
-    return new URL(manifest.icon, source.preview.appUrl).toString();
-  } catch {
-    return null;
-  }
-}
-
-function computeManifestSize(manifest: SageAppPackageManifest): number {
-  return manifest.files.reduce((sum, f) => sum + (f.size ?? 0), 0);
-}
-
-function InstallAppIcon({
-  source,
-  manifest,
-}: {
-  source: InstallSource;
-  manifest: SageAppPackageManifest;
-}) {
-  return (
-    <div className='flex h-16 w-16 items-center justify-center rounded-2xl border bg-muted/30 text-lg font-semibold shadow-sm'>
-      <AppIconContent
-        name={manifest.name}
-        iconUrl={resolveInstallIconUrl(source, manifest)}
-      />
-    </div>
-  );
-}
-
-function InstallAppSummary({
-  source,
-  manifest,
-}: {
-  source: InstallSource;
-  manifest: SageAppPackageManifest;
-}) {
-  const previewSizeBytes = computeManifestSize(manifest);
-
-  return (
-    <div className='rounded-2xl border bg-muted/20 p-4'>
-      <div className='flex items-start gap-4'>
-        <InstallAppIcon source={source} manifest={manifest} />
-
-        <div className='min-w-0 flex-1'>
-          <div className='flex flex-wrap items-center gap-2'>
-            <div className='truncate text-xl font-semibold'>
-              {manifest.name}
-            </div>
-
-            <span className='rounded-full border px-2 py-0.5 text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
-              v{manifest.version}
-            </span>
-
-            <span className='rounded-full border px-2 py-0.5 text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
-              {source.kind === 'url' ? 'URL install' : 'ZIP install'}
-            </span>
-          </div>
-
-          <div className='mt-3 grid gap-2 text-sm text-muted-foreground sm:grid-cols-2'>
-            <div className='flex items-center gap-2'>
-              {source.kind === 'url' ? (
-                <Globe className='h-4 w-4' />
-              ) : (
-                <Package className='h-4 w-4' />
-              )}
-              <span className='truncate'>
-                {source.kind === 'url' ? source.appUrl : source.zipPath}
-              </span>
-            </div>
-
-            <div>
-              <span className='text-foreground'>Size:</span>{' '}
-              {formatBytes(previewSizeBytes)}
-            </div>
-          </div>
-        </div>
-      </div>
-    </div>
-  );
-}
-
-export function InstallPermissionsDialog({
-  source,
-  error,
-  installing,
-  grantedPermissions,
-  onGrantedPermissionsChange,
-  onCancel,
-  onConfirm,
-}: Props) {
-  const open = !!source;
-
-  if (!source) {
-    return (
-      <Dialog open={open} onOpenChange={(nextOpen) => !nextOpen && onCancel()}>
-        <DialogContent />
-      </Dialog>
-    );
-  }
-
-  const manifest = installManifest(source);
-
-  if (!manifest) {
-    const partial =
-      source.kind === 'url' && source.preview.manifest.kind === 'partial'
-        ? source.preview.manifest
-        : null;
-
-    return (
-      <Dialog open={open} onOpenChange={(nextOpen) => !nextOpen && onCancel()}>
-        <DialogContent className='max-w-lg'>
-          <DialogHeader className='pb-1'>
-            <DialogTitle>App cannot be installed</DialogTitle>
-          </DialogHeader>
-
-          <div className='space-y-4 text-sm'>
-            {partial ? (
-              <>
-                <div className='space-y-1 text-muted-foreground'>
-                  <div>{partial.manifest_header.name}</div>
-                  <div>
-                    Requires Sage {partial.manifest_header.sageVersion.min}
-                    {partial.manifest_header.sageVersion.testedMax
-                      ? ` · tested up to ${partial.manifest_header.sageVersion.testedMax}`
-                      : null}
-                  </div>
-                </div>
-
-                <div className='rounded-md border border-destructive/30 bg-destructive/10 p-3 text-destructive'>
-                  This app uses manifest features this Sage version cannot
-                  understand, so it cannot be installed safely.
-                </div>
-
-                <pre className='max-h-48 overflow-auto rounded-md bg-muted p-3 text-xs whitespace-pre-wrap'>
-                  {partial.parse_error}
-                </pre>
-              </>
-            ) : (
-              <div className='text-destructive'>
-                This app manifest cannot be installed by this Sage version.
-              </div>
-            )}
-
-            {error ? (
-              <div className='rounded-lg border border-destructive/30 bg-destructive/5 px-3 py-2 text-sm text-destructive'>
-                {error}
-              </div>
-            ) : null}
-          </div>
-
-          <DialogFooter className='gap-2'>
-            <Button variant='outline' onClick={onCancel} disabled={installing}>
-              Close
-            </Button>
-          </DialogFooter>
-        </DialogContent>
-      </Dialog>
-    );
-  }
-
-  const previewApp = buildPreviewApp(manifest, grantedPermissions);
-
-  return (
-    <Dialog open={open} onOpenChange={(nextOpen) => !nextOpen && onCancel()}>
-      <DialogContent className='max-w-lg'>
-        <DialogHeader className='pb-1'>
-          <DialogTitle>Install app</DialogTitle>
-        </DialogHeader>
-
-        <div className='space-y-5'>
-          <InstallAppSummary source={source} manifest={manifest} />
-
-          <PermissionsEditor
-            app={previewApp}
-            grantedPermissions={grantedPermissions}
-            onGrantedPermissionsChange={onGrantedPermissionsChange}
-          />
-
-          {error ? (
-            <div className='rounded-lg border border-destructive/30 bg-destructive/5 px-3 py-2 text-sm text-destructive'>
-              {error}
-            </div>
-          ) : null}
-        </div>
-
-        <DialogFooter className='gap-2'>
-          <Button variant='outline' onClick={onCancel} disabled={installing}>
-            Cancel
-          </Button>
-
-          <Button onClick={onConfirm} disabled={installing}>
-            {installing ? 'Installing...' : 'Install'}
-          </Button>
-        </DialogFooter>
-      </DialogContent>
-    </Dialog>
-  );
-}

From e6ad25d78e44b73d81146c005ee1d2c5f496b9c2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sun, 3 May 2026 22:35:57 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 328/471] Refactor app icon handling and improve installation
 workflows

- Standardized `AppIcon` component for consistent icon rendering from URL or byte data.
- Removed `INSTALL_APP_ICON` and associated legacy icon utilities.
- Enhanced `AppModalShell`, `SystemModalShell`, and related components to support optional app icon rendering.
- Refined app installation previews to include serialized app icons (`SageAppIconView`), supporting dynamic fetching and rendering.
- Updated installation workflows (`app-install`, `app-update`) for improved behavior, error handling, and visual consistency.
- Simplified modal components (`SelectSourceView`, `InstallSummary`) for unified icon handling and layout readability.
- Adjusted manifest validation to include `validate_package_files`, ensuring accurate app package integrity checks during installations and updates.
---
 .../app-install/src/components/ErrorState.tsx |   2 -
 .../src/components/InstallSummary.tsx         |   9 +-
 .../src/components/LoadingState.tsx           |   2 -
 .../src/components/ReviewInstallView.tsx      |   3 +-
 .../src/components/SelectSourceView.tsx       | 117 +++++++++---------
 .../components/UnsupportedManifestView.tsx    |   2 -
 .../system/apps/app-install/src/constants.ts  |   6 -
 .../apps/app-install/src/utils/icons.ts       |  34 ++---
 .../apps/app-install/src/utils/permissions.ts |   1 +
 .../src/components/PermissionsReviewBody.tsx  |   4 +-
 .../src/components/UpdateReviewBody.tsx       |   6 +-
 .../src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs         |   3 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs |   2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs |   3 -
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs    |   1 +
 .../src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs          |   6 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/preview.rs     |  27 ++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/common.rs |  54 +++++++-
 .../sage-app-ui/src/components/AppIcon.tsx    |  58 ++++++++-
 .../src/presentation/modal/AppModalShell.tsx  |  41 +-----
 src/bindings.ts                               |   2 +-
 21 files changed, 212 insertions(+), 171 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/constants.ts

diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/ErrorState.tsx b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/ErrorState.tsx
index 5e0cfe264..e78078aff 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/ErrorState.tsx
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/ErrorState.tsx
@@ -1,11 +1,9 @@
 import { AppModalShell } from '@sage-app/ui';
-import { INSTALL_APP_ICON } from '../constants';
 
 export function ErrorState({ error }: { error: string }) {
   return (
     <AppModalShell
       appName='Sage'
-      appIcon={INSTALL_APP_ICON}
       title='Install app failed'
     >
       <div className='rounded-xl border border-destructive/30 bg-destructive/10 p-3 text-sm text-destructive'>
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/InstallSummary.tsx b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/InstallSummary.tsx
index 611452c2e..213f1718e 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/InstallSummary.tsx
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/InstallSummary.tsx
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-import { AppIconFromUrl } from '@sage-app/ui';
+import { AppIcon } from '@sage-app/ui';
 import type { SageAppPackageManifest } from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
 import type { InstallSource } from '../types';
 import { formatBytes, manifestSize } from '../utils/format';
-import { resolveManifestIconUrl } from '../utils/icons';
+import { resolveInstallIcon } from '../utils/icons';
 
 export function InstallSummary({
   source,
@@ -15,10 +15,7 @@ export function InstallSummary({
     <div className='rounded-2xl border border-border p-4'>
       <div className='flex items-start gap-4'>
         <div className='h-16 w-16 overflow-hidden rounded-2xl border border-border'>
-          <AppIconFromUrl
-            name={manifest.name}
-            iconUrl={resolveManifestIconUrl(source, manifest)}
-          />
+          <AppIcon appName={manifest.name} appIcon={resolveInstallIcon(source)} />
         </div>
 
         <div className='min-w-0 flex-1'>
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/LoadingState.tsx b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/LoadingState.tsx
index 663399ffd..c743fe244 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/LoadingState.tsx
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/LoadingState.tsx
@@ -1,11 +1,9 @@
 import { AppModalShell } from '@sage-app/ui';
-import { INSTALL_APP_ICON } from '../constants';
 
 export function LoadingState() {
   return (
     <AppModalShell
       appName='Sage'
-      appIcon={INSTALL_APP_ICON}
       title='Install app'
     >
       <div className='text-sm text-muted-foreground'>Loading installer…</div>
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/ReviewInstallView.tsx b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/ReviewInstallView.tsx
index 62a746c3e..0cdd10b93 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/ReviewInstallView.tsx
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/ReviewInstallView.tsx
@@ -59,10 +59,11 @@ export function ReviewInstallView({
     return <UnsupportedManifestView source={source} error={error} />;
   }
 
+
   return (
     <AppModalShell
       appName={manifest.name}
-      appIcon={resolveInstallIcon(source, manifest)}
+      appIcon={resolveInstallIcon(source)}
       title='Install app'
       footer={
         <div className='flex justify-end gap-2'>
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/SelectSourceView.tsx b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/SelectSourceView.tsx
index b9611a708..c307845eb 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/SelectSourceView.tsx
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/SelectSourceView.tsx
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
 import { useState } from 'react';
-import { AppModalShell } from '@sage-app/ui';
+import { SystemModalShell } from '@sage-app/ui';
 import { formatSageError } from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
 import { closeSelf, previewUrl, selectAndPreviewZip } from '../api';
-import { INSTALL_APP_ICON } from '../constants';
 import type { InstallSource } from '../types';
 
 export function SelectSourceView({
@@ -42,75 +41,77 @@ export function SelectSourceView({
   }
 
   return (
-    <AppModalShell
-      appName='Sage'
-      appIcon={INSTALL_APP_ICON}
-      title='Install app'
-      footer={
-        <div className='flex justify-end'>
-          <button
-            className='rounded-md border border-border px-4 py-2 text-sm disabled:opacity-60 hover:bg-muted'
-            disabled={working}
-            onClick={closeSelf}
-          >
-            Close
-          </button>
-        </div>
-      }
-    >
-      <div className='space-y-5'>
-        <div className='rounded-2xl border border-border p-4'>
-          <div className='text-sm font-medium'>Install from URL</div>
-          <p className='mt-1 text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
-            Best for published apps and updates.
-          </p>
+    <SystemModalShell>
+      <div className='flex h-full min-h-0 flex-col p-6'>
+        <div className='min-h-0 flex-1 space-y-5 overflow-auto'>
+          {/* Install from URL */}
+          <div className='rounded-2xl border border-border p-4'>
+            <div className='text-sm font-medium'>Install from URL</div>
+            <p className='mt-1 text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
+              Best for published apps and updates.
+            </p>
 
-          <div className='mt-4 flex gap-2'>
-            <input
-              className='min-w-0 flex-1 rounded-md border border-input bg-transparent px-3 py-2 text-sm outline-none'
-              value={urlInput}
-              disabled={working}
-              placeholder='https://example.com/my-app/'
-              onChange={(event) => setUrlInput(event.target.value)}
-              onKeyDown={(event) => {
-                if (event.key === 'Enter' && urlInput.trim()) {
-                  event.preventDefault();
-                  void handlePreviewUrl();
-                }
-              }}
-            />
+            <div className='mt-4 flex gap-2'>
+              <input
+                autoFocus
+                className='min-w-0 flex-1 rounded-md border border-input bg-transparent px-3 py-2 text-sm outline-none'
+                value={urlInput}
+                disabled={working}
+                placeholder='https://example.com/my-app/'
+                onChange={(event) => setUrlInput(event.target.value)}
+                onKeyDown={(event) => {
+                  if (event.key === 'Enter' && urlInput.trim()) {
+                    event.preventDefault();
+                    void handlePreviewUrl();
+                  }
+                }}
+              />
+
+              <button
+                className='rounded-md bg-primary px-4 py-2 text-sm text-primary-foreground disabled:opacity-60'
+                disabled={working || !urlInput.trim()}
+                onClick={handlePreviewUrl}
+              >
+                Preview
+              </button>
+            </div>
+          </div>
+
+          {/* Install from ZIP */}
+          <div className='rounded-2xl border border-dashed border-border p-4'>
+            <div className='text-sm font-medium'>Install from ZIP</div>
+            <p className='mt-1 text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
+              Useful for local builds, testing, or manual package installs.
+            </p>
 
             <button
-              className='rounded-md bg-primary px-4 py-2 text-sm text-primary-foreground disabled:opacity-60'
-              disabled={working || !urlInput.trim()}
-              onClick={handlePreviewUrl}
+              className='mt-4 rounded-md border border-border px-4 py-2 text-sm disabled:opacity-60'
+              disabled={working}
+              onClick={handleSelectZip}
             >
-              Preview
+              Select .zip package
             </button>
           </div>
-        </div>
 
-        <div className='rounded-2xl border border-dashed border-border p-4'>
-          <div className='text-sm font-medium'>Install from ZIP</div>
-          <p className='mt-1 text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
-            Useful for local builds, testing, or manual package installs.
-          </p>
+          {/* Error */}
+          {error ? (
+            <div className='rounded-xl border border-destructive/30 bg-destructive/10 p-3 text-sm text-destructive'>
+              {error}
+            </div>
+          ) : null}
+        </div>
 
+        {/* Footer */}
+        <div className='mt-5 flex shrink-0 justify-end border-t border-border pt-4'>
           <button
-            className='mt-4 rounded-md border border-border px-4 py-2 text-sm disabled:opacity-60'
+            className='rounded-md border border-border px-4 py-2 text-sm disabled:opacity-60 hover:bg-muted'
             disabled={working}
-            onClick={handleSelectZip}
+            onClick={closeSelf}
           >
-            Select .zip package
+            Close
           </button>
         </div>
-
-        {error ? (
-          <div className='rounded-xl border border-destructive/30 bg-destructive/10 p-3 text-sm text-destructive'>
-            {error}
-          </div>
-        ) : null}
       </div>
-    </AppModalShell>
+    </SystemModalShell>
   );
 }
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/UnsupportedManifestView.tsx b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/UnsupportedManifestView.tsx
index 90367955c..4240f8f0f 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/UnsupportedManifestView.tsx
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/UnsupportedManifestView.tsx
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 import { AppModalShell } from '@sage-app/ui';
 import { closeSelf } from '../api';
-import { INSTALL_APP_ICON } from '../constants';
 import type { InstallSource } from '../types';
 
 export function UnsupportedManifestView({
@@ -18,7 +17,6 @@ export function UnsupportedManifestView({
   return (
     <AppModalShell
       appName={partial?.manifest_header.name ?? 'Sage app'}
-      appIcon={INSTALL_APP_ICON}
       title='App cannot be installed'
       footer={
         <div className='flex justify-end'>
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/constants.ts b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/constants.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index cd992d900..000000000
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/constants.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-import type { AppModalIcon } from '@sage-app/ui';
-
-export const INSTALL_APP_ICON: AppModalIcon = {
-  kind: 'url',
-  iconUrl: '/icon.svg',
-};
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/utils/icons.ts b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/utils/icons.ts
index b2741eb91..fc57a4c19 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/utils/icons.ts
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/utils/icons.ts
@@ -1,29 +1,17 @@
-import type { AppModalIcon } from '@sage-app/ui';
-import type { SageAppPackageManifest } from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
-import { INSTALL_APP_ICON } from '../constants';
+import type { AppIcon } from '@sage-app/ui';
 import type { InstallSource } from '../types';
 
-export function resolveManifestIconUrl(
-  source: InstallSource,
-  manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
-): string | null {
-  if (source.kind !== 'url' || !manifest.icon) return null;
+export function resolveInstallIcon(source: InstallSource): AppIcon | null {
+  if (source.kind === 'url') {
+    if (source.preview.icon === null) {
+      return null;
+    }
 
-  try {
-    return new URL(manifest.icon, source.preview.appUrl).toString();
-  } catch {
-    return null;
+    return {
+      kind: 'bytes',
+      icon: source.preview.icon,
+    };
   }
-}
-
-export function resolveInstallIcon(
-  source: InstallSource,
-  manifest: SageAppPackageManifest | null,
-): AppModalIcon {
-  if (!manifest) return INSTALL_APP_ICON;
 
-  return {
-    kind: 'url',
-    iconUrl: resolveManifestIconUrl(source, manifest),
-  };
+  return null;
 }
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/utils/permissions.ts b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/utils/permissions.ts
index c069ce289..144430d42 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/utils/permissions.ts
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/utils/permissions.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import type {
+  SageAppIconView,
   SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView,
   SageAppPackageManifest,
   SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/components/PermissionsReviewBody.tsx b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/components/PermissionsReviewBody.tsx
index 3a2b876cb..790a5a85c 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/components/PermissionsReviewBody.tsx
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/components/PermissionsReviewBody.tsx
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { useState } from 'react';
 import {
-  appModalIconFromCommonView,
+  appIconFromCommonView,
   AppModalShell,
   PermissionsEditor,
 } from '@sage-app/ui';
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ export function PermissionsReviewBody({ state }: any) {
   return (
     <AppModalShell
       appName={state.app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.name}
-      appIcon={appModalIconFromCommonView(state.app.common)}
+      appIcon={appIconFromCommonView(state.app.common)}
       title='Change app permissions'
       footer={
         <div className='flex justify-end gap-2'>
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/components/UpdateReviewBody.tsx b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/components/UpdateReviewBody.tsx
index fc4d6b044..48d10ccb1 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/components/UpdateReviewBody.tsx
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/components/UpdateReviewBody.tsx
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { useState, useMemo } from 'react';
 import {
-  appModalIconFromCommonView,
+  appIconFromCommonView,
   AppModalShell,
   PermissionsEditor,
 } from '@sage-app/ui';
@@ -82,12 +82,10 @@ export function UpdateReviewBody({ state }: any) {
     };
   }, [state.app, grantedPermissions, preview]);
 
-  const subtitle = `v${state.app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.version} → v${preview.manifest.manifest.version}`;
-
   return (
     <AppModalShell
       title='Review app update'
-      appIcon={appModalIconFromCommonView(state.app.common)}
+      appIcon={appIconFromCommonView(state.app.common)}
       appName={state.app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.name}
       footer={
         <div className='flex justify-end gap-2'>
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs
index ed57817eb..f23cc9cc1 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@ pub fn preview_app_zip(zip_path: String) -> Result<SageAppPackageManifest> {
         unzip_to_dir(Path::new(&zip_path), &unpack_dir)?;
         let package_root = crate::lifecycle::detect_package_root(&unpack_dir)?;
         let manifest = read_manifest(&package_root)?;
-        manifest.validate_package_files(&package_root)?;
 
         Ok(manifest)
     })();
@@ -41,7 +40,7 @@ pub async fn preview_app_url(app_url: String) -> Result<SageAppUrlPreview> {
         .await
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to fetch app manifest: {err}")))?;
 
-    SageAppUrlPreview::new(&app_url, manifest, manifest_hash)
+    SageAppUrlPreview::new(&app_url, manifest, manifest_hash).await
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to preview app URL: {err}")).into())
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
index f0d83635d..4ba4bca7e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ impl AppInstallSource for SageAppUrl {
         let (manifest, manifest_hash) = fetch_url_manifest_preview(&self.manifest_url()).await?;
 
         Ok(PreparedUrlInstall {
-            preview: SageAppUrlPreview::new(self, manifest, manifest_hash)?,
+            preview: SageAppUrlPreview::new(self, manifest, manifest_hash).await?,
         })
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs
index 3c4b635f4..b350cc224 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs
@@ -56,9 +56,6 @@ impl AppInstallSource for ZipInstallSource {
         unzip_to_dir(Path::new(&self.zip_path), &self.unpack_dir)?;
 
         let package_root = detect_package_root(&self.unpack_dir)?;
-        let manifest = read_manifest(&package_root)?;
-        manifest.validate_package_files(&package_root)?;
-
         let manifest = read_manifest(&package_root)?;
 
         Ok(PreparedZipInstall {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs
index 4cae2667b..30a6432f1 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs
@@ -88,6 +88,7 @@ pub fn read_manifest(package_root: &std::path::Path) -> AnyResult<SageAppPackage
                 err.inner()
             )
         })?;
+    manifest.validate_package_files(package_root)?;
 
     Ok(manifest)
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
index 388c8a838..fad7f68ff 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ pub async fn check_app_update(
         .await
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to fetch app manifest: {err}")))?;
 
-    let preview = SageAppUrlPreview::new(&app_url, manifest_preview, manifest_hash)
+    let preview = SageAppUrlPreview::new(&app_url, manifest_preview, manifest_hash).await
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to preview app URL: {err}")))?;
 
     if preview.manifest_hash() == active_snapshot.manifest_hash()
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ async fn fetch_pending_update(app: &SharedSageApp) -> Result<Option<UserSageAppP
         .await
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to fetch app manifest: {err}")))?;
 
-    let preview = SageAppUrlPreview::from_full_manifest(&app_url, manifest, manifest_hash)
+    let preview = SageAppUrlPreview::from_full_manifest(&app_url, manifest, manifest_hash).await
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to preview app URL: {err}")))?;
 
     let manifest = preview
@@ -266,7 +266,7 @@ async fn fetch_pending_update_for_resolved_stopped_app(
         .await
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to fetch app manifest: {err}")))?;
 
-    let preview = SageAppUrlPreview::from_full_manifest(&app_url, manifest, manifest_hash)
+    let preview = SageAppUrlPreview::from_full_manifest(&app_url, manifest, manifest_hash).await
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to preview app URL: {err}")))?;
 
     let manifest = preview
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/preview.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/preview.rs
index 431bf3afd..5d672c64e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/preview.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/preview.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use serde::Serialize;
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::types::{
-    SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestPreview, SageAppUrl,
-};
+use crate::types::{SageAppIconView, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestPreview, SageAppUrl};
 use crate::types::normalizers::normalized_non_empty_string;
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct UserSageAppPendingUpdate {
     app_url: SageAppUrl,
@@ -14,12 +12,13 @@ pub struct UserSageAppPendingUpdate {
     manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct SageAppUrlPreview {
     app_url: SageAppUrl,
     manifest_hash: String,
     manifest: SageAppPackageManifestPreview,
+    icon: Option<SageAppIconView>,
 }
 
 impl UserSageAppPendingUpdate {
@@ -49,19 +48,22 @@ impl UserSageAppPendingUpdate {
 }
 
 impl SageAppUrlPreview {
-    pub fn new(
+    pub async fn new(
         app_url: &SageAppUrl,
         manifest: SageAppPackageManifestPreview,
         manifest_hash: String,
     ) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
+        let icon = SageAppIconView::from_url_preview(app_url, &manifest).await;
+
         Ok(Self {
             app_url: app_url.clone(),
             manifest_hash: normalized_non_empty_string(manifest_hash, "manifest hash")?,
             manifest,
+            icon
         })
     }
 
-    pub fn from_full_manifest(
+    pub async fn from_full_manifest(
         app_url: &SageAppUrl,
         manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
         manifest_hash: String,
@@ -70,16 +72,19 @@ impl SageAppUrlPreview {
             app_url,
             SageAppPackageManifestPreview::Full { manifest },
             manifest_hash,
-        )
+        ).await
     }
 
-    pub fn from_pending_update(pending: &UserSageAppPendingUpdate) -> Self {
+    pub async fn from_pending_update(pending: &UserSageAppPendingUpdate) -> Self {
+        let app_url = pending.app_url().clone();
+        let icon = SageAppIconView::from_url_manifest(&app_url, &pending.manifest().clone()).await;
         Self {
-            app_url: pending.app_url().clone(),
+            app_url,
             manifest_hash: pending.manifest_hash().to_string(),
             manifest: SageAppPackageManifestPreview::Full {
                 manifest: pending.manifest().clone(),
             },
+            icon
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/common.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/common.rs
index 54949a872..5b3aee6d1 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/common.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/common.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 use serde::{Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
+use url::Url;
 use crate::types::app::view::permission::SageGrantedPermissionsView;
 use crate::types::app::view::snapshot::SageAppSnapshotView;
-use crate::types::{SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity};
+use crate::types::{SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestPreview, SageAppUrl};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
@@ -57,6 +58,57 @@ impl SageAppIconView {
 
         Some(Self { mime, bytes })
     }
+
+    pub(crate) async fn from_url_manifest(
+        base: &SageAppUrl,
+        manifest: &SageAppPackageManifest,
+    ) -> Option<Self> {
+        let icon_path = manifest.icon()?;
+        Self::from_url(base, icon_path).await
+    }
+
+    pub async fn from_url_preview(
+        base: &SageAppUrl,
+        preview: &SageAppPackageManifestPreview,
+    ) -> Option<Self> {
+        match preview {
+            SageAppPackageManifestPreview::Full { manifest } => {
+                Self::from_url_manifest(base, manifest).await
+            }
+            SageAppPackageManifestPreview::Partial { manifest_header, .. } => {
+                let icon_path = manifest_header.icon.as_deref()?;
+
+                Self::from_url(base, icon_path).await
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    async fn from_url(
+        base: &SageAppUrl,
+        icon_path: &str,
+    ) -> Option<Self> {
+        let base_url = Url::parse(base.as_str()).ok()?;
+        let resolved = base_url.join(icon_path).ok()?;
+
+        let resp = reqwest::get(resolved).await.ok()?;
+        if !resp.status().is_success() {
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        let mime = resp
+            .headers()
+            .get(reqwest::header::CONTENT_TYPE)
+            .and_then(|v| v.to_str().ok())
+            .unwrap_or("application/octet-stream")
+            .to_string();
+
+        let bytes = resp.bytes().await.ok()?;
+
+        Some(Self {
+            mime,
+            bytes: bytes.to_vec(),
+        })
+    }
 }
 
 fn read_common_icon(common: &SageAppCommon) -> Option<SageAppIconView> {
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/AppIcon.tsx b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/AppIcon.tsx
index 3bcfd8cf6..e54460c9e 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/AppIcon.tsx
+++ b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/AppIcon.tsx
@@ -1,11 +1,45 @@
 import { useEffect, useMemo } from 'react';
 import { SageAppCommonView } from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
 
+export type AppIcon =
+  | { kind: 'url'; iconUrl: string }
+  | { kind: 'bytes'; icon: AppIconBytes };
+
 export type AppIconBytes = {
   bytes: number[];
   mime: string;
 };
 
+export function AppIcon({ appName, appIcon }: { appName: string, appIcon: AppIcon | null }) {
+  if (!appIcon) {
+    return <AppIconFallback name={appName} className='h-full w-full' />
+  }
+  if (appIcon.kind === 'url') {
+    return <AppIconFromUrl
+      name={appName}
+      iconUrl={appIcon.iconUrl}
+      className='h-full w-full'
+    />
+  }
+  if (appIcon.kind === 'bytes') {
+    return <AppIconFromBytes
+      name={appName}
+      icon={appIcon.icon}
+      className='h-full w-full'
+    />
+  }
+
+  return <AppIconFallback name={appName} className='h-full w-full' />;
+}
+
+export function AppIconFallback({ name, className }: { name: string; className?: string }) {
+  return (
+    <div className={['flex items-center justify-center', className].join(' ')}>
+      {name.trim().charAt(0).toUpperCase() || 'A'}
+    </div>
+  );
+}
+
 export function AppIconFromUrl({
   name,
   iconUrl,
@@ -25,11 +59,7 @@ export function AppIconFromUrl({
     );
   }
 
-  return (
-    <div className={['flex items-center justify-center', className].join(' ')}>
-      {name.trim().charAt(0).toUpperCase() || 'A'}
-    </div>
-  );
+  return <AppIconFallback name={name} className={className} />;
 }
 
 export function AppIconFromBytes({
@@ -80,3 +110,21 @@ export function AppIconFromCommonView({ common }: { common: SageAppCommonView })
     />
   );
 }
+
+export function appIconFromCommonView(
+  common: SageAppCommonView,
+): AppIcon | null {
+  const icon = common.icon;
+
+  if (!icon) {
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  return {
+    kind: 'bytes',
+    icon: {
+      bytes: icon.bytes,
+      mime: icon.mime,
+    },
+  };
+}
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/presentation/modal/AppModalShell.tsx b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/presentation/modal/AppModalShell.tsx
index 5a13a16ae..46661e62b 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/presentation/modal/AppModalShell.tsx
+++ b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/presentation/modal/AppModalShell.tsx
@@ -1,17 +1,14 @@
 import type { ReactNode } from 'react';
 import { SystemModalShell } from './SystemModalShell';
 import {
-  AppIconBytes,
-  AppIconFromBytes,
-  AppIconFromUrl,
+  AppIcon,
 } from '../../components';
-import {SageAppCommonView} from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
 
 interface AppModalShellProps {
   title: string;
   appName: string;
   children: ReactNode;
-  appIcon: AppModalIcon;
+  appIcon?: AppIcon | null;
   description?: string;
   footer?: ReactNode;
   className?: string;
@@ -19,26 +16,6 @@ interface AppModalShellProps {
   contentClassName?: string;
 }
 
-export type AppModalIcon =
-  | { kind: 'url'; iconUrl: string | null }
-  | { kind: 'bytes'; icon: AppIconBytes | null };
-
-export function appModalIconFromCommonView(common: SageAppCommonView): AppModalIcon {
-  const icon = common.icon;
-
-  if (!icon) {
-    return { kind: 'bytes', icon: null };
-  }
-
-  return {
-    kind: 'bytes',
-    icon: {
-      bytes: icon.bytes,
-      mime: icon.mime,
-    },
-  };
-}
-
 export function AppModalShell({
   title,
   appName,
@@ -57,19 +34,7 @@ export function AppModalShell({
         <header className='grid h-16 shrink-0 grid-cols-[4rem_1fr] border-b border-border'>
           <div className='border-r border-border'>
             <div className='h-full w-full p-1'>
-              {appIcon.kind === 'url' ? (
-                <AppIconFromUrl
-                  name={appName}
-                  iconUrl={appIcon.iconUrl}
-                  className='h-full w-full'
-                />
-              ) : (
-                <AppIconFromBytes
-                  name={appName}
-                  icon={appIcon.icon}
-                  className='h-full w-full'
-                />
-              )}
+              <AppIcon appName={appName} appIcon={appIcon ?? null} />
             </div>
           </div>
 
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index b3089c922..757b4b45e 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -2279,7 +2279,7 @@ export type SageAppRuntimeRecordView = { runtimeId: string; app: SageAppView; we
 export type SageAppRuntimeVisibility = "Visible" | "Hidden"
 export type SageAppSnapshotView = { manifest: SageAppPackageManifest }
 export type SageAppUrl = string
-export type SageAppUrlPreview = { appUrl: SageAppUrl; manifestHash: string; manifest: SageAppPackageManifestPreview }
+export type SageAppUrlPreview = { appUrl: SageAppUrl; manifestHash: string; manifest: SageAppPackageManifestPreview; icon: SageAppIconView | null }
 export type SageAppView = ({ kind: "system" } & SystemSageAppView) | ({ kind: "user" } & UserSageAppView)
 export type SageAppsError = { kind: ErrorKind; reason: string }
 export type SageGrantedNetworkPermissionsInput = { whitelist: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[] }

From f10890920a86dac735ee9e6a89b2446cf0ba619b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sun, 3 May 2026 22:37:29 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 329/471] Remove `InstallSummary` component and references in
 `ReviewInstallView`

---
 .../src/components/InstallSummary.tsx         | 35 -------------------
 .../src/components/ReviewInstallView.tsx      |  3 --
 2 files changed, 38 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/InstallSummary.tsx

diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/InstallSummary.tsx b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/InstallSummary.tsx
deleted file mode 100644
index 213f1718e..000000000
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/InstallSummary.tsx
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
-import { AppIcon } from '@sage-app/ui';
-import type { SageAppPackageManifest } from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
-import type { InstallSource } from '../types';
-import { formatBytes, manifestSize } from '../utils/format';
-import { resolveInstallIcon } from '../utils/icons';
-
-export function InstallSummary({
-  source,
-  manifest,
-}: {
-  source: InstallSource;
-  manifest: SageAppPackageManifest;
-}) {
-  return (
-    <div className='rounded-2xl border border-border p-4'>
-      <div className='flex items-start gap-4'>
-        <div className='h-16 w-16 overflow-hidden rounded-2xl border border-border'>
-          <AppIcon appName={manifest.name} appIcon={resolveInstallIcon(source)} />
-        </div>
-
-        <div className='min-w-0 flex-1'>
-          <div className='truncate text-xl font-semibold'>{manifest.name}</div>
-
-          <div className='mt-1 text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
-            v{manifest.version} · {formatBytes(manifestSize(manifest))}
-          </div>
-
-          <div className='mt-2 truncate text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
-            {source.kind === 'url' ? source.appUrl : source.zipPath}
-          </div>
-        </div>
-      </div>
-    </div>
-  );
-}
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/ReviewInstallView.tsx b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/ReviewInstallView.tsx
index 0cdd10b93..6a72ac909 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/ReviewInstallView.tsx
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/ReviewInstallView.tsx
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ import {
   initialGrantedPermissions,
   installManifest,
 } from '../utils/permissions';
-import { InstallSummary } from './InstallSummary';
 import { UnsupportedManifestView } from './UnsupportedManifestView';
 
 export function ReviewInstallView({
@@ -86,8 +85,6 @@ export function ReviewInstallView({
       }
     >
       <div className='space-y-5'>
-        <InstallSummary source={source} manifest={manifest} />
-
         <PermissionsEditor
           app={previewApp}
           grantedPermissions={grantedPermissions}

From f96e92cc017a16928832b375ca3186ea4d4bee13 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sun, 3 May 2026 22:45:38 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 330/471] Refactor `PermissionsEditor` and split into modular
 components.

- Extracted `CapabilityHelp`, `PermissionRow`, `PermissionSection`, `PermissionGroupBlock`, and utility modules from `PermissionsEditor`.
- Enhanced readability and modularity by creating dedicated files: `permissionEntries`, `types`, and `utils`.
- Updated imports and structure for better maintainability and separation of concerns.
---
 .../src/components/PermissionsEditor.tsx      | 796 ------------------
 .../PermissionsEditor/CapabilityHelp.tsx      |  26 +
 .../PermissionGroupBlock.tsx                  |  69 ++
 .../PermissionsEditor/PermissionRow.tsx       |  50 ++
 .../PermissionsEditor/PermissionSection.tsx   |  72 ++
 .../PermissionsEditor/PermissionsEditor.tsx   | 268 ++++++
 .../src/components/PermissionsEditor/index.ts |   1 +
 .../PermissionsEditor/permissionEntries.ts    | 143 ++++
 .../PermissionsEditor/permissionTree.ts       | 136 +++
 .../src/components/PermissionsEditor/types.ts |  32 +
 .../src/components/PermissionsEditor/utils.ts |  35 +
 11 files changed, 832 insertions(+), 796 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor.tsx
 create mode 100644 packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/CapabilityHelp.tsx
 create mode 100644 packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/PermissionGroupBlock.tsx
 create mode 100644 packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/PermissionRow.tsx
 create mode 100644 packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/PermissionSection.tsx
 create mode 100644 packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/PermissionsEditor.tsx
 create mode 100644 packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/index.ts
 create mode 100644 packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/permissionEntries.ts
 create mode 100644 packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/permissionTree.ts
 create mode 100644 packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/types.ts
 create mode 100644 packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/utils.ts

diff --git a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor.tsx b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor.tsx
deleted file mode 100644
index b61f73927..000000000
--- a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor.tsx
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,796 +0,0 @@
-import { useMemo, useState } from 'react';
-import type {
-  SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView,
-  SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
-  SageGrantedPermissionsView,
-  SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
-  SystemSageAppView,
-  UserBridgeCapability,
-  UserSageAppView,
-} from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
-import {
-  ChevronDown,
-  ChevronRight,
-  CircleHelp,
-  Globe,
-  HardDrive,
-  KeyRound,
-  Radio,
-  Shield,
-} from 'lucide-react';
-
-interface Props {
-  app: UserSageAppView | SystemSageAppView;
-  grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissionsView;
-  capabilityDefinitions: SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView[];
-  onGrantedPermissionsChange?: (next: SageGrantedPermissionsInput) => void;
-  editable?: boolean;
-}
-
-type PermissionEntry =
-  | {
-      id: string;
-      kind: 'capability';
-      key: string;
-      capability: UserBridgeCapability;
-      label: string;
-      description: string | null;
-      required: boolean;
-      granted: boolean;
-      sensitivityRank: number;
-    }
-  | {
-      id: string;
-      kind: 'network';
-      key: string;
-      label: string;
-      description: string | null;
-      required: boolean;
-      granted: boolean;
-      sensitivityRank: number;
-    };
-
-interface PermissionGroupNode {
-  id: string;
-  label: string;
-  children: PermissionGroupNode[];
-  entries: PermissionEntry[];
-  sensitivityRank: number;
-}
-
-function cn(...classes: Array<string | false | null | undefined>) {
-  return classes.filter(Boolean).join(' ');
-}
-
-function networkKey(entry: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry): string {
-  return `${entry.scheme}://${entry.host}`;
-}
-
-function sortNetworkEntries(
-  entries: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[],
-): SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[] {
-  return [...entries].sort((a, b) =>
-    networkKey(a).localeCompare(networkKey(b)),
-  );
-}
-
-function titleCasePart(value: string): string {
-  if (!value) return value;
-  return value.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + value.slice(1);
-}
-
-function segmentLabel(segment: string): string {
-  return segment.split('_').filter(Boolean).map(titleCasePart).join(' ');
-}
-
-function formatCapabilityLeafLabel(key: string): string {
-  const parts = key.split('.');
-  return segmentLabel(parts[parts.length - 1] ?? key);
-}
-
-function normalizeKey(key: string): string {
-  return key.trim().toLowerCase();
-}
-
-function capabilitySensitivityRank(key: string): number {
-  if (key.includes('secret')) return 0;
-  if (key === 'storage.persistent_webview') return 2;
-  if (key.includes('send') || key.includes('network')) return 3;
-  return 4;
-}
-
-function capabilityDefinitionMap(
-  definitions: SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView[],
-): Map<UserBridgeCapability, SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView> {
-  return new Map(
-    definitions.map((definition) => [
-      definition.key as UserBridgeCapability,
-      definition,
-    ]),
-  );
-}
-
-function isUserGrantableCapability(
-  capability: UserBridgeCapability,
-  definitionsByKey: Map<UserBridgeCapability, SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView>,
-): boolean {
-  return definitionsByKey.get(capability)?.flags.userGrantable === true;
-}
-
-function buildCapabilityEntries(
-  requestedRequired: UserBridgeCapability[],
-  requestedOptional: UserBridgeCapability[],
-  grantedCapabilities: UserBridgeCapability[],
-  definitionsByKey: Map<UserBridgeCapability, SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView>,
-): PermissionEntry[] {
-  const grantedSet = new Set<UserBridgeCapability>(grantedCapabilities);
-
-  const requiredEntries: PermissionEntry[] = requestedRequired
-    .filter((capability) =>
-      isUserGrantableCapability(capability, definitionsByKey),
-    )
-    .map((capability) => {
-      const definition = definitionsByKey.get(capability);
-      const key = capability;
-
-      return {
-        id: `capability:${key}`,
-        kind: 'capability',
-        key,
-        capability,
-        label: definition?.label ?? formatCapabilityLeafLabel(key),
-        description: definition?.description ?? null,
-        required: true,
-        granted: true,
-        sensitivityRank: capabilitySensitivityRank(key),
-      };
-    });
-
-  const optionalEntries: PermissionEntry[] = requestedOptional
-    .filter((capability) =>
-      isUserGrantableCapability(capability, definitionsByKey),
-    )
-    .map((capability) => {
-      const definition = definitionsByKey.get(capability);
-      const key = capability;
-
-      return {
-        id: `capability:${key}`,
-        kind: 'capability',
-        key,
-        capability,
-        label: definition?.label ?? formatCapabilityLeafLabel(key),
-        description: definition?.description ?? null,
-        required: false,
-        granted: grantedSet.has(capability),
-        sensitivityRank: capabilitySensitivityRank(key),
-      };
-    });
-
-  return [...requiredEntries, ...optionalEntries];
-}
-
-function buildNetworkEntries(
-  requestedRequired: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[],
-  requestedOptional: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[],
-  grantedNetworkWhitelist: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[],
-): PermissionEntry[] {
-  const grantedSet = new Set(
-    grantedNetworkWhitelist.map((entry) => networkKey(entry)),
-  );
-
-  const requiredEntries: PermissionEntry[] = requestedRequired.map((entry) => {
-    const key = networkKey(entry);
-
-    return {
-      id: `network:${key}`,
-      kind: 'network',
-      key,
-      label: key,
-      description: null,
-      required: true,
-      granted: true,
-      sensitivityRank: 1,
-    };
-  });
-
-  const optionalEntries: PermissionEntry[] = requestedOptional.map((entry) => {
-    const key = networkKey(entry);
-
-    return {
-      id: `network:${key}`,
-      kind: 'network',
-      key,
-      label: key,
-      description: null,
-      required: false,
-      granted: grantedSet.has(key),
-      sensitivityRank: 1,
-    };
-  });
-
-  return [...requiredEntries, ...optionalEntries];
-}
-
-function sortPermissionEntries(entries: PermissionEntry[]): PermissionEntry[] {
-  return [...entries].sort((a, b) => {
-    if (a.sensitivityRank !== b.sensitivityRank) {
-      return a.sensitivityRank - b.sensitivityRank;
-    }
-
-    if (a.kind !== b.kind) {
-      return a.kind.localeCompare(b.kind);
-    }
-
-    return a.key.localeCompare(b.key);
-  });
-}
-
-function groupIcon(node: PermissionGroupNode) {
-  const normalized = normalizeKey(node.id);
-
-  if (normalized === 'network') return <Globe className='h-4 w-4' />;
-  if (normalized === 'storage.persistent_webview')
-    return <HardDrive className='h-4 w-4' />;
-  if (normalized.includes('secret') || normalized.includes('wallet')) {
-    return <KeyRound className='h-4 w-4' />;
-  }
-  if (normalized.includes('send') || normalized.includes('submit')) {
-    return <Radio className='h-4 w-4' />;
-  }
-
-  return <Shield className='h-4 w-4' />;
-}
-
-function makeNode(id: string, label: string): PermissionGroupNode {
-  return {
-    id,
-    label,
-    children: [],
-    entries: [],
-    sensitivityRank: 999,
-  };
-}
-
-function updateNodeSensitivity(
-  node: PermissionGroupNode,
-  rank: number,
-): PermissionGroupNode {
-  node.sensitivityRank = Math.min(node.sensitivityRank, rank);
-  return node;
-}
-
-function buildGroupedPermissionTree(
-  entries: PermissionEntry[],
-): PermissionGroupNode[] {
-  const roots: PermissionGroupNode[] = [];
-
-  const networkEntries = entries.filter((entry) => entry.kind === 'network');
-  if (networkEntries.length > 0) {
-    const networkNode = makeNode('network', 'Network access');
-    networkNode.entries = sortPermissionEntries(networkEntries);
-    networkNode.sensitivityRank = 1;
-    roots.push(networkNode);
-  }
-
-  const persistentEntries = entries.filter(
-    (entry) =>
-      entry.kind === 'capability' &&
-      normalizeKey(entry.key) === 'storage.persistent_webview',
-  );
-  if (persistentEntries.length > 0) {
-    const persistentNode = makeNode(
-      'storage.persistent_webview',
-      'Persistent storage',
-    );
-    persistentNode.entries = sortPermissionEntries(persistentEntries);
-    persistentNode.sensitivityRank = 2;
-    roots.push(persistentNode);
-  }
-
-  const generalCapabilityEntries = entries.filter(
-    (entry) =>
-      entry.kind === 'capability' &&
-      normalizeKey(entry.key) !== 'storage.persistent_webview',
-  );
-
-  const capabilityRoot = makeNode('capabilities_root', 'Capabilities');
-
-  for (const entry of generalCapabilityEntries) {
-    const parts = entry.key.split('.');
-    const leafParentParts = parts.slice(0, -1);
-
-    if (leafParentParts.length === 0) {
-      capabilityRoot.entries.push(entry);
-      updateNodeSensitivity(capabilityRoot, entry.sensitivityRank);
-      continue;
-    }
-
-    let current = capabilityRoot;
-    updateNodeSensitivity(current, entry.sensitivityRank);
-
-    for (let index = 0; index < leafParentParts.length; index += 1) {
-      const segment = leafParentParts[index];
-      const fullPath = leafParentParts.slice(0, index + 1).join('.');
-      let child = current.children.find((node) => node.id === fullPath);
-
-      if (!child) {
-        child = makeNode(fullPath, segmentLabel(segment));
-        current.children.push(child);
-      }
-
-      updateNodeSensitivity(child, entry.sensitivityRank);
-      current = child;
-    }
-
-    current.entries.push(entry);
-    updateNodeSensitivity(current, entry.sensitivityRank);
-  }
-
-  function sortNode(node: PermissionGroupNode) {
-    node.entries = sortPermissionEntries(node.entries);
-
-    node.children.sort((a, b) => {
-      if (a.sensitivityRank !== b.sensitivityRank) {
-        return a.sensitivityRank - b.sensitivityRank;
-      }
-
-      return a.label.localeCompare(b.label);
-    });
-
-    for (const child of node.children) {
-      sortNode(child);
-    }
-  }
-
-  sortNode(capabilityRoot);
-
-  if (capabilityRoot.entries.length > 0 || capabilityRoot.children.length > 0) {
-    roots.push(...capabilityRoot.children);
-
-    if (capabilityRoot.entries.length > 0) {
-      const miscNode = makeNode('misc', 'Other capabilities');
-      miscNode.entries = capabilityRoot.entries;
-      miscNode.sensitivityRank = capabilityRoot.sensitivityRank;
-      roots.push(miscNode);
-    }
-  }
-
-  roots.sort((a, b) => {
-    if (a.sensitivityRank !== b.sensitivityRank) {
-      return a.sensitivityRank - b.sensitivityRank;
-    }
-
-    return a.label.localeCompare(b.label);
-  });
-
-  return roots;
-}
-
-function CapabilityHelp({ description }: { description: string | null }) {
-  if (!description) return null;
-
-  return (
-    <span className='relative inline-flex group'>
-      <button
-        type='button'
-        className='shrink-0 rounded-sm p-0.5 text-muted-foreground transition-colors hover:text-foreground'
-        onClick={(event) => event.preventDefault()}
-        aria-label='Permission details'
-      >
-        <CircleHelp className='h-4 w-4' />
-      </button>
-
-      <span className='pointer-events-none absolute right-0 top-6 z-50 hidden w-72 rounded-md border bg-popover p-2 text-left text-xs text-popover-foreground shadow-md group-hover:block'>
-        {description}
-      </span>
-    </span>
-  );
-}
-
-function PermissionRow({
-  entry,
-  editable,
-  onToggle,
-}: {
-  entry: PermissionEntry;
-  editable: boolean;
-  onToggle: (entry: PermissionEntry, nextGranted: boolean) => void;
-}) {
-  return (
-    <label className='flex items-start gap-3 rounded-xl border border-border px-3 py-3 text-sm'>
-      <input
-        type='checkbox'
-        checked={entry.granted}
-        disabled={!editable || entry.required}
-        onChange={(event) => {
-          onToggle(entry, event.target.checked);
-        }}
-        className='mt-1 h-4 w-4'
-      />
-
-      <div className='min-w-0 flex-1'>
-        <div className='flex items-center gap-2'>
-          <div
-            className={
-              entry.kind === 'network'
-                ? 'min-w-0 flex-1 truncate font-mono text-sm'
-                : 'min-w-0 flex-1 truncate font-medium'
-            }
-          >
-            {entry.label}
-          </div>
-
-          {entry.kind === 'capability' ? (
-            <CapabilityHelp description={entry.description} />
-          ) : null}
-
-          {entry.required ? (
-            <span className='rounded-full border border-border px-2 py-0.5 text-[10px] uppercase tracking-wide text-muted-foreground'>
-              Required
-            </span>
-          ) : null}
-        </div>
-      </div>
-    </label>
-  );
-}
-
-function PermissionGroupBlock({
-  node,
-  editable,
-  onToggleEntry,
-}: {
-  node: PermissionGroupNode;
-  editable: boolean;
-  onToggleEntry: (entry: PermissionEntry, nextGranted: boolean) => void;
-}) {
-  return (
-    <div className='space-y-3 rounded-2xl border border-border p-4'>
-      <div className='flex items-center gap-2'>
-        <div className='text-muted-foreground'>{groupIcon(node)}</div>
-        <div className='text-sm font-medium'>{node.label}</div>
-      </div>
-
-      {node.entries.length > 0 ? (
-        <div className='space-y-2'>
-          {node.entries.map((entry) => (
-            <PermissionRow
-              key={entry.id}
-              entry={entry}
-              editable={editable}
-              onToggle={onToggleEntry}
-            />
-          ))}
-        </div>
-      ) : null}
-
-      {node.children.length > 0 ? (
-        <div className='space-y-3'>
-          {node.children.map((child) => (
-            <PermissionGroupBlock
-              key={child.id}
-              node={child}
-              editable={editable}
-              onToggleEntry={onToggleEntry}
-            />
-          ))}
-        </div>
-      ) : null}
-    </div>
-  );
-}
-
-function countNodeEntries(node: PermissionGroupNode): number {
-  return (
-    node.entries.length +
-    node.children.reduce((sum, child) => sum + countNodeEntries(child), 0)
-  );
-}
-
-function PermissionSection({
-  title,
-  subtitle,
-  groups,
-  editable,
-  collapsed,
-  onToggleCollapsed,
-  onToggleEntry,
-}: {
-  title: string;
-  subtitle?: string;
-  groups: PermissionGroupNode[];
-  editable: boolean;
-  collapsed?: boolean;
-  onToggleCollapsed?: () => void;
-  onToggleEntry: (entry: PermissionEntry, nextGranted: boolean) => void;
-}) {
-  if (groups.length === 0) return null;
-
-  const itemCount = groups.reduce(
-    (count, group) => count + countNodeEntries(group),
-    0,
-  );
-  const contentHidden = Boolean(collapsed);
-
-  return (
-    <div className='space-y-3'>
-      <div className='flex items-center justify-between gap-3'>
-        <div>
-          <h3 className='text-sm font-medium'>{title}</h3>
-          {subtitle ? (
-            <div className='mt-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground'>{subtitle}</div>
-          ) : null}
-        </div>
-
-        {onToggleCollapsed ? (
-          <button
-            type='button'
-            className='inline-flex h-8 items-center gap-1 rounded-md px-2 text-sm text-muted-foreground hover:bg-muted'
-            onClick={onToggleCollapsed}
-          >
-            {contentHidden ? (
-              <ChevronRight className='h-4 w-4' />
-            ) : (
-              <ChevronDown className='h-4 w-4' />
-            )}
-            {itemCount}
-          </button>
-        ) : null}
-      </div>
-
-      {!contentHidden ? (
-        <div className='space-y-3'>
-          {groups.map((group) => (
-            <PermissionGroupBlock
-              key={group.id}
-              node={group}
-              editable={editable}
-              onToggleEntry={onToggleEntry}
-            />
-          ))}
-        </div>
-      ) : null}
-    </div>
-  );
-}
-
-export function PermissionsEditor({
-  app,
-  grantedPermissions,
-  capabilityDefinitions,
-  onGrantedPermissionsChange,
-  editable = true,
-}: Props) {
-  const manifest =
-    'pendingUpdate' in app && app.pendingUpdate
-      ? app.pendingUpdate.manifest
-      : app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest;
-
-  const [showOptional, setShowOptional] = useState(false);
-
-  const definitionsByKey = useMemo(
-    () => capabilityDefinitionMap(capabilityDefinitions),
-    [capabilityDefinitions],
-  );
-
-  const grantedCapabilities = useMemo(
-    () => grantedPermissions.capabilities ?? [],
-    [grantedPermissions.capabilities],
-  );
-
-  const grantedNetworkWhitelist = useMemo(
-    () => grantedPermissions.network.whitelist ?? [],
-    [grantedPermissions.network.whitelist],
-  );
-
-  const requestedRequiredCapabilities = useMemo(
-    () => manifest.permissions?.capabilities?.required ?? [],
-    [manifest.permissions?.capabilities?.required],
-  );
-
-  const requestedOptionalCapabilities = useMemo(
-    () => manifest.permissions?.capabilities?.optional ?? [],
-    [manifest.permissions?.capabilities?.optional],
-  );
-
-  const requestedRequiredNetwork = useMemo(
-    () => manifest.permissions?.network?.whitelist?.required ?? [],
-    [manifest.permissions?.network?.whitelist?.required],
-  );
-
-  const requestedOptionalNetwork = useMemo(
-    () => manifest.permissions?.network?.whitelist?.optional ?? [],
-    [manifest.permissions?.network?.whitelist?.optional],
-  );
-
-  const userGrantableRequiredCapabilities = useMemo(
-    () =>
-      requestedRequiredCapabilities.filter((capability) =>
-        isUserGrantableCapability(capability, definitionsByKey),
-      ),
-    [requestedRequiredCapabilities, definitionsByKey],
-  );
-
-  const requiredEntries = useMemo(() => {
-    const capabilityEntries = buildCapabilityEntries(
-      requestedRequiredCapabilities,
-      [],
-      grantedCapabilities,
-      definitionsByKey,
-    );
-
-    const networkEntries = buildNetworkEntries(
-      requestedRequiredNetwork,
-      [],
-      grantedNetworkWhitelist,
-    );
-
-    return sortPermissionEntries([...capabilityEntries, ...networkEntries]);
-  }, [
-    requestedRequiredCapabilities,
-    grantedCapabilities,
-    requestedRequiredNetwork,
-    grantedNetworkWhitelist,
-    definitionsByKey,
-  ]);
-
-  const optionalEntries = useMemo(() => {
-    const capabilityEntries = buildCapabilityEntries(
-      [],
-      requestedOptionalCapabilities,
-      grantedCapabilities,
-      definitionsByKey,
-    );
-
-    const networkEntries = buildNetworkEntries(
-      [],
-      requestedOptionalNetwork,
-      grantedNetworkWhitelist,
-    );
-
-    return sortPermissionEntries([...capabilityEntries, ...networkEntries]);
-  }, [
-    requestedOptionalCapabilities,
-    grantedCapabilities,
-    requestedOptionalNetwork,
-    grantedNetworkWhitelist,
-    definitionsByKey,
-  ]);
-
-  const grantedOptionalEntries = useMemo(
-    () => optionalEntries.filter((entry) => entry.granted),
-    [optionalEntries],
-  );
-
-  const ungrantedOptionalEntries = useMemo(
-    () => optionalEntries.filter((entry) => !entry.granted),
-    [optionalEntries],
-  );
-
-  const requiredGroups = useMemo(
-    () => buildGroupedPermissionTree(requiredEntries),
-    [requiredEntries],
-  );
-
-  const grantedOptionalGroups = useMemo(
-    () => buildGroupedPermissionTree(grantedOptionalEntries),
-    [grantedOptionalEntries],
-  );
-
-  const ungrantedOptionalGroups = useMemo(
-    () => buildGroupedPermissionTree(ungrantedOptionalEntries),
-    [ungrantedOptionalEntries],
-  );
-
-  function emitGrantedPermissions(next: SageGrantedPermissionsInput) {
-    onGrantedPermissionsChange?.(next);
-  }
-
-  function handleToggleEntry(entry: PermissionEntry, nextGranted: boolean) {
-    if (!editable || entry.required) {
-      return;
-    }
-
-    if (entry.kind === 'capability') {
-      const nextSet = new Set<UserBridgeCapability>(grantedCapabilities);
-
-      if (nextGranted) {
-        nextSet.add(entry.capability);
-      } else {
-        nextSet.delete(entry.capability);
-      }
-
-      for (const requiredCapability of userGrantableRequiredCapabilities) {
-        nextSet.add(requiredCapability);
-      }
-
-      emitGrantedPermissions({
-        capabilities: [...nextSet].sort((a, b) => a.localeCompare(b)),
-        network: {
-          whitelist: grantedNetworkWhitelist,
-        },
-      });
-
-      return;
-    }
-
-    const requiredKeys = new Set<string>(
-      requestedRequiredNetwork.map((item) => networkKey(item)),
-    );
-
-    const nextOptional = requestedOptionalNetwork.filter((item) => {
-      const key = networkKey(item);
-
-      if (requiredKeys.has(key)) {
-        return false;
-      }
-
-      if (key !== entry.key) {
-        return grantedNetworkWhitelist.some(
-          (grantedEntry) => networkKey(grantedEntry) === key,
-        );
-      }
-
-      return nextGranted;
-    });
-
-    emitGrantedPermissions({
-      capabilities: grantedCapabilities,
-      network: {
-        whitelist: sortNetworkEntries([
-          ...requestedRequiredNetwork,
-          ...nextOptional,
-        ]),
-      },
-    });
-  }
-
-  if (
-    requiredEntries.length === 0 &&
-    grantedOptionalEntries.length === 0 &&
-    ungrantedOptionalEntries.length === 0
-  ) {
-    return (
-      <div className='rounded-xl border border-border px-3 py-4 text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
-        This app does not request any permissions.
-      </div>
-    );
-  }
-
-  return (
-    <div className='space-y-5'>
-      {requiredGroups.length > 0 ? (
-        <PermissionSection
-          title='Required permissions'
-          subtitle='These are necessary for the app to function.'
-          groups={requiredGroups}
-          editable={editable}
-          onToggleEntry={handleToggleEntry}
-        />
-      ) : null}
-
-      {grantedOptionalGroups.length > 0 ? (
-        <PermissionSection
-          title='Granted optional permissions'
-          subtitle='These optional permissions are currently enabled.'
-          groups={grantedOptionalGroups}
-          editable={editable}
-          onToggleEntry={handleToggleEntry}
-        />
-      ) : null}
-
-      {ungrantedOptionalGroups.length > 0 ? (
-        <PermissionSection
-          title='Optional permissions'
-          subtitle='You can grant these now or keep them disabled.'
-          groups={ungrantedOptionalGroups}
-          editable={editable}
-          collapsed={!showOptional}
-          onToggleCollapsed={() => setShowOptional((prev) => !prev)}
-          onToggleEntry={handleToggleEntry}
-        />
-      ) : null}
-    </div>
-  );
-}
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/CapabilityHelp.tsx b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/CapabilityHelp.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..662c27cde
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/CapabilityHelp.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+import { CircleHelp } from 'lucide-react';
+
+export function CapabilityHelp({
+  description,
+}: {
+  description: string | null;
+}) {
+  if (!description) return null;
+
+  return (
+    <span className='relative inline-flex group'>
+      <button
+        type='button'
+        className='shrink-0 rounded-sm p-0.5 text-muted-foreground transition-colors hover:text-foreground'
+        onClick={(event) => event.preventDefault()}
+        aria-label='Permission details'
+      >
+        <CircleHelp className='h-4 w-4' />
+      </button>
+
+      <span className='pointer-events-none absolute right-0 top-6 z-50 hidden w-72 rounded-md border bg-popover p-2 text-left text-xs text-popover-foreground shadow-md group-hover:block'>
+        {description}
+      </span>
+    </span>
+  );
+}
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/PermissionGroupBlock.tsx b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/PermissionGroupBlock.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..999580aad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/PermissionGroupBlock.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+import { Globe, HardDrive, KeyRound, Radio, Shield } from 'lucide-react';
+import type { PermissionEntry, PermissionGroupNode } from './types';
+import { normalizeKey } from './utils';
+import { PermissionRow } from './PermissionRow';
+
+function groupIcon(node: PermissionGroupNode) {
+  const normalized = normalizeKey(node.id);
+
+  if (normalized === 'network') return <Globe className='h-4 w-4' />;
+
+  if (normalized === 'storage.persistent_webview') {
+    return <HardDrive className='h-4 w-4' />;
+  }
+
+  if (normalized.includes('secret') || normalized.includes('wallet')) {
+    return <KeyRound className='h-4 w-4' />;
+  }
+
+  if (normalized.includes('send') || normalized.includes('submit')) {
+    return <Radio className='h-4 w-4' />;
+  }
+
+  return <Shield className='h-4 w-4' />;
+}
+
+export function PermissionGroupBlock({
+  node,
+  editable,
+  onToggleEntry,
+}: {
+  node: PermissionGroupNode;
+  editable: boolean;
+  onToggleEntry: (entry: PermissionEntry, nextGranted: boolean) => void;
+}) {
+  return (
+    <div className='space-y-3 rounded-2xl border border-border p-4'>
+      <div className='flex items-center gap-2'>
+        <div className='text-muted-foreground'>{groupIcon(node)}</div>
+        <div className='text-sm font-medium'>{node.label}</div>
+      </div>
+
+      {node.entries.length > 0 ? (
+        <div className='space-y-2'>
+          {node.entries.map((entry) => (
+            <PermissionRow
+              key={entry.id}
+              entry={entry}
+              editable={editable}
+              onToggle={onToggleEntry}
+            />
+          ))}
+        </div>
+      ) : null}
+
+      {node.children.length > 0 ? (
+        <div className='space-y-3'>
+          {node.children.map((child) => (
+            <PermissionGroupBlock
+              key={child.id}
+              node={child}
+              editable={editable}
+              onToggleEntry={onToggleEntry}
+            />
+          ))}
+        </div>
+      ) : null}
+    </div>
+  );
+}
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/PermissionRow.tsx b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/PermissionRow.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f45dd0735
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/PermissionRow.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+import type { PermissionEntry } from './types';
+import { CapabilityHelp } from './CapabilityHelp';
+
+export function PermissionRow({
+  entry,
+  editable,
+  onToggle,
+}: {
+  entry: PermissionEntry;
+  editable: boolean;
+  onToggle: (entry: PermissionEntry, nextGranted: boolean) => void;
+}) {
+  return (
+    <label className='flex items-start gap-3 rounded-xl border border-border px-3 py-3 text-sm'>
+      <input
+        type='checkbox'
+        checked={entry.granted}
+        disabled={!editable || entry.required}
+        onChange={(event) => {
+          onToggle(entry, event.target.checked);
+        }}
+        className='mt-1 h-4 w-4'
+      />
+
+      <div className='min-w-0 flex-1'>
+        <div className='flex items-center gap-2'>
+          <div
+            className={
+              entry.kind === 'network'
+                ? 'min-w-0 flex-1 truncate font-mono text-sm'
+                : 'min-w-0 flex-1 truncate font-medium'
+            }
+          >
+            {entry.label}
+          </div>
+
+          {entry.kind === 'capability' ? (
+            <CapabilityHelp description={entry.description} />
+          ) : null}
+
+          {entry.required ? (
+            <span className='rounded-full border border-border px-2 py-0.5 text-[10px] uppercase tracking-wide text-muted-foreground'>
+              Required
+            </span>
+          ) : null}
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    </label>
+  );
+}
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/PermissionSection.tsx b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/PermissionSection.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..33dfb89fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/PermissionSection.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+import { ChevronDown, ChevronRight } from 'lucide-react';
+import type { PermissionEntry, PermissionGroupNode } from './types';
+import { countNodeEntries } from './permissionTree';
+import { PermissionGroupBlock } from './PermissionGroupBlock';
+
+export function PermissionSection({
+  title,
+  subtitle,
+  groups,
+  editable,
+  collapsed,
+  onToggleCollapsed,
+  onToggleEntry,
+}: {
+  title: string;
+  subtitle?: string;
+  groups: PermissionGroupNode[];
+  editable: boolean;
+  collapsed?: boolean;
+  onToggleCollapsed?: () => void;
+  onToggleEntry: (entry: PermissionEntry, nextGranted: boolean) => void;
+}) {
+  if (groups.length === 0) return null;
+
+  const itemCount = groups.reduce(
+    (count, group) => count + countNodeEntries(group),
+    0,
+  );
+
+  const contentHidden = Boolean(collapsed);
+
+  return (
+    <div className='space-y-3'>
+      <div className='flex items-center justify-between gap-3'>
+        <div>
+          <h3 className='text-sm font-medium'>{title}</h3>
+          {subtitle ? (
+            <div className='mt-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground'>{subtitle}</div>
+          ) : null}
+        </div>
+
+        {onToggleCollapsed ? (
+          <button
+            type='button'
+            className='inline-flex h-8 items-center gap-1 rounded-md px-2 text-sm text-muted-foreground hover:bg-muted'
+            onClick={onToggleCollapsed}
+          >
+            {contentHidden ? (
+              <ChevronRight className='h-4 w-4' />
+            ) : (
+              <ChevronDown className='h-4 w-4' />
+            )}
+            {itemCount}
+          </button>
+        ) : null}
+      </div>
+
+      {!contentHidden ? (
+        <div className='space-y-3'>
+          {groups.map((group) => (
+            <PermissionGroupBlock
+              key={group.id}
+              node={group}
+              editable={editable}
+              onToggleEntry={onToggleEntry}
+            />
+          ))}
+        </div>
+      ) : null}
+    </div>
+  );
+}
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/PermissionsEditor.tsx b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/PermissionsEditor.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..14875ac0d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/PermissionsEditor.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,268 @@
+import { useMemo, useState } from 'react';
+import type {
+  SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView,
+  SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
+  SageGrantedPermissionsView,
+  SystemSageAppView,
+  UserBridgeCapability,
+  UserSageAppView,
+} from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
+import type { PermissionEntry } from './types';
+import {
+  buildCapabilityEntries,
+  buildNetworkEntries,
+  capabilityDefinitionMap,
+  isUserGrantableCapability,
+  sortPermissionEntries,
+} from './permissionEntries';
+import { buildGroupedPermissionTree } from './permissionTree';
+import { networkKey, sortNetworkEntries } from './utils';
+import { PermissionSection } from './PermissionSection';
+
+interface Props {
+  app: UserSageAppView | SystemSageAppView;
+  grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissionsView;
+  capabilityDefinitions: SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView[];
+  onGrantedPermissionsChange?: (next: SageGrantedPermissionsInput) => void;
+  editable?: boolean;
+}
+
+export function PermissionsEditor({
+  app,
+  grantedPermissions,
+  capabilityDefinitions,
+  onGrantedPermissionsChange,
+  editable = true,
+}: Props) {
+  const manifest =
+    'pendingUpdate' in app && app.pendingUpdate
+      ? app.pendingUpdate.manifest
+      : app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest;
+
+  const [showOptional, setShowOptional] = useState(false);
+
+  const definitionsByKey = useMemo(
+    () => capabilityDefinitionMap(capabilityDefinitions),
+    [capabilityDefinitions],
+  );
+
+  const grantedCapabilities = useMemo(
+    () => grantedPermissions.capabilities ?? [],
+    [grantedPermissions.capabilities],
+  );
+
+  const grantedNetworkWhitelist = useMemo(
+    () => grantedPermissions.network.whitelist ?? [],
+    [grantedPermissions.network.whitelist],
+  );
+
+  const requestedRequiredCapabilities = useMemo(
+    () => manifest.permissions?.capabilities?.required ?? [],
+    [manifest.permissions?.capabilities?.required],
+  );
+
+  const requestedOptionalCapabilities = useMemo(
+    () => manifest.permissions?.capabilities?.optional ?? [],
+    [manifest.permissions?.capabilities?.optional],
+  );
+
+  const requestedRequiredNetwork = useMemo(
+    () => manifest.permissions?.network?.whitelist?.required ?? [],
+    [manifest.permissions?.network?.whitelist?.required],
+  );
+
+  const requestedOptionalNetwork = useMemo(
+    () => manifest.permissions?.network?.whitelist?.optional ?? [],
+    [manifest.permissions?.network?.whitelist?.optional],
+  );
+
+  const userGrantableRequiredCapabilities = useMemo(
+    () =>
+      requestedRequiredCapabilities.filter((capability) =>
+        isUserGrantableCapability(capability, definitionsByKey),
+      ),
+    [requestedRequiredCapabilities, definitionsByKey],
+  );
+
+  const requiredEntries = useMemo(() => {
+    const capabilityEntries = buildCapabilityEntries(
+      requestedRequiredCapabilities,
+      [],
+      grantedCapabilities,
+      definitionsByKey,
+    );
+
+    const networkEntries = buildNetworkEntries(
+      requestedRequiredNetwork,
+      [],
+      grantedNetworkWhitelist,
+    );
+
+    return sortPermissionEntries([...capabilityEntries, ...networkEntries]);
+  }, [
+    requestedRequiredCapabilities,
+    grantedCapabilities,
+    requestedRequiredNetwork,
+    grantedNetworkWhitelist,
+    definitionsByKey,
+  ]);
+
+  const optionalEntries = useMemo(() => {
+    const capabilityEntries = buildCapabilityEntries(
+      [],
+      requestedOptionalCapabilities,
+      grantedCapabilities,
+      definitionsByKey,
+    );
+
+    const networkEntries = buildNetworkEntries(
+      [],
+      requestedOptionalNetwork,
+      grantedNetworkWhitelist,
+    );
+
+    return sortPermissionEntries([...capabilityEntries, ...networkEntries]);
+  }, [
+    requestedOptionalCapabilities,
+    grantedCapabilities,
+    requestedOptionalNetwork,
+    grantedNetworkWhitelist,
+    definitionsByKey,
+  ]);
+
+  const grantedOptionalEntries = useMemo(
+    () => optionalEntries.filter((entry) => entry.granted),
+    [optionalEntries],
+  );
+
+  const ungrantedOptionalEntries = useMemo(
+    () => optionalEntries.filter((entry) => !entry.granted),
+    [optionalEntries],
+  );
+
+  const requiredGroups = useMemo(
+    () => buildGroupedPermissionTree(requiredEntries),
+    [requiredEntries],
+  );
+
+  const grantedOptionalGroups = useMemo(
+    () => buildGroupedPermissionTree(grantedOptionalEntries),
+    [grantedOptionalEntries],
+  );
+
+  const ungrantedOptionalGroups = useMemo(
+    () => buildGroupedPermissionTree(ungrantedOptionalEntries),
+    [ungrantedOptionalEntries],
+  );
+
+  function emitGrantedPermissions(next: SageGrantedPermissionsInput) {
+    onGrantedPermissionsChange?.(next);
+  }
+
+  function handleToggleEntry(entry: PermissionEntry, nextGranted: boolean) {
+    if (!editable || entry.required) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    if (entry.kind === 'capability') {
+      const nextSet = new Set<UserBridgeCapability>(grantedCapabilities);
+
+      if (nextGranted) {
+        nextSet.add(entry.capability);
+      } else {
+        nextSet.delete(entry.capability);
+      }
+
+      for (const requiredCapability of userGrantableRequiredCapabilities) {
+        nextSet.add(requiredCapability);
+      }
+
+      emitGrantedPermissions({
+        capabilities: [...nextSet].sort((a, b) => a.localeCompare(b)),
+        network: {
+          whitelist: grantedNetworkWhitelist,
+        },
+      });
+
+      return;
+    }
+
+    const requiredKeys = new Set<string>(
+      requestedRequiredNetwork.map((item) => networkKey(item)),
+    );
+
+    const nextOptional = requestedOptionalNetwork.filter((item) => {
+      const key = networkKey(item);
+
+      if (requiredKeys.has(key)) {
+        return false;
+      }
+
+      if (key !== entry.key) {
+        return grantedNetworkWhitelist.some(
+          (grantedEntry) => networkKey(grantedEntry) === key,
+        );
+      }
+
+      return nextGranted;
+    });
+
+    emitGrantedPermissions({
+      capabilities: grantedCapabilities,
+      network: {
+        whitelist: sortNetworkEntries([
+          ...requestedRequiredNetwork,
+          ...nextOptional,
+        ]),
+      },
+    });
+  }
+
+  if (
+    requiredEntries.length === 0 &&
+    grantedOptionalEntries.length === 0 &&
+    ungrantedOptionalEntries.length === 0
+  ) {
+    return (
+      <div className='rounded-xl border border-border px-3 py-4 text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
+        This app does not request any permissions.
+      </div>
+    );
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <div className='space-y-5'>
+      {requiredGroups.length > 0 ? (
+        <PermissionSection
+          title='Required permissions'
+          subtitle='These are necessary for the app to function.'
+          groups={requiredGroups}
+          editable={editable}
+          onToggleEntry={handleToggleEntry}
+        />
+      ) : null}
+
+      {grantedOptionalGroups.length > 0 ? (
+        <PermissionSection
+          title='Granted optional permissions'
+          subtitle='These optional permissions are currently enabled.'
+          groups={grantedOptionalGroups}
+          editable={editable}
+          onToggleEntry={handleToggleEntry}
+        />
+      ) : null}
+
+      {ungrantedOptionalGroups.length > 0 ? (
+        <PermissionSection
+          title='Optional permissions'
+          subtitle='You can grant these now or keep them disabled.'
+          groups={ungrantedOptionalGroups}
+          editable={editable}
+          collapsed={!showOptional}
+          onToggleCollapsed={() => setShowOptional((prev) => !prev)}
+          onToggleEntry={handleToggleEntry}
+        />
+      ) : null}
+    </div>
+  );
+}
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/index.ts b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/index.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d64c1b8d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/index.ts
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+export { PermissionsEditor } from './PermissionsEditor';
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/permissionEntries.ts b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/permissionEntries.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f12d1e15e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/permissionEntries.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+import type {
+  SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView,
+  SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
+  UserBridgeCapability,
+} from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
+import type { PermissionEntry } from './types';
+import { formatCapabilityLeafLabel, networkKey } from './utils';
+
+export function capabilitySensitivityRank(key: string): number {
+  if (key.includes('secret')) return 0;
+  if (key === 'storage.persistent_webview') return 2;
+  if (key.includes('send') || key.includes('network')) return 3;
+  return 4;
+}
+
+export function capabilityDefinitionMap(
+  definitions: SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView[],
+): Map<UserBridgeCapability, SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView> {
+  return new Map(
+    definitions.map((definition) => [
+      definition.key as UserBridgeCapability,
+      definition,
+    ]),
+  );
+}
+
+export function isUserGrantableCapability(
+  capability: UserBridgeCapability,
+  definitionsByKey: Map<UserBridgeCapability, SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView>,
+): boolean {
+  return definitionsByKey.get(capability)?.flags.userGrantable === true;
+}
+
+export function buildCapabilityEntries(
+  requestedRequired: UserBridgeCapability[],
+  requestedOptional: UserBridgeCapability[],
+  grantedCapabilities: UserBridgeCapability[],
+  definitionsByKey: Map<UserBridgeCapability, SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView>,
+): PermissionEntry[] {
+  const grantedSet = new Set<UserBridgeCapability>(grantedCapabilities);
+
+  const requiredEntries: PermissionEntry[] = requestedRequired
+    .filter((capability) =>
+      isUserGrantableCapability(capability, definitionsByKey),
+    )
+    .map((capability) => {
+      const definition = definitionsByKey.get(capability);
+      const key = capability;
+
+      return {
+        id: `capability:${key}`,
+        kind: 'capability',
+        key,
+        capability,
+        label: definition?.label ?? formatCapabilityLeafLabel(key),
+        description: definition?.description ?? null,
+        required: true,
+        granted: true,
+        sensitivityRank: capabilitySensitivityRank(key),
+      };
+    });
+
+  const optionalEntries: PermissionEntry[] = requestedOptional
+    .filter((capability) =>
+      isUserGrantableCapability(capability, definitionsByKey),
+    )
+    .map((capability) => {
+      const definition = definitionsByKey.get(capability);
+      const key = capability;
+
+      return {
+        id: `capability:${key}`,
+        kind: 'capability',
+        key,
+        capability,
+        label: definition?.label ?? formatCapabilityLeafLabel(key),
+        description: definition?.description ?? null,
+        required: false,
+        granted: grantedSet.has(capability),
+        sensitivityRank: capabilitySensitivityRank(key),
+      };
+    });
+
+  return [...requiredEntries, ...optionalEntries];
+}
+
+export function buildNetworkEntries(
+  requestedRequired: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[],
+  requestedOptional: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[],
+  grantedNetworkWhitelist: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[],
+): PermissionEntry[] {
+  const grantedSet = new Set(
+    grantedNetworkWhitelist.map((entry) => networkKey(entry)),
+  );
+
+  const requiredEntries: PermissionEntry[] = requestedRequired.map((entry) => {
+    const key = networkKey(entry);
+
+    return {
+      id: `network:${key}`,
+      kind: 'network',
+      key,
+      label: key,
+      description: null,
+      required: true,
+      granted: true,
+      sensitivityRank: 1,
+    };
+  });
+
+  const optionalEntries: PermissionEntry[] = requestedOptional.map((entry) => {
+    const key = networkKey(entry);
+
+    return {
+      id: `network:${key}`,
+      kind: 'network',
+      key,
+      label: key,
+      description: null,
+      required: false,
+      granted: grantedSet.has(key),
+      sensitivityRank: 1,
+    };
+  });
+
+  return [...requiredEntries, ...optionalEntries];
+}
+
+export function sortPermissionEntries(
+  entries: PermissionEntry[],
+): PermissionEntry[] {
+  return [...entries].sort((a, b) => {
+    if (a.sensitivityRank !== b.sensitivityRank) {
+      return a.sensitivityRank - b.sensitivityRank;
+    }
+
+    if (a.kind !== b.kind) {
+      return a.kind.localeCompare(b.kind);
+    }
+
+    return a.key.localeCompare(b.key);
+  });
+}
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/permissionTree.ts b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/permissionTree.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c08ee7582
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/permissionTree.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+import type { PermissionEntry, PermissionGroupNode } from './types';
+import { sortPermissionEntries } from './permissionEntries';
+import { normalizeKey, segmentLabel } from './utils';
+
+function makeNode(id: string, label: string): PermissionGroupNode {
+  return {
+    id,
+    label,
+    children: [],
+    entries: [],
+    sensitivityRank: 999,
+  };
+}
+
+function updateNodeSensitivity(
+  node: PermissionGroupNode,
+  rank: number,
+): PermissionGroupNode {
+  node.sensitivityRank = Math.min(node.sensitivityRank, rank);
+  return node;
+}
+
+export function buildGroupedPermissionTree(
+  entries: PermissionEntry[],
+): PermissionGroupNode[] {
+  const roots: PermissionGroupNode[] = [];
+
+  const networkEntries = entries.filter((entry) => entry.kind === 'network');
+  if (networkEntries.length > 0) {
+    const networkNode = makeNode('network', 'Network access');
+    networkNode.entries = sortPermissionEntries(networkEntries);
+    networkNode.sensitivityRank = 1;
+    roots.push(networkNode);
+  }
+
+  const persistentEntries = entries.filter(
+    (entry) =>
+      entry.kind === 'capability' &&
+      normalizeKey(entry.key) === 'storage.persistent_webview',
+  );
+
+  if (persistentEntries.length > 0) {
+    const persistentNode = makeNode(
+      'storage.persistent_webview',
+      'Persistent storage',
+    );
+    persistentNode.entries = sortPermissionEntries(persistentEntries);
+    persistentNode.sensitivityRank = 2;
+    roots.push(persistentNode);
+  }
+
+  const generalCapabilityEntries = entries.filter(
+    (entry) =>
+      entry.kind === 'capability' &&
+      normalizeKey(entry.key) !== 'storage.persistent_webview',
+  );
+
+  const capabilityRoot = makeNode('capabilities_root', 'Capabilities');
+
+  for (const entry of generalCapabilityEntries) {
+    const parts = entry.key.split('.');
+    const leafParentParts = parts.slice(0, -1);
+
+    if (leafParentParts.length === 0) {
+      capabilityRoot.entries.push(entry);
+      updateNodeSensitivity(capabilityRoot, entry.sensitivityRank);
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    let current = capabilityRoot;
+    updateNodeSensitivity(current, entry.sensitivityRank);
+
+    for (let index = 0; index < leafParentParts.length; index += 1) {
+      const segment = leafParentParts[index];
+      const fullPath = leafParentParts.slice(0, index + 1).join('.');
+      let child = current.children.find((node) => node.id === fullPath);
+
+      if (!child) {
+        child = makeNode(fullPath, segmentLabel(segment));
+        current.children.push(child);
+      }
+
+      updateNodeSensitivity(child, entry.sensitivityRank);
+      current = child;
+    }
+
+    current.entries.push(entry);
+    updateNodeSensitivity(current, entry.sensitivityRank);
+  }
+
+  function sortNode(node: PermissionGroupNode) {
+    node.entries = sortPermissionEntries(node.entries);
+
+    node.children.sort((a, b) => {
+      if (a.sensitivityRank !== b.sensitivityRank) {
+        return a.sensitivityRank - b.sensitivityRank;
+      }
+
+      return a.label.localeCompare(b.label);
+    });
+
+    for (const child of node.children) {
+      sortNode(child);
+    }
+  }
+
+  sortNode(capabilityRoot);
+
+  if (capabilityRoot.entries.length > 0 || capabilityRoot.children.length > 0) {
+    roots.push(...capabilityRoot.children);
+
+    if (capabilityRoot.entries.length > 0) {
+      const miscNode = makeNode('misc', 'Other capabilities');
+      miscNode.entries = capabilityRoot.entries;
+      miscNode.sensitivityRank = capabilityRoot.sensitivityRank;
+      roots.push(miscNode);
+    }
+  }
+
+  roots.sort((a, b) => {
+    if (a.sensitivityRank !== b.sensitivityRank) {
+      return a.sensitivityRank - b.sensitivityRank;
+    }
+
+    return a.label.localeCompare(b.label);
+  });
+
+  return roots;
+}
+
+export function countNodeEntries(node: PermissionGroupNode): number {
+  return (
+    node.entries.length +
+    node.children.reduce((sum, child) => sum + countNodeEntries(child), 0)
+  );
+}
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/types.ts b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/types.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6be795ef5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/types.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+import type { UserBridgeCapability } from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
+
+export type PermissionEntry =
+  | {
+      id: string;
+      kind: 'capability';
+      key: string;
+      capability: UserBridgeCapability;
+      label: string;
+      description: string | null;
+      required: boolean;
+      granted: boolean;
+      sensitivityRank: number;
+    }
+  | {
+      id: string;
+      kind: 'network';
+      key: string;
+      label: string;
+      description: string | null;
+      required: boolean;
+      granted: boolean;
+      sensitivityRank: number;
+    };
+
+export interface PermissionGroupNode {
+  id: string;
+  label: string;
+  children: PermissionGroupNode[];
+  entries: PermissionEntry[];
+  sensitivityRank: number;
+}
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/utils.ts b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/utils.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..df53f317a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/utils.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+import type { SageNetworkWhitelistEntry } from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
+
+export function cn(...classes: Array<string | false | null | undefined>) {
+  return classes.filter(Boolean).join(' ');
+}
+
+export function networkKey(entry: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry): string {
+  return `${entry.scheme}://${entry.host}`;
+}
+
+export function sortNetworkEntries(
+  entries: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[],
+): SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[] {
+  return [...entries].sort((a, b) =>
+    networkKey(a).localeCompare(networkKey(b)),
+  );
+}
+
+export function titleCasePart(value: string): string {
+  if (!value) return value;
+  return value.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + value.slice(1);
+}
+
+export function segmentLabel(segment: string): string {
+  return segment.split('_').filter(Boolean).map(titleCasePart).join(' ');
+}
+
+export function formatCapabilityLeafLabel(key: string): string {
+  const parts = key.split('.');
+  return segmentLabel(parts[parts.length - 1] ?? key);
+}
+
+export function normalizeKey(key: string): string {
+  return key.trim().toLowerCase();
+}

From 57a030d15357aa47789a15280397dfb6ca885861 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sun, 3 May 2026 23:15:58 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 331/471] Refactor `PermissionsEditor` for improved layout,
 styling, and modularity

- Adjusted spacing, padding, and typography for a more consistent UI.
- Introduced new `separated` prop in `PermissionSection` for optional section dividers.
- Enhanced hierarchy visualization in `PermissionGroupBlock` with connectors.
- Simplified `PermissionRow` layout and hover interactions.
- Updated `AppModalShell` to support optional padding via `bodyPadded` prop.
- Refined icon sizes in permission group and help components for improved visuals.
---
 .../PermissionsEditor/CapabilityHelp.tsx      |  8 +-
 .../PermissionGroupBlock.tsx                  | 82 ++++++++++++-------
 .../PermissionsEditor/PermissionRow.tsx       | 38 ++++-----
 .../PermissionsEditor/PermissionSection.tsx   | 27 +++---
 .../PermissionsEditor/PermissionsEditor.tsx   | 11 ++-
 .../src/presentation/modal/AppModalShell.tsx  |  5 +-
 6 files changed, 91 insertions(+), 80 deletions(-)

diff --git a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/CapabilityHelp.tsx b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/CapabilityHelp.tsx
index 662c27cde..ce5959a77 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/CapabilityHelp.tsx
+++ b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/CapabilityHelp.tsx
@@ -8,17 +8,17 @@ export function CapabilityHelp({
   if (!description) return null;
 
   return (
-    <span className='relative inline-flex group'>
+    <span className='relative inline-flex shrink-0 group'>
       <button
         type='button'
-        className='shrink-0 rounded-sm p-0.5 text-muted-foreground transition-colors hover:text-foreground'
+        className='rounded-sm p-0.5 text-muted-foreground transition-colors hover:text-foreground'
         onClick={(event) => event.preventDefault()}
         aria-label='Permission details'
       >
-        <CircleHelp className='h-4 w-4' />
+        <CircleHelp className='h-3.5 w-3.5' />
       </button>
 
-      <span className='pointer-events-none absolute right-0 top-6 z-50 hidden w-72 rounded-md border bg-popover p-2 text-left text-xs text-popover-foreground shadow-md group-hover:block'>
+      <span className='pointer-events-none absolute left-1/2 top-6 z-50 hidden w-[min(18rem,calc(100vw-2rem))] -translate-x-1/2 rounded-md border bg-popover p-2 text-left text-xs text-popover-foreground shadow-md group-hover:block'>
         {description}
       </span>
     </span>
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/PermissionGroupBlock.tsx b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/PermissionGroupBlock.tsx
index 999580aad..59192ed2f 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/PermissionGroupBlock.tsx
+++ b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/PermissionGroupBlock.tsx
@@ -6,21 +6,21 @@ import { PermissionRow } from './PermissionRow';
 function groupIcon(node: PermissionGroupNode) {
   const normalized = normalizeKey(node.id);
 
-  if (normalized === 'network') return <Globe className='h-4 w-4' />;
+  if (normalized === 'network') return <Globe className='h-3.5 w-3.5' />;
 
   if (normalized === 'storage.persistent_webview') {
-    return <HardDrive className='h-4 w-4' />;
+    return <HardDrive className='h-3.5 w-3.5' />;
   }
 
   if (normalized.includes('secret') || normalized.includes('wallet')) {
-    return <KeyRound className='h-4 w-4' />;
+    return <KeyRound className='h-3.5 w-3.5' />;
   }
 
   if (normalized.includes('send') || normalized.includes('submit')) {
-    return <Radio className='h-4 w-4' />;
+    return <Radio className='h-3.5 w-3.5' />;
   }
 
-  return <Shield className='h-4 w-4' />;
+  return <Shield className='h-3.5 w-3.5' />;
 }
 
 export function PermissionGroupBlock({
@@ -32,38 +32,58 @@ export function PermissionGroupBlock({
   editable: boolean;
   onToggleEntry: (entry: PermissionEntry, nextGranted: boolean) => void;
 }) {
+  const items = [
+    ...node.entries.map((entry) => ({
+      kind: 'entry' as const,
+      id: entry.id,
+      entry,
+    })),
+    ...node.children.map((child) => ({
+      kind: 'child' as const,
+      id: child.id,
+      child,
+    })),
+  ];
+
   return (
-    <div className='space-y-3 rounded-2xl border border-border p-4'>
-      <div className='flex items-center gap-2'>
+    <div className='space-y-1.5'>
+      <div className='flex items-center gap-2 py-1'>
         <div className='text-muted-foreground'>{groupIcon(node)}</div>
         <div className='text-sm font-medium'>{node.label}</div>
       </div>
 
-      {node.entries.length > 0 ? (
-        <div className='space-y-2'>
-          {node.entries.map((entry) => (
-            <PermissionRow
-              key={entry.id}
-              entry={entry}
-              editable={editable}
-              onToggle={onToggleEntry}
-            />
-          ))}
-        </div>
-      ) : null}
+      <div className='ml-2 space-y-1.5 pl-4'>
+        {items.map((item, index) => {
+          const isLast = index === items.length - 1;
+
+          return (
+            <div key={item.id} className='relative'>
+              <div
+                className={
+                  isLast
+                    ? 'absolute -left-4 top-0 h-1/2 border-l border-border/70'
+                    : 'absolute -left-4 bottom-0 top-0 border-l border-border/70'
+                }
+              />
+              <div className='absolute -left-4 top-1/2 h-px w-3 border-t border-border/70' />
 
-      {node.children.length > 0 ? (
-        <div className='space-y-3'>
-          {node.children.map((child) => (
-            <PermissionGroupBlock
-              key={child.id}
-              node={child}
-              editable={editable}
-              onToggleEntry={onToggleEntry}
-            />
-          ))}
-        </div>
-      ) : null}
+              {item.kind === 'entry' ? (
+                <PermissionRow
+                  entry={item.entry}
+                  editable={editable}
+                  onToggle={onToggleEntry}
+                />
+              ) : (
+                <PermissionGroupBlock
+                  node={item.child}
+                  editable={editable}
+                  onToggleEntry={onToggleEntry}
+                />
+              )}
+            </div>
+          );
+        })}
+      </div>
     </div>
   );
 }
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/PermissionRow.tsx b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/PermissionRow.tsx
index f45dd0735..bea86be4f 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/PermissionRow.tsx
+++ b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/PermissionRow.tsx
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ export function PermissionRow({
   onToggle: (entry: PermissionEntry, nextGranted: boolean) => void;
 }) {
   return (
-    <label className='flex items-start gap-3 rounded-xl border border-border px-3 py-3 text-sm'>
+    <label className='flex min-h-9 items-center gap-2.5 rounded-md px-2 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors hover:bg-muted/50'>
       <input
         type='checkbox'
         checked={entry.granted}
@@ -19,31 +19,23 @@ export function PermissionRow({
         onChange={(event) => {
           onToggle(entry, event.target.checked);
         }}
-        className='mt-1 h-4 w-4'
+        className='h-4 w-4 shrink-0'
       />
 
-      <div className='min-w-0 flex-1'>
-        <div className='flex items-center gap-2'>
-          <div
-            className={
-              entry.kind === 'network'
-                ? 'min-w-0 flex-1 truncate font-mono text-sm'
-                : 'min-w-0 flex-1 truncate font-medium'
-            }
-          >
-            {entry.label}
-          </div>
+      <div className='min-w-0 flex items-center gap-1.5'>
+        <span
+          className={
+            entry.kind === 'network'
+              ? 'truncate font-mono text-sm'
+              : 'truncate font-medium'
+          }
+        >
+          {entry.label}
+        </span>
 
-          {entry.kind === 'capability' ? (
-            <CapabilityHelp description={entry.description} />
-          ) : null}
-
-          {entry.required ? (
-            <span className='rounded-full border border-border px-2 py-0.5 text-[10px] uppercase tracking-wide text-muted-foreground'>
-              Required
-            </span>
-          ) : null}
-        </div>
+        {entry.kind === 'capability' ? (
+          <CapabilityHelp description={entry.description} />
+        ) : null}
       </div>
     </label>
   );
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/PermissionSection.tsx b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/PermissionSection.tsx
index 33dfb89fa..2b93438ac 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/PermissionSection.tsx
+++ b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/PermissionSection.tsx
@@ -5,17 +5,17 @@ import { PermissionGroupBlock } from './PermissionGroupBlock';
 
 export function PermissionSection({
   title,
-  subtitle,
   groups,
   editable,
+  separated,
   collapsed,
   onToggleCollapsed,
   onToggleEntry,
 }: {
   title: string;
-  subtitle?: string;
   groups: PermissionGroupNode[];
   editable: boolean;
+  separated?: boolean;
   collapsed?: boolean;
   onToggleCollapsed?: () => void;
   onToggleEntry: (entry: PermissionEntry, nextGranted: boolean) => void;
@@ -30,25 +30,22 @@ export function PermissionSection({
   const contentHidden = Boolean(collapsed);
 
   return (
-    <div className='space-y-3'>
-      <div className='flex items-center justify-between gap-3'>
-        <div>
-          <h3 className='text-sm font-medium'>{title}</h3>
-          {subtitle ? (
-            <div className='mt-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground'>{subtitle}</div>
-          ) : null}
-        </div>
+    <section className='space-y-2.5'>
+      {separated ? <div className='border-t border-border/70' /> : null}
+
+      <div className='flex items-center justify-between gap-3 px-2'>
+        <h3 className='text-base font-semibold tracking-tight'>{title}</h3>
 
         {onToggleCollapsed ? (
           <button
             type='button'
-            className='inline-flex h-8 items-center gap-1 rounded-md px-2 text-sm text-muted-foreground hover:bg-muted'
+            className='inline-flex h-7 items-center gap-1 rounded-md px-2 text-xs text-muted-foreground hover:bg-muted'
             onClick={onToggleCollapsed}
           >
             {contentHidden ? (
-              <ChevronRight className='h-4 w-4' />
+              <ChevronRight className='h-3.5 w-3.5' />
             ) : (
-              <ChevronDown className='h-4 w-4' />
+              <ChevronDown className='h-3.5 w-3.5' />
             )}
             {itemCount}
           </button>
@@ -56,7 +53,7 @@ export function PermissionSection({
       </div>
 
       {!contentHidden ? (
-        <div className='space-y-3'>
+        <div className='space-y-2 px-4'>
           {groups.map((group) => (
             <PermissionGroupBlock
               key={group.id}
@@ -67,6 +64,6 @@ export function PermissionSection({
           ))}
         </div>
       ) : null}
-    </div>
+    </section>
   );
 }
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/PermissionsEditor.tsx b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/PermissionsEditor.tsx
index 14875ac0d..91eaf0c0b 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/PermissionsEditor.tsx
+++ b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/PermissionsEditor.tsx
@@ -231,11 +231,10 @@ export function PermissionsEditor({
   }
 
   return (
-    <div className='space-y-5'>
+    <div className='space-y-4'>
       {requiredGroups.length > 0 ? (
         <PermissionSection
           title='Required permissions'
-          subtitle='These are necessary for the app to function.'
           groups={requiredGroups}
           editable={editable}
           onToggleEntry={handleToggleEntry}
@@ -244,20 +243,20 @@ export function PermissionsEditor({
 
       {grantedOptionalGroups.length > 0 ? (
         <PermissionSection
-          title='Granted optional permissions'
-          subtitle='These optional permissions are currently enabled.'
+          title='Optional permissions'
           groups={grantedOptionalGroups}
           editable={editable}
+          separated
           onToggleEntry={handleToggleEntry}
         />
       ) : null}
 
       {ungrantedOptionalGroups.length > 0 ? (
         <PermissionSection
-          title='Optional permissions'
-          subtitle='You can grant these now or keep them disabled.'
+          title='Available optional permissions'
           groups={ungrantedOptionalGroups}
           editable={editable}
+          separated
           collapsed={!showOptional}
           onToggleCollapsed={() => setShowOptional((prev) => !prev)}
           onToggleEntry={handleToggleEntry}
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/presentation/modal/AppModalShell.tsx b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/presentation/modal/AppModalShell.tsx
index 46661e62b..a08f2cede 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/presentation/modal/AppModalShell.tsx
+++ b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/presentation/modal/AppModalShell.tsx
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ interface AppModalShellProps {
   className?: string;
   bodyClassName?: string;
   contentClassName?: string;
+  bodyPadded?: boolean;
 }
 
 export function AppModalShell({
@@ -25,6 +26,7 @@ export function AppModalShell({
   className = '',
   bodyClassName = '',
   contentClassName = '',
+  bodyPadded = true,
 }: AppModalShellProps) {
   return (
     <SystemModalShell
@@ -51,7 +53,8 @@ export function AppModalShell({
 
         <main
           className={[
-            'min-h-0 flex-1 overflow-auto px-6 py-5',
+            'min-h-0 flex-1 overflow-auto',
+            bodyPadded ? 'px-6 py-5' : '',
             bodyClassName,
           ].join(' ')}
         >

From 2782f7f308432a5796ac87481480dee8671cab1b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sun, 3 May 2026 23:30:51 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 332/471] Refactor `PermissionsEditor` to unify optional
 permissions handling

- Consolidated `grantedOptional` and `ungrantedOptional` sections into a single `optionalPermissions` group.
- Introduced `showAllOptional` state to toggle visibility of ungranted optional permissions.
- Updated `permissionTree` to group all storage-related permissions under a unified `Storage` node.
- Simplified `PermissionSection` props, removing `collapsed` in favor of a more flexible `trailingAction` for additional actions.
---
 .../PermissionsEditor/PermissionSection.tsx   | 45 ++++------------
 .../PermissionsEditor/PermissionsEditor.tsx   | 54 +++++++++----------
 .../PermissionsEditor/permissionTree.ts       | 17 +++---
 3 files changed, 43 insertions(+), 73 deletions(-)

diff --git a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/PermissionSection.tsx b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/PermissionSection.tsx
index 2b93438ac..c954eeb7d 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/PermissionSection.tsx
+++ b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/PermissionSection.tsx
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
-import { ChevronDown, ChevronRight } from 'lucide-react';
+import type { ReactNode } from 'react';
 import type { PermissionEntry, PermissionGroupNode } from './types';
-import { countNodeEntries } from './permissionTree';
 import { PermissionGroupBlock } from './PermissionGroupBlock';
 
 export function PermissionSection({
@@ -8,52 +7,28 @@ export function PermissionSection({
   groups,
   editable,
   separated,
-  collapsed,
-  onToggleCollapsed,
+  trailingAction,
   onToggleEntry,
 }: {
   title: string;
   groups: PermissionGroupNode[];
   editable: boolean;
   separated?: boolean;
-  collapsed?: boolean;
-  onToggleCollapsed?: () => void;
+  trailingAction?: ReactNode;
   onToggleEntry: (entry: PermissionEntry, nextGranted: boolean) => void;
 }) {
-  if (groups.length === 0) return null;
-
-  const itemCount = groups.reduce(
-    (count, group) => count + countNodeEntries(group),
-    0,
-  );
-
-  const contentHidden = Boolean(collapsed);
+  if (groups.length === 0 && !trailingAction) return null;
 
   return (
-    <section className='space-y-2.5'>
-      {separated ? <div className='border-t border-border/70' /> : null}
+    <section className='space-y-3'>
+      {separated ? <div className='border-t border-border' /> : null}
 
-      <div className='flex items-center justify-between gap-3 px-2'>
+      <div className='flex items-center justify-between gap-3'>
         <h3 className='text-base font-semibold tracking-tight'>{title}</h3>
-
-        {onToggleCollapsed ? (
-          <button
-            type='button'
-            className='inline-flex h-7 items-center gap-1 rounded-md px-2 text-xs text-muted-foreground hover:bg-muted'
-            onClick={onToggleCollapsed}
-          >
-            {contentHidden ? (
-              <ChevronRight className='h-3.5 w-3.5' />
-            ) : (
-              <ChevronDown className='h-3.5 w-3.5' />
-            )}
-            {itemCount}
-          </button>
-        ) : null}
       </div>
 
-      {!contentHidden ? (
-        <div className='space-y-2 px-4'>
+      {groups.length > 0 ? (
+        <div className='space-y-2'>
           {groups.map((group) => (
             <PermissionGroupBlock
               key={group.id}
@@ -64,6 +39,8 @@ export function PermissionSection({
           ))}
         </div>
       ) : null}
+
+      {trailingAction ? <div className='pt-1'>{trailingAction}</div> : null}
     </section>
   );
 }
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/PermissionsEditor.tsx b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/PermissionsEditor.tsx
index 91eaf0c0b..459801e60 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/PermissionsEditor.tsx
+++ b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/PermissionsEditor.tsx
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ export function PermissionsEditor({
       ? app.pendingUpdate.manifest
       : app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest;
 
-  const [showOptional, setShowOptional] = useState(false);
+  const [showAllOptional, setShowAllOptional] = useState(false);
 
   const definitionsByKey = useMemo(
     () => capabilityDefinitionMap(capabilityDefinitions),
@@ -140,19 +140,19 @@ export function PermissionsEditor({
     [optionalEntries],
   );
 
+  const visibleOptionalEntries = useMemo(
+    () => (showAllOptional ? optionalEntries : grantedOptionalEntries),
+    [showAllOptional, optionalEntries, grantedOptionalEntries],
+  );
+
   const requiredGroups = useMemo(
     () => buildGroupedPermissionTree(requiredEntries),
     [requiredEntries],
   );
 
-  const grantedOptionalGroups = useMemo(
-    () => buildGroupedPermissionTree(grantedOptionalEntries),
-    [grantedOptionalEntries],
-  );
-
-  const ungrantedOptionalGroups = useMemo(
-    () => buildGroupedPermissionTree(ungrantedOptionalEntries),
-    [ungrantedOptionalEntries],
+  const optionalGroups = useMemo(
+    () => buildGroupedPermissionTree(visibleOptionalEntries),
+    [visibleOptionalEntries],
   );
 
   function emitGrantedPermissions(next: SageGrantedPermissionsInput) {
@@ -218,11 +218,7 @@ export function PermissionsEditor({
     });
   }
 
-  if (
-    requiredEntries.length === 0 &&
-    grantedOptionalEntries.length === 0 &&
-    ungrantedOptionalEntries.length === 0
-  ) {
+  if (requiredEntries.length === 0 && optionalEntries.length === 0) {
     return (
       <div className='rounded-xl border border-border px-3 py-4 text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
         This app does not request any permissions.
@@ -241,25 +237,25 @@ export function PermissionsEditor({
         />
       ) : null}
 
-      {grantedOptionalGroups.length > 0 ? (
+      {optionalEntries.length > 0 ? (
         <PermissionSection
           title='Optional permissions'
-          groups={grantedOptionalGroups}
-          editable={editable}
-          separated
-          onToggleEntry={handleToggleEntry}
-        />
-      ) : null}
-
-      {ungrantedOptionalGroups.length > 0 ? (
-        <PermissionSection
-          title='Available optional permissions'
-          groups={ungrantedOptionalGroups}
+          groups={optionalGroups}
           editable={editable}
-          separated
-          collapsed={!showOptional}
-          onToggleCollapsed={() => setShowOptional((prev) => !prev)}
+          separated={requiredGroups.length > 0}
           onToggleEntry={handleToggleEntry}
+          trailingAction={
+            !showAllOptional && ungrantedOptionalEntries.length > 0 ? (
+              <button
+                type='button'
+                className='inline-flex items-center rounded-md px-2 py-1 text-sm text-muted-foreground transition-colors hover:bg-muted hover:text-foreground'
+                onClick={() => setShowAllOptional(true)}
+              >
+                Show {ungrantedOptionalEntries.length} more optional permission
+                {ungrantedOptionalEntries.length === 1 ? '' : 's'}
+              </button>
+            ) : null
+          }
         />
       ) : null}
     </div>
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/permissionTree.ts b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/permissionTree.ts
index c08ee7582..fb17e9edd 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/permissionTree.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/permissionTree.ts
@@ -33,20 +33,17 @@ export function buildGroupedPermissionTree(
     roots.push(networkNode);
   }
 
-  const persistentEntries = entries.filter(
+  const storageEntries = entries.filter(
     (entry) =>
       entry.kind === 'capability' &&
-      normalizeKey(entry.key) === 'storage.persistent_webview',
+      normalizeKey(entry.key).startsWith('storage'),
   );
 
-  if (persistentEntries.length > 0) {
-    const persistentNode = makeNode(
-      'storage.persistent_webview',
-      'Persistent storage',
-    );
-    persistentNode.entries = sortPermissionEntries(persistentEntries);
-    persistentNode.sensitivityRank = 2;
-    roots.push(persistentNode);
+  if (storageEntries.length > 0) {
+    const storageNode = makeNode('storage', 'Storage');
+    storageNode.entries = sortPermissionEntries(storageEntries);
+    storageNode.sensitivityRank = 2;
+    roots.push(storageNode);
   }
 
   const generalCapabilityEntries = entries.filter(

From 6a99cbb171702eac9e1e7ed2b4103b6bdf585077 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sun, 3 May 2026 23:49:03 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 333/471] Add optional network permissions support to
 `PermissionsEditor`

- Enhanced `PermissionsEditor` to handle optional network permissions alongside required ones.
- Introduced `schemeKey` and `NetworkPermissionScheme` utilities for improved network permissions management.
- Updated `PermissionRow` for better UI and interaction while toggling network schemes.
- Refactored `permissionEntries` to support visibility and toggling of HTTP and WSS schemes at a granular level.
---
 .../PermissionsEditor/PermissionRow.tsx       |  99 +++++++++++++---
 .../PermissionsEditor/PermissionSection.tsx   |  12 +-
 .../PermissionsEditor/PermissionsEditor.tsx   |  84 +++++++++----
 .../PermissionsEditor/permissionEntries.ts    | 110 +++++++++++++-----
 .../src/components/PermissionsEditor/types.ts |  13 +++
 5 files changed, 250 insertions(+), 68 deletions(-)

diff --git a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/PermissionRow.tsx b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/PermissionRow.tsx
index bea86be4f..1fdce26a1 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/PermissionRow.tsx
+++ b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/PermissionRow.tsx
@@ -1,6 +1,38 @@
-import type { PermissionEntry } from './types';
+import type { NetworkPermissionScheme, PermissionEntry } from './types';
 import { CapabilityHelp } from './CapabilityHelp';
 
+function NetworkSchemeButton({
+  scheme,
+  checked,
+  disabled,
+  onClick,
+}: {
+  scheme: NetworkPermissionScheme;
+  checked: boolean;
+  disabled: boolean;
+  onClick: () => void;
+}) {
+  return (
+    <button
+      type='button'
+      disabled={disabled}
+      onClick={(event) => {
+        event.preventDefault();
+        onClick();
+      }}
+      className={[
+        'h-7 min-w-12 px-2 text-xs font-medium transition-colors',
+        checked
+          ? 'bg-primary text-primary-foreground'
+          : 'bg-muted text-muted-foreground hover:bg-muted/80 hover:text-foreground',
+        disabled ? 'cursor-not-allowed opacity-70' : '',
+      ].join(' ')}
+    >
+      {scheme}
+    </button>
+  );
+}
+
 export function PermissionRow({
   entry,
   editable,
@@ -8,8 +40,56 @@ export function PermissionRow({
 }: {
   entry: PermissionEntry;
   editable: boolean;
-  onToggle: (entry: PermissionEntry, nextGranted: boolean) => void;
+  onToggle: (
+    entry: PermissionEntry,
+    nextGranted: boolean,
+    scheme?: NetworkPermissionScheme,
+  ) => void;
 }) {
+  if (entry.kind === 'network') {
+    const visibleSchemes = (['https', 'wss'] as const).filter(
+      (scheme) => entry.schemes[scheme].visible,
+    );
+
+    return (
+      <div className='flex min-h-9 items-center gap-2.5 rounded-md px-2 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors hover:bg-muted/50'>
+        <div className='min-w-0 flex items-center gap-2'>
+          <span className='truncate font-mono text-sm'>{entry.host}</span>
+
+          <div className='inline-flex overflow-hidden rounded-md border border-border'>
+            {(['https', 'wss'] as const)
+              .filter((scheme) => entry.schemes[scheme].visible)
+              .map((scheme, index) => {
+                const state = entry.schemes[scheme];
+
+                return (
+                  <button
+                    key={scheme}
+                    type='button'
+                    disabled={!editable || state.disabled}
+                    onClick={(event) => {
+                      event.preventDefault();
+                      onToggle(entry, !state.granted, scheme);
+                    }}
+                    className={[
+                      'h-6 px-2 text-[11px] font-medium transition-colors',
+                      index > 0 ? 'border-l border-border' : '',
+                      state.granted
+                        ? 'bg-primary text-primary-foreground'
+                        : 'text-muted-foreground hover:bg-muted hover:text-foreground',
+                      state.disabled ? 'opacity-60 cursor-not-allowed' : '',
+                    ].join(' ')}
+                  >
+                    {scheme.toUpperCase()}
+                  </button>
+                );
+              })}
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    );
+  }
+
   return (
     <label className='flex min-h-9 items-center gap-2.5 rounded-md px-2 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors hover:bg-muted/50'>
       <input
@@ -23,19 +103,8 @@ export function PermissionRow({
       />
 
       <div className='min-w-0 flex items-center gap-1.5'>
-        <span
-          className={
-            entry.kind === 'network'
-              ? 'truncate font-mono text-sm'
-              : 'truncate font-medium'
-          }
-        >
-          {entry.label}
-        </span>
-
-        {entry.kind === 'capability' ? (
-          <CapabilityHelp description={entry.description} />
-        ) : null}
+        <span className='truncate font-medium'>{entry.label}</span>
+        <CapabilityHelp description={entry.description} />
       </div>
     </label>
   );
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/PermissionSection.tsx b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/PermissionSection.tsx
index c954eeb7d..b77bcfe9d 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/PermissionSection.tsx
+++ b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/PermissionSection.tsx
@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
 import type { ReactNode } from 'react';
-import type { PermissionEntry, PermissionGroupNode } from './types';
+import type {
+  NetworkPermissionScheme,
+  PermissionEntry,
+  PermissionGroupNode,
+} from './types';
 import { PermissionGroupBlock } from './PermissionGroupBlock';
 
 export function PermissionSection({
@@ -15,7 +19,11 @@ export function PermissionSection({
   editable: boolean;
   separated?: boolean;
   trailingAction?: ReactNode;
-  onToggleEntry: (entry: PermissionEntry, nextGranted: boolean) => void;
+  onToggleEntry: (
+    entry: PermissionEntry,
+    nextGranted: boolean,
+    scheme?: NetworkPermissionScheme,
+  ) => void;
 }) {
   if (groups.length === 0 && !trailingAction) return null;
 
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/PermissionsEditor.tsx b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/PermissionsEditor.tsx
index 459801e60..ecb67a358 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/PermissionsEditor.tsx
+++ b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/PermissionsEditor.tsx
@@ -3,11 +3,12 @@ import type {
   SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView,
   SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
   SageGrantedPermissionsView,
+  SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
   SystemSageAppView,
   UserBridgeCapability,
   UserSageAppView,
 } from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
-import type { PermissionEntry } from './types';
+import type { NetworkPermissionScheme, PermissionEntry } from './types';
 import {
   buildCapabilityEntries,
   buildNetworkEntries,
@@ -94,8 +95,9 @@ export function PermissionsEditor({
 
     const networkEntries = buildNetworkEntries(
       requestedRequiredNetwork,
-      [],
+      requestedOptionalNetwork,
       grantedNetworkWhitelist,
+      'required',
     );
 
     return sortPermissionEntries([...capabilityEntries, ...networkEntries]);
@@ -103,6 +105,7 @@ export function PermissionsEditor({
     requestedRequiredCapabilities,
     grantedCapabilities,
     requestedRequiredNetwork,
+    requestedOptionalNetwork,
     grantedNetworkWhitelist,
     definitionsByKey,
   ]);
@@ -116,15 +119,17 @@ export function PermissionsEditor({
     );
 
     const networkEntries = buildNetworkEntries(
-      [],
+      requestedRequiredNetwork,
       requestedOptionalNetwork,
       grantedNetworkWhitelist,
+      'optional',
     );
 
     return sortPermissionEntries([...capabilityEntries, ...networkEntries]);
   }, [
     requestedOptionalCapabilities,
     grantedCapabilities,
+    requestedRequiredNetwork,
     requestedOptionalNetwork,
     grantedNetworkWhitelist,
     definitionsByKey,
@@ -159,12 +164,30 @@ export function PermissionsEditor({
     onGrantedPermissionsChange?.(next);
   }
 
-  function handleToggleEntry(entry: PermissionEntry, nextGranted: boolean) {
-    if (!editable || entry.required) {
+  function keyToNetworkEntry(key: string): SageNetworkWhitelistEntry | null {
+    const [scheme, host] = key.split('://');
+
+    if (!scheme || !host) {
+      return null;
+    }
+
+    return { scheme, host };
+  }
+
+  function handleToggleEntry(
+    entry: PermissionEntry,
+    nextGranted: boolean,
+    scheme?: NetworkPermissionScheme,
+  ) {
+    if (!editable) {
       return;
     }
 
     if (entry.kind === 'capability') {
+      if (entry.required) {
+        return;
+      }
+
       const nextSet = new Set<UserBridgeCapability>(grantedCapabilities);
 
       if (nextGranted) {
@@ -187,33 +210,52 @@ export function PermissionsEditor({
       return;
     }
 
-    const requiredKeys = new Set<string>(
-      requestedRequiredNetwork.map((item) => networkKey(item)),
+    if (!scheme) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    const nextKeys = new Set<string>(
+      grantedNetworkWhitelist.map((item) => networkKey(item)),
     );
 
-    const nextOptional = requestedOptionalNetwork.filter((item) => {
-      const key = networkKey(item);
+    for (const requiredEntry of requestedRequiredNetwork) {
+      nextKeys.add(networkKey(requiredEntry));
+    }
+
+    const httpsKey = `https://${entry.host}`;
+    const wssKey = `wss://${entry.host}`;
 
-      if (requiredKeys.has(key)) {
-        return false;
+    if (scheme === 'https') {
+      if (nextGranted) {
+        nextKeys.add(httpsKey);
+      } else if (!nextKeys.has(wssKey)) {
+        nextKeys.delete(httpsKey);
       }
+    }
 
-      if (key !== entry.key) {
-        return grantedNetworkWhitelist.some(
-          (grantedEntry) => networkKey(grantedEntry) === key,
-        );
+    if (scheme === 'wss') {
+      if (nextGranted) {
+        nextKeys.add(wssKey);
+        nextKeys.add(httpsKey);
+      } else {
+        nextKeys.delete(wssKey);
       }
+    }
 
-      return nextGranted;
-    });
+    for (const key of Array.from(nextKeys)) {
+      if (key.startsWith('wss://')) {
+        nextKeys.add(`https://${key.slice('wss://'.length)}`);
+      }
+    }
+
+    const nextWhitelist = Array.from(nextKeys)
+      .map(keyToNetworkEntry)
+      .filter((item): item is SageNetworkWhitelistEntry => item !== null);
 
     emitGrantedPermissions({
       capabilities: grantedCapabilities,
       network: {
-        whitelist: sortNetworkEntries([
-          ...requestedRequiredNetwork,
-          ...nextOptional,
-        ]),
+        whitelist: sortNetworkEntries(nextWhitelist),
       },
     });
   }
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/permissionEntries.ts b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/permissionEntries.ts
index f12d1e15e..f21dae8a5 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/permissionEntries.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/permissionEntries.ts
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import type {
   SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
   UserBridgeCapability,
 } from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
-import type { PermissionEntry } from './types';
+import type { NetworkPermissionScheme, NetworkPermissionSchemeState, PermissionEntry, } from './types';
 import { formatCapabilityLeafLabel, networkKey } from './utils';
 
 export function capabilitySensitivityRank(key: string): number {
@@ -88,42 +88,74 @@ export function buildNetworkEntries(
   requestedRequired: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[],
   requestedOptional: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[],
   grantedNetworkWhitelist: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[],
+  section: 'required' | 'optional',
 ): PermissionEntry[] {
-  const grantedSet = new Set(
-    grantedNetworkWhitelist.map((entry) => networkKey(entry)),
-  );
-
-  const requiredEntries: PermissionEntry[] = requestedRequired.map((entry) => {
-    const key = networkKey(entry);
-
-    return {
-      id: `network:${key}`,
-      kind: 'network',
-      key,
-      label: key,
-      description: null,
-      required: true,
-      granted: true,
-      sensitivityRank: 1,
+  const requiredKeys = new Set(requestedRequired.map(networkKey));
+  const optionalKeys = new Set(requestedOptional.map(networkKey));
+  const grantedKeys = new Set(grantedNetworkWhitelist.map(networkKey));
+  const hosts = new Set<string>();
+  for (const entry of [...requestedRequired, ...requestedOptional]) {
+    if (isSupportedNetworkScheme(entry.scheme)) {
+      hosts.add(entry.host);
+    }
+  }
+  const entries: PermissionEntry[] = [];
+
+  for (const host of hosts) {
+    const httpsKey = schemeKey('https', host);
+    const wssKey = schemeKey('wss', host);
+    const httpsRequested =
+      requiredKeys.has(httpsKey) || optionalKeys.has(httpsKey);
+    const wssRequested = requiredKeys.has(wssKey) || optionalKeys.has(wssKey);
+    const hostHasRequired =
+      requiredKeys.has(httpsKey) || requiredKeys.has(wssKey);
+
+    if (section === 'required' && !hostHasRequired) continue;
+    if (section === 'optional' && hostHasRequired) continue;
+    const wssRequired = requiredKeys.has(wssKey);
+    const wssGranted = wssRequired || grantedKeys.has(wssKey);
+    const httpsRequired = requiredKeys.has(httpsKey);
+    const httpsGranted =
+      httpsRequired || wssGranted || grantedKeys.has(httpsKey);
+    const httpsVisible = httpsRequested || wssRequested;
+
+    const schemes: Record<
+      NetworkPermissionScheme,
+      NetworkPermissionSchemeState
+    > = {
+      https: {
+        scheme: 'https',
+        key: httpsKey,
+        required: httpsRequired || wssRequired,
+        granted: httpsGranted,
+        disabled: httpsRequired || wssGranted,
+        visible: httpsVisible,
+      },
+      wss: {
+        scheme: 'wss',
+        key: wssKey,
+        required: wssRequired,
+        granted: wssGranted,
+        disabled: wssRequired,
+        visible: wssRequested,
+      },
     };
-  });
 
-  const optionalEntries: PermissionEntry[] = requestedOptional.map((entry) => {
-    const key = networkKey(entry);
-
-    return {
-      id: `network:${key}`,
+    entries.push({
+      id: `network:${host}`,
       kind: 'network',
-      key,
-      label: key,
+      key: host,
+      host,
+      label: host,
       description: null,
-      required: false,
-      granted: grantedSet.has(key),
+      required: hostHasRequired,
+      granted: httpsGranted || wssGranted,
       sensitivityRank: 1,
-    };
-  });
+      schemes,
+    });
+  }
 
-  return [...requiredEntries, ...optionalEntries];
+  return entries;
 }
 
 export function sortPermissionEntries(
@@ -141,3 +173,21 @@ export function sortPermissionEntries(
     return a.key.localeCompare(b.key);
   });
 }
+
+function isSupportedNetworkScheme(
+  scheme: string,
+): scheme is NetworkPermissionScheme {
+  return scheme === 'https' || scheme === 'wss';
+}
+
+function makeNetworkEntry(
+  scheme: NetworkPermissionScheme,
+
+  host: string,
+): SageNetworkWhitelistEntry {
+  return { scheme, host };
+}
+
+function schemeKey(scheme: NetworkPermissionScheme, host: string): string {
+  return networkKey(makeNetworkEntry(scheme, host));
+}
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/types.ts b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/types.ts
index 6be795ef5..181c78776 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/types.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/types.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,16 @@
 import type { UserBridgeCapability } from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
 
+export type NetworkPermissionScheme = 'https' | 'wss';
+
+export interface NetworkPermissionSchemeState {
+  scheme: NetworkPermissionScheme;
+  key: string;
+  required: boolean;
+  granted: boolean;
+  disabled: boolean;
+  visible: boolean;
+}
+
 export type PermissionEntry =
   | {
       id: string;
@@ -16,11 +27,13 @@ export type PermissionEntry =
       id: string;
       kind: 'network';
       key: string;
+      host: string;
       label: string;
       description: string | null;
       required: boolean;
       granted: boolean;
       sensitivityRank: number;
+      schemes: Record<NetworkPermissionScheme, NetworkPermissionSchemeState>;
     };
 
 export interface PermissionGroupNode {

From da64870e9c350cbaafb4bc290d5f75bd4aefcfee Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sun, 3 May 2026 23:54:04 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 334/471] Remove unused components: `AppUpdateDialog` and
 `InstallSourceCard`.

- Deleted `AppUpdateDialog` and `InstallSourceCard` components, along with all associated functionality, as they are no longer in use.
---
 src/components/apps/AppUpdateDialog.tsx   | 433 ----------------------
 src/components/apps/InstallSourceCard.tsx | 127 -------
 2 files changed, 560 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 src/components/apps/AppUpdateDialog.tsx
 delete mode 100644 src/components/apps/InstallSourceCard.tsx

diff --git a/src/components/apps/AppUpdateDialog.tsx b/src/components/apps/AppUpdateDialog.tsx
deleted file mode 100644
index 6338092f8..000000000
--- a/src/components/apps/AppUpdateDialog.tsx
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,433 +0,0 @@
-import { useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react';
-import type {
-  SageAppPackageManifest,
-  SageAppUrlPreview,
-  SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
-  SageGrantedPermissionsView,
-  SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
-  UserSageAppView,
-} from '@/bindings';
-import {
-  networkKey,
-  sortCapabilities,
-  sortNetwork,
-} from '@/lib/apps/permissionCollections';
-import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
-import {
-  Dialog,
-  DialogContent,
-  DialogFooter,
-  DialogHeader,
-  DialogTitle,
-} from '@/components/ui/dialog';
-import { PermissionsEditor } from '@/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor';
-import {
-  getAppUpdatePermissionsDelta,
-  type AppUpdatePermissionsDelta,
-} from '@/lib/apps/updatePermissionsDelta';
-
-interface Props {
-  open: boolean;
-  app: UserSageAppView | null;
-  preview: SageAppUrlPreview | null;
-  submitting: boolean;
-  error: string | null;
-  onCancel: () => void;
-  onConfirm: (nextGranted: SageGrantedPermissionsInput) => void;
-}
-
-function fullPreviewManifest(
-  preview: SageAppUrlPreview,
-): SageAppPackageManifest {
-  if (preview.manifest.kind !== 'full') {
-    throw new Error('Expected full app update manifest');
-  }
-
-  return preview.manifest.manifest;
-}
-
-function buildReviewManifest(
-  preview: SageAppUrlPreview,
-  delta: AppUpdatePermissionsDelta,
-): SageAppPackageManifest {
-  const manifest = fullPreviewManifest(preview);
-
-  return {
-    ...manifest,
-    permissions: {
-      capabilities: {
-        required: delta.requiredCapabilitiesToGrant,
-        optional: delta.addedRequestedCapabilities.optional,
-      },
-      network: {
-        whitelist: {
-          required: delta.requiredNetworkToGrant,
-          optional: delta.addedRequestedNetwork.optional,
-        },
-      },
-    },
-  };
-}
-
-function buildReviewApp(
-  app: UserSageAppView,
-  preview: SageAppUrlPreview,
-  delta: AppUpdatePermissionsDelta,
-  grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissionsView,
-): UserSageAppView {
-  const reviewManifest = buildReviewManifest(preview, delta);
-
-  return {
-    ...app,
-    common: {
-      ...app.common,
-      grantedPermissions,
-      activeSnapshot: {
-        ...app.common.activeSnapshot,
-        manifest: reviewManifest,
-      },
-    },
-  };
-}
-
-function buildRemovedPermissionsApp(
-  app: UserSageAppView,
-  preview: SageAppUrlPreview,
-  delta: AppUpdatePermissionsDelta,
-): UserSageAppView | null {
-  const hasRemoved =
-    delta.removedGrantedCapabilities.length > 0 ||
-    delta.removedGrantedNetwork.length > 0;
-
-  if (!hasRemoved) {
-    return null;
-  }
-
-  const manifest: SageAppPackageManifest = {
-    ...fullPreviewManifest(preview),
-    permissions: {
-      capabilities: {
-        required: delta.removedGrantedCapabilities,
-        optional: [],
-      },
-      network: {
-        whitelist: {
-          required: delta.removedGrantedNetwork,
-          optional: [],
-        },
-      },
-    },
-  };
-
-  return {
-    ...app,
-    common: {
-      ...app.common,
-      grantedPermissions: {
-        capabilities: delta.removedGrantedCapabilities,
-        network: {
-          whitelist: delta.removedGrantedNetwork,
-        },
-      },
-      activeSnapshot: {
-        ...app.common.activeSnapshot,
-        manifest,
-      },
-    },
-  };
-}
-
-export function AppUpdateDialog({
-  open,
-  app,
-  preview,
-  submitting,
-  error,
-  onCancel,
-  onConfirm,
-}: Props) {
-  const [showRemoved, setShowRemoved] = useState(false);
-  const [
-    selectedOptionalGrantedPermissions,
-    setSelectedOptionalGrantedPermissions,
-  ] = useState<SageGrantedPermissionsInput>({
-    capabilities: [],
-    network: {
-      whitelist: [],
-    },
-  });
-
-  useEffect(() => {
-    if (!open) {
-      setShowRemoved(false);
-      setSelectedOptionalGrantedPermissions({
-        capabilities: [],
-        network: {
-          whitelist: [],
-        },
-      });
-    }
-  }, [open]);
-
-  if (open && app && preview?.manifest.kind === 'partial') {
-    const partial = preview.manifest;
-    const header = partial.manifest_header;
-
-    return (
-      <Dialog open={open} onOpenChange={(nextOpen) => !nextOpen && onCancel()}>
-        <DialogContent className='max-w-2xl'>
-          <DialogHeader>
-            <DialogTitle>Update cannot be installed</DialogTitle>
-          </DialogHeader>
-
-          <div className='space-y-4 text-sm'>
-            <div className='space-y-1 text-muted-foreground'>
-              <div>{header.name}</div>
-              <div>Manifest version {header.manifestVersion ?? 0}</div>
-              <div>
-                Requires Sage {header.sageVersion.min}
-                {header.sageVersion.testedMax
-                  ? ` · tested up to ${header.sageVersion.testedMax}`
-                  : null}
-              </div>
-            </div>
-
-            <div className='rounded-md border border-destructive/30 bg-destructive/10 p-3 text-destructive'>
-              This app update uses manifest features this Sage version cannot
-              understand, so it cannot be installed safely.
-            </div>
-
-            <div className='text-muted-foreground'>
-              Try updating Sage if a newer version is available. If this is
-              already the latest Sage version, the app developer needs to
-              publish a compatible manifest.
-            </div>
-
-            <pre className='max-h-48 overflow-auto rounded-md bg-muted p-3 text-xs whitespace-pre-wrap'>
-              {partial.parse_error}
-            </pre>
-
-            {error ? (
-              <div className='text-sm text-destructive'>{error}</div>
-            ) : null}
-          </div>
-
-          <DialogFooter>
-            <Button variant='outline' onClick={onCancel} disabled={submitting}>
-              Close
-            </Button>
-          </DialogFooter>
-        </DialogContent>
-      </Dialog>
-    );
-  }
-
-  const delta = useMemo(() => {
-    if (!app || !preview) {
-      return null;
-    }
-
-    return getAppUpdatePermissionsDelta(app, preview);
-  }, [app, preview]);
-
-  const nextManifest = useMemo(() => {
-    if (!preview || preview.manifest.kind !== 'full') {
-      return null;
-    }
-
-    return preview.manifest.manifest;
-  }, [preview]);
-
-  const reviewGrantedPermissions = useMemo(() => {
-    if (!delta) {
-      return null;
-    }
-
-    return {
-      capabilities: sortCapabilities([
-        ...delta.requiredCapabilitiesToGrant,
-        ...selectedOptionalGrantedPermissions.capabilities,
-      ]),
-      network: {
-        whitelist: sortNetwork([
-          ...delta.requiredNetworkToGrant,
-          ...selectedOptionalGrantedPermissions.network.whitelist,
-        ]),
-      },
-    } satisfies SageGrantedPermissionsView;
-  }, [delta, selectedOptionalGrantedPermissions]);
-
-  const finalGranted = useMemo(() => {
-    if (!delta) {
-      return null;
-    }
-
-    const nextCapabilities = sortCapabilities([
-      ...delta.nextGrantedPermissions.capabilities,
-      ...selectedOptionalGrantedPermissions.capabilities,
-    ]);
-
-    const nextNetworkMap = new Map<string, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>();
-
-    for (const entry of delta.nextGrantedPermissions.network.whitelist) {
-      nextNetworkMap.set(networkKey(entry), entry);
-    }
-
-    for (const entry of selectedOptionalGrantedPermissions.network.whitelist) {
-      nextNetworkMap.set(networkKey(entry), entry);
-    }
-
-    return {
-      capabilities: nextCapabilities,
-      network: {
-        whitelist: sortNetwork(nextNetworkMap.values()),
-      },
-    } satisfies SageGrantedPermissionsInput;
-  }, [delta, selectedOptionalGrantedPermissions]);
-
-  const reviewApp = useMemo(() => {
-    if (!app || !preview || !delta || !reviewGrantedPermissions) {
-      return null;
-    }
-
-    return buildReviewApp(app, preview, delta, reviewGrantedPermissions);
-  }, [app, preview, delta, reviewGrantedPermissions]);
-
-  const removedPermissionsApp = useMemo(() => {
-    if (!app || !preview || !delta) {
-      return null;
-    }
-
-    return buildRemovedPermissionsApp(app, preview, delta);
-  }, [app, preview, delta]);
-
-  if (
-    !app ||
-    !preview ||
-    !nextManifest ||
-    !delta ||
-    !reviewGrantedPermissions ||
-    !finalGranted ||
-    !reviewApp
-  ) {
-    return (
-      <Dialog open={open} onOpenChange={(nextOpen) => !nextOpen && onCancel()}>
-        <DialogContent />
-      </Dialog>
-    );
-  }
-
-  const addedCapabilityCount =
-    delta.requiredCapabilitiesToGrant.length +
-    delta.addedRequestedCapabilities.optional.length;
-
-  const addedNetworkCount =
-    delta.requiredNetworkToGrant.length +
-    delta.addedRequestedNetwork.optional.length;
-
-  const removedCount =
-    delta.removedGrantedCapabilities.length +
-    delta.removedGrantedNetwork.length;
-
-  return (
-    <Dialog open={open} onOpenChange={(nextOpen) => !nextOpen && onCancel()}>
-      <DialogContent className='max-w-2xl'>
-        <DialogHeader>
-          <DialogTitle>Review app update</DialogTitle>
-        </DialogHeader>
-
-        <div className='space-y-5'>
-          <div className='space-y-1 text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
-            <div>{app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.name}</div>
-            <div>
-              v{app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.version} → v
-              {nextManifest.version}
-            </div>
-          </div>
-
-          {addedCapabilityCount > 0 || addedNetworkCount > 0 ? (
-            <div className='space-y-3'>
-              <h3 className='text-sm font-medium'>
-                New permissions requiring review
-              </h3>
-
-              <PermissionsEditor
-                app={reviewApp}
-                grantedPermissions={reviewGrantedPermissions}
-                onGrantedPermissionsChange={(next) => {
-                  const requiredCapabilitySet = new Set(
-                    delta.requiredCapabilitiesToGrant,
-                  );
-                  const requiredNetworkSet = new Set(
-                    delta.requiredNetworkToGrant.map(networkKey),
-                  );
-
-                  setSelectedOptionalGrantedPermissions({
-                    capabilities: sortCapabilities(
-                      next.capabilities.filter(
-                        (key) => !requiredCapabilitySet.has(key),
-                      ),
-                    ),
-                    network: {
-                      whitelist: sortNetwork(
-                        next.network.whitelist.filter(
-                          (entry) => !requiredNetworkSet.has(networkKey(entry)),
-                        ),
-                      ),
-                    },
-                  });
-                }}
-              />
-            </div>
-          ) : null}
-
-          {removedCount > 0 && removedPermissionsApp ? (
-            <div className='space-y-2'>
-              <button
-                type='button'
-                className='text-left text-sm font-medium underline-offset-4 hover:underline'
-                onClick={() => {
-                  setShowRemoved((prev) => !prev);
-                }}
-              >
-                Removed permissions ({removedCount})
-                {showRemoved ? ' — hide details' : ' — show details'}
-              </button>
-
-              {showRemoved ? (
-                <div className='rounded-md border p-3'>
-                  <PermissionsEditor
-                    app={removedPermissionsApp}
-                    grantedPermissions={
-                      removedPermissionsApp.common.grantedPermissions
-                    }
-                    editable={false}
-                  />
-                </div>
-              ) : null}
-            </div>
-          ) : null}
-
-          {error ? (
-            <div className='text-sm text-destructive'>{error}</div>
-          ) : null}
-        </div>
-
-        <DialogFooter>
-          <Button variant='outline' onClick={onCancel} disabled={submitting}>
-            Cancel
-          </Button>
-
-          <Button
-            onClick={() => {
-              onConfirm(finalGranted);
-            }}
-            disabled={submitting}
-          >
-            {submitting ? 'Updating...' : 'Confirm update'}
-          </Button>
-        </DialogFooter>
-      </DialogContent>
-    </Dialog>
-  );
-}
diff --git a/src/components/apps/InstallSourceCard.tsx b/src/components/apps/InstallSourceCard.tsx
deleted file mode 100644
index f4147998f..000000000
--- a/src/components/apps/InstallSourceCard.tsx
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,127 +0,0 @@
-import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
-import { Card, CardContent } from '@/components/ui/card';
-import { Input } from '@/components/ui/input';
-import { open } from '@tauri-apps/plugin-dialog';
-import { Globe, Link as LinkIcon, Package, Upload } from 'lucide-react';
-
-interface Props {
-  installing: boolean;
-  urlInput: string;
-  onUrlInputChange: (value: string) => void;
-  onSelectZipPath: (zipPath: string) => Promise<void>;
-  onPreviewUrl: () => Promise<void>;
-  error: string | null;
-}
-
-export function InstallSourceCard({
-  installing,
-  urlInput,
-  onUrlInputChange,
-  onSelectZipPath,
-  onPreviewUrl,
-  error,
-}: Props) {
-  async function handleSelectZip() {
-    const selected = await open({
-      multiple: false,
-      directory: false,
-      filters: [{ name: 'Zip Archive', extensions: ['zip'] }],
-    });
-
-    if (!selected || Array.isArray(selected)) {
-      return;
-    }
-
-    await onSelectZipPath(selected);
-  }
-
-  return (
-    <Card>
-      <CardContent className='space-y-5'>
-        <div className='rounded-xl border bg-muted/20 p-4'>
-          <div className='mb-3 flex items-start gap-3'>
-            <div className='mt-0.5 rounded-lg border bg-background p-2 text-muted-foreground'>
-              <Globe className='h-4 w-4' />
-            </div>
-
-            <div className='min-w-0 flex-1'>
-              <div className='flex items-center gap-2 text-sm font-medium'>
-                Install from URL
-                <span className='rounded-full border px-2 py-0.5 text-[10px] uppercase tracking-wide text-muted-foreground'>
-                  Recommended
-                </span>
-              </div>
-              <p className='mt-1 text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
-                Best for published apps and updates.
-              </p>
-            </div>
-          </div>
-
-          <div className='flex flex-col gap-2'>
-            <div className='relative w-full'>
-              <LinkIcon className='pointer-events-none absolute left-3 top-1/2 h-4 w-4 -translate-y-1/2 text-muted-foreground' />
-              <Input
-                value={urlInput}
-                onChange={(e) => onUrlInputChange(e.target.value)}
-                placeholder='https://example.com/my-app/'
-                disabled={installing}
-                className='pl-9'
-                onKeyDown={(e) => {
-                  if (
-                    e.key === 'Enter' &&
-                    !installing &&
-                    urlInput.trim().length > 0
-                  ) {
-                    e.preventDefault();
-                    void onPreviewUrl();
-                  }
-                }}
-              />
-            </div>
-
-            <div className='flex justify-end'>
-              <Button
-                onClick={() => void onPreviewUrl()}
-                disabled={installing || urlInput.trim().length === 0}
-                className='min-w-[140px]'
-              >
-                Preview URL
-              </Button>
-            </div>
-          </div>
-        </div>
-
-        <div className='rounded-xl border border-dashed p-4'>
-          <div className='mb-3 flex items-start gap-3'>
-            <div className='mt-0.5 rounded-lg border bg-background p-2 text-muted-foreground'>
-              <Package className='h-4 w-4' />
-            </div>
-
-            <div className='min-w-0 flex-1'>
-              <div className='text-sm font-medium'>Install from ZIP</div>
-              <p className='mt-1 text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
-                Useful for local builds, testing, or manual package installs.
-              </p>
-            </div>
-          </div>
-
-          <Button
-            variant='outline'
-            onClick={handleSelectZip}
-            disabled={installing}
-            className='w-full justify-center gap-2 md:w-auto'
-          >
-            <Upload className='h-4 w-4' />
-            Select .zip package
-          </Button>
-        </div>
-
-        {error ? (
-          <div className='rounded-lg border border-destructive/30 bg-destructive/5 px-3 py-2 text-sm text-destructive'>
-            {error}
-          </div>
-        ) : null}
-      </CardContent>
-    </Card>
-  );
-}

From 90f8a644425687395793dfb5ace88153f2625448 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Mon, 4 May 2026 01:03:41 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 335/471] Simplify `SystemAppPresentation` and refactor related
 functionality.

- Replaced `SystemAppPresentation` with `AppPresentation` and introduced `AppModalPresentation` for enhanced flexibility.
- Removed unused `presentation` attribute from `SystemSageApp` and `BuiltinSystemAppSpec`.
- Updated runtime structures (`SageAppRuntimeRecord`, `CreateRuntimeArgs`) to support the new `AppPresentation` model, including modal handling.
- Refactored related components, bindings, and utilities for consistency and simplification.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs |  5 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs     |  5 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs      | 27 ++++++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs         |  9 ++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs   | 74 +++++++++++--------
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/view.rs    |  4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs       |  8 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs           | 11 +--
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/mod.rs         |  2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/system_apps.rs | 34 ++++++---
 .../src/types/app/view/system_apps.rs         |  4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs             |  2 +-
 src/bindings.ts                               |  2 +-
 13 files changed, 116 insertions(+), 71 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
index 4ba4bca7e..3d4dda037 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ mod tests {
     use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
     use crate::lifecycle::write_retired_app_origins;
     use crate::runtime::{SageAppRuntimeMode, SageAppRuntimeRecord, SageAppRuntimeVisibility};
-    use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, RetiredAppOriginEntry, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions, SharedSageApp};
+    use crate::types::{AppPresentation, InstalledSageAppStorage, RetiredAppOriginEntry, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions, SharedSageApp};
     use tempfile::{TempDir, tempdir};
 
     fn fake_retired_app_origins(
@@ -267,10 +267,11 @@ mod tests {
                 &app,
                 "test",
                 "sage-app://test/index.html",
+                AppPresentation::Taskbar,
                 SageAppRuntimeMode::Inline,
                 SageAppRuntimeVisibility::Visible,
                 false,
-            );
+            ).unwrap();
         }
 
         app
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
index 975404c01..1b9ba4e40 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
@@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ mod tests {
         app_dir, read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries, read_retired_app_origins,
     };
     use crate::runtime::{SageAppRuntimeMode, SageAppRuntimeRecord, SageAppRuntimeVisibility};
-    use crate::types::{SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedPermissions, SharedSageApp, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource};
+    use crate::types::{AppPresentation, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedPermissions, SharedSageApp, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource};
     use tempfile::tempdir;
 
     fn write_index(app_dir: &Path) {
@@ -302,10 +302,11 @@ mod tests {
                 &app,
                 "test",
                 "sage-app://test/index.html",
+                AppPresentation::Taskbar,
                 SageAppRuntimeMode::Inline,
                 SageAppRuntimeVisibility::Visible,
                 false,
-            );
+            ).unwrap();
         }
 
         assert!(app.is_user_app(), "sample app should remain a user app");
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs
index 8b7801c87..c59c37f75 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ use crate::runtime::{
 use crate::system_apps::{SYSTEM_APP_APP_INSTALL_ID, SYSTEM_APP_APP_UPDATE_ID};
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::runtime::webview_locator::get_webview_in_sage_window;
+use crate::types::{AppModalPresentation, AppPresentation};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Type)]
 #[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "camelCase")]
@@ -49,6 +50,11 @@ pub enum StartAppUpdateMode {
     ReviewPermissions,
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Type)]
+pub struct CreateInstalledRuntimeArgs {
+    pub app_id: String,
+}
+
 impl StartAppUpdateMode {
     fn query_value(self) -> &'static str {
         match self {
@@ -81,6 +87,10 @@ pub async fn apps_start_system_app(
 
             CreateRuntimeArgs {
                 app_id: SYSTEM_APP_APP_INSTALL_ID.to_string(),
+                presentation: AppPresentation::Modal(AppModalPresentation {
+                    visible_over_app_ids: Vec::new(),
+                    visible_over_launchpad: true,
+                }),
                 mode: SageAppRuntimeMode::Inline,
                 visibility: SageAppRuntimeVisibility::Visible,
                 debug_layout: false,
@@ -90,12 +100,16 @@ pub async fn apps_start_system_app(
         StartSystemAppArgs::AppUpdate(args) => {
             let mut query = BTreeMap::new();
 
-            query.insert("appId".to_string(), args.app_id);
+            query.insert("appId".to_string(), args.app_id.clone());
             query.insert("mode".to_string(), args.mode.query_value().to_string());
             query.insert("visibleOverLaunchpad".to_string(), "true".to_string());
 
             CreateRuntimeArgs {
                 app_id: SYSTEM_APP_APP_UPDATE_ID.to_string(),
+                presentation: AppPresentation::Modal(AppModalPresentation {
+                    visible_over_app_ids: Vec::from([args.app_id]),
+                    visible_over_launchpad: true,
+                }),
                 mode: SageAppRuntimeMode::Inline,
                 visibility: SageAppRuntimeVisibility::Visible,
                 debug_layout: false,
@@ -112,9 +126,16 @@ pub async fn apps_start_system_app(
 pub async fn apps_create_inline_runtime(
     app: AppHandle,
     apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    args: CreateRuntimeArgs,
+    args: CreateInstalledRuntimeArgs,
 ) -> Result<SageAppRuntimeRecordView, String> {
-    create_runtime(app, apps_state, args).await.map(Into::into)
+    create_runtime(app, apps_state, CreateRuntimeArgs {
+        app_id: args.app_id.clone(),
+        presentation: AppPresentation::Taskbar,
+        mode: SageAppRuntimeMode::Inline,
+        visibility: SageAppRuntimeVisibility::Visible,
+        debug_layout: false,
+        query: BTreeMap::new(),
+    }).await.map(Into::into)
 }
 
 #[tauri::command]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
index fd36cc5bb..38b0426cc 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 
-use serde::Deserialize;
 use specta::Type;
 use tauri::webview::NewWindowResponse;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, LogicalPosition, LogicalSize, State, WebviewBuilder, WebviewUrl, Wry};
@@ -12,13 +11,14 @@ use crate::runtime::webview_locator::{
 };
 use crate::runtime::{build_entry_src, build_entry_src_for, emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed, is_allowed_app_url, resolve_app, SageAppRuntimeImpostorKind, SageAppRuntimeImpostorRecord, SageAppRuntimeMode, SageAppRuntimeVisibility, SharedImpostorRuntime, SharedRuntime};
 use crate::storage::parse_data_store_id;
-use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, ResolvedApp, ResolvedStoppedApp, SharedSageApp};
+use crate::types::{AppPresentation, InstalledSageAppStorage, ResolvedApp, ResolvedStoppedApp, SharedSageApp};
 use crate::{AppsHostState, sandbox};
 
-#[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[derive(Debug, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct CreateRuntimeArgs {
     pub app_id: String,
+    pub presentation: AppPresentation,
     pub mode: SageAppRuntimeMode,
     pub visibility: SageAppRuntimeVisibility,
     pub debug_layout: bool,
@@ -56,10 +56,11 @@ pub async fn create_runtime(
         &app,
         sage_window.label(),
         &webview_label,
+        args.presentation,
         SageAppRuntimeMode::Inline,
         args.visibility,
         is_internal,
-    );
+    ).map_err(|err| err.to_string())?;
     let shared_runtime = write_runtime(&apps_state, runtime).await;
 
     let runtime_for_nav = shared_runtime.clone();
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs
index ff11d8932..c72e667ed 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use specta::Type;
 use tokio::sync::{Mutex, oneshot};
 use parking_lot::RwLock;
 use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
-use crate::types::{SageApp, SharedSageApp};
+use crate::types::{AppPresentation, SageApp, SharedSageApp};
 use crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ pub struct SageAppRuntimeRecord {
     app: SharedSageApp,
     host_window_label: String,
     webview_label: String,
+    presentation: AppPresentation,
     mode: SageAppRuntimeMode,
     visibility: SageAppRuntimeVisibility,
     started_at: i64,
@@ -112,6 +113,21 @@ pub(crate) struct RuntimeAckResult {
     pub ok: bool,
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum CreateRuntimeRecordError {
+    UserAppCannotUseModalPresentation,
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Display for CreateRuntimeRecordError {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            Self::UserAppCannotUseModalPresentation => {
+                write!(f, "user app cannot use modal presentation")
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 pub(in crate::runtime) fn runtime_id_for(app: &SharedSageApp) -> String {
     let (app_id, is_system_app) = app.with(|app| (app.id().to_string(), app.is_system()));
     if is_system_app {
@@ -147,90 +163,86 @@ impl ReadyToStopParams {
 }
 
 impl SageAppRuntimeRecord {
-    pub fn new(
+    pub(crate) fn new(
         app: &SharedSageApp,
         host_window_label: &str,
         webview_label: &str,
+        presentation: AppPresentation,
         mode: SageAppRuntimeMode,
         visibility: SageAppRuntimeVisibility,
         internal: bool,
-    ) -> Self {
+    ) -> Result<Self, CreateRuntimeRecordError> {
+        if app.is_user_app() && matches!(presentation, AppPresentation::Modal(_)) {
+            return Err(CreateRuntimeRecordError::UserAppCannotUseModalPresentation);
+        }
+
         let now = unix_timestamp_ms();
 
-        Self {
+        Ok(Self {
             runtime_id: runtime_id_for(app),
             app: app.clone_for_runtime_owner(),
             host_window_label: host_window_label.to_string(),
             webview_label: webview_label.to_string(),
+            presentation,
             mode,
             visibility,
             started_at: now,
             last_active_at: now,
             internal,
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn mark_inline_reused(&mut self, state: SageAppRuntimeVisibility, internal: bool) {
-        self.visibility = state;
-        self.last_active_at = unix_timestamp_ms();
-        self.internal = internal;
+        })
     }
 
-    pub fn mark_visible(&mut self) {
+    pub(crate) fn mark_visible(&mut self) {
         self.visibility = SageAppRuntimeVisibility::Visible;
         self.last_active_at = unix_timestamp_ms();
     }
 
-    pub fn mark_hidden(&mut self) {
+    pub(crate) fn mark_hidden(&mut self) {
         self.visibility = SageAppRuntimeVisibility::Hidden;
         self.last_active_at = unix_timestamp_ms();
     }
 
-    pub fn runtime_id(&self) -> String {
+    pub(crate) fn runtime_id(&self) -> String {
         self.runtime_id.to_string()
     }
 
-    pub fn app(&self) -> SharedSageApp {
+    pub(crate) fn app(&self) -> SharedSageApp {
         self.app.clone_for_runtime_owner()
     }
 
-    pub fn app_id(&self) -> String {
+    pub(crate) fn app_id(&self) -> String {
         self.app.id()
     }
 
-    pub fn app_name(&self) -> String {
-        self.app.name()
-    }
-
-    pub fn entry_src(&self) -> String {
-        self.app.with(SageApp::entry_file)
-    }
-
-    pub fn webview_label(&self) -> &str {
+    pub(crate) fn webview_label(&self) -> &str {
         &self.webview_label
     }
 
-    pub fn host_window_label(&self) -> &str {
+    pub(crate) fn host_window_label(&self) -> &str {
         &self.host_window_label
     }
 
-    pub fn mode(&self) -> SageAppRuntimeMode {
+    pub(crate) fn presentation(&self) -> AppPresentation {
+        self.presentation.clone()
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn mode(&self) -> SageAppRuntimeMode {
         self.mode
     }
 
-    pub fn visibility(&self) -> SageAppRuntimeVisibility {
+    pub(crate) fn visibility(&self) -> SageAppRuntimeVisibility {
         self.visibility
     }
 
-    pub fn started_at(&self) -> i64 {
+    pub(crate) fn started_at(&self) -> i64 {
         self.started_at
     }
 
-    pub fn last_active_at(&self) -> i64 {
+    pub(crate) fn last_active_at(&self) -> i64 {
         self.last_active_at
     }
 
-    pub fn internal(&self) -> bool {
+    pub(crate) fn internal(&self) -> bool {
         self.internal
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/view.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/view.rs
index 847466e02..972baed5b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/view.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/view.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use serde::{Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 use crate::runtime::{SageAppRuntimeMode, SageAppRuntimeVisibility, SharedRuntime};
-use crate::types::SageAppView;
+use crate::types::{AppPresentation, SageAppView};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ pub struct SageAppRuntimeRecordView {
     runtime_id: String,
     app: SageAppView,
     webview_label: String,
+    presentation: AppPresentation,
     mode: SageAppRuntimeMode,
     visibility: SageAppRuntimeVisibility,
     started_at: i64,
@@ -22,6 +23,7 @@ impl From<&SharedRuntime> for SageAppRuntimeRecordView {
             runtime_id: runtime.runtime_id().clone(),
             app: runtime.app().into(),
             webview_label: runtime.webview_label().to_string(),
+            presentation: runtime.presentation(),
             mode: runtime.mode(),
             visibility: runtime.visibility(),
             started_at: runtime.started_at(),
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs
index a71ab958f..a65dc2b46 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
 use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::runtime::{apps_create_inline_runtime, SageAppRuntimeMode, SageAppRuntimeVisibility};
-use crate::runtime::start::CreateRuntimeArgs;
+use crate::runtime::{SageAppRuntimeMode, SageAppRuntimeVisibility};
+use crate::runtime::start::{create_runtime, CreateRuntimeArgs};
 use crate::runtime::stop::close_runtime_internal;
 use std::collections::{BTreeMap, HashMap};
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 use uuid::Uuid;
+use crate::types::AppPresentation;
 
 pub(crate) async fn stop_test_apps(
     app: &AppHandle,
@@ -55,13 +56,14 @@ async fn start_internal_runtime_for_sandbox(
 
     let args = CreateRuntimeArgs {
         app_id: app_id.to_string(),
+        presentation: AppPresentation::Taskbar,
         mode: SageAppRuntimeMode::Inline,
         visibility: if debug_test_apps { SageAppRuntimeVisibility::Visible } else { visibility },
         debug_layout: debug_test_apps,
         query,
     };
 
-    apps_create_inline_runtime(app.clone(), apps_state.clone(), args)
+    create_runtime(app.clone(), apps_state.clone(), args)
         .await
         .map(|_| ())
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
index 77a984fd1..3639f2ba9 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
@@ -6,11 +6,7 @@ use std::fmt::Display;
 use anyhow::{Result as AnyResult};
 
 use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
-use crate::types::{
-    InstalledSageAppStorage, SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppPackageManifest,
-    SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissions, SageGrantedSystemPermissions, SystemAppPresentation,
-    SystemSageApp,
-};
+use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissions, SageGrantedSystemPermissions, SystemSageApp};
 use crate::utils::builtin_apps_root;
 
 pub const SYSTEM_APP_TASK_MANAGER_ID: &str = "task-manager";
@@ -21,7 +17,6 @@ pub const SYSTEM_APP_APP_INSTALL_ID: &str = "app-install";
 pub struct BuiltinSystemAppSpec {
     pub app_id: &'static str,
     pub dir_name: &'static str,
-    pub presentation: SystemAppPresentation,
     pub system_capabilities: &'static [SystemBridgeCapability],
 }
 
@@ -29,7 +24,6 @@ const BUILTIN_SYSTEM_APPS: &[BuiltinSystemAppSpec] = &[
     BuiltinSystemAppSpec {
         app_id: SYSTEM_APP_TASK_MANAGER_ID,
         dir_name: "task-manager",
-        presentation: SystemAppPresentation::Taskbar,
         system_capabilities: &[
             SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerListRuntimes,
             SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerFocusRuntime,
@@ -41,7 +35,6 @@ const BUILTIN_SYSTEM_APPS: &[BuiltinSystemAppSpec] = &[
     BuiltinSystemAppSpec {
         app_id: SYSTEM_APP_APP_UPDATE_ID,
         dir_name: "app-update",
-        presentation: SystemAppPresentation::AppModal,
         system_capabilities: &[
             SystemBridgeCapability::CapabilityDefinitionsRead,
             SystemBridgeCapability::AppPermissionsRead,
@@ -54,7 +47,6 @@ const BUILTIN_SYSTEM_APPS: &[BuiltinSystemAppSpec] = &[
     BuiltinSystemAppSpec {
         app_id: SYSTEM_APP_APP_INSTALL_ID,
         dir_name: "app-install",
-        presentation: SystemAppPresentation::AppModal,
         system_capabilities: &[
             SystemBridgeCapability::CapabilityDefinitionsRead,
             SystemBridgeCapability::AppInstallPreview,
@@ -227,7 +219,6 @@ pub fn build_builtin_system_app(app_id: &str) -> Result<Option<SageApp>, AppBuil
     let app = SystemSageApp::new(
         common,
         SageGrantedSystemPermissions::new(spec.system_capabilities.iter().copied()),
-        spec.presentation,
     );
 
     Ok(Some(SageApp::System(app)))
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/mod.rs
index b07aac926..9b82e7a9b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/mod.rs
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ pub(crate) use donation::SageAppDonation;
 pub(crate) use preview::{SageAppUrlPreview, UserSageAppPendingUpdate};
 pub(crate) use retired_origin::RetiredAppOriginEntry;
 pub(crate) use snapshot::SageAppSnapshot;
-pub(crate) use system_apps::{SystemAppPresentation, SystemSageApp};
+pub(crate) use system_apps::{AppPresentation, AppModalPresentation, SystemSageApp};
 pub(crate) use user_apps::{
     CorruptedInstalledSageApp, ListedSageApp, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource, SageApp, ResolvedApp, ResolvedStoppedApp, ResolvedRunningApp
 };
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/system_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/system_apps.rs
index 95380f02f..446297bbd 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/system_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/system_apps.rs
@@ -1,33 +1,37 @@
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use serde::Serialize;
 use specta::Type;
 
 use crate::types::app::common::SageAppCommon;
 use crate::types::permissions::SageGrantedSystemPermissions;
 use crate::types::SageApp;
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub enum SystemAppPresentation {
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum AppPresentation {
     Taskbar,
-    AppModal,
+    Modal(AppModalPresentation),
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct AppModalPresentation {
+    pub visible_over_app_ids: Vec<String>,
+    pub visible_over_launchpad: bool,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct SystemSageApp {
     common: SageAppCommon,
     system_granted_permissions: SageGrantedSystemPermissions,
-    presentation: SystemAppPresentation,
 }
 
 impl SystemSageApp {
     pub fn new(
         common: SageAppCommon,
         system_granted_permissions: SageGrantedSystemPermissions,
-        presentation: SystemAppPresentation,
     ) -> Self {
         Self {
             common,
             system_granted_permissions,
-            presentation,
         }
     }
 
@@ -46,8 +50,20 @@ impl SystemSageApp {
     pub fn system_granted_permissions(&self) -> &SageGrantedSystemPermissions {
         &self.system_granted_permissions
     }
+}
 
-    pub fn presentation(&self) -> SystemAppPresentation {
-        self.presentation
+impl AppModalPresentation {
+    pub fn over_app(app_id: String) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            visible_over_app_ids: vec![app_id],
+            visible_over_launchpad: false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn over_app_and_launchpad(app_id: String) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            visible_over_app_ids: vec![app_id],
+            visible_over_launchpad: true,
+        }
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/system_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/system_apps.rs
index 5ca9d400f..b92f30e44 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/system_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/system_apps.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use serde::{Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
-use crate::types::{SystemAppPresentation, SystemSageApp};
+use crate::types::{SystemSageApp};
 use crate::types::app::view::common::SageAppCommonView;
 use crate::types::app::view::permission::SageGrantedSystemPermissionsView;
 
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ use crate::types::app::view::permission::SageGrantedSystemPermissionsView;
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct SystemSageAppView {
     common: SageAppCommonView,
-    presentation: SystemAppPresentation,
     system_granted_permissions: SageGrantedSystemPermissionsView,
 }
 
@@ -16,7 +15,6 @@ impl From<&SystemSageApp> for SystemSageAppView {
     fn from(value: &SystemSageApp) -> Self {
         Self {
             common: value.common().into(),
-            presentation: value.presentation(),
             system_granted_permissions: value.system_granted_permissions().into(),
         }
     }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs
index 7c723e80e..7075f1549 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ pub use app::SharedSageApp;
 
 pub(crate) use app::{
     CorruptedInstalledSageApp, ListedSageApp, RetiredAppOriginEntry, SageApp, SageAppCommon,
-    SageAppIdentity, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppUrlPreview, SystemAppPresentation, SystemSageApp,
+    SageAppIdentity, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppUrlPreview, AppPresentation, AppModalPresentation, SystemSageApp,
     UserSageApp, UserSageAppPendingUpdate, UserSageAppSource, SageAppView, ResolvedApp, ResolvedStoppedApp, ResolvedRunningApp,
     ListedSageAppView, UserSageAppView, SageAppIconView
 };
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index 757b4b45e..504cb7461 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -2645,7 +2645,7 @@ spend_bundle: SpendBundleJson }
  */
 export type SubmitTransactionResponse = Record<string, never>
 export type SyncEvent = { type: "start"; ip: string } | { type: "stop" } | { type: "subscribed" } | { type: "derivation" } | { type: "coin_state" } | { type: "transaction_failed"; transaction_id: string; error: string | null } | { type: "puzzle_batch_synced" } | { type: "cat_info" } | { type: "did_info" } | { type: "nft_data" }
-export type SystemAppPresentation = "Taskbar" | "AppModal"
+export type SystemAppPresentation = "Taskbar" | "Modal"
 export type SystemBridgeCapability = "runtime_manager.list_runtimes" | "runtime_manager.focus_runtime" | "runtime_manager.hide_runtime" | "runtime_manager.kill_runtime" | "runtime_manager.listen_runtimes_changed" | "runtime_manager.close_self" | "capability_definitions.read" | "app_permissions.read" | "app_permissions.apply" | "app_install.preview" | "app_install.apply" | "app_update.read" | "app_update.apply" | "file_system.select_file"
 export type SystemKillRuntimeResult = { ok: boolean; appId: string }
 export type SystemSageAppView = { common: SageAppCommonView; presentation: SystemAppPresentation; systemGrantedPermissions: SageGrantedSystemPermissionsView }

From a2973611ddd03b2e23de057d6d582bb64fc9d408 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Mon, 4 May 2026 02:43:28 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 336/471] Remove `useAppEmbeddedRuntime` and refactor runtime
 management.

- Deleted the `useAppEmbeddedRuntime` hook and replaced its usage with updated runtime handling logic in the `Apps` and `AppHost` components.
- Enhanced taskbar runtime management by introducing `taskbarRuntimesByHostWindowLabel` and `currentHostWindowLabel` in `AppsContext`.
- Refactored `create_runtime` to simplify runtime initialization and improve error handling.
- Adjusted system modal visibility handling with `sync_modal_runtime_visibility` function for better runtime state synchronization.
- Simplified legacy runtime and app type utilities by removing unused functions (`canRouteToApp`, `asUserApp`, `asSystemApp`).
---
 .../sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs   |   5 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs      |  11 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs       | 101 ++++++++++++++
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs         |  22 +--
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/view.rs    |   2 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs       |   2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs           |  15 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/system_apps.rs |  10 +-
 src/bindings.ts                               |  11 +-
 src/components/apps/SystemAppModalLayer.tsx   |   2 +-
 src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx                  | 112 ++++++++++++++-
 src/hooks/useAppEmbeddedRuntime.ts            | 129 ------------------
 src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts               |  13 +-
 src/lib/apps/types.ts                         |  40 +-----
 src/pages/AppHost.tsx                         | 126 +++++------------
 src/pages/Apps.tsx                            |  26 ++--
 src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx                   |   4 +-
 17 files changed, 313 insertions(+), 318 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 src/hooks/useAppEmbeddedRuntime.ts

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs
index 7bf80be52..67408070f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use std::{
 use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult};
 
 use crate::lifecycle::types::PersistedUserSageApp;
-use crate::system_apps::list_builtin_system_apps;
+use crate::system_apps::{list_builtin_system_apps, SystemAppUsage};
 use crate::types::{CorruptedInstalledSageApp, ListedSageApp, PendingStorageCleanupEntry, RetiredAppOriginEntry, SageApp, SageAppIconView, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SharedSageApp, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource};
 
 const INSTALLED_METADATA_FILE: &str = ".sage-installed.json";
@@ -140,7 +140,8 @@ pub fn list_installed_apps_internal(root: &Path) -> AnyResult<Vec<ListedSageApp>
     }
 
     for app in list_builtin_system_apps()? {
-        if let SageApp::System(app) = app {
+        if let SageApp::System(app) = app
+            && app.usage() == SystemAppUsage::Standalone {
             apps.push(ListedSageApp::System(app));
         }
     }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs
index c59c37f75..df275393d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs
@@ -51,6 +51,7 @@ pub enum StartAppUpdateMode {
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct CreateInstalledRuntimeArgs {
     pub app_id: String,
 }
@@ -118,7 +119,7 @@ pub async fn apps_start_system_app(
         }
     };
 
-    create_runtime(app, apps_state, create_args).await.map(Into::into)
+    create_runtime(&app, &apps_state, create_args).await.map(Into::into)
 }
 
 #[tauri::command]
@@ -128,14 +129,18 @@ pub async fn apps_create_inline_runtime(
     apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     args: CreateInstalledRuntimeArgs,
 ) -> Result<SageAppRuntimeRecordView, String> {
-    create_runtime(app, apps_state, CreateRuntimeArgs {
+    let created_runtime = create_runtime(&app, &apps_state, CreateRuntimeArgs {
         app_id: args.app_id.clone(),
         presentation: AppPresentation::Taskbar,
         mode: SageAppRuntimeMode::Inline,
         visibility: SageAppRuntimeVisibility::Visible,
         debug_layout: false,
         query: BTreeMap::new(),
-    }).await.map(Into::into)
+    }).await.map(Into::into);
+
+    focus_runtime(&app, &apps_state, &args.app_id).await?;
+
+    created_runtime
 }
 
 #[tauri::command]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
index 5f0e59b5c..6a4ff0654 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ use crate::runtime::state::{
 };
 use crate::runtime::webview_locator::get_webview_in_sage_window;
 use crate::runtime::{SageAppRuntimeRecord, SageAppRuntimeRecordView, SharedRuntime};
+use crate::types::AppPresentation;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
@@ -79,6 +80,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn focus_runtime(
     let runtime = get_runtime_by_app_id(apps_state, app_id)
         .await
         .map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
+    require_taskbar_runtime(&runtime)?;
 
     let runtime_window_identity = runtime_window_identity(&runtime);
 
@@ -106,6 +108,12 @@ pub(crate) async fn focus_runtime(
 
     runtime.with_runtime_mut(SageAppRuntimeRecord::mark_visible);
 
+    sync_modal_runtime_visibility(
+        app_handle,
+        apps_state,
+        &runtime_window_identity.host_window_label,
+    ).await;
+
     emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(app_handle, apps_state).await;
 
     let _ = emit_runtime_event_to_sage_webview(app_handle, ActiveRuntimeChangedEvent {
@@ -125,6 +133,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn hide_runtime(
     let runtime = get_runtime_by_app_id(apps_state, app_id)
         .await
         .map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
+    require_taskbar_runtime(&runtime)?;
 
     let runtime_window_identity = runtime_window_identity(&runtime);
 
@@ -142,6 +151,12 @@ pub(crate) async fn hide_runtime(
         &runtime_window_identity.runtime_id
     ).await;
 
+    sync_modal_runtime_visibility(
+        app,
+        apps_state,
+        &runtime_window_identity.host_window_label,
+    ).await;
+
     emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(app, apps_state).await;
 
     Ok(runtime)
@@ -205,3 +220,89 @@ fn runtime_window_identity(runtime: &SharedRuntime) -> RuntimeWindowIdentity {
         webview_label: record.webview_label().to_string(),
     })
 }
+
+async fn active_runtime_id_for_host_window(
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    host_window_label: &str,
+) -> Option<String> {
+    let active = apps_state
+        .runtime
+        .active_runtime_id_by_host_window_label
+        .lock()
+        .await;
+
+    active.get(host_window_label).cloned()
+}
+
+async fn sync_modal_runtime_visibility(
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    host_window_label: &str,
+) {
+    let active_runtime_id =
+        active_runtime_id_for_host_window(apps_state, host_window_label).await;
+
+    let active_app_id = match active_runtime_id.as_deref() {
+        Some(runtime_id) => {
+            find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional(apps_state, runtime_id)
+                .await
+                .map(|runtime| runtime.app_id())
+        }
+        None => None,
+    };
+
+    let Ok(runtimes) = list_runtimes(apps_state).await else {
+        return;
+    };
+
+    for runtime in runtimes {
+        let Some(decision) = runtime.with_runtime(|record| {
+            if record.host_window_label() != host_window_label {
+                return None;
+            }
+
+            let AppPresentation::Modal(modal) = record.presentation() else {
+                return None;
+            };
+
+            let should_be_visible = match active_app_id.as_deref() {
+                Some(active_app_id) => modal
+                    .visible_over_app_ids
+                    .iter()
+                    .any(|app_id| app_id == active_app_id),
+                None => modal.visible_over_launchpad,
+            };
+
+            Some((
+                record.webview_label().to_string(),
+                should_be_visible,
+            ))
+        }) else {
+            continue;
+        };
+
+        let (webview_label, should_be_visible) = decision;
+
+        let Ok(webview) = get_webview_in_sage_window(app_handle, &webview_label) else {
+            continue;
+        };
+
+        if should_be_visible {
+            let _ = webview.show();
+            runtime.with_runtime_mut(SageAppRuntimeRecord::mark_visible);
+        } else {
+            let _ = webview.hide();
+            runtime.with_runtime_mut(SageAppRuntimeRecord::mark_hidden);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn require_taskbar_runtime(runtime: &SharedRuntime) -> Result<(), String> {
+    runtime.with_runtime(|record| {
+        if matches!(record.presentation(), AppPresentation::Taskbar) {
+            Ok(())
+        } else {
+            Err("runtime focus/hide is only supported for taskbar apps".to_string())
+        }
+    })
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
index 38b0426cc..66a274140 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
@@ -33,24 +33,24 @@ pub(in crate::runtime) struct CreateImpostorRuntimeArgs {
 }
 
 pub async fn create_runtime(
-    app_handle: AppHandle,
-    apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     args: CreateRuntimeArgs,
 ) -> Result<SharedRuntime, String> {
-    let app = match resolve_app(&app_handle, &args.app_id).await.map_err(|e| e.to_string())? {
+    let app = match resolve_app(app_handle, &args.app_id).await.map_err(|e| e.to_string())? {
         ResolvedApp::Running(running) => return Ok(running.runtime()),
         ResolvedApp::Stopped(stopped) => stopped.into_app()
     };
 
     let is_internal = app.with(|app| app.common().is_sandbox_test());
     if !is_internal {
-        check_gates(&apps_state, &app).await?;
+        check_gates(apps_state, &app).await?;
     }
 
     app.taint_storage_if_runtime_can_persist_secrets();
     persist_runtime_side_effects(&app)?;
 
-    let sage_window = get_sage_window(&app_handle)?;
+    let sage_window = get_sage_window(app_handle)?;
     let webview_label = app.webview_label();
     let runtime = SageAppRuntimeRecord::new(
         &app,
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ pub async fn create_runtime(
         args.visibility,
         is_internal,
     ).map_err(|err| err.to_string())?;
-    let shared_runtime = write_runtime(&apps_state, runtime).await;
+    let shared_runtime = write_runtime(apps_state, runtime).await;
 
     let runtime_for_nav = shared_runtime.clone();
     let builder = WebviewBuilder::new(
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ pub async fn create_runtime(
     } else {
         (0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0)
     };
-    let add_child_result = get_sage_window(&app_handle)?
+    let add_child_result = get_sage_window(app_handle)?
         .add_child(
             builder,
             LogicalPosition::new(x, y),
@@ -92,16 +92,16 @@ pub async fn create_runtime(
             (runtime.runtime_id(), runtime.app().id())
         });
         drop(shared_runtime);
-        remove_runtime_by_runtime_id(&apps_state, &runtime_id).await;
-        remove_runtime_id_by_app_id(&apps_state, &app_id).await;
+        remove_runtime_by_runtime_id(apps_state, &runtime_id).await;
+        remove_runtime_id_by_app_id(apps_state, &app_id).await;
         return Err(format!("failed to create child webview: {e}"));
     }
 
     if args.visibility == SageAppRuntimeVisibility::Hidden {
-        let _ = get_webview_in_sage_window(&app_handle, &webview_label)?.hide();
+        let _ = get_webview_in_sage_window(app_handle, &webview_label)?.hide();
     }
 
-    emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(&app_handle, &apps_state).await;
+    emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(app_handle, apps_state).await;
 
     Ok(shared_runtime)
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/view.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/view.rs
index 972baed5b..f61099c0f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/view.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/view.rs
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ use crate::types::{AppPresentation, SageAppView};
 pub struct SageAppRuntimeRecordView {
     runtime_id: String,
     app: SageAppView,
+    host_window_label: String,
     webview_label: String,
     presentation: AppPresentation,
     mode: SageAppRuntimeMode,
@@ -22,6 +23,7 @@ impl From<&SharedRuntime> for SageAppRuntimeRecordView {
         value.with_runtime(|runtime| Self {
             runtime_id: runtime.runtime_id().clone(),
             app: runtime.app().into(),
+            host_window_label: runtime.host_window_label().to_string(),
             webview_label: runtime.webview_label().to_string(),
             presentation: runtime.presentation(),
             mode: runtime.mode(),
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs
index a65dc2b46..de584f9c8 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ async fn start_internal_runtime_for_sandbox(
         query,
     };
 
-    create_runtime(app.clone(), apps_state.clone(), args)
+    create_runtime(app, apps_state, args)
         .await
         .map(|_| ())
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
index 3639f2ba9..35da334de 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,8 @@ use std::{
 };
 use std::fmt::Display;
 use anyhow::{Result as AnyResult};
-
+use serde::Serialize;
+use specta::Type;
 use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
 use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissions, SageGrantedSystemPermissions, SystemSageApp};
 use crate::utils::builtin_apps_root;
@@ -17,13 +18,20 @@ pub const SYSTEM_APP_APP_INSTALL_ID: &str = "app-install";
 pub struct BuiltinSystemAppSpec {
     pub app_id: &'static str,
     pub dir_name: &'static str,
+    pub usage: SystemAppUsage,
     pub system_capabilities: &'static [SystemBridgeCapability],
 }
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum SystemAppUsage {
+    Standalone,
+    Contextual,
+}
 
 const BUILTIN_SYSTEM_APPS: &[BuiltinSystemAppSpec] = &[
     BuiltinSystemAppSpec {
         app_id: SYSTEM_APP_TASK_MANAGER_ID,
         dir_name: "task-manager",
+        usage: SystemAppUsage::Standalone,
         system_capabilities: &[
             SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerListRuntimes,
             SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerFocusRuntime,
@@ -35,6 +43,7 @@ const BUILTIN_SYSTEM_APPS: &[BuiltinSystemAppSpec] = &[
     BuiltinSystemAppSpec {
         app_id: SYSTEM_APP_APP_UPDATE_ID,
         dir_name: "app-update",
+        usage: SystemAppUsage::Contextual,
         system_capabilities: &[
             SystemBridgeCapability::CapabilityDefinitionsRead,
             SystemBridgeCapability::AppPermissionsRead,
@@ -47,6 +56,7 @@ const BUILTIN_SYSTEM_APPS: &[BuiltinSystemAppSpec] = &[
     BuiltinSystemAppSpec {
         app_id: SYSTEM_APP_APP_INSTALL_ID,
         dir_name: "app-install",
+        usage: SystemAppUsage::Contextual,
         system_capabilities: &[
             SystemBridgeCapability::CapabilityDefinitionsRead,
             SystemBridgeCapability::AppInstallPreview,
@@ -73,7 +83,7 @@ impl Display for AppBuildError {
             AppBuildError::InternalError => String::from("internal error"),
             AppBuildError::EntryFileNotFound => String::from("entry not found"),
         };
-        write!(f, "{}", str)
+        write!(f, "{str}")
     }
 }
 
@@ -218,6 +228,7 @@ pub fn build_builtin_system_app(app_id: &str) -> Result<Option<SageApp>, AppBuil
 
     let app = SystemSageApp::new(
         common,
+        spec.usage,
         SageGrantedSystemPermissions::new(spec.system_capabilities.iter().copied()),
     );
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/system_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/system_apps.rs
index 446297bbd..68376c3f0 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/system_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/system_apps.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
 use serde::Serialize;
 use specta::Type;
-
+use crate::system_apps::SystemAppUsage;
 use crate::types::app::common::SageAppCommon;
 use crate::types::permissions::SageGrantedSystemPermissions;
 use crate::types::SageApp;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[serde(tag = "kind")]
 pub enum AppPresentation {
     Taskbar,
     Modal(AppModalPresentation),
@@ -21,16 +22,19 @@ pub struct AppModalPresentation {
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct SystemSageApp {
     common: SageAppCommon,
+    usage: SystemAppUsage,
     system_granted_permissions: SageGrantedSystemPermissions,
 }
 
 impl SystemSageApp {
     pub fn new(
         common: SageAppCommon,
+        usage: SystemAppUsage,
         system_granted_permissions: SageGrantedSystemPermissions,
     ) -> Self {
         Self {
             common,
+            usage,
             system_granted_permissions,
         }
     }
@@ -47,6 +51,10 @@ impl SystemSageApp {
         &mut self.common
     }
 
+    pub fn usage(&self) -> SystemAppUsage {
+        self.usage
+    }
+
     pub fn system_granted_permissions(&self) -> &SageGrantedSystemPermissions {
         &self.system_granted_permissions
     }
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index 504cb7461..8ab145f9c 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -428,7 +428,7 @@ async getBuiltinSystemApp(appId: string) : Promise<SageAppView | null> {
 async appsStartSystemApp(args: StartSystemAppArgs) : Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecordView> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_start_system_app", { args });
 },
-async appsCreateInlineRuntime(args: CreateRuntimeArgs) : Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecordView> {
+async appsCreateInlineRuntime(args: CreateInstalledRuntimeArgs) : Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecordView> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_create_inline_runtime", { args });
 },
 async appsListRuntimes() : Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecordView[]> {
@@ -501,6 +501,8 @@ ip: string }
 export type AddressKind = "own" | "burn" | "launcher" | "offer" | "external" | "unknown"
 export type Amount = string | number
 export type AppLaunchGateResult = { allowed: boolean; kind: string; capability: SandboxCapability | null; message: string | null }
+export type AppModalPresentation = { visibleOverAppIds: string[]; visibleOverLaunchpad: boolean }
+export type AppPresentation = { kind: "Taskbar" } | ({ kind: "Modal" } & AppModalPresentation)
 export type Asset = { asset_id: string | null; name: string | null; ticker: string | null; precision: number; icon_url: string | null; description: string | null; is_sensitive_content: boolean; is_visible: boolean; revocation_address: string | null; kind: AssetKind }
 /**
  * Type of asset coin
@@ -829,7 +831,7 @@ fee: Amount;
  * Whether to automatically submit the transaction
  */
 auto_submit?: boolean }
-export type CreateRuntimeArgs = { appId: string; mode: SageAppRuntimeMode; visibility: SageAppRuntimeVisibility; debugLayout: boolean; query: Partial<{ [key in string]: string }> }
+export type CreateInstalledRuntimeArgs = { appId: string }
 export type CreateTransaction = { 
 /**
  * Pre-selected coins to use in the transaction prior to coin selection
@@ -2275,7 +2277,7 @@ export type SageAppManifestVersion = number
 export type SageAppPackageManifest = { manifestVersion: SageAppManifestVersion; name: string; icon: string | null; sageVersion: SageAppManifestSageVersion; version: string; permissions: SageRequestedPermissions; files: SageAppManifestFile[]; totalBytes: number; entry: string | null; author: SageAppAuthor | null; donation: SageAppDonation | null }
 export type SageAppPackageManifestPreview = { kind: "full"; manifest: SageAppPackageManifest } | { kind: "partial"; manifest_header: SageAppManifestHeaderV0; parse_error: string }
 export type SageAppRuntimeMode = "Inline" | "Windowed"
-export type SageAppRuntimeRecordView = { runtimeId: string; app: SageAppView; webviewLabel: string; mode: SageAppRuntimeMode; visibility: SageAppRuntimeVisibility; startedAt: number; lastActiveAt: number; internal: boolean }
+export type SageAppRuntimeRecordView = { runtimeId: string; app: SageAppView; hostWindowLabel: string; webviewLabel: string; presentation: AppPresentation; mode: SageAppRuntimeMode; visibility: SageAppRuntimeVisibility; startedAt: number; lastActiveAt: number; internal: boolean }
 export type SageAppRuntimeVisibility = "Visible" | "Hidden"
 export type SageAppSnapshotView = { manifest: SageAppPackageManifest }
 export type SageAppUrl = string
@@ -2645,10 +2647,9 @@ spend_bundle: SpendBundleJson }
  */
 export type SubmitTransactionResponse = Record<string, never>
 export type SyncEvent = { type: "start"; ip: string } | { type: "stop" } | { type: "subscribed" } | { type: "derivation" } | { type: "coin_state" } | { type: "transaction_failed"; transaction_id: string; error: string | null } | { type: "puzzle_batch_synced" } | { type: "cat_info" } | { type: "did_info" } | { type: "nft_data" }
-export type SystemAppPresentation = "Taskbar" | "Modal"
 export type SystemBridgeCapability = "runtime_manager.list_runtimes" | "runtime_manager.focus_runtime" | "runtime_manager.hide_runtime" | "runtime_manager.kill_runtime" | "runtime_manager.listen_runtimes_changed" | "runtime_manager.close_self" | "capability_definitions.read" | "app_permissions.read" | "app_permissions.apply" | "app_install.preview" | "app_install.apply" | "app_update.read" | "app_update.apply" | "file_system.select_file"
 export type SystemKillRuntimeResult = { ok: boolean; appId: string }
-export type SystemSageAppView = { common: SageAppCommonView; presentation: SystemAppPresentation; systemGrantedPermissions: SageGrantedSystemPermissionsView }
+export type SystemSageAppView = { common: SageAppCommonView; systemGrantedPermissions: SageGrantedSystemPermissionsView }
 /**
  * Accept an offer
  */
diff --git a/src/components/apps/SystemAppModalLayer.tsx b/src/components/apps/SystemAppModalLayer.tsx
index 2feaf7f85..606c3e45d 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/SystemAppModalLayer.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/SystemAppModalLayer.tsx
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ export function SystemAppModalLayer() {
     return runtimes.find(
       (runtime) =>
         runtime.app.kind === 'system' &&
-        runtime.app.presentation === 'AppModal' &&
+        runtime.presentation.kind === 'Modal' &&
         runtime.visibility === 'Visible',
     );
   }, [runtimes]);
diff --git a/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx b/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
index 103aaab15..62e4e6a59 100644
--- a/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
+++ b/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
@@ -8,10 +8,12 @@ import {
   type ReactNode,
 } from 'react';
 import { listen, type UnlistenFn } from '@tauri-apps/api/event';
+import { getCurrentWindow } from '@tauri-apps/api/window';
 import {
   type AppLaunchGateResult,
   commands,
   type ListedSageAppView,
+  type SageAppRuntimeRecordView,
   type SageAppUrlPreview,
   SageAppView,
   SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
@@ -32,8 +34,15 @@ type UserInstalledEntry = { kind: 'user' } & UserSageAppView;
 type SystemInstalledEntry = { kind: 'system' } & SystemSageAppView;
 type InstalledEntry = UserInstalledEntry | SystemInstalledEntry;
 
+interface RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent {
+  runtimes: SageAppRuntimeRecordView[];
+}
+
 interface AppsContextValue {
   apps: ListedSageAppView[];
+  runtimes: SageAppRuntimeRecordView[];
+  taskbarRuntimesByHostWindowLabel: Record<string, SageAppRuntimeRecordView[]>;
+  currentHostWindowLabel: string;
   loading: boolean;
   error: string | null;
   busyAppIds: Record<string, boolean>;
@@ -51,9 +60,14 @@ interface AppsContextValue {
   getApp: (appId: string) => UserSageAppView | undefined;
   getListedApp: (appId: string) => InstalledEntry | undefined;
   getLaunchGate: (appId: string) => AppLaunchGateResult | null;
+  getTaskbarRuntime: (
+    hostWindowLabel: string,
+    appId: string,
+  ) => SageAppRuntimeRecordView | null;
 
   refresh: () => Promise<void>;
   refreshInstalledApps: () => Promise<void>;
+  refreshRuntimes: () => Promise<void>;
   refreshLaunchGates: (listed: ListedSageAppView[]) => Promise<void>;
   setBusy: (appId: string, busy: boolean) => void;
   setUpdateAvailability: (
@@ -104,14 +118,24 @@ function installedAppId(app: InstalledEntry): string {
   return app.common.identity.id;
 }
 
+function runtimeAppId(runtime: SageAppRuntimeRecordView): string {
+  return runtime.app.common.identity.id;
+}
+
 function isUserListedApp(
   entry: ListedSageAppView,
 ): entry is { kind: 'user' } & UserSageAppView {
   return entry.kind === 'user';
 }
 
+function isTaskbarRuntime(runtime: SageAppRuntimeRecordView): boolean {
+  return runtime.presentation.kind === 'Taskbar';
+}
+
 export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
   const [apps, setApps] = useState<ListedSageAppView[]>([]);
+  const [runtimes, setRuntimes] = useState<SageAppRuntimeRecordView[]>([]);
+  const currentHostWindowLabel = useMemo(() => getCurrentWindow().label, []);
   const [loading, setLoading] = useState(true);
   const [error, setError] = useState<string | null>(null);
   const [busyAppIds, setBusyAppIds] = useState<Record<string, boolean>>({});
@@ -136,6 +160,15 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
 
   const { isReady: bridgeHostReady } = useBridgeHost({ requestApproval });
 
+  const refreshRuntimes = useCallback(async () => {
+    try {
+      const next = await commands.appsListRuntimes();
+      setRuntimes(next);
+    } catch (err) {
+      console.error('Failed to refresh runtimes:', err);
+    }
+  }, []);
+
   const refreshLaunchGates = useCallback(
     async (listed: ListedSageAppView[]) => {
       const installed = listed.filter(isInstalledEntry);
@@ -192,7 +225,36 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
 
   useEffect(() => {
     void refreshInstalledApps();
-  }, [refreshInstalledApps]);
+    void refreshRuntimes();
+  }, [refreshInstalledApps, refreshRuntimes]);
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    let isCancelled = false;
+    let unsubscribe: UnlistenFn | null = null;
+
+    const setup = async () => {
+      try {
+        unsubscribe = await listen<RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent>(
+          'apps:runtime-manager:runtimes-changed',
+          (event) => {
+            if (isCancelled) return;
+            setRuntimes(event.payload.runtimes);
+          },
+        );
+      } catch (err) {
+        if (!isCancelled) {
+          console.error('Failed to subscribe to runtime updates:', err);
+        }
+      }
+    };
+
+    void setup();
+
+    return () => {
+      isCancelled = true;
+      if (unsubscribe) void unsubscribe();
+    };
+  }, []);
 
   useEffect(() => {
     let isCancelled = false;
@@ -257,6 +319,19 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
     };
   }, [apps, currentSandboxRunId, refreshLaunchGates]);
 
+  const taskbarRuntimesByHostWindowLabel = useMemo(() => {
+    const next: Record<string, SageAppRuntimeRecordView[]> = {};
+
+    for (const runtime of runtimes) {
+      if (!isTaskbarRuntime(runtime)) continue;
+
+      next[runtime.hostWindowLabel] ??= [];
+      next[runtime.hostWindowLabel].push(runtime);
+    }
+
+    return next;
+  }, [runtimes]);
+
   const refresh = refreshInstalledApps;
 
   const getListedApp = useCallback(
@@ -275,6 +350,17 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
     [launchGatesByAppId],
   );
 
+  const getTaskbarRuntime = useCallback(
+    (hostWindowLabel: string, appId: string) => {
+      return (
+        taskbarRuntimesByHostWindowLabel[hostWindowLabel]?.find(
+          (runtime) => runtimeAppId(runtime) === appId,
+        ) ?? null
+      );
+    },
+    [taskbarRuntimesByHostWindowLabel],
+  );
+
   const getApp = useCallback(
     (appId: string): UserSageAppView | undefined => {
       return apps.find(
@@ -305,7 +391,10 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
   );
 
   const installApp = useCallback(
-    async (zipPath: string, grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissionsInput) => {
+    async (
+      zipPath: string,
+      grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
+    ) => {
       const installed = await commands.installAppZip(
         zipPath,
         grantedPermissions,
@@ -347,11 +436,12 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
         );
 
         await refreshInstalledApps();
+        await refreshRuntimes();
       } finally {
         setBusy(appId, false);
       }
     },
-    [refreshInstalledApps, setBusy],
+    [refreshInstalledApps, refreshRuntimes, setBusy],
   );
 
   const checkForUpdate = useCallback(async (appId: string) => {
@@ -393,20 +483,22 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
         setUpdateAvailability((prev) => ({ ...prev, [appId]: null }));
 
         await refreshInstalledApps();
+        await refreshRuntimes();
         return installed;
       } finally {
         setBusy(appId, false);
       }
     },
-    [refreshInstalledApps, setBusy],
+    [refreshInstalledApps, refreshRuntimes, setBusy],
   );
 
   const clearAppStorage = useCallback(
     async (appId: string) => {
       await commands.appsClearRuntimeBrowsingData(appId);
       await refreshInstalledApps();
+      await refreshRuntimes();
     },
-    [refreshInstalledApps],
+    [refreshInstalledApps, refreshRuntimes],
   );
 
   const rerunSandboxTests = useCallback(async () => {
@@ -419,6 +511,9 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
   const value = useMemo<AppsContextValue>(
     () => ({
       apps,
+      runtimes,
+      taskbarRuntimesByHostWindowLabel,
+      currentHostWindowLabel,
       loading,
       error,
       busyAppIds,
@@ -436,9 +531,11 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
       getApp,
       getListedApp,
       getLaunchGate,
+      getTaskbarRuntime,
 
       refresh,
       refreshInstalledApps,
+      refreshRuntimes,
       refreshLaunchGates,
       setBusy,
       setUpdateAvailability: setUpdateAvailabilityState,
@@ -453,6 +550,9 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
     }),
     [
       apps,
+      runtimes,
+      taskbarRuntimesByHostWindowLabel,
+      currentHostWindowLabel,
       loading,
       error,
       busyAppIds,
@@ -468,8 +568,10 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
       getApp,
       getListedApp,
       getLaunchGate,
+      getTaskbarRuntime,
       refresh,
       refreshInstalledApps,
+      refreshRuntimes,
       refreshLaunchGates,
       setBusy,
       setUpdateAvailabilityState,
diff --git a/src/hooks/useAppEmbeddedRuntime.ts b/src/hooks/useAppEmbeddedRuntime.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 7adbe2acf..000000000
--- a/src/hooks/useAppEmbeddedRuntime.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,129 +0,0 @@
-import React, { useEffect, useState } from 'react';
-import {
-  ensureInlineRuntime,
-  getRuntimeWebview,
-  markRuntimeVisible,
-} from '@/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry';
-import type { SageAppView } from '@/bindings';
-import { useRuntimeWebviewBounds } from '@/hooks/useRuntimeWebviewBounds';
-
-function formatError(err: unknown): string {
-  if (err instanceof Error) return err.message;
-  if (typeof err === 'string') return err;
-
-  try {
-    return JSON.stringify(err, null, 2);
-  } catch {
-    return String(err);
-  }
-}
-
-interface Args {
-  app: SageAppView | null | undefined;
-  containerRef: React.RefObject<HTMLDivElement | null>;
-}
-
-export function useAppEmbeddedRuntime({ app, containerRef }: Args) {
-  const [attachError, setAttachError] = useState<string | null>(null);
-  const [attaching, setAttaching] = useState(false);
-  const [webviewLabel, setWebviewLabel] = useState<string | null>(null);
-
-  const appId = app?.common.identity.id ?? null;
-
-  const { scheduleSyncBounds } = useRuntimeWebviewBounds({
-    webviewLabel,
-    containerRef,
-    enabled: !!appId && !!webviewLabel,
-  });
-
-  useEffect(() => {
-    setAttachError(null);
-    setWebviewLabel(null);
-
-    if (!app || !containerRef.current) {
-      setAttaching(false);
-      return;
-    }
-
-    const installedApp = app;
-    const installedAppId = installedApp.common.identity.id;
-
-    let disposed = false;
-    let runtimeCreated = false;
-    let showAttachingTimer: number | null = null;
-
-    const clearShowAttachingTimer = () => {
-      if (showAttachingTimer !== null) {
-        window.clearTimeout(showAttachingTimer);
-        showAttachingTimer = null;
-      }
-    };
-
-    const mount = async () => {
-      showAttachingTimer = window.setTimeout(() => {
-        if (!disposed) {
-          setAttaching(true);
-        }
-      }, 200);
-
-      await ensureInlineRuntime(installedApp);
-      runtimeCreated = true;
-
-      if (disposed) return;
-
-      const webview = await getRuntimeWebview(installedAppId);
-
-      if (!webview) {
-        throw new Error(`webview not found for app ${installedAppId}`);
-      }
-
-      setWebviewLabel(webview.label);
-
-      await markRuntimeVisible(installedAppId, true);
-
-      if (disposed) return;
-
-      clearShowAttachingTimer();
-      setAttachError(null);
-      setAttaching(false);
-    };
-
-    void mount().catch((err) => {
-      if (disposed) return;
-
-      clearShowAttachingTimer();
-
-      setAttachError(formatError(err));
-      setAttaching(false);
-
-      console.error('Failed to attach app runtime:', err);
-    });
-
-    return () => {
-      disposed = true;
-      clearShowAttachingTimer();
-      setAttaching(false);
-      setWebviewLabel(null);
-
-      if (runtimeCreated) {
-        void markRuntimeVisible(installedAppId, false).catch(() => {
-          //
-        });
-      }
-    };
-  }, [app, containerRef]);
-
-  useEffect(() => {
-    if (!webviewLabel) {
-      return;
-    }
-
-    scheduleSyncBounds();
-  }, [webviewLabel, scheduleSyncBounds]);
-
-  return {
-    attaching,
-    attachError,
-    scheduleSyncBounds,
-  };
-}
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts b/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
index 5924720c4..d41b928ab 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import { Webview, getCurrentWebview } from '@tauri-apps/api/webview';
 import {
   commands,
-  type CreateRuntimeArgs,
+  type CreateInstalledRuntimeArgs,
   type SageAppRuntimeRecordView,
   type SystemSageAppView,
   type UserSageAppView,
@@ -233,11 +233,6 @@ export async function focusRuntime(appId: string): Promise<void> {
   await refreshRuntimes();
 }
 
-export async function hideRuntime(appId: string): Promise<void> {
-  await commands.appsHideRuntime(runtimeTarget(appId));
-  await refreshRuntimes();
-}
-
 export async function killRuntime(appId: string): Promise<void> {
   await commands.appsKillRuntime(runtimeTarget(appId));
   await refreshRuntimes();
@@ -254,12 +249,8 @@ export async function closeAppRuntime(
 export async function ensureInlineRuntime(
   app: AppLike,
 ): Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecordView> {
-  const args: CreateRuntimeArgs = {
+  const args: CreateInstalledRuntimeArgs = {
     appId: app.common.identity.id,
-    mode: 'Inline',
-    visibility: 'Visible',
-    debugLayout: false,
-    query: {},
   };
 
   const created = await commands.appsCreateInlineRuntime(args);
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/types.ts b/src/lib/apps/types.ts
index 826f7fd04..9aefc8453 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/types.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/types.ts
@@ -1,41 +1,5 @@
 import type { SageAppView, SystemSageAppView, UserSageAppView } from '@/bindings';
 
-export type UserAppView = Extract<SageAppView, { kind: 'user' }>;
-export type SystemAppView = Extract<SageAppView, { kind: 'system' }>;
-export type RouteableApp = UserAppView | SystemAppView;
-
-export function asUserApp(app: UserSageAppView): UserAppView {
-  return {
-    kind: 'user',
-    ...app,
-  };
-}
-
-export function asSystemApp(app: SystemSageAppView): SystemAppView {
-  return {
-    kind: 'system',
-    ...app,
-  };
-}
-
-export function canRouteToApp(
-  app: SageAppView | UserSageAppView | SystemSageAppView,
-): boolean {
-  if ('kind' in app) {
-    if (app.kind === 'user') {
-      return true;
-    }
-
-    return app.presentation === 'Taskbar';
-  }
-
-  if ('source' in app) {
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  return app.presentation === 'Taskbar';
-}
-
 export function routeForApp(
   app: SageAppView | UserSageAppView | SystemSageAppView,
 ): string | null {
@@ -44,12 +8,12 @@ export function routeForApp(
       return `/apps/${app.common.identity.id}`;
     }
 
-    return canRouteToApp(app) ? `/system-apps/${app.common.identity.id}` : null;
+    return `/system-apps/${app.common.identity.id}`;
   }
 
   if ('source' in app) {
     return `/apps/${app.common.identity.id}`;
   }
 
-  return canRouteToApp(app) ? `/system-apps/${app.common.identity.id}` : null;
+  return `/system-apps/${app.common.identity.id}`;
 }
diff --git a/src/pages/AppHost.tsx b/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
index f1fa28d1d..02a80a776 100644
--- a/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
@@ -1,114 +1,56 @@
-import { Alert, AlertDescription, AlertTitle } from '@/components/ui/alert';
-import { useRef } from 'react';
-import { useParams } from 'react-router-dom';
+import { useEffect, useMemo, useRef } from 'react';
+import { Navigate, useParams } from 'react-router-dom';
 import { useApps } from '@/contexts/AppsContext';
-import { useAppEmbeddedRuntime } from '@/hooks/useAppEmbeddedRuntime.ts';
-import { formatSandboxLaunchDecision } from '@/lib/apps/sandboxPolicy';
-
-function AppNotFound() {
-  return (
-    <div className='mx-auto w-full max-w-4xl p-4 md:p-6'>
-      <Alert>
-        <AlertTitle>App not found</AlertTitle>
-        <AlertDescription>This app does not exist.</AlertDescription>
-      </Alert>
-    </div>
-  );
-}
-
-function AppBlocked({
-  title,
-  description,
-}: {
-  title: string;
-  description: string;
-}) {
-  return (
-    <div className='mx-auto w-full max-w-4xl p-4 md:p-6'>
-      <Alert>
-        <AlertTitle>{title}</AlertTitle>
-        <AlertDescription>{description}</AlertDescription>
-      </Alert>
-    </div>
-  );
-}
+import { useRuntimeWebviewBounds } from '@/hooks/useRuntimeWebviewBounds';
 
 export function AppHost() {
   const { appId = '' } = useParams();
   const containerRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement | null>(null);
-  const { getListedApp, getLaunchGate, loading } = useApps();
 
-  const app = getListedApp(appId);
+  const {
+    taskbarRuntimesByHostWindowLabel,
+    currentHostWindowLabel,
+  } = useApps();
 
-  const userLaunchDecision =
-    app?.kind === 'user'
-      ? formatSandboxLaunchDecision(getLaunchGate(app.common.identity.id))
-      : null;
+  const taskbarRuntimesForWindow = useMemo(() => {
+    if (!currentHostWindowLabel) {
+      return [];
+    }
 
-  const routeableSystemApp =
-    app?.kind === 'system' && app.presentation === 'Taskbar';
+    return taskbarRuntimesByHostWindowLabel[currentHostWindowLabel] ?? [];
+  }, [currentHostWindowLabel, taskbarRuntimesByHostWindowLabel]);
+
+  const runtime = useMemo(() => {
+    return (
+      taskbarRuntimesForWindow.find((runtime) => {
+        return runtime.app.common.identity.id === appId;
+      }) ?? null
+    );
+  }, [taskbarRuntimesForWindow, appId]);
 
-  const shouldMountRuntime =
-    !!app &&
-    (app.kind === 'system'
-      ? routeableSystemApp
-      : !!userLaunchDecision?.allowed);
+  const webviewLabel = runtime?.webviewLabel ?? null;
 
-  const { attaching, attachError } = useAppEmbeddedRuntime({
-    app: shouldMountRuntime ? app : null,
+  const { scheduleSyncBounds } = useRuntimeWebviewBounds({
+    webviewLabel,
     containerRef,
+    enabled: !!webviewLabel,
   });
 
-  if (loading) {
-    return (
-      <div className='mx-auto w-full max-w-4xl p-4 md:p-6'>
-        <Alert>
-          <AlertTitle>Loading app...</AlertTitle>
-          <AlertDescription>Please wait.</AlertDescription>
-        </Alert>
-      </div>
-    );
-  }
-
-  if (!app) {
-    return <AppNotFound />;
-  }
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!webviewLabel) {
+      return;
+    }
 
-  if (app.kind === 'system' && app.presentation !== 'Taskbar') {
-    return (
-      <AppBlocked
-        title='System app is not routeable'
-        description='This system app is opened contextually by Sage and is not available through direct navigation.'
-      />
-    );
-  }
+    scheduleSyncBounds();
+  }, [webviewLabel, scheduleSyncBounds]);
 
-  if (app.kind === 'user' && !userLaunchDecision?.allowed) {
-    return (
-      <AppBlocked
-        title={userLaunchDecision?.title ?? 'App launch blocked'}
-        description={
-          userLaunchDecision?.description ??
-          'This app cannot be launched until required sandbox checks pass.'
-        }
-      />
-    );
+  if (!runtime) {
+    return <Navigate to='/apps' replace />;
   }
 
   return (
     <div className='flex h-full min-h-0 w-full flex-col overflow-hidden'>
-      {attachError ? (
-        <AppBlocked title='Failed to launch app' description={attachError} />
-      ) : attaching ? (
-        <div className='mx-auto w-full max-w-4xl p-4 md:p-6'>
-          <Alert>
-            <AlertTitle>Starting app...</AlertTitle>
-            <AlertDescription>Please wait.</AlertDescription>
-          </Alert>
-        </div>
-      ) : null}
-
-      <div className='flex-1 min-h-0'>
+      <div className='min-h-0 flex-1'>
         <div
           ref={containerRef}
           className='h-full w-full overflow-hidden bg-background'
diff --git a/src/pages/Apps.tsx b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
index 6fe1f3b84..a3177f62c 100644
--- a/src/pages/Apps.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
@@ -3,12 +3,7 @@ import { CorruptedAppCard } from '@/components/apps/CorruptedAppCard';
 import { AppsLaunchpadContextMenu } from '@/components/apps/AppsLaunchpadContextMenu';
 import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
 import { formatSandboxLaunchDecision } from '@/lib/apps/sandboxPolicy';
-import {
-  Dialog,
-  DialogContent,
-  DialogHeader,
-  DialogTitle,
-} from '@/components/ui/dialog';
+import { Dialog, DialogContent, DialogHeader, DialogTitle, } from '@/components/ui/dialog';
 import {
   commands,
   ListedSageAppView,
@@ -34,10 +29,7 @@ import { useNavigate } from 'react-router-dom';
 import { PermissionsEditor } from '@/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx';
 import { AppTile } from '@/components/apps/AppTile';
 import { formatAppError } from '@/lib/apps/formatAppError.ts';
-import {
-  openAppPermissionsReview,
-  openAppUpdateReview,
-} from '@/lib/apps/openAppUpdate.ts';
+import { openAppPermissionsReview, openAppUpdateReview, } from '@/lib/apps/openAppUpdate.ts';
 import { SystemAppModalLayer } from '@/components/apps/SystemAppModalLayer.tsx';
 
 type UserInstalledEntry = { kind: 'user' } & UserSageAppView;
@@ -118,6 +110,12 @@ function isFullUpdatePreview(preview: SageAppUrlPreview | null): boolean {
   return preview?.manifest.kind === 'full';
 }
 
+async function openApp(appId: string) {
+  return await commands.appsCreateInlineRuntime({
+    appId,
+  });
+}
+
 export function Apps() {
   const navigate = useNavigate();
   const [contextMenu, setContextMenu] = useState<AppContextMenuState>(null);
@@ -177,9 +175,7 @@ export function Apps() {
   const installedApps = useMemo(
     () =>
       apps.filter(
-        (entry): entry is InstalledEntry =>
-          isInstalledEntry(entry) &&
-          (entry.kind === 'user' || entry.presentation === 'Taskbar'),
+        (entry): entry is InstalledEntry => isInstalledEntry(entry)
       ),
     [apps],
   );
@@ -646,8 +642,8 @@ export function Apps() {
                           getLaunchGate(app.common.identity.id),
                         )
                   }
-                  onOpen={() => {
-                    navigate(`/apps/${app.common.identity.id}`);
+                  onOpen={async () => {
+                    await openApp(app.common.identity.id);
                   }}
                   onContextMenu={(event) => {
                     event.preventDefault();
diff --git a/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx b/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
index fbfa791d2..13ffcb0ba 100644
--- a/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
             return true;
           }
 
-          return installedApp.presentation === 'Taskbar';
+          return runtime.presentation.kind === 'Taskbar';
         })
         .map((runtime) => runtime.app.common.identity.id);
 
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
 
       if (
         installedApp.kind === 'system' &&
-        installedApp.presentation !== 'Taskbar'
+        runtime.presentation.kind !== 'Taskbar'
       ) {
         continue;
       }

From 1572f76c2cb4e5bb12ee62160aa5b326fb6c9803 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Mon, 4 May 2026 03:32:53 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 337/471] Refactor runtime event handling in `AppsContext` and
 improve error logging

- Consolidated runtime event types into `SageRuntimeEvent` for cleaner handling.
- Replaced individual event listeners with a unified `SAGE_RUNTIME_EVENT_NAME` subscription.
- Added logging for `runtimeManager.activeRuntimeChanged` to enable future extensibility.
- Improved error logging when runtime initialization fails in `AppHost`.
---
 src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx | 43 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------
 src/pages/AppHost.tsx        |  1 +
 2 files changed, 37 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx b/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
index 62e4e6a59..c7da259a6 100644
--- a/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
+++ b/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
@@ -34,10 +34,28 @@ type UserInstalledEntry = { kind: 'user' } & UserSageAppView;
 type SystemInstalledEntry = { kind: 'system' } & SystemSageAppView;
 type InstalledEntry = UserInstalledEntry | SystemInstalledEntry;
 
+const SAGE_RUNTIME_EVENT_NAME = 'apps:runtime-event';
+
 interface RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent {
-  runtimes: SageAppRuntimeRecordView[];
+  type: 'runtimeManager.runtimesChanged';
+  payload: {
+    runtimes: SageAppRuntimeRecordView[];
+  };
 }
 
+interface ActiveRuntimeChangedEvent {
+  type: 'runtimeManager.activeRuntimeChanged';
+  payload: {
+    hostWindowLabel: string;
+    appId: string | null;
+    runtimeId: string | null;
+  };
+}
+
+type SageRuntimeEvent =
+  | RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent
+  | ActiveRuntimeChangedEvent;
+
 interface AppsContextValue {
   apps: ListedSageAppView[];
   runtimes: SageAppRuntimeRecordView[];
@@ -230,20 +248,31 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
 
   useEffect(() => {
     let isCancelled = false;
-    let unsubscribe: UnlistenFn | null = null;
+    let unsubscribe: (() => void) | undefined;
 
     const setup = async () => {
       try {
-        unsubscribe = await listen<RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent>(
-          'apps:runtime-manager:runtimes-changed',
+        unsubscribe = await listen<SageRuntimeEvent>(
+          SAGE_RUNTIME_EVENT_NAME,
           (event) => {
             if (isCancelled) return;
-            setRuntimes(event.payload.runtimes);
+
+            const runtimeEvent = event.payload;
+            console.log('Received runtime event:', runtimeEvent);
+
+            switch (runtimeEvent.type) {
+              case 'runtimeManager.runtimesChanged':
+                setRuntimes(runtimeEvent.payload.runtimes);
+                break;
+
+              case 'runtimeManager.activeRuntimeChanged':
+                break;
+            }
           },
         );
       } catch (err) {
         if (!isCancelled) {
-          console.error('Failed to subscribe to runtime updates:', err);
+          console.error('Failed to subscribe to runtime events:', err);
         }
       }
     };
@@ -252,7 +281,7 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
 
     return () => {
       isCancelled = true;
-      if (unsubscribe) void unsubscribe();
+      unsubscribe?.();
     };
   }, []);
 
diff --git a/src/pages/AppHost.tsx b/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
index 02a80a776..85046db23 100644
--- a/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
@@ -45,6 +45,7 @@ export function AppHost() {
   }, [webviewLabel, scheduleSyncBounds]);
 
   if (!runtime) {
+    console.error("Runtime not found for app ID: ", appId);
     return <Navigate to='/apps' replace />;
   }
 

From 78fb42fe7835107b79fd50125010bf42d9186f06 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Mon, 4 May 2026 03:49:27 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 338/471] Remove deprecated runtime hooks and streamline
 runtime management.

- Deleted `restartAppRuntime`, `useAppRuntimePresence`, and `useAppRuntimes` hooks as they are no longer in use.
- Introduced `subscribeRuntimeEvents` and `subscribeActiveRuntime` for handling runtime events.
- Updated `AppsContext`, `AppsWorkspace`, and `SystemAppModalLayer` to use new runtime event subscriptions.
- Simplified runtime utilities in `runtimeRegistry` and moved event handling to `runtimeEvents`.
---
 src/components/apps/SystemAppModalLayer.tsx |   4 +-
 src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx                |  59 +++---
 src/hooks/useAppRuntimePresence.ts          |  39 ----
 src/hooks/useAppRuntimes.ts                 |  25 ---
 src/lib/apps/restartAppRuntime.ts           |  24 ---
 src/lib/apps/runtimeEvents.ts               |  45 ++++
 src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts             | 223 +-------------------
 src/pages/Apps.tsx                          |  49 +----
 src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx                 |  91 ++++----
 9 files changed, 128 insertions(+), 431 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 src/hooks/useAppRuntimePresence.ts
 delete mode 100644 src/hooks/useAppRuntimes.ts
 delete mode 100644 src/lib/apps/restartAppRuntime.ts
 create mode 100644 src/lib/apps/runtimeEvents.ts

diff --git a/src/components/apps/SystemAppModalLayer.tsx b/src/components/apps/SystemAppModalLayer.tsx
index 606c3e45d..e4b13e90e 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/SystemAppModalLayer.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/SystemAppModalLayer.tsx
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 import { useMemo, useRef } from 'react';
-import { useAppRuntimes } from '@/hooks/useAppRuntimes';
 import { useRuntimeWebviewBounds } from '@/hooks/useRuntimeWebviewBounds';
+import { useApps } from '@/contexts/AppsContext.tsx';
 
 export function SystemAppModalLayer() {
   const containerRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement | null>(null);
 
-  const runtimes = useAppRuntimes({ includeInternal: true });
+  const { runtimes } = useApps();
 
   const modalRuntime = useMemo(() => {
     return runtimes.find(
diff --git a/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx b/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
index c7da259a6..a55424f69 100644
--- a/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
+++ b/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
@@ -1,12 +1,4 @@
-import {
-  createContext,
-  useCallback,
-  useContext,
-  useEffect,
-  useMemo,
-  useState,
-  type ReactNode,
-} from 'react';
+import { createContext, type ReactNode, useCallback, useContext, useEffect, useMemo, useState, } from 'react';
 import { listen, type UnlistenFn } from '@tauri-apps/api/event';
 import { getCurrentWindow } from '@tauri-apps/api/window';
 import {
@@ -21,9 +13,9 @@ import {
   type SystemSageAppView,
   type UserSageAppView,
 } from '@/bindings';
+import type { PendingApprovalItem } from '@/hooks/useAppPendingApprovals';
 import { useAppPendingApprovals } from '@/hooks/useAppPendingApprovals';
 import { useBridgeHost } from '@/hooks/useBridgeHost';
-import type { PendingApprovalItem } from '@/hooks/useAppPendingApprovals';
 
 interface PerformAppUpdateOptions {
   restartIfRunning?: boolean;
@@ -113,6 +105,13 @@ interface AppsContextValue {
   ) => Promise<SageAppView>;
   clearAppStorage: (appId: string) => Promise<void>;
   rerunSandboxTests: () => Promise<SandboxStateView>;
+  activeRuntimeByHostWindowLabel: Record<
+    string,
+    {
+      appId: string | null;
+      runtimeId: string | null;
+    }
+  >;
 }
 
 const AppsContext = createContext<AppsContextValue | null>(null);
@@ -166,6 +165,10 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
   const [launchGatesByAppId, setLaunchGatesByAppId] = useState<
     Record<string, AppLaunchGateResult>
   >({});
+  const [activeRuntimeByHostWindowLabel, setActiveRuntimeByHostWindowLabel] =
+    useState<
+      Record<string, { appId: string | null; runtimeId: string | null }>
+    >({});
 
   const {
     currentApproval,
@@ -266,6 +269,13 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
                 break;
 
               case 'runtimeManager.activeRuntimeChanged':
+                setActiveRuntimeByHostWindowLabel((prev) => ({
+                  ...prev,
+                  [runtimeEvent.payload.hostWindowLabel]: {
+                    appId: runtimeEvent.payload.appId,
+                    runtimeId: runtimeEvent.payload.runtimeId,
+                  },
+                }));
                 break;
             }
           },
@@ -485,40 +495,17 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
     async (
       appId: string,
       grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
-      options?: PerformAppUpdateOptions,
     ) => {
       setBusy(appId, true);
       try {
         await commands.downloadAppUpdate(appId);
 
-        const installed = await commands.applyAppUpdate(
-          appId,
-          grantedPermissions,
-        );
-
-        if (options?.restartIfRunning) {
-          const { restartAppRuntime } =
-            await import('@/lib/apps/restartAppRuntime');
-
-          try {
-            await restartAppRuntime(installed, {
-              visible: options.visibleAfterRestart ?? true,
-            });
-          } catch {
-            //
-          }
-        }
-
-        setUpdateAvailability((prev) => ({ ...prev, [appId]: null }));
-
-        await refreshInstalledApps();
-        await refreshRuntimes();
-        return installed;
+        return await commands.applyAppUpdate(appId, grantedPermissions);
       } finally {
         setBusy(appId, false);
       }
     },
-    [refreshInstalledApps, refreshRuntimes, setBusy],
+    [setBusy],
   );
 
   const clearAppStorage = useCallback(
@@ -576,6 +563,7 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
       performAppUpdate,
       clearAppStorage,
       rerunSandboxTests,
+      activeRuntimeByHostWindowLabel,
     }),
     [
       apps,
@@ -611,6 +599,7 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
       performAppUpdate,
       clearAppStorage,
       rerunSandboxTests,
+      activeRuntimeByHostWindowLabel,
     ],
   );
 
diff --git a/src/hooks/useAppRuntimePresence.ts b/src/hooks/useAppRuntimePresence.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index b7c581e73..000000000
--- a/src/hooks/useAppRuntimePresence.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,39 +0,0 @@
-import { useEffect, useState } from 'react';
-import { getRuntimeWebview } from '@/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry';
-
-export function useAppRuntimePresence(appId: string, intervalMs = 1000) {
-  const [isRunning, setIsRunning] = useState(false);
-
-  useEffect(() => {
-    let cancelled = false;
-    let timer: number | null = null;
-
-    const check = async () => {
-      try {
-        const webview = await getRuntimeWebview(appId);
-        if (!cancelled) {
-          setIsRunning(!!webview);
-        }
-      } catch {
-        if (!cancelled) {
-          setIsRunning(false);
-        }
-      }
-    };
-
-    void check();
-
-    timer = window.setInterval(() => {
-      void check();
-    }, intervalMs);
-
-    return () => {
-      cancelled = true;
-      if (timer != null) {
-        window.clearInterval(timer);
-      }
-    };
-  }, [appId, intervalMs]);
-
-  return isRunning;
-}
diff --git a/src/hooks/useAppRuntimes.ts b/src/hooks/useAppRuntimes.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index cf527872b..000000000
--- a/src/hooks/useAppRuntimes.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
-import { useEffect, useState } from 'react';
-import {
-  listAppRuntimes,
-  subscribeAppRuntimes,
-  type SageAppRuntimeRecordView,
-} from '@/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry';
-
-export function useAppRuntimes(options?: { includeInternal?: boolean }) {
-  const includeInternal = options?.includeInternal ?? false;
-
-  const [runtimes, setRuntimes] = useState<SageAppRuntimeRecordView[]>(() => {
-    const all = listAppRuntimes();
-    return includeInternal ? all : all.filter((runtime) => !runtime.internal);
-  });
-
-  useEffect(() => {
-    return subscribeAppRuntimes((next: SageAppRuntimeRecordView[]) => {
-      setRuntimes(
-        includeInternal ? next : next.filter((runtime) => !runtime.internal),
-      );
-    });
-  }, [includeInternal]);
-
-  return runtimes;
-}
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/restartAppRuntime.ts b/src/lib/apps/restartAppRuntime.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 0a867bf82..000000000
--- a/src/lib/apps/restartAppRuntime.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
-import type {
-  SageAppView,
-  SystemSageAppView,
-  UserSageAppView,
-} from '@/bindings';
-import {
-  closeAppRuntime,
-  ensureInlineRuntime,
-  markRuntimeVisible,
-} from '@/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry';
-
-type AppLike = SageAppView | UserSageAppView | SystemSageAppView;
-
-export async function restartAppRuntime(
-  app: AppLike,
-  options?: { visible?: boolean },
-) {
-  const visible = options?.visible ?? false;
-
-  await closeAppRuntime(app.common.identity.id, { timeoutMs: 8000 });
-  const runtime = await ensureInlineRuntime(app);
-  await markRuntimeVisible(app.common.identity.id, visible);
-  return runtime;
-}
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/runtimeEvents.ts b/src/lib/apps/runtimeEvents.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..63ee445b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/apps/runtimeEvents.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+import { listen } from '@tauri-apps/api/event';
+import type { SageAppRuntimeRecordView } from '@/bindings';
+
+export const SAGE_RUNTIME_EVENT_NAME = 'apps:runtime-event';
+
+export interface RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent {
+  type: 'runtimeManager.runtimesChanged';
+  payload: {
+    runtimes: SageAppRuntimeRecordView[];
+  };
+}
+
+export interface ActiveRuntimeChangedEvent {
+  type: 'runtimeManager.activeRuntimeChanged';
+  payload: {
+    hostWindowLabel: string;
+    appId: string | null;
+    runtimeId: string | null;
+  };
+}
+
+export type SageRuntimeEvent =
+  | RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent
+  | ActiveRuntimeChangedEvent;
+
+export function subscribeRuntimeEvents(
+  callback: (event: SageRuntimeEvent) => void,
+) {
+  return listen<SageRuntimeEvent>(SAGE_RUNTIME_EVENT_NAME, (event) => {
+    callback(event.payload);
+  });
+}
+
+export function subscribeActiveRuntime(
+  callback: (event: ActiveRuntimeChangedEvent['payload']) => void,
+) {
+  return subscribeRuntimeEvents((event) => {
+    if (event.type !== 'runtimeManager.activeRuntimeChanged') {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    callback(event.payload);
+  });
+}
+
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts b/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
index d41b928ab..ea57c0ff7 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { Webview, getCurrentWebview } from '@tauri-apps/api/webview';
+import { Webview } from '@tauri-apps/api/webview';
 import {
   commands,
   type CreateInstalledRuntimeArgs,
@@ -11,231 +11,28 @@ import {
 
 export type { SageAppRuntimeRecordView };
 
-type RuntimeListener = (records: SageAppRuntimeRecordView[]) => void;
-type ActiveRuntimeListener = (event: ActiveRuntimeChangedPayload) => void;
 type AppLike = SageAppView | UserSageAppView | SystemSageAppView;
 
-interface RuntimeEventEnvelope<T = unknown> {
-  type: string;
-  payload: T;
-}
-
-interface RuntimesChangedPayload {
-  runtimes: SageAppRuntimeRecordView[];
-}
-
-export interface ActiveRuntimeChangedPayload {
-  hostWindowLabel: string;
-  appId: string | null;
-  runtimeId: string | null;
-}
-
-const HOST_RUNTIME_EVENT_NAME = 'apps:runtime-event';
-
-const listeners = new Set<RuntimeListener>();
-const activeRuntimeListeners = new Set<ActiveRuntimeListener>();
-
-let cachedRuntimes: SageAppRuntimeRecordView[] = [];
-let pollTimer: number | null = null;
-let polling = false;
-
-let runtimeEventsMounted = false;
-let unlistenRuntimeEvents: (() => void) | null = null;
-
-function notifyRuntimeListeners(next: SageAppRuntimeRecordView[]) {
-  cachedRuntimes = next;
-
-  for (const listener of listeners) {
-    listener(next);
-  }
-}
-
-function notifyActiveRuntimeListeners(event: ActiveRuntimeChangedPayload) {
-  for (const listener of activeRuntimeListeners) {
-    listener(event);
-  }
-}
-
-function isObject(value: unknown): value is Record<string, unknown> {
-  return !!value && typeof value === 'object';
-}
-
-function isRuntimesChangedEvent(
-  value: unknown,
-): value is RuntimeEventEnvelope<RuntimesChangedPayload> {
-  if (!isObject(value)) return false;
-  if (value.type !== 'runtimeManager.runtimesChanged') return false;
-  if (!isObject(value.payload)) return false;
-
-  return Array.isArray(value.payload.runtimes);
-}
-
-function isActiveRuntimeChangedEvent(
-  value: unknown,
-): value is RuntimeEventEnvelope<ActiveRuntimeChangedPayload> {
-  if (!isObject(value)) return false;
-  if (value.type !== 'runtimeManager.activeRuntimeChanged') return false;
-  if (!isObject(value.payload)) return false;
-
-  const payload = value.payload;
-
-  return (
-    typeof payload.hostWindowLabel === 'string' &&
-    (typeof payload.appId === 'string' || payload.appId === null) &&
-    (typeof payload.runtimeId === 'string' || payload.runtimeId === null)
-  );
-}
-
-function shouldKeepRuntimeEventsMounted() {
-  return listeners.size > 0 || activeRuntimeListeners.size > 0;
-}
-
-function ensureRuntimeEventsMounted() {
-  if (runtimeEventsMounted) {
-    return;
-  }
-
-  runtimeEventsMounted = true;
-
-  void getCurrentWebview()
-    .listen(HOST_RUNTIME_EVENT_NAME, (event) => {
-      const data = event.payload;
-
-      if (isRuntimesChangedEvent(data)) {
-        notifyRuntimeListeners(data.payload.runtimes);
-        return;
-      }
-
-      if (isActiveRuntimeChangedEvent(data)) {
-        notifyActiveRuntimeListeners(data.payload);
-      }
-    })
-    .then((unlisten) => {
-      unlistenRuntimeEvents = unlisten;
-    })
-    .catch((err) => {
-      runtimeEventsMounted = false;
-      console.error('Failed to subscribe to runtime manager events:', err);
-    });
-}
-
-async function refreshRuntimes(): Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecordView[]> {
-  if (polling) {
-    return cachedRuntimes;
-  }
-
-  polling = true;
-  try {
-    const next = await commands.appsListRuntimes();
-    notifyRuntimeListeners(next);
-    return next;
-  } catch (err) {
-    console.error('Failed to refresh app runtimes:', err);
-    return cachedRuntimes;
-  } finally {
-    polling = false;
-  }
-}
-
-function ensurePolling() {
-  ensureRuntimeEventsMounted();
-
-  if (pollTimer != null) {
-    return;
-  }
-
-  void refreshRuntimes();
-
-  pollTimer = window.setInterval(() => {
-    void refreshRuntimes();
-  }, 1000);
-}
-
-function maybeStopPolling() {
-  if (shouldKeepRuntimeEventsMounted()) {
-    return;
-  }
-
-  if (pollTimer != null) {
-    window.clearInterval(pollTimer);
-    pollTimer = null;
-  }
-
-  if (unlistenRuntimeEvents) {
-    unlistenRuntimeEvents();
-    unlistenRuntimeEvents = null;
-    runtimeEventsMounted = false;
-  }
-}
-
 function runtimeTarget(appId: string): RuntimeTargetParams {
   return { appId };
 }
 
-export function subscribeAppRuntimes(listener: RuntimeListener): () => void {
-  listeners.add(listener);
-  listener(cachedRuntimes);
-  ensurePolling();
-
-  return () => {
-    listeners.delete(listener);
-    maybeStopPolling();
-  };
-}
-
-export function subscribeActiveRuntime(
-  listener: ActiveRuntimeListener,
-): () => void {
-  activeRuntimeListeners.add(listener);
-  ensureRuntimeEventsMounted();
-
-  return () => {
-    activeRuntimeListeners.delete(listener);
-    maybeStopPolling();
-  };
-}
-
-export function listAppRuntimes(): SageAppRuntimeRecordView[] {
-  return cachedRuntimes;
-}
-
-export async function getRuntimeWebview(
-  appId: string,
+export async function getRuntimeWebviewByLabel(
+  webviewLabel: string,
 ): Promise<Webview | null> {
-  const runtime =
-    cachedRuntimes.find((item) => item.app.common.identity.id === appId) ??
-    (await refreshRuntimes()).find(
-      (item) => item.app.common.identity.id === appId,
-    );
-
-  if (!runtime) {
-    return null;
-  }
-
-  return await Webview.getByLabel(runtime.webviewLabel).catch(() => null);
-}
-
-export async function markRuntimeVisible(
-  appId: string,
-  visible: boolean,
-): Promise<void> {
-  if (visible) {
-    await commands.appsFocusRuntime(runtimeTarget(appId));
-  } else {
-    await commands.appsHideRuntime(runtimeTarget(appId));
-  }
-
-  await refreshRuntimes();
+  return await Webview.getByLabel(webviewLabel).catch(() => null);
 }
 
 export async function focusRuntime(appId: string): Promise<void> {
   await commands.appsFocusRuntime(runtimeTarget(appId));
-  await refreshRuntimes();
+}
+
+export async function hideRuntime(appId: string): Promise<void> {
+  await commands.appsHideRuntime(runtimeTarget(appId));
 }
 
 export async function killRuntime(appId: string): Promise<void> {
   await commands.appsKillRuntime(runtimeTarget(appId));
-  await refreshRuntimes();
 }
 
 export async function closeAppRuntime(
@@ -253,7 +50,5 @@ export async function ensureInlineRuntime(
     appId: app.common.identity.id,
   };
 
-  const created = await commands.appsCreateInlineRuntime(args);
-  await refreshRuntimes();
-  return created;
+  return await commands.appsCreateInlineRuntime(args);
 }
diff --git a/src/pages/Apps.tsx b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
index a3177f62c..fb6291028 100644
--- a/src/pages/Apps.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ import {
   UserSageAppView,
 } from '@/bindings.ts';
 import { useApps } from '@/contexts/AppsContext.tsx';
-import { useAppRuntimes } from '@/hooks/useAppRuntimes.ts';
 import {
   formatCapabilityLabel,
   getBaselineSandboxState,
@@ -120,7 +119,7 @@ export function Apps() {
   const navigate = useNavigate();
   const [contextMenu, setContextMenu] = useState<AppContextMenuState>(null);
   const pageRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement | null>(null);
-  const runtimes = useAppRuntimes();
+  const { runtimes } = useApps();
   const [updateCheckStateByAppId, setUpdateCheckStateByAppId] = useState<
     Record<string, 'idle' | 'checking' | 'up_to_date'>
   >({});
@@ -272,7 +271,7 @@ export function Apps() {
   }
 
   const handleClearData = useCallback(
-    async (app: InstalledEntry, reopen: boolean) => {
+    async (app: InstalledEntry) => {
       const appId = app.common.identity.id;
 
       setClearingDataByAppId((prev) => ({
@@ -287,19 +286,6 @@ export function Apps() {
       try {
         await clearAppStorage(appId);
 
-        if (reopen) {
-          closeContextMenu();
-
-          const { restartAppRuntime } =
-            await import('@/lib/apps/restartAppRuntime');
-
-          await restartAppRuntime(app, {
-            visible: true,
-          });
-
-          navigate(`/apps/${appId}`);
-        }
-
         await refresh();
       } catch (err) {
         const message = formatErrorMessage(err);
@@ -316,7 +302,7 @@ export function Apps() {
         );
       }
     },
-    [clearAppStorage, navigate, refresh, closeContextMenu],
+    [clearAppStorage, refresh],
   );
 
   const handleApplyPermissions = useCallback(
@@ -333,15 +319,6 @@ export function Apps() {
       try {
         await commands.appsUpdatePermissions(appId, nextGrantedPermissions);
 
-        const isRunning = runningAppIds.has(appId);
-        if (isRunning) {
-          const { restartAppRuntime } =
-            await import('@/lib/apps/restartAppRuntime');
-
-          await restartAppRuntime(app, { visible: true });
-          navigate(`/apps/${appId}`);
-        }
-
         await refresh();
         closePermissionsDialog();
       } catch (err) {
@@ -362,7 +339,7 @@ export function Apps() {
         setPermissionsDialogBusy(false);
       }
     },
-    [runningAppIds, navigate, refresh],
+    [refresh],
   );
 
   const handleClearStorageAndApplyPending = useCallback(async () => {
@@ -381,15 +358,6 @@ export function Apps() {
         pendingPermissionsRetry.nextGrantedPermissions,
       );
 
-      const isRunning = runningAppIds.has(permissionsDialogApp.common.identity.id);
-      if (isRunning) {
-        const { restartAppRuntime } =
-          await import('@/lib/apps/restartAppRuntime');
-
-        await restartAppRuntime(permissionsDialogApp, { visible: true });
-        navigate(`/apps/${permissionsDialogApp.common.identity.id}`);
-      }
-
       await refresh();
       closePermissionsDialog();
     } catch (err) {
@@ -401,8 +369,6 @@ export function Apps() {
     clearAppStorage,
     permissionsDialogApp,
     pendingPermissionsRetry,
-    runningAppIds,
-    navigate,
     refresh,
   ]);
 
@@ -765,12 +731,7 @@ export function Apps() {
               return;
             }
 
-            const targetApp = contextMenu.app;
-            const shouldReopen = runningAppIds.has(
-              targetApp.common.identity.id,
-            );
-
-            void handleClearData(targetApp, shouldReopen);
+            void handleClearData(contextMenu.app);
           }}
           onUninstall={() => {
             if (!contextMenu || !isUserInstalledEntry(contextMenu.app)) {
diff --git a/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx b/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
index 13ffcb0ba..1ee53ee4c 100644
--- a/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
@@ -6,12 +6,7 @@ import {
   type AppTaskBarTab,
 } from '@/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx';
 import { useApps } from '@/contexts/AppsContext.tsx';
-import { useAppRuntimes } from '@/hooks/useAppRuntimes';
-import {
-  focusRuntime,
-  killRuntime,
-  subscribeActiveRuntime,
-} from '@/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry';
+import { focusRuntime, killRuntime } from '@/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry';
 import { routeForApp } from '@/lib/apps/types';
 import { useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react';
 import { Outlet, useNavigate, useParams } from 'react-router-dom';
@@ -27,7 +22,22 @@ import { openAppUpdateReview } from '@/lib/apps/openAppUpdate.ts';
 export function AppsWorkspace() {
   const { appId } = useParams();
   const navigate = useNavigate();
-  const runtimes = useAppRuntimes();
+
+  const {
+    runtimes,
+    getApp,
+    getListedApp,
+    updateAvailability,
+    busyAppIds,
+    currentApproval,
+    queuedApprovalCount,
+    currentApprovalSecondsLeft,
+    approveCurrentApproval,
+    rejectCurrentApproval,
+    activeRuntimeByHostWindowLabel,
+    currentHostWindowLabel,
+  } = useApps();
+
   const runtimesRef = useRef(runtimes);
 
   useEffect(() => {
@@ -52,41 +62,32 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
     };
   }, []);
 
-  const {
-    getApp,
-    getListedApp,
-    updateAvailability,
-    busyAppIds,
-    currentApproval,
-    queuedApprovalCount,
-    currentApprovalSecondsLeft,
-    approveCurrentApproval,
-    rejectCurrentApproval,
-  } = useApps();
-
-  const [approvalExpanded, setApprovalExpanded] = useState(false);
-  const [tabOrder, setTabOrder] = useState<string[]>([]);
-  const [donationOpen, setDonationOpen] = useState(false);
+  const activeRuntime =
+    activeRuntimeByHostWindowLabel[currentHostWindowLabel] ?? null;
 
   useEffect(() => {
-    return subscribeActiveRuntime((event) => {
-      if (!event.appId || event.appId === appId) {
-        return;
-      }
+    const activeAppId = activeRuntime?.appId;
 
-      const app = getListedApp(event.appId);
-      if (!app) {
-        return;
-      }
+    if (!activeAppId || activeAppId === appId) {
+      return;
+    }
 
-      const route = routeForApp(app);
-      if (!route) {
-        return;
-      }
+    const app = getListedApp(activeAppId);
+    if (!app) {
+      return;
+    }
 
-      navigate(route, { replace: true });
-    });
-  }, [appId, getListedApp, navigate]);
+    const route = routeForApp(app);
+    if (!route) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    navigate(route, { replace: true });
+  }, [activeRuntime?.appId, appId, getListedApp, navigate]);
+
+  const [approvalExpanded, setApprovalExpanded] = useState(false);
+  const [tabOrder, setTabOrder] = useState<string[]>([]);
+  const [donationOpen, setDonationOpen] = useState(false);
 
   useEffect(() => {
     setTabOrder((prev) => {
@@ -108,6 +109,7 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
       const kept = prev.filter((runtimeAppId) =>
         runtimeIds.includes(runtimeAppId),
       );
+
       const added = runtimeIds.filter(
         (runtimeAppId) => !kept.includes(runtimeAppId),
       );
@@ -160,30 +162,23 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
 
       out.push({
         app: installedApp,
-        isActive: runtime.app.common.identity.id === appId,
+        isActive: runtime.app.common.identity.id === activeRuntime?.appId,
       });
     }
 
     return out;
-  }, [runtimes, tabOrder, getListedApp, appId]);
+  }, [runtimes, tabOrder, getListedApp, activeRuntime?.appId]);
 
   return (
     <div className='relative flex h-full min-h-0 w-full flex-col overflow-hidden'>
       <AppTaskBar
         tabs={tabs}
-        activeAppId={appId ?? null}
+        activeAppId={activeRuntime?.appId ?? appId ?? null}
         onOpenApps={() => {
           navigate('/apps');
         }}
         onSelectApp={(tab) => {
-          const nextRoute = routeForApp(tab.app);
-          if (!nextRoute) {
-            return;
-          }
-
-          void focusRuntime(tab.app.common.identity.id).then(() => {
-            navigate(nextRoute);
-          });
+          void focusRuntime(tab.app.common.identity.id);
         }}
         onCloseApp={(tab) => {
           const tabAppId = tab.app.common.identity.id;

From c216cc96ce30520142acc963bb014a5176079fd8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Mon, 4 May 2026 03:58:30 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 339/471] Export utility functions and adjust modal styling.

- Made `resolveModalTint` and `colorWithAlpha` functions public for broader usage.
- Updated `SystemModalShell` width to improve responsiveness.
- Applied dynamic background tint in `AppModalShell` header for visual consistency.
---
 .../src/presentation/modal/AppModalShell.tsx         | 12 ++++++++++--
 .../src/presentation/modal/SystemModalShell.tsx      |  6 +++---
 2 files changed, 13 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/presentation/modal/AppModalShell.tsx b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/presentation/modal/AppModalShell.tsx
index a08f2cede..ed1a9aa9e 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/presentation/modal/AppModalShell.tsx
+++ b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/presentation/modal/AppModalShell.tsx
@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
 import type { ReactNode } from 'react';
-import { SystemModalShell } from './SystemModalShell';
+import {
+  colorWithAlpha,
+  resolveModalTint,
+  SystemModalShell,
+} from './SystemModalShell';
 import {
   AppIcon,
 } from '../../components';
@@ -28,12 +32,16 @@ export function AppModalShell({
   contentClassName = '',
   bodyPadded = true,
 }: AppModalShellProps) {
+  const tint = resolveModalTint();
+
   return (
     <SystemModalShell
       contentClassName={['p-0 overflow-hidden', contentClassName].join(' ')}
     >
       <div className={['flex h-full min-h-0 flex-col', className].join(' ')}>
-        <header className='grid h-16 shrink-0 grid-cols-[4rem_1fr] border-b border-border'>
+        <header className='grid h-16 shrink-0 grid-cols-[4rem_1fr] border-b border-border' style={{
+          backgroundColor: colorWithAlpha(tint, 1),
+        }}>
           <div className='border-r border-border'>
             <div className='h-full w-full p-1'>
               <AppIcon appName={appName} appIcon={appIcon ?? null} />
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/presentation/modal/SystemModalShell.tsx b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/presentation/modal/SystemModalShell.tsx
index ff359d349..ca9a77514 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/presentation/modal/SystemModalShell.tsx
+++ b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/presentation/modal/SystemModalShell.tsx
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ interface SystemModalShellProps {
   contentClassName?: string;
 }
 
-function resolveModalTint(): string {
+export function resolveModalTint(): string {
   const root = getComputedStyle(document.documentElement);
 
   const candidates = [
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ function resolveModalTint(): string {
   );
 }
 
-function colorWithAlpha(color: string, alpha: number): string {
+export function colorWithAlpha(color: string, alpha: number): string {
   if (color.startsWith('#')) {
     return `color-mix(in srgb, ${color} ${alpha * 100}%, transparent)`;
   }
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ export function SystemModalShell({
     >
       <div
         className={[
-          'h-[min(620px,72vh)] w-[min(620px,calc(100vw-4rem))]',
+          'h-[min(620px,72vh)] w-[min(420px,calc(100vw-4rem))]',
           'overflow-hidden rounded-2xl border border-border shadow-2xl',
           contentClassName,
         ].join(' ')}

From cacf328f930f2a646cd5f5a1651f763319162510 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Mon, 4 May 2026 04:00:45 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 340/471] Remove Task Manager action from Apps page and actions
 menu

- Deleted `onTaskManager` prop and its implementation in `AppsPageActionsMenu`.
- Removed the Task Manager action from the actions menu in `Apps`.
---
 src/components/apps/AppsPageActionsMenu.tsx | 9 +--------
 src/pages/Apps.tsx                          | 3 ---
 2 files changed, 1 insertion(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/components/apps/AppsPageActionsMenu.tsx b/src/components/apps/AppsPageActionsMenu.tsx
index b0cb3d253..f6de9b31e 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/AppsPageActionsMenu.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/AppsPageActionsMenu.tsx
@@ -6,13 +6,12 @@ import {
   DropdownMenuSeparator,
   DropdownMenuTrigger,
 } from '@/components/ui/dropdown-menu';
-import { LayoutGrid, Menu } from 'lucide-react';
+import { Menu } from 'lucide-react';
 import { useState } from 'react';
 
 interface Props {
   showSandboxDebugUi: boolean;
   sandboxTestsRunning: boolean;
-  onTaskManager: () => void;
   onRerunSandboxTests: () => void;
   onClose?: () => void;
 }
@@ -20,7 +19,6 @@ interface Props {
 export function AppsPageActionsMenu({
   showSandboxDebugUi,
   sandboxTestsRunning,
-  onTaskManager,
   onRerunSandboxTests,
   onClose,
 }: Props) {
@@ -42,11 +40,6 @@ export function AppsPageActionsMenu({
       </DropdownMenuTrigger>
 
       <DropdownMenuContent align='end' className='w-56'>
-        <DropdownMenuItem onClick={onTaskManager}>
-          <LayoutGrid className='mr-2 h-4 w-4' />
-          Task Manager
-        </DropdownMenuItem>
-
         {showSandboxDebugUi ? (
           <>
             <DropdownMenuSeparator />
diff --git a/src/pages/Apps.tsx b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
index fb6291028..b17f9a95e 100644
--- a/src/pages/Apps.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
@@ -475,9 +475,6 @@ export function Apps() {
                 sandboxState?.currentRun?.state?.overallCriticalStatus ===
                 'running'
               }
-              onTaskManager={() => {
-                navigate('/system-apps/task-manager');
-              }}
               onRerunSandboxTests={() => {
                 void rerunSandboxTests();
               }}

From 87c851ca3919b71db8e62d5e929f2e1f0245edec Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Mon, 4 May 2026 04:10:30 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 341/471] Fix runtime webview reload command formatting

- Corrected raw string usage in `webview.eval` for consistent syntax.
- Prevented potential runtime errors caused by mismatched string delimiters.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs
index df275393d..89ee6bddc 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs
@@ -211,13 +211,13 @@ pub async fn apps_dev_reload_runtime(
 
     webview
         .eval(
-            r#"
+            r"
             (() => {
               const url = new URL(window.location.href);
               url.searchParams.set('__sage_dev_reload', String(Date.now()));
               window.location.replace(url.toString());
             })();
-            "#,
+            ",
         )
         .map_err(|err| format!("failed to reload runtime webview: {err}"))?;
 

From 92a6f66e57f5b45f92269631dcb7ddc75a9a5c22 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Tue, 5 May 2026 16:37:23 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 342/471] Migrate approval logic to a standalone app

- Removed approval-related components (`AppApprovalBody`, `AppApprovalStrip`, `SendXchApprovalCard`, `CapabilityGrantApprovalCard`, etc.) from the main codebase.
- Consolidated approval functionality into a new `bridge-approval` app within `builtin-apps/src/system/apps`.
- Refactored runtime hooks, state management, and event handling to use the new app.
- Adjusted `runtimeRegistry` and environment theme logic to remove deprecated approval handling.
- Improved modularity and streamlined code by separating concerns related to bridge approvals.
---
 .../src/system/apps/app-install/package.json  |   2 +-
 .../src/system/apps/app-update/package.json   |   2 +-
 .../system/apps/bridge-approval/index.html    |  12 +
 .../system/apps/bridge-approval/package.json  |   8 +
 .../apps/bridge-approval/postcss.config.js    |  13 +
 .../apps/bridge-approval/sage-manifest.json   |  26 ++
 .../system/apps/bridge-approval/src/App.tsx   | 227 ++++++++++++++
 .../src/approval/AppApprovalBody.tsx          |  51 ++++
 .../approval/CapabilityGrantApprovalCard.tsx  |  12 +-
 .../approval/GetSecretKeyApprovalCard.tsx     |  12 +-
 .../NetworkWhitelistGrantApprovalCard.tsx     |  12 +-
 .../src}/approval/SendXchApprovalCard.tsx     |  12 +-
 .../bridge-approval/src}/approval/shared.tsx  |  15 +-
 .../system/apps/bridge-approval/src/main.tsx  |  12 +
 .../apps/bridge-approval/src/styles.css       |  19 ++
 .../apps/bridge-approval/tailwind.config.js   |  14 +
 .../system/apps/bridge-approval/tsconfig.json |   4 +
 .../apps/bridge-approval/vite.config.ts       |   3 +
 .../apps/task-manager/sage-manifest.json      |   3 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs |  85 +++---
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs       |   2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs     | 182 +++++++++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/shared.rs |   6 +-
 .../methods/system/bridge_approvals/events.rs |  23 ++
 .../methods/system/bridge_approvals/list.rs   |  65 ++++
 .../methods/system/bridge_approvals/mod.rs    |   7 +
 .../system/bridge_approvals/resolve.rs        |  52 ++++
 .../src/bridge/methods/system/mod.rs          |   2 +
 .../methods/system/runtime_manager/events.rs  |  13 +-
 .../system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs   |   4 +-
 .../get_active_taskbar_runtime.rs             |  56 ++++
 .../system/runtime_manager/hide_runtime.rs    |   4 +-
 .../system/runtime_manager/hide_self.rs       |  42 +++
 .../methods/system/runtime_manager/mod.rs     |   6 +-
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/app/events.rs     |  14 +-
 .../user/app/request_capability_grant.rs      |   5 +-
 .../app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs    |   3 -
 .../methods/user/environment/theme/events.rs  |   7 +-
 .../methods/user/wallet/get_secret_key.rs     |   5 +-
 .../bridge/methods/user/wallet/send_xch.rs    |   5 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs            |   5 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs       |   5 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/state.rs          |  29 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs     |   8 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs          |  12 +-
 .../sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs |  48 ++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs     |  19 ++
 crates/sage-apps/src/environment/commands.rs  |  10 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/environment/mod.rs       |   1 -
 crates/sage-apps/src/environment/theme.rs     |  54 ----
 .../src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs       |   7 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs      |  67 ++---
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs       | 283 +++++++++---------
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs           |   2 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs       |  11 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs     |   2 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs    |  22 ++
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/remove.rs  |  37 ++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs   |  14 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs          |  13 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/system_apps.rs   |  95 ++++++
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs          |   2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs           |  12 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs   |  17 +-
 docs/generated/system-bridge-capabilities.md  |  84 ++++++
 docs/generated/system-bridge-methods.md       |  24 ++
 packages/sage-app-sdk/src/hooks.ts            |  21 ++
 packages/sage-app-sdk/src/index.ts            |   1 +
 packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/hooks.ts     |  17 ++
 packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/index.ts     |   1 +
 packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts   |  30 ++
 packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/types.ts     |  20 +-
 src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml          |   6 +-
 src-tauri/src/lib.rs                          |   6 +-
 src/bindings.ts                               |  17 +-
 src/components/apps/AppApprovalStrip.tsx      |  97 ------
 .../apps/approval/AppApprovalBody.tsx         |  29 --
 src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx                  |  34 ---
 src/hooks/useAppPendingApprovals.ts           | 152 ----------
 src/hooks/useBridgeHost.ts                    |  79 -----
 src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts               |  54 ----
 src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx                   |  55 ++--
 82 files changed, 1620 insertions(+), 929 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/index.html
 create mode 100644 builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/package.json
 create mode 100644 builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/postcss.config.js
 create mode 100644 builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/sage-manifest.json
 create mode 100644 builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/src/App.tsx
 create mode 100644 builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/src/approval/AppApprovalBody.tsx
 rename {src/components/apps => builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/src}/approval/CapabilityGrantApprovalCard.tsx (81%)
 rename {src/components/apps => builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/src}/approval/GetSecretKeyApprovalCard.tsx (75%)
 rename {src/components/apps => builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/src}/approval/NetworkWhitelistGrantApprovalCard.tsx (75%)
 rename {src/components/apps => builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/src}/approval/SendXchApprovalCard.tsx (89%)
 rename {src/components/apps => builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/src}/approval/shared.tsx (66%)
 create mode 100644 builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/src/main.tsx
 create mode 100644 builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/src/styles.css
 create mode 100644 builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/tailwind.config.js
 create mode 100644 builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/tsconfig.json
 create mode 100644 builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/vite.config.ts
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals/events.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals/list.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals/mod.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals/resolve.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/get_active_taskbar_runtime.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_self.rs
 delete mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/environment/theme.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/system_apps.rs
 create mode 100644 packages/sage-app-sdk/src/hooks.ts
 create mode 100644 packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/hooks.ts
 delete mode 100644 src/components/apps/AppApprovalStrip.tsx
 delete mode 100644 src/components/apps/approval/AppApprovalBody.tsx
 delete mode 100644 src/hooks/useAppPendingApprovals.ts
 delete mode 100644 src/hooks/useBridgeHost.ts
 delete mode 100644 src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts

diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/package.json b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/package.json
index 0eeda0cfd..7a973cd0f 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/package.json
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/package.json
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 {
-  "name": "sage-system-app-update-review",
+  "name": "app-install-system-app",
   "private": true,
   "type": "module"
 }
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/package.json b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/package.json
index 0eeda0cfd..0be8e9458 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/package.json
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/package.json
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 {
-  "name": "sage-system-app-update-review",
+  "name": "app-update-system-app",
   "private": true,
   "type": "module"
 }
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/index.html b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8a7009031
--- /dev/null
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<html>
+<head>
+  <meta charset="UTF-8" />
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
+  <title>Bridge approval</title>
+</head>
+<body>
+<div id="root"></div>
+<script type="module" src="./src/main.tsx"></script>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/package.json b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..43ed1fc5b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+{
+  "name": "bridge-approval-system-app",
+  "private": true,
+  "type": "module",
+  "dependencies": {
+    "@sage-system-app/sdk": "workspace:*"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/postcss.config.js b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/postcss.config.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c97c6b959
--- /dev/null
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/postcss.config.js
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+import { dirname, join } from 'node:path';
+import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url';
+
+const dir = dirname(fileURLToPath(import.meta.url));
+
+export default {
+  plugins: {
+    tailwindcss: {
+      config: join(dir, 'tailwind.config.js'),
+    },
+    autoprefixer: {},
+  },
+};
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/sage-manifest.json b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/sage-manifest.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0506163a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/sage-manifest.json
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+{
+  "manifestVersion": 0,
+  "sageVersion": {
+    "min": "0.0.0"
+  },
+  "name": "Bridge Approval",
+  "version": "0.1.0",
+  "permissions": {
+    "network": {
+      "whitelist": {
+        "required": [],
+        "optional": []
+      }
+    },
+    "capabilities": {
+      "required": [
+        "environment.theme.get_current",
+        "environment.theme.listen_changed",
+        "environment.theme.css_vars"
+      ],
+      "optional": []
+    }
+  },
+  "files": [],
+  "entry": "index.html"
+}
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/src/App.tsx b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/src/App.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5fcf3decd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/src/App.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,227 @@
+import React, { useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react';
+import { AppModalShell } from '@sage-app/ui';
+import {
+  useSageSystemClient,
+  type PendingBridgeApprovalView,
+  type SageAppRuntimeRecordView,
+} from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
+import { BadgeCheck } from 'lucide-react';
+import { AppApprovalBody } from './approval/AppApprovalBody';
+
+function appNameFromRuntime(runtime: SageAppRuntimeRecordView | null): string {
+  return runtime?.app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.name ?? 'Unknown app';
+}
+
+function appIdFromRuntime(
+  runtime: SageAppRuntimeRecordView | null,
+): string | null {
+  return runtime?.app.common.identity.id ?? null;
+}
+
+function titleForApproval(approval: PendingBridgeApprovalView) {
+  switch (approval.approval.kind) {
+    case 'sendXch':
+      return 'Approve XCH transaction';
+    case 'getSecretKey':
+      return 'Approve secret key access';
+    case 'capabilityGrant':
+      return 'Approve permission grant';
+    case 'networkWhitelistGrant':
+      return 'Approve network access';
+  }
+}
+
+function queueText(count: number) {
+  if (count <= 0) return null;
+  return `${count} more approval${count === 1 ? '' : 's'} pending`;
+}
+
+function MetaPill({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
+  return (
+    <span className='rounded-full border px-2 py-0.5 text-[10px] uppercase tracking-wide text-muted-foreground'>
+      {children}
+    </span>
+  );
+}
+
+export function App() {
+  const sage = useSageSystemClient();
+
+  const [approvals, setApprovals] = useState<PendingBridgeApprovalView[]>([]);
+  const [activeAppId, setActiveAppId] = useState<string | null>(null);
+  const [activeAppName, setActiveAppName] = useState('Unknown app');
+  const [expanded, setExpanded] = useState(false);
+  const [working, setWorking] = useState(false);
+  const [loaded, setLoaded] = useState(false);
+  const [error, setError] = useState<string | null>(null);
+
+  async function refreshActiveRuntime() {
+    const active = await sage.runtimeManager.getActiveRuntime();
+
+    setActiveAppId(appIdFromRuntime(active));
+    setActiveAppName(appNameFromRuntime(active));
+
+    return active;
+  }
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    async function refreshInitialState() {
+      try {
+        const [pending, active] = await Promise.all([
+          sage.bridgeApprovals.listPending(),
+          sage.runtimeManager.getActiveRuntime(),
+        ]);
+
+        setApprovals(pending);
+        setActiveAppId(appIdFromRuntime(active));
+        setActiveAppName(appNameFromRuntime(active));
+      } catch (err) {
+        console.error('[approval] refreshInitialState failed', err);
+        setError(err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err));
+      } finally {
+        setLoaded(true);
+      }
+    }
+
+    void refreshInitialState();
+  }, [sage]);
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const offApprovals = sage.bridgeApprovals.onChanged((event) => {
+      setApprovals(event.approvals);
+    });
+
+    const offActiveRuntime = sage.runtimeManager.onActiveRuntimeChanged(() => {
+      void refreshActiveRuntime().catch((err) => {
+        console.error('[approval] failed to refresh active runtime', err);
+      });
+    });
+
+    return () => {
+      offApprovals();
+      offActiveRuntime();
+    };
+  }, [sage]);
+
+  const activeApproval = useMemo(() => {
+    if (!activeAppId) return null;
+    return approvals.find((item) => item.appId === activeAppId) ?? null;
+  }, [approvals, activeAppId]);
+
+  const queuedApprovalCount = useMemo(() => {
+    if (!activeAppId || !activeApproval) return 0;
+
+    return Math.max(
+      0,
+      approvals.filter((item) => item.appId === activeAppId).length - 1,
+    );
+  }, [approvals, activeAppId, activeApproval]);
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    setExpanded(false);
+    setError(null);
+  }, [activeApproval?.approvalId]);
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!loaded || activeApproval) return;
+
+    void sage.runtimeManager.hideSelf().catch((err) => {
+      console.error('[approval] failed to hide self', err);
+    });
+  }, [sage, loaded, activeApproval]);
+
+  async function resolve(approved: boolean) {
+    if (!activeApproval || working) return;
+
+    setWorking(true);
+    setError(null);
+
+    try {
+      await sage.bridgeApprovals.resolve({
+        approvalId: activeApproval.approvalId,
+        approved,
+        reason: approved ? null : 'User denied the request',
+      });
+
+      setApprovals(await sage.bridgeApprovals.listPending());
+    } catch (err) {
+      setError(err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err));
+    } finally {
+      setWorking(false);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (!loaded || !activeApproval) {
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  const moreText = queueText(queuedApprovalCount);
+
+  return (
+    <AppModalShell
+      title={titleForApproval(activeApproval)}
+      appName='Bridge Approval'
+      appIcon={null}
+      footer={
+        <div className='flex items-center justify-between gap-3'>
+          <button
+            type='button'
+            disabled={working}
+            onClick={() => setExpanded((prev) => !prev)}
+            className='rounded-md px-3 py-2 text-sm text-muted-foreground hover:bg-muted hover:text-foreground disabled:opacity-50'
+          >
+            {expanded ? 'Less' : 'More'}
+          </button>
+
+          <div className='flex items-center gap-2'>
+            <button
+              type='button'
+              disabled={working}
+              onClick={() => void resolve(false)}
+              className='rounded-md border border-border px-3 py-2 text-sm hover:bg-muted disabled:opacity-50'
+            >
+              Reject
+            </button>
+
+            <button
+              type='button'
+              disabled={working}
+              onClick={() => void resolve(true)}
+              className='rounded-md bg-primary px-3 py-2 text-sm font-medium text-primary-foreground hover:opacity-90 disabled:opacity-50'
+            >
+              Approve
+            </button>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      }
+    >
+      <div className='space-y-4'>
+        <div>
+          <div className='flex flex-wrap items-center gap-2'>
+            <div className='text-sm font-semibold'>Approval required</div>
+            {moreText ? <MetaPill>{moreText}</MetaPill> : null}
+          </div>
+
+          <div className='mt-1 flex items-center gap-2 text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
+            <BadgeCheck className='h-3.5 w-3.5' />
+            <span>{activeAppName}</span>
+            <span>·</span>
+            <span className='font-mono'>{activeApproval.appId}</span>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <AppApprovalBody
+          approval={activeApproval.approval}
+          appName={activeAppName}
+          expanded={expanded}
+        />
+
+        {error ? (
+          <div className='rounded-lg border border-destructive/40 bg-destructive/10 p-2 text-sm text-destructive'>
+            {error}
+          </div>
+        ) : null}
+      </div>
+    </AppModalShell>
+  );
+}
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/src/approval/AppApprovalBody.tsx b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/src/approval/AppApprovalBody.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..42b69e321
--- /dev/null
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/src/approval/AppApprovalBody.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+import type { RustBridgeApprovalRequest } from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
+import { CapabilityGrantApprovalCard } from './CapabilityGrantApprovalCard';
+import { GetSecretKeyApprovalCard } from './GetSecretKeyApprovalCard';
+import { NetworkWhitelistGrantApprovalCard } from './NetworkWhitelistGrantApprovalCard';
+import { SendXchApprovalCard } from './SendXchApprovalCard';
+
+interface Props {
+  approval: RustBridgeApprovalRequest;
+  appName: string;
+  expanded: boolean;
+}
+
+export function AppApprovalBody({ approval, appName, expanded }: Props) {
+  switch (approval.kind) {
+    case 'getSecretKey':
+      return (
+        <GetSecretKeyApprovalCard
+          approval={approval}
+          appName={appName}
+          expanded={expanded}
+        />
+      );
+
+    case 'sendXch':
+      return (
+        <SendXchApprovalCard
+          approval={approval}
+          appName={appName}
+          expanded={expanded}
+        />
+      );
+
+    case 'capabilityGrant':
+      return (
+        <CapabilityGrantApprovalCard
+          approval={approval}
+          appName={appName}
+          expanded={expanded}
+        />
+      );
+
+    case 'networkWhitelistGrant':
+      return (
+        <NetworkWhitelistGrantApprovalCard
+          approval={approval}
+          appName={appName}
+          expanded={expanded}
+        />
+      );
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/components/apps/approval/CapabilityGrantApprovalCard.tsx b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/src/approval/CapabilityGrantApprovalCard.tsx
similarity index 81%
rename from src/components/apps/approval/CapabilityGrantApprovalCard.tsx
rename to builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/src/approval/CapabilityGrantApprovalCard.tsx
index f1eea2c21..d00c610be 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/approval/CapabilityGrantApprovalCard.tsx
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/src/approval/CapabilityGrantApprovalCard.tsx
@@ -1,16 +1,14 @@
-import type { RustBridgeApprovalRequest } from '@/bindings';
+import type { RustBridgeApprovalRequest } from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
 import { KeyRound, ShieldAlert } from 'lucide-react';
-import {
-  ApprovalDetailRow,
-  ApprovalMetaPill,
-} from '@/components/apps/approval/shared.tsx';
+import { ApprovalDetailRow, ApprovalMetaPill } from './shared';
 
 interface Props {
   approval: Extract<RustBridgeApprovalRequest, { kind: 'capabilityGrant' }>;
+  appName: string,
   expanded: boolean;
 }
 
-export function CapabilityGrantApprovalCard({ approval, expanded }: Props) {
+export function CapabilityGrantApprovalCard({ approval, appName, expanded }: Props) {
   const label = approval.definition.label;
   const description = approval.definition.description;
 
@@ -28,7 +26,7 @@ export function CapabilityGrantApprovalCard({ approval, expanded }: Props) {
           </div>
 
           <div className='mt-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
-            {approval.app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.name} wants access to an additional capability.
+            {appName} wants access to an additional capability.
           </div>
         </div>
       </div>
diff --git a/src/components/apps/approval/GetSecretKeyApprovalCard.tsx b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/src/approval/GetSecretKeyApprovalCard.tsx
similarity index 75%
rename from src/components/apps/approval/GetSecretKeyApprovalCard.tsx
rename to builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/src/approval/GetSecretKeyApprovalCard.tsx
index 63b659cc3..1b0598e80 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/approval/GetSecretKeyApprovalCard.tsx
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/src/approval/GetSecretKeyApprovalCard.tsx
@@ -1,16 +1,14 @@
 import { Wallet } from 'lucide-react';
-import {
-  ApprovalDetailRow,
-  ApprovalMetaPill,
-} from '@/components/apps/approval/shared.tsx';
-import type { RustBridgeApprovalRequest } from '@/bindings';
+import type { RustBridgeApprovalRequest } from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
+import { ApprovalDetailRow, ApprovalMetaPill } from './shared';
 
 interface Props {
   approval: Extract<RustBridgeApprovalRequest, { kind: 'getSecretKey' }>;
+  appName: string;
   expanded: boolean;
 }
 
-export function GetSecretKeyApprovalCard({ approval }: Props) {
+export function GetSecretKeyApprovalCard({ approval, appName }: Props) {
   const fingerprint = approval.fingerprint;
 
   return (
@@ -27,7 +25,7 @@ export function GetSecretKeyApprovalCard({ approval }: Props) {
           </div>
 
           <div className='mt-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
-            {approval.app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.name} wants to get your secret key.
+            {appName} wants to get your secret key.
           </div>
         </div>
       </div>
diff --git a/src/components/apps/approval/NetworkWhitelistGrantApprovalCard.tsx b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/src/approval/NetworkWhitelistGrantApprovalCard.tsx
similarity index 75%
rename from src/components/apps/approval/NetworkWhitelistGrantApprovalCard.tsx
rename to builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/src/approval/NetworkWhitelistGrantApprovalCard.tsx
index 61f9e9ad9..22690505c 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/approval/NetworkWhitelistGrantApprovalCard.tsx
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/src/approval/NetworkWhitelistGrantApprovalCard.tsx
@@ -1,19 +1,17 @@
-import type { RustBridgeApprovalRequest } from '@/bindings';
+import type { RustBridgeApprovalRequest } from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
 import { Globe } from 'lucide-react';
-import {
-  ApprovalDetailRow,
-  ApprovalMetaPill,
-} from '@/components/apps/approval/shared.tsx';
+import { ApprovalDetailRow, ApprovalMetaPill } from './shared';
 
 interface Props {
   approval: Extract<
     RustBridgeApprovalRequest,
     { kind: 'networkWhitelistGrant' }
   >;
+  appName: string;
   expanded: boolean;
 }
 
-export function NetworkWhitelistGrantApprovalCard({ approval }: Props) {
+export function NetworkWhitelistGrantApprovalCard({ approval, appName }: Props) {
   const target = `${approval.entry.scheme}://${approval.entry.host}`;
 
   return (
@@ -30,7 +28,7 @@ export function NetworkWhitelistGrantApprovalCard({ approval }: Props) {
           </div>
 
           <div className='mt-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
-            {approval.app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.name} wants to contact an additional network
+            {appName} wants to contact an additional network
             target.
           </div>
         </div>
diff --git a/src/components/apps/approval/SendXchApprovalCard.tsx b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/src/approval/SendXchApprovalCard.tsx
similarity index 89%
rename from src/components/apps/approval/SendXchApprovalCard.tsx
rename to builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/src/approval/SendXchApprovalCard.tsx
index a90f28abe..2153bbd23 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/approval/SendXchApprovalCard.tsx
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/src/approval/SendXchApprovalCard.tsx
@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
 import { Wallet } from 'lucide-react';
-import {
-  ApprovalDetailRow,
-  ApprovalMetaPill,
-} from '@/components/apps/approval/shared.tsx';
-import type { RustBridgeApprovalRequest } from '@/bindings';
+import type { RustBridgeApprovalRequest } from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
+import { ApprovalDetailRow, ApprovalMetaPill } from './shared';
 
 interface Props {
   approval: Extract<RustBridgeApprovalRequest, { kind: 'sendXch' }>;
+  appName: string;
   expanded: boolean;
 }
 
@@ -24,7 +22,7 @@ function memoKey(memo: string, indexWithinSameValue: number) {
   return `${memo}::${indexWithinSameValue}`;
 }
 
-export function SendXchApprovalCard({ approval, expanded }: Props) {
+export function SendXchApprovalCard({ approval, appName, expanded }: Props) {
   const summary = approval.summary;
 
   const hasFee = summary.fee !== '0';
@@ -58,7 +56,7 @@ export function SendXchApprovalCard({ approval, expanded }: Props) {
           </div>
 
           <div className='mt-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
-            {approval.app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.name} wants to send funds from your wallet.
+            {appName} wants to send funds from your wallet.
           </div>
         </div>
       </div>
diff --git a/src/components/apps/approval/shared.tsx b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/src/approval/shared.tsx
similarity index 66%
rename from src/components/apps/approval/shared.tsx
rename to builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/src/approval/shared.tsx
index 404f29b48..952d95730 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/approval/shared.tsx
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/src/approval/shared.tsx
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-import React from 'react';
-
 export function ApprovalMetaPill({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
   return (
     <span className='rounded-full border px-2 py-0.5 text-[10px] uppercase tracking-wide text-muted-foreground'>
@@ -11,8 +9,8 @@ export function ApprovalMetaPill({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
 export function ApprovalDetailRow({
   label,
   value,
-  mono = false,
-  breakAll = false,
+  mono,
+  breakAll,
 }: {
   label: string;
   value: React.ReactNode;
@@ -20,12 +18,15 @@ export function ApprovalDetailRow({
   breakAll?: boolean;
 }) {
   return (
-    <div className='grid grid-cols-[90px_minmax(0,1fr)] gap-3 text-sm'>
-      <div className='text-muted-foreground'>{label}</div>
+    <div className='grid grid-cols-[6rem_1fr] gap-3 text-sm'>
+      <div className='text-xs font-medium uppercase tracking-wide text-muted-foreground'>
+        {label}
+      </div>
       <div
         className={[
+          'min-w-0 text-foreground',
           mono ? 'font-mono text-xs' : '',
-          breakAll ? 'break-all' : 'truncate',
+          breakAll ? 'break-all' : '',
         ].join(' ')}
       >
         {value}
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/src/main.tsx b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/src/main.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cb0593d81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/src/main.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+import React, { Suspense } from 'react';
+import ReactDOM from 'react-dom/client';
+import { App } from './App';
+import './styles.css';
+
+ReactDOM.createRoot(document.getElementById('root')!).render(
+  <React.StrictMode>
+    <Suspense fallback={<div className='p-4 text-sm'>Loading approval...</div>}>
+      <App />
+    </Suspense>
+  </React.StrictMode>,
+);
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/src/styles.css b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/src/styles.css
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ad480ae12
--- /dev/null
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/src/styles.css
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+@import "@sage-app/sdk/theme.css";
+@config "../tailwind.config.js";
+
+@tailwind base;
+@tailwind components;
+@tailwind utilities;
+
+html,
+body,
+#root {
+    width: 100%;
+    height: 100%;
+    margin: 0;
+}
+
+body {
+    overflow: hidden;
+    background: transparent;
+}
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/tailwind.config.js b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/tailwind.config.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..13edcb743
--- /dev/null
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/tailwind.config.js
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+import { dirname, join, resolve } from 'node:path';
+import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url';
+import { createSageTailwindConfig } from '../../tailwind.shared.js';
+
+const dir = dirname(fileURLToPath(import.meta.url));
+const repoRoot = resolve(dir, '../../../../..');
+
+export default createSageTailwindConfig({
+  content: [
+    join(dir, 'index.html'),
+    join(dir, 'src/**/*.{ts,tsx}'),
+    join(repoRoot, 'packages/sage-app-ui/src/**/*.{ts,tsx}'),
+  ],
+});
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/tsconfig.json b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/tsconfig.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3d61827d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/tsconfig.json
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+{
+  "extends": "../../tsconfig.base.json",
+  "include": ["src", "vite.config.ts"]
+}
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/vite.config.ts b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/vite.config.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c2498e6d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/vite.config.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+import { defineSageSystemAppConfig } from '../../vite.system-app.config';
+
+export default defineSageSystemAppConfig(import.meta.url);
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/task-manager/sage-manifest.json b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/task-manager/sage-manifest.json
index 6fe375a5a..895e7d8c1 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/task-manager/sage-manifest.json
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/task-manager/sage-manifest.json
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
 {
   "manifestVersion": 0,
   "sageVersion": {
-    "min": "0.0.0",
-    "testedMax": "99.0.0"
+    "min": "0.0.0"
   },
   "name": "Task Manager",
   "version": "0.1.0",
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
index a49d0e1a7..4966ad537 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
@@ -3,16 +3,15 @@ use crate::capabilities::list::{BridgeCapability, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBr
 use crate::bridge::methods::BridgeMethodCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::bridge::registry::{BridgeRegistry, BridgeRegistryKind};
-use crate::bridge::state::{get_pending_approval, remove_pending_approval, write_pending_approval};
-use crate::bridge::{BridgeOrigin, ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs, RustBridgeApprovalEvent, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeInvokeResult, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
+use crate::bridge::state::{get_pending_approval, list_pending_approvals, remove_pending_approval, write_pending_approval};
+use crate::bridge::{emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners, BridgeOrigin, ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeInvokeResult, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
 use crate::capabilities::{get_system_capability_definition, get_user_capability_definition};
 use crate::host::AppState;
-use crate::runtime::webview_locator::{get_sage_webview};
-use crate::runtime::{SharedImpostorRuntime};
+use crate::runtime::{resolve_app, start_bridge_approval_runtime, SharedImpostorRuntime};
 use crate::types::SharedSageApp;
-use tauri::{AppHandle, Emitter, Manager, State, Webview};
-use uuid::Uuid;
+use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State, Webview};
 use crate::bridge::event_emit::emit_bridge_response_to_source;
+use crate::bridge::methods::system::BridgeApprovalsChangedEvent;
 use crate::security::assert_bridge_origin;
 
 pub(super) async fn process(
@@ -71,20 +70,33 @@ pub(super) async fn process_system(
 }
 
 pub(super) async fn process_after_approval(
-    app_handle: AppHandle,
-    app_state: State<'_, AppState>,
-    apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
+    app_state: &State<'_, AppState>,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     args: ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs,
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
-    let pending = get_pending_approval(&apps_state, &args.approval_id).await?;
-    remove_pending_approval(&apps_state, &args.approval_id).await;
+    let pending = get_pending_approval(apps_state, &args.approval_id).await?;
+    remove_pending_approval(apps_state, &args.approval_id).await;
+
+    let approvals_changed_event = BridgeApprovalsChangedEvent::new_from_list(
+        list_pending_approvals(apps_state).await,
+    );
+
+    emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners(
+        app_handle,
+        apps_state,
+        approvals_changed_event,
+    ).await;
 
-    let origin = assert_bridge_origin(&app_handle, &pending.app_webview_label).await?;
+    let app = resolve_app(app_handle, &pending.app_id).await
+        .map_err(|err| format!("Failed to resolve app: {err}"))?;
+
+    let origin = assert_bridge_origin(app_handle, &app.with_app(|app| app.webview_label())).await?;
 
     let response = if args.approved {
         execute_bridge_request(
-            &app_handle,
-            &app_state,
+            app_handle,
+            app_state,
             &origin,
             BridgeRegistry::new(pending.registry_kind),
             &pending.request,
@@ -99,7 +111,7 @@ pub(super) async fn process_after_approval(
         )
     };
 
-    emit_bridge_response_to_source(&app_handle, &origin.app, &response).await?;
+    emit_bridge_response_to_source(app_handle, &origin.app, &response).await?;
     Ok(())
 }
 
@@ -142,7 +154,7 @@ async fn process_shared(
         &request,
     ) {
         Ok(Some(approval)) => {
-            request_approval(&app_handle, approval, app, &request, registry_kind).await?;
+            request_approval(&app_handle, app.id(), registry_kind, approval, &request).await?;
             Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Pending {})
         }
         Ok(None) => {
@@ -202,24 +214,32 @@ async fn execute_bridge_request(
 
 async fn request_approval(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
+    app_id: String,
+    registry_kind: BridgeRegistryKind,
     approval: RustBridgeApprovalRequest,
-    app: &SharedSageApp,
     request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-    registry_kind: BridgeRegistryKind
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
-    let approval_id = Uuid::new_v4().to_string();
-
     let apps_state = app_handle.state::<AppsHostState>();
     write_pending_approval(
         &apps_state,
-        &approval_id,
-        app,
-        request,
+        app_id.clone(),
         registry_kind,
+        &approval,
+        request,
     )
         .await;
+    let approvals_changed_event = BridgeApprovalsChangedEvent::new_from_list(
+        list_pending_approvals(&apps_state).await
+    );
+    emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners(app_handle, &apps_state, approvals_changed_event).await;
+
+    start_bridge_approval_runtime(
+        app_handle,
+        &apps_state,
+        app_id,
+    ).await?;
 
-    emit_sage_approval_requested(app_handle, approval_id, approval)
+    Ok(())
 }
 
 fn verify_capability(
@@ -325,23 +345,6 @@ fn verify_system_capability(
     Ok(())
 }
 
-
-fn emit_sage_approval_requested(
-    app: &AppHandle,
-    approval_id: String,
-    approval: RustBridgeApprovalRequest,
-) -> Result<(), String> {
-    get_sage_webview(app)?
-        .emit(
-            "apps:bridge-approval-requested",
-            RustBridgeApprovalEvent {
-                approval_id,
-                approval,
-            },
-        )
-        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to emit approval request event: {err}"))
-}
-
 fn assert_method<'a>(
     registry: &'a BridgeRegistry,
     request: &RustBridgeRequest,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
index 69d82d1c5..c9087179d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ pub async fn apps_resolve_bridge_approval(
     app_state: State<'_, AppState>,
     apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     args: ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs,
-) -> Result<(), String> { process_after_approval(app_handle, app_state, apps_state, args).await }
+) -> Result<(), String> { process_after_approval(&app_handle, &app_state, &apps_state, args).await }
 
 #[tauri::command]
 #[specta::specta]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs
index 6cd849e6d..a8f9d2b58 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs
@@ -1,30 +1,25 @@
 use serde::Serialize;
 use specta::Type;
+use tauri::{AppHandle, Emitter, Manager, State};
+
 use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeResponse};
+use crate::bridge::RustBridgeResponse;
+use crate::capabilities::list::{SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
 use crate::runtime::webview_locator::{get_sage_webview, get_webview_in_sage_window};
-use crate::runtime::resolve_possibly_impostor_running_app_immediate;
-use tauri::{AppHandle, Emitter, Manager};
-use crate::types::{SharedSageApp};
+use crate::runtime::{list_runtimes, resolve_possibly_impostor_running_app_immediate};
+use crate::types::SharedSageApp;
 
 const SAGE_RUNTIME_EVENT_NAME: &str = "apps:runtime-event";
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub(crate) struct RuntimeEvent<T: AppRuntimeEvent> {
+pub(crate) struct RuntimeEvent<T> {
     #[serde(rename = "type")]
     pub event_type: &'static str,
 
     pub payload: T,
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn runtime_event<T: AppRuntimeEvent>(payload: T) -> RuntimeEvent<T> {
-    RuntimeEvent {
-        event_type: T::TYPE,
-        payload,
-    }
-}
-
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub(crate) enum AppRuntimeEventRail {
     User,
@@ -40,39 +35,184 @@ impl AppRuntimeEventRail {
     }
 }
 
-pub(crate) trait AppRuntimeEvent: Serialize + Type + Clone {
+pub(crate) trait UserRuntimeEvent: Serialize + Type + Clone {
+    const TYPE: &'static str;
+    const REQUIRED_CAPABILITY: UserBridgeCapability;
+}
+
+pub(crate) trait SystemRuntimeEvent: Serialize + Type + Clone {
     const TYPE: &'static str;
-    const RAIL: AppRuntimeEventRail;
+    const REQUIRED_CAPABILITY: SystemBridgeCapability;
+}
+
+fn runtime_event<T>(event_type: &'static str, payload: T) -> RuntimeEvent<T> {
+    RuntimeEvent {
+        event_type,
+        payload,
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn emit_user_runtime_event_to_listeners<T>(
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    event: T,
+)
+where
+    T: UserRuntimeEvent,
+{
+    let Ok(runtimes) = list_runtimes(apps_state).await else {
+        return;
+    };
+
+    for runtime in runtimes {
+        let Some((app_id, can_receive)) = runtime.with_runtime(|record| {
+            if record.internal() {
+                return None;
+            }
+
+            let app = record.app();
+
+            if !app.is_user_app() {
+                return None;
+            }
+
+            let can_receive = app.is_capability_granted(T::REQUIRED_CAPABILITY.into());
+
+            Some((app.id(), can_receive))
+        }) else {
+            continue;
+        };
+
+        if can_receive {
+            let _ = emit_user_runtime_event_to_app_id(app_handle, &app_id, event.clone()).await;
+        }
+    }
+
+    let _ = emit_user_runtime_event_to_sage_webview(app_handle, event);
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners<T>(
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    event: T,
+)
+where
+    T: SystemRuntimeEvent,
+{
+    let Ok(runtimes) = list_runtimes(apps_state).await else {
+        return;
+    };
+
+    for runtime in runtimes {
+        let Some((app_id, can_receive)) = runtime.with_runtime(|record| {
+            if record.internal() {
+                return None;
+            }
+
+            let app = record.app();
+
+            if !app.is_system_app() {
+                return None;
+            }
+
+            let can_receive = app.is_capability_granted(T::REQUIRED_CAPABILITY.into());
+
+            Some((app.id(), can_receive))
+        }) else {
+            continue;
+        };
+
+        if can_receive {
+            let _ = emit_system_runtime_event_to_app_id(app_handle, &app_id, event.clone()).await;
+        }
+    }
+
+    let _ = emit_system_runtime_event_to_sage_webview(app_handle, event);
 }
 
-pub(crate) async fn emit_runtime_event_to_app_id<T>(
+pub(crate) async fn emit_user_runtime_event_to_app_id<T>(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
     app_id: &str,
     event: T,
 ) -> Result<(), String>
 where
-    T: AppRuntimeEvent,
+    T: UserRuntimeEvent,
+{
+    emit_runtime_event_to_app_id(
+        app_handle,
+        app_id,
+        AppRuntimeEventRail::User,
+        T::TYPE,
+        event,
+    )
+        .await
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn emit_system_runtime_event_to_app_id<T>(
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
+    app_id: &str,
+    event: T,
+) -> Result<(), String>
+where
+    T: SystemRuntimeEvent,
+{
+    emit_runtime_event_to_app_id(
+        app_handle,
+        app_id,
+        AppRuntimeEventRail::System,
+        T::TYPE,
+        event,
+    )
+        .await
+}
+
+async fn emit_runtime_event_to_app_id<T>(
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
+    app_id: &str,
+    rail: AppRuntimeEventRail,
+    event_type: &'static str,
+    event: T,
+) -> Result<(), String>
+where
+    T: Serialize + Type + Clone,
 {
     let apps_state = app_handle.state::<AppsHostState>();
 
     let runtime = resolve_possibly_impostor_running_app_immediate(&apps_state, app_id)?;
-
     let webview_label = runtime.identity_webview_label();
 
     get_webview_in_sage_window(app_handle, &webview_label)?
-        .emit(T::RAIL.event_name(), runtime_event(event))
+        .emit(rail.event_name(), runtime_event(event_type, event))
         .map_err(|err| format!("failed to emit runtime event: {err}"))
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn emit_runtime_event_to_sage_webview<T>(
+pub(crate) fn emit_user_runtime_event_to_sage_webview<T>(
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
+    event: T,
+) -> Result<(), String>
+where
+    T: UserRuntimeEvent,
+{
+    get_sage_webview(app_handle)?
+        .emit(
+            SAGE_RUNTIME_EVENT_NAME,
+            runtime_event(T::TYPE, event),
+        )
+        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to emit runtime event to Sage webview: {err}"))
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn emit_system_runtime_event_to_sage_webview<T>(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
     event: T,
 ) -> Result<(), String>
 where
-    T: AppRuntimeEvent,
+    T: SystemRuntimeEvent,
 {
     get_sage_webview(app_handle)?
-        .emit(SAGE_RUNTIME_EVENT_NAME, runtime_event(event))
+        .emit(
+            SAGE_RUNTIME_EVENT_NAME,
+            runtime_event(T::TYPE, event),
+        )
         .map_err(|err| format!("failed to emit runtime event to Sage webview: {err}"))
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/shared.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/shared.rs
index c086b57f7..570003527 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/shared.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/shared.rs
@@ -51,6 +51,9 @@ pub(crate) struct BridgeMethodHandleError {
     pub message: String,
 }
 
+pub(crate) type BridgeApprovalRequestResult =
+Result<Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest>, BridgeMethodHandleError>;
+
 impl BridgeMethodHandleError {
     pub(super) fn new(code: &'static str, message: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
         Self {
@@ -68,9 +71,6 @@ impl BridgeMethodHandleError {
     }
 }
 
-pub(super) type BridgeApprovalRequestResult =
-    Result<Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest>, BridgeMethodHandleError>;
-
 pub(super) type BridgeHandleResult =
     Result<Box<dyn erased_serde::Serialize + Send>, BridgeMethodHandleError>;
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals/events.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals/events.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c52920ead
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals/events.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+use serde::Serialize;
+use specta::Type;
+use crate::bridge::event_emit::SystemRuntimeEvent;
+use crate::bridge::methods::system::PendingBridgeApprovalView;
+use crate::bridge::types::PendingBridgeApproval;
+use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct BridgeApprovalsChangedEvent {
+    approvals: Vec<PendingBridgeApprovalView>
+}
+
+impl BridgeApprovalsChangedEvent {
+    pub(crate) fn new_from_list(approvals: Vec<PendingBridgeApproval>) -> Self {
+        Self { approvals: approvals.into_iter().map(|approval| approval.into()).collect() }
+    }
+}
+
+impl SystemRuntimeEvent for BridgeApprovalsChangedEvent {
+    const TYPE: &'static str = "bridgeApproval.approvalsChanged";
+    const REQUIRED_CAPABILITY: SystemBridgeCapability = SystemBridgeCapability::BridgeApprovalListenApprovalsChanged;
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals/list.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals/list.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1d4d569f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals/list.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+use serde::Serialize;
+use specta::Type;
+use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest};
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
+    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
+};
+use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::bridge::state::list_pending_approvals;
+use crate::bridge::types::PendingBridgeApproval;
+use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub(crate) struct BridgeApprovalsListPending;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub(crate) struct PendingBridgeApprovalView {
+    pub approval_id: String,
+    pub app_id: String,
+    pub approval: RustBridgeApprovalRequest,
+}
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl BridgeMethod for BridgeApprovalsListPending {
+    fn name(&self) -> &'static str {
+        "bridgeApprovals.listPending"
+    }
+
+    fn capability(&self) -> BridgeMethodCapability {
+        BridgeMethodCapability::system(SystemBridgeCapability::BridgeApprovalList)
+    }
+
+    fn approval_request(
+        &self,
+        _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> BridgeApprovalRequestResult {
+        Ok(None)
+    }
+
+    async fn handle(
+        &self,
+        _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
+        _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> BridgeHandleResult {
+        let approvals = list_pending_approvals(tools.host_state)
+            .await
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(PendingBridgeApprovalView::from)
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        Ok(Box::new(approvals))
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<PendingBridgeApproval> for PendingBridgeApprovalView {
+    fn from(approval: PendingBridgeApproval) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            approval_id: approval.approval_id,
+            app_id: approval.app_id,
+            approval: approval.approval,
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b793e89e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+mod list;
+mod resolve;
+mod events;
+
+pub(crate) use events::BridgeApprovalsChangedEvent;
+pub(crate) use list::{BridgeApprovalsListPending, PendingBridgeApprovalView};
+pub(crate) use resolve::BridgeApprovalsResolve;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals/resolve.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals/resolve.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2f8747e2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals/resolve.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+
+use crate::bridge::{ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs, RustBridgeRequest};
+use crate::bridge::bridge_request::process_after_approval;
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
+    parse_required_params, BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult,
+    BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError,
+};
+use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub(crate) struct BridgeApprovalsResolve;
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl BridgeMethod for BridgeApprovalsResolve {
+    fn name(&self) -> &'static str {
+        "bridgeApprovals.resolve"
+    }
+
+    fn capability(&self) -> BridgeMethodCapability {
+        BridgeMethodCapability::system(SystemBridgeCapability::BridgeApprovalResolve)
+    }
+
+    fn approval_request(
+        &self,
+        _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> BridgeApprovalRequestResult {
+        Ok(None)
+    }
+
+    async fn handle(
+        &self,
+        _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
+        request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> BridgeHandleResult {
+        let params: ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs = parse_required_params(self, request)?;
+
+        process_after_approval(
+            tools.app_handle,
+            tools.app_state,
+            tools.host_state,
+            params,
+        )
+            .await
+            .map_err(BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error)?;
+
+        Ok(Box::new(()))
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/mod.rs
index 275b7e0f8..02baaff82 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/mod.rs
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ mod capabilities;
 mod runtime_manager;
 mod app_install;
 mod file_system;
+mod bridge_approvals;
 
 pub(crate) use app_permissions::*;
 pub(crate) use app_update::*;
@@ -11,3 +12,4 @@ pub(crate) use capabilities::*;
 pub(crate) use runtime_manager::*;
 pub(crate) use app_install::*;
 pub(crate) use file_system::*;
+pub(crate) use bridge_approvals::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/events.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/events.rs
index f8f7f83e3..d191d2745 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/events.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/events.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 use serde::Serialize;
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::bridge::event_emit::{AppRuntimeEvent, AppRuntimeEventRail};
+use crate::bridge::event_emit::SystemRuntimeEvent;
+use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
 use crate::runtime::SageAppRuntimeRecordView;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
@@ -12,7 +13,7 @@ pub(crate) struct RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent {
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub(crate) struct ActiveRuntimeChangedEvent {
+pub(crate) struct RuntimeManagerActiveRuntimeChangedEvent {
     pub host_window_label: String,
     pub app_id: Option<String>,
     pub runtime_id: Option<String>,
@@ -24,12 +25,12 @@ impl RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent {
     }
 }
 
-impl AppRuntimeEvent for RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent {
+impl SystemRuntimeEvent for RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent {
     const TYPE: &'static str = "runtimeManager.runtimesChanged";
-    const RAIL: AppRuntimeEventRail = AppRuntimeEventRail::System;
+    const REQUIRED_CAPABILITY: SystemBridgeCapability = SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerListenRuntimesChanged;
 }
 
-impl AppRuntimeEvent for ActiveRuntimeChangedEvent {
+impl SystemRuntimeEvent for RuntimeManagerActiveRuntimeChangedEvent {
     const TYPE: &'static str = "runtimeManager.activeRuntimeChanged";
-    const RAIL: AppRuntimeEventRail = AppRuntimeEventRail::System;
+    const REQUIRED_CAPABILITY: SystemBridgeCapability = SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerListenActiveRuntimeChanged;
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs
index 0cea9d9d6..81ab95d94 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
     BridgeMethodHandleError, parse_required_params,
 };
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::runtime::{focus_runtime, RuntimeTargetParams, SageAppRuntimeRecordView};
+use crate::runtime::{focus_taskbar_runtime, RuntimeTargetParams, SageAppRuntimeRecordView};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub(crate) struct RuntimeManagerFocusRuntime;
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for RuntimeManagerFocusRuntime {
     ) -> BridgeHandleResult {
         let params: RuntimeTargetParams = parse_required_params(self, request)?;
 
-        let runtime = focus_runtime(tools.app_handle, tools.host_state, &params.app_id)
+        let runtime = focus_taskbar_runtime(tools.app_handle, tools.host_state, &params.app_id)
             .await
             .map_err(BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error)?;
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/get_active_taskbar_runtime.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/get_active_taskbar_runtime.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ba2da230a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/get_active_taskbar_runtime.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+
+use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError};
+use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
+use crate::runtime::{find_active_taskbar_runtime_id, find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional, resolve_running_app, SageAppRuntimeRecordView};
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub(crate) struct RuntimeManagerGetActiveTaskbarRuntime;
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl BridgeMethod for RuntimeManagerGetActiveTaskbarRuntime {
+    fn name(&self) -> &'static str {
+        "runtimeManager.getActiveTaskbarRuntime"
+    }
+
+    fn capability(&self) -> BridgeMethodCapability {
+        BridgeMethodCapability::system(SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerGetActiveTaskbarRuntime)
+    }
+
+    fn approval_request(
+        &self,
+        _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> BridgeApprovalRequestResult {
+        Ok(None)
+    }
+
+    async fn handle(
+        &self,
+        ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
+        _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> BridgeHandleResult {
+        let app = resolve_running_app(tools.host_state, &ctx.app.id())
+            .await
+            .map_err(|err| {
+                BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error(format!(
+                    "failed to resolve caller runtime: {err}"
+                ))
+            })?;
+        let host_window_label = app.runtime().with_runtime(|runtime| runtime.host_window_label().to_string());
+
+        let active_runtime_id = find_active_taskbar_runtime_id(tools.host_state, &host_window_label).await;
+
+        let Some(active_runtime_id) = active_runtime_id else {
+            return Ok(Box::new(None::<SageAppRuntimeRecordView>));
+        };
+
+        let runtime: Option<SageAppRuntimeRecordView> = find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional(tools.host_state, &active_runtime_id).await
+            .map(Into::into);
+
+        Ok(Box::new(runtime))
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_runtime.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_runtime.rs
index 4a4cd0999..ff7a4cd66 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_runtime.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_runtime.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
     BridgeMethodHandleError, parse_required_params,
 };
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::runtime::{hide_runtime, RuntimeTargetParams, SageAppRuntimeRecordView};
+use crate::runtime::{hide_taskbar_runtime, RuntimeTargetParams, SageAppRuntimeRecordView};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub(crate) struct RuntimeManagerHideRuntime;
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for RuntimeManagerHideRuntime {
     ) -> BridgeHandleResult {
         let params: RuntimeTargetParams = parse_required_params(self, request)?;
 
-        let runtime = hide_runtime(tools.app_handle, tools.host_state, &params.app_id)
+        let runtime = hide_taskbar_runtime(tools.app_handle, tools.host_state, &params.app_id)
             .await
             .map_err(BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error)?;
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_self.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_self.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4029a9c26
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_self.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+
+use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError};
+use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
+use crate::runtime::hide_taskbar_runtime;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub(crate) struct RuntimeManagerHideSelf;
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl BridgeMethod for RuntimeManagerHideSelf {
+    fn name(&self) -> &'static str {
+        "runtimeManager.hideSelf"
+    }
+
+    fn capability(&self) -> BridgeMethodCapability {
+        BridgeMethodCapability::system(SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerHideSelf)
+    }
+
+    fn approval_request(
+        &self,
+        _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> BridgeApprovalRequestResult {
+        Ok(None)
+    }
+
+    async fn handle(
+        &self,
+        ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
+        _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> BridgeHandleResult {
+        hide_taskbar_runtime(tools.app_handle, tools.host_state, &ctx.app.id())
+            .await
+            .map_err(BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error)?;
+
+        Ok(Box::new(()))
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/mod.rs
index d2685cba4..f04af9586 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/mod.rs
@@ -4,10 +4,14 @@ mod hide_runtime;
 mod kill_runtime;
 mod list_runtimes;
 mod close_self;
+mod get_active_taskbar_runtime;
+mod hide_self;
 
-pub(crate) use events::{RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent, ActiveRuntimeChangedEvent};
+pub(crate) use events::{RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent, RuntimeManagerActiveRuntimeChangedEvent};
 pub(crate) use focus_runtime::RuntimeManagerFocusRuntime;
 pub(crate) use hide_runtime::RuntimeManagerHideRuntime;
 pub(crate) use kill_runtime::RuntimeManagerKillRuntime;
 pub(crate) use list_runtimes::RuntimeManagerListRuntimes;
+pub(crate) use hide_self::RuntimeManagerHideSelf;
 pub(crate) use close_self::RuntimeManagerCloseSelf;
+pub(crate) use get_active_taskbar_runtime::RuntimeManagerGetActiveTaskbarRuntime;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/events.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/events.rs
index 129619898..a531c6286 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/events.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/events.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use serde::Serialize;
 use specta::Type;
 
 use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
-use crate::bridge::event_emit::{AppRuntimeEvent, AppRuntimeEventRail};
+use crate::bridge::event_emit::UserRuntimeEvent;
 use crate::lifecycle::update::types::{GrantedCapabilitiesChange, GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange};
 use crate::types::SageNetworkWhitelistEntry;
 
@@ -24,9 +24,9 @@ impl GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent {
     }
 }
 
-impl AppRuntimeEvent for GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent {
+impl UserRuntimeEvent for GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent {
     const TYPE: &'static str = "grantedCapabilitiesChange";
-    const RAIL: AppRuntimeEventRail = AppRuntimeEventRail::User;
+    const REQUIRED_CAPABILITY: UserBridgeCapability = UserBridgeCapability::AppRequestCapabilityGrant;
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
@@ -47,9 +47,9 @@ impl GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent {
     }
 }
 
-impl AppRuntimeEvent for GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent {
+impl UserRuntimeEvent for GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent {
     const TYPE: &'static str = "grantedNetworkWhitelistChange";
-    const RAIL: AppRuntimeEventRail = AppRuntimeEventRail::User;
+    const REQUIRED_CAPABILITY: UserBridgeCapability = UserBridgeCapability::AppRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant;
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ impl BeforeStopEvent {
     }
 }
 
-impl AppRuntimeEvent for BeforeStopEvent {
+impl UserRuntimeEvent for BeforeStopEvent {
     const TYPE: &'static str = "lifecycle.beforeStop";
-    const RAIL: AppRuntimeEventRail = AppRuntimeEventRail::User;
+    const REQUIRED_CAPABILITY: UserBridgeCapability = UserBridgeCapability::AppLifecycleSetBeforeStopListener;
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
index 8660460d1..81a21aee8 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
@@ -51,16 +51,13 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppRequestCapabilityGrant {
     ) -> BridgeApprovalRequestResult {
         let params: RequestCapabilityGrantParams = parse_required_params(self, request)?;
 
-        if ctx.app.is_capability_granted(params.capability) {
+        if ctx.app.is_capability_granted(params.capability.into()) {
             return Ok(None);
         }
 
         let definition = get_user_capability_definition(params.capability);
 
         Ok(Some(RustBridgeApprovalRequest {
-            app: ctx.app.into(),
-            source_label: ctx.app.webview_label(),
-            request_id: request.id.clone(),
             body: RustBridgeApprovalBody::CapabilityGrant {
                 capability: params.capability,
                 definition: definition.into(),
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs
index 263626233..643c881eb 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs
@@ -63,9 +63,6 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant {
         }
 
         Ok(Some(RustBridgeApprovalRequest {
-            app: ctx.app.into(),
-            source_label: ctx.app.webview_label(),
-            request_id: request.id.clone(),
             body: RustBridgeApprovalBody::NetworkWhitelistGrant {
                 entry: params.entry,
             },
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/theme/events.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/theme/events.rs
index 019ee7023..2f594b389 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/theme/events.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/theme/events.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
-use crate::bridge::event_emit::{AppRuntimeEvent, AppRuntimeEventRail};
+use crate::bridge::event_emit::UserRuntimeEvent;
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::environment::EnvironmentThemeView;
+use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
@@ -9,7 +10,7 @@ pub struct EnvironmentThemeChangedEvent {
     pub theme: EnvironmentThemeView,
 }
 
-impl AppRuntimeEvent for EnvironmentThemeChangedEvent {
+impl UserRuntimeEvent for EnvironmentThemeChangedEvent {
     const TYPE: &'static str = "environment.theme.changed";
-    const RAIL: AppRuntimeEventRail = AppRuntimeEventRail::User;
+    const REQUIRED_CAPABILITY: UserBridgeCapability = UserBridgeCapability::EnvironmentThemeListenChanged;
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_secret_key.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_secret_key.rs
index fd87cedfe..162a2312d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_secret_key.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_secret_key.rs
@@ -25,15 +25,12 @@ impl BridgeMethod for WalletGetSecretKey {
 
     fn approval_request(
         &self,
-        ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
         request: &RustBridgeRequest,
     ) -> BridgeApprovalRequestResult {
         let params: GetSecretKey = parse_required_params(self, request)?;
 
         Ok(Some(RustBridgeApprovalRequest {
-            app: ctx.app.into(),
-            source_label: ctx.app.webview_label(),
-            request_id: request.id.clone(),
             body: RustBridgeApprovalBody::GetSecretKey {
                 fingerprint: params.fingerprint,
             },
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/send_xch.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/send_xch.rs
index ddeb62fb7..5eae78daa 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/send_xch.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/send_xch.rs
@@ -62,16 +62,13 @@ impl BridgeMethod for WalletSendXch {
         ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
         request: &RustBridgeRequest,
     ) -> BridgeApprovalRequestResult {
-        if ctx.app.is_capability_granted(UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXchAutoSubmit) {
+        if ctx.app.is_capability_granted(UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXchAutoSubmit.into()) {
             return Ok(None);
         }
 
         let params = parse_required_params::<WalletSendXchParams>(self, request)?;
 
         Ok(Some(RustBridgeApprovalRequest {
-            app: ctx.app.into(),
-            source_label: ctx.app.webview_label(),
-            request_id: request.id.clone(),
             body: RustBridgeApprovalBody::SendXch { summary: params },
         }))
     }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
index 2ea602985..f861efb46 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
@@ -15,5 +15,8 @@ pub use types::{
     ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs, RustBridgeApprovalEvent
 };
 
-pub(crate) use event_emit::{emit_runtime_event_to_app_id, emit_runtime_event_to_sage_webview};
+pub(crate) use event_emit::{
+    emit_user_runtime_event_to_listeners, emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners,
+    emit_user_runtime_event_to_app_id
+};
 pub(crate) use types::{BridgeOrigin};
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs
index f769eb7e2..782feb015 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs
@@ -85,7 +85,9 @@ fn build_system_methods() -> HashMap<&'static str, Box<dyn BridgeMethod>> {
     insert_method(&mut methods, RuntimeManagerFocusRuntime);
     insert_method(&mut methods, RuntimeManagerHideRuntime);
     insert_method(&mut methods, RuntimeManagerKillRuntime);
+    insert_method(&mut methods, RuntimeManagerHideSelf);
     insert_method(&mut methods, RuntimeManagerCloseSelf);
+    insert_method(&mut methods, RuntimeManagerGetActiveTaskbarRuntime);
 
     insert_method(&mut methods, AppInstallPreviewUrl);
     insert_method(&mut methods, AppInstallPreviewZip);
@@ -101,6 +103,9 @@ fn build_system_methods() -> HashMap<&'static str, Box<dyn BridgeMethod>> {
 
     insert_method(&mut methods, FileSystemSelectFile);
 
+    insert_method(&mut methods, BridgeApprovalsListPending);
+    insert_method(&mut methods, BridgeApprovalsResolve);
+
     methods
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/state.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/state.rs
index 08a522a76..9ea6633c1 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/state.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/state.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
+use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest};
 use crate::bridge::types::PendingBridgeApproval;
-use crate::types::{SharedSageApp};
 use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 use tauri::State;
 use tokio::sync::Mutex;
+use uuid::Uuid;
 use crate::bridge::registry::BridgeRegistryKind;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Default)]
@@ -14,20 +14,25 @@ pub struct BridgeState {
 
 pub(crate) async fn write_pending_approval(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    approval_id: &str,
-    sage_app: &SharedSageApp,
-    request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    app_id: String,
     registry_kind: BridgeRegistryKind,
-) {
+    approval: &RustBridgeApprovalRequest,
+    request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+) -> String {
+    let approval_id = Uuid::new_v4().to_string();
     let mut pending = apps_state.bridge.pending_approvals.lock().await;
     pending.insert(
         approval_id.to_string(),
         PendingBridgeApproval {
-            app_webview_label: sage_app.webview_label(),
+            approval_id: approval_id.clone(),
+            app_id,
+            registry_kind,
+            approval: approval.clone(),
             request: request.clone(),
-            registry_kind
         },
     );
+
+    approval_id
 }
 
 pub(crate) async fn find_pending_approval(
@@ -47,6 +52,14 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_pending_approval(
         .ok_or_else(|| format!("No pending approval with id {approval_id}"))
 }
 
+pub(crate) async fn list_pending_approvals(
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+) -> Vec<PendingBridgeApproval> {
+    let pending = apps_state.bridge.pending_approvals.lock().await;
+
+    pending.values().cloned().collect()
+}
+
 pub(crate) async fn remove_pending_approval(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     approval_id: &str,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
index d7febd6a0..7abb098e5 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::bridge::methods::system::{AppInstallInstallResult, AppInstallInstallUrlParams, AppInstallInstallZipParams, AppInstallPreviewUrlParams, AppInstallPreviewZipParams, AppPermissionsApplyPermissionsParams, AppPermissionsApplyPermissionsResult, AppPermissionsGetReviewContextParams, AppPermissionsReviewContext, AppUpdateApplyUpdateParams, AppUpdateApplyUpdateResult, AppUpdateGetReviewContextParams, AppUpdateReviewContext, FileSystemSelectFileParams, FileSystemSelectFileResult, RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent};
+use crate::bridge::methods::system::{AppInstallInstallResult, AppInstallInstallUrlParams, AppInstallInstallZipParams, AppInstallPreviewUrlParams, AppInstallPreviewZipParams, AppPermissionsApplyPermissionsParams, AppPermissionsApplyPermissionsResult, AppPermissionsGetReviewContextParams, AppPermissionsReviewContext, AppUpdateApplyUpdateParams, AppUpdateApplyUpdateResult, AppUpdateGetReviewContextParams, AppUpdateReviewContext, BridgeApprovalsChangedEvent, FileSystemSelectFileParams, FileSystemSelectFileResult, PendingBridgeApprovalView, RuntimeManagerActiveRuntimeChangedEvent, RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent};
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::get_info::{AppGetInfoResult, SageNetworkPermissionInfo};
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::request_capability_grant::{
     RequestCapabilityGrantParams, RequestCapabilityGrantResult,
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ use specta::TypeCollection;
 use specta_typescript::{BigIntExportBehavior, Typescript};
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::events::BeforeStopEvent;
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::environment::{EnvironmentThemeChangedEvent, EnvironmentThemeGetCurrentResult};
+use crate::bridge::ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs;
 use crate::types::SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView;
 
 pub fn export_user_bridge_typescript() -> Result<String, String> {
@@ -88,6 +89,7 @@ pub fn export_system_bridge_typescript() -> Result<String, String> {
     types.register::<RuntimeTargetParams>();
     types.register::<SystemKillRuntimeResult>();
     types.register::<RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent>();
+    types.register::<RuntimeManagerActiveRuntimeChangedEvent>();
 
     types.register::<AppInstallPreviewUrlParams>();
     types.register::<AppInstallPreviewZipParams>();
@@ -109,6 +111,10 @@ pub fn export_system_bridge_typescript() -> Result<String, String> {
     types.register::<FileSystemSelectFileParams>();
     types.register::<FileSystemSelectFileResult>();
 
+    types.register::<ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs>();
+    types.register::<PendingBridgeApprovalView>();
+    types.register::<BridgeApprovalsChangedEvent>();
+
     Typescript::default()
         .bigint(BigIntExportBehavior::Number)
         .export(&types)
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs
index 0ea587249..c3a883e6b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::wallet::send_xch::WalletSendXchParams;
-use crate::types::{SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView, SageAppView, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SharedSageApp};
+use crate::types::{SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SharedSageApp};
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use serde_json::Value;
 use specta::Type;
@@ -67,10 +67,6 @@ pub struct ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs {
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct RustBridgeApprovalRequest {
-    pub app: SageAppView,
-    pub source_label: String,
-    pub request_id: String,
-
     #[serde(flatten)]
     pub body: RustBridgeApprovalBody,
 }
@@ -108,9 +104,11 @@ pub(crate) struct BridgeOrigin {
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub(crate) struct PendingBridgeApproval {
-    pub app_webview_label: String,
-    pub request: RustBridgeRequest,
+    pub approval_id: String,
+    pub app_id: String,
     pub registry_kind: BridgeRegistryKind,
+    pub approval: RustBridgeApprovalRequest,
+    pub request: RustBridgeRequest,
 }
 
 impl RustBridgeResponse {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs
index 29d62ab73..9a250e2ba 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs
@@ -218,12 +218,36 @@ pub(crate) fn get_system_capability_definition(
             "Allows the system app to stop running Sage app runtimes.",
             system_app_flags(),
         ),
+        SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerGetActiveTaskbarRuntime => CapabilityDefinition::new(
+            capability,
+            "Get active runtime",
+            "Allows the system app to retrieve the currently active Sage app runtime.",
+            system_app_flags(),
+        ),
         SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerListenRuntimesChanged => CapabilityDefinition::new(
             capability,
             "Observe runtime changes",
             "Allows the system app to receive events when Sage app runtimes change.",
             system_app_flags(),
         ),
+        SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerListenActiveRuntimeChanged => CapabilityDefinition::new(
+            capability,
+            "Observe active runtime changes",
+            "Allows the system app to receive events when the active Sage app runtime changes.",
+            system_app_flags(),
+        ),
+        SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerHideSelf => CapabilityDefinition::new(
+            capability,
+            "Hide itself",
+            "Allows the system app to hide its own runtime.",
+            system_app_flags(),
+        ),
+        SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerCloseSelf => CapabilityDefinition::new(
+            capability,
+            "Close itself",
+            "Allows the system app to close its own runtime.",
+            system_app_flags(),
+        ),
         SystemBridgeCapability::AppUpdateRead => CapabilityDefinition::new(
             capability,
             "Read app update review context",
@@ -266,18 +290,30 @@ pub(crate) fn get_system_capability_definition(
             "Allows the system app to install Sage apps after review.",
             system_app_flags(),
         ),
-        SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerCloseSelf => CapabilityDefinition::new(
-            capability,
-            "Close itself",
-            "Allows the system app to close its own runtime.",
-            system_app_flags(),
-        ),
         SystemBridgeCapability::FileSystemSelectFile => CapabilityDefinition::new(
             capability,
             "Select file",
             "Allows the system app to ask the user to select a local file.",
             system_app_flags(),
         ),
+        SystemBridgeCapability::BridgeApprovalList => CapabilityDefinition::new(
+            capability,
+            "List bridge approvals",
+            "Allows the system app to list pending bridge approvals.",
+            system_app_flags(),
+        ),
+        SystemBridgeCapability::BridgeApprovalResolve => CapabilityDefinition::new(
+            capability,
+            "Resolve bridge approval",
+            "Allows the system app to resolve a pending bridge approval.",
+            system_app_flags(),
+        ),
+        SystemBridgeCapability::BridgeApprovalListenApprovalsChanged => CapabilityDefinition::new(
+            capability,
+            "Listen for bridge approval changes",
+            "Allows the system app to listen for changes in pending bridge approvals.",
+            system_app_flags(),
+        ),
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs
index 290a2fc75..c5fbbb062 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs
@@ -102,7 +102,10 @@ define_bridge_capabilities! {
         RuntimeManagerFocusRuntime => "runtime_manager.focus_runtime",
         RuntimeManagerHideRuntime => "runtime_manager.hide_runtime",
         RuntimeManagerKillRuntime => "runtime_manager.kill_runtime",
+        RuntimeManagerGetActiveTaskbarRuntime => "runtime_manager.get_active_taskbar_runtime",
         RuntimeManagerListenRuntimesChanged => "runtime_manager.listen_runtimes_changed",
+        RuntimeManagerListenActiveRuntimeChanged => "runtime_manager.listen_active_runtime_changed",
+        RuntimeManagerHideSelf => "runtime_manager.hide_self",
         RuntimeManagerCloseSelf => "runtime_manager.close_self",
 
         CapabilityDefinitionsRead => "capability_definitions.read",
@@ -117,6 +120,10 @@ define_bridge_capabilities! {
         AppUpdateApply => "app_update.apply",
 
         FileSystemSelectFile => "file_system.select_file",
+
+        BridgeApprovalList => "bridge_approval.list",
+        BridgeApprovalResolve => "bridge_approval.resolve",
+        BridgeApprovalListenApprovalsChanged => "bridge_approval.listen_changed",
     }
 }
 
@@ -141,6 +148,18 @@ where
     }
 }
 
+impl From<UserBridgeCapability> for BridgeCapability {
+    fn from(value: UserBridgeCapability) -> Self {
+        Self::User(value)
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<SystemBridgeCapability> for BridgeCapability {
+    fn from(value: SystemBridgeCapability) -> Self {
+        Self::System(value)
+    }
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use crate::capabilities::list::{SharedCapabilitiesExt, UserBridgeCapability};
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/environment/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/environment/commands.rs
index de7f39b10..b214c282b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/environment/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/environment/commands.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
 use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::bridge::methods::user::environment::EnvironmentThemeView;
-use crate::environment::theme::apply_environment_theme;
+use crate::bridge::emit_user_runtime_event_to_listeners;
+use crate::bridge::methods::user::environment::{EnvironmentThemeChangedEvent, EnvironmentThemeView};
 
 #[tauri::command]
 #[specta::specta]
@@ -16,5 +16,9 @@ pub async fn apps_set_environment_theme(
         *current = Some(theme.clone());
     }
 
-    apply_environment_theme(&app_handle, &apps_state, theme).await
+    emit_user_runtime_event_to_listeners(&app_handle, &apps_state, EnvironmentThemeChangedEvent {
+        theme: theme.clone(),
+    }).await;
+
+    Ok(())
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/environment/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/environment/mod.rs
index 6f47491ea..82b6da3c0 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/environment/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/environment/mod.rs
@@ -1,2 +1 @@
 pub mod commands;
-pub mod theme;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/environment/theme.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/environment/theme.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index cb5907fce..000000000
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/environment/theme.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,54 +0,0 @@
-use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
-
-use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
-use crate::bridge::emit_runtime_event_to_app_id;
-use crate::bridge::methods::user::environment::{
-    EnvironmentThemeChangedEvent, EnvironmentThemeView,
-};
-use crate::runtime::list_runtimes;
-
-pub async fn apply_environment_theme(
-    app_handle: &AppHandle,
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    theme: EnvironmentThemeView,
-) -> Result<(), String> {
-    let runtimes = list_runtimes(apps_state).await?;
-
-    for runtime in runtimes {
-        let (app_id, should_emit_event) = runtime.with_runtime(|record| {
-            let app = record.app();
-
-            let should_emit_event = app.with(|app| {
-                app.common()
-                    .requested_permissions()
-                    .capabilities()
-                    .resolve_effective_grants(
-                        app.common()
-                            .granted_permissions()
-                            .capabilities()
-                            .copied(),
-                    )
-                    .map(|caps| {
-                        caps.contains(&UserBridgeCapability::EnvironmentThemeListenChanged)
-                    })
-                    .unwrap_or(false)
-            });
-
-            (app.id(), should_emit_event)
-        });
-
-        if should_emit_event {
-            let _ = emit_runtime_event_to_app_id(
-                app_handle,
-                &app_id,
-                EnvironmentThemeChangedEvent {
-                    theme: theme.clone(),
-                },
-            )
-                .await;
-        }
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
index 4a76893e4..5c410b568 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
@@ -2,9 +2,8 @@ use std::path::Path;
 
 use anyhow::Context;
 use tauri::AppHandle;
-
+use crate::bridge::emit_user_runtime_event_to_app_id;
 use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
-use crate::bridge::{emit_runtime_event_to_app_id};
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::{GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent, GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent};
 use crate::lifecycle::update::types::{
     AppUpdateResult, GrantCapabilityOutcome, GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome, GrantedPermissionsChange,
@@ -134,7 +133,7 @@ async fn emit_granted_permissions_change(
     let capability_change = change.capabilities();
 
     if !capability_change.is_empty() {
-        let _ = emit_runtime_event_to_app_id(
+        let _ = emit_user_runtime_event_to_app_id(
             app_handle,
             app_id,
             GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent::from_change(capability_change)
@@ -145,7 +144,7 @@ async fn emit_granted_permissions_change(
     let network_change = change.network_whitelist();
 
     if !network_change.is_empty() {
-        let _ = emit_runtime_event_to_app_id(
+        let _ = emit_user_runtime_event_to_app_id(
             app_handle,
             app_id,
             GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent::from_change(network_change)
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs
index 89ee6bddc..208fce9d7 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs
@@ -1,20 +1,16 @@
 use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 
-use serde::Deserialize;
+use serde::{Deserialize};
 use specta::Type;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
 use crate::runtime::start::{create_runtime, CreateRuntimeArgs};
 use crate::runtime::state::list_runtimes;
-use crate::runtime::stop::{kill_runtime, SystemKillRuntimeResult};
-use crate::runtime::{
-    focus_runtime, hide_runtime, RuntimeTargetParams, SageAppRuntimeMode,
-    SageAppRuntimeRecordView, SageAppRuntimeVisibility,
-};
-use crate::system_apps::{SYSTEM_APP_APP_INSTALL_ID, SYSTEM_APP_APP_UPDATE_ID};
+use crate::runtime::stop::SystemKillRuntimeResult;
+use crate::runtime::{clear_active_taskbar_runtime, focus_taskbar_runtime, kill_taskbar_runtime, start_app_install_runtime, start_app_update_runtime, RuntimeTargetParams, SageAppRuntimeMode, SageAppRuntimeRecordView, SageAppRuntimeVisibility};
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::runtime::webview_locator::get_webview_in_sage_window;
-use crate::types::{AppModalPresentation, AppPresentation};
+use crate::types::AppPresentation;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Type)]
 #[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "camelCase")]
@@ -56,6 +52,12 @@ pub struct CreateInstalledRuntimeArgs {
     pub app_id: String,
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct WindowTargetParams {
+    pub window_label: String,
+}
+
 impl StartAppUpdateMode {
     fn query_value(self) -> &'static str {
         match self {
@@ -72,7 +74,7 @@ pub async fn apps_start_system_app(
     apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     args: StartSystemAppArgs,
 ) -> Result<SageAppRuntimeRecordView, String> {
-    let create_args = match args {
+    let runtime = match args {
         StartSystemAppArgs::AppInstall(args) => {
             let mut query = BTreeMap::new();
 
@@ -86,18 +88,9 @@ pub async fn apps_start_system_app(
                 }
             }
 
-            CreateRuntimeArgs {
-                app_id: SYSTEM_APP_APP_INSTALL_ID.to_string(),
-                presentation: AppPresentation::Modal(AppModalPresentation {
-                    visible_over_app_ids: Vec::new(),
-                    visible_over_launchpad: true,
-                }),
-                mode: SageAppRuntimeMode::Inline,
-                visibility: SageAppRuntimeVisibility::Visible,
-                debug_layout: false,
-                query,
-            }
+            start_app_install_runtime(&app, &apps_state, query).await?
         }
+
         StartSystemAppArgs::AppUpdate(args) => {
             let mut query = BTreeMap::new();
 
@@ -105,21 +98,11 @@ pub async fn apps_start_system_app(
             query.insert("mode".to_string(), args.mode.query_value().to_string());
             query.insert("visibleOverLaunchpad".to_string(), "true".to_string());
 
-            CreateRuntimeArgs {
-                app_id: SYSTEM_APP_APP_UPDATE_ID.to_string(),
-                presentation: AppPresentation::Modal(AppModalPresentation {
-                    visible_over_app_ids: Vec::from([args.app_id]),
-                    visible_over_launchpad: true,
-                }),
-                mode: SageAppRuntimeMode::Inline,
-                visibility: SageAppRuntimeVisibility::Visible,
-                debug_layout: false,
-                query,
-            }
+            start_app_update_runtime(&app, &apps_state, args.app_id, query).await?
         }
     };
 
-    create_runtime(&app, &apps_state, create_args).await.map(Into::into)
+    Ok(runtime.into())
 }
 
 #[tauri::command]
@@ -138,7 +121,7 @@ pub async fn apps_create_inline_runtime(
         query: BTreeMap::new(),
     }).await.map(Into::into);
 
-    focus_runtime(&app, &apps_state, &args.app_id).await?;
+    focus_taskbar_runtime(&app, &apps_state, &args.app_id).await?;
 
     created_runtime
 }
@@ -155,36 +138,34 @@ pub async fn apps_list_runtimes(
 
 #[tauri::command]
 #[specta::specta]
-pub async fn apps_focus_runtime(
+pub async fn apps_focus_taskbar_runtime(
     app: AppHandle,
     apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     params: RuntimeTargetParams,
 ) -> Result<SageAppRuntimeRecordView, String> {
-    focus_runtime(&app, &apps_state, &params.app_id)
+    focus_taskbar_runtime(&app, &apps_state, &params.app_id)
         .await
         .map(Into::into)
 }
 
 #[tauri::command]
 #[specta::specta]
-pub async fn apps_hide_runtime(
+pub async fn apps_clear_active_taskbar_runtime(
     app: AppHandle,
     apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    params: RuntimeTargetParams,
-) -> Result<SageAppRuntimeRecordView, String> {
-    hide_runtime(&app, &apps_state, &params.app_id)
-        .await
-        .map(Into::into)
+    params: WindowTargetParams,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    clear_active_taskbar_runtime(&app, &apps_state, &params.window_label).await
 }
 
 #[tauri::command]
 #[specta::specta]
-pub async fn apps_kill_runtime(
+pub async fn apps_kill_taskbar_runtime(
     app: AppHandle,
     apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     params: RuntimeTargetParams,
 ) -> Result<SystemKillRuntimeResult, String> {
-    kill_runtime(&app, &apps_state, &params.app_id, "user_kill")
+    kill_taskbar_runtime(&app, &apps_state, &params.app_id, "user_kill")
         .await
         .map_err(|_| "Runtime not found".to_string())?;
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
index 6a4ff0654..84a706907 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
@@ -1,17 +1,15 @@
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
-use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
+use tauri::{AppHandle, LogicalPosition, LogicalSize, State};
 
 use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
-use crate::bridge::{emit_runtime_event_to_app_id, emit_runtime_event_to_sage_webview};
-use crate::bridge::methods::system::{RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent, ActiveRuntimeChangedEvent};
-use crate::runtime::state::{
-    find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional, get_runtime_by_app_id, list_runtimes,
-};
+use crate::bridge::emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners;
+use crate::bridge::methods::system::{RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent, RuntimeManagerActiveRuntimeChangedEvent};
+use crate::runtime::state::{find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional, list_runtimes, remove_active_taskbar_runtime, remove_active_taskbar_runtime_if_matches};
 use crate::runtime::webview_locator::get_webview_in_sage_window;
-use crate::runtime::{SageAppRuntimeRecord, SageAppRuntimeRecordView, SharedRuntime};
-use crate::types::AppPresentation;
+use crate::runtime::{find_active_taskbar_runtime, find_active_taskbar_runtime_id, resolve_running_app, SageAppRuntimeRecord, SageAppRuntimeRecordView, SharedRuntime};
+use crate::runtime::stop::kill_runtime;
+use crate::types::{AppPresentation, ResolvedRunningApp};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
@@ -22,7 +20,6 @@ pub struct RuntimeTargetParams {
 struct RuntimeWindowIdentity {
     runtime_id: String,
     host_window_label: String,
-    webview_label: String,
 }
 
 pub(crate) async fn emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(
@@ -33,31 +30,6 @@ pub(crate) async fn emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(
         return;
     };
 
-    let system_app_ids = runtimes
-        .iter()
-        .filter_map(|runtime| {
-            runtime.with_runtime(|record| {
-                if record.internal() || !record.app().is_system_app() {
-                    return None;
-                }
-
-                let can_receive = record.app().with(|app| {
-                    app.system_granted_permissions().is_some_and(|permissions| {
-                        permissions
-                            .capabilities()
-                            .contains(&SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerListRuntimes)
-                    })
-                });
-
-                if can_receive {
-                    Some(record.app().id())
-                } else {
-                    None
-                }
-            })
-        })
-        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-
     let runtime_records = runtimes
         .iter()
         .map(Into::into)
@@ -65,26 +37,21 @@ pub(crate) async fn emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(
 
     let event = RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent::new(runtime_records);
 
-    for system_app_id in system_app_ids {
-        let _ = emit_runtime_event_to_app_id(app_handle, &system_app_id, event.clone()).await;
-    }
-
-    let _ = emit_runtime_event_to_sage_webview(app_handle, event);
+    emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners(app_handle, apps_state, event).await;
 }
 
-pub(crate) async fn focus_runtime(
+pub(crate) async fn focus_taskbar_runtime(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: &str,
 ) -> Result<SharedRuntime, String> {
-    let runtime = get_runtime_by_app_id(apps_state, app_id)
-        .await
-        .map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
-    require_taskbar_runtime(&runtime)?;
+    let resolved_running_app = resolve_running_app(apps_state, app_id).await
+        .map_err(|e| format!("failed to resolve running app: {e}"))?;
+    assert_taskbar_presentation(&resolved_running_app)?;
 
-    let runtime_window_identity = runtime_window_identity(&runtime);
+    let runtime_window_identity = runtime_window_identity(&resolved_running_app);
 
-    let previous_runtime_id = set_active_runtime_for_host_window(
+    let previous_runtime_id = set_active_taskbar_runtime_for_host_window(
         apps_state,
         &runtime_window_identity.host_window_label,
         &runtime_window_identity.runtime_id
@@ -96,17 +63,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn focus_runtime(
         hide_runtime_by_runtime_id_if_present(app_handle, apps_state, &previous_runtime_id).await;
     }
 
-    let webview = get_webview_in_sage_window(app_handle, &runtime_window_identity.webview_label)?;
-
-    webview
-        .show()
-        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to show webview: {err}"))?;
-
-    webview
-        .set_focus()
-        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to focus webview: {err}"))?;
-
-    runtime.with_runtime_mut(SageAppRuntimeRecord::mark_visible);
+    show_runtime(app_handle, &resolved_running_app)?;
 
     sync_modal_runtime_visibility(
         app_handle,
@@ -116,122 +73,79 @@ pub(crate) async fn focus_runtime(
 
     emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(app_handle, apps_state).await;
 
-    let _ = emit_runtime_event_to_sage_webview(app_handle, ActiveRuntimeChangedEvent {
+    let () = emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners(app_handle, apps_state, RuntimeManagerActiveRuntimeChangedEvent {
         host_window_label: runtime_window_identity.host_window_label.clone(),
-        app_id: Some(runtime.app_id()),
+        app_id: Some(resolved_running_app.runtime().app_id()),
         runtime_id: Some(runtime_window_identity.runtime_id.clone()),
-    });
+    }).await;
 
-    Ok(runtime)
+    Ok(resolved_running_app.runtime())
 }
 
-pub(crate) async fn hide_runtime(
-    app: &AppHandle,
+pub(crate) async fn hide_taskbar_runtime(
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: &str,
 ) -> Result<SharedRuntime, String> {
-    let runtime = get_runtime_by_app_id(apps_state, app_id)
-        .await
-        .map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
-    require_taskbar_runtime(&runtime)?;
+    let resolved_running_app = resolve_running_app(apps_state, app_id).await
+        .map_err(|e| format!("failed to resolve running app: {e}"))?;
+    assert_taskbar_presentation(&resolved_running_app)?;
 
-    let runtime_window_identity = runtime_window_identity(&runtime);
+    let runtime_window_identity = runtime_window_identity(&resolved_running_app);
 
-    let webview = get_webview_in_sage_window(app, &runtime_window_identity.webview_label)?;
+    hide_runtime(app_handle, &resolved_running_app.runtime())?;
 
-    webview
-        .hide()
-        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to hide webview: {err}"))?;
-
-    runtime.with_runtime_mut(SageAppRuntimeRecord::mark_hidden);
-
-    clear_active_runtime_if_matches(
+    remove_active_taskbar_runtime_if_matches(
         apps_state,
         &runtime_window_identity.host_window_label,
         &runtime_window_identity.runtime_id
     ).await;
 
     sync_modal_runtime_visibility(
-        app,
+        app_handle,
         apps_state,
         &runtime_window_identity.host_window_label,
     ).await;
 
-    emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(app, apps_state).await;
-
-    Ok(runtime)
-}
-
-pub(super) async fn clear_active_runtime_if_matches(
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    host_window_label: &str,
-    runtime_id: &str,
-) {
-    let mut active = apps_state
-        .runtime
-        .active_runtime_id_by_host_window_label
-        .lock()
-        .await;
-
-    if active
-        .get(host_window_label)
-        .is_some_and(|active_runtime_id| active_runtime_id == runtime_id)
-    {
-        active.remove(host_window_label);
-    }
-}
-
-async fn set_active_runtime_for_host_window(
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    host_window_label: &str,
-    runtime_id: &str,
-) -> Option<String> {
-    let mut active = apps_state
-        .runtime
-        .active_runtime_id_by_host_window_label
-        .lock()
-        .await;
+    emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(app_handle, apps_state).await;
 
-    active.insert(host_window_label.to_string(), runtime_id.to_string())
+    Ok(resolved_running_app.runtime())
 }
 
-async fn hide_runtime_by_runtime_id_if_present(
-    app: &AppHandle,
+pub(crate) async fn clear_active_taskbar_runtime(
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    runtime_id: &str,
-) {
-    let Some(runtime) = find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional(apps_state, runtime_id).await else {
-        return;
+    window_label: &str,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let Some(active_taskbar_runtime) = find_active_taskbar_runtime(apps_state, window_label).await else {
+        return Ok(());
     };
 
-    let webview_label = runtime.with_runtime(|record| record.webview_label().to_string());
+    hide_runtime(app_handle, &active_taskbar_runtime)?;
 
-    if let Ok(webview) = get_webview_in_sage_window(app, &webview_label) {
-        let _ = webview.hide();
-    }
+    remove_active_taskbar_runtime(
+        apps_state,
+        window_label,
+    ).await;
 
-    runtime.with_runtime_mut(SageAppRuntimeRecord::mark_hidden);
-}
+    emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(app_handle, apps_state).await;
 
-fn runtime_window_identity(runtime: &SharedRuntime) -> RuntimeWindowIdentity {
-    runtime.with_runtime(|record| RuntimeWindowIdentity {
-        runtime_id: record.runtime_id(),
-        host_window_label: record.host_window_label().to_string(),
-        webview_label: record.webview_label().to_string(),
-    })
+    Ok(())
 }
 
-async fn active_runtime_id_for_host_window(
+pub(crate) async fn kill_taskbar_runtime(
+    app: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    host_window_label: &str,
-) -> Option<String> {
-    let active = apps_state
-        .runtime
-        .active_runtime_id_by_host_window_label
-        .lock()
-        .await;
+    app_id: &str,
+    reason: &str,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    kill_runtime(app, apps_state, app_id, reason)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| format!("Failed to kill taskbar runtime: {err}"))?;
+
+    emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(app, apps_state).await;
 
-    active.get(host_window_label).cloned()
+    Ok(())
 }
 
 async fn sync_modal_runtime_visibility(
@@ -239,8 +153,7 @@ async fn sync_modal_runtime_visibility(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     host_window_label: &str,
 ) {
-    let active_runtime_id =
-        active_runtime_id_for_host_window(apps_state, host_window_label).await;
+    let active_runtime_id = find_active_taskbar_runtime_id(apps_state, host_window_label).await;
 
     let active_app_id = match active_runtime_id.as_deref() {
         Some(runtime_id) => {
@@ -297,12 +210,84 @@ async fn sync_modal_runtime_visibility(
     }
 }
 
-fn require_taskbar_runtime(runtime: &SharedRuntime) -> Result<(), String> {
-    runtime.with_runtime(|record| {
-        if matches!(record.presentation(), AppPresentation::Taskbar) {
-            Ok(())
-        } else {
-            Err("runtime focus/hide is only supported for taskbar apps".to_string())
-        }
+async fn set_active_taskbar_runtime_for_host_window(
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    host_window_label: &str,
+    runtime_id: &str,
+) -> Option<String> {
+    let mut active = apps_state
+        .runtime
+        .active_taskbar_runtime_id_by_host_window_label
+        .lock()
+        .await;
+
+    active.insert(host_window_label.to_string(), runtime_id.to_string())
+}
+
+async fn hide_runtime_by_runtime_id_if_present(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    runtime_id: &str,
+) {
+    let Some(runtime) = find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional(apps_state, runtime_id).await else {
+        return;
+    };
+
+    let webview_label = runtime.with_runtime(|record| record.webview_label().to_string());
+
+    if let Ok(webview) = get_webview_in_sage_window(app, &webview_label) {
+        let _ = webview.hide();
+    }
+
+    runtime.with_runtime_mut(SageAppRuntimeRecord::mark_hidden);
+}
+
+fn runtime_window_identity(resolved_running_app: &ResolvedRunningApp) -> RuntimeWindowIdentity {
+    resolved_running_app.runtime().with_runtime(|record| RuntimeWindowIdentity {
+        runtime_id: record.runtime_id(),
+        host_window_label: record.host_window_label().to_string(),
     })
 }
+
+fn assert_taskbar_presentation(resolved_running_app: &ResolvedRunningApp) -> Result<(), String> {
+    if !resolved_running_app.runtime().is_taskbar() {
+        return Err("Cannot focus non-taskbar runtime".to_string());
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn show_runtime(app_handle: &AppHandle, resolved_running_app: &ResolvedRunningApp) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let app_webview_label = resolved_running_app
+        .runtime()
+        .with_runtime(SageAppRuntimeRecord::webview_label);
+    let webview = get_webview_in_sage_window(app_handle, &app_webview_label)?;
+    webview
+        .show()
+        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to show webview: {err}"))?;
+    webview
+        .set_focus()
+        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to focus webview: {err}"))?;
+
+    let runtime = resolved_running_app.runtime();
+    runtime.with_runtime_mut(SageAppRuntimeRecord::mark_visible);
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn hide_runtime(app_handle: &AppHandle, runtime: &SharedRuntime) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let app_webview_label = runtime
+        .with_runtime(SageAppRuntimeRecord::webview_label);
+    let webview = get_webview_in_sage_window(app_handle, &app_webview_label)?;
+    webview
+        .hide()
+        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to hide webview: {err}"))?;
+    webview.set_position(LogicalPosition::new(0.0, 0.0))
+        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to set webview position: {err}"))?;
+    webview.set_size(LogicalSize::new(1.0, 1.0))
+        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to set webview size: {err}"))?;
+
+    runtime.with_runtime_mut(SageAppRuntimeRecord::mark_hidden);
+
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs
index 85d310d41..c372331bf 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ mod state;
 pub mod stop;
 pub mod webview_locator;
 mod storage;
+mod system_apps;
 
 pub use manager::RuntimeTargetParams;
 
@@ -18,3 +19,4 @@ pub(crate) use state::find_runtime_by_app_id_optional;
 
 pub(crate) use state::*;
 pub(crate) use storage::run_verified_storage_clear_cycle;
+pub(crate) use system_apps::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
index 01dee486b..9f74dd0a8 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
@@ -113,6 +113,17 @@ pub fn build_entry_src(
     build_entry_src_for(app, app, query)
 }
 
+pub(crate) async fn resolve_running_app(
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    app_id: &str,
+) -> Result<ResolvedRunningApp, GetRuntimeError> {
+    let runtime = find_runtime_by_app_id_optional(apps_state, app_id)
+        .await
+        .ok_or(GetRuntimeError::NotFound)?;
+
+    Ok(ResolvedRunningApp::new(runtime))
+}
+
 pub async fn resolve_stopped_app(
     app: &AppHandle,
     app_id: &str,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs
index 99685b1df..6b0cb4ed9 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ pub(crate) use read::{
     find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional, find_runtime_id_by_app_id_optional, get_runtime_by_app_id,
     list_runtimes, find_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id_optional,
     find_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id_optional_immediate, find_runtime_by_app_id_optional_immediate,
+    find_active_taskbar_runtime_id, find_active_taskbar_runtime,
     GetRuntimeError
 };
 pub(crate) use types::{
@@ -24,6 +25,7 @@ pub(crate) use types::{
 pub(super) use remove::{
     remove_before_stop_listeners_by_app_id, remove_pending_stop_ready,
     remove_runtime_by_runtime_id, remove_runtime_id_by_app_id, remove_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id,
+    remove_active_taskbar_runtime, remove_active_taskbar_runtime_if_matches,
 };
 pub(super) use write::{
     write_pending_stop_ready, write_runtime, write_impostor_runtime
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
index b049d49de..0912869be 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
@@ -131,6 +131,28 @@ pub(crate) async fn list_runtimes(
     Ok(runtimes)
 }
 
+pub(crate) async fn find_active_taskbar_runtime_id(
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    host_window_label: &str,
+) -> Option<String> {
+    let active = apps_state
+        .runtime
+        .active_taskbar_runtime_id_by_host_window_label
+        .lock()
+        .await;
+
+    active.get(host_window_label).cloned()
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn find_active_taskbar_runtime(
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    host_window_label: &str,
+) -> Option<SharedRuntime> {
+    let runtime_id = find_active_taskbar_runtime_id(apps_state, host_window_label).await?;
+
+    find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional(apps_state, &runtime_id).await
+}
+
 fn find_runtime_by_app_id_optional_immediate_once(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: &str,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/remove.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/remove.rs
index 66dbd9b73..6765af6f4 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/remove.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/remove.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use tauri::State;
-use crate::runtime::manager::clear_active_runtime_if_matches;
 
 pub(in crate::runtime) async fn remove_runtime_id_by_app_id(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
@@ -31,7 +30,7 @@ pub(in crate::runtime) async fn remove_runtime_by_runtime_id(
         )
     });
 
-    clear_active_runtime_if_matches(apps_state, &host_window_label, &removed_runtime_id).await;
+    remove_active_taskbar_runtime_if_matches(apps_state, &host_window_label, &removed_runtime_id).await;
     remove_runtime_id_by_app_id(apps_state, &app_id).await;
 }
 
@@ -101,3 +100,37 @@ pub(in crate::runtime) async fn remove_impostor_runtime_by_runtime_id(
         }
     }
 }
+
+pub(in crate::runtime) async fn remove_active_taskbar_runtime(
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    host_window_label: &str,
+) {
+    let mut active = apps_state
+        .runtime
+        .active_taskbar_runtime_id_by_host_window_label
+        .lock()
+        .await;
+
+    if active.get(host_window_label).is_some() {
+        active.remove(host_window_label);
+    }
+}
+
+pub(in crate::runtime) async fn remove_active_taskbar_runtime_if_matches(
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    host_window_label: &str,
+    runtime_id: &str,
+) {
+    let mut active = apps_state
+        .runtime
+        .active_taskbar_runtime_id_by_host_window_label
+        .lock()
+        .await;
+
+    if active
+        .get(host_window_label)
+        .is_some_and(|active_runtime_id| active_runtime_id == runtime_id)
+    {
+        active.remove(host_window_label);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs
index c72e667ed..4f158d395 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ pub struct SharedImpostorRuntime {
 pub struct AppRuntimeState {
     pub runtime_by_runtime_id: Mutex<BTreeMap<String, SharedRuntime>>,
     pub runtime_id_by_app_id: Mutex<BTreeMap<String, String>>,
-    pub active_runtime_id_by_host_window_label: Mutex<BTreeMap<String, String>>,
+    pub active_taskbar_runtime_id_by_host_window_label: Mutex<BTreeMap<String, String>>,
 
     pub impostor_by_runtime_id: Mutex<BTreeMap<String, SharedImpostorRuntime>>,
     pub impostor_runtime_id_by_victim_app_id: Mutex<BTreeMap<String, String>>,
@@ -214,12 +214,12 @@ impl SageAppRuntimeRecord {
         self.app.id()
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn webview_label(&self) -> &str {
-        &self.webview_label
+    pub(crate) fn webview_label(&self) -> String {
+        self.webview_label.to_string()
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn host_window_label(&self) -> &str {
-        &self.host_window_label
+    pub(crate) fn host_window_label(&self) -> String {
+        self.host_window_label.to_string()
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn presentation(&self) -> AppPresentation {
@@ -326,6 +326,10 @@ impl SharedRuntime {
     pub fn app_id(&self) -> String {
         self.with_app_inner(|app| app.id().to_string())
     }
+
+    pub fn is_taskbar(&self) -> bool {
+        self.with_runtime(|runtime| runtime.presentation() == AppPresentation::Taskbar)
+    }
 }
 
 impl SageAppRuntimeImpostorRecord {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs
index 7efec89f0..cc876d0f4 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+use std::fmt::Display;
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::runtime::{emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed, find_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id_optional, GetRuntimeError, SharedRuntime};
 use crate::runtime::state::{find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional, find_runtime_id_by_app_id_optional, get_runtime_by_app_id, remove_before_stop_listeners_by_app_id, remove_pending_stop_ready, remove_runtime_by_runtime_id, remove_runtime_id_by_app_id, write_pending_stop_ready, remove_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id};
@@ -9,7 +10,7 @@ use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 use tokio::sync::oneshot;
 use tokio::time::timeout;
 use uuid::Uuid;
-use crate::bridge::emit_runtime_event_to_app_id;
+use crate::bridge::emit_user_runtime_event_to_app_id;
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::events::BeforeStopEvent;
 
 const BEFORE_STOP_TIMEOUT_MS: u64 = 5_000;
@@ -27,6 +28,14 @@ pub enum SystemKillRuntimeError {
     NotFound
 }
 
+impl Display for SystemKillRuntimeError {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            SystemKillRuntimeError::NotFound => write!(f, "Runtime not found"),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 pub(crate) async fn kill_runtime(
     app: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
@@ -111,7 +120,7 @@ async fn wait_for_before_stop_ack(
 
     write_pending_stop_ready(apps_state, &request_id, tx).await;
 
-    let _ = emit_runtime_event_to_app_id(app_handle, &runtime.app_id(), BeforeStopEvent::new(&request_id)).await;
+    let _ = emit_user_runtime_event_to_app_id(app_handle, &runtime.app_id(), BeforeStopEvent::new(&request_id)).await;
     let _ = timeout(Duration::from_millis(BEFORE_STOP_TIMEOUT_MS), rx).await;
 
     remove_pending_stop_ready(apps_state, &request_id).await;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/system_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/system_apps.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..013d6973e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/system_apps.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+
+use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
+
+use crate::runtime::start::{create_runtime, CreateRuntimeArgs};
+use crate::runtime::{
+    SageAppRuntimeMode,
+    SageAppRuntimeVisibility,
+    SharedRuntime,
+};
+use crate::system_apps::{
+    SYSTEM_APP_APP_INSTALL_ID,
+    SYSTEM_APP_APP_UPDATE_ID,
+    SYSTEM_APP_BRIDGE_APPROVAL_ID,
+};
+use crate::types::{AppModalPresentation, AppPresentation};
+use crate::AppsHostState;
+
+pub(crate) async fn start_system_app_runtime(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    args: CreateRuntimeArgs,
+) -> Result<SharedRuntime, String> {
+    create_runtime(app, apps_state, args).await
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn start_app_install_runtime(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    query: BTreeMap<String, String>,
+) -> Result<SharedRuntime, String> {
+    start_system_app_runtime(
+        app,
+        apps_state,
+        CreateRuntimeArgs {
+            app_id: SYSTEM_APP_APP_INSTALL_ID.to_string(),
+            presentation: AppPresentation::Modal(AppModalPresentation {
+                visible_over_app_ids: Vec::new(),
+                visible_over_launchpad: true,
+            }),
+            mode: SageAppRuntimeMode::Inline,
+            visibility: SageAppRuntimeVisibility::Visible,
+            debug_layout: false,
+            query,
+        },
+    )
+        .await
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn start_app_update_runtime(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    target_app_id: String,
+    query: BTreeMap<String, String>,
+) -> Result<SharedRuntime, String> {
+    start_system_app_runtime(
+        app,
+        apps_state,
+        CreateRuntimeArgs {
+            app_id: SYSTEM_APP_APP_UPDATE_ID.to_string(),
+            presentation: AppPresentation::Modal(AppModalPresentation {
+                visible_over_app_ids: vec![target_app_id],
+                visible_over_launchpad: true,
+            }),
+            mode: SageAppRuntimeMode::Inline,
+            visibility: SageAppRuntimeVisibility::Visible,
+            debug_layout: false,
+            query,
+        },
+    )
+        .await
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn start_bridge_approval_runtime(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    target_app_id: String,
+) -> Result<SharedRuntime, String> {
+    start_system_app_runtime(
+        app,
+        apps_state,
+        CreateRuntimeArgs {
+            app_id: SYSTEM_APP_BRIDGE_APPROVAL_ID.to_string(),
+            presentation: AppPresentation::Modal(AppModalPresentation {
+                visible_over_app_ids: vec![target_app_id],
+                visible_over_launchpad: false,
+            }),
+            mode: SageAppRuntimeMode::Inline,
+            visibility: SageAppRuntimeVisibility::Visible,
+            debug_layout: false,
+            query: BTreeMap::new(),
+        },
+    )
+        .await
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs
index ad8cd1ccd..5a9696e0d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ fn required_capabilities_for_app(app: &SharedSageApp) -> Vec<SandboxCapability>
         SandboxCapability::NetworkAllowlistEnforced,
     ];
 
-    if app.is_capability_granted(UserBridgeCapability::StoragePersistentWebview) {
+    if app.is_capability_granted(UserBridgeCapability::StoragePersistentWebview.into()) {
         caps.push(SandboxCapability::StoragePersistenceNormal);
 
         if app.has_secret_access() {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
index 35da334de..ddbeb1ba7 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ use crate::utils::builtin_apps_root;
 pub const SYSTEM_APP_TASK_MANAGER_ID: &str = "task-manager";
 pub const SYSTEM_APP_APP_UPDATE_ID: &str = "app-update";
 pub const SYSTEM_APP_APP_INSTALL_ID: &str = "app-install";
+pub const SYSTEM_APP_BRIDGE_APPROVAL_ID: &str = "bridge-approval";
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct BuiltinSystemAppSpec {
@@ -65,6 +66,17 @@ const BUILTIN_SYSTEM_APPS: &[BuiltinSystemAppSpec] = &[
             SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerCloseSelf,
         ],
     },
+    BuiltinSystemAppSpec {
+        app_id: SYSTEM_APP_BRIDGE_APPROVAL_ID,
+        dir_name: "bridge-approval",
+        usage: SystemAppUsage::Contextual,
+        system_capabilities: &[
+            SystemBridgeCapability::BridgeApprovalList,
+            SystemBridgeCapability::BridgeApprovalResolve,
+            SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerGetActiveTaskbarRuntime,
+            SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerHideSelf,
+        ],
+    }
 ];
 
 #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs
index 5b9ec3590..a99ba0bc5 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::capabilities::list::BridgeCapability;
 use crate::runtime::SharedRuntime;
 use crate::types::app::common::SageAppCommon;
 use crate::types::app::flags::SageAppFlags;
@@ -162,8 +162,19 @@ impl SharedSageApp {
         self.with(|app| app.as_user().and_then(|user| user.pending_update().cloned()))
     }
 
-    pub fn is_capability_granted(&self, capability: UserBridgeCapability) -> bool {
-        self.with(|app| app.granted_permissions().has_capability(capability))
+    pub fn is_capability_granted(&self, capability: BridgeCapability) -> bool {
+        self.with(|app| match capability {
+            BridgeCapability::User(capability) => {
+                app.granted_permissions().has_capability(capability)
+            }
+
+            BridgeCapability::System(capability) => {
+                app.system_granted_permissions()
+                    .is_some_and(|permissions| {
+                        permissions.capabilities().contains(&capability)
+                    })
+            }
+        })
     }
 
     pub fn has_secret_access(&self) -> bool {
diff --git a/docs/generated/system-bridge-capabilities.md b/docs/generated/system-bridge-capabilities.md
index 449adf3f5..9905e4657 100644
--- a/docs/generated/system-bridge-capabilities.md
+++ b/docs/generated/system-bridge-capabilities.md
@@ -56,6 +56,20 @@ Allows the system app to stop running Sage app runtimes.
 | Externally observable | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
+## `runtime_manager.get_active_taskbar_runtime`
+
+**Get active runtime**
+
+Allows the system app to retrieve the currently active Sage app runtime.
+
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `false` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
+
 ## `runtime_manager.listen_runtimes_changed`
 
 **Observe runtime changes**
@@ -70,6 +84,34 @@ Allows the system app to receive events when Sage app runtimes change.
 | Externally observable | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
+## `runtime_manager.listen_active_runtime_changed`
+
+**Observe active runtime changes**
+
+Allows the system app to receive events when the active Sage app runtime changes.
+
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `false` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
+
+## `runtime_manager.hide_self`
+
+**Hide itself**
+
+Allows the system app to hide its own runtime.
+
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `false` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
+
 ## `runtime_manager.close_self`
 
 **Close itself**
@@ -196,3 +238,45 @@ Allows the system app to ask the user to select a local file.
 | Externally observable | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
+## `bridge_approval.list`
+
+**List bridge approvals**
+
+Allows the system app to list pending bridge approvals.
+
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `false` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
+
+## `bridge_approval.resolve`
+
+**Resolve bridge approval**
+
+Allows the system app to resolve a pending bridge approval.
+
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `false` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
+
+## `bridge_approval.listen_changed`
+
+**Listen for bridge approval changes**
+
+Allows the system app to listen for changes in pending bridge approvals.
+
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `false` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
+
diff --git a/docs/generated/system-bridge-methods.md b/docs/generated/system-bridge-methods.md
index 02b4e643e..cdd6bac16 100644
--- a/docs/generated/system-bridge-methods.md
+++ b/docs/generated/system-bridge-methods.md
@@ -48,6 +48,18 @@
 |---|---|
 | Capability | `app_update.read` |
 
+## `bridgeApprovals.listPending`
+
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Capability | `bridge_approval.list` |
+
+## `bridgeApprovals.resolve`
+
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Capability | `bridge_approval.resolve` |
+
 ## `capabilities.listUserDefinitions`
 
 | Field | Value |
@@ -72,12 +84,24 @@
 |---|---|
 | Capability | `runtime_manager.focus_runtime` |
 
+## `runtimeManager.getActiveTaskbarRuntime`
+
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Capability | `runtime_manager.get_active_taskbar_runtime` |
+
 ## `runtimeManager.hideRuntime`
 
 | Field | Value |
 |---|---|
 | Capability | `runtime_manager.hide_runtime` |
 
+## `runtimeManager.hideSelf`
+
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Capability | `runtime_manager.hide_self` |
+
 ## `runtimeManager.killRuntime`
 
 | Field | Value |
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/hooks.ts b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/hooks.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fbf06c562
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/hooks.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+import { getSageClient, hasSageBridge } from './client';
+
+type SageClientResolved = Awaited<ReturnType<typeof getSageClient>>;
+
+let sageClient: SageClientResolved | null = null;
+let sageClientPromise: Promise<SageClientResolved> | null = null;
+
+export function useSageClient(): SageClientResolved {
+  if (sageClient) return sageClient;
+
+  if (!hasSageBridge()) {
+    throw new Error('Sage bridge is not available');
+  }
+
+  sageClientPromise ??= getSageClient().then((client) => {
+    sageClient = client;
+    return client;
+  });
+
+  throw sageClientPromise;
+}
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/index.ts b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/index.ts
index 84ab4af16..91c850012 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/index.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/index.ts
@@ -16,3 +16,4 @@ export {
 } from './bridge-runtime-core';
 
 export * from './types';
+export * from './hooks';
diff --git a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/hooks.ts b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/hooks.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4738e3635
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/hooks.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+import { getSageSystemClient } from './runtime';
+
+type SageSystemClientResolved = Awaited<ReturnType<typeof getSageSystemClient>>;
+
+let sageSystemClient: SageSystemClientResolved | null = null;
+let sageSystemClientPromise: Promise<SageSystemClientResolved> | null = null;
+
+export function useSageSystemClient(): SageSystemClientResolved {
+  if (sageSystemClient) return sageSystemClient;
+
+  sageSystemClientPromise ??= getSageSystemClient().then((client) => {
+    sageSystemClient = client;
+    return client;
+  });
+
+  throw sageSystemClientPromise;
+}
diff --git a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/index.ts b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/index.ts
index a60d86683..0b8e3f7a0 100644
--- a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/index.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/index.ts
@@ -12,3 +12,4 @@ export {
 } from './client';
 
 export * from './types';
+export * from './hooks';
diff --git a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
index 6031c3b26..de984edf5 100644
--- a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
@@ -236,6 +236,12 @@ export function initSageSystemRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
               input,
             );
           },
+          async getActiveRuntime(): Promise<Generated.SageAppRuntimeRecordView | null> {
+            return await callHost<Generated.SageAppRuntimeRecordView | null>('runtimeManager.getActiveRuntime');
+          },
+          async hideSelf() {
+            return await callHost<void>('runtimeManager.hideSelf');
+          },
           async closeSelf() {
             return await callHost<void>('runtimeManager.closeSelf');
           },
@@ -246,6 +252,12 @@ export function initSageSystemRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
               handler,
             );
           },
+          onActiveRuntimeChanged(handler) {
+            return onSystemRuntimeEventType<Generated.RuntimeManagerActiveRuntimeChangedEvent>(
+              'runtimeManager.activeRuntimeChanged',
+              handler,
+            );
+          }
         },
 
         appInstall: {
@@ -330,6 +342,24 @@ export function initSageSystemRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
             );
           },
         },
+        bridgeApprovals: {
+          async listPending() {
+            return await callHost<Generated.PendingBridgeApprovalView[]>(
+              'bridgeApprovals.listPending',
+            );
+          },
+
+          async resolve(input: Generated.ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs) {
+            return await callHost<void>('bridgeApprovals.resolve', input);
+          },
+
+          onChanged(handler) {
+            return onSystemRuntimeEventType<Generated.BridgeApprovalsChangedEvent>(
+              'bridgeApprovals.changed',
+              handler,
+            );
+          },
+        },
       };
     })
     .catch((error: unknown) => {
diff --git a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/types.ts b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/types.ts
index a250a8114..50e538cbf 100644
--- a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/types.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/types.ts
@@ -18,9 +18,14 @@ export type SageSystemRuntimeManagerClient = {
   killRuntime(
     input: Generated.RuntimeTargetParams,
   ): Promise<Generated.SystemKillRuntimeResult>;
+  getActiveRuntime(): Promise<Generated.SageAppRuntimeRecordView | null>;
   onRuntimesChanged(
     handler: (event: Generated.RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent) => void,
   ): () => void;
+  onActiveRuntimeChanged(
+    handler: (event: Generated.RuntimeManagerActiveRuntimeChangedEvent) => void,
+  ): () => void;
+  hideSelf(): Promise<void>;
   closeSelf(): Promise<void>;
 };
 
@@ -32,7 +37,6 @@ export type SageSystemAppPermissionsClient = {
   getReviewContext(
     input: Generated.AppPermissionsGetReviewContextParams,
   ): Promise<Generated.AppPermissionsReviewContext>;
-
   applyPermissions(
     input: Generated.AppPermissionsApplyPermissionsParams,
   ): Promise<Generated.AppPermissionsApplyPermissionsResult>;
@@ -42,15 +46,12 @@ export type SageSystemAppInstallClient = {
   previewUrl(
     input: Generated.AppInstallPreviewUrlParams,
   ): Promise<Generated.SageAppUrlPreview>;
-
   previewZip(
     input: Generated.AppInstallPreviewZipParams,
   ): Promise<Generated.SageAppPackageManifest>;
-
   installUrl(
     input: Generated.AppInstallInstallUrlParams,
   ): Promise<Generated.AppInstallInstallResult>;
-
   installZip(
     input: Generated.AppInstallInstallZipParams,
   ): Promise<Generated.AppInstallInstallResult>;
@@ -60,17 +61,25 @@ export type SageSystemAppUpdateClient = {
   getReviewContext(
     input: Generated.AppUpdateGetReviewContextParams,
   ): Promise<Generated.AppUpdateReviewContext>;
-
   applyUpdate(
     input: Generated.AppUpdateApplyUpdateParams,
   ): Promise<Generated.AppUpdateApplyUpdateResult>;
 };
+
 export type SageSystemFileSystemClient = {
   selectFile(
     input: Generated.FileSystemSelectFileParams,
   ): Promise<Generated.FileSystemSelectFileResult>;
 };
 
+export type SageSystemBridgeApprovalsClient = {
+  listPending(): Promise<Generated.PendingBridgeApprovalView[]>;
+  resolve(input: Generated.ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs): Promise<void>;
+  onChanged(
+    handler: (event: Generated.BridgeApprovalsChangedEvent) => void,
+  ): () => void;
+};
+
 export type SageSystemClient = SageClient & {
   runtimeManager: SageSystemRuntimeManagerClient;
   capabilities: SageSystemCapabilitiesClient;
@@ -78,4 +87,5 @@ export type SageSystemClient = SageClient & {
   appInstall: SageSystemAppInstallClient;
   appUpdate: SageSystemAppUpdateClient;
   fileSystem: SageSystemFileSystemClient;
+  bridgeApprovals: SageSystemBridgeApprovalsClient;
 };
diff --git a/src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml b/src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml
index 2dacab11e..922edf726 100644
--- a/src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml
+++ b/src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml
@@ -142,8 +142,8 @@ commands.allow = [
     "apply_app_update",
     "apps_update_permissions",
     "apps_list_runtimes",
-    "apps_focus_runtime",
-    "apps_hide_runtime",
-    "apps_kill_runtime",
+    "apps_focus_taskbar_runtime",
+    "apps_clear_active_taskbar_runtime",
+    "apps_kill_taskbar_runtime",
     "apps_dev_reload_runtime",
 ]
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
index 99a174004..568164ea8 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
@@ -169,9 +169,9 @@ pub fn run() {
             apps::runtime::commands::apps_start_system_app,
             apps::runtime::commands::apps_create_inline_runtime,
             apps::runtime::commands::apps_list_runtimes,
-            apps::runtime::commands::apps_focus_runtime,
-            apps::runtime::commands::apps_hide_runtime,
-            apps::runtime::commands::apps_kill_runtime,
+            apps::runtime::commands::apps_focus_taskbar_runtime,
+            apps::runtime::commands::apps_clear_active_taskbar_runtime,
+            apps::runtime::commands::apps_kill_taskbar_runtime,
             apps::runtime::commands::apps_dev_reload_runtime,
         ])
         .events(collect_events![SyncEvent, RustBridgeApprovalEvent]);
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index 8ab145f9c..ef5e0c7ff 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -434,14 +434,14 @@ async appsCreateInlineRuntime(args: CreateInstalledRuntimeArgs) : Promise<SageAp
 async appsListRuntimes() : Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecordView[]> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_list_runtimes");
 },
-async appsFocusRuntime(params: RuntimeTargetParams) : Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecordView> {
-    return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_focus_runtime", { params });
+async appsFocusTaskbarRuntime(params: RuntimeTargetParams) : Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecordView> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_focus_taskbar_runtime", { params });
 },
-async appsHideRuntime(params: RuntimeTargetParams) : Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecordView> {
-    return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_hide_runtime", { params });
+async appsClearActiveTaskbarRuntime(params: WindowTargetParams) : Promise<null> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_clear_active_taskbar_runtime", { params });
 },
-async appsKillRuntime(params: RuntimeTargetParams) : Promise<SystemKillRuntimeResult> {
-    return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_kill_runtime", { params });
+async appsKillTaskbarRuntime(params: RuntimeTargetParams) : Promise<SystemKillRuntimeResult> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_kill_taskbar_runtime", { params });
 },
 async appsDevReloadRuntime(params: RuntimeTargetParams) : Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecordView> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_dev_reload_runtime", { params });
@@ -2256,7 +2256,7 @@ export type ResyncCatResponse = Record<string, never>
 export type ResyncResponse = Record<string, never>
 export type RuntimeTargetParams = { appId: string }
 export type RustBridgeApprovalEvent = { approvalId: string; approval: RustBridgeApprovalRequest }
-export type RustBridgeApprovalRequest = ({ kind: "getSecretKey"; fingerprint: number } | { kind: "sendXch"; summary: WalletSendXchParams } | { kind: "capabilityGrant"; capability: UserBridgeCapability; definition: SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView } | { kind: "networkWhitelistGrant"; entry: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry }) & { app: SageAppView; sourceLabel: string; requestId: string }
+export type RustBridgeApprovalRequest = ({ kind: "getSecretKey"; fingerprint: number } | { kind: "sendXch"; summary: WalletSendXchParams } | { kind: "capabilityGrant"; capability: UserBridgeCapability; definition: SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView } | { kind: "networkWhitelistGrant"; entry: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry })
 export type RustBridgeErrorPayload = { code: string; message: string }
 export type RustBridgeErrorResponse = { bridgeVersion: string; id: string; ok: boolean; error: RustBridgeErrorPayload }
 export type RustBridgeInvokeResult = { kind: "immediate"; response: RustBridgeResponse } | { kind: "pending" }
@@ -2647,7 +2647,7 @@ spend_bundle: SpendBundleJson }
  */
 export type SubmitTransactionResponse = Record<string, never>
 export type SyncEvent = { type: "start"; ip: string } | { type: "stop" } | { type: "subscribed" } | { type: "derivation" } | { type: "coin_state" } | { type: "transaction_failed"; transaction_id: string; error: string | null } | { type: "puzzle_batch_synced" } | { type: "cat_info" } | { type: "did_info" } | { type: "nft_data" }
-export type SystemBridgeCapability = "runtime_manager.list_runtimes" | "runtime_manager.focus_runtime" | "runtime_manager.hide_runtime" | "runtime_manager.kill_runtime" | "runtime_manager.listen_runtimes_changed" | "runtime_manager.close_self" | "capability_definitions.read" | "app_permissions.read" | "app_permissions.apply" | "app_install.preview" | "app_install.apply" | "app_update.read" | "app_update.apply" | "file_system.select_file"
+export type SystemBridgeCapability = "runtime_manager.list_runtimes" | "runtime_manager.focus_runtime" | "runtime_manager.hide_runtime" | "runtime_manager.kill_runtime" | "runtime_manager.get_active_taskbar_runtime" | "runtime_manager.listen_runtimes_changed" | "runtime_manager.listen_active_runtime_changed" | "runtime_manager.hide_self" | "runtime_manager.close_self" | "capability_definitions.read" | "app_permissions.read" | "app_permissions.apply" | "app_install.preview" | "app_install.apply" | "app_update.read" | "app_update.apply" | "file_system.select_file" | "bridge_approval.list" | "bridge_approval.resolve" | "bridge_approval.listen_changed"
 export type SystemKillRuntimeResult = { ok: boolean; appId: string }
 export type SystemSageAppView = { common: SageAppCommonView; systemGrantedPermissions: SageGrantedSystemPermissionsView }
 /**
@@ -2909,6 +2909,7 @@ status: OfferRecordStatus }
 export type Wallet = { name: string; fingerprint: number; network?: string | null; delta_sync: boolean | null; emoji?: string | null; change_address?: string | null }
 export type WalletDefaults = { delta_sync: boolean }
 export type WalletSendXchParams = { address: string; amount: string; fee: string; memos?: string[] | null; clawback?: number | null }
+export type WindowTargetParams = { windowLabel: string }
 
 /** tauri-specta globals **/
 
diff --git a/src/components/apps/AppApprovalStrip.tsx b/src/components/apps/AppApprovalStrip.tsx
deleted file mode 100644
index 8e1301a3c..000000000
--- a/src/components/apps/AppApprovalStrip.tsx
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,97 +0,0 @@
-import { useMemo } from 'react';
-import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button.tsx';
-import { BadgeCheck } from 'lucide-react';
-import { AppApprovalBody } from '@/components/apps/approval/AppApprovalBody.tsx';
-import { RustBridgeApprovalEvent } from '@/bindings.ts';
-
-interface Props {
-  approval: RustBridgeApprovalEvent;
-  expanded: boolean;
-  queuedApprovalCount: number;
-  secondsLeft: number;
-  onToggleExpanded: () => void;
-  onApprove: () => void;
-  onReject: () => void;
-}
-
-function formatCountdown(secondsLeft: number) {
-  if (secondsLeft <= 0) {
-    return 'Expires now';
-  }
-
-  return `Expires in ${secondsLeft}s`;
-}
-
-function MetaPill({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
-  return (
-    <span className='rounded-full border px-2 py-0.5 text-[10px] uppercase tracking-wide text-muted-foreground'>
-      {children}
-    </span>
-  );
-}
-
-export function AppApprovalStrip({
-  approval,
-  expanded,
-  queuedApprovalCount,
-  secondsLeft,
-  onToggleExpanded,
-  onApprove,
-  onReject,
-}: Props) {
-  const queueText = useMemo(() => {
-    if (queuedApprovalCount <= 0) {
-      return null;
-    }
-
-    return `${queuedApprovalCount} more approval${
-      queuedApprovalCount === 1 ? '' : 's'
-    } pending`;
-  }, [queuedApprovalCount]);
-
-  if (!approval) {
-    return null;
-  }
-
-  return (
-    <div className='shrink-0 border-b bg-muted/30'>
-      <div className='px-4 py-3'>
-        <div className='rounded-2xl border bg-background/80 p-4 shadow-sm'>
-          <div className='mb-4 flex items-start justify-between gap-4'>
-            <div className='min-w-0'>
-              <div className='flex flex-wrap items-center gap-2'>
-                <div className='text-sm font-semibold'>Approval required</div>
-                <MetaPill>{formatCountdown(secondsLeft)}</MetaPill>
-                {queueText ? <MetaPill>{queueText}</MetaPill> : null}
-              </div>
-
-              <div className='mt-1 flex items-center gap-2 text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
-                <BadgeCheck className='h-3.5 w-3.5' />
-                <span>{approval.approval.app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.name}</span>
-                <span>·</span>
-                <span>{approval.approval.requestId}</span>
-              </div>
-            </div>
-
-            <div className='flex shrink-0 items-center gap-2'>
-              <Button variant='ghost' size='sm' onClick={onToggleExpanded}>
-                {expanded ? 'Less' : 'More'}
-              </Button>
-              <Button variant='outline' size='sm' onClick={onReject}>
-                Reject
-              </Button>
-              <Button size='sm' onClick={onApprove}>
-                Approve
-              </Button>
-            </div>
-          </div>
-
-          <AppApprovalBody
-            approval={approval}
-            expanded={expanded}
-          />
-        </div>
-      </div>
-    </div>
-  );
-}
diff --git a/src/components/apps/approval/AppApprovalBody.tsx b/src/components/apps/approval/AppApprovalBody.tsx
deleted file mode 100644
index 7f498641b..000000000
--- a/src/components/apps/approval/AppApprovalBody.tsx
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
-import { SendXchApprovalCard } from '@/components/apps/approval/SendXchApprovalCard.tsx';
-import { CapabilityGrantApprovalCard } from '@/components/apps/approval/CapabilityGrantApprovalCard.tsx';
-import { NetworkWhitelistGrantApprovalCard } from '@/components/apps/approval/NetworkWhitelistGrantApprovalCard.tsx';
-import type { RustBridgeApprovalEvent } from '@/bindings';
-import { GetSecretKeyApprovalCard } from '@/components/apps/approval/GetSecretKeyApprovalCard.tsx';
-
-interface Props {
-  approval: RustBridgeApprovalEvent;
-  expanded: boolean;
-}
-
-export function AppApprovalBody({ approval, expanded }: Props) {
-  const req = approval.approval;
-
-  switch (req.kind) {
-    case 'getSecretKey':
-      return <GetSecretKeyApprovalCard approval={req} expanded={expanded} />;
-    case 'sendXch':
-      return <SendXchApprovalCard approval={req} expanded={expanded} />;
-
-    case 'capabilityGrant':
-      return <CapabilityGrantApprovalCard approval={req} expanded={expanded} />;
-
-    case 'networkWhitelistGrant':
-      return (
-        <NetworkWhitelistGrantApprovalCard approval={req} expanded={expanded} />
-      );
-  }
-}
diff --git a/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx b/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
index a55424f69..c3ef45aa0 100644
--- a/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
+++ b/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
@@ -13,9 +13,6 @@ import {
   type SystemSageAppView,
   type UserSageAppView,
 } from '@/bindings';
-import type { PendingApprovalItem } from '@/hooks/useAppPendingApprovals';
-import { useAppPendingApprovals } from '@/hooks/useAppPendingApprovals';
-import { useBridgeHost } from '@/hooks/useBridgeHost';
 
 interface PerformAppUpdateOptions {
   restartIfRunning?: boolean;
@@ -57,16 +54,9 @@ interface AppsContextValue {
   error: string | null;
   busyAppIds: Record<string, boolean>;
   updateAvailability: Record<string, SageAppUrlPreview | null>;
-  bridgeHostReady: boolean;
   sandboxState: SandboxStateView | null;
   launchGatesByAppId: Record<string, AppLaunchGateResult>;
 
-  currentApproval: PendingApprovalItem | null;
-  queuedApprovalCount: number;
-  currentApprovalSecondsLeft: number;
-  approveCurrentApproval: () => void;
-  rejectCurrentApproval: () => void;
-
   getApp: (appId: string) => UserSageAppView | undefined;
   getListedApp: (appId: string) => InstalledEntry | undefined;
   getLaunchGate: (appId: string) => AppLaunchGateResult | null;
@@ -170,17 +160,6 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
       Record<string, { appId: string | null; runtimeId: string | null }>
     >({});
 
-  const {
-    currentApproval,
-    queuedApprovalCount,
-    currentApprovalSecondsLeft,
-    requestApproval,
-    approveCurrentApproval,
-    rejectCurrentApproval,
-  } = useAppPendingApprovals();
-
-  const { isReady: bridgeHostReady } = useBridgeHost({ requestApproval });
-
   const refreshRuntimes = useCallback(async () => {
     try {
       const next = await commands.appsListRuntimes();
@@ -534,16 +513,9 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
       error,
       busyAppIds,
       updateAvailability,
-      bridgeHostReady,
       sandboxState,
       launchGatesByAppId,
 
-      currentApproval,
-      queuedApprovalCount,
-      currentApprovalSecondsLeft,
-      approveCurrentApproval,
-      rejectCurrentApproval,
-
       getApp,
       getListedApp,
       getLaunchGate,
@@ -574,14 +546,8 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
       error,
       busyAppIds,
       updateAvailability,
-      bridgeHostReady,
       sandboxState,
       launchGatesByAppId,
-      currentApproval,
-      queuedApprovalCount,
-      currentApprovalSecondsLeft,
-      approveCurrentApproval,
-      rejectCurrentApproval,
       getApp,
       getListedApp,
       getLaunchGate,
diff --git a/src/hooks/useAppPendingApprovals.ts b/src/hooks/useAppPendingApprovals.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 32814a069..000000000
--- a/src/hooks/useAppPendingApprovals.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,152 +0,0 @@
-import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react';
-import { BridgeApprovalRequest } from '@/lib/apps/bridge/types.ts';
-
-const APPROVAL_TIMEOUT_MS = 30_000;
-
-export interface PendingApprovalItem {
-  id: string;
-  createdAt: number;
-  expiresAt: number;
-  request: BridgeApprovalRequest;
-}
-
-interface ApprovalResult {
-  approved: boolean;
-  reason?: string;
-}
-
-export function useAppPendingApprovals() {
-  const [pendingApprovals, setPendingApprovals] = useState<
-    PendingApprovalItem[]
-  >([]);
-  const [currentTimestampMs, setCurrentTimestampMs] = useState(() =>
-    Date.now(),
-  );
-
-  const approvalResolversRef = useRef<
-    Map<string, (result: ApprovalResult) => void>
-  >(new Map());
-
-  const currentApproval = pendingApprovals[0] ?? null;
-  const queuedApprovalCount = Math.max(0, pendingApprovals.length - 1);
-
-  const currentApprovalSecondsLeft = useMemo(() => {
-    if (!currentApproval) {
-      return 0;
-    }
-
-    return Math.max(
-      0,
-      Math.ceil((currentApproval.expiresAt - currentTimestampMs) / 1000),
-    );
-  }, [currentApproval, currentTimestampMs]);
-
-  const requestApproval = useCallback(
-    async (approval: BridgeApprovalRequest): Promise<ApprovalResult> => {
-      const now = Date.now();
-
-      const item: PendingApprovalItem = {
-        id: approval.requestId,
-        createdAt: now,
-        expiresAt: now + APPROVAL_TIMEOUT_MS,
-        request: approval,
-      };
-
-      setPendingApprovals((prev) => [...prev, item]);
-
-      return await new Promise((resolve) => {
-        approvalResolversRef.current.set(item.id, resolve);
-      });
-    },
-    [],
-  );
-
-  const resolveApprovalById = useCallback(
-    (id: string, result: ApprovalResult) => {
-      const resolver = approvalResolversRef.current.get(id);
-
-      if (resolver) {
-        approvalResolversRef.current.delete(id);
-        resolver(result);
-      }
-
-      setPendingApprovals((prev) => prev.filter((item) => item.id !== id));
-    },
-    [],
-  );
-
-  const approveCurrentApproval = useCallback(() => {
-    if (!currentApproval) {
-      return;
-    }
-
-    resolveApprovalById(currentApproval.id, {
-      approved: true,
-    });
-  }, [currentApproval, resolveApprovalById]);
-
-  const rejectCurrentApproval = useCallback(() => {
-    if (!currentApproval) {
-      return;
-    }
-
-    resolveApprovalById(currentApproval.id, {
-      approved: false,
-      reason: 'User denied the request',
-    });
-  }, [currentApproval, resolveApprovalById]);
-
-  useEffect(() => {
-    if (!currentApproval) {
-      return;
-    }
-
-    const intervalId = window.setInterval(() => {
-      setCurrentTimestampMs(Date.now());
-    }, 250);
-
-    return () => {
-      window.clearInterval(intervalId);
-    };
-  }, [currentApproval]);
-
-  useEffect(() => {
-    if (!currentApproval) {
-      return;
-    }
-
-    const remainingMs = Math.max(0, currentApproval.expiresAt - Date.now());
-
-    const timeoutId = window.setTimeout(() => {
-      resolveApprovalById(currentApproval.id, {
-        approved: false,
-        reason: 'Approval request timed out',
-      });
-    }, remainingMs);
-
-    return () => {
-      window.clearTimeout(timeoutId);
-    };
-  }, [currentApproval, resolveApprovalById]);
-
-  useEffect(() => {
-    return () => {
-      for (const [id, resolve] of approvalResolversRef.current.entries()) {
-        resolve({
-          approved: false,
-          reason: 'App host unmounted',
-        });
-        approvalResolversRef.current.delete(id);
-      }
-    };
-  }, []);
-
-  return {
-    currentApproval,
-    queuedApprovalCount,
-    currentApprovalSecondsLeft,
-    requestApproval,
-    approveCurrentApproval,
-    rejectCurrentApproval,
-  };
-}
diff --git a/src/hooks/useBridgeHost.ts b/src/hooks/useBridgeHost.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index edf19aea2..000000000
--- a/src/hooks/useBridgeHost.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,79 +0,0 @@
-import { useEffect, useRef, useState } from 'react';
-import { invoke } from '@tauri-apps/api/core';
-import { getCurrentWindow } from '@tauri-apps/api/window';
-import type { RustBridgeApprovalEvent } from '@/bindings';
-import type { BridgeApprovalRequest } from '@/lib/apps/bridge/types.ts';
-
-interface Args {
-  requestApproval: (
-    request: BridgeApprovalRequest,
-  ) => Promise<{ approved: boolean; reason?: string }>;
-}
-
-function toBridgeApprovalRequest(
-  event: RustBridgeApprovalEvent,
-): BridgeApprovalRequest {
-  return {
-    ...event.approval,
-    approvalId: event.approvalId,
-  };
-}
-
-export function useBridgeHost({ requestApproval }: Args) {
-  const [isReady, setIsReady] = useState(false);
-  const requestApprovalRef = useRef(requestApproval);
-
-  useEffect(() => {
-    requestApprovalRef.current = requestApproval;
-  }, [requestApproval]);
-
-  useEffect(() => {
-    let disposed = false;
-    let unlistenRequest: (() => void) | null = null;
-
-    const mount = async () => {
-      const unlisten = await getCurrentWindow().listen<RustBridgeApprovalEvent>(
-        'apps:bridge-approval-requested',
-        ({ payload }) => {
-          const run = async () => {
-            const approvalRequest = toBridgeApprovalRequest(payload);
-            const approvalResult =
-              await requestApprovalRef.current(approvalRequest);
-
-            await invoke('apps_resolve_bridge_approval', {
-              args: {
-                approvalId: payload.approvalId,
-                approved: approvalResult.approved,
-                reason: approvalResult.reason ?? null,
-              },
-            });
-          };
-
-          void run().catch((err) => {
-            console.error('Failed to resolve bridge approval:', err);
-          });
-        },
-      );
-
-      if (disposed) {
-        unlisten();
-        return;
-      }
-
-      unlistenRequest = unlisten;
-      setIsReady(true);
-    };
-
-    void mount().catch((err) => {
-      console.error('Failed to mount bridge approval listener:', err);
-    });
-
-    return () => {
-      disposed = true;
-      setIsReady(false);
-      unlistenRequest?.();
-    };
-  }, []);
-
-  return { isReady };
-}
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts b/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index ea57c0ff7..000000000
--- a/src/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,54 +0,0 @@
-import { Webview } from '@tauri-apps/api/webview';
-import {
-  commands,
-  type CreateInstalledRuntimeArgs,
-  type SageAppRuntimeRecordView,
-  type SystemSageAppView,
-  type UserSageAppView,
-  type SageAppView,
-  type RuntimeTargetParams,
-} from '@/bindings';
-
-export type { SageAppRuntimeRecordView };
-
-type AppLike = SageAppView | UserSageAppView | SystemSageAppView;
-
-function runtimeTarget(appId: string): RuntimeTargetParams {
-  return { appId };
-}
-
-export async function getRuntimeWebviewByLabel(
-  webviewLabel: string,
-): Promise<Webview | null> {
-  return await Webview.getByLabel(webviewLabel).catch(() => null);
-}
-
-export async function focusRuntime(appId: string): Promise<void> {
-  await commands.appsFocusRuntime(runtimeTarget(appId));
-}
-
-export async function hideRuntime(appId: string): Promise<void> {
-  await commands.appsHideRuntime(runtimeTarget(appId));
-}
-
-export async function killRuntime(appId: string): Promise<void> {
-  await commands.appsKillRuntime(runtimeTarget(appId));
-}
-
-export async function closeAppRuntime(
-  appId: string,
-  options?: { timeoutMs?: number },
-): Promise<void> {
-  void options;
-  await killRuntime(appId);
-}
-
-export async function ensureInlineRuntime(
-  app: AppLike,
-): Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecordView> {
-  const args: CreateInstalledRuntimeArgs = {
-    appId: app.common.identity.id,
-  };
-
-  return await commands.appsCreateInlineRuntime(args);
-}
diff --git a/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx b/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
index 1ee53ee4c..8c7d0bc45 100644
--- a/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
 import { Alert, AlertDescription, AlertTitle } from '@/components/ui/alert';
 import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
-import { AppApprovalStrip } from '@/components/apps/AppApprovalStrip.tsx';
 import {
   AppTaskBar,
   type AppTaskBarTab,
 } from '@/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx';
 import { useApps } from '@/contexts/AppsContext.tsx';
-import { focusRuntime, killRuntime } from '@/lib/apps/runtimeRegistry';
 import { routeForApp } from '@/lib/apps/types';
 import { useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react';
 import { Outlet, useNavigate, useParams } from 'react-router-dom';
@@ -18,6 +16,7 @@ import {
 import { AppDonationStrip } from '@/components/apps/AppDonationStrip.tsx';
 import { SystemAppModalLayer } from '@/components/apps/SystemAppModalLayer';
 import { openAppUpdateReview } from '@/lib/apps/openAppUpdate.ts';
+import { getCurrentWindow } from '@tauri-apps/api/window';
 
 export function AppsWorkspace() {
   const { appId } = useParams();
@@ -29,11 +28,6 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
     getListedApp,
     updateAvailability,
     busyAppIds,
-    currentApproval,
-    queuedApprovalCount,
-    currentApprovalSecondsLeft,
-    approveCurrentApproval,
-    rejectCurrentApproval,
     activeRuntimeByHostWindowLabel,
     currentHostWindowLabel,
   } = useApps();
@@ -66,6 +60,10 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
     activeRuntimeByHostWindowLabel[currentHostWindowLabel] ?? null;
 
   useEffect(() => {
+    if (!appId) {
+      return;
+    }
+
     const activeAppId = activeRuntime?.appId;
 
     if (!activeAppId || activeAppId === appId) {
@@ -85,7 +83,18 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
     navigate(route, { replace: true });
   }, [activeRuntime?.appId, appId, getListedApp, navigate]);
 
-  const [approvalExpanded, setApprovalExpanded] = useState(false);
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (appId) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    void commands.appsClearActiveTaskbarRuntime({
+      windowLabel: getCurrentWindow().label,
+    }).catch((err) => {
+      console.error('Failed to clear active taskbar runtime:', err);
+    });
+  }, [appId]);
+
   const [tabOrder, setTabOrder] = useState<string[]>([]);
   const [donationOpen, setDonationOpen] = useState(false);
 
@@ -133,10 +142,6 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
   const activeManifest = activeApp?.common.activeSnapshot.manifest;
   const hasDonation = !!activeManifest?.donation?.address;
 
-  useEffect(() => {
-    setApprovalExpanded(false);
-  }, [currentApproval?.id]);
-
   const tabs = useMemo<AppTaskBarTab[]>(() => {
     const runtimeByAppId = new Map(
       runtimes.map(
@@ -178,12 +183,14 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
           navigate('/apps');
         }}
         onSelectApp={(tab) => {
-          void focusRuntime(tab.app.common.identity.id);
+          void commands.appsFocusTaskbarRuntime({
+            appId: tab.app.common.identity.id,
+          });
         }}
         onCloseApp={(tab) => {
           const tabAppId = tab.app.common.identity.id;
 
-          void killRuntime(tabAppId).then(() => {
+          void commands.appsKillTaskbarRuntime({ appId: tabAppId }).then(() => {
             if (tabAppId === appId) {
               navigate('/apps');
             }
@@ -194,26 +201,6 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
         onOpenDonation={() => setDonationOpen((v) => !v)}
       />
 
-      {activeApp &&
-      currentApproval &&
-      currentApproval.request.app.common.identity.id ===
-        activeApp.common.identity.id ? (
-        <AppApprovalStrip
-          approval={{
-            approvalId: currentApproval.id,
-            approval: currentApproval.request,
-          }}
-          expanded={approvalExpanded}
-          queuedApprovalCount={queuedApprovalCount}
-          secondsLeft={currentApprovalSecondsLeft}
-          onToggleExpanded={() => {
-            setApprovalExpanded((prev) => !prev);
-          }}
-          onApprove={approveCurrentApproval}
-          onReject={rejectCurrentApproval}
-        />
-      ) : null}
-
       {donationOpen && activeApp && activeManifest?.donation ? (
         <AppDonationStrip
           appName={activeApp.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.name}

From d455ff502be1aaf6668ba3e24c1f89a3c3848a0b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Tue, 5 May 2026 18:24:36 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 343/471] Refactor active taskbar runtime handling and event
 subscriptions.

- Replaced `activeRuntimeByHostWindowLabel` with `activeTaskbarRuntime` for streamlined taskbar runtime management.
- Eliminated `set_active_taskbar_runtime_for_host_window` and related logic for better modularity.
- Refactored event handling, replacing `RuntimeManagerActiveRuntimeChangedEvent` with `RuntimeManagerActiveTaskbarRuntimeChangedEvent`.
- Updated taskbar components (`AppTile`, `AppTaskBar`) to use more accessible and semantic HTML elements (`div` with `role="button"`).
- Removed unused and redundant runtime state properties, hooks, and functions for improved simplicity and maintainability.
- Enhanced event handling consistency with unified runtime filtering and visibility logic.
---
 .../system/apps/bridge-approval/src/App.tsx   |   2 +-
 .../methods/system/runtime_manager/events.rs  |   8 +-
 .../get_active_taskbar_runtime.rs             |  12 +-
 .../methods/system/runtime_manager/mod.rs     |   2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs     |   4 +-
 .../sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs |   2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs     |   2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs       | 115 +++++++++---------
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs     |   4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs    |  39 ++++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/remove.rs  |  45 +------
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs   |   1 -
 packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts   |   4 +-
 packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/types.ts     |   4 +-
 src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx            |  15 ++-
 src/components/apps/AppTile.tsx               |  31 +++--
 src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx                  |  79 +++++-------
 src/pages/AppHost.tsx                         |  26 +---
 src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx                   |  67 +++++-----
 19 files changed, 203 insertions(+), 259 deletions(-)

diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/src/App.tsx b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/src/App.tsx
index 5fcf3decd..999d2b86b 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/src/App.tsx
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/src/App.tsx
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ export function App() {
       setApprovals(event.approvals);
     });
 
-    const offActiveRuntime = sage.runtimeManager.onActiveRuntimeChanged(() => {
+    const offActiveRuntime = sage.runtimeManager.onActiveTaskbarRuntimeChanged(() => {
       void refreshActiveRuntime().catch((err) => {
         console.error('[approval] failed to refresh active runtime', err);
       });
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/events.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/events.rs
index d191d2745..7ee5689d0 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/events.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/events.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ pub(crate) struct RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent {
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub(crate) struct RuntimeManagerActiveRuntimeChangedEvent {
+pub(crate) struct RuntimeManagerActiveTaskbarRuntimeChangedEvent {
     pub host_window_label: String,
     pub app_id: Option<String>,
     pub runtime_id: Option<String>,
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ impl SystemRuntimeEvent for RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent {
     const REQUIRED_CAPABILITY: SystemBridgeCapability = SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerListenRuntimesChanged;
 }
 
-impl SystemRuntimeEvent for RuntimeManagerActiveRuntimeChangedEvent {
-    const TYPE: &'static str = "runtimeManager.activeRuntimeChanged";
-    const REQUIRED_CAPABILITY: SystemBridgeCapability = SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerListenActiveRuntimeChanged;
+impl SystemRuntimeEvent for RuntimeManagerActiveTaskbarRuntimeChangedEvent {
+    const TYPE: &'static str = "runtimeManager.activeTaskbarRuntimeChanged";
+    const REQUIRED_CAPABILITY: SystemBridgeCapability = SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerListenActiveTaskbarRuntimeChanged;
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/get_active_taskbar_runtime.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/get_active_taskbar_runtime.rs
index ba2da230a..8b3d95f54 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/get_active_taskbar_runtime.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/get_active_taskbar_runtime.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError};
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
-use crate::runtime::{find_active_taskbar_runtime_id, find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional, resolve_running_app, SageAppRuntimeRecordView};
+use crate::runtime::{find_active_taskbar_runtime, find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional, resolve_running_app, SageAppRuntimeRecordView};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub(crate) struct RuntimeManagerGetActiveTaskbarRuntime;
@@ -42,14 +42,16 @@ impl BridgeMethod for RuntimeManagerGetActiveTaskbarRuntime {
             })?;
         let host_window_label = app.runtime().with_runtime(|runtime| runtime.host_window_label().to_string());
 
-        let active_runtime_id = find_active_taskbar_runtime_id(tools.host_state, &host_window_label).await;
+        let active_taskbar_runtime = find_active_taskbar_runtime(tools.host_state, &host_window_label).await;
 
-        let Some(active_runtime_id) = active_runtime_id else {
+        let Some(active_taskbar_runtime) = active_taskbar_runtime else {
             return Ok(Box::new(None::<SageAppRuntimeRecordView>));
         };
 
-        let runtime: Option<SageAppRuntimeRecordView> = find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional(tools.host_state, &active_runtime_id).await
-            .map(Into::into);
+        let runtime: Option<SageAppRuntimeRecordView> = find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional(
+            tools.host_state,
+            &active_taskbar_runtime.runtime_id()
+        ).await.map(Into::into);
 
         Ok(Box::new(runtime))
     }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/mod.rs
index f04af9586..698d47531 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/mod.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ mod close_self;
 mod get_active_taskbar_runtime;
 mod hide_self;
 
-pub(crate) use events::{RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent, RuntimeManagerActiveRuntimeChangedEvent};
+pub(crate) use events::{RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent, RuntimeManagerActiveTaskbarRuntimeChangedEvent};
 pub(crate) use focus_runtime::RuntimeManagerFocusRuntime;
 pub(crate) use hide_runtime::RuntimeManagerHideRuntime;
 pub(crate) use kill_runtime::RuntimeManagerKillRuntime;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
index 7abb098e5..5e5c8f838 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::bridge::methods::system::{AppInstallInstallResult, AppInstallInstallUrlParams, AppInstallInstallZipParams, AppInstallPreviewUrlParams, AppInstallPreviewZipParams, AppPermissionsApplyPermissionsParams, AppPermissionsApplyPermissionsResult, AppPermissionsGetReviewContextParams, AppPermissionsReviewContext, AppUpdateApplyUpdateParams, AppUpdateApplyUpdateResult, AppUpdateGetReviewContextParams, AppUpdateReviewContext, BridgeApprovalsChangedEvent, FileSystemSelectFileParams, FileSystemSelectFileResult, PendingBridgeApprovalView, RuntimeManagerActiveRuntimeChangedEvent, RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent};
+use crate::bridge::methods::system::{AppInstallInstallResult, AppInstallInstallUrlParams, AppInstallInstallZipParams, AppInstallPreviewUrlParams, AppInstallPreviewZipParams, AppPermissionsApplyPermissionsParams, AppPermissionsApplyPermissionsResult, AppPermissionsGetReviewContextParams, AppPermissionsReviewContext, AppUpdateApplyUpdateParams, AppUpdateApplyUpdateResult, AppUpdateGetReviewContextParams, AppUpdateReviewContext, BridgeApprovalsChangedEvent, FileSystemSelectFileParams, FileSystemSelectFileResult, PendingBridgeApprovalView, RuntimeManagerActiveTaskbarRuntimeChangedEvent, RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent};
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::get_info::{AppGetInfoResult, SageNetworkPermissionInfo};
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::request_capability_grant::{
     RequestCapabilityGrantParams, RequestCapabilityGrantResult,
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ pub fn export_system_bridge_typescript() -> Result<String, String> {
     types.register::<RuntimeTargetParams>();
     types.register::<SystemKillRuntimeResult>();
     types.register::<RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent>();
-    types.register::<RuntimeManagerActiveRuntimeChangedEvent>();
+    types.register::<RuntimeManagerActiveTaskbarRuntimeChangedEvent>();
 
     types.register::<AppInstallPreviewUrlParams>();
     types.register::<AppInstallPreviewZipParams>();
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs
index 9a250e2ba..0926c182a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ pub(crate) fn get_system_capability_definition(
             "Allows the system app to receive events when Sage app runtimes change.",
             system_app_flags(),
         ),
-        SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerListenActiveRuntimeChanged => CapabilityDefinition::new(
+        SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerListenActiveTaskbarRuntimeChanged => CapabilityDefinition::new(
             capability,
             "Observe active runtime changes",
             "Allows the system app to receive events when the active Sage app runtime changes.",
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs
index c5fbbb062..4779b02a7 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ define_bridge_capabilities! {
         RuntimeManagerKillRuntime => "runtime_manager.kill_runtime",
         RuntimeManagerGetActiveTaskbarRuntime => "runtime_manager.get_active_taskbar_runtime",
         RuntimeManagerListenRuntimesChanged => "runtime_manager.listen_runtimes_changed",
-        RuntimeManagerListenActiveRuntimeChanged => "runtime_manager.listen_active_runtime_changed",
+        RuntimeManagerListenActiveTaskbarRuntimeChanged => "runtime_manager.listen_active_runtime_changed",
         RuntimeManagerHideSelf => "runtime_manager.hide_self",
         RuntimeManagerCloseSelf => "runtime_manager.close_self",
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
index 84a706907..0af6cd222 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
@@ -4,10 +4,10 @@ use tauri::{AppHandle, LogicalPosition, LogicalSize, State};
 
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::bridge::emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners;
-use crate::bridge::methods::system::{RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent, RuntimeManagerActiveRuntimeChangedEvent};
-use crate::runtime::state::{find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional, list_runtimes, remove_active_taskbar_runtime, remove_active_taskbar_runtime_if_matches};
+use crate::bridge::methods::system::{RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent, RuntimeManagerActiveTaskbarRuntimeChangedEvent};
+use crate::runtime::state::{find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional, list_runtimes};
 use crate::runtime::webview_locator::get_webview_in_sage_window;
-use crate::runtime::{find_active_taskbar_runtime, find_active_taskbar_runtime_id, resolve_running_app, SageAppRuntimeRecord, SageAppRuntimeRecordView, SharedRuntime};
+use crate::runtime::{find_active_taskbar_runtime, resolve_running_app, SageAppRuntimeRecord, SageAppRuntimeRecordView, SageAppRuntimeVisibility, SharedRuntime};
 use crate::runtime::stop::kill_runtime;
 use crate::types::{AppPresentation, ResolvedRunningApp};
 
@@ -50,21 +50,20 @@ pub(crate) async fn focus_taskbar_runtime(
     assert_taskbar_presentation(&resolved_running_app)?;
 
     let runtime_window_identity = runtime_window_identity(&resolved_running_app);
-
-    let previous_runtime_id = set_active_taskbar_runtime_for_host_window(
+    let current_active_taskbar_runtime = find_active_taskbar_runtime(
         apps_state,
-        &runtime_window_identity.host_window_label,
-        &runtime_window_identity.runtime_id
+        &runtime_window_identity.host_window_label
     ).await;
 
-    if let Some(previous_runtime_id) = previous_runtime_id
-        && previous_runtime_id != runtime_window_identity.runtime_id
-    {
-        hide_runtime_by_runtime_id_if_present(app_handle, apps_state, &previous_runtime_id).await;
-    }
-
     show_runtime(app_handle, &resolved_running_app)?;
 
+    if let Some(current_active_taskbar_runtime) = current_active_taskbar_runtime {
+        let current_active_taskbar_runtime_id = current_active_taskbar_runtime.runtime_id();
+        if current_active_taskbar_runtime_id != runtime_window_identity.runtime_id {
+            hide_runtime_by_runtime_id_if_present(app_handle, apps_state, &current_active_taskbar_runtime_id).await;
+        }
+    }
+
     sync_modal_runtime_visibility(
         app_handle,
         apps_state,
@@ -72,12 +71,12 @@ pub(crate) async fn focus_taskbar_runtime(
     ).await;
 
     emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(app_handle, apps_state).await;
-
-    let () = emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners(app_handle, apps_state, RuntimeManagerActiveRuntimeChangedEvent {
-        host_window_label: runtime_window_identity.host_window_label.clone(),
-        app_id: Some(resolved_running_app.runtime().app_id()),
-        runtime_id: Some(runtime_window_identity.runtime_id.clone()),
-    }).await;
+    emit_active_taskbar_runtime_changed(
+        app_handle,
+        apps_state,
+        &runtime_window_identity.host_window_label,
+        Some(&resolved_running_app.runtime())
+    ).await;
 
     Ok(resolved_running_app.runtime())
 }
@@ -90,26 +89,30 @@ pub(crate) async fn hide_taskbar_runtime(
     let resolved_running_app = resolve_running_app(apps_state, app_id).await
         .map_err(|e| format!("failed to resolve running app: {e}"))?;
     assert_taskbar_presentation(&resolved_running_app)?;
+    let runtime = resolved_running_app.runtime();
+    if runtime.with_runtime(|runtime| runtime.visibility() == SageAppRuntimeVisibility::Hidden) {
+        return Ok(runtime);
+    }
 
     let runtime_window_identity = runtime_window_identity(&resolved_running_app);
 
-    hide_runtime(app_handle, &resolved_running_app.runtime())?;
+    hide_runtime(app_handle, &runtime)?;
 
-    remove_active_taskbar_runtime_if_matches(
+    sync_modal_runtime_visibility(
+        app_handle,
         apps_state,
         &runtime_window_identity.host_window_label,
-        &runtime_window_identity.runtime_id
     ).await;
 
-    sync_modal_runtime_visibility(
+    emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(app_handle, apps_state).await;
+    emit_active_taskbar_runtime_changed(
         app_handle,
         apps_state,
         &runtime_window_identity.host_window_label,
+        Some(&runtime)
     ).await;
 
-    emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(app_handle, apps_state).await;
-
-    Ok(resolved_running_app.runtime())
+    Ok(runtime)
 }
 
 pub(crate) async fn clear_active_taskbar_runtime(
@@ -123,27 +126,23 @@ pub(crate) async fn clear_active_taskbar_runtime(
 
     hide_runtime(app_handle, &active_taskbar_runtime)?;
 
-    remove_active_taskbar_runtime(
-        apps_state,
-        window_label,
-    ).await;
-
     emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(app_handle, apps_state).await;
+    emit_active_taskbar_runtime_changed(app_handle, apps_state, window_label, None).await;
 
     Ok(())
 }
 
 pub(crate) async fn kill_taskbar_runtime(
-    app: &AppHandle,
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: &str,
     reason: &str,
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
-    kill_runtime(app, apps_state, app_id, reason)
+    kill_runtime(app_handle, apps_state, app_id, reason)
         .await
         .map_err(|err| format!("Failed to kill taskbar runtime: {err}"))?;
 
-    emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(app, apps_state).await;
+    emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(app_handle, apps_state).await;
 
     Ok(())
 }
@@ -153,16 +152,8 @@ async fn sync_modal_runtime_visibility(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     host_window_label: &str,
 ) {
-    let active_runtime_id = find_active_taskbar_runtime_id(apps_state, host_window_label).await;
-
-    let active_app_id = match active_runtime_id.as_deref() {
-        Some(runtime_id) => {
-            find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional(apps_state, runtime_id)
-                .await
-                .map(|runtime| runtime.app_id())
-        }
-        None => None,
-    };
+    let active_taskbar_runtime = find_active_taskbar_runtime(apps_state, host_window_label).await;
+    let active_app_id = active_taskbar_runtime.map(|active_taskbar_runtime| active_taskbar_runtime.app_id());
 
     let Ok(runtimes) = list_runtimes(apps_state).await else {
         return;
@@ -210,20 +201,6 @@ async fn sync_modal_runtime_visibility(
     }
 }
 
-async fn set_active_taskbar_runtime_for_host_window(
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    host_window_label: &str,
-    runtime_id: &str,
-) -> Option<String> {
-    let mut active = apps_state
-        .runtime
-        .active_taskbar_runtime_id_by_host_window_label
-        .lock()
-        .await;
-
-    active.insert(host_window_label.to_string(), runtime_id.to_string())
-}
-
 async fn hide_runtime_by_runtime_id_if_present(
     app: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
@@ -242,6 +219,28 @@ async fn hide_runtime_by_runtime_id_if_present(
     runtime.with_runtime_mut(SageAppRuntimeRecord::mark_hidden);
 }
 
+async fn emit_active_taskbar_runtime_changed(
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    host_window_label: &str,
+    runtime: Option<&SharedRuntime>,
+) {
+    let (runtime_id, app_id) = match runtime {
+        Some(shared_runtime) => shared_runtime.with_runtime(
+            |record| (
+                Some(record.runtime_id()),
+                Some(record.app_id().clone())
+            )
+        ),
+        None => (None, None),
+    };
+    let () = emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners(app_handle, apps_state, RuntimeManagerActiveTaskbarRuntimeChangedEvent {
+        host_window_label: host_window_label.to_string(),
+        app_id,
+        runtime_id,
+    }).await;
+}
+
 fn runtime_window_identity(resolved_running_app: &ResolvedRunningApp) -> RuntimeWindowIdentity {
     resolved_running_app.runtime().with_runtime(|record| RuntimeWindowIdentity {
         runtime_id: record.runtime_id(),
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs
index 6b0cb4ed9..c52cde841 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs
@@ -12,8 +12,7 @@ pub use read::find_runtime_by_app_id_optional;
 pub(crate) use read::{
     find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional, find_runtime_id_by_app_id_optional, get_runtime_by_app_id,
     list_runtimes, find_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id_optional,
-    find_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id_optional_immediate, find_runtime_by_app_id_optional_immediate,
-    find_active_taskbar_runtime_id, find_active_taskbar_runtime,
+    find_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id_optional_immediate, find_runtime_by_app_id_optional_immediate, find_active_taskbar_runtime,
     GetRuntimeError
 };
 pub(crate) use types::{
@@ -25,7 +24,6 @@ pub(crate) use types::{
 pub(super) use remove::{
     remove_before_stop_listeners_by_app_id, remove_pending_stop_ready,
     remove_runtime_by_runtime_id, remove_runtime_id_by_app_id, remove_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id,
-    remove_active_taskbar_runtime, remove_active_taskbar_runtime_if_matches,
 };
 pub(super) use write::{
     write_pending_stop_ready, write_runtime, write_impostor_runtime
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
index 0912869be..15a55a8bc 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,9 @@ use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
 use tauri::State;
 
 use crate::AppsHostState;
+use crate::runtime::SageAppRuntimeVisibility;
 use crate::runtime::state::types::{SharedImpostorRuntime, SharedRuntime};
+use crate::types::AppPresentation;
 
 const IMMEDIATE_LOCK_RETRY_TIMEOUT_MS: u64 = 20;
 const IMMEDIATE_LOCK_RETRY_DELAY_MS: u64 = 2;
@@ -131,26 +133,37 @@ pub(crate) async fn list_runtimes(
     Ok(runtimes)
 }
 
-pub(crate) async fn find_active_taskbar_runtime_id(
+pub(crate) async fn find_active_taskbar_runtime(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     host_window_label: &str,
-) -> Option<String> {
-    let active = apps_state
-        .runtime
-        .active_taskbar_runtime_id_by_host_window_label
-        .lock()
-        .await;
-
-    active.get(host_window_label).cloned()
+) -> Option<SharedRuntime> {
+    let taskbar_runtimes = get_taskbar_runtimes(apps_state, host_window_label).await;
+    taskbar_runtimes.iter().find(|runtime| runtime.with_runtime(
+        |runtime|
+            runtime.visibility() == SageAppRuntimeVisibility::Visible
+    )).cloned()
 }
 
-pub(crate) async fn find_active_taskbar_runtime(
+async fn get_taskbar_runtimes(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     host_window_label: &str,
-) -> Option<SharedRuntime> {
-    let runtime_id = find_active_taskbar_runtime_id(apps_state, host_window_label).await?;
+) -> Vec<SharedRuntime> {
+    let runtimes: Vec<SharedRuntime> = {
+        apps_state
+            .runtime
+            .runtime_by_runtime_id
+            .lock()
+            .await
+            .values()
+            .cloned()
+            .collect()
+    };
 
-    find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional(apps_state, &runtime_id).await
+    runtimes.iter().filter(|runtime| runtime.with_runtime(
+        |runtime|
+            runtime.presentation() == AppPresentation::Taskbar
+            && runtime.host_window_label() == host_window_label
+    )).cloned().collect()
 }
 
 fn find_runtime_by_app_id_optional_immediate_once(
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/remove.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/remove.rs
index 6765af6f4..ef5975b3b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/remove.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/remove.rs
@@ -22,16 +22,7 @@ pub(in crate::runtime) async fn remove_runtime_by_runtime_id(
         return;
     };
 
-    let (host_window_label, removed_runtime_id, app_id) = runtime.with_runtime(|runtime| {
-        (
-            runtime.host_window_label().to_string(),
-            runtime.runtime_id(),
-            runtime.app_id(),
-        )
-    });
-
-    remove_active_taskbar_runtime_if_matches(apps_state, &host_window_label, &removed_runtime_id).await;
-    remove_runtime_id_by_app_id(apps_state, &app_id).await;
+    remove_runtime_id_by_app_id(apps_state, &runtime.app_id()).await;
 }
 
 pub(in crate::runtime) async fn remove_before_stop_listeners_by_app_id(
@@ -100,37 +91,3 @@ pub(in crate::runtime) async fn remove_impostor_runtime_by_runtime_id(
         }
     }
 }
-
-pub(in crate::runtime) async fn remove_active_taskbar_runtime(
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    host_window_label: &str,
-) {
-    let mut active = apps_state
-        .runtime
-        .active_taskbar_runtime_id_by_host_window_label
-        .lock()
-        .await;
-
-    if active.get(host_window_label).is_some() {
-        active.remove(host_window_label);
-    }
-}
-
-pub(in crate::runtime) async fn remove_active_taskbar_runtime_if_matches(
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    host_window_label: &str,
-    runtime_id: &str,
-) {
-    let mut active = apps_state
-        .runtime
-        .active_taskbar_runtime_id_by_host_window_label
-        .lock()
-        .await;
-
-    if active
-        .get(host_window_label)
-        .is_some_and(|active_runtime_id| active_runtime_id == runtime_id)
-    {
-        active.remove(host_window_label);
-    }
-}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs
index 4f158d395..3e1f48cab 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs
@@ -71,7 +71,6 @@ pub struct SharedImpostorRuntime {
 pub struct AppRuntimeState {
     pub runtime_by_runtime_id: Mutex<BTreeMap<String, SharedRuntime>>,
     pub runtime_id_by_app_id: Mutex<BTreeMap<String, String>>,
-    pub active_taskbar_runtime_id_by_host_window_label: Mutex<BTreeMap<String, String>>,
 
     pub impostor_by_runtime_id: Mutex<BTreeMap<String, SharedImpostorRuntime>>,
     pub impostor_runtime_id_by_victim_app_id: Mutex<BTreeMap<String, String>>,
diff --git a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
index de984edf5..e5c9d55b2 100644
--- a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
@@ -252,8 +252,8 @@ export function initSageSystemRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
               handler,
             );
           },
-          onActiveRuntimeChanged(handler) {
-            return onSystemRuntimeEventType<Generated.RuntimeManagerActiveRuntimeChangedEvent>(
+          onActiveTaskbarRuntimeChanged(handler) {
+            return onSystemRuntimeEventType<Generated.RuntimeManagerActiveTaskbarRuntimeChangedEvent>(
               'runtimeManager.activeRuntimeChanged',
               handler,
             );
diff --git a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/types.ts b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/types.ts
index 50e538cbf..2052b264a 100644
--- a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/types.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/types.ts
@@ -22,8 +22,8 @@ export type SageSystemRuntimeManagerClient = {
   onRuntimesChanged(
     handler: (event: Generated.RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent) => void,
   ): () => void;
-  onActiveRuntimeChanged(
-    handler: (event: Generated.RuntimeManagerActiveRuntimeChangedEvent) => void,
+  onActiveTaskbarRuntimeChanged(
+    handler: (event: Generated.RuntimeManagerActiveTaskbarRuntimeChangedEvent) => void,
   ): () => void;
   hideSelf(): Promise<void>;
   closeSelf(): Promise<void>;
diff --git a/src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx b/src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx
index bed3e195c..b96c4d6db 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx
@@ -267,13 +267,22 @@ export function AppTaskBar({
                 className={clsx('shrink-0', isDragged && 'opacity-0')}
                 style={{ width: `${tabWidthPx}px` }}
               >
-                <button
-                  type='button'
+                <div
+                  role='button'
+                  tabIndex={0}
                   onClick={() => {
                     if (!dragState && !tab.isActive) {
                       onSelectApp(tab);
                     }
                   }}
+                  onKeyDown={(event) => {
+                    if (event.key === 'Enter' || event.key === ' ') {
+                      event.preventDefault();
+                      if (!dragState && !tab.isActive) {
+                        onSelectApp(tab);
+                      }
+                    }
+                  }}
                   onPointerDown={(event) => {
                     if (event.button !== 0) {
                       return;
@@ -346,7 +355,7 @@ export function AppTaskBar({
                       <X className='h-3.5 w-3.5' />
                     </Button>
                   </span>
-                </button>
+                </div>
               </div>
             );
           })}
diff --git a/src/components/apps/AppTile.tsx b/src/components/apps/AppTile.tsx
index b8984e2a8..12160579a 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/AppTile.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/AppTile.tsx
@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
 import type { SageAppView } from '@/bindings';
 import type { SandboxLaunchDecision } from '@/lib/apps/sandboxPolicy';
 import { AppIcon } from '@/components/apps/AppIcon.tsx';
+import React from 'react';
 
 interface Props {
   app: SageAppView;
   launchDecision: SandboxLaunchDecision;
   onOpen: () => void;
-  onContextMenu: (event: React.MouseEvent<HTMLButtonElement>) => void;
+  onContextMenu: (event: React.MouseEvent<HTMLDivElement>) => void;
 }
 
 export function AppTile({ app, launchDecision, onOpen, onContextMenu }: Props) {
@@ -16,15 +17,25 @@ export function AppTile({ app, launchDecision, onOpen, onContextMenu }: Props) {
 
   const isBlocked = !launchDecision.allowed && !isChecking;
 
+  function handleOpen() {
+    if (!launchDecision.allowed) return;
+    onOpen();
+  }
+
   return (
-    <button
-      type='button'
-      onClick={() => {
-        if (!launchDecision.allowed) return;
-        onOpen();
+    <div
+      role='button'
+      tabIndex={launchDecision.allowed ? 0 : -1}
+      onClick={handleOpen}
+      onKeyDown={(event) => {
+        if (event.key === 'Enter' || event.key === ' ') {
+          event.preventDefault();
+          handleOpen();
+        }
       }}
       onContextMenu={onContextMenu}
-      className='relative group flex flex-col items-center gap-3 rounded-2xl p-4 text-center transition-colors hover:bg-muted/50'
+      aria-disabled={!launchDecision.allowed}
+      className='relative group flex cursor-pointer flex-col items-center gap-3 rounded-2xl p-4 text-center transition-colors hover:bg-muted/50 focus-visible:outline-none focus-visible:ring-2 focus-visible:ring-ring aria-disabled:cursor-default'
     >
       {isChecking || isBlocked ? (
         <div className='absolute inset-0 z-10 flex items-center justify-center rounded-2xl bg-background/55 backdrop-blur-[1px]'>
@@ -46,7 +57,9 @@ export function AppTile({ app, launchDecision, onOpen, onContextMenu }: Props) {
       </div>
 
       <div className='min-w-0 w-full'>
-        <div className='truncate text-sm font-medium'>{app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.name}</div>
+        <div className='truncate text-sm font-medium'>
+          {app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.name}
+        </div>
 
         {isBlocked ? (
           <div className='relative z-20 mt-1 text-xs text-amber-600'>
@@ -54,6 +67,6 @@ export function AppTile({ app, launchDecision, onOpen, onContextMenu }: Props) {
           </div>
         ) : null}
       </div>
-    </button>
+    </div>
   );
 }
diff --git a/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx b/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
index c3ef45aa0..0b70e89fd 100644
--- a/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
+++ b/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
@@ -32,8 +32,8 @@ interface RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent {
   };
 }
 
-interface ActiveRuntimeChangedEvent {
-  type: 'runtimeManager.activeRuntimeChanged';
+interface ActiveTaskbarRuntimeChangedEvent {
+  type: 'runtimeManager.activeTaskbarRuntimeChanged';
   payload: {
     hostWindowLabel: string;
     appId: string | null;
@@ -43,13 +43,17 @@ interface ActiveRuntimeChangedEvent {
 
 type SageRuntimeEvent =
   | RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent
-  | ActiveRuntimeChangedEvent;
+  | ActiveTaskbarRuntimeChangedEvent;
+
+type ActiveTaskbarRuntime = {
+  appId: string | null;
+  runtimeId: string | null;
+} | null;
 
 interface AppsContextValue {
   apps: ListedSageAppView[];
   runtimes: SageAppRuntimeRecordView[];
-  taskbarRuntimesByHostWindowLabel: Record<string, SageAppRuntimeRecordView[]>;
-  currentHostWindowLabel: string;
+  taskbarRuntimes: SageAppRuntimeRecordView[];
   loading: boolean;
   error: string | null;
   busyAppIds: Record<string, boolean>;
@@ -61,7 +65,6 @@ interface AppsContextValue {
   getListedApp: (appId: string) => InstalledEntry | undefined;
   getLaunchGate: (appId: string) => AppLaunchGateResult | null;
   getTaskbarRuntime: (
-    hostWindowLabel: string,
     appId: string,
   ) => SageAppRuntimeRecordView | null;
 
@@ -95,13 +98,7 @@ interface AppsContextValue {
   ) => Promise<SageAppView>;
   clearAppStorage: (appId: string) => Promise<void>;
   rerunSandboxTests: () => Promise<SandboxStateView>;
-  activeRuntimeByHostWindowLabel: Record<
-    string,
-    {
-      appId: string | null;
-      runtimeId: string | null;
-    }
-  >;
+  activeTaskbarRuntime: ActiveTaskbarRuntime;
 }
 
 const AppsContext = createContext<AppsContextValue | null>(null);
@@ -142,7 +139,11 @@ function isTaskbarRuntime(runtime: SageAppRuntimeRecordView): boolean {
 export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
   const [apps, setApps] = useState<ListedSageAppView[]>([]);
   const [runtimes, setRuntimes] = useState<SageAppRuntimeRecordView[]>([]);
-  const currentHostWindowLabel = useMemo(() => getCurrentWindow().label, []);
+  const [taskbarRuntimes, setTaskbarRuntimes] = useState<
+    SageAppRuntimeRecordView[]
+  >([]);
+  const [activeTaskbarRuntime, setActiveTaskbarRuntime] =
+    useState<ActiveTaskbarRuntime>(null);
   const [loading, setLoading] = useState(true);
   const [error, setError] = useState<string | null>(null);
   const [busyAppIds, setBusyAppIds] = useState<Record<string, boolean>>({});
@@ -155,10 +156,6 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
   const [launchGatesByAppId, setLaunchGatesByAppId] = useState<
     Record<string, AppLaunchGateResult>
   >({});
-  const [activeRuntimeByHostWindowLabel, setActiveRuntimeByHostWindowLabel] =
-    useState<
-      Record<string, { appId: string | null; runtimeId: string | null }>
-    >({});
 
   const refreshRuntimes = useCallback(async () => {
     try {
@@ -245,16 +242,17 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
             switch (runtimeEvent.type) {
               case 'runtimeManager.runtimesChanged':
                 setRuntimes(runtimeEvent.payload.runtimes);
+                setTaskbarRuntimes(runtimeEvent.payload.runtimes.filter((runtime) => isTaskbarRuntime(runtime)));
                 break;
 
-              case 'runtimeManager.activeRuntimeChanged':
-                setActiveRuntimeByHostWindowLabel((prev) => ({
-                  ...prev,
-                  [runtimeEvent.payload.hostWindowLabel]: {
+              case 'runtimeManager.activeTaskbarRuntimeChanged':
+                if (runtimeEvent.payload.hostWindowLabel !== getCurrentWindow().label) {
+                  break;
+                }
+                setActiveTaskbarRuntime({
                     appId: runtimeEvent.payload.appId,
                     runtimeId: runtimeEvent.payload.runtimeId,
-                  },
-                }));
+                });
                 break;
             }
           },
@@ -337,19 +335,6 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
     };
   }, [apps, currentSandboxRunId, refreshLaunchGates]);
 
-  const taskbarRuntimesByHostWindowLabel = useMemo(() => {
-    const next: Record<string, SageAppRuntimeRecordView[]> = {};
-
-    for (const runtime of runtimes) {
-      if (!isTaskbarRuntime(runtime)) continue;
-
-      next[runtime.hostWindowLabel] ??= [];
-      next[runtime.hostWindowLabel].push(runtime);
-    }
-
-    return next;
-  }, [runtimes]);
-
   const refresh = refreshInstalledApps;
 
   const getListedApp = useCallback(
@@ -369,14 +354,10 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
   );
 
   const getTaskbarRuntime = useCallback(
-    (hostWindowLabel: string, appId: string) => {
-      return (
-        taskbarRuntimesByHostWindowLabel[hostWindowLabel]?.find(
-          (runtime) => runtimeAppId(runtime) === appId,
-        ) ?? null
-      );
+    (appId: string) => {
+      return taskbarRuntimes.find((runtime) => runtimeAppId(runtime) === appId) ?? null;
     },
-    [taskbarRuntimesByHostWindowLabel],
+    [taskbarRuntimes],
   );
 
   const getApp = useCallback(
@@ -507,8 +488,7 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
     () => ({
       apps,
       runtimes,
-      taskbarRuntimesByHostWindowLabel,
-      currentHostWindowLabel,
+      taskbarRuntimes,
       loading,
       error,
       busyAppIds,
@@ -535,13 +515,12 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
       performAppUpdate,
       clearAppStorage,
       rerunSandboxTests,
-      activeRuntimeByHostWindowLabel,
+      activeTaskbarRuntime,
     }),
     [
       apps,
       runtimes,
-      taskbarRuntimesByHostWindowLabel,
-      currentHostWindowLabel,
+      taskbarRuntimes,
       loading,
       error,
       busyAppIds,
@@ -565,7 +544,7 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
       performAppUpdate,
       clearAppStorage,
       rerunSandboxTests,
-      activeRuntimeByHostWindowLabel,
+      activeTaskbarRuntime,
     ],
   );
 
diff --git a/src/pages/AppHost.tsx b/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
index 85046db23..bf8d38930 100644
--- a/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { useEffect, useMemo, useRef } from 'react';
-import { Navigate, useParams } from 'react-router-dom';
+import { useParams } from 'react-router-dom';
 import { useApps } from '@/contexts/AppsContext';
 import { useRuntimeWebviewBounds } from '@/hooks/useRuntimeWebviewBounds';
 
@@ -7,26 +7,11 @@ export function AppHost() {
   const { appId = '' } = useParams();
   const containerRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement | null>(null);
 
-  const {
-    taskbarRuntimesByHostWindowLabel,
-    currentHostWindowLabel,
-  } = useApps();
-
-  const taskbarRuntimesForWindow = useMemo(() => {
-    if (!currentHostWindowLabel) {
-      return [];
-    }
-
-    return taskbarRuntimesByHostWindowLabel[currentHostWindowLabel] ?? [];
-  }, [currentHostWindowLabel, taskbarRuntimesByHostWindowLabel]);
+  const { getTaskbarRuntime} = useApps();
 
   const runtime = useMemo(() => {
-    return (
-      taskbarRuntimesForWindow.find((runtime) => {
-        return runtime.app.common.identity.id === appId;
-      }) ?? null
-    );
-  }, [taskbarRuntimesForWindow, appId]);
+    return getTaskbarRuntime(appId);
+  }, [getTaskbarRuntime, appId]);
 
   const webviewLabel = runtime?.webviewLabel ?? null;
 
@@ -45,8 +30,7 @@ export function AppHost() {
   }, [webviewLabel, scheduleSyncBounds]);
 
   if (!runtime) {
-    console.error("Runtime not found for app ID: ", appId);
-    return <Navigate to='/apps' replace />;
+    return null;
   }
 
   return (
diff --git a/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx b/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
index 8c7d0bc45..0e97d7659 100644
--- a/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
@@ -28,8 +28,7 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
     getListedApp,
     updateAvailability,
     busyAppIds,
-    activeRuntimeByHostWindowLabel,
-    currentHostWindowLabel,
+    activeTaskbarRuntime,
   } = useApps();
 
   const runtimesRef = useRef(runtimes);
@@ -56,44 +55,37 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
     };
   }, []);
 
-  const activeRuntime =
-    activeRuntimeByHostWindowLabel[currentHostWindowLabel] ?? null;
-
   useEffect(() => {
-    if (!appId) {
+    const activeAppId = activeTaskbarRuntime?.appId ?? null;
+
+    if (!activeAppId) {
+      if (appId) {
+        navigate('/apps', { replace: true });
+      }
       return;
     }
 
-    const activeAppId = activeRuntime?.appId;
-
-    if (!activeAppId || activeAppId === appId) {
+    if (activeAppId === appId) {
       return;
     }
 
     const app = getListedApp(activeAppId);
-    if (!app) {
-      return;
-    }
+    const route = app ? routeForApp(app) : null;
 
-    const route = routeForApp(app);
-    if (!route) {
-      return;
+    if (route) {
+      navigate(route, { replace: true });
     }
+  }, [activeTaskbarRuntime?.appId, appId, getListedApp, navigate]);
 
-    navigate(route, { replace: true });
-  }, [activeRuntime?.appId, appId, getListedApp, navigate]);
-
+  /*
   useEffect(() => {
-    if (appId) {
-      return;
-    }
-
-    void commands.appsClearActiveTaskbarRuntime({
-      windowLabel: getCurrentWindow().label,
-    }).catch((err) => {
-      console.error('Failed to clear active taskbar runtime:', err);
-    });
-  }, [appId]);
+    return () => {
+      void commands.appsLeaveWorkspace({
+        windowLabel: getCurrentWindow().label,
+      });
+    };
+  }, []);
+   */
 
   const [tabOrder, setTabOrder] = useState<string[]>([]);
   const [donationOpen, setDonationOpen] = useState(false);
@@ -167,20 +159,23 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
 
       out.push({
         app: installedApp,
-        isActive: runtime.app.common.identity.id === activeRuntime?.appId,
+        isActive:
+          runtime.app.common.identity.id === activeTaskbarRuntime?.appId,
       });
     }
 
     return out;
-  }, [runtimes, tabOrder, getListedApp, activeRuntime?.appId]);
+  }, [runtimes, tabOrder, getListedApp, activeTaskbarRuntime?.appId]);
 
   return (
     <div className='relative flex h-full min-h-0 w-full flex-col overflow-hidden'>
       <AppTaskBar
         tabs={tabs}
-        activeAppId={activeRuntime?.appId ?? appId ?? null}
+        activeAppId={activeTaskbarRuntime?.appId ?? null}
         onOpenApps={() => {
-          navigate('/apps');
+          void commands.appsClearActiveTaskbarRuntime({
+            windowLabel: getCurrentWindow().label,
+          });
         }}
         onSelectApp={(tab) => {
           void commands.appsFocusTaskbarRuntime({
@@ -188,12 +183,8 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
           });
         }}
         onCloseApp={(tab) => {
-          const tabAppId = tab.app.common.identity.id;
-
-          void commands.appsKillTaskbarRuntime({ appId: tabAppId }).then(() => {
-            if (tabAppId === appId) {
-              navigate('/apps');
-            }
+          void commands.appsKillTaskbarRuntime({
+            appId: tab.app.common.identity.id,
           });
         }}
         onReorderTabs={setTabOrder}

From c5ba1ccc267522c2383a8d506ed6ef4de4264c14 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Tue, 5 May 2026 19:05:47 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 344/471] Refactor drag state handling in `AppTaskBar` and
 runtime state synchronization.

- Simplified `handlePointerUp` logic by directly resetting drag state and invoking `onReorderTabs` when necessary.
- Optimized `setDragState` updates to prevent unnecessary state changes.
- Improved runtime event handling by introducing `active_taskbar_runtime` checks to streamline event emissions (`emit_active_taskbar_runtime_changed`).
- Enhanced consistency in runtime function argument naming and logic (`app_handle` usage and active runtime checks).
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs     | 23 +++++++----
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs       |  4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/system_apps.rs | 14 +++----
 src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx          | 42 +++++++++++----------
 4 files changed, 47 insertions(+), 36 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
index 0af6cd222..65c0f7821 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
@@ -95,22 +95,24 @@ pub(crate) async fn hide_taskbar_runtime(
     }
 
     let runtime_window_identity = runtime_window_identity(&resolved_running_app);
+    let host_window_label = runtime_window_identity.host_window_label;
+    let active_taskbar_runtime = find_active_taskbar_runtime(
+        apps_state,
+        &host_window_label
+    ).await;
 
     hide_runtime(app_handle, &runtime)?;
 
     sync_modal_runtime_visibility(
         app_handle,
         apps_state,
-        &runtime_window_identity.host_window_label,
+        &host_window_label,
     ).await;
 
     emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(app_handle, apps_state).await;
-    emit_active_taskbar_runtime_changed(
-        app_handle,
-        apps_state,
-        &runtime_window_identity.host_window_label,
-        Some(&runtime)
-    ).await;
+    if let Some(active_taskbar_runtime) = active_taskbar_runtime && active_taskbar_runtime.app_id() == app_id {
+        emit_active_taskbar_runtime_changed(app_handle, apps_state, &host_window_label, None).await;
+    }
 
     Ok(runtime)
 }
@@ -138,11 +140,18 @@ pub(crate) async fn kill_taskbar_runtime(
     app_id: &str,
     reason: &str,
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let resolved_running_app = resolve_running_app(apps_state, app_id)
+        .await.map_err(|err| format!("Failed to resolve running app: {err}"))?;
+    let host_window_label = resolved_running_app.runtime().with_runtime(SageAppRuntimeRecord::host_window_label);
+    let active_taskbar_runtime = find_active_taskbar_runtime(apps_state, &host_window_label).await;
     kill_runtime(app_handle, apps_state, app_id, reason)
         .await
         .map_err(|err| format!("Failed to kill taskbar runtime: {err}"))?;
 
     emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(app_handle, apps_state).await;
+    if let Some(active_taskbar_runtime) = active_taskbar_runtime && active_taskbar_runtime.app_id() == app_id {
+        emit_active_taskbar_runtime_changed(app_handle, apps_state, &host_window_label, None).await;
+    }
 
     Ok(())
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
index 66a274140..8caf03a36 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ use crate::runtime::state::{SageAppRuntimeRecord, write_runtime, remove_runtime_
 use crate::runtime::webview_locator::{
     get_sage_window, get_webview_in_sage_window,
 };
-use crate::runtime::{build_entry_src, build_entry_src_for, emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed, is_allowed_app_url, resolve_app, SageAppRuntimeImpostorKind, SageAppRuntimeImpostorRecord, SageAppRuntimeMode, SageAppRuntimeVisibility, SharedImpostorRuntime, SharedRuntime};
+use crate::runtime::{build_entry_src, build_entry_src_for, is_allowed_app_url, resolve_app, SageAppRuntimeImpostorKind, SageAppRuntimeImpostorRecord, SageAppRuntimeMode, SageAppRuntimeVisibility, SharedImpostorRuntime, SharedRuntime};
 use crate::storage::parse_data_store_id;
 use crate::types::{AppPresentation, InstalledSageAppStorage, ResolvedApp, ResolvedStoppedApp, SharedSageApp};
 use crate::{AppsHostState, sandbox};
@@ -101,8 +101,6 @@ pub async fn create_runtime(
         let _ = get_webview_in_sage_window(app_handle, &webview_label)?.hide();
     }
 
-    emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(app_handle, apps_state).await;
-
     Ok(shared_runtime)
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/system_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/system_apps.rs
index 013d6973e..b0c186ae2 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/system_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/system_apps.rs
@@ -3,11 +3,7 @@ use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
 use crate::runtime::start::{create_runtime, CreateRuntimeArgs};
-use crate::runtime::{
-    SageAppRuntimeMode,
-    SageAppRuntimeVisibility,
-    SharedRuntime,
-};
+use crate::runtime::{emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed, SageAppRuntimeMode, SageAppRuntimeVisibility, SharedRuntime};
 use crate::system_apps::{
     SYSTEM_APP_APP_INSTALL_ID,
     SYSTEM_APP_APP_UPDATE_ID,
@@ -17,11 +13,15 @@ use crate::types::{AppModalPresentation, AppPresentation};
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 
 pub(crate) async fn start_system_app_runtime(
-    app: &AppHandle,
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     args: CreateRuntimeArgs,
 ) -> Result<SharedRuntime, String> {
-    create_runtime(app, apps_state, args).await
+    let new_runtime = create_runtime(app_handle, apps_state, args).await?;
+
+    emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(app_handle, apps_state).await;
+
+    Ok(new_runtime)
 }
 
 pub(crate) async fn start_app_install_runtime(
diff --git a/src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx b/src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx
index b96c4d6db..2eb4a4bc9 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx
@@ -157,17 +157,11 @@ export function AppTaskBar({
     };
 
     const handlePointerUp = () => {
-      setDragState((prev) => {
-        if (!prev) {
-          return null;
-        }
+      if (previewOrder) {
+        onReorderTabs(previewOrder);
+      }
 
-        if (previewOrder) {
-          onReorderTabs(previewOrder);
-        }
-
-        return null;
-      });
+      setDragState(null);
     };
 
     window.addEventListener('pointermove', handlePointerMove);
@@ -218,14 +212,16 @@ export function AppTaskBar({
       tabCount - 1,
     );
 
-    setDragState((prev) =>
-      prev
-        ? {
-            ...prev,
-            overlayLeftPx: clampedOverlayLeftPx,
-          }
-        : null,
-    );
+    setDragState((prev) => {
+      if (!prev || prev.overlayLeftPx === clampedOverlayLeftPx) {
+        return prev;
+      }
+
+      return {
+        ...prev,
+        overlayLeftPx: clampedOverlayLeftPx,
+      };
+    });
 
     const currentIndex = activeOrder.indexOf(dragState.draggedAppId);
     if (currentIndex === -1 || nextIndex === currentIndex) {
@@ -233,7 +229,15 @@ export function AppTaskBar({
     }
 
     setPreviewOrder(reorderIds(activeOrder, currentIndex, nextIndex));
-  }, [dragState, activeOrder, tabWidthPx, slotSpanPx, totalStripWidthPx]);
+  }, [
+    dragState?.currentPointerX,
+    dragState?.pointerOffsetWithinTab,
+    dragState?.draggedAppId,
+    activeOrder,
+    tabWidthPx,
+    slotSpanPx,
+    totalStripWidthPx,
+  ]);
 
   return (
     <div className='flex h-12 shrink-0 items-end gap-2 border-b bg-muted/30 px-3 pt-2'>

From acd548ecdd6cce09017e208681109ccc142ae2f5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Tue, 5 May 2026 20:01:14 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 345/471] Refactor runtime capabilities and improve theme
 handling.

- Unified `hide_runtime` and `focus_taskbar_runtime` naming across components, SDK, and documentation for consistency.
- Replaced `getSageSystemClient` with `useSageSystemClient` in hooks and components for streamlined client usage.
- Introduced `bootstrapTheme` to manage dynamic theme CSS variables with error handling.
- Adjusted runtime manager capabilities and descriptions to align with taskbar-specific runtime logic.
- Updated `App` and `useLoadState` to utilize the new client initialization logic.
---
 .../src/system/apps/app-update/src/App.tsx    |  2 ++
 .../apps/app-update/src/hooks/useLoadState.ts | 18 ++++++-----
 .../system/apps/bridge-approval/index.html    |  4 +--
 .../system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs   |  8 ++---
 .../system/runtime_manager/hide_runtime.rs    |  4 +--
 .../system/runtime_manager/hide_self.rs       |  4 +--
 .../methods/system/runtime_manager/mod.rs     |  2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs       |  2 +-
 .../sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs | 14 ++++----
 crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs     |  2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs       |  9 +++---
 crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs           |  2 +-
 docs/generated/system-bridge-capabilities.md  | 14 ++++----
 docs/generated/system-bridge-methods.md       |  4 +--
 packages/sage-app-sdk/src/client.ts           | 32 +++++++++++++++----
 packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts   |  6 ++--
 src/bindings.ts                               |  2 +-
 17 files changed, 76 insertions(+), 53 deletions(-)

diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/App.tsx b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/App.tsx
index 3c7348b42..d1e79c420 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/App.tsx
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/App.tsx
@@ -2,8 +2,10 @@ import { SystemModalShell } from '@sage-app/ui';
 import { useLoadState } from './hooks/useLoadState';
 import { UpdateReviewBody } from './components/UpdateReviewBody';
 import { PermissionsReviewBody } from './components/PermissionsReviewBody';
+import { useSageSystemClient } from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
 
 export function App() {
+  const sage = useSageSystemClient();
   const state = useLoadState();
 
   if (state.kind === 'loading') {
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/hooks/useLoadState.ts b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/hooks/useLoadState.ts
index 5461fac15..9a2c585e3 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/hooks/useLoadState.ts
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/hooks/useLoadState.ts
@@ -1,9 +1,13 @@
 import { useEffect, useState } from 'react';
-import { formatSageError, getSageSystemClient } from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
+import {
+  formatSageError,
+  useSageSystemClient,
+} from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
 import type { LoadState, Mode } from '../types';
 
 export function useLoadState() {
   const [state, setState] = useState<LoadState>({ kind: 'loading' });
+  const sage = useSageSystemClient();
 
   useEffect(() => {
     let cancelled = false;
@@ -19,14 +23,12 @@ export function useLoadState() {
           return;
         }
 
-        const client = await getSageSystemClient();
-        await client.environment.theme.mountCssVars();
-
-        const definitions = await client.capabilities.listUserDefinitions();
+        const definitions = await sage.capabilities.listUserDefinitions();
 
         if (mode === 'review-permissions') {
-          const permissionsContext =
-            await client.appPermissions.getReviewContext({ appId });
+          const permissionsContext = await sage.appPermissions.getReviewContext(
+            { appId },
+          );
 
           if (!cancelled) {
             setState({
@@ -41,7 +43,7 @@ export function useLoadState() {
           return;
         }
 
-        const updateContext = await client.appUpdate.getReviewContext({
+        const updateContext = await sage.appUpdate.getReviewContext({
           appId,
         });
 
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/index.html b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/index.html
index 8a7009031..02397c5e0 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/index.html
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/index.html
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 <!doctype html>
-<html>
+<html lang="en">
 <head>
   <meta charset="UTF-8" />
   <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
-  <title>Bridge approval</title>
+  <title>Bridge Approval</title>
 </head>
 <body>
 <div id="root"></div>
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs
index 81ab95d94..0fa36e0c1 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs
@@ -10,16 +10,16 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::runtime::{focus_taskbar_runtime, RuntimeTargetParams, SageAppRuntimeRecordView};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
-pub(crate) struct RuntimeManagerFocusRuntime;
+pub(crate) struct RuntimeManagerFocusTaskbarRuntime;
 
 #[async_trait]
-impl BridgeMethod for RuntimeManagerFocusRuntime {
+impl BridgeMethod for RuntimeManagerFocusTaskbarRuntime {
     fn name(&self) -> &'static str {
-        "runtimeManager.focusRuntime"
+        "runtimeManager.focusTaskbarRuntime"
     }
 
     fn capability(&self) -> BridgeMethodCapability {
-        BridgeMethodCapability::system(SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerFocusRuntime)
+        BridgeMethodCapability::system(SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerFocusTaskbarRuntime)
     }
 
     fn approval_request(
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_runtime.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_runtime.rs
index ff7a4cd66..4a4cd0999 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_runtime.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_runtime.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
     BridgeMethodHandleError, parse_required_params,
 };
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::runtime::{hide_taskbar_runtime, RuntimeTargetParams, SageAppRuntimeRecordView};
+use crate::runtime::{hide_runtime, RuntimeTargetParams, SageAppRuntimeRecordView};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub(crate) struct RuntimeManagerHideRuntime;
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for RuntimeManagerHideRuntime {
     ) -> BridgeHandleResult {
         let params: RuntimeTargetParams = parse_required_params(self, request)?;
 
-        let runtime = hide_taskbar_runtime(tools.app_handle, tools.host_state, &params.app_id)
+        let runtime = hide_runtime(tools.app_handle, tools.host_state, &params.app_id)
             .await
             .map_err(BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error)?;
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_self.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_self.rs
index 4029a9c26..c1058716a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_self.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_self.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError};
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
-use crate::runtime::hide_taskbar_runtime;
+use crate::runtime::hide_runtime;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub(crate) struct RuntimeManagerHideSelf;
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for RuntimeManagerHideSelf {
         tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
         _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
     ) -> BridgeHandleResult {
-        hide_taskbar_runtime(tools.app_handle, tools.host_state, &ctx.app.id())
+        hide_runtime(tools.app_handle, tools.host_state, &ctx.app.id())
             .await
             .map_err(BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error)?;
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/mod.rs
index 698d47531..6990a171d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/mod.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ mod get_active_taskbar_runtime;
 mod hide_self;
 
 pub(crate) use events::{RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent, RuntimeManagerActiveTaskbarRuntimeChangedEvent};
-pub(crate) use focus_runtime::RuntimeManagerFocusRuntime;
+pub(crate) use focus_runtime::RuntimeManagerFocusTaskbarRuntime;
 pub(crate) use hide_runtime::RuntimeManagerHideRuntime;
 pub(crate) use kill_runtime::RuntimeManagerKillRuntime;
 pub(crate) use list_runtimes::RuntimeManagerListRuntimes;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs
index 782feb015..6c183c1e4 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ fn build_system_methods() -> HashMap<&'static str, Box<dyn BridgeMethod>> {
     let mut methods: HashMap<&'static str, Box<dyn BridgeMethod>> = HashMap::new();
 
     insert_method(&mut methods, RuntimeManagerListRuntimes);
-    insert_method(&mut methods, RuntimeManagerFocusRuntime);
+    insert_method(&mut methods, RuntimeManagerFocusTaskbarRuntime);
     insert_method(&mut methods, RuntimeManagerHideRuntime);
     insert_method(&mut methods, RuntimeManagerKillRuntime);
     insert_method(&mut methods, RuntimeManagerHideSelf);
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs
index 0926c182a..79af7f682 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs
@@ -200,22 +200,22 @@ pub(crate) fn get_system_capability_definition(
             "Allows the system app to inspect running Sage app runtimes.",
             system_app_flags(),
         ),
-        SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerFocusRuntime => CapabilityDefinition::new(
+        SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerFocusTaskbarRuntime => CapabilityDefinition::new(
             capability,
-            "Focus app runtimes",
-            "Allows the system app to focus running Sage app runtimes.",
+            "Focus taskbar app runtime",
+            "Allows the system app to focus running Sage taskbar app runtime.",
             system_app_flags(),
         ),
         SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerHideRuntime => CapabilityDefinition::new(
             capability,
-            "Hide app runtimes",
-            "Allows the system app to hide running Sage app runtimes.",
+            "Hide app runtime",
+            "Allows the system app to hide running Sage app runtime.",
             system_app_flags(),
         ),
         SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerKillRuntime => CapabilityDefinition::new(
             capability,
-            "Kill app runtimes",
-            "Allows the system app to stop running Sage app runtimes.",
+            "Kill app runtime",
+            "Allows the system app to stop running Sage app runtime.",
             system_app_flags(),
         ),
         SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerGetActiveTaskbarRuntime => CapabilityDefinition::new(
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs
index 4779b02a7..8897ed7f9 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ define_bridge_capabilities! {
 define_bridge_capabilities! {
     pub enum SystemBridgeCapability {
         RuntimeManagerListRuntimes => "runtime_manager.list_runtimes",
-        RuntimeManagerFocusRuntime => "runtime_manager.focus_runtime",
+        RuntimeManagerFocusTaskbarRuntime => "runtime_manager.focus_taskbar_runtime",
         RuntimeManagerHideRuntime => "runtime_manager.hide_runtime",
         RuntimeManagerKillRuntime => "runtime_manager.kill_runtime",
         RuntimeManagerGetActiveTaskbarRuntime => "runtime_manager.get_active_taskbar_runtime",
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
index 65c0f7821..a8bca2c73 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
@@ -81,14 +81,13 @@ pub(crate) async fn focus_taskbar_runtime(
     Ok(resolved_running_app.runtime())
 }
 
-pub(crate) async fn hide_taskbar_runtime(
+pub(crate) async fn hide_runtime(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: &str,
 ) -> Result<SharedRuntime, String> {
     let resolved_running_app = resolve_running_app(apps_state, app_id).await
         .map_err(|e| format!("failed to resolve running app: {e}"))?;
-    assert_taskbar_presentation(&resolved_running_app)?;
     let runtime = resolved_running_app.runtime();
     if runtime.with_runtime(|runtime| runtime.visibility() == SageAppRuntimeVisibility::Hidden) {
         return Ok(runtime);
@@ -101,7 +100,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn hide_taskbar_runtime(
         &host_window_label
     ).await;
 
-    hide_runtime(app_handle, &runtime)?;
+    hide_runtime_inner(app_handle, &runtime)?;
 
     sync_modal_runtime_visibility(
         app_handle,
@@ -126,7 +125,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn clear_active_taskbar_runtime(
         return Ok(());
     };
 
-    hide_runtime(app_handle, &active_taskbar_runtime)?;
+    hide_runtime_inner(app_handle, &active_taskbar_runtime)?;
 
     emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(app_handle, apps_state).await;
     emit_active_taskbar_runtime_changed(app_handle, apps_state, window_label, None).await;
@@ -283,7 +282,7 @@ fn show_runtime(app_handle: &AppHandle, resolved_running_app: &ResolvedRunningAp
     Ok(())
 }
 
-fn hide_runtime(app_handle: &AppHandle, runtime: &SharedRuntime) -> Result<(), String> {
+fn hide_runtime_inner(app_handle: &AppHandle, runtime: &SharedRuntime) -> Result<(), String> {
     let app_webview_label = runtime
         .with_runtime(SageAppRuntimeRecord::webview_label);
     let webview = get_webview_in_sage_window(app_handle, &app_webview_label)?;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
index ddbeb1ba7..d3166f087 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ const BUILTIN_SYSTEM_APPS: &[BuiltinSystemAppSpec] = &[
         usage: SystemAppUsage::Standalone,
         system_capabilities: &[
             SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerListRuntimes,
-            SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerFocusRuntime,
+            SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerFocusTaskbarRuntime,
             SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerHideRuntime,
             SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerKillRuntime,
             SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerListenRuntimesChanged,
diff --git a/docs/generated/system-bridge-capabilities.md b/docs/generated/system-bridge-capabilities.md
index 9905e4657..3492cf8cb 100644
--- a/docs/generated/system-bridge-capabilities.md
+++ b/docs/generated/system-bridge-capabilities.md
@@ -14,11 +14,11 @@ Allows the system app to inspect running Sage app runtimes.
 | Externally observable | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
-## `runtime_manager.focus_runtime`
+## `runtime_manager.focus_taskbar_runtime`
 
-**Focus app runtimes**
+**Focus taskbar app runtime**
 
-Allows the system app to focus running Sage app runtimes.
+Allows the system app to focus running Sage taskbar app runtime.
 
 | Flag | Value |
 |---|---|
@@ -30,9 +30,9 @@ Allows the system app to focus running Sage app runtimes.
 
 ## `runtime_manager.hide_runtime`
 
-**Hide app runtimes**
+**Hide app runtime**
 
-Allows the system app to hide running Sage app runtimes.
+Allows the system app to hide running Sage app runtime.
 
 | Flag | Value |
 |---|---|
@@ -44,9 +44,9 @@ Allows the system app to hide running Sage app runtimes.
 
 ## `runtime_manager.kill_runtime`
 
-**Kill app runtimes**
+**Kill app runtime**
 
-Allows the system app to stop running Sage app runtimes.
+Allows the system app to stop running Sage app runtime.
 
 | Flag | Value |
 |---|---|
diff --git a/docs/generated/system-bridge-methods.md b/docs/generated/system-bridge-methods.md
index cdd6bac16..b14f56641 100644
--- a/docs/generated/system-bridge-methods.md
+++ b/docs/generated/system-bridge-methods.md
@@ -78,11 +78,11 @@
 |---|---|
 | Capability | `runtime_manager.close_self` |
 
-## `runtimeManager.focusRuntime`
+## `runtimeManager.focusTaskbarRuntime`
 
 | Field | Value |
 |---|---|
-| Capability | `runtime_manager.focus_runtime` |
+| Capability | `runtime_manager.focus_taskbar_runtime` |
 
 ## `runtimeManager.getActiveTaskbarRuntime`
 
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/client.ts b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/client.ts
index 3b7a4a76d..46e984abf 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/client.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/client.ts
@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@ type SageGlobal = typeof globalThis & {
   __TAURI__?: unknown;
 };
 
+let themeBootstrapStarted = false;
+
 export function isSageRuntimeAvailable(): boolean {
   return !!(globalThis as SageGlobal).__TAURI__;
 }
@@ -17,6 +19,25 @@ function getClientFromWindow(): SageClient | undefined {
   return window.__SAGE__;
 }
 
+function bootstrapTheme(client: SageClient) {
+  if (themeBootstrapStarted) return;
+  themeBootstrapStarted = true;
+
+  void client.environment.theme.mountCssVars().catch((err) => {
+    console.debug('[Sage SDK] Theme CSS vars not mounted:', err);
+  });
+
+  try {
+    client.environment.theme.onChanged?.(() => {
+      void client.environment.theme.mountCssVars().catch((err) => {
+        console.debug('[Sage SDK] Theme CSS vars refresh failed:', err);
+      });
+    });
+  } catch (err) {
+    console.debug('[Sage SDK] Theme change listener not available:', err);
+  }
+}
+
 export function isSageBridgeInitialized(): boolean {
   return !!getClientFromWindow();
 }
@@ -28,18 +49,17 @@ export function hasSageBridge(): boolean {
 export async function getSageClient(): Promise<SageClient> {
   let client = getClientFromWindow();
 
-  if (client) {
-    return client;
+  if (!client) {
+    initSageRuntimeBridge();
+    client = getClientFromWindow();
   }
 
-  initSageRuntimeBridge();
-
-  client = getClientFromWindow();
-
   if (!client) {
     throw new Error('Sage bridge is unavailable in this runtime.');
   }
 
+  bootstrapTheme(client);
+
   return client;
 }
 
diff --git a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
index e5c9d55b2..31cfd3df8 100644
--- a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ export function initSageSystemRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
 
           async focusRuntime(input: Generated.RuntimeTargetParams) {
             return await callHost<Generated.SageAppRuntimeRecordView>(
-              'runtimeManager.focusRuntime',
+              'runtimeManager.focusTaskbarRuntime',
               input,
             );
           },
@@ -237,7 +237,7 @@ export function initSageSystemRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
             );
           },
           async getActiveRuntime(): Promise<Generated.SageAppRuntimeRecordView | null> {
-            return await callHost<Generated.SageAppRuntimeRecordView | null>('runtimeManager.getActiveRuntime');
+            return await callHost<Generated.SageAppRuntimeRecordView | null>('runtimeManager.getActiveTaskbarRuntime');
           },
           async hideSelf() {
             return await callHost<void>('runtimeManager.hideSelf');
@@ -254,7 +254,7 @@ export function initSageSystemRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
           },
           onActiveTaskbarRuntimeChanged(handler) {
             return onSystemRuntimeEventType<Generated.RuntimeManagerActiveTaskbarRuntimeChangedEvent>(
-              'runtimeManager.activeRuntimeChanged',
+              'runtimeManager.activeTaskbarRuntimeChanged',
               handler,
             );
           }
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index ef5e0c7ff..85d12545b 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -2647,7 +2647,7 @@ spend_bundle: SpendBundleJson }
  */
 export type SubmitTransactionResponse = Record<string, never>
 export type SyncEvent = { type: "start"; ip: string } | { type: "stop" } | { type: "subscribed" } | { type: "derivation" } | { type: "coin_state" } | { type: "transaction_failed"; transaction_id: string; error: string | null } | { type: "puzzle_batch_synced" } | { type: "cat_info" } | { type: "did_info" } | { type: "nft_data" }
-export type SystemBridgeCapability = "runtime_manager.list_runtimes" | "runtime_manager.focus_runtime" | "runtime_manager.hide_runtime" | "runtime_manager.kill_runtime" | "runtime_manager.get_active_taskbar_runtime" | "runtime_manager.listen_runtimes_changed" | "runtime_manager.listen_active_runtime_changed" | "runtime_manager.hide_self" | "runtime_manager.close_self" | "capability_definitions.read" | "app_permissions.read" | "app_permissions.apply" | "app_install.preview" | "app_install.apply" | "app_update.read" | "app_update.apply" | "file_system.select_file" | "bridge_approval.list" | "bridge_approval.resolve" | "bridge_approval.listen_changed"
+export type SystemBridgeCapability = "runtime_manager.list_runtimes" | "runtime_manager.focus_taskbar_runtime" | "runtime_manager.hide_runtime" | "runtime_manager.kill_runtime" | "runtime_manager.get_active_taskbar_runtime" | "runtime_manager.listen_runtimes_changed" | "runtime_manager.listen_active_runtime_changed" | "runtime_manager.hide_self" | "runtime_manager.close_self" | "capability_definitions.read" | "app_permissions.read" | "app_permissions.apply" | "app_install.preview" | "app_install.apply" | "app_update.read" | "app_update.apply" | "file_system.select_file" | "bridge_approval.list" | "bridge_approval.resolve" | "bridge_approval.listen_changed"
 export type SystemKillRuntimeResult = { ok: boolean; appId: string }
 export type SystemSageAppView = { common: SageAppCommonView; systemGrantedPermissions: SageGrantedSystemPermissionsView }
 /**

From c2b12ae600dfe0faaffde9d83820d3e75bf17abb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Tue, 5 May 2026 21:00:39 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 346/471] Introduce foundation for Sage runtime bridge and
 theme management.

- Added `bootstrapTheme` for dynamic theme variable handling and enhanced error handling.
- Introduced `createSageClient`, centralizing Sage runtime bridge logic and client-specific functionalities.
- Modularized runtime components into isolated files for easier maintenance (e.g., `events.ts`, `lifecycle.ts`, `bootstrap.ts`).
- Improved runtime initialization with `initSageRuntimeBridge`, streamlining event dispatch and webview subscriptions.
- Refactored `useSageClient` for simplified Sage client access and initialization.
---
 .../src/system/apps/app-install/src/App.tsx   |   1 -
 .../src/system/apps/task-manager/src/App.tsx  | 119 +++++
 .../apps/task-manager/src/taskManagerApi.ts   |   1 -
 packages/sage-app-sdk/package.json            |   2 +-
 .../core.ts}                                  |   0
 packages/sage-app-sdk/src/client.ts           |  45 +-
 packages/sage-app-sdk/src/client/errors.ts    |  21 +
 packages/sage-app-sdk/src/hooks.ts            |  19 +-
 packages/sage-app-sdk/src/index.ts            |   2 +-
 packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts          | 482 +-----------------
 .../sage-app-sdk/src/runtime/create-client.ts | 277 ++++++++++
 packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime/events.ts   |  46 ++
 packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime/index.ts    | 147 ++++++
 .../sage-app-sdk/src/runtime/lifecycle.ts     |  28 +
 packages/sage-app-sdk/src/theme/bootstrap.ts  |  22 +
 .../src/{theme.ts => theme/index.ts}          |   2 +-
 .../src/{ => theme}/theme-css.d.ts            |   0
 .../sage-app-sdk/src/{ => theme}/theme.css    |   0
 src-tauri/capabilities/apps.json              |   3 +-
 src-tauri/capabilities/system-apps.json       |   3 +-
 20 files changed, 677 insertions(+), 543 deletions(-)
 rename packages/sage-app-sdk/src/{bridge-runtime-core.ts => bridge/core.ts} (100%)
 create mode 100644 packages/sage-app-sdk/src/client/errors.ts
 create mode 100644 packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime/create-client.ts
 create mode 100644 packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime/events.ts
 create mode 100644 packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime/index.ts
 create mode 100644 packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime/lifecycle.ts
 create mode 100644 packages/sage-app-sdk/src/theme/bootstrap.ts
 rename packages/sage-app-sdk/src/{theme.ts => theme/index.ts} (97%)
 rename packages/sage-app-sdk/src/{ => theme}/theme-css.d.ts (100%)
 rename packages/sage-app-sdk/src/{ => theme}/theme.css (100%)

diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/App.tsx b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/App.tsx
index f0d0005f4..d7f707087 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/App.tsx
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/App.tsx
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@ export function App() {
     async function load() {
       try {
         const client = await getSageSystemClient();
-        await client.environment.theme.mountCssVars();
 
         const definitions = await client.capabilities.listUserDefinitions();
 
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/task-manager/src/App.tsx b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/task-manager/src/App.tsx
index bc388fc1f..0c2e94a4e 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/task-manager/src/App.tsx
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/task-manager/src/App.tsx
@@ -96,6 +96,125 @@ export function App() {
     }
   }
 
+  useEffect(() => {
+    void (async () => {
+      const tauri = (window as any).__TAURI__;
+
+      console.log('[probe] __TAURI__', tauri);
+      console.log('[probe] modules', Object.keys(tauri ?? {}));
+
+      const webviewApi = tauri?.webview;
+      const windowApi = tauri?.window;
+      const eventApi = tauri?.event;
+
+      console.log('[probe] webview api keys', Object.keys(webviewApi ?? {}));
+      console.log('[probe] window api keys', Object.keys(windowApi ?? {}));
+      console.log('[probe] event api keys', Object.keys(eventApi ?? {}));
+
+      try {
+        const currentWebview = webviewApi?.getCurrentWebview?.();
+        console.log('[probe] current webview', currentWebview);
+        console.log(
+          '[probe] current webview keys',
+          Object.keys(currentWebview ?? {}),
+        );
+
+        await currentWebview?.listen?.(
+          'probe-current-webview-listen',
+          (event: unknown) => {
+            console.log('[probe] current webview received event', event);
+          },
+        );
+
+        console.log('[probe] current webview listen OK');
+      } catch (err) {
+        console.log('[probe] current webview listen DENIED/FAILED', err);
+      }
+
+      try {
+        const allWebviews = await webviewApi?.getAllWebviews?.();
+        console.log('[probe] getAllWebviews OK', allWebviews);
+
+        for (const webview of allWebviews ?? []) {
+          console.log(
+            '[probe] webview item',
+            webview,
+            Object.keys(webview ?? {}),
+          );
+
+          try {
+            await webview.listen?.(
+              'probe-other-webview-listen',
+              (event: unknown) => {
+                console.log(
+                  '[probe] received on listed webview',
+                  webview.label,
+                  event,
+                );
+              },
+            );
+
+            console.log('[probe] listen on listed webview OK', webview.label);
+          } catch (err) {
+            console.log(
+              '[probe] listen on listed webview DENIED/FAILED',
+              webview.label,
+              err,
+            );
+          }
+        }
+      } catch (err) {
+        console.log('[probe] getAllWebviews DENIED/FAILED', err);
+      }
+
+      try {
+        const allWindows = await windowApi?.getAllWindows?.();
+        console.log('[probe] getAllWindows OK', allWindows);
+
+        for (const win of allWindows ?? []) {
+          console.log('[probe] window item', win, Object.keys(win ?? {}));
+
+          try {
+            await win.listen?.('probe-window-listen', (event: unknown) => {
+              console.log(
+                '[probe] received on listed window',
+                win.label,
+                event,
+              );
+            });
+
+            console.log('[probe] listen on listed window OK', win.label);
+          } catch (err) {
+            console.log(
+              '[probe] listen on listed window DENIED/FAILED',
+              win.label,
+              err,
+            );
+          }
+        }
+      } catch (err) {
+        console.log('[probe] getAllWindows DENIED/FAILED', err);
+      }
+
+      try {
+        await eventApi?.listen?.('probe-global-listen', (event: unknown) => {
+          console.log('[probe] received global event', event);
+        });
+
+        console.log('[probe] global event listen OK');
+      } catch (err) {
+        console.log('[probe] global event listen DENIED/FAILED', err);
+      }
+
+      try {
+        await eventApi?.emit?.('probe-global-emit', { hello: 'world' });
+        console.log('[probe] global emit OK');
+      } catch (err) {
+        console.log('[probe] global emit DENIED/FAILED', err);
+      }
+    })();
+  }, []);
+
   useEffect(() => {
     const id = window.setInterval(() => setNow(Date.now()), 1000);
     return () => window.clearInterval(id);
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/task-manager/src/taskManagerApi.ts b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/task-manager/src/taskManagerApi.ts
index 32e050bdd..615b92e6b 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/task-manager/src/taskManagerApi.ts
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/task-manager/src/taskManagerApi.ts
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ import {
 } from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
 
 const client = await getSageSystemClient();
-await client.environment.theme.mountCssVars();
 
 export type { SageAppRuntimeRecordView as RuntimeRecord };
 
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/package.json b/packages/sage-app-sdk/package.json
index 9035a120e..2d946d8c2 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-sdk/package.json
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/package.json
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@
   ],
   "scripts": {
     "generate:types": "node ./scripts/export-types.mjs",
-    "build": "pnpm run generate:types && tsup && cp src/theme.css dist/theme.css && cp src/theme-css.d.ts dist/theme-css.d.ts",
+    "build": "pnpm run generate:types && tsup && cp src/theme/theme.css dist/theme.css && cp src/theme/theme-css.d.ts dist/theme-css.d.ts",
     "dev": "pnpm run generate:types && tsup --watch",
     "clean": "rm -rf dist"
   },
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/bridge-runtime-core.ts b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/bridge/core.ts
similarity index 100%
rename from packages/sage-app-sdk/src/bridge-runtime-core.ts
rename to packages/sage-app-sdk/src/bridge/core.ts
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/client.ts b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/client.ts
index 46e984abf..b40b18be8 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/client.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/client.ts
@@ -1,11 +1,13 @@
 import { initSageRuntimeBridge } from './runtime';
 import type { SageClient } from './types';
+import { bootstrapTheme } from './theme/bootstrap';
+import { formatSageError } from './client/errors';
 
 type SageGlobal = typeof globalThis & {
   __TAURI__?: unknown;
 };
 
-let themeBootstrapStarted = false;
+export { formatSageError };
 
 export function isSageRuntimeAvailable(): boolean {
   return !!(globalThis as SageGlobal).__TAURI__;
@@ -19,25 +21,6 @@ function getClientFromWindow(): SageClient | undefined {
   return window.__SAGE__;
 }
 
-function bootstrapTheme(client: SageClient) {
-  if (themeBootstrapStarted) return;
-  themeBootstrapStarted = true;
-
-  void client.environment.theme.mountCssVars().catch((err) => {
-    console.debug('[Sage SDK] Theme CSS vars not mounted:', err);
-  });
-
-  try {
-    client.environment.theme.onChanged?.(() => {
-      void client.environment.theme.mountCssVars().catch((err) => {
-        console.debug('[Sage SDK] Theme CSS vars refresh failed:', err);
-      });
-    });
-  } catch (err) {
-    console.debug('[Sage SDK] Theme change listener not available:', err);
-  }
-}
-
 export function isSageBridgeInitialized(): boolean {
   return !!getClientFromWindow();
 }
@@ -62,25 +45,3 @@ export async function getSageClient(): Promise<SageClient> {
 
   return client;
 }
-
-function isObject(value: unknown): value is Record<string, unknown> {
-  return !!value && typeof value === 'object';
-}
-
-export function formatSageError(err: unknown): string {
-  if (err instanceof Error) return err.message;
-  if (typeof err === 'string') return err;
-
-  if (isObject(err)) {
-    if (typeof err.message === 'string') return err.message;
-    if (typeof err.reason === 'string') return err.reason;
-
-    try {
-      return JSON.stringify(err, null, 2);
-    } catch {
-      return 'Unknown Sage error';
-    }
-  }
-
-  return String(err);
-}
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/client/errors.ts b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/client/errors.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8badb0c2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/client/errors.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+function isObject(value: unknown): value is Record<string, unknown> {
+  return !!value && typeof value === 'object';
+}
+
+export function formatSageError(err: unknown): string {
+  if (err instanceof Error) return err.message;
+  if (typeof err === 'string') return err;
+
+  if (isObject(err)) {
+    if (typeof err.message === 'string') return err.message;
+    if (typeof err.reason === 'string') return err.reason;
+
+    try {
+      return JSON.stringify(err, null, 2);
+    } catch {
+      return 'Unknown Sage error';
+    }
+  }
+
+  return String(err);
+}
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/hooks.ts b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/hooks.ts
index fbf06c562..ccf2c7337 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/hooks.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/hooks.ts
@@ -1,21 +1,18 @@
 import { getSageClient, hasSageBridge } from './client';
+import type { SageClient } from './types';
 
-type SageClientResolved = Awaited<ReturnType<typeof getSageClient>>;
+let promise: Promise<SageClient> | null = null;
 
-let sageClient: SageClientResolved | null = null;
-let sageClientPromise: Promise<SageClientResolved> | null = null;
-
-export function useSageClient(): SageClientResolved {
-  if (sageClient) return sageClient;
+export function useSageClient(): SageClient {
+  if (typeof window !== 'undefined' && window.__SAGE__) {
+    return window.__SAGE__;
+  }
 
   if (!hasSageBridge()) {
     throw new Error('Sage bridge is not available');
   }
 
-  sageClientPromise ??= getSageClient().then((client) => {
-    sageClient = client;
-    return client;
-  });
+  promise ??= getSageClient();
 
-  throw sageClientPromise;
+  throw promise;
 }
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/index.ts b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/index.ts
index 91c850012..08493edac 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/index.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/index.ts
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ export {
   createBridgeRuntimeCore,
   parseJsonOrNull,
   toSdkBridgeResponse,
-} from './bridge-runtime-core';
+} from './bridge/core';
 
 export * from './types';
 export * from './hooks';
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
index c8c238c3a..6d764da62 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
@@ -1,481 +1 @@
-import type * as Generated from './generated-types';
-import type {
-  SageBridgeSendPayload,
-  SageBridgeVersion,
-  SageClient,
-} from './types';
-import {
-  createBridgeRuntimeCore,
-  parseJsonOrNull,
-} from './bridge-runtime-core';
-import { applySageThemeCssVars, clearSageThemeCssVars } from './theme';
-
-export const SAGE_BRIDGE_VERSION: SageBridgeVersion = 'v1';
-
-type SageListenEvent<T = unknown> = {
-  payload: T;
-};
-
-type SageUnlisten = () => void;
-
-type SageWebviewHandle = {
-  label: string;
-  listen<T = unknown>(
-    event: string,
-    handler: (event: SageListenEvent<T>) => void,
-  ): Promise<SageUnlisten>;
-};
-
-type SageWindow = Window &
-  typeof globalThis & {
-    __SAGE__?: SageClient;
-    __SAGE_APP_INFO__?: Generated.AppGetInfoResult;
-    __SAGE_RUNTIME_BRIDGE_INITIALIZED__?: boolean;
-  };
-
-type RuntimeEventEnvelope<T = unknown> = {
-  type: string;
-  payload: T;
-};
-
-type RustLikeBridgeSuccessResponse = {
-  bridgeVersion: SageBridgeVersion;
-  id: string;
-  ok: true;
-  result?: unknown;
-  resultJson?: string;
-};
-
-type RustLikeBridgeErrorResponse = {
-  bridgeVersion: SageBridgeVersion;
-  id: string;
-  ok: false;
-  error: {
-    code: string;
-    message: string;
-  };
-};
-
-type RustLikeBridgeResponse =
-  | RustLikeBridgeSuccessResponse
-  | RustLikeBridgeErrorResponse;
-
-function getSageWindow(): SageWindow {
-  return window as SageWindow;
-}
-
-function buildFallbackAppInfo(): Generated.AppGetInfoResult {
-  return {
-    id: 'unknown',
-    name: 'Unknown App',
-    version: '0.0.0',
-    requestedPermissions: {
-      network: {
-        whitelist: {
-          required: [],
-          optional: [],
-        },
-      },
-      capabilities: {
-        required: [],
-        optional: [],
-      },
-    },
-    capabilities: [],
-    network: [],
-  };
-}
-
-function isObject(value: unknown): value is Record<string, unknown> {
-  return !!value && typeof value === 'object';
-}
-
-function isRuntimeEventEnvelope(value: unknown): value is RuntimeEventEnvelope {
-  return (
-    isObject(value) && typeof value.type === 'string' && 'payload' in value
-  );
-}
-
-function dispatchRuntimeEvent(data: RuntimeEventEnvelope) {
-  window.dispatchEvent(
-    new CustomEvent<RuntimeEventEnvelope>('sage:event', {
-      detail: data,
-    }),
-  );
-
-  window.dispatchEvent(
-    new CustomEvent<RuntimeEventEnvelope>(`sage:event:${data.type}`, {
-      detail: data,
-    }),
-  );
-}
-
-function onRuntimeEventType<T>(
-  type: string,
-
-  handler: (event: T) => void,
-): () => void {
-  const listener = (event: Event) => {
-    const custom = event as CustomEvent<RuntimeEventEnvelope<T>>;
-
-    handler(custom.detail.payload);
-  };
-
-  window.addEventListener(`sage:event:${type}`, listener as EventListener);
-
-  return () => {
-    window.removeEventListener(`sage:event:${type}`, listener as EventListener);
-  };
-}
-
-function bridgeResponseResult(data: RustLikeBridgeSuccessResponse): unknown {
-  if ('result' in data) {
-    return data.result;
-  }
-
-  return parseJsonOrNull(data.resultJson);
-}
-
-function handleBeforeStopEvent(
-  event: Generated.BeforeStopEvent,
-  beforeStopHandlers: Set<
-    (event: Generated.BeforeStopEvent) => void | Promise<void>
-  >,
-  callHost: <T>(method: string, params?: unknown) => Promise<T>,
-  rejectAllPending: (reason: string) => void,
-) {
-  rejectAllPending('Sage runtime is stopping');
-
-  if (!event?.requestId || beforeStopHandlers.size === 0) {
-    return;
-  }
-
-  const handlers = Array.from(beforeStopHandlers);
-
-  void Promise.allSettled(
-    handlers.map((handler) => Promise.resolve(handler(event))),
-  ).finally(() => {
-    void callHost<Generated.RuntimeAckResult>('app.lifecycle.readyToStop', {
-      requestId: event.requestId,
-    } satisfies Generated.ReadyToStopParams).catch((error: unknown) => {
-      console.error('Failed to acknowledge before-stop:', error);
-    });
-  });
-}
-
-export function initSageRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
-  const w = getSageWindow();
-
-  if (w.__SAGE__) {
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  if (w.__SAGE_RUNTIME_BRIDGE_INITIALIZED__) {
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  const core = createBridgeRuntimeCore({
-    version: SAGE_BRIDGE_VERSION,
-    invokeCommand: 'apps_invoke_bridge',
-    requestIdPrefix: 'sage',
-  });
-
-  if (!core) {
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  const webview = core.webview as SageWebviewHandle;
-  const callHost = core.callHost;
-  const rejectAllPending = core.rejectAllPending;
-
-  w.__SAGE_RUNTIME_BRIDGE_INITIALIZED__ = true;
-
-  const beforeStopHandlers = new Set<
-    (event: Generated.BeforeStopEvent) => void | Promise<void>
-  >();
-  let beforeStopRegistered = false;
-
-  async function syncBeforeStopRegistration() {
-    const shouldBeRegistered = beforeStopHandlers.size > 0;
-    if (beforeStopRegistered === shouldBeRegistered) {
-      return;
-    }
-
-    beforeStopRegistered = shouldBeRegistered;
-
-    try {
-      await callHost<Generated.RuntimeAckResult>(
-        'app.lifecycle.setBeforeStopListener',
-        {
-          active: shouldBeRegistered,
-        } satisfies Generated.SetBeforeStopListenerParams,
-      );
-    } catch (error) {
-      console.error('Failed to sync before-stop listener registration:', error);
-    }
-  }
-
-  webview
-    .listen('sage-bridge:event', (event: SageListenEvent) => {
-      const data = event.payload;
-
-      if (!isRuntimeEventEnvelope(data)) {
-        console.warn('[Sage SDK] Dropped malformed runtime event:', data);
-        return;
-      }
-
-      try {
-        dispatchRuntimeEvent(data);
-      } catch (error: unknown) {
-        console.error('Failed to dispatch Sage bridge runtime event:', error);
-      }
-    })
-    .catch((error: unknown) => {
-      console.error('Failed to subscribe to sage-bridge:event:', error);
-    });
-
-  onRuntimeEventType<Generated.BeforeStopEvent>(
-    'lifecycle.beforeStop',
-    (detail) => {
-      handleBeforeStopEvent(
-        detail,
-        beforeStopHandlers,
-        callHost,
-        rejectAllPending,
-      );
-    },
-  );
-
-  webview
-    .listen<RustLikeBridgeResponse>(
-      'sage-bridge:response',
-      (event: SageListenEvent<RustLikeBridgeResponse>) => {
-        const data = event.payload;
-
-        if (!data || data.bridgeVersion !== SAGE_BRIDGE_VERSION) {
-          console.warn('[Sage SDK] Dropped malformed bridge response:', data);
-          return;
-        }
-
-        const pending = core.pendingRequests.get(data.id);
-        if (!pending) {
-          console.warn(
-            '[Sage SDK] Response for unknown request id:',
-            data.id,
-            data,
-          );
-          return;
-        }
-
-        core.pendingRequests.delete(data.id);
-        window.clearTimeout(pending.timeoutId);
-
-        if (data.ok) {
-          pending.resolve(bridgeResponseResult(data));
-        } else {
-          pending.reject(
-            new Error(data.error?.message || 'Unknown Sage bridge error'),
-          );
-        }
-      },
-    )
-    .catch((error: unknown) => {
-      console.error('Failed to subscribe to sage-bridge:response:', error);
-    });
-
-  w.__SAGE__ = {
-    initialAppInfo: w.__SAGE_APP_INFO__ ?? buildFallbackAppInfo(),
-    app: {
-      async bridgePing() {
-        return await callHost<Generated.BridgePingResult>('bridge.ping');
-      },
-
-      async bridgeSend(input: SageBridgeSendPayload) {
-        return await callHost<Generated.BridgeSendResult>('bridge.send', input);
-      },
-
-      async getInfo() {
-        return await callHost<Generated.AppGetInfoResult>('app.getInfo');
-      },
-
-      async getCapabilities() {
-        return await callHost<string[]>('app.getCapabilities');
-      },
-
-      async requestCapabilityGrant(
-        input: Generated.RequestCapabilityGrantParams,
-      ) {
-        return await callHost<Generated.RequestCapabilityGrantResult>(
-          'app.requestCapabilityGrant',
-          input,
-        );
-      },
-
-      async requestNetworkWhitelistGrant(
-        input: Generated.RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantParams,
-      ) {
-        return await callHost<Generated.RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantResult>(
-          'app.requestNetworkWhitelistGrant',
-          input,
-        );
-      },
-
-      onGrantedCapabilitiesChange(handler) {
-        return onRuntimeEventType<Generated.GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent>(
-          'grantedCapabilitiesChange',
-          handler,
-        );
-      },
-
-      onGrantedNetworkWhitelistChange(handler) {
-        return onRuntimeEventType<Generated.GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent>(
-          'grantedNetworkWhitelistChange',
-          handler,
-        );
-      },
-
-      lifecycle: {
-        onBeforeStop(handler) {
-          beforeStopHandlers.add(handler);
-          void syncBeforeStopRegistration();
-
-          return () => {
-            beforeStopHandlers.delete(handler);
-            void syncBeforeStopRegistration();
-          };
-        },
-      },
-    },
-
-    wallet: {
-      async getKeys() {
-        return await callHost<Generated.GetKeysResponse>('wallet.getKeys');
-      },
-
-      async getKey(input: Generated.GetKey) {
-        return await callHost<Generated.GetKeyResponse>('wallet.getKey', input);
-      },
-
-      async getSecretKey(input: Generated.GetSecretKey) {
-        return await callHost<Generated.GetSecretKeyResponse>(
-          'wallet.getSecretKey',
-          input,
-        );
-      },
-
-      async getSyncStatus() {
-        return await callHost<Generated.GetSyncStatusResponse>(
-          'wallet.getSyncStatus',
-        );
-      },
-
-      async getVersion() {
-        return await callHost<Generated.GetVersionResponse>(
-          'wallet.getVersion',
-        );
-      },
-
-      async getPendingTransactions() {
-        return await callHost<Generated.GetPendingTransactionsResponse>(
-          'wallet.getPendingTransactions',
-        );
-      },
-
-      async checkAddress(input: Generated.CheckAddress) {
-        return await callHost<Generated.CheckAddressResponse>(
-          'wallet.checkAddress',
-          input,
-        );
-      },
-
-      async getDerivations(input: Generated.GetDerivations) {
-        return await callHost<Generated.GetDerivationsResponse>(
-          'wallet.getDerivations',
-          input,
-        );
-      },
-
-      async getSpendableCoinCount(input: Generated.GetSpendableCoinCount) {
-        return await callHost<Generated.GetSpendableCoinCountResponse>(
-          'wallet.getSpendableCoinCount',
-          input,
-        );
-      },
-
-      async getCoinsByIds(input: Generated.GetCoinsByIds) {
-        return await callHost<Generated.GetCoinsByIdsResponse>(
-          'wallet.getCoinsByIds',
-          input,
-        );
-      },
-
-      async getCoins(input: Generated.GetCoins) {
-        return await callHost<Generated.GetCoinsResponse>(
-          'wallet.getCoins',
-          input,
-        );
-      },
-
-      async getTransaction(input: Generated.GetTransaction) {
-        return await callHost<Generated.GetTransactionResponse>(
-          'wallet.getTransaction',
-          input,
-        );
-      },
-
-      async getTransactions(input: Generated.GetTransactions) {
-        return await callHost<Generated.GetTransactionsResponse>(
-          'wallet.getTransactions',
-          input,
-        );
-      },
-
-      async sendXch(input: Generated.WalletSendXchParams) {
-        return await callHost<Generated.TransactionResponse>(
-          'wallet.sendXch',
-          input,
-        );
-      },
-    },
-    environment: {
-      theme: {
-        async getCurrent() {
-          return await callHost<Generated.EnvironmentThemeGetCurrentResult>(
-            'environment.theme.getCurrent',
-          );
-        },
-
-        onChanged(handler) {
-          return onRuntimeEventType<Generated.EnvironmentThemeChangedEvent>(
-            'environment.theme.changed',
-            handler,
-          );
-        },
-
-        async mountCssVars() {
-          const current =
-            await callHost<Generated.EnvironmentThemeGetCurrentResult>(
-              'environment.theme.getCurrent',
-            );
-
-          applySageThemeCssVars(current.theme);
-
-          const unlisten =
-            onRuntimeEventType<Generated.EnvironmentThemeChangedEvent>(
-              'environment.theme.changed',
-              (event) => {
-                applySageThemeCssVars(event.theme);
-              },
-            );
-
-          return () => {
-            unlisten();
-            clearSageThemeCssVars();
-          };
-        },
-      },
-    },
-  };
-
-  return true;
-}
+export * from './runtime/index';
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime/create-client.ts b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime/create-client.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6466e933d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime/create-client.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,277 @@
+import type * as Generated from '../generated-types';
+import type { BridgeRuntimeCore } from '../bridge/core';
+import type { SageBridgeSendPayload, SageClient } from '../types';
+import { applySageThemeCssVars, clearSageThemeCssVars } from '../theme';
+import { onRuntimeEventType } from './events';
+import { handleBeforeStopEvent } from './lifecycle';
+
+type SageWindow = Window &
+  typeof globalThis & {
+    __SAGE_APP_INFO__?: Generated.AppGetInfoResult;
+  };
+
+function getSageWindow(): SageWindow {
+  return window as SageWindow;
+}
+
+function buildFallbackAppInfo(): Generated.AppGetInfoResult {
+  return {
+    id: 'unknown',
+    name: 'Unknown App',
+    version: '0.0.0',
+    requestedPermissions: {
+      network: {
+        whitelist: {
+          required: [],
+          optional: [],
+        },
+      },
+      capabilities: {
+        required: [],
+        optional: [],
+      },
+    },
+    capabilities: [],
+    network: [],
+  };
+}
+
+export function createSageClient(core: BridgeRuntimeCore): SageClient {
+  const w = getSageWindow();
+  const callHost = core.callHost;
+  const rejectAllPending = core.rejectAllPending;
+
+  const beforeStopHandlers = new Set<
+    (event: Generated.BeforeStopEvent) => void | Promise<void>
+  >();
+
+  let beforeStopRegistered = false;
+
+  async function syncBeforeStopRegistration() {
+    const shouldBeRegistered = beforeStopHandlers.size > 0;
+    if (beforeStopRegistered === shouldBeRegistered) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    beforeStopRegistered = shouldBeRegistered;
+
+    try {
+      await callHost<Generated.RuntimeAckResult>(
+        'app.lifecycle.setBeforeStopListener',
+        {
+          active: shouldBeRegistered,
+        } satisfies Generated.SetBeforeStopListenerParams,
+      );
+    } catch (error) {
+      console.error('Failed to sync before-stop listener registration:', error);
+    }
+  }
+
+  onRuntimeEventType<Generated.BeforeStopEvent>(
+    'lifecycle.beforeStop',
+    (detail) => {
+      handleBeforeStopEvent(
+        detail,
+        beforeStopHandlers,
+        callHost,
+        rejectAllPending,
+      );
+    },
+  );
+
+  return {
+    initialAppInfo: w.__SAGE_APP_INFO__ ?? buildFallbackAppInfo(),
+
+    app: {
+      async bridgePing() {
+        return await callHost<Generated.BridgePingResult>('bridge.ping');
+      },
+
+      async bridgeSend(input: SageBridgeSendPayload) {
+        return await callHost<Generated.BridgeSendResult>('bridge.send', input);
+      },
+
+      async getInfo() {
+        return await callHost<Generated.AppGetInfoResult>('app.getInfo');
+      },
+
+      async getCapabilities() {
+        return await callHost<string[]>('app.getCapabilities');
+      },
+
+      async requestCapabilityGrant(
+        input: Generated.RequestCapabilityGrantParams,
+      ) {
+        return await callHost<Generated.RequestCapabilityGrantResult>(
+          'app.requestCapabilityGrant',
+          input,
+        );
+      },
+
+      async requestNetworkWhitelistGrant(
+        input: Generated.RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantParams,
+      ) {
+        return await callHost<Generated.RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantResult>(
+          'app.requestNetworkWhitelistGrant',
+          input,
+        );
+      },
+
+      onGrantedCapabilitiesChange(handler) {
+        return onRuntimeEventType<Generated.GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent>(
+          'grantedCapabilitiesChange',
+          handler,
+        );
+      },
+
+      onGrantedNetworkWhitelistChange(handler) {
+        return onRuntimeEventType<Generated.GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent>(
+          'grantedNetworkWhitelistChange',
+          handler,
+        );
+      },
+
+      lifecycle: {
+        onBeforeStop(handler) {
+          beforeStopHandlers.add(handler);
+          void syncBeforeStopRegistration();
+
+          return () => {
+            beforeStopHandlers.delete(handler);
+            void syncBeforeStopRegistration();
+          };
+        },
+      },
+    },
+
+    wallet: {
+      async getKeys() {
+        return await callHost<Generated.GetKeysResponse>('wallet.getKeys');
+      },
+
+      async getKey(input: Generated.GetKey) {
+        return await callHost<Generated.GetKeyResponse>('wallet.getKey', input);
+      },
+
+      async getSecretKey(input: Generated.GetSecretKey) {
+        return await callHost<Generated.GetSecretKeyResponse>(
+          'wallet.getSecretKey',
+          input,
+        );
+      },
+
+      async getSyncStatus() {
+        return await callHost<Generated.GetSyncStatusResponse>(
+          'wallet.getSyncStatus',
+        );
+      },
+
+      async getVersion() {
+        return await callHost<Generated.GetVersionResponse>(
+          'wallet.getVersion',
+        );
+      },
+
+      async getPendingTransactions() {
+        return await callHost<Generated.GetPendingTransactionsResponse>(
+          'wallet.getPendingTransactions',
+        );
+      },
+
+      async checkAddress(input: Generated.CheckAddress) {
+        return await callHost<Generated.CheckAddressResponse>(
+          'wallet.checkAddress',
+          input,
+        );
+      },
+
+      async getDerivations(input: Generated.GetDerivations) {
+        return await callHost<Generated.GetDerivationsResponse>(
+          'wallet.getDerivations',
+          input,
+        );
+      },
+
+      async getSpendableCoinCount(input: Generated.GetSpendableCoinCount) {
+        return await callHost<Generated.GetSpendableCoinCountResponse>(
+          'wallet.getSpendableCoinCount',
+          input,
+        );
+      },
+
+      async getCoinsByIds(input: Generated.GetCoinsByIds) {
+        return await callHost<Generated.GetCoinsByIdsResponse>(
+          'wallet.getCoinsByIds',
+          input,
+        );
+      },
+
+      async getCoins(input: Generated.GetCoins) {
+        return await callHost<Generated.GetCoinsResponse>(
+          'wallet.getCoins',
+          input,
+        );
+      },
+
+      async getTransaction(input: Generated.GetTransaction) {
+        return await callHost<Generated.GetTransactionResponse>(
+          'wallet.getTransaction',
+          input,
+        );
+      },
+
+      async getTransactions(input: Generated.GetTransactions) {
+        return await callHost<Generated.GetTransactionsResponse>(
+          'wallet.getTransactions',
+          input,
+        );
+      },
+
+      async sendXch(input: Generated.WalletSendXchParams) {
+        return await callHost<Generated.TransactionResponse>(
+          'wallet.sendXch',
+          input,
+        );
+      },
+    },
+
+    environment: {
+      theme: {
+        async getCurrent() {
+          return await callHost<Generated.EnvironmentThemeGetCurrentResult>(
+            'environment.theme.getCurrent',
+          );
+        },
+
+        onChanged(handler) {
+          return onRuntimeEventType<Generated.EnvironmentThemeChangedEvent>(
+            'environment.theme.changed',
+            handler,
+          );
+        },
+
+        async mountCssVars() {
+          const current =
+            await callHost<Generated.EnvironmentThemeGetCurrentResult>(
+              'environment.theme.getCurrent',
+            );
+
+          applySageThemeCssVars(current.theme);
+
+          const unlisten =
+            onRuntimeEventType<Generated.EnvironmentThemeChangedEvent>(
+              'environment.theme.changed',
+              (event) => {
+                applySageThemeCssVars(event.theme);
+              },
+            );
+
+          return () => {
+            unlisten();
+            clearSageThemeCssVars();
+          };
+        },
+      },
+    },
+  };
+}
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime/events.ts b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime/events.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e451c0cd5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime/events.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+export type RuntimeEventEnvelope<T = unknown> = {
+  type: string;
+  payload: T;
+};
+
+function isObject(value: unknown): value is Record<string, unknown> {
+  return !!value && typeof value === 'object';
+}
+
+export function isRuntimeEventEnvelope(
+  value: unknown,
+): value is RuntimeEventEnvelope {
+  return (
+    isObject(value) && typeof value.type === 'string' && 'payload' in value
+  );
+}
+
+export function dispatchRuntimeEvent(data: RuntimeEventEnvelope) {
+  window.dispatchEvent(
+    new CustomEvent<RuntimeEventEnvelope>('sage:event', {
+      detail: data,
+    }),
+  );
+
+  window.dispatchEvent(
+    new CustomEvent<RuntimeEventEnvelope>(`sage:event:${data.type}`, {
+      detail: data,
+    }),
+  );
+}
+
+export function onRuntimeEventType<T>(
+  type: string,
+  handler: (event: T) => void,
+): () => void {
+  const listener = (event: Event) => {
+    const custom = event as CustomEvent<RuntimeEventEnvelope<T>>;
+    handler(custom.detail.payload);
+  };
+
+  window.addEventListener(`sage:event:${type}`, listener as EventListener);
+
+  return () => {
+    window.removeEventListener(`sage:event:${type}`, listener as EventListener);
+  };
+}
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime/index.ts b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime/index.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4c75a74f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime/index.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+import type { SageBridgeVersion } from '../types';
+import { createBridgeRuntimeCore, parseJsonOrNull } from '../bridge/core';
+import type { SageClient } from '../types';
+import { createSageClient } from './create-client';
+import { dispatchRuntimeEvent, isRuntimeEventEnvelope } from './events';
+
+export const SAGE_BRIDGE_VERSION: SageBridgeVersion = 'v1';
+
+type SageListenEvent<T = unknown> = {
+  payload: T;
+};
+
+type SageUnlisten = () => void;
+
+type SageWebviewHandle = {
+  label: string;
+  listen<T = unknown>(
+    event: string,
+    handler: (event: SageListenEvent<T>) => void,
+  ): Promise<SageUnlisten>;
+};
+
+type SageWindow = Window &
+  typeof globalThis & {
+    __SAGE__?: SageClient;
+    __SAGE_RUNTIME_BRIDGE_INITIALIZED__?: boolean;
+  };
+
+type RustLikeBridgeSuccessResponse = {
+  bridgeVersion: SageBridgeVersion;
+  id: string;
+  ok: true;
+  result?: unknown;
+  resultJson?: string;
+};
+
+type RustLikeBridgeErrorResponse = {
+  bridgeVersion: SageBridgeVersion;
+  id: string;
+  ok: false;
+  error: {
+    code: string;
+    message: string;
+  };
+};
+
+type RustLikeBridgeResponse =
+  | RustLikeBridgeSuccessResponse
+  | RustLikeBridgeErrorResponse;
+
+function getSageWindow(): SageWindow {
+  return window as SageWindow;
+}
+
+function bridgeResponseResult(data: RustLikeBridgeSuccessResponse): unknown {
+  if ('result' in data) {
+    return data.result;
+  }
+
+  return parseJsonOrNull(data.resultJson);
+}
+
+export function initSageRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
+  const w = getSageWindow();
+
+  if (w.__SAGE__) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  if (w.__SAGE_RUNTIME_BRIDGE_INITIALIZED__) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  const core = createBridgeRuntimeCore({
+    version: SAGE_BRIDGE_VERSION,
+    invokeCommand: 'apps_invoke_bridge',
+    requestIdPrefix: 'sage',
+  });
+
+  if (!core) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  const webview = core.webview as SageWebviewHandle;
+
+  w.__SAGE_RUNTIME_BRIDGE_INITIALIZED__ = true;
+
+  webview
+    .listen('sage-bridge:event', (event: SageListenEvent) => {
+      const data = event.payload;
+
+      if (!isRuntimeEventEnvelope(data)) {
+        console.warn('[Sage SDK] Dropped malformed runtime event:', data);
+        return;
+      }
+
+      try {
+        dispatchRuntimeEvent(data);
+      } catch (error: unknown) {
+        console.error('Failed to dispatch Sage bridge runtime event:', error);
+      }
+    })
+    .catch((error: unknown) => {
+      console.error('Failed to subscribe to sage-bridge:event:', error);
+    });
+
+  webview
+    .listen<RustLikeBridgeResponse>(
+      'sage-bridge:response',
+      (event: SageListenEvent<RustLikeBridgeResponse>) => {
+        const data = event.payload;
+
+        if (!data || data.bridgeVersion !== SAGE_BRIDGE_VERSION) {
+          console.warn('[Sage SDK] Dropped malformed bridge response:', data);
+          return;
+        }
+
+        const pending = core.pendingRequests.get(data.id);
+        if (!pending) {
+          console.warn(
+            '[Sage SDK] Response for unknown request id:',
+            data.id,
+            data,
+          );
+          return;
+        }
+
+        core.pendingRequests.delete(data.id);
+        window.clearTimeout(pending.timeoutId);
+
+        if (data.ok) {
+          pending.resolve(bridgeResponseResult(data));
+        } else {
+          pending.reject(
+            new Error(data.error?.message || 'Unknown Sage bridge error'),
+          );
+        }
+      },
+    )
+    .catch((error: unknown) => {
+      console.error('Failed to subscribe to sage-bridge:response:', error);
+    });
+
+  w.__SAGE__ = createSageClient(core);
+
+  return true;
+}
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime/lifecycle.ts b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime/lifecycle.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..866c33d5b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime/lifecycle.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+import type * as Generated from '../generated-types';
+
+export function handleBeforeStopEvent(
+  event: Generated.BeforeStopEvent,
+  beforeStopHandlers: Set<
+    (event: Generated.BeforeStopEvent) => void | Promise<void>
+  >,
+  callHost: <T>(method: string, params?: unknown) => Promise<T>,
+  rejectAllPending: (reason: string) => void,
+) {
+  rejectAllPending('Sage runtime is stopping');
+
+  if (!event?.requestId || beforeStopHandlers.size === 0) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  const handlers = Array.from(beforeStopHandlers);
+
+  void Promise.allSettled(
+    handlers.map((handler) => Promise.resolve(handler(event))),
+  ).finally(() => {
+    void callHost<Generated.RuntimeAckResult>('app.lifecycle.readyToStop', {
+      requestId: event.requestId,
+    } satisfies Generated.ReadyToStopParams).catch((error: unknown) => {
+      console.error('Failed to acknowledge before-stop:', error);
+    });
+  });
+}
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/theme/bootstrap.ts b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/theme/bootstrap.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..388190416
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/theme/bootstrap.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+import type { SageClient } from '../types';
+
+let started = false;
+
+export function bootstrapTheme(client: SageClient) {
+  if (started) return;
+  started = true;
+
+  void client.environment.theme.mountCssVars().catch((err) => {
+    console.debug('[Sage SDK] Theme CSS vars not mounted:', err);
+  });
+
+  try {
+    client.environment.theme.onChanged?.(() => {
+      void client.environment.theme.mountCssVars().catch((err) => {
+        console.debug('[Sage SDK] Theme CSS vars refresh failed:', err);
+      });
+    });
+  } catch (err) {
+    console.debug('[Sage SDK] Theme change listener not available:', err);
+  }
+}
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/theme.ts b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/theme/index.ts
similarity index 97%
rename from packages/sage-app-sdk/src/theme.ts
rename to packages/sage-app-sdk/src/theme/index.ts
index a9cbfd6d9..2ad6089b2 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/theme.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/theme/index.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import type * as Generated from './generated-types';
+import type * as Generated from '../generated-types';
 
 export const sageThemeVars = {
   background: '--background',
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/theme-css.d.ts b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/theme/theme-css.d.ts
similarity index 100%
rename from packages/sage-app-sdk/src/theme-css.d.ts
rename to packages/sage-app-sdk/src/theme/theme-css.d.ts
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/theme.css b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/theme/theme.css
similarity index 100%
rename from packages/sage-app-sdk/src/theme.css
rename to packages/sage-app-sdk/src/theme/theme.css
diff --git a/src-tauri/capabilities/apps.json b/src-tauri/capabilities/apps.json
index df6166f73..4a223fa66 100644
--- a/src-tauri/capabilities/apps.json
+++ b/src-tauri/capabilities/apps.json
@@ -4,8 +4,7 @@
   "description": "Minimal IPC for installed app windows and embedded user app webviews",
   "webviews": ["app-*"],
   "permissions": [
-    "core:event:default",
-    "core:webview:default",
+    "core:event:allow-listen",
     "allow-apps-invoke-bridge"
   ]
 }
diff --git a/src-tauri/capabilities/system-apps.json b/src-tauri/capabilities/system-apps.json
index 2ef60b6ce..4c40d65ca 100644
--- a/src-tauri/capabilities/system-apps.json
+++ b/src-tauri/capabilities/system-apps.json
@@ -4,8 +4,7 @@
   "description": "Minimal IPC for embedded system app webviews",
   "webviews": ["system-app-*"],
   "permissions": [
-    "core:event:default",
-    "core:webview:default",
+    "core:event:allow-listen",
     "allow-apps-invoke-bridge",
     "allow-apps-invoke-system-bridge"
   ]

From 76df95bd8e80761abcc8012a6c4925b84ca8529a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Tue, 5 May 2026 23:08:53 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 347/471] Refactor `RustBridgeInvokeResult` handling and
 improve bridge request processing.

- Simplified `RustBridgeInvokeResult` variants: replaced "Immediate" with concise "Success" and "Error" structures.
- Ensured consistent handling of `RustBridgeInvokeResult` conversions in shared and system bridge processes.
- Updated method signatures and logic for better type safety by passing references where applicable.
- Aligned TypeScript definitions with Rust enums for improved consistency and clarity.
- Enhanced modularity by consolidating approval logic and refining helper methods (`error`, `success`, `pending`).
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs | 93 +++++++++----------
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs     |  4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs          | 69 +++++++++++---
 packages/sage-app-sdk/src/bridge/core.ts      | 80 +++++++---------
 packages/sage-app-sdk/src/index.ts            |  1 -
 src/bindings.ts                               |  3 +-
 6 files changed, 136 insertions(+), 114 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
index 4966ad537..2bf7c5172 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
@@ -29,17 +29,15 @@ pub(super) async fn process(
     let origin = match assert_bridge_origin(&app_handle, &webview_label).await {
         Ok(origin) => origin,
         Err(err) => {
-            return Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Immediate {
-                response: RustBridgeResponse::error(
-                    &request.id,
-                    "permission_denied",
-                    format!("Bridge origin denied: {err}"),
-                ),
-            });
+            return Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::error(
+                &request.id,
+                "permission_denied",
+                format!("Bridge origin denied: {err}"),
+            ));
         }
     };
 
-    process_shared(app_handle, app_state, origin, BridgeRegistryKind::User, request).await
+    process_shared(&app_handle, &app_state, &origin, BridgeRegistryKind::User, &request, false).await
 }
 
 pub(super) async fn process_system(
@@ -56,17 +54,15 @@ pub(super) async fn process_system(
     let origin = match assert_system_bridge_origin(&app_handle, &webview_label).await {
         Ok(origin) => origin,
         Err(err) => {
-            return Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Immediate {
-                response: RustBridgeResponse::error(
-                    &request.id,
-                    "permission_denied",
-                    format!("Bridge origin denied: {err}"),
-                ),
-            });
+            return Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::error(
+                &request.id,
+                "permission_denied",
+                format!("Bridge origin denied: {err}"),
+            ));
         }
     };
 
-    process_shared(app_handle, app_state, origin, BridgeRegistryKind::System, request).await
+    process_shared(&app_handle, &app_state, &origin, BridgeRegistryKind::System, &request, false).await
 }
 
 pub(super) async fn process_after_approval(
@@ -91,19 +87,12 @@ pub(super) async fn process_after_approval(
     let app = resolve_app(app_handle, &pending.app_id).await
         .map_err(|err| format!("Failed to resolve app: {err}"))?;
 
-    let origin = assert_bridge_origin(app_handle, &app.with_app(|app| app.webview_label())).await?;
+    let origin = assert_bridge_origin(app_handle, &app.with_app(SharedSageApp::webview_label)).await?;
 
-    let response = if args.approved {
-        execute_bridge_request(
-            app_handle,
-            app_state,
-            &origin,
-            BridgeRegistry::new(pending.registry_kind),
-            &pending.request,
-        )
-            .await
+    let invoke_result = if args.approved {
+        process_shared(app_handle, app_state, &origin, pending.registry_kind, &pending.request, true).await?
     } else {
-        RustBridgeResponse::error(
+        RustBridgeInvokeResult::error(
             &pending.request.id,
             "user_denied",
             args.reason
@@ -111,25 +100,26 @@ pub(super) async fn process_after_approval(
         )
     };
 
-    emit_bridge_response_to_source(app_handle, &origin.app, &response).await?;
+    emit_bridge_response_to_source(app_handle, &origin.app, &invoke_result.try_into()?).await?;
     Ok(())
 }
 
 async fn process_shared(
-    app_handle: AppHandle,
-    app_state: State<'_, AppState>,
-    origin: BridgeOrigin,
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
+    app_state: &State<'_, AppState>,
+    origin: &BridgeOrigin,
     registry_kind: BridgeRegistryKind,
-    request: RustBridgeRequest,
+    request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    approved: bool,
 ) -> Result<RustBridgeInvokeResult, String> {
     let registry = BridgeRegistry::new(registry_kind);
 
     let app = &origin.app;
     let impostor_runtime = &origin.impostor_runtime;
 
-    let method = match assert_method(&registry, &request) {
+    let method = match assert_method(&registry, request) {
         Ok(method) => method,
-        Err(response) => return Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Immediate { response })
+        Err(response) => return Ok(response.into())
     };
 
     let authority_app = origin
@@ -140,37 +130,42 @@ async fn process_shared(
         BridgeMethodCapability::Ungated => {}
 
         BridgeMethodCapability::Required(capability) => {
-            if let Err(response) = verify_capability(&authority_app, &request, capability) {
-                return Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Immediate { response });
+            if let Err(response) = verify_capability(&authority_app, request, capability) {
+                return Ok(response.into());
             }
         }
     }
 
+    if approved {
+        let response =
+            execute_bridge_request(app_handle, app_state, origin, registry, request).await;
+
+        return Ok(response.into());
+    }
+
     match method.approval_request(
         BridgeContext {
             app,
             impostor_runtime,
         },
-        &request,
+        request,
     ) {
         Ok(Some(approval)) => {
-            request_approval(&app_handle, app.id(), registry_kind, approval, &request).await?;
+            request_approval(app_handle, app.id(), registry_kind, approval, request).await?;
             Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Pending {})
         }
         Ok(None) => {
             let response =
-                execute_bridge_request(&app_handle, &app_state, &origin, registry, &request).await;
+                execute_bridge_request(app_handle, app_state, origin, registry, request).await;
 
-            Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Immediate { response })
+            Ok(response.into())
         }
         Err(err) => {
-            Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Immediate {
-                response: RustBridgeResponse::error(
-                    &request.id,
-                    err.code,
-                    err.message,
-                ),
-            })
+            Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::error(
+                &request.id,
+                err.code,
+                err.message,
+            ))
         }
     }
 }
@@ -375,11 +370,11 @@ async fn assert_system_bridge_origin(
 
 fn assert_bridge_version(request: &RustBridgeRequest) -> Result<(), RustBridgeInvokeResult> {
     if let Some(version) = &request.bridge_version && version != "v1" {
-        return Err(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Immediate { response: RustBridgeResponse::error(
+        return Err(RustBridgeInvokeResult::error(
             &request.id,
             "unsupported_bridge_version",
             format!("Unsupported Sage bridge version: {version}"),
-        ) });
+        ));
     }
 
     Ok(())
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
index 5e5c8f838..1d309128c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
@@ -26,12 +26,14 @@ use specta::TypeCollection;
 use specta_typescript::{BigIntExportBehavior, Typescript};
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::events::BeforeStopEvent;
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::environment::{EnvironmentThemeChangedEvent, EnvironmentThemeGetCurrentResult};
-use crate::bridge::ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs;
+use crate::bridge::{ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs, RustBridgeInvokeResult};
 use crate::types::SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView;
 
 pub fn export_user_bridge_typescript() -> Result<String, String> {
     let mut types = TypeCollection::default();
 
+    types.register::<RustBridgeInvokeResult>();
+
     types.register::<BridgePingResult>();
     types.register::<BridgeSendResult>();
     types.register::<SageNetworkPermissionInfo>();
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs
index c3a883e6b..2049e0a01 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs
@@ -20,8 +20,9 @@ pub struct RustBridgeRequest {
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub enum RustBridgeInvokeResult {
-    Immediate { response: RustBridgeResponse },
-    Pending {},
+    Success(RustBridgeSuccessResponse),
+    Error(RustBridgeErrorResponse),
+    Pending,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
@@ -111,21 +112,65 @@ pub(crate) struct PendingBridgeApproval {
     pub request: RustBridgeRequest,
 }
 
+impl RustBridgeInvokeResult {
+    pub fn success(id: &str, result: &Value) -> Self {
+        RustBridgeInvokeResult::Success(RustBridgeSuccessResponse::new(id, result))
+    }
+
+    pub fn error(id: &str, code: &str, message: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        RustBridgeInvokeResult::Error(RustBridgeErrorResponse::new(id, code, message))
+    }
+
+    pub fn pending() -> Self {
+        RustBridgeInvokeResult::Pending
+    }
+}
+
+impl TryFrom<RustBridgeInvokeResult> for RustBridgeResponse {
+    type Error = String;
+
+    fn try_from(value: RustBridgeInvokeResult) -> Result<Self, String> {
+        match value {
+            RustBridgeInvokeResult::Success(response) => Ok(Self::Success(response)),
+            RustBridgeInvokeResult::Error(response) => Ok(Self::Error(response)),
+            RustBridgeInvokeResult::Pending => Err("Invoke result is pending".to_string())
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<RustBridgeResponse> for RustBridgeInvokeResult {
+    fn from(response: RustBridgeResponse) -> Self {
+        match response {
+            RustBridgeResponse::Success(response) => RustBridgeInvokeResult::Success(response),
+            RustBridgeResponse::Error(response) => RustBridgeInvokeResult::Error(response),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 impl RustBridgeResponse {
-    pub(crate) fn success(id: &str, result: &Value) -> RustBridgeResponse {
-        RustBridgeResponse::Success(RustBridgeSuccessResponse {
+    pub fn success(id: &str, result: &Value) -> Self {
+        Self::Success(RustBridgeSuccessResponse::new(id, result))
+    }
+
+    pub fn error(id: &str, code: &str, message: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        RustBridgeResponse::Error(RustBridgeErrorResponse::new(id, code, message))
+    }
+}
+
+impl RustBridgeSuccessResponse {
+    pub(crate) fn new(id: &str, result: &Value) -> Self {
+        Self {
             bridge_version: "v1".into(),
             id: id.into(),
             ok: true,
             result_json: serde_json::to_string(result).unwrap_or_else(|_| "null".to_string()),
-        })
+        }
     }
-    pub(crate) fn error(
-        id: &str,
-        code: &str,
-        message: impl Into<String>,
-    ) -> RustBridgeResponse {
-        RustBridgeResponse::Error(RustBridgeErrorResponse {
+}
+
+impl RustBridgeErrorResponse {
+    pub(crate) fn new(id: &str, code: &str, message: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        Self {
             bridge_version: "v1".into(),
             id: id.into(),
             ok: false,
@@ -133,6 +178,6 @@ impl RustBridgeResponse {
                 code: code.into(),
                 message: message.into(),
             },
-        })
+        }
     }
 }
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/bridge/core.ts b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/bridge/core.ts
index 8bb277e9a..faf6b6009 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/bridge/core.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/bridge/core.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,10 @@
 import { invoke } from '@tauri-apps/api/core';
 import { getCurrentWebview } from '@tauri-apps/api/webview';
+import {
+  RustBridgeErrorResponse,
+  RustBridgeInvokeResult,
+  RustBridgeSuccessResponse,
+} from '../generated-types';
 
 export type GenericBridgeRequest = {
   bridgeVersion?: string;
@@ -25,36 +30,6 @@ export type GenericBridgeErrorResponse = {
   };
 };
 
-export type GenericBridgeResponse =
-  | GenericBridgeSuccessResponse
-  | GenericBridgeErrorResponse;
-
-type RustBridgeResponse =
-  | {
-      bridgeVersion: string;
-      id: string;
-      ok: true;
-      resultJson: string;
-    }
-  | {
-      bridgeVersion: string;
-      id: string;
-      ok: false;
-      error: {
-        code: string;
-        message: string;
-      };
-    };
-
-type RustBridgeInvokeResult =
-  | {
-      kind: 'immediate';
-      response: RustBridgeResponse;
-    }
-  | {
-      kind: 'pending';
-    };
-
 type ListenEvent<T = unknown> = {
   payload: T;
 };
@@ -111,19 +86,22 @@ export function parseJsonOrNull(value: string | null | undefined): unknown {
   }
 }
 
-export function toSdkBridgeResponse(
+export function toSdkBridgeSuccessResponse(
   version: string,
-  response: RustBridgeResponse,
-): GenericBridgeResponse {
-  if ('resultJson' in response) {
-    return {
-      bridgeVersion: version,
-      id: response.id,
-      ok: true,
-      result: parseJsonOrNull(response.resultJson),
-    };
-  }
+  response: RustBridgeSuccessResponse,
+): GenericBridgeSuccessResponse {
+  return {
+    bridgeVersion: version,
+    id: response.id,
+    ok: true,
+    result: parseJsonOrNull(response.resultJson),
+  };
+}
 
+export function toSdkBridgeErrorResponse(
+  version: string,
+  response: RustBridgeErrorResponse,
+): GenericBridgeErrorResponse {
   return {
     bridgeVersion: version,
     id: response.id,
@@ -199,17 +177,21 @@ export function createBridgeRuntimeCore(
             },
           );
 
-          if (result.kind === 'immediate') {
-            const response = toSdkBridgeResponse(
-              config.version,
-              result.response,
-            );
+          if (result.kind === 'success' || result.kind === 'error') {
             pendingRequests.delete(id);
             window.clearTimeout(timeoutId);
-
-            if (response.ok) {
+            if (result.kind === 'success') {
+              const response = toSdkBridgeSuccessResponse(
+                config.version,
+                result,
+              );
               resolve(response.result as T);
-            } else {
+            }
+            else {
+              const response = toSdkBridgeErrorResponse(
+                config.version,
+                result,
+              );
               reject(new Error(response.error.message));
             }
           }
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/index.ts b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/index.ts
index 08493edac..e6b42e336 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/index.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/index.ts
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ export {
 export {
   createBridgeRuntimeCore,
   parseJsonOrNull,
-  toSdkBridgeResponse,
 } from './bridge/core';
 
 export * from './types';
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index 85d12545b..a20780586 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -2259,9 +2259,8 @@ export type RustBridgeApprovalEvent = { approvalId: string; approval: RustBridge
 export type RustBridgeApprovalRequest = ({ kind: "getSecretKey"; fingerprint: number } | { kind: "sendXch"; summary: WalletSendXchParams } | { kind: "capabilityGrant"; capability: UserBridgeCapability; definition: SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView } | { kind: "networkWhitelistGrant"; entry: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry })
 export type RustBridgeErrorPayload = { code: string; message: string }
 export type RustBridgeErrorResponse = { bridgeVersion: string; id: string; ok: boolean; error: RustBridgeErrorPayload }
-export type RustBridgeInvokeResult = { kind: "immediate"; response: RustBridgeResponse } | { kind: "pending" }
+export type RustBridgeInvokeResult = ({ kind: "success" } & RustBridgeSuccessResponse) | ({ kind: "error" } & RustBridgeErrorResponse) | { kind: "pending" }
 export type RustBridgeRequest = { bridgeVersion: string | null; id: string; method: string; paramsJson: string | null }
-export type RustBridgeResponse = RustBridgeSuccessResponse | RustBridgeErrorResponse
 export type RustBridgeSuccessResponse = { bridgeVersion: string; id: string; ok: boolean; resultJson: string }
 export type SageAppAuthor = { name: string; avatar: string | null }
 export type SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView = { key: string; label: string; description: string; flags: SageAppCapabilityFlagsView }

From d802716ae14da24db3f924606da47cee16440ec2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Wed, 6 May 2026 02:05:51 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 348/471] Refactor runtime event handling and bridge approvals.

- Introduced `emit_bridge_approvals_changed`, `emit_timeout_for_pending_approval`, and other helper functions to streamline event-based logic.
- Consolidated approval timeout and runtime visibility updates in `sync_bridge_approval_runtime`.
- Standardized `emit_system_runtime_event_to_app_id` and related event emitters for improved performance.
- Added support for `approval_expiry_loop` to manage approval expiry and synchronize modal runtime state.
- Renamed `getActiveRuntime` to `getActiveTaskbarRuntime` for clarity in SDK and runtime interactions.
- Migrated runtime event logic to `events.rs` for better modularity and maintainability.
---
 .../system/apps/bridge-approval/src/App.tsx   | 101 +++++++++++++-----
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs |   6 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs     |  48 ++++-----
 .../methods/system/bridge_approvals/events.rs |   2 +-
 .../methods/system/bridge_approvals/list.rs   |   4 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs            |   4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/state.rs          |  95 +++++++++++++++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs          |   2 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/events.rs        |  76 +++++++++++++
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs       |  47 +-------
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs           |   2 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs   |  13 +++
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs          |   3 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/system_apps.rs   |  41 ++++++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs           |   1 +
 packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts   |   8 +-
 packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/types.ts     |   2 +-
 17 files changed, 346 insertions(+), 109 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/events.rs

diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/src/App.tsx b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/src/App.tsx
index 999d2b86b..a3120bf7f 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/src/App.tsx
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/src/App.tsx
@@ -1,15 +1,24 @@
 import React, { useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react';
-import { AppModalShell } from '@sage-app/ui';
+import { AppIcon, appIconFromCommonView, AppModalShell } from '@sage-app/ui';
 import {
   useSageSystemClient,
   type PendingBridgeApprovalView,
   type SageAppRuntimeRecordView,
 } from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
-import { BadgeCheck } from 'lucide-react';
+import { BadgeCheck, Clock } from 'lucide-react';
 import { AppApprovalBody } from './approval/AppApprovalBody';
 
-function appNameFromRuntime(runtime: SageAppRuntimeRecordView | null): string {
-  return runtime?.app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.name ?? 'Unknown app';
+function appNameFromRuntime(
+  runtime: SageAppRuntimeRecordView | null,
+): string | null {
+  return runtime?.app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.name ?? null;
+}
+
+function appIconFromRuntime(
+  runtime: SageAppRuntimeRecordView | null,
+): AppIcon | null {
+  if (!runtime) return null;
+  return appIconFromCommonView(runtime.app.common);
 }
 
 function appIdFromRuntime(
@@ -31,6 +40,11 @@ function titleForApproval(approval: PendingBridgeApprovalView) {
   }
 }
 
+function formatCountdown(expiresAt: number, now: number) {
+  const seconds = Math.max(0, Math.ceil((expiresAt - now) / 1000));
+  return seconds <= 0 ? 'Expires now' : `Expires in ${seconds}s`;
+}
+
 function queueText(count: number) {
   if (count <= 0) return null;
   return `${count} more approval${count === 1 ? '' : 's'} pending`;
@@ -38,7 +52,7 @@ function queueText(count: number) {
 
 function MetaPill({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
   return (
-    <span className='rounded-full border px-2 py-0.5 text-[10px] uppercase tracking-wide text-muted-foreground'>
+    <span className='inline-flex items-center gap-1 rounded-full border px-2 py-0.5 text-[10px] uppercase tracking-wide text-muted-foreground'>
       {children}
     </span>
   );
@@ -49,32 +63,41 @@ export function App() {
 
   const [approvals, setApprovals] = useState<PendingBridgeApprovalView[]>([]);
   const [activeAppId, setActiveAppId] = useState<string | null>(null);
-  const [activeAppName, setActiveAppName] = useState('Unknown app');
+  const [activeAppName, setActiveAppName] = useState<string | null>(null);
+  const [activeAppIcon, setActiveAppIcon] = useState<AppIcon | null>(null);
   const [expanded, setExpanded] = useState(false);
   const [working, setWorking] = useState(false);
   const [loaded, setLoaded] = useState(false);
+  const [now, setNow] = useState(() => Date.now());
   const [error, setError] = useState<string | null>(null);
 
   async function refreshActiveRuntime() {
-    const active = await sage.runtimeManager.getActiveRuntime();
+    const active = await sage.runtimeManager.getActiveTaskbarRuntime();
 
     setActiveAppId(appIdFromRuntime(active));
     setActiveAppName(appNameFromRuntime(active));
+    setActiveAppIcon(appIconFromRuntime(active));
 
     return active;
   }
 
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const id = window.setInterval(() => setNow(Date.now()), 250);
+    return () => window.clearInterval(id);
+  }, []);
+
   useEffect(() => {
     async function refreshInitialState() {
       try {
         const [pending, active] = await Promise.all([
           sage.bridgeApprovals.listPending(),
-          sage.runtimeManager.getActiveRuntime(),
+          sage.runtimeManager.getActiveTaskbarRuntime(),
         ]);
 
         setApprovals(pending);
         setActiveAppId(appIdFromRuntime(active));
         setActiveAppName(appNameFromRuntime(active));
+        setActiveAppIcon(appIconFromRuntime(active));
       } catch (err) {
         console.error('[approval] refreshInitialState failed', err);
         setError(err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err));
@@ -91,11 +114,13 @@ export function App() {
       setApprovals(event.approvals);
     });
 
-    const offActiveRuntime = sage.runtimeManager.onActiveTaskbarRuntimeChanged(() => {
-      void refreshActiveRuntime().catch((err) => {
-        console.error('[approval] failed to refresh active runtime', err);
-      });
-    });
+    const offActiveRuntime = sage.runtimeManager.onActiveTaskbarRuntimeChanged(
+      () => {
+        void refreshActiveRuntime().catch((err) => {
+          console.error('[approval] failed to refresh active runtime', err);
+        });
+      },
+    );
 
     return () => {
       offApprovals();
@@ -103,19 +128,21 @@ export function App() {
     };
   }, [sage]);
 
-  const activeApproval = useMemo(() => {
-    if (!activeAppId) return null;
-    return approvals.find((item) => item.appId === activeAppId) ?? null;
+  const activeApprovals = useMemo(() => {
+    if (!activeAppId) return [];
+
+    return approvals
+      .filter((item) => item.appId === activeAppId)
+      .sort((a, b) => a.expiresAtMs - b.expiresAtMs);
   }, [approvals, activeAppId]);
 
-  const queuedApprovalCount = useMemo(() => {
-    if (!activeAppId || !activeApproval) return 0;
+  const activeApproval = activeApprovals[0] ?? null;
+  const pendingForActiveAppCount = activeApprovals.length;
+  const queuedApprovalCount = Math.max(0, pendingForActiveAppCount - 1);
 
-    return Math.max(
-      0,
-      approvals.filter((item) => item.appId === activeAppId).length - 1,
-    );
-  }, [approvals, activeAppId, activeApproval]);
+  const countdownText = activeApproval
+    ? formatCountdown(activeApproval.expiresAtMs, now)
+    : null;
 
   useEffect(() => {
     setExpanded(false);
@@ -155,13 +182,27 @@ export function App() {
     return null;
   }
 
+  if (!activeAppId || !activeAppName) {
+    return (
+      <AppModalShell
+        title='Approval state issue'
+        appName='Bridge Approval'
+        appIcon={null}
+      >
+        <div className='rounded-lg border border-destructive/40 bg-destructive/10 p-3 text-sm text-destructive'>
+          Approval exists, but no active taskbar app was resolved.
+        </div>
+      </AppModalShell>
+    );
+  }
+
   const moreText = queueText(queuedApprovalCount);
 
   return (
     <AppModalShell
       title={titleForApproval(activeApproval)}
-      appName='Bridge Approval'
-      appIcon={null}
+      appName={activeAppName}
+      appIcon={activeAppIcon}
       footer={
         <div className='flex items-center justify-between gap-3'>
           <button
@@ -199,6 +240,16 @@ export function App() {
         <div>
           <div className='flex flex-wrap items-center gap-2'>
             <div className='text-sm font-semibold'>Approval required</div>
+
+            {countdownText ? (
+              <MetaPill>
+                <Clock className='h-3 w-3' />
+                {countdownText}
+              </MetaPill>
+            ) : null}
+
+            <MetaPill>{pendingForActiveAppCount} pending for this app</MetaPill>
+
             {moreText ? <MetaPill>{moreText}</MetaPill> : null}
           </div>
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
index 2bf7c5172..a2127730d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ use crate::host::AppState;
 use crate::runtime::{resolve_app, start_bridge_approval_runtime, SharedImpostorRuntime};
 use crate::types::SharedSageApp;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State, Webview};
-use crate::bridge::event_emit::emit_bridge_response_to_source;
+use crate::bridge::event_emit::emit_bridge_response_to_app;
 use crate::bridge::methods::system::BridgeApprovalsChangedEvent;
 use crate::security::assert_bridge_origin;
 
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ pub(super) async fn process_after_approval(
         )
     };
 
-    emit_bridge_response_to_source(app_handle, &origin.app, &invoke_result.try_into()?).await?;
+    emit_bridge_response_to_app(app_handle, &origin.app, &invoke_result.try_into()?).await?;
     Ok(())
 }
 
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ async fn request_approval(
     start_bridge_approval_runtime(
         app_handle,
         &apps_state,
-        app_id,
+        Vec::from([app_id]),
     ).await?;
 
     Ok(())
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs
index a8f9d2b58..6181668e9 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ where
         };
 
         if can_receive {
-            let _ = emit_system_runtime_event_to_app_id(app_handle, &app_id, event.clone()).await;
+            let _ = emit_system_runtime_event_to_app_id(app_handle, &app_id, event.clone());
         }
     }
 
@@ -145,10 +145,9 @@ where
         T::TYPE,
         event,
     )
-        .await
 }
 
-pub(crate) async fn emit_system_runtime_event_to_app_id<T>(
+pub(crate) fn emit_system_runtime_event_to_app_id<T>(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
     app_id: &str,
     event: T,
@@ -163,27 +162,6 @@ where
         T::TYPE,
         event,
     )
-        .await
-}
-
-async fn emit_runtime_event_to_app_id<T>(
-    app_handle: &AppHandle,
-    app_id: &str,
-    rail: AppRuntimeEventRail,
-    event_type: &'static str,
-    event: T,
-) -> Result<(), String>
-where
-    T: Serialize + Type + Clone,
-{
-    let apps_state = app_handle.state::<AppsHostState>();
-
-    let runtime = resolve_possibly_impostor_running_app_immediate(&apps_state, app_id)?;
-    let webview_label = runtime.identity_webview_label();
-
-    get_webview_in_sage_window(app_handle, &webview_label)?
-        .emit(rail.event_name(), runtime_event(event_type, event))
-        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to emit runtime event: {err}"))
 }
 
 pub(crate) fn emit_user_runtime_event_to_sage_webview<T>(
@@ -216,7 +194,7 @@ where
         .map_err(|err| format!("failed to emit runtime event to Sage webview: {err}"))
 }
 
-pub(super) async fn emit_bridge_response_to_source(
+pub(crate) async fn emit_bridge_response_to_app(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
     app: &SharedSageApp,
     response: &RustBridgeResponse,
@@ -225,3 +203,23 @@ pub(super) async fn emit_bridge_response_to_source(
         .emit("sage-bridge:response", response)
         .map_err(|err| format!("failed to emit bridge response: {err}"))
 }
+
+fn emit_runtime_event_to_app_id<T>(
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
+    app_id: &str,
+    rail: AppRuntimeEventRail,
+    event_type: &'static str,
+    event: T,
+) -> Result<(), String>
+where
+    T: Serialize + Type + Clone,
+{
+    let apps_state = app_handle.state::<AppsHostState>();
+
+    let runtime = resolve_possibly_impostor_running_app_immediate(&apps_state, app_id)?;
+    let webview_label = runtime.identity_webview_label();
+
+    get_webview_in_sage_window(app_handle, &webview_label)?
+        .emit(rail.event_name(), runtime_event(event_type, event))
+        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to emit runtime event: {err}"))
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals/events.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals/events.rs
index c52920ead..0d2af8c8f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals/events.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals/events.rs
@@ -18,6 +18,6 @@ impl BridgeApprovalsChangedEvent {
 }
 
 impl SystemRuntimeEvent for BridgeApprovalsChangedEvent {
-    const TYPE: &'static str = "bridgeApproval.approvalsChanged";
+    const TYPE: &'static str = "bridgeApproval.changed";
     const REQUIRED_CAPABILITY: SystemBridgeCapability = SystemBridgeCapability::BridgeApprovalListenApprovalsChanged;
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals/list.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals/list.rs
index 1d4d569f0..4ccda24c3 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals/list.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals/list.rs
@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@ pub(crate) struct PendingBridgeApprovalView {
     pub approval_id: String,
     pub app_id: String,
     pub approval: RustBridgeApprovalRequest,
+    pub created_at_ms: u64,
+    pub expires_at_ms: u64,
 }
 
 #[async_trait]
@@ -60,6 +62,8 @@ impl From<PendingBridgeApproval> for PendingBridgeApprovalView {
             approval_id: approval.approval_id,
             app_id: approval.app_id,
             approval: approval.approval,
+            created_at_ms: approval.created_at_ms,
+            expires_at_ms: approval.expires_at_ms,
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
index f861efb46..2c50f9795 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
@@ -17,6 +17,6 @@ pub use types::{
 
 pub(crate) use event_emit::{
     emit_user_runtime_event_to_listeners, emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners,
-    emit_user_runtime_event_to_app_id
+    emit_user_runtime_event_to_app_id, emit_bridge_response_to_app
 };
-pub(crate) use types::{BridgeOrigin};
+pub(crate) use types::{BridgeOrigin, PendingBridgeApproval};
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/state.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/state.rs
index 9ea6633c1..a0404b24a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/state.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/state.rs
@@ -2,14 +2,21 @@ use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest};
 use crate::bridge::types::PendingBridgeApproval;
 use std::collections::BTreeMap;
-use tauri::State;
+use std::time::Duration;
+use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
+use tauri::async_runtime::JoinHandle;
 use tokio::sync::Mutex;
 use uuid::Uuid;
 use crate::bridge::registry::BridgeRegistryKind;
+use crate::runtime::{emit_bridge_approvals_changed, emit_timeout_for_pending_approval, sync_bridge_approval_runtime};
+use crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms;
+
+const BRIDGE_APPROVAL_TIMEOUT_MS: u64 = 30_000;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Default)]
 pub struct BridgeState {
     pending_approvals: Mutex<BTreeMap<String, PendingBridgeApproval>>,
+    approval_expiry_task: Mutex<Option<JoinHandle<()>>>
 }
 
 pub(crate) async fn write_pending_approval(
@@ -20,6 +27,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn write_pending_approval(
     request: &RustBridgeRequest,
 ) -> String {
     let approval_id = Uuid::new_v4().to_string();
+    let now = unix_timestamp_ms() as u64;
     let mut pending = apps_state.bridge.pending_approvals.lock().await;
     pending.insert(
         approval_id.to_string(),
@@ -29,6 +37,8 @@ pub(crate) async fn write_pending_approval(
             registry_kind,
             approval: approval.clone(),
             request: request.clone(),
+            created_at_ms: now,
+            expires_at_ms: now + BRIDGE_APPROVAL_TIMEOUT_MS,
         },
     );
 
@@ -67,3 +77,86 @@ pub(crate) async fn remove_pending_approval(
     let mut pending = apps_state.bridge.pending_approvals.lock().await;
     pending.remove(approval_id);
 }
+
+pub(crate) async fn pending_approval_app_ids(
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+) -> Vec<String> {
+    use std::collections::BTreeSet;
+
+    list_pending_approvals(apps_state)
+        .await
+        .into_iter()
+        .map(|approval| approval.app_id)
+        .collect::<BTreeSet<_>>()
+        .into_iter()
+        .collect()
+}
+
+pub async fn ensure_approval_expiry_loop(
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+) {
+    let mut guard = apps_state.bridge.approval_expiry_task.lock().await;
+
+    if guard.is_some() {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    let handle = {
+        let app_handle = app_handle.clone();
+
+        tauri::async_runtime::spawn(async move {
+            approval_expiry_loop(app_handle).await;
+        })
+    };
+
+    *guard = Some(handle);
+}
+
+async fn approval_expiry_loop(app_handle: AppHandle) {
+    loop {
+        let apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState> = app_handle.state();
+
+        let pending = list_pending_approvals(&apps_state).await;
+
+        if pending.is_empty() {
+            let mut guard = apps_state.bridge.approval_expiry_task.lock().await;
+            *guard = None;
+            return;
+        }
+
+        let now = unix_timestamp_ms() as u64;
+
+        let mut next_expiry: Option<u64> = None;
+        let mut expired = Vec::new();
+
+        for approval in pending {
+            if approval.expires_at_ms <= now {
+                expired.push(approval);
+            } else {
+                next_expiry = Some(match next_expiry {
+                    Some(current) => current.min(approval.expires_at_ms),
+                    None => approval.expires_at_ms,
+                });
+            }
+        }
+
+        for approval in &expired {
+            remove_pending_approval(&apps_state, &approval.approval_id).await;
+            let _ = emit_timeout_for_pending_approval(&app_handle, &apps_state, approval).await;
+        }
+
+        if !expired.is_empty() {
+            let _ = sync_bridge_approval_runtime(&app_handle, &apps_state).await;
+            emit_bridge_approvals_changed(&app_handle, &apps_state).await;
+        }
+
+        let Some(next_expiry) = next_expiry else {
+            continue;
+        };
+
+        if next_expiry > now {
+            tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(next_expiry - now)).await;
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs
index 2049e0a01..5966bd497 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs
@@ -110,6 +110,8 @@ pub(crate) struct PendingBridgeApproval {
     pub registry_kind: BridgeRegistryKind,
     pub approval: RustBridgeApprovalRequest,
     pub request: RustBridgeRequest,
+    pub created_at_ms: u64,
+    pub expires_at_ms: u64,
 }
 
 impl RustBridgeInvokeResult {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/events.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/events.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5704ace77
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/events.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
+use crate::AppsHostState;
+use crate::bridge::{emit_bridge_response_to_app, emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners, PendingBridgeApproval, RustBridgeResponse};
+use crate::bridge::methods::system::{BridgeApprovalsChangedEvent, RuntimeManagerActiveTaskbarRuntimeChangedEvent, RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent};
+use crate::bridge::state::list_pending_approvals;
+use crate::runtime::{list_runtimes, resolve_running_app, SageAppRuntimeRecordView, SharedRuntime};
+use crate::types::SharedSageApp;
+
+pub(crate) async fn emit_bridge_approvals_changed(
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+) {
+    let approvals_changed_event = BridgeApprovalsChangedEvent::new_from_list(
+        list_pending_approvals(apps_state).await
+    );
+    emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners(app_handle, apps_state, approvals_changed_event).await;
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn emit_timeout_for_pending_approval(
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    pending: &PendingBridgeApproval,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let running_app = resolve_running_app(apps_state, &pending.app_id).await
+        .map_err(|err| format!("Failed to resolve app: {err}"))?;
+
+    let app = running_app.with_app(SharedSageApp::clone_for_resolved_running_app);
+
+    let response = RustBridgeResponse::error(
+        &pending.request.id,
+        "approval_timeout",
+        "Approval request timed out",
+    );
+
+    emit_bridge_response_to_app(app_handle, &app, &response).await
+}
+
+pub(super) async fn emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+) {
+    let Ok(runtimes) = list_runtimes(apps_state).await else {
+        return;
+    };
+
+    let runtime_records = runtimes
+        .iter()
+        .map(Into::into)
+        .collect::<Vec<SageAppRuntimeRecordView>>();
+
+    let event = RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent::new(runtime_records);
+
+    emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners(app_handle, apps_state, event).await;
+}
+
+pub(super) async fn emit_active_taskbar_runtime_changed(
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    host_window_label: &str,
+    runtime: Option<&SharedRuntime>,
+) {
+    let (runtime_id, app_id) = match runtime {
+        Some(shared_runtime) => shared_runtime.with_runtime(
+            |record| (
+                Some(record.runtime_id()),
+                Some(record.app_id().clone())
+            )
+        ),
+        None => (None, None),
+    };
+    let () = emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners(app_handle, apps_state, RuntimeManagerActiveTaskbarRuntimeChangedEvent {
+        host_window_label: host_window_label.to_string(),
+        app_id,
+        runtime_id,
+    }).await;
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
index a8bca2c73..bdcc67c5d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
@@ -3,11 +3,10 @@ use specta::Type;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, LogicalPosition, LogicalSize, State};
 
 use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::bridge::emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners;
-use crate::bridge::methods::system::{RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent, RuntimeManagerActiveTaskbarRuntimeChangedEvent};
 use crate::runtime::state::{find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional, list_runtimes};
 use crate::runtime::webview_locator::get_webview_in_sage_window;
-use crate::runtime::{find_active_taskbar_runtime, resolve_running_app, SageAppRuntimeRecord, SageAppRuntimeRecordView, SageAppRuntimeVisibility, SharedRuntime};
+use crate::runtime::{find_active_taskbar_runtime, resolve_running_app, SageAppRuntimeRecord, SageAppRuntimeVisibility, SharedRuntime};
+use crate::runtime::events::{emit_active_taskbar_runtime_changed, emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed};
 use crate::runtime::stop::kill_runtime;
 use crate::types::{AppPresentation, ResolvedRunningApp};
 
@@ -22,24 +21,6 @@ struct RuntimeWindowIdentity {
     host_window_label: String,
 }
 
-pub(crate) async fn emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(
-    app_handle: &AppHandle,
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-) {
-    let Ok(runtimes) = list_runtimes(apps_state).await else {
-        return;
-    };
-
-    let runtime_records = runtimes
-        .iter()
-        .map(Into::into)
-        .collect::<Vec<SageAppRuntimeRecordView>>();
-
-    let event = RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent::new(runtime_records);
-
-    emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners(app_handle, apps_state, event).await;
-}
-
 pub(crate) async fn focus_taskbar_runtime(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
@@ -155,7 +136,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn kill_taskbar_runtime(
     Ok(())
 }
 
-async fn sync_modal_runtime_visibility(
+pub(super) async fn sync_modal_runtime_visibility(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     host_window_label: &str,
@@ -227,28 +208,6 @@ async fn hide_runtime_by_runtime_id_if_present(
     runtime.with_runtime_mut(SageAppRuntimeRecord::mark_hidden);
 }
 
-async fn emit_active_taskbar_runtime_changed(
-    app_handle: &AppHandle,
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    host_window_label: &str,
-    runtime: Option<&SharedRuntime>,
-) {
-    let (runtime_id, app_id) = match runtime {
-        Some(shared_runtime) => shared_runtime.with_runtime(
-            |record| (
-                Some(record.runtime_id()),
-                Some(record.app_id().clone())
-            )
-        ),
-        None => (None, None),
-    };
-    let () = emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners(app_handle, apps_state, RuntimeManagerActiveTaskbarRuntimeChangedEvent {
-        host_window_label: host_window_label.to_string(),
-        app_id,
-        runtime_id,
-    }).await;
-}
-
 fn runtime_window_identity(resolved_running_app: &ResolvedRunningApp) -> RuntimeWindowIdentity {
     resolved_running_app.runtime().with_runtime(|record| RuntimeWindowIdentity {
         runtime_id: record.runtime_id(),
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs
index c372331bf..8a4fdbea7 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ pub mod stop;
 pub mod webview_locator;
 mod storage;
 mod system_apps;
+mod events;
 
 pub use manager::RuntimeTargetParams;
 
@@ -20,3 +21,4 @@ pub(crate) use state::find_runtime_by_app_id_optional;
 pub(crate) use state::*;
 pub(crate) use storage::run_verified_storage_clear_cycle;
 pub(crate) use system_apps::*;
+pub(crate) use events::{emit_bridge_approvals_changed, emit_timeout_for_pending_approval};
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs
index 3e1f48cab..cd71818e7 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs
@@ -225,6 +225,19 @@ impl SageAppRuntimeRecord {
         self.presentation.clone()
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn update_modal_presentation_list(
+        &mut self,
+        target_app_ids: Vec<String>,
+    ) -> Result<(), String> {
+        match &mut self.presentation {
+            AppPresentation::Modal(presentation) => {
+                presentation.visible_over_app_ids = target_app_ids;
+                Ok(())
+            }
+            _ => Err("Presentation mode is not modal".to_string()),
+        }
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn mode(&self) -> SageAppRuntimeMode {
         self.mode
     }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs
index cc876d0f4..c46bc73ca 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use std::fmt::Display;
 use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::runtime::{emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed, find_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id_optional, GetRuntimeError, SharedRuntime};
+use crate::runtime::{find_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id_optional, GetRuntimeError, SharedRuntime};
 use crate::runtime::state::{find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional, find_runtime_id_by_app_id_optional, get_runtime_by_app_id, remove_before_stop_listeners_by_app_id, remove_pending_stop_ready, remove_runtime_by_runtime_id, remove_runtime_id_by_app_id, write_pending_stop_ready, remove_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id};
 use crate::runtime::webview_locator::find_webview_in_sage_window;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ use tokio::time::timeout;
 use uuid::Uuid;
 use crate::bridge::emit_user_runtime_event_to_app_id;
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::events::BeforeStopEvent;
+use crate::runtime::events::emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed;
 
 const BEFORE_STOP_TIMEOUT_MS: u64 = 5_000;
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/system_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/system_apps.rs
index b0c186ae2..1a00ad29e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/system_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/system_apps.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
 use crate::runtime::start::{create_runtime, CreateRuntimeArgs};
-use crate::runtime::{emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed, SageAppRuntimeMode, SageAppRuntimeVisibility, SharedRuntime};
+use crate::runtime::{SageAppRuntimeMode, SageAppRuntimeRecord, SageAppRuntimeVisibility, SharedRuntime};
 use crate::system_apps::{
     SYSTEM_APP_APP_INSTALL_ID,
     SYSTEM_APP_APP_UPDATE_ID,
@@ -11,6 +11,10 @@ use crate::system_apps::{
 };
 use crate::types::{AppModalPresentation, AppPresentation};
 use crate::AppsHostState;
+use crate::bridge::state::pending_approval_app_ids;
+use crate::runtime::events::emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed;
+use crate::runtime::manager::sync_modal_runtime_visibility;
+use crate::runtime::stop::kill_runtime;
 
 pub(crate) async fn start_system_app_runtime(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
@@ -74,7 +78,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn start_app_update_runtime(
 pub(crate) async fn start_bridge_approval_runtime(
     app: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    target_app_id: String,
+    target_app_ids: Vec<String>,
 ) -> Result<SharedRuntime, String> {
     start_system_app_runtime(
         app,
@@ -82,7 +86,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn start_bridge_approval_runtime(
         CreateRuntimeArgs {
             app_id: SYSTEM_APP_BRIDGE_APPROVAL_ID.to_string(),
             presentation: AppPresentation::Modal(AppModalPresentation {
-                visible_over_app_ids: vec![target_app_id],
+                visible_over_app_ids: target_app_ids,
                 visible_over_launchpad: false,
             }),
             mode: SageAppRuntimeMode::Inline,
@@ -93,3 +97,34 @@ pub(crate) async fn start_bridge_approval_runtime(
     )
         .await
 }
+
+pub(crate) async fn sync_bridge_approval_runtime(
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let visible_over_app_ids = pending_approval_app_ids(apps_state).await;
+
+    if visible_over_app_ids.is_empty() {
+        let _ = kill_runtime(
+            app_handle,
+            apps_state,
+            SYSTEM_APP_BRIDGE_APPROVAL_ID,
+            "no_pending_approvals",
+        )
+            .await;
+
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+
+    let approval_runtime = start_bridge_approval_runtime(app_handle, apps_state, visible_over_app_ids.clone()).await?;
+
+    approval_runtime.with_runtime_mut(|runtime| runtime.update_modal_presentation_list(visible_over_app_ids))?;
+
+    sync_modal_runtime_visibility(
+        app_handle,
+        apps_state,
+        &approval_runtime.with_runtime(SageAppRuntimeRecord::host_window_label)
+    ).await;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
index d3166f087..386a01b2d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
@@ -73,6 +73,7 @@ const BUILTIN_SYSTEM_APPS: &[BuiltinSystemAppSpec] = &[
         system_capabilities: &[
             SystemBridgeCapability::BridgeApprovalList,
             SystemBridgeCapability::BridgeApprovalResolve,
+            SystemBridgeCapability::BridgeApprovalListenApprovalsChanged,
             SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerGetActiveTaskbarRuntime,
             SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerHideSelf,
         ],
diff --git a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
index 31cfd3df8..22d4ec24c 100644
--- a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
@@ -236,8 +236,10 @@ export function initSageSystemRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
               input,
             );
           },
-          async getActiveRuntime(): Promise<Generated.SageAppRuntimeRecordView | null> {
-            return await callHost<Generated.SageAppRuntimeRecordView | null>('runtimeManager.getActiveTaskbarRuntime');
+          async getActiveTaskbarRuntime(): Promise<Generated.SageAppRuntimeRecordView | null> {
+            return await callHost<Generated.SageAppRuntimeRecordView | null>(
+              'runtimeManager.getActiveTaskbarRuntime',
+            );
           },
           async hideSelf() {
             return await callHost<void>('runtimeManager.hideSelf');
@@ -257,7 +259,7 @@ export function initSageSystemRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
               'runtimeManager.activeTaskbarRuntimeChanged',
               handler,
             );
-          }
+          },
         },
 
         appInstall: {
diff --git a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/types.ts b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/types.ts
index 2052b264a..7b5f31b95 100644
--- a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/types.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/types.ts
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ export type SageSystemRuntimeManagerClient = {
   killRuntime(
     input: Generated.RuntimeTargetParams,
   ): Promise<Generated.SystemKillRuntimeResult>;
-  getActiveRuntime(): Promise<Generated.SageAppRuntimeRecordView | null>;
+  getActiveTaskbarRuntime(): Promise<Generated.SageAppRuntimeRecordView | null>;
   onRuntimesChanged(
     handler: (event: Generated.RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent) => void,
   ): () => void;

From c5be0debcbdd055d16f53f556274c03ba69f3a03 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Wed, 6 May 2026 03:44:51 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 349/471] Add debug utilities for bridging and runtime
 communications.

- Introduced scoped debugging macros and utilities (`comms_debug`) in Rust and TypeScript for improved diagnostics.
- Added `sage_apps_comms_debug_enabled` environment variable and initialization logic for enabling communication debugging in debug builds.
- Integrated debug logs into bridge request handling, runtime events, and approval expiry logic.
- Improved visibility into key runtime components with structured debug outputs.
---
 Cargo.lock                                    |  1 +
 crates/sage-apps/Cargo.toml                   |  1 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs | 14 +++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/debug.rs          | 15 ++++++
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs     | 53 ++++++++++++++++++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs            |  2 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/state.rs          | 50 ++++++++++++++---
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/events.rs        | 13 +++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs         | 25 +++++++++
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs          | 22 +++++---
 packages/sage-app-sdk/src/bridge/core.ts      |  4 ++
 packages/sage-app-sdk/src/debug.ts            | 21 ++++++++
 packages/sage-app-sdk/src/index.ts            |  1 +
 packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime/index.ts    |  3 ++
 packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts   |  4 ++
 15 files changed, 206 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/debug.rs
 create mode 100644 packages/sage-app-sdk/src/debug.ts

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index a74626d62..1072e86d5 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -6368,6 +6368,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "tauri-specta",
  "tempfile",
  "tokio",
+ "tracing",
  "url",
  "uuid",
  "zip",
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/Cargo.toml b/crates/sage-apps/Cargo.toml
index 669953fa9..bad63a088 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/Cargo.toml
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ specta-typescript = { workspace = true }
 tauri = { workspace = true, features = ["macos-private-api"] }
 tauri-plugin-dialog = "2.7.1"
 tokio = { workspace = true }
+tracing = { workspace = true }
 reqwest = { workspace = true, features = ["json", "rustls-tls"] }
 anyhow = { workspace = true }
 hex = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
index a2127730d..bb757b0d9 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use crate::capabilities::list::{BridgeCapability, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBr
 use crate::bridge::methods::BridgeMethodCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::bridge::registry::{BridgeRegistry, BridgeRegistryKind};
-use crate::bridge::state::{get_pending_approval, list_pending_approvals, remove_pending_approval, write_pending_approval};
+use crate::bridge::state::{ensure_approval_expiry_loop, get_pending_approval, list_pending_approvals, remove_pending_approval, write_pending_approval};
 use crate::bridge::{emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners, BridgeOrigin, ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeInvokeResult, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
 use crate::capabilities::{get_system_capability_definition, get_user_capability_definition};
 use crate::host::AppState;
@@ -223,10 +223,9 @@ async fn request_approval(
         request,
     )
         .await;
-    let approvals_changed_event = BridgeApprovalsChangedEvent::new_from_list(
-        list_pending_approvals(&apps_state).await
-    );
-    emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners(app_handle, &apps_state, approvals_changed_event).await;
+
+
+    ensure_approval_expiry_loop(app_handle, &apps_state).await;
 
     start_bridge_approval_runtime(
         app_handle,
@@ -234,6 +233,11 @@ async fn request_approval(
         Vec::from([app_id]),
     ).await?;
 
+    let approvals_changed_event = BridgeApprovalsChangedEvent::new_from_list(
+        list_pending_approvals(&apps_state).await
+    );
+    emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners(app_handle, &apps_state, approvals_changed_event).await;
+
     Ok(())
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/debug.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/debug.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8893df1fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/debug.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+macro_rules! comms_debug {
+    ($($arg:tt)*) => {
+        if crate::bridge::sage_apps_comms_debug_enabled() {
+            tracing::info!(target: "sage_apps_comms", $($arg)*);
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+pub(crate) use comms_debug;
+
+pub(crate) fn sage_apps_comms_debug_enabled() -> bool {
+    cfg!(debug_assertions)
+        && std::env::var("SAGE_APPS_COMMS_DEBUG")
+        .is_ok_and(|value| value == "1" || value.eq_ignore_ascii_case("true"))
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs
index 6181668e9..879e90833 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use specta::Type;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Emitter, Manager, State};
 
 use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::bridge::RustBridgeResponse;
+use crate::bridge::{comms_debug, RustBridgeResponse};
 use crate::capabilities::list::{SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
 use crate::runtime::webview_locator::{get_sage_webview, get_webview_in_sage_window};
 use crate::runtime::{list_runtimes, resolve_possibly_impostor_running_app_immediate};
@@ -102,28 +102,70 @@ where
     let Ok(runtimes) = list_runtimes(apps_state).await else {
         return;
     };
+    comms_debug!(
+        "system:event:listeners type={} required_capability={}",
+        T::TYPE,
+        T::REQUIRED_CAPABILITY.key(),
+    );
 
     for runtime in runtimes {
         let Some((app_id, can_receive)) = runtime.with_runtime(|record| {
             if record.internal() {
+                comms_debug!(
+                    "system:event:skip type={} runtime={} reason=internal",
+                    T::TYPE,
+                    record.app_id(),
+                );
                 return None;
             }
 
             let app = record.app();
 
             if !app.is_system_app() {
+                comms_debug!(
+                    "system:event:skip type={} app={} reason=not_system",
+                    T::TYPE,
+                    app.id(),
+                );
                 return None;
             }
 
             let can_receive = app.is_capability_granted(T::REQUIRED_CAPABILITY.into());
 
+            comms_debug!(
+                "system:event:candidate type={} app={} required_capability={} can_receive={}",
+                T::TYPE,
+                app.id(),
+                T::REQUIRED_CAPABILITY.key(),
+                can_receive,
+            );
+
             Some((app.id(), can_receive))
         }) else {
             continue;
         };
 
         if can_receive {
-            let _ = emit_system_runtime_event_to_app_id(app_handle, &app_id, event.clone());
+            comms_debug!(
+                "system:event:emit type={} app={}",
+                T::TYPE,
+                app_id,
+            );
+
+            let result = emit_system_runtime_event_to_app_id(
+                app_handle,
+                &app_id,
+                event.clone(),
+            );
+
+            if let Err(err) = result {
+                comms_debug!(
+                    "system:event:emit_failed type={} app={} error={}",
+                    T::TYPE,
+                    app_id,
+                    err,
+                );
+            }
         }
     }
 
@@ -218,6 +260,13 @@ where
 
     let runtime = resolve_possibly_impostor_running_app_immediate(&apps_state, app_id)?;
     let webview_label = runtime.identity_webview_label();
+    comms_debug!(
+        "runtime:event:emit_to_app app_id={} webview_label={} rail={:?} type={}",
+        app_id,
+        webview_label,
+        rail,
+        event_type,
+    );
 
     get_webview_in_sage_window(app_handle, &webview_label)?
         .emit(rail.event_name(), runtime_event(event_type, event))
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
index 2c50f9795..ea791aa9b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ pub mod registry;
 pub mod state;
 pub mod ts_exports;
 mod types;
+mod debug;
 
 pub use types::{
     RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeInvokeResult, RustBridgeResponse,
@@ -20,3 +21,4 @@ pub(crate) use event_emit::{
     emit_user_runtime_event_to_app_id, emit_bridge_response_to_app
 };
 pub(crate) use types::{BridgeOrigin, PendingBridgeApproval};
+pub(crate) use debug::{comms_debug, sage_apps_comms_debug_enabled};
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/state.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/state.rs
index a0404b24a..f8553a573 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/state.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/state.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest};
+use crate::bridge::{comms_debug, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest};
 use crate::bridge::types::PendingBridgeApproval;
 use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 use std::time::Duration;
@@ -114,23 +114,36 @@ pub async fn ensure_approval_expiry_loop(
 }
 
 async fn approval_expiry_loop(app_handle: AppHandle) {
+    comms_debug!("approval_expiry:loop_started");
+
     loop {
         let apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState> = app_handle.state();
-
         let pending = list_pending_approvals(&apps_state).await;
 
+        comms_debug!("approval_expiry:tick pending={}", pending.len());
+
         if pending.is_empty() {
+            comms_debug!("approval_expiry:empty_stop");
+
             let mut guard = apps_state.bridge.approval_expiry_task.lock().await;
             *guard = None;
             return;
         }
 
         let now = unix_timestamp_ms() as u64;
-
         let mut next_expiry: Option<u64> = None;
         let mut expired = Vec::new();
 
         for approval in pending {
+            comms_debug!(
+                "approval_expiry:check id={} app={} now={} expires_at={} remaining_ms={}",
+                approval.approval_id,
+                approval.app_id,
+                now,
+                approval.expires_at_ms,
+                approval.expires_at_ms.saturating_sub(now),
+            );
+
             if approval.expires_at_ms <= now {
                 expired.push(approval);
             } else {
@@ -141,22 +154,47 @@ async fn approval_expiry_loop(app_handle: AppHandle) {
             }
         }
 
+        comms_debug!("approval_expiry:expired count={}", expired.len());
+
         for approval in &expired {
+            comms_debug!(
+                "approval_expiry:remove id={} app={}",
+                approval.approval_id,
+                approval.app_id,
+            );
+
             remove_pending_approval(&apps_state, &approval.approval_id).await;
-            let _ = emit_timeout_for_pending_approval(&app_handle, &apps_state, approval).await;
+
+            if let Err(err) =
+                emit_timeout_for_pending_approval(&app_handle, &apps_state, approval).await
+            {
+                comms_debug!(
+                    "approval_expiry:timeout_emit_failed id={} error={}",
+                    approval.approval_id,
+                    err,
+                );
+            }
         }
 
         if !expired.is_empty() {
-            let _ = sync_bridge_approval_runtime(&app_handle, &apps_state).await;
+            comms_debug!("approval_expiry:sync_after_expired");
+
+            if let Err(err) = sync_bridge_approval_runtime(&app_handle, &apps_state).await {
+                comms_debug!("approval_expiry:sync_failed error={}", err);
+            }
+
             emit_bridge_approvals_changed(&app_handle, &apps_state).await;
         }
 
         let Some(next_expiry) = next_expiry else {
+            comms_debug!("approval_expiry:no_next_continue");
             continue;
         };
 
         if next_expiry > now {
-            tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(next_expiry - now)).await;
+            let sleep_ms = next_expiry - now;
+            comms_debug!("approval_expiry:sleep ms={}", sleep_ms);
+            tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(sleep_ms)).await;
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/events.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/events.rs
index 5704ace77..64feea5af 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/events.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/events.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::bridge::{emit_bridge_response_to_app, emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners, PendingBridgeApproval, RustBridgeResponse};
+use crate::bridge::{comms_debug, emit_bridge_response_to_app, emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners, PendingBridgeApproval, RustBridgeResponse};
 use crate::bridge::methods::system::{BridgeApprovalsChangedEvent, RuntimeManagerActiveTaskbarRuntimeChangedEvent, RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent};
 use crate::bridge::state::list_pending_approvals;
 use crate::runtime::{list_runtimes, resolve_running_app, SageAppRuntimeRecordView, SharedRuntime};
@@ -10,10 +10,15 @@ pub(crate) async fn emit_bridge_approvals_changed(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
 ) {
-    let approvals_changed_event = BridgeApprovalsChangedEvent::new_from_list(
-        list_pending_approvals(apps_state).await
+    let approvals = list_pending_approvals(apps_state).await;
+
+    comms_debug!(
+        "bridge_approvals:changed count={}",
+        approvals.len(),
     );
-    emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners(app_handle, apps_state, approvals_changed_event).await;
+
+    let event = BridgeApprovalsChangedEvent::new_from_list(approvals);
+    emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners(app_handle, apps_state, event).await;
 }
 
 pub(crate) async fn emit_timeout_for_pending_approval(
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
index 8caf03a36..c9a5de7f2 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
@@ -74,6 +74,7 @@ pub async fn create_runtime(
         })
         .on_new_window(move |_url, _features| NewWindowResponse::Deny);
 
+    let builder = build_initialization_script(builder);
     let builder = build_storage(builder, &app)?;
 
     let (x, y, width, height) = if args.debug_layout {
@@ -145,6 +146,7 @@ pub(in crate::runtime) async fn create_impostor_runtime_from_stopped(
         })
         .on_new_window(move |_url, _features| NewWindowResponse::Deny);
 
+    let builder = build_initialization_script(builder);
     let builder = build_persistent_storage_target(builder, &victim_app)?;
 
     let (x, y, width, height) = if args.debug_layout {
@@ -270,3 +272,26 @@ fn build_persistent_storage_target(
 
     Ok(builder)
 }
+
+fn build_initialization_script(
+    mut builder: WebviewBuilder<Wry>,
+) -> WebviewBuilder<Wry> {
+    if !cfg!(debug_assertions) {
+        return builder;
+    }
+
+    let enabled = std::env::var("SAGE_APPS_COMMS_DEBUG")
+        .is_ok_and(|value| value == "1" || value.eq_ignore_ascii_case("true"));
+
+    if !enabled {
+        return builder;
+    }
+
+    builder = builder.initialization_script(
+        r#"
+window.__SAGE_APPS_COMMS_DEBUG__ = true;
+"#,
+    );
+
+    builder
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs
index c46bc73ca..9db7c3c0d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use std::fmt::Display;
 use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::runtime::{find_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id_optional, GetRuntimeError, SharedRuntime};
+use crate::runtime::{find_active_taskbar_runtime, find_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id_optional, GetRuntimeError, SageAppRuntimeRecord, SharedRuntime};
 use crate::runtime::state::{find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional, find_runtime_id_by_app_id_optional, get_runtime_by_app_id, remove_before_stop_listeners_by_app_id, remove_pending_stop_ready, remove_runtime_by_runtime_id, remove_runtime_id_by_app_id, write_pending_stop_ready, remove_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id};
 use crate::runtime::webview_locator::find_webview_in_sage_window;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ use tokio::time::timeout;
 use uuid::Uuid;
 use crate::bridge::emit_user_runtime_event_to_app_id;
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::events::BeforeStopEvent;
-use crate::runtime::events::emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed;
+use crate::runtime::events::{emit_active_taskbar_runtime_changed, emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed};
 
 const BEFORE_STOP_TIMEOUT_MS: u64 = 5_000;
 
@@ -38,16 +38,26 @@ impl Display for SystemKillRuntimeError {
 }
 
 pub(crate) async fn kill_runtime(
-    app: &AppHandle,
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: &str,
     reason: &str,
 ) -> Result<(), SystemKillRuntimeError> {
-    let _ = get_runtime_by_app_id(apps_state, app_id).await.map_err(|e| match e {
+    let shared_runtime = get_runtime_by_app_id(apps_state, app_id).await.map_err(|e| match e {
         GetRuntimeError::NotFound => SystemKillRuntimeError::NotFound
-    });
+    })?;
+    let host_window_label = shared_runtime.with_runtime(SageAppRuntimeRecord::host_window_label);
+    let active_taskbar_runtime = find_active_taskbar_runtime(
+        apps_state,
+        &host_window_label
+    ).await;
+
+    close_runtime_internal_with_reason(app_handle, apps_state, app_id, reason).await;
+
+    if let Some(active_taskbar_runtime) = active_taskbar_runtime && active_taskbar_runtime.app_id() == app_id {
+        emit_active_taskbar_runtime_changed(app_handle, apps_state, &host_window_label, None).await;
+    }
 
-    close_runtime_internal_with_reason(app, apps_state, app_id, reason).await;
     Ok(())
 }
 
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/bridge/core.ts b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/bridge/core.ts
index faf6b6009..1440ec1a3 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/bridge/core.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/bridge/core.ts
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import {
   RustBridgeInvokeResult,
   RustBridgeSuccessResponse,
 } from '../generated-types';
+import { debugComms } from '../debug';
 
 export type GenericBridgeRequest = {
   bridgeVersion?: string;
@@ -134,6 +135,7 @@ export function createBridgeRuntimeCore(
     const id = `${config.requestIdPrefix}-${Date.now()}-${Math.random()
       .toString(36)
       .slice(2)}`;
+    debugComms('request', { id, method, params });
 
     return await new Promise<T>((resolve, reject) => {
       const timeoutId = window.setTimeout(() => {
@@ -176,6 +178,7 @@ export function createBridgeRuntimeCore(
               },
             },
           );
+          debugComms('invoke-result', result);
 
           if (result.kind === 'success' || result.kind === 'error') {
             pendingRequests.delete(id);
@@ -196,6 +199,7 @@ export function createBridgeRuntimeCore(
             }
           }
         } catch (error: unknown) {
+          debugComms('request-error', { id, method, error });
           const pending = pendingRequests.get(id);
           if (!pending) {
             return;
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/debug.ts b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/debug.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1ed0cd95f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/debug.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+type SageDebugWindow = Window &
+  typeof globalThis & {
+    __SAGE_APPS_COMMS_DEBUG__?: boolean;
+  };
+
+export function sageAppsCommsDebugEnabled(): boolean {
+  if (typeof window === 'undefined') return false;
+
+  return (window as SageDebugWindow).__SAGE_APPS_COMMS_DEBUG__ === true;
+}
+
+export function debugComms(label: string, payload?: unknown) {
+  if (!sageAppsCommsDebugEnabled()) return;
+
+  if (payload === undefined) {
+    console.debug(`[Sage Comms] ${label}`);
+    return;
+  }
+
+  console.debug(`[Sage Comms] ${label}`, payload);
+}
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/index.ts b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/index.ts
index e6b42e336..bccfd560d 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/index.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/index.ts
@@ -16,3 +16,4 @@ export {
 
 export * from './types';
 export * from './hooks';
+export { debugComms } from './debug';
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime/index.ts b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime/index.ts
index 4c75a74f9..400f84462 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime/index.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime/index.ts
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import type { SageBridgeVersion } from '../types';
 import { createBridgeRuntimeCore, parseJsonOrNull } from '../bridge/core';
 import type { SageClient } from '../types';
 import { createSageClient } from './create-client';
+import { debugComms } from '../debug';
 import { dispatchRuntimeEvent, isRuntimeEventEnvelope } from './events';
 
 export const SAGE_BRIDGE_VERSION: SageBridgeVersion = 'v1';
@@ -88,6 +89,7 @@ export function initSageRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
   webview
     .listen('sage-bridge:event', (event: SageListenEvent) => {
       const data = event.payload;
+      debugComms('user:event:raw', data);
 
       if (!isRuntimeEventEnvelope(data)) {
         console.warn('[Sage SDK] Dropped malformed runtime event:', data);
@@ -109,6 +111,7 @@ export function initSageRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
       'sage-bridge:response',
       (event: SageListenEvent<RustLikeBridgeResponse>) => {
         const data = event.payload;
+        debugComms('user:response:raw', data);
 
         if (!data || data.bridgeVersion !== SAGE_BRIDGE_VERSION) {
           console.warn('[Sage SDK] Dropped malformed bridge response:', data);
diff --git a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
index 22d4ec24c..23e9a3190 100644
--- a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import type * as Generated from './generated-types';
 import type { SageSystemBridgeVersion, SageSystemClient } from './types';
 import {
   createBridgeRuntimeCore,
+  debugComms,
   getSageClient,
   parseJsonOrNull,
 } from '@sage-app/sdk';
@@ -142,6 +143,7 @@ export function initSageSystemRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
       'sage-system-bridge:response',
       (event: SageSystemListenEvent<RustLikeSystemBridgeResponse>) => {
         const data = event.payload;
+        debugComms('system:response:raw', data);
 
         if (!data || data.bridgeVersion !== SAGE_SYSTEM_BRIDGE_VERSION) {
           console.warn(
@@ -182,6 +184,7 @@ export function initSageSystemRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
   webview
     .listen('sage-system-bridge:event', (event: SageSystemListenEvent) => {
       const data = event.payload;
+      debugComms('system:event:raw', data);
 
       if (!isSystemRuntimeEventEnvelope(data)) {
         console.warn(
@@ -192,6 +195,7 @@ export function initSageSystemRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
       }
 
       try {
+        debugComms('system:event:dispatch', data);
         dispatchSystemRuntimeEvent(data);
       } catch (error: unknown) {
         console.error(

From 42f8aa24d11517c2dc9b9a305da4d28f5216f1cc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Wed, 6 May 2026 05:34:41 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 350/471] Remove built-in apps build logic and usage

- Deleted `build_builtin_apps()` and related functions from `builtin_apps.rs`.
- Removed calls to `build_builtin_apps()` and associated dependencies in build scripts.
- Simplified apps module by consolidating commands and refactoring exports.
- Streamlined system apps runtime configuration with new `over_launchpad` and `over_apps` presentation helpers.
---
 .../sage-apps/src/bin/export_bridge_types.rs  |   4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs       |  16 +-
 .../methods/system/app_install/install_url.rs |  32 +-
 .../methods/system/app_install/install_zip.rs |  46 +-
 .../methods/system/app_install/preview_url.rs |  22 +-
 .../methods/system/app_install/preview_zip.rs |  27 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs            |   4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs          |   8 -
 crates/sage-apps/src/build/builtin_apps.rs    |  42 -
 crates/sage-apps/src/build/mod.rs             |   1 -
 crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs                   |  35 +-
 .../src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs         | 106 +--
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs |   6 -
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs     |  26 +-
 .../sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs   |  88 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/snapshot.rs    |  32 -
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs     |  13 +-
 .../src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs          |  29 -
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs       |   4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs           |   1 -
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs       |   8 -
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs         |   2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs     |   2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs   |  11 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/system_apps.rs   |  15 +-
 .../sage-apps/src/types/app/retired_origin.rs |  20 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/system_apps.rs |  27 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/storage.rs         |  10 +-
 src-tauri/build.rs                            |   8 +-
 src-tauri/src/lib.rs                          |  43 +-
 src/pages/Apps.tsx                            | 758 +++++++-----------
 31 files changed, 499 insertions(+), 947 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/build/builtin_apps.rs

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bin/export_bridge_types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bin/export_bridge_types.rs
index 749e35773..6f6dab3ae 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bin/export_bridge_types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bin/export_bridge_types.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
-use sage_apps::bridge::ts_exports::{
-    export_system_bridge_typescript, export_user_bridge_typescript,
-};
+use sage_apps::{export_system_bridge_typescript, export_user_bridge_typescript};
 
 fn main() {
     let bridge = std::env::args()
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
index c9087179d..86cc9170a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,5 @@
-use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::bridge::bridge_request::{process_system, process, process_after_approval};
-use crate::bridge::{
-    ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs, RustBridgeInvokeResult, RustBridgeRequest,
-};
+use crate::bridge::bridge_request::{process_system, process};
+use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeInvokeResult, RustBridgeRequest, };
 use crate::capabilities::user_registry;
 use crate::host::AppState;
 use crate::types::SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView;
@@ -28,15 +25,6 @@ pub async fn apps_invoke_system_bridge(
     request: RustBridgeRequest,
 ) -> Result<RustBridgeInvokeResult, String> { process_system(app, webview, app_state, request).await }
 
-#[tauri::command]
-#[specta::specta]
-pub async fn apps_resolve_bridge_approval(
-    app_handle: AppHandle,
-    app_state: State<'_, AppState>,
-    apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    args: ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs,
-) -> Result<(), String> { process_after_approval(&app_handle, &app_state, &apps_state, args).await }
-
 #[tauri::command]
 #[specta::specta]
 pub fn get_user_capability_definitions() -> Result<Vec<SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView>, String> {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/install_url.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/install_url.rs
index 7cc0d657b..cb1802e44 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/install_url.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/install_url.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
+use std::io;
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 use serde::{Deserialize};
 use specta::Type;
-use tauri::Manager;
+use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
 
 use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
@@ -11,8 +12,9 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::bridge::methods::system::AppInstallInstallResult;
 use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
-use crate::lifecycle::install::commands::install_app_url;
-use crate::types::{SageGrantedPermissionsInput};
+use crate::host::AppState;
+use crate::lifecycle::install::install_app_from_source;
+use crate::types::{SageAppUrl, SageGrantedPermissionsInput, UserSageAppView};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
@@ -49,7 +51,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppInstallInstallUrl {
         request: &RustBridgeRequest,
     ) -> BridgeHandleResult {
         let params: AppInstallInstallUrlParams = parse_required_params(self, request)?;
-        let state = tools.app_handle.state::<crate::host::AppState>();
+        let state = tools.app_handle.state::<AppState>();
 
         let app = install_app_url(
             tools.app_handle.clone(),
@@ -63,3 +65,25 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppInstallInstallUrl {
         Ok(Box::new(AppInstallInstallResult::new(app)))
     }
 }
+
+pub async fn install_app_url(
+    app: AppHandle,
+    state: State<'_, AppState>,
+    app_url: String,
+    granted_permissions_input: SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
+) -> crate::host::Result<UserSageAppView> {
+    let base_path = {
+        let state = state.lock().await;
+        state.path.clone()
+    };
+    let parsed_app_url = SageAppUrl::parse(&app_url)
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("invalid app URL {app_url}: {err}")))?;
+    let result = install_app_from_source(&app, &base_path, granted_permissions_input, parsed_app_url)
+        .await;
+
+    result
+        .map(|app| (&app).into())
+        .map_err(|err| {
+            io::Error::other(format!("failed to install app URL {app_url}: {err}")).into()
+        })
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/install_zip.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/install_zip.rs
index b6aea20a2..ad3cef5b0 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/install_zip.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/install_zip.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
+use std::{fs, io};
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 use serde::Deserialize;
 use specta::Type;
-use tauri::Manager;
+use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
 
 use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
@@ -10,8 +11,11 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
 };
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
-use crate::lifecycle::install::commands::install_app_zip;
-use crate::types::SageGrantedPermissionsInput;
+use crate::host::AppState;
+use crate::lifecycle::apps_root;
+use crate::lifecycle::install::install_app_from_source;
+use crate::lifecycle::install::zip::ZipInstallSource;
+use crate::types::{SageGrantedPermissionsInput, UserSageAppView};
 
 use super::AppInstallInstallResult;
 
@@ -50,7 +54,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppInstallInstallZip {
         request: &RustBridgeRequest,
     ) -> BridgeHandleResult {
         let params: AppInstallInstallZipParams = parse_required_params(self, request)?;
-        let state = tools.app_handle.state::<crate::host::AppState>();
+        let state = tools.app_handle.state::<AppState>();
 
         let app = install_app_zip(
             tools.app_handle.clone(),
@@ -64,3 +68,37 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppInstallInstallZip {
         Ok(Box::new(AppInstallInstallResult::new(app)))
     }
 }
+
+pub async fn install_app_zip(
+    app: AppHandle,
+    state: State<'_, AppState>,
+    zip_path: String,
+    granted_permissions_input: SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
+) -> crate::host::Result<UserSageAppView> {
+    let base_path = {
+        let state = state.lock().await;
+        state.path.clone()
+    };
+
+    let root = apps_root(&base_path);
+
+    fs::create_dir_all(&root).map_err(|err| {
+        io::Error::other(format!(
+            "failed to create apps directory {}: {err}",
+            root.display()
+        ))
+    })?;
+
+    let source = ZipInstallSource::new(&root, zip_path.clone());
+    let unpack_dir = source.unpack_dir.clone();
+
+    let result = install_app_from_source(&app, &base_path, granted_permissions_input, source).await;
+
+    if unpack_dir.exists() {
+        let _ = fs::remove_dir_all(&unpack_dir);
+    }
+
+    result
+        .map(|app| (&app).into())
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to install app zip {zip_path}: {err}")).into())
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/preview_url.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/preview_url.rs
index 6d153ead9..32d8f0107 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/preview_url.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/preview_url.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 use serde::Deserialize;
 use specta::Type;
-
 use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
     parse_required_params, BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult,
@@ -9,7 +8,8 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
 };
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
-use crate::lifecycle::install::commands::preview_app_url;
+use crate::lifecycle::fetch_url_manifest_preview;
+use crate::types::{SageAppUrl, SageAppUrlPreview};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
@@ -46,10 +46,22 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppInstallPreviewUrl {
     ) -> BridgeHandleResult {
         let params: AppInstallPreviewUrlParams = parse_required_params(self, request)?;
 
-        let preview = preview_app_url(params.app_url)
-            .await
-            .map_err(|err| BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error(err.to_string()))?;
+        let preview = fetch_preview(params.app_url).await
+            .map_err(BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error)?;
 
         Ok(Box::new(preview))
     }
 }
+
+async fn fetch_preview(app_url: String) -> Result<SageAppUrlPreview, String> {
+    let app_url = SageAppUrl::parse(&app_url)
+        .map_err(|err| format!("invalid app URL {app_url}: {err}"))?;
+
+    let (manifest, manifest_hash) = fetch_url_manifest_preview(&app_url.manifest_url())
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to fetch app manifest: {err}"))?;
+
+    SageAppUrlPreview::new(&app_url, manifest, manifest_hash)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to preview app URL: {err}"))
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/preview_zip.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/preview_zip.rs
index 081f5cbf4..b6e76f6f5 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/preview_zip.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/preview_zip.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
+use std::{fs};
+use std::path::Path;
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 use serde::Deserialize;
 use specta::Type;
-
+use uuid::Uuid;
 use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
     parse_required_params, BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult,
@@ -9,7 +11,8 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
 };
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
-use crate::lifecycle::install::commands::preview_app_zip;
+use crate::lifecycle::{read_manifest, unzip_to_dir};
+use crate::types::SageAppPackageManifest;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
@@ -46,9 +49,25 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppInstallPreviewZip {
     ) -> BridgeHandleResult {
         let params: AppInstallPreviewZipParams = parse_required_params(self, request)?;
 
-        let manifest = preview_app_zip(params.zip_path)
-            .map_err(|err| BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error(err.to_string()))?;
+        let manifest = preview_manifest(&params.zip_path)
+            .map_err(BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error)?;
 
         Ok(Box::new(manifest))
     }
 }
+
+fn preview_manifest(zip_path: &String) -> Result<SageAppPackageManifest, String> {
+    let unpack_dir = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!(".sage-preview-{}", Uuid::new_v4()));
+
+    let result = (|| -> anyhow::Result<SageAppPackageManifest> {
+        unzip_to_dir(Path::new(&zip_path), &unpack_dir)?;
+        let package_root = crate::lifecycle::detect_package_root(&unpack_dir)?;
+        let manifest = read_manifest(&package_root)?;
+
+        Ok(manifest)
+    })();
+
+    let _ = fs::remove_dir_all(&unpack_dir);
+
+    result.map_err(|err| format!("failed to preview app zip {zip_path}: {err}"))
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
index ea791aa9b..6cdeb5aba 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
@@ -11,9 +11,7 @@ mod debug;
 
 pub use types::{
     RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeInvokeResult, RustBridgeResponse,
-    RustBridgeSuccessResponse, RustBridgeErrorResponse, RustBridgeErrorPayload,
-    RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeApprovalBody,
-    ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs, RustBridgeApprovalEvent
+    RustBridgeApprovalRequest, ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs
 };
 
 pub(crate) use event_emit::{
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs
index 5966bd497..2f41bddb7 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ use crate::types::{SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, S
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use serde_json::Value;
 use specta::Type;
-use tauri_specta::Event;
 use crate::bridge::registry::BridgeRegistryKind;
 use crate::runtime::SharedImpostorRuntime;
 
@@ -91,13 +90,6 @@ pub enum RustBridgeApprovalBody {
     },
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type, Event)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub struct RustBridgeApprovalEvent {
-    pub approval_id: String,
-    pub approval: RustBridgeApprovalRequest,
-}
-
 pub(crate) struct BridgeOrigin {
     pub app: SharedSageApp,
     pub impostor_runtime: Option<SharedImpostorRuntime>,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/builtin_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/builtin_apps.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index d28bf4161..000000000
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/builtin_apps.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,42 +0,0 @@
-use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
-
-const SAGE_BUILTIN_APPS_DIST_ENV: &str = "SAGE_BUILTIN_APPS_DIST";
-
-pub fn build_builtin_apps() -> Result<(), String> {
-    let manifest_dir = PathBuf::from(env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR"));
-
-    let workspace_root = manifest_dir
-        .parent()
-        .and_then(|path| path.parent())
-        .ok_or_else(|| "crates/sage-apps should have workspace root above it".to_string())?;
-
-    let dist_root = workspace_root
-        .join("builtin-apps")
-        .join("build")
-        .join("dist");
-
-    println!(
-        "cargo:rustc-env={SAGE_BUILTIN_APPS_DIST_ENV}={}",
-        dist_root.display()
-    );
-
-    println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed={}", dist_root.display());
-
-    require_dir(&dist_root)?;
-    require_dir(&dist_root.join("sandbox-test"))?;
-    require_dir(&dist_root.join("runtime"))?;
-    require_dir(&dist_root.join("system"))?;
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn require_dir(path: &Path) -> Result<(), String> {
-    if path.is_dir() {
-        return Ok(());
-    }
-
-    Err(format!(
-        "missing builtin apps build output at {}. Run `pnpm build:builtin-apps` first.",
-        path.display()
-    ))
-}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/mod.rs
index dce9a8ebe..ca422a9ce 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/mod.rs
@@ -1,2 +1 @@
-pub mod builtin_apps;
 pub mod docs;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
index f41a191ea..4dcf7d1f4 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-pub mod bridge;
-pub mod build;
+mod bridge;
+mod build;
 mod capabilities;
-pub mod host;
-pub mod lifecycle;
-pub mod runtime;
+mod host;
+mod lifecycle;
+mod runtime;
 pub mod sandbox;
 pub mod security;
 pub mod storage;
@@ -12,5 +12,30 @@ pub mod types;
 pub mod utils;
 pub mod environment;
 
+pub use bridge::{
+    commands::{apps_invoke_bridge, apps_invoke_system_bridge, get_user_capability_definitions},
+    ts_exports::{export_system_bridge_typescript, export_user_bridge_typescript}
+};
+pub use build::docs::generate_docs;
 pub use host::AppsHostState;
+pub use lifecycle::{
+    install::commands::list_installed_apps,
+    update::commands::{
+        check_app_update,
+        download_app_update,
+        apply_app_update,
+    },
+    uninstall::uninstall_app,
+    apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data, process_pending_storage_cleanup
+};
+pub use runtime::commands::{
+    apps_start_system_app,
+    apps_create_inline_runtime,
+    apps_list_runtimes,
+    apps_focus_taskbar_runtime,
+    apps_clear_active_taskbar_runtime,
+    apps_kill_taskbar_runtime,
+    apps_dev_reload_runtime
+};
 pub use security::{handle_system_app_protocol_request, handle_user_app_protocol_request};
+
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs
index f23cc9cc1..af30c92b8 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs
@@ -1,48 +1,10 @@
-use std::{fs, io, path::Path};
+use std::{fs, io};
 
-use tauri::{AppHandle, State, command};
+use tauri::{State, command};
 
 use crate::host::{AppState, Result};
-use crate::lifecycle::install::install_app_from_source;
-use crate::lifecycle::install::zip::ZipInstallSource;
-use crate::lifecycle::{apps_root, fetch_url_manifest_preview, list_installed_apps_internal, read_manifest, unzip_to_dir};
-use crate::types::{ListedSageAppView, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppUrl, SageAppUrlPreview, SageGrantedPermissionsInput, UserSageAppView};
-use uuid::Uuid;
-
-#[allow(clippy::needless_pass_by_value)]
-#[command]
-#[specta::specta]
-pub fn preview_app_zip(zip_path: String) -> Result<SageAppPackageManifest> {
-    let unpack_dir = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!(".sage-preview-{}", Uuid::new_v4()));
-
-    let result = (|| -> anyhow::Result<SageAppPackageManifest> {
-        unzip_to_dir(Path::new(&zip_path), &unpack_dir)?;
-        let package_root = crate::lifecycle::detect_package_root(&unpack_dir)?;
-        let manifest = read_manifest(&package_root)?;
-
-        Ok(manifest)
-    })();
-
-    let _ = fs::remove_dir_all(&unpack_dir);
-
-    result.map_err(|err| {
-        io::Error::other(format!("failed to preview app zip {zip_path}: {err}")).into()
-    })
-}
-
-#[command]
-#[specta::specta]
-pub async fn preview_app_url(app_url: String) -> Result<SageAppUrlPreview> {
-    let app_url = SageAppUrl::parse(&app_url)
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("invalid app URL {app_url}: {err}")))?;
-
-    let (manifest, manifest_hash) = fetch_url_manifest_preview(&app_url.manifest_url())
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to fetch app manifest: {err}")))?;
-
-    SageAppUrlPreview::new(&app_url, manifest, manifest_hash).await
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to preview app URL: {err}")).into())
-}
+use crate::lifecycle::{apps_root, list_installed_apps_internal};
+use crate::types::{ListedSageAppView};
 
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
@@ -65,63 +27,3 @@ pub async fn list_installed_apps(state: State<'_, AppState>) -> Result<Vec<Liste
         .map(|apps| apps.iter().map(Into::into).collect())
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to list installed apps: {err}")).into())
 }
-
-#[command]
-#[specta::specta]
-pub async fn install_app_zip(
-    app: AppHandle,
-    state: State<'_, AppState>,
-    zip_path: String,
-    granted_permissions_input: SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
-) -> Result<UserSageAppView> {
-    let base_path = {
-        let state = state.lock().await;
-        state.path.clone()
-    };
-
-    let root = apps_root(&base_path);
-
-    fs::create_dir_all(&root).map_err(|err| {
-        io::Error::other(format!(
-            "failed to create apps directory {}: {err}",
-            root.display()
-        ))
-    })?;
-
-    let source = ZipInstallSource::new(&root, zip_path.clone());
-    let unpack_dir = source.unpack_dir.clone();
-
-    let result = install_app_from_source(&app, &base_path, granted_permissions_input, source).await;
-
-    if unpack_dir.exists() {
-        let _ = fs::remove_dir_all(&unpack_dir);
-    }
-
-    result
-        .map(|app| (&app).into())
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to install app zip {zip_path}: {err}")).into())
-}
-
-#[command]
-#[specta::specta]
-pub async fn install_app_url(
-    app: AppHandle,
-    state: State<'_, AppState>,
-    app_url: String,
-    granted_permissions_input: SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
-) -> Result<UserSageAppView> {
-    let base_path = {
-        let state = state.lock().await;
-        state.path.clone()
-    };
-    let parsed_app_url = SageAppUrl::parse(&app_url)
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("invalid app URL {app_url}: {err}")))?;
-    let result = install_app_from_source(&app, &base_path, granted_permissions_input, parsed_app_url)
-        .await;
-
-    result
-        .map(|app| (&app).into())
-        .map_err(|err| {
-            io::Error::other(format!("failed to install app URL {app_url}: {err}")).into()
-        })
-}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs
index b350cc224..86bc9c30e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs
@@ -36,12 +36,6 @@ impl ZipInstallSource {
             unpack_dir: root.join(format!(".tmp-{}", Uuid::new_v4())),
         }
     }
-
-    pub fn cleanup(&self) {
-        if self.unpack_dir.exists() {
-            let _ = fs::remove_dir_all(&self.unpack_dir);
-        }
-    }
 }
 
 #[async_trait]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs
index 4cf32a218..fd833c6a1 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use std::{
     path::{Path, PathBuf},
 };
 
-use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
+use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult};
 use zip::ZipArchive;
 
 use crate::types::MANIFEST_FILE_NAME;
@@ -80,30 +80,6 @@ fn copy_dir_recursive(src: &Path, dst: &Path) -> AnyResult<()> {
     Ok(())
 }
 
-pub fn compute_dir_size(root: &Path) -> AnyResult<u64> {
-    let mut total = 0_u64;
-
-    for entry in fs::read_dir(root)
-        .with_context(|| format!("failed to read directory {}", root.display()))?
-    {
-        let entry = entry?;
-        let file_type = entry.file_type()?;
-        let path = entry.path();
-
-        if file_type.is_dir() {
-            total = total
-                .checked_add(compute_dir_size(&path)?)
-                .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("directory size overflow"))?;
-        } else if file_type.is_file() {
-            total = total
-                .checked_add(entry.metadata()?.len())
-                .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("directory size overflow"))?;
-        }
-    }
-
-    Ok(total)
-}
-
 pub fn prepare_zip_snapshot(
     package_root: &Path,
     app_dir: &Path,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs
index 67408070f..b21245cb2 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult};
 
 use crate::lifecycle::types::PersistedUserSageApp;
 use crate::system_apps::{list_builtin_system_apps, SystemAppUsage};
-use crate::types::{CorruptedInstalledSageApp, ListedSageApp, PendingStorageCleanupEntry, RetiredAppOriginEntry, SageApp, SageAppIconView, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SharedSageApp, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource};
+use crate::types::{CorruptedInstalledSageApp, ListedSageApp, PendingStorageCleanupEntry, RetiredAppOriginEntry, SageApp, SageAppIconView, SharedSageApp, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource};
 
 const INSTALLED_METADATA_FILE: &str = ".sage-installed.json";
 const PENDING_STORAGE_CLEANUP_FILE: &str = ".sage-pending-storage-cleanup.json";
@@ -35,16 +35,6 @@ pub fn retired_app_origins_path(base_path: &Path) -> PathBuf {
     apps_root(base_path).join(RETIRED_APP_ORIGINS_FILE)
 }
 
-pub fn parse_network_permission_target(value: &str) -> Result<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, String> {
-    let value = value.trim().to_ascii_lowercase();
-
-    let (scheme, host) = value
-        .split_once("://")
-        .ok_or_else(|| format!("invalid network entry (missing scheme): {value}"))?;
-
-    SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new(scheme, host).map_err(|err| err.to_string())
-}
-
 pub fn read_installed_user_app_from_dir(dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<UserSageApp> {
     let path = installed_metadata_path(dir);
     let text =
@@ -243,25 +233,6 @@ pub fn write_user_app_metadata(app: &UserSageApp) -> AnyResult<()> {
     Ok(())
 }
 
-pub fn read_installed_user_app_by_origin_id(
-    base_path: &Path,
-    origin_id: &str,
-) -> AnyResult<UserSageApp> {
-    let root = apps_root(base_path);
-
-    for entry in list_installed_apps_internal(&root)? {
-        if let ListedSageApp::User(app) = entry
-            && app.common().origin_id() == origin_id
-        {
-            return Ok(app);
-        }
-    }
-
-    Err(anyhow::anyhow!(
-        "no installed app found for origin id {origin_id}"
-    ))
-}
-
 fn read_corrupted_installed_app_fallback(
     dir: &Path,
 ) -> (
@@ -316,7 +287,7 @@ mod tests {
     use super::*;
 
     use crate::lifecycle::storage::record_storage_cleanup_failure;
-    use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, ListedSageApp, PendingStorageCleanupTarget, RetiredAppOriginEntry, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource};
+    use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, ListedSageApp, PendingStorageCleanupTarget, RetiredAppOriginEntry, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource};
     use std::fs;
     use tempfile::tempdir;
 
@@ -555,61 +526,6 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(listed.is_empty());
     }
 
-    #[test]
-    fn parse_network_permission_target_normalizes_case() {
-        let parsed = parse_network_permission_target("HTTPS://Example.COM").unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(
-            parsed,
-            SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new("https", "example.com").unwrap()
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn parse_network_permission_target_rejects_missing_scheme_separator() {
-        let err = parse_network_permission_target("example.com").unwrap_err();
-        assert!(err.contains("missing scheme"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    #[allow(clippy::insecure_http)]
-    fn parse_network_permission_target_rejects_unsupported_scheme() {
-        let err = parse_network_permission_target("http://example.com").unwrap_err();
-        assert!(err.contains("only https and wss allowed"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn parse_network_permission_target_rejects_invalid_host_chars() {
-        assert!(parse_network_permission_target("https://example.com/path").is_err());
-        assert!(parse_network_permission_target("https://example.com?x=1").is_err());
-        assert!(parse_network_permission_target("https://example.com#frag").is_err());
-        assert!(parse_network_permission_target("https://exa mple.com").is_err());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn read_installed_app_by_origin_id_finds_matching_app() {
-        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-
-        let app_a = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-a", "origin-a");
-        let app_b = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-b", "origin-b");
-
-        write_installed_app_metadata(&app_a).unwrap();
-        write_installed_app_metadata(&app_b).unwrap();
-
-        let found = read_installed_user_app_by_origin_id(dir.path(), "origin-b").unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(found.common().id(), "app-b");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn read_installed_app_by_origin_id_errors_when_missing() {
-        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-        let err = read_installed_user_app_by_origin_id(dir.path(), "missing").unwrap_err();
-
-        assert!(
-            err.to_string()
-                .contains("no installed app found for origin id")
-        );
-    }
-
     #[test]
     fn pending_storage_cleanup_entries_round_trip() {
         let base = tempdir().unwrap();
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/snapshot.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/snapshot.rs
index a9a121386..af2f0d09d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/snapshot.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/snapshot.rs
@@ -1,43 +1,11 @@
 use crate::types::{SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppUrl};
 use crate::utils::bytes_sha256_hex;
 use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
-use std::path::Component;
 use std::{
     fs,
     path::{Path, PathBuf},
 };
 
-pub fn read_snapshot_file(root: &Path, request_path: &str) -> AnyResult<PathBuf> {
-    let normalized = if request_path.is_empty() || request_path == "/" {
-        "index.html"
-    } else {
-        request_path.trim_start_matches('/')
-    };
-
-    let relative = Path::new(normalized);
-
-    if relative.is_absolute() {
-        return Err(anyhow!("snapshot path must be relative"));
-    }
-
-    for component in relative.components() {
-        match component {
-            Component::Normal(_) => {}
-            _ => {
-                return Err(anyhow!("invalid snapshot path component in {request_path}"));
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    let path = root.join(relative);
-
-    if !path.is_file() {
-        return Err(anyhow!("snapshot file not found: {request_path}"));
-    }
-
-    Ok(path)
-}
-
 async fn download_bytes(url: &str) -> AnyResult<Vec<u8>> {
     let response = reqwest::get(url)
         .await
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
index 1b9ba4e40..ff9d973c1 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
@@ -5,14 +5,12 @@ use anyhow::Context;
 use anyhow::{Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
 #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
 use std::fs;
-use tauri::{AppHandle, State, command};
+use tauri::{AppHandle, command};
 #[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios"))]
 use uuid::Uuid;
 
-use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::lifecycle::{read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries, read_retired_app_origins, write_pending_storage_cleanup_entries, write_retired_app_origins};
 use crate::runtime::{resolve_stopped_app, run_verified_storage_clear_cycle};
-use crate::runtime::stop::close_runtime_internal;
 use crate::storage::{cleanup_target_from_storage, parse_data_store_id};
 use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, PendingStorageCleanupEntry, PendingStorageCleanupTarget, RetiredAppOriginEntry, SharedSageApp};
 
@@ -194,15 +192,6 @@ pub fn enqueue_retired_app_origin(
     write_retired_app_origins(&base_path, &entries)
 }
 
-pub async fn clear_runtime_browsing_data_internal(
-    app: &AppHandle,
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    app_id: &str,
-) -> Result<(), String> {
-    let _ = close_runtime_internal(app, apps_state, app_id).await;
-    apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data(app.clone(), app_id.to_string()).await
-}
-
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
 pub async fn apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data(
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
index fad7f68ff..bdd575fb6 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ use tauri::{AppHandle, State, command};
 
 use crate::host::AppState;
 use crate::host::Result;
-use crate::lifecycle::update::permissions::update_app_permissions_for_app;
 use crate::lifecycle::{download_url_snapshot, fetch_url_manifest, fetch_url_manifest_preview, write_installed_app_metadata};
 use crate::runtime::resolve_app;
 use crate::types::{ResolvedStoppedApp, SageApp, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppUrlPreview, SageAppView, SageGrantedPermissionsInput, SharedSageApp, UserSageAppPendingUpdate, UserSageAppSource};
@@ -163,34 +162,6 @@ pub async fn apply_app_update(
     Ok(resolved.with_app(|app| app.into()))
 }
 
-#[command]
-#[specta::specta]
-pub async fn apps_update_permissions(
-    app_handle: AppHandle,
-    app_id: String,
-    granted_permissions_input: SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
-) -> Result<()> {
-    let resolved = resolve_app(&app_handle, &app_id)
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to read installed app {app_id}: {err}")))?;
-
-    let requested = resolved.with_app(|app| {
-        app.with(|sage_app| sage_app.requested_permissions().clone())
-    });
-
-    let granted_permissions = granted_permissions_input
-        .resolve(&requested)
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("invalid granted permissions: {err}")))?;
-
-    let app = resolved.clone_app_for_operation();
-
-    update_app_permissions_for_app(&app_handle, &app, &granted_permissions)
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to update app permissions: {err}")))?;
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
 async fn fetch_pending_update(app: &SharedSageApp) -> Result<Option<UserSageAppPendingUpdate>> {
     struct FetchDeps {
         source: UserSageAppSource,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
index bdcc67c5d..46ef0b12d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
@@ -160,10 +160,10 @@ pub(super) async fn sync_modal_runtime_visibility(
 
             let should_be_visible = match active_app_id.as_deref() {
                 Some(active_app_id) => modal
-                    .visible_over_app_ids
+                    .visible_over_app_ids()
                     .iter()
                     .any(|app_id| app_id == active_app_id),
-                None => modal.visible_over_launchpad,
+                None => modal.visible_over_launchpad(),
             };
 
             Some((
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs
index 8a4fdbea7..49de37789 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ mod events;
 
 pub use manager::RuntimeTargetParams;
 
-pub use commands::*;
 pub(crate) use manager::*;
 pub(crate) use resolve::*;
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
index 9f74dd0a8..2b4cbc081 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 use std::fmt::Display;
 use crate::lifecycle::read_installed_app_by_id;
-use crate::runtime::state::SageAppRuntimeKind;
 use crate::sandbox::build_builtin_test_app;
 use crate::types::{ResolvedApp, ResolvedRunningApp, ResolvedStoppedApp, SageApp, SharedSageApp};
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
@@ -65,13 +64,6 @@ pub fn app_id_from_webview_label(label: &str) -> Option<&str> {
     None
 }
 
-pub fn runtime_kind_for_app(app: &SageApp) -> SageAppRuntimeKind {
-    match app {
-        SageApp::User(_) => SageAppRuntimeKind::User,
-        SageApp::System(_) => SageAppRuntimeKind::System,
-    }
-}
-
 pub fn protocol_scheme_for_app(app: &SharedSageApp) -> &'static str {
     if app.is_system_app() {
         return "sage-system-app";
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
index c9a5de7f2..839849fe7 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ pub async fn create_runtime(
         sage_window.label(),
         &webview_label,
         args.presentation,
-        SageAppRuntimeMode::Inline,
+        args.mode,
         args.visibility,
         is_internal,
     ).map_err(|err| err.to_string())?;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs
index c52cde841..83f2813a9 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ mod write;
 mod view;
 
 pub use view::SageAppRuntimeRecordView;
-pub(crate) use types::{AppRuntimeState, SageAppRuntimeKind, SharedRuntime, SageAppRuntimeRecord};
+pub(crate) use types::{AppRuntimeState, SharedRuntime, SageAppRuntimeRecord};
 
 pub use read::find_runtime_by_app_id_optional;
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs
index cd71818e7..1314c312f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs
@@ -8,13 +8,6 @@ use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::types::{AppPresentation, SageApp, SharedSageApp};
 use crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms;
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub enum SageAppRuntimeKind {
-    User,
-    System,
-}
-
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub enum SageAppRuntimeMode {
     Inline,
@@ -231,10 +224,10 @@ impl SageAppRuntimeRecord {
     ) -> Result<(), String> {
         match &mut self.presentation {
             AppPresentation::Modal(presentation) => {
-                presentation.visible_over_app_ids = target_app_ids;
+                presentation.update_app_ids(target_app_ids);
                 Ok(())
             }
-            _ => Err("Presentation mode is not modal".to_string()),
+            AppPresentation::Taskbar => Err("Presentation mode is not modal".to_string()),
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/system_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/system_apps.rs
index 1a00ad29e..88ebdf507 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/system_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/system_apps.rs
@@ -38,10 +38,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn start_app_install_runtime(
         apps_state,
         CreateRuntimeArgs {
             app_id: SYSTEM_APP_APP_INSTALL_ID.to_string(),
-            presentation: AppPresentation::Modal(AppModalPresentation {
-                visible_over_app_ids: Vec::new(),
-                visible_over_launchpad: true,
-            }),
+            presentation: AppPresentation::Modal(AppModalPresentation::over_launchpad()),
             mode: SageAppRuntimeMode::Inline,
             visibility: SageAppRuntimeVisibility::Visible,
             debug_layout: false,
@@ -62,10 +59,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn start_app_update_runtime(
         apps_state,
         CreateRuntimeArgs {
             app_id: SYSTEM_APP_APP_UPDATE_ID.to_string(),
-            presentation: AppPresentation::Modal(AppModalPresentation {
-                visible_over_app_ids: vec![target_app_id],
-                visible_over_launchpad: true,
-            }),
+            presentation: AppPresentation::Modal(AppModalPresentation::over_app_and_launchpad(target_app_id)),
             mode: SageAppRuntimeMode::Inline,
             visibility: SageAppRuntimeVisibility::Visible,
             debug_layout: false,
@@ -85,10 +79,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn start_bridge_approval_runtime(
         apps_state,
         CreateRuntimeArgs {
             app_id: SYSTEM_APP_BRIDGE_APPROVAL_ID.to_string(),
-            presentation: AppPresentation::Modal(AppModalPresentation {
-                visible_over_app_ids: target_app_ids,
-                visible_over_launchpad: false,
-            }),
+            presentation: AppPresentation::Modal(AppModalPresentation::over_apps(target_app_ids)),
             mode: SageAppRuntimeMode::Inline,
             visibility: SageAppRuntimeVisibility::Visible,
             debug_layout: false,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/retired_origin.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/retired_origin.rs
index 2ed778f17..65e3e8f21 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/retired_origin.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/retired_origin.rs
@@ -49,31 +49,23 @@ impl RetiredAppOriginEntry {
         true
     }
 
-    pub fn id(&self) -> &str {
-        &self.id
-    }
-
     pub fn app_id(&self) -> &str {
         &self.app_id
     }
 
-    pub fn app_name(&self) -> &str {
-        &self.app_name
-    }
-
     pub fn origin_id(&self) -> &str {
         &self.origin_id
     }
 
-    pub fn created_at_ms(&self) -> i64 {
-        self.created_at_ms
+    pub fn storage_may_contain_secrets(&self) -> bool {
+        self.storage_may_contain_secrets
     }
+}
 
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+impl RetiredAppOriginEntry {
     pub fn cleanup_pending(&self) -> bool {
         self.cleanup_pending
     }
-
-    pub fn storage_may_contain_secrets(&self) -> bool {
-        self.storage_may_contain_secrets
-    }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/system_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/system_apps.rs
index 68376c3f0..015e54fd2 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/system_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/system_apps.rs
@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@ pub enum AppPresentation {
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct AppModalPresentation {
-    pub visible_over_app_ids: Vec<String>,
-    pub visible_over_launchpad: bool,
+    visible_over_app_ids: Vec<String>,
+    visible_over_launchpad: bool,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
@@ -61,9 +61,9 @@ impl SystemSageApp {
 }
 
 impl AppModalPresentation {
-    pub fn over_app(app_id: String) -> Self {
+    pub fn over_apps(app_ids: Vec<String>) -> Self {
         Self {
-            visible_over_app_ids: vec![app_id],
+            visible_over_app_ids: app_ids,
             visible_over_launchpad: false,
         }
     }
@@ -74,4 +74,23 @@ impl AppModalPresentation {
             visible_over_launchpad: true,
         }
     }
+
+    pub fn over_launchpad() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            visible_over_app_ids: vec![],
+            visible_over_launchpad: true,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn visible_over_app_ids(&self) -> Vec<String> {
+        self.visible_over_app_ids.clone()
+    }
+
+    pub fn visible_over_launchpad(&self) -> bool {
+        self.visible_over_launchpad
+    }
+
+    pub fn update_app_ids(&mut self, target_app_ids: Vec<String>) {
+        self.visible_over_app_ids = target_app_ids;
+    }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/storage.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/storage.rs
index 3ff13f1ee..a08b99d2b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/storage.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/storage.rs
@@ -55,6 +55,13 @@ impl PendingStorageCleanupEntry {
         self.last_error = Some(error.to_string());
     }
 
+    pub fn target(&self) -> &PendingStorageCleanupTarget {
+        &self.target
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+impl PendingStorageCleanupEntry {
     pub fn app_id(&self) -> &str {
         &self.app_id
     }
@@ -67,7 +74,4 @@ impl PendingStorageCleanupEntry {
     pub fn last_error(&self) -> Option<&str> {
         self.last_error.as_deref()
     }
-    pub fn target(&self) -> &PendingStorageCleanupTarget {
-        &self.target
-    }
 }
diff --git a/src-tauri/build.rs b/src-tauri/build.rs
index 49d818cc1..574f8bcd2 100644
--- a/src-tauri/build.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/build.rs
@@ -39,14 +39,8 @@ fn main() {
     println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed=../crates/sage-apps/src/bridge");
     println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed=../crates/sage-apps/src/permissions");
     println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed=../crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs");
-    println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed=../crates/sage-apps/src/build/builtin_apps.rs");
-    println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed=../builtin-apps/build/dist");
 
-    if let Err(err) = sage_apps::build::builtin_apps::build_builtin_apps() {
-        panic!("failed to locate builtin apps build output: {err}");
-    }
-
-    if let Err(err) = sage_apps::build::docs::generate_docs() {
+    if let Err(err) = sage_apps::generate_docs() {
         panic!("failed to generate Sage app docs: {err}");
     }
 
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
index 568164ea8..354584232 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ mod app_state;
 mod commands;
 mod error;
 
-use sage_apps::bridge::RustBridgeApprovalEvent;
 use sage_apps::security::handle_user_app_protocol_request;
 #[cfg(all(debug_assertions, not(mobile)))]
 use specta_typescript::{BigIntExportBehavior, Typescript};
@@ -145,36 +144,30 @@ pub fn run() {
             commands::get_logs,
             commands::is_asset_owned,
             commands::get_xch_usd_price,
-            apps::bridge::commands::apps_invoke_bridge,
-            apps::bridge::commands::apps_invoke_system_bridge,
-            apps::bridge::commands::apps_resolve_bridge_approval,
-            apps::bridge::commands::get_user_capability_definitions,
+            apps::apps_invoke_bridge,
+            apps::apps_invoke_system_bridge,
+            apps::get_user_capability_definitions,
             apps::environment::commands::apps_set_environment_theme,
             apps::sandbox::commands::apps_get_sandbox_state,
             apps::sandbox::commands::apps_get_app_launch_gate,
             apps::sandbox::commands::apps_rerun_sandbox_tests,
-            apps::lifecycle::install::commands::list_installed_apps,
-            apps::lifecycle::install::commands::preview_app_zip,
-            apps::lifecycle::install::commands::preview_app_url,
-            apps::lifecycle::install::commands::install_app_zip,
-            apps::lifecycle::install::commands::install_app_url,
-            apps::lifecycle::uninstall::uninstall_app,
-            apps::lifecycle::update::commands::check_app_update,
-            apps::lifecycle::update::commands::download_app_update,
-            apps::lifecycle::update::commands::apply_app_update,
-            apps::lifecycle::update::commands::apps_update_permissions,
-            apps::lifecycle::apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data,
+            apps::list_installed_apps,
+            apps::uninstall_app,
+            apps::check_app_update,
+            apps::download_app_update,
+            apps::apply_app_update,
+            apps::apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data,
             apps::sandbox::commands::get_builtin_test_app,
             apps::system_apps::get_builtin_system_app,
-            apps::runtime::commands::apps_start_system_app,
-            apps::runtime::commands::apps_create_inline_runtime,
-            apps::runtime::commands::apps_list_runtimes,
-            apps::runtime::commands::apps_focus_taskbar_runtime,
-            apps::runtime::commands::apps_clear_active_taskbar_runtime,
-            apps::runtime::commands::apps_kill_taskbar_runtime,
-            apps::runtime::commands::apps_dev_reload_runtime,
+            apps::apps_start_system_app,
+            apps::apps_create_inline_runtime,
+            apps::apps_list_runtimes,
+            apps::apps_focus_taskbar_runtime,
+            apps::apps_clear_active_taskbar_runtime,
+            apps::apps_kill_taskbar_runtime,
+            apps::apps_dev_reload_runtime,
         ])
-        .events(collect_events![SyncEvent, RustBridgeApprovalEvent]);
+        .events(collect_events![SyncEvent]);
 
     #[cfg(all(debug_assertions, not(mobile)))]
     builder
@@ -227,7 +220,7 @@ pub fn run() {
             let app_handle = app.handle().clone();
             let cleanup_base_path = path.clone();
             tauri::async_runtime::spawn(async move {
-                if let Err(err) = apps::lifecycle::process_pending_storage_cleanup(
+                if let Err(err) = apps::process_pending_storage_cleanup(
                     &app_handle,
                     &cleanup_base_path,
                 )
diff --git a/src/pages/Apps.tsx b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
index b17f9a95e..e57f1dbe8 100644
--- a/src/pages/Apps.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
@@ -3,13 +3,10 @@ import { CorruptedAppCard } from '@/components/apps/CorruptedAppCard';
 import { AppsLaunchpadContextMenu } from '@/components/apps/AppsLaunchpadContextMenu';
 import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
 import { formatSandboxLaunchDecision } from '@/lib/apps/sandboxPolicy';
-import { Dialog, DialogContent, DialogHeader, DialogTitle, } from '@/components/ui/dialog';
 import {
   commands,
   ListedSageAppView,
   SageAppUrlPreview,
-  SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
-  SageGrantedPermissionsView,
   SystemSageAppView,
   UserSageAppView,
 } from '@/bindings.ts';
@@ -24,12 +21,12 @@ import {
 import { Plus } from 'lucide-react';
 import { AppsPageActionsMenu } from '@/components/apps/AppsPageActionsMenu';
 import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react';
-import { useNavigate } from 'react-router-dom';
-import { PermissionsEditor } from '@/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx';
 import { AppTile } from '@/components/apps/AppTile';
 import { formatAppError } from '@/lib/apps/formatAppError.ts';
-import { openAppPermissionsReview, openAppUpdateReview, } from '@/lib/apps/openAppUpdate.ts';
-import { SystemAppModalLayer } from '@/components/apps/SystemAppModalLayer.tsx';
+import {
+  openAppPermissionsReview,
+  openAppUpdateReview,
+} from '@/lib/apps/openAppUpdate.ts';
 
 type UserInstalledEntry = { kind: 'user' } & UserSageAppView;
 type SystemInstalledEntry = { kind: 'system' } & SystemSageAppView;
@@ -56,11 +53,6 @@ function isCorruptedEntry(entry: ListedSageAppView): entry is CorruptedEntry {
   return entry.kind === 'corrupted';
 }
 
-type PendingPermissionsRetry = {
-  appId: string;
-  nextGrantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissionsView;
-} | null;
-
 function clampContextMenuPosition(args: {
   x: number;
   y: number;
@@ -99,12 +91,6 @@ function formatErrorMessage(err: unknown): string {
   }
 }
 
-function isStorageTaintPermissionError(message: string): boolean {
-  return message.includes(
-    'before you can grant externally observable permissions, you need to clear storage that may contain cached secrets',
-  );
-}
-
 function isFullUpdatePreview(preview: SageAppUrlPreview | null): boolean {
   return preview?.manifest.kind === 'full';
 }
@@ -116,40 +102,27 @@ async function openApp(appId: string) {
 }
 
 export function Apps() {
-  const navigate = useNavigate();
   const [contextMenu, setContextMenu] = useState<AppContextMenuState>(null);
   const pageRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement | null>(null);
-  const { runtimes } = useApps();
+
   const [updateCheckStateByAppId, setUpdateCheckStateByAppId] = useState<
     Record<string, 'idle' | 'checking' | 'up_to_date'>
   >({});
+
   const [clearingDataByAppId, setClearingDataByAppId] = useState<
     Record<string, boolean>
   >({});
+
   const [clearDataErrorByAppId, setClearDataErrorByAppId] = useState<
     Record<string, string | null>
   >({});
-  const [permissionsDialogApp, setPermissionsDialogApp] =
-    useState<UserInstalledEntry | null>(null);
-  const [permissionsDialogBusy, setPermissionsDialogBusy] = useState(false);
-  const [permissionsDialogError, setPermissionsDialogError] = useState<
-    string | null
-  >(null);
-  const [pendingPermissionsRetry, setPendingPermissionsRetry] =
-    useState<PendingPermissionsRetry>(null);
-  const [editingGrantedPermissions, setEditingGrantedPermissions] =
-    useState<SageGrantedPermissionsInput>({
-      capabilities: [],
-      network: {
-        whitelist: []
-      },
-    });
 
   const showSandboxDebugResults =
     import.meta.env.DEV && import.meta.env.VITE_SAGE_DEBUG_TEST_APPS === '1';
 
   const {
     apps,
+    runtimes,
     loading,
     error,
     refresh,
@@ -173,9 +146,7 @@ export function Apps() {
 
   const installedApps = useMemo(
     () =>
-      apps.filter(
-        (entry): entry is InstalledEntry => isInstalledEntry(entry)
-      ),
+      apps.filter((entry): entry is InstalledEntry => isInstalledEntry(entry)),
     [apps],
   );
 
@@ -259,17 +230,6 @@ export function Apps() {
     }
   }
 
-  function closePermissionsDialog() {
-    setPermissionsDialogApp(null);
-    setEditingGrantedPermissions({
-      capabilities: [],
-      network: { whitelist: [] },
-    });
-    setPermissionsDialogBusy(false);
-    setPermissionsDialogError(null);
-    setPendingPermissionsRetry(null);
-  }
-
   const handleClearData = useCallback(
     async (app: InstalledEntry) => {
       const appId = app.common.identity.id;
@@ -278,6 +238,7 @@ export function Apps() {
         ...prev,
         [appId]: true,
       }));
+
       setClearDataErrorByAppId((prev) => ({
         ...prev,
         [appId]: null,
@@ -285,14 +246,11 @@ export function Apps() {
 
       try {
         await clearAppStorage(appId);
-
         await refresh();
       } catch (err) {
-        const message = formatErrorMessage(err);
-
         setClearDataErrorByAppId((prev) => ({
           ...prev,
-          [appId]: message,
+          [appId]: formatErrorMessage(err),
         }));
       } finally {
         setClearingDataByAppId((prev) =>
@@ -305,73 +263,6 @@ export function Apps() {
     [clearAppStorage, refresh],
   );
 
-  const handleApplyPermissions = useCallback(
-    async (
-      app: UserInstalledEntry,
-      nextGrantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissionsView,
-    ): Promise<void> => {
-      const appId = app.common.identity.id;
-
-      setPermissionsDialogBusy(true);
-      setPermissionsDialogError(null);
-      setPendingPermissionsRetry(null);
-
-      try {
-        await commands.appsUpdatePermissions(appId, nextGrantedPermissions);
-
-        await refresh();
-        closePermissionsDialog();
-      } catch (err) {
-        const message = formatErrorMessage(err);
-
-        if (isStorageTaintPermissionError(message)) {
-          setPendingPermissionsRetry({
-            appId,
-            nextGrantedPermissions,
-          });
-          setPermissionsDialogError(
-            'This app storage may still contain cached secrets from a previous persistent run. Clear the app storage with verification to apply these permissions.',
-          );
-        } else {
-          setPermissionsDialogError(message);
-        }
-      } finally {
-        setPermissionsDialogBusy(false);
-      }
-    },
-    [refresh],
-  );
-
-  const handleClearStorageAndApplyPending = useCallback(async () => {
-    if (!permissionsDialogApp || !pendingPermissionsRetry) {
-      return;
-    }
-
-    setPermissionsDialogBusy(true);
-    setPermissionsDialogError(null);
-
-    try {
-      await clearAppStorage(permissionsDialogApp.common.identity.id);
-
-      await commands.appsUpdatePermissions(
-        permissionsDialogApp.common.identity.id,
-        pendingPermissionsRetry.nextGrantedPermissions,
-      );
-
-      await refresh();
-      closePermissionsDialog();
-    } catch (err) {
-      setPermissionsDialogError(formatErrorMessage(err));
-    } finally {
-      setPermissionsDialogBusy(false);
-    }
-  }, [
-    clearAppStorage,
-    permissionsDialogApp,
-    pendingPermissionsRetry,
-    refresh,
-  ]);
-
   useEffect(() => {
     if (!contextMenu || contextMenuCheckState !== 'up_to_date') {
       return;
@@ -443,389 +334,306 @@ export function Apps() {
   }
 
   return (
-    <>
-      <div
-        ref={pageRef}
-        className='relative flex h-full min-h-0 flex-col overflow-hidden'
-      >
-        <div className='mx-auto flex w-full max-w-7xl shrink-0 items-center justify-between gap-4 p-4 md:p-6'>
-          <div>
-            <h1 className='text-2xl font-semibold tracking-tight'>Apps</h1>
-            <p className='text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
-              Launch and manage installed Sage apps.
-            </p>
-          </div>
-          <div className='flex items-center gap-2'>
-            <Button
-              variant='outline'
-              onClick={() => {
-                void commands.appsStartSystemApp({
-                  kind: 'appInstall',
-                  source: { kind: 'selectSource' },
-                });
-              }}
-            >
-              <Plus className='mr-2 h-4 w-4' />
-              Install App
-            </Button>
-
-            <AppsPageActionsMenu
-              showSandboxDebugUi
-              sandboxTestsRunning={
-                sandboxState?.currentRun?.state?.overallCriticalStatus ===
-                'running'
-              }
-              onRerunSandboxTests={() => {
-                void rerunSandboxTests();
-              }}
-              onClose={() => {
-                //
-              }}
-            />
-          </div>
+    <div
+      ref={pageRef}
+      className='relative flex h-full min-h-0 flex-col overflow-hidden'
+    >
+      <div className='mx-auto flex w-full max-w-7xl shrink-0 items-center justify-between gap-4 p-4 md:p-6'>
+        <div>
+          <h1 className='text-2xl font-semibold tracking-tight'>Apps</h1>
+          <p className='text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
+            Launch and manage installed Sage apps.
+          </p>
         </div>
 
-        <div className='mx-auto w-full max-w-7xl flex-1 min-h-0 overflow-auto px-4 pb-4 md:px-6 md:pb-6'>
-          {showSandboxDebugResults ? (
-            <Alert className='mb-6'>
-              <AlertTitle>
-                {!liveSandboxState && !effectiveSandboxState
-                  ? 'Sandbox tests are pending'
-                  : liveSandboxState?.overallCriticalStatus === 'running'
-                    ? 'Sandbox tests are running'
-                    : effectiveSandboxState?.overallCriticalStatus === 'passed'
-                      ? 'Sandbox tests passed'
-                      : effectiveSandboxState?.overallCriticalStatus ===
-                          'failed'
-                        ? 'Sandbox tests failed'
-                        : 'Sandbox tests are pending'}
-              </AlertTitle>
-
-              <AlertDescription className='space-y-3'>
-                <div>
-                  Apps are allowed to launch only when all required sandbox
-                  capabilities have passed.
+        <div className='flex items-center gap-2'>
+          <Button
+            variant='outline'
+            onClick={() => {
+              void commands.appsStartSystemApp({
+                kind: 'appInstall',
+                source: { kind: 'selectSource' },
+              });
+            }}
+          >
+            <Plus className='mr-2 h-4 w-4' />
+            Install App
+          </Button>
+
+          <AppsPageActionsMenu
+            showSandboxDebugUi
+            sandboxTestsRunning={
+              sandboxState?.currentRun?.state?.overallCriticalStatus ===
+              'running'
+            }
+            onRerunSandboxTests={() => {
+              void rerunSandboxTests();
+            }}
+            onClose={() => {
+              //
+            }}
+          />
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+      <div className='mx-auto w-full max-w-7xl flex-1 min-h-0 overflow-auto px-4 pb-4 md:px-6 md:pb-6'>
+        {showSandboxDebugResults ? (
+          <Alert className='mb-6'>
+            <AlertTitle>
+              {!liveSandboxState && !effectiveSandboxState
+                ? 'Sandbox tests are pending'
+                : liveSandboxState?.overallCriticalStatus === 'running'
+                  ? 'Sandbox tests are running'
+                  : effectiveSandboxState?.overallCriticalStatus === 'passed'
+                    ? 'Sandbox tests passed'
+                    : effectiveSandboxState?.overallCriticalStatus === 'failed'
+                      ? 'Sandbox tests failed'
+                      : 'Sandbox tests are pending'}
+            </AlertTitle>
+
+            <AlertDescription className='space-y-3'>
+              <div>
+                Apps are allowed to launch only when all required sandbox
+                capabilities have passed.
+              </div>
+
+              {liveSandboxState ? (
+                <div className='space-y-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
+                  <div className='font-medium text-foreground'>Current run</div>
+
+                  {listSandboxCapabilities(liveSandboxState).map(
+                    ([capability, result]) => (
+                      <div key={`live-${capability}`}>
+                        {formatCapabilityLabel(capability)} — {result.status}
+                        {result.details ? ` — ${result.details}` : ''}
+                      </div>
+                    ),
+                  )}
                 </div>
+              ) : null}
 
-                {liveSandboxState ? (
-                  <div className='space-y-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
-                    <div className='font-medium text-foreground'>
-                      Current run
-                    </div>
-
-                    {listSandboxCapabilities(liveSandboxState).map(
-                      ([capability, result]) => (
-                        <div key={`live-${capability}`}>
-                          {formatCapabilityLabel(capability)} — {result.status}
-                          {result.details ? ` — ${result.details}` : ''}
-                        </div>
-                      ),
-                    )}
+              {effectiveSandboxState ? (
+                <div className='space-y-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
+                  <div className='font-medium text-foreground'>
+                    Effective gate state
                   </div>
-                ) : null}
-
-                {effectiveSandboxState ? (
-                  <div className='space-y-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
-                    <div className='font-medium text-foreground'>
-                      Effective gate state
-                    </div>
-
-                    {listSandboxCapabilities(effectiveSandboxState).map(
-                      ([capability, result]) => (
-                        <div key={`effective-${capability}`}>
-                          {formatCapabilityLabel(capability)} — {result.status}
-                          {result.details ? ` — ${result.details}` : ''}
-                        </div>
-                      ),
-                    )}
-                  </div>
-                ) : null}
-
-                {baselineSandboxState ? (
-                  <div className='space-y-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
-                    <div className='font-medium text-foreground'>
-                      Previous completed baseline
-                    </div>
-
-                    {listSandboxCapabilities(baselineSandboxState).map(
-                      ([capability, result]) => (
-                        <div key={`baseline-${capability}`}>
-                          {formatCapabilityLabel(capability)} — {result.status}
-                          {result.details ? ` — ${result.details}` : ''}
-                        </div>
-                      ),
-                    )}
+
+                  {listSandboxCapabilities(effectiveSandboxState).map(
+                    ([capability, result]) => (
+                      <div key={`effective-${capability}`}>
+                        {formatCapabilityLabel(capability)} — {result.status}
+                        {result.details ? ` — ${result.details}` : ''}
+                      </div>
+                    ),
+                  )}
+                </div>
+              ) : null}
+
+              {baselineSandboxState ? (
+                <div className='space-y-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
+                  <div className='font-medium text-foreground'>
+                    Previous completed baseline
                   </div>
-                ) : null}
-
-                <div>
-                  <Button
-                    variant='outline'
-                    onClick={() => {
-                      void rerunSandboxTests();
-                    }}
-                  >
-                    Re-run tests
-                  </Button>
+
+                  {listSandboxCapabilities(baselineSandboxState).map(
+                    ([capability, result]) => (
+                      <div key={`baseline-${capability}`}>
+                        {formatCapabilityLabel(capability)} — {result.status}
+                        {result.details ? ` — ${result.details}` : ''}
+                      </div>
+                    ),
+                  )}
                 </div>
-              </AlertDescription>
-            </Alert>
-          ) : null}
-
-          {error ? (
-            <Alert className='mb-6'>
-              <AlertTitle>Apps error</AlertTitle>
-              <AlertDescription>{error}</AlertDescription>
-            </Alert>
-          ) : null}
-
-          {installedApps.length === 0 ? (
-            <Alert className='mb-6'>
-              <AlertTitle>No apps installed</AlertTitle>
-              <AlertDescription>
-                Install a Sage app package to get started.
-              </AlertDescription>
-            </Alert>
-          ) : null}
-
-          {installedApps.length > 0 ? (
-            <div className='grid grid-cols-2 gap-4 sm:grid-cols-3 md:grid-cols-4 lg:grid-cols-5 xl:grid-cols-6'>
-              {installedApps.map((app) => (
-                <AppTile
-                  key={app.common.identity.id}
-                  app={app}
-                  launchDecision={
-                    app.kind === 'system'
-                      ? {
-                          allowed: true,
-                          title: 'System app',
-                          description: 'System apps are managed by Sage.',
-                        }
-                      : formatSandboxLaunchDecision(
-                          getLaunchGate(app.common.identity.id),
-                        )
-                  }
-                  onOpen={async () => {
-                    await openApp(app.common.identity.id);
-                  }}
-                  onContextMenu={(event) => {
-                    event.preventDefault();
-
-                    const pageEl = pageRef.current;
-                    if (!pageEl) {
-                      return;
-                    }
-
-                    const pageRect = pageEl.getBoundingClientRect();
-
-                    const localX = event.clientX - pageRect.left;
-                    const localY = event.clientY - pageRect.top;
-
-                    const position = clampContextMenuPosition({
-                      x: localX,
-                      y: localY,
-                      containerWidth: pageRect.width,
-                      containerHeight: pageRect.height,
-                    });
-
-                    setClearDataErrorByAppId((prev) => ({
-                      ...prev,
-                      [app.common.identity.id]: null,
-                    }));
-
-                    setContextMenu({
-                      app,
-                      x: position.x,
-                      y: position.y,
-                    });
-                  }}
-                />
-              ))}
-            </div>
-          ) : null}
+              ) : null}
 
-          {corruptedApps.length > 0 ? (
-            <div className='mt-8 space-y-4'>
               <div>
-                <h2 className='text-lg font-semibold tracking-tight'>
-                  Corrupted apps
-                </h2>
-                <p className='text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
-                  These app installations could not be loaded correctly.
-                </p>
+                <Button
+                  variant='outline'
+                  onClick={() => {
+                    void rerunSandboxTests();
+                  }}
+                >
+                  Re-run tests
+                </Button>
               </div>
+            </AlertDescription>
+          </Alert>
+        ) : null}
+
+        {error ? (
+          <Alert className='mb-6'>
+            <AlertTitle>Apps error</AlertTitle>
+            <AlertDescription>{error}</AlertDescription>
+          </Alert>
+        ) : null}
+
+        {installedApps.length === 0 ? (
+          <Alert className='mb-6'>
+            <AlertTitle>No apps installed</AlertTitle>
+            <AlertDescription>
+              Install a Sage app package to get started.
+            </AlertDescription>
+          </Alert>
+        ) : null}
+
+        {installedApps.length > 0 ? (
+          <div className='grid grid-cols-2 gap-4 sm:grid-cols-3 md:grid-cols-4 lg:grid-cols-5 xl:grid-cols-6'>
+            {installedApps.map((app) => (
+              <AppTile
+                key={app.common.identity.id}
+                app={app}
+                launchDecision={
+                  app.kind === 'system'
+                    ? {
+                        allowed: true,
+                        title: 'System app',
+                        description: 'System apps are managed by Sage.',
+                      }
+                    : formatSandboxLaunchDecision(
+                        getLaunchGate(app.common.identity.id),
+                      )
+                }
+                onOpen={() => {
+                  void openApp(app.common.identity.id);
+                }}
+                onContextMenu={(event) => {
+                  event.preventDefault();
 
-              <div className='space-y-4'>
-                {corruptedApps.map((entry) => (
-                  <CorruptedAppCard
-                    key={entry.id}
-                    app={entry}
-                    onRemove={() => uninstallApp(entry.id)}
-                  />
-                ))}
-              </div>
-            </div>
-          ) : null}
-        </div>
+                  const pageEl = pageRef.current;
+                  if (!pageEl) {
+                    return;
+                  }
 
-        <AppsLaunchpadContextMenu
-          open={!!contextMenu}
-          x={contextMenu?.x ?? 0}
-          y={contextMenu?.y ?? 0}
-          busy={contextMenuBusy}
-          hasUpdate={!!contextMenuPreview}
-          updateIsInstallable={isFullUpdatePreview(contextMenuPreview)}
-          isRunning={contextMenuAppIsRunning}
-          updateCheckState={contextMenuCheckState}
-          clearDataBusy={contextMenuClearDataBusy}
-          clearDataError={contextMenuClearDataError}
-          onClose={closeContextMenu}
-          onOpen={() => {
-            if (!contextMenu) {
-              return;
-            }
+                  const pageRect = pageEl.getBoundingClientRect();
 
-            setUpdateCheckStateByAppId((prev) => ({
-              ...prev,
-              [contextMenu.app.common.identity.id]: 'idle',
-            }));
-            navigate(`/apps/${contextMenu.app.common.identity.id}`);
-            closeContextMenu();
-          }}
-          onCheckForUpdate={() => {
-            if (!contextMenu || !isUserInstalledEntry(contextMenu.app)) {
-              return;
-            }
+                  const localX = event.clientX - pageRect.left;
+                  const localY = event.clientY - pageRect.top;
 
-            void handleCheckForUpdate(contextMenu.app.common.identity.id);
-          }}
-          onUpdate={() => {
-            if (
-              !contextMenu ||
-              !contextMenuPreview ||
-              !isUserInstalledEntry(contextMenu.app)
-            ) {
-              return;
-            }
+                  const position = clampContextMenuPosition({
+                    x: localX,
+                    y: localY,
+                    containerWidth: pageRect.width,
+                    containerHeight: pageRect.height,
+                  });
 
-            const appId = contextMenu.app.common.identity.id;
+                  setClearDataErrorByAppId((prev) => ({
+                    ...prev,
+                    [app.common.identity.id]: null,
+                  }));
 
-            closeContextMenu();
-            void openAppUpdateReview(appId);
-          }}
-          onChangePermissions={() => {
-            if (!contextMenu || !isUserInstalledEntry(contextMenu.app)) {
-              return;
-            }
+                  setContextMenu({
+                    app,
+                    x: position.x,
+                    y: position.y,
+                  });
+                }}
+              />
+            ))}
+          </div>
+        ) : null}
+
+        {corruptedApps.length > 0 ? (
+          <div className='mt-8 space-y-4'>
+            <div>
+              <h2 className='text-lg font-semibold tracking-tight'>
+                Corrupted apps
+              </h2>
+              <p className='text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
+                These app installations could not be loaded correctly.
+              </p>
+            </div>
 
-            const appId = contextMenu.app.common.identity.id;
+            <div className='space-y-4'>
+              {corruptedApps.map((entry) => (
+                <CorruptedAppCard
+                  key={entry.id}
+                  app={entry}
+                  onRemove={() => uninstallApp(entry.id)}
+                />
+              ))}
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        ) : null}
+      </div>
 
-            closeContextMenu();
-            void openAppPermissionsReview(appId);
-          }}
-          onClearData={() => {
-            if (!contextMenu) {
-              return;
-            }
+      <AppsLaunchpadContextMenu
+        open={!!contextMenu}
+        x={contextMenu?.x ?? 0}
+        y={contextMenu?.y ?? 0}
+        busy={contextMenuBusy}
+        hasUpdate={!!contextMenuPreview}
+        updateIsInstallable={isFullUpdatePreview(contextMenuPreview)}
+        isRunning={contextMenuAppIsRunning}
+        updateCheckState={contextMenuCheckState}
+        clearDataBusy={contextMenuClearDataBusy}
+        clearDataError={contextMenuClearDataError}
+        onClose={closeContextMenu}
+        onOpen={() => {
+          if (!contextMenu) {
+            return;
+          }
 
-            void handleClearData(contextMenu.app);
-          }}
-          onUninstall={() => {
-            if (!contextMenu || !isUserInstalledEntry(contextMenu.app)) {
-              return;
-            }
+          setUpdateCheckStateByAppId((prev) => ({
+            ...prev,
+            [contextMenu.app.common.identity.id]: 'idle',
+          }));
 
-            setUpdateCheckStateByAppId((prev) => ({
-              ...prev,
-              [contextMenu.app.common.identity.id]: 'idle',
-            }));
+          void openApp(contextMenu.app.common.identity.id);
+          closeContextMenu();
+        }}
+        onCheckForUpdate={() => {
+          if (!contextMenu || !isUserInstalledEntry(contextMenu.app)) {
+            return;
+          }
 
-            void uninstallApp(contextMenu.app.common.identity.id).finally(
-              () => {
-                closeContextMenu();
-              },
-            );
-          }}
-        />
+          void handleCheckForUpdate(contextMenu.app.common.identity.id);
+        }}
+        onUpdate={() => {
+          if (
+            !contextMenu ||
+            !contextMenuPreview ||
+            !isUserInstalledEntry(contextMenu.app)
+          ) {
+            return;
+          }
 
-        <SystemAppModalLayer />
-      </div>
+          const appId = contextMenu.app.common.identity.id;
 
-      <Dialog
-        open={!!permissionsDialogApp}
-        onOpenChange={(open) => {
-          if (!open && !permissionsDialogBusy) {
-            closePermissionsDialog();
-          }
+          closeContextMenu();
+          void openAppUpdateReview(appId);
         }}
-      >
-        <DialogContent className='max-w-md'>
-          <DialogHeader>
-            <DialogTitle>Change permissions</DialogTitle>
-          </DialogHeader>
+        onChangePermissions={() => {
+          if (!contextMenu || !isUserInstalledEntry(contextMenu.app)) {
+            return;
+          }
 
-          {permissionsDialogApp ? (
-            <div className='space-y-4'>
-              {permissionsDialogError ? (
-                <Alert>
-                  <AlertTitle>Permission update blocked</AlertTitle>
-                  <AlertDescription>{permissionsDialogError}</AlertDescription>
-                </Alert>
-              ) : null}
+          const appId = contextMenu.app.common.identity.id;
 
-              <PermissionsEditor
-                app={permissionsDialogApp}
-                grantedPermissions={{
-                  capabilities: editingGrantedPermissions.capabilities,
-                  network: {
-                    whitelist: editingGrantedPermissions.network.whitelist,
-                  },
-                }}
-                onGrantedPermissionsChange={setEditingGrantedPermissions}
-              />
+          closeContextMenu();
+          void openAppPermissionsReview(appId);
+        }}
+        onClearData={() => {
+          if (!contextMenu) {
+            return;
+          }
 
-              <div className='flex items-center justify-end gap-2'>
-                <Button
-                  variant='outline'
-                  disabled={permissionsDialogBusy}
-                  onClick={closePermissionsDialog}
-                >
-                  Cancel
-                </Button>
+          void handleClearData(contextMenu.app);
+        }}
+        onUninstall={() => {
+          if (!contextMenu || !isUserInstalledEntry(contextMenu.app)) {
+            return;
+          }
 
-                {pendingPermissionsRetry ? (
-                  <Button
-                    disabled={permissionsDialogBusy}
-                    onClick={() => {
-                      void handleClearStorageAndApplyPending();
-                    }}
-                  >
-                    {permissionsDialogBusy
-                      ? 'Clearing and applying...'
-                      : 'Clear storage and apply'}
-                  </Button>
-                ) : (
-                  <Button
-                    disabled={permissionsDialogBusy}
-                    onClick={() => {
-                      if (!permissionsDialogApp) {
-                        return;
-                      }
+          setUpdateCheckStateByAppId((prev) => ({
+            ...prev,
+            [contextMenu.app.common.identity.id]: 'idle',
+          }));
 
-                      void handleApplyPermissions(
-                        permissionsDialogApp,
-                        editingGrantedPermissions,
-                      );
-                    }}
-                  >
-                    {permissionsDialogBusy ? 'Saving...' : 'Save'}
-                  </Button>
-                )}
-              </div>
-            </div>
-          ) : null}
-        </DialogContent>
-      </Dialog>
-    </>
+          void uninstallApp(contextMenu.app.common.identity.id).finally(() => {
+            closeContextMenu();
+          });
+        }}
+      />
+    </div>
   );
 }

From 9c2eab66f57526922795906bd076156a5718e715 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Wed, 6 May 2026 05:42:23 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 351/471] Remove `get_builtin_test_app` and related sandbox
 logic

- Deleted `get_builtin_test_app` command and its usage across the codebase.
- Removed `build_builtin_test_app`, `builtin_test_app_dir`, and other test app-specific utilities from sandbox modules.
- Consolidated sandbox exports and cleaned up redundant imports.
- Simplified module structure by making `sandbox` private and refactoring function visibility.
- Updated related imports and references to reflect these changes.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs                  | 10 +++++++---
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs |  8 --------
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/commands.rs     | 11 -----------
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/mod.rs          |  2 --
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/types.rs        | 12 ------------
 src-tauri/src/lib.rs                         | 12 +++++-------
 6 files changed, 12 insertions(+), 43 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
index 4dcf7d1f4..4ecd29676 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@ mod capabilities;
 mod host;
 mod lifecycle;
 mod runtime;
-pub mod sandbox;
-pub mod security;
-pub mod storage;
+mod sandbox;
+mod security;
+mod storage;
 pub mod system_apps;
 pub mod types;
 pub mod utils;
@@ -37,5 +37,9 @@ pub use runtime::commands::{
     apps_kill_taskbar_runtime,
     apps_dev_reload_runtime
 };
+pub use sandbox::{
+    commands::{apps_get_sandbox_state, apps_get_app_launch_gate, apps_rerun_sandbox_tests},
+    runner::ensure_initial_sandbox_run
+};
 pub use security::{handle_system_app_protocol_request, handle_user_app_protocol_request};
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
index a76249125..a1198fa79 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
@@ -89,14 +89,6 @@ pub fn builtin_runtime_apps_root() -> PathBuf {
     builtin_apps_root().join("runtime")
 }
 
-pub fn builtin_test_app_dir(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<PathBuf>> {
-    let Some(spec) = builtin_test_app_spec(app_id) else {
-        return Ok(None);
-    };
-
-    Ok(Some(builtin_test_apps_root().join(spec.dir_name)))
-}
-
 #[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios"))]
 fn builtin_storage(app_id: &str) -> InstalledSageAppStorage {
     let mut hasher = Sha256::new();
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/commands.rs
index 552006d8e..9fec03051 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/commands.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ use tauri::{command, AppHandle, State};
 
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::runtime::resolve_app;
-use crate::sandbox::build_builtin_test_app;
 use super::gate::evaluate_app_launch_gate;
 use super::runner::{begin_sandbox_run, sandbox_runner};
 use super::state_view::{build_effective_state, build_state_view};
@@ -58,13 +57,3 @@ pub async fn apps_rerun_sandbox_tests(
 
     Ok(view)
 }
-
-#[command]
-#[specta::specta]
-pub fn get_builtin_test_app(app_id: String) -> crate::host::Result<Option<crate::types::SageAppView>> {
-    build_builtin_test_app(&app_id)
-        .map(|app| app.map(|app| crate::types::SharedSageApp::new(app).into()))
-        .map_err(|err| {
-            std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to load builtin test app: {err}")).into()
-        })
-}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/mod.rs
index 75788e9d1..4b7149b34 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/mod.rs
@@ -14,5 +14,3 @@ pub use gate::*;
 pub use ingest::*;
 pub use store::*;
 pub use types::*;
-
-pub use runner::ensure_initial_sandbox_run;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/types.rs
index 7829159cb..3866d84cb 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/types.rs
@@ -132,18 +132,6 @@ pub fn make_cap(
     }
 }
 
-pub fn cap_result(state: &SandboxState, cap: SandboxCapability) -> &SandboxCapabilityResult {
-    match cap {
-        SandboxCapability::StorageIsolationFromSage => &state.storage_isolation_from_sage,
-        SandboxCapability::StoragePersistenceNormal => &state.storage_persistence_normal,
-        SandboxCapability::StorageNonPersistenceIncognito => {
-            &state.storage_non_persistence_incognito
-        }
-        SandboxCapability::StorageClearCycle => &state.storage_clear_cycle,
-        SandboxCapability::NetworkAllowlistEnforced => &state.network_allowlist_enforced,
-    }
-}
-
 pub fn mark_cap(
     state: &mut SandboxState,
     cap: SandboxCapability,
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
index 354584232..0d03bdbe1 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
@@ -11,10 +11,9 @@ mod app_state;
 mod commands;
 mod error;
 
-use sage_apps::security::handle_user_app_protocol_request;
 #[cfg(all(debug_assertions, not(mobile)))]
 use specta_typescript::{BigIntExportBehavior, Typescript};
-use sage_apps::{handle_system_app_protocol_request, AppsHostState};
+use sage_apps::{handle_system_app_protocol_request, handle_user_app_protocol_request, AppsHostState};
 
 #[cfg_attr(mobile, tauri::mobile_entry_point)]
 pub fn run() {
@@ -148,16 +147,15 @@ pub fn run() {
             apps::apps_invoke_system_bridge,
             apps::get_user_capability_definitions,
             apps::environment::commands::apps_set_environment_theme,
-            apps::sandbox::commands::apps_get_sandbox_state,
-            apps::sandbox::commands::apps_get_app_launch_gate,
-            apps::sandbox::commands::apps_rerun_sandbox_tests,
+            apps::apps_get_sandbox_state,
+            apps::apps_get_app_launch_gate,
+            apps::apps_rerun_sandbox_tests,
             apps::list_installed_apps,
             apps::uninstall_app,
             apps::check_app_update,
             apps::download_app_update,
             apps::apply_app_update,
             apps::apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data,
-            apps::sandbox::commands::get_builtin_test_app,
             apps::system_apps::get_builtin_system_app,
             apps::apps_start_system_app,
             apps::apps_create_inline_runtime,
@@ -233,7 +231,7 @@ pub fn run() {
             let sandbox_app_handle = app.handle().clone();
             tauri::async_runtime::spawn(async move {
                 if let Err(err) =
-                    apps::sandbox::runner::ensure_initial_sandbox_run(sandbox_app_handle).await
+                    apps::ensure_initial_sandbox_run(sandbox_app_handle).await
                 {
                     eprintln!("failed to start initial sandbox run: {err}");
                 }

From 6acdaee217fef3a44b5b9a395e0ed4e646f56456 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Wed, 6 May 2026 06:10:28 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 352/471] Remove app permissions-related components and utility
 functions

- Deleted `AppPermissionGroup`, `AppPermissions`, and related components.
- Removed various permissions utilities, such as `buildTree`, `grantedViewToInput`, and `permissionCollections.ts`.
- Eliminated command handlers and methods related to app installation, permissions updates, and network whitelist logic (`installApp`, `appsUpdatePermissions`, etc.).
- Refactored references across the codebase to reflect these deletions.
---
 .../system/apps/bridge-approval/src/App.tsx   |   9 -
 crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs                   |  43 ++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs           |  18 --
 crates/sage-apps/src/utils.rs                 |   9 -
 src-tauri/src/lib.rs                          |   3 +-
 src/bindings.ts                               |  30 ---
 .../apps/permissions/AppPermissionGroup.tsx   |  75 ------
 .../apps/permissions/AppPermissionItem.tsx    |  48 ----
 .../apps/permissions/AppPermissions.tsx       | 176 --------------
 .../apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx    |  49 ----
 .../apps/permissions/permissionUtils.ts       |  40 ----
 src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx                  |  39 ----
 src/lib/apps/bridge/responses.ts              |  18 --
 src/lib/apps/bridge/types.ts                  |   9 -
 src/lib/apps/grantedPermissions.ts            |  44 ----
 src/lib/apps/permissionCollections.ts         |  29 ---
 src/lib/apps/{types.ts => route.ts}           |   0
 src/lib/apps/runtimeEvents.ts                 |  45 ----
 src/lib/apps/sandbox.ts                       | 114 ---------
 src/lib/apps/updatePermissionsDelta.ts        | 218 ------------------
 src/pages/Apps.tsx                            |   2 +-
 src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx                   |   2 +-
 22 files changed, 30 insertions(+), 990 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 src/components/apps/permissions/AppPermissionGroup.tsx
 delete mode 100644 src/components/apps/permissions/AppPermissionItem.tsx
 delete mode 100644 src/components/apps/permissions/AppPermissions.tsx
 delete mode 100644 src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx
 delete mode 100644 src/components/apps/permissions/permissionUtils.ts
 delete mode 100644 src/lib/apps/bridge/responses.ts
 delete mode 100644 src/lib/apps/bridge/types.ts
 delete mode 100644 src/lib/apps/grantedPermissions.ts
 delete mode 100644 src/lib/apps/permissionCollections.ts
 rename src/lib/apps/{types.ts => route.ts} (100%)
 delete mode 100644 src/lib/apps/runtimeEvents.ts
 delete mode 100644 src/lib/apps/updatePermissionsDelta.ts

diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/src/App.tsx b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/src/App.tsx
index a3120bf7f..ed8d20e22 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/src/App.tsx
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/src/App.tsx
@@ -205,15 +205,6 @@ export function App() {
       appIcon={activeAppIcon}
       footer={
         <div className='flex items-center justify-between gap-3'>
-          <button
-            type='button'
-            disabled={working}
-            onClick={() => setExpanded((prev) => !prev)}
-            className='rounded-md px-3 py-2 text-sm text-muted-foreground hover:bg-muted hover:text-foreground disabled:opacity-50'
-          >
-            {expanded ? 'Less' : 'More'}
-          </button>
-
           <div className='flex items-center gap-2'>
             <button
               type='button'
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
index 4ecd29676..ba5b7f1cc 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
@@ -7,26 +7,22 @@ mod runtime;
 mod sandbox;
 mod security;
 mod storage;
-pub mod system_apps;
-pub mod types;
-pub mod utils;
-pub mod environment;
+mod system_apps;
+mod types;
+mod utils;
+mod environment;
 
-pub use bridge::{
-    commands::{apps_invoke_bridge, apps_invoke_system_bridge, get_user_capability_definitions},
-    ts_exports::{export_system_bridge_typescript, export_user_bridge_typescript}
-};
-pub use build::docs::generate_docs;
+// State
 pub use host::AppsHostState;
+
+// Commands
 pub use lifecycle::{
     install::commands::list_installed_apps,
     update::commands::{
         check_app_update,
         download_app_update,
         apply_app_update,
-    },
-    uninstall::uninstall_app,
-    apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data, process_pending_storage_cleanup
+    }
 };
 pub use runtime::commands::{
     apps_start_system_app,
@@ -37,9 +33,24 @@ pub use runtime::commands::{
     apps_kill_taskbar_runtime,
     apps_dev_reload_runtime
 };
-pub use sandbox::{
-    commands::{apps_get_sandbox_state, apps_get_app_launch_gate, apps_rerun_sandbox_tests},
-    runner::ensure_initial_sandbox_run
+pub use environment::commands::apps_set_environment_theme;
+pub use bridge::commands::{apps_invoke_bridge, apps_invoke_system_bridge, get_user_capability_definitions};
+pub use sandbox::commands::{apps_get_sandbox_state, apps_get_app_launch_gate, apps_rerun_sandbox_tests};
+pub use lifecycle::{
+    uninstall::uninstall_app,
+    apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data
 };
-pub use security::{handle_system_app_protocol_request, handle_user_app_protocol_request};
+
+// Bridge
+pub use security::{handle_user_app_protocol_request, handle_system_app_protocol_request};
+
+// SDK
+pub use bridge::ts_exports::{export_system_bridge_typescript, export_user_bridge_typescript};
+
+// Operations
+pub use lifecycle::process_pending_storage_cleanup;
+pub use sandbox::runner::ensure_initial_sandbox_run;
+
+// Docs
+pub use build::docs::generate_docs;
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
index 386a01b2d..cd8b32d6e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
@@ -106,16 +106,6 @@ pub enum ReadBuiltinManifestError {
     ParseFailed,
 }
 
-#[tauri::command]
-#[specta::specta]
-pub fn get_builtin_system_app(app_id: String) -> crate::host::Result<Option<crate::types::SageAppView>> {
-    build_builtin_system_app(&app_id)
-        .map(|app| app.map(|app| crate::types::SharedSageApp::new(app).into()))
-        .map_err(|err| {
-            std::io::Error::other(format!("failed to load builtin system app: {err}")).into()
-        })
-}
-
 pub fn builtin_system_app_spec(app_id: &str) -> Option<&'static BuiltinSystemAppSpec> {
     BUILTIN_SYSTEM_APPS
         .iter()
@@ -126,14 +116,6 @@ pub fn builtin_system_apps_root() -> PathBuf {
     builtin_apps_root().join("system")
 }
 
-pub fn builtin_system_app_dir(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<Option<PathBuf>> {
-    let Some(spec) = builtin_system_app_spec(app_id) else {
-        return Ok(None);
-    };
-
-    Ok(Some(builtin_system_apps_root().join(spec.dir_name)))
-}
-
 fn read_builtin_manifest(app_dir: &Path) -> Result<SageAppPackageManifest, ReadBuiltinManifestError> {
     let manifest_path = app_dir.join("sage-manifest.json");
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/utils.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/utils.rs
index 9939b51eb..2508150a1 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/utils.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/utils.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
-use std::collections::BTreeSet;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 use std::time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};
 
@@ -54,11 +53,3 @@ pub fn builtin_apps_root() -> PathBuf {
         .join("build")
         .join("dist")
 }
-
-pub fn sorted_unique<T: Ord>(values: impl IntoIterator<Item = T>) -> Vec<T> {
-    values
-        .into_iter()
-        .collect::<BTreeSet<_>>()
-        .into_iter()
-        .collect()
-}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
index 0d03bdbe1..ce2f83ca7 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ pub fn run() {
             apps::apps_invoke_bridge,
             apps::apps_invoke_system_bridge,
             apps::get_user_capability_definitions,
-            apps::environment::commands::apps_set_environment_theme,
+            apps::apps_set_environment_theme,
             apps::apps_get_sandbox_state,
             apps::apps_get_app_launch_gate,
             apps::apps_rerun_sandbox_tests,
@@ -156,7 +156,6 @@ pub fn run() {
             apps::download_app_update,
             apps::apply_app_update,
             apps::apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data,
-            apps::system_apps::get_builtin_system_app,
             apps::apps_start_system_app,
             apps::apps_create_inline_runtime,
             apps::apps_list_runtimes,
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index a20780586..e1daaed01 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -368,9 +368,6 @@ async appsInvokeBridge(request: RustBridgeRequest) : Promise<RustBridgeInvokeRes
 async appsInvokeSystemBridge(request: RustBridgeRequest) : Promise<RustBridgeInvokeResult> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_invoke_system_bridge", { request });
 },
-async appsResolveBridgeApproval(args: ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs) : Promise<null> {
-    return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_resolve_bridge_approval", { args });
-},
 async getUserCapabilityDefinitions() : Promise<SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView[]> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("get_user_capability_definitions");
 },
@@ -389,18 +386,6 @@ async appsRerunSandboxTests() : Promise<SandboxStateView> {
 async listInstalledApps() : Promise<ListedSageAppView[]> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("list_installed_apps");
 },
-async previewAppZip(zipPath: string) : Promise<SageAppPackageManifest> {
-    return await TAURI_INVOKE("preview_app_zip", { zipPath });
-},
-async previewAppUrl(appUrl: string) : Promise<SageAppUrlPreview> {
-    return await TAURI_INVOKE("preview_app_url", { appUrl });
-},
-async installAppZip(zipPath: string, grantedPermissionsInput: SageGrantedPermissionsInput) : Promise<UserSageAppView> {
-    return await TAURI_INVOKE("install_app_zip", { zipPath, grantedPermissionsInput });
-},
-async installAppUrl(appUrl: string, grantedPermissionsInput: SageGrantedPermissionsInput) : Promise<UserSageAppView> {
-    return await TAURI_INVOKE("install_app_url", { appUrl, grantedPermissionsInput });
-},
 async uninstallApp(appId: string) : Promise<null> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("uninstall_app", { appId });
 },
@@ -413,18 +398,9 @@ async downloadAppUpdate(appId: string) : Promise<SageAppView> {
 async applyAppUpdate(appId: string, grantedPermissionsInput: SageGrantedPermissionsInput) : Promise<SageAppView> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("apply_app_update", { appId, grantedPermissionsInput });
 },
-async appsUpdatePermissions(appId: string, grantedPermissionsInput: SageGrantedPermissionsInput) : Promise<null> {
-    return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_update_permissions", { appId, grantedPermissionsInput });
-},
 async appsClearRuntimeBrowsingData(appId: string) : Promise<null> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data", { appId });
 },
-async getBuiltinTestApp(appId: string) : Promise<SageAppView | null> {
-    return await TAURI_INVOKE("get_builtin_test_app", { appId });
-},
-async getBuiltinSystemApp(appId: string) : Promise<SageAppView | null> {
-    return await TAURI_INVOKE("get_builtin_system_app", { appId });
-},
 async appsStartSystemApp(args: StartSystemAppArgs) : Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecordView> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_start_system_app", { args });
 },
@@ -452,10 +428,8 @@ async appsDevReloadRuntime(params: RuntimeTargetParams) : Promise<SageAppRuntime
 
 
 export const events = __makeEvents__<{
-rustBridgeApprovalEvent: RustBridgeApprovalEvent,
 syncEvent: SyncEvent
 }>({
-rustBridgeApprovalEvent: "rust-bridge-approval-event",
 syncEvent: "sync-event"
 })
 
@@ -2205,7 +2179,6 @@ name: string }
  * Response for key rename
  */
 export type RenameKeyResponse = Record<string, never>
-export type ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs = { approvalId: string; approved: boolean; reason: string | null }
 /**
  * Resynchronize wallet data with the blockchain
  */
@@ -2255,8 +2228,6 @@ export type ResyncCatResponse = Record<string, never>
  */
 export type ResyncResponse = Record<string, never>
 export type RuntimeTargetParams = { appId: string }
-export type RustBridgeApprovalEvent = { approvalId: string; approval: RustBridgeApprovalRequest }
-export type RustBridgeApprovalRequest = ({ kind: "getSecretKey"; fingerprint: number } | { kind: "sendXch"; summary: WalletSendXchParams } | { kind: "capabilityGrant"; capability: UserBridgeCapability; definition: SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView } | { kind: "networkWhitelistGrant"; entry: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry })
 export type RustBridgeErrorPayload = { code: string; message: string }
 export type RustBridgeErrorResponse = { bridgeVersion: string; id: string; ok: boolean; error: RustBridgeErrorPayload }
 export type RustBridgeInvokeResult = ({ kind: "success" } & RustBridgeSuccessResponse) | ({ kind: "error" } & RustBridgeErrorResponse) | { kind: "pending" }
@@ -2907,7 +2878,6 @@ offer: OfferSummary;
 status: OfferRecordStatus }
 export type Wallet = { name: string; fingerprint: number; network?: string | null; delta_sync: boolean | null; emoji?: string | null; change_address?: string | null }
 export type WalletDefaults = { delta_sync: boolean }
-export type WalletSendXchParams = { address: string; amount: string; fee: string; memos?: string[] | null; clawback?: number | null }
 export type WindowTargetParams = { windowLabel: string }
 
 /** tauri-specta globals **/
diff --git a/src/components/apps/permissions/AppPermissionGroup.tsx b/src/components/apps/permissions/AppPermissionGroup.tsx
deleted file mode 100644
index d365cbeb7..000000000
--- a/src/components/apps/permissions/AppPermissionGroup.tsx
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,75 +0,0 @@
-import React from 'react';
-import { AppPermissionItem } from './AppPermissionItem';
-
-export interface AppPermissionTreeNode {
-  segment: string;
-  fullPath: string;
-  children: AppPermissionTreeNode[];
-  item?: {
-    key: string;
-    required: boolean;
-    granted: boolean;
-  };
-}
-
-interface Props {
-  node: AppPermissionTreeNode;
-  editable?: boolean;
-  tone?: 'default' | 'added' | 'removed' | 'warning';
-  onToggle?: (fullKey: string, nextGranted: boolean) => void;
-}
-
-function segmentLabel(segment: string): string {
-  return segment
-    .split('_')
-    .filter(Boolean)
-    .map((part) => part.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + part.slice(1))
-    .join(' ');
-}
-
-export function AppPermissionGroup({
-  node,
-  editable = false,
-  tone = 'default',
-  onToggle,
-}: Props) {
-  if (node.item) {
-    return (
-      <AppPermissionItem
-        label={segmentLabel(node.segment)}
-        fullKey={node.item.key}
-        required={node.item.required}
-        granted={node.item.granted}
-        editable={editable}
-        tone={tone}
-        onToggle={onToggle}
-      />
-    );
-  }
-
-  const label = node.fullPath ? segmentLabel(node.segment) : 'Permissions';
-
-  return (
-    <div className='space-y-2'>
-      {node.fullPath ? (
-        <div className='text-sm font-medium'>{label}</div>
-      ) : null}
-
-      <div
-        className={
-          node.fullPath ? 'space-y-2 rounded-md border p-3' : 'space-y-4'
-        }
-      >
-        {node.children.map((child) => (
-          <AppPermissionGroup
-            key={child.fullPath}
-            node={child}
-            editable={editable}
-            tone={tone}
-            onToggle={onToggle}
-          />
-        ))}
-      </div>
-    </div>
-  );
-}
diff --git a/src/components/apps/permissions/AppPermissionItem.tsx b/src/components/apps/permissions/AppPermissionItem.tsx
deleted file mode 100644
index f230f8b24..000000000
--- a/src/components/apps/permissions/AppPermissionItem.tsx
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,48 +0,0 @@
-import { Checkbox } from '@/components/ui/checkbox';
-import React from 'react';
-
-interface Props {
-  label: string;
-  fullKey: string;
-  required: boolean;
-  granted: boolean;
-  editable?: boolean;
-  tone?: 'default' | 'added' | 'removed' | 'warning';
-  onToggle?: (fullKey: string, nextGranted: boolean) => void;
-}
-
-export function AppPermissionItem({
-  label,
-  fullKey,
-  required,
-  granted,
-  editable = false,
-  tone = 'default',
-  onToggle,
-}: Props) {
-  const textClassName =
-    tone === 'removed'
-      ? 'text-destructive line-through'
-      : tone === 'warning'
-        ? 'text-amber-600'
-        : tone === 'added'
-          ? 'text-emerald-600'
-          : '';
-
-  return (
-    <label className='flex items-center gap-3 text-sm'>
-      <Checkbox
-        checked={granted}
-        disabled={!editable || required}
-        onCheckedChange={(checked) => {
-          onToggle?.(fullKey, Boolean(checked));
-        }}
-      />
-
-      <span className={textClassName}>
-        {label}
-        {required ? ' (required)' : ''}
-      </span>
-    </label>
-  );
-}
diff --git a/src/components/apps/permissions/AppPermissions.tsx b/src/components/apps/permissions/AppPermissions.tsx
deleted file mode 100644
index c47760c65..000000000
--- a/src/components/apps/permissions/AppPermissions.tsx
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,176 +0,0 @@
-import React, { useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react';
-import {
-  AppPermissionGroup,
-  type AppPermissionTreeNode,
-} from './AppPermissionGroup';
-import { SageRequestedPermissions } from '@sage-app/sdk';
-
-type Tone = 'default' | 'added' | 'removed' | 'warning';
-
-interface CapabilityEntry {
-  key: string;
-  required: boolean;
-  granted: boolean;
-}
-
-interface Props {
-  permissions: SageRequestedPermissions | null | undefined;
-  grantedCapabilities?: string[];
-  editable?: boolean;
-  tone?: Tone;
-  onGrantedCapabilitiesChange?: (next: string[]) => void;
-}
-
-function buildEntries(
-  permissions: SageRequestedPermissions | null | undefined,
-  grantedCapabilities: string[],
-): CapabilityEntry[] {
-  const grantedSet = new Set(grantedCapabilities);
-
-  const requiredEntries = (permissions?.capabilities?.required ?? []).map(
-    (key) => ({
-      key,
-      required: true,
-      granted: grantedSet.has(key),
-    }),
-  );
-
-  const optionalEntries = (permissions?.capabilities?.optional ?? []).map(
-    (key) => ({
-      key,
-      required: false,
-      granted: grantedSet.has(key),
-    }),
-  );
-
-  return [...requiredEntries, ...optionalEntries].sort((a, b) =>
-    a.key.localeCompare(b.key),
-  );
-}
-
-function buildTree(entries: CapabilityEntry[]): AppPermissionTreeNode {
-  const root: AppPermissionTreeNode = {
-    segment: '',
-    fullPath: '',
-    children: [],
-  };
-
-  for (const entry of entries) {
-    const parts = entry.key.split('.');
-    let current = root;
-
-    for (let index = 0; index < parts.length; index += 1) {
-      const segment = parts[index];
-      const fullPath = parts.slice(0, index + 1).join('.');
-      const isLeaf = index === parts.length - 1;
-
-      let child = current.children.find((node) => node.segment === segment);
-
-      if (!child) {
-        child = {
-          segment,
-          fullPath,
-          children: [],
-        };
-        current.children.push(child);
-      }
-
-      if (isLeaf) {
-        child.item = {
-          key: entry.key,
-          required: entry.required,
-          granted: entry.granted,
-        };
-      }
-
-      current = child;
-    }
-  }
-
-  currentSort(root);
-  return root;
-}
-
-function currentSort(node: AppPermissionTreeNode) {
-  node.children.sort((a, b) => {
-    const aIsGroup = !a.item;
-    const bIsGroup = !b.item;
-
-    if (aIsGroup !== bIsGroup) {
-      return aIsGroup ? -1 : 1;
-    }
-
-    return a.segment.localeCompare(b.segment);
-  });
-
-  for (const child of node.children) {
-    currentSort(child);
-  }
-}
-
-export function AppPermissions({
-  permissions,
-  grantedCapabilities = [],
-  editable = false,
-  tone = 'default',
-  onGrantedCapabilitiesChange,
-}: Props) {
-  const [localGrantedCapabilities, setLocalGrantedCapabilities] =
-    useState<string[]>(grantedCapabilities);
-
-  useEffect(() => {
-    setLocalGrantedCapabilities(grantedCapabilities);
-  }, [grantedCapabilities]);
-
-  const entries = useMemo(() => {
-    return buildEntries(permissions, localGrantedCapabilities);
-  }, [permissions, localGrantedCapabilities]);
-
-  const tree = useMemo(() => buildTree(entries), [entries]);
-
-  const hasEntries = entries.length > 0;
-
-  function handleToggle(fullKey: string, nextGranted: boolean) {
-    if (!editable) {
-      return;
-    }
-
-    setLocalGrantedCapabilities((prev) => {
-      const prevSet = new Set(prev);
-
-      if (nextGranted) {
-        prevSet.add(fullKey);
-      } else {
-        prevSet.delete(fullKey);
-      }
-
-      const requiredKeys = new Set(permissions?.capabilities?.required ?? []);
-
-      for (const key of requiredKeys) {
-        prevSet.add(key);
-      }
-
-      const next = [...prevSet].sort((a, b) => a.localeCompare(b));
-
-      onGrantedCapabilitiesChange?.(next);
-      return next;
-    });
-  }
-
-  if (!hasEntries) {
-    return (
-      <div className='text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
-        This app does not request any capabilities.
-      </div>
-    );
-  }
-
-  return (
-    <AppPermissionGroup
-      node={tree}
-      editable={editable}
-      tone={tone}
-      onToggle={handleToggle}
-    />
-  );
-}
diff --git a/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx b/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx
deleted file mode 100644
index af121d1f9..000000000
--- a/src/components/apps/permissions/PermissionsEditor.tsx
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,49 +0,0 @@
-import { useEffect, useState } from 'react';
-import { PermissionsEditor as SharedPermissionsEditor } from '@sage-app/ui';
-import type {
-  SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView,
-  SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
-  SageGrantedPermissionsView,
-  SystemSageAppView,
-  UserSageAppView,
-} from '@/bindings';
-import { commands } from '@/bindings';
-
-interface Props {
-  app: UserSageAppView | SystemSageAppView;
-  grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissionsView;
-  onGrantedPermissionsChange?: (next: SageGrantedPermissionsInput) => void;
-  editable?: boolean;
-}
-
-export function PermissionsEditor(props: Props) {
-  const [capabilityDefinitions, setCapabilityDefinitions] = useState<
-    SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView[]
-  >([]);
-
-  useEffect(() => {
-    let cancelled = false;
-
-    void commands
-      .getUserCapabilityDefinitions()
-      .then((definitions) => {
-        if (!cancelled) {
-          setCapabilityDefinitions(definitions);
-        }
-      })
-      .catch((err) => {
-        console.error('Failed to load capability definitions:', err);
-      });
-
-    return () => {
-      cancelled = true;
-    };
-  }, []);
-
-  return (
-    <SharedPermissionsEditor
-      {...props}
-      capabilityDefinitions={capabilityDefinitions}
-    />
-  );
-}
diff --git a/src/components/apps/permissions/permissionUtils.ts b/src/components/apps/permissions/permissionUtils.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index d5ea59ceb..000000000
--- a/src/components/apps/permissions/permissionUtils.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,40 +0,0 @@
-import type {
-  SageAppPackageManifest,
-  SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
-  SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
-} from '@/bindings';
-import { sortCapabilities } from '@/lib/apps/permissionCollections.ts';
-
-function sortNetworkEntries(
-  entries: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[],
-): SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[] {
-  return [...entries].sort((a, b) => {
-    const aKey = `${a.scheme}://${a.host}`;
-    const bKey = `${b.scheme}://${b.host}`;
-    return aKey.localeCompare(bKey);
-  });
-}
-
-export function buildEmptyGrantedPermissions(): SageGrantedPermissionsInput {
-  return {
-    capabilities: [],
-    network: {
-      whitelist: []
-    },
-  };
-}
-
-export function buildInitialGrantedPermissions(
-  manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
-): SageGrantedPermissionsInput {
-  return {
-    capabilities: sortCapabilities(
-      manifest.permissions?.capabilities?.required ?? [],
-    ),
-    network: {
-      whitelist: sortNetworkEntries(
-        manifest.permissions?.network?.whitelist?.required ?? [],
-      )
-    },
-  };
-}
diff --git a/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx b/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
index 0b70e89fd..2a30a7a30 100644
--- a/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
+++ b/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
@@ -81,14 +81,6 @@ interface AppsContextValue {
         ) => Record<string, SageAppUrlPreview | null>),
   ) => void;
 
-  installApp: (
-    zipPath: string,
-    grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
-  ) => Promise<UserSageAppView>;
-  installUrlApp: (
-    appUrl: string,
-    grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
-  ) => Promise<UserSageAppView>;
   uninstallApp: (appId: string) => Promise<void>;
   checkForUpdate: (appId: string) => Promise<SageAppUrlPreview | null>;
   performAppUpdate: (
@@ -389,33 +381,6 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
     [],
   );
 
-  const installApp = useCallback(
-    async (
-      zipPath: string,
-      grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
-    ) => {
-      const installed = await commands.installAppZip(
-        zipPath,
-        grantedPermissions,
-      );
-      await refreshInstalledApps();
-      return installed;
-    },
-    [refreshInstalledApps],
-  );
-
-  const installUrlApp = useCallback(
-    async (appUrl: string, grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissionsInput) => {
-      const installed = await commands.installAppUrl(
-        appUrl,
-        grantedPermissions,
-      );
-      await refreshInstalledApps();
-      return installed;
-    },
-    [refreshInstalledApps],
-  );
-
   const uninstallApp = useCallback(
     async (appId: string) => {
       setBusy(appId, true);
@@ -508,8 +473,6 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
       setBusy,
       setUpdateAvailability: setUpdateAvailabilityState,
 
-      installApp,
-      installUrlApp,
       uninstallApp,
       checkForUpdate,
       performAppUpdate,
@@ -537,8 +500,6 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
       refreshLaunchGates,
       setBusy,
       setUpdateAvailabilityState,
-      installApp,
-      installUrlApp,
       uninstallApp,
       checkForUpdate,
       performAppUpdate,
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/bridge/responses.ts b/src/lib/apps/bridge/responses.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 2c63734de..000000000
--- a/src/lib/apps/bridge/responses.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-import type {
-  SageBridgeSuccessResponse,
-  SageBridgeVersion,
-} from '@sage-app/sdk';
-
-const BRIDGE_VERSION: SageBridgeVersion = 'v1';
-
-export function success(
-  id: string,
-  result: unknown,
-): SageBridgeSuccessResponse {
-  return {
-    bridgeVersion: BRIDGE_VERSION,
-    id,
-    ok: true,
-    result,
-  };
-}
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/bridge/types.ts b/src/lib/apps/bridge/types.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 56d93f2c5..000000000
--- a/src/lib/apps/bridge/types.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-import type { RustBridgeApprovalEvent } from '@/bindings';
-
-export type BridgeApprovalRequest = RustBridgeApprovalEvent['approval'] & {
-  approvalId: string;
-};
-
-export type BridgeApprovalResult =
-  | { approved: true }
-  | { approved: false; reason?: string };
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/grantedPermissions.ts b/src/lib/apps/grantedPermissions.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 19eacdfa7..000000000
--- a/src/lib/apps/grantedPermissions.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,44 +0,0 @@
-import type {
-  SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
-  SageGrantedPermissionsView,
-} from '@/bindings';
-
-export function grantedViewToInput(
-  view: SageGrantedPermissionsView,
-): SageGrantedPermissionsInput {
-  return {
-    capabilities: view.capabilities,
-    network: {
-      whitelist: view.network.whitelist
-    },
-  };
-}
-
-export function grantedInputToView(
-  input: SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
-): SageGrantedPermissionsView {
-  return {
-    capabilities: input.capabilities,
-    network: {
-      whitelist: input.network.whitelist,
-    },
-  };
-}
-
-export function emptyGrantedPermissionsInput(): SageGrantedPermissionsInput {
-  return {
-    capabilities: [],
-    network: {
-      whitelist: []
-    },
-  };
-}
-
-export function emptyGrantedPermissionsView(): SageGrantedPermissionsView {
-  return {
-    capabilities: [],
-    network: {
-      whitelist: [],
-    },
-  };
-}
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/permissionCollections.ts b/src/lib/apps/permissionCollections.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 35ae1becd..000000000
--- a/src/lib/apps/permissionCollections.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
-import type {
-  SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
-  UserBridgeCapability,
-} from '@/bindings';
-
-export function networkKey(entry: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry): string {
-  return `${entry.scheme}://${entry.host}`;
-}
-
-export function sortCapabilities(
-  values: Iterable<UserBridgeCapability>,
-): UserBridgeCapability[] {
-  return [...values].sort((a, b) => a.localeCompare(b));
-}
-
-export function sortNetwork(
-  values: Iterable<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
-): SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[] {
-  return [...values].sort((a, b) => networkKey(a).localeCompare(networkKey(b)));
-}
-
-export function cloneNetwork(
-  values: Iterable<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
-): SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[] {
-  return [...values].map((entry) => ({
-    scheme: entry.scheme,
-    host: entry.host,
-  }));
-}
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/types.ts b/src/lib/apps/route.ts
similarity index 100%
rename from src/lib/apps/types.ts
rename to src/lib/apps/route.ts
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/runtimeEvents.ts b/src/lib/apps/runtimeEvents.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 63ee445b8..000000000
--- a/src/lib/apps/runtimeEvents.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,45 +0,0 @@
-import { listen } from '@tauri-apps/api/event';
-import type { SageAppRuntimeRecordView } from '@/bindings';
-
-export const SAGE_RUNTIME_EVENT_NAME = 'apps:runtime-event';
-
-export interface RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent {
-  type: 'runtimeManager.runtimesChanged';
-  payload: {
-    runtimes: SageAppRuntimeRecordView[];
-  };
-}
-
-export interface ActiveRuntimeChangedEvent {
-  type: 'runtimeManager.activeRuntimeChanged';
-  payload: {
-    hostWindowLabel: string;
-    appId: string | null;
-    runtimeId: string | null;
-  };
-}
-
-export type SageRuntimeEvent =
-  | RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent
-  | ActiveRuntimeChangedEvent;
-
-export function subscribeRuntimeEvents(
-  callback: (event: SageRuntimeEvent) => void,
-) {
-  return listen<SageRuntimeEvent>(SAGE_RUNTIME_EVENT_NAME, (event) => {
-    callback(event.payload);
-  });
-}
-
-export function subscribeActiveRuntime(
-  callback: (event: ActiveRuntimeChangedEvent['payload']) => void,
-) {
-  return subscribeRuntimeEvents((event) => {
-    if (event.type !== 'runtimeManager.activeRuntimeChanged') {
-      return;
-    }
-
-    callback(event.payload);
-  });
-}
-
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/sandbox.ts b/src/lib/apps/sandbox.ts
index e304869ed..f4e17258f 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/sandbox.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/sandbox.ts
@@ -2,13 +2,8 @@ import type {
   SandboxCapabilityResult,
   SandboxState,
   SandboxStateView,
-  SageAppView,
-  SystemSageAppView,
-  UserSageAppView,
 } from '@/bindings';
 
-type AppLike = SageAppView | UserSageAppView | SystemSageAppView;
-
 export type SandboxCapability =
   | 'storage_isolation_from_sage'
   | 'storage_persistence_normal'
@@ -16,13 +11,6 @@ export type SandboxCapability =
   | 'storage_clear_cycle'
   | 'network_allowlist_enforced';
 
-export interface AppLaunchGateResult {
-  allowed: boolean;
-  kind: 'allowed' | 'running' | 'failed';
-  capability: SandboxCapability | null;
-  message: string | null;
-}
-
 export function formatCapabilityLabel(capability: SandboxCapability): string {
   switch (capability) {
     case 'storage_isolation_from_sage':
@@ -38,24 +26,6 @@ export function formatCapabilityLabel(capability: SandboxCapability): string {
   }
 }
 
-export function getSandboxCapabilityResult(
-  sandbox: SandboxState,
-  capability: SandboxCapability,
-): SandboxCapabilityResult {
-  switch (capability) {
-    case 'storage_isolation_from_sage':
-      return sandbox.storageIsolationFromSage;
-    case 'storage_persistence_normal':
-      return sandbox.storagePersistenceNormal;
-    case 'storage_non_persistence_incognito':
-      return sandbox.storageNonPersistenceIncognito;
-    case 'storage_clear_cycle':
-      return sandbox.storageClearCycle;
-    case 'network_allowlist_enforced':
-      return sandbox.networkAllowlistEnforced;
-  }
-}
-
 export function listSandboxCapabilities(
   sandbox: SandboxState,
 ): [SandboxCapability, SandboxCapabilityResult][] {
@@ -71,90 +41,6 @@ export function listSandboxCapabilities(
   ];
 }
 
-export function getRequiredSandboxCapabilities(
-  app: AppLike,
-): SandboxCapability[] {
-  const required: SandboxCapability[] = ['storage_isolation_from_sage'];
-
-  if (
-    app.common.grantedPermissions.capabilities.includes('storage.persistent_webview')
-  ) {
-    required.push('storage_persistence_normal');
-  } else {
-    required.push('storage_non_persistence_incognito');
-  }
-
-  if ((app.common.grantedPermissions.network.whitelist?.length ?? 0) > 0) {
-    required.push('network_allowlist_enforced');
-  }
-
-  return required;
-}
-
-export function evaluateAppLaunchGate(
-  app: AppLike,
-  sandbox: SandboxState,
-): AppLaunchGateResult {
-  const isolation = sandbox.storageIsolationFromSage;
-
-  if (isolation.status === 'pending' || isolation.status === 'running') {
-    return {
-      allowed: false,
-      kind: 'running',
-      capability: 'storage_isolation_from_sage',
-      message: `Sandbox tests are still running for ${formatCapabilityLabel(
-        'storage_isolation_from_sage',
-      )}.`,
-    };
-  }
-
-  if (isolation.status === 'failed') {
-    return {
-      allowed: false,
-      kind: 'failed',
-      capability: 'storage_isolation_from_sage',
-      message:
-        isolation.details ??
-        `Sandbox test failed for ${formatCapabilityLabel(
-          'storage_isolation_from_sage',
-        )}.`,
-    };
-  }
-
-  const required = getRequiredSandboxCapabilities(app);
-
-  for (const capability of required) {
-    const result = getSandboxCapabilityResult(sandbox, capability);
-
-    if (result.status === 'pending' || result.status === 'running') {
-      return {
-        allowed: false,
-        kind: 'running',
-        capability,
-        message: `Sandbox tests are still running for ${formatCapabilityLabel(capability)}.`,
-      };
-    }
-
-    if (result.status === 'failed') {
-      return {
-        allowed: false,
-        kind: 'failed',
-        capability,
-        message:
-          result.details ??
-          `Sandbox test failed for ${formatCapabilityLabel(capability)}.`,
-      };
-    }
-  }
-
-  return {
-    allowed: true,
-    kind: 'allowed',
-    capability: null,
-    message: null,
-  };
-}
-
 export function getLiveSandboxState(
   sandboxView: SandboxStateView | null | undefined,
 ): SandboxState | null {
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/updatePermissionsDelta.ts b/src/lib/apps/updatePermissionsDelta.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 7cb44779a..000000000
--- a/src/lib/apps/updatePermissionsDelta.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,218 +0,0 @@
-import type {
-  UserSageAppView,
-  SageAppPackageManifest,
-  SageAppUrlPreview,
-  SageGrantedPermissionsView,
-  SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
-  SageRequestedPermissions,
-  UserBridgeCapability,
-} from '@/bindings';
-import {
-  cloneNetwork,
-  networkKey,
-  sortCapabilities,
-  sortNetwork,
-} from '@/lib/apps/permissionCollections';
-
-const AUTO_GRANTED_CAPABILITIES = new Set<UserBridgeCapability>([
-  'bridge.send',
-  'app.get_capabilities',
-  'app.get_info',
-  'app.lifecycle.ready_to_stop',
-  'app.lifecycle.set_before_stop_listener',
-  'app.request_capability_grant',
-  'app.request_network_whitelist_grant',
-  'wallet.send_xch_auto_submit',
-]);
-
-function isAutoGrantedCapability(key: UserBridgeCapability) {
-  return AUTO_GRANTED_CAPABILITIES.has(key);
-}
-
-function getRequestedCapabilities(permissions: SageRequestedPermissions) {
-  return {
-    required: permissions.capabilities.required ?? [],
-    optional: permissions.capabilities.optional ?? [],
-  };
-}
-
-function getRequestedNetwork(permissions: SageRequestedPermissions) {
-  return {
-    required: permissions.network.whitelist.required ?? [],
-    optional: permissions.network.whitelist.optional ?? [],
-  };
-}
-
-function getManifestRequestedPermissions(
-  manifest: SageAppPackageManifest | SageAppUrlPreview,
-): SageRequestedPermissions {
-  if ('manifest' in manifest) {
-    if (manifest.manifest.kind !== 'full') {
-      throw new Error(
-        'Cannot calculate permissions delta for partial manifest',
-      );
-    }
-
-    return manifest.manifest.manifest.permissions;
-  }
-
-  return manifest.permissions;
-}
-
-export interface AppUpdatePermissionsDelta {
-  addedRequestedCapabilities: {
-    required: UserBridgeCapability[];
-    optional: UserBridgeCapability[];
-  };
-  addedRequestedNetwork: {
-    required: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[];
-    optional: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[];
-  };
-
-  requiredCapabilitiesToGrant: UserBridgeCapability[];
-  requiredNetworkToGrant: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[];
-
-  removedGrantedCapabilities: UserBridgeCapability[];
-  removedGrantedNetwork: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[];
-
-  nextGrantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissionsView;
-  requiresUserReview: boolean;
-}
-
-export function getAppUpdatePermissionsDelta(
-  app: UserSageAppView,
-  preview: SageAppUrlPreview | SageAppPackageManifest,
-): AppUpdatePermissionsDelta {
-  const previousRequested = app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.permissions;
-  const nextRequested = getManifestRequestedPermissions(preview);
-
-  const previousCaps = getRequestedCapabilities(previousRequested);
-  const nextCaps = getRequestedCapabilities(nextRequested);
-
-  const previousNetwork = getRequestedNetwork(previousRequested);
-  const nextNetwork = getRequestedNetwork(nextRequested);
-
-  const oldGrantedCapabilities =
-    app.common.grantedPermissions.capabilities ?? [];
-  const oldGrantedNetwork =
-    app.common.grantedPermissions.network.whitelist ?? [];
-
-  const oldGrantedCapabilitiesSet = new Set(oldGrantedCapabilities);
-  const oldGrantedNetworkSet = new Set(oldGrantedNetwork.map(networkKey));
-
-  const previousRequestedCapsSet = new Set([
-    ...previousCaps.required,
-    ...previousCaps.optional,
-  ]);
-
-  const previousRequestedNetworkSet = new Set([
-    ...previousNetwork.required.map(networkKey),
-    ...previousNetwork.optional.map(networkKey),
-  ]);
-
-  const addedRequestedCapabilities = {
-    required: nextCaps.required.filter(
-      (key) => !previousRequestedCapsSet.has(key),
-    ),
-    optional: nextCaps.optional.filter(
-      (key) => !previousRequestedCapsSet.has(key),
-    ),
-  };
-
-  const addedRequestedNetwork = {
-    required: cloneNetwork(
-      nextNetwork.required.filter(
-        (entry) => !previousRequestedNetworkSet.has(networkKey(entry)),
-      ),
-    ),
-    optional: cloneNetwork(
-      nextNetwork.optional.filter(
-        (entry) => !previousRequestedNetworkSet.has(networkKey(entry)),
-      ),
-    ),
-  };
-
-  const requiredCapabilitiesToGrant = sortCapabilities(
-    nextCaps.required.filter(
-      (key) =>
-        !oldGrantedCapabilitiesSet.has(key) && !isAutoGrantedCapability(key),
-    ),
-  );
-
-  const requiredNetworkToGrant = sortNetwork(
-    nextNetwork.required.filter(
-      (entry) => !oldGrantedNetworkSet.has(networkKey(entry)),
-    ),
-  );
-
-  const nextAllowedCapsSet = new Set([
-    ...nextCaps.required,
-    ...nextCaps.optional,
-  ]);
-  const nextAllowedNetworkSet = new Set([
-    ...nextNetwork.required.map(networkKey),
-    ...nextNetwork.optional.map(networkKey),
-  ]);
-
-  const removedGrantedCapabilities = sortCapabilities(
-    oldGrantedCapabilities.filter((key) => !nextAllowedCapsSet.has(key)),
-  );
-
-  const removedGrantedNetwork = sortNetwork(
-    oldGrantedNetwork.filter(
-      (entry) => !nextAllowedNetworkSet.has(networkKey(entry)),
-    ),
-  );
-
-  const retainedGrantedCapabilities = oldGrantedCapabilities.filter(
-    (key) => nextAllowedCapsSet.has(key) && !isAutoGrantedCapability(key),
-  );
-
-  const nextGrantedCapabilities = sortCapabilities(
-    new Set([
-      ...retainedGrantedCapabilities,
-      ...nextCaps.required.filter((key) => !isAutoGrantedCapability(key)),
-    ]),
-  );
-
-  const retainedGrantedNetwork = oldGrantedNetwork.filter((entry) =>
-    nextAllowedNetworkSet.has(networkKey(entry)),
-  );
-
-  const nextGrantedNetworkMap = new Map<string, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>();
-
-  for (const entry of retainedGrantedNetwork) {
-    nextGrantedNetworkMap.set(networkKey(entry), {
-      scheme: entry.scheme,
-      host: entry.host,
-    });
-  }
-
-  for (const entry of nextNetwork.required) {
-    nextGrantedNetworkMap.set(networkKey(entry), {
-      scheme: entry.scheme,
-      host: entry.host,
-    });
-  }
-
-  const nextGrantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissionsView = {
-    capabilities: nextGrantedCapabilities,
-    network: {
-      whitelist: sortNetwork(nextGrantedNetworkMap.values()),
-    },
-  };
-
-  const requiresUserReview =
-    requiredCapabilitiesToGrant.length > 0 || requiredNetworkToGrant.length > 0;
-
-  return {
-    addedRequestedCapabilities,
-    addedRequestedNetwork,
-    requiredCapabilitiesToGrant,
-    requiredNetworkToGrant,
-    removedGrantedCapabilities,
-    removedGrantedNetwork,
-    nextGrantedPermissions,
-    requiresUserReview,
-  };
-}
diff --git a/src/pages/Apps.tsx b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
index e57f1dbe8..eeff04e07 100644
--- a/src/pages/Apps.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
@@ -609,8 +609,8 @@ export function Apps() {
 
           const appId = contextMenu.app.common.identity.id;
 
-          closeContextMenu();
           void openAppPermissionsReview(appId);
+          closeContextMenu();
         }}
         onClearData={() => {
           if (!contextMenu) {
diff --git a/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx b/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
index 0e97d7659..81a2a19d5 100644
--- a/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import {
   type AppTaskBarTab,
 } from '@/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx';
 import { useApps } from '@/contexts/AppsContext.tsx';
-import { routeForApp } from '@/lib/apps/types';
+import { routeForApp } from '../lib/apps/route';
 import { useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react';
 import { Outlet, useNavigate, useParams } from 'react-router-dom';
 import {

From c6e7a12535d00f56a8d6cb384371def4512562f7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Wed, 6 May 2026 06:18:55 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 353/471] Refactor `uninstall_app` to streamline storage
 cleanup logic and improve readability

- Replaced `apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data` with `run_verified_storage_clear_cycle` for more robust storage clearing.
- Removed verbose `eprintln` debug logs to reduce clutter and enhance clarity.
- Simplified `app_handle` usage by replacing redundant `app` references.
- Optimized error handling and reduced unused code paths.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs | 32 ++++-----------------
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 26 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs
index dc1288a42..208f5aee7 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 use crate::host::{AppState, Result};
 use crate::lifecycle::{
-    apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data, apps_root, enqueue_retired_app_origin,
+    apps_root, enqueue_retired_app_origin,
     record_storage_cleanup_failure,
 };
-use crate::runtime::{resolve_stopped_app, ResolveStoppedError};
+use crate::runtime::{resolve_stopped_app, run_verified_storage_clear_cycle, ResolveStoppedError};
 use std::{fs, io};
 use std::time::Duration;
 use tauri::{command, AppHandle, State};
@@ -12,12 +12,10 @@ use tokio::time::timeout;
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
 pub async fn uninstall_app(
-    app: AppHandle,
+    app_handle: AppHandle,
     state: State<'_, AppState>,
     app_id: String,
 ) -> Result<()> {
-    eprintln!("[uninstall_app] start {app_id}");
-
     let base_path = {
         let state = state.lock().await;
         state.path.clone()
@@ -25,13 +23,8 @@ pub async fn uninstall_app(
 
     let dir = apps_root(&base_path).join(&app_id);
 
-    eprintln!("[uninstall_app] resolving stopped {app_id}");
-    let resolved_app = match resolve_stopped_app(&app, &app_id).await {
-        Ok(app) => {
-            eprintln!("[uninstall_app] resolved stopped {app_id}");
-            Some(app)
-        }
-
+    let resolved_app = match resolve_stopped_app(&app_handle, &app_id).await {
+        Ok(app) => Some(app),
         Err(ResolveStoppedError::AppDirMissing) => {
             eprintln!("[uninstall_app] app dir missing/unresolvable {app_id}; removing dir only");
             None
@@ -47,22 +40,15 @@ pub async fn uninstall_app(
     };
 
     if let Some(resolved_app) = resolved_app {
-        eprintln!("[uninstall_app] clearing browsing data {app_id}");
         let cleanup_result = timeout(
             Duration::from_millis(2_000),
-            apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data(app.clone(), app_id.clone()),
+            run_verified_storage_clear_cycle(&app_handle, &resolved_app)
         )
             .await
             .unwrap_or_else(|_| {
                 eprintln!("[uninstall_app] storage cleanup timed out for {app_id}");
                 Err("storage cleanup timed out".to_string())
             });
-        eprintln!(
-            "[uninstall_app] browsing data cleanup done {app_id}: {:?}",
-            cleanup_result
-        );
-
-        eprintln!("[uninstall_app] retiring origin {app_id}");
         resolved_app.try_with_app(|installed| {
             if cleanup_result.is_ok() {
                 enqueue_retired_app_origin(installed, false)
@@ -77,11 +63,9 @@ pub async fn uninstall_app(
 
             Ok::<(), crate::host::SageAppsError>(())
         })?;
-        eprintln!("[uninstall_app] retired origin {app_id}");
     }
 
     if dir.exists() {
-        eprintln!("[uninstall_app] removing dir {}", dir.display());
         fs::remove_dir_all(&dir).map_err(|err| {
             io::Error::other(format!(
                 "failed to remove installed app {} at {}: {err}",
@@ -89,11 +73,7 @@ pub async fn uninstall_app(
                 dir.display()
             ))
         })?;
-        eprintln!("[uninstall_app] removed dir {}", dir.display());
-    } else {
-        eprintln!("[uninstall_app] dir already gone {}", dir.display());
     }
 
-    eprintln!("[uninstall_app] done {app_id}");
     Ok(())
 }

From 54d594562a19d175c06419be66c0ba6fd14074e6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Wed, 6 May 2026 18:58:17 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 354/471] Refactor app metadata handling and runtime logic

- Replaced `write_installed_app_metadata` with `write_metadata_for_app` for improved metadata persistence.
- Introduced rollback management with `clone_for_rollback` to handle metadata update failures gracefully.
- Consolidated mutable operations into `try_mutate` for enhanced safety and consistency.
- Removed redundant utility functions and legacy metadata handling methods.
- Refactored app update flow to streamline permission updates and metadata operations.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs | 190 ++++++++++--------
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs |  66 ------
 .../sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs   | 104 ++++------
 .../sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/types.rs |  31 ++-
 .../src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs          |  61 +++---
 .../src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs       | 125 ++++++------
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs         |  17 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs   |  14 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/storage.rs       |  20 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs      |  10 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs   |  84 ++++++--
 11 files changed, 356 insertions(+), 366 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
index 84772fd38..92b00cba2 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ use anyhow::Result as AnyResult;
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 use tauri::AppHandle;
 
-use crate::lifecycle::{allocate_new_storage, apps_root, write_user_app_metadata};
-use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissionsInput, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource};
+use crate::lifecycle::{allocate_new_storage, apps_root, write_metadata_for_app};
+use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissionsInput, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource};
 
 pub mod commands;
 pub mod url;
@@ -97,6 +97,27 @@ where
     .await
 }
 
+#[cfg(test)]
+pub(crate) async fn install_app_from_source_for_test<S>(
+    base_path: &Path,
+    granted_permissions_input: SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
+    source: S,
+) -> AnyResult<UserSageApp>
+where
+    S: AppInstallSource + Send + Sync,
+{
+    install_app_from_source_with_storage(
+        base_path,
+        granted_permissions_input,
+        source,
+        &TestStorageResolver {
+            storage: InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
+        },
+        None,
+    )
+        .await
+}
+
 async fn install_app_from_source_with_storage<S, R>(
     base_path: &Path,
     sage_granted_permissions_input: SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
@@ -146,7 +167,13 @@ where
 
     let installed = UserSageApp::new_installed(common, source.source(&prepared));
 
-    write_user_app_metadata(&installed)?;
+    let installed_sage_app = installed.into_sage_app();
+
+    write_metadata_for_app(&installed_sage_app)?;
+
+    let SageApp::User(installed) = installed_sage_app else {
+        unreachable!("installed app is always user app");
+    };
 
     Ok(installed)
 }
@@ -161,6 +188,87 @@ pub fn recreate_app_dir(app_dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<()> {
     Ok(())
 }
 
+#[cfg(test)]
+pub(crate) struct TestStorageResolver {
+    storage: InstalledSageAppStorage,
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+impl InstallStorageResolver for TestStorageResolver {
+    fn resolve_storage(
+        &self,
+        _existing: Option<&UserSageApp>,
+    ) -> AnyResult<Option<InstalledSageAppStorage>> {
+        Ok(Some(self.storage.clone()))
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+pub(crate) struct FakeInstallSource {
+    pub manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
+    pub app_id: String,
+    pub origin_id: String,
+    pub source: UserSageAppSource,
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+pub(crate) struct FakePrepared {
+    manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
+}
+
+#[async_trait]
+#[cfg(test)]
+impl AppInstallSource for FakeInstallSource {
+    type Prepared = FakePrepared;
+
+    async fn prepare(&self) -> AnyResult<Self::Prepared> {
+        Ok(FakePrepared {
+            manifest: self.manifest.clone(),
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn manifest<'a>(&self, prepared: &'a Self::Prepared) -> &'a SageAppPackageManifest {
+        &prepared.manifest
+    }
+
+    fn source(&self, _prepared: &Self::Prepared) -> UserSageAppSource {
+        self.source.clone()
+    }
+
+    fn resolve_target(
+        &self,
+        root: &Path,
+        _base_path: &Path,
+        _prepared: &Self::Prepared,
+    ) -> AnyResult<(String, PathBuf, Option<UserSageApp>)> {
+        let app_dir = root.join(&self.app_id);
+        Ok((self.app_id.clone(), app_dir, None))
+    }
+
+    async fn create_snapshot(
+        &self,
+        app_dir: &Path,
+        prepared: &Self::Prepared,
+    ) -> AnyResult<SageAppSnapshot> {
+        fs::write(app_dir.join("index.html"), "x")?;
+
+        Ok(SageAppSnapshot::new(
+            "fake-hash",
+            app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+            prepared.manifest.clone(),
+        )?)
+    }
+
+    fn origin_id(
+        &self,
+        _base_path: &Path,
+        _app_id: &str,
+        _existing: Option<&UserSageApp>,
+    ) -> AnyResult<String> {
+        Ok(self.origin_id.clone())
+    }
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
@@ -169,19 +277,6 @@ mod tests {
     use crate::types::{SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions};
     use tempfile::tempdir;
 
-    struct TestStorageResolver {
-        storage: InstalledSageAppStorage,
-    }
-
-    impl InstallStorageResolver for TestStorageResolver {
-        fn resolve_storage(
-            &self,
-            _existing: Option<&UserSageApp>,
-        ) -> AnyResult<Option<InstalledSageAppStorage>> {
-            Ok(Some(self.storage.clone()))
-        }
-    }
-
     fn sample_manifest() -> SageAppPackageManifest {
         let (manifest_version, sage_version) = SageAppPackageManifestParts::v0_defaults();
         SageAppPackageManifest::try_from(SageAppPackageManifestParts {
@@ -214,69 +309,6 @@ mod tests {
         .unwrap()
     }
 
-    struct FakeInstallSource {
-        manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
-        app_id: String,
-        origin_id: String,
-        source: UserSageAppSource,
-    }
-
-    struct FakePrepared {
-        manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
-    }
-
-    #[async_trait]
-    impl AppInstallSource for FakeInstallSource {
-        type Prepared = FakePrepared;
-
-        async fn prepare(&self) -> AnyResult<Self::Prepared> {
-            Ok(FakePrepared {
-                manifest: self.manifest.clone(),
-            })
-        }
-
-        fn manifest<'a>(&self, prepared: &'a Self::Prepared) -> &'a SageAppPackageManifest {
-            &prepared.manifest
-        }
-
-        fn source(&self, _prepared: &Self::Prepared) -> UserSageAppSource {
-            self.source.clone()
-        }
-
-        fn resolve_target(
-            &self,
-            root: &Path,
-            _base_path: &Path,
-            _prepared: &Self::Prepared,
-        ) -> AnyResult<(String, PathBuf, Option<UserSageApp>)> {
-            let app_dir = root.join(&self.app_id);
-            Ok((self.app_id.clone(), app_dir, None))
-        }
-
-        async fn create_snapshot(
-            &self,
-            app_dir: &Path,
-            prepared: &Self::Prepared,
-        ) -> AnyResult<SageAppSnapshot> {
-            fs::write(app_dir.join("index.html"), "x")?;
-
-            Ok(SageAppSnapshot::new(
-                "fake-hash",
-                app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-                prepared.manifest.clone(),
-            )?)
-        }
-
-        fn origin_id(
-            &self,
-            _base_path: &Path,
-            _app_id: &str,
-            _existing: Option<&UserSageApp>,
-        ) -> AnyResult<String> {
-            Ok(self.origin_id.clone())
-        }
-    }
-
     #[tokio::test]
     async fn shared_installer_builds_and_writes_installed_app() {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs
index 86bc9c30e..b4eac3b25 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs
@@ -118,29 +118,8 @@ fn find_existing_installed_app_by_name(
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
-    use crate::lifecycle::write_installed_app_metadata;
-    use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions, SharedSageApp};
     use tempfile::tempdir;
 
-    fn sample_manifest_named(name: &str) -> SageAppPackageManifest {
-        let (manifest_version, sage_version) = SageAppPackageManifestParts::v0_defaults();
-        SageAppPackageManifest::try_from(SageAppPackageManifestParts {
-            manifest_version,
-            name: name.into(),
-            icon: None,
-            sage_version,
-            version: "1.0.0".into(),
-            permissions: SageRequestedPermissions::empty(),
-            files: vec![
-                SageAppManifestFile::new("index.html".to_string(), "a".repeat(64), 123).unwrap(),
-            ],
-            entry: Some("index.html".into()),
-            author: None,
-            donation: None,
-        })
-        .unwrap()
-    }
-
     #[test]
     fn generate_zip_app_id_uses_slug_and_uuid() {
         let app_id = generate_zip_app_id("My Test App!");
@@ -161,51 +140,6 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(app_dir, dir.path().join(&app_id));
     }
 
-    #[test]
-    fn resolve_zip_install_target_reuses_existing_app_with_same_name() {
-        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-        let app_id = "existing-app";
-        let app_dir = dir.path().join(app_id);
-        fs::create_dir_all(&app_dir).unwrap();
-        fs::write(app_dir.join("index.html"), "x").unwrap();
-
-        let manifest = sample_manifest_named("Test App");
-        let granted_permissions =
-            SageGrantedPermissions::new(manifest.permissions(), [], []).unwrap();
-
-        let common = SageAppCommon::new(
-            SageAppIdentity::new(
-                app_id.to_string(),
-                app_id.to_string(),
-                app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-            )
-            .unwrap(),
-            granted_permissions,
-            InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
-            SageAppSnapshot::new(
-                "hash".to_string(),
-                app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-                manifest.clone(),
-            )
-            .unwrap(),
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-
-        let installed = SharedSageApp::new(
-            UserSageApp::new_installed(common, UserSageAppSource::Zip).into_sage_app(),
-        );
-
-        write_installed_app_metadata(&installed).unwrap();
-
-        let (resolved_id, resolved_dir, existing) =
-            resolve_zip_install_target(dir.path(), "Test App").unwrap();
-
-        assert_eq!(resolved_id, app_id);
-        assert_eq!(resolved_dir, app_dir);
-        assert!(existing.is_some());
-        assert_eq!(existing.unwrap().common().id(), app_id);
-    }
-
     #[test]
     fn zip_origin_id_defaults_to_app_id() {
         let source = ZipInstallSource {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs
index b21245cb2..554dbdb95 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult};
 
 use crate::lifecycle::types::PersistedUserSageApp;
 use crate::system_apps::{list_builtin_system_apps, SystemAppUsage};
-use crate::types::{CorruptedInstalledSageApp, ListedSageApp, PendingStorageCleanupEntry, RetiredAppOriginEntry, SageApp, SageAppIconView, SharedSageApp, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource};
+use crate::types::{CorruptedInstalledSageApp, ListedSageApp, PendingStorageCleanupEntry, RetiredAppOriginEntry, SageApp, SageAppIconView, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource};
 
 const INSTALLED_METADATA_FILE: &str = ".sage-installed.json";
 const PENDING_STORAGE_CLEANUP_FILE: &str = ".sage-pending-storage-cleanup.json";
@@ -51,8 +51,8 @@ pub fn read_installed_user_app_from_dir(dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<UserSageApp> {
     persisted.try_into()
 }
 
-pub fn write_installed_app_metadata(app: &SharedSageApp) -> AnyResult<()> {
-    if app.is_system_app() {
+pub(crate) fn write_metadata_for_app(app: &SageApp) -> AnyResult<()> {
+    if app.is_system() {
         return Ok(());
     }
 
@@ -220,19 +220,6 @@ pub fn write_retired_app_origins(
     Ok(())
 }
 
-pub fn write_user_app_metadata(app: &UserSageApp) -> AnyResult<()> {
-    let path = installed_metadata_path(&app.app_path());
-    let persisted = PersistedUserSageApp::try_from(app)?;
-
-    let text = serde_json::to_string_pretty(&persisted)
-        .map_err(|err| anyhow::anyhow!("failed to serialize installed app metadata: {err}"))?;
-
-    fs::write(&path, format!("{text}\n"))
-        .with_context(|| format!("failed to write {}", path.display()))?;
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
 fn read_corrupted_installed_app_fallback(
     dir: &Path,
 ) -> (
@@ -287,14 +274,10 @@ mod tests {
     use super::*;
 
     use crate::lifecycle::storage::record_storage_cleanup_failure;
-    use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, ListedSageApp, PendingStorageCleanupTarget, RetiredAppOriginEntry, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource};
+    use crate::types::{ListedSageApp, PendingStorageCleanupTarget, RetiredAppOriginEntry, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageGrantedPermissionsInput, SageRequestedPermissions, SharedSageApp, UserSageAppSource};
     use std::fs;
     use tempfile::tempdir;
-
-    fn write_index(dir: &Path) {
-        fs::create_dir_all(dir).unwrap();
-        fs::write(dir.join("index.html"), "x").unwrap();
-    }
+    use crate::lifecycle::install::{install_app_from_source_for_test, FakeInstallSource};
 
     fn sample_manifest_file(path: &str, size: u64) -> SageAppManifestFile {
         SageAppManifestFile::new(path, "a".repeat(64), size).unwrap()
@@ -318,32 +301,38 @@ mod tests {
         .unwrap()
     }
 
-    fn sample_app(base: &Path, app_id: &str, origin_id: &str) -> SharedSageApp {
-        sample_app_named(base, app_id, origin_id, "Test App")
+    async fn sample_app(
+        base: &Path,
+        app_id: &str,
+        origin_id: &str,
+    ) -> SharedSageApp {
+        sample_app_named(base, app_id, origin_id, "Test App").await
     }
-    fn sample_app_named(base: &Path, app_id: &str, origin_id: &str, name: &str) -> SharedSageApp {
-        let dir = app_dir(base, app_id);
-        write_index(&dir);
 
+    async fn sample_app_named(
+        base: &Path,
+        app_id: &str,
+        origin_id: &str,
+        name: &str,
+    ) -> SharedSageApp {
         let manifest = sample_manifest(name);
-        let granted_permissions =
-            SageGrantedPermissions::new(manifest.permissions(), [], []).unwrap();
-
-        let snapshot =
-            SageAppSnapshot::new("hash", dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(), manifest).unwrap();
 
-        let common = SageAppCommon::new(
-            SageAppIdentity::new(app_id, origin_id, dir.to_string_lossy().to_string()).unwrap(),
-            granted_permissions,
-            InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
-            snapshot,
+        let granted = SageGrantedPermissionsInput::new([], []);
+
+        let installed = install_app_from_source_for_test(
+            base,
+            granted,
+            FakeInstallSource {
+                manifest,
+                app_id: app_id.into(),
+                origin_id: origin_id.into(),
+                source: UserSageAppSource::url("https://example.com/app/").unwrap(),
+            },
         )
-        .unwrap();
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
 
-        SharedSageApp::new(SageApp::User(UserSageApp::new_installed(
-            common,
-            UserSageAppSource::url("https://example.com/app/").unwrap(),
-        )))
+        SharedSageApp::new(installed.into_sage_app())
     }
 
     fn without_system_apps(listed: Vec<ListedSageApp>) -> Vec<ListedSageApp> {
@@ -353,12 +342,10 @@ mod tests {
             .collect()
     }
 
-    #[test]
-    fn installed_app_metadata_round_trips_origin_id_and_storage() {
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn installed_app_metadata_round_trips_origin_id_and_storage() {
         let tmp = tempdir().unwrap();
-        let app = sample_app(tmp.path(), "url-abc123", "origin-1");
-
-        write_installed_app_metadata(&app).unwrap();
+        let app = sample_app(tmp.path(), "url-abc123", "origin-1").await;
 
         let read_back = read_installed_app_by_id(tmp.path(), &app.id()).unwrap();
 
@@ -479,15 +466,12 @@ mod tests {
         }
     }
 
-    #[test]
-    fn installed_apps_are_sorted_by_name() {
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn installed_apps_are_sorted_by_name() {
         let base = tempdir().unwrap();
 
-        let alpha = sample_app_named(base.path(), "a", "a", "Alpha");
-        write_installed_app_metadata(&alpha).unwrap();
-
-        let zeta = sample_app_named(base.path(), "z", "z", "Zeta");
-        write_installed_app_metadata(&zeta).unwrap();
+        let _alpha = sample_app_named(base.path(), "a", "a", "Alpha").await;
+        let _zeta = sample_app_named(base.path(), "z", "z", "Zeta").await;
 
         let listed =
             without_system_apps(list_installed_apps_internal(&apps_root(base.path())).unwrap());
@@ -526,11 +510,11 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(listed.is_empty());
     }
 
-    #[test]
-    fn pending_storage_cleanup_entries_round_trip() {
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn pending_storage_cleanup_entries_round_trip() {
         let base = tempdir().unwrap();
 
-        let app = sample_app(base.path(), "app-1", "origin-1");
+        let app = sample_app(base.path(), "app-1", "origin-1").await;
         record_storage_cleanup_failure(base.path(), &app, "boom").unwrap();
 
         let entries = read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries(base.path()).unwrap();
@@ -541,11 +525,11 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(loaded[0].target(), &PendingStorageCleanupTarget::Unmanaged);
     }
 
-    #[test]
-    fn retired_app_origins_round_trip() {
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn retired_app_origins_round_trip() {
         let base = tempdir().unwrap();
 
-        let app = sample_app(base.path(), "app-1", "origin-1");
+        let app = sample_app(base.path(), "app-1", "origin-1").await;
 
         let entries = vec![RetiredAppOriginEntry::new(&app, true)];
         write_retired_app_origins(base.path(), &entries).unwrap();
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/types.rs
index a8a433ec8..548170fb4 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/types.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,6 @@
 use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize};
 
-use crate::types::{
-    InstalledSageAppStorage, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppSnapshot,
-    SageGrantedPermissions, SharedSageApp, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
-};
+use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
 pub struct PersistedUserSageApp {
@@ -14,24 +11,22 @@ pub struct PersistedUserSageApp {
     source: UserSageAppSource,
 }
 
-impl TryFrom<&SharedSageApp> for PersistedUserSageApp {
+impl TryFrom<&SageApp> for PersistedUserSageApp {
     type Error = anyhow::Error;
 
-    fn try_from(app: &SharedSageApp) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
-        app.try_with(|app| {
-            let user_app = app
-                .as_user()
-                .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("not a user app"))?;
+    fn try_from(app: &SageApp) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
+        let user_app = app
+            .as_user()
+            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("not a user app"))?;
 
-            let common = user_app.common();
+        let common = user_app.common();
 
-            Ok(Self {
-                identity: common.identity().clone(),
-                granted_permissions: common.granted_permissions().clone(),
-                storage: common.storage().clone(),
-                active_snapshot: common.active_snapshot().clone(),
-                source: user_app.source().clone(),
-            })
+        Ok(Self {
+            identity: common.identity().clone(),
+            granted_permissions: common.granted_permissions().clone(),
+            storage: common.storage().clone(),
+            active_snapshot: common.active_snapshot().clone(),
+            source: user_app.source().clone(),
         })
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
index bdd575fb6..098649248 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use tauri::{AppHandle, State, command};
 
 use crate::host::AppState;
 use crate::host::Result;
-use crate::lifecycle::{download_url_snapshot, fetch_url_manifest, fetch_url_manifest_preview, write_installed_app_metadata};
+use crate::lifecycle::{download_url_snapshot, fetch_url_manifest, fetch_url_manifest_preview};
 use crate::runtime::resolve_app;
 use crate::types::{ResolvedStoppedApp, SageApp, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppUrlPreview, SageAppView, SageGrantedPermissionsInput, SharedSageApp, UserSageAppPendingUpdate, UserSageAppSource};
 
@@ -68,19 +68,23 @@ pub async fn download_app_update(
     app_handle: AppHandle,
     app_id: String,
 ) -> Result<SageAppView> {
-    let app = resolve_app(&app_handle, &app_id).await
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to read installed app {app_id}: {err}")))?;
+    let app = resolve_app(&app_handle, &app_id)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| {
+            io::Error::other(format!("failed to read installed app {app_id}: {err}"))
+        })?;
 
     let app = app.clone_app_for_operation();
 
     let Some(pending) = fetch_pending_update(&app).await? else {
-        return Ok(app.into());
+        return Ok((&app).into());
     };
 
-    app.try_with_mut(|app| app.set_pending_update(Some(pending)))?;
-
-    write_installed_app_metadata(&app)
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to write app metadata: {err}")))?;
+    app.try_mutate(|app| {
+        app.set_pending_update(Some(pending))
+            .map_err(|err| err.to_string())
+    })
+        .map_err(io::Error::other)?;
 
     Ok((&app).into())
 }
@@ -134,30 +138,25 @@ pub async fn apply_app_update(
         .await
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to download update snapshot: {err}")))?;
 
-    resolved.try_with_app(|app| {
-        app.try_with_mut(|sage_app| {
-            let user_app = sage_app
-                .as_user_mut()
-                .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("system app cannot receive user update"))?;
-
-            let granted_permissions = granted_permissions_input
-                .resolve(pending.manifest().permissions())
-                .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("invalid update permissions: {err}")))?;
-            user_app
-                .common_mut()
-                .apply_update(&pending, granted_permissions, snapshot)
-                .map_err(|err| anyhow::anyhow!("failed to apply app update permissions: {err}"))?;
-
-            user_app.set_pending_update(None);
-
-            Ok::<_, anyhow::Error>(())
+    resolved
+        .try_with_app(|app| {
+            app.try_mutate(|sage_app| {
+                let granted_permissions = granted_permissions_input
+                    .resolve(pending.manifest().permissions())
+                    .map_err(|err| {
+                        anyhow::anyhow!("invalid update permissions: {err}")
+                    })?;
+
+                sage_app.apply_update(
+                    &pending,
+                    granted_permissions,
+                    snapshot,
+                )?;
+
+                Ok::<_, anyhow::Error>(())
+            })
         })
-    })?;
-
-    resolved.try_with_app(|app| {
-        write_installed_app_metadata(app)
-            .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to write app metadata: {err}")))
-    })?;
+        .map_err(io::Error::other)?;
 
     Ok(resolved.with_app(|app| app.into()))
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
index 5c410b568..eb9f121fb 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::{GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent, GrantedN
 use crate::lifecycle::update::types::{
     AppUpdateResult, GrantCapabilityOutcome, GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome, GrantedPermissionsChange,
 };
-use crate::lifecycle::write_installed_app_metadata;
 use crate::runtime::resolve_app;
 use crate::types::{SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SharedSageApp};
 
@@ -104,7 +103,7 @@ fn apply_granted_permissions_to_app(
     app: &SharedSageApp,
     granted_permissions: &SageGrantedPermissions,
 ) -> anyhow::Result<AppUpdateResult> {
-    let (previous, new) = app.try_with_mut(|sage_app| {
+    let (previous, new) = app.try_mutate(|sage_app| {
         let previous = sage_app.common().granted_permissions().clone();
 
         sage_app
@@ -115,9 +114,7 @@ fn apply_granted_permissions_to_app(
         let new = sage_app.common().granted_permissions().clone();
 
         Ok::<_, anyhow::Error>((previous, new))
-    })?;
-
-    write_installed_app_metadata(app).context("failed to persist app metadata")?;
+    }).map_err(|err| anyhow::anyhow!(err))?;
 
     Ok(AppUpdateResult::new(GrantedPermissionsChange::diff(
         &previous,
@@ -158,14 +155,10 @@ mod tests {
     use super::*;
 
     use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
-    use crate::lifecycle::registry::{app_dir, read_installed_app_by_id};
-    use crate::types::{
-        InstalledSageAppStorage, SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppManifestFile,
-        SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageAppSnapshot,
-        SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions,
-        UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
-    };
+    use crate::lifecycle::registry::{read_installed_app_by_id};
+    use crate::types::{SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageGrantedPermissionsInput, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions, UserSageAppSource};
     use tempfile::tempdir;
+    use crate::lifecycle::install::{install_app_from_source_for_test, FakeInstallSource};
 
     fn network_whitelist_entry(scheme: &str, host: &str) -> SageNetworkWhitelistEntry {
         SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new(scheme, host).unwrap()
@@ -181,11 +174,7 @@ mod tests {
         values.into_iter().collect()
     }
 
-    fn sample_app(base: &Path, app_id: &str) -> SharedSageApp {
-        let app_dir = app_dir(base, app_id);
-        std::fs::create_dir_all(&app_dir).unwrap();
-        std::fs::write(app_dir.join("index.html"), "test").unwrap();
-
+    async fn sample_app(base: &Path, app_id: &str) -> SharedSageApp {
         let requested_permissions = SageRequestedPermissions::new(
             SageRequestedNetworkPermissions::new(
                 [network_whitelist_entry("https", "required.example.com")],
@@ -201,47 +190,57 @@ mod tests {
         )
             .unwrap();
 
-        let (manifest_version, sage_version) = SageAppPackageManifestParts::v0_defaults();
-        let manifest = SageAppPackageManifest::try_from(SageAppPackageManifestParts {
-            manifest_version,
-            name: "Test App".to_string(),
-            icon: None,
-            sage_version,
-            version: "1.0.0".to_string(),
-            permissions: requested_permissions.clone(),
-            files: vec![SageAppManifestFile::new("index.html", "a".repeat(64), 4).unwrap()],
-            entry: Some("index.html".to_string()),
-            author: None,
-            donation: None,
-        })
+        let (manifest_version, sage_version) =
+            SageAppPackageManifestParts::v0_defaults();
+
+        let manifest = SageAppPackageManifest::try_from(
+            SageAppPackageManifestParts {
+                manifest_version,
+                name: "Test App".to_string(),
+                icon: None,
+                sage_version,
+                version: "1.0.0".to_string(),
+                permissions: requested_permissions.clone(),
+                files: vec![
+                    SageAppManifestFile::new(
+                        "index.html",
+                        "a".repeat(64),
+                        4,
+                    )
+                        .unwrap(),
+                ],
+                entry: Some("index.html".to_string()),
+                author: None,
+                donation: None,
+            },
+        )
             .unwrap();
 
-        let granted_permissions =
-            SageGrantedPermissions::new(&requested_permissions, [], []).unwrap();
-
-        let snapshot =
-            SageAppSnapshot::new("hash", app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(), manifest).unwrap();
+        let granted = SageGrantedPermissionsInput::new(
+            [],
+            [],
+        );
 
-        let common = SageAppCommon::new(
-            SageAppIdentity::new(app_id, app_id, app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string()).unwrap(),
-            granted_permissions,
-            InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
-            snapshot,
+        let installed = install_app_from_source_for_test(
+            base,
+            granted,
+            FakeInstallSource {
+                manifest,
+                app_id: app_id.into(),
+                origin_id: app_id.into(),
+                source: UserSageAppSource::url("https://example.com/app/").unwrap(),
+            },
         )
+            .await
             .unwrap();
 
-        SharedSageApp::new(SageApp::User(UserSageApp::new_installed(
-            common,
-            UserSageAppSource::url("https://example.com/app/").unwrap(),
-        )))
+        SharedSageApp::new(installed.into_sage_app())
     }
 
-    #[test]
-    fn update_app_permissions_persists_required_network_entries() {
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn update_app_permissions_persists_required_network_entries() {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-        let app = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-1");
-
-        write_installed_app_metadata(&app).unwrap();
+        let app = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-1").await;
 
         let granted = app
             .try_with(|app| SageGrantedPermissions::new(app.common().requested_permissions(), [], []))
@@ -269,12 +268,10 @@ mod tests {
         );
     }
 
-    #[test]
-    fn grant_requested_capability_grants_optional_capability() {
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn grant_requested_capability_grants_optional_capability() {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-        let app = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-1");
-
-        write_installed_app_metadata(&app).unwrap();
+        let app = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-1").await;
 
         let granted = app
             .try_with(|app| {
@@ -318,10 +315,10 @@ mod tests {
         );
     }
 
-    #[test]
-    fn grant_requested_capability_returns_already_granted_when_present() {
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn grant_requested_capability_returns_already_granted_when_present() {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-        let app = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-1");
+        let app = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-1").await;
 
         let granted = app
             .try_with(|app| {
@@ -368,12 +365,10 @@ mod tests {
         }
     }
 
-    #[test]
-    fn grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_grants_optional_entry() {
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_grants_optional_entry() {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-        let app = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-1");
-
-        write_installed_app_metadata(&app).unwrap();
+        let app = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-1").await;
 
         let entry = network_whitelist_entry("WSS", "OPTIONAL.EXAMPLE.COM");
 
@@ -437,10 +432,10 @@ mod tests {
         );
     }
 
-    #[test]
-    fn grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_returns_already_granted_when_present() {
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn grant_requested_network_whitelist_entry_returns_already_granted_when_present() {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-        let app = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-1");
+        let app = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-1").await;
 
         let granted = app
             .try_with(|app| {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
index 839849fe7..d8c8245ff 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ use specta::Type;
 use tauri::webview::NewWindowResponse;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, LogicalPosition, LogicalSize, State, WebviewBuilder, WebviewUrl, Wry};
 
-use crate::lifecycle::write_installed_app_metadata;
 use crate::runtime::state::{SageAppRuntimeRecord, write_runtime, remove_runtime_by_runtime_id, remove_runtime_id_by_app_id, remove_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id, write_impostor_runtime};
 use crate::runtime::webview_locator::{
     get_sage_window, get_webview_in_sage_window,
@@ -47,8 +46,7 @@ pub async fn create_runtime(
         check_gates(apps_state, &app).await?;
     }
 
-    app.taint_storage_if_runtime_can_persist_secrets();
-    persist_runtime_side_effects(&app)?;
+    app.taint_storage_if_runtime_can_persist_secrets()?;
 
     let sage_window = get_sage_window(app_handle)?;
     let webview_label = app.webview_label();
@@ -173,15 +171,6 @@ pub(in crate::runtime) async fn create_impostor_runtime_from_stopped(
     Ok(shared_runtime)
 }
 
-fn persist_runtime_side_effects(app: &SharedSageApp) -> Result<(), String> {
-    if app.is_system_app() {
-        return Ok(());
-    }
-
-    write_installed_app_metadata(app)
-        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to persist app runtime side effects: {err}"))
-}
-
 fn fallback_debug_slot(app_id: &str) -> usize {
     app_id.bytes().fold(0usize, |acc, b| {
         acc.wrapping_mul(31).wrapping_add(b as usize)
@@ -288,9 +277,9 @@ fn build_initialization_script(
     }
 
     builder = builder.initialization_script(
-        r#"
+        r"
 window.__SAGE_APPS_COMMS_DEBUG__ = true;
-"#,
+",
     );
 
     builder
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs
index 1314c312f..5579702cf 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs
@@ -253,8 +253,14 @@ impl SageAppRuntimeRecord {
 }
 
 impl SharedSageApp {
-    pub(crate) fn taint_storage_if_runtime_can_persist_secrets(&self) {
-        self.with_mut(|app| {
+    pub(crate) fn taint_storage_if_runtime_can_persist_secrets(
+        &self,
+    ) -> Result<(), String> {
+        if self.is_system_app() {
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+
+        self.try_mutate(|app| {
             let has_persistent_webview_storage = app
                 .granted_permissions()
                 .capabilities()
@@ -266,7 +272,9 @@ impl SharedSageApp {
             {
                 app.common_mut().mark_storage_may_contain_secrets();
             }
-        });
+
+            Ok::<(), String>(())
+        })
     }
 
     pub fn webview_label(&self) -> String {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/storage.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/storage.rs
index cf945f1ca..4ae34e43a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/storage.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/storage.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use std::time::Duration;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
 use tokio::time::sleep;
 use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::lifecycle::{clear_app_storage_by_target, write_installed_app_metadata};
+use crate::lifecycle::{clear_app_storage_by_target};
 use crate::runtime::{SageAppRuntimeImpostorKind, SageAppRuntimeVisibility};
 use crate::runtime::start::{create_impostor_runtime_from_stopped, CreateImpostorRuntimeArgs};
 use crate::runtime::stop::close_runtime_internal;
@@ -74,17 +74,17 @@ pub(crate) async fn run_verified_storage_clear_cycle(
         return Err("storage clear verification failed because probe data was still visible".into());
     }
 
-    resolved_app.try_with_app(|app| {
-        app.try_with_mut(|app| {
-            app.common_mut().clear_storage_may_contain_secrets();
-            Ok::<(), anyhow::Error>(())
-        })?;
+    resolved_app
+        .try_with_app(|app| {
+            app.try_mutate(|app| {
+                app.common_mut().clear_storage_may_contain_secrets();
 
-        write_installed_app_metadata(app)
-    })
+                Ok::<(), anyhow::Error>(())
+            })
+        })
         .map_err(|err| format!("failed to persist cleared storage state: {err}"))?;
 
-    let _ = close_runtime_internal(app_handle, &apps_state, &app_id).await;
+    close_runtime_internal(app_handle, &apps_state, &app_id).await;
 
     Ok(())
 }
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ async fn run_storage_clear_phase(
 
     let out = poll_clear_cycle_phase(apps_state, run_id, &app_id, phase, 10_000).await;
 
-    let _ = close_runtime_internal(app_handle, apps_state, &app_id).await;
+    close_runtime_internal(app_handle, apps_state, &app_id).await;
 
     out
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
index 3a740f59b..3edfd2513 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
@@ -37,6 +37,16 @@ impl SageAppCommon {
         Self::build(identity, granted_permissions, storage, snapshot, None)
     }
 
+    pub fn clone_for_rollback(&self) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            identity: self.identity.clone(),
+            granted_permissions: self.granted_permissions.clone(),
+            storage: self.storage.clone(),
+            flags: self.flags,
+            active_snapshot: self.active_snapshot.clone()
+        }
+    }
+
     pub fn apply_update(
         &mut self,
         pending: &UserSageAppPendingUpdate,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs
index a99ba0bc5..290b6b06d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ use specta::Type;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use tokio::sync::OwnedMutexGuard;
+use crate::lifecycle::{write_metadata_for_app};
 use crate::types::app::view::SageAppIconView;
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
@@ -115,19 +116,38 @@ impl SharedSageApp {
         f(&app)
     }
 
-    pub fn with_mut<T>(&self, f: impl FnOnce(&mut SageApp) -> T) -> T {
-        let mut app = self.inner.write();
-        f(&mut app)
-    }
-
     pub fn try_with<T, E>(&self, f: impl FnOnce(&SageApp) -> Result<T, E>) -> Result<T, E> {
         let app = self.inner.read();
         f(&app)
     }
-
-    pub fn try_with_mut<T, E>(&self, f: impl FnOnce(&mut SageApp) -> Result<T, E>) -> Result<T, E> {
+    pub fn try_mutate<T, E>(
+        &self,
+        f: impl FnOnce(&mut SageApp) -> Result<T, E>,
+    ) -> Result<T, String>
+    where
+        E: ToString,
+    {
         let mut app = self.inner.write();
-        f(&mut app)
+
+        let previous_app = app
+            .clone_for_rollback()
+            .map_err(|err| err.to_string())?;
+
+        match f(&mut app) {
+            Ok(value) => {
+                if let Err(err) = write_metadata_for_app(&app) {
+                    *app = previous_app;
+                    return Err(format!("failed to persist app metadata: {err}"));
+                }
+
+                Ok(value)
+            }
+
+            Err(err) => {
+                *app = previous_app;
+                Err(err.to_string())
+            }
+        }
     }
 
     pub fn is_user_app(&self) -> bool {
@@ -255,6 +275,14 @@ impl UserSageApp {
         }
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn clone_for_rollback(&self) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            common: self.common.clone_for_rollback(),
+            source: self.source.clone(),
+            pending_update: self.pending_update.clone(),
+        }
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn set_pending_update(&mut self, pending_update: Option<UserSageAppPendingUpdate>) {
         self.pending_update = pending_update;
     }
@@ -274,10 +302,6 @@ impl UserSageApp {
     pub(crate) fn pending_update(&self) -> Option<&UserSageAppPendingUpdate> {
         self.pending_update.as_ref()
     }
-
-    pub(crate) fn app_path(&self) -> PathBuf {
-        self.common().app_path()
-    }
 }
 
 impl SageApp {
@@ -303,6 +327,34 @@ impl SageApp {
         }
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn clone_for_rollback(&self) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
+        match self {
+            Self::User(app) => Ok(Self::User(app.clone_for_rollback())),
+            Self::System(_) => {
+                anyhow::bail!("system apps are immutable")
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn apply_update(
+        &mut self,
+        pending: &UserSageAppPendingUpdate,
+        granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
+        snapshot: SageAppSnapshot,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        let Self::User(app) = self else {
+            anyhow::bail!("system app cannot receive user update");
+        };
+
+        app.common_mut()
+            .apply_update(pending, granted_permissions, snapshot)
+            .map_err(|err| anyhow::anyhow!("failed to apply app update: {err}"))?;
+
+        app.set_pending_update(None);
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn id(&self) -> &str {
         self.common().id()
     }
@@ -373,13 +425,6 @@ impl SageApp {
             Self::System(_) => None,
         }
     }
-
-    pub(crate) fn as_user_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut UserSageApp> {
-        match self {
-            Self::User(app) => Some(app),
-            Self::System(_) => None,
-        }
-    }
 }
 
 impl CorruptedInstalledSageApp {
@@ -432,7 +477,6 @@ impl UserSageAppSource {
     }
 }
 
-#[cfg(test)]
 impl UserSageApp {
     pub(crate) fn into_sage_app(self) -> SageApp {
         SageApp::User(self)

From cccc05ee115faa5f2afccfcfb6b25e0edda2f84c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Wed, 6 May 2026 20:43:26 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 355/471] Refactor bridge approval logic and remove unused
 permissions handling

- Added `sync_bridge_approval_runtime` to synchronize modal runtime state and approval events.
- Updated bridge runtime flow to handle missing approvals and improve event consistency.
- Removed unused `apps_resolve_bridge_approval` permission and associated configs.
- Replaced `hide_self` logic with `close_self` for better user experience when no approvals are present.
---
 .../system/apps/bridge-approval/src/App.tsx   | 37 ++++++++++++++-----
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs | 15 ++++----
 crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs           |  1 +
 src-tauri/permissions/bridge.toml             |  5 ---
 src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml          |  7 ----
 5 files changed, 37 insertions(+), 28 deletions(-)

diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/src/App.tsx b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/src/App.tsx
index ed8d20e22..416d913b6 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/src/App.tsx
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/src/App.tsx
@@ -149,14 +149,6 @@ export function App() {
     setError(null);
   }, [activeApproval?.approvalId]);
 
-  useEffect(() => {
-    if (!loaded || activeApproval) return;
-
-    void sage.runtimeManager.hideSelf().catch((err) => {
-      console.error('[approval] failed to hide self', err);
-    });
-  }, [sage, loaded, activeApproval]);
-
   async function resolve(approved: boolean) {
     if (!activeApproval || working) return;
 
@@ -178,10 +170,37 @@ export function App() {
     }
   }
 
-  if (!loaded || !activeApproval) {
+  if (!loaded) {
     return null;
   }
 
+  if (!activeApproval) {
+    return (
+      <AppModalShell
+        title='No approval pending'
+        appName='Bridge Approval'
+        appIcon={null}
+        footer={
+          <div className='flex justify-end'>
+            <button
+              type='button'
+              onClick={() => {
+                void sage.runtimeManager.closeSelf();
+              }}
+              className='rounded-md border border-border px-3 py-2 text-sm hover:bg-muted'
+            >
+              Close
+            </button>
+          </div>
+        }
+      >
+        <div className='text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
+          There are no approval requests to review.
+        </div>
+      </AppModalShell>
+    );
+  }
+
   if (!activeAppId || !activeAppName) {
     return (
       <AppModalShell
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
index bb757b0d9..11bc5f100 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use crate::bridge::state::{ensure_approval_expiry_loop, get_pending_approval, li
 use crate::bridge::{emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners, BridgeOrigin, ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeInvokeResult, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
 use crate::capabilities::{get_system_capability_definition, get_user_capability_definition};
 use crate::host::AppState;
-use crate::runtime::{resolve_app, start_bridge_approval_runtime, SharedImpostorRuntime};
+use crate::runtime::{resolve_app, start_bridge_approval_runtime, sync_bridge_approval_runtime, SharedImpostorRuntime};
 use crate::types::SharedSageApp;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State, Webview};
 use crate::bridge::event_emit::emit_bridge_response_to_app;
@@ -74,6 +74,8 @@ pub(super) async fn process_after_approval(
     let pending = get_pending_approval(apps_state, &args.approval_id).await?;
     remove_pending_approval(apps_state, &args.approval_id).await;
 
+    sync_bridge_approval_runtime(app_handle, apps_state).await?;
+
     let approvals_changed_event = BridgeApprovalsChangedEvent::new_from_list(
         list_pending_approvals(apps_state).await,
     );
@@ -224,20 +226,19 @@ async fn request_approval(
     )
         .await;
 
-
     ensure_approval_expiry_loop(app_handle, &apps_state).await;
 
+    let approvals_changed_event = BridgeApprovalsChangedEvent::new_from_list(
+        list_pending_approvals(&apps_state).await
+    );
+    emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners(app_handle, &apps_state, approvals_changed_event).await;
+
     start_bridge_approval_runtime(
         app_handle,
         &apps_state,
         Vec::from([app_id]),
     ).await?;
 
-    let approvals_changed_event = BridgeApprovalsChangedEvent::new_from_list(
-        list_pending_approvals(&apps_state).await
-    );
-    emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners(app_handle, &apps_state, approvals_changed_event).await;
-
     Ok(())
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
index cd8b32d6e..c40e0bde9 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
@@ -76,6 +76,7 @@ const BUILTIN_SYSTEM_APPS: &[BuiltinSystemAppSpec] = &[
             SystemBridgeCapability::BridgeApprovalListenApprovalsChanged,
             SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerGetActiveTaskbarRuntime,
             SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerHideSelf,
+            SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerCloseSelf,
         ],
     }
 ];
diff --git a/src-tauri/permissions/bridge.toml b/src-tauri/permissions/bridge.toml
index c0d313f20..c2759c223 100644
--- a/src-tauri/permissions/bridge.toml
+++ b/src-tauri/permissions/bridge.toml
@@ -7,8 +7,3 @@ commands.allow = ["apps_invoke_bridge"]
 identifier = "allow-apps-invoke-system-bridge"
 description = "Allows embedded system app webviews to invoke the system Sage bridge entrypoint."
 commands.allow = ["apps_invoke_system_bridge"]
-
-[[permission]]
-identifier = "allow-apps-resolve-bridge-approval"
-description = "Allows the main Sage UI to resolve pending bridge approvals."
-commands.allow = ["apps_resolve_bridge_approval"]
diff --git a/src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml b/src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml
index 922edf726..69ad06dd7 100644
--- a/src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml
+++ b/src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml
@@ -124,23 +124,16 @@ commands.allow = [
     "apps_start_system_app",
     "apps_create_inline_runtime",
     "apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data",
-    "apps_resolve_bridge_approval",
     "apps_set_environment_theme",
     "get_user_capability_definitions",
     "apps_get_sandbox_state",
     "apps_get_app_launch_gate",
     "apps_rerun_sandbox_tests",
     "list_installed_apps",
-    "preview_app_zip",
-    "preview_app_url",
-    "install_app_zip",
-    "install_app_url",
     "uninstall_app",
-    "get_builtin_test_app",
     "check_app_update",
     "download_app_update",
     "apply_app_update",
-    "apps_update_permissions",
     "apps_list_runtimes",
     "apps_focus_taskbar_runtime",
     "apps_clear_active_taskbar_runtime",

From 1413ff9b7ed31b68ca1f5a30aadf042c3b254207 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Wed, 6 May 2026 22:24:04 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 356/471] Introduce apps workspace management and runtime
 activation

- Added `appsEnterWorkspace` and `appsLeaveWorkspace` commands for managing workspace state.
- Implemented workspace activation and deactivation logic (`activate_apps_workspace`, `deactivate_apps_workspace`) in the runtime state.
- Introduced `ensure_apps_workspace_active` to restrict runtime operations when the workspace is inactive.
- Enhanced `AppsWorkspace` UI with dynamic workspace activation and fallback handling.
- Refactored related imports and integrated workspace commands across bindings and runtime logic.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs                 |  2 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs    | 23 +++++++++++
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs     | 28 +++++++++++++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs         |  3 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs       |  5 +++
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs   |  3 ++
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs  |  6 +++
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs |  2 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs | 14 +++++++
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/workspace.rs   | 38 ++++++++++++++++++
 src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml        |  2 +
 src-tauri/src/lib.rs                        |  2 +
 src/bindings.ts                             |  6 +++
 src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx                 | 43 ++++++++++++++++-----
 14 files changed, 164 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/workspace.rs

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
index ba5b7f1cc..39144924d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
@@ -25,6 +25,8 @@ pub use lifecycle::{
     }
 };
 pub use runtime::commands::{
+    apps_enter_workspace,
+    apps_leave_workspace,
     apps_start_system_app,
     apps_create_inline_runtime,
     apps_list_runtimes,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs
index 208fce9d7..f356d7afc 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ use crate::runtime::stop::SystemKillRuntimeResult;
 use crate::runtime::{clear_active_taskbar_runtime, focus_taskbar_runtime, kill_taskbar_runtime, start_app_install_runtime, start_app_update_runtime, RuntimeTargetParams, SageAppRuntimeMode, SageAppRuntimeRecordView, SageAppRuntimeVisibility};
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::runtime::webview_locator::get_webview_in_sage_window;
+use crate::runtime::workspace::{enter_apps_workspace, leave_apps_workspace};
 use crate::types::AppPresentation;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Type)]
@@ -67,6 +68,28 @@ impl StartAppUpdateMode {
     }
 }
 
+#[tauri::command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn apps_enter_workspace(
+    app_handle: AppHandle,
+    apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    enter_apps_workspace(&app_handle, &apps_state).await?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[tauri::command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn apps_leave_workspace(
+    app_handle: AppHandle,
+    apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    leave_apps_workspace(&app_handle, &apps_state).await?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
 #[tauri::command]
 #[specta::specta]
 pub async fn apps_start_system_app(
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
index 46ef0b12d..a5621c566 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
@@ -4,10 +4,11 @@ use tauri::{AppHandle, LogicalPosition, LogicalSize, State};
 
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::runtime::state::{find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional, list_runtimes};
-use crate::runtime::webview_locator::get_webview_in_sage_window;
+use crate::runtime::webview_locator::{get_sage_window, get_webview_in_sage_window};
 use crate::runtime::{find_active_taskbar_runtime, resolve_running_app, SageAppRuntimeRecord, SageAppRuntimeVisibility, SharedRuntime};
 use crate::runtime::events::{emit_active_taskbar_runtime_changed, emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed};
 use crate::runtime::stop::kill_runtime;
+use crate::runtime::workspace::{ensure_apps_workspace_active};
 use crate::types::{AppPresentation, ResolvedRunningApp};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Serialize, Type)]
@@ -26,6 +27,8 @@ pub(crate) async fn focus_taskbar_runtime(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: &str,
 ) -> Result<SharedRuntime, String> {
+    ensure_apps_workspace_active(apps_state).await?;
+
     let resolved_running_app = resolve_running_app(apps_state, app_id).await
         .map_err(|e| format!("failed to resolve running app: {e}"))?;
     assert_taskbar_presentation(&resolved_running_app)?;
@@ -97,6 +100,29 @@ pub(crate) async fn hide_runtime(
     Ok(runtime)
 }
 
+pub(crate) async fn hide_all_runtimes(
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let sage_window = get_sage_window(app_handle)?;
+    let active_taskbar_runtime = find_active_taskbar_runtime(
+        apps_state,
+        sage_window.label()
+    ).await;
+
+    for runtime in list_runtimes(apps_state).await? {
+        hide_runtime_inner(app_handle, &runtime)?;
+    }
+
+    emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(app_handle, apps_state).await;
+    if let Some(active_taskbar_runtime) = active_taskbar_runtime {
+        let host_window_label = active_taskbar_runtime.with_runtime(SageAppRuntimeRecord::host_window_label);
+        emit_active_taskbar_runtime_changed(app_handle, apps_state, &host_window_label, None).await;
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
 pub(crate) async fn clear_active_taskbar_runtime(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs
index 49de37789..40385970d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs
@@ -9,14 +9,13 @@ pub mod webview_locator;
 mod storage;
 mod system_apps;
 mod events;
+mod workspace;
 
 pub use manager::RuntimeTargetParams;
 
 pub(crate) use manager::*;
 pub(crate) use resolve::*;
 
-pub(crate) use state::find_runtime_by_app_id_optional;
-
 pub(crate) use state::*;
 pub(crate) use storage::run_verified_storage_clear_cycle;
 pub(crate) use system_apps::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
index d8c8245ff..f004f8f2b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ use crate::runtime::{build_entry_src, build_entry_src_for, is_allowed_app_url, r
 use crate::storage::parse_data_store_id;
 use crate::types::{AppPresentation, InstalledSageAppStorage, ResolvedApp, ResolvedStoppedApp, SharedSageApp};
 use crate::{AppsHostState, sandbox};
+use crate::runtime::workspace::{ensure_apps_workspace_active};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
@@ -36,6 +37,8 @@ pub async fn create_runtime(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     args: CreateRuntimeArgs,
 ) -> Result<SharedRuntime, String> {
+    ensure_apps_workspace_active(apps_state).await?;
+
     let app = match resolve_app(app_handle, &args.app_id).await.map_err(|e| e.to_string())? {
         ResolvedApp::Running(running) => return Ok(running.runtime()),
         ResolvedApp::Stopped(stopped) => stopped.into_app()
@@ -110,6 +113,8 @@ pub(in crate::runtime) async fn create_impostor_runtime_from_stopped(
     impostor_app: SharedSageApp,
     args: CreateImpostorRuntimeArgs,
 ) -> Result<SharedImpostorRuntime, String> {
+    ensure_apps_workspace_active(&apps_state).await?;
+
     let victim_app = stopped.with_app(SharedSageApp::clone_for_runtime_owner);
 
     if !impostor_app.with(|app| app.common().is_sandbox_test())
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs
index 83f2813a9..0a3d3cf81 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs
@@ -21,6 +21,9 @@ pub(crate) use types::{
     SageAppRuntimeImpostorRecord,
 };
 
+pub(in crate::runtime) use read::{is_apps_workspace_active};
+pub(in crate::runtime) use write::{activate_apps_workspace, deactivate_apps_workspace};
+
 pub(super) use remove::{
     remove_before_stop_listeners_by_app_id, remove_pending_stop_ready,
     remove_runtime_by_runtime_id, remove_runtime_id_by_app_id, remove_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
index 15a55a8bc..aec1b169a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
@@ -144,6 +144,12 @@ pub(crate) async fn find_active_taskbar_runtime(
     )).cloned()
 }
 
+pub(in crate::runtime) async fn is_apps_workspace_active(
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+) -> bool {
+    *apps_state.runtime.apps_workspace_active.read().await
+}
+
 async fn get_taskbar_runtimes(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     host_window_label: &str,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs
index 5579702cf..9ec9a0edf 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs
@@ -62,6 +62,8 @@ pub struct SharedImpostorRuntime {
 
 #[derive(Default)]
 pub struct AppRuntimeState {
+    pub apps_workspace_active: tokio::sync::RwLock<bool>,
+
     pub runtime_by_runtime_id: Mutex<BTreeMap<String, SharedRuntime>>,
     pub runtime_id_by_app_id: Mutex<BTreeMap<String, String>>,
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs
index 3c5d0671f..a580181d9 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs
@@ -60,3 +60,17 @@ pub(in crate::runtime) async fn write_pending_stop_ready(
     let mut pending = apps_state.runtime.pending_stop_ready.lock().await;
     pending.insert(request_id.to_string(), tx);
 }
+
+pub(in crate::runtime) async fn activate_apps_workspace(
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+) {
+    let mut active = apps_state.runtime.apps_workspace_active.write().await;
+    *active = true;
+}
+
+pub(in crate::runtime) async fn deactivate_apps_workspace(
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+) {
+    let mut active = apps_state.runtime.apps_workspace_active.write().await;
+    *active = false;
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/workspace.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/workspace.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..01cf6417b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/workspace.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
+
+use crate::runtime::state::{activate_apps_workspace, deactivate_apps_workspace, is_apps_workspace_active};
+use crate::runtime::{clear_active_taskbar_runtime, hide_all_runtimes};
+use crate::AppsHostState;
+use crate::runtime::manager::sync_modal_runtime_visibility;
+use crate::runtime::webview_locator::get_sage_window;
+
+pub(in crate::runtime) async fn ensure_apps_workspace_active(
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    if !is_apps_workspace_active(apps_state).await {
+        return Err("Apps workspace is not active".to_string());
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub(in crate::runtime) async fn enter_apps_workspace(
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    activate_apps_workspace(apps_state).await;
+    let sage_window = get_sage_window(app_handle)?;
+    clear_active_taskbar_runtime(app_handle, apps_state, sage_window.label()).await?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub(in crate::runtime) async fn leave_apps_workspace(
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    deactivate_apps_workspace(apps_state).await;
+    hide_all_runtimes(app_handle, apps_state).await?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml b/src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml
index 69ad06dd7..18c74195c 100644
--- a/src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml
+++ b/src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml
@@ -121,6 +121,8 @@ commands.allow = [
     "get_logs",
     "is_asset_owned",
     "get_xch_usd_price",
+    "apps_enter_workspace",
+    "apps_leave_workspace",
     "apps_start_system_app",
     "apps_create_inline_runtime",
     "apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data",
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
index ce2f83ca7..c1fbfe9a7 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
@@ -143,6 +143,8 @@ pub fn run() {
             commands::get_logs,
             commands::is_asset_owned,
             commands::get_xch_usd_price,
+            apps::apps_enter_workspace,
+            apps::apps_leave_workspace,
             apps::apps_invoke_bridge,
             apps::apps_invoke_system_bridge,
             apps::get_user_capability_definitions,
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index e1daaed01..66a6ebb04 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -362,6 +362,12 @@ async isAssetOwned(req: IsAssetOwned) : Promise<IsAssetOwnedResponse> {
 async getXchUsdPrice(req: GetXchUsdPrice) : Promise<GetXchUsdPriceResponse> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("get_xch_usd_price", { req });
 },
+async appsEnterWorkspace() : Promise<null> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_enter_workspace");
+},
+async appsLeaveWorkspace() : Promise<null> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_leave_workspace");
+},
 async appsInvokeBridge(request: RustBridgeRequest) : Promise<RustBridgeInvokeResult> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_invoke_bridge", { request });
 },
diff --git a/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx b/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
index 81a2a19d5..ea466e320 100644
--- a/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
@@ -19,6 +19,35 @@ import { openAppUpdateReview } from '@/lib/apps/openAppUpdate.ts';
 import { getCurrentWindow } from '@tauri-apps/api/window';
 
 export function AppsWorkspace() {
+  const [workspaceActive, setWorkspaceActive] = useState(false);
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    let cancelled = false;
+
+    void commands
+      .appsEnterWorkspace()
+
+      .then(() => {
+        if (!cancelled) {
+          setWorkspaceActive(true);
+        }
+      })
+
+      .catch((err) => {
+        console.error('Failed to activate apps workspace:', err);
+      });
+
+    return () => {
+      cancelled = true;
+
+      setWorkspaceActive(false);
+
+      void commands.appsLeaveWorkspace().catch((err) => {
+        console.error('Failed to deactivate apps workspace:', err);
+      });
+    };
+  }, []);
+
   const { appId } = useParams();
   const navigate = useNavigate();
 
@@ -77,16 +106,6 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
     }
   }, [activeTaskbarRuntime?.appId, appId, getListedApp, navigate]);
 
-  /*
-  useEffect(() => {
-    return () => {
-      void commands.appsLeaveWorkspace({
-        windowLabel: getCurrentWindow().label,
-      });
-    };
-  }, []);
-   */
-
   const [tabOrder, setTabOrder] = useState<string[]>([]);
   const [donationOpen, setDonationOpen] = useState(false);
 
@@ -167,6 +186,10 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
     return out;
   }, [runtimes, tabOrder, getListedApp, activeTaskbarRuntime?.appId]);
 
+  if (!workspaceActive) {
+    return null;
+  }
+
   return (
     <div className='relative flex h-full min-h-0 w-full flex-col overflow-hidden'>
       <AppTaskBar

From 91562680f09ff98a85f4ffa8d6f05f6fed76bc9d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Wed, 6 May 2026 23:14:20 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 357/471] Refactor runtime visibility and taskbar handling
 logic

- Replaced `hide_runtime_by_runtime_id_if_present` with `hide_runtime_inner` for consistent runtime hiding.
- Updated `show_runtime` to `show_runtime_inner` with added async support and state management.
- Ensured error propagation with `await?` in runtime flow.
- Introduced `sync_modal_runtime_visibility` to synchronize modal visibility during runtime changes.
- Streamlined visibility toggles by consolidating webview operations.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs     | 74 ++++++++-------------
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/system_apps.rs |  2 +-
 2 files changed, 30 insertions(+), 46 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
index a5621c566..b2dce3df9 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
@@ -39,12 +39,15 @@ pub(crate) async fn focus_taskbar_runtime(
         &runtime_window_identity.host_window_label
     ).await;
 
-    show_runtime(app_handle, &resolved_running_app)?;
+    show_runtime_inner(app_handle, apps_state, &resolved_running_app.runtime()).await?;
 
-    if let Some(current_active_taskbar_runtime) = current_active_taskbar_runtime {
-        let current_active_taskbar_runtime_id = current_active_taskbar_runtime.runtime_id();
-        if current_active_taskbar_runtime_id != runtime_window_identity.runtime_id {
-            hide_runtime_by_runtime_id_if_present(app_handle, apps_state, &current_active_taskbar_runtime_id).await;
+    if let Some(current_taskbar_runtime) = current_active_taskbar_runtime {
+        let current_taskbar_runtime_id = current_taskbar_runtime.runtime_id();
+        let is_same_active_runtime = current_taskbar_runtime_id == runtime_window_identity.runtime_id;
+        let current_active_runtime = find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional(apps_state, &current_taskbar_runtime_id).await;
+
+        if !is_same_active_runtime && let Some(current_active_runtime) = current_active_runtime {
+            hide_runtime_inner(app_handle, &current_active_runtime)?;
         }
     }
 
@@ -52,7 +55,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn focus_taskbar_runtime(
         app_handle,
         apps_state,
         &runtime_window_identity.host_window_label,
-    ).await;
+    ).await?;
 
     emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(app_handle, apps_state).await;
     emit_active_taskbar_runtime_changed(
@@ -90,7 +93,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn hide_runtime(
         app_handle,
         apps_state,
         &host_window_label,
-    ).await;
+    ).await?;
 
     emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(app_handle, apps_state).await;
     if let Some(active_taskbar_runtime) = active_taskbar_runtime && active_taskbar_runtime.app_id() == app_id {
@@ -134,6 +137,8 @@ pub(crate) async fn clear_active_taskbar_runtime(
 
     hide_runtime_inner(app_handle, &active_taskbar_runtime)?;
 
+    sync_modal_runtime_visibility(app_handle, apps_state, window_label).await?;
+
     emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(app_handle, apps_state).await;
     emit_active_taskbar_runtime_changed(app_handle, apps_state, window_label, None).await;
 
@@ -166,16 +171,18 @@ pub(super) async fn sync_modal_runtime_visibility(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     host_window_label: &str,
-) {
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    ensure_apps_workspace_active(apps_state).await?;
+
     let active_taskbar_runtime = find_active_taskbar_runtime(apps_state, host_window_label).await;
     let active_app_id = active_taskbar_runtime.map(|active_taskbar_runtime| active_taskbar_runtime.app_id());
 
     let Ok(runtimes) = list_runtimes(apps_state).await else {
-        return;
+        return Ok(());
     };
 
     for runtime in runtimes {
-        let Some(decision) = runtime.with_runtime(|record| {
+        let Some(should_be_visible) = runtime.with_runtime(|record| {
             if record.host_window_label() != host_window_label {
                 return None;
             }
@@ -192,46 +199,19 @@ pub(super) async fn sync_modal_runtime_visibility(
                 None => modal.visible_over_launchpad(),
             };
 
-            Some((
-                record.webview_label().to_string(),
-                should_be_visible,
-            ))
+            Some(should_be_visible)
         }) else {
             continue;
         };
 
-        let (webview_label, should_be_visible) = decision;
-
-        let Ok(webview) = get_webview_in_sage_window(app_handle, &webview_label) else {
-            continue;
-        };
-
         if should_be_visible {
-            let _ = webview.show();
-            runtime.with_runtime_mut(SageAppRuntimeRecord::mark_visible);
+            show_runtime_inner(app_handle, apps_state, &runtime).await?;
         } else {
-            let _ = webview.hide();
-            runtime.with_runtime_mut(SageAppRuntimeRecord::mark_hidden);
+            hide_runtime_inner(app_handle, &runtime)?;
         }
     }
-}
-
-async fn hide_runtime_by_runtime_id_if_present(
-    app: &AppHandle,
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    runtime_id: &str,
-) {
-    let Some(runtime) = find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional(apps_state, runtime_id).await else {
-        return;
-    };
-
-    let webview_label = runtime.with_runtime(|record| record.webview_label().to_string());
-
-    if let Ok(webview) = get_webview_in_sage_window(app, &webview_label) {
-        let _ = webview.hide();
-    }
 
-    runtime.with_runtime_mut(SageAppRuntimeRecord::mark_hidden);
+    Ok(())
 }
 
 fn runtime_window_identity(resolved_running_app: &ResolvedRunningApp) -> RuntimeWindowIdentity {
@@ -249,9 +229,14 @@ fn assert_taskbar_presentation(resolved_running_app: &ResolvedRunningApp) -> Res
     Ok(())
 }
 
-fn show_runtime(app_handle: &AppHandle, resolved_running_app: &ResolvedRunningApp) -> Result<(), String> {
-    let app_webview_label = resolved_running_app
-        .runtime()
+async fn show_runtime_inner(
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    runtime: &SharedRuntime
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    ensure_apps_workspace_active(apps_state).await?;
+
+    let app_webview_label = runtime
         .with_runtime(SageAppRuntimeRecord::webview_label);
     let webview = get_webview_in_sage_window(app_handle, &app_webview_label)?;
     webview
@@ -261,7 +246,6 @@ fn show_runtime(app_handle: &AppHandle, resolved_running_app: &ResolvedRunningAp
         .set_focus()
         .map_err(|err| format!("failed to focus webview: {err}"))?;
 
-    let runtime = resolved_running_app.runtime();
     runtime.with_runtime_mut(SageAppRuntimeRecord::mark_visible);
 
     Ok(())
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/system_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/system_apps.rs
index 88ebdf507..8cf7a2aaa 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/system_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/system_apps.rs
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn sync_bridge_approval_runtime(
         app_handle,
         apps_state,
         &approval_runtime.with_runtime(SageAppRuntimeRecord::host_window_label)
-    ).await;
+    ).await?;
 
     Ok(())
 }

From 233cbefb6e3b9c3c12d219984ba059d6fb6b569e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Wed, 6 May 2026 23:26:42 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 358/471] Refactor workspace runtime flow to improve visibility
 syncing and event emission

- Replaced `clear_active_taskbar_runtime` with `sync_modal_runtime_visibility` and added `emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed` for better runtime state synchronization.
- Simplified `hide_all_runtimes` usage in workspace activation logic.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/workspace.rs | 8 ++++++--
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/workspace.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/workspace.rs
index 01cf6417b..e56170052 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/workspace.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/workspace.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
 use crate::runtime::state::{activate_apps_workspace, deactivate_apps_workspace, is_apps_workspace_active};
-use crate::runtime::{clear_active_taskbar_runtime, hide_all_runtimes};
+use crate::runtime::hide_all_runtimes;
 use crate::AppsHostState;
+use crate::runtime::events::emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed;
 use crate::runtime::manager::sync_modal_runtime_visibility;
 use crate::runtime::webview_locator::get_sage_window;
 
@@ -22,7 +23,10 @@ pub(in crate::runtime) async fn enter_apps_workspace(
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
     activate_apps_workspace(apps_state).await;
     let sage_window = get_sage_window(app_handle)?;
-    clear_active_taskbar_runtime(app_handle, apps_state, sage_window.label()).await?;
+    hide_all_runtimes(app_handle, apps_state).await?;
+
+    sync_modal_runtime_visibility(app_handle, apps_state, sage_window.label()).await?;
+    emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(app_handle, apps_state).await;
 
     Ok(())
 }

From a922fae037a8b2106566a75d060773bdcf78710b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Thu, 7 May 2026 00:24:48 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 359/471] Refactor runtime state synchronization and visibility
 handling

- Introduced `RuntimeChangeSet` to centralize runtime change tracking and event emission.
- Updated `hide_runtime_inner`, `show_runtime_inner`, and related methods to use `RuntimeChangeSet`.
- Refactored `sync_modal_runtime_visibility` and `hide_all_runtimes` for improved state consistency.
- Enhanced `update_modal_presentation_list` and system apps runtime logic with better change detection.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs      |   9 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs       | 241 ++++++++++++------
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs   |   5 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/system_apps.rs   |  27 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/workspace.rs     |  19 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/system_apps.rs |   7 +-
 6 files changed, 215 insertions(+), 93 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs
index f356d7afc..204196d8e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ use crate::runtime::state::list_runtimes;
 use crate::runtime::stop::SystemKillRuntimeResult;
 use crate::runtime::{clear_active_taskbar_runtime, focus_taskbar_runtime, kill_taskbar_runtime, start_app_install_runtime, start_app_update_runtime, RuntimeTargetParams, SageAppRuntimeMode, SageAppRuntimeRecordView, SageAppRuntimeVisibility};
 use crate::AppsHostState;
+use crate::runtime::events::emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed;
 use crate::runtime::webview_locator::get_webview_in_sage_window;
 use crate::runtime::workspace::{enter_apps_workspace, leave_apps_workspace};
 use crate::types::AppPresentation;
@@ -131,11 +132,11 @@ pub async fn apps_start_system_app(
 #[tauri::command]
 #[specta::specta]
 pub async fn apps_create_inline_runtime(
-    app: AppHandle,
+    app_handle: AppHandle,
     apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     args: CreateInstalledRuntimeArgs,
 ) -> Result<SageAppRuntimeRecordView, String> {
-    let created_runtime = create_runtime(&app, &apps_state, CreateRuntimeArgs {
+    let created_runtime = create_runtime(&app_handle, &apps_state, CreateRuntimeArgs {
         app_id: args.app_id.clone(),
         presentation: AppPresentation::Taskbar,
         mode: SageAppRuntimeMode::Inline,
@@ -144,7 +145,9 @@ pub async fn apps_create_inline_runtime(
         query: BTreeMap::new(),
     }).await.map(Into::into);
 
-    focus_taskbar_runtime(&app, &apps_state, &args.app_id).await?;
+    emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(&app_handle, &apps_state).await;
+
+    focus_taskbar_runtime(&app_handle, &apps_state, &args.app_id).await?;
 
     created_runtime
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
index b2dce3df9..b03c3c99b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
@@ -22,6 +22,12 @@ struct RuntimeWindowIdentity {
     host_window_label: String,
 }
 
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub(crate) struct RuntimeChangeSet {
+    runtimes_changed: bool,
+    active_taskbar_changed: Vec<String>,
+}
+
 pub(crate) async fn focus_taskbar_runtime(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
@@ -29,25 +35,29 @@ pub(crate) async fn focus_taskbar_runtime(
 ) -> Result<SharedRuntime, String> {
     ensure_apps_workspace_active(apps_state).await?;
 
-    let resolved_running_app = resolve_running_app(apps_state, app_id).await
+    let resolved_running_app = resolve_running_app(apps_state, app_id)
+        .await
         .map_err(|e| format!("failed to resolve running app: {e}"))?;
+
     assert_taskbar_presentation(&resolved_running_app)?;
 
+    let runtime = resolved_running_app.runtime();
     let runtime_window_identity = runtime_window_identity(&resolved_running_app);
-    let current_active_taskbar_runtime = find_active_taskbar_runtime(
-        apps_state,
-        &runtime_window_identity.host_window_label
-    ).await;
 
-    show_runtime_inner(app_handle, apps_state, &resolved_running_app.runtime()).await?;
+    let mut changes = RuntimeChangeSet::default();
+
+    let current_active_taskbar_runtime =
+        find_active_taskbar_runtime(apps_state, &runtime_window_identity.host_window_label).await;
+
+    show_runtime_inner(app_handle, apps_state, &runtime, &mut changes).await?;
 
     if let Some(current_taskbar_runtime) = current_active_taskbar_runtime {
         let current_taskbar_runtime_id = current_taskbar_runtime.runtime_id();
-        let is_same_active_runtime = current_taskbar_runtime_id == runtime_window_identity.runtime_id;
-        let current_active_runtime = find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional(apps_state, &current_taskbar_runtime_id).await;
+        let is_same_taskbar_runtime = current_taskbar_runtime_id == runtime_window_identity.runtime_id;
+        let current_taskbar_runtime = find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional(apps_state, &current_taskbar_runtime_id).await;
 
-        if !is_same_active_runtime && let Some(current_active_runtime) = current_active_runtime {
-            hide_runtime_inner(app_handle, &current_active_runtime)?;
+        if !is_same_taskbar_runtime && let Some(current_active_runtime) = current_taskbar_runtime {
+            hide_runtime_inner(app_handle, &current_active_runtime, &mut changes)?;
         }
     }
 
@@ -55,17 +65,14 @@ pub(crate) async fn focus_taskbar_runtime(
         app_handle,
         apps_state,
         &runtime_window_identity.host_window_label,
-    ).await?;
+        &mut changes,
+    )
+        .await?;
 
-    emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(app_handle, apps_state).await;
-    emit_active_taskbar_runtime_changed(
-        app_handle,
-        apps_state,
-        &runtime_window_identity.host_window_label,
-        Some(&resolved_running_app.runtime())
-    ).await;
+    changes.active_taskbar_changed(&runtime_window_identity.host_window_label);
+    changes.emit(app_handle, apps_state).await;
 
-    Ok(resolved_running_app.runtime())
+    Ok(runtime)
 }
 
 pub(crate) async fn hide_runtime(
@@ -73,33 +80,35 @@ pub(crate) async fn hide_runtime(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: &str,
 ) -> Result<SharedRuntime, String> {
-    let resolved_running_app = resolve_running_app(apps_state, app_id).await
+    let resolved_running_app = resolve_running_app(apps_state, app_id)
+        .await
         .map_err(|e| format!("failed to resolve running app: {e}"))?;
-    let runtime = resolved_running_app.runtime();
-    if runtime.with_runtime(|runtime| runtime.visibility() == SageAppRuntimeVisibility::Hidden) {
-        return Ok(runtime);
-    }
 
+    let runtime = resolved_running_app.runtime();
     let runtime_window_identity = runtime_window_identity(&resolved_running_app);
     let host_window_label = runtime_window_identity.host_window_label;
-    let active_taskbar_runtime = find_active_taskbar_runtime(
-        apps_state,
-        &host_window_label
-    ).await;
 
-    hide_runtime_inner(app_handle, &runtime)?;
+    let active_taskbar_runtime =
+        find_active_taskbar_runtime(apps_state, &host_window_label).await;
+
+    let mut changes = RuntimeChangeSet::default();
+
+    hide_runtime_inner(app_handle, &runtime, &mut changes)?;
 
     sync_modal_runtime_visibility(
         app_handle,
         apps_state,
         &host_window_label,
-    ).await?;
+        &mut changes,
+    )
+        .await?;
 
-    emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(app_handle, apps_state).await;
     if let Some(active_taskbar_runtime) = active_taskbar_runtime && active_taskbar_runtime.app_id() == app_id {
-        emit_active_taskbar_runtime_changed(app_handle, apps_state, &host_window_label, None).await;
+        changes.active_taskbar_changed(&host_window_label);
     }
 
+    changes.emit(app_handle, apps_state).await;
+
     Ok(runtime)
 }
 
@@ -107,20 +116,39 @@ pub(crate) async fn hide_all_runtimes(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
-    let sage_window = get_sage_window(app_handle)?;
-    let active_taskbar_runtime = find_active_taskbar_runtime(
+    let mut changes = RuntimeChangeSet::default();
+
+    hide_all_runtimes_inner(
+        app_handle,
         apps_state,
-        sage_window.label()
-    ).await;
+        &mut changes,
+    )
+        .await?;
 
-    for runtime in list_runtimes(apps_state).await? {
-        hide_runtime_inner(app_handle, &runtime)?;
+    changes.emit(app_handle, apps_state).await;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn hide_all_runtimes_inner(
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    changes: &mut RuntimeChangeSet,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let sage_window = get_sage_window(app_handle)?;
+
+    if find_active_taskbar_runtime(
+        apps_state,
+        sage_window.label(),
+    )
+        .await
+        .is_some()
+    {
+        changes.active_taskbar_changed(sage_window.label());
     }
 
-    emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(app_handle, apps_state).await;
-    if let Some(active_taskbar_runtime) = active_taskbar_runtime {
-        let host_window_label = active_taskbar_runtime.with_runtime(SageAppRuntimeRecord::host_window_label);
-        emit_active_taskbar_runtime_changed(app_handle, apps_state, &host_window_label, None).await;
+    for runtime in list_runtimes(apps_state).await? {
+        hide_runtime_inner(app_handle, &runtime, changes)?;
     }
 
     Ok(())
@@ -131,16 +159,24 @@ pub(crate) async fn clear_active_taskbar_runtime(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     window_label: &str,
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
-    let Some(active_taskbar_runtime) = find_active_taskbar_runtime(apps_state, window_label).await else {
-        return Ok(());
-    };
+    let mut changes = RuntimeChangeSet::default();
 
-    hide_runtime_inner(app_handle, &active_taskbar_runtime)?;
+    if let Some(active_taskbar_runtime) =
+        find_active_taskbar_runtime(apps_state, window_label).await
+    {
+        hide_runtime_inner(app_handle, &active_taskbar_runtime, &mut changes)?;
+        changes.active_taskbar_changed(window_label);
+    }
 
-    sync_modal_runtime_visibility(app_handle, apps_state, window_label).await?;
+    sync_modal_runtime_visibility(
+        app_handle,
+        apps_state,
+        window_label,
+        &mut changes,
+    )
+        .await?;
 
-    emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(app_handle, apps_state).await;
-    emit_active_taskbar_runtime_changed(app_handle, apps_state, window_label, None).await;
+    changes.emit(app_handle, apps_state).await;
 
     Ok(())
 }
@@ -171,15 +207,19 @@ pub(super) async fn sync_modal_runtime_visibility(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     host_window_label: &str,
+    changes: &mut RuntimeChangeSet,
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
     ensure_apps_workspace_active(apps_state).await?;
 
-    let active_taskbar_runtime = find_active_taskbar_runtime(apps_state, host_window_label).await;
-    let active_app_id = active_taskbar_runtime.map(|active_taskbar_runtime| active_taskbar_runtime.app_id());
+    let active_taskbar_runtime =
+        find_active_taskbar_runtime(apps_state, host_window_label).await;
 
-    let Ok(runtimes) = list_runtimes(apps_state).await else {
-        return Ok(());
-    };
+    let active_app_id =
+        active_taskbar_runtime.map(|active_taskbar_runtime| {
+            active_taskbar_runtime.app_id()
+        });
+
+    let runtimes = list_runtimes(apps_state).await?;
 
     for runtime in runtimes {
         let Some(should_be_visible) = runtime.with_runtime(|record| {
@@ -191,23 +231,21 @@ pub(super) async fn sync_modal_runtime_visibility(
                 return None;
             };
 
-            let should_be_visible = match active_app_id.as_deref() {
+            Some(match active_app_id.as_deref() {
                 Some(active_app_id) => modal
                     .visible_over_app_ids()
                     .iter()
                     .any(|app_id| app_id == active_app_id),
                 None => modal.visible_over_launchpad(),
-            };
-
-            Some(should_be_visible)
+            })
         }) else {
             continue;
         };
 
         if should_be_visible {
-            show_runtime_inner(app_handle, apps_state, &runtime).await?;
+            show_runtime_inner(app_handle, apps_state, &runtime, changes).await?;
         } else {
-            hide_runtime_inner(app_handle, &runtime)?;
+            hide_runtime_inner(app_handle, &runtime, changes)?;
         }
     }
 
@@ -232,38 +270,89 @@ fn assert_taskbar_presentation(resolved_running_app: &ResolvedRunningApp) -> Res
 async fn show_runtime_inner(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    runtime: &SharedRuntime
+    runtime: &SharedRuntime,
+    changes: &mut RuntimeChangeSet,
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
     ensure_apps_workspace_active(apps_state).await?;
 
-    let app_webview_label = runtime
-        .with_runtime(SageAppRuntimeRecord::webview_label);
+    if runtime.with_runtime(|runtime| {
+        runtime.visibility() == SageAppRuntimeVisibility::Visible
+    }) {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+
+    let app_webview_label = runtime.with_runtime(SageAppRuntimeRecord::webview_label);
     let webview = get_webview_in_sage_window(app_handle, &app_webview_label)?;
-    webview
-        .show()
-        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to show webview: {err}"))?;
-    webview
-        .set_focus()
-        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to focus webview: {err}"))?;
+
+    webview.show().map_err(|err| format!("failed to show webview: {err}"))?;
+    webview.set_focus().map_err(|err| format!("failed to focus webview: {err}"))?;
 
     runtime.with_runtime_mut(SageAppRuntimeRecord::mark_visible);
+    changes.runtimes_changed();
 
     Ok(())
 }
 
-fn hide_runtime_inner(app_handle: &AppHandle, runtime: &SharedRuntime) -> Result<(), String> {
-    let app_webview_label = runtime
-        .with_runtime(SageAppRuntimeRecord::webview_label);
+fn hide_runtime_inner(
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
+    runtime: &SharedRuntime,
+    changes: &mut RuntimeChangeSet,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    if runtime.with_runtime(|runtime| {
+        runtime.visibility() == SageAppRuntimeVisibility::Hidden
+    }) {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+
+    let app_webview_label = runtime.with_runtime(SageAppRuntimeRecord::webview_label);
     let webview = get_webview_in_sage_window(app_handle, &app_webview_label)?;
+
+    webview.hide().map_err(|err| format!("failed to hide webview: {err}"))?;
     webview
-        .hide()
-        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to hide webview: {err}"))?;
-    webview.set_position(LogicalPosition::new(0.0, 0.0))
+        .set_position(LogicalPosition::new(0.0, 0.0))
         .map_err(|err| format!("failed to set webview position: {err}"))?;
-    webview.set_size(LogicalSize::new(1.0, 1.0))
+    webview
+        .set_size(LogicalSize::new(1.0, 1.0))
         .map_err(|err| format!("failed to set webview size: {err}"))?;
 
     runtime.with_runtime_mut(SageAppRuntimeRecord::mark_hidden);
+    changes.runtimes_changed();
 
     Ok(())
 }
+
+impl RuntimeChangeSet {
+    pub(crate) fn runtimes_changed(&mut self) {
+        self.runtimes_changed = true;
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn active_taskbar_changed(&mut self, window_label: impl Into<String>) {
+        let window_label = window_label.into();
+
+        if !self.active_taskbar_changed.contains(&window_label) {
+            self.active_taskbar_changed.push(window_label);
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) async fn emit(
+        self,
+        app_handle: &AppHandle,
+        apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    ) {
+        if self.runtimes_changed {
+            emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(app_handle, apps_state).await;
+        }
+
+        for window_label in self.active_taskbar_changed {
+            let active = find_active_taskbar_runtime(apps_state, &window_label).await;
+
+            emit_active_taskbar_runtime_changed(
+                app_handle,
+                apps_state,
+                &window_label,
+                active.as_ref(),
+            )
+                .await;
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs
index 9ec9a0edf..275044810 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs
@@ -223,11 +223,10 @@ impl SageAppRuntimeRecord {
     pub(crate) fn update_modal_presentation_list(
         &mut self,
         target_app_ids: Vec<String>,
-    ) -> Result<(), String> {
+    ) -> Result<bool, String> {
         match &mut self.presentation {
             AppPresentation::Modal(presentation) => {
-                presentation.update_app_ids(target_app_ids);
-                Ok(())
+                Ok(presentation.update_app_ids(target_app_ids))
             }
             AppPresentation::Taskbar => Err("Presentation mode is not modal".to_string()),
         }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/system_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/system_apps.rs
index 8cf7a2aaa..88f79b23e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/system_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/system_apps.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
 use crate::runtime::start::{create_runtime, CreateRuntimeArgs};
-use crate::runtime::{SageAppRuntimeMode, SageAppRuntimeRecord, SageAppRuntimeVisibility, SharedRuntime};
+use crate::runtime::{RuntimeChangeSet, SageAppRuntimeMode, SageAppRuntimeRecord, SageAppRuntimeVisibility, SharedRuntime};
 use crate::system_apps::{
     SYSTEM_APP_APP_INSTALL_ID,
     SYSTEM_APP_APP_UPDATE_ID,
@@ -107,15 +107,32 @@ pub(crate) async fn sync_bridge_approval_runtime(
         return Ok(());
     }
 
-    let approval_runtime = start_bridge_approval_runtime(app_handle, apps_state, visible_over_app_ids.clone()).await?;
+    let approval_runtime = start_bridge_approval_runtime(
+        app_handle,
+        apps_state,
+        visible_over_app_ids.clone(),
+    )
+        .await?;
+
+    let presentation_changed = approval_runtime.with_runtime_mut(|runtime| {
+        runtime.update_modal_presentation_list(visible_over_app_ids)
+    })?;
 
-    approval_runtime.with_runtime_mut(|runtime| runtime.update_modal_presentation_list(visible_over_app_ids))?;
+    let mut changes = RuntimeChangeSet::default();
+
+    if presentation_changed {
+        changes.runtimes_changed();
+    }
 
     sync_modal_runtime_visibility(
         app_handle,
         apps_state,
-        &approval_runtime.with_runtime(SageAppRuntimeRecord::host_window_label)
-    ).await?;
+        &approval_runtime.with_runtime(SageAppRuntimeRecord::host_window_label),
+        &mut changes,
+    )
+        .await?;
+
+    changes.emit(app_handle, apps_state).await;
 
     Ok(())
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/workspace.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/workspace.rs
index e56170052..2eac6f7bf 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/workspace.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/workspace.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
 use crate::runtime::state::{activate_apps_workspace, deactivate_apps_workspace, is_apps_workspace_active};
-use crate::runtime::hide_all_runtimes;
+use crate::runtime::{hide_all_runtimes, hide_all_runtimes_inner, RuntimeChangeSet};
 use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::runtime::events::emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed;
 use crate::runtime::manager::sync_modal_runtime_visibility;
 use crate::runtime::webview_locator::get_sage_window;
 
@@ -22,11 +21,21 @@ pub(in crate::runtime) async fn enter_apps_workspace(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
     activate_apps_workspace(apps_state).await;
+
     let sage_window = get_sage_window(app_handle)?;
-    hide_all_runtimes(app_handle, apps_state).await?;
+    let mut changes = RuntimeChangeSet::default();
+
+    hide_all_runtimes_inner(app_handle, apps_state, &mut changes).await?;
+
+    sync_modal_runtime_visibility(
+        app_handle,
+        apps_state,
+        sage_window.label(),
+        &mut changes,
+    )
+        .await?;
 
-    sync_modal_runtime_visibility(app_handle, apps_state, sage_window.label()).await?;
-    emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(app_handle, apps_state).await;
+    changes.emit(app_handle, apps_state).await;
 
     Ok(())
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/system_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/system_apps.rs
index 015e54fd2..c04ca7b8a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/system_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/system_apps.rs
@@ -90,7 +90,12 @@ impl AppModalPresentation {
         self.visible_over_launchpad
     }
 
-    pub fn update_app_ids(&mut self, target_app_ids: Vec<String>) {
+    pub fn update_app_ids(&mut self, target_app_ids: Vec<String>) -> bool {
+        if self.visible_over_app_ids == target_app_ids {
+            return false;
+        }
+
         self.visible_over_app_ids = target_app_ids;
+        true
     }
 }

From 45b51238cad00d9f0327fbcfebc6b6f5ee19c41a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Thu, 7 May 2026 01:13:37 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 360/471] Add priority field to `AppModalPresentation` and
 refactor runtime visibility logic

- Introduced `priority` to `AppModalPresentation` for controlling modal visibility precedence.
- Updated `start_system_app_runtime` and related runtime methods to support priority-based modal display handling.
- Refactored `sync_modal_runtime_visibility` to evaluate modal visibility using priority values.
- Enhanced `kill_runtime` and `start_runtime` flows with improved synchronization and runtime state consistency.
---
 .../system/runtime_manager/close_self.rs      |  4 +-
 .../system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs    |  5 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs       | 85 ++++++++++++++-----
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs          | 76 ++++++++++++++---
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/system_apps.rs   | 42 ++++++---
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/system_apps.rs | 14 ++-
 src/bindings.ts                               |  2 +-
 7 files changed, 174 insertions(+), 54 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/close_self.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/close_self.rs
index f99728c6e..8c835b1e8 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/close_self.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/close_self.rs
@@ -45,7 +45,9 @@ impl BridgeMethod for RuntimeManagerCloseSelf {
         )
             .await
         {
-            Ok(_) | Err(SystemKillRuntimeError::NotFound) => {
+            Ok(_) |
+            Err(SystemKillRuntimeError::NotFound) |
+            Err(SystemKillRuntimeError::RuntimeSync(_)) => {
                 Ok(Box::new(()))
             }
         }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs
index cf57627c3..3d810bb37 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs
@@ -56,8 +56,9 @@ impl BridgeMethod for RuntimeManagerKillRuntime {
             &params.app_id,
             "user_kill",
         ).await {
-            Ok(_) => Ok(RuntimeManagerKillRuntimeResponse::ok()),
-            Err(SystemKillRuntimeError::NotFound) => Ok(RuntimeManagerKillRuntimeResponse::ok())
+            Ok(_) |
+            Err(SystemKillRuntimeError::NotFound) |
+            Err(SystemKillRuntimeError::RuntimeSync(_)) => Ok(RuntimeManagerKillRuntimeResponse::ok()),
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
index b03c3c99b..25e432dfe 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use crate::runtime::state::{find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional, list_runtimes};
 use crate::runtime::webview_locator::{get_sage_window, get_webview_in_sage_window};
 use crate::runtime::{find_active_taskbar_runtime, resolve_running_app, SageAppRuntimeRecord, SageAppRuntimeVisibility, SharedRuntime};
 use crate::runtime::events::{emit_active_taskbar_runtime_changed, emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed};
-use crate::runtime::stop::kill_runtime;
+use crate::runtime::stop::{kill_runtime_inner};
 use crate::runtime::workspace::{ensure_apps_workspace_active};
 use crate::types::{AppPresentation, ResolvedRunningApp};
 
@@ -28,6 +28,13 @@ pub(crate) struct RuntimeChangeSet {
     active_taskbar_changed: Vec<String>,
 }
 
+struct ModalVisibilityCandidate {
+    runtime: SharedRuntime,
+    eligible: bool,
+    priority: i32,
+    runtime_id: String,
+}
+
 pub(crate) async fn focus_taskbar_runtime(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
@@ -187,18 +194,19 @@ pub(crate) async fn kill_taskbar_runtime(
     app_id: &str,
     reason: &str,
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
-    let resolved_running_app = resolve_running_app(apps_state, app_id)
-        .await.map_err(|err| format!("Failed to resolve running app: {err}"))?;
-    let host_window_label = resolved_running_app.runtime().with_runtime(SageAppRuntimeRecord::host_window_label);
-    let active_taskbar_runtime = find_active_taskbar_runtime(apps_state, &host_window_label).await;
-    kill_runtime(app_handle, apps_state, app_id, reason)
+    let mut changes = RuntimeChangeSet::default();
+
+    kill_runtime_inner(
+        app_handle,
+        apps_state,
+        app_id,
+        reason,
+        &mut changes,
+    )
         .await
-        .map_err(|err| format!("Failed to kill taskbar runtime: {err}"))?;
+        .map_err(|err| format!("Failed to kill taskbar runtime: {err:?}"))?;
 
-    emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(app_handle, apps_state).await;
-    if let Some(active_taskbar_runtime) = active_taskbar_runtime && active_taskbar_runtime.app_id() == app_id {
-        emit_active_taskbar_runtime_changed(app_handle, apps_state, &host_window_label, None).await;
-    }
+    changes.emit(app_handle, apps_state).await;
 
     Ok(())
 }
@@ -215,14 +223,12 @@ pub(super) async fn sync_modal_runtime_visibility(
         find_active_taskbar_runtime(apps_state, host_window_label).await;
 
     let active_app_id =
-        active_taskbar_runtime.map(|active_taskbar_runtime| {
-            active_taskbar_runtime.app_id()
-        });
+        active_taskbar_runtime.map(|runtime| runtime.app_id());
 
-    let runtimes = list_runtimes(apps_state).await?;
+    let mut candidates = Vec::new();
 
-    for runtime in runtimes {
-        let Some(should_be_visible) = runtime.with_runtime(|record| {
+    for runtime in list_runtimes(apps_state).await? {
+        let Some(candidate) = runtime.with_runtime(|record| {
             if record.host_window_label() != host_window_label {
                 return None;
             }
@@ -231,21 +237,56 @@ pub(super) async fn sync_modal_runtime_visibility(
                 return None;
             };
 
-            Some(match active_app_id.as_deref() {
+            let eligible = match active_app_id.as_deref() {
                 Some(active_app_id) => modal
                     .visible_over_app_ids()
                     .iter()
                     .any(|app_id| app_id == active_app_id),
+
                 None => modal.visible_over_launchpad(),
-            })
+            };
+
+            Some((
+                eligible,
+                modal.priority(),
+                record.runtime_id(),
+            ))
         }) else {
             continue;
         };
 
-        if should_be_visible {
-            show_runtime_inner(app_handle, apps_state, &runtime, changes).await?;
+        candidates.push(ModalVisibilityCandidate {
+            runtime,
+            eligible: candidate.0,
+            priority: candidate.1,
+            runtime_id: candidate.2,
+        });
+    }
+
+    let winner_runtime_id = candidates
+        .iter()
+        .filter(|candidate| candidate.eligible)
+        .max_by_key(|candidate| candidate.priority)
+        .map(|candidate| candidate.runtime_id.clone());
+
+    for candidate in candidates {
+        let should_show =
+            Some(candidate.runtime_id.clone()) == winner_runtime_id;
+
+        if should_show {
+            show_runtime_inner(
+                app_handle,
+                apps_state,
+                &candidate.runtime,
+                changes,
+            )
+                .await?;
         } else {
-            hide_runtime_inner(app_handle, &runtime, changes)?;
+            hide_runtime_inner(
+                app_handle,
+                &candidate.runtime,
+                changes,
+            )?;
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs
index 9db7c3c0d..394f58224 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use std::fmt::Display;
 use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::runtime::{find_active_taskbar_runtime, find_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id_optional, GetRuntimeError, SageAppRuntimeRecord, SharedRuntime};
+use crate::runtime::{find_active_taskbar_runtime, find_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id_optional, GetRuntimeError, RuntimeChangeSet, SageAppRuntimeRecord, SharedRuntime};
 use crate::runtime::state::{find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional, find_runtime_id_by_app_id_optional, get_runtime_by_app_id, remove_before_stop_listeners_by_app_id, remove_pending_stop_ready, remove_runtime_by_runtime_id, remove_runtime_id_by_app_id, write_pending_stop_ready, remove_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id};
 use crate::runtime::webview_locator::find_webview_in_sage_window;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
@@ -12,7 +12,8 @@ use tokio::time::timeout;
 use uuid::Uuid;
 use crate::bridge::emit_user_runtime_event_to_app_id;
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::events::BeforeStopEvent;
-use crate::runtime::events::{emit_active_taskbar_runtime_changed, emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed};
+use crate::runtime::events::{emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed};
+use crate::runtime::manager::sync_modal_runtime_visibility;
 
 const BEFORE_STOP_TIMEOUT_MS: u64 = 5_000;
 
@@ -24,15 +25,17 @@ pub struct SystemKillRuntimeResult {
 }
 
 
-#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub enum SystemKillRuntimeError {
-    NotFound
+    NotFound,
+    RuntimeSync(String)
 }
 
 impl Display for SystemKillRuntimeError {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
         match self {
             SystemKillRuntimeError::NotFound => write!(f, "Runtime not found"),
+            SystemKillRuntimeError::RuntimeSync(err) => write!(f, "Runtime sync: {err}"),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -43,21 +46,66 @@ pub(crate) async fn kill_runtime(
     app_id: &str,
     reason: &str,
 ) -> Result<(), SystemKillRuntimeError> {
-    let shared_runtime = get_runtime_by_app_id(apps_state, app_id).await.map_err(|e| match e {
-        GetRuntimeError::NotFound => SystemKillRuntimeError::NotFound
-    })?;
-    let host_window_label = shared_runtime.with_runtime(SageAppRuntimeRecord::host_window_label);
-    let active_taskbar_runtime = find_active_taskbar_runtime(
+    let mut changes = RuntimeChangeSet::default();
+
+    kill_runtime_inner(
+        app_handle,
         apps_state,
-        &host_window_label
-    ).await;
+        app_id,
+        reason,
+        &mut changes,
+    )
+        .await?;
 
-    close_runtime_internal_with_reason(app_handle, apps_state, app_id, reason).await;
+    changes.emit(app_handle, apps_state).await;
 
-    if let Some(active_taskbar_runtime) = active_taskbar_runtime && active_taskbar_runtime.app_id() == app_id {
-        emit_active_taskbar_runtime_changed(app_handle, apps_state, &host_window_label, None).await;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub(super) async fn kill_runtime_inner(
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    app_id: &str,
+    reason: &str,
+    changes: &mut RuntimeChangeSet,
+) -> Result<(), SystemKillRuntimeError> {
+    let shared_runtime = get_runtime_by_app_id(apps_state, app_id)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| match err {
+            GetRuntimeError::NotFound => SystemKillRuntimeError::NotFound,
+        })?;
+
+    let host_window_label =
+        shared_runtime.with_runtime(SageAppRuntimeRecord::host_window_label);
+
+    let active_taskbar_runtime =
+        find_active_taskbar_runtime(apps_state, &host_window_label).await;
+
+    close_runtime_internal_with_reason(
+        app_handle,
+        apps_state,
+        app_id,
+        reason,
+    )
+        .await;
+
+    changes.runtimes_changed();
+
+    if let Some(active_taskbar_runtime) = active_taskbar_runtime
+        && active_taskbar_runtime.app_id() == app_id
+    {
+        changes.active_taskbar_changed(&host_window_label);
     }
 
+    sync_modal_runtime_visibility(
+        app_handle,
+        apps_state,
+        &host_window_label,
+        changes,
+    )
+        .await
+        .map_err(SystemKillRuntimeError::RuntimeSync)?;
+
     Ok(())
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/system_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/system_apps.rs
index 88f79b23e..3378be021 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/system_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/system_apps.rs
@@ -12,20 +12,33 @@ use crate::system_apps::{
 use crate::types::{AppModalPresentation, AppPresentation};
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::bridge::state::pending_approval_app_ids;
-use crate::runtime::events::emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed;
 use crate::runtime::manager::sync_modal_runtime_visibility;
-use crate::runtime::stop::kill_runtime;
+use crate::runtime::stop::{kill_runtime_inner};
 
 pub(crate) async fn start_system_app_runtime(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     args: CreateRuntimeArgs,
 ) -> Result<SharedRuntime, String> {
-    let new_runtime = create_runtime(app_handle, apps_state, args).await?;
+    let runtime = create_runtime(app_handle, apps_state, args).await?;
 
-    emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(app_handle, apps_state).await;
+    let host_window_label =
+        runtime.with_runtime(SageAppRuntimeRecord::host_window_label);
 
-    Ok(new_runtime)
+    let mut changes = RuntimeChangeSet::default();
+    changes.runtimes_changed();
+
+    sync_modal_runtime_visibility(
+        app_handle,
+        apps_state,
+        &host_window_label,
+        &mut changes,
+    )
+        .await?;
+
+    changes.emit(app_handle, apps_state).await;
+
+    Ok(runtime)
 }
 
 pub(crate) async fn start_app_install_runtime(
@@ -38,7 +51,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn start_app_install_runtime(
         apps_state,
         CreateRuntimeArgs {
             app_id: SYSTEM_APP_APP_INSTALL_ID.to_string(),
-            presentation: AppPresentation::Modal(AppModalPresentation::over_launchpad()),
+            presentation: AppPresentation::Modal(AppModalPresentation::over_launchpad(40)),
             mode: SageAppRuntimeMode::Inline,
             visibility: SageAppRuntimeVisibility::Visible,
             debug_layout: false,
@@ -59,7 +72,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn start_app_update_runtime(
         apps_state,
         CreateRuntimeArgs {
             app_id: SYSTEM_APP_APP_UPDATE_ID.to_string(),
-            presentation: AppPresentation::Modal(AppModalPresentation::over_app_and_launchpad(target_app_id)),
+            presentation: AppPresentation::Modal(AppModalPresentation::over_app_and_launchpad(target_app_id, 50)),
             mode: SageAppRuntimeMode::Inline,
             visibility: SageAppRuntimeVisibility::Visible,
             debug_layout: false,
@@ -79,7 +92,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn start_bridge_approval_runtime(
         apps_state,
         CreateRuntimeArgs {
             app_id: SYSTEM_APP_BRIDGE_APPROVAL_ID.to_string(),
-            presentation: AppPresentation::Modal(AppModalPresentation::over_apps(target_app_ids)),
+            presentation: AppPresentation::Modal(AppModalPresentation::over_apps(target_app_ids, 100)),
             mode: SageAppRuntimeMode::Inline,
             visibility: SageAppRuntimeVisibility::Visible,
             debug_layout: false,
@@ -93,17 +106,21 @@ pub(crate) async fn sync_bridge_approval_runtime(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
-    let visible_over_app_ids = pending_approval_app_ids(apps_state).await;
+    let mut changes = RuntimeChangeSet::default();
 
+    let visible_over_app_ids = pending_approval_app_ids(apps_state).await;
     if visible_over_app_ids.is_empty() {
-        let _ = kill_runtime(
+        let _ = kill_runtime_inner(
             app_handle,
             apps_state,
             SYSTEM_APP_BRIDGE_APPROVAL_ID,
             "no_pending_approvals",
+            &mut changes,
         )
             .await;
 
+        changes.emit(app_handle, apps_state).await;
+
         return Ok(());
     }
 
@@ -124,10 +141,13 @@ pub(crate) async fn sync_bridge_approval_runtime(
         changes.runtimes_changed();
     }
 
+    let host_window_label =
+        approval_runtime.with_runtime(SageAppRuntimeRecord::host_window_label);
+
     sync_modal_runtime_visibility(
         app_handle,
         apps_state,
-        &approval_runtime.with_runtime(SageAppRuntimeRecord::host_window_label),
+        &host_window_label,
         &mut changes,
     )
         .await?;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/system_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/system_apps.rs
index c04ca7b8a..d77a2432c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/system_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/system_apps.rs
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ pub enum AppPresentation {
 pub struct AppModalPresentation {
     visible_over_app_ids: Vec<String>,
     visible_over_launchpad: bool,
+    priority: i32,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
@@ -61,24 +62,27 @@ impl SystemSageApp {
 }
 
 impl AppModalPresentation {
-    pub fn over_apps(app_ids: Vec<String>) -> Self {
+    pub fn over_apps(app_ids: Vec<String>, priority: i32) -> Self {
         Self {
             visible_over_app_ids: app_ids,
             visible_over_launchpad: false,
+            priority
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn over_app_and_launchpad(app_id: String) -> Self {
+    pub fn over_app_and_launchpad(app_id: String, priority: i32) -> Self {
         Self {
             visible_over_app_ids: vec![app_id],
             visible_over_launchpad: true,
+            priority
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn over_launchpad() -> Self {
+    pub fn over_launchpad(priority: i32) -> Self {
         Self {
             visible_over_app_ids: vec![],
             visible_over_launchpad: true,
+            priority,
         }
     }
 
@@ -98,4 +102,8 @@ impl AppModalPresentation {
         self.visible_over_app_ids = target_app_ids;
         true
     }
+    
+    pub fn priority(&self) -> i32 {
+        self.priority
+    }
 }
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index 66a6ebb04..069374f9e 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -481,7 +481,7 @@ ip: string }
 export type AddressKind = "own" | "burn" | "launcher" | "offer" | "external" | "unknown"
 export type Amount = string | number
 export type AppLaunchGateResult = { allowed: boolean; kind: string; capability: SandboxCapability | null; message: string | null }
-export type AppModalPresentation = { visibleOverAppIds: string[]; visibleOverLaunchpad: boolean }
+export type AppModalPresentation = { visibleOverAppIds: string[]; visibleOverLaunchpad: boolean; priority: number }
 export type AppPresentation = { kind: "Taskbar" } | ({ kind: "Modal" } & AppModalPresentation)
 export type Asset = { asset_id: string | null; name: string | null; ticker: string | null; precision: number; icon_url: string | null; description: string | null; is_sensitive_content: boolean; is_visible: boolean; revocation_address: string | null; kind: AssetKind }
 /**

From 32b2bd07578647753a323e17c42e57da1c0efae9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Thu, 7 May 2026 02:57:43 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 361/471] Add stricter CSP rules and forbid service workers in
 protocol requests

- Added `frame-src` and `child-src` directives to Content Security Policy to enhance security restrictions.
- Modified protocol request handling to block requests containing `Service-Worker` headers.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/security/csp.rs      | 4 ++++
 crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs | 3 +++
 2 files changed, 7 insertions(+)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/csp.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/csp.rs
index f9ee02b03..e5e3dd072 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/csp.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/csp.rs
@@ -23,6 +23,8 @@ pub fn build_app_csp(app: &SharedSageApp) -> String {
     ]);
     let object_src = csp_source_list(&["'none'".to_string()]);
     let frame_ancestors = csp_source_list(&["'self'".to_string()]);
+    let frame_src = csp_source_list(&["'none'".to_string()]);
+    let child_src = csp_source_list(&["'none'".to_string()]);
     let base_uri = csp_source_list(&["'none'".to_string()]);
     let form_action = csp_source_list(&["'none'".to_string()]);
     let worker_src = csp_source_list(&["'self'".to_string()]);
@@ -48,6 +50,8 @@ pub fn build_app_csp(app: &SharedSageApp) -> String {
          base-uri {base_uri}; \
          form-action {form_action}; \
          frame-ancestors {frame_ancestors}; \
+         frame_src {frame_src}; \
+         child_src {child_src}; \
          connect-src {connect_src}; \
          worker-src {worker_src};"
     )
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
index 188fccf04..97c644041 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
@@ -67,6 +67,9 @@ fn handle_app_protocol_request(
     if request.uri().host() != Some(&identity_app.origin_id()) {
         anyhow::bail!("host mismatch");
     }
+    if request.headers().contains_key("Service-Worker") {
+        anyhow::bail!("Service worker forbidden");
+    }
 
     let content_app = runtime.content_app();
     let request_path = request.uri().path();

From 377e1e5c8c4346f411739a3c3e6a3ffc62774925 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Thu, 7 May 2026 03:08:45 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 362/471] Update CSP generation: add new directives and
 refactor source list handling

- Added `manifest-src`, `prefetch-src`, and `connect-src` to CSP directives for enhanced security and flexibility.
- Rearranged directive generation for improved readability and maintainability.
- Refactored `connect-src` logic to dynamically include app-granted network permissions.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/security/csp.rs | 53 +++++++++++++++-------------
 1 file changed, 28 insertions(+), 25 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/csp.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/csp.rs
index e5e3dd072..c4997850b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/csp.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/csp.rs
@@ -7,52 +7,55 @@ fn csp_source_list(items: &[String]) -> String {
 }
 
 pub fn build_app_csp(app: &SharedSageApp) -> String {
+    let mut connect_sources = BTreeSet::from(["'self'".to_string()]);
+
+    app.with(|app| {
+        for entry in app.granted_permissions().network().whitelist_iter() {
+            connect_sources.insert(entry.as_permission_string());
+        }
+    });
+
+    let child_src = csp_source_list(&["'none'".to_string()]);
+    let connect_src = csp_source_list(&connect_sources.into_iter().collect::<Vec<_>>());
     let default_src = csp_source_list(&["'self'".to_string()]);
-    let script_src = csp_source_list(&["'self'".to_string(), "'wasm-unsafe-eval'".to_string()]);
-    let style_src = csp_source_list(&["'self'".to_string(), "'unsafe-inline'".to_string()]);
+    let font_src = csp_source_list(&["'self'".to_string(), "data:".to_string()]);
+    let frame_src = csp_source_list(&["'none'".to_string()]);
     let img_src = csp_source_list(&[
         "'self'".to_string(),
         "data:".to_string(),
         "blob:".to_string(),
     ]);
-    let font_src = csp_source_list(&["'self'".to_string(), "data:".to_string()]);
+    let manifest_src = csp_source_list(&["'none'".to_string()]);
     let media_src = csp_source_list(&[
         "'self'".to_string(),
         "data:".to_string(),
         "blob:".to_string(),
     ]);
     let object_src = csp_source_list(&["'none'".to_string()]);
+    let prefetch_src = csp_source_list(&["'none'".to_string()]);
+    let script_src = csp_source_list(&["'self'".to_string(), "'wasm-unsafe-eval'".to_string()]);
+    let style_src = csp_source_list(&["'self'".to_string(), "'unsafe-inline'".to_string()]);
+    let worker_src = csp_source_list(&["'self'".to_string()]);
     let frame_ancestors = csp_source_list(&["'self'".to_string()]);
-    let frame_src = csp_source_list(&["'none'".to_string()]);
-    let child_src = csp_source_list(&["'none'".to_string()]);
     let base_uri = csp_source_list(&["'none'".to_string()]);
     let form_action = csp_source_list(&["'none'".to_string()]);
-    let worker_src = csp_source_list(&["'self'".to_string()]);
-
-    let mut connect_sources = BTreeSet::from(["'self'".to_string()]);
-
-    app.with(|app| {
-        for entry in app.granted_permissions().network().whitelist_iter() {
-            connect_sources.insert(entry.as_permission_string());
-        }
-    });
-
-    let connect_src = csp_source_list(&connect_sources.into_iter().collect::<Vec<_>>());
 
     format!(
-        "default-src {default_src}; \
-         script-src {script_src}; \
-         style-src {style_src}; \
-         img-src {img_src}; \
+        "child-src {child_src}; \
+         connect-src {connect_src}; \
+         default-src {default_src}; \
          font-src {font_src}; \
+         frame-src {frame_src}; \
+         img-src {img_src}; \
+         manifest-src {manifest_src}; \
          media-src {media_src}; \
          object-src {object_src}; \
+         prefetch-src {prefetch_src}; \
+         script-src {script_src}; \
+         style-src {style_src}; \
+         worker-src {worker_src}; \
          base-uri {base_uri}; \
          form-action {form_action}; \
-         frame-ancestors {frame_ancestors}; \
-         frame_src {frame_src}; \
-         child_src {child_src}; \
-         connect-src {connect_src}; \
-         worker-src {worker_src};"
+         frame-ancestors {frame_ancestors};"
     )
 }

From dccdf8a6428bb3cfe51091a8587ba9c2bd4f629a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Thu, 7 May 2026 04:07:41 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 363/471] Add `MobileNavSheet` component and integrate into
 `AppTaskBar` and `Header`

- Introduced `MobileNavSheet` component for mobile navigation functionality.
- Replaced inline navigation logic in `AppTaskBar` and `Header` with `MobileNavSheet` for improved reusability and consistency.
---
 src/components/Header.tsx          | 97 +----------------------------
 src/components/MobileNavSheet.tsx  | 98 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx |  4 +-
 3 files changed, 104 insertions(+), 95 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/components/MobileNavSheet.tsx

diff --git a/src/components/Header.tsx b/src/components/Header.tsx
index 4c668301f..32cf0f5df 100644
--- a/src/components/Header.tsx
+++ b/src/components/Header.tsx
@@ -1,18 +1,11 @@
-import { useInsets } from '@/contexts/SafeAreaContext';
-import { useWallet } from '@/contexts/WalletContext';
-import { t } from '@lingui/core/macro';
 import { Trans } from '@lingui/react/macro';
 import { platform } from '@tauri-apps/plugin-os';
 import { AnimatePresence, motion } from 'framer-motion';
-import { ChevronLeft, Menu } from 'lucide-react';
+import { ChevronLeft } from 'lucide-react';
 import { PropsWithChildren, ReactNode } from 'react';
 import { useLocation, useNavigate } from 'react-router-dom';
-import { useTheme } from 'theme-o-rama';
-import { BottomNav, TopNav } from './Nav';
 import { Button } from './ui/button';
-import { Sheet, SheetContent, SheetTrigger } from './ui/sheet';
-import { TooltipProvider } from './ui/tooltip';
-import { WalletSwitcher } from './WalletSwitcher';
+import { MobileNavSheet } from '@/components/MobileNavSheet.tsx';
 
 const headerPaginationVariants = {
   enter: { opacity: 1, x: 0 },
@@ -32,15 +25,10 @@ export default function Header(
 ) {
   const navigate = useNavigate();
   const location = useLocation();
-  const insets = useInsets();
-
-  const { wallet } = useWallet();
 
   const hasBackButton = props.back || location.pathname.split('/').length > 2;
   const isMobile = platform() === 'ios' || platform() === 'android';
 
-  const { currentTheme } = useTheme();
-
   return (
     <header
       className={`flex items-center gap-4 px-4 md:px-6 sticky top-0 z-10 ${
@@ -49,86 +37,7 @@ export default function Header(
       role='banner'
       style={props.style}
     >
-      <Sheet>
-        {hasBackButton ? (
-          <Button
-            variant='outline'
-            size='icon'
-            onClick={() => (props.back ? props.back() : navigate(-1))}
-            className='md:hidden text-muted-foreground flex-shrink-0'
-            aria-label={t`Back`}
-          >
-            <ChevronLeft className='h-5 w-5 pb' aria-hidden='true' />
-          </Button>
-        ) : (
-          <SheetTrigger asChild>
-            <Button
-              variant='outline'
-              size='icon'
-              className='shrink-0 md:hidden'
-              aria-label={t`Toggle navigation menu`}
-              aria-expanded='false'
-              aria-haspopup='dialog'
-            >
-              <Menu className='h-5 w-5' aria-hidden='true' />
-            </Button>
-          </SheetTrigger>
-        )}
-        <SheetContent
-          side='left'
-          isMobile={isMobile}
-          className={`flex flex-col p-0 border-0 ${currentTheme?.backgroundImage ? 'bg-transparent' : ''}`}
-          role='dialog'
-          aria-label={t`Navigation menu`}
-          style={{
-            marginLeft: '-8px',
-            paddingTop:
-              insets.top !== 0
-                ? `${insets.top + 8}px`
-                : 'env(safe-area-inset-top)',
-            paddingBottom: insets.bottom
-              ? `${insets.bottom + 16}px`
-              : 'env(safe-area-inset-bottom)',
-            ...(currentTheme?.backgroundImage && {
-              backgroundImage: `url(${currentTheme.backgroundImage})`,
-              backgroundSize: 'cover',
-              backgroundPosition: 'center',
-              backgroundRepeat: 'no-repeat',
-              backgroundAttachment: 'scroll',
-              backgroundColor: 'transparent',
-              transform: 'translateZ(0)',
-              willChange: 'transform',
-            }),
-          }}
-        >
-          <div
-            className={`flex flex-col h-full p-6 ${currentTheme?.sidebar ? '' : 'bg-muted/40'}`}
-            style={
-              currentTheme?.sidebar
-                ? {
-                    borderRight: '1px solid var(--sidebar-border)',
-                    background: 'var(--sidebar-background)',
-                    backdropFilter: 'var(--sidebar-backdrop-filter)',
-                    WebkitBackdropFilter:
-                      'var(--sidebar-backdrop-filter-webkit)',
-                  }
-                : {}
-            }
-          >
-            <div className='mt-4 mb-2'>
-              <TooltipProvider>
-                <WalletSwitcher wallet={wallet ?? undefined} />
-              </TooltipProvider>
-            </div>
-            <TopNav />
-            <div
-              className={`mt-auto grid gap-1 text-md font-medium font-body ${!isMobile ? 'pb-4' : ''}`}
-            >
-              <BottomNav />
-            </div>
-          </div>
-        </SheetContent>
-      </Sheet>
+      <MobileNavSheet />
       <div className='flex-1 md:mt-1 flex items-center md:block'>
         <div className={`${!hasBackButton ? 'invisible' : ''}`}>
           <Button
diff --git a/src/components/MobileNavSheet.tsx b/src/components/MobileNavSheet.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..347f272db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/components/MobileNavSheet.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+import { useInsets } from '@/contexts/SafeAreaContext';
+import { useWallet } from '@/contexts/WalletContext';
+import { t } from '@lingui/core/macro';
+import { platform } from '@tauri-apps/plugin-os';
+import { Menu } from 'lucide-react';
+import { useTheme } from 'theme-o-rama';
+import { BottomNav, TopNav } from './Nav';
+import { Button } from './ui/button';
+import { Sheet, SheetContent, SheetTrigger } from './ui/sheet';
+import { TooltipProvider } from './ui/tooltip';
+import { WalletSwitcher } from './WalletSwitcher';
+
+export function MobileNavSheet() {
+  const insets = useInsets();
+  const { wallet } = useWallet();
+  const { currentTheme } = useTheme();
+
+  const isMobile = platform() === 'ios' || platform() === 'android';
+
+  return (
+    <Sheet>
+      <SheetTrigger asChild>
+        <Button
+          variant='outline'
+          size='icon'
+          className='shrink-0 md:hidden'
+          aria-label={t`Toggle navigation menu`}
+          aria-expanded='false'
+          aria-haspopup='dialog'
+        >
+          <Menu className='h-5 w-5' aria-hidden='true' />
+        </Button>
+      </SheetTrigger>
+
+      <SheetContent
+        side='left'
+        isMobile={isMobile}
+        className={`flex flex-col p-0 border-0 ${
+          currentTheme?.backgroundImage ? 'bg-transparent' : ''
+        }`}
+        role='dialog'
+        aria-label={t`Navigation menu`}
+        style={{
+          marginLeft: '-8px',
+          paddingTop:
+            insets.top !== 0
+              ? `${insets.top + 8}px`
+              : 'env(safe-area-inset-top)',
+          paddingBottom: insets.bottom
+            ? `${insets.bottom + 16}px`
+            : 'env(safe-area-inset-bottom)',
+          ...(currentTheme?.backgroundImage && {
+            backgroundImage: `url(${currentTheme.backgroundImage})`,
+            backgroundSize: 'cover',
+            backgroundPosition: 'center',
+            backgroundRepeat: 'no-repeat',
+            backgroundAttachment: 'scroll',
+            backgroundColor: 'transparent',
+            transform: 'translateZ(0)',
+            willChange: 'transform',
+          }),
+        }}
+      >
+        <div
+          className={`flex flex-col h-full p-6 ${
+            currentTheme?.sidebar ? '' : 'bg-muted/40'
+          }`}
+          style={
+            currentTheme?.sidebar
+              ? {
+                  borderRight: '1px solid var(--sidebar-border)',
+                  background: 'var(--sidebar-background)',
+                  backdropFilter: 'var(--sidebar-backdrop-filter)',
+                  WebkitBackdropFilter: 'var(--sidebar-backdrop-filter-webkit)',
+                }
+              : {}
+          }
+        >
+          <div className='mt-4 mb-2'>
+            <TooltipProvider>
+              <WalletSwitcher wallet={wallet ?? undefined} />
+            </TooltipProvider>
+          </div>
+
+          <TopNav />
+
+          <div
+            className={`mt-auto grid gap-1 text-md font-medium font-body ${
+              !isMobile ? 'pb-4' : ''
+            }`}
+          >
+            <BottomNav />
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </SheetContent>
+    </Sheet>
+  );
+}
diff --git a/src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx b/src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx
index 2eb4a4bc9..c5a834dae 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import clsx from 'clsx';
 import { useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react';
 import { AppIcon } from '@/components/apps/AppIcon.tsx';
 import { ListedSageAppView } from '@/bindings.ts';
+import { MobileNavSheet } from '@/components/MobileNavSheet.tsx';
 
 type InstalledAppView = Exclude<ListedSageAppView, { kind: 'corrupted' }>;
 
@@ -240,7 +241,8 @@ export function AppTaskBar({
   ]);
 
   return (
-    <div className='flex h-12 shrink-0 items-end gap-2 border-b bg-muted/30 px-3 pt-2'>
+    <div className='flex h-12 shrink-0 items-end gap-1 border-b bg-muted/30 px-2 pt-2 md:px-3'>
+      <MobileNavSheet />
       <Button
         variant='ghost'
         className='h-9 shrink-0 px-3'

From d32db03dd5b5cc3208c3b38d13be8aae96982f3b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Thu, 7 May 2026 04:09:56 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 364/471] Simplify `dragState` dependency tracking in
 `AppTaskBar` reorder logic

---
 src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx | 4 +---
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx b/src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx
index c5a834dae..f123a0fc4 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx
@@ -231,9 +231,7 @@ export function AppTaskBar({
 
     setPreviewOrder(reorderIds(activeOrder, currentIndex, nextIndex));
   }, [
-    dragState?.currentPointerX,
-    dragState?.pointerOffsetWithinTab,
-    dragState?.draggedAppId,
+    dragState,
     activeOrder,
     tabWidthPx,
     slotSpanPx,

From d718bb4f3363c7804d7b54b8a312d68b73c1f5be Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Thu, 7 May 2026 04:13:51 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 365/471] Refactor bridge approval UI components and simplify
 layout logic

- Removed unused imports and components (e.g., `Globe`, `ApprovalMetaPill`, etc.) for a cleaner structure.
- Simplified layout styles and content structure in `NetworkWhitelistGrantApprovalCard` and `CapabilityGrantApprovalCard`.
- Updated text and meta information presentation for better readability and focus.
- Adjusted `queueText` logic to streamline pending approvals count display.
---
 .../system/apps/bridge-approval/src/App.tsx   | 33 ++++--------
 .../approval/CapabilityGrantApprovalCard.tsx  | 50 +++++++------------
 .../NetworkWhitelistGrantApprovalCard.tsx     | 28 ++---------
 3 files changed, 34 insertions(+), 77 deletions(-)

diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/src/App.tsx b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/src/App.tsx
index 416d913b6..49ae174d8 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/src/App.tsx
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/src/App.tsx
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import {
   type PendingBridgeApprovalView,
   type SageAppRuntimeRecordView,
 } from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
-import { BadgeCheck, Clock } from 'lucide-react';
+import { Clock } from 'lucide-react';
 import { AppApprovalBody } from './approval/AppApprovalBody';
 
 function appNameFromRuntime(
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ function formatCountdown(expiresAt: number, now: number) {
 
 function queueText(count: number) {
   if (count <= 0) return null;
-  return `${count} more approval${count === 1 ? '' : 's'} pending`;
+  return `+${count} pending`;
 }
 
 function MetaPill({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
@@ -247,28 +247,17 @@ export function App() {
       }
     >
       <div className='space-y-4'>
-        <div>
-          <div className='flex flex-wrap items-center gap-2'>
-            <div className='text-sm font-semibold'>Approval required</div>
+        <div className='flex flex-wrap items-center gap-2'>
+          <div className='text-sm font-semibold'>Approval required</div>
 
-            {countdownText ? (
-              <MetaPill>
-                <Clock className='h-3 w-3' />
-                {countdownText}
-              </MetaPill>
-            ) : null}
+          {countdownText ? (
+            <MetaPill>
+              <Clock className='h-3 w-3' />
+              {countdownText}
+            </MetaPill>
+          ) : null}
 
-            <MetaPill>{pendingForActiveAppCount} pending for this app</MetaPill>
-
-            {moreText ? <MetaPill>{moreText}</MetaPill> : null}
-          </div>
-
-          <div className='mt-1 flex items-center gap-2 text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
-            <BadgeCheck className='h-3.5 w-3.5' />
-            <span>{activeAppName}</span>
-            <span>·</span>
-            <span className='font-mono'>{activeApproval.appId}</span>
-          </div>
+          {moreText ? <MetaPill>{moreText}</MetaPill> : null}
         </div>
 
         <AppApprovalBody
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/src/approval/CapabilityGrantApprovalCard.tsx b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/src/approval/CapabilityGrantApprovalCard.tsx
index d00c610be..7a9026a29 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/src/approval/CapabilityGrantApprovalCard.tsx
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/src/approval/CapabilityGrantApprovalCard.tsx
@@ -1,50 +1,36 @@
 import type { RustBridgeApprovalRequest } from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
-import { KeyRound, ShieldAlert } from 'lucide-react';
-import { ApprovalDetailRow, ApprovalMetaPill } from './shared';
+import { ApprovalDetailRow } from './shared';
 
 interface Props {
   approval: Extract<RustBridgeApprovalRequest, { kind: 'capabilityGrant' }>;
-  appName: string,
+  appName: string;
   expanded: boolean;
 }
 
-export function CapabilityGrantApprovalCard({ approval, appName, expanded }: Props) {
+export function CapabilityGrantApprovalCard({
+  approval,
+  appName,
+  expanded,
+}: Props) {
   const label = approval.definition.label;
   const description = approval.definition.description;
 
   return (
-    <div className='space-y-3'>
-      <div className='flex items-start gap-3'>
-        <div className='rounded-xl border bg-background p-2 text-muted-foreground'>
-          <KeyRound className='h-4 w-4' />
-        </div>
-
-        <div className='min-w-0 flex-1'>
-          <div className='flex flex-wrap items-center gap-2'>
-            <div className='text-sm font-medium'>Grant permission</div>
-            <ApprovalMetaPill>Capability</ApprovalMetaPill>
-          </div>
-
-          <div className='mt-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
-            {appName} wants access to an additional capability.
-          </div>
-        </div>
-      </div>
+    <div className='rounded-xl border bg-background/70 p-3'>
+      <div className='text-sm font-medium'>{label}</div>
 
-      <div className='space-y-2 rounded-xl border bg-background/70 p-3'>
-        <ApprovalDetailRow label='Permission' value={label} />
-        {description ? (
-          <ApprovalDetailRow label='Why' value={description} />
-        ) : null}
+      <div className='mt-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
+        {description ?? `${appName} wants access to this permission.`}
       </div>
 
       {expanded ? (
-        <div className='flex items-start gap-2 rounded-lg border border-muted px-3 py-2 text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
-          <ShieldAlert className='mt-0.5 h-4 w-4 shrink-0' />
-          <div className='break-all'>
-            Internal key:{' '}
-            <span className='font-mono'>{approval.capability}</span>
-          </div>
+        <div className='mt-3 border-t pt-3'>
+          <ApprovalDetailRow
+            label='Internal key'
+            value={approval.capability}
+            mono
+            breakAll
+          />
         </div>
       ) : null}
     </div>
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/src/approval/NetworkWhitelistGrantApprovalCard.tsx b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/src/approval/NetworkWhitelistGrantApprovalCard.tsx
index 22690505c..2ab0bfb7a 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/src/approval/NetworkWhitelistGrantApprovalCard.tsx
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/src/approval/NetworkWhitelistGrantApprovalCard.tsx
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
 import type { RustBridgeApprovalRequest } from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
-import { Globe } from 'lucide-react';
-import { ApprovalDetailRow, ApprovalMetaPill } from './shared';
 
 interface Props {
   approval: Extract<
@@ -11,31 +9,15 @@ interface Props {
   expanded: boolean;
 }
 
-export function NetworkWhitelistGrantApprovalCard({ approval, appName }: Props) {
+export function NetworkWhitelistGrantApprovalCard({ approval }: Props) {
   const target = `${approval.entry.scheme}://${approval.entry.host}`;
 
   return (
-    <div className='space-y-3'>
-      <div className='flex items-start gap-3'>
-        <div className='rounded-xl border bg-background p-2 text-muted-foreground'>
-          <Globe className='h-4 w-4' />
-        </div>
+    <div className='rounded-xl border bg-background/70 p-3'>
+      <div className='text-sm font-medium'>Network access</div>
 
-        <div className='min-w-0 flex-1'>
-          <div className='flex flex-wrap items-center gap-2'>
-            <div className='text-sm font-medium'>Grant network access</div>
-            <ApprovalMetaPill>Network</ApprovalMetaPill>
-          </div>
-
-          <div className='mt-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
-            {appName} wants to contact an additional network
-            target.
-          </div>
-        </div>
-      </div>
-
-      <div className='space-y-2 rounded-xl border bg-background/70 p-3'>
-        <ApprovalDetailRow label='Target' value={target} mono breakAll />
+      <div className='mt-1 break-all font-mono text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
+        {target}
       </div>
     </div>
   );

From c47f2760220d405c6c5133bcc9239ae87d04ff34 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Thu, 7 May 2026 04:16:50 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 366/471] Refine modal and button styling in
 `SystemModalShell`, `AppModalShell`, and bridge approval UI components

- Added `max-h` constraint to modals for consistent height behavior.
- Adjusted button padding and alignment in bridge approval footer for improved layout.
- Improved content structure in `AppModalShell`.
---
 .../system/apps/bridge-approval/src/App.tsx    |  6 +++---
 .../src/presentation/modal/AppModalShell.tsx   | 18 +++++++++++++-----
 .../presentation/modal/SystemModalShell.tsx    |  2 +-
 3 files changed, 17 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/src/App.tsx b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/src/App.tsx
index 49ae174d8..8f9c88223 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/src/App.tsx
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/src/App.tsx
@@ -223,13 +223,13 @@ export function App() {
       appName={activeAppName}
       appIcon={activeAppIcon}
       footer={
-        <div className='flex items-center justify-between gap-3'>
+        <div className='flex items-center justify-end gap-3'>
           <div className='flex items-center gap-2'>
             <button
               type='button'
               disabled={working}
               onClick={() => void resolve(false)}
-              className='rounded-md border border-border px-3 py-2 text-sm hover:bg-muted disabled:opacity-50'
+              className='rounded-md border border-border px-3 py-1.5 text-sm hover:bg-muted disabled:opacity-50'
             >
               Reject
             </button>
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ export function App() {
               type='button'
               disabled={working}
               onClick={() => void resolve(true)}
-              className='rounded-md bg-primary px-3 py-2 text-sm font-medium text-primary-foreground hover:opacity-90 disabled:opacity-50'
+              className='rounded-md bg-primary px-3 py-1.5 text-sm font-medium text-primary-foreground hover:opacity-90 disabled:opacity-50'
             >
               Approve
             </button>
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/presentation/modal/AppModalShell.tsx b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/presentation/modal/AppModalShell.tsx
index ed1a9aa9e..98fdf6ff2 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/presentation/modal/AppModalShell.tsx
+++ b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/presentation/modal/AppModalShell.tsx
@@ -38,10 +38,18 @@ export function AppModalShell({
     <SystemModalShell
       contentClassName={['p-0 overflow-hidden', contentClassName].join(' ')}
     >
-      <div className={['flex h-full min-h-0 flex-col', className].join(' ')}>
-        <header className='grid h-16 shrink-0 grid-cols-[4rem_1fr] border-b border-border' style={{
-          backgroundColor: colorWithAlpha(tint, 1),
-        }}>
+      <div
+        className={[
+          'flex max-h-[min(620px,72vh)] min-h-0 flex-col',
+          className,
+        ].join(' ')}
+      >
+        <header
+          className='grid h-16 shrink-0 grid-cols-[4rem_1fr] border-b border-border'
+          style={{
+            backgroundColor: colorWithAlpha(tint, 1),
+          }}
+        >
           <div className='border-r border-border'>
             <div className='h-full w-full p-1'>
               <AppIcon appName={appName} appIcon={appIcon ?? null} />
@@ -61,7 +69,7 @@ export function AppModalShell({
 
         <main
           className={[
-            'min-h-0 flex-1 overflow-auto',
+            'min-h-0 overflow-auto',
             bodyPadded ? 'px-6 py-5' : '',
             bodyClassName,
           ].join(' ')}
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/presentation/modal/SystemModalShell.tsx b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/presentation/modal/SystemModalShell.tsx
index ca9a77514..cb88e2da5 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/presentation/modal/SystemModalShell.tsx
+++ b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/presentation/modal/SystemModalShell.tsx
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ export function SystemModalShell({
     >
       <div
         className={[
-          'h-[min(620px,72vh)] w-[min(420px,calc(100vw-4rem))]',
+          'max-h-[min(620px,72vh)] w-[min(420px,calc(100vw-4rem))]',
           'overflow-hidden rounded-2xl border border-border shadow-2xl',
           contentClassName,
         ].join(' ')}

From 12dd49422c0c69131230c982cc9d9ccb63d30667 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Thu, 7 May 2026 05:45:52 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 367/471] Add donation system app to enable in-app user
 donations

- Introduced a new `Donation` system app for users to send donations.
- Implemented the donation UI in React using `AppModalShell`.
- Added support for USD to XCH conversion based on real-time price via `wallet.getXchUsdPrice`.
- Created `donations.getDetails` system bridge method to retrieve donation details for apps.
- Updated
---
 .../src/system/apps/donation/index.html       |  12 +
 .../src/system/apps/donation/package.json     |   8 +
 .../system/apps/donation/postcss.config.js    |  13 +
 .../system/apps/donation/sage-manifest.json   |  28 ++
 .../src/system/apps/donation/src/App.tsx      | 416 ++++++++++++++++++
 .../src/system/apps/donation/src/main.tsx     |  12 +
 .../src/system/apps/donation/src/styles.css   |  19 +
 .../system/apps/donation/tailwind.config.js   |  14 +
 .../src/system/apps/donation/tsconfig.json    |   4 +
 .../src/system/apps/donation/vite.config.ts   |   3 +
 .../methods/system/donation/get_details.rs    |  87 ++++
 .../src/bridge/methods/system/donation/mod.rs |   3 +
 .../src/bridge/methods/system/mod.rs          |   2 +
 .../methods/user/wallet/read_methods.rs       |  13 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs       |   4 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs     |  15 +-
 .../sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs |  34 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs     |   3 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs      |  18 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/system_apps.rs   |  29 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs           |  12 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/common.rs |  36 +-
 crates/sage-assets/src/error.rs               |   3 +
 crates/sage-assets/src/price.rs               |  39 +-
 docs/generated/system-bridge-capabilities.md  |  14 +
 docs/generated/system-bridge-methods.md       |   6 +
 docs/generated/user-bridge-capabilities.md    |  14 +
 docs/generated/user-bridge-methods.md         |   6 +
 .../sage-app-sdk/src/runtime/create-client.ts |   5 +
 packages/sage-app-sdk/src/types.ts            |   1 +
 packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts   |   8 +
 packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/types.ts     |   7 +
 src/bindings.ts                               |   7 +-
 src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx                   |  36 +-
 34 files changed, 822 insertions(+), 109 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 builtin-apps/src/system/apps/donation/index.html
 create mode 100644 builtin-apps/src/system/apps/donation/package.json
 create mode 100644 builtin-apps/src/system/apps/donation/postcss.config.js
 create mode 100644 builtin-apps/src/system/apps/donation/sage-manifest.json
 create mode 100644 builtin-apps/src/system/apps/donation/src/App.tsx
 create mode 100644 builtin-apps/src/system/apps/donation/src/main.tsx
 create mode 100644 builtin-apps/src/system/apps/donation/src/styles.css
 create mode 100644 builtin-apps/src/system/apps/donation/tailwind.config.js
 create mode 100644 builtin-apps/src/system/apps/donation/tsconfig.json
 create mode 100644 builtin-apps/src/system/apps/donation/vite.config.ts
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/donation/get_details.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/donation/mod.rs

diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/donation/index.html b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/donation/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..02397c5e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/donation/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<html lang="en">
+<head>
+  <meta charset="UTF-8" />
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
+  <title>Bridge Approval</title>
+</head>
+<body>
+<div id="root"></div>
+<script type="module" src="./src/main.tsx"></script>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/donation/package.json b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/donation/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..43ed1fc5b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/donation/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+{
+  "name": "bridge-approval-system-app",
+  "private": true,
+  "type": "module",
+  "dependencies": {
+    "@sage-system-app/sdk": "workspace:*"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/donation/postcss.config.js b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/donation/postcss.config.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c97c6b959
--- /dev/null
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/donation/postcss.config.js
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+import { dirname, join } from 'node:path';
+import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url';
+
+const dir = dirname(fileURLToPath(import.meta.url));
+
+export default {
+  plugins: {
+    tailwindcss: {
+      config: join(dir, 'tailwind.config.js'),
+    },
+    autoprefixer: {},
+  },
+};
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/donation/sage-manifest.json b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/donation/sage-manifest.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..602f49082
--- /dev/null
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/donation/sage-manifest.json
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+{
+  "manifestVersion": 0,
+  "sageVersion": {
+    "min": "0.0.0"
+  },
+  "name": "Donation",
+  "version": "0.1.0",
+  "permissions": {
+    "network": {
+      "whitelist": {
+        "required": [],
+        "optional": []
+      }
+    },
+    "capabilities": {
+      "required": [
+        "environment.theme.get_current",
+        "environment.theme.listen_changed",
+        "environment.theme.css_vars",
+        "wallet.get_xch_usd_price",
+        "wallet.send_xch"
+      ],
+      "optional": []
+    }
+  },
+  "files": [],
+  "entry": "index.html"
+}
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/donation/src/App.tsx b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/donation/src/App.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b496b0268
--- /dev/null
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/donation/src/App.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,416 @@
+import { AppModalShell, type AppIcon } from '@sage-app/ui';
+import {
+  formatSageError,
+  useSageSystemClient,
+  type DonationDetails,
+  type SageAppIconView,
+} from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
+import { useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react';
+
+type DonationMode = 'usd' | 'xch';
+
+const DEFAULT_USD = '10';
+const DEFAULT_XCH = '0.05';
+
+function getTargetAppId() {
+  return new URL(window.location.href).searchParams.get('appId');
+}
+
+function xchToMojos(xch: number): string {
+  return String(Math.floor(xch * 1_000_000_000_000));
+}
+
+function parsePositiveNumber(value: string): number | null {
+  const trimmed = value.trim();
+  if (!trimmed) return null;
+
+  const parsed = Number(trimmed);
+  return Number.isFinite(parsed) && parsed > 0 ? parsed : null;
+}
+
+function appIconFromInline(
+  icon: SageAppIconView | null | undefined,
+): AppIcon | null {
+  if (!icon) return null;
+
+  return {
+    kind: 'bytes',
+    icon: {
+      bytes: icon.bytes,
+      mime: icon.mime,
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+function inlineImageSrc(
+  icon: SageAppIconView | null | undefined,
+): string | null {
+  if (!icon) return null;
+
+  const bytes = new Uint8Array(icon.bytes);
+  let binary = '';
+
+  for (const byte of bytes) {
+    binary += String.fromCharCode(byte);
+  }
+
+  return `data:${icon.mime};base64,${btoa(binary)}`;
+}
+
+export function App() {
+  const sage = useSageSystemClient();
+
+  const [details, setDetails] = useState<DonationDetails | null>(null);
+  const [mode, setMode] = useState<DonationMode>('usd');
+  const [usdInput, setUsdInput] = useState(DEFAULT_USD);
+  const [xchInput, setXchInput] = useState(DEFAULT_XCH);
+  const [feeInput, setFeeInput] = useState('0');
+  const [priceUsd, setPriceUsd] = useState<number | null>(null);
+  const [priceLoading, setPriceLoading] = useState(true);
+  const [sending, setSending] = useState(false);
+  const [loaded, setLoaded] = useState(false);
+  const [error, setError] = useState<string | null>(null);
+
+  const targetAppId = getTargetAppId();
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    let disposed = false;
+
+    async function load() {
+      try {
+        if (!targetAppId) {
+          throw new Error('Missing donation target app id.');
+        }
+
+        const next = await sage.donations.getDetails({ appId: targetAppId });
+
+        if (!disposed) {
+          setDetails(next);
+        }
+      } catch (err) {
+        if (!disposed) {
+          setError(formatSageError(err));
+        }
+      } finally {
+        if (!disposed) {
+          setLoaded(true);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    void load();
+
+    return () => {
+      disposed = true;
+    };
+  }, [sage, targetAppId]);
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    let disposed = false;
+
+    async function loadPrice() {
+      try {
+        setPriceLoading(true);
+        const price = await sage.wallet.getXchUsdPrice();
+
+        if (!disposed) {
+          setPriceUsd(price.usd);
+        }
+      } catch {
+        if (!disposed) {
+          setPriceUsd(null);
+          setMode('xch');
+        }
+      } finally {
+        if (!disposed) {
+          setPriceLoading(false);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    void loadPrice();
+
+    return () => {
+      disposed = true;
+    };
+  }, [sage]);
+
+  const derived = useMemo(() => {
+    if (mode === 'usd') {
+      const usd = parsePositiveNumber(usdInput);
+
+      if (!usd || !priceUsd) {
+        return {
+          usd,
+          xch: null as number | null,
+          mojos: null as string | null,
+        };
+      }
+
+      const xch = usd / priceUsd;
+
+      return {
+        usd,
+        xch,
+        mojos: xchToMojos(xch),
+      };
+    }
+
+    const xch = parsePositiveNumber(xchInput);
+
+    if (!xch) {
+      return { usd: null as number | null, xch, mojos: null as string | null };
+    }
+
+    return {
+      usd: priceUsd ? xch * priceUsd : null,
+      xch,
+      mojos: xchToMojos(xch),
+    };
+  }, [mode, usdInput, xchInput, priceUsd]);
+
+  const feeMojos = useMemo(() => {
+    const feeXch = parsePositiveNumber(feeInput);
+
+    if (feeInput.trim() === '' || feeInput.trim() === '0') {
+      return '0';
+    }
+
+    return feeXch ? xchToMojos(feeXch) : null;
+  }, [feeInput]);
+
+  const canSend =
+    !!details?.donationAddress &&
+    !!derived.mojos &&
+    feeMojos !== null &&
+    !sending;
+
+  async function sendDonation() {
+    if (
+      !canSend ||
+      !details?.donationAddress ||
+      !derived.mojos ||
+      feeMojos === null
+    ) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    setSending(true);
+    setError(null);
+
+    try {
+      await sage.wallet.sendXch({
+        address: details.donationAddress,
+        amount: derived.mojos,
+        fee: feeMojos,
+        memos: [],
+      });
+
+      await sage.runtimeManager.closeSelf();
+    } catch (err) {
+      setError(formatSageError(err));
+    } finally {
+      setSending(false);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (!loaded) {
+    return (
+      <AppModalShell
+        title='Support developer'
+        appName='Donation'
+        appIcon={null}
+      >
+        <div className='text-sm text-muted-foreground'>Loading donation…</div>
+      </AppModalShell>
+    );
+  }
+
+  if (!details) {
+    return (
+      <AppModalShell
+        title='Donation unavailable'
+        appName='Donation'
+        appIcon={null}
+        footer={
+          <div className='flex justify-end'>
+            <button
+              type='button'
+              onClick={() => void sage.runtimeManager.closeSelf()}
+              className='rounded-md border border-border px-3 py-1.5 text-sm hover:bg-muted'
+            >
+              Close
+            </button>
+          </div>
+        }
+      >
+        <div className='text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
+          {error ?? 'This app does not have a donation address.'}
+        </div>
+      </AppModalShell>
+    );
+  }
+
+  const authorAvatarSrc = inlineImageSrc(details.authorAvatar);
+
+  return (
+    <AppModalShell
+      title='Support developer'
+      appName={details.appName}
+      appIcon={appIconFromInline(details.appIcon)}
+      footer={
+        <div className='flex justify-end gap-2'>
+          <button
+            type='button'
+            disabled={sending}
+            onClick={() => void sage.runtimeManager.closeSelf()}
+            className='rounded-md border border-border px-3 py-1.5 text-sm hover:bg-muted disabled:opacity-50'
+          >
+            Cancel
+          </button>
+
+          <button
+            type='button'
+            disabled={!canSend}
+            onClick={() => void sendDonation()}
+            className='rounded-md bg-primary px-3 py-1.5 text-sm font-medium text-primary-foreground hover:opacity-90 disabled:opacity-50'
+          >
+            {sending ? 'Sending…' : 'Send donation'}
+          </button>
+        </div>
+      }
+    >
+      <div className='space-y-4'>
+        <div className='flex items-center gap-3 rounded-xl border bg-background/70 p-3'>
+          {authorAvatarSrc ? (
+            <img
+              src={authorAvatarSrc}
+              alt=''
+              className='h-10 w-10 rounded-full border object-cover'
+            />
+          ) : (
+            <div className='flex h-10 w-10 items-center justify-center rounded-full border bg-muted text-sm font-semibold'>
+              {(details.authorName ?? details.appName)
+                .slice(0, 1)
+                .toUpperCase()}
+            </div>
+          )}
+
+          <div className='min-w-0'>
+            <div className='truncate text-sm font-semibold'>
+              Support {details.authorName ?? details.appName}
+            </div>
+            <div className='truncate text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
+              Developer of {details.appName}
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div>
+          <div className='mb-2 flex items-center justify-between gap-3'>
+            <div className='text-sm font-medium'>Amount</div>
+            <div className='text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
+              {priceLoading
+                ? 'Loading XCH price…'
+                : priceUsd !== null
+                  ? `1 XCH ≈ $${priceUsd.toFixed(2)}`
+                  : 'XCH price unavailable'}
+            </div>
+          </div>
+
+          <div className='flex items-center gap-2'>
+            <div className='flex items-center gap-1 rounded-lg border bg-background p-1'>
+              <button
+                type='button'
+                disabled={priceUsd === null}
+                onClick={() => setMode('usd')}
+                className={[
+                  'rounded-md px-3 py-1.5 text-sm font-medium',
+                  mode === 'usd'
+                    ? 'bg-primary text-primary-foreground'
+                    : 'text-muted-foreground hover:bg-muted hover:text-foreground',
+                  priceUsd === null ? 'cursor-not-allowed opacity-50' : '',
+                ].join(' ')}
+              >
+                $
+              </button>
+
+              <button
+                type='button'
+                onClick={() => setMode('xch')}
+                className={[
+                  'rounded-md px-3 py-1.5 text-sm font-medium',
+                  mode === 'xch'
+                    ? 'bg-primary text-primary-foreground'
+                    : 'text-muted-foreground hover:bg-muted hover:text-foreground',
+                ].join(' ')}
+              >
+                XCH
+              </button>
+            </div>
+
+            <div className='flex min-w-0 flex-1 items-center gap-2 rounded-lg border border-border px-3 py-2'>
+              <input
+                value={mode === 'usd' ? usdInput : xchInput}
+                onChange={(event) => {
+                  if (mode === 'usd') {
+                    setUsdInput(event.target.value);
+                  } else {
+                    setXchInput(event.target.value);
+                  }
+                }}
+                placeholder={mode === 'usd' ? '10.00' : '0.025'}
+                inputMode='decimal'
+                className='min-w-0 flex-1 bg-transparent text-sm outline-none'
+              />
+              <span className='text-xs font-medium text-muted-foreground'>
+                {mode === 'usd' ? 'USD' : 'XCH'}
+              </span>
+            </div>
+          </div>
+
+          <div className='mt-1 text-right text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
+            {mode === 'usd'
+              ? derived.xch !== null
+                ? `≈ ${derived.xch.toFixed(6)} XCH`
+                : '—'
+              : derived.usd !== null
+                ? `≈ $${derived.usd.toFixed(2)}`
+                : '—'}
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <label className='block'>
+          <div className='mb-1 text-sm font-medium'>Fee</div>
+          <div className='flex items-center gap-2 rounded-lg border border-border px-3 py-2'>
+            <input
+              value={feeInput}
+              onChange={(event) => setFeeInput(event.target.value)}
+              placeholder='0'
+              inputMode='decimal'
+              className='min-w-0 flex-1 bg-transparent text-sm outline-none'
+            />
+            <span className='text-xs font-medium text-muted-foreground'>
+              XCH
+            </span>
+          </div>
+        </label>
+
+        <div className='rounded-lg border border-border bg-background/70 p-3'>
+          <div className='text-xs font-medium uppercase tracking-wide text-muted-foreground'>
+            Recipient
+          </div>
+          <div className='mt-1 break-all font-mono text-xs'>
+            {details.donationAddress}
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        {error ? (
+          <div className='rounded-lg border border-destructive/40 bg-destructive/10 p-2 text-sm text-destructive'>
+            {error}
+          </div>
+        ) : null}
+      </div>
+    </AppModalShell>
+  );
+}
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/donation/src/main.tsx b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/donation/src/main.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cb0593d81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/donation/src/main.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+import React, { Suspense } from 'react';
+import ReactDOM from 'react-dom/client';
+import { App } from './App';
+import './styles.css';
+
+ReactDOM.createRoot(document.getElementById('root')!).render(
+  <React.StrictMode>
+    <Suspense fallback={<div className='p-4 text-sm'>Loading approval...</div>}>
+      <App />
+    </Suspense>
+  </React.StrictMode>,
+);
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/donation/src/styles.css b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/donation/src/styles.css
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ad480ae12
--- /dev/null
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/donation/src/styles.css
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+@import "@sage-app/sdk/theme.css";
+@config "../tailwind.config.js";
+
+@tailwind base;
+@tailwind components;
+@tailwind utilities;
+
+html,
+body,
+#root {
+    width: 100%;
+    height: 100%;
+    margin: 0;
+}
+
+body {
+    overflow: hidden;
+    background: transparent;
+}
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/donation/tailwind.config.js b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/donation/tailwind.config.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..13edcb743
--- /dev/null
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/donation/tailwind.config.js
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+import { dirname, join, resolve } from 'node:path';
+import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url';
+import { createSageTailwindConfig } from '../../tailwind.shared.js';
+
+const dir = dirname(fileURLToPath(import.meta.url));
+const repoRoot = resolve(dir, '../../../../..');
+
+export default createSageTailwindConfig({
+  content: [
+    join(dir, 'index.html'),
+    join(dir, 'src/**/*.{ts,tsx}'),
+    join(repoRoot, 'packages/sage-app-ui/src/**/*.{ts,tsx}'),
+  ],
+});
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/donation/tsconfig.json b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/donation/tsconfig.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3d61827d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/donation/tsconfig.json
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+{
+  "extends": "../../tsconfig.base.json",
+  "include": ["src", "vite.config.ts"]
+}
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/donation/vite.config.ts b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/donation/vite.config.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c2498e6d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/donation/vite.config.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+import { defineSageSystemAppConfig } from '../../vite.system-app.config';
+
+export default defineSageSystemAppConfig(import.meta.url);
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/donation/get_details.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/donation/get_details.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3b0651b5f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/donation/get_details.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use specta::Type;
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{parse_required_params, BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError};
+use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
+use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
+use crate::runtime::resolve_app;
+use crate::types::SageAppIconView;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct DonationGetDetailsParams {
+    pub app_id: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct DonationDetails {
+    pub app_id: String,
+    pub app_name: String,
+    pub app_icon: Option<SageAppIconView>,
+    pub author_name: Option<String>,
+    pub author_avatar: Option<SageAppIconView>,
+    pub donation_address: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub(crate) struct DonationGetDetails;
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl BridgeMethod for DonationGetDetails {
+    fn name(&self) -> &'static str {
+        "donations.getDetails"
+    }
+
+    fn capability(&self) -> BridgeMethodCapability {
+        BridgeMethodCapability::system(SystemBridgeCapability::DonationGetDetails)
+    }
+
+    fn approval_request(
+        &self,
+        _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> BridgeApprovalRequestResult {
+        Ok(None)
+    }
+
+    async fn handle(
+        &self,
+        _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
+        request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> BridgeHandleResult {
+        let params: DonationGetDetailsParams = parse_required_params(self, request)?;
+
+        let resolved = resolve_app(tools.app_handle, &params.app_id)
+            .await
+            .map_err(|err| BridgeMethodHandleError::invalid_request(err.to_string()))?;
+
+        let details = resolved
+            .with_app(|app| {
+                app.with(|app| {
+                    let common = app.common();
+                    let manifest = common.active_snapshot().manifest();
+
+                    let donation = manifest
+                        .donation()
+                        .ok_or_else(|| "App does not have a donation address".to_string())?;
+
+                    let author = manifest.author();
+
+                    Ok::<DonationDetails, String>(DonationDetails {
+                        app_id: app.id().to_string(),
+                        app_name: manifest.name().to_string(),
+                        app_icon: SageAppIconView::from_common(common),
+                        author_name: author.map(|author| author.name().to_string()),
+                        author_avatar: SageAppIconView::author_avatar_from_common(common),
+                        donation_address: donation.address().to_string(),
+                    })
+                })
+            })
+            .map_err(BridgeMethodHandleError::invalid_request)?;
+
+        Ok(Box::new(details))
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/donation/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/donation/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..16e105fa0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/donation/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+mod get_details;
+
+pub(crate) use get_details::{DonationGetDetails, DonationGetDetailsParams, DonationDetails};
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/mod.rs
index 02baaff82..777aa7ad2 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/mod.rs
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ mod runtime_manager;
 mod app_install;
 mod file_system;
 mod bridge_approvals;
+mod donation;
 
 pub(crate) use app_permissions::*;
 pub(crate) use app_update::*;
@@ -13,3 +14,4 @@ pub(crate) use runtime_manager::*;
 pub(crate) use app_install::*;
 pub(crate) use file_system::*;
 pub(crate) use bridge_approvals::*;
+pub(crate) use donation::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/read_methods.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/read_methods.rs
index 0ee87d9ca..6a138faac 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/read_methods.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/read_methods.rs
@@ -8,10 +8,7 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
 };
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 
-use sage_api::{
-    CheckAddress, GetCoins, GetCoinsByIds, GetDerivations, GetKey, GetKeys, GetPendingTransactions,
-    GetSpendableCoinCount, GetSyncStatus, GetTransaction, GetTransactions, GetVersion,
-};
+use sage_api::{CheckAddress, GetCoins, GetCoinsByIds, GetDerivations, GetKey, GetKeys, GetPendingTransactions, GetSpendableCoinCount, GetSyncStatus, GetTransaction, GetTransactions, GetVersion, GetXchUsdPrice};
 
 macro_rules! define_wallet_read_no_params_async_method {
     ($struct_name:ident, $capability:ident, $method_name:expr, $request_ident:ident, $handler:ident) => {
@@ -233,6 +230,14 @@ define_wallet_read_no_params_async_method!(
     get_pending_transactions
 );
 
+define_wallet_read_no_params_async_method!(
+    WalletGetXchUsdPrice,
+    WalletGetXchUsdPrice,
+    "wallet.getXchUsdPrice",
+    GetXchUsdPrice,
+    get_xch_usd_price
+);
+
 define_wallet_read_params_async_method!(
     WalletCheckAddress,
     WalletCheckAddress,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs
index 6c183c1e4..07dc1a9cf 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ use super::methods::system::*;
 use super::methods::user::*;
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::environment::EnvironmentThemeGetCurrent;
+use crate::bridge::methods::user::wallet::read_methods::WalletGetXchUsdPrice;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub(crate) enum BridgeRegistryKind {
@@ -64,6 +65,7 @@ fn build_user_methods() -> HashMap<&'static str, Box<dyn BridgeMethod>> {
     insert_method(&mut methods, WalletGetSyncStatus);
     insert_method(&mut methods, WalletGetVersion);
     insert_method(&mut methods, WalletGetPendingTransactions);
+    insert_method(&mut methods, WalletGetXchUsdPrice);
     insert_method(&mut methods, WalletCheckAddress);
     insert_method(&mut methods, WalletGetDerivations);
     insert_method(&mut methods, WalletGetSpendableCoinCount);
@@ -106,6 +108,8 @@ fn build_system_methods() -> HashMap<&'static str, Box<dyn BridgeMethod>> {
     insert_method(&mut methods, BridgeApprovalsListPending);
     insert_method(&mut methods, BridgeApprovalsResolve);
 
+    insert_method(&mut methods, DonationGetDetails);
+
     methods
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
index 1d309128c..118b9f923 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::bridge::methods::system::{AppInstallInstallResult, AppInstallInstallUrlParams, AppInstallInstallZipParams, AppInstallPreviewUrlParams, AppInstallPreviewZipParams, AppPermissionsApplyPermissionsParams, AppPermissionsApplyPermissionsResult, AppPermissionsGetReviewContextParams, AppPermissionsReviewContext, AppUpdateApplyUpdateParams, AppUpdateApplyUpdateResult, AppUpdateGetReviewContextParams, AppUpdateReviewContext, BridgeApprovalsChangedEvent, FileSystemSelectFileParams, FileSystemSelectFileResult, PendingBridgeApprovalView, RuntimeManagerActiveTaskbarRuntimeChangedEvent, RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent};
+use crate::bridge::methods::system::{AppInstallInstallResult, AppInstallInstallUrlParams, AppInstallInstallZipParams, AppInstallPreviewUrlParams, AppInstallPreviewZipParams, AppPermissionsApplyPermissionsParams, AppPermissionsApplyPermissionsResult, AppPermissionsGetReviewContextParams, AppPermissionsReviewContext, AppUpdateApplyUpdateParams, AppUpdateApplyUpdateResult, AppUpdateGetReviewContextParams, AppUpdateReviewContext, BridgeApprovalsChangedEvent, DonationDetails, DonationGetDetailsParams, FileSystemSelectFileParams, FileSystemSelectFileResult, PendingBridgeApprovalView, RuntimeManagerActiveTaskbarRuntimeChangedEvent, RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent};
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::get_info::{AppGetInfoResult, SageNetworkPermissionInfo};
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::request_capability_grant::{
     RequestCapabilityGrantParams, RequestCapabilityGrantResult,
@@ -14,14 +14,7 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::user::bridge::send::BridgeSendResult;
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::wallet::send_xch::WalletSendXchParams;
 use crate::runtime::stop::SystemKillRuntimeResult;
 use crate::runtime::{ReadyToStopParams, RuntimeAckResult, RuntimeTargetParams, SetBeforeStopListenerParams};
-use sage_api::{
-    CheckAddress, CheckAddressResponse, GetCoins, GetCoinsByIds, GetCoinsByIdsResponse,
-    GetCoinsResponse, GetDerivations, GetDerivationsResponse, GetKey, GetKeyResponse, GetKeys,
-    GetKeysResponse, GetPendingTransactions, GetPendingTransactionsResponse, GetSecretKey,
-    GetSecretKeyResponse, GetSpendableCoinCount, GetSpendableCoinCountResponse, GetSyncStatus,
-    GetSyncStatusResponse, GetTransaction, GetTransactionResponse, GetTransactions,
-    GetTransactionsResponse, GetVersion, GetVersionResponse, TransactionResponse,
-};
+use sage_api::{CheckAddress, CheckAddressResponse, GetCoins, GetCoinsByIds, GetCoinsByIdsResponse, GetCoinsResponse, GetDerivations, GetDerivationsResponse, GetKey, GetKeyResponse, GetKeys, GetKeysResponse, GetPendingTransactions, GetPendingTransactionsResponse, GetSecretKey, GetSecretKeyResponse, GetSpendableCoinCount, GetSpendableCoinCountResponse, GetSyncStatus, GetSyncStatusResponse, GetTransaction, GetTransactionResponse, GetTransactions, GetTransactionsResponse, GetVersion, GetVersionResponse, GetXchUsdPriceResponse, TransactionResponse};
 use specta::TypeCollection;
 use specta_typescript::{BigIntExportBehavior, Typescript};
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::events::BeforeStopEvent;
@@ -54,6 +47,7 @@ pub fn export_user_bridge_typescript() -> Result<String, String> {
     types.register::<GetKeysResponse>();
     types.register::<GetKey>();
     types.register::<GetKeyResponse>();
+    types.register::<GetXchUsdPriceResponse>();
     types.register::<GetSecretKey>();
     types.register::<GetSecretKeyResponse>();
     types.register::<GetSyncStatus>();
@@ -117,6 +111,9 @@ pub fn export_system_bridge_typescript() -> Result<String, String> {
     types.register::<PendingBridgeApprovalView>();
     types.register::<BridgeApprovalsChangedEvent>();
 
+    types.register::<DonationGetDetailsParams>();
+    types.register::<DonationDetails>();
+
     Typescript::default()
         .bigint(BigIntExportBehavior::Number)
         .export(&types)
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs
index 79af7f682..ffd4d95fa 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs
@@ -15,154 +15,138 @@ pub(crate) fn get_user_capability_definition(
             "Allows the app to store data on this device between sessions.",
             CapabilityFlags::new(false, false, true, true, true),
         ),
-
         UserBridgeCapability::BridgeSend => CapabilityDefinition::new(
             capability,
             "Bridge messaging",
             "Allows the app to send messages through the Sage bridge. (Only for sandbox tests)",
             CapabilityFlags::new(false, false, true, false, true),
         ),
-
         UserBridgeCapability::AppGetCapabilities => CapabilityDefinition::new(
             capability,
             "Read granted capabilities",
             "Allows the app to read the capabilities currently visible to it.",
             CapabilityFlags::new(false, false, true, false, true),
         ),
-
         UserBridgeCapability::AppGetInfo => CapabilityDefinition::new(
             capability,
             "Read app information",
             "Allows the app to read its Sage app identity and permission information.",
             CapabilityFlags::new(false, false, true, false, true),
         ),
-
         UserBridgeCapability::AppLifecycleReadyToStop => CapabilityDefinition::new(
             capability,
             "Acknowledge app shutdown",
             "Allows the app to acknowledge that it is ready to stop after a lifecycle request.",
             CapabilityFlags::new(false, false, true, false, true),
         ),
-
         UserBridgeCapability::AppLifecycleSetBeforeStopListener => CapabilityDefinition::new(
             capability,
             "Listen before app shutdown",
             "Allows the app to register a before-stop lifecycle listener.",
             CapabilityFlags::new(false, false, true, false, true),
         ),
-
         UserBridgeCapability::AppRequestCapabilityGrant => CapabilityDefinition::new(
             capability,
             "Request additional capability",
             "Allows the app to request a capability grant after installation.",
             CapabilityFlags::new(false, false, true, false, true),
         ),
-
         UserBridgeCapability::AppRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant => CapabilityDefinition::new(
             capability,
             "Request network access",
             "Allows the app to request access to an additional network target after installation.",
             CapabilityFlags::new(false, false, true, false, true),
         ),
-
         UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetKeys => CapabilityDefinition::new(
             capability,
             "List wallet keys",
             "Allows the app to list wallet keys configured in Sage.",
             CapabilityFlags::new(false, false, true, true, true),
         ),
-
         UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetKey => CapabilityDefinition::new(
             capability,
             "Read wallet key",
             "Allows the app to read public information about a wallet key.",
             CapabilityFlags::new(false, false, true, true, true),
         ),
-
         UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetSecretKey => CapabilityDefinition::new(
             capability,
             "Read wallet secret key",
             "Allows the app to read wallet secrets, including the mnemonic or private key when available.",
             CapabilityFlags::new(false, true, true, true, true),
         ),
-
         UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch => CapabilityDefinition::new(
             capability,
             "Send XCH",
             "Allows the app to request XCH transactions from your wallet.",
             CapabilityFlags::new(true, false, true, true, true),
         ),
-
         UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXchAutoSubmit => CapabilityDefinition::new(
             capability,
             "Automatic XCH send",
             "Allows the app to submit XCH transactions without asking for per-transaction approval.",
             CapabilityFlags::new(false, false, false, false, false),
         ),
-
         UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetSyncStatus => CapabilityDefinition::new(
             capability,
             "Read sync status",
             "Allows the app to read wallet sync status and current wallet balance summary.",
             CapabilityFlags::new(false, false, true, true, true),
         ),
-
         UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetVersion => CapabilityDefinition::new(
             capability,
             "Read wallet version",
             "Allows the app to read the current Sage wallet version.",
             CapabilityFlags::new(false, false, true, true, true),
         ),
-
+        UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetXchUsdPrice => CapabilityDefinition::new(
+            capability,
+            "Read XCH/USD price",
+            "Allows the app to read the current estimated XCH price in USD.",
+            CapabilityFlags::new(false, false, true, false, true),
+        ),
         UserBridgeCapability::WalletCheckAddress => CapabilityDefinition::new(
             capability,
             "Check address",
             "Allows the app to validate whether an address belongs to this wallet.",
             CapabilityFlags::new(false, false, true, true, true),
         ),
-
         UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetDerivations => CapabilityDefinition::new(
             capability,
             "Read derivations",
             "Allows the app to read wallet derivation records and addresses.",
             CapabilityFlags::new(false, false, true, true, true),
         ),
-
         UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetSpendableCoinCount => CapabilityDefinition::new(
             capability,
             "Read spendable coin count",
             "Allows the app to read the number of spendable coins in the wallet.",
             CapabilityFlags::new(false, false, true, true, true),
         ),
-
         UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetCoinsByIds => CapabilityDefinition::new(
             capability,
             "Read coins by IDs",
             "Allows the app to read specific wallet coin records by coin ID.",
             CapabilityFlags::new(false, false, true, true, true),
         ),
-
         UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetCoins => CapabilityDefinition::new(
             capability,
             "Read coins",
             "Allows the app to list wallet coins.",
             CapabilityFlags::new(false, false, true, true, true),
         ),
-
         UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetPendingTransactions => CapabilityDefinition::new(
             capability,
             "Read pending transactions",
             "Allows the app to read pending wallet transactions.",
             CapabilityFlags::new(false, false, true, true, true),
         ),
-
         UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetTransaction => CapabilityDefinition::new(
             capability,
             "Read transaction",
             "Allows the app to read a wallet transaction by height.",
             CapabilityFlags::new(false, false, true, true, true),
         ),
-
         UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetTransactions => CapabilityDefinition::new(
             capability,
             "Read transactions",
@@ -314,6 +298,12 @@ pub(crate) fn get_system_capability_definition(
             "Allows the system app to listen for changes in pending bridge approvals.",
             system_app_flags(),
         ),
+        SystemBridgeCapability::DonationGetDetails => CapabilityDefinition::new(
+            capability,
+            "Get details for donation",
+            "Allows the system app to retrieve details to send donation.",
+            system_app_flags(),
+        ),
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs
index 8897ed7f9..22e142635 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs
@@ -79,6 +79,7 @@ define_bridge_capabilities! {
         WalletSendXchAutoSubmit => "wallet.send_xch_auto_submit",
         WalletGetSyncStatus => "wallet.get_sync_status",
         WalletGetVersion => "wallet.get_version",
+        WalletGetXchUsdPrice => "wallet.get_xch_usd_price",
         WalletCheckAddress => "wallet.check_address",
         WalletGetDerivations => "wallet.get_derivations",
         WalletGetSpendableCoinCount => "wallet.get_spendable_coin_count",
@@ -124,6 +125,8 @@ define_bridge_capabilities! {
         BridgeApprovalList => "bridge_approval.list",
         BridgeApprovalResolve => "bridge_approval.resolve",
         BridgeApprovalListenApprovalsChanged => "bridge_approval.listen_changed",
+
+        DonationGetDetails => "donation.get_details",
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs
index 204196d8e..93acb66e2 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 use crate::runtime::start::{create_runtime, CreateRuntimeArgs};
 use crate::runtime::state::list_runtimes;
 use crate::runtime::stop::SystemKillRuntimeResult;
-use crate::runtime::{clear_active_taskbar_runtime, focus_taskbar_runtime, kill_taskbar_runtime, start_app_install_runtime, start_app_update_runtime, RuntimeTargetParams, SageAppRuntimeMode, SageAppRuntimeRecordView, SageAppRuntimeVisibility};
+use crate::runtime::{clear_active_taskbar_runtime, focus_taskbar_runtime, kill_taskbar_runtime, start_app_install_runtime, start_app_update_runtime, start_donation_runtime, RuntimeTargetParams, SageAppRuntimeMode, SageAppRuntimeRecordView, SageAppRuntimeVisibility};
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::runtime::events::emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed;
 use crate::runtime::webview_locator::get_webview_in_sage_window;
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ use crate::types::AppPresentation;
 pub enum StartSystemAppArgs {
     AppInstall(StartAppInstallArgs),
     AppUpdate(StartAppUpdateArgs),
+    Donation(StartDonationArgs),
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Type)]
@@ -48,6 +49,12 @@ pub enum StartAppUpdateMode {
     ReviewPermissions,
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct StartDonationArgs {
+    pub app_id: String,
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct CreateInstalledRuntimeArgs {
@@ -120,10 +127,17 @@ pub async fn apps_start_system_app(
 
             query.insert("appId".to_string(), args.app_id.clone());
             query.insert("mode".to_string(), args.mode.query_value().to_string());
-            query.insert("visibleOverLaunchpad".to_string(), "true".to_string());
 
             start_app_update_runtime(&app, &apps_state, args.app_id, query).await?
         }
+
+        StartSystemAppArgs::Donation(args) => {
+            let mut query = BTreeMap::new();
+
+            query.insert("appId".to_string(), args.app_id.clone());
+
+            start_donation_runtime(&app, &apps_state, args.app_id, query).await?
+        }
     };
 
     Ok(runtime.into())
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/system_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/system_apps.rs
index 3378be021..14385e5e4 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/system_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/system_apps.rs
@@ -4,11 +4,7 @@ use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
 use crate::runtime::start::{create_runtime, CreateRuntimeArgs};
 use crate::runtime::{RuntimeChangeSet, SageAppRuntimeMode, SageAppRuntimeRecord, SageAppRuntimeVisibility, SharedRuntime};
-use crate::system_apps::{
-    SYSTEM_APP_APP_INSTALL_ID,
-    SYSTEM_APP_APP_UPDATE_ID,
-    SYSTEM_APP_BRIDGE_APPROVAL_ID,
-};
+use crate::system_apps::{SYSTEM_APP_APP_INSTALL_ID, SYSTEM_APP_APP_UPDATE_ID, SYSTEM_APP_BRIDGE_APPROVAL_ID, SYSTEM_APP_DONATION_ID};
 use crate::types::{AppModalPresentation, AppPresentation};
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::bridge::state::pending_approval_app_ids;
@@ -102,6 +98,29 @@ pub(crate) async fn start_bridge_approval_runtime(
         .await
 }
 
+pub(crate) async fn start_donation_runtime(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    target_app_id: String,
+    query: BTreeMap<String, String>,
+) -> Result<SharedRuntime, String> {
+    start_system_app_runtime(
+        app,
+        apps_state,
+        CreateRuntimeArgs {
+            app_id: SYSTEM_APP_DONATION_ID.to_string(),
+            presentation: AppPresentation::Modal(
+                AppModalPresentation::over_apps(vec![target_app_id], 45),
+            ),
+            mode: SageAppRuntimeMode::Inline,
+            visibility: SageAppRuntimeVisibility::Visible,
+            debug_layout: false,
+            query,
+        },
+    )
+        .await
+}
+
 pub(crate) async fn sync_bridge_approval_runtime(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
index c40e0bde9..7c986a4d7 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ pub const SYSTEM_APP_TASK_MANAGER_ID: &str = "task-manager";
 pub const SYSTEM_APP_APP_UPDATE_ID: &str = "app-update";
 pub const SYSTEM_APP_APP_INSTALL_ID: &str = "app-install";
 pub const SYSTEM_APP_BRIDGE_APPROVAL_ID: &str = "bridge-approval";
+pub const SYSTEM_APP_DONATION_ID: &str = "donation";
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct BuiltinSystemAppSpec {
@@ -78,7 +79,16 @@ const BUILTIN_SYSTEM_APPS: &[BuiltinSystemAppSpec] = &[
             SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerHideSelf,
             SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerCloseSelf,
         ],
-    }
+    },
+    BuiltinSystemAppSpec {
+        app_id: SYSTEM_APP_DONATION_ID,
+        dir_name: "donation",
+        usage: SystemAppUsage::Contextual,
+        system_capabilities: &[
+            SystemBridgeCapability::DonationGetDetails,
+            SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerCloseSelf,
+        ],
+    },
 ];
 
 #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/common.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/common.rs
index 5b3aee6d1..2056a56da 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/common.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/common.rs
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ impl From<&SageAppCommon> for SageAppCommonView {
             identity: common.identity().into(),
             active_snapshot: common.active_snapshot().into(),
             granted_permissions: common.granted_permissions().into(),
-            icon: read_common_icon(common),
+            icon: SageAppIconView::from_common(common),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -49,6 +49,30 @@ impl From<&SageAppIdentity> for SageAppIdentityView {
 }
 
 impl SageAppIconView {
+    pub(crate) fn from_common(common: &SageAppCommon) -> Option<Self> {
+        let icon_path = common.active_snapshot().manifest().icon()?;
+        Self::from_common_file(common, icon_path)
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn author_avatar_from_common(common: &SageAppCommon) -> Option<Self> {
+        let avatar_path = common
+            .active_snapshot()
+            .manifest()
+            .author()?
+            .avatar()?;
+
+        Self::from_common_file(common, avatar_path)
+    }
+
+    fn from_common_file(common: &SageAppCommon, path: &str) -> Option<Self> {
+        let file_path = common
+            .active_snapshot()
+            .resolve_file_path(path)
+            .ok()?;
+
+        Self::from_file_path(&file_path)
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn from_file_path(file_path: &std::path::Path) -> Option<Self> {
         let bytes = std::fs::read(file_path).ok()?;
         let mime = mime_guess::from_path(file_path)
@@ -110,13 +134,3 @@ impl SageAppIconView {
         })
     }
 }
-
-fn read_common_icon(common: &SageAppCommon) -> Option<SageAppIconView> {
-    let icon_path = common.active_snapshot().manifest().icon()?;
-    let file_path = common
-        .active_snapshot()
-        .resolve_file_path(icon_path)
-        .ok()?;
-
-    SageAppIconView::from_file_path(&file_path)
-}
diff --git a/crates/sage-assets/src/error.rs b/crates/sage-assets/src/error.rs
index 33f68870a..fb96d9c8d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-assets/src/error.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-assets/src/error.rs
@@ -22,4 +22,7 @@ pub enum UriError {
 
     #[error("Failed to create thumbnail: {0}")]
     Thumbnail(#[from] ThumbnailError),
+
+    #[error("Invalid XCH/USD price response")]
+    InvalidPriceResponse,
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-assets/src/price.rs b/crates/sage-assets/src/price.rs
index 286d27c3f..b25735ee1 100644
--- a/crates/sage-assets/src/price.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-assets/src/price.rs
@@ -13,23 +13,24 @@ pub struct XchUsdPrice {
 impl XchUsdPrice {
     pub async fn fetch() -> Result<Self, UriError> {
         let response = price_client()?
-            .get("https://api.coinmarketcap.com/data-api/v3/cryptocurrency/market-pairs/latest?slug=chia-network")
+            .get("https://api.coingecko.com/api/v3/simple/price")
+            .query(&[
+                ("ids", "chia"),
+                ("vs_currencies", "usd"),
+            ])
             .send()
             .await?
             .error_for_status()?
-            .json::<CoinMarketCapMarketPairsResponse>()
+            .json::<CoinGeckoSimplePriceResponse>()
             .await?;
 
-        let market_pair = response
-            .data
-            .market_pairs
-            .into_iter()
-            .find(|pair| pair.price.is_finite() && pair.price > 0.0)
-            .expect("CMC returned no usable XCH/USD market price");
+        let usd = response
+            .chia
+            .usd
+            .filter(|price| price.is_finite() && *price > 0.0)
+            .ok_or(UriError::InvalidPriceResponse)?;
 
-        Ok(Self {
-            usd: market_pair.price,
-        })
+        Ok(Self { usd })
     }
 }
 
@@ -45,19 +46,11 @@ fn price_client() -> Result<Client, UriError> {
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Deserialize)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-struct CoinMarketCapMarketPairsResponse {
-    data: CoinMarketCapMarketPairsData,
+struct CoinGeckoSimplePriceResponse {
+    chia: CoinGeckoUsdPrice,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Deserialize)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-struct CoinMarketCapMarketPairsData {
-    market_pairs: Vec<CoinMarketCapMarketPair>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Deserialize)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-struct CoinMarketCapMarketPair {
-    price: f64,
+struct CoinGeckoUsdPrice {
+    usd: Option<f64>,
 }
diff --git a/docs/generated/system-bridge-capabilities.md b/docs/generated/system-bridge-capabilities.md
index 3492cf8cb..e5eeb34a7 100644
--- a/docs/generated/system-bridge-capabilities.md
+++ b/docs/generated/system-bridge-capabilities.md
@@ -280,3 +280,17 @@ Allows the system app to listen for changes in pending bridge approvals.
 | Externally observable | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
+## `donation.get_details`
+
+**Get details for donation**
+
+Allows the system app to retrieve details to send donation.
+
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `false` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
+
diff --git a/docs/generated/system-bridge-methods.md b/docs/generated/system-bridge-methods.md
index b14f56641..7ecdf8a98 100644
--- a/docs/generated/system-bridge-methods.md
+++ b/docs/generated/system-bridge-methods.md
@@ -66,6 +66,12 @@
 |---|---|
 | Capability | `capability_definitions.read` |
 
+## `donations.getDetails`
+
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Capability | `donation.get_details` |
+
 ## `fileSystem.selectFile`
 
 | Field | Value |
diff --git a/docs/generated/user-bridge-capabilities.md b/docs/generated/user-bridge-capabilities.md
index 40fde541d..a46078460 100644
--- a/docs/generated/user-bridge-capabilities.md
+++ b/docs/generated/user-bridge-capabilities.md
@@ -196,6 +196,20 @@ Allows the app to read the current Sage wallet version.
 | Externally observable | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
+## `wallet.get_xch_usd_price`
+
+**Read XCH/USD price**
+
+Allows the app to read the current estimated XCH price in USD.
+
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `false` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
+
 ## `wallet.check_address`
 
 **Check address**
diff --git a/docs/generated/user-bridge-methods.md b/docs/generated/user-bridge-methods.md
index 3b400ca72..307ea5b28 100644
--- a/docs/generated/user-bridge-methods.md
+++ b/docs/generated/user-bridge-methods.md
@@ -132,6 +132,12 @@
 |---|---|
 | Capability | `wallet.get_version` |
 
+## `wallet.getXchUsdPrice`
+
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Capability | `wallet.get_xch_usd_price` |
+
 ## `wallet.sendXch`
 
 | Field | Value |
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime/create-client.ts b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime/create-client.ts
index 6466e933d..8e804eba6 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime/create-client.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime/create-client.ts
@@ -177,6 +177,11 @@ export function createSageClient(core: BridgeRuntimeCore): SageClient {
           'wallet.getPendingTransactions',
         );
       },
+      async getXchUsdPrice() {
+        return await callHost<Generated.GetXchUsdPriceResponse>(
+          'wallet.getXchUsdPrice',
+        );
+      },
 
       async checkAddress(input: Generated.CheckAddress) {
         return await callHost<Generated.CheckAddressResponse>(
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/types.ts b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/types.ts
index 8819a5c32..1b3c7a90c 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/types.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/types.ts
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ export type SageWalletClient = {
   getSyncStatus(): Promise<Generated.GetSyncStatusResponse>;
   getVersion(): Promise<Generated.GetVersionResponse>;
   getPendingTransactions(): Promise<Generated.GetPendingTransactionsResponse>;
+  getXchUsdPrice(): Promise<Generated.GetXchUsdPriceResponse>;
 
   checkAddress(
     input: Generated.CheckAddress,
diff --git a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
index 23e9a3190..3a39806e8 100644
--- a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
@@ -366,6 +366,14 @@ export function initSageSystemRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
             );
           },
         },
+        donations: {
+          async getDetails(input: Generated.DonationGetDetailsParams) {
+            return await callHost<Generated.DonationDetails>(
+              'donations.getDetails',
+              input,
+            );
+          }
+        }
       };
     })
     .catch((error: unknown) => {
diff --git a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/types.ts b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/types.ts
index 7b5f31b95..c47b4fde2 100644
--- a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/types.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/types.ts
@@ -80,6 +80,12 @@ export type SageSystemBridgeApprovalsClient = {
   ): () => void;
 };
 
+export type SageSystemDonationsClient = {
+  getDetails(
+    input: Generated.DonationGetDetailsParams,
+  ): Promise<Generated.DonationDetails>;
+};
+
 export type SageSystemClient = SageClient & {
   runtimeManager: SageSystemRuntimeManagerClient;
   capabilities: SageSystemCapabilitiesClient;
@@ -88,4 +94,5 @@ export type SageSystemClient = SageClient & {
   appUpdate: SageSystemAppUpdateClient;
   fileSystem: SageSystemFileSystemClient;
   bridgeApprovals: SageSystemBridgeApprovalsClient;
+  donations: SageSystemDonationsClient;
 };
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index 069374f9e..86a7e27e6 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -2609,7 +2609,8 @@ export type StartAppInstallArgs = { source: StartAppInstallSource }
 export type StartAppInstallSource = { kind: "selectSource" } | { kind: "url"; app_url: string }
 export type StartAppUpdateArgs = { mode: StartAppUpdateMode; appId: string }
 export type StartAppUpdateMode = "reviewUpdate" | "reviewPermissions"
-export type StartSystemAppArgs = ({ kind: "appInstall" } & StartAppInstallArgs) | ({ kind: "appUpdate" } & StartAppUpdateArgs)
+export type StartDonationArgs = { appId: string }
+export type StartSystemAppArgs = ({ kind: "appInstall" } & StartAppInstallArgs) | ({ kind: "appUpdate" } & StartAppUpdateArgs) | ({ kind: "donation" } & StartDonationArgs)
 /**
  * Submit a transaction to the network
  */
@@ -2623,7 +2624,7 @@ spend_bundle: SpendBundleJson }
  */
 export type SubmitTransactionResponse = Record<string, never>
 export type SyncEvent = { type: "start"; ip: string } | { type: "stop" } | { type: "subscribed" } | { type: "derivation" } | { type: "coin_state" } | { type: "transaction_failed"; transaction_id: string; error: string | null } | { type: "puzzle_batch_synced" } | { type: "cat_info" } | { type: "did_info" } | { type: "nft_data" }
-export type SystemBridgeCapability = "runtime_manager.list_runtimes" | "runtime_manager.focus_taskbar_runtime" | "runtime_manager.hide_runtime" | "runtime_manager.kill_runtime" | "runtime_manager.get_active_taskbar_runtime" | "runtime_manager.listen_runtimes_changed" | "runtime_manager.listen_active_runtime_changed" | "runtime_manager.hide_self" | "runtime_manager.close_self" | "capability_definitions.read" | "app_permissions.read" | "app_permissions.apply" | "app_install.preview" | "app_install.apply" | "app_update.read" | "app_update.apply" | "file_system.select_file" | "bridge_approval.list" | "bridge_approval.resolve" | "bridge_approval.listen_changed"
+export type SystemBridgeCapability = "runtime_manager.list_runtimes" | "runtime_manager.focus_taskbar_runtime" | "runtime_manager.hide_runtime" | "runtime_manager.kill_runtime" | "runtime_manager.get_active_taskbar_runtime" | "runtime_manager.listen_runtimes_changed" | "runtime_manager.listen_active_runtime_changed" | "runtime_manager.hide_self" | "runtime_manager.close_self" | "capability_definitions.read" | "app_permissions.read" | "app_permissions.apply" | "app_install.preview" | "app_install.apply" | "app_update.read" | "app_update.apply" | "file_system.select_file" | "bridge_approval.list" | "bridge_approval.resolve" | "bridge_approval.listen_changed" | "donation.get_details"
 export type SystemKillRuntimeResult = { ok: boolean; appId: string }
 export type SystemSageAppView = { common: SageAppCommonView; systemGrantedPermissions: SageGrantedSystemPermissionsView }
 /**
@@ -2842,7 +2843,7 @@ visible: boolean }
  * Response after updating an option
  */
 export type UpdateOptionResponse = Record<string, never>
-export type UserBridgeCapability = "bridge.send" | "app.get_info" | "app.lifecycle.ready_to_stop" | "app.lifecycle.set_before_stop_listener" | "app.get_capabilities" | "app.request_capability_grant" | "app.request_network_whitelist_grant" | "wallet.get_keys" | "wallet.get_key" | "wallet.get_secret_key" | "wallet.send_xch" | "wallet.send_xch_auto_submit" | "wallet.get_sync_status" | "wallet.get_version" | "wallet.check_address" | "wallet.get_derivations" | "wallet.get_spendable_coin_count" | "wallet.get_coins_by_ids" | "wallet.get_coins" | "wallet.get_pending_transactions" | "wallet.get_transaction" | "wallet.get_transactions" | "environment.theme.get_current" | "environment.theme.css_vars" | "environment.theme.listen_changed" | "storage.persistent_webview"
+export type UserBridgeCapability = "bridge.send" | "app.get_info" | "app.lifecycle.ready_to_stop" | "app.lifecycle.set_before_stop_listener" | "app.get_capabilities" | "app.request_capability_grant" | "app.request_network_whitelist_grant" | "wallet.get_keys" | "wallet.get_key" | "wallet.get_secret_key" | "wallet.send_xch" | "wallet.send_xch_auto_submit" | "wallet.get_sync_status" | "wallet.get_version" | "wallet.get_xch_usd_price" | "wallet.check_address" | "wallet.get_derivations" | "wallet.get_spendable_coin_count" | "wallet.get_coins_by_ids" | "wallet.get_coins" | "wallet.get_pending_transactions" | "wallet.get_transaction" | "wallet.get_transactions" | "environment.theme.get_current" | "environment.theme.css_vars" | "environment.theme.listen_changed" | "storage.persistent_webview"
 export type UserSageAppPendingUpdateView = { appUrl: SageAppUrl; manifestHash: string; manifest: SageAppPackageManifest }
 export type UserSageAppSource = { kind: "zip" } | { kind: "url"; app_url: SageAppUrl }
 export type UserSageAppView = { common: SageAppCommonView; source: UserSageAppSource; pendingUpdate?: UserSageAppPendingUpdateView | null }
diff --git a/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx b/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
index ea466e320..1181798fe 100644
--- a/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ import {
   type SageAppUrlPreview,
   type UserSageAppView,
 } from '@/bindings';
-import { AppDonationStrip } from '@/components/apps/AppDonationStrip.tsx';
 import { SystemAppModalLayer } from '@/components/apps/SystemAppModalLayer';
 import { openAppUpdateReview } from '@/lib/apps/openAppUpdate.ts';
 import { getCurrentWindow } from '@tauri-apps/api/window';
@@ -107,7 +106,6 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
   }, [activeTaskbarRuntime?.appId, appId, getListedApp, navigate]);
 
   const [tabOrder, setTabOrder] = useState<string[]>([]);
-  const [donationOpen, setDonationOpen] = useState(false);
 
   useEffect(() => {
     setTabOrder((prev) => {
@@ -212,35 +210,15 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
         }}
         onReorderTabs={setTabOrder}
         activeAppHasDonation={hasDonation}
-        onOpenDonation={() => setDonationOpen((v) => !v)}
+        onOpenDonation={() => {
+          if (!activeApp) return;
+          void commands.appsStartSystemApp({
+            kind: 'donation',
+            appId: activeApp.common.identity.id,
+          });
+        }}
       />
 
-      {donationOpen && activeApp && activeManifest?.donation ? (
-        <AppDonationStrip
-          appName={activeApp.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.name}
-          authorName={activeManifest.author?.name}
-          authorAvatarSrc={
-            activeManifest.author?.avatar
-              ? `sage-app://${activeApp.common.identity.originId}/${activeManifest.author.avatar}`
-              : null
-          }
-          donationAddress={activeManifest.donation.address}
-          onSend={(amountMojos) => {
-            if (!activeManifest.donation) {
-              return;
-            }
-
-            void commands.sendXch({
-              address: activeManifest.donation.address,
-              amount: amountMojos,
-              fee: '0',
-              memos: [],
-              auto_submit: false,
-            });
-          }}
-        />
-      ) : null}
-
       {activeApp?.source.kind === 'url' && activeUpdatePreview ? (
         <Alert className='shrink-0 rounded-none border-x-0 border-t-0'>
           <AlertTitle>New version available</AlertTitle>

From e0d11bb19593988d795430eb9488457c40c83dfc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Thu, 7 May 2026 06:51:05 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 368/471] Remove `SageAppRuntimeVisibility` and refactor
 capabilities logic

- Eliminated usage of `SageAppRuntimeVisibility` across runtime methods to reduce redundancy.
- Updated `create_runtime` and related methods to implicitly handle visibility logic.
- Introduced new functionality through `new_with_extra_granted_capabilities` in permissions, allowing additional grantable capabilities beyond app requests.
- Adjusted user capability validation to distinguish manifest-requestable and user-grantable capabilities.
- Enabled `WalletSendXchAutoSubmit` capability for donation system app.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs |  9 +--
 .../methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs      |  3 +-
 .../sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs |  2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs      |  3 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs         | 19 ++----
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/storage.rs       |  3 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/system_apps.rs   |  6 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs       |  7 +--
 crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs           | 18 +++++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/app.rs  |  2 +-
 .../src/types/invariants/permission.rs        | 13 ++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs     | 62 ++++++++++++++-----
 docs/generated/user-bridge-capabilities.md    |  2 +-
 13 files changed, 83 insertions(+), 66 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
index 11bc5f100..0baa726cf 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
@@ -296,14 +296,7 @@ fn verify_user_capability(
                     .capabilities()
                     .copied(),
             )
-            .map_err(|err| {
-                RustBridgeResponse::error(
-                    &request.id,
-                    "internal_error",
-                    format!("failed to resolve effective permissions: {err}"),
-                )
-            })
-    })?;
+    });
 
     if !effective_capabilities.contains(&capability) {
         return Err(RustBridgeResponse::error(
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs
index 0843d71a2..be3dd8155 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs
@@ -46,8 +46,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppGetCapabilities {
                         .granted_permissions()
                         .capabilities()
                         .copied(),
-                )
-                .unwrap_or_default(),
+                ),
 
             SageApp::System(_) => app
                 .granted_permissions()
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs
index ffd4d95fa..715b4b33a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ pub(crate) fn get_user_capability_definition(
             capability,
             "Automatic XCH send",
             "Allows the app to submit XCH transactions without asking for per-transaction approval.",
-            CapabilityFlags::new(false, false, false, false, false),
+            CapabilityFlags::new(false, false, false, true, false),
         ),
         UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetSyncStatus => CapabilityDefinition::new(
             capability,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs
index 93acb66e2..15d679378 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 use crate::runtime::start::{create_runtime, CreateRuntimeArgs};
 use crate::runtime::state::list_runtimes;
 use crate::runtime::stop::SystemKillRuntimeResult;
-use crate::runtime::{clear_active_taskbar_runtime, focus_taskbar_runtime, kill_taskbar_runtime, start_app_install_runtime, start_app_update_runtime, start_donation_runtime, RuntimeTargetParams, SageAppRuntimeMode, SageAppRuntimeRecordView, SageAppRuntimeVisibility};
+use crate::runtime::{clear_active_taskbar_runtime, focus_taskbar_runtime, kill_taskbar_runtime, start_app_install_runtime, start_app_update_runtime, start_donation_runtime, RuntimeTargetParams, SageAppRuntimeMode, SageAppRuntimeRecordView};
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::runtime::events::emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed;
 use crate::runtime::webview_locator::get_webview_in_sage_window;
@@ -154,7 +154,6 @@ pub async fn apps_create_inline_runtime(
         app_id: args.app_id.clone(),
         presentation: AppPresentation::Taskbar,
         mode: SageAppRuntimeMode::Inline,
-        visibility: SageAppRuntimeVisibility::Visible,
         debug_layout: false,
         query: BTreeMap::new(),
     }).await.map(Into::into);
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
index f004f8f2b..e59370f6a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ use crate::runtime::{build_entry_src, build_entry_src_for, is_allowed_app_url, r
 use crate::storage::parse_data_store_id;
 use crate::types::{AppPresentation, InstalledSageAppStorage, ResolvedApp, ResolvedStoppedApp, SharedSageApp};
 use crate::{AppsHostState, sandbox};
-use crate::runtime::workspace::{ensure_apps_workspace_active};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
@@ -20,14 +19,12 @@ pub struct CreateRuntimeArgs {
     pub app_id: String,
     pub presentation: AppPresentation,
     pub mode: SageAppRuntimeMode,
-    pub visibility: SageAppRuntimeVisibility,
     pub debug_layout: bool,
     pub query: BTreeMap<String, String>,
 }
 
 pub(in crate::runtime) struct CreateImpostorRuntimeArgs {
     pub kind: SageAppRuntimeImpostorKind,
-    pub visibility: SageAppRuntimeVisibility,
     pub debug_layout: bool,
     pub query: BTreeMap<String, String>,
 }
@@ -37,8 +34,6 @@ pub async fn create_runtime(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     args: CreateRuntimeArgs,
 ) -> Result<SharedRuntime, String> {
-    ensure_apps_workspace_active(apps_state).await?;
-
     let app = match resolve_app(app_handle, &args.app_id).await.map_err(|e| e.to_string())? {
         ResolvedApp::Running(running) => return Ok(running.runtime()),
         ResolvedApp::Stopped(stopped) => stopped.into_app()
@@ -59,7 +54,7 @@ pub async fn create_runtime(
         &webview_label,
         args.presentation,
         args.mode,
-        args.visibility,
+        SageAppRuntimeVisibility::Hidden,
         is_internal,
     ).map_err(|err| err.to_string())?;
     let shared_runtime = write_runtime(apps_state, runtime).await;
@@ -99,8 +94,9 @@ pub async fn create_runtime(
         return Err(format!("failed to create child webview: {e}"));
     }
 
-    if args.visibility == SageAppRuntimeVisibility::Hidden {
-        let _ = get_webview_in_sage_window(app_handle, &webview_label)?.hide();
+    if !args.debug_layout {
+        get_webview_in_sage_window(app_handle, &webview_label)?.hide()
+            .map_err(|err| format!("{err}"))?;
     }
 
     Ok(shared_runtime)
@@ -113,8 +109,6 @@ pub(in crate::runtime) async fn create_impostor_runtime_from_stopped(
     impostor_app: SharedSageApp,
     args: CreateImpostorRuntimeArgs,
 ) -> Result<SharedImpostorRuntime, String> {
-    ensure_apps_workspace_active(&apps_state).await?;
-
     let victim_app = stopped.with_app(SharedSageApp::clone_for_runtime_owner);
 
     if !impostor_app.with(|app| app.common().is_sandbox_test())
@@ -169,9 +163,8 @@ pub(in crate::runtime) async fn create_impostor_runtime_from_stopped(
         return Err(format!("failed to create impostor child webview: {err}"));
     }
 
-    if args.visibility == SageAppRuntimeVisibility::Hidden {
-        let _ = get_webview_in_sage_window(&app_handle, &webview_label)?.hide();
-    }
+    get_webview_in_sage_window(&app_handle, &webview_label)?.hide()
+        .map_err(|err| format!("{err}"))?;
 
     Ok(shared_runtime)
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/storage.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/storage.rs
index 4ae34e43a..f384b81d9 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/storage.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/storage.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
 use tokio::time::sleep;
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::lifecycle::{clear_app_storage_by_target};
-use crate::runtime::{SageAppRuntimeImpostorKind, SageAppRuntimeVisibility};
+use crate::runtime::{SageAppRuntimeImpostorKind};
 use crate::runtime::start::{create_impostor_runtime_from_stopped, CreateImpostorRuntimeArgs};
 use crate::runtime::stop::close_runtime_internal;
 use crate::sandbox::{build_builtin_runtime_app, SandboxStorageClearProbePhase, SandboxStorageClearProbeResult, BUILTIN_STORAGE_CLEAR_PROBE_RUNTIME_ID};
@@ -123,7 +123,6 @@ async fn run_storage_clear_phase(
         impostor_app,
         CreateImpostorRuntimeArgs {
             kind: SageAppRuntimeImpostorKind::StorageClearProbe,
-            visibility: SageAppRuntimeVisibility::Hidden,
             debug_layout: false,
             query,
         },
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/system_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/system_apps.rs
index 14385e5e4..6624d52ae 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/system_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/system_apps.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
 use crate::runtime::start::{create_runtime, CreateRuntimeArgs};
-use crate::runtime::{RuntimeChangeSet, SageAppRuntimeMode, SageAppRuntimeRecord, SageAppRuntimeVisibility, SharedRuntime};
+use crate::runtime::{RuntimeChangeSet, SageAppRuntimeMode, SageAppRuntimeRecord, SharedRuntime};
 use crate::system_apps::{SYSTEM_APP_APP_INSTALL_ID, SYSTEM_APP_APP_UPDATE_ID, SYSTEM_APP_BRIDGE_APPROVAL_ID, SYSTEM_APP_DONATION_ID};
 use crate::types::{AppModalPresentation, AppPresentation};
 use crate::AppsHostState;
@@ -49,7 +49,6 @@ pub(crate) async fn start_app_install_runtime(
             app_id: SYSTEM_APP_APP_INSTALL_ID.to_string(),
             presentation: AppPresentation::Modal(AppModalPresentation::over_launchpad(40)),
             mode: SageAppRuntimeMode::Inline,
-            visibility: SageAppRuntimeVisibility::Visible,
             debug_layout: false,
             query,
         },
@@ -70,7 +69,6 @@ pub(crate) async fn start_app_update_runtime(
             app_id: SYSTEM_APP_APP_UPDATE_ID.to_string(),
             presentation: AppPresentation::Modal(AppModalPresentation::over_app_and_launchpad(target_app_id, 50)),
             mode: SageAppRuntimeMode::Inline,
-            visibility: SageAppRuntimeVisibility::Visible,
             debug_layout: false,
             query,
         },
@@ -90,7 +88,6 @@ pub(crate) async fn start_bridge_approval_runtime(
             app_id: SYSTEM_APP_BRIDGE_APPROVAL_ID.to_string(),
             presentation: AppPresentation::Modal(AppModalPresentation::over_apps(target_app_ids, 100)),
             mode: SageAppRuntimeMode::Inline,
-            visibility: SageAppRuntimeVisibility::Visible,
             debug_layout: false,
             query: BTreeMap::new(),
         },
@@ -113,7 +110,6 @@ pub(crate) async fn start_donation_runtime(
                 AppModalPresentation::over_apps(vec![target_app_id], 45),
             ),
             mode: SageAppRuntimeMode::Inline,
-            visibility: SageAppRuntimeVisibility::Visible,
             debug_layout: false,
             query,
         },
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs
index de584f9c8..173e4ef49 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::runtime::{SageAppRuntimeMode, SageAppRuntimeVisibility};
+use crate::runtime::{SageAppRuntimeMode};
 use crate::runtime::start::{create_runtime, CreateRuntimeArgs};
 use crate::runtime::stop::close_runtime_internal;
 use std::collections::{BTreeMap, HashMap};
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn stop_test_apps(
     app_ids: &[&str],
 ) {
     for app_id in app_ids {
-        let _ = close_runtime_internal(app, apps_state, app_id).await;
+        close_runtime_internal(app, apps_state, app_id).await;
     }
 }
 
@@ -35,7 +35,6 @@ pub(crate) async fn start_test_app(
         app,
         apps_state,
         app_id,
-        SageAppRuntimeVisibility::Hidden,
         query_map.into_iter().collect(),
     )
     .await
@@ -49,7 +48,6 @@ async fn start_internal_runtime_for_sandbox(
     app: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: &str,
-    visibility: SageAppRuntimeVisibility,
     query: BTreeMap<String, String>,
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
     let debug_test_apps = debug_test_apps_enabled();
@@ -58,7 +56,6 @@ async fn start_internal_runtime_for_sandbox(
         app_id: app_id.to_string(),
         presentation: AppPresentation::Taskbar,
         mode: SageAppRuntimeMode::Inline,
-        visibility: if debug_test_apps { SageAppRuntimeVisibility::Visible } else { visibility },
         debug_layout: debug_test_apps,
         query,
     };
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
index 7c986a4d7..d51c35500 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use std::fmt::Display;
 use anyhow::{Result as AnyResult};
 use serde::Serialize;
 use specta::Type;
-use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
+use crate::capabilities::list::{SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
 use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissions, SageGrantedSystemPermissions, SystemSageApp};
 use crate::utils::builtin_apps_root;
 
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ pub struct BuiltinSystemAppSpec {
     pub dir_name: &'static str,
     pub usage: SystemAppUsage,
     pub system_capabilities: &'static [SystemBridgeCapability],
+    pub user_grantable_capabilities: &'static [UserBridgeCapability],
 }
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub enum SystemAppUsage {
@@ -41,6 +42,7 @@ const BUILTIN_SYSTEM_APPS: &[BuiltinSystemAppSpec] = &[
             SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerKillRuntime,
             SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerListenRuntimesChanged,
         ],
+        user_grantable_capabilities: &[]
     },
     BuiltinSystemAppSpec {
         app_id: SYSTEM_APP_APP_UPDATE_ID,
@@ -54,6 +56,7 @@ const BUILTIN_SYSTEM_APPS: &[BuiltinSystemAppSpec] = &[
             SystemBridgeCapability::AppUpdateApply,
             SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerCloseSelf,
         ],
+        user_grantable_capabilities: &[]
     },
     BuiltinSystemAppSpec {
         app_id: SYSTEM_APP_APP_INSTALL_ID,
@@ -66,6 +69,7 @@ const BUILTIN_SYSTEM_APPS: &[BuiltinSystemAppSpec] = &[
             SystemBridgeCapability::FileSystemSelectFile,
             SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerCloseSelf,
         ],
+        user_grantable_capabilities: &[]
     },
     BuiltinSystemAppSpec {
         app_id: SYSTEM_APP_BRIDGE_APPROVAL_ID,
@@ -79,6 +83,7 @@ const BUILTIN_SYSTEM_APPS: &[BuiltinSystemAppSpec] = &[
             SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerHideSelf,
             SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerCloseSelf,
         ],
+        user_grantable_capabilities: &[]
     },
     BuiltinSystemAppSpec {
         app_id: SYSTEM_APP_DONATION_ID,
@@ -88,6 +93,9 @@ const BUILTIN_SYSTEM_APPS: &[BuiltinSystemAppSpec] = &[
             SystemBridgeCapability::DonationGetDetails,
             SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerCloseSelf,
         ],
+        user_grantable_capabilities: &[
+            UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXchAutoSubmit,
+        ],
     },
 ];
 
@@ -143,7 +151,10 @@ pub fn build_builtin_system_app(app_id: &str) -> Result<Option<SageApp>, AppBuil
     let app_dir = builtin_system_apps_root().join(spec.dir_name);
 
     if !app_dir.is_dir() {
-        eprintln!("[build_builtin_system_app] missing app_dir for {app_id}: {}", app_dir.display());
+        eprintln!(
+            "[build_builtin_system_app] missing app_dir for {app_id}: {}",
+            app_dir.display()
+        );
         return Err(AppBuildError::AppDirMissing);
     }
 
@@ -170,9 +181,10 @@ pub fn build_builtin_system_app(app_id: &str) -> Result<Option<SageApp>, AppBuil
                 .user_grantable()
         });
 
-    let granted_permissions = match SageGrantedPermissions::new(
+    let granted_permissions = match SageGrantedPermissions::new_with_extra_granted_capabilities(
         manifest.permissions(),
         requested_capabilities,
+        spec.user_grantable_capabilities.iter().copied(),
         manifest
             .permissions()
             .network()
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/app.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/app.rs
index 51603ea7f..755402d09 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/app.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/app.rs
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ pub fn resolve_app_capability_flags(
     let effective_capabilities = manifest
         .permissions()
         .capabilities()
-        .resolve_effective_grants(granted_permissions.capabilities().copied())?;
+        .resolve_effective_grants(granted_permissions.capabilities().copied());
 
     let capability_flags =
         SageAppFlags::from_granted_capabilities(&effective_capabilities, previous_flags)?;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/permission.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/permission.rs
index 8b7abaa6e..c49630227 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/permission.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/permission.rs
@@ -61,18 +61,19 @@ pub fn validate_user_granted_capabilities(
     user_granted: &BTreeSet<UserBridgeCapability>,
 ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
     for capability in user_granted {
-        if !requested.is_allowed(*capability) {
+        let definition = get_user_capability_definition(*capability);
+        let flags = definition.flags();
+
+        if !flags.user_grantable() {
             anyhow::bail!(
-                "granted capability not requested in manifest: {}",
+                "granted capability is not user grantable: {}",
                 capability.key()
             );
         }
 
-        let definition = get_user_capability_definition(*capability);
-
-        if !definition.flags().user_grantable() {
+        if flags.requestable_by_app() && !requested.is_allowed(*capability) {
             anyhow::bail!(
-                "granted capability is not user grantable: {}",
+                "granted capability not requested in manifest: {}",
                 capability.key()
             );
         }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs
index 5659c8c46..d2a79ed64 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs
@@ -151,14 +151,51 @@ impl SageGrantedPermissions {
         capabilities: impl IntoIterator<Item = UserBridgeCapability>,
         network_whitelist: impl IntoIterator<Item = SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
     ) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
-        let capabilities =
+        Self::new_with_extra_granted_capabilities(
+            requested,
+            capabilities,
+            std::iter::empty(),
+            network_whitelist,
+        )
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn new_with_extra_granted_capabilities(
+        requested: &SageRequestedPermissions,
+        capabilities: impl IntoIterator<Item = UserBridgeCapability>,
+        extra_granted_capabilities: impl IntoIterator<Item = UserBridgeCapability>,
+        network_whitelist: impl IntoIterator<Item = SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
+        let mut capabilities =
             build_user_grantable_capability_set(&requested.capabilities, capabilities)?;
 
-        let network = SageGrantedNetworkPermissions::new(&requested.network, network_whitelist)?;
+        for capability in extra_granted_capabilities {
+            let definition = get_user_capability_definition(capability);
+
+            if !definition.flags().user_grantable() {
+                anyhow::bail!(
+                    "extra granted capability is not user grantable: {}",
+                    capability.key()
+                );
+            }
+
+            if definition.flags().requestable_by_app() {
+                anyhow::bail!(
+                    "extra granted capability must not be app-manifest requestable: {}",
+                    capability.key()
+                );
+            }
+
+            capabilities.insert(capability);
+        }
+
+        let network = SageGrantedNetworkPermissions::new(
+            &requested.network,
+            network_whitelist,
+        )?;
 
         let effective_capabilities = requested
             .capabilities
-            .resolve_effective_grants(capabilities.iter().copied())?;
+            .resolve_effective_grants(capabilities.iter().copied());
 
         validate_permissions_policy(
             effective_capabilities,
@@ -337,13 +374,11 @@ impl SageRequestedCapabilities {
 
     pub fn resolve_effective_grants(
         &self,
-        user_granted: impl IntoIterator<Item = UserBridgeCapability>,
-    ) -> anyhow::Result<Vec<UserBridgeCapability>> {
-        let user_granted = self.build_user_grants(user_granted)?;
-
-        let mut effective = user_granted;
+        granted: impl IntoIterator<Item = UserBridgeCapability>,
+    ) -> Vec<UserBridgeCapability> {
+        let mut effective = granted.into_iter().collect::<BTreeSet<_>>();
 
-        for capability in self.required().chain(self.optional()) {
+        for capability in self.required() {
             let definition = get_user_capability_definition(*capability);
 
             if !definition.flags().user_grantable() {
@@ -351,14 +386,7 @@ impl SageRequestedCapabilities {
             }
         }
 
-        Ok(effective.into_iter().collect())
-    }
-
-    fn build_user_grants(
-        &self,
-        user_granted: impl IntoIterator<Item = UserBridgeCapability>,
-    ) -> anyhow::Result<BTreeSet<UserBridgeCapability>> {
-        build_user_grantable_capability_set(self, user_granted)
+        effective.into_iter().collect()
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/docs/generated/user-bridge-capabilities.md b/docs/generated/user-bridge-capabilities.md
index a46078460..3e1b89d4b 100644
--- a/docs/generated/user-bridge-capabilities.md
+++ b/docs/generated/user-bridge-capabilities.md
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ Allows the app to submit XCH transactions without asking for per-transaction app
 | Flag | Value |
 |---|---|
 | Requestable by app | `false` |
-| User grantable | `false` |
+| User grantable | `true` |
 | Shared with app | `false` |
 | Externally observable | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |

From 39ccc0c713f406d5672de10a7710063c55a78055 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Thu, 7 May 2026 07:07:37 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 369/471] Modularize donation app components and add reusable
 utilities

- Introduced `AmountPicker`, `FeeInput`, and `DeveloperCard` components to simplify and modularize the donation app UI.
- Added reusable utilities (`utils.ts`) for donation-specific calculations and formatting.
- Refactored `App.tsx` to use the new components and utilities, improving readability and maintainability.
---
 .../src/system/apps/donation/src/App.tsx      | 241 +++++-------------
 .../donation/src/components/AmountPicker.tsx  | 168 ++++++++++++
 .../donation/src/components/DeveloperCard.tsx |  31 +++
 .../apps/donation/src/components/FeeInput.tsx |  54 ++++
 .../src/system/apps/donation/src/utils.ts     |  73 ++++++
 5 files changed, 383 insertions(+), 184 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 builtin-apps/src/system/apps/donation/src/components/AmountPicker.tsx
 create mode 100644 builtin-apps/src/system/apps/donation/src/components/DeveloperCard.tsx
 create mode 100644 builtin-apps/src/system/apps/donation/src/components/FeeInput.tsx
 create mode 100644 builtin-apps/src/system/apps/donation/src/utils.ts

diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/donation/src/App.tsx b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/donation/src/App.tsx
index b496b0268..e34dcff87 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/donation/src/App.tsx
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/donation/src/App.tsx
@@ -1,61 +1,23 @@
-import { AppModalShell, type AppIcon } from '@sage-app/ui';
+import { AppModalShell } from '@sage-app/ui';
 import {
   formatSageError,
   useSageSystemClient,
   type DonationDetails,
-  type SageAppIconView,
 } from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
-import { useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react';
-
-type DonationMode = 'usd' | 'xch';
-
-const DEFAULT_USD = '10';
-const DEFAULT_XCH = '0.05';
-
-function getTargetAppId() {
-  return new URL(window.location.href).searchParams.get('appId');
-}
-
-function xchToMojos(xch: number): string {
-  return String(Math.floor(xch * 1_000_000_000_000));
-}
-
-function parsePositiveNumber(value: string): number | null {
-  const trimmed = value.trim();
-  if (!trimmed) return null;
-
-  const parsed = Number(trimmed);
-  return Number.isFinite(parsed) && parsed > 0 ? parsed : null;
-}
-
-function appIconFromInline(
-  icon: SageAppIconView | null | undefined,
-): AppIcon | null {
-  if (!icon) return null;
-
-  return {
-    kind: 'bytes',
-    icon: {
-      bytes: icon.bytes,
-      mime: icon.mime,
-    },
-  };
-}
-
-function inlineImageSrc(
-  icon: SageAppIconView | null | undefined,
-): string | null {
-  if (!icon) return null;
-
-  const bytes = new Uint8Array(icon.bytes);
-  let binary = '';
-
-  for (const byte of bytes) {
-    binary += String.fromCharCode(byte);
-  }
-
-  return `data:${icon.mime};base64,${btoa(binary)}`;
-}
+import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react';
+import { AmountPicker } from './components/AmountPicker';
+import { DeveloperCard } from './components/DeveloperCard';
+import { FeeInput } from './components/FeeInput';
+import {
+  appIconFromInline,
+  DEFAULT_FEE_XCH,
+  DEFAULT_USD,
+  DEFAULT_XCH,
+  getTargetAppId,
+  parsePositiveNumber,
+  type DonationMode,
+  xchToMojos,
+} from './utils';
 
 export function App() {
   const sage = useSageSystemClient();
@@ -64,7 +26,7 @@ export function App() {
   const [mode, setMode] = useState<DonationMode>('usd');
   const [usdInput, setUsdInput] = useState(DEFAULT_USD);
   const [xchInput, setXchInput] = useState(DEFAULT_XCH);
-  const [feeInput, setFeeInput] = useState('0');
+  const [feeInput, setFeeInput] = useState(DEFAULT_FEE_XCH);
   const [priceUsd, setPriceUsd] = useState<number | null>(null);
   const [priceLoading, setPriceLoading] = useState(true);
   const [sending, setSending] = useState(false);
@@ -73,6 +35,20 @@ export function App() {
 
   const targetAppId = getTargetAppId();
 
+  const loadPrice = useCallback(async () => {
+    try {
+      setPriceLoading(true);
+      const price = await sage.wallet.getXchUsdPrice();
+
+      setPriceUsd(price.usd);
+    } catch {
+      setPriceUsd(null);
+      setMode('xch');
+    } finally {
+      setPriceLoading(false);
+    }
+  }, [sage]);
+
   useEffect(() => {
     let disposed = false;
 
@@ -108,7 +84,7 @@ export function App() {
   useEffect(() => {
     let disposed = false;
 
-    async function loadPrice() {
+    async function load() {
       try {
         setPriceLoading(true);
         const price = await sage.wallet.getXchUsdPrice();
@@ -128,7 +104,7 @@ export function App() {
       }
     }
 
-    void loadPrice();
+    void load();
 
     return () => {
       disposed = true;
@@ -159,7 +135,11 @@ export function App() {
     const xch = parsePositiveNumber(xchInput);
 
     if (!xch) {
-      return { usd: null as number | null, xch, mojos: null as string | null };
+      return {
+        usd: null as number | null,
+        xch,
+        mojos: null as string | null,
+      };
     }
 
     return {
@@ -170,12 +150,13 @@ export function App() {
   }, [mode, usdInput, xchInput, priceUsd]);
 
   const feeMojos = useMemo(() => {
-    const feeXch = parsePositiveNumber(feeInput);
+    const trimmed = feeInput.trim();
 
-    if (feeInput.trim() === '' || feeInput.trim() === '0') {
+    if (trimmed === '' || trimmed === '0') {
       return '0';
     }
 
+    const feeXch = parsePositiveNumber(trimmed);
     return feeXch ? xchToMojos(feeXch) : null;
   }, [feeInput]);
 
@@ -251,8 +232,6 @@ export function App() {
     );
   }
 
-  const authorAvatarSrc = inlineImageSrc(details.authorAvatar);
-
   return (
     <AppModalShell
       title='Support developer'
@@ -281,129 +260,23 @@ export function App() {
       }
     >
       <div className='space-y-4'>
-        <div className='flex items-center gap-3 rounded-xl border bg-background/70 p-3'>
-          {authorAvatarSrc ? (
-            <img
-              src={authorAvatarSrc}
-              alt=''
-              className='h-10 w-10 rounded-full border object-cover'
-            />
-          ) : (
-            <div className='flex h-10 w-10 items-center justify-center rounded-full border bg-muted text-sm font-semibold'>
-              {(details.authorName ?? details.appName)
-                .slice(0, 1)
-                .toUpperCase()}
-            </div>
-          )}
-
-          <div className='min-w-0'>
-            <div className='truncate text-sm font-semibold'>
-              Support {details.authorName ?? details.appName}
-            </div>
-            <div className='truncate text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
-              Developer of {details.appName}
-            </div>
-          </div>
-        </div>
-
-        <div>
-          <div className='mb-2 flex items-center justify-between gap-3'>
-            <div className='text-sm font-medium'>Amount</div>
-            <div className='text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
-              {priceLoading
-                ? 'Loading XCH price…'
-                : priceUsd !== null
-                  ? `1 XCH ≈ $${priceUsd.toFixed(2)}`
-                  : 'XCH price unavailable'}
-            </div>
-          </div>
-
-          <div className='flex items-center gap-2'>
-            <div className='flex items-center gap-1 rounded-lg border bg-background p-1'>
-              <button
-                type='button'
-                disabled={priceUsd === null}
-                onClick={() => setMode('usd')}
-                className={[
-                  'rounded-md px-3 py-1.5 text-sm font-medium',
-                  mode === 'usd'
-                    ? 'bg-primary text-primary-foreground'
-                    : 'text-muted-foreground hover:bg-muted hover:text-foreground',
-                  priceUsd === null ? 'cursor-not-allowed opacity-50' : '',
-                ].join(' ')}
-              >
-                $
-              </button>
-
-              <button
-                type='button'
-                onClick={() => setMode('xch')}
-                className={[
-                  'rounded-md px-3 py-1.5 text-sm font-medium',
-                  mode === 'xch'
-                    ? 'bg-primary text-primary-foreground'
-                    : 'text-muted-foreground hover:bg-muted hover:text-foreground',
-                ].join(' ')}
-              >
-                XCH
-              </button>
-            </div>
-
-            <div className='flex min-w-0 flex-1 items-center gap-2 rounded-lg border border-border px-3 py-2'>
-              <input
-                value={mode === 'usd' ? usdInput : xchInput}
-                onChange={(event) => {
-                  if (mode === 'usd') {
-                    setUsdInput(event.target.value);
-                  } else {
-                    setXchInput(event.target.value);
-                  }
-                }}
-                placeholder={mode === 'usd' ? '10.00' : '0.025'}
-                inputMode='decimal'
-                className='min-w-0 flex-1 bg-transparent text-sm outline-none'
-              />
-              <span className='text-xs font-medium text-muted-foreground'>
-                {mode === 'usd' ? 'USD' : 'XCH'}
-              </span>
-            </div>
-          </div>
-
-          <div className='mt-1 text-right text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
-            {mode === 'usd'
-              ? derived.xch !== null
-                ? `≈ ${derived.xch.toFixed(6)} XCH`
-                : '—'
-              : derived.usd !== null
-                ? `≈ $${derived.usd.toFixed(2)}`
-                : '—'}
-          </div>
-        </div>
-
-        <label className='block'>
-          <div className='mb-1 text-sm font-medium'>Fee</div>
-          <div className='flex items-center gap-2 rounded-lg border border-border px-3 py-2'>
-            <input
-              value={feeInput}
-              onChange={(event) => setFeeInput(event.target.value)}
-              placeholder='0'
-              inputMode='decimal'
-              className='min-w-0 flex-1 bg-transparent text-sm outline-none'
-            />
-            <span className='text-xs font-medium text-muted-foreground'>
-              XCH
-            </span>
-          </div>
-        </label>
-
-        <div className='rounded-lg border border-border bg-background/70 p-3'>
-          <div className='text-xs font-medium uppercase tracking-wide text-muted-foreground'>
-            Recipient
-          </div>
-          <div className='mt-1 break-all font-mono text-xs'>
-            {details.donationAddress}
-          </div>
-        </div>
+        <DeveloperCard details={details} />
+
+        <AmountPicker
+          mode={mode}
+          setMode={setMode}
+          usdInput={usdInput}
+          setUsdInput={setUsdInput}
+          xchInput={xchInput}
+          setXchInput={setXchInput}
+          priceUsd={priceUsd}
+          priceLoading={priceLoading}
+          onRefreshPrice={() => void loadPrice()}
+          derivedXch={derived.xch}
+          derivedUsd={derived.usd}
+        />
+
+        <FeeInput value={feeInput} onChange={setFeeInput} />
 
         {error ? (
           <div className='rounded-lg border border-destructive/40 bg-destructive/10 p-2 text-sm text-destructive'>
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/donation/src/components/AmountPicker.tsx b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/donation/src/components/AmountPicker.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..00678431c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/donation/src/components/AmountPicker.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+import { RefreshCw } from 'lucide-react';
+import { useMemo } from 'react';
+import type { DonationMode } from '../utils';
+import { formatXchAmount, USD_PRESETS } from '../utils';
+
+interface Props {
+  mode: DonationMode;
+  setMode: (mode: DonationMode) => void;
+  usdInput: string;
+  setUsdInput: (value: string) => void;
+  xchInput: string;
+  setXchInput: (value: string) => void;
+  priceUsd: number | null;
+  priceLoading: boolean;
+  onRefreshPrice: () => void;
+  derivedXch: number | null;
+  derivedUsd: number | null;
+}
+
+export function AmountPicker({
+  mode,
+  setMode,
+  usdInput,
+  setUsdInput,
+  xchInput,
+  setXchInput,
+  priceUsd,
+  priceLoading,
+  onRefreshPrice,
+  derivedXch,
+  derivedUsd,
+}: Props) {
+  const presets = useMemo(() => {
+    if (mode === 'usd') {
+      return USD_PRESETS.map((usd) => ({
+        key: `usd-${usd}`,
+        label: `$${usd}`,
+        value: String(usd),
+        disabled: false,
+      }));
+    }
+
+    return USD_PRESETS.map((usd) => {
+      const xch = priceUsd ? usd / priceUsd : null;
+      const formatted = xch ? formatXchAmount(xch) : null;
+
+      return {
+        key: `xch-${usd}`,
+        label: formatted ? `${formatted} XCH` : `$${usd}`,
+        value: formatted ?? '',
+        disabled: !formatted,
+      };
+    });
+  }, [mode, priceUsd]);
+
+  const showPresets = mode === 'usd' || priceUsd !== null;
+
+  return (
+    <div>
+      <div className='mb-2 flex items-center justify-between gap-3'>
+        <div className='text-sm font-medium'>Amount</div>
+
+        <div className='flex items-center gap-1.5 text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
+          {priceLoading ? (
+            'Loading XCH price…'
+          ) : priceUsd !== null ? (
+            `1 XCH ≈ $${priceUsd.toFixed(2)}`
+          ) : (
+            <>
+              <span>XCH price unavailable</span>
+              <button
+                type='button'
+                onClick={onRefreshPrice}
+                className='rounded-md p-1 transition-colors hover:bg-muted hover:text-foreground'
+                aria-label='Refresh XCH price'
+              >
+                <RefreshCw className='h-3.5 w-3.5' />
+              </button>
+            </>
+          )}
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+      {showPresets ? (
+        <div className='mb-2 grid grid-cols-4 gap-2'>
+          {presets.map((preset) => (
+            <button
+              key={preset.key}
+              type='button'
+              disabled={preset.disabled}
+              onClick={() => {
+                if (mode === 'usd') {
+                  setUsdInput(preset.value);
+                } else {
+                  setXchInput(preset.value);
+                }
+              }}
+              className='rounded-lg border border-border px-2 py-1.5 text-xs font-medium hover:bg-muted disabled:cursor-not-allowed disabled:opacity-50'
+            >
+              {preset.label}
+            </button>
+          ))}
+        </div>
+      ) : null}
+
+      <div className='flex items-center gap-2'>
+        <div className='flex items-center gap-1 rounded-lg border bg-background p-1'>
+          <button
+            type='button'
+            disabled={priceUsd === null}
+            onClick={() => setMode('usd')}
+            className={[
+              'rounded-md px-3 py-1.5 text-sm font-medium',
+              mode === 'usd'
+                ? 'bg-primary text-primary-foreground'
+                : 'text-muted-foreground hover:bg-muted hover:text-foreground',
+              priceUsd === null ? 'cursor-not-allowed opacity-50' : '',
+            ].join(' ')}
+          >
+            $
+          </button>
+
+          <button
+            type='button'
+            onClick={() => setMode('xch')}
+            className={[
+              'rounded-md px-3 py-1.5 text-sm font-medium',
+              mode === 'xch'
+                ? 'bg-primary text-primary-foreground'
+                : 'text-muted-foreground hover:bg-muted hover:text-foreground',
+            ].join(' ')}
+          >
+            XCH
+          </button>
+        </div>
+
+        <div className='flex min-w-0 flex-1 items-center gap-2 rounded-lg border border-border px-3 py-2'>
+          <input
+            value={mode === 'usd' ? usdInput : xchInput}
+            onChange={(event) => {
+              if (mode === 'usd') {
+                setUsdInput(event.target.value);
+              } else {
+                setXchInput(event.target.value);
+              }
+            }}
+            placeholder={mode === 'usd' ? '10.00' : '0.025'}
+            inputMode='decimal'
+            className='min-w-0 flex-1 bg-transparent text-right text-sm outline-none'
+          />
+          <span className='text-xs font-medium text-muted-foreground'>
+            {mode === 'usd' ? 'USD' : 'XCH'}
+          </span>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+      <div className='mt-1 text-right text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
+        {mode === 'usd'
+          ? derivedXch !== null
+            ? `≈ ${formatXchAmount(derivedXch)} XCH`
+            : '—'
+          : derivedUsd !== null
+            ? `≈ $${derivedUsd.toFixed(2)}`
+            : '—'}
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  );
+}
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/donation/src/components/DeveloperCard.tsx b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/donation/src/components/DeveloperCard.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dfa7b0177
--- /dev/null
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/donation/src/components/DeveloperCard.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+import type { DonationDetails } from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
+import { inlineImageSrc } from '../utils';
+
+export function DeveloperCard({ details }: { details: DonationDetails }) {
+  const authorAvatarSrc = inlineImageSrc(details.authorAvatar);
+
+  return (
+    <div className='flex items-center gap-3 rounded-xl border bg-background/70 p-3'>
+      {authorAvatarSrc ? (
+        <img
+          src={authorAvatarSrc}
+          alt=''
+          className='h-10 w-10 rounded-full border object-cover'
+        />
+      ) : (
+        <div className='flex h-10 w-10 items-center justify-center rounded-full border bg-muted text-sm font-semibold'>
+          {(details.authorName ?? details.appName).slice(0, 1).toUpperCase()}
+        </div>
+      )}
+
+      <div className='min-w-0'>
+        <div className='truncate text-sm font-semibold'>
+          Support {details.authorName ?? details.appName}
+        </div>
+        <div className='truncate text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
+          Developer of {details.appName}
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  );
+}
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/donation/src/components/FeeInput.tsx b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/donation/src/components/FeeInput.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c42dcb57b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/donation/src/components/FeeInput.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+import { ChevronDown } from 'lucide-react';
+import { useState } from 'react';
+
+interface Props {
+  value: string;
+  onChange: (value: string) => void;
+}
+
+export function FeeInput({ value, onChange }: Props) {
+  const [expanded, setExpanded] = useState(false);
+
+  return (
+    <div>
+      <button
+        type='button'
+        onClick={() => setExpanded((v) => !v)}
+        className='group flex items-center gap-1.5 rounded-md px-1 py-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground transition-colors hover:bg-muted/50 hover:text-foreground'
+      >
+        <ChevronDown
+          className={[
+            'h-3.5 w-3.5 transition-transform',
+            expanded ? 'rotate-180' : '',
+          ].join(' ')}
+        />
+
+        <span>Network fee: {value || '0'} XCH</span>
+      </button>
+
+      {expanded ? (
+        <label className='mt-2 block'>
+          <div className='mb-1 text-sm font-medium'>Network fee</div>
+
+          <div className='flex items-center gap-2 rounded-lg border border-border px-3 py-2'>
+            <input
+              value={value}
+              onChange={(event) => onChange(event.target.value)}
+              placeholder='0.0001'
+              inputMode='decimal'
+              className='min-w-0 flex-1 bg-transparent text-right text-sm outline-none'
+            />
+
+            <span className='text-xs font-medium text-muted-foreground'>
+              XCH
+            </span>
+          </div>
+
+          <div className='mt-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
+            Higher fee may help the transaction confirm faster.
+          </div>
+        </label>
+      ) : null}
+    </div>
+  );
+}
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/donation/src/utils.ts b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/donation/src/utils.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e777d5b31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/donation/src/utils.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+import type { AppIcon } from '@sage-app/ui';
+import type { SageAppIconView } from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
+
+export type DonationMode = 'usd' | 'xch';
+
+export const DEFAULT_USD = '10';
+export const DEFAULT_XCH = '0.05';
+export const DEFAULT_FEE_XCH = '0.0001';
+export const USD_PRESETS = [2, 5, 10, 20];
+
+export function getTargetAppId() {
+  return new URL(window.location.href).searchParams.get('appId');
+}
+
+export function xchToMojos(xch: number): string {
+  return String(Math.floor(xch * 1_000_000_000_000));
+}
+
+export function parsePositiveNumber(value: string): number | null {
+  const trimmed = value.trim();
+  if (!trimmed) return null;
+
+  const parsed = Number(trimmed);
+  return Number.isFinite(parsed) && parsed > 0 ? parsed : null;
+}
+
+export function formatXchAmount(value: number): string {
+  if (!Number.isFinite(value) || value <= 0) return '0';
+
+  for (let decimals = 0; decimals <= 12; decimals++) {
+    const rounded = value.toFixed(decimals);
+    const roundedNumber = Number(rounded);
+
+    if (roundedNumber <= 0) continue;
+
+    const relativeError = Math.abs(roundedNumber - value) / value;
+
+    if (relativeError < 0.0005) {
+      return rounded.replace(/\.?0+$/, '');
+    }
+  }
+
+  return value.toFixed(12).replace(/\.?0+$/, '');
+}
+
+export function appIconFromInline(
+  icon: SageAppIconView | null | undefined,
+): AppIcon | null {
+  if (!icon) return null;
+
+  return {
+    kind: 'bytes',
+    icon: {
+      bytes: icon.bytes,
+      mime: icon.mime,
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+export function inlineImageSrc(
+  icon: SageAppIconView | null | undefined,
+): string | null {
+  if (!icon) return null;
+
+  const bytes = new Uint8Array(icon.bytes);
+  let binary = '';
+
+  for (const byte of bytes) {
+    binary += String.fromCharCode(byte);
+  }
+
+  return `data:${icon.mime};base64,${btoa(binary)}`;
+}

From 24e5d2c54bf3e2c74a60cf702829e9c04f71e87a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Thu, 7 May 2026 18:25:00 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 370/471] Implement `ListedAppsChangedEvent` and associated
 functionality

- Introduced `ListedAppsChangedEvent` to emit events when the listed Sage apps change.
- Added `emit_listed_apps_changed` method to notify listeners about app registry updates.
- Integrated event emission into app installation and uninstallation flows.
- Updated `SystemBridgeCapability` to include `app_registry.listen_listed_apps_changed`.
- Registered `ListedAppsChangedEvent` in TypeScript bindings and adjusted relevant context logic.
---
 .../methods/system/app_registry/events.rs     | 46 ++++++++++++++++++
 .../bridge/methods/system/app_registry/mod.rs |  3 ++
 .../src/bridge/methods/system/mod.rs          |  2 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs     | 48 +++++++++++++------
 .../sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs |  6 +++
 crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs     |  2 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs | 14 ++++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs   |  7 ++-
 docs/generated/system-bridge-capabilities.md  | 14 ++++++
 src/bindings.ts                               |  2 +-
 src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx                  | 39 ++++++++++-----
 11 files changed, 151 insertions(+), 32 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_registry/events.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_registry/mod.rs

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_registry/events.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_registry/events.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f36696357
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_registry/events.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+use std::path::Path;
+use serde::Serialize;
+use specta::Type;
+use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
+use crate::AppsHostState;
+use crate::bridge::emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners;
+use crate::bridge::event_emit::SystemRuntimeEvent;
+use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
+use crate::lifecycle::{apps_root, list_installed_apps_internal};
+use crate::types::ListedSageAppView;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub(crate) struct ListedAppsChangedEvent {
+    pub apps: Vec<ListedSageAppView>,
+}
+
+impl SystemRuntimeEvent for ListedAppsChangedEvent {
+    const TYPE: &'static str = "appRegistry.listedAppsChanged";
+    const REQUIRED_CAPABILITY: SystemBridgeCapability =
+        SystemBridgeCapability::AppRegistryListenListedAppsChanged;
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn emit_listed_apps_changed(
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    base_path: &Path,
+) {
+    let root = apps_root(base_path);
+
+    let Ok(apps) = list_installed_apps_internal(&root) else {
+        return;
+    };
+
+    let apps = apps
+        .iter()
+        .map(Into::into)
+        .collect::<Vec<ListedSageAppView>>();
+
+    emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners(
+        app_handle,
+        apps_state,
+        ListedAppsChangedEvent { apps },
+    )
+        .await;
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_registry/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_registry/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b94f14af3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_registry/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+mod events;
+
+pub(crate) use events::{emit_listed_apps_changed, ListedAppsChangedEvent};
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/mod.rs
index 777aa7ad2..513a17383 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/mod.rs
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ mod app_install;
 mod file_system;
 mod bridge_approvals;
 mod donation;
+mod app_registry;
 
 pub(crate) use app_permissions::*;
 pub(crate) use app_update::*;
@@ -15,3 +16,4 @@ pub(crate) use app_install::*;
 pub(crate) use file_system::*;
 pub(crate) use bridge_approvals::*;
 pub(crate) use donation::*;
+pub(crate) use app_registry::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
index 118b9f923..933ad65fb 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
@@ -1,25 +1,41 @@
-use crate::bridge::methods::system::{AppInstallInstallResult, AppInstallInstallUrlParams, AppInstallInstallZipParams, AppInstallPreviewUrlParams, AppInstallPreviewZipParams, AppPermissionsApplyPermissionsParams, AppPermissionsApplyPermissionsResult, AppPermissionsGetReviewContextParams, AppPermissionsReviewContext, AppUpdateApplyUpdateParams, AppUpdateApplyUpdateResult, AppUpdateGetReviewContextParams, AppUpdateReviewContext, BridgeApprovalsChangedEvent, DonationDetails, DonationGetDetailsParams, FileSystemSelectFileParams, FileSystemSelectFileResult, PendingBridgeApprovalView, RuntimeManagerActiveTaskbarRuntimeChangedEvent, RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent};
-use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::get_info::{AppGetInfoResult, SageNetworkPermissionInfo};
-use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::request_capability_grant::{
-    RequestCapabilityGrantParams, RequestCapabilityGrantResult,
-};
-use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::request_network_whitelist_grant::{
-    RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantParams, RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantResult,
+use crate::bridge::{ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs, RustBridgeInvokeResult};
+use crate::bridge::methods::system::{
+    AppInstallInstallResult, AppInstallInstallUrlParams, AppInstallPreviewUrlParams,
+    AppInstallInstallZipParams, AppInstallPreviewZipParams,
+    AppPermissionsApplyPermissionsParams, AppPermissionsApplyPermissionsResult,
+    AppPermissionsGetReviewContextParams, AppPermissionsReviewContext,
+    AppUpdateApplyUpdateParams, AppUpdateApplyUpdateResult,
+    AppUpdateGetReviewContextParams, AppUpdateReviewContext, BridgeApprovalsChangedEvent,
+    DonationDetails, DonationGetDetailsParams,
+    FileSystemSelectFileParams, FileSystemSelectFileResult,
+    PendingBridgeApprovalView,
+    RuntimeManagerActiveTaskbarRuntimeChangedEvent, RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent,
+    ListedAppsChangedEvent
 };
-use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::{
-    GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent, GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent,
+use crate::bridge::methods::user::{
+    app::{
+        GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent, GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent,
+        events::BeforeStopEvent,
+        get_info::{AppGetInfoResult, SageNetworkPermissionInfo},
+        request_capability_grant::{
+            RequestCapabilityGrantParams, RequestCapabilityGrantResult,
+        },
+        request_network_whitelist_grant::{
+            RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantParams, RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantResult,
+        }
+    },
+    bridge::{
+        ping::BridgePingResult,
+        send::BridgeSendResult,
+    },
+    environment::{EnvironmentThemeChangedEvent, EnvironmentThemeGetCurrentResult},
+    wallet::send_xch::WalletSendXchParams
 };
-use crate::bridge::methods::user::bridge::ping::BridgePingResult;
-use crate::bridge::methods::user::bridge::send::BridgeSendResult;
-use crate::bridge::methods::user::wallet::send_xch::WalletSendXchParams;
 use crate::runtime::stop::SystemKillRuntimeResult;
 use crate::runtime::{ReadyToStopParams, RuntimeAckResult, RuntimeTargetParams, SetBeforeStopListenerParams};
 use sage_api::{CheckAddress, CheckAddressResponse, GetCoins, GetCoinsByIds, GetCoinsByIdsResponse, GetCoinsResponse, GetDerivations, GetDerivationsResponse, GetKey, GetKeyResponse, GetKeys, GetKeysResponse, GetPendingTransactions, GetPendingTransactionsResponse, GetSecretKey, GetSecretKeyResponse, GetSpendableCoinCount, GetSpendableCoinCountResponse, GetSyncStatus, GetSyncStatusResponse, GetTransaction, GetTransactionResponse, GetTransactions, GetTransactionsResponse, GetVersion, GetVersionResponse, GetXchUsdPriceResponse, TransactionResponse};
 use specta::TypeCollection;
 use specta_typescript::{BigIntExportBehavior, Typescript};
-use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::events::BeforeStopEvent;
-use crate::bridge::methods::user::environment::{EnvironmentThemeChangedEvent, EnvironmentThemeGetCurrentResult};
-use crate::bridge::{ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs, RustBridgeInvokeResult};
 use crate::types::SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView;
 
 pub fn export_user_bridge_typescript() -> Result<String, String> {
@@ -98,6 +114,8 @@ pub fn export_system_bridge_typescript() -> Result<String, String> {
     types.register::<AppUpdateApplyUpdateParams>();
     types.register::<AppUpdateApplyUpdateResult>();
 
+    types.register::<ListedAppsChangedEvent>();
+
     types.register::<SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView>();
     types.register::<AppPermissionsGetReviewContextParams>();
     types.register::<AppPermissionsReviewContext>();
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs
index 715b4b33a..be4a81498 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs
@@ -244,6 +244,12 @@ pub(crate) fn get_system_capability_definition(
             "Allows the system app to download and apply approved Sage app updates.",
             system_app_flags(),
         ),
+        SystemBridgeCapability::AppRegistryListenListedAppsChanged => CapabilityDefinition::new(
+            capability,
+            "Observe listed apps changes",
+            "Allows the system app to receive events when installed/listed Sage apps change.",
+            system_app_flags(),
+        ),
         SystemBridgeCapability::CapabilityDefinitionsRead => CapabilityDefinition::new(
             capability,
             "Read capability definitions",
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs
index 22e142635..0a5eab415 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs
@@ -120,6 +120,8 @@ define_bridge_capabilities! {
         AppUpdateRead => "app_update.read",
         AppUpdateApply => "app_update.apply",
 
+        AppRegistryListenListedAppsChanged => "app_registry.listen_listed_apps_changed",
+
         FileSystemSelectFile => "file_system.select_file",
 
         BridgeApprovalList => "bridge_approval.list",
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
index 92b00cba2..1f7ac09dc 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
@@ -5,8 +5,9 @@ use std::{
 
 use anyhow::Result as AnyResult;
 use async_trait::async_trait;
-use tauri::AppHandle;
-
+use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
+use crate::AppsHostState;
+use crate::bridge::methods::system::emit_listed_apps_changed;
 use crate::lifecycle::{allocate_new_storage, apps_root, write_metadata_for_app};
 use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissionsInput, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource};
 
@@ -87,14 +88,19 @@ pub async fn install_app_from_source<S>(
 where
     S: AppInstallSource + Send + Sync,
 {
-    install_app_from_source_with_storage(
+    let install_result = install_app_from_source_with_storage(
         base_path,
         granted_permissions_input,
         source,
         &TauriStorageResolver,
         Some(app),
     )
-    .await
+    .await;
+
+    let host_state: State<'_, AppsHostState> = app.state();
+    emit_listed_apps_changed(app, &host_state, base_path).await;
+
+    install_result
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs
index 208f5aee7..9f4452eed 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs
@@ -6,8 +6,10 @@ use crate::lifecycle::{
 use crate::runtime::{resolve_stopped_app, run_verified_storage_clear_cycle, ResolveStoppedError};
 use std::{fs, io};
 use std::time::Duration;
-use tauri::{command, AppHandle, State};
+use tauri::{command, AppHandle, Manager, State};
 use tokio::time::timeout;
+use crate::AppsHostState;
+use crate::bridge::methods::system::emit_listed_apps_changed;
 
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
@@ -75,5 +77,8 @@ pub async fn uninstall_app(
         })?;
     }
 
+    let host_state: State<'_, AppsHostState> = app_handle.state();
+    emit_listed_apps_changed(&app_handle, &host_state, &base_path).await;
+
     Ok(())
 }
diff --git a/docs/generated/system-bridge-capabilities.md b/docs/generated/system-bridge-capabilities.md
index e5eeb34a7..b01520590 100644
--- a/docs/generated/system-bridge-capabilities.md
+++ b/docs/generated/system-bridge-capabilities.md
@@ -224,6 +224,20 @@ Allows the system app to download and apply approved Sage app updates.
 | Externally observable | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
+## `app_registry.listen_listed_apps_changed`
+
+**Observe listed apps changes**
+
+Allows the system app to receive events when installed/listed Sage apps change.
+
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `false` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
+
 ## `file_system.select_file`
 
 **Select file**
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index 86a7e27e6..a0d878dc0 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -2624,7 +2624,7 @@ spend_bundle: SpendBundleJson }
  */
 export type SubmitTransactionResponse = Record<string, never>
 export type SyncEvent = { type: "start"; ip: string } | { type: "stop" } | { type: "subscribed" } | { type: "derivation" } | { type: "coin_state" } | { type: "transaction_failed"; transaction_id: string; error: string | null } | { type: "puzzle_batch_synced" } | { type: "cat_info" } | { type: "did_info" } | { type: "nft_data" }
-export type SystemBridgeCapability = "runtime_manager.list_runtimes" | "runtime_manager.focus_taskbar_runtime" | "runtime_manager.hide_runtime" | "runtime_manager.kill_runtime" | "runtime_manager.get_active_taskbar_runtime" | "runtime_manager.listen_runtimes_changed" | "runtime_manager.listen_active_runtime_changed" | "runtime_manager.hide_self" | "runtime_manager.close_self" | "capability_definitions.read" | "app_permissions.read" | "app_permissions.apply" | "app_install.preview" | "app_install.apply" | "app_update.read" | "app_update.apply" | "file_system.select_file" | "bridge_approval.list" | "bridge_approval.resolve" | "bridge_approval.listen_changed" | "donation.get_details"
+export type SystemBridgeCapability = "runtime_manager.list_runtimes" | "runtime_manager.focus_taskbar_runtime" | "runtime_manager.hide_runtime" | "runtime_manager.kill_runtime" | "runtime_manager.get_active_taskbar_runtime" | "runtime_manager.listen_runtimes_changed" | "runtime_manager.listen_active_runtime_changed" | "runtime_manager.hide_self" | "runtime_manager.close_self" | "capability_definitions.read" | "app_permissions.read" | "app_permissions.apply" | "app_install.preview" | "app_install.apply" | "app_update.read" | "app_update.apply" | "app_registry.listen_listed_apps_changed" | "file_system.select_file" | "bridge_approval.list" | "bridge_approval.resolve" | "bridge_approval.listen_changed" | "donation.get_details"
 export type SystemKillRuntimeResult = { ok: boolean; appId: string }
 export type SystemSageAppView = { common: SageAppCommonView; systemGrantedPermissions: SageGrantedSystemPermissionsView }
 /**
diff --git a/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx b/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
index 2a30a7a30..989ecb447 100644
--- a/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
+++ b/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
@@ -41,9 +41,17 @@ interface ActiveTaskbarRuntimeChangedEvent {
   };
 }
 
+interface ListedAppsChangedEvent {
+  type: 'appRegistry.listedAppsChanged';
+  payload: {
+    apps: ListedSageAppView[];
+  };
+}
+
 type SageRuntimeEvent =
   | RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent
-  | ActiveTaskbarRuntimeChangedEvent;
+  | ActiveTaskbarRuntimeChangedEvent
+  | ListedAppsChangedEvent;
 
 type ActiveTaskbarRuntime = {
   appId: string | null;
@@ -234,18 +242,30 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
             switch (runtimeEvent.type) {
               case 'runtimeManager.runtimesChanged':
                 setRuntimes(runtimeEvent.payload.runtimes);
-                setTaskbarRuntimes(runtimeEvent.payload.runtimes.filter((runtime) => isTaskbarRuntime(runtime)));
+                setTaskbarRuntimes(
+                  runtimeEvent.payload.runtimes.filter((runtime) =>
+                    isTaskbarRuntime(runtime),
+                  ),
+                );
                 break;
-
               case 'runtimeManager.activeTaskbarRuntimeChanged':
-                if (runtimeEvent.payload.hostWindowLabel !== getCurrentWindow().label) {
+                if (
+                  runtimeEvent.payload.hostWindowLabel !==
+                  getCurrentWindow().label
+                ) {
                   break;
                 }
                 setActiveTaskbarRuntime({
-                    appId: runtimeEvent.payload.appId,
-                    runtimeId: runtimeEvent.payload.runtimeId,
+                  appId: runtimeEvent.payload.appId,
+                  runtimeId: runtimeEvent.payload.runtimeId,
                 });
                 break;
+              case 'appRegistry.listedAppsChanged':
+                setApps(runtimeEvent.payload.apps);
+                setLoading(false);
+                setError(null);
+                void refreshLaunchGates(runtimeEvent.payload.apps);
+                break;
             }
           },
         );
@@ -262,7 +282,7 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
       isCancelled = true;
       unsubscribe?.();
     };
-  }, []);
+  }, [refreshLaunchGates]);
 
   useEffect(() => {
     let isCancelled = false;
@@ -398,14 +418,11 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
             Object.entries(prev).filter(([key]) => key !== appId),
           ),
         );
-
-        await refreshInstalledApps();
-        await refreshRuntimes();
       } finally {
         setBusy(appId, false);
       }
     },
-    [refreshInstalledApps, refreshRuntimes, setBusy],
+    [setBusy],
   );
 
   const checkForUpdate = useCallback(async (appId: string) => {

From 31fc689dbbfafdaccb9241813b934e33bda8f322 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Thu, 7 May 2026 19:35:46 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 371/471] Add `Sandbox Tests` system app for app sandbox test
 management

- Implemented a new `sandboxTests` system app to manage and display Sage app sandbox test states.
- Created APIs for retrieving sandbox state (`sandbox.getState`), re-running tests (`sandbox.rerunTests`), and observing state changes (`sandbox.listen_state_changed`).
- Added components for tab-based navigation (`SandboxTabs`), test results display (`SandboxResultList`), and modal layout (`AppModalShell`).
- Updated TypeScript bindings and system bridge capabilities to support new functionality.
- Documented the new capabilities and methods in system bridge documentation.
---
 .../src/system/apps/donation/index.html       |   2 +-
 .../src/system/apps/sandbox-tests/index.html  |  12 ++
 .../system/apps/sandbox-tests/package.json    |   8 +
 .../apps/sandbox-tests/postcss.config.js      |  13 ++
 .../system/apps/sandbox-tests/public/icon.svg |  27 +++
 .../apps/sandbox-tests/sage-manifest.json     |  27 +++
 .../src/system/apps/sandbox-tests/src/App.tsx | 170 ++++++++++++++++++
 .../src/components/SandboxResultList.tsx      | 130 ++++++++++++++
 .../src/components/SandboxTabs.tsx            |  46 +++++
 .../system/apps/sandbox-tests/src/main.tsx    |  12 ++
 .../apps/sandbox-tests/src/sandboxApi.ts      |  26 +++
 .../apps/sandbox-tests/src/sandboxState.ts    |  58 ++++++
 .../system/apps/sandbox-tests/src/styles.css  |  19 ++
 .../apps/sandbox-tests/tailwind.config.js     |  14 ++
 .../system/apps/sandbox-tests/tsconfig.json   |   4 +
 .../system/apps/sandbox-tests/vite.config.ts  |   3 +
 .../src/bridge/methods/system/mod.rs          |   2 +
 .../bridge/methods/system/sandbox/events.rs   |  41 +++++
 .../methods/system/sandbox/get_state.rs       |  42 +++++
 .../src/bridge/methods/system/sandbox/mod.rs  |   7 +
 .../methods/system/sandbox/rerun_tests.rs     |  48 +++++
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs       |   3 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs     |  18 +-
 .../sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs |  18 ++
 crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs     |   4 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs      |   8 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/system_apps.rs   |  20 ++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/commands.rs      |   7 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runner.rs        |  30 +---
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/state_view.rs    |  21 ++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs           |  13 ++
 docs/generated/system-bridge-capabilities.md  |  42 +++++
 docs/generated/system-bridge-methods.md       |  12 ++
 packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts   |  22 ++-
 packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/types.ts     |   8 +
 src/bindings.ts                               |   4 +-
 src/components/apps/AppsPageActionsMenu.tsx   |  27 +--
 src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx                  |  45 +----
 src/pages/Apps.tsx                            | 110 +-----------
 39 files changed, 899 insertions(+), 224 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 builtin-apps/src/system/apps/sandbox-tests/index.html
 create mode 100644 builtin-apps/src/system/apps/sandbox-tests/package.json
 create mode 100644 builtin-apps/src/system/apps/sandbox-tests/postcss.config.js
 create mode 100644 builtin-apps/src/system/apps/sandbox-tests/public/icon.svg
 create mode 100644 builtin-apps/src/system/apps/sandbox-tests/sage-manifest.json
 create mode 100644 builtin-apps/src/system/apps/sandbox-tests/src/App.tsx
 create mode 100644 builtin-apps/src/system/apps/sandbox-tests/src/components/SandboxResultList.tsx
 create mode 100644 builtin-apps/src/system/apps/sandbox-tests/src/components/SandboxTabs.tsx
 create mode 100644 builtin-apps/src/system/apps/sandbox-tests/src/main.tsx
 create mode 100644 builtin-apps/src/system/apps/sandbox-tests/src/sandboxApi.ts
 create mode 100644 builtin-apps/src/system/apps/sandbox-tests/src/sandboxState.ts
 create mode 100644 builtin-apps/src/system/apps/sandbox-tests/src/styles.css
 create mode 100644 builtin-apps/src/system/apps/sandbox-tests/tailwind.config.js
 create mode 100644 builtin-apps/src/system/apps/sandbox-tests/tsconfig.json
 create mode 100644 builtin-apps/src/system/apps/sandbox-tests/vite.config.ts
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/sandbox/events.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/sandbox/get_state.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/sandbox/mod.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/sandbox/rerun_tests.rs

diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/donation/index.html b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/donation/index.html
index 02397c5e0..1ad69eba6 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/donation/index.html
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/donation/index.html
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 <head>
   <meta charset="UTF-8" />
   <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
-  <title>Bridge Approval</title>
+  <title>Donation</title>
 </head>
 <body>
 <div id="root"></div>
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/sandbox-tests/index.html b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/sandbox-tests/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2d6a74f26
--- /dev/null
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/sandbox-tests/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<html lang="en">
+<head>
+  <meta charset="UTF-8" />
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
+  <title>Sandbox Tests</title>
+</head>
+<body>
+<div id="root"></div>
+<script type="module" src="./src/main.tsx"></script>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/sandbox-tests/package.json b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/sandbox-tests/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..43ed1fc5b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/sandbox-tests/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+{
+  "name": "bridge-approval-system-app",
+  "private": true,
+  "type": "module",
+  "dependencies": {
+    "@sage-system-app/sdk": "workspace:*"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/sandbox-tests/postcss.config.js b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/sandbox-tests/postcss.config.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c97c6b959
--- /dev/null
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/sandbox-tests/postcss.config.js
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+import { dirname, join } from 'node:path';
+import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url';
+
+const dir = dirname(fileURLToPath(import.meta.url));
+
+export default {
+  plugins: {
+    tailwindcss: {
+      config: join(dir, 'tailwind.config.js'),
+    },
+    autoprefixer: {},
+  },
+};
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/sandbox-tests/public/icon.svg b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/sandbox-tests/public/icon.svg
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d61a27e08
--- /dev/null
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/sandbox-tests/public/icon.svg
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+<svg width="256" height="256" viewBox="0 0 256 256" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
+    <rect width="256" height="256" rx="56" fill="#0F172A"/>
+
+    <path
+            d="M128 30L198 60V114C198 160 170 198 128 214C86 198 58 160 58 114V60L128 30Z"
+            fill="#38BDF8"
+    />
+
+    <path
+            d="M128 56L170 74V116C170 146 153 171 128 184C103 171 86 146 86 116V74L128 56Z"
+            fill="#0F172A"
+    />
+
+    <path
+            d="M108 126L122 140L151 106"
+            fill="none"
+            stroke="#22C55E"
+            stroke-width="15"
+            stroke-linecap="round"
+            stroke-linejoin="round"
+    />
+
+    <circle cx="74" cy="208" r="9" fill="#FACC15"/>
+    <circle cx="100" cy="224" r="7" fill="#FACC15"/>
+    <circle cx="182" cy="208" r="9" fill="#FACC15"/>
+    <circle cx="156" cy="224" r="7" fill="#FACC15"/>
+</svg>
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/sandbox-tests/sage-manifest.json b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/sandbox-tests/sage-manifest.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7a927399a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/sandbox-tests/sage-manifest.json
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+{
+  "manifestVersion": 0,
+  "sageVersion": {
+    "min": "0.0.0"
+  },
+  "name": "Sandbox Tests",
+  "icon": "icon.svg",
+  "version": "0.1.0",
+  "permissions": {
+    "network": {
+      "whitelist": {
+        "required": [],
+        "optional": []
+      }
+    },
+    "capabilities": {
+      "required": [
+        "environment.theme.get_current",
+        "environment.theme.listen_changed",
+        "environment.theme.css_vars"
+      ],
+      "optional": []
+    }
+  },
+  "files": [],
+  "entry": "index.html"
+}
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/sandbox-tests/src/App.tsx b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/sandbox-tests/src/App.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a9cfe0b2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/sandbox-tests/src/App.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+import { AppIcon, AppModalShell } from '@sage-app/ui';
+import { formatSageError } from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
+import { useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react';
+import {
+  closeSelf,
+  getSandboxState,
+  onSandboxStateChanged,
+  rerunSandboxTests,
+  type SandboxStateView,
+} from './sandboxApi';
+import { SandboxResultList } from './components/SandboxResultList';
+import { SandboxTabs } from './components/SandboxTabs';
+import {
+  isCurrentSandboxRunActive,
+  selectedSandboxState,
+  type SandboxTab,
+} from './sandboxState';
+
+const appIcon: AppIcon = {
+  kind: 'url',
+  iconUrl: '/icon.svg',
+};
+
+function emptyTextForTab(tab: SandboxTab) {
+  switch (tab) {
+    case 'effective':
+      return 'No effective sandbox gate state is available yet.';
+    case 'previous':
+      return 'No completed sandbox test run is available yet.';
+    case 'current':
+      return 'No sandbox test run is currently active.';
+  }
+}
+
+export function App() {
+  const [state, setState] = useState<SandboxStateView | null>(null);
+  const [activeTab, setActiveTab] = useState<SandboxTab>('effective');
+  const [loaded, setLoaded] = useState(false);
+  const [running, setRunning] = useState(false);
+  const [error, setError] = useState<string | null>(null);
+
+  const currentRunning = isCurrentSandboxRunActive(state);
+
+  const selectedState = useMemo(
+    () => selectedSandboxState(state, activeTab),
+    [state, activeTab],
+  );
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    let disposed = false;
+
+    async function load() {
+      try {
+        const next = await getSandboxState();
+
+        if (!disposed) {
+          setState(next);
+        }
+      } catch (err) {
+        if (!disposed) {
+          setError(formatSageError(err));
+        }
+      } finally {
+        if (!disposed) {
+          setLoaded(true);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    void load();
+
+    const off = onSandboxStateChanged((next) => {
+      setState(next);
+
+      const stillRunning = isCurrentSandboxRunActive(next);
+
+      if (!stillRunning) {
+        setRunning(false);
+
+        setActiveTab((prev) => (prev === 'current' ? 'previous' : prev));
+      }
+    });
+
+    return () => {
+      disposed = true;
+      off();
+    };
+  }, []);
+
+  async function rerun() {
+    setRunning(true);
+    setError(null);
+    setActiveTab('current');
+
+    try {
+      const next = await rerunSandboxTests();
+      setState(next);
+
+      if (!isCurrentSandboxRunActive(next)) {
+        setRunning(false);
+        setActiveTab('previous');
+      }
+    } catch (err) {
+      setRunning(false);
+      setError(formatSageError(err));
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (!loaded) {
+    return (
+      <AppModalShell
+        title='Sandbox tests'
+        appName='Sandbox tests'
+        appIcon={null}
+      >
+        <div className='text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
+          Loading sandbox tests…
+        </div>
+      </AppModalShell>
+    );
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <AppModalShell
+      title='Sandbox tests'
+      appName='Sandbox tests'
+      appIcon={appIcon}
+      footer={
+        <div className='flex justify-end gap-2'>
+          <button
+            type='button'
+            disabled={running}
+            onClick={() => void closeSelf()}
+            className='rounded-md border border-border px-3 py-1.5 text-sm hover:bg-muted disabled:opacity-50'
+          >
+            Close
+          </button>
+
+          <button
+            type='button'
+            disabled={running}
+            onClick={() => void rerun()}
+            className='rounded-md bg-primary px-3 py-1.5 text-sm font-medium text-primary-foreground hover:opacity-90 disabled:opacity-50'
+          >
+            {running ? 'Running…' : 'Re-run tests'}
+          </button>
+        </div>
+      }
+    >
+      <div className='space-y-4'>
+        <SandboxTabs
+          activeTab={activeTab}
+          currentEnabled={currentRunning}
+          onChange={setActiveTab}
+        />
+
+        {error ? (
+          <div className='rounded-lg border border-destructive/40 bg-destructive/10 p-2 text-sm text-destructive'>
+            {error}
+          </div>
+        ) : null}
+
+        <SandboxResultList
+          state={selectedState}
+          emptyText={emptyTextForTab(activeTab)}
+        />
+      </div>
+    </AppModalShell>
+  );
+}
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/sandbox-tests/src/components/SandboxResultList.tsx b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/sandbox-tests/src/components/SandboxResultList.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0504c910c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/sandbox-tests/src/components/SandboxResultList.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+import {
+  formatCapabilityLabel,
+  listSandboxCapabilities,
+  type SandboxGateState,
+} from '../sandboxState';
+
+function statusClass(status: string) {
+  switch (status) {
+    case 'passed':
+      return 'border-emerald-500/30 bg-emerald-500/10 text-emerald-700';
+    case 'failed':
+      return 'border-destructive/40 bg-destructive/10 text-destructive';
+    case 'running':
+      return 'border-yellow-500/30 bg-yellow-500/10 text-yellow-700';
+    case 'pending':
+      return 'border-border bg-muted text-muted-foreground';
+    default:
+      return 'border-border bg-muted text-muted-foreground';
+  }
+}
+
+function statusLabel(status: string) {
+  return status.slice(0, 1).toUpperCase() + status.slice(1);
+}
+
+function isObject(value: unknown): value is Record<string, unknown> {
+  return !!value && typeof value === 'object';
+}
+
+function normalizeCapabilityResult(value: unknown): {
+  status: string;
+  details: string | null;
+} {
+  if (!isObject(value)) {
+    return {
+      status: 'unknown',
+      details: null,
+    };
+  }
+
+  const status = typeof value.status === 'string' ? value.status : 'unknown';
+
+  const details =
+    typeof value.details === 'string' && value.details.length > 0
+      ? value.details
+      : null;
+
+  return { status, details };
+}
+
+export function SandboxResultList({
+  state,
+  emptyText,
+}: {
+  state: SandboxGateState | null;
+  emptyText: string;
+}) {
+  const entries = listSandboxCapabilities(state);
+
+  if (!state || entries.length === 0) {
+    return (
+      <div className='rounded-xl border border-border bg-background/70 p-4 text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
+        {emptyText}
+      </div>
+    );
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <div className='space-y-3'>
+      <div className='flex items-center justify-between gap-3 rounded-xl border bg-background/70 px-3 py-2'>
+        <div>
+          <div className='text-xs font-medium uppercase tracking-wide text-muted-foreground'>
+            Overall status
+          </div>
+          <div className='mt-0.5 text-sm font-semibold'>
+            {statusLabel(state.overallCriticalStatus)}
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <span
+          className={[
+            'rounded-full border px-2 py-0.5 text-xs font-medium',
+            statusClass(state.overallCriticalStatus),
+          ].join(' ')}
+        >
+          {state.overallCriticalStatus}
+        </span>
+      </div>
+
+      <div className='overflow-hidden rounded-xl border bg-background/70'>
+        {entries.map(([capability, rawResult], index) => {
+          const result = normalizeCapabilityResult(rawResult);
+
+          return (
+            <div
+              key={capability}
+              className={[
+                'p-3',
+                index > 0 ? 'border-t border-border' : '',
+              ].join(' ')}
+            >
+              <div className='flex items-start justify-between gap-3'>
+                <div className='min-w-0'>
+                  <div className='truncate text-sm font-medium'>
+                    {formatCapabilityLabel(capability)}
+                  </div>
+
+                  {result.details ? (
+                    <div className='mt-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
+                      {result.details}
+                    </div>
+                  ) : null}
+                </div>
+
+                <span
+                  className={[
+                    'shrink-0 rounded-full border px-2 py-0.5 text-xs font-medium',
+                    statusClass(result.status),
+                  ].join(' ')}
+                >
+                  {result.status}
+                </span>
+              </div>
+            </div>
+          );
+        })}
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  );
+}
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/sandbox-tests/src/components/SandboxTabs.tsx b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/sandbox-tests/src/components/SandboxTabs.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..092f0bdef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/sandbox-tests/src/components/SandboxTabs.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+import type { SandboxTab } from '../sandboxState';
+
+interface Props {
+  activeTab: SandboxTab;
+  currentEnabled: boolean;
+  onChange: (tab: SandboxTab) => void;
+}
+
+const tabs: Array<{
+  id: SandboxTab;
+  label: string;
+}> = [
+  { id: 'effective', label: 'Effective gate' },
+  { id: 'previous', label: 'Previous completed' },
+  { id: 'current', label: 'Current running' },
+];
+
+export function SandboxTabs({ activeTab, currentEnabled, onChange }: Props) {
+  return (
+    <div className='grid grid-cols-3 rounded-xl border bg-background p-1'>
+      {tabs.map((tab) => {
+        const disabled = tab.id === 'current' && !currentEnabled;
+
+        return (
+          <button
+            key={tab.id}
+            type='button'
+            disabled={disabled}
+            onClick={() => onChange(tab.id)}
+            className={[
+              'rounded-lg px-2 py-1.5 text-xs font-medium transition-colors',
+              activeTab === tab.id
+                ? 'bg-primary text-primary-foreground'
+                : 'text-muted-foreground hover:bg-muted hover:text-foreground',
+              disabled
+                ? 'cursor-not-allowed opacity-45 hover:bg-transparent'
+                : '',
+            ].join(' ')}
+          >
+            {tab.label}
+          </button>
+        );
+      })}
+    </div>
+  );
+}
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/sandbox-tests/src/main.tsx b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/sandbox-tests/src/main.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cb0593d81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/sandbox-tests/src/main.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+import React, { Suspense } from 'react';
+import ReactDOM from 'react-dom/client';
+import { App } from './App';
+import './styles.css';
+
+ReactDOM.createRoot(document.getElementById('root')!).render(
+  <React.StrictMode>
+    <Suspense fallback={<div className='p-4 text-sm'>Loading approval...</div>}>
+      <App />
+    </Suspense>
+  </React.StrictMode>,
+);
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/sandbox-tests/src/sandboxApi.ts b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/sandbox-tests/src/sandboxApi.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..107b1b3b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/sandbox-tests/src/sandboxApi.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+import {
+  getSageSystemClient,
+  type SandboxStateView,
+} from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
+
+const client = await getSageSystemClient();
+
+export type { SandboxStateView };
+
+export async function getSandboxState(): Promise<SandboxStateView> {
+  return await client.sandbox.getState();
+}
+
+export async function rerunSandboxTests(): Promise<SandboxStateView> {
+  return await client.sandbox.rerunTests();
+}
+
+export function onSandboxStateChanged(
+  handler: (event: SandboxStateView) => void,
+): () => void {
+  return client.sandbox.onStateChanged(handler);
+}
+
+export async function closeSelf(): Promise<void> {
+  return await client.runtimeManager.closeSelf();
+}
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/sandbox-tests/src/sandboxState.ts b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/sandbox-tests/src/sandboxState.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d055a54ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/sandbox-tests/src/sandboxState.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+import type { SandboxStateView } from './sandboxApi';
+
+export type SandboxTab = 'effective' | 'previous' | 'current';
+
+export type SandboxGateState = NonNullable<SandboxStateView['effective']>;
+
+export function getLiveSandboxState(state: SandboxStateView | null) {
+  return state?.currentRun?.state ?? null;
+}
+
+export function getBaselineSandboxState(state: SandboxStateView | null) {
+  return state?.baseline ?? null;
+}
+
+export function getEffectiveSandboxState(state: SandboxStateView | null) {
+  return state?.effective ?? null;
+}
+
+export function isCurrentSandboxRunActive(state: SandboxStateView | null) {
+  return state?.currentRun?.state?.overallCriticalStatus === 'running';
+}
+
+export function selectedSandboxState(
+  state: SandboxStateView | null,
+  tab: SandboxTab,
+): SandboxGateState | null {
+  switch (tab) {
+    case 'current':
+      return getLiveSandboxState(state);
+    case 'previous':
+      return getBaselineSandboxState(state);
+    case 'effective':
+      return getEffectiveSandboxState(state);
+  }
+}
+
+export function formatCapabilityLabel(value: string): string {
+  return value
+    .replace(/^sandbox\./, '')
+    .replace(/_/g, ' ')
+    .replace(/([a-z])([A-Z])/g, '$1 $2')
+    .replace(/\b\w/g, (char) => char.toUpperCase());
+}
+
+export function listSandboxCapabilities(state: SandboxGateState | null) {
+  if (!state) return [];
+
+  return Object.entries(state)
+    .filter(
+      ([key]) =>
+        key !== 'overallCriticalStatus' &&
+        key !== 'startedAt' &&
+        key !== 'finishedAt',
+    )
+    .sort(([a], [b]) =>
+      formatCapabilityLabel(a).localeCompare(formatCapabilityLabel(b)),
+    );
+}
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/sandbox-tests/src/styles.css b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/sandbox-tests/src/styles.css
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ad480ae12
--- /dev/null
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/sandbox-tests/src/styles.css
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+@import "@sage-app/sdk/theme.css";
+@config "../tailwind.config.js";
+
+@tailwind base;
+@tailwind components;
+@tailwind utilities;
+
+html,
+body,
+#root {
+    width: 100%;
+    height: 100%;
+    margin: 0;
+}
+
+body {
+    overflow: hidden;
+    background: transparent;
+}
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/sandbox-tests/tailwind.config.js b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/sandbox-tests/tailwind.config.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..13edcb743
--- /dev/null
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/sandbox-tests/tailwind.config.js
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+import { dirname, join, resolve } from 'node:path';
+import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url';
+import { createSageTailwindConfig } from '../../tailwind.shared.js';
+
+const dir = dirname(fileURLToPath(import.meta.url));
+const repoRoot = resolve(dir, '../../../../..');
+
+export default createSageTailwindConfig({
+  content: [
+    join(dir, 'index.html'),
+    join(dir, 'src/**/*.{ts,tsx}'),
+    join(repoRoot, 'packages/sage-app-ui/src/**/*.{ts,tsx}'),
+  ],
+});
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/sandbox-tests/tsconfig.json b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/sandbox-tests/tsconfig.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3d61827d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/sandbox-tests/tsconfig.json
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+{
+  "extends": "../../tsconfig.base.json",
+  "include": ["src", "vite.config.ts"]
+}
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/sandbox-tests/vite.config.ts b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/sandbox-tests/vite.config.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c2498e6d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/sandbox-tests/vite.config.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+import { defineSageSystemAppConfig } from '../../vite.system-app.config';
+
+export default defineSageSystemAppConfig(import.meta.url);
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/mod.rs
index 513a17383..a174ab7ec 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/mod.rs
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ mod file_system;
 mod bridge_approvals;
 mod donation;
 mod app_registry;
+mod sandbox;
 
 pub(crate) use app_permissions::*;
 pub(crate) use app_update::*;
@@ -17,3 +18,4 @@ pub(crate) use file_system::*;
 pub(crate) use bridge_approvals::*;
 pub(crate) use donation::*;
 pub(crate) use app_registry::*;
+pub(crate) use sandbox::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/sandbox/events.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/sandbox/events.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8a6667f00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/sandbox/events.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+use serde::Serialize;
+use specta::Type;
+use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
+use crate::AppsHostState;
+use crate::bridge::emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners;
+use crate::bridge::event_emit::SystemRuntimeEvent;
+use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
+use crate::sandbox::SandboxStateView;
+use crate::sandbox::state_view::build_state_view;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct SandboxStateChangedEvent {
+    pub state: SandboxStateView,
+}
+
+impl SandboxStateChangedEvent {
+    pub fn new(state: SandboxStateView) -> Self {
+        Self { state }
+    }
+}
+
+impl SystemRuntimeEvent for SandboxStateChangedEvent {
+    const TYPE: &'static str = "sandbox.stateChanged";
+    const REQUIRED_CAPABILITY: SystemBridgeCapability =
+        SystemBridgeCapability::SandboxListenStateChanged;
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn emit_sandbox_state_changed(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+) {
+    let view = build_state_view(apps_state).await;
+
+    emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners(
+        app,
+        apps_state,
+        SandboxStateChangedEvent::new(view),
+    )
+        .await;
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/sandbox/get_state.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/sandbox/get_state.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..eb54cd1d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/sandbox/get_state.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+
+use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
+    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
+};
+use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
+use crate::sandbox::state_view::build_state_view;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct SandboxGetState;
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl BridgeMethod for SandboxGetState {
+    fn name(&self) -> &'static str {
+        "sandbox.getState"
+    }
+
+    fn capability(&self) -> BridgeMethodCapability {
+        BridgeMethodCapability::system(SystemBridgeCapability::SandboxGetState)
+    }
+
+    fn approval_request(
+        &self,
+        _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> BridgeApprovalRequestResult {
+        Ok(None)
+    }
+
+    async fn handle(
+        &self,
+        _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
+        _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> BridgeHandleResult {
+        let state = build_state_view(tools.host_state).await;
+
+        Ok(Box::new(state))
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/sandbox/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/sandbox/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..92772320f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/sandbox/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+mod events;
+mod get_state;
+mod rerun_tests;
+
+pub(crate) use events::{emit_sandbox_state_changed, SandboxStateChangedEvent};
+pub(crate) use get_state::SandboxGetState;
+pub(crate) use rerun_tests::SandboxRerunTests;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/sandbox/rerun_tests.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/sandbox/rerun_tests.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1b4e89608
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/sandbox/rerun_tests.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError};
+use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
+use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
+use crate::sandbox::runner::{begin_sandbox_run, sandbox_runner};
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct SandboxRerunTests;
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl BridgeMethod for SandboxRerunTests {
+    fn name(&self) -> &'static str {
+        "sandbox.rerunTests"
+    }
+
+    fn capability(&self) -> BridgeMethodCapability {
+        BridgeMethodCapability::system(SystemBridgeCapability::SandboxRerunTests)
+    }
+
+    fn approval_request(
+        &self,
+        _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> BridgeApprovalRequestResult {
+        Ok(None)
+    }
+
+    async fn handle(
+        &self,
+        _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
+        _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> BridgeHandleResult {
+        let view = begin_sandbox_run(tools.app_handle, tools.host_state)
+            .await
+            .map_err(BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error)?;
+
+        let runner_app = tools.app_handle.clone();
+
+        tokio::spawn(async move {
+            sandbox_runner(runner_app).await;
+        });
+
+        Ok(Box::new(view))
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs
index 07dc1a9cf..f3984a015 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs
@@ -110,6 +110,9 @@ fn build_system_methods() -> HashMap<&'static str, Box<dyn BridgeMethod>> {
 
     insert_method(&mut methods, DonationGetDetails);
 
+    insert_method(&mut methods, SandboxGetState);
+    insert_method(&mut methods, SandboxRerunTests);
+
     methods
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
index 933ad65fb..ab6212d53 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
@@ -1,17 +1,5 @@
 use crate::bridge::{ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs, RustBridgeInvokeResult};
-use crate::bridge::methods::system::{
-    AppInstallInstallResult, AppInstallInstallUrlParams, AppInstallPreviewUrlParams,
-    AppInstallInstallZipParams, AppInstallPreviewZipParams,
-    AppPermissionsApplyPermissionsParams, AppPermissionsApplyPermissionsResult,
-    AppPermissionsGetReviewContextParams, AppPermissionsReviewContext,
-    AppUpdateApplyUpdateParams, AppUpdateApplyUpdateResult,
-    AppUpdateGetReviewContextParams, AppUpdateReviewContext, BridgeApprovalsChangedEvent,
-    DonationDetails, DonationGetDetailsParams,
-    FileSystemSelectFileParams, FileSystemSelectFileResult,
-    PendingBridgeApprovalView,
-    RuntimeManagerActiveTaskbarRuntimeChangedEvent, RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent,
-    ListedAppsChangedEvent
-};
+use crate::bridge::methods::system::{AppInstallInstallResult, AppInstallInstallUrlParams, AppInstallPreviewUrlParams, AppInstallInstallZipParams, AppInstallPreviewZipParams, AppPermissionsApplyPermissionsParams, AppPermissionsApplyPermissionsResult, AppPermissionsGetReviewContextParams, AppPermissionsReviewContext, AppUpdateApplyUpdateParams, AppUpdateApplyUpdateResult, AppUpdateGetReviewContextParams, AppUpdateReviewContext, BridgeApprovalsChangedEvent, DonationDetails, DonationGetDetailsParams, FileSystemSelectFileParams, FileSystemSelectFileResult, PendingBridgeApprovalView, RuntimeManagerActiveTaskbarRuntimeChangedEvent, RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent, ListedAppsChangedEvent, SandboxStateChangedEvent};
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::{
     app::{
         GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent, GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent,
@@ -36,6 +24,7 @@ use crate::runtime::{ReadyToStopParams, RuntimeAckResult, RuntimeTargetParams, S
 use sage_api::{CheckAddress, CheckAddressResponse, GetCoins, GetCoinsByIds, GetCoinsByIdsResponse, GetCoinsResponse, GetDerivations, GetDerivationsResponse, GetKey, GetKeyResponse, GetKeys, GetKeysResponse, GetPendingTransactions, GetPendingTransactionsResponse, GetSecretKey, GetSecretKeyResponse, GetSpendableCoinCount, GetSpendableCoinCountResponse, GetSyncStatus, GetSyncStatusResponse, GetTransaction, GetTransactionResponse, GetTransactions, GetTransactionsResponse, GetVersion, GetVersionResponse, GetXchUsdPriceResponse, TransactionResponse};
 use specta::TypeCollection;
 use specta_typescript::{BigIntExportBehavior, Typescript};
+use crate::sandbox::SandboxStateView;
 use crate::types::SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView;
 
 pub fn export_user_bridge_typescript() -> Result<String, String> {
@@ -132,6 +121,9 @@ pub fn export_system_bridge_typescript() -> Result<String, String> {
     types.register::<DonationGetDetailsParams>();
     types.register::<DonationDetails>();
 
+    types.register::<SandboxStateChangedEvent>();
+    types.register::<SandboxStateView>();
+
     Typescript::default()
         .bigint(BigIntExportBehavior::Number)
         .export(&types)
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs
index be4a81498..4b544667f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs
@@ -310,6 +310,24 @@ pub(crate) fn get_system_capability_definition(
             "Allows the system app to retrieve details to send donation.",
             system_app_flags(),
         ),
+        SystemBridgeCapability::SandboxGetState => CapabilityDefinition::new(
+            capability,
+            "Read sandbox state",
+            "Allows the system app to read Sage app sandbox test state.",
+            system_app_flags(),
+        ),
+        SystemBridgeCapability::SandboxRerunTests => CapabilityDefinition::new(
+            capability,
+            "Re-run sandbox tests",
+            "Allows the system app to re-run Sage app sandbox tests.",
+            system_app_flags(),
+        ),
+        SystemBridgeCapability::SandboxListenStateChanged => CapabilityDefinition::new(
+            capability,
+            "Observe sandbox state changes",
+            "Allows the system app to receive events when sandbox test state changes.",
+            system_app_flags(),
+        ),
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs
index 0a5eab415..6b3c6c647 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs
@@ -129,6 +129,10 @@ define_bridge_capabilities! {
         BridgeApprovalListenApprovalsChanged => "bridge_approval.listen_changed",
 
         DonationGetDetails => "donation.get_details",
+
+        SandboxGetState => "sandbox.get_state",
+        SandboxRerunTests => "sandbox.rerun_tests",
+        SandboxListenStateChanged => "sandbox.listen_state_changed",
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs
index 15d679378..57a56b723 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 use crate::runtime::start::{create_runtime, CreateRuntimeArgs};
 use crate::runtime::state::list_runtimes;
 use crate::runtime::stop::SystemKillRuntimeResult;
-use crate::runtime::{clear_active_taskbar_runtime, focus_taskbar_runtime, kill_taskbar_runtime, start_app_install_runtime, start_app_update_runtime, start_donation_runtime, RuntimeTargetParams, SageAppRuntimeMode, SageAppRuntimeRecordView};
+use crate::runtime::{clear_active_taskbar_runtime, focus_taskbar_runtime, kill_taskbar_runtime, start_app_install_runtime, start_app_update_runtime, start_donation_runtime, start_sandbox_tests_runtime, RuntimeTargetParams, SageAppRuntimeMode, SageAppRuntimeRecordView};
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::runtime::events::emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed;
 use crate::runtime::webview_locator::get_webview_in_sage_window;
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ pub enum StartSystemAppArgs {
     AppInstall(StartAppInstallArgs),
     AppUpdate(StartAppUpdateArgs),
     Donation(StartDonationArgs),
+    SandboxTests,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Type)]
@@ -121,7 +122,6 @@ pub async fn apps_start_system_app(
 
             start_app_install_runtime(&app, &apps_state, query).await?
         }
-
         StartSystemAppArgs::AppUpdate(args) => {
             let mut query = BTreeMap::new();
 
@@ -130,7 +130,6 @@ pub async fn apps_start_system_app(
 
             start_app_update_runtime(&app, &apps_state, args.app_id, query).await?
         }
-
         StartSystemAppArgs::Donation(args) => {
             let mut query = BTreeMap::new();
 
@@ -138,6 +137,9 @@ pub async fn apps_start_system_app(
 
             start_donation_runtime(&app, &apps_state, args.app_id, query).await?
         }
+        StartSystemAppArgs::SandboxTests => {
+            start_sandbox_tests_runtime(&app, &apps_state).await?
+        }
     };
 
     Ok(runtime.into())
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/system_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/system_apps.rs
index 6624d52ae..2c84de75e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/system_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/system_apps.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
 use crate::runtime::start::{create_runtime, CreateRuntimeArgs};
 use crate::runtime::{RuntimeChangeSet, SageAppRuntimeMode, SageAppRuntimeRecord, SharedRuntime};
-use crate::system_apps::{SYSTEM_APP_APP_INSTALL_ID, SYSTEM_APP_APP_UPDATE_ID, SYSTEM_APP_BRIDGE_APPROVAL_ID, SYSTEM_APP_DONATION_ID};
+use crate::system_apps::{SYSTEM_APP_APP_INSTALL_ID, SYSTEM_APP_APP_UPDATE_ID, SYSTEM_APP_BRIDGE_APPROVAL_ID, SYSTEM_APP_DONATION_ID, SYSTEM_APP_SANDBOX_TESTS_ID};
 use crate::types::{AppModalPresentation, AppPresentation};
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::bridge::state::pending_approval_app_ids;
@@ -171,3 +171,21 @@ pub(crate) async fn sync_bridge_approval_runtime(
 
     Ok(())
 }
+
+pub(crate) async fn start_sandbox_tests_runtime(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+) -> Result<SharedRuntime, String> {
+    start_system_app_runtime(
+        app,
+        apps_state,
+        CreateRuntimeArgs {
+            app_id: SYSTEM_APP_SANDBOX_TESTS_ID.to_string(),
+            presentation: AppPresentation::Modal(AppModalPresentation::over_launchpad(60)),
+            mode: SageAppRuntimeMode::Inline,
+            debug_layout: false,
+            query: BTreeMap::new(),
+        },
+    )
+        .await
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/commands.rs
index 9fec03051..4439b44f5 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/commands.rs
@@ -7,15 +7,12 @@ use super::runner::{begin_sandbox_run, sandbox_runner};
 use super::state_view::{build_effective_state, build_state_view};
 use super::types::{AppLaunchGateResult, SandboxStateView};
 
-#[tauri::command]
+#[command]
 #[specta::specta]
 pub async fn apps_get_sandbox_state(
     apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
 ) -> Result<SandboxStateView, String> {
-    let baseline = apps_state.sandbox.baseline.lock().await.clone();
-    let current_run = apps_state.sandbox.current_run.lock().await.clone();
-
-    Ok(build_state_view(&baseline, current_run.as_ref()))
+    Ok(build_state_view(&apps_state).await)
 }
 
 #[command]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runner.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runner.rs
index ded6315ac..178c0301e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runner.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runner.rs
@@ -7,9 +7,9 @@ use super::types::{
     build_running_sandbox_state, mark_cap,
 };
 use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::runtime::webview_locator::get_sage_webview;
 use crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms;
-use tauri::{AppHandle, Emitter, Manager, State};
+use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
+use crate::bridge::methods::system::emit_sandbox_state_changed;
 
 pub async fn ensure_initial_sandbox_run(app: AppHandle) -> Result<(), String> {
     let apps_state = app.state::<AppsHostState>();
@@ -41,16 +41,14 @@ pub async fn ensure_initial_sandbox_run(app: AppHandle) -> Result<(), String> {
     Ok(())
 }
 
-pub(super) async fn begin_sandbox_run(
+pub(crate) async fn begin_sandbox_run(
     app: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
 ) -> Result<super::types::SandboxStateView, String> {
     {
         let mut running = apps_state.sandbox.running.lock().await;
         if *running {
-            let baseline = apps_state.sandbox.baseline.lock().await.clone();
-            let current_run = apps_state.sandbox.current_run.lock().await.clone();
-            return Ok(build_state_view(&baseline, current_run.as_ref()));
+            return Ok(build_state_view(apps_state).await);
         }
         *running = true;
     }
@@ -67,11 +65,9 @@ pub(super) async fn begin_sandbox_run(
 
     *apps_state.sandbox.current_run.lock().await = Some(run_state);
 
-    emit_state_view(app, apps_state).await;
+    emit_sandbox_state_changed(app, apps_state).await;
 
-    let baseline = apps_state.sandbox.baseline.lock().await.clone();
-    let current_run = apps_state.sandbox.current_run.lock().await.clone();
-    Ok(build_state_view(&baseline, current_run.as_ref()))
+    Ok(build_state_view(apps_state).await)
 }
 
 async fn update_current_run_state(
@@ -82,7 +78,7 @@ async fn update_current_run_state(
     if let Some(current_run) = apps_state.sandbox.current_run.lock().await.as_mut() {
         current_run.state = state;
     }
-    emit_state_view(app, apps_state).await;
+    emit_sandbox_state_changed(app, apps_state).await;
 }
 
 pub async fn sandbox_runner(app: AppHandle) {
@@ -260,17 +256,7 @@ pub async fn sandbox_runner(app: AppHandle) {
     *apps_state.sandbox.current_run.lock().await = None;
     *apps_state.sandbox.running.lock().await = false;
 
-    emit_state_view(&app, &apps_state).await;
-}
-
-async fn emit_state_view(app: &AppHandle, apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>) {
-    let baseline = apps_state.sandbox.baseline.lock().await.clone();
-    let current_run = apps_state.sandbox.current_run.lock().await.clone();
-    let view = build_state_view(&baseline, current_run.as_ref());
-
-    if let Ok(webview) = get_sage_webview(app) {
-        let _ = webview.emit("apps:sandbox-state-updated", view);
-    }
+    emit_sandbox_state_changed(&app, &apps_state).await;
 }
 
 fn sandbox_state_is_all_pending(state: &SandboxState) -> bool {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/state_view.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/state_view.rs
index a7e291b1b..f16dae596 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/state_view.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/state_view.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+use tauri::State;
+use crate::AppsHostState;
 use super::types::{
     SandboxCapabilityResult, SandboxCapabilityStatus, SandboxRunState, SandboxState,
     SandboxStateView,
@@ -50,13 +52,20 @@ pub fn build_effective_state(
     }
 }
 
-pub fn build_state_view(
-    baseline: &SandboxState,
-    current_run: Option<&SandboxRunState>,
+pub async fn build_state_view(
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
 ) -> SandboxStateView {
+    let baseline = apps_state.sandbox.baseline.lock().await.clone();
+    let current_run = apps_state.sandbox.current_run.lock().await.clone();
+
+    let effective = build_effective_state(
+        &baseline,
+        current_run.as_ref(),
+    );
+
     SandboxStateView {
-        baseline: baseline.clone(),
-        current_run: current_run.cloned(),
-        effective: build_effective_state(baseline, current_run),
+        baseline,
+        current_run,
+        effective,
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
index d51c35500..09cbc8b5e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ pub const SYSTEM_APP_APP_UPDATE_ID: &str = "app-update";
 pub const SYSTEM_APP_APP_INSTALL_ID: &str = "app-install";
 pub const SYSTEM_APP_BRIDGE_APPROVAL_ID: &str = "bridge-approval";
 pub const SYSTEM_APP_DONATION_ID: &str = "donation";
+pub const SYSTEM_APP_SANDBOX_TESTS_ID: &str = "sandbox-tests";
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct BuiltinSystemAppSpec {
@@ -97,6 +98,18 @@ const BUILTIN_SYSTEM_APPS: &[BuiltinSystemAppSpec] = &[
             UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXchAutoSubmit,
         ],
     },
+    BuiltinSystemAppSpec {
+        app_id: SYSTEM_APP_SANDBOX_TESTS_ID,
+        dir_name: "sandbox-tests",
+        usage: SystemAppUsage::Contextual,
+        system_capabilities: &[
+            SystemBridgeCapability::SandboxGetState,
+            SystemBridgeCapability::SandboxRerunTests,
+            SystemBridgeCapability::SandboxListenStateChanged,
+            SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerCloseSelf,
+        ],
+        user_grantable_capabilities: &[],
+    },
 ];
 
 #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
diff --git a/docs/generated/system-bridge-capabilities.md b/docs/generated/system-bridge-capabilities.md
index b01520590..2198d03a8 100644
--- a/docs/generated/system-bridge-capabilities.md
+++ b/docs/generated/system-bridge-capabilities.md
@@ -308,3 +308,45 @@ Allows the system app to retrieve details to send donation.
 | Externally observable | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
+## `sandbox.get_state`
+
+**Read sandbox state**
+
+Allows the system app to read Sage app sandbox test state.
+
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `false` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
+
+## `sandbox.rerun_tests`
+
+**Re-run sandbox tests**
+
+Allows the system app to re-run Sage app sandbox tests.
+
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `false` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
+
+## `sandbox.listen_state_changed`
+
+**Observe sandbox state changes**
+
+Allows the system app to receive events when sandbox test state changes.
+
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `false` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
+
diff --git a/docs/generated/system-bridge-methods.md b/docs/generated/system-bridge-methods.md
index 7ecdf8a98..cc86a89d3 100644
--- a/docs/generated/system-bridge-methods.md
+++ b/docs/generated/system-bridge-methods.md
@@ -120,3 +120,15 @@
 |---|---|
 | Capability | `runtime_manager.list_runtimes` |
 
+## `sandbox.getState`
+
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Capability | `sandbox.get_state` |
+
+## `sandbox.rerunTests`
+
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Capability | `sandbox.rerun_tests` |
+
diff --git a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
index 3a39806e8..1a8409500 100644
--- a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
@@ -372,8 +372,26 @@ export function initSageSystemRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
               'donations.getDetails',
               input,
             );
-          }
-        }
+          },
+        },
+        sandbox: {
+          async getState() {
+            return await callHost<Generated.SandboxStateView>(
+              'sandbox.getState',
+            );
+          },
+          async rerunTests() {
+            return await callHost<Generated.SandboxStateView>(
+              'sandbox.rerunTests',
+            );
+          },
+          onStateChanged(handler) {
+            return onSystemRuntimeEventType<Generated.SandboxStateChangedEvent>(
+              'sandbox.stateChanged',
+              (event) => handler(event.state),
+            );
+          },
+        },
       };
     })
     .catch((error: unknown) => {
diff --git a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/types.ts b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/types.ts
index c47b4fde2..46aedfe15 100644
--- a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/types.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/types.ts
@@ -85,6 +85,13 @@ export type SageSystemDonationsClient = {
     input: Generated.DonationGetDetailsParams,
   ): Promise<Generated.DonationDetails>;
 };
+export type SageSandboxClient = {
+  getState(): Promise<Generated.SandboxStateView>;
+  rerunTests(): Promise<Generated.SandboxStateView>;
+  onStateChanged(
+    handler: (state: Generated.SandboxStateView) => void,
+  ): () => void;
+};
 
 export type SageSystemClient = SageClient & {
   runtimeManager: SageSystemRuntimeManagerClient;
@@ -95,4 +102,5 @@ export type SageSystemClient = SageClient & {
   fileSystem: SageSystemFileSystemClient;
   bridgeApprovals: SageSystemBridgeApprovalsClient;
   donations: SageSystemDonationsClient;
+  sandbox: SageSandboxClient;
 };
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index a0d878dc0..02f908012 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -2610,7 +2610,7 @@ export type StartAppInstallSource = { kind: "selectSource" } | { kind: "url"; ap
 export type StartAppUpdateArgs = { mode: StartAppUpdateMode; appId: string }
 export type StartAppUpdateMode = "reviewUpdate" | "reviewPermissions"
 export type StartDonationArgs = { appId: string }
-export type StartSystemAppArgs = ({ kind: "appInstall" } & StartAppInstallArgs) | ({ kind: "appUpdate" } & StartAppUpdateArgs) | ({ kind: "donation" } & StartDonationArgs)
+export type StartSystemAppArgs = ({ kind: "appInstall" } & StartAppInstallArgs) | ({ kind: "appUpdate" } & StartAppUpdateArgs) | ({ kind: "donation" } & StartDonationArgs) | { kind: "sandboxTests" }
 /**
  * Submit a transaction to the network
  */
@@ -2624,7 +2624,7 @@ spend_bundle: SpendBundleJson }
  */
 export type SubmitTransactionResponse = Record<string, never>
 export type SyncEvent = { type: "start"; ip: string } | { type: "stop" } | { type: "subscribed" } | { type: "derivation" } | { type: "coin_state" } | { type: "transaction_failed"; transaction_id: string; error: string | null } | { type: "puzzle_batch_synced" } | { type: "cat_info" } | { type: "did_info" } | { type: "nft_data" }
-export type SystemBridgeCapability = "runtime_manager.list_runtimes" | "runtime_manager.focus_taskbar_runtime" | "runtime_manager.hide_runtime" | "runtime_manager.kill_runtime" | "runtime_manager.get_active_taskbar_runtime" | "runtime_manager.listen_runtimes_changed" | "runtime_manager.listen_active_runtime_changed" | "runtime_manager.hide_self" | "runtime_manager.close_self" | "capability_definitions.read" | "app_permissions.read" | "app_permissions.apply" | "app_install.preview" | "app_install.apply" | "app_update.read" | "app_update.apply" | "app_registry.listen_listed_apps_changed" | "file_system.select_file" | "bridge_approval.list" | "bridge_approval.resolve" | "bridge_approval.listen_changed" | "donation.get_details"
+export type SystemBridgeCapability = "runtime_manager.list_runtimes" | "runtime_manager.focus_taskbar_runtime" | "runtime_manager.hide_runtime" | "runtime_manager.kill_runtime" | "runtime_manager.get_active_taskbar_runtime" | "runtime_manager.listen_runtimes_changed" | "runtime_manager.listen_active_runtime_changed" | "runtime_manager.hide_self" | "runtime_manager.close_self" | "capability_definitions.read" | "app_permissions.read" | "app_permissions.apply" | "app_install.preview" | "app_install.apply" | "app_update.read" | "app_update.apply" | "app_registry.listen_listed_apps_changed" | "file_system.select_file" | "bridge_approval.list" | "bridge_approval.resolve" | "bridge_approval.listen_changed" | "donation.get_details" | "sandbox.get_state" | "sandbox.rerun_tests" | "sandbox.listen_state_changed"
 export type SystemKillRuntimeResult = { ok: boolean; appId: string }
 export type SystemSageAppView = { common: SageAppCommonView; systemGrantedPermissions: SageGrantedSystemPermissionsView }
 /**
diff --git a/src/components/apps/AppsPageActionsMenu.tsx b/src/components/apps/AppsPageActionsMenu.tsx
index f6de9b31e..13147e7ef 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/AppsPageActionsMenu.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/AppsPageActionsMenu.tsx
@@ -10,16 +10,12 @@ import { Menu } from 'lucide-react';
 import { useState } from 'react';
 
 interface Props {
-  showSandboxDebugUi: boolean;
-  sandboxTestsRunning: boolean;
-  onRerunSandboxTests: () => void;
+  onOpenSandboxTests: () => void;
   onClose?: () => void;
 }
 
 export function AppsPageActionsMenu({
-  showSandboxDebugUi,
-  sandboxTestsRunning,
-  onRerunSandboxTests,
+  onOpenSandboxTests,
   onClose,
 }: Props) {
   const [open, setOpen] = useState(false);
@@ -40,19 +36,12 @@ export function AppsPageActionsMenu({
       </DropdownMenuTrigger>
 
       <DropdownMenuContent align='end' className='w-56'>
-        {showSandboxDebugUi ? (
-          <>
-            <DropdownMenuSeparator />
-            <DropdownMenuItem
-              disabled={sandboxTestsRunning}
-              onClick={onRerunSandboxTests}
-            >
-              {sandboxTestsRunning
-                ? 'Running sandbox tests...'
-                : 'Re-run sandbox tests'}
-            </DropdownMenuItem>
-          </>
-        ) : null}
+        <DropdownMenuSeparator />
+        <DropdownMenuItem
+          onClick={onOpenSandboxTests}
+        >
+          Sandbox tests
+        </DropdownMenuItem>
       </DropdownMenuContent>
     </DropdownMenu>
   );
diff --git a/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx b/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
index 989ecb447..1f724cf34 100644
--- a/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
+++ b/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { createContext, type ReactNode, useCallback, useContext, useEffect, useMemo, useState, } from 'react';
-import { listen, type UnlistenFn } from '@tauri-apps/api/event';
+import { listen } from '@tauri-apps/api/event';
 import { getCurrentWindow } from '@tauri-apps/api/window';
 import {
   type AppLaunchGateResult,
@@ -66,7 +66,6 @@ interface AppsContextValue {
   error: string | null;
   busyAppIds: Record<string, boolean>;
   updateAvailability: Record<string, SageAppUrlPreview | null>;
-  sandboxState: SandboxStateView | null;
   launchGatesByAppId: Record<string, AppLaunchGateResult>;
 
   getApp: (appId: string) => UserSageAppView | undefined;
@@ -97,7 +96,6 @@ interface AppsContextValue {
     options?: PerformAppUpdateOptions,
   ) => Promise<SageAppView>;
   clearAppStorage: (appId: string) => Promise<void>;
-  rerunSandboxTests: () => Promise<SandboxStateView>;
   activeTaskbarRuntime: ActiveTaskbarRuntime;
 }
 
@@ -284,36 +282,6 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
     };
   }, [refreshLaunchGates]);
 
-  useEffect(() => {
-    let isCancelled = false;
-    let unsubscribe: UnlistenFn | null = null;
-
-    const setup = async () => {
-      try {
-        unsubscribe = await listen<SandboxStateView>(
-          'apps:sandbox-state-updated',
-          (event) => {
-            if (isCancelled) return;
-
-            setSandboxState(event.payload);
-            void refreshLaunchGates(apps);
-          },
-        );
-      } catch (err) {
-        if (!isCancelled) {
-          console.error('Failed to subscribe to sandbox state updates:', err);
-        }
-      }
-    };
-
-    void setup();
-
-    return () => {
-      isCancelled = true;
-      if (unsubscribe) void unsubscribe();
-    };
-  }, [apps, refreshLaunchGates]);
-
   const currentSandboxRunId = sandboxState?.currentRun?.runId ?? null;
 
   useEffect(() => {
@@ -459,13 +427,6 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
     [refreshInstalledApps, refreshRuntimes],
   );
 
-  const rerunSandboxTests = useCallback(async () => {
-    const next = await commands.appsRerunSandboxTests();
-    setSandboxState(next);
-    await refreshLaunchGates(apps);
-    return next;
-  }, [apps, refreshLaunchGates]);
-
   const value = useMemo<AppsContextValue>(
     () => ({
       apps,
@@ -475,7 +436,6 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
       error,
       busyAppIds,
       updateAvailability,
-      sandboxState,
       launchGatesByAppId,
 
       getApp,
@@ -494,7 +454,6 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
       checkForUpdate,
       performAppUpdate,
       clearAppStorage,
-      rerunSandboxTests,
       activeTaskbarRuntime,
     }),
     [
@@ -505,7 +464,6 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
       error,
       busyAppIds,
       updateAvailability,
-      sandboxState,
       launchGatesByAppId,
       getApp,
       getListedApp,
@@ -521,7 +479,6 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
       checkForUpdate,
       performAppUpdate,
       clearAppStorage,
-      rerunSandboxTests,
       activeTaskbarRuntime,
     ],
   );
diff --git a/src/pages/Apps.tsx b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
index eeff04e07..a15c3829b 100644
--- a/src/pages/Apps.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
@@ -11,13 +11,6 @@ import {
   UserSageAppView,
 } from '@/bindings.ts';
 import { useApps } from '@/contexts/AppsContext.tsx';
-import {
-  formatCapabilityLabel,
-  getBaselineSandboxState,
-  getEffectiveSandboxState,
-  getLiveSandboxState,
-  listSandboxCapabilities,
-} from '@/lib/apps/sandbox';
 import { Plus } from 'lucide-react';
 import { AppsPageActionsMenu } from '@/components/apps/AppsPageActionsMenu';
 import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react';
@@ -117,9 +110,6 @@ export function Apps() {
     Record<string, string | null>
   >({});
 
-  const showSandboxDebugResults =
-    import.meta.env.DEV && import.meta.env.VITE_SAGE_DEBUG_TEST_APPS === '1';
-
   const {
     apps,
     runtimes,
@@ -131,15 +121,9 @@ export function Apps() {
     clearAppStorage,
     updateAvailability,
     busyAppIds,
-    sandboxState,
-    rerunSandboxTests,
     getLaunchGate,
   } = useApps();
 
-  const liveSandboxState = getLiveSandboxState(sandboxState);
-  const effectiveSandboxState = getEffectiveSandboxState(sandboxState);
-  const baselineSandboxState = getBaselineSandboxState(sandboxState);
-
   const runningAppIds = useMemo(() => {
     return new Set(runtimes.map((runtime) => runtime.app.common.identity.id));
   }, [runtimes]);
@@ -361,13 +345,10 @@ export function Apps() {
           </Button>
 
           <AppsPageActionsMenu
-            showSandboxDebugUi
-            sandboxTestsRunning={
-              sandboxState?.currentRun?.state?.overallCriticalStatus ===
-              'running'
-            }
-            onRerunSandboxTests={() => {
-              void rerunSandboxTests();
+            onOpenSandboxTests={() => {
+              void commands.appsStartSystemApp({
+                kind: 'sandboxTests',
+              });
             }}
             onClose={() => {
               //
@@ -377,89 +358,6 @@ export function Apps() {
       </div>
 
       <div className='mx-auto w-full max-w-7xl flex-1 min-h-0 overflow-auto px-4 pb-4 md:px-6 md:pb-6'>
-        {showSandboxDebugResults ? (
-          <Alert className='mb-6'>
-            <AlertTitle>
-              {!liveSandboxState && !effectiveSandboxState
-                ? 'Sandbox tests are pending'
-                : liveSandboxState?.overallCriticalStatus === 'running'
-                  ? 'Sandbox tests are running'
-                  : effectiveSandboxState?.overallCriticalStatus === 'passed'
-                    ? 'Sandbox tests passed'
-                    : effectiveSandboxState?.overallCriticalStatus === 'failed'
-                      ? 'Sandbox tests failed'
-                      : 'Sandbox tests are pending'}
-            </AlertTitle>
-
-            <AlertDescription className='space-y-3'>
-              <div>
-                Apps are allowed to launch only when all required sandbox
-                capabilities have passed.
-              </div>
-
-              {liveSandboxState ? (
-                <div className='space-y-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
-                  <div className='font-medium text-foreground'>Current run</div>
-
-                  {listSandboxCapabilities(liveSandboxState).map(
-                    ([capability, result]) => (
-                      <div key={`live-${capability}`}>
-                        {formatCapabilityLabel(capability)} — {result.status}
-                        {result.details ? ` — ${result.details}` : ''}
-                      </div>
-                    ),
-                  )}
-                </div>
-              ) : null}
-
-              {effectiveSandboxState ? (
-                <div className='space-y-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
-                  <div className='font-medium text-foreground'>
-                    Effective gate state
-                  </div>
-
-                  {listSandboxCapabilities(effectiveSandboxState).map(
-                    ([capability, result]) => (
-                      <div key={`effective-${capability}`}>
-                        {formatCapabilityLabel(capability)} — {result.status}
-                        {result.details ? ` — ${result.details}` : ''}
-                      </div>
-                    ),
-                  )}
-                </div>
-              ) : null}
-
-              {baselineSandboxState ? (
-                <div className='space-y-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
-                  <div className='font-medium text-foreground'>
-                    Previous completed baseline
-                  </div>
-
-                  {listSandboxCapabilities(baselineSandboxState).map(
-                    ([capability, result]) => (
-                      <div key={`baseline-${capability}`}>
-                        {formatCapabilityLabel(capability)} — {result.status}
-                        {result.details ? ` — ${result.details}` : ''}
-                      </div>
-                    ),
-                  )}
-                </div>
-              ) : null}
-
-              <div>
-                <Button
-                  variant='outline'
-                  onClick={() => {
-                    void rerunSandboxTests();
-                  }}
-                >
-                  Re-run tests
-                </Button>
-              </div>
-            </AlertDescription>
-          </Alert>
-        ) : null}
-
         {error ? (
           <Alert className='mb-6'>
             <AlertTitle>Apps error</AlertTitle>

From 58d30a90b13624a7db5340ee542e136bf40d9e17 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Thu, 7 May 2026 19:46:21 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 372/471] Optimize lock retry logic and improve error reporting
 in `read.rs`

- Replaced `thread::sleep` with `thread::yield_now` for better responsiveness during lock retries.
- Introduced `last_err` tracking for more detailed error messages upon timeout.
- Enhanced final error message to include attempts count and timeout duration.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs | 11 ++++++++---
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
index aec1b169a..81f1af2b6 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 use std::cmp::Reverse;
 use std::fmt::Display;
-use std::thread::sleep;
 use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
 
 use tauri::State;
@@ -242,6 +241,7 @@ fn retry_immediate_lookup<T>(
 ) -> Result<T, String> {
     let deadline = Instant::now() + Duration::from_millis(IMMEDIATE_LOCK_RETRY_TIMEOUT_MS);
     let mut attempts = 0usize;
+    let mut last_err: Option<String> = None;
 
     loop {
         attempts += 1;
@@ -249,13 +249,18 @@ fn retry_immediate_lookup<T>(
         match lookup() {
             Ok(value) => return Ok(value),
             Err(err) if is_busy_error(&err) && Instant::now() < deadline => {
-                sleep(Duration::from_millis(IMMEDIATE_LOCK_RETRY_DELAY_MS));
+                last_err = Some(err);
+                std::thread::yield_now();
             }
             Err(err) => return Err(err),
         }
 
         if Instant::now() >= deadline {
-            let err = format!("{label} is busy after {attempts} attempts");
+            let err = format!(
+                "{label} is busy after {attempts} attempts over {:?}: {}",
+                Duration::from_millis(IMMEDIATE_LOCK_RETRY_TIMEOUT_MS),
+                last_err.unwrap_or_else(|| "unknown busy lock".to_string()),
+            );
             eprintln!("{err}");
             return Err(err);
         }

From 7f826f781824fe4f9e7898bb73099fc54f173186 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Thu, 7 May 2026 19:56:07 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 373/471] Reduce timeout durations and clean up unused retry
 logic in probes and runtime state

---
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs         | 9 +--------
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/clear_cycle.rs | 4 ++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/isolation.rs   | 2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/network.rs     | 2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/persistence.rs | 4 ++--
 5 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
index 81f1af2b6..bbe6a670e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ use crate::runtime::state::types::{SharedImpostorRuntime, SharedRuntime};
 use crate::types::AppPresentation;
 
 const IMMEDIATE_LOCK_RETRY_TIMEOUT_MS: u64 = 20;
-const IMMEDIATE_LOCK_RETRY_DELAY_MS: u64 = 2;
 
 pub enum GetRuntimeError {
     NotFound,
@@ -241,7 +240,6 @@ fn retry_immediate_lookup<T>(
 ) -> Result<T, String> {
     let deadline = Instant::now() + Duration::from_millis(IMMEDIATE_LOCK_RETRY_TIMEOUT_MS);
     let mut attempts = 0usize;
-    let mut last_err: Option<String> = None;
 
     loop {
         attempts += 1;
@@ -249,18 +247,13 @@ fn retry_immediate_lookup<T>(
         match lookup() {
             Ok(value) => return Ok(value),
             Err(err) if is_busy_error(&err) && Instant::now() < deadline => {
-                last_err = Some(err);
                 std::thread::yield_now();
             }
             Err(err) => return Err(err),
         }
 
         if Instant::now() >= deadline {
-            let err = format!(
-                "{label} is busy after {attempts} attempts over {:?}: {}",
-                Duration::from_millis(IMMEDIATE_LOCK_RETRY_TIMEOUT_MS),
-                last_err.unwrap_or_else(|| "unknown busy lock".to_string()),
-            );
+            let err = format!("{label} is busy after {attempts} attempts");
             eprintln!("{err}");
             return Err(err);
         }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/clear_cycle.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/clear_cycle.rs
index 651055890..4b9d26ee7 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/clear_cycle.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/clear_cycle.rs
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ pub(in crate::sandbox) async fn run_clear_cycle_test(
     )
         .await?;
 
-    let write_results = poll_persistence_write(apps_state, &run_id, 1, 10_000).await?;
+    let write_results = poll_persistence_write(apps_state, &run_id, 1, 2_000).await?;
     let Some(write) = write_results.into_iter().find(|item| item.app_id == app_id) else {
         let () = close_runtime_internal(app, apps_state, app_id).await;
         return Ok((false, Some("Timed out waiting for victim storage write result.".into())));
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ pub(in crate::sandbox) async fn run_clear_cycle_test(
     )
         .await?;
 
-    let read_results = poll_persistence_read(apps_state, &run_id, 1, 10_000).await?;
+    let read_results = poll_persistence_read(apps_state, &run_id, 1, 2_000).await?;
     let Some(read) = read_results.into_iter().find(|item| item.app_id == app_id) else {
         let () = close_runtime_internal(app, apps_state, app_id).await;
         return Ok((false, Some("Timed out waiting for victim storage read result.".into())));
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/isolation.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/isolation.rs
index 47d3342cf..677c21f22 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/isolation.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/isolation.rs
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ pub(in crate::sandbox) async fn run_isolation_test(
     )
     .await?;
 
-    let results = poll_isolation(apps_state, &run_id, 2, 10_000).await?;
+    let results = poll_isolation(apps_state, &run_id, 2, 2_000).await?;
     stop_test_apps(app, apps_state, &app_ids).await;
 
     let persistent = results
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/network.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/network.rs
index 88ef9f5bc..28c71ca71 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/network.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/network.rs
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ pub(in crate::sandbox) async fn run_network_test(
     )
     .await?;
 
-    let results = poll_network(apps_state, &run_id, 2, 12_000).await?;
+    let results = poll_network(apps_state, &run_id, 2, 4_000).await?;
     stop_test_apps(app, apps_state, &app_ids).await;
 
     for result in &results {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/persistence.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/persistence.rs
index 4fc34fc82..4818869e8 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/persistence.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/persistence.rs
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ pub(in crate::sandbox) async fn run_persistence_test(
     )
     .await?;
 
-    let write_results = poll_persistence_write(apps_state, &run_id, 2, 10_000).await?;
+    let write_results = poll_persistence_write(apps_state, &run_id, 2, 2_000).await?;
     stop_test_apps(app, apps_state, &app_ids).await;
 
     let persistent_write = write_results
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ pub(in crate::sandbox) async fn run_persistence_test(
     )
     .await?;
 
-    let read_results = poll_persistence_read(apps_state, &run_id, 2, 10_000).await?;
+    let read_results = poll_persistence_read(apps_state, &run_id, 2, 2_000).await?;
     stop_test_apps(app, apps_state, &app_ids).await;
 
     let persistent_read = read_results

From df7e666b47aff38f403b6450197aa26ad4b7451d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Thu, 7 May 2026 20:00:49 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 374/471] Highlight selected donation presets based on user
 input in `AmountPicker`

- Introduced `numericInputEquals` utility to accurately compare numeric inputs.
- Added visual state for selected presets in `AmountPicker` using conditional styling.
- Improved usability by indicating the currently active preset.
---
 .../donation/src/components/AmountPicker.tsx  | 58 +++++++++++++------
 1 file changed, 41 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)

diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/donation/src/components/AmountPicker.tsx b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/donation/src/components/AmountPicker.tsx
index 00678431c..29243f817 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/donation/src/components/AmountPicker.tsx
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/donation/src/components/AmountPicker.tsx
@@ -17,6 +17,19 @@ interface Props {
   derivedUsd: number | null;
 }
 
+function numericInputEquals(a: string, b: string): boolean {
+  const aNumber = Number(a.trim());
+  const bNumber = Number(b.trim());
+
+  return (
+    a.trim() !== '' &&
+    b.trim() !== '' &&
+    Number.isFinite(aNumber) &&
+    Number.isFinite(bNumber) &&
+    aNumber === bNumber
+  );
+}
+
 export function AmountPicker({
   mode,
   setMode,
@@ -54,6 +67,7 @@ export function AmountPicker({
   }, [mode, priceUsd]);
 
   const showPresets = mode === 'usd' || priceUsd !== null;
+  const activeInput = mode === 'usd' ? usdInput : xchInput;
 
   return (
     <div>
@@ -83,23 +97,33 @@ export function AmountPicker({
 
       {showPresets ? (
         <div className='mb-2 grid grid-cols-4 gap-2'>
-          {presets.map((preset) => (
-            <button
-              key={preset.key}
-              type='button'
-              disabled={preset.disabled}
-              onClick={() => {
-                if (mode === 'usd') {
-                  setUsdInput(preset.value);
-                } else {
-                  setXchInput(preset.value);
-                }
-              }}
-              className='rounded-lg border border-border px-2 py-1.5 text-xs font-medium hover:bg-muted disabled:cursor-not-allowed disabled:opacity-50'
-            >
-              {preset.label}
-            </button>
-          ))}
+          {presets.map((preset) => {
+            const selected =
+              !preset.disabled && numericInputEquals(activeInput, preset.value);
+
+            return (
+              <button
+                key={preset.key}
+                type='button'
+                disabled={preset.disabled}
+                onClick={() => {
+                  if (mode === 'usd') {
+                    setUsdInput(preset.value);
+                  } else {
+                    setXchInput(preset.value);
+                  }
+                }}
+                className={[
+                  'rounded-lg border px-2 py-1.5 text-xs font-medium transition-colors disabled:cursor-not-allowed disabled:opacity-50',
+                  selected
+                    ? 'border-primary bg-primary text-primary-foreground'
+                    : 'border-border hover:bg-muted',
+                ].join(' ')}
+              >
+                {preset.label}
+              </button>
+            );
+          })}
         </div>
       ) : null}
 

From 8e55c64673b4126502a0857561fecaa875cb4ce5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Thu, 7 May 2026 21:40:57 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 375/471] Add wallet scoping functionality to app installations

- Introduced `SageAppWalletScope` to define wallet accessibility for apps.
- Added new `listWallets` bridge method for retrieving available wallets.
- Implemented `WalletScopeView` in React to let users manage wallet scope during app installation.
- Updated app installation flows (`install_url` and `install_zip`) to include wallet scope.
- Refactored `install_app_from_source` lifecycle method to support wallet scoping.
- Extended TypeScript bindings and system capabilities for wallet-related operations.
---
 .../src/system/apps/app-install/src/api.ts    |  10 ++
 .../src/components/ReviewInstallView.tsx      | 129 ++++++++++++++---
 .../src/components/WalletScopeView.tsx        | 131 ++++++++++++++++++
 .../methods/system/app_install/install_url.rs |   7 +-
 .../methods/system/app_install/install_zip.rs |   7 +-
 .../src/bridge/methods/system/mod.rs          |   2 +
 .../methods/system/wallet/list_wallets.rs     |  76 ++++++++++
 .../src/bridge/methods/system/wallet/mod.rs   |   3 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs       |   2 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs     |   8 +-
 .../sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs |   6 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs     |   2 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs |  12 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs |   3 +-
 .../sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/types.rs |   8 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs     |   3 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs  |   7 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs           |   4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs      |  20 ++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/mod.rs         |   2 +
 .../sage-apps/src/types/app/wallet_scope.rs   |  15 ++
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs             |   2 +-
 docs/generated/system-bridge-capabilities.md  |  14 ++
 docs/generated/system-bridge-methods.md       |   6 +
 packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts   |  79 ++++++++++-
 packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/types.ts     |   4 +
 src/bindings.ts                               |   2 +-
 27 files changed, 516 insertions(+), 48 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/WalletScopeView.tsx
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/wallet/list_wallets.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/wallet/mod.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/wallet_scope.rs

diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/api.ts b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/api.ts
index f5e7f8000..4d6bc9e5d 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/api.ts
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/api.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 import {
   getSageSystemClient,
   type SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
+  type SageAppWalletScope,
+  type WalletListWalletsResult,
 } from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
 import type { InstallSource } from './types';
 
@@ -9,6 +11,11 @@ export async function closeSelf() {
   void client.runtimeManager.closeSelf();
 }
 
+export async function listWallets(): Promise<WalletListWalletsResult> {
+  const client = await getSageSystemClient();
+  return await client.wallet.listWallets();
+}
+
 export async function previewUrl(appUrl: string): Promise<InstallSource> {
   const client = await getSageSystemClient();
   const preview = await client.appInstall.previewUrl({ appUrl });
@@ -46,6 +53,7 @@ export async function selectAndPreviewZip(): Promise<InstallSource | null> {
 export async function installSource(
   source: InstallSource,
   grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
+  walletScope: SageAppWalletScope,
 ) {
   const client = await getSageSystemClient();
 
@@ -53,11 +61,13 @@ export async function installSource(
     await client.appInstall.installZip({
       zipPath: source.zipPath,
       grantedPermissions,
+      walletScope,
     });
   } else {
     await client.appInstall.installUrl({
       appUrl: source.appUrl,
       grantedPermissions,
+      walletScope,
     });
   }
 }
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/ReviewInstallView.tsx b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/ReviewInstallView.tsx
index 6a72ac909..696871bb9 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/ReviewInstallView.tsx
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/ReviewInstallView.tsx
@@ -1,11 +1,13 @@
-import { useMemo, useState } from 'react';
+import { useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react';
 import { AppModalShell, PermissionsEditor } from '@sage-app/ui';
 import {
   formatSageError,
   type SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView,
+  type SageAppWalletScope,
   type SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
+  type SystemWalletView,
 } from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
-import { closeSelf, installSource } from '../api';
+import { closeSelf, installSource, listWallets } from '../api';
 import type { InstallSource } from '../types';
 import { resolveInstallIcon } from '../utils/icons';
 import {
@@ -15,6 +17,9 @@ import {
   installManifest,
 } from '../utils/permissions';
 import { UnsupportedManifestView } from './UnsupportedManifestView';
+import { WalletScopeView } from './WalletScopeView';
+
+type Step = 'permissions' | 'wallets';
 
 export function ReviewInstallView({
   source,
@@ -24,8 +29,17 @@ export function ReviewInstallView({
   definitions: SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView[];
 }) {
   const manifest = installManifest(source);
+
+  const [step, setStep] = useState<Step>('permissions');
   const [installing, setInstalling] = useState(false);
   const [error, setError] = useState<string | null>(null);
+  const [wallets, setWallets] = useState<SystemWalletView[]>([]);
+  const [walletsLoading, setWalletsLoading] = useState(true);
+
+  const [walletScope, setWalletScope] = useState<SageAppWalletScope>({
+    kind: 'allWallets',
+  });
+
   const [grantedPermissions, setGrantedPermissions] =
     useState<SageGrantedPermissionsInput>(() =>
       manifest
@@ -33,19 +47,53 @@ export function ReviewInstallView({
         : emptyGrantedPermissions(),
     );
 
+  useEffect(() => {
+    let disposed = false;
+
+    async function loadWallets() {
+      try {
+        setWalletsLoading(true);
+        const result = await listWallets();
+
+        if (!disposed) {
+          setWallets(result.wallets);
+        }
+      } catch (err) {
+        if (!disposed) {
+          setError(formatSageError(err));
+        }
+      } finally {
+        if (!disposed) {
+          setWalletsLoading(false);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    void loadWallets();
+
+    return () => {
+      disposed = true;
+    };
+  }, []);
+
   const previewApp = useMemo(() => {
     if (!manifest) return null;
     return buildPreviewApp(manifest, grantedPermissions);
   }, [manifest, grantedPermissions]);
 
+  const canInstall =
+    !installing &&
+    !walletsLoading &&
+    (walletScope.kind === 'allWallets' || walletScope.fingerprints.length > 0);
+
   async function install() {
-    if (!manifest) return;
+    if (!manifest || !canInstall) return;
 
     setInstalling(true);
     setError(null);
 
     try {
-      await installSource(source, grantedPermissions);
+      await installSource(source, grantedPermissions, walletScope);
       await closeSelf();
     } catch (err) {
       setError(formatSageError(err));
@@ -58,14 +106,13 @@ export function ReviewInstallView({
     return <UnsupportedManifestView source={source} error={error} />;
   }
 
-
   return (
     <AppModalShell
       appName={manifest.name}
       appIcon={resolveInstallIcon(source)}
-      title='Install app'
+      title={step === 'permissions' ? 'Review permissions' : 'Select wallets'}
       footer={
-        <div className='flex justify-end gap-2'>
+        <div className='flex justify-between gap-2'>
           <button
             className='rounded-md border border-border px-4 py-2 text-sm disabled:opacity-60'
             disabled={installing}
@@ -74,24 +121,64 @@ export function ReviewInstallView({
             Cancel
           </button>
 
-          <button
-            className='rounded-md bg-primary px-4 py-2 text-sm text-primary-foreground disabled:opacity-60'
-            disabled={installing}
-            onClick={install}
-          >
-            {installing ? 'Installing…' : 'Install'}
-          </button>
+          <div className='flex gap-2'>
+            {step === 'wallets' ? (
+              <button
+                className='rounded-md border border-border px-4 py-2 text-sm disabled:opacity-60'
+                disabled={installing}
+                onClick={() => setStep('permissions')}
+              >
+                Back
+              </button>
+            ) : null}
+
+            {step === 'permissions' ? (
+              <button
+                className='rounded-md bg-primary px-4 py-2 text-sm text-primary-foreground disabled:opacity-60'
+                disabled={installing}
+                onClick={() => {
+                  setError(null);
+                  setStep('wallets');
+                }}
+              >
+                Continue
+              </button>
+            ) : (
+              <button
+                className='rounded-md bg-primary px-4 py-2 text-sm text-primary-foreground disabled:opacity-60'
+                disabled={!canInstall}
+                onClick={install}
+              >
+                {installing ? 'Installing…' : 'Install'}
+              </button>
+            )}
+          </div>
         </div>
       }
     >
       <div className='space-y-5'>
-        <PermissionsEditor
-          app={previewApp}
-          grantedPermissions={grantedPermissions}
-          capabilityDefinitions={definitions}
-          editable={!installing}
-          onGrantedPermissionsChange={setGrantedPermissions}
-        />
+        {step === 'permissions' ? (
+          <PermissionsEditor
+            app={previewApp}
+            grantedPermissions={grantedPermissions}
+            capabilityDefinitions={definitions}
+            editable={!installing}
+            onGrantedPermissionsChange={setGrantedPermissions}
+          />
+        ) : walletsLoading ? (
+          <div className='rounded-xl border border-border p-4 text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
+            Loading wallets…
+          </div>
+        ) : (
+          <>
+            <WalletScopeView
+              wallets={wallets}
+              walletScope={walletScope}
+              setWalletScope={setWalletScope}
+              disabled={installing}
+            />
+          </>
+        )}
 
         {error ? (
           <div className='rounded-xl border border-destructive/30 bg-destructive/10 p-3 text-sm text-destructive'>
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/WalletScopeView.tsx b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/WalletScopeView.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6d1775d18
--- /dev/null
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/WalletScopeView.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+import type {
+  SageAppWalletScope,
+  SystemWalletView,
+} from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
+
+interface Props {
+  wallets: SystemWalletView[];
+  walletScope: SageAppWalletScope;
+  setWalletScope: (scope: SageAppWalletScope) => void;
+  disabled: boolean;
+}
+
+function selectedFingerprints(scope: SageAppWalletScope): number[] {
+  return scope.kind === 'selectedWallets' ? scope.fingerprints : [];
+}
+
+function walletLabel(wallet: SystemWalletView): string {
+  return wallet.name || `Wallet ${wallet.fingerprint}`;
+}
+
+export function WalletScopeView({
+  wallets,
+  walletScope,
+  setWalletScope,
+  disabled,
+}: Props) {
+  const selected = selectedFingerprints(walletScope);
+
+  function toggleFingerprint(fingerprint: number) {
+    const next = selected.includes(fingerprint)
+      ? selected.filter((value) => value !== fingerprint)
+      : [...selected, fingerprint].sort((a, b) => a - b);
+
+    setWalletScope({
+      kind: 'selectedWallets',
+      fingerprints: next,
+    });
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <div className='space-y-4'>
+      <div>
+        <div className='text-sm font-medium'>Wallet availability</div>
+        <p className='mt-1 text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
+          Choose which wallets can use this app. You can change this later.
+        </p>
+      </div>
+
+      <div className='flex gap-2'>
+        <button
+          type='button'
+          disabled={disabled}
+          onClick={() => setWalletScope({ kind: 'allWallets' })}
+          className={[
+            'rounded-lg border px-3 py-2 text-sm font-medium transition-colors disabled:opacity-60',
+            walletScope.kind === 'allWallets'
+              ? 'border-primary bg-primary text-primary-foreground'
+              : 'border-border hover:bg-muted',
+          ].join(' ')}
+        >
+          All wallets
+        </button>
+
+        <button
+          type='button'
+          disabled={disabled}
+          onClick={() =>
+            setWalletScope({
+              kind: 'selectedWallets',
+              fingerprints: selected.length > 0 ? selected : [],
+            })
+          }
+          className={[
+            'rounded-lg border px-3 py-2 text-sm font-medium transition-colors disabled:opacity-60',
+            walletScope.kind === 'selectedWallets'
+              ? 'border-primary bg-primary text-primary-foreground'
+              : 'border-border hover:bg-muted',
+          ].join(' ')}
+        >
+          Selected wallets only
+        </button>
+      </div>
+
+      {walletScope.kind === 'selectedWallets' ? (
+        <div className='overflow-hidden rounded-xl border border-border'>
+          {wallets.length === 0 ? (
+            <div className='p-3 text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
+              No wallets found.
+            </div>
+          ) : (
+            wallets.map((wallet, index) => {
+              const checked = selected.includes(wallet.fingerprint);
+
+              return (
+                <label
+                  key={wallet.fingerprint}
+                  className={[
+                    'flex cursor-pointer items-center gap-3 p-3 transition-colors hover:bg-muted/70',
+                    index > 0 ? 'border-t border-border' : '',
+                    disabled ? 'cursor-not-allowed opacity-60' : '',
+                  ].join(' ')}
+                >
+                  <input
+                    type='checkbox'
+                    disabled={disabled}
+                    checked={checked}
+                    onChange={() => toggleFingerprint(wallet.fingerprint)}
+                    className='h-4 w-4'
+                  />
+
+                  <div className='flex items-center justify-center text-2xl leading-none'>
+                    {wallet.emoji ?? '👛'}
+                  </div>
+
+                  <div className='min-w-0'>
+                    <div className='truncate text-sm font-medium'>
+                      {walletLabel(wallet)}
+                    </div>
+                    <div className='text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
+                      Fingerprint {wallet.fingerprint}
+                    </div>
+                  </div>
+                </label>
+              );
+            })
+          )}
+        </div>
+      ) : null}
+    </div>
+  );
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/install_url.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/install_url.rs
index cb1802e44..2465d79b2 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/install_url.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/install_url.rs
@@ -14,13 +14,14 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::system::AppInstallInstallResult;
 use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
 use crate::host::AppState;
 use crate::lifecycle::install::install_app_from_source;
-use crate::types::{SageAppUrl, SageGrantedPermissionsInput, UserSageAppView};
+use crate::types::{SageAppUrl, SageAppWalletScope, SageGrantedPermissionsInput, UserSageAppView};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct AppInstallInstallUrlParams {
     app_url: String,
     granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
+    wallet_scope: SageAppWalletScope,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
@@ -58,6 +59,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppInstallInstallUrl {
             state,
             params.app_url,
             params.granted_permissions,
+            params.wallet_scope,
         )
             .await
             .map_err(|err| BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error(err.to_string()))?;
@@ -71,6 +73,7 @@ pub async fn install_app_url(
     state: State<'_, AppState>,
     app_url: String,
     granted_permissions_input: SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
+    wallet_scope: SageAppWalletScope,
 ) -> crate::host::Result<UserSageAppView> {
     let base_path = {
         let state = state.lock().await;
@@ -78,7 +81,7 @@ pub async fn install_app_url(
     };
     let parsed_app_url = SageAppUrl::parse(&app_url)
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("invalid app URL {app_url}: {err}")))?;
-    let result = install_app_from_source(&app, &base_path, granted_permissions_input, parsed_app_url)
+    let result = install_app_from_source(&app, &base_path, granted_permissions_input, wallet_scope, parsed_app_url)
         .await;
 
     result
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/install_zip.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/install_zip.rs
index ad3cef5b0..baab3327b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/install_zip.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/install_zip.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ use crate::host::AppState;
 use crate::lifecycle::apps_root;
 use crate::lifecycle::install::install_app_from_source;
 use crate::lifecycle::install::zip::ZipInstallSource;
-use crate::types::{SageGrantedPermissionsInput, UserSageAppView};
+use crate::types::{SageAppWalletScope, SageGrantedPermissionsInput, UserSageAppView};
 
 use super::AppInstallInstallResult;
 
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ use super::AppInstallInstallResult;
 pub struct AppInstallInstallZipParams {
     zip_path: String,
     granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
+    wallet_scope: SageAppWalletScope,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
@@ -61,6 +62,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppInstallInstallZip {
             state,
             params.zip_path,
             params.granted_permissions,
+            params.wallet_scope,
         )
             .await
             .map_err(|err| BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error(err.to_string()))?;
@@ -74,6 +76,7 @@ pub async fn install_app_zip(
     state: State<'_, AppState>,
     zip_path: String,
     granted_permissions_input: SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
+    wallet_scope: SageAppWalletScope,
 ) -> crate::host::Result<UserSageAppView> {
     let base_path = {
         let state = state.lock().await;
@@ -92,7 +95,7 @@ pub async fn install_app_zip(
     let source = ZipInstallSource::new(&root, zip_path.clone());
     let unpack_dir = source.unpack_dir.clone();
 
-    let result = install_app_from_source(&app, &base_path, granted_permissions_input, source).await;
+    let result = install_app_from_source(&app, &base_path, granted_permissions_input, wallet_scope, source).await;
 
     if unpack_dir.exists() {
         let _ = fs::remove_dir_all(&unpack_dir);
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/mod.rs
index a174ab7ec..8c5f9ed84 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/mod.rs
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ mod bridge_approvals;
 mod donation;
 mod app_registry;
 mod sandbox;
+mod wallet;
 
 pub(crate) use app_permissions::*;
 pub(crate) use app_update::*;
@@ -19,3 +20,4 @@ pub(crate) use bridge_approvals::*;
 pub(crate) use donation::*;
 pub(crate) use app_registry::*;
 pub(crate) use sandbox::*;
+pub(crate) use wallet::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/wallet/list_wallets.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/wallet/list_wallets.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6cadf623f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/wallet/list_wallets.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+use serde::Serialize;
+use specta::Type;
+
+use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
+    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
+    BridgeMethodHandleError,
+};
+use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
+use sage_api::GetKeys;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub(crate) struct WalletListWallets;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct SystemWalletView {
+    pub fingerprint: u32,
+    pub name: String,
+    pub emoji: Option<String>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct WalletListWalletsResult {
+    pub wallets: Vec<SystemWalletView>,
+}
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl BridgeMethod for WalletListWallets {
+    fn name(&self) -> &'static str {
+        "wallet.listWallets"
+    }
+
+    fn capability(&self) -> BridgeMethodCapability {
+        BridgeMethodCapability::system(SystemBridgeCapability::WalletListWallets)
+    }
+
+    fn approval_request(
+        &self,
+        _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> BridgeApprovalRequestResult {
+        Ok(None)
+    }
+
+    async fn handle(
+        &self,
+        _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
+        _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> BridgeHandleResult {
+        let sage = tools.app_state.lock().await;
+
+        let keys = sage.get_keys(GetKeys {}).map_err(|err| {
+            BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error(format!(
+                "{} failed: {err}",
+                self.name()
+            ))
+        })?;
+
+        Ok(Box::new(WalletListWalletsResult {
+            wallets: keys
+                .keys
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|key| SystemWalletView {
+                    fingerprint: key.fingerprint,
+                    name: key.name,
+                    emoji: key.emoji,
+                })
+                .collect(),
+        }))
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/wallet/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/wallet/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f688a275e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/wallet/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+mod list_wallets;
+
+pub(crate) use list_wallets::{WalletListWallets, WalletListWalletsResult, SystemWalletView};
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs
index f3984a015..a4a68b1b0 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs
@@ -113,6 +113,8 @@ fn build_system_methods() -> HashMap<&'static str, Box<dyn BridgeMethod>> {
     insert_method(&mut methods, SandboxGetState);
     insert_method(&mut methods, SandboxRerunTests);
 
+    insert_method(&mut methods, WalletListWallets);
+
     methods
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
index ab6212d53..05032a3c9 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use crate::bridge::{ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs, RustBridgeInvokeResult};
-use crate::bridge::methods::system::{AppInstallInstallResult, AppInstallInstallUrlParams, AppInstallPreviewUrlParams, AppInstallInstallZipParams, AppInstallPreviewZipParams, AppPermissionsApplyPermissionsParams, AppPermissionsApplyPermissionsResult, AppPermissionsGetReviewContextParams, AppPermissionsReviewContext, AppUpdateApplyUpdateParams, AppUpdateApplyUpdateResult, AppUpdateGetReviewContextParams, AppUpdateReviewContext, BridgeApprovalsChangedEvent, DonationDetails, DonationGetDetailsParams, FileSystemSelectFileParams, FileSystemSelectFileResult, PendingBridgeApprovalView, RuntimeManagerActiveTaskbarRuntimeChangedEvent, RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent, ListedAppsChangedEvent, SandboxStateChangedEvent};
+use crate::bridge::methods::system::{AppInstallInstallResult, AppInstallInstallUrlParams, AppInstallPreviewUrlParams, AppInstallInstallZipParams, AppInstallPreviewZipParams, AppPermissionsApplyPermissionsParams, AppPermissionsApplyPermissionsResult, AppPermissionsGetReviewContextParams, AppPermissionsReviewContext, AppUpdateApplyUpdateParams, AppUpdateApplyUpdateResult, AppUpdateGetReviewContextParams, AppUpdateReviewContext, BridgeApprovalsChangedEvent, DonationDetails, DonationGetDetailsParams, FileSystemSelectFileParams, FileSystemSelectFileResult, PendingBridgeApprovalView, RuntimeManagerActiveTaskbarRuntimeChangedEvent, RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent, ListedAppsChangedEvent, SandboxStateChangedEvent, SystemWalletView, WalletListWalletsResult};
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::{
     app::{
         GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent, GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent,
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ use sage_api::{CheckAddress, CheckAddressResponse, GetCoins, GetCoinsByIds, GetC
 use specta::TypeCollection;
 use specta_typescript::{BigIntExportBehavior, Typescript};
 use crate::sandbox::SandboxStateView;
-use crate::types::SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView;
+use crate::types::{SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView, SageAppWalletScope};
 
 pub fn export_user_bridge_typescript() -> Result<String, String> {
     let mut types = TypeCollection::default();
@@ -124,6 +124,10 @@ pub fn export_system_bridge_typescript() -> Result<String, String> {
     types.register::<SandboxStateChangedEvent>();
     types.register::<SandboxStateView>();
 
+    types.register::<SageAppWalletScope>();
+    types.register::<SystemWalletView>();
+    types.register::<WalletListWalletsResult>();
+
     Typescript::default()
         .bigint(BigIntExportBehavior::Number)
         .export(&types)
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs
index 4b544667f..94c124bb2 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs
@@ -328,6 +328,12 @@ pub(crate) fn get_system_capability_definition(
             "Allows the system app to receive events when sandbox test state changes.",
             system_app_flags(),
         ),
+        SystemBridgeCapability::WalletListWallets => CapabilityDefinition::new(
+            capability,
+            "List wallets",
+            "Allows the system app to list wallets available in Sage.",
+            system_app_flags(),
+        ),
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs
index 6b3c6c647..55dd0d38b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs
@@ -133,6 +133,8 @@ define_bridge_capabilities! {
         SandboxGetState => "sandbox.get_state",
         SandboxRerunTests => "sandbox.rerun_tests",
         SandboxListenStateChanged => "sandbox.listen_state_changed",
+
+        WalletListWallets => "wallet.list_wallets",
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
index 1f7ac09dc..dd2ed8606 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::bridge::methods::system::emit_listed_apps_changed;
 use crate::lifecycle::{allocate_new_storage, apps_root, write_metadata_for_app};
-use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissionsInput, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource};
+use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppWalletScope, SageGrantedPermissionsInput, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource};
 
 pub mod commands;
 pub mod url;
@@ -83,6 +83,7 @@ pub async fn install_app_from_source<S>(
     app: &AppHandle,
     base_path: &Path,
     granted_permissions_input: SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
+    wallet_scope: SageAppWalletScope,
     source: S,
 ) -> AnyResult<UserSageApp>
 where
@@ -91,6 +92,7 @@ where
     let install_result = install_app_from_source_with_storage(
         base_path,
         granted_permissions_input,
+        wallet_scope,
         source,
         &TauriStorageResolver,
         Some(app),
@@ -115,6 +117,7 @@ where
     install_app_from_source_with_storage(
         base_path,
         granted_permissions_input,
+        SageAppWalletScope::AllWallets,
         source,
         &TestStorageResolver {
             storage: InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
@@ -127,6 +130,7 @@ where
 async fn install_app_from_source_with_storage<S, R>(
     base_path: &Path,
     sage_granted_permissions_input: SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
+    wallet_scope: SageAppWalletScope,
     source: S,
     storage_resolver: &R,
     app: Option<&AppHandle>,
@@ -169,6 +173,7 @@ where
         granted_permissions,
         storage,
         snapshot,
+        wallet_scope,
     )?;
 
     let installed = UserSageApp::new_installed(common, source.source(&prepared));
@@ -280,7 +285,7 @@ mod tests {
     use super::*;
     use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
     use crate::lifecycle::registry::read_installed_app_by_id;
-    use crate::types::{SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions};
+    use crate::types::{SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageAppWalletScope, SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions};
     use tempfile::tempdir;
 
     fn sample_manifest() -> SageAppPackageManifest {
@@ -332,6 +337,7 @@ mod tests {
         let installed = install_app_from_source_with_storage(
             dir.path(),
             granted,
+            SageAppWalletScope::AllWallets,
             FakeInstallSource {
                 manifest,
                 app_id: "fake-app".into(),
@@ -375,6 +381,7 @@ mod tests {
         let err = install_app_from_source_with_storage(
             dir.path(),
             granted,
+            SageAppWalletScope::AllWallets,
             FakeInstallSource {
                 manifest: sample_manifest(),
                 app_id: "fake-app".into(),
@@ -426,6 +433,7 @@ mod tests {
                 manifest.clone(),
             )
             .unwrap(),
+            SageAppWalletScope::AllWallets
         )
         .unwrap();
         let app = UserSageApp::new_installed(common, UserSageAppSource::Zip);
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
index 3d4dda037..924f18051 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ mod tests {
     use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
     use crate::lifecycle::write_retired_app_origins;
     use crate::runtime::{SageAppRuntimeMode, SageAppRuntimeRecord, SageAppRuntimeVisibility};
-    use crate::types::{AppPresentation, InstalledSageAppStorage, RetiredAppOriginEntry, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions, SharedSageApp};
+    use crate::types::{AppPresentation, InstalledSageAppStorage, RetiredAppOriginEntry, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageAppWalletScope, SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions, SharedSageApp};
     use tempfile::{TempDir, tempdir};
 
     fn fake_retired_app_origins(
@@ -247,6 +247,7 @@ mod tests {
             granted_permissions,
             InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
             snapshot,
+            SageAppWalletScope::AllWallets
         )
             .unwrap();
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/types.rs
index 548170fb4..972ade873 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/types.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize};
 
-use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource};
+use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppWalletScope, SageGrantedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
 pub struct PersistedUserSageApp {
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ pub struct PersistedUserSageApp {
     granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
     storage: InstalledSageAppStorage,
     active_snapshot: SageAppSnapshot,
+    wallet_scope: SageAppWalletScope,
     source: UserSageAppSource,
 }
 
@@ -26,6 +27,7 @@ impl TryFrom<&SageApp> for PersistedUserSageApp {
             granted_permissions: common.granted_permissions().clone(),
             storage: common.storage().clone(),
             active_snapshot: common.active_snapshot().clone(),
+            wallet_scope: common.wallet_scope().clone(),
             source: user_app.source().clone(),
         })
     }
@@ -42,6 +44,7 @@ impl TryFrom<&UserSageApp> for PersistedUserSageApp {
             granted_permissions: common.granted_permissions().clone(),
             storage: common.storage().clone(),
             active_snapshot: common.active_snapshot().clone(),
+            wallet_scope: common.wallet_scope().clone(),
             source: user_app.source().clone(),
         })
     }
@@ -56,6 +59,7 @@ impl TryFrom<PersistedUserSageApp> for UserSageApp {
             persisted.granted_permissions,
             persisted.storage,
             persisted.active_snapshot,
+            persisted.wallet_scope
         )?;
 
         Ok(UserSageApp::new_installed(common, persisted.source))
@@ -68,6 +72,7 @@ struct PersistedUserSageAppRaw {
     granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
     storage: InstalledSageAppStorage,
     active_snapshot: SageAppSnapshot,
+    wallet_scope: SageAppWalletScope,
     source: UserSageAppSource,
 }
 
@@ -83,6 +88,7 @@ impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for PersistedUserSageApp {
             granted_permissions: raw.granted_permissions,
             storage: raw.storage,
             active_snapshot: raw.active_snapshot,
+            wallet_scope: raw.wallet_scope,
             source: raw.source,
         })
     }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
index ff9d973c1..2f39a0ae5 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ mod tests {
         app_dir, read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries, read_retired_app_origins,
     };
     use crate::runtime::{SageAppRuntimeMode, SageAppRuntimeRecord, SageAppRuntimeVisibility};
-    use crate::types::{AppPresentation, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedPermissions, SharedSageApp, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource};
+    use crate::types::{AppPresentation, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppWalletScope, SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedPermissions, SharedSageApp, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource};
     use tempfile::tempdir;
 
     fn write_index(app_dir: &Path) {
@@ -277,6 +277,7 @@ mod tests {
             granted_permissions,
             storage,
             snapshot,
+            SageAppWalletScope::AllWallets
         )
         .unwrap();
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
index a1198fa79..d6c509ec4 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
@@ -4,10 +4,7 @@ use std::{fs, path::PathBuf};
 use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
 
 use crate::system_apps::AppBuildError;
-use crate::types::{
-    InstalledSageAppStorage, SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppPackageManifest,
-    SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
-};
+use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppWalletScope, SageGrantedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource};
 use crate::utils::builtin_apps_root;
 
 macro_rules! sandbox_test_id_prefix {
@@ -172,6 +169,7 @@ pub fn build_builtin_test_app(app_id: &str) -> Result<Option<SageApp>, AppBuildE
         granted_permissions,
         builtin_storage(spec.app_id),
         snapshot,
+        SageAppWalletScope::AllWallets
     ).map_err(|_| AppBuildError::InternalError)?;
 
 
@@ -232,6 +230,7 @@ pub fn build_builtin_runtime_app(
         granted_permissions,
         InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
         snapshot,
+        SageAppWalletScope::AllWallets
     )
         .map_err(|err| {
             eprintln!("runtime app common failed: {err}");
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
index 09cbc8b5e..164d13763 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use anyhow::{Result as AnyResult};
 use serde::Serialize;
 use specta::Type;
 use crate::capabilities::list::{SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
-use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissions, SageGrantedSystemPermissions, SystemSageApp};
+use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppWalletScope, SageGrantedPermissions, SageGrantedSystemPermissions, SystemSageApp};
 use crate::utils::builtin_apps_root;
 
 pub const SYSTEM_APP_TASK_MANAGER_ID: &str = "task-manager";
@@ -68,6 +68,7 @@ const BUILTIN_SYSTEM_APPS: &[BuiltinSystemAppSpec] = &[
             SystemBridgeCapability::AppInstallPreview,
             SystemBridgeCapability::AppInstallApply,
             SystemBridgeCapability::FileSystemSelectFile,
+            SystemBridgeCapability::WalletListWallets,
             SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerCloseSelf,
         ],
         user_grantable_capabilities: &[]
@@ -247,6 +248,7 @@ pub fn build_builtin_system_app(app_id: &str) -> Result<Option<SageApp>, AppBuil
         granted_permissions,
         InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
         snapshot,
+        SageAppWalletScope::AllWallets
     ) {
         Ok(c) => c,
         Err(err) => {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
index 3edfd2513..a274901ae 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize};
 use crate::sandbox::SANDBOX_TEST_ID_PREFIX;
 use crate::types::app::flags::SageAppFlags;
 use crate::types::app::preview::UserSageAppPendingUpdate;
+use crate::types::app::SageAppWalletScope;
 use crate::types::app::snapshot::SageAppSnapshot;
 use crate::types::invariants::{
     resolve_app_capability_flags, validate_snapshot_entry_and_icon_exist,
@@ -25,6 +26,7 @@ pub struct SageAppCommon {
     flags: SageAppFlags,
     storage: InstalledSageAppStorage,
     active_snapshot: SageAppSnapshot,
+    wallet_scope: SageAppWalletScope,
 }
 
 impl SageAppCommon {
@@ -33,8 +35,9 @@ impl SageAppCommon {
         granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
         storage: InstalledSageAppStorage,
         snapshot: SageAppSnapshot,
+        wallet_scope: SageAppWalletScope,
     ) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
-        Self::build(identity, granted_permissions, storage, snapshot, None)
+        Self::build(identity, granted_permissions, storage, snapshot, wallet_scope, None)
     }
 
     pub fn clone_for_rollback(&self) -> Self {
@@ -43,7 +46,8 @@ impl SageAppCommon {
             granted_permissions: self.granted_permissions.clone(),
             storage: self.storage.clone(),
             flags: self.flags,
-            active_snapshot: self.active_snapshot.clone()
+            active_snapshot: self.active_snapshot.clone(),
+            wallet_scope: self.wallet_scope.clone(),
         }
     }
 
@@ -58,6 +62,7 @@ impl SageAppCommon {
             granted_permissions,
             self.storage.clone(),
             snapshot,
+            self.wallet_scope.clone(),
             Some(&self.flags),
         )?;
 
@@ -94,6 +99,7 @@ impl SageAppCommon {
             granted_permissions,
             self.storage.clone(),
             self.active_snapshot.clone(),
+            self.wallet_scope.clone(),
             Some(&self.flags),
         )?;
 
@@ -114,6 +120,7 @@ impl SageAppCommon {
         granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
         storage: InstalledSageAppStorage,
         snapshot: SageAppSnapshot,
+        wallet_scope: SageAppWalletScope,
         previous_flags: Option<&SageAppFlags>,
     ) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
         let manifest = snapshot.manifest();
@@ -132,6 +139,7 @@ impl SageAppCommon {
             flags: capability_flags,
             storage,
             active_snapshot: snapshot,
+            wallet_scope,
         };
 
         validate_snapshot_entry_and_icon_exist(
@@ -193,6 +201,14 @@ impl SageAppCommon {
         &self.storage
     }
 
+    pub fn wallet_scope(&self) -> &SageAppWalletScope {
+        &self.wallet_scope
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn update_wallet_scope(&mut self, wallet_scope: SageAppWalletScope) {
+        self.wallet_scope = wallet_scope;
+    }
+
     pub fn active_snapshot(&self) -> &SageAppSnapshot {
         &self.active_snapshot
     }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/mod.rs
index 9b82e7a9b..18c8622f7 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/mod.rs
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ mod snapshot;
 mod system_apps;
 mod user_apps;
 mod view;
+mod wallet_scope;
 
 pub use user_apps::SharedSageApp;
 
@@ -22,5 +23,6 @@ pub(crate) use user_apps::{
     CorruptedInstalledSageApp, ListedSageApp, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource, SageApp, ResolvedApp, ResolvedStoppedApp, ResolvedRunningApp
 };
 pub(crate) use view::{ListedSageAppView, SageAppView, UserSageAppView, SageAppIconView};
+pub(crate) use wallet_scope::SageAppWalletScope;
 
 pub(super) use flags::SageAppFlags;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/wallet_scope.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/wallet_scope.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e8847efe2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/wallet_scope.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use specta::Type;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub enum SageAppWalletScope {
+    AllWallets,
+    SelectedWallets { fingerprints: Vec<u32> },
+}
+
+impl Default for SageAppWalletScope {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::AllWallets
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs
index 7075f1549..5167328c9 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ pub(crate) use app::{
     CorruptedInstalledSageApp, ListedSageApp, RetiredAppOriginEntry, SageApp, SageAppCommon,
     SageAppIdentity, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppUrlPreview, AppPresentation, AppModalPresentation, SystemSageApp,
     UserSageApp, UserSageAppPendingUpdate, UserSageAppSource, SageAppView, ResolvedApp, ResolvedStoppedApp, ResolvedRunningApp,
-    ListedSageAppView, UserSageAppView, SageAppIconView
+    ListedSageAppView, UserSageAppView, SageAppIconView, SageAppWalletScope
 };
 pub(crate) use manifest::{
     SageAppManifestFile, SageAppManifestHeaderV0,
diff --git a/docs/generated/system-bridge-capabilities.md b/docs/generated/system-bridge-capabilities.md
index 2198d03a8..daea9e572 100644
--- a/docs/generated/system-bridge-capabilities.md
+++ b/docs/generated/system-bridge-capabilities.md
@@ -350,3 +350,17 @@ Allows the system app to receive events when sandbox test state changes.
 | Externally observable | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
+## `wallet.list_wallets`
+
+**List wallets**
+
+Allows the system app to list wallets available in Sage.
+
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `false` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
+
diff --git a/docs/generated/system-bridge-methods.md b/docs/generated/system-bridge-methods.md
index cc86a89d3..cd1613f48 100644
--- a/docs/generated/system-bridge-methods.md
+++ b/docs/generated/system-bridge-methods.md
@@ -132,3 +132,9 @@
 |---|---|
 | Capability | `sandbox.rerun_tests` |
 
+## `wallet.listWallets`
+
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Capability | `wallet.list_wallets` |
+
diff --git a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
index 1a8409500..b6a7e23b0 100644
--- a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/runtime.ts
@@ -63,6 +63,39 @@ function isObject(value: unknown): value is Record<string, unknown> {
   return !!value && typeof value === 'object';
 }
 
+function mergeClients<T>(path: string, base: unknown, extension: unknown): T {
+  if (!isObject(base) || !isObject(extension)) {
+    throw new Error(
+      `Cannot merge non-object client namespace: ${path || 'root'}`,
+    );
+  }
+
+  const result: Record<string, unknown> = { ...base };
+
+  for (const [key, extensionValue] of Object.entries(extension)) {
+    const nextPath = path ? `${path}.${key}` : key;
+    const baseValue = result[key];
+
+    if (baseValue === undefined) {
+      result[key] = extensionValue;
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    const bothObjects = isObject(baseValue) && isObject(extensionValue);
+    const eitherFunction =
+      typeof baseValue === 'function' || typeof extensionValue === 'function';
+
+    if (bothObjects && !eitherFunction) {
+      result[key] = mergeClients(nextPath, baseValue, extensionValue);
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    throw new Error(`Duplicate Sage client method: ${nextPath}`);
+  }
+
+  return result as T;
+}
+
 function isSystemRuntimeEventEnvelope(
   value: unknown,
 ): value is SystemRuntimeEventEnvelope {
@@ -210,9 +243,7 @@ export function initSageSystemRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
 
   void getSageClient()
     .then((userClient) => {
-      w.__SAGE_SYSTEM__ = {
-        ...userClient,
-
+      const systemExtension = {
         runtimeManager: {
           async listRuntimes() {
             return await callHost<Generated.SageAppRuntimeRecordView[]>(
@@ -240,25 +271,37 @@ export function initSageSystemRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
               input,
             );
           },
+
           async getActiveTaskbarRuntime(): Promise<Generated.SageAppRuntimeRecordView | null> {
             return await callHost<Generated.SageAppRuntimeRecordView | null>(
               'runtimeManager.getActiveTaskbarRuntime',
             );
           },
+
           async hideSelf() {
             return await callHost<void>('runtimeManager.hideSelf');
           },
+
           async closeSelf() {
             return await callHost<void>('runtimeManager.closeSelf');
           },
 
-          onRuntimesChanged(handler) {
+          onRuntimesChanged(
+            handler: (
+              event: Generated.RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent,
+            ) => void,
+          ) {
             return onSystemRuntimeEventType<Generated.RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent>(
               'runtimeManager.runtimesChanged',
               handler,
             );
           },
-          onActiveTaskbarRuntimeChanged(handler) {
+
+          onActiveTaskbarRuntimeChanged(
+            handler: (
+              event: Generated.RuntimeManagerActiveTaskbarRuntimeChangedEvent,
+            ) => void,
+          ) {
             return onSystemRuntimeEventType<Generated.RuntimeManagerActiveTaskbarRuntimeChangedEvent>(
               'runtimeManager.activeTaskbarRuntimeChanged',
               handler,
@@ -313,6 +356,7 @@ export function initSageSystemRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
             );
           },
         },
+
         capabilities: {
           async listUserDefinitions() {
             return await callHost<Generated.SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView[]>(
@@ -340,6 +384,7 @@ export function initSageSystemRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
             );
           },
         },
+
         fileSystem: {
           async selectFile(input: Generated.FileSystemSelectFileParams) {
             return await callHost<Generated.FileSystemSelectFileResult>(
@@ -348,6 +393,7 @@ export function initSageSystemRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
             );
           },
         },
+
         bridgeApprovals: {
           async listPending() {
             return await callHost<Generated.PendingBridgeApprovalView[]>(
@@ -359,13 +405,16 @@ export function initSageSystemRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
             return await callHost<void>('bridgeApprovals.resolve', input);
           },
 
-          onChanged(handler) {
+          onChanged(
+            handler: (event: Generated.BridgeApprovalsChangedEvent) => void,
+          ) {
             return onSystemRuntimeEventType<Generated.BridgeApprovalsChangedEvent>(
               'bridgeApprovals.changed',
               handler,
             );
           },
         },
+
         donations: {
           async getDetails(input: Generated.DonationGetDetailsParams) {
             return await callHost<Generated.DonationDetails>(
@@ -374,25 +423,41 @@ export function initSageSystemRuntimeBridge(): boolean {
             );
           },
         },
+
         sandbox: {
           async getState() {
             return await callHost<Generated.SandboxStateView>(
               'sandbox.getState',
             );
           },
+
           async rerunTests() {
             return await callHost<Generated.SandboxStateView>(
               'sandbox.rerunTests',
             );
           },
-          onStateChanged(handler) {
+
+          onStateChanged(handler: (state: Generated.SandboxStateView) => void) {
             return onSystemRuntimeEventType<Generated.SandboxStateChangedEvent>(
               'sandbox.stateChanged',
               (event) => handler(event.state),
             );
           },
         },
+        wallet: {
+          async listWallets() {
+            return await callHost<Generated.WalletListWalletsResult>(
+              'wallet.listWallets',
+            );
+          },
+        },
       };
+
+      w.__SAGE_SYSTEM__ = mergeClients<SageSystemClient>(
+        '',
+        userClient,
+        systemExtension,
+      );
     })
     .catch((error: unknown) => {
       console.error('Failed to initialize Sage system client:', error);
diff --git a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/types.ts b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/types.ts
index 46aedfe15..4e28f86ea 100644
--- a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/types.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/types.ts
@@ -92,6 +92,9 @@ export type SageSandboxClient = {
     handler: (state: Generated.SandboxStateView) => void,
   ): () => void;
 };
+export type SageWalletClient = {
+  listWallets(): Promise<Generated.WalletListWalletsResult>;
+};
 
 export type SageSystemClient = SageClient & {
   runtimeManager: SageSystemRuntimeManagerClient;
@@ -103,4 +106,5 @@ export type SageSystemClient = SageClient & {
   bridgeApprovals: SageSystemBridgeApprovalsClient;
   donations: SageSystemDonationsClient;
   sandbox: SageSandboxClient;
+  wallet: SageWalletClient;
 };
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index 02f908012..cb5c84939 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -2624,7 +2624,7 @@ spend_bundle: SpendBundleJson }
  */
 export type SubmitTransactionResponse = Record<string, never>
 export type SyncEvent = { type: "start"; ip: string } | { type: "stop" } | { type: "subscribed" } | { type: "derivation" } | { type: "coin_state" } | { type: "transaction_failed"; transaction_id: string; error: string | null } | { type: "puzzle_batch_synced" } | { type: "cat_info" } | { type: "did_info" } | { type: "nft_data" }
-export type SystemBridgeCapability = "runtime_manager.list_runtimes" | "runtime_manager.focus_taskbar_runtime" | "runtime_manager.hide_runtime" | "runtime_manager.kill_runtime" | "runtime_manager.get_active_taskbar_runtime" | "runtime_manager.listen_runtimes_changed" | "runtime_manager.listen_active_runtime_changed" | "runtime_manager.hide_self" | "runtime_manager.close_self" | "capability_definitions.read" | "app_permissions.read" | "app_permissions.apply" | "app_install.preview" | "app_install.apply" | "app_update.read" | "app_update.apply" | "app_registry.listen_listed_apps_changed" | "file_system.select_file" | "bridge_approval.list" | "bridge_approval.resolve" | "bridge_approval.listen_changed" | "donation.get_details" | "sandbox.get_state" | "sandbox.rerun_tests" | "sandbox.listen_state_changed"
+export type SystemBridgeCapability = "runtime_manager.list_runtimes" | "runtime_manager.focus_taskbar_runtime" | "runtime_manager.hide_runtime" | "runtime_manager.kill_runtime" | "runtime_manager.get_active_taskbar_runtime" | "runtime_manager.listen_runtimes_changed" | "runtime_manager.listen_active_runtime_changed" | "runtime_manager.hide_self" | "runtime_manager.close_self" | "capability_definitions.read" | "app_permissions.read" | "app_permissions.apply" | "app_install.preview" | "app_install.apply" | "app_update.read" | "app_update.apply" | "app_registry.listen_listed_apps_changed" | "file_system.select_file" | "bridge_approval.list" | "bridge_approval.resolve" | "bridge_approval.listen_changed" | "donation.get_details" | "sandbox.get_state" | "sandbox.rerun_tests" | "sandbox.listen_state_changed" | "wallet.list_wallets"
 export type SystemKillRuntimeResult = { ok: boolean; appId: string }
 export type SystemSageAppView = { common: SageAppCommonView; systemGrantedPermissions: SageGrantedSystemPermissionsView }
 /**

From f73e8b68eac838356e8b356829af48b62110629c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Thu, 7 May 2026 22:34:56 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 376/471] Refactor wallet scoping implementation and migrate
 `WalletScopeView` to `WalletScopeEditor`

- Replaced `WalletScopeView` with the new reusable `WalletScopeEditor` component.
- Unified wallet scoping logic across installation and update flows.
- Updated TypeScript bindings and Rust lifecycle methods to support enhanced wallet scoping functionality.
- Adjusted UI accessibility and modularity for wallet access management.
---
 .../src/components/ReviewInstallView.tsx      | 11 ++-
 .../apps/app-install/src/utils/permissions.ts |  2 +-
 .../src/components/PermissionsReviewBody.tsx  | 91 +++++++++++++++----
 .../apps/app-update/src/hooks/useLoadState.ts | 14 +--
 .../src/system/apps/app-update/src/types.ts   |  2 +
 .../app_permissions/apply_permissions.rs      | 11 ++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/mod.rs  |  1 +
 .../sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/scope.rs   | 30 ++++++
 crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs           |  1 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/common.rs |  4 +-
 .../src/components/WalletScopeEditor.tsx      | 43 +++++----
 packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/index.ts  |  1 +
 src/bindings.ts                               |  3 +-
 13 files changed, 166 insertions(+), 48 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/scope.rs
 rename builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/WalletScopeView.tsx => packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/WalletScopeEditor.tsx (81%)

diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/ReviewInstallView.tsx b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/ReviewInstallView.tsx
index 696871bb9..f5105d639 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/ReviewInstallView.tsx
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/ReviewInstallView.tsx
@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
 import { useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react';
-import { AppModalShell, PermissionsEditor } from '@sage-app/ui';
+import {
+  AppModalShell,
+  PermissionsEditor,
+  WalletScopeEditor,
+} from '@sage-app/ui';
 import {
   formatSageError,
   type SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView,
@@ -17,7 +21,6 @@ import {
   installManifest,
 } from '../utils/permissions';
 import { UnsupportedManifestView } from './UnsupportedManifestView';
-import { WalletScopeView } from './WalletScopeView';
 
 type Step = 'permissions' | 'wallets';
 
@@ -171,11 +174,11 @@ export function ReviewInstallView({
           </div>
         ) : (
           <>
-            <WalletScopeView
+            <WalletScopeEditor
               wallets={wallets}
               walletScope={walletScope}
-              setWalletScope={setWalletScope}
               disabled={installing}
+              onWalletScopeChange={setWalletScope}
             />
           </>
         )}
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/utils/permissions.ts b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/utils/permissions.ts
index 144430d42..80aebbcf4 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/utils/permissions.ts
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/utils/permissions.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import type {
-  SageAppIconView,
   SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView,
   SageAppPackageManifest,
   SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
@@ -88,6 +87,7 @@ export function buildPreviewApp(
         originId: '__install_preview__',
       },
       grantedPermissions,
+      walletScope: {kind: 'selectedWallets', fingerprints: []},
       activeSnapshot: { manifest },
       icon: null,
     },
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/components/PermissionsReviewBody.tsx b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/components/PermissionsReviewBody.tsx
index 790a5a85c..468941710 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/components/PermissionsReviewBody.tsx
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/components/PermissionsReviewBody.tsx
@@ -3,14 +3,33 @@ import {
   appIconFromCommonView,
   AppModalShell,
   PermissionsEditor,
+  WalletScopeEditor,
 } from '@sage-app/ui';
-import { formatSageError, getSageSystemClient } from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
+import {
+  formatSageError,
+  getSageSystemClient,
+  type SageAppWalletScope,
+  type SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
+} from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
+import type { LoadState } from '../types';
+
+type PermissionsReadyState = Extract<LoadState, { kind: 'ready' }>;
+type ReviewTab = 'permissions' | 'wallets';
 
-export function PermissionsReviewBody({ state }: any) {
+export function PermissionsReviewBody({
+  state,
+}: {
+  state: PermissionsReadyState;
+}) {
+  const [tab, setTab] = useState<ReviewTab>('permissions');
   const [submitting, setSubmitting] = useState(false);
   const [error, setError] = useState<string | null>(null);
-  const [grantedPermissions, setGrantedPermissions] = useState(
-    state.app.common.grantedPermissions,
+
+  const [grantedPermissions, setGrantedPermissions] =
+    useState<SageGrantedPermissionsInput>(state.app.common.grantedPermissions);
+
+  const [walletScope, setWalletScope] = useState<SageAppWalletScope>(
+    state.app.common.walletScope,
   );
 
   async function close() {
@@ -28,6 +47,7 @@ export function PermissionsReviewBody({ state }: any) {
       await client.appPermissions.applyPermissions({
         appId: state.app.common.identity.id,
         grantedPermissions,
+        walletScope,
       });
 
       await close();
@@ -42,7 +62,7 @@ export function PermissionsReviewBody({ state }: any) {
     <AppModalShell
       appName={state.app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.name}
       appIcon={appIconFromCommonView(state.app.common)}
-      title='Change app permissions'
+      title='Change app access'
       footer={
         <div className='flex justify-end gap-2'>
           <button
@@ -54,29 +74,68 @@ export function PermissionsReviewBody({ state }: any) {
           </button>
 
           <button
-            className='rounded-md bg-primary px-4 py-2 text-sm text-primary-foreground'
+            className='rounded-md bg-primary px-4 py-2 text-sm text-primary-foreground disabled:opacity-60'
             disabled={submitting}
             onClick={submit}
           >
-            {submitting ? 'Saving…' : 'Save permissions'}
+            {submitting ? 'Saving…' : 'Save changes'}
           </button>
         </div>
       }
     >
       <div className='space-y-4'>
-        <PermissionsEditor
-          app={state.app}
-          grantedPermissions={grantedPermissions}
-          capabilityDefinitions={state.definitions}
-          editable={!submitting}
-          onGrantedPermissionsChange={setGrantedPermissions}
-        />
+        <div className='inline-flex rounded-lg border border-border bg-background p-1'>
+          <button
+            type='button'
+            disabled={submitting}
+            onClick={() => setTab('permissions')}
+            className={[
+              'rounded-md px-3 py-1.5 text-sm font-medium transition-colors disabled:opacity-60',
+              tab === 'permissions'
+                ? 'bg-primary text-primary-foreground'
+                : 'text-muted-foreground hover:bg-muted hover:text-foreground',
+            ].join(' ')}
+          >
+            Permissions
+          </button>
+
+          <button
+            type='button'
+            disabled={submitting}
+            onClick={() => setTab('wallets')}
+            className={[
+              'rounded-md px-3 py-1.5 text-sm font-medium transition-colors disabled:opacity-60',
+              tab === 'wallets'
+                ? 'bg-primary text-primary-foreground'
+                : 'text-muted-foreground hover:bg-muted hover:text-foreground',
+            ].join(' ')}
+          >
+            Wallets
+          </button>
+        </div>
 
-        {error && (
+        {tab === 'permissions' ? (
+          <PermissionsEditor
+            app={state.app}
+            grantedPermissions={grantedPermissions}
+            capabilityDefinitions={state.definitions}
+            editable={!submitting}
+            onGrantedPermissionsChange={setGrantedPermissions}
+          />
+        ) : (
+          <WalletScopeEditor
+            wallets={state.wallets}
+            walletScope={walletScope}
+            disabled={submitting}
+            onWalletScopeChange={setWalletScope}
+          />
+        )}
+
+        {error ? (
           <div className='rounded-xl border border-destructive/30 bg-destructive/10 p-3 text-sm text-destructive'>
             {error}
           </div>
-        )}
+        ) : null}
       </div>
     </AppModalShell>
   );
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/hooks/useLoadState.ts b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/hooks/useLoadState.ts
index 9a2c585e3..36a32b277 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/hooks/useLoadState.ts
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/hooks/useLoadState.ts
@@ -1,8 +1,5 @@
 import { useEffect, useState } from 'react';
-import {
-  formatSageError,
-  useSageSystemClient,
-} from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
+import { formatSageError, useSageSystemClient } from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
 import type { LoadState, Mode } from '../types';
 
 export function useLoadState() {
@@ -23,7 +20,10 @@ export function useLoadState() {
           return;
         }
 
-        const definitions = await sage.capabilities.listUserDefinitions();
+        const [definitions, walletsResult] = await Promise.all([
+          sage.capabilities.listUserDefinitions(),
+          sage.wallet.listWallets(),
+        ]);
 
         if (mode === 'review-permissions') {
           const permissionsContext = await sage.appPermissions.getReviewContext(
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@ export function useLoadState() {
               permissionsContext,
               updateContext: null,
               definitions,
+              wallets: walletsResult.wallets,
             });
           }
           return;
@@ -55,6 +56,7 @@ export function useLoadState() {
             updateContext,
             permissionsContext: null,
             definitions,
+            wallets: walletsResult.wallets,
           });
         }
       } catch (err) {
@@ -68,7 +70,7 @@ export function useLoadState() {
     return () => {
       cancelled = true;
     };
-  }, []);
+  }, [sage]);
 
   return state;
 }
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/types.ts b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/types.ts
index a1ebc2590..98d0caeed 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/types.ts
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/types.ts
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import type {
   AppPermissionsReviewContext,
   AppUpdateReviewContext,
   SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView,
+  SystemWalletView,
   UserSageAppView,
 } from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
 
@@ -17,4 +18,5 @@ export type LoadState =
       updateContext: AppUpdateReviewContext | null;
       permissionsContext: AppPermissionsReviewContext | null;
       definitions: SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView[];
+      wallets: SystemWalletView[];
     };
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_permissions/apply_permissions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_permissions/apply_permissions.rs
index 9d23c45bd..23ea26bbe 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_permissions/apply_permissions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_permissions/apply_permissions.rs
@@ -10,14 +10,16 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
 use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
 use crate::lifecycle::update::permissions::update_app_permissions_for_app;
+use crate::lifecycle::update::scope::update_app_wallet_scope_for_app;
 use crate::runtime::resolve_app;
-use crate::types::{SageGrantedPermissionsInput, SageApp, UserSageAppView};
+use crate::types::{SageGrantedPermissionsInput, SageApp, UserSageAppView, SageAppWalletScope};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct AppPermissionsApplyPermissionsParams {
     pub app_id: String,
     pub granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
+    pub wallet_scope: SageAppWalletScope,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
@@ -86,6 +88,13 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppPermissionsApplyPermissions {
                     "failed to update app permissions: {err}"
                 ))
             })?;
+        update_app_wallet_scope_for_app(tools.app_handle, &app, params.wallet_scope)
+            .await
+            .map_err(|err| {
+                BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error(format!(
+                    "failed to update app wallet scope: {err}"
+                ))
+            })?;
 
         let app_view = app
             .with(|sage_app| match sage_app {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/mod.rs
index 0f814a3db..66522d696 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/mod.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
 pub mod commands;
 pub mod permissions;
 pub mod types;
+pub mod scope;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/scope.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/scope.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9771faafc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/scope.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+
+use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager};
+
+use crate::bridge::methods::system::emit_listed_apps_changed;
+use crate::host::AppState;
+use crate::types::{SageAppWalletScope, SharedSageApp};
+
+pub async fn update_app_wallet_scope_for_app(
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
+    app: &SharedSageApp,
+    wallet_scope: SageAppWalletScope,
+) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    app.try_mutate(|sage_app| {
+        sage_app.common_mut().update_wallet_scope(wallet_scope);
+        Ok::<_, anyhow::Error>(())
+    })
+        .map_err(|err| anyhow::anyhow!(err))?;
+
+    let base_path: PathBuf = {
+        let state = app_handle.state::<AppState>();
+        let state = state.lock().await;
+        state.path.clone()
+    };
+
+    let apps_state = app_handle.state::<crate::AppsHostState>();
+    emit_listed_apps_changed(app_handle, &apps_state, &base_path).await;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
index 164d13763..b2572b374 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
@@ -55,6 +55,7 @@ const BUILTIN_SYSTEM_APPS: &[BuiltinSystemAppSpec] = &[
             SystemBridgeCapability::AppPermissionsApply,
             SystemBridgeCapability::AppUpdateRead,
             SystemBridgeCapability::AppUpdateApply,
+            SystemBridgeCapability::WalletListWallets,
             SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerCloseSelf,
         ],
         user_grantable_capabilities: &[]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/common.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/common.rs
index 2056a56da..06be51c77 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/common.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/common.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use specta::Type;
 use url::Url;
 use crate::types::app::view::permission::SageGrantedPermissionsView;
 use crate::types::app::view::snapshot::SageAppSnapshotView;
-use crate::types::{SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestPreview, SageAppUrl};
+use crate::types::{SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestPreview, SageAppUrl, SageAppWalletScope};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ pub(crate) struct SageAppIdentityView {
 pub(crate) struct SageAppCommonView {
     identity: SageAppIdentityView,
     granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissionsView,
+    wallet_scope: SageAppWalletScope,
     active_snapshot: SageAppSnapshotView,
     icon: Option<SageAppIconView>,
 }
@@ -34,6 +35,7 @@ impl From<&SageAppCommon> for SageAppCommonView {
             identity: common.identity().into(),
             active_snapshot: common.active_snapshot().into(),
             granted_permissions: common.granted_permissions().into(),
+            wallet_scope: common.wallet_scope().clone(),
             icon: SageAppIconView::from_common(common),
         }
     }
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/WalletScopeView.tsx b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/WalletScopeEditor.tsx
similarity index 81%
rename from builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/WalletScopeView.tsx
rename to packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/WalletScopeEditor.tsx
index 6d1775d18..723ceac17 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/WalletScopeView.tsx
+++ b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/WalletScopeEditor.tsx
@@ -1,37 +1,44 @@
-import type {
-  SageAppWalletScope,
-  SystemWalletView,
-} from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
+import type { SageAppWalletScope } from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
 
-interface Props {
-  wallets: SystemWalletView[];
+export type WalletScopeEditorWallet = {
+  fingerprint: number;
+  name: string;
+  emoji?: string | null;
+};
+
+interface WalletScopeEditorProps {
+  wallets: WalletScopeEditorWallet[];
   walletScope: SageAppWalletScope;
-  setWalletScope: (scope: SageAppWalletScope) => void;
-  disabled: boolean;
+  disabled?: boolean;
+  onWalletScopeChange: (scope: SageAppWalletScope) => void;
 }
 
 function selectedFingerprints(scope: SageAppWalletScope): number[] {
   return scope.kind === 'selectedWallets' ? scope.fingerprints : [];
 }
 
-function walletLabel(wallet: SystemWalletView): string {
+function walletLabel(wallet: WalletScopeEditorWallet): string {
   return wallet.name || `Wallet ${wallet.fingerprint}`;
 }
 
-export function WalletScopeView({
+export function WalletScopeEditor({
   wallets,
   walletScope,
-  setWalletScope,
-  disabled,
-}: Props) {
+  disabled = false,
+  onWalletScopeChange,
+}: WalletScopeEditorProps) {
   const selected = selectedFingerprints(walletScope);
 
   function toggleFingerprint(fingerprint: number) {
+    if (disabled || walletScope.kind !== 'selectedWallets') {
+      return;
+    }
+
     const next = selected.includes(fingerprint)
       ? selected.filter((value) => value !== fingerprint)
       : [...selected, fingerprint].sort((a, b) => a - b);
 
-    setWalletScope({
+    onWalletScopeChange({
       kind: 'selectedWallets',
       fingerprints: next,
     });
@@ -42,7 +49,7 @@ export function WalletScopeView({
       <div>
         <div className='text-sm font-medium'>Wallet availability</div>
         <p className='mt-1 text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
-          Choose which wallets can use this app. You can change this later.
+          Choose which wallets can use this app.
         </p>
       </div>
 
@@ -50,7 +57,7 @@ export function WalletScopeView({
         <button
           type='button'
           disabled={disabled}
-          onClick={() => setWalletScope({ kind: 'allWallets' })}
+          onClick={() => onWalletScopeChange({ kind: 'allWallets' })}
           className={[
             'rounded-lg border px-3 py-2 text-sm font-medium transition-colors disabled:opacity-60',
             walletScope.kind === 'allWallets'
@@ -65,9 +72,9 @@ export function WalletScopeView({
           type='button'
           disabled={disabled}
           onClick={() =>
-            setWalletScope({
+            onWalletScopeChange({
               kind: 'selectedWallets',
-              fingerprints: selected.length > 0 ? selected : [],
+              fingerprints: selected,
             })
           }
           className={[
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/index.ts b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/index.ts
index a90e8b316..51ccf231c 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/index.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/index.ts
@@ -1,2 +1,3 @@
 export * from './AppIcon';
 export * from './PermissionsEditor';
+export * from './WalletScopeEditor';
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index cb5c84939..023b73125 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -2242,7 +2242,7 @@ export type RustBridgeSuccessResponse = { bridgeVersion: string; id: string; ok:
 export type SageAppAuthor = { name: string; avatar: string | null }
 export type SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView = { key: string; label: string; description: string; flags: SageAppCapabilityFlagsView }
 export type SageAppCapabilityFlagsView = { externallyObservable: boolean; accessesSensitiveSecret: boolean; requestableByApp: boolean; userGrantable: boolean }
-export type SageAppCommonView = { identity: SageAppIdentityView; grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissionsView; activeSnapshot: SageAppSnapshotView; icon: SageAppIconView | null }
+export type SageAppCommonView = { identity: SageAppIdentityView; grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissionsView; walletScope: SageAppWalletScope; activeSnapshot: SageAppSnapshotView; icon: SageAppIconView | null }
 export type SageAppDonation = { address: string }
 export type SageAppIconView = { mime: string; bytes: number[] }
 export type SageAppIdentityView = { id: string; originId: string }
@@ -2259,6 +2259,7 @@ export type SageAppSnapshotView = { manifest: SageAppPackageManifest }
 export type SageAppUrl = string
 export type SageAppUrlPreview = { appUrl: SageAppUrl; manifestHash: string; manifest: SageAppPackageManifestPreview; icon: SageAppIconView | null }
 export type SageAppView = ({ kind: "system" } & SystemSageAppView) | ({ kind: "user" } & UserSageAppView)
+export type SageAppWalletScope = { kind: "allWallets" } | { kind: "selectedWallets"; fingerprints: number[] }
 export type SageAppsError = { kind: ErrorKind; reason: string }
 export type SageGrantedNetworkPermissionsInput = { whitelist: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[] }
 export type SageGrantedNetworkPermissionsView = { whitelist: SageNetworkWhitelistEntryView[] }

From 49d6f75877a1d7918e486bf2c174bc707fbdeb79 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 8 May 2026 00:39:04 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 377/471] Add app scope enforcement for lifecycle and runtime
 methods

- Introduced `ensure_app_is_enabled_for_scope` to enforce app scope restrictions in lifecycle operations.
- Updated runtime event emission to validate app scope eligibility.
- Integrated scope checks in bridge request processing.
- Added handling for `sandbox.stateChanged` events to update scope-related state reactively.
- Refactored multiple contexts and methods to use `appsRef` for consistent app state management.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs |  8 +++
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs     | 14 +++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mod.rs         |  3 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/scope.rs       | 50 +++++++++++++++
 .../src/sandbox/probes/clear_cycle.rs         |  3 +-
 src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx                  | 61 ++++++++++++++-----
 6 files changed, 118 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/scope.rs

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
index 0baa726cf..7b734705f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ use crate::types::SharedSageApp;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State, Webview};
 use crate::bridge::event_emit::emit_bridge_response_to_app;
 use crate::bridge::methods::system::BridgeApprovalsChangedEvent;
+use crate::lifecycle::{ensure_app_is_enabled_for_scope};
 use crate::security::assert_bridge_origin;
 
 pub(super) async fn process(
@@ -118,6 +119,13 @@ async fn process_shared(
 
     let app = &origin.app;
     let impostor_runtime = &origin.impostor_runtime;
+    if let Err(err) = ensure_app_is_enabled_for_scope(app_state, app).await {
+        return Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::error(
+            &request.id,
+            "app_not_enabled_for_scope",
+            err,
+        ));
+    }
 
     let method = match assert_method(&registry, request) {
         Ok(method) => method,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs
index 879e90833..51d2e6527 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ use tauri::{AppHandle, Emitter, Manager, State};
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::bridge::{comms_debug, RustBridgeResponse};
 use crate::capabilities::list::{SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
+use crate::lifecycle::{ensure_app_is_enabled_for_scope};
 use crate::runtime::webview_locator::{get_sage_webview, get_webview_in_sage_window};
 use crate::runtime::{list_runtimes, resolve_possibly_impostor_running_app_immediate};
 use crate::types::SharedSageApp;
@@ -156,7 +157,7 @@ where
                 app_handle,
                 &app_id,
                 event.clone(),
-            );
+            ).await;
 
             if let Err(err) = result {
                 comms_debug!(
@@ -186,10 +187,10 @@ where
         AppRuntimeEventRail::User,
         T::TYPE,
         event,
-    )
+    ).await
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn emit_system_runtime_event_to_app_id<T>(
+pub(crate) async fn emit_system_runtime_event_to_app_id<T>(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
     app_id: &str,
     event: T,
@@ -203,7 +204,7 @@ where
         AppRuntimeEventRail::System,
         T::TYPE,
         event,
-    )
+    ).await
 }
 
 pub(crate) fn emit_user_runtime_event_to_sage_webview<T>(
@@ -246,7 +247,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn emit_bridge_response_to_app(
         .map_err(|err| format!("failed to emit bridge response: {err}"))
 }
 
-fn emit_runtime_event_to_app_id<T>(
+async fn emit_runtime_event_to_app_id<T>(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
     app_id: &str,
     rail: AppRuntimeEventRail,
@@ -259,6 +260,9 @@ where
     let apps_state = app_handle.state::<AppsHostState>();
 
     let runtime = resolve_possibly_impostor_running_app_immediate(&apps_state, app_id)?;
+
+    ensure_app_is_enabled_for_scope(&app_handle.state(), &runtime.identity_app()).await?;
+
     let webview_label = runtime.identity_webview_label();
     comms_debug!(
         "runtime:event:emit_to_app app_id={} webview_label={} rail={:?} type={}",
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mod.rs
index 3283b14e3..887614a97 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mod.rs
@@ -6,9 +6,12 @@ pub mod snapshot;
 pub mod storage;
 pub mod uninstall;
 pub mod update;
+mod scope;
 
 pub use manifest::*;
 pub use package::*;
 pub use registry::*;
 pub use snapshot::*;
 pub use storage::*;
+
+pub(crate) use scope::ensure_app_is_enabled_for_scope;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/scope.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/scope.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3d3feda83
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/scope.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+use tauri::State;
+
+use crate::host::AppState;
+use crate::types::{SageAppWalletScope, SharedSageApp};
+
+pub(crate) async fn ensure_app_is_enabled_for_scope(
+    app_state: &State<'_, AppState>,
+    app: &SharedSageApp,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    if app_is_enabled_for_scope(app_state, app).await {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+
+    Err("App is not enabled for the current scope".into())
+}
+
+async fn app_is_enabled_for_scope(
+    app_state: &State<'_, AppState>,
+    app: &SharedSageApp,
+) -> bool {
+    let Some(fingerprint) = current_wallet_fingerprint(app_state).await else {
+        return false;
+    };
+
+    app.with(|sage_app| {
+        wallet_scope_allows_fingerprint(
+            sage_app.common().wallet_scope(),
+            fingerprint,
+        )
+    })
+}
+
+fn wallet_scope_allows_fingerprint(
+    scope: &SageAppWalletScope,
+    fingerprint: u32,
+) -> bool {
+    match scope {
+        SageAppWalletScope::AllWallets => true,
+        SageAppWalletScope::SelectedWallets { fingerprints } => {
+            fingerprints.contains(&fingerprint)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+async fn current_wallet_fingerprint(
+    app_state: &State<'_, AppState>,
+) -> Option<u32> {
+    let state = app_state.lock().await;
+    state.config.global.fingerprint
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/clear_cycle.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/clear_cycle.rs
index 4b9d26ee7..14a0c3a16 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/clear_cycle.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/clear_cycle.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use crate::runtime::{resolve_stopped_app, run_verified_storage_clear_cycle};
 use crate::runtime::stop::close_runtime_internal;
 use crate::sandbox::BUILTIN_STORAGE_CLEAR_PERSISTENT_ID;
 use crate::sandbox::probes::poll::{poll_persistence_read, poll_persistence_write};
-use crate::sandbox::runtime::{start_test_app, unique_run_id};
+use crate::sandbox::runtime::{start_test_app, stop_test_apps, unique_run_id};
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
 pub(in crate::sandbox) async fn run_clear_cycle_test(
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ pub(in crate::sandbox) async fn run_clear_cycle_test(
     let app_id = BUILTIN_STORAGE_CLEAR_PERSISTENT_ID;
     let run_id = unique_run_id("storage-clear-cycle-victim");
 
+    stop_test_apps(app, apps_state, &[BUILTIN_STORAGE_CLEAR_PERSISTENT_ID]).await;
     start_test_app(
         app,
         apps_state,
diff --git a/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx b/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
index 1f724cf34..511498896 100644
--- a/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
+++ b/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
@@ -1,4 +1,13 @@
-import { createContext, type ReactNode, useCallback, useContext, useEffect, useMemo, useState, } from 'react';
+import {
+  createContext,
+  type ReactNode,
+  useCallback,
+  useContext,
+  useEffect,
+  useMemo,
+  useRef,
+  useState,
+} from 'react';
 import { listen } from '@tauri-apps/api/event';
 import { getCurrentWindow } from '@tauri-apps/api/window';
 import {
@@ -48,10 +57,18 @@ interface ListedAppsChangedEvent {
   };
 }
 
+interface SandboxStateChangedEvent {
+  type: 'sandbox.stateChanged';
+  payload: {
+    state: SandboxStateView;
+  };
+}
+
 type SageRuntimeEvent =
   | RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent
   | ActiveTaskbarRuntimeChangedEvent
-  | ListedAppsChangedEvent;
+  | ListedAppsChangedEvent
+  | SandboxStateChangedEvent;
 
 type ActiveTaskbarRuntime = {
   appId: string | null;
@@ -66,14 +83,13 @@ interface AppsContextValue {
   error: string | null;
   busyAppIds: Record<string, boolean>;
   updateAvailability: Record<string, SageAppUrlPreview | null>;
+  sandboxState: SandboxStateView | null;
   launchGatesByAppId: Record<string, AppLaunchGateResult>;
 
   getApp: (appId: string) => UserSageAppView | undefined;
   getListedApp: (appId: string) => InstalledEntry | undefined;
   getLaunchGate: (appId: string) => AppLaunchGateResult | null;
-  getTaskbarRuntime: (
-    appId: string,
-  ) => SageAppRuntimeRecordView | null;
+  getTaskbarRuntime: (appId: string) => SageAppRuntimeRecordView | null;
 
   refresh: () => Promise<void>;
   refreshInstalledApps: () => Promise<void>;
@@ -136,6 +152,8 @@ function isTaskbarRuntime(runtime: SageAppRuntimeRecordView): boolean {
 
 export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
   const [apps, setApps] = useState<ListedSageAppView[]>([]);
+  const appsRef = useRef<ListedSageAppView[]>([]);
+
   const [runtimes, setRuntimes] = useState<SageAppRuntimeRecordView[]>([]);
   const [taskbarRuntimes, setTaskbarRuntimes] = useState<
     SageAppRuntimeRecordView[]
@@ -155,10 +173,15 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
     Record<string, AppLaunchGateResult>
   >({});
 
+  useEffect(() => {
+    appsRef.current = apps;
+  }, [apps]);
+
   const refreshRuntimes = useCallback(async () => {
     try {
       const next = await commands.appsListRuntimes();
       setRuntimes(next);
+      setTaskbarRuntimes(next.filter(isTaskbarRuntime));
     } catch (err) {
       console.error('Failed to refresh runtimes:', err);
     }
@@ -241,11 +264,10 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
               case 'runtimeManager.runtimesChanged':
                 setRuntimes(runtimeEvent.payload.runtimes);
                 setTaskbarRuntimes(
-                  runtimeEvent.payload.runtimes.filter((runtime) =>
-                    isTaskbarRuntime(runtime),
-                  ),
+                  runtimeEvent.payload.runtimes.filter(isTaskbarRuntime),
                 );
                 break;
+
               case 'runtimeManager.activeTaskbarRuntimeChanged':
                 if (
                   runtimeEvent.payload.hostWindowLabel !==
@@ -253,17 +275,24 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
                 ) {
                   break;
                 }
+
                 setActiveTaskbarRuntime({
                   appId: runtimeEvent.payload.appId,
                   runtimeId: runtimeEvent.payload.runtimeId,
                 });
                 break;
+
               case 'appRegistry.listedAppsChanged':
                 setApps(runtimeEvent.payload.apps);
                 setLoading(false);
                 setError(null);
                 void refreshLaunchGates(runtimeEvent.payload.apps);
                 break;
+
+              case 'sandbox.stateChanged':
+                setSandboxState(runtimeEvent.payload.state);
+                void refreshLaunchGates(appsRef.current);
+                break;
             }
           },
         );
@@ -294,7 +323,7 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
         const next = await commands.appsGetSandboxState();
         if (!isCancelled) {
           setSandboxState(next);
-          void refreshLaunchGates(apps);
+          void refreshLaunchGates(appsRef.current);
         }
       } catch (err) {
         if (!isCancelled) {
@@ -313,7 +342,7 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
       isCancelled = true;
       window.clearInterval(intervalId);
     };
-  }, [apps, currentSandboxRunId, refreshLaunchGates]);
+  }, [currentSandboxRunId, refreshLaunchGates]);
 
   const refresh = refreshInstalledApps;
 
@@ -335,7 +364,10 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
 
   const getTaskbarRuntime = useCallback(
     (appId: string) => {
-      return taskbarRuntimes.find((runtime) => runtimeAppId(runtime) === appId) ?? null;
+      return (
+        taskbarRuntimes.find((runtime) => runtimeAppId(runtime) === appId) ??
+        null
+      );
     },
     [taskbarRuntimes],
   );
@@ -402,10 +434,7 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
   }, []);
 
   const performAppUpdate = useCallback(
-    async (
-      appId: string,
-      grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
-    ) => {
+    async (appId: string, grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissionsInput) => {
       setBusy(appId, true);
       try {
         await commands.downloadAppUpdate(appId);
@@ -436,6 +465,7 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
       error,
       busyAppIds,
       updateAvailability,
+      sandboxState,
       launchGatesByAppId,
 
       getApp,
@@ -464,6 +494,7 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
       error,
       busyAppIds,
       updateAvailability,
+      sandboxState,
       launchGatesByAppId,
       getApp,
       getListedApp,

From 3fe0b4e482e16f30a3920c1a29783ac7f0c150f8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 8 May 2026 00:51:02 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 378/471] Move `ensure_initial_sandbox_run` to app
 initialization flow

- Refactored the `ensure_initial_sandbox_run` call from `lib.rs` to the `initialize` command in `commands.rs`.
- Ensured sandbox initialization errors are logged during app initialization.
---
 src-tauri/src/commands.rs | 8 ++++++--
 src-tauri/src/lib.rs      | 9 ---------
 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src-tauri/src/commands.rs b/src-tauri/src/commands.rs
index fa140bf6e..5cb048952 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/commands.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/commands.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ use specta::{Type, specta};
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State, command};
 use tokio::time::sleep;
 use tracing::error;
-
+use sage_apps::ensure_initial_sandbox_run;
 use crate::{
     app_state::{self, AppState, Initialized, RpcTask},
     error::Result,
@@ -35,9 +35,13 @@ pub async fn initialize(
     *initialized = true;
 
     let mut sage = state.lock().await;
-    app_state::initialize(app_handle, &mut sage).await?;
+    app_state::initialize(app_handle.clone(), &mut sage).await?;
     drop(sage);
 
+    if let Err(err) = ensure_initial_sandbox_run(app_handle).await {
+        eprintln!("failed to start initial sandbox run: {err}");
+    }
+
     let app_state = (*state).clone();
 
     tokio::spawn(async move {
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
index c1fbfe9a7..63e1c1fd1 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
@@ -229,15 +229,6 @@ pub fn run() {
                 }
             });
 
-            let sandbox_app_handle = app.handle().clone();
-            tauri::async_runtime::spawn(async move {
-                if let Err(err) =
-                    apps::ensure_initial_sandbox_run(sandbox_app_handle).await
-                {
-                    eprintln!("failed to start initial sandbox run: {err}");
-                }
-            });
-
             Ok(())
         })
         .run(tauri::generate_context!())

From 2a5ca5010643fb7f0304f93f1d9afeb5cbde2e83 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 8 May 2026 00:52:42 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 379/471] Remove redundant `eprintln!` calls in lock error
 handling of `read.rs`

- Simplified error handling by removing `eprintln!` calls and directly returning streamlined error messages.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs | 10 ++--------
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
index bbe6a670e..70ff4bf3c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
@@ -206,10 +206,7 @@ fn find_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id_optional_immediate_once(
             .runtime
             .impostor_runtime_id_by_victim_app_id
             .try_lock()
-            .map_err(|_| {
-                eprintln!("impostor_runtime_id_by_victim_app_id is busy");
-                "impostor_runtime_id_by_victim_app_id is busy".to_string()
-            })?;
+            .map_err(|_| "impostor_runtime_id_by_victim_app_id is busy".to_string())?;
 
         by_victim_app_id.get(victim_app_id).cloned()
     };
@@ -222,10 +219,7 @@ fn find_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id_optional_immediate_once(
         .runtime
         .impostor_by_runtime_id
         .try_lock()
-        .map_err(|_| {
-            eprintln!("impostor_by_runtime_id is busy");
-            "impostor_by_runtime_id is busy".to_string()
-        })?;
+        .map_err(|_| "impostor_by_runtime_id is busy".to_string())?;
 
     Ok(by_runtime_id.get(&runtime_id).cloned())
 }

From 522532191e0ab23589a0c08537ed2e55fab48db4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 8 May 2026 03:11:49 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 380/471] Cargo fmt

---
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs | 130 +++++++++-------
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs       |   8 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/debug.rs          |   2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs     |  39 ++---
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/mod.rs    |   5 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/shared.rs |   6 +-
 .../methods/system/app_install/install_url.rs |  32 ++--
 .../methods/system/app_install/install_zip.rs |  25 ++--
 .../bridge/methods/system/app_install/mod.rs  |  14 +-
 .../methods/system/app_install/preview_url.rs |  17 ++-
 .../methods/system/app_install/preview_zip.rs |  20 +--
 .../app_permissions/apply_permissions.rs      |  34 +++--
 .../app_permissions/get_review_context.rs     |   6 +-
 .../methods/system/app_registry/events.rs     |  14 +-
 .../bridge/methods/system/app_registry/mod.rs |   2 +-
 .../methods/system/app_update/apply_update.rs |  20 +--
 .../system/app_update/get_review_context.rs   |   6 +-
 .../bridge/methods/system/app_update/mod.rs   |   8 +-
 .../methods/system/bridge_approvals/events.rs |  16 +-
 .../methods/system/bridge_approvals/list.rs   |   8 +-
 .../methods/system/bridge_approvals/mod.rs    |   2 +-
 .../system/bridge_approvals/resolve.rs        |  13 +-
 .../capabilities/list_user_definitions.rs     |   2 +-
 .../methods/system/donation/get_details.rs    |  13 +-
 .../src/bridge/methods/system/donation/mod.rs |   2 +-
 .../methods/system/file_system/select_file.rs |   5 +-
 .../src/bridge/methods/system/mod.rs          |  20 +--
 .../system/runtime_manager/close_self.rs      |  19 +--
 .../methods/system/runtime_manager/events.rs  |   6 +-
 .../system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs   |   4 +-
 .../get_active_taskbar_runtime.rs             |  27 +++-
 .../system/runtime_manager/hide_runtime.rs    |   4 +-
 .../system/runtime_manager/hide_self.rs       |   5 +-
 .../system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs    |  25 ++--
 .../system/runtime_manager/list_runtimes.rs   |  11 +-
 .../methods/system/runtime_manager/mod.rs     |  16 +-
 .../bridge/methods/system/sandbox/events.rs   |  12 +-
 .../src/bridge/methods/system/sandbox/mod.rs  |   2 +-
 .../methods/system/sandbox/rerun_tests.rs     |   7 +-
 .../methods/system/wallet/list_wallets.rs     |   5 +-
 .../src/bridge/methods/system/wallet/mod.rs   |   2 +-
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/app/events.rs     |  11 +-
 .../methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs      |   8 +-
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_info.rs   |  51 +++----
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/app/lifecycle.rs  |   2 +-
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/app/mod.rs        |   4 +-
 .../user/app/request_capability_grant.rs      |   2 +-
 .../app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs    |  10 +-
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs    |   6 +-
 .../methods/user/environment/theme/events.rs  |   7 +-
 .../user/environment/theme/get_current.rs     |   7 +-
 .../methods/user/environment/theme/mod.rs     |   6 +-
 .../sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/mod.rs  |   2 +-
 .../methods/user/wallet/get_secret_key.rs     |   2 +-
 .../methods/user/wallet/read_methods.rs       |   8 +-
 .../bridge/methods/user/wallet/send_xch.rs    |   7 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs            |  12 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs       |   2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/state.rs          |  18 +--
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs     |  45 ++++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs          |   9 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs            |   2 +-
 .../sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs |  14 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/mod.rs      |   2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/types.rs    |   2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/environment/commands.rs  |  15 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/host.rs                  |  10 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs                   |  36 ++---
 .../src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs         |   2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs |  22 ++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs |  21 ++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs    |  14 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mod.rs         |   2 +-
 .../sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs   |  41 ++---
 .../sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/types.rs |   7 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/scope.rs       |  23 +--
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs     |  27 ++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs   |  29 ++--
 .../src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs          |  42 +++---
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/mod.rs  |   2 +-
 .../src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs       | 140 +++++++++---------
 .../sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/scope.rs   |   2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs      |  39 +++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/events.rs        |  45 +++---
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs       | 131 ++++++----------
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs           |   6 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs       |  74 ++++-----
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs         |  85 ++++++-----
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs     |  28 ++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs    |  35 +++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs   |  22 ++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/view.rs    |   4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs   |  12 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs          |  77 +++++-----
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/storage.rs       |  35 +++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/system_apps.rs   |  77 +++++-----
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/workspace.rs     |  13 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs  |  60 ++++----
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/commands.rs      |  12 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs          |   7 +-
 .../src/sandbox/probes/clear_cycle.rs         |  28 ++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runner.rs        |   2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs       |  19 +--
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/state_view.rs    |  13 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/security/bridge.rs       |  12 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/security/csp.rs          |   2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/security/mod.rs          |   4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs     |  20 ++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs           |  55 +++----
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs      |  26 ++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/flags.rs       |   2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/mod.rs         |   7 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/preview.rs     |  11 +-
 .../sage-apps/src/types/app/retired_origin.rs |   1 -
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/snapshot.rs    |  12 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/system_apps.rs |  12 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs   |  29 ++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/common.rs |  33 ++---
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/mod.rs    |  11 +-
 .../sage-apps/src/types/app/view/network.rs   |   4 +-
 .../src/types/app/view/permission.rs          |  14 +-
 .../sage-apps/src/types/app/view/preview.rs   |   4 +-
 .../sage-apps/src/types/app/view/snapshot.rs  |   4 +-
 .../src/types/app/view/system_apps.rs         |   6 +-
 .../sage-apps/src/types/app/view/user_apps.rs |  11 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/manifest.rs        |  14 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs             |  26 ++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs     |   9 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/storage.rs         |   2 +-
 crates/sage-assets/src/price.rs               |   5 +-
 src-tauri/src/commands.rs                     |  10 +-
 src-tauri/src/lib.rs                          |  11 +-
 132 files changed, 1250 insertions(+), 1219 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
index 7b734705f..bc892309a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
@@ -1,19 +1,27 @@
 use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::capabilities::list::{BridgeCapability, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
+use crate::bridge::event_emit::emit_bridge_response_to_app;
 use crate::bridge::methods::BridgeMethodCapability;
+use crate::bridge::methods::system::BridgeApprovalsChangedEvent;
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::bridge::registry::{BridgeRegistry, BridgeRegistryKind};
-use crate::bridge::state::{ensure_approval_expiry_loop, get_pending_approval, list_pending_approvals, remove_pending_approval, write_pending_approval};
-use crate::bridge::{emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners, BridgeOrigin, ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeInvokeResult, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse};
+use crate::bridge::state::{
+    ensure_approval_expiry_loop, get_pending_approval, list_pending_approvals,
+    remove_pending_approval, write_pending_approval,
+};
+use crate::bridge::{
+    BridgeOrigin, ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeInvokeResult,
+    RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse, emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners,
+};
+use crate::capabilities::list::{BridgeCapability, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
 use crate::capabilities::{get_system_capability_definition, get_user_capability_definition};
 use crate::host::AppState;
-use crate::runtime::{resolve_app, start_bridge_approval_runtime, sync_bridge_approval_runtime, SharedImpostorRuntime};
+use crate::lifecycle::ensure_app_is_enabled_for_scope;
+use crate::runtime::{
+    SharedImpostorRuntime, resolve_app, start_bridge_approval_runtime, sync_bridge_approval_runtime,
+};
+use crate::security::assert_bridge_origin;
 use crate::types::SharedSageApp;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State, Webview};
-use crate::bridge::event_emit::emit_bridge_response_to_app;
-use crate::bridge::methods::system::BridgeApprovalsChangedEvent;
-use crate::lifecycle::{ensure_app_is_enabled_for_scope};
-use crate::security::assert_bridge_origin;
 
 pub(super) async fn process(
     app_handle: AppHandle,
@@ -38,7 +46,15 @@ pub(super) async fn process(
         }
     };
 
-    process_shared(&app_handle, &app_state, &origin, BridgeRegistryKind::User, &request, false).await
+    process_shared(
+        &app_handle,
+        &app_state,
+        &origin,
+        BridgeRegistryKind::User,
+        &request,
+        false,
+    )
+    .await
 }
 
 pub(super) async fn process_system(
@@ -63,7 +79,15 @@ pub(super) async fn process_system(
         }
     };
 
-    process_shared(&app_handle, &app_state, &origin, BridgeRegistryKind::System, &request, false).await
+    process_shared(
+        &app_handle,
+        &app_state,
+        &origin,
+        BridgeRegistryKind::System,
+        &request,
+        false,
+    )
+    .await
 }
 
 pub(super) async fn process_after_approval(
@@ -77,23 +101,28 @@ pub(super) async fn process_after_approval(
 
     sync_bridge_approval_runtime(app_handle, apps_state).await?;
 
-    let approvals_changed_event = BridgeApprovalsChangedEvent::new_from_list(
-        list_pending_approvals(apps_state).await,
-    );
+    let approvals_changed_event =
+        BridgeApprovalsChangedEvent::new_from_list(list_pending_approvals(apps_state).await);
 
-    emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners(
-        app_handle,
-        apps_state,
-        approvals_changed_event,
-    ).await;
+    emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners(app_handle, apps_state, approvals_changed_event).await;
 
-    let app = resolve_app(app_handle, &pending.app_id).await
+    let app = resolve_app(app_handle, &pending.app_id)
+        .await
         .map_err(|err| format!("Failed to resolve app: {err}"))?;
 
-    let origin = assert_bridge_origin(app_handle, &app.with_app(SharedSageApp::webview_label)).await?;
+    let origin =
+        assert_bridge_origin(app_handle, &app.with_app(SharedSageApp::webview_label)).await?;
 
     let invoke_result = if args.approved {
-        process_shared(app_handle, app_state, &origin, pending.registry_kind, &pending.request, true).await?
+        process_shared(
+            app_handle,
+            app_state,
+            &origin,
+            pending.registry_kind,
+            &pending.request,
+            true,
+        )
+        .await?
     } else {
         RustBridgeInvokeResult::error(
             &pending.request.id,
@@ -129,12 +158,13 @@ async fn process_shared(
 
     let method = match assert_method(&registry, request) {
         Ok(method) => method,
-        Err(response) => return Ok(response.into())
+        Err(response) => return Ok(response.into()),
     };
 
-    let authority_app = origin
-        .impostor_runtime
-        .as_ref().map_or_else(|| app.clone_for_runtime_owner(), SharedImpostorRuntime::impostor_app);
+    let authority_app = origin.impostor_runtime.as_ref().map_or_else(
+        || app.clone_for_runtime_owner(),
+        SharedImpostorRuntime::impostor_app,
+    );
 
     match method.capability() {
         BridgeMethodCapability::Ungated => {}
@@ -170,13 +200,11 @@ async fn process_shared(
 
             Ok(response.into())
         }
-        Err(err) => {
-            Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::error(
-                &request.id,
-                err.code,
-                err.message,
-            ))
-        }
+        Err(err) => Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::error(
+            &request.id,
+            err.code,
+            err.message,
+        )),
     }
 }
 
@@ -189,12 +217,15 @@ async fn execute_bridge_request(
 ) -> RustBridgeResponse {
     let method = match assert_method(&registry, request) {
         Ok(method) => method,
-        Err(response) => return response
+        Err(response) => return response,
     };
 
     let result = method
         .handle(
-            BridgeContext { app: &origin.app, impostor_runtime: &origin.impostor_runtime},
+            BridgeContext {
+                app: &origin.app,
+                impostor_runtime: &origin.impostor_runtime,
+            },
             BridgeTools {
                 app_handle,
                 app_state,
@@ -232,20 +263,15 @@ async fn request_approval(
         &approval,
         request,
     )
-        .await;
+    .await;
 
     ensure_approval_expiry_loop(app_handle, &apps_state).await;
 
-    let approvals_changed_event = BridgeApprovalsChangedEvent::new_from_list(
-        list_pending_approvals(&apps_state).await
-    );
+    let approvals_changed_event =
+        BridgeApprovalsChangedEvent::new_from_list(list_pending_approvals(&apps_state).await);
     emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners(app_handle, &apps_state, approvals_changed_event).await;
 
-    start_bridge_approval_runtime(
-        app_handle,
-        &apps_state,
-        Vec::from([app_id]),
-    ).await?;
+    start_bridge_approval_runtime(app_handle, &apps_state, Vec::from([app_id])).await?;
 
     Ok(())
 }
@@ -298,12 +324,7 @@ fn verify_user_capability(
         app.common()
             .requested_permissions()
             .capabilities()
-            .resolve_effective_grants(
-                app.common()
-                    .granted_permissions()
-                    .capabilities()
-                    .copied(),
-            )
+            .resolve_effective_grants(app.common().granted_permissions().capabilities().copied())
     });
 
     if !effective_capabilities.contains(&capability) {
@@ -331,9 +352,10 @@ fn verify_system_capability(
         ));
     }
 
-    let granted = app.with(|app| app
-        .system_granted_permissions()
-        .is_some_and(|permissions| permissions.capabilities().contains(&capability)));
+    let granted = app.with(|app| {
+        app.system_granted_permissions()
+            .is_some_and(|permissions| permissions.capabilities().contains(&capability))
+    });
 
     if !granted {
         return Err(RustBridgeResponse::error(
@@ -375,7 +397,9 @@ async fn assert_system_bridge_origin(
 }
 
 fn assert_bridge_version(request: &RustBridgeRequest) -> Result<(), RustBridgeInvokeResult> {
-    if let Some(version) = &request.bridge_version && version != "v1" {
+    if let Some(version) = &request.bridge_version
+        && version != "v1"
+    {
         return Err(RustBridgeInvokeResult::error(
             &request.id,
             "unsupported_bridge_version",
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
index 86cc9170a..a268fa415 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-use crate::bridge::bridge_request::{process_system, process};
-use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeInvokeResult, RustBridgeRequest, };
+use crate::bridge::bridge_request::{process, process_system};
+use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeInvokeResult, RustBridgeRequest};
 use crate::capabilities::user_registry;
 use crate::host::AppState;
 use crate::types::SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView;
@@ -23,7 +23,9 @@ pub async fn apps_invoke_system_bridge(
     webview: Webview,
     app_state: State<'_, AppState>,
     request: RustBridgeRequest,
-) -> Result<RustBridgeInvokeResult, String> { process_system(app, webview, app_state, request).await }
+) -> Result<RustBridgeInvokeResult, String> {
+    process_system(app, webview, app_state, request).await
+}
 
 #[tauri::command]
 #[specta::specta]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/debug.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/debug.rs
index 8893df1fe..8776b740d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/debug.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/debug.rs
@@ -11,5 +11,5 @@ pub(crate) use comms_debug;
 pub(crate) fn sage_apps_comms_debug_enabled() -> bool {
     cfg!(debug_assertions)
         && std::env::var("SAGE_APPS_COMMS_DEBUG")
-        .is_ok_and(|value| value == "1" || value.eq_ignore_ascii_case("true"))
+            .is_ok_and(|value| value == "1" || value.eq_ignore_ascii_case("true"))
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs
index 51d2e6527..f49fd7289 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs
@@ -3,9 +3,9 @@ use specta::Type;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Emitter, Manager, State};
 
 use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::bridge::{comms_debug, RustBridgeResponse};
+use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeResponse, comms_debug};
 use crate::capabilities::list::{SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
-use crate::lifecycle::{ensure_app_is_enabled_for_scope};
+use crate::lifecycle::ensure_app_is_enabled_for_scope;
 use crate::runtime::webview_locator::{get_sage_webview, get_webview_in_sage_window};
 use crate::runtime::{list_runtimes, resolve_possibly_impostor_running_app_immediate};
 use crate::types::SharedSageApp;
@@ -57,8 +57,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn emit_user_runtime_event_to_listeners<T>(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     event: T,
-)
-where
+) where
     T: UserRuntimeEvent,
 {
     let Ok(runtimes) = list_runtimes(apps_state).await else {
@@ -96,8 +95,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners<T>(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     event: T,
-)
-where
+) where
     T: SystemRuntimeEvent,
 {
     let Ok(runtimes) = list_runtimes(apps_state).await else {
@@ -147,17 +145,10 @@ where
         };
 
         if can_receive {
-            comms_debug!(
-                "system:event:emit type={} app={}",
-                T::TYPE,
-                app_id,
-            );
+            comms_debug!("system:event:emit type={} app={}", T::TYPE, app_id,);
 
-            let result = emit_system_runtime_event_to_app_id(
-                app_handle,
-                &app_id,
-                event.clone(),
-            ).await;
+            let result =
+                emit_system_runtime_event_to_app_id(app_handle, &app_id, event.clone()).await;
 
             if let Err(err) = result {
                 comms_debug!(
@@ -187,7 +178,8 @@ where
         AppRuntimeEventRail::User,
         T::TYPE,
         event,
-    ).await
+    )
+    .await
 }
 
 pub(crate) async fn emit_system_runtime_event_to_app_id<T>(
@@ -204,7 +196,8 @@ where
         AppRuntimeEventRail::System,
         T::TYPE,
         event,
-    ).await
+    )
+    .await
 }
 
 pub(crate) fn emit_user_runtime_event_to_sage_webview<T>(
@@ -215,10 +208,7 @@ where
     T: UserRuntimeEvent,
 {
     get_sage_webview(app_handle)?
-        .emit(
-            SAGE_RUNTIME_EVENT_NAME,
-            runtime_event(T::TYPE, event),
-        )
+        .emit(SAGE_RUNTIME_EVENT_NAME, runtime_event(T::TYPE, event))
         .map_err(|err| format!("failed to emit runtime event to Sage webview: {err}"))
 }
 
@@ -230,10 +220,7 @@ where
     T: SystemRuntimeEvent,
 {
     get_sage_webview(app_handle)?
-        .emit(
-            SAGE_RUNTIME_EVENT_NAME,
-            runtime_event(T::TYPE, event),
-        )
+        .emit(SAGE_RUNTIME_EVENT_NAME, runtime_event(T::TYPE, event))
         .map_err(|err| format!("failed to emit runtime event to Sage webview: {err}"))
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/mod.rs
index 6de2e826e..7f222e7a3 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/mod.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,4 @@ mod shared;
 pub mod system;
 pub mod user;
 
-pub(crate) use shared::{
-    BridgeContext, BridgeTools,
-    BridgeMethod, BridgeMethodCapability
-};
+pub(crate) use shared::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeTools};
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/shared.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/shared.rs
index 570003527..8b1c053d4 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/shared.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/shared.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::capabilities::list::{BridgeCapability, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
 use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest};
+use crate::capabilities::list::{BridgeCapability, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
 use crate::host::AppState;
+use crate::runtime::SharedImpostorRuntime;
 use crate::types::SharedSageApp;
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 use serde::de::DeserializeOwned;
-use crate::runtime::SharedImpostorRuntime;
 
 #[async_trait]
 pub(crate) trait BridgeMethod: Send + Sync {
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ pub(crate) struct BridgeMethodHandleError {
 }
 
 pub(crate) type BridgeApprovalRequestResult =
-Result<Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest>, BridgeMethodHandleError>;
+    Result<Option<RustBridgeApprovalRequest>, BridgeMethodHandleError>;
 
 impl BridgeMethodHandleError {
     pub(super) fn new(code: &'static str, message: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/install_url.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/install_url.rs
index 2465d79b2..3bb9566ad 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/install_url.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/install_url.rs
@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
-use std::io;
 use async_trait::async_trait;
-use serde::{Deserialize};
+use serde::Deserialize;
 use specta::Type;
+use std::io;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
 
 use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
-    parse_required_params, BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult,
-    BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError,
+    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
+    BridgeMethodHandleError, parse_required_params,
 };
-use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::bridge::methods::system::AppInstallInstallResult;
+use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
 use crate::host::AppState;
 use crate::lifecycle::install::install_app_from_source;
@@ -61,8 +61,8 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppInstallInstallUrl {
             params.granted_permissions,
             params.wallet_scope,
         )
-            .await
-            .map_err(|err| BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error(err.to_string()))?;
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error(err.to_string()))?;
 
         Ok(Box::new(AppInstallInstallResult::new(app)))
     }
@@ -81,12 +81,16 @@ pub async fn install_app_url(
     };
     let parsed_app_url = SageAppUrl::parse(&app_url)
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("invalid app URL {app_url}: {err}")))?;
-    let result = install_app_from_source(&app, &base_path, granted_permissions_input, wallet_scope, parsed_app_url)
-        .await;
+    let result = install_app_from_source(
+        &app,
+        &base_path,
+        granted_permissions_input,
+        wallet_scope,
+        parsed_app_url,
+    )
+    .await;
 
-    result
-        .map(|app| (&app).into())
-        .map_err(|err| {
-            io::Error::other(format!("failed to install app URL {app_url}: {err}")).into()
-        })
+    result.map(|app| (&app).into()).map_err(|err| {
+        io::Error::other(format!("failed to install app URL {app_url}: {err}")).into()
+    })
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/install_zip.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/install_zip.rs
index baab3327b..a9cbd1f82 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/install_zip.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/install_zip.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-use std::{fs, io};
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 use serde::Deserialize;
 use specta::Type;
+use std::{fs, io};
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
 
 use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
-    parse_required_params, BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult,
-    BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError,
+    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
+    BridgeMethodHandleError, parse_required_params,
 };
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
@@ -64,8 +64,8 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppInstallInstallZip {
             params.granted_permissions,
             params.wallet_scope,
         )
-            .await
-            .map_err(|err| BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error(err.to_string()))?;
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error(err.to_string()))?;
 
         Ok(Box::new(AppInstallInstallResult::new(app)))
     }
@@ -95,13 +95,20 @@ pub async fn install_app_zip(
     let source = ZipInstallSource::new(&root, zip_path.clone());
     let unpack_dir = source.unpack_dir.clone();
 
-    let result = install_app_from_source(&app, &base_path, granted_permissions_input, wallet_scope, source).await;
+    let result = install_app_from_source(
+        &app,
+        &base_path,
+        granted_permissions_input,
+        wallet_scope,
+        source,
+    )
+    .await;
 
     if unpack_dir.exists() {
         let _ = fs::remove_dir_all(&unpack_dir);
     }
 
-    result
-        .map(|app| (&app).into())
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to install app zip {zip_path}: {err}")).into())
+    result.map(|app| (&app).into()).map_err(|err| {
+        io::Error::other(format!("failed to install app zip {zip_path}: {err}")).into()
+    })
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/mod.rs
index cedd06350..87fd78577 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/mod.rs
@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
-mod preview_url;
-mod preview_zip;
 mod install_url;
 mod install_zip;
+mod preview_url;
+mod preview_zip;
 
-use serde::Serialize;
-use specta::Type;
-pub(crate) use preview_url::{AppInstallPreviewUrl, AppInstallPreviewUrlParams};
-pub(crate) use preview_zip::{AppInstallPreviewZip, AppInstallPreviewZipParams};
+use crate::types::UserSageAppView;
 pub(crate) use install_url::{AppInstallInstallUrl, AppInstallInstallUrlParams};
 pub(crate) use install_zip::{AppInstallInstallZip, AppInstallInstallZipParams};
-use crate::types::UserSageAppView;
+pub(crate) use preview_url::{AppInstallPreviewUrl, AppInstallPreviewUrlParams};
+pub(crate) use preview_zip::{AppInstallPreviewZip, AppInstallPreviewZipParams};
+use serde::Serialize;
+use specta::Type;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/preview_url.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/preview_url.rs
index 32d8f0107..34fe0f531 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/preview_url.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/preview_url.rs
@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
-use async_trait::async_trait;
-use serde::Deserialize;
-use specta::Type;
 use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
-    parse_required_params, BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult,
-    BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError,
+    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
+    BridgeMethodHandleError, parse_required_params,
 };
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
 use crate::lifecycle::fetch_url_manifest_preview;
 use crate::types::{SageAppUrl, SageAppUrlPreview};
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+use serde::Deserialize;
+use specta::Type;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
@@ -46,7 +46,8 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppInstallPreviewUrl {
     ) -> BridgeHandleResult {
         let params: AppInstallPreviewUrlParams = parse_required_params(self, request)?;
 
-        let preview = fetch_preview(params.app_url).await
+        let preview = fetch_preview(params.app_url)
+            .await
             .map_err(BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error)?;
 
         Ok(Box::new(preview))
@@ -54,8 +55,8 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppInstallPreviewUrl {
 }
 
 async fn fetch_preview(app_url: String) -> Result<SageAppUrlPreview, String> {
-    let app_url = SageAppUrl::parse(&app_url)
-        .map_err(|err| format!("invalid app URL {app_url}: {err}"))?;
+    let app_url =
+        SageAppUrl::parse(&app_url).map_err(|err| format!("invalid app URL {app_url}: {err}"))?;
 
     let (manifest, manifest_hash) = fetch_url_manifest_preview(&app_url.manifest_url())
         .await
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/preview_zip.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/preview_zip.rs
index b6e76f6f5..d8ed9df9a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/preview_zip.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/preview_zip.rs
@@ -1,18 +1,18 @@
-use std::{fs};
-use std::path::Path;
-use async_trait::async_trait;
-use serde::Deserialize;
-use specta::Type;
-use uuid::Uuid;
 use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
-    parse_required_params, BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult,
-    BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError,
+    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
+    BridgeMethodHandleError, parse_required_params,
 };
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
 use crate::lifecycle::{read_manifest, unzip_to_dir};
 use crate::types::SageAppPackageManifest;
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+use serde::Deserialize;
+use specta::Type;
+use std::fs;
+use std::path::Path;
+use uuid::Uuid;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
@@ -49,8 +49,8 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppInstallPreviewZip {
     ) -> BridgeHandleResult {
         let params: AppInstallPreviewZipParams = parse_required_params(self, request)?;
 
-        let manifest = preview_manifest(&params.zip_path)
-            .map_err(BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error)?;
+        let manifest =
+            preview_manifest(&params.zip_path).map_err(BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error)?;
 
         Ok(Box::new(manifest))
     }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_permissions/apply_permissions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_permissions/apply_permissions.rs
index 23ea26bbe..f55873c85 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_permissions/apply_permissions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_permissions/apply_permissions.rs
@@ -2,17 +2,17 @@ use async_trait::async_trait;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
+use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
-    parse_required_params, BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult,
-    BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError,
+    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
+    BridgeMethodHandleError, parse_required_params,
 };
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
 use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
 use crate::lifecycle::update::permissions::update_app_permissions_for_app;
 use crate::lifecycle::update::scope::update_app_wallet_scope_for_app;
 use crate::runtime::resolve_app;
-use crate::types::{SageGrantedPermissionsInput, SageApp, UserSageAppView, SageAppWalletScope};
+use crate::types::{SageApp, SageAppWalletScope, SageGrantedPermissionsInput, UserSageAppView};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
@@ -66,18 +66,18 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppPermissionsApplyPermissions {
                 ))
             })?;
 
-        let requested = resolved.with_app(|app| {
-            app.with(|sage_app| sage_app.requested_permissions().clone())
-        });
+        let requested =
+            resolved.with_app(|app| app.with(|sage_app| sage_app.requested_permissions().clone()));
 
-        let granted_permissions = params
-            .granted_permissions
-            .resolve(&requested)
-            .map_err(|err| {
-                BridgeMethodHandleError::invalid_request(format!(
-                    "invalid granted permissions: {err}"
-                ))
-            })?;
+        let granted_permissions =
+            params
+                .granted_permissions
+                .resolve(&requested)
+                .map_err(|err| {
+                    BridgeMethodHandleError::invalid_request(format!(
+                        "invalid granted permissions: {err}"
+                    ))
+                })?;
 
         let app = resolved.clone_app_for_operation();
 
@@ -108,6 +108,8 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppPermissionsApplyPermissions {
                 ))
             })?;
 
-        Ok(Box::new(AppPermissionsApplyPermissionsResult { app: app_view }))
+        Ok(Box::new(AppPermissionsApplyPermissionsResult {
+            app: app_view,
+        }))
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_permissions/get_review_context.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_permissions/get_review_context.rs
index ae95b1c39..b4de1370f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_permissions/get_review_context.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_permissions/get_review_context.rs
@@ -2,12 +2,12 @@ use async_trait::async_trait;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
+use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
-    parse_required_params, BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult,
-    BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError,
+    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
+    BridgeMethodHandleError, parse_required_params,
 };
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
 use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
 use crate::runtime::resolve_app;
 use crate::types::{SageApp, UserSageAppView};
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_registry/events.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_registry/events.rs
index f36696357..45bdeddfa 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_registry/events.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_registry/events.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-use std::path::Path;
-use serde::Serialize;
-use specta::Type;
-use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::bridge::emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners;
 use crate::bridge::event_emit::SystemRuntimeEvent;
 use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
 use crate::lifecycle::{apps_root, list_installed_apps_internal};
 use crate::types::ListedSageAppView;
+use serde::Serialize;
+use specta::Type;
+use std::path::Path;
+use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
@@ -37,10 +37,6 @@ pub(crate) async fn emit_listed_apps_changed(
         .map(Into::into)
         .collect::<Vec<ListedSageAppView>>();
 
-    emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners(
-        app_handle,
-        apps_state,
-        ListedAppsChangedEvent { apps },
-    )
+    emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners(app_handle, apps_state, ListedAppsChangedEvent { apps })
         .await;
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_registry/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_registry/mod.rs
index b94f14af3..2f6e8ced3 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_registry/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_registry/mod.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 mod events;
 
-pub(crate) use events::{emit_listed_apps_changed, ListedAppsChangedEvent};
+pub(crate) use events::{ListedAppsChangedEvent, emit_listed_apps_changed};
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/apply_update.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/apply_update.rs
index a082ae0aa..bf1eb16ba 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/apply_update.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/apply_update.rs
@@ -2,12 +2,12 @@ use async_trait::async_trait;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
+use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
-    parse_required_params, BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult,
-    BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError,
+    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
+    BridgeMethodHandleError, parse_required_params,
 };
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
 use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
 use crate::lifecycle::update::commands::{apply_app_update, download_app_update};
 use crate::types::{SageAppView, SageGrantedPermissionsInput};
@@ -69,13 +69,13 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppUpdateApplyUpdate {
             params.app_id.clone(),
             params.granted_permissions,
         )
-            .await
-            .map_err(|err| {
-                BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error(format!(
-                    "failed to apply update for {}: {err}",
-                    params.app_id
-                ))
-            })?;
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| {
+            BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error(format!(
+                "failed to apply update for {}: {err}",
+                params.app_id
+            ))
+        })?;
 
         Ok(Box::new(AppUpdateApplyUpdateResult { app }))
     }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/get_review_context.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/get_review_context.rs
index 770b94b6c..d91bf30f2 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/get_review_context.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/get_review_context.rs
@@ -2,12 +2,12 @@ use async_trait::async_trait;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
+use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
-    parse_required_params, BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult,
-    BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError,
+    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
+    BridgeMethodHandleError, parse_required_params,
 };
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
 use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
 use crate::lifecycle::update::commands::check_app_update;
 use crate::runtime::resolve_app;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/mod.rs
index 0c55dd13e..f8eba57a5 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/mod.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 mod apply_update;
 mod get_review_context;
 
-pub(crate) use apply_update::{AppUpdateApplyUpdate, AppUpdateApplyUpdateParams, AppUpdateApplyUpdateResult};
+pub(crate) use apply_update::{
+    AppUpdateApplyUpdate, AppUpdateApplyUpdateParams, AppUpdateApplyUpdateResult,
+};
 pub(crate) use get_review_context::{
-    AppUpdateGetReviewContext,
-    AppUpdateGetReviewContextParams,
-    AppUpdateReviewContext,
+    AppUpdateGetReviewContext, AppUpdateGetReviewContextParams, AppUpdateReviewContext,
 };
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals/events.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals/events.rs
index 0d2af8c8f..04b3899c1 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals/events.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals/events.rs
@@ -1,23 +1,29 @@
-use serde::Serialize;
-use specta::Type;
 use crate::bridge::event_emit::SystemRuntimeEvent;
 use crate::bridge::methods::system::PendingBridgeApprovalView;
 use crate::bridge::types::PendingBridgeApproval;
 use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
+use serde::Serialize;
+use specta::Type;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct BridgeApprovalsChangedEvent {
-    approvals: Vec<PendingBridgeApprovalView>
+    approvals: Vec<PendingBridgeApprovalView>,
 }
 
 impl BridgeApprovalsChangedEvent {
     pub(crate) fn new_from_list(approvals: Vec<PendingBridgeApproval>) -> Self {
-        Self { approvals: approvals.into_iter().map(|approval| approval.into()).collect() }
+        Self {
+            approvals: approvals
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|approval| approval.into())
+                .collect(),
+        }
     }
 }
 
 impl SystemRuntimeEvent for BridgeApprovalsChangedEvent {
     const TYPE: &'static str = "bridgeApproval.changed";
-    const REQUIRED_CAPABILITY: SystemBridgeCapability = SystemBridgeCapability::BridgeApprovalListenApprovalsChanged;
+    const REQUIRED_CAPABILITY: SystemBridgeCapability =
+        SystemBridgeCapability::BridgeApprovalListenApprovalsChanged;
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals/list.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals/list.rs
index 4ccda24c3..5f7f86973 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals/list.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals/list.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
-use async_trait::async_trait;
-use serde::Serialize;
-use specta::Type;
-use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest};
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
     BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
 };
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::bridge::state::list_pending_approvals;
 use crate::bridge::types::PendingBridgeApproval;
+use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest};
 use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+use serde::Serialize;
+use specta::Type;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub(crate) struct BridgeApprovalsListPending;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals/mod.rs
index b793e89e4..0248da980 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals/mod.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
+mod events;
 mod list;
 mod resolve;
-mod events;
 
 pub(crate) use events::BridgeApprovalsChangedEvent;
 pub(crate) use list::{BridgeApprovalsListPending, PendingBridgeApprovalView};
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals/resolve.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals/resolve.rs
index 2f8747e2e..73f9ae45b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals/resolve.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals/resolve.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
-use crate::bridge::{ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs, RustBridgeRequest};
 use crate::bridge::bridge_request::process_after_approval;
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
-    parse_required_params, BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult,
-    BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError,
+    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
+    BridgeMethodHandleError, parse_required_params,
 };
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::bridge::{ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs, RustBridgeRequest};
 use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
@@ -38,12 +38,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for BridgeApprovalsResolve {
     ) -> BridgeHandleResult {
         let params: ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs = parse_required_params(self, request)?;
 
-        process_after_approval(
-            tools.app_handle,
-            tools.app_state,
-            tools.host_state,
-            params,
-        )
+        process_after_approval(tools.app_handle, tools.app_state, tools.host_state, params)
             .await
             .map_err(BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error)?;
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/capabilities/list_user_definitions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/capabilities/list_user_definitions.rs
index 5ea288ba7..5898d032d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/capabilities/list_user_definitions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/capabilities/list_user_definitions.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
+use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
     BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
 };
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
 use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
 use crate::capabilities::user_registry;
 use crate::types::SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/donation/get_details.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/donation/get_details.rs
index 3b0651b5f..68a63d2e2 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/donation/get_details.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/donation/get_details.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,15 @@
-use async_trait::async_trait;
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use specta::Type;
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{parse_required_params, BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError};
-use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
+    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
+    BridgeMethodHandleError, parse_required_params,
+};
+use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
 use crate::runtime::resolve_app;
 use crate::types::SageAppIconView;
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use specta::Type;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/donation/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/donation/mod.rs
index 16e105fa0..bf2a4731e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/donation/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/donation/mod.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 mod get_details;
 
-pub(crate) use get_details::{DonationGetDetails, DonationGetDetailsParams, DonationDetails};
+pub(crate) use get_details::{DonationDetails, DonationGetDetails, DonationGetDetailsParams};
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/file_system/select_file.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/file_system/select_file.rs
index 9193c93b1..80d47d1bd 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/file_system/select_file.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/file_system/select_file.rs
@@ -3,12 +3,11 @@ use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 use tauri_plugin_dialog::DialogExt;
 
+use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
-    parse_required_params, BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult,
-    BridgeMethodCapability,
+    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability, parse_required_params,
 };
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
 use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Type)]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/mod.rs
index 8c5f9ed84..da5eac225 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/mod.rs
@@ -1,23 +1,23 @@
+mod app_install;
 mod app_permissions;
+mod app_registry;
 mod app_update;
-mod capabilities;
-mod runtime_manager;
-mod app_install;
-mod file_system;
 mod bridge_approvals;
+mod capabilities;
 mod donation;
-mod app_registry;
+mod file_system;
+mod runtime_manager;
 mod sandbox;
 mod wallet;
 
+pub(crate) use app_install::*;
 pub(crate) use app_permissions::*;
+pub(crate) use app_registry::*;
 pub(crate) use app_update::*;
-pub(crate) use capabilities::*;
-pub(crate) use runtime_manager::*;
-pub(crate) use app_install::*;
-pub(crate) use file_system::*;
 pub(crate) use bridge_approvals::*;
+pub(crate) use capabilities::*;
 pub(crate) use donation::*;
-pub(crate) use app_registry::*;
+pub(crate) use file_system::*;
+pub(crate) use runtime_manager::*;
 pub(crate) use sandbox::*;
 pub(crate) use wallet::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/close_self.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/close_self.rs
index 8c835b1e8..7f189982b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/close_self.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/close_self.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
 };
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
-use crate::runtime::stop::{kill_runtime, SystemKillRuntimeError};
+use crate::runtime::stop::{SystemKillRuntimeError, kill_runtime};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub(crate) struct RuntimeManagerCloseSelf;
@@ -37,19 +37,10 @@ impl BridgeMethod for RuntimeManagerCloseSelf {
     ) -> BridgeHandleResult {
         let app_id = ctx.app.id();
 
-        match kill_runtime(
-            tools.app_handle,
-            tools.host_state,
-            &app_id,
-            "self_close",
-        )
-            .await
-        {
-            Ok(_) |
-            Err(SystemKillRuntimeError::NotFound) |
-            Err(SystemKillRuntimeError::RuntimeSync(_)) => {
-                Ok(Box::new(()))
-            }
+        match kill_runtime(tools.app_handle, tools.host_state, &app_id, "self_close").await {
+            Ok(_)
+            | Err(SystemKillRuntimeError::NotFound)
+            | Err(SystemKillRuntimeError::RuntimeSync(_)) => Ok(Box::new(())),
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/events.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/events.rs
index 7ee5689d0..4745c2678 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/events.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/events.rs
@@ -27,10 +27,12 @@ impl RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent {
 
 impl SystemRuntimeEvent for RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent {
     const TYPE: &'static str = "runtimeManager.runtimesChanged";
-    const REQUIRED_CAPABILITY: SystemBridgeCapability = SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerListenRuntimesChanged;
+    const REQUIRED_CAPABILITY: SystemBridgeCapability =
+        SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerListenRuntimesChanged;
 }
 
 impl SystemRuntimeEvent for RuntimeManagerActiveTaskbarRuntimeChangedEvent {
     const TYPE: &'static str = "runtimeManager.activeTaskbarRuntimeChanged";
-    const REQUIRED_CAPABILITY: SystemBridgeCapability = SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerListenActiveTaskbarRuntimeChanged;
+    const REQUIRED_CAPABILITY: SystemBridgeCapability =
+        SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerListenActiveTaskbarRuntimeChanged;
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs
index 0fa36e0c1..8d0821bdf 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
 use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
-use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
     BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
     BridgeMethodHandleError, parse_required_params,
 };
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::runtime::{focus_taskbar_runtime, RuntimeTargetParams, SageAppRuntimeRecordView};
+use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
+use crate::runtime::{RuntimeTargetParams, SageAppRuntimeRecordView, focus_taskbar_runtime};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub(crate) struct RuntimeManagerFocusTaskbarRuntime;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/get_active_taskbar_runtime.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/get_active_taskbar_runtime.rs
index 8b3d95f54..1a6924d4c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/get_active_taskbar_runtime.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/get_active_taskbar_runtime.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,16 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
 use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError};
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
+    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
+    BridgeMethodHandleError,
+};
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
-use crate::runtime::{find_active_taskbar_runtime, find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional, resolve_running_app, SageAppRuntimeRecordView};
+use crate::runtime::{
+    SageAppRuntimeRecordView, find_active_taskbar_runtime, find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional,
+    resolve_running_app,
+};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub(crate) struct RuntimeManagerGetActiveTaskbarRuntime;
@@ -16,7 +22,9 @@ impl BridgeMethod for RuntimeManagerGetActiveTaskbarRuntime {
     }
 
     fn capability(&self) -> BridgeMethodCapability {
-        BridgeMethodCapability::system(SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerGetActiveTaskbarRuntime)
+        BridgeMethodCapability::system(
+            SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerGetActiveTaskbarRuntime,
+        )
     }
 
     fn approval_request(
@@ -40,9 +48,12 @@ impl BridgeMethod for RuntimeManagerGetActiveTaskbarRuntime {
                     "failed to resolve caller runtime: {err}"
                 ))
             })?;
-        let host_window_label = app.runtime().with_runtime(|runtime| runtime.host_window_label().to_string());
+        let host_window_label = app
+            .runtime()
+            .with_runtime(|runtime| runtime.host_window_label().to_string());
 
-        let active_taskbar_runtime = find_active_taskbar_runtime(tools.host_state, &host_window_label).await;
+        let active_taskbar_runtime =
+            find_active_taskbar_runtime(tools.host_state, &host_window_label).await;
 
         let Some(active_taskbar_runtime) = active_taskbar_runtime else {
             return Ok(Box::new(None::<SageAppRuntimeRecordView>));
@@ -50,8 +61,10 @@ impl BridgeMethod for RuntimeManagerGetActiveTaskbarRuntime {
 
         let runtime: Option<SageAppRuntimeRecordView> = find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional(
             tools.host_state,
-            &active_taskbar_runtime.runtime_id()
-        ).await.map(Into::into);
+            &active_taskbar_runtime.runtime_id(),
+        )
+        .await
+        .map(Into::into);
 
         Ok(Box::new(runtime))
     }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_runtime.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_runtime.rs
index 4a4cd0999..a2373db6d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_runtime.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_runtime.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
 use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
-use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
     BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
     BridgeMethodHandleError, parse_required_params,
 };
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::runtime::{hide_runtime, RuntimeTargetParams, SageAppRuntimeRecordView};
+use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
+use crate::runtime::{RuntimeTargetParams, SageAppRuntimeRecordView, hide_runtime};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub(crate) struct RuntimeManagerHideRuntime;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_self.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_self.rs
index c1058716a..0c7e31c2c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_self.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_self.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
 use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError};
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
+    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
+    BridgeMethodHandleError,
+};
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
 use crate::runtime::hide_runtime;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs
index 3d810bb37..49bc0aa6d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs
@@ -1,21 +1,20 @@
-use async_trait::async_trait;
-use serde::Serialize;
 use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
-use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
-    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
-    parse_required_params,
+    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability, parse_required_params,
 };
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
 use crate::runtime::RuntimeTargetParams;
-use crate::runtime::stop::{kill_runtime, SystemKillRuntimeError};
+use crate::runtime::stop::{SystemKillRuntimeError, kill_runtime};
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+use serde::Serialize;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub(crate) struct RuntimeManagerKillRuntime;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Serialize)]
 pub struct RuntimeManagerKillRuntimeResponse {
-    ok: bool
+    ok: bool,
 }
 
 impl RuntimeManagerKillRuntimeResponse {
@@ -55,10 +54,14 @@ impl BridgeMethod for RuntimeManagerKillRuntime {
             tools.host_state,
             &params.app_id,
             "user_kill",
-        ).await {
-            Ok(_) |
-            Err(SystemKillRuntimeError::NotFound) |
-            Err(SystemKillRuntimeError::RuntimeSync(_)) => Ok(RuntimeManagerKillRuntimeResponse::ok()),
+        )
+        .await
+        {
+            Ok(_)
+            | Err(SystemKillRuntimeError::NotFound)
+            | Err(SystemKillRuntimeError::RuntimeSync(_)) => {
+                Ok(RuntimeManagerKillRuntimeResponse::ok())
+            }
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/list_runtimes.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/list_runtimes.rs
index 139300ec3..235706e84 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/list_runtimes.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/list_runtimes.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
 use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
-use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
     BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
     BridgeMethodHandleError,
 };
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::runtime::{list_runtimes, SageAppRuntimeRecordView};
+use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
+use crate::runtime::{SageAppRuntimeRecordView, list_runtimes};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub(crate) struct RuntimeManagerListRuntimes;
@@ -40,8 +40,11 @@ impl BridgeMethod for RuntimeManagerListRuntimes {
             .await
             .map_err(BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error)?;
 
-        let runtime_views = runtimes.iter().map(Into::into).collect::<Vec<SageAppRuntimeRecordView>>();
-        
+        let runtime_views = runtimes
+            .iter()
+            .map(Into::into)
+            .collect::<Vec<SageAppRuntimeRecordView>>();
+
         Ok(Box::new(runtime_views))
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/mod.rs
index 6990a171d..f43330a1b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/mod.rs
@@ -1,17 +1,19 @@
+mod close_self;
 mod events;
 mod focus_runtime;
+mod get_active_taskbar_runtime;
 mod hide_runtime;
+mod hide_self;
 mod kill_runtime;
 mod list_runtimes;
-mod close_self;
-mod get_active_taskbar_runtime;
-mod hide_self;
 
-pub(crate) use events::{RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent, RuntimeManagerActiveTaskbarRuntimeChangedEvent};
+pub(crate) use close_self::RuntimeManagerCloseSelf;
+pub(crate) use events::{
+    RuntimeManagerActiveTaskbarRuntimeChangedEvent, RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent,
+};
 pub(crate) use focus_runtime::RuntimeManagerFocusTaskbarRuntime;
+pub(crate) use get_active_taskbar_runtime::RuntimeManagerGetActiveTaskbarRuntime;
 pub(crate) use hide_runtime::RuntimeManagerHideRuntime;
+pub(crate) use hide_self::RuntimeManagerHideSelf;
 pub(crate) use kill_runtime::RuntimeManagerKillRuntime;
 pub(crate) use list_runtimes::RuntimeManagerListRuntimes;
-pub(crate) use hide_self::RuntimeManagerHideSelf;
-pub(crate) use close_self::RuntimeManagerCloseSelf;
-pub(crate) use get_active_taskbar_runtime::RuntimeManagerGetActiveTaskbarRuntime;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/sandbox/events.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/sandbox/events.rs
index 8a6667f00..617ea3f65 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/sandbox/events.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/sandbox/events.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
-use serde::Serialize;
-use specta::Type;
-use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::bridge::emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners;
 use crate::bridge::event_emit::SystemRuntimeEvent;
 use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
 use crate::sandbox::SandboxStateView;
 use crate::sandbox::state_view::build_state_view;
+use serde::Serialize;
+use specta::Type;
+use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
@@ -32,10 +32,6 @@ pub(crate) async fn emit_sandbox_state_changed(
 ) {
     let view = build_state_view(apps_state).await;
 
-    emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners(
-        app,
-        apps_state,
-        SandboxStateChangedEvent::new(view),
-    )
+    emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners(app, apps_state, SandboxStateChangedEvent::new(view))
         .await;
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/sandbox/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/sandbox/mod.rs
index 92772320f..59d33e5b4 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/sandbox/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/sandbox/mod.rs
@@ -2,6 +2,6 @@ mod events;
 mod get_state;
 mod rerun_tests;
 
-pub(crate) use events::{emit_sandbox_state_changed, SandboxStateChangedEvent};
+pub(crate) use events::{SandboxStateChangedEvent, emit_sandbox_state_changed};
 pub(crate) use get_state::SandboxGetState;
 pub(crate) use rerun_tests::SandboxRerunTests;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/sandbox/rerun_tests.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/sandbox/rerun_tests.rs
index 1b4e89608..e1c041943 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/sandbox/rerun_tests.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/sandbox/rerun_tests.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,11 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError};
-use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
+    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
+    BridgeMethodHandleError,
+};
+use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
 use crate::sandbox::runner::{begin_sandbox_run, sandbox_runner};
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/wallet/list_wallets.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/wallet/list_wallets.rs
index 6cadf623f..ef2b69af5 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/wallet/list_wallets.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/wallet/list_wallets.rs
@@ -55,10 +55,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for WalletListWallets {
         let sage = tools.app_state.lock().await;
 
         let keys = sage.get_keys(GetKeys {}).map_err(|err| {
-            BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error(format!(
-                "{} failed: {err}",
-                self.name()
-            ))
+            BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error(format!("{} failed: {err}", self.name()))
         })?;
 
         Ok(Box::new(WalletListWalletsResult {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/wallet/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/wallet/mod.rs
index f688a275e..079ae4b0c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/wallet/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/wallet/mod.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 mod list_wallets;
 
-pub(crate) use list_wallets::{WalletListWallets, WalletListWalletsResult, SystemWalletView};
+pub(crate) use list_wallets::{SystemWalletView, WalletListWallets, WalletListWalletsResult};
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/events.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/events.rs
index a531c6286..32bf151bc 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/events.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/events.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 use serde::Serialize;
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::bridge::event_emit::UserRuntimeEvent;
+use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::lifecycle::update::types::{GrantedCapabilitiesChange, GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange};
 use crate::types::SageNetworkWhitelistEntry;
 
@@ -26,7 +26,8 @@ impl GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent {
 
 impl UserRuntimeEvent for GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent {
     const TYPE: &'static str = "grantedCapabilitiesChange";
-    const REQUIRED_CAPABILITY: UserBridgeCapability = UserBridgeCapability::AppRequestCapabilityGrant;
+    const REQUIRED_CAPABILITY: UserBridgeCapability =
+        UserBridgeCapability::AppRequestCapabilityGrant;
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
@@ -49,7 +50,8 @@ impl GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent {
 
 impl UserRuntimeEvent for GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent {
     const TYPE: &'static str = "grantedNetworkWhitelistChange";
-    const REQUIRED_CAPABILITY: UserBridgeCapability = UserBridgeCapability::AppRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant;
+    const REQUIRED_CAPABILITY: UserBridgeCapability =
+        UserBridgeCapability::AppRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant;
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
@@ -68,5 +70,6 @@ impl BeforeStopEvent {
 
 impl UserRuntimeEvent for BeforeStopEvent {
     const TYPE: &'static str = "lifecycle.beforeStop";
-    const REQUIRED_CAPABILITY: UserBridgeCapability = UserBridgeCapability::AppLifecycleSetBeforeStopListener;
+    const REQUIRED_CAPABILITY: UserBridgeCapability =
+        UserBridgeCapability::AppLifecycleSetBeforeStopListener;
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs
index be3dd8155..b9c81c074 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
 use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
-use crate::capabilities::list::{SharedCapabilitiesExt, UserBridgeCapability};
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
     BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
 };
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::capabilities::list::{SharedCapabilitiesExt, UserBridgeCapability};
 use crate::types::SageApp;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
@@ -48,11 +48,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppGetCapabilities {
                         .copied(),
                 ),
 
-            SageApp::System(_) => app
-                .granted_permissions()
-                .capabilities()
-                .copied()
-                .collect(),
+            SageApp::System(_) => app.granted_permissions().capabilities().copied().collect(),
         });
 
         let shared_capabilities = effective_capabilities.shared();
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_info.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_info.rs
index 94e9f49a7..ff8f5923e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_info.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_info.rs
@@ -3,11 +3,11 @@ use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
 use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
-use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
     BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
 };
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct AppGetInfo;
@@ -55,33 +55,30 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppGetInfo {
         _tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
         _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
     ) -> BridgeHandleResult {
-        let result = ctx
-            .app
-            .with(|app| {
-                let network = app
-                    .granted_permissions()
-                    .network()
-                    .whitelist_iter()
-                    .map(|entry| SageNetworkPermissionInfo {
-                        scheme: entry.scheme().to_string(),
-                        host: entry.host().to_string(),
-                        required: app
-                            .requested_permissions()
-                            .network()
-                            .whitelist()
-                            .is_required(entry),
-                    })
-                    .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-                AppGetInfoResult {
-                    id: app.id().to_string(),
-                    name: app.name().to_string(),
-                    version: app.version().to_string(),
-                    requested_permissions: app.requested_permissions().clone(),
-                    capabilities: app.granted_permissions().shared_capabilities(),
-                    network,
-                }
+        let result = ctx.app.with(|app| {
+            let network = app
+                .granted_permissions()
+                .network()
+                .whitelist_iter()
+                .map(|entry| SageNetworkPermissionInfo {
+                    scheme: entry.scheme().to_string(),
+                    host: entry.host().to_string(),
+                    required: app
+                        .requested_permissions()
+                        .network()
+                        .whitelist()
+                        .is_required(entry),
+                })
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+            AppGetInfoResult {
+                id: app.id().to_string(),
+                name: app.name().to_string(),
+                version: app.version().to_string(),
+                requested_permissions: app.requested_permissions().clone(),
+                capabilities: app.granted_permissions().shared_capabilities(),
+                network,
             }
-        );
+        });
 
         Ok(Box::new(result))
     }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/lifecycle.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/lifecycle.rs
index d6e480aac..a06cce5d7 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/lifecycle.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/lifecycle.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
 use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
-use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
     BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability, parse_required_params,
 };
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::runtime::{ReadyToStopParams, RuntimeAckResult, SetBeforeStopListenerParams};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/mod.rs
index 998600f82..71eb8c576 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/mod.rs
@@ -19,7 +19,9 @@ pub use request_network_whitelist_grant::AppRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant;
 use crate::bridge::methods::BridgeTools;
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodHandleError;
 
-pub(crate) fn resolve_app_base_path(tools: &BridgeTools<'_>) -> Result<PathBuf, BridgeMethodHandleError> {
+pub(crate) fn resolve_app_base_path(
+    tools: &BridgeTools<'_>,
+) -> Result<PathBuf, BridgeMethodHandleError> {
     tools.app_handle.path().app_data_dir().map_err(|err| {
         BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error(format!("failed to resolve app data dir: {err}"))
     })
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
index 81a21aee8..e17b9f228 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ use async_trait::async_trait;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
     BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
     BridgeMethodHandleError, parse_required_params,
@@ -12,6 +11,7 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::bridge::types::RustBridgeApprovalBody;
 use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest};
 use crate::capabilities::get_user_capability_definition;
+use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::lifecycle::update::permissions::grant_capability;
 use crate::lifecycle::update::types::GrantCapabilityOutcome;
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs
index 643c881eb..56af9200a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ use async_trait::async_trait;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
     BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
     BridgeMethodHandleError, parse_required_params,
@@ -11,6 +10,7 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::resolve_app_base_path;
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::bridge::types::RustBridgeApprovalBody;
 use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest};
+use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::lifecycle::update::permissions::grant_network_whitelist_entry;
 use crate::lifecycle::update::types::GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome;
 use crate::types::SageNetworkWhitelistEntry;
@@ -51,14 +51,12 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant {
     ) -> BridgeApprovalRequestResult {
         let params: RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantParams = parse_required_params(self, request)?;
 
-        if ctx
-            .app
-            .with(|app| app.granted_permissions()
+        if ctx.app.with(|app| {
+            app.granted_permissions()
                 .network()
                 .whitelist_iter()
                 .any(|entry| entry == &params.entry)
-            )
-        {
+        }) {
             return Ok(None);
         }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs
index 0626c1535..a25ba9359 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs
@@ -3,12 +3,12 @@ use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
 use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
-use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
     BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
     BridgeMethodHandleError, parse_required_params,
 };
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::runtime::SageAppRuntimeImpostorKind;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
@@ -77,9 +77,7 @@ fn check_ctx(ctx: &BridgeContext<'_>) -> Result<(), BridgeMethodHandleError> {
     let is_storage_clear_probe = ctx
         .impostor_runtime
         .as_ref()
-        .is_some_and(|runtime| {
-            runtime.kind() == SageAppRuntimeImpostorKind::StorageClearProbe
-        });
+        .is_some_and(|runtime| runtime.kind() == SageAppRuntimeImpostorKind::StorageClearProbe);
 
     if !is_sandbox_test && !is_storage_clear_probe {
         return Err(BridgeMethodHandleError::invalid_request(
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/theme/events.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/theme/events.rs
index 2f594b389..383803486 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/theme/events.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/theme/events.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use specta::Type;
 use crate::bridge::event_emit::UserRuntimeEvent;
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::environment::EnvironmentThemeView;
 use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use specta::Type;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
@@ -12,5 +12,6 @@ pub struct EnvironmentThemeChangedEvent {
 
 impl UserRuntimeEvent for EnvironmentThemeChangedEvent {
     const TYPE: &'static str = "environment.theme.changed";
-    const REQUIRED_CAPABILITY: UserBridgeCapability = UserBridgeCapability::EnvironmentThemeListenChanged;
+    const REQUIRED_CAPABILITY: UserBridgeCapability =
+        UserBridgeCapability::EnvironmentThemeListenChanged;
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/theme/get_current.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/theme/get_current.rs
index 47a6731a9..efce316d3 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/theme/get_current.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/theme/get_current.rs
@@ -5,9 +5,12 @@ use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
 use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
-use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
+    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
+    BridgeMethodHandleError,
+};
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError};
+use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/theme/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/theme/mod.rs
index 4f40599f0..547b36ce3 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/theme/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/theme/mod.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-mod get_current;
 mod events;
+mod get_current;
 
+pub use events::EnvironmentThemeChangedEvent;
 pub use get_current::{
-    EnvironmentThemeGetCurrent, EnvironmentThemeView, EnvironmentThemeGetCurrentResult
+    EnvironmentThemeGetCurrent, EnvironmentThemeGetCurrentResult, EnvironmentThemeView,
 };
-pub use events::{EnvironmentThemeChangedEvent};
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/mod.rs
index 02f371ecf..661d15b6e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/mod.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 pub mod app;
 pub mod bridge;
-pub mod wallet;
 pub mod environment;
+pub mod wallet;
 
 pub use app::{
     AppGetCapabilities, AppGetInfo, AppLifecycleReadyToStop, AppLifecycleSetBeforeStopListener,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_secret_key.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_secret_key.rs
index 162a2312d..b164c63ac 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_secret_key.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_secret_key.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 use sage_api::GetSecretKey;
 
-use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
     BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
     BridgeMethodHandleError, parse_required_params,
@@ -9,6 +8,7 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::bridge::types::RustBridgeApprovalBody;
 use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest};
+use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct WalletGetSecretKey;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/read_methods.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/read_methods.rs
index 6a138faac..b29cdbc02 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/read_methods.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/read_methods.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,18 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
 use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
-use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
     BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
     BridgeMethodHandleError, parse_required_params,
 };
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
 
-use sage_api::{CheckAddress, GetCoins, GetCoinsByIds, GetDerivations, GetKey, GetKeys, GetPendingTransactions, GetSpendableCoinCount, GetSyncStatus, GetTransaction, GetTransactions, GetVersion, GetXchUsdPrice};
+use sage_api::{
+    CheckAddress, GetCoins, GetCoinsByIds, GetDerivations, GetKey, GetKeys, GetPendingTransactions,
+    GetSpendableCoinCount, GetSyncStatus, GetTransaction, GetTransactions, GetVersion,
+    GetXchUsdPrice,
+};
 
 macro_rules! define_wallet_read_no_params_async_method {
     ($struct_name:ident, $capability:ident, $method_name:expr, $request_ident:ident, $handler:ident) => {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/send_xch.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/send_xch.rs
index 5eae78daa..f55efab41 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/send_xch.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/send_xch.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ use async_trait::async_trait;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
     BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
     BridgeMethodHandleError, parse_required_params,
@@ -10,6 +9,7 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::bridge::types::RustBridgeApprovalBody;
 use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest};
+use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
 use sage_api::SendXch;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
@@ -62,7 +62,10 @@ impl BridgeMethod for WalletSendXch {
         ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
         request: &RustBridgeRequest,
     ) -> BridgeApprovalRequestResult {
-        if ctx.app.is_capability_granted(UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXchAutoSubmit.into()) {
+        if ctx
+            .app
+            .is_capability_granted(UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXchAutoSubmit.into())
+        {
             return Ok(None);
         }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
index 6cdeb5aba..52ca8218f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
@@ -1,22 +1,22 @@
 pub mod commands;
 
 mod bridge_request;
+mod debug;
 mod event_emit;
 pub mod methods;
 pub mod registry;
 pub mod state;
 pub mod ts_exports;
 mod types;
-mod debug;
 
 pub use types::{
-    RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeInvokeResult, RustBridgeResponse,
-    RustBridgeApprovalRequest, ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs
+    ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeInvokeResult,
+    RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse,
 };
 
+pub(crate) use debug::{comms_debug, sage_apps_comms_debug_enabled};
 pub(crate) use event_emit::{
-    emit_user_runtime_event_to_listeners, emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners,
-    emit_user_runtime_event_to_app_id, emit_bridge_response_to_app
+    emit_bridge_response_to_app, emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners,
+    emit_user_runtime_event_to_app_id, emit_user_runtime_event_to_listeners,
 };
 pub(crate) use types::{BridgeOrigin, PendingBridgeApproval};
-pub(crate) use debug::{comms_debug, sage_apps_comms_debug_enabled};
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs
index a4a68b1b0..9348ff143 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 use super::methods::BridgeMethod;
 use super::methods::system::*;
 use super::methods::user::*;
-use std::collections::HashMap;
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::environment::EnvironmentThemeGetCurrent;
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::wallet::read_methods::WalletGetXchUsdPrice;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub(crate) enum BridgeRegistryKind {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/state.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/state.rs
index f8553a573..3a6a90a78 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/state.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/state.rs
@@ -1,22 +1,24 @@
 use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::bridge::{comms_debug, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest};
+use crate::bridge::registry::BridgeRegistryKind;
 use crate::bridge::types::PendingBridgeApproval;
+use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, comms_debug};
+use crate::runtime::{
+    emit_bridge_approvals_changed, emit_timeout_for_pending_approval, sync_bridge_approval_runtime,
+};
+use crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms;
 use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 use std::time::Duration;
-use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
 use tauri::async_runtime::JoinHandle;
+use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
 use tokio::sync::Mutex;
 use uuid::Uuid;
-use crate::bridge::registry::BridgeRegistryKind;
-use crate::runtime::{emit_bridge_approvals_changed, emit_timeout_for_pending_approval, sync_bridge_approval_runtime};
-use crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms;
 
 const BRIDGE_APPROVAL_TIMEOUT_MS: u64 = 30_000;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Default)]
 pub struct BridgeState {
     pending_approvals: Mutex<BTreeMap<String, PendingBridgeApproval>>,
-    approval_expiry_task: Mutex<Option<JoinHandle<()>>>
+    approval_expiry_task: Mutex<Option<JoinHandle<()>>>,
 }
 
 pub(crate) async fn write_pending_approval(
@@ -78,9 +80,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn remove_pending_approval(
     pending.remove(approval_id);
 }
 
-pub(crate) async fn pending_approval_app_ids(
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-) -> Vec<String> {
+pub(crate) async fn pending_approval_app_ids(apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>) -> Vec<String> {
     use std::collections::BTreeSet;
 
     list_pending_approvals(apps_state)
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
index 05032a3c9..a348944f6 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
@@ -1,31 +1,46 @@
-use crate::bridge::{ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs, RustBridgeInvokeResult};
-use crate::bridge::methods::system::{AppInstallInstallResult, AppInstallInstallUrlParams, AppInstallPreviewUrlParams, AppInstallInstallZipParams, AppInstallPreviewZipParams, AppPermissionsApplyPermissionsParams, AppPermissionsApplyPermissionsResult, AppPermissionsGetReviewContextParams, AppPermissionsReviewContext, AppUpdateApplyUpdateParams, AppUpdateApplyUpdateResult, AppUpdateGetReviewContextParams, AppUpdateReviewContext, BridgeApprovalsChangedEvent, DonationDetails, DonationGetDetailsParams, FileSystemSelectFileParams, FileSystemSelectFileResult, PendingBridgeApprovalView, RuntimeManagerActiveTaskbarRuntimeChangedEvent, RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent, ListedAppsChangedEvent, SandboxStateChangedEvent, SystemWalletView, WalletListWalletsResult};
+use crate::bridge::methods::system::{
+    AppInstallInstallResult, AppInstallInstallUrlParams, AppInstallInstallZipParams,
+    AppInstallPreviewUrlParams, AppInstallPreviewZipParams, AppPermissionsApplyPermissionsParams,
+    AppPermissionsApplyPermissionsResult, AppPermissionsGetReviewContextParams,
+    AppPermissionsReviewContext, AppUpdateApplyUpdateParams, AppUpdateApplyUpdateResult,
+    AppUpdateGetReviewContextParams, AppUpdateReviewContext, BridgeApprovalsChangedEvent,
+    DonationDetails, DonationGetDetailsParams, FileSystemSelectFileParams,
+    FileSystemSelectFileResult, ListedAppsChangedEvent, PendingBridgeApprovalView,
+    RuntimeManagerActiveTaskbarRuntimeChangedEvent, RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent,
+    SandboxStateChangedEvent, SystemWalletView, WalletListWalletsResult,
+};
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::{
     app::{
         GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent, GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent,
         events::BeforeStopEvent,
         get_info::{AppGetInfoResult, SageNetworkPermissionInfo},
-        request_capability_grant::{
-            RequestCapabilityGrantParams, RequestCapabilityGrantResult,
-        },
+        request_capability_grant::{RequestCapabilityGrantParams, RequestCapabilityGrantResult},
         request_network_whitelist_grant::{
             RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantParams, RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantResult,
-        }
-    },
-    bridge::{
-        ping::BridgePingResult,
-        send::BridgeSendResult,
+        },
     },
+    bridge::{ping::BridgePingResult, send::BridgeSendResult},
     environment::{EnvironmentThemeChangedEvent, EnvironmentThemeGetCurrentResult},
-    wallet::send_xch::WalletSendXchParams
+    wallet::send_xch::WalletSendXchParams,
 };
+use crate::bridge::{ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs, RustBridgeInvokeResult};
 use crate::runtime::stop::SystemKillRuntimeResult;
-use crate::runtime::{ReadyToStopParams, RuntimeAckResult, RuntimeTargetParams, SetBeforeStopListenerParams};
-use sage_api::{CheckAddress, CheckAddressResponse, GetCoins, GetCoinsByIds, GetCoinsByIdsResponse, GetCoinsResponse, GetDerivations, GetDerivationsResponse, GetKey, GetKeyResponse, GetKeys, GetKeysResponse, GetPendingTransactions, GetPendingTransactionsResponse, GetSecretKey, GetSecretKeyResponse, GetSpendableCoinCount, GetSpendableCoinCountResponse, GetSyncStatus, GetSyncStatusResponse, GetTransaction, GetTransactionResponse, GetTransactions, GetTransactionsResponse, GetVersion, GetVersionResponse, GetXchUsdPriceResponse, TransactionResponse};
-use specta::TypeCollection;
-use specta_typescript::{BigIntExportBehavior, Typescript};
+use crate::runtime::{
+    ReadyToStopParams, RuntimeAckResult, RuntimeTargetParams, SetBeforeStopListenerParams,
+};
 use crate::sandbox::SandboxStateView;
 use crate::types::{SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView, SageAppWalletScope};
+use sage_api::{
+    CheckAddress, CheckAddressResponse, GetCoins, GetCoinsByIds, GetCoinsByIdsResponse,
+    GetCoinsResponse, GetDerivations, GetDerivationsResponse, GetKey, GetKeyResponse, GetKeys,
+    GetKeysResponse, GetPendingTransactions, GetPendingTransactionsResponse, GetSecretKey,
+    GetSecretKeyResponse, GetSpendableCoinCount, GetSpendableCoinCountResponse, GetSyncStatus,
+    GetSyncStatusResponse, GetTransaction, GetTransactionResponse, GetTransactions,
+    GetTransactionsResponse, GetVersion, GetVersionResponse, GetXchUsdPriceResponse,
+    TransactionResponse,
+};
+use specta::TypeCollection;
+use specta_typescript::{BigIntExportBehavior, Typescript};
 
 pub fn export_user_bridge_typescript() -> Result<String, String> {
     let mut types = TypeCollection::default();
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs
index 2f41bddb7..2c8617eb0 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::wallet::send_xch::WalletSendXchParams;
+use crate::bridge::registry::BridgeRegistryKind;
+use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::runtime::SharedImpostorRuntime;
 use crate::types::{SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SharedSageApp};
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use serde_json::Value;
 use specta::Type;
-use crate::bridge::registry::BridgeRegistryKind;
-use crate::runtime::SharedImpostorRuntime;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
@@ -71,7 +71,6 @@ pub struct RustBridgeApprovalRequest {
     pub body: RustBridgeApprovalBody,
 }
 
-
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
 #[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub enum RustBridgeApprovalBody {
@@ -127,7 +126,7 @@ impl TryFrom<RustBridgeInvokeResult> for RustBridgeResponse {
         match value {
             RustBridgeInvokeResult::Success(response) => Ok(Self::Success(response)),
             RustBridgeInvokeResult::Error(response) => Ok(Self::Error(response)),
-            RustBridgeInvokeResult::Pending => Err("Invoke result is pending".to_string())
+            RustBridgeInvokeResult::Pending => Err("Invoke result is pending".to_string()),
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs
index 4860eb837..71e44189b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 use std::fmt::Write;
 use std::{fs, path::PathBuf};
 
-use crate::capabilities::list::{BridgeCapability, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
 use crate::bridge::methods::BridgeMethodCapability;
 use crate::bridge::registry::{BridgeRegistry, BridgeRegistryKind};
+use crate::capabilities::list::{BridgeCapability, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
 use crate::capabilities::{get_system_capability_definition, get_user_capability_definition};
 
 fn workspace_root() -> PathBuf {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs
index 94c124bb2..3837eaa90 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs
@@ -214,12 +214,14 @@ pub(crate) fn get_system_capability_definition(
             "Allows the system app to receive events when Sage app runtimes change.",
             system_app_flags(),
         ),
-        SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerListenActiveTaskbarRuntimeChanged => CapabilityDefinition::new(
-            capability,
-            "Observe active runtime changes",
-            "Allows the system app to receive events when the active Sage app runtime changes.",
-            system_app_flags(),
-        ),
+        SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerListenActiveTaskbarRuntimeChanged => {
+            CapabilityDefinition::new(
+                capability,
+                "Observe active runtime changes",
+                "Allows the system app to receive events when the active Sage app runtime changes.",
+                system_app_flags(),
+            )
+        }
         SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerHideSelf => CapabilityDefinition::new(
             capability,
             "Hide itself",
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/mod.rs
index 85987c1de..5d6cb6dcc 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/mod.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 mod definitions;
-mod types;
 pub mod list;
+mod types;
 
 pub(crate) use definitions::{
     get_system_capability_definition, get_user_capability_definition, user_registry,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/types.rs
index 9f25fc4fa..bf814029c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/types.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-use crate::capabilities::list::{SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
 use crate::capabilities::definitions::get_user_capability_definition;
+use crate::capabilities::list::{SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
 
 #[allow(clippy::struct_excessive_bools)]
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/environment/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/environment/commands.rs
index b214c282b..426849bda 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/environment/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/environment/commands.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,9 @@ use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::bridge::emit_user_runtime_event_to_listeners;
-use crate::bridge::methods::user::environment::{EnvironmentThemeChangedEvent, EnvironmentThemeView};
+use crate::bridge::methods::user::environment::{
+    EnvironmentThemeChangedEvent, EnvironmentThemeView,
+};
 
 #[tauri::command]
 #[specta::specta]
@@ -16,9 +18,14 @@ pub async fn apps_set_environment_theme(
         *current = Some(theme.clone());
     }
 
-    emit_user_runtime_event_to_listeners(&app_handle, &apps_state, EnvironmentThemeChangedEvent {
-        theme: theme.clone(),
-    }).await;
+    emit_user_runtime_event_to_listeners(
+        &app_handle,
+        &apps_state,
+        EnvironmentThemeChangedEvent {
+            theme: theme.clone(),
+        },
+    )
+    .await;
 
     Ok(())
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/host.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/host.rs
index 88d90a1f1..d836467af 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/host.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/host.rs
@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
-use std::collections::HashMap;
-use std::fmt;
-use std::sync::Arc;
-use parking_lot::RwLock;
+use crate::bridge::methods::user::environment::EnvironmentThemeView;
 use crate::bridge::state::BridgeState;
 use crate::runtime::AppRuntimeState;
 use crate::sandbox::SandboxStateStore;
+use parking_lot::RwLock;
 use sage::Sage;
 use sage_api::ErrorKind;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::fmt;
+use std::sync::Arc;
 use tokio::sync::Mutex;
-use crate::bridge::methods::user::environment::EnvironmentThemeView;
 
 pub type AppState = Arc<Mutex<Sage>>;
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
index 39144924d..12938cc1c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 mod bridge;
 mod build;
 mod capabilities;
+mod environment;
 mod host;
 mod lifecycle;
 mod runtime;
@@ -10,41 +11,31 @@ mod storage;
 mod system_apps;
 mod types;
 mod utils;
-mod environment;
 
 // State
 pub use host::AppsHostState;
 
 // Commands
+pub use bridge::commands::{
+    apps_invoke_bridge, apps_invoke_system_bridge, get_user_capability_definitions,
+};
+pub use environment::commands::apps_set_environment_theme;
+pub use lifecycle::{apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data, uninstall::uninstall_app};
 pub use lifecycle::{
     install::commands::list_installed_apps,
-    update::commands::{
-        check_app_update,
-        download_app_update,
-        apply_app_update,
-    }
+    update::commands::{apply_app_update, check_app_update, download_app_update},
 };
 pub use runtime::commands::{
-    apps_enter_workspace,
-    apps_leave_workspace,
-    apps_start_system_app,
-    apps_create_inline_runtime,
-    apps_list_runtimes,
-    apps_focus_taskbar_runtime,
-    apps_clear_active_taskbar_runtime,
-    apps_kill_taskbar_runtime,
-    apps_dev_reload_runtime
+    apps_clear_active_taskbar_runtime, apps_create_inline_runtime, apps_dev_reload_runtime,
+    apps_enter_workspace, apps_focus_taskbar_runtime, apps_kill_taskbar_runtime,
+    apps_leave_workspace, apps_list_runtimes, apps_start_system_app,
 };
-pub use environment::commands::apps_set_environment_theme;
-pub use bridge::commands::{apps_invoke_bridge, apps_invoke_system_bridge, get_user_capability_definitions};
-pub use sandbox::commands::{apps_get_sandbox_state, apps_get_app_launch_gate, apps_rerun_sandbox_tests};
-pub use lifecycle::{
-    uninstall::uninstall_app,
-    apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data
+pub use sandbox::commands::{
+    apps_get_app_launch_gate, apps_get_sandbox_state, apps_rerun_sandbox_tests,
 };
 
 // Bridge
-pub use security::{handle_user_app_protocol_request, handle_system_app_protocol_request};
+pub use security::{handle_system_app_protocol_request, handle_user_app_protocol_request};
 
 // SDK
 pub use bridge::ts_exports::{export_system_bridge_typescript, export_user_bridge_typescript};
@@ -55,4 +46,3 @@ pub use sandbox::runner::ensure_initial_sandbox_run;
 
 // Docs
 pub use build::docs::generate_docs;
-
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs
index af30c92b8..15a55874b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use tauri::{State, command};
 
 use crate::host::{AppState, Result};
 use crate::lifecycle::{apps_root, list_installed_apps_internal};
-use crate::types::{ListedSageAppView};
+use crate::types::ListedSageAppView;
 
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
index dd2ed8606..e181c5164 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
@@ -3,13 +3,17 @@ use std::{
     path::{Path, PathBuf},
 };
 
-use anyhow::Result as AnyResult;
-use async_trait::async_trait;
-use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::bridge::methods::system::emit_listed_apps_changed;
 use crate::lifecycle::{allocate_new_storage, apps_root, write_metadata_for_app};
-use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppWalletScope, SageGrantedPermissionsInput, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource};
+use crate::types::{
+    InstalledSageAppStorage, SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppPackageManifest,
+    SageAppSnapshot, SageAppWalletScope, SageGrantedPermissionsInput, UserSageApp,
+    UserSageAppSource,
+};
+use anyhow::Result as AnyResult;
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
 
 pub mod commands;
 pub mod url;
@@ -124,7 +128,7 @@ where
         },
         None,
     )
-        .await
+    .await
 }
 
 async fn install_app_from_source_with_storage<S, R>(
@@ -285,7 +289,11 @@ mod tests {
     use super::*;
     use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
     use crate::lifecycle::registry::read_installed_app_by_id;
-    use crate::types::{SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageAppWalletScope, SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions};
+    use crate::types::{
+        SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifestParts,
+        SageAppWalletScope, SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
+        SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions,
+    };
     use tempfile::tempdir;
 
     fn sample_manifest() -> SageAppPackageManifest {
@@ -433,7 +441,7 @@ mod tests {
                 manifest.clone(),
             )
             .unwrap(),
-            SageAppWalletScope::AllWallets
+            SageAppWalletScope::AllWallets,
         )
         .unwrap();
         let app = UserSageApp::new_installed(common, UserSageAppSource::Zip);
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
index 924f18051..99a0901bc 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,10 @@ use uuid::Uuid;
 
 use super::AppInstallSource;
 use crate::lifecycle::registry::read_installed_app_by_id;
-use crate::lifecycle::{download_url_snapshot, fetch_url_manifest_preview, read_retired_app_origins, write_retired_app_origins};
+use crate::lifecycle::{
+    download_url_snapshot, fetch_url_manifest_preview, read_retired_app_origins,
+    write_retired_app_origins,
+};
 use crate::types::{
     SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppUrl, SageAppUrlPreview, UserSageApp,
     UserSageAppSource,
@@ -161,7 +164,12 @@ mod tests {
     use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
     use crate::lifecycle::write_retired_app_origins;
     use crate::runtime::{SageAppRuntimeMode, SageAppRuntimeRecord, SageAppRuntimeVisibility};
-    use crate::types::{AppPresentation, InstalledSageAppStorage, RetiredAppOriginEntry, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageAppWalletScope, SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions, SharedSageApp};
+    use crate::types::{
+        AppPresentation, InstalledSageAppStorage, RetiredAppOriginEntry, SageAppCommon,
+        SageAppIdentity, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageAppWalletScope,
+        SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedCapabilities,
+        SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions, SharedSageApp,
+    };
     use tempfile::{TempDir, tempdir};
 
     fn fake_retired_app_origins(
@@ -247,9 +255,9 @@ mod tests {
             granted_permissions,
             InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
             snapshot,
-            SageAppWalletScope::AllWallets
+            SageAppWalletScope::AllWallets,
         )
-            .unwrap();
+        .unwrap();
 
         if storage_may_contain_secrets {
             common.mark_storage_may_contain_secrets();
@@ -260,7 +268,7 @@ mod tests {
                 common,
                 UserSageAppSource::url("https://example.com/app/").unwrap(),
             )
-                .into_sage_app(),
+            .into_sage_app(),
         );
 
         if storage_may_contain_secrets {
@@ -272,7 +280,8 @@ mod tests {
                 SageAppRuntimeMode::Inline,
                 SageAppRuntimeVisibility::Visible,
                 false,
-            ).unwrap();
+            )
+            .unwrap();
         }
 
         app
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs
index 30a6432f1..a6ed6f158 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
 use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult};
 
 use crate::types::{
-    MANIFEST_FILE_NAME, SageAppManifestUrl, SageAppPackageManifest,
-    SageAppPackageManifestPreview,
+    MANIFEST_FILE_NAME, SageAppManifestUrl, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestPreview,
 };
 use crate::utils::bytes_sha256_hex;
 
@@ -13,9 +12,9 @@ pub async fn fetch_url_manifest(
 
     match preview {
         SageAppPackageManifestPreview::Full { manifest } => Ok((manifest, hash)),
-        SageAppPackageManifestPreview::Partial { parse_error, .. } => {
-            Err(anyhow::anyhow!("failed to parse manifest json: {parse_error}"))
-        }
+        SageAppPackageManifestPreview::Partial { parse_error, .. } => Err(anyhow::anyhow!(
+            "failed to parse manifest json: {parse_error}"
+        )),
     }
 }
 
@@ -40,7 +39,10 @@ pub async fn fetch_url_manifest_preview(
     let manifest_text = std::str::from_utf8(&bytes)
         .with_context(|| format!("manifest is not valid UTF-8: {manifest_url}"))?;
 
-    Ok((parse_manifest_preview(manifest_text, manifest_url)?, manifest_hash))
+    Ok((
+        parse_manifest_preview(manifest_text, manifest_url)?,
+        manifest_hash,
+    ))
 }
 
 pub fn parse_manifest_preview(
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mod.rs
index 887614a97..62cfe1a79 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mod.rs
@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@ pub mod install;
 pub mod manifest;
 pub mod package;
 pub mod registry;
+mod scope;
 pub mod snapshot;
 pub mod storage;
 pub mod uninstall;
 pub mod update;
-mod scope;
 
 pub use manifest::*;
 pub use package::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs
index 554dbdb95..4d6765078 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs
@@ -8,8 +8,11 @@ use std::{
 use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult};
 
 use crate::lifecycle::types::PersistedUserSageApp;
-use crate::system_apps::{list_builtin_system_apps, SystemAppUsage};
-use crate::types::{CorruptedInstalledSageApp, ListedSageApp, PendingStorageCleanupEntry, RetiredAppOriginEntry, SageApp, SageAppIconView, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource};
+use crate::system_apps::{SystemAppUsage, list_builtin_system_apps};
+use crate::types::{
+    CorruptedInstalledSageApp, ListedSageApp, PendingStorageCleanupEntry, RetiredAppOriginEntry,
+    SageApp, SageAppIconView, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
+};
 
 const INSTALLED_METADATA_FILE: &str = ".sage-installed.json";
 const PENDING_STORAGE_CLEANUP_FILE: &str = ".sage-pending-storage-cleanup.json";
@@ -40,13 +43,12 @@ pub fn read_installed_user_app_from_dir(dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<UserSageApp> {
     let text =
         fs::read_to_string(&path).with_context(|| format!("failed to read {}", path.display()))?;
 
-    let persisted: PersistedUserSageApp = serde_json::from_str(&text)
-        .map_err(|err| {
-            anyhow::anyhow!(
+    let persisted: PersistedUserSageApp = serde_json::from_str(&text).map_err(|err| {
+        anyhow::anyhow!(
             "failed to parse installed app metadata {}: {err}\n\n{text}",
             path.display()
         )
-        })?;
+    })?;
 
     persisted.try_into()
 }
@@ -121,9 +123,9 @@ pub fn list_installed_apps_internal(root: &Path) -> AnyResult<Vec<ListedSageApp>
                         path.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
                         err.to_string(),
                     )
-                        .with_manifest_header(manifest_header)
-                        .with_source(source)
-                        .with_icon(icon),
+                    .with_manifest_header(manifest_header)
+                    .with_source(source)
+                    .with_icon(icon),
                 ));
             }
         }
@@ -131,7 +133,8 @@ pub fn list_installed_apps_internal(root: &Path) -> AnyResult<Vec<ListedSageApp>
 
     for app in list_builtin_system_apps()? {
         if let SageApp::System(app) = app
-            && app.usage() == SystemAppUsage::Standalone {
+            && app.usage() == SystemAppUsage::Standalone
+        {
             apps.push(ListedSageApp::System(app));
         }
     }
@@ -273,11 +276,15 @@ fn read_corrupted_installed_app_fallback(
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
 
+    use crate::lifecycle::install::{FakeInstallSource, install_app_from_source_for_test};
     use crate::lifecycle::storage::record_storage_cleanup_failure;
-    use crate::types::{ListedSageApp, PendingStorageCleanupTarget, RetiredAppOriginEntry, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageGrantedPermissionsInput, SageRequestedPermissions, SharedSageApp, UserSageAppSource};
+    use crate::types::{
+        ListedSageApp, PendingStorageCleanupTarget, RetiredAppOriginEntry, SageAppManifestFile,
+        SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
+        SageRequestedPermissions, SharedSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
+    };
     use std::fs;
     use tempfile::tempdir;
-    use crate::lifecycle::install::{install_app_from_source_for_test, FakeInstallSource};
 
     fn sample_manifest_file(path: &str, size: u64) -> SageAppManifestFile {
         SageAppManifestFile::new(path, "a".repeat(64), size).unwrap()
@@ -301,11 +308,7 @@ mod tests {
         .unwrap()
     }
 
-    async fn sample_app(
-        base: &Path,
-        app_id: &str,
-        origin_id: &str,
-    ) -> SharedSageApp {
+    async fn sample_app(base: &Path, app_id: &str, origin_id: &str) -> SharedSageApp {
         sample_app_named(base, app_id, origin_id, "Test App").await
     }
 
@@ -329,8 +332,8 @@ mod tests {
                 source: UserSageAppSource::url("https://example.com/app/").unwrap(),
             },
         )
-            .await
-            .unwrap();
+        .await
+        .unwrap();
 
         SharedSageApp::new(installed.into_sage_app())
     }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/types.rs
index 972ade873..fc972af3c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/types.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize};
 
-use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppWalletScope, SageGrantedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource};
+use crate::types::{
+    InstalledSageAppStorage, SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppSnapshot,
+    SageAppWalletScope, SageGrantedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
+};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
 pub struct PersistedUserSageApp {
@@ -59,7 +62,7 @@ impl TryFrom<PersistedUserSageApp> for UserSageApp {
             persisted.granted_permissions,
             persisted.storage,
             persisted.active_snapshot,
-            persisted.wallet_scope
+            persisted.wallet_scope,
         )?;
 
         Ok(UserSageApp::new_installed(common, persisted.source))
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/scope.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/scope.rs
index 3d3feda83..0c6477da3 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/scope.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/scope.rs
@@ -14,37 +14,24 @@ pub(crate) async fn ensure_app_is_enabled_for_scope(
     Err("App is not enabled for the current scope".into())
 }
 
-async fn app_is_enabled_for_scope(
-    app_state: &State<'_, AppState>,
-    app: &SharedSageApp,
-) -> bool {
+async fn app_is_enabled_for_scope(app_state: &State<'_, AppState>, app: &SharedSageApp) -> bool {
     let Some(fingerprint) = current_wallet_fingerprint(app_state).await else {
         return false;
     };
 
     app.with(|sage_app| {
-        wallet_scope_allows_fingerprint(
-            sage_app.common().wallet_scope(),
-            fingerprint,
-        )
+        wallet_scope_allows_fingerprint(sage_app.common().wallet_scope(), fingerprint)
     })
 }
 
-fn wallet_scope_allows_fingerprint(
-    scope: &SageAppWalletScope,
-    fingerprint: u32,
-) -> bool {
+fn wallet_scope_allows_fingerprint(scope: &SageAppWalletScope, fingerprint: u32) -> bool {
     match scope {
         SageAppWalletScope::AllWallets => true,
-        SageAppWalletScope::SelectedWallets { fingerprints } => {
-            fingerprints.contains(&fingerprint)
-        }
+        SageAppWalletScope::SelectedWallets { fingerprints } => fingerprints.contains(&fingerprint),
     }
 }
 
-async fn current_wallet_fingerprint(
-    app_state: &State<'_, AppState>,
-) -> Option<u32> {
+async fn current_wallet_fingerprint(app_state: &State<'_, AppState>) -> Option<u32> {
     let state = app_state.lock().await;
     state.config.global.fingerprint
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
index 2f39a0ae5..758290bb6 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
@@ -9,10 +9,16 @@ use tauri::{AppHandle, command};
 #[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios"))]
 use uuid::Uuid;
 
-use crate::lifecycle::{read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries, read_retired_app_origins, write_pending_storage_cleanup_entries, write_retired_app_origins};
+use crate::lifecycle::{
+    read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries, read_retired_app_origins,
+    write_pending_storage_cleanup_entries, write_retired_app_origins,
+};
 use crate::runtime::{resolve_stopped_app, run_verified_storage_clear_cycle};
 use crate::storage::{cleanup_target_from_storage, parse_data_store_id};
-use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, PendingStorageCleanupEntry, PendingStorageCleanupTarget, RetiredAppOriginEntry, SharedSageApp};
+use crate::types::{
+    InstalledSageAppStorage, PendingStorageCleanupEntry, PendingStorageCleanupTarget,
+    RetiredAppOriginEntry, SharedSageApp,
+};
 
 #[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios"))]
 pub async fn allocate_new_storage(
@@ -154,10 +160,7 @@ pub async fn clear_app_storage_by_target(
     Ok(())
 }
 
-pub fn enqueue_retired_app_origin(
-    app: &SharedSageApp,
-    cleanup_pending: bool,
-) -> AnyResult<()> {
+pub fn enqueue_retired_app_origin(app: &SharedSageApp, cleanup_pending: bool) -> AnyResult<()> {
     let base_path = app.with(|app| {
         let user = app.as_user()?;
 
@@ -214,7 +217,12 @@ mod tests {
         app_dir, read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries, read_retired_app_origins,
     };
     use crate::runtime::{SageAppRuntimeMode, SageAppRuntimeRecord, SageAppRuntimeVisibility};
-    use crate::types::{AppPresentation, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppWalletScope, SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedPermissions, SharedSageApp, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource};
+    use crate::types::{
+        AppPresentation, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppManifestFile,
+        SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppWalletScope,
+        SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedPermissions, SharedSageApp,
+        UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
+    };
     use tempfile::tempdir;
 
     fn write_index(app_dir: &Path) {
@@ -277,7 +285,7 @@ mod tests {
             granted_permissions,
             storage,
             snapshot,
-            SageAppWalletScope::AllWallets
+            SageAppWalletScope::AllWallets,
         )
         .unwrap();
 
@@ -296,7 +304,8 @@ mod tests {
                 SageAppRuntimeMode::Inline,
                 SageAppRuntimeVisibility::Visible,
                 false,
-            ).unwrap();
+            )
+            .unwrap();
         }
 
         assert!(app.is_user_app(), "sample app should remain a user app");
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs
index 9f4452eed..db2736fb2 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs
@@ -1,15 +1,12 @@
+use crate::AppsHostState;
+use crate::bridge::methods::system::emit_listed_apps_changed;
 use crate::host::{AppState, Result};
-use crate::lifecycle::{
-    apps_root, enqueue_retired_app_origin,
-    record_storage_cleanup_failure,
-};
-use crate::runtime::{resolve_stopped_app, run_verified_storage_clear_cycle, ResolveStoppedError};
-use std::{fs, io};
+use crate::lifecycle::{apps_root, enqueue_retired_app_origin, record_storage_cleanup_failure};
+use crate::runtime::{ResolveStoppedError, resolve_stopped_app, run_verified_storage_clear_cycle};
 use std::time::Duration;
-use tauri::{command, AppHandle, Manager, State};
+use std::{fs, io};
+use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State, command};
 use tokio::time::timeout;
-use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::bridge::methods::system::emit_listed_apps_changed;
 
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
@@ -37,20 +34,20 @@ pub async fn uninstall_app(
             return Err(io::Error::other(
                 "failed to uninstall app because runtime could not be stopped",
             )
-                .into());
+            .into());
         }
     };
 
     if let Some(resolved_app) = resolved_app {
         let cleanup_result = timeout(
             Duration::from_millis(2_000),
-            run_verified_storage_clear_cycle(&app_handle, &resolved_app)
+            run_verified_storage_clear_cycle(&app_handle, &resolved_app),
         )
-            .await
-            .unwrap_or_else(|_| {
-                eprintln!("[uninstall_app] storage cleanup timed out for {app_id}");
-                Err("storage cleanup timed out".to_string())
-            });
+        .await
+        .unwrap_or_else(|_| {
+            eprintln!("[uninstall_app] storage cleanup timed out for {app_id}");
+            Err("storage cleanup timed out".to_string())
+        });
         resolved_app.try_with_app(|installed| {
             if cleanup_result.is_ok() {
                 enqueue_retired_app_origin(installed, false)
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
index 098649248..650be914b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,10 @@ use crate::host::AppState;
 use crate::host::Result;
 use crate::lifecycle::{download_url_snapshot, fetch_url_manifest, fetch_url_manifest_preview};
 use crate::runtime::resolve_app;
-use crate::types::{ResolvedStoppedApp, SageApp, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppUrlPreview, SageAppView, SageGrantedPermissionsInput, SharedSageApp, UserSageAppPendingUpdate, UserSageAppSource};
+use crate::types::{
+    ResolvedStoppedApp, SageApp, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppUrlPreview, SageAppView,
+    SageGrantedPermissionsInput, SharedSageApp, UserSageAppPendingUpdate, UserSageAppSource,
+};
 
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
@@ -14,7 +17,8 @@ pub async fn check_app_update(
     app_handle: AppHandle,
     app_id: String,
 ) -> Result<Option<SageAppUrlPreview>> {
-    let app = resolve_app(&app_handle, &app_id).await
+    let app = resolve_app(&app_handle, &app_id)
+        .await
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to read installed app {app_id}: {err}")))?;
 
     let app = app.clone_app_for_operation();
@@ -41,7 +45,8 @@ pub async fn check_app_update(
         .await
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to fetch app manifest: {err}")))?;
 
-    let preview = SageAppUrlPreview::new(&app_url, manifest_preview, manifest_hash).await
+    let preview = SageAppUrlPreview::new(&app_url, manifest_preview, manifest_hash)
+        .await
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to preview app URL: {err}")))?;
 
     if preview.manifest_hash() == active_snapshot.manifest_hash()
@@ -64,15 +69,10 @@ pub async fn check_app_update(
 
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
-pub async fn download_app_update(
-    app_handle: AppHandle,
-    app_id: String,
-) -> Result<SageAppView> {
+pub async fn download_app_update(app_handle: AppHandle, app_id: String) -> Result<SageAppView> {
     let app = resolve_app(&app_handle, &app_id)
         .await
-        .map_err(|err| {
-            io::Error::other(format!("failed to read installed app {app_id}: {err}"))
-        })?;
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to read installed app {app_id}: {err}")))?;
 
     let app = app.clone_app_for_operation();
 
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ pub async fn download_app_update(
         app.set_pending_update(Some(pending))
             .map_err(|err| err.to_string())
     })
-        .map_err(io::Error::other)?;
+    .map_err(io::Error::other)?;
 
     Ok((&app).into())
 }
@@ -135,23 +135,17 @@ pub async fn apply_app_update(
         pending.manifest(),
         pending.manifest_hash(),
     )
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to download update snapshot: {err}")))?;
+    .await
+    .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to download update snapshot: {err}")))?;
 
     resolved
         .try_with_app(|app| {
             app.try_mutate(|sage_app| {
                 let granted_permissions = granted_permissions_input
                     .resolve(pending.manifest().permissions())
-                    .map_err(|err| {
-                        anyhow::anyhow!("invalid update permissions: {err}")
-                    })?;
+                    .map_err(|err| anyhow::anyhow!("invalid update permissions: {err}"))?;
 
-                sage_app.apply_update(
-                    &pending,
-                    granted_permissions,
-                    snapshot,
-                )?;
+                sage_app.apply_update(&pending, granted_permissions, snapshot)?;
 
                 Ok::<_, anyhow::Error>(())
             })
@@ -187,7 +181,8 @@ async fn fetch_pending_update(app: &SharedSageApp) -> Result<Option<UserSageAppP
         .await
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to fetch app manifest: {err}")))?;
 
-    let preview = SageAppUrlPreview::from_full_manifest(&app_url, manifest, manifest_hash).await
+    let preview = SageAppUrlPreview::from_full_manifest(&app_url, manifest, manifest_hash)
+        .await
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to preview app URL: {err}")))?;
 
     let manifest = preview
@@ -236,7 +231,8 @@ async fn fetch_pending_update_for_resolved_stopped_app(
         .await
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to fetch app manifest: {err}")))?;
 
-    let preview = SageAppUrlPreview::from_full_manifest(&app_url, manifest, manifest_hash).await
+    let preview = SageAppUrlPreview::from_full_manifest(&app_url, manifest, manifest_hash)
+        .await
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to preview app URL: {err}")))?;
 
     let manifest = preview
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/mod.rs
index 66522d696..fdea89b72 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/mod.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 pub mod commands;
 pub mod permissions;
-pub mod types;
 pub mod scope;
+pub mod types;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
index eb9f121fb..f16e648a6 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
@@ -1,15 +1,17 @@
 use std::path::Path;
 
-use anyhow::Context;
-use tauri::AppHandle;
 use crate::bridge::emit_user_runtime_event_to_app_id;
+use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::{
+    GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent, GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent,
+};
 use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
-use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::{GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent, GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent};
 use crate::lifecycle::update::types::{
     AppUpdateResult, GrantCapabilityOutcome, GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome, GrantedPermissionsChange,
 };
 use crate::runtime::resolve_app;
 use crate::types::{SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SharedSageApp};
+use anyhow::Context;
+use tauri::AppHandle;
 
 pub async fn update_app_permissions_for_app(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
@@ -103,22 +105,23 @@ fn apply_granted_permissions_to_app(
     app: &SharedSageApp,
     granted_permissions: &SageGrantedPermissions,
 ) -> anyhow::Result<AppUpdateResult> {
-    let (previous, new) = app.try_mutate(|sage_app| {
-        let previous = sage_app.common().granted_permissions().clone();
+    let (previous, new) = app
+        .try_mutate(|sage_app| {
+            let previous = sage_app.common().granted_permissions().clone();
 
-        sage_app
-            .common_mut()
-            .update_permissions(granted_permissions)
-            .context("failed to update app permissions")?;
+            sage_app
+                .common_mut()
+                .update_permissions(granted_permissions)
+                .context("failed to update app permissions")?;
 
-        let new = sage_app.common().granted_permissions().clone();
+            let new = sage_app.common().granted_permissions().clone();
 
-        Ok::<_, anyhow::Error>((previous, new))
-    }).map_err(|err| anyhow::anyhow!(err))?;
+            Ok::<_, anyhow::Error>((previous, new))
+        })
+        .map_err(|err| anyhow::anyhow!(err))?;
 
     Ok(AppUpdateResult::new(GrantedPermissionsChange::diff(
-        &previous,
-        &new,
+        &previous, &new,
     )))
 }
 
@@ -133,9 +136,9 @@ async fn emit_granted_permissions_change(
         let _ = emit_user_runtime_event_to_app_id(
             app_handle,
             app_id,
-            GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent::from_change(capability_change)
+            GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent::from_change(capability_change),
         )
-            .await;
+        .await;
     }
 
     let network_change = change.network_whitelist();
@@ -144,9 +147,9 @@ async fn emit_granted_permissions_change(
         let _ = emit_user_runtime_event_to_app_id(
             app_handle,
             app_id,
-            GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent::from_change(network_change)
+            GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent::from_change(network_change),
         )
-            .await;
+        .await;
     }
 }
 
@@ -155,10 +158,14 @@ mod tests {
     use super::*;
 
     use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
-    use crate::lifecycle::registry::{read_installed_app_by_id};
-    use crate::types::{SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageGrantedPermissionsInput, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions, UserSageAppSource};
+    use crate::lifecycle::install::{FakeInstallSource, install_app_from_source_for_test};
+    use crate::lifecycle::registry::read_installed_app_by_id;
+    use crate::types::{
+        SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts,
+        SageGrantedPermissionsInput, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
+        SageRequestedPermissions, UserSageAppSource,
+    };
     use tempfile::tempdir;
-    use crate::lifecycle::install::{install_app_from_source_for_test, FakeInstallSource};
 
     fn network_whitelist_entry(scheme: &str, host: &str) -> SageNetworkWhitelistEntry {
         SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new(scheme, host).unwrap()
@@ -188,38 +195,25 @@ mod tests {
                 ],
             ),
         )
-            .unwrap();
-
-        let (manifest_version, sage_version) =
-            SageAppPackageManifestParts::v0_defaults();
-
-        let manifest = SageAppPackageManifest::try_from(
-            SageAppPackageManifestParts {
-                manifest_version,
-                name: "Test App".to_string(),
-                icon: None,
-                sage_version,
-                version: "1.0.0".to_string(),
-                permissions: requested_permissions.clone(),
-                files: vec![
-                    SageAppManifestFile::new(
-                        "index.html",
-                        "a".repeat(64),
-                        4,
-                    )
-                        .unwrap(),
-                ],
-                entry: Some("index.html".to_string()),
-                author: None,
-                donation: None,
-            },
-        )
-            .unwrap();
-
-        let granted = SageGrantedPermissionsInput::new(
-            [],
-            [],
-        );
+        .unwrap();
+
+        let (manifest_version, sage_version) = SageAppPackageManifestParts::v0_defaults();
+
+        let manifest = SageAppPackageManifest::try_from(SageAppPackageManifestParts {
+            manifest_version,
+            name: "Test App".to_string(),
+            icon: None,
+            sage_version,
+            version: "1.0.0".to_string(),
+            permissions: requested_permissions.clone(),
+            files: vec![SageAppManifestFile::new("index.html", "a".repeat(64), 4).unwrap()],
+            entry: Some("index.html".to_string()),
+            author: None,
+            donation: None,
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+
+        let granted = SageGrantedPermissionsInput::new([], []);
 
         let installed = install_app_from_source_for_test(
             base,
@@ -231,8 +225,8 @@ mod tests {
                 source: UserSageAppSource::url("https://example.com/app/").unwrap(),
             },
         )
-            .await
-            .unwrap();
+        .await
+        .unwrap();
 
         SharedSageApp::new(installed.into_sage_app())
     }
@@ -243,7 +237,9 @@ mod tests {
         let app = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-1").await;
 
         let granted = app
-            .try_with(|app| SageGrantedPermissions::new(app.common().requested_permissions(), [], []))
+            .try_with(|app| {
+                SageGrantedPermissions::new(app.common().requested_permissions(), [], [])
+            })
             .unwrap();
 
         let update_result = apply_granted_permissions_to_app(&app, &granted).unwrap();
@@ -275,19 +271,19 @@ mod tests {
 
         let granted = app
             .try_with(|app| {
-                app.common()
-                    .granted_permissions()
-                    .with_capability_added(
-                        app.common().requested_permissions(),
-                        UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
-                    )
+                app.common().granted_permissions().with_capability_added(
+                    app.common().requested_permissions(),
+                    UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
+                )
             })
             .unwrap();
 
         let update_result = apply_granted_permissions_to_app(&app, &granted).unwrap();
 
-        let outcome =
-            GrantCapabilityOutcome::from_update(UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch, &update_result);
+        let outcome = GrantCapabilityOutcome::from_update(
+            UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
+            &update_result,
+        );
 
         match outcome {
             GrantCapabilityOutcome::Granted { capability, change } => {
@@ -334,19 +330,19 @@ mod tests {
 
         let same_granted = app
             .try_with(|app| {
-                app.common()
-                    .granted_permissions()
-                    .with_capability_added(
-                        app.common().requested_permissions(),
-                        UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
-                    )
+                app.common().granted_permissions().with_capability_added(
+                    app.common().requested_permissions(),
+                    UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
+                )
             })
             .unwrap();
 
         let update_result = apply_granted_permissions_to_app(&app, &same_granted).unwrap();
 
-        let outcome =
-            GrantCapabilityOutcome::from_update(UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch, &update_result);
+        let outcome = GrantCapabilityOutcome::from_update(
+            UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
+            &update_result,
+        );
 
         match outcome {
             GrantCapabilityOutcome::AlreadyGranted {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/scope.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/scope.rs
index 9771faafc..b3a0b495d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/scope.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/scope.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ pub async fn update_app_wallet_scope_for_app(
         sage_app.common_mut().update_wallet_scope(wallet_scope);
         Ok::<_, anyhow::Error>(())
     })
-        .map_err(|err| anyhow::anyhow!(err))?;
+    .map_err(|err| anyhow::anyhow!(err))?;
 
     let base_path: PathBuf = {
         let state = app_handle.state::<AppState>();
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs
index 57a56b723..b67c58174 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs
@@ -1,17 +1,22 @@
 use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 
-use serde::{Deserialize};
+use serde::Deserialize;
 use specta::Type;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
-use crate::runtime::start::{create_runtime, CreateRuntimeArgs};
-use crate::runtime::state::list_runtimes;
-use crate::runtime::stop::SystemKillRuntimeResult;
-use crate::runtime::{clear_active_taskbar_runtime, focus_taskbar_runtime, kill_taskbar_runtime, start_app_install_runtime, start_app_update_runtime, start_donation_runtime, start_sandbox_tests_runtime, RuntimeTargetParams, SageAppRuntimeMode, SageAppRuntimeRecordView};
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::runtime::events::emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed;
+use crate::runtime::start::{CreateRuntimeArgs, create_runtime};
+use crate::runtime::state::list_runtimes;
+use crate::runtime::stop::SystemKillRuntimeResult;
 use crate::runtime::webview_locator::get_webview_in_sage_window;
 use crate::runtime::workspace::{enter_apps_workspace, leave_apps_workspace};
+use crate::runtime::{
+    RuntimeTargetParams, SageAppRuntimeMode, SageAppRuntimeRecordView,
+    clear_active_taskbar_runtime, focus_taskbar_runtime, kill_taskbar_runtime,
+    start_app_install_runtime, start_app_update_runtime, start_donation_runtime,
+    start_sandbox_tests_runtime,
+};
 use crate::types::AppPresentation;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Type)]
@@ -137,9 +142,7 @@ pub async fn apps_start_system_app(
 
             start_donation_runtime(&app, &apps_state, args.app_id, query).await?
         }
-        StartSystemAppArgs::SandboxTests => {
-            start_sandbox_tests_runtime(&app, &apps_state).await?
-        }
+        StartSystemAppArgs::SandboxTests => start_sandbox_tests_runtime(&app, &apps_state).await?,
     };
 
     Ok(runtime.into())
@@ -152,13 +155,19 @@ pub async fn apps_create_inline_runtime(
     apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     args: CreateInstalledRuntimeArgs,
 ) -> Result<SageAppRuntimeRecordView, String> {
-    let created_runtime = create_runtime(&app_handle, &apps_state, CreateRuntimeArgs {
-        app_id: args.app_id.clone(),
-        presentation: AppPresentation::Taskbar,
-        mode: SageAppRuntimeMode::Inline,
-        debug_layout: false,
-        query: BTreeMap::new(),
-    }).await.map(Into::into);
+    let created_runtime = create_runtime(
+        &app_handle,
+        &apps_state,
+        CreateRuntimeArgs {
+            app_id: args.app_id.clone(),
+            presentation: AppPresentation::Taskbar,
+            mode: SageAppRuntimeMode::Inline,
+            debug_layout: false,
+            query: BTreeMap::new(),
+        },
+    )
+    .await
+    .map(Into::into);
 
     emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(&app_handle, &apps_state).await;
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/events.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/events.rs
index 64feea5af..4188dfb81 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/events.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/events.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,16 @@
-use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::bridge::{comms_debug, emit_bridge_response_to_app, emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners, PendingBridgeApproval, RustBridgeResponse};
-use crate::bridge::methods::system::{BridgeApprovalsChangedEvent, RuntimeManagerActiveTaskbarRuntimeChangedEvent, RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent};
+use crate::bridge::methods::system::{
+    BridgeApprovalsChangedEvent, RuntimeManagerActiveTaskbarRuntimeChangedEvent,
+    RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent,
+};
 use crate::bridge::state::list_pending_approvals;
-use crate::runtime::{list_runtimes, resolve_running_app, SageAppRuntimeRecordView, SharedRuntime};
+use crate::bridge::{
+    PendingBridgeApproval, RustBridgeResponse, comms_debug, emit_bridge_response_to_app,
+    emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners,
+};
+use crate::runtime::{SageAppRuntimeRecordView, SharedRuntime, list_runtimes, resolve_running_app};
 use crate::types::SharedSageApp;
+use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
 pub(crate) async fn emit_bridge_approvals_changed(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
@@ -12,10 +18,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn emit_bridge_approvals_changed(
 ) {
     let approvals = list_pending_approvals(apps_state).await;
 
-    comms_debug!(
-        "bridge_approvals:changed count={}",
-        approvals.len(),
-    );
+    comms_debug!("bridge_approvals:changed count={}", approvals.len(),);
 
     let event = BridgeApprovalsChangedEvent::new_from_list(approvals);
     emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners(app_handle, apps_state, event).await;
@@ -26,7 +29,8 @@ pub(crate) async fn emit_timeout_for_pending_approval(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     pending: &PendingBridgeApproval,
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
-    let running_app = resolve_running_app(apps_state, &pending.app_id).await
+    let running_app = resolve_running_app(apps_state, &pending.app_id)
+        .await
         .map_err(|err| format!("Failed to resolve app: {err}"))?;
 
     let app = running_app.with_app(SharedSageApp::clone_for_resolved_running_app);
@@ -65,17 +69,18 @@ pub(super) async fn emit_active_taskbar_runtime_changed(
     runtime: Option<&SharedRuntime>,
 ) {
     let (runtime_id, app_id) = match runtime {
-        Some(shared_runtime) => shared_runtime.with_runtime(
-            |record| (
-                Some(record.runtime_id()),
-                Some(record.app_id().clone())
-            )
-        ),
+        Some(shared_runtime) => shared_runtime
+            .with_runtime(|record| (Some(record.runtime_id()), Some(record.app_id().clone()))),
         None => (None, None),
     };
-    let () = emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners(app_handle, apps_state, RuntimeManagerActiveTaskbarRuntimeChangedEvent {
-        host_window_label: host_window_label.to_string(),
-        app_id,
-        runtime_id,
-    }).await;
+    let () = emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners(
+        app_handle,
+        apps_state,
+        RuntimeManagerActiveTaskbarRuntimeChangedEvent {
+            host_window_label: host_window_label.to_string(),
+            app_id,
+            runtime_id,
+        },
+    )
+    .await;
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
index 25e432dfe..55e0513bd 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
@@ -3,12 +3,17 @@ use specta::Type;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, LogicalPosition, LogicalSize, State};
 
 use crate::AppsHostState;
+use crate::runtime::events::{
+    emit_active_taskbar_runtime_changed, emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed,
+};
 use crate::runtime::state::{find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional, list_runtimes};
+use crate::runtime::stop::kill_runtime_inner;
 use crate::runtime::webview_locator::{get_sage_window, get_webview_in_sage_window};
-use crate::runtime::{find_active_taskbar_runtime, resolve_running_app, SageAppRuntimeRecord, SageAppRuntimeVisibility, SharedRuntime};
-use crate::runtime::events::{emit_active_taskbar_runtime_changed, emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed};
-use crate::runtime::stop::{kill_runtime_inner};
-use crate::runtime::workspace::{ensure_apps_workspace_active};
+use crate::runtime::workspace::ensure_apps_workspace_active;
+use crate::runtime::{
+    SageAppRuntimeRecord, SageAppRuntimeVisibility, SharedRuntime, find_active_taskbar_runtime,
+    resolve_running_app,
+};
 use crate::types::{AppPresentation, ResolvedRunningApp};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Serialize, Type)]
@@ -60,8 +65,10 @@ pub(crate) async fn focus_taskbar_runtime(
 
     if let Some(current_taskbar_runtime) = current_active_taskbar_runtime {
         let current_taskbar_runtime_id = current_taskbar_runtime.runtime_id();
-        let is_same_taskbar_runtime = current_taskbar_runtime_id == runtime_window_identity.runtime_id;
-        let current_taskbar_runtime = find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional(apps_state, &current_taskbar_runtime_id).await;
+        let is_same_taskbar_runtime =
+            current_taskbar_runtime_id == runtime_window_identity.runtime_id;
+        let current_taskbar_runtime =
+            find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional(apps_state, &current_taskbar_runtime_id).await;
 
         if !is_same_taskbar_runtime && let Some(current_active_runtime) = current_taskbar_runtime {
             hide_runtime_inner(app_handle, &current_active_runtime, &mut changes)?;
@@ -74,7 +81,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn focus_taskbar_runtime(
         &runtime_window_identity.host_window_label,
         &mut changes,
     )
-        .await?;
+    .await?;
 
     changes.active_taskbar_changed(&runtime_window_identity.host_window_label);
     changes.emit(app_handle, apps_state).await;
@@ -95,22 +102,17 @@ pub(crate) async fn hide_runtime(
     let runtime_window_identity = runtime_window_identity(&resolved_running_app);
     let host_window_label = runtime_window_identity.host_window_label;
 
-    let active_taskbar_runtime =
-        find_active_taskbar_runtime(apps_state, &host_window_label).await;
+    let active_taskbar_runtime = find_active_taskbar_runtime(apps_state, &host_window_label).await;
 
     let mut changes = RuntimeChangeSet::default();
 
     hide_runtime_inner(app_handle, &runtime, &mut changes)?;
 
-    sync_modal_runtime_visibility(
-        app_handle,
-        apps_state,
-        &host_window_label,
-        &mut changes,
-    )
-        .await?;
+    sync_modal_runtime_visibility(app_handle, apps_state, &host_window_label, &mut changes).await?;
 
-    if let Some(active_taskbar_runtime) = active_taskbar_runtime && active_taskbar_runtime.app_id() == app_id {
+    if let Some(active_taskbar_runtime) = active_taskbar_runtime
+        && active_taskbar_runtime.app_id() == app_id
+    {
         changes.active_taskbar_changed(&host_window_label);
     }
 
@@ -125,12 +127,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn hide_all_runtimes(
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
     let mut changes = RuntimeChangeSet::default();
 
-    hide_all_runtimes_inner(
-        app_handle,
-        apps_state,
-        &mut changes,
-    )
-        .await?;
+    hide_all_runtimes_inner(app_handle, apps_state, &mut changes).await?;
 
     changes.emit(app_handle, apps_state).await;
 
@@ -144,10 +141,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn hide_all_runtimes_inner(
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
     let sage_window = get_sage_window(app_handle)?;
 
-    if find_active_taskbar_runtime(
-        apps_state,
-        sage_window.label(),
-    )
+    if find_active_taskbar_runtime(apps_state, sage_window.label())
         .await
         .is_some()
     {
@@ -175,13 +169,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn clear_active_taskbar_runtime(
         changes.active_taskbar_changed(window_label);
     }
 
-    sync_modal_runtime_visibility(
-        app_handle,
-        apps_state,
-        window_label,
-        &mut changes,
-    )
-        .await?;
+    sync_modal_runtime_visibility(app_handle, apps_state, window_label, &mut changes).await?;
 
     changes.emit(app_handle, apps_state).await;
 
@@ -196,13 +184,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn kill_taskbar_runtime(
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
     let mut changes = RuntimeChangeSet::default();
 
-    kill_runtime_inner(
-        app_handle,
-        apps_state,
-        app_id,
-        reason,
-        &mut changes,
-    )
+    kill_runtime_inner(app_handle, apps_state, app_id, reason, &mut changes)
         .await
         .map_err(|err| format!("Failed to kill taskbar runtime: {err:?}"))?;
 
@@ -219,11 +201,9 @@ pub(super) async fn sync_modal_runtime_visibility(
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
     ensure_apps_workspace_active(apps_state).await?;
 
-    let active_taskbar_runtime =
-        find_active_taskbar_runtime(apps_state, host_window_label).await;
+    let active_taskbar_runtime = find_active_taskbar_runtime(apps_state, host_window_label).await;
 
-    let active_app_id =
-        active_taskbar_runtime.map(|runtime| runtime.app_id());
+    let active_app_id = active_taskbar_runtime.map(|runtime| runtime.app_id());
 
     let mut candidates = Vec::new();
 
@@ -246,11 +226,7 @@ pub(super) async fn sync_modal_runtime_visibility(
                 None => modal.visible_over_launchpad(),
             };
 
-            Some((
-                eligible,
-                modal.priority(),
-                record.runtime_id(),
-            ))
+            Some((eligible, modal.priority(), record.runtime_id()))
         }) else {
             continue;
         };
@@ -270,23 +246,12 @@ pub(super) async fn sync_modal_runtime_visibility(
         .map(|candidate| candidate.runtime_id.clone());
 
     for candidate in candidates {
-        let should_show =
-            Some(candidate.runtime_id.clone()) == winner_runtime_id;
+        let should_show = Some(candidate.runtime_id.clone()) == winner_runtime_id;
 
         if should_show {
-            show_runtime_inner(
-                app_handle,
-                apps_state,
-                &candidate.runtime,
-                changes,
-            )
-                .await?;
+            show_runtime_inner(app_handle, apps_state, &candidate.runtime, changes).await?;
         } else {
-            hide_runtime_inner(
-                app_handle,
-                &candidate.runtime,
-                changes,
-            )?;
+            hide_runtime_inner(app_handle, &candidate.runtime, changes)?;
         }
     }
 
@@ -294,10 +259,12 @@ pub(super) async fn sync_modal_runtime_visibility(
 }
 
 fn runtime_window_identity(resolved_running_app: &ResolvedRunningApp) -> RuntimeWindowIdentity {
-    resolved_running_app.runtime().with_runtime(|record| RuntimeWindowIdentity {
-        runtime_id: record.runtime_id(),
-        host_window_label: record.host_window_label().to_string(),
-    })
+    resolved_running_app
+        .runtime()
+        .with_runtime(|record| RuntimeWindowIdentity {
+            runtime_id: record.runtime_id(),
+            host_window_label: record.host_window_label().to_string(),
+        })
 }
 
 fn assert_taskbar_presentation(resolved_running_app: &ResolvedRunningApp) -> Result<(), String> {
@@ -316,17 +283,19 @@ async fn show_runtime_inner(
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
     ensure_apps_workspace_active(apps_state).await?;
 
-    if runtime.with_runtime(|runtime| {
-        runtime.visibility() == SageAppRuntimeVisibility::Visible
-    }) {
+    if runtime.with_runtime(|runtime| runtime.visibility() == SageAppRuntimeVisibility::Visible) {
         return Ok(());
     }
 
     let app_webview_label = runtime.with_runtime(SageAppRuntimeRecord::webview_label);
     let webview = get_webview_in_sage_window(app_handle, &app_webview_label)?;
 
-    webview.show().map_err(|err| format!("failed to show webview: {err}"))?;
-    webview.set_focus().map_err(|err| format!("failed to focus webview: {err}"))?;
+    webview
+        .show()
+        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to show webview: {err}"))?;
+    webview
+        .set_focus()
+        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to focus webview: {err}"))?;
 
     runtime.with_runtime_mut(SageAppRuntimeRecord::mark_visible);
     changes.runtimes_changed();
@@ -339,16 +308,16 @@ fn hide_runtime_inner(
     runtime: &SharedRuntime,
     changes: &mut RuntimeChangeSet,
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
-    if runtime.with_runtime(|runtime| {
-        runtime.visibility() == SageAppRuntimeVisibility::Hidden
-    }) {
+    if runtime.with_runtime(|runtime| runtime.visibility() == SageAppRuntimeVisibility::Hidden) {
         return Ok(());
     }
 
     let app_webview_label = runtime.with_runtime(SageAppRuntimeRecord::webview_label);
     let webview = get_webview_in_sage_window(app_handle, &app_webview_label)?;
 
-    webview.hide().map_err(|err| format!("failed to hide webview: {err}"))?;
+    webview
+        .hide()
+        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to hide webview: {err}"))?;
     webview
         .set_position(LogicalPosition::new(0.0, 0.0))
         .map_err(|err| format!("failed to set webview position: {err}"))?;
@@ -375,11 +344,7 @@ impl RuntimeChangeSet {
         }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) async fn emit(
-        self,
-        app_handle: &AppHandle,
-        apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    ) {
+    pub(crate) async fn emit(self, app_handle: &AppHandle, apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>) {
         if self.runtimes_changed {
             emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(app_handle, apps_state).await;
         }
@@ -393,7 +358,7 @@ impl RuntimeChangeSet {
                 &window_label,
                 active.as_ref(),
             )
-                .await;
+            .await;
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs
index 40385970d..5f2ae9182 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs
@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@ pub mod manager;
 pub mod resolve;
 
 pub mod commands;
+mod events;
 pub mod start;
 mod state;
 pub mod stop;
-pub mod webview_locator;
 mod storage;
 mod system_apps;
-mod events;
+pub mod webview_locator;
 mod workspace;
 
 pub use manager::RuntimeTargetParams;
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ pub use manager::RuntimeTargetParams;
 pub(crate) use manager::*;
 pub(crate) use resolve::*;
 
+pub(crate) use events::{emit_bridge_approvals_changed, emit_timeout_for_pending_approval};
 pub(crate) use state::*;
 pub(crate) use storage::run_verified_storage_clear_cycle;
 pub(crate) use system_apps::*;
-pub(crate) use events::{emit_bridge_approvals_changed, emit_timeout_for_pending_approval};
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
index 2b4cbc081..2dda48f1e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
@@ -1,15 +1,20 @@
-use std::collections::BTreeMap;
-use std::fmt::Display;
+use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::lifecycle::read_installed_app_by_id;
+use crate::runtime::stop::close_runtime_internal;
+use crate::runtime::{
+    GetRuntimeError, SharedImpostorRuntime, SharedRuntime,
+    find_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id_optional,
+    find_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id_optional_immediate, find_runtime_by_app_id_optional,
+    find_runtime_by_app_id_optional_immediate,
+};
 use crate::sandbox::build_builtin_test_app;
+use crate::system_apps::build_builtin_system_app;
 use crate::types::{ResolvedApp, ResolvedRunningApp, ResolvedStoppedApp, SageApp, SharedSageApp};
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+use std::fmt::Display;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
+use tokio::time::{Duration, sleep};
 use url::Url;
-use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::runtime::{find_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id_optional, find_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id_optional_immediate, find_runtime_by_app_id_optional, find_runtime_by_app_id_optional_immediate, GetRuntimeError, SharedImpostorRuntime, SharedRuntime};
-use crate::runtime::stop::close_runtime_internal;
-use tokio::time::{sleep, Duration};
-use crate::system_apps::build_builtin_system_app;
 
 const MAX_STOP_RESOLVE_ATTEMPTS: usize = 5;
 
@@ -23,10 +28,10 @@ pub enum ResolveError {
 #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
 pub enum ResolveStoppedError {
     AppDirMissing,
-    CloseAttemptsHit
+    CloseAttemptsHit,
 }
 
-pub(in crate) enum PossiblyImpostorRuntime {
+pub(crate) enum PossiblyImpostorRuntime {
     Legit(SharedRuntime),
     Impostor(SharedImpostorRuntime),
 }
@@ -89,7 +94,7 @@ pub fn build_entry_src_for(
         identity_app.origin_id(),
         entry_file
     ))
-        .expect("failed to build app entry URL");
+    .expect("failed to build app entry URL");
 
     for (key, value) in query {
         url.query_pairs_mut().append_pair(&key, &value);
@@ -98,10 +103,7 @@ pub fn build_entry_src_for(
     url
 }
 
-pub fn build_entry_src(
-    app: &SharedSageApp,
-    query: BTreeMap<String, String>,
-) -> Url {
+pub fn build_entry_src(app: &SharedSageApp, query: BTreeMap<String, String>) -> Url {
     build_entry_src_for(app, app, query)
 }
 
@@ -168,32 +170,31 @@ pub async fn resolve_app(app: &AppHandle, app_id: &str) -> Result<ResolvedApp, R
         .map_err(|_| ResolveError::AppDirMissing)?;
 
     if let Ok(app) = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, app_id) {
-        return Ok(
-            ResolvedApp::Stopped(ResolvedStoppedApp::new(
-                SharedSageApp::new(SageApp::User(app)),
-                guard
-            ))
-        );
+        return Ok(ResolvedApp::Stopped(ResolvedStoppedApp::new(
+            SharedSageApp::new(SageApp::User(app)),
+            guard,
+        )));
     }
-    if let Some(app) = build_builtin_system_app(app_id)
-        .map_err(|err| {
-            ResolveError::BuildFailed(format!(
-                "failed to resolve builtin system app {app_id}: {err}"
-            ))
-        })?
-    {
+    if let Some(app) = build_builtin_system_app(app_id).map_err(|err| {
+        ResolveError::BuildFailed(format!(
+            "failed to resolve builtin system app {app_id}: {err}"
+        ))
+    })? {
         return Ok(ResolvedApp::Stopped(ResolvedStoppedApp::new(
             SharedSageApp::new(app),
             guard,
         )));
     }
 
-    let Some(app) = build_builtin_test_app(app_id)
-        .map_err(|err| ResolveError::BuildFailed(format!(
+    let Some(app) = build_builtin_test_app(app_id).map_err(|err| {
+        ResolveError::BuildFailed(format!(
             "failed to resolve builtin sandbox app {app_id}: {err}"
-        )))?
+        ))
+    })?
     else {
-        return Err(ResolveError::NotFound(format!("failed to resolve app {app_id}")));
+        return Err(ResolveError::NotFound(format!(
+            "failed to resolve app {app_id}"
+        )));
     };
 
     Ok(ResolvedApp::Stopped(ResolvedStoppedApp::new(
@@ -206,8 +207,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn resolve_possibly_impostor_running_app(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: &str,
 ) -> Result<PossiblyImpostorRuntime, GetRuntimeError> {
-    if let Some(runtime) =
-        find_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id_optional(apps_state, app_id).await
+    if let Some(runtime) = find_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id_optional(apps_state, app_id).await
     {
         return Ok(PossiblyImpostorRuntime::Impostor(runtime));
     }
@@ -252,8 +252,12 @@ impl PossiblyImpostorRuntime {
 
     pub(crate) fn identity_webview_label(&self) -> String {
         match self {
-            PossiblyImpostorRuntime::Legit(runtime) => runtime.with_runtime(|runtime| runtime.webview_label().to_string()),
-            PossiblyImpostorRuntime::Impostor(runtime) => runtime.with_runtime(|runtime| runtime.victim_app().webview_label()),
+            PossiblyImpostorRuntime::Legit(runtime) => {
+                runtime.with_runtime(|runtime| runtime.webview_label().to_string())
+            }
+            PossiblyImpostorRuntime::Impostor(runtime) => {
+                runtime.with_runtime(|runtime| runtime.victim_app().webview_label())
+            }
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
index e59370f6a..1b0a0daf8 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
@@ -4,13 +4,20 @@ use specta::Type;
 use tauri::webview::NewWindowResponse;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, LogicalPosition, LogicalSize, State, WebviewBuilder, WebviewUrl, Wry};
 
-use crate::runtime::state::{SageAppRuntimeRecord, write_runtime, remove_runtime_by_runtime_id, remove_runtime_id_by_app_id, remove_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id, write_impostor_runtime};
-use crate::runtime::webview_locator::{
-    get_sage_window, get_webview_in_sage_window,
+use crate::runtime::state::{
+    SageAppRuntimeRecord, remove_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id, remove_runtime_by_runtime_id,
+    remove_runtime_id_by_app_id, write_impostor_runtime, write_runtime,
+};
+use crate::runtime::webview_locator::{get_sage_window, get_webview_in_sage_window};
+use crate::runtime::{
+    SageAppRuntimeImpostorKind, SageAppRuntimeImpostorRecord, SageAppRuntimeMode,
+    SageAppRuntimeVisibility, SharedImpostorRuntime, SharedRuntime, build_entry_src,
+    build_entry_src_for, is_allowed_app_url, resolve_app,
 };
-use crate::runtime::{build_entry_src, build_entry_src_for, is_allowed_app_url, resolve_app, SageAppRuntimeImpostorKind, SageAppRuntimeImpostorRecord, SageAppRuntimeMode, SageAppRuntimeVisibility, SharedImpostorRuntime, SharedRuntime};
 use crate::storage::parse_data_store_id;
-use crate::types::{AppPresentation, InstalledSageAppStorage, ResolvedApp, ResolvedStoppedApp, SharedSageApp};
+use crate::types::{
+    AppPresentation, InstalledSageAppStorage, ResolvedApp, ResolvedStoppedApp, SharedSageApp,
+};
 use crate::{AppsHostState, sandbox};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Type)]
@@ -34,9 +41,12 @@ pub async fn create_runtime(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     args: CreateRuntimeArgs,
 ) -> Result<SharedRuntime, String> {
-    let app = match resolve_app(app_handle, &args.app_id).await.map_err(|e| e.to_string())? {
+    let app = match resolve_app(app_handle, &args.app_id)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|e| e.to_string())?
+    {
         ResolvedApp::Running(running) => return Ok(running.runtime()),
-        ResolvedApp::Stopped(stopped) => stopped.into_app()
+        ResolvedApp::Stopped(stopped) => stopped.into_app(),
     };
 
     let is_internal = app.with(|app| app.common().is_sandbox_test());
@@ -56,7 +66,8 @@ pub async fn create_runtime(
         args.mode,
         SageAppRuntimeVisibility::Hidden,
         is_internal,
-    ).map_err(|err| err.to_string())?;
+    )
+    .map_err(|err| err.to_string())?;
     let shared_runtime = write_runtime(apps_state, runtime).await;
 
     let runtime_for_nav = shared_runtime.clone();
@@ -64,11 +75,11 @@ pub async fn create_runtime(
         webview_label.to_string(),
         WebviewUrl::CustomProtocol(build_entry_src(&app, args.query.clone())),
     )
-        .transparent(true)
-        .on_navigation(move |url| {
-            runtime_for_nav.with_runtime(|runtime| is_allowed_app_url(url, &runtime.app()))
-        })
-        .on_new_window(move |_url, _features| NewWindowResponse::Deny);
+    .transparent(true)
+    .on_navigation(move |url| {
+        runtime_for_nav.with_runtime(|runtime| is_allowed_app_url(url, &runtime.app()))
+    })
+    .on_new_window(move |_url, _features| NewWindowResponse::Deny);
 
     let builder = build_initialization_script(builder);
     let builder = build_storage(builder, &app)?;
@@ -78,16 +89,14 @@ pub async fn create_runtime(
     } else {
         (0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0)
     };
-    let add_child_result = get_sage_window(app_handle)?
-        .add_child(
-            builder,
-            LogicalPosition::new(x, y),
-            LogicalSize::new(width, height),
-        );
+    let add_child_result = get_sage_window(app_handle)?.add_child(
+        builder,
+        LogicalPosition::new(x, y),
+        LogicalSize::new(width, height),
+    );
     if let Err(e) = add_child_result {
-        let (runtime_id, app_id) = shared_runtime.with_runtime(|runtime| {
-            (runtime.runtime_id(), runtime.app().id())
-        });
+        let (runtime_id, app_id) =
+            shared_runtime.with_runtime(|runtime| (runtime.runtime_id(), runtime.app().id()));
         drop(shared_runtime);
         remove_runtime_by_runtime_id(apps_state, &runtime_id).await;
         remove_runtime_id_by_app_id(apps_state, &app_id).await;
@@ -95,7 +104,8 @@ pub async fn create_runtime(
     }
 
     if !args.debug_layout {
-        get_webview_in_sage_window(app_handle, &webview_label)?.hide()
+        get_webview_in_sage_window(app_handle, &webview_label)?
+            .hide()
             .map_err(|err| format!("{err}"))?;
     }
 
@@ -138,10 +148,8 @@ pub(in crate::runtime) async fn create_impostor_runtime_from_stopped(
         webview_label.to_string(),
         WebviewUrl::CustomProtocol(entry_url.clone()),
     )
-        .on_navigation(move |next_url| {
-            *next_url == entry_url
-        })
-        .on_new_window(move |_url, _features| NewWindowResponse::Deny);
+    .on_navigation(move |next_url| *next_url == entry_url)
+    .on_new_window(move |_url, _features| NewWindowResponse::Deny);
 
     let builder = build_initialization_script(builder);
     let builder = build_persistent_storage_target(builder, &victim_app)?;
@@ -163,7 +171,8 @@ pub(in crate::runtime) async fn create_impostor_runtime_from_stopped(
         return Err(format!("failed to create impostor child webview: {err}"));
     }
 
-    get_webview_in_sage_window(&app_handle, &webview_label)?.hide()
+    get_webview_in_sage_window(&app_handle, &webview_label)?
+        .hide()
         .map_err(|err| format!("{err}"))?;
 
     Ok(shared_runtime)
@@ -204,7 +213,10 @@ fn debug_layout_for_app(app_id: &str) -> (f64, f64, f64, f64) {
     (x, y, cell_w, cell_h)
 }
 
-async fn check_gates(apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>, app: &SharedSageApp) -> Result<(), String> {
+async fn check_gates(
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    app: &SharedSageApp,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
     let baseline = apps_state.sandbox.baseline.lock().await.clone();
     let current_run = apps_state.sandbox.current_run.lock().await.clone();
     let effective = sandbox::state_view::build_effective_state(&baseline, current_run.as_ref());
@@ -219,11 +231,14 @@ async fn check_gates(apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>, app: &SharedSageApp)
     Ok(())
 }
 
-fn build_storage(builder: WebviewBuilder<Wry>, app: &SharedSageApp) -> Result<WebviewBuilder<Wry>, String> {
+fn build_storage(
+    builder: WebviewBuilder<Wry>,
+    app: &SharedSageApp,
+) -> Result<WebviewBuilder<Wry>, String> {
     let has_persistent_storage = app.with(|app| {
-        app.granted_permissions()
-            .capabilities()
-            .any(|cap| *cap == crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability::StoragePersistentWebview)
+        app.granted_permissions().capabilities().any(|cap| {
+            *cap == crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability::StoragePersistentWebview
+        })
     });
 
     if !has_persistent_storage {
@@ -260,9 +275,7 @@ fn build_persistent_storage_target(
     Ok(builder)
 }
 
-fn build_initialization_script(
-    mut builder: WebviewBuilder<Wry>,
-) -> WebviewBuilder<Wry> {
+fn build_initialization_script(mut builder: WebviewBuilder<Wry>) -> WebviewBuilder<Wry> {
     if !cfg!(debug_assertions) {
         return builder;
     }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs
index 0a3d3cf81..e5e476e6f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs
@@ -1,33 +1,31 @@
 mod read;
 mod remove;
 mod types;
-mod write;
 mod view;
+mod write;
 
+pub(crate) use types::{AppRuntimeState, SageAppRuntimeRecord, SharedRuntime};
 pub use view::SageAppRuntimeRecordView;
-pub(crate) use types::{AppRuntimeState, SharedRuntime, SageAppRuntimeRecord};
 
 pub use read::find_runtime_by_app_id_optional;
 
 pub(crate) use read::{
-    find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional, find_runtime_id_by_app_id_optional, get_runtime_by_app_id,
-    list_runtimes, find_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id_optional,
-    find_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id_optional_immediate, find_runtime_by_app_id_optional_immediate, find_active_taskbar_runtime,
-    GetRuntimeError
+    GetRuntimeError, find_active_taskbar_runtime, find_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id_optional,
+    find_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id_optional_immediate,
+    find_runtime_by_app_id_optional_immediate, find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional,
+    find_runtime_id_by_app_id_optional, get_runtime_by_app_id, list_runtimes,
 };
 pub(crate) use types::{
-    ReadyToStopParams, RuntimeAckResult, SetBeforeStopListenerParams,
-    SageAppRuntimeMode, SageAppRuntimeVisibility, SageAppRuntimeImpostorKind, SharedImpostorRuntime,
-    SageAppRuntimeImpostorRecord,
+    ReadyToStopParams, RuntimeAckResult, SageAppRuntimeImpostorKind, SageAppRuntimeImpostorRecord,
+    SageAppRuntimeMode, SageAppRuntimeVisibility, SetBeforeStopListenerParams,
+    SharedImpostorRuntime,
 };
 
-pub(in crate::runtime) use read::{is_apps_workspace_active};
+pub(in crate::runtime) use read::is_apps_workspace_active;
 pub(in crate::runtime) use write::{activate_apps_workspace, deactivate_apps_workspace};
 
 pub(super) use remove::{
-    remove_before_stop_listeners_by_app_id, remove_pending_stop_ready,
-    remove_runtime_by_runtime_id, remove_runtime_id_by_app_id, remove_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id,
-};
-pub(super) use write::{
-    write_pending_stop_ready, write_runtime, write_impostor_runtime
+    remove_before_stop_listeners_by_app_id, remove_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id,
+    remove_pending_stop_ready, remove_runtime_by_runtime_id, remove_runtime_id_by_app_id,
 };
+pub(super) use write::{write_impostor_runtime, write_pending_stop_ready, write_runtime};
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
index 70ff4bf3c..e6bc73b8d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
@@ -75,10 +75,7 @@ pub(crate) fn find_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id_optional_immediate(
     victim_app_id: &str,
 ) -> Result<Option<SharedImpostorRuntime>, String> {
     retry_immediate_lookup("impostor runtime lookup", || {
-        find_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id_optional_immediate_once(
-            apps_state,
-            victim_app_id,
-        )
+        find_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id_optional_immediate_once(apps_state, victim_app_id)
     })
 }
 
@@ -120,9 +117,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn list_runtimes(
         by_runtime_id.values().cloned().collect::<Vec<_>>()
     };
 
-    runtimes.retain(|runtime| {
-        !runtime.with_runtime(super::types::SageAppRuntimeRecord::internal)
-    });
+    runtimes.retain(|runtime| !runtime.with_runtime(super::types::SageAppRuntimeRecord::internal));
 
     runtimes.sort_by_key(|runtime| {
         Reverse(runtime.with_runtime(super::types::SageAppRuntimeRecord::started_at))
@@ -136,10 +131,13 @@ pub(crate) async fn find_active_taskbar_runtime(
     host_window_label: &str,
 ) -> Option<SharedRuntime> {
     let taskbar_runtimes = get_taskbar_runtimes(apps_state, host_window_label).await;
-    taskbar_runtimes.iter().find(|runtime| runtime.with_runtime(
-        |runtime|
-            runtime.visibility() == SageAppRuntimeVisibility::Visible
-    )).cloned()
+    taskbar_runtimes
+        .iter()
+        .find(|runtime| {
+            runtime
+                .with_runtime(|runtime| runtime.visibility() == SageAppRuntimeVisibility::Visible)
+        })
+        .cloned()
 }
 
 pub(in crate::runtime) async fn is_apps_workspace_active(
@@ -163,11 +161,16 @@ async fn get_taskbar_runtimes(
             .collect()
     };
 
-    runtimes.iter().filter(|runtime| runtime.with_runtime(
-        |runtime|
-            runtime.presentation() == AppPresentation::Taskbar
-            && runtime.host_window_label() == host_window_label
-    )).cloned().collect()
+    runtimes
+        .iter()
+        .filter(|runtime| {
+            runtime.with_runtime(|runtime| {
+                runtime.presentation() == AppPresentation::Taskbar
+                    && runtime.host_window_label() == host_window_label
+            })
+        })
+        .cloned()
+        .collect()
 }
 
 fn find_runtime_by_app_id_optional_immediate_once(
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs
index 275044810..3b78951bb 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
-use std::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet};
-use std::sync::Arc;
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use specta::Type;
-use tokio::sync::{Mutex, oneshot};
-use parking_lot::RwLock;
 use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::types::{AppPresentation, SageApp, SharedSageApp};
 use crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms;
+use parking_lot::RwLock;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use specta::Type;
+use std::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet};
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use tokio::sync::{Mutex, oneshot};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub enum SageAppRuntimeMode {
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ impl std::fmt::Display for CreateRuntimeRecordError {
 pub(in crate::runtime) fn runtime_id_for(app: &SharedSageApp) -> String {
     let (app_id, is_system_app) = app.with(|app| (app.id().to_string(), app.is_system()));
     if is_system_app {
-        return format!("system-runtime-{app_id}")
+        return format!("system-runtime-{app_id}");
     }
 
     format!("runtime-{app_id}")
@@ -225,9 +225,7 @@ impl SageAppRuntimeRecord {
         target_app_ids: Vec<String>,
     ) -> Result<bool, String> {
         match &mut self.presentation {
-            AppPresentation::Modal(presentation) => {
-                Ok(presentation.update_app_ids(target_app_ids))
-            }
+            AppPresentation::Modal(presentation) => Ok(presentation.update_app_ids(target_app_ids)),
             AppPresentation::Taskbar => Err("Presentation mode is not modal".to_string()),
         }
     }
@@ -254,9 +252,7 @@ impl SageAppRuntimeRecord {
 }
 
 impl SharedSageApp {
-    pub(crate) fn taint_storage_if_runtime_can_persist_secrets(
-        &self,
-    ) -> Result<(), String> {
+    pub(crate) fn taint_storage_if_runtime_can_persist_secrets(&self) -> Result<(), String> {
         if self.is_system_app() {
             return Ok(());
         }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/view.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/view.rs
index f61099c0f..dcd9670e9 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/view.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/view.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-use serde::{Serialize};
-use specta::Type;
 use crate::runtime::{SageAppRuntimeMode, SageAppRuntimeVisibility, SharedRuntime};
 use crate::types::{AppPresentation, SageAppView};
+use serde::Serialize;
+use specta::Type;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs
index a580181d9..1def696a0 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 use tauri::State;
 
 use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::runtime::state::types::{SageAppRuntimeImpostorRecord, SageAppRuntimeRecord, SharedRuntime, SharedImpostorRuntime};
+use crate::runtime::state::types::{
+    SageAppRuntimeImpostorRecord, SageAppRuntimeRecord, SharedImpostorRuntime, SharedRuntime,
+};
 
 pub(in crate::runtime) async fn write_runtime(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
@@ -61,16 +63,12 @@ pub(in crate::runtime) async fn write_pending_stop_ready(
     pending.insert(request_id.to_string(), tx);
 }
 
-pub(in crate::runtime) async fn activate_apps_workspace(
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-) {
+pub(in crate::runtime) async fn activate_apps_workspace(apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>) {
     let mut active = apps_state.runtime.apps_workspace_active.write().await;
     *active = true;
 }
 
-pub(in crate::runtime) async fn deactivate_apps_workspace(
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-) {
+pub(in crate::runtime) async fn deactivate_apps_workspace(apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>) {
     let mut active = apps_state.runtime.apps_workspace_active.write().await;
     *active = false;
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs
index 394f58224..c0d278d6a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs
@@ -1,19 +1,27 @@
-use std::fmt::Display;
 use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::runtime::{find_active_taskbar_runtime, find_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id_optional, GetRuntimeError, RuntimeChangeSet, SageAppRuntimeRecord, SharedRuntime};
-use crate::runtime::state::{find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional, find_runtime_id_by_app_id_optional, get_runtime_by_app_id, remove_before_stop_listeners_by_app_id, remove_pending_stop_ready, remove_runtime_by_runtime_id, remove_runtime_id_by_app_id, write_pending_stop_ready, remove_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id};
+use crate::bridge::emit_user_runtime_event_to_app_id;
+use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::events::BeforeStopEvent;
+use crate::runtime::events::emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed;
+use crate::runtime::manager::sync_modal_runtime_visibility;
+use crate::runtime::state::{
+    find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional, find_runtime_id_by_app_id_optional, get_runtime_by_app_id,
+    remove_before_stop_listeners_by_app_id, remove_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id,
+    remove_pending_stop_ready, remove_runtime_by_runtime_id, remove_runtime_id_by_app_id,
+    write_pending_stop_ready,
+};
 use crate::runtime::webview_locator::find_webview_in_sage_window;
+use crate::runtime::{
+    GetRuntimeError, RuntimeChangeSet, SageAppRuntimeRecord, SharedRuntime,
+    find_active_taskbar_runtime, find_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id_optional,
+};
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
+use std::fmt::Display;
 use std::time::Duration;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 use tokio::sync::oneshot;
 use tokio::time::timeout;
 use uuid::Uuid;
-use crate::bridge::emit_user_runtime_event_to_app_id;
-use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::events::BeforeStopEvent;
-use crate::runtime::events::{emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed};
-use crate::runtime::manager::sync_modal_runtime_visibility;
 
 const BEFORE_STOP_TIMEOUT_MS: u64 = 5_000;
 
@@ -24,11 +32,10 @@ pub struct SystemKillRuntimeResult {
     pub app_id: String,
 }
 
-
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub enum SystemKillRuntimeError {
     NotFound,
-    RuntimeSync(String)
+    RuntimeSync(String),
 }
 
 impl Display for SystemKillRuntimeError {
@@ -48,14 +55,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn kill_runtime(
 ) -> Result<(), SystemKillRuntimeError> {
     let mut changes = RuntimeChangeSet::default();
 
-    kill_runtime_inner(
-        app_handle,
-        apps_state,
-        app_id,
-        reason,
-        &mut changes,
-    )
-        .await?;
+    kill_runtime_inner(app_handle, apps_state, app_id, reason, &mut changes).await?;
 
     changes.emit(app_handle, apps_state).await;
 
@@ -69,25 +69,18 @@ pub(super) async fn kill_runtime_inner(
     reason: &str,
     changes: &mut RuntimeChangeSet,
 ) -> Result<(), SystemKillRuntimeError> {
-    let shared_runtime = get_runtime_by_app_id(apps_state, app_id)
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| match err {
-            GetRuntimeError::NotFound => SystemKillRuntimeError::NotFound,
-        })?;
+    let shared_runtime =
+        get_runtime_by_app_id(apps_state, app_id)
+            .await
+            .map_err(|err| match err {
+                GetRuntimeError::NotFound => SystemKillRuntimeError::NotFound,
+            })?;
 
-    let host_window_label =
-        shared_runtime.with_runtime(SageAppRuntimeRecord::host_window_label);
+    let host_window_label = shared_runtime.with_runtime(SageAppRuntimeRecord::host_window_label);
 
-    let active_taskbar_runtime =
-        find_active_taskbar_runtime(apps_state, &host_window_label).await;
+    let active_taskbar_runtime = find_active_taskbar_runtime(apps_state, &host_window_label).await;
 
-    close_runtime_internal_with_reason(
-        app_handle,
-        apps_state,
-        app_id,
-        reason,
-    )
-        .await;
+    close_runtime_internal_with_reason(app_handle, apps_state, app_id, reason).await;
 
     changes.runtimes_changed();
 
@@ -97,12 +90,7 @@ pub(super) async fn kill_runtime_inner(
         changes.active_taskbar_changed(&host_window_label);
     }
 
-    sync_modal_runtime_visibility(
-        app_handle,
-        apps_state,
-        &host_window_label,
-        changes,
-    )
+    sync_modal_runtime_visibility(app_handle, apps_state, &host_window_label, changes)
         .await
         .map_err(SystemKillRuntimeError::RuntimeSync)?;
 
@@ -124,7 +112,9 @@ pub(super) async fn close_runtime_internal_with_reason(
     _reason: &str,
 ) {
     // Impostor?
-    if let Some(impostor) = find_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id_optional(apps_state, app_id).await {
+    if let Some(impostor) =
+        find_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id_optional(apps_state, app_id).await
+    {
         let webview_label = impostor.webview_label();
 
         if let Some(webview) = find_webview_in_sage_window(app, &webview_label) {
@@ -179,7 +169,12 @@ async fn wait_for_before_stop_ack(
 
     write_pending_stop_ready(apps_state, &request_id, tx).await;
 
-    let _ = emit_user_runtime_event_to_app_id(app_handle, &runtime.app_id(), BeforeStopEvent::new(&request_id)).await;
+    let _ = emit_user_runtime_event_to_app_id(
+        app_handle,
+        &runtime.app_id(),
+        BeforeStopEvent::new(&request_id),
+    )
+    .await;
     let _ = timeout(Duration::from_millis(BEFORE_STOP_TIMEOUT_MS), rx).await;
 
     remove_pending_stop_ready(apps_state, &request_id).await;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/storage.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/storage.rs
index f384b81d9..ff5e8050c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/storage.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/storage.rs
@@ -1,15 +1,18 @@
-use std::time::Duration;
-use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
-use tokio::time::sleep;
 use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::lifecycle::{clear_app_storage_by_target};
-use crate::runtime::{SageAppRuntimeImpostorKind};
-use crate::runtime::start::{create_impostor_runtime_from_stopped, CreateImpostorRuntimeArgs};
+use crate::lifecycle::clear_app_storage_by_target;
+use crate::runtime::SageAppRuntimeImpostorKind;
+use crate::runtime::start::{CreateImpostorRuntimeArgs, create_impostor_runtime_from_stopped};
 use crate::runtime::stop::close_runtime_internal;
-use crate::sandbox::{build_builtin_runtime_app, SandboxStorageClearProbePhase, SandboxStorageClearProbeResult, BUILTIN_STORAGE_CLEAR_PROBE_RUNTIME_ID};
+use crate::sandbox::{
+    BUILTIN_STORAGE_CLEAR_PROBE_RUNTIME_ID, SandboxStorageClearProbePhase,
+    SandboxStorageClearProbeResult, build_builtin_runtime_app,
+};
 use crate::storage::cleanup_target_from_storage;
 use crate::types::SharedSageApp;
 use crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms;
+use std::time::Duration;
+use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
+use tokio::time::sleep;
 
 pub(crate) async fn run_verified_storage_clear_cycle(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
@@ -27,7 +30,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn run_verified_storage_clear_cycle(
         &run_id,
         SandboxStorageClearProbePhase::Write,
     )
-        .await?;
+    .await?;
 
     if write.error.is_some() || !write.local_storage_present || !write.indexed_db_present {
         return Err(write
@@ -42,7 +45,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn run_verified_storage_clear_cycle(
         &run_id,
         SandboxStorageClearProbePhase::CheckPresent,
     )
-        .await?;
+    .await?;
 
     if present.error.is_some() || !present.local_storage_present || !present.indexed_db_present {
         return Err(present
@@ -50,9 +53,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn run_verified_storage_clear_cycle(
             .unwrap_or_else(|| "storage clear presence probe failed".into()));
     }
 
-    let storage = resolved_app.with_app(|app| {
-        app.with(|app| app.storage().clone())
-    });
+    let storage = resolved_app.with_app(|app| app.with(|app| app.storage().clone()));
 
     let target = cleanup_target_from_storage(&storage);
     clear_app_storage_by_target(app_handle, &target).await?;
@@ -64,14 +65,16 @@ pub(crate) async fn run_verified_storage_clear_cycle(
         &run_id,
         SandboxStorageClearProbePhase::CheckAbsent,
     )
-        .await?;
+    .await?;
 
     if let Some(error) = absent.error {
         return Err(error);
     }
 
     if absent.local_storage_present || absent.indexed_db_present {
-        return Err("storage clear verification failed because probe data was still visible".into());
+        return Err(
+            "storage clear verification failed because probe data was still visible".into(),
+        );
     }
 
     resolved_app
@@ -103,7 +106,7 @@ async fn run_storage_clear_phase(
         SandboxStorageClearProbePhase::CheckPresent => "check_present",
         SandboxStorageClearProbePhase::CheckAbsent => "check_absent",
     }
-        .to_string();
+    .to_string();
 
     let impostor_app = build_builtin_runtime_app(BUILTIN_STORAGE_CLEAR_PROBE_RUNTIME_ID)
         .map_err(|err| format!("failed to build storage clear probe runtime app: {err}"))?
@@ -127,7 +130,7 @@ async fn run_storage_clear_phase(
             query,
         },
     )
-        .await?;
+    .await?;
 
     let out = poll_clear_cycle_phase(apps_state, run_id, &app_id, phase, 10_000).await;
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/system_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/system_apps.rs
index 2c84de75e..fedd8283a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/system_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/system_apps.rs
@@ -2,14 +2,17 @@ use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
-use crate::runtime::start::{create_runtime, CreateRuntimeArgs};
-use crate::runtime::{RuntimeChangeSet, SageAppRuntimeMode, SageAppRuntimeRecord, SharedRuntime};
-use crate::system_apps::{SYSTEM_APP_APP_INSTALL_ID, SYSTEM_APP_APP_UPDATE_ID, SYSTEM_APP_BRIDGE_APPROVAL_ID, SYSTEM_APP_DONATION_ID, SYSTEM_APP_SANDBOX_TESTS_ID};
-use crate::types::{AppModalPresentation, AppPresentation};
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::bridge::state::pending_approval_app_ids;
 use crate::runtime::manager::sync_modal_runtime_visibility;
-use crate::runtime::stop::{kill_runtime_inner};
+use crate::runtime::start::{CreateRuntimeArgs, create_runtime};
+use crate::runtime::stop::kill_runtime_inner;
+use crate::runtime::{RuntimeChangeSet, SageAppRuntimeMode, SageAppRuntimeRecord, SharedRuntime};
+use crate::system_apps::{
+    SYSTEM_APP_APP_INSTALL_ID, SYSTEM_APP_APP_UPDATE_ID, SYSTEM_APP_BRIDGE_APPROVAL_ID,
+    SYSTEM_APP_DONATION_ID, SYSTEM_APP_SANDBOX_TESTS_ID,
+};
+use crate::types::{AppModalPresentation, AppPresentation};
 
 pub(crate) async fn start_system_app_runtime(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
@@ -18,19 +21,12 @@ pub(crate) async fn start_system_app_runtime(
 ) -> Result<SharedRuntime, String> {
     let runtime = create_runtime(app_handle, apps_state, args).await?;
 
-    let host_window_label =
-        runtime.with_runtime(SageAppRuntimeRecord::host_window_label);
+    let host_window_label = runtime.with_runtime(SageAppRuntimeRecord::host_window_label);
 
     let mut changes = RuntimeChangeSet::default();
     changes.runtimes_changed();
 
-    sync_modal_runtime_visibility(
-        app_handle,
-        apps_state,
-        &host_window_label,
-        &mut changes,
-    )
-        .await?;
+    sync_modal_runtime_visibility(app_handle, apps_state, &host_window_label, &mut changes).await?;
 
     changes.emit(app_handle, apps_state).await;
 
@@ -53,7 +49,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn start_app_install_runtime(
             query,
         },
     )
-        .await
+    .await
 }
 
 pub(crate) async fn start_app_update_runtime(
@@ -67,13 +63,16 @@ pub(crate) async fn start_app_update_runtime(
         apps_state,
         CreateRuntimeArgs {
             app_id: SYSTEM_APP_APP_UPDATE_ID.to_string(),
-            presentation: AppPresentation::Modal(AppModalPresentation::over_app_and_launchpad(target_app_id, 50)),
+            presentation: AppPresentation::Modal(AppModalPresentation::over_app_and_launchpad(
+                target_app_id,
+                50,
+            )),
             mode: SageAppRuntimeMode::Inline,
             debug_layout: false,
             query,
         },
     )
-        .await
+    .await
 }
 
 pub(crate) async fn start_bridge_approval_runtime(
@@ -86,13 +85,16 @@ pub(crate) async fn start_bridge_approval_runtime(
         apps_state,
         CreateRuntimeArgs {
             app_id: SYSTEM_APP_BRIDGE_APPROVAL_ID.to_string(),
-            presentation: AppPresentation::Modal(AppModalPresentation::over_apps(target_app_ids, 100)),
+            presentation: AppPresentation::Modal(AppModalPresentation::over_apps(
+                target_app_ids,
+                100,
+            )),
             mode: SageAppRuntimeMode::Inline,
             debug_layout: false,
             query: BTreeMap::new(),
         },
     )
-        .await
+    .await
 }
 
 pub(crate) async fn start_donation_runtime(
@@ -106,15 +108,16 @@ pub(crate) async fn start_donation_runtime(
         apps_state,
         CreateRuntimeArgs {
             app_id: SYSTEM_APP_DONATION_ID.to_string(),
-            presentation: AppPresentation::Modal(
-                AppModalPresentation::over_apps(vec![target_app_id], 45),
-            ),
+            presentation: AppPresentation::Modal(AppModalPresentation::over_apps(
+                vec![target_app_id],
+                45,
+            )),
             mode: SageAppRuntimeMode::Inline,
             debug_layout: false,
             query,
         },
     )
-        .await
+    .await
 }
 
 pub(crate) async fn sync_bridge_approval_runtime(
@@ -132,23 +135,18 @@ pub(crate) async fn sync_bridge_approval_runtime(
             "no_pending_approvals",
             &mut changes,
         )
-            .await;
+        .await;
 
         changes.emit(app_handle, apps_state).await;
 
         return Ok(());
     }
 
-    let approval_runtime = start_bridge_approval_runtime(
-        app_handle,
-        apps_state,
-        visible_over_app_ids.clone(),
-    )
-        .await?;
+    let approval_runtime =
+        start_bridge_approval_runtime(app_handle, apps_state, visible_over_app_ids.clone()).await?;
 
-    let presentation_changed = approval_runtime.with_runtime_mut(|runtime| {
-        runtime.update_modal_presentation_list(visible_over_app_ids)
-    })?;
+    let presentation_changed = approval_runtime
+        .with_runtime_mut(|runtime| runtime.update_modal_presentation_list(visible_over_app_ids))?;
 
     let mut changes = RuntimeChangeSet::default();
 
@@ -156,16 +154,9 @@ pub(crate) async fn sync_bridge_approval_runtime(
         changes.runtimes_changed();
     }
 
-    let host_window_label =
-        approval_runtime.with_runtime(SageAppRuntimeRecord::host_window_label);
+    let host_window_label = approval_runtime.with_runtime(SageAppRuntimeRecord::host_window_label);
 
-    sync_modal_runtime_visibility(
-        app_handle,
-        apps_state,
-        &host_window_label,
-        &mut changes,
-    )
-        .await?;
+    sync_modal_runtime_visibility(app_handle, apps_state, &host_window_label, &mut changes).await?;
 
     changes.emit(app_handle, apps_state).await;
 
@@ -187,5 +178,5 @@ pub(crate) async fn start_sandbox_tests_runtime(
             query: BTreeMap::new(),
         },
     )
-        .await
+    .await
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/workspace.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/workspace.rs
index 2eac6f7bf..ee8f5a4cf 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/workspace.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/workspace.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
-use crate::runtime::state::{activate_apps_workspace, deactivate_apps_workspace, is_apps_workspace_active};
-use crate::runtime::{hide_all_runtimes, hide_all_runtimes_inner, RuntimeChangeSet};
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::runtime::manager::sync_modal_runtime_visibility;
+use crate::runtime::state::{
+    activate_apps_workspace, deactivate_apps_workspace, is_apps_workspace_active,
+};
 use crate::runtime::webview_locator::get_sage_window;
+use crate::runtime::{RuntimeChangeSet, hide_all_runtimes, hide_all_runtimes_inner};
 
 pub(in crate::runtime) async fn ensure_apps_workspace_active(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
@@ -27,12 +29,7 @@ pub(in crate::runtime) async fn enter_apps_workspace(
 
     hide_all_runtimes_inner(app_handle, apps_state, &mut changes).await?;
 
-    sync_modal_runtime_visibility(
-        app_handle,
-        apps_state,
-        sage_window.label(),
-        &mut changes,
-    )
+    sync_modal_runtime_visibility(app_handle, apps_state, sage_window.label(), &mut changes)
         .await?;
 
     changes.emit(app_handle, apps_state).await;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
index d6c509ec4..02ea47197 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,13 @@
 use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult};
+use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
 use std::path::Path;
 use std::{fs, path::PathBuf};
-use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
 
 use crate::system_apps::AppBuildError;
-use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppWalletScope, SageGrantedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource};
+use crate::types::{
+    InstalledSageAppStorage, SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppPackageManifest,
+    SageAppSnapshot, SageAppWalletScope, SageGrantedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
+};
 use crate::utils::builtin_apps_root;
 
 macro_rules! sandbox_test_id_prefix {
@@ -152,27 +155,29 @@ pub fn build_builtin_test_app(app_id: &str) -> Result<Option<SageApp>, AppBuildE
             .whitelist()
             .required()
             .cloned(),
-    ).map_err(|_| AppBuildError::InternalError)?;
+    )
+    .map_err(|_| AppBuildError::InternalError)?;
 
     let snapshot = SageAppSnapshot::new(
         format!("builtin:{}", spec.app_id),
         app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
         manifest.clone(),
-    ).map_err(|_| AppBuildError::InternalError)?;
+    )
+    .map_err(|_| AppBuildError::InternalError)?;
 
     let common = SageAppCommon::new(
         SageAppIdentity::new(
             spec.app_id.to_string(),
             spec.app_id.to_string(),
             app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-        ).map_err(|_| AppBuildError::InternalError)?,
+        )
+        .map_err(|_| AppBuildError::InternalError)?,
         granted_permissions,
         builtin_storage(spec.app_id),
         snapshot,
-        SageAppWalletScope::AllWallets
-    ).map_err(|_| AppBuildError::InternalError)?;
-
-
+        SageAppWalletScope::AllWallets,
+    )
+    .map_err(|_| AppBuildError::InternalError)?;
 
     let entry_file = app_dir.join(common.entry_file());
     if !entry_file.is_file() {
@@ -184,9 +189,7 @@ pub fn build_builtin_test_app(app_id: &str) -> Result<Option<SageApp>, AppBuildE
     Ok(Some(SageApp::User(app)))
 }
 
-pub fn build_builtin_runtime_app(
-    app_id: &str,
-) -> Result<Option<SageApp>, AppBuildError> {
+pub fn build_builtin_runtime_app(app_id: &str) -> Result<Option<SageApp>, AppBuildError> {
     if app_id != BUILTIN_STORAGE_CLEAR_PROBE_RUNTIME_ID {
         return Ok(None);
     }
@@ -199,9 +202,7 @@ pub fn build_builtin_runtime_app(
 
     let manifest = read_builtin_manifest(&app_dir).map_err(|_| AppBuildError::ManifestFailure)?;
 
-    let granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions::for_builtin_requested(
-        manifest.permissions(),
-    )
+    let granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions::for_builtin_requested(manifest.permissions())
         .map_err(|err| {
             eprintln!("runtime app granted_permissions failed: {err}");
             AppBuildError::InternalError
@@ -212,30 +213,27 @@ pub fn build_builtin_runtime_app(
         app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
         manifest.clone(),
     )
-        .map_err(|err| {
-            eprintln!("runtime app snapshot failed: {err}");
-            AppBuildError::InternalError
-        })?;
+    .map_err(|err| {
+        eprintln!("runtime app snapshot failed: {err}");
+        AppBuildError::InternalError
+    })?;
 
     let common = SageAppCommon::new(
-        SageAppIdentity::new(
-            app_id,
-            app_id,
-            app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-        )
-            .map_err(|err| {
+        SageAppIdentity::new(app_id, app_id, app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string()).map_err(
+            |err| {
                 eprintln!("runtime app identity failed: {err}");
                 AppBuildError::InternalError
-            })?,
+            },
+        )?,
         granted_permissions,
         InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
         snapshot,
-        SageAppWalletScope::AllWallets
+        SageAppWalletScope::AllWallets,
     )
-        .map_err(|err| {
-            eprintln!("runtime app common failed: {err}");
-            AppBuildError::InternalError
-        })?;
+    .map_err(|err| {
+        eprintln!("runtime app common failed: {err}");
+        AppBuildError::InternalError
+    })?;
 
     let entry_file = app_dir.join(common.entry_file());
     if !entry_file.is_file() {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/commands.rs
index 4439b44f5..6eb676098 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/commands.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-use tauri::{command, AppHandle, State};
+use tauri::{AppHandle, State, command};
 
-use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::runtime::resolve_app;
 use super::gate::evaluate_app_launch_gate;
 use super::runner::{begin_sandbox_run, sandbox_runner};
 use super::state_view::{build_effective_state, build_state_view};
 use super::types::{AppLaunchGateResult, SandboxStateView};
+use crate::AppsHostState;
+use crate::runtime::resolve_app;
 
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
@@ -31,10 +31,8 @@ pub async fn apps_get_app_launch_gate(
 
     let effective = build_effective_state(&baseline, current_run.as_ref());
 
-    let evaluated_gate = resolved_app.with_app(|app| {
-        evaluate_app_launch_gate(app, &effective)
-    });
-    
+    let evaluated_gate = resolved_app.with_app(|app| evaluate_app_launch_gate(app, &effective));
+
     Ok(evaluated_gate)
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs
index 5a9696e0d..79eb52663 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
-use crate::types::{SharedSageApp};
+use crate::types::SharedSageApp;
 
 use super::{AppLaunchGateResult, SandboxCapability, SandboxCapabilityStatus, SandboxState};
 
@@ -37,7 +37,10 @@ fn required_capabilities_for_app(app: &SharedSageApp) -> Vec<SandboxCapability>
     caps
 }
 
-pub fn evaluate_app_launch_gate(app: &SharedSageApp, effective: &SandboxState) -> AppLaunchGateResult {
+pub fn evaluate_app_launch_gate(
+    app: &SharedSageApp,
+    effective: &SandboxState,
+) -> AppLaunchGateResult {
     if app.is_system_app() || app.id().starts_with("__sage_test_") {
         return AppLaunchGateResult {
             allowed: true,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/clear_cycle.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/clear_cycle.rs
index 14a0c3a16..a3454b97e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/clear_cycle.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/clear_cycle.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::runtime::{resolve_stopped_app, run_verified_storage_clear_cycle};
 use crate::runtime::stop::close_runtime_internal;
+use crate::runtime::{resolve_stopped_app, run_verified_storage_clear_cycle};
 use crate::sandbox::BUILTIN_STORAGE_CLEAR_PERSISTENT_ID;
 use crate::sandbox::probes::poll::{poll_persistence_read, poll_persistence_write};
 use crate::sandbox::runtime::{start_test_app, stop_test_apps, unique_run_id};
@@ -20,22 +20,29 @@ pub(in crate::sandbox) async fn run_clear_cycle_test(
         app_id,
         &[("runId", run_id.clone()), ("phase", "write".into())],
     )
-        .await?;
+    .await?;
 
     let write_results = poll_persistence_write(apps_state, &run_id, 1, 2_000).await?;
     let Some(write) = write_results.into_iter().find(|item| item.app_id == app_id) else {
         let () = close_runtime_internal(app, apps_state, app_id).await;
-        return Ok((false, Some("Timed out waiting for victim storage write result.".into())));
+        return Ok((
+            false,
+            Some("Timed out waiting for victim storage write result.".into()),
+        ));
     };
 
     let () = close_runtime_internal(app, apps_state, app_id).await;
 
-    if write.data.error.is_some() || !write.data.local_storage_wrote || !write.data.indexed_db_wrote {
+    if write.data.error.is_some() || !write.data.local_storage_wrote || !write.data.indexed_db_wrote
+    {
         return Ok((
             false,
-            Some(write.data.error.unwrap_or_else(|| {
-                "Victim storage write probe failed.".into()
-            })),
+            Some(
+                write
+                    .data
+                    .error
+                    .unwrap_or_else(|| "Victim storage write probe failed.".into()),
+            ),
         ));
     }
 
@@ -53,12 +60,15 @@ pub(in crate::sandbox) async fn run_clear_cycle_test(
         app_id,
         &[("runId", run_id.clone()), ("phase", "read".into())],
     )
-        .await?;
+    .await?;
 
     let read_results = poll_persistence_read(apps_state, &run_id, 1, 2_000).await?;
     let Some(read) = read_results.into_iter().find(|item| item.app_id == app_id) else {
         let () = close_runtime_internal(app, apps_state, app_id).await;
-        return Ok((false, Some("Timed out waiting for victim storage read result.".into())));
+        return Ok((
+            false,
+            Some("Timed out waiting for victim storage read result.".into()),
+        ));
     };
 
     let () = close_runtime_internal(app, apps_state, app_id).await;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runner.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runner.rs
index 178c0301e..b284ae2ad 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runner.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runner.rs
@@ -7,9 +7,9 @@ use super::types::{
     build_running_sandbox_state, mark_cap,
 };
 use crate::AppsHostState;
+use crate::bridge::methods::system::emit_sandbox_state_changed;
 use crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
-use crate::bridge::methods::system::emit_sandbox_state_changed;
 
 pub async fn ensure_initial_sandbox_run(app: AppHandle) -> Result<(), String> {
     let apps_state = app.state::<AppsHostState>();
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs
index 173e4ef49..d7aa7fba9 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::runtime::{SageAppRuntimeMode};
-use crate::runtime::start::{create_runtime, CreateRuntimeArgs};
+use crate::runtime::SageAppRuntimeMode;
+use crate::runtime::start::{CreateRuntimeArgs, create_runtime};
 use crate::runtime::stop::close_runtime_internal;
+use crate::types::AppPresentation;
 use std::collections::{BTreeMap, HashMap};
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 use uuid::Uuid;
-use crate::types::AppPresentation;
 
 pub(crate) async fn stop_test_apps(
     app: &AppHandle,
@@ -31,13 +31,8 @@ pub(crate) async fn start_test_app(
         query_map.insert((*k).to_string(), v.clone());
     }
 
-    start_internal_runtime_for_sandbox(
-        app,
-        apps_state,
-        app_id,
-        query_map.into_iter().collect(),
-    )
-    .await
+    start_internal_runtime_for_sandbox(app, apps_state, app_id, query_map.into_iter().collect())
+        .await
 }
 
 pub(super) fn unique_run_id(prefix: &str) -> String {
@@ -60,9 +55,7 @@ async fn start_internal_runtime_for_sandbox(
         query,
     };
 
-    create_runtime(app, apps_state, args)
-        .await
-        .map(|_| ())
+    create_runtime(app, apps_state, args).await.map(|_| ())
 }
 
 fn debug_test_apps_enabled() -> bool {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/state_view.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/state_view.rs
index f16dae596..2d6e20390 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/state_view.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/state_view.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-use tauri::State;
-use crate::AppsHostState;
 use super::types::{
     SandboxCapabilityResult, SandboxCapabilityStatus, SandboxRunState, SandboxState,
     SandboxStateView,
 };
+use crate::AppsHostState;
+use tauri::State;
 
 fn effective_cap(
     baseline: &SandboxCapabilityResult,
@@ -52,16 +52,11 @@ pub fn build_effective_state(
     }
 }
 
-pub async fn build_state_view(
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-) -> SandboxStateView {
+pub async fn build_state_view(apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>) -> SandboxStateView {
     let baseline = apps_state.sandbox.baseline.lock().await.clone();
     let current_run = apps_state.sandbox.current_run.lock().await.clone();
 
-    let effective = build_effective_state(
-        &baseline,
-        current_run.as_ref(),
-    );
+    let effective = build_effective_state(&baseline, current_run.as_ref());
 
     SandboxStateView {
         baseline,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/bridge.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/bridge.rs
index 0b80348c6..4a2840fa3 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/bridge.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/bridge.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
-use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager};
 use crate::bridge::BridgeOrigin;
-use crate::runtime::{app_id_from_webview_label, is_allowed_app_url, protocol_scheme_for_app, resolve_possibly_impostor_running_app, PossiblyImpostorRuntime};
 use crate::runtime::webview_locator::get_webview_in_sage_window;
+use crate::runtime::{
+    PossiblyImpostorRuntime, app_id_from_webview_label, is_allowed_app_url,
+    protocol_scheme_for_app, resolve_possibly_impostor_running_app,
+};
+use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager};
 
 pub(crate) async fn assert_bridge_origin(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
@@ -42,5 +45,8 @@ pub(crate) async fn assert_bridge_origin(
         ));
     }
 
-    Ok(BridgeOrigin { app, impostor_runtime: impostor_runtime.cloned() })
+    Ok(BridgeOrigin {
+        app,
+        impostor_runtime: impostor_runtime.cloned(),
+    })
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/csp.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/csp.rs
index c4997850b..a5ce04724 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/csp.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/csp.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use std::collections::BTreeSet;
 
-use crate::types::{SharedSageApp};
+use crate::types::SharedSageApp;
 
 fn csp_source_list(items: &[String]) -> String {
     items.join(" ")
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/mod.rs
index e2bbf4636..bd090cd0d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/mod.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
+mod bridge;
 pub mod csp;
 pub mod protocol;
-mod bridge;
 
+pub(crate) use bridge::*;
 pub use csp::*;
 pub use protocol::*;
-pub(crate) use bridge::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
index 97c644041..4ea2a08c4 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
-use crate::runtime::{app_id_from_webview_label, resolve_possibly_impostor_running_app_immediate, PossiblyImpostorRuntime};
+use crate::runtime::{
+    PossiblyImpostorRuntime, app_id_from_webview_label,
+    resolve_possibly_impostor_running_app_immediate,
+};
 use crate::security::build_app_csp;
 use anyhow::{Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
 use std::fs;
@@ -48,14 +51,16 @@ pub fn handle_system_app_protocol_request(
     result.unwrap_or_else(|err| protocol_error_response("sage-system-app", &err))
 }
 
-fn get_protocol_request_runtime(ctx: &UriSchemeContext<'_, Wry>) -> AnyResult<PossiblyImpostorRuntime> {
+fn get_protocol_request_runtime(
+    ctx: &UriSchemeContext<'_, Wry>,
+) -> AnyResult<PossiblyImpostorRuntime> {
     let webview_label = ctx.webview_label();
 
-    let app_id = app_id_from_webview_label(webview_label)
-        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("invalid webview label"))?;
+    let app_id =
+        app_id_from_webview_label(webview_label).ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("invalid webview label"))?;
 
     resolve_possibly_impostor_running_app_immediate(&ctx.app_handle().state(), app_id)
-            .map_err(|_| anyhow!("failed to find runtime for app {app_id}"))
+        .map_err(|_| anyhow!("failed to find runtime for app {app_id}"))
 }
 
 fn handle_app_protocol_request(
@@ -74,9 +79,8 @@ fn handle_app_protocol_request(
     let content_app = runtime.content_app();
     let request_path = request.uri().path();
 
-    let file_path = content_app.with(|app| {
-        app.active_snapshot().resolve_file_path(request_path)
-    })?;
+    let file_path =
+        content_app.with(|app| app.active_snapshot().resolve_file_path(request_path))?;
 
     let mime = mime_guess::from_path(&file_path)
         .first_or_octet_stream()
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
index b2572b374..a7158620d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,18 @@
+use crate::capabilities::list::{SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
+use crate::types::{
+    InstalledSageAppStorage, SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppPackageManifest,
+    SageAppSnapshot, SageAppWalletScope, SageGrantedPermissions, SageGrantedSystemPermissions,
+    SystemSageApp,
+};
+use crate::utils::builtin_apps_root;
+use anyhow::Result as AnyResult;
+use serde::Serialize;
+use specta::Type;
+use std::fmt::Display;
 use std::{
     fs,
     path::{Path, PathBuf},
 };
-use std::fmt::Display;
-use anyhow::{Result as AnyResult};
-use serde::Serialize;
-use specta::Type;
-use crate::capabilities::list::{SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
-use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppWalletScope, SageGrantedPermissions, SageGrantedSystemPermissions, SystemSageApp};
-use crate::utils::builtin_apps_root;
 
 pub const SYSTEM_APP_TASK_MANAGER_ID: &str = "task-manager";
 pub const SYSTEM_APP_APP_UPDATE_ID: &str = "app-update";
@@ -43,7 +47,7 @@ const BUILTIN_SYSTEM_APPS: &[BuiltinSystemAppSpec] = &[
             SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerKillRuntime,
             SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerListenRuntimesChanged,
         ],
-        user_grantable_capabilities: &[]
+        user_grantable_capabilities: &[],
     },
     BuiltinSystemAppSpec {
         app_id: SYSTEM_APP_APP_UPDATE_ID,
@@ -58,7 +62,7 @@ const BUILTIN_SYSTEM_APPS: &[BuiltinSystemAppSpec] = &[
             SystemBridgeCapability::WalletListWallets,
             SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerCloseSelf,
         ],
-        user_grantable_capabilities: &[]
+        user_grantable_capabilities: &[],
     },
     BuiltinSystemAppSpec {
         app_id: SYSTEM_APP_APP_INSTALL_ID,
@@ -72,7 +76,7 @@ const BUILTIN_SYSTEM_APPS: &[BuiltinSystemAppSpec] = &[
             SystemBridgeCapability::WalletListWallets,
             SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerCloseSelf,
         ],
-        user_grantable_capabilities: &[]
+        user_grantable_capabilities: &[],
     },
     BuiltinSystemAppSpec {
         app_id: SYSTEM_APP_BRIDGE_APPROVAL_ID,
@@ -86,7 +90,7 @@ const BUILTIN_SYSTEM_APPS: &[BuiltinSystemAppSpec] = &[
             SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerHideSelf,
             SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerCloseSelf,
         ],
-        user_grantable_capabilities: &[]
+        user_grantable_capabilities: &[],
     },
     BuiltinSystemAppSpec {
         app_id: SYSTEM_APP_DONATION_ID,
@@ -96,9 +100,7 @@ const BUILTIN_SYSTEM_APPS: &[BuiltinSystemAppSpec] = &[
             SystemBridgeCapability::DonationGetDetails,
             SystemBridgeCapability::RuntimeManagerCloseSelf,
         ],
-        user_grantable_capabilities: &[
-            UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXchAutoSubmit,
-        ],
+        user_grantable_capabilities: &[UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXchAutoSubmit],
     },
     BuiltinSystemAppSpec {
         app_id: SYSTEM_APP_SANDBOX_TESTS_ID,
@@ -150,10 +152,13 @@ pub fn builtin_system_apps_root() -> PathBuf {
     builtin_apps_root().join("system")
 }
 
-fn read_builtin_manifest(app_dir: &Path) -> Result<SageAppPackageManifest, ReadBuiltinManifestError> {
+fn read_builtin_manifest(
+    app_dir: &Path,
+) -> Result<SageAppPackageManifest, ReadBuiltinManifestError> {
     let manifest_path = app_dir.join("sage-manifest.json");
 
-    let manifest_text = fs::read_to_string(&manifest_path).map_err(|_| ReadBuiltinManifestError::NotFound)?;
+    let manifest_text =
+        fs::read_to_string(&manifest_path).map_err(|_| ReadBuiltinManifestError::NotFound)?;
 
     serde_json::from_str(&manifest_text).map_err(|_| ReadBuiltinManifestError::ParseFailed)
 }
@@ -223,9 +228,7 @@ pub fn build_builtin_system_app(app_id: &str) -> Result<Option<SageApp>, AppBuil
     ) {
         Ok(s) => s,
         Err(err) => {
-            eprintln!(
-                "[build_builtin_system_app] snapshot failure for {app_id}: {err:?}"
-            );
+            eprintln!("[build_builtin_system_app] snapshot failure for {app_id}: {err:?}");
             return Err(AppBuildError::InternalError);
         }
     };
@@ -237,9 +240,7 @@ pub fn build_builtin_system_app(app_id: &str) -> Result<Option<SageApp>, AppBuil
     ) {
         Ok(i) => i,
         Err(err) => {
-            eprintln!(
-                "[build_builtin_system_app] identity failure for {app_id}: {err:?}"
-            );
+            eprintln!("[build_builtin_system_app] identity failure for {app_id}: {err:?}");
             return Err(AppBuildError::InternalError);
         }
     };
@@ -249,13 +250,11 @@ pub fn build_builtin_system_app(app_id: &str) -> Result<Option<SageApp>, AppBuil
         granted_permissions,
         InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
         snapshot,
-        SageAppWalletScope::AllWallets
+        SageAppWalletScope::AllWallets,
     ) {
         Ok(c) => c,
         Err(err) => {
-            eprintln!(
-                "[build_builtin_system_app] common failure for {app_id}: {err:?}"
-            );
+            eprintln!("[build_builtin_system_app] common failure for {app_id}: {err:?}");
             return Err(AppBuildError::InternalError);
         }
     };
@@ -273,7 +272,9 @@ pub fn list_builtin_system_apps() -> AnyResult<Vec<SageApp>> {
     let mut out = Vec::new();
 
     for spec in BUILTIN_SYSTEM_APPS {
-        if let Some(app) = build_builtin_system_app(spec.app_id).map_err(|err| anyhow::anyhow!(format!("{err}")))? {
+        if let Some(app) = build_builtin_system_app(spec.app_id)
+            .map_err(|err| anyhow::anyhow!(format!("{err}")))?
+        {
             out.push(app);
         }
     }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
index a274901ae..d45f5260e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
-use std::path::PathBuf;
-use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize};
 use crate::sandbox::SANDBOX_TEST_ID_PREFIX;
+use crate::types::app::SageAppWalletScope;
 use crate::types::app::flags::SageAppFlags;
 use crate::types::app::preview::UserSageAppPendingUpdate;
-use crate::types::app::SageAppWalletScope;
 use crate::types::app::snapshot::SageAppSnapshot;
 use crate::types::invariants::{
     resolve_app_capability_flags, validate_snapshot_entry_and_icon_exist,
@@ -11,6 +9,8 @@ use crate::types::invariants::{
 use crate::types::normalizers::normalized_non_empty_string;
 use crate::types::permissions::{SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions};
 use crate::types::storage::InstalledSageAppStorage;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize};
+use std::path::PathBuf;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize)]
 pub struct SageAppIdentity {
@@ -37,7 +37,14 @@ impl SageAppCommon {
         snapshot: SageAppSnapshot,
         wallet_scope: SageAppWalletScope,
     ) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
-        Self::build(identity, granted_permissions, storage, snapshot, wallet_scope, None)
+        Self::build(
+            identity,
+            granted_permissions,
+            storage,
+            snapshot,
+            wallet_scope,
+            None,
+        )
     }
 
     pub fn clone_for_rollback(&self) -> Self {
@@ -152,7 +159,9 @@ impl SageAppCommon {
         Ok(common)
     }
 
-    pub fn identity(&self) -> &SageAppIdentity { &self.identity }
+    pub fn identity(&self) -> &SageAppIdentity {
+        &self.identity
+    }
     pub fn id(&self) -> &str {
         &self.identity.id
     }
@@ -274,11 +283,6 @@ impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for SageAppIdentity {
     {
         let raw = SageAppIdentityRaw::deserialize(deserializer)?;
 
-        SageAppIdentity::new(
-            raw.id,
-            raw.origin_id,
-            raw.app_dir,
-        )
-            .map_err(serde::de::Error::custom)
+        SageAppIdentity::new(raw.id, raw.origin_id, raw.app_dir).map_err(serde::de::Error::custom)
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/flags.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/flags.rs
index cf59d6808..3a151c82f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/flags.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/flags.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::capabilities::CapabilityFlags;
+use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/mod.rs
index 18c8622f7..3737b49f6 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/mod.rs
@@ -18,11 +18,12 @@ pub(crate) use donation::SageAppDonation;
 pub(crate) use preview::{SageAppUrlPreview, UserSageAppPendingUpdate};
 pub(crate) use retired_origin::RetiredAppOriginEntry;
 pub(crate) use snapshot::SageAppSnapshot;
-pub(crate) use system_apps::{AppPresentation, AppModalPresentation, SystemSageApp};
+pub(crate) use system_apps::{AppModalPresentation, AppPresentation, SystemSageApp};
 pub(crate) use user_apps::{
-    CorruptedInstalledSageApp, ListedSageApp, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource, SageApp, ResolvedApp, ResolvedStoppedApp, ResolvedRunningApp
+    CorruptedInstalledSageApp, ListedSageApp, ResolvedApp, ResolvedRunningApp, ResolvedStoppedApp,
+    SageApp, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
 };
-pub(crate) use view::{ListedSageAppView, SageAppView, UserSageAppView, SageAppIconView};
+pub(crate) use view::{ListedSageAppView, SageAppIconView, SageAppView, UserSageAppView};
 pub(crate) use wallet_scope::SageAppWalletScope;
 
 pub(super) use flags::SageAppFlags;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/preview.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/preview.rs
index 5d672c64e..efea480e4 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/preview.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/preview.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
 use serde::Serialize;
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::types::{SageAppIconView, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestPreview, SageAppUrl};
 use crate::types::normalizers::normalized_non_empty_string;
+use crate::types::{
+    SageAppIconView, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestPreview, SageAppUrl,
+};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
@@ -59,7 +61,7 @@ impl SageAppUrlPreview {
             app_url: app_url.clone(),
             manifest_hash: normalized_non_empty_string(manifest_hash, "manifest hash")?,
             manifest,
-            icon
+            icon,
         })
     }
 
@@ -72,7 +74,8 @@ impl SageAppUrlPreview {
             app_url,
             SageAppPackageManifestPreview::Full { manifest },
             manifest_hash,
-        ).await
+        )
+        .await
     }
 
     pub async fn from_pending_update(pending: &UserSageAppPendingUpdate) -> Self {
@@ -84,7 +87,7 @@ impl SageAppUrlPreview {
             manifest: SageAppPackageManifestPreview::Full {
                 manifest: pending.manifest().clone(),
             },
-            icon
+            icon,
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/retired_origin.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/retired_origin.rs
index 65e3e8f21..c7cbd803b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/retired_origin.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/retired_origin.rs
@@ -62,7 +62,6 @@ impl RetiredAppOriginEntry {
     }
 }
 
-
 #[cfg(test)]
 impl RetiredAppOriginEntry {
     pub fn cleanup_pending(&self) -> bool {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/snapshot.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/snapshot.rs
index 4481f777a..0aebd30dc 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/snapshot.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/snapshot.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer};
-use std::path::{Component, Path, PathBuf};
-use serde::Serialize;
 use crate::types::manifest::SageAppPackageManifest;
 use crate::types::normalizers::normalized_non_empty_string;
+use serde::Serialize;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer};
+use std::path::{Component, Path, PathBuf};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize)]
 pub struct SageAppSnapshot {
@@ -119,11 +119,7 @@ impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for SageAppSnapshot {
     {
         let raw = SageAppSnapshotDeserialize::deserialize(deserializer)?;
 
-        SageAppSnapshot::new(
-            raw.manifest_hash,
-            raw.snapshot_dir,
-            raw.manifest,
-        )
+        SageAppSnapshot::new(raw.manifest_hash, raw.snapshot_dir, raw.manifest)
             .map_err(serde::de::Error::custom)
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/system_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/system_apps.rs
index d77a2432c..ca5214bbb 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/system_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/system_apps.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-use serde::Serialize;
-use specta::Type;
 use crate::system_apps::SystemAppUsage;
+use crate::types::SageApp;
 use crate::types::app::common::SageAppCommon;
 use crate::types::permissions::SageGrantedSystemPermissions;
-use crate::types::SageApp;
+use serde::Serialize;
+use specta::Type;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
 #[serde(tag = "kind")]
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ impl AppModalPresentation {
         Self {
             visible_over_app_ids: app_ids,
             visible_over_launchpad: false,
-            priority
+            priority,
         }
     }
 
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ impl AppModalPresentation {
         Self {
             visible_over_app_ids: vec![app_id],
             visible_over_launchpad: true,
-            priority
+            priority,
         }
     }
 
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ impl AppModalPresentation {
         self.visible_over_app_ids = target_app_ids;
         true
     }
-    
+
     pub fn priority(&self) -> i32 {
         self.priority
     }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs
index 290b6b06d..63c0a51f2 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs
@@ -1,22 +1,22 @@
 use crate::capabilities::list::BridgeCapability;
+use crate::lifecycle::write_metadata_for_app;
 use crate::runtime::SharedRuntime;
+use crate::types::SageAppUrl;
 use crate::types::app::common::SageAppCommon;
 use crate::types::app::flags::SageAppFlags;
 use crate::types::app::preview::UserSageAppPendingUpdate;
 use crate::types::app::snapshot::SageAppSnapshot;
 use crate::types::app::system_apps::SystemSageApp;
+use crate::types::app::view::SageAppIconView;
 use crate::types::permissions::{
     SageGrantedPermissions, SageGrantedSystemPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions,
 };
 use crate::types::storage::InstalledSageAppStorage;
-use crate::types::SageAppUrl;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use tokio::sync::OwnedMutexGuard;
-use crate::lifecycle::{write_metadata_for_app};
-use crate::types::app::view::SageAppIconView;
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct ResolvedStoppedApp {
@@ -129,9 +129,7 @@ impl SharedSageApp {
     {
         let mut app = self.inner.write();
 
-        let previous_app = app
-            .clone_for_rollback()
-            .map_err(|err| err.to_string())?;
+        let previous_app = app.clone_for_rollback().map_err(|err| err.to_string())?;
 
         match f(&mut app) {
             Ok(value) => {
@@ -179,7 +177,10 @@ impl SharedSageApp {
     }
 
     pub fn pending_update(&self) -> Option<UserSageAppPendingUpdate> {
-        self.with(|app| app.as_user().and_then(|user| user.pending_update().cloned()))
+        self.with(|app| {
+            app.as_user()
+                .and_then(|user| user.pending_update().cloned())
+        })
     }
 
     pub fn is_capability_granted(&self, capability: BridgeCapability) -> bool {
@@ -188,12 +189,9 @@ impl SharedSageApp {
                 app.granted_permissions().has_capability(capability)
             }
 
-            BridgeCapability::System(capability) => {
-                app.system_granted_permissions()
-                    .is_some_and(|permissions| {
-                        permissions.capabilities().contains(&capability)
-                    })
-            }
+            BridgeCapability::System(capability) => app
+                .system_granted_permissions()
+                .is_some_and(|permissions| permissions.capabilities().contains(&capability)),
         })
     }
 
@@ -443,10 +441,7 @@ impl CorruptedInstalledSageApp {
         }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn with_icon(
-        mut self,
-        icon: Option<SageAppIconView>,
-    ) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn with_icon(mut self, icon: Option<SageAppIconView>) -> Self {
         self.icon = icon;
         self
     }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/common.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/common.rs
index 06be51c77..575e99abe 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/common.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/common.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,12 @@
-use serde::{Serialize};
-use specta::Type;
-use url::Url;
 use crate::types::app::view::permission::SageGrantedPermissionsView;
 use crate::types::app::view::snapshot::SageAppSnapshotView;
-use crate::types::{SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestPreview, SageAppUrl, SageAppWalletScope};
+use crate::types::{
+    SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestPreview,
+    SageAppUrl, SageAppWalletScope,
+};
+use serde::Serialize;
+use specta::Type;
+use url::Url;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
@@ -45,7 +48,7 @@ impl From<&SageAppIdentity> for SageAppIdentityView {
     fn from(value: &SageAppIdentity) -> Self {
         Self {
             id: value.id().to_string(),
-            origin_id: value.origin_id().to_string()
+            origin_id: value.origin_id().to_string(),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -57,20 +60,13 @@ impl SageAppIconView {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn author_avatar_from_common(common: &SageAppCommon) -> Option<Self> {
-        let avatar_path = common
-            .active_snapshot()
-            .manifest()
-            .author()?
-            .avatar()?;
+        let avatar_path = common.active_snapshot().manifest().author()?.avatar()?;
 
         Self::from_common_file(common, avatar_path)
     }
 
     fn from_common_file(common: &SageAppCommon, path: &str) -> Option<Self> {
-        let file_path = common
-            .active_snapshot()
-            .resolve_file_path(path)
-            .ok()?;
+        let file_path = common.active_snapshot().resolve_file_path(path).ok()?;
 
         Self::from_file_path(&file_path)
     }
@@ -101,7 +97,9 @@ impl SageAppIconView {
             SageAppPackageManifestPreview::Full { manifest } => {
                 Self::from_url_manifest(base, manifest).await
             }
-            SageAppPackageManifestPreview::Partial { manifest_header, .. } => {
+            SageAppPackageManifestPreview::Partial {
+                manifest_header, ..
+            } => {
                 let icon_path = manifest_header.icon.as_deref()?;
 
                 Self::from_url(base, icon_path).await
@@ -109,10 +107,7 @@ impl SageAppIconView {
         }
     }
 
-    async fn from_url(
-        base: &SageAppUrl,
-        icon_path: &str,
-    ) -> Option<Self> {
+    async fn from_url(base: &SageAppUrl, icon_path: &str) -> Option<Self> {
         let base_url = Url::parse(base.as_str()).ok()?;
         let resolved = base_url.join(icon_path).ok()?;
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/mod.rs
index 3c4832c53..0459251b9 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/mod.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
-mod user_apps;
-mod system_apps;
 mod common;
-mod snapshot;
-mod permission;
 mod network;
+mod permission;
 mod preview;
+mod snapshot;
+mod system_apps;
+mod user_apps;
 
-pub(crate) use user_apps::{ListedSageAppView, SageAppView, UserSageAppView};
 pub(crate) use common::SageAppIconView;
-
+pub(crate) use user_apps::{ListedSageAppView, SageAppView, UserSageAppView};
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/network.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/network.rs
index 87fb117a0..f943ec7bd 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/network.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/network.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-use serde::{Serialize};
-use specta::Type;
 use crate::types::SageNetworkWhitelistEntry;
+use serde::Serialize;
+use specta::Type;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/permission.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/permission.rs
index f8c5d9c6a..b51afbdf3 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/permission.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/permission.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-use std::collections::BTreeSet;
-use serde::{Serialize};
-use specta::Type;
 use crate::capabilities::list::{SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
-use crate::types::{SageGrantedPermissions, SageGrantedSystemPermissions};
 use crate::types::app::view::network::SageNetworkWhitelistEntryView;
 use crate::types::permissions::SageGrantedNetworkPermissions;
+use crate::types::{SageGrantedPermissions, SageGrantedSystemPermissions};
+use serde::Serialize;
+use specta::Type;
+use std::collections::BTreeSet;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
@@ -37,11 +37,7 @@ impl From<&SageGrantedPermissions> for SageGrantedPermissionsView {
 impl From<&SageGrantedNetworkPermissions> for SageGrantedNetworkPermissionsView {
     fn from(value: &SageGrantedNetworkPermissions) -> Self {
         Self {
-            whitelist: value
-                .whitelist()
-                .iter()
-                .map(Into::into)
-                .collect(),
+            whitelist: value.whitelist().iter().map(Into::into).collect(),
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/preview.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/preview.rs
index 214bf2392..6da15f8f2 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/preview.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/preview.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-use serde::{Serialize};
-use specta::Type;
 use crate::types::{SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppUrl, UserSageAppPendingUpdate};
+use serde::Serialize;
+use specta::Type;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/snapshot.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/snapshot.rs
index 8f610efe8..16d8f5f13 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/snapshot.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/snapshot.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-use serde::{Serialize};
-use specta::Type;
 use crate::types::{SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot};
+use serde::Serialize;
+use specta::Type;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/system_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/system_apps.rs
index b92f30e44..16f8ad1f9 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/system_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/system_apps.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-use serde::{Serialize};
-use specta::Type;
-use crate::types::{SystemSageApp};
+use crate::types::SystemSageApp;
 use crate::types::app::view::common::SageAppCommonView;
 use crate::types::app::view::permission::SageGrantedSystemPermissionsView;
+use serde::Serialize;
+use specta::Type;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/user_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/user_apps.rs
index 268141a9d..39188b9f5 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/user_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/user_apps.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,12 @@
-use serde::{Serialize};
-use specta::Type;
-use crate::types::{CorruptedInstalledSageApp, ListedSageApp, SageApp, SharedSageApp, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource};
-use crate::types::app::view::system_apps::SystemSageAppView;
 use crate::types::app::view::common::SageAppCommonView;
 use crate::types::app::view::preview::UserSageAppPendingUpdateView;
+use crate::types::app::view::system_apps::SystemSageAppView;
+use crate::types::{
+    CorruptedInstalledSageApp, ListedSageApp, SageApp, SharedSageApp, UserSageApp,
+    UserSageAppSource,
+};
+use serde::Serialize;
+use specta::Type;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "camelCase")]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/manifest.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/manifest.rs
index 56b7a59db..3585bcf92 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/manifest.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/manifest.rs
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for SageAppPackageManifest {
             author: raw.author,
             donation: raw.donation,
         })
-            .map_err(serde::de::Error::custom)
+        .map_err(serde::de::Error::custom)
     }
 }
 
@@ -396,7 +396,7 @@ mod tests {
                 ],
             ),
         )
-            .unwrap()
+        .unwrap()
     }
 
     fn manifest_header_parts() -> (SageAppManifestVersion, SageAppManifestSageVersion) {
@@ -439,7 +439,7 @@ mod tests {
             author: None,
             donation: None,
         })
-            .unwrap()
+        .unwrap()
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -458,7 +458,7 @@ mod tests {
             author: None,
             donation: None,
         })
-            .unwrap_err();
+        .unwrap_err();
 
         assert!(err.to_string().contains("name cannot be empty"));
     }
@@ -479,7 +479,7 @@ mod tests {
             author: None,
             donation: None,
         })
-            .unwrap_err();
+        .unwrap_err();
 
         assert!(err.to_string().contains("version cannot be empty"));
     }
@@ -500,7 +500,7 @@ mod tests {
             author: None,
             donation: None,
         })
-            .unwrap_err();
+        .unwrap_err();
 
         assert!(err.to_string().contains("unsupported manifestVersion 1"));
     }
@@ -521,7 +521,7 @@ mod tests {
             author: None,
             donation: None,
         })
-            .unwrap();
+        .unwrap();
 
         assert_eq!(manifest.total_bytes(), 123);
     }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs
index 5167328c9..0825b4dc6 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs
@@ -11,31 +11,29 @@ mod view;
 pub use app::SharedSageApp;
 
 pub(crate) use app::{
-    CorruptedInstalledSageApp, ListedSageApp, RetiredAppOriginEntry, SageApp, SageAppCommon,
-    SageAppIdentity, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppUrlPreview, AppPresentation, AppModalPresentation, SystemSageApp,
-    UserSageApp, UserSageAppPendingUpdate, UserSageAppSource, SageAppView, ResolvedApp, ResolvedStoppedApp, ResolvedRunningApp,
-    ListedSageAppView, UserSageAppView, SageAppIconView, SageAppWalletScope
+    AppModalPresentation, AppPresentation, CorruptedInstalledSageApp, ListedSageApp,
+    ListedSageAppView, ResolvedApp, ResolvedRunningApp, ResolvedStoppedApp, RetiredAppOriginEntry,
+    SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppIconView, SageAppIdentity, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppUrlPreview,
+    SageAppView, SageAppWalletScope, SystemSageApp, UserSageApp, UserSageAppPendingUpdate,
+    UserSageAppSource, UserSageAppView,
 };
 pub(crate) use manifest::{
-    SageAppManifestFile, SageAppManifestHeaderV0,
-    SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestPreview,
-    parse_manifest_header_v0_from_value,
+    SageAppManifestFile, SageAppManifestHeaderV0, SageAppPackageManifest,
+    SageAppPackageManifestPreview, parse_manifest_header_v0_from_value,
 };
 pub(crate) use network::SageNetworkWhitelistEntry;
 pub(crate) use permissions::{
-    SageGrantedPermissions, SageGrantedSystemPermissions,
-    SageRequestedPermissions,
+    SageGrantedPermissions, SageGrantedSystemPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions,
 };
 pub(crate) use storage::{
     InstalledSageAppStorage, PendingStorageCleanupEntry, PendingStorageCleanupTarget,
 };
-pub(crate) use view::{
-    SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView,
-    SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
-};
+pub(crate) use view::{SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView, SageGrantedPermissionsInput};
 
 #[cfg(test)]
-pub(crate) use manifest::{SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageAppManifestSageVersion, SageAppManifestVersion};
+pub(crate) use manifest::{
+    SageAppManifestSageVersion, SageAppManifestVersion, SageAppPackageManifestParts,
+};
 #[cfg(test)]
 pub(crate) use permissions::{SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions};
 pub(crate) use url::{MANIFEST_FILE_NAME, SageAppManifestUrl, SageAppUrl};
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs
index d2a79ed64..d9af45009 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
+use crate::capabilities::get_user_capability_definition;
 use crate::capabilities::list::{
     SharedCapabilitiesExt, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability,
 };
-use crate::capabilities::{get_user_capability_definition};
 use crate::types::invariants::{
     build_user_grantable_capability_set, split_required_optional_set, validate_permissions_policy,
     validate_requested_capabilities_are_requestable,
@@ -188,10 +188,7 @@ impl SageGrantedPermissions {
             capabilities.insert(capability);
         }
 
-        let network = SageGrantedNetworkPermissions::new(
-            &requested.network,
-            network_whitelist,
-        )?;
+        let network = SageGrantedNetworkPermissions::new(&requested.network, network_whitelist)?;
 
         let effective_capabilities = requested
             .capabilities
@@ -431,7 +428,7 @@ impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for SageGrantedPermissions {
             raw.network.whitelist_iter().cloned(),
             "granted permissions",
         )
-            .map_err(serde::de::Error::custom)?;
+        .map_err(serde::de::Error::custom)?;
 
         Ok(Self {
             capabilities: raw.capabilities,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/storage.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/storage.rs
index a08b99d2b..c94970ffc 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/storage.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/storage.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
+use crate::types::SharedSageApp;
 use crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 use uuid::Uuid;
-use crate::types::SharedSageApp;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
 #[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "camelCase")]
diff --git a/crates/sage-assets/src/price.rs b/crates/sage-assets/src/price.rs
index b25735ee1..4ee128521 100644
--- a/crates/sage-assets/src/price.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-assets/src/price.rs
@@ -14,10 +14,7 @@ impl XchUsdPrice {
     pub async fn fetch() -> Result<Self, UriError> {
         let response = price_client()?
             .get("https://api.coingecko.com/api/v3/simple/price")
-            .query(&[
-                ("ids", "chia"),
-                ("vs_currencies", "usd"),
-            ])
+            .query(&[("ids", "chia"), ("vs_currencies", "usd")])
             .send()
             .await?
             .error_for_status()?
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/commands.rs b/src-tauri/src/commands.rs
index 5cb048952..55699e9f1 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/commands.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/commands.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,15 @@
 use std::{fs, time::Duration};
 
+use crate::{
+    app_state::{self, AppState, Initialized, RpcTask},
+    error::Result,
+};
 use chia_wallet_sdk::utils::Address;
 use reqwest::StatusCode;
 use sage::Error;
 use sage_api::{wallet_connect::*, *};
 use sage_api_macro::impl_endpoints_tauri;
+use sage_apps::ensure_initial_sandbox_run;
 use sage_config::{NetworkConfig, Wallet, WalletDefaults};
 use sage_rpc::start_rpc;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
@@ -12,11 +17,6 @@ use specta::{Type, specta};
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State, command};
 use tokio::time::sleep;
 use tracing::error;
-use sage_apps::ensure_initial_sandbox_run;
-use crate::{
-    app_state::{self, AppState, Initialized, RpcTask},
-    error::Result,
-};
 
 #[command]
 #[specta]
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
index 63e1c1fd1..911843776 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
@@ -11,9 +11,11 @@ mod app_state;
 mod commands;
 mod error;
 
+use sage_apps::{
+    AppsHostState, handle_system_app_protocol_request, handle_user_app_protocol_request,
+};
 #[cfg(all(debug_assertions, not(mobile)))]
 use specta_typescript::{BigIntExportBehavior, Typescript};
-use sage_apps::{handle_system_app_protocol_request, handle_user_app_protocol_request, AppsHostState};
 
 #[cfg_attr(mobile, tauri::mobile_entry_point)]
 pub fn run() {
@@ -219,11 +221,8 @@ pub fn run() {
             let app_handle = app.handle().clone();
             let cleanup_base_path = path.clone();
             tauri::async_runtime::spawn(async move {
-                if let Err(err) = apps::process_pending_storage_cleanup(
-                    &app_handle,
-                    &cleanup_base_path,
-                )
-                .await
+                if let Err(err) =
+                    apps::process_pending_storage_cleanup(&app_handle, &cleanup_base_path).await
                 {
                     eprintln!("failed to retry pending storage cleanup on startup: {err}");
                 }

From c224c36d85f77d5ea967752fa6409435366020dd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 8 May 2026 05:48:12 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 381/471] Refactor permissions types: split `permissions.rs`
 into modular components

- Moved granted permissions logic to `permissions/granted.rs`, introducing support for network-specific whitelists (`whitelist_by_network`).
- Removed unused and redundant code in `permissions.rs` and `view.rs`.
- Streamlined permissions handling by breaking down complex logic into manageable components for better maintainability.
---
 .../src/components/ReviewInstallView.tsx      |   2 +-
 .../apps/app-install/src/utils/permissions.ts |  27 +-
 .../src/components/PermissionsReviewBody.tsx  |   2 +-
 .../src/components/UpdateReviewBody.tsx       |   5 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs       |   2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs          |   2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs |  10 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs |  14 +-
 .../sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs   |   3 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs     |  10 +-
 .../src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs       |  16 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs  |   4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs           |   2 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs      |  22 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/mod.rs         |   3 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/mod.rs    |   1 +
 .../src/types/app/view/permission.rs          | 127 ++++-
 .../src/types/invariants/permission.rs        |  18 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/manifest.rs        |   4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs             |  11 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs     | 535 ------------------
 .../src/types/permissions/granted.rs          | 396 +++++++++++++
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/mod.rs |  13 +
 .../src/types/permissions/requested.rs        | 260 +++++++++
 .../sage-apps/src/types/permissions/tests.rs  | 152 +++++
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/view.rs            | 119 ----
 package.json                                  |   8 +-
 .../PermissionsEditor/PermissionsEditor.tsx   | 101 +++-
 .../src/components/PermissionsEditor/index.ts |   1 +
 .../PermissionsEditor/permissionEntries.ts    |   2 +
 .../src/components/PermissionsEditor/types.ts |   1 +
 .../src/components/PermissionsEditor/utils.ts |  28 +-
 src/bindings.ts                               |   6 +-
 33 files changed, 1194 insertions(+), 713 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/granted.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/mod.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/requested.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/tests.rs
 delete mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/types/view.rs

diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/ReviewInstallView.tsx b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/ReviewInstallView.tsx
index f5105d639..12a907003 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/ReviewInstallView.tsx
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/ReviewInstallView.tsx
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ export function ReviewInstallView({
         {step === 'permissions' ? (
           <PermissionsEditor
             app={previewApp}
-            grantedPermissions={grantedPermissions}
+            grantedPermissions={previewApp.common.grantedPermissions}
             capabilityDefinitions={definitions}
             editable={!installing}
             onGrantedPermissionsChange={setGrantedPermissions}
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/utils/permissions.ts b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/utils/permissions.ts
index 80aebbcf4..d26f82397 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/utils/permissions.ts
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/utils/permissions.ts
@@ -25,6 +25,22 @@ function sortNetwork(
   return [...values].sort((a, b) => networkKey(a).localeCompare(networkKey(b)));
 }
 
+function normalizeGrantedPermissionsView(
+  permissions: SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
+): SageGrantedPermissionsView {
+  return {
+    capabilities: sortCapabilities(permissions.capabilities ?? []),
+    network: {
+      whitelist: sortNetwork(permissions.network.whitelist ?? []),
+      whitelistByNetwork: Object.fromEntries(
+        Object.entries(permissions.network.whitelistByNetwork ?? {}).map(
+          ([networkId, whitelist]) => [networkId, sortNetwork(whitelist ?? [])],
+        ),
+      ),
+    },
+  };
+}
+
 function definitionMap(definitions: SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView[]) {
   return new Map(
     definitions.map((definition) => [
@@ -44,7 +60,10 @@ function isUserGrantable(
 export function emptyGrantedPermissions(): SageGrantedPermissionsInput {
   return {
     capabilities: [],
-    network: { whitelist: [] },
+    network: {
+      whitelist: [],
+      whitelistByNetwork: {},
+    },
   };
 }
 
@@ -78,7 +97,7 @@ export function installManifest(
 
 export function buildPreviewApp(
   manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
-  grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissionsView,
+  grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
 ): UserSageAppView {
   return {
     common: {
@@ -86,8 +105,8 @@ export function buildPreviewApp(
         id: '__install_preview__',
         originId: '__install_preview__',
       },
-      grantedPermissions,
-      walletScope: {kind: 'selectedWallets', fingerprints: []},
+      grantedPermissions: normalizeGrantedPermissionsView(grantedPermissions),
+      walletScope: { kind: 'selectedWallets', fingerprints: [] },
       activeSnapshot: { manifest },
       icon: null,
     },
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/components/PermissionsReviewBody.tsx b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/components/PermissionsReviewBody.tsx
index 468941710..e5f68e063 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/components/PermissionsReviewBody.tsx
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/components/PermissionsReviewBody.tsx
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ export function PermissionsReviewBody({
         {tab === 'permissions' ? (
           <PermissionsEditor
             app={state.app}
-            grantedPermissions={grantedPermissions}
+            grantedPermissions={state.app.common.grantedPermissions}
             capabilityDefinitions={state.definitions}
             editable={!submitting}
             onGrantedPermissionsChange={setGrantedPermissions}
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/components/UpdateReviewBody.tsx b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/components/UpdateReviewBody.tsx
index 48d10ccb1..820655609 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/components/UpdateReviewBody.tsx
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/components/UpdateReviewBody.tsx
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import { useState, useMemo } from 'react';
 import {
   appIconFromCommonView,
   AppModalShell,
+  inputToGrantedPermissionsView,
   PermissionsEditor,
 } from '@sage-app/ui';
 import { formatSageError, getSageSystemClient } from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
@@ -73,7 +74,7 @@ export function UpdateReviewBody({ state }: any) {
       ...state.app,
       common: {
         ...state.app.common,
-        grantedPermissions,
+        grantedPermissions: inputToGrantedPermissionsView(grantedPermissions),
         activeSnapshot: {
           ...state.app.common.activeSnapshot,
           manifest: preview.manifest.manifest,
@@ -110,7 +111,7 @@ export function UpdateReviewBody({ state }: any) {
       <div className='space-y-4'>
         <PermissionsEditor
           app={reviewApp}
-          grantedPermissions={grantedPermissions}
+          grantedPermissions={reviewApp.common.grantedPermissions}
           capabilityDefinitions={state.definitions}
           editable={!submitting}
           onGrantedPermissionsChange={setGrantedPermissions}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
index a268fa415..072f0582a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@ use crate::bridge::bridge_request::{process, process_system};
 use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeInvokeResult, RustBridgeRequest};
 use crate::capabilities::user_registry;
 use crate::host::AppState;
-use crate::types::SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State, Webview};
+use crate::types::SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView;
 
 #[tauri::command]
 #[specta::specta]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs
index 2c8617eb0..0f4dacc59 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ pub struct RustBridgeApprovalRequest {
     pub body: RustBridgeApprovalBody,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub enum RustBridgeApprovalBody {
     GetSecretKey {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
index e181c5164..22328c332 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
@@ -294,6 +294,7 @@ mod tests {
         SageAppWalletScope, SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
         SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions,
     };
+    use std::collections::BTreeMap;
     use tempfile::tempdir;
 
     fn sample_manifest() -> SageAppPackageManifest {
@@ -311,7 +312,9 @@ mod tests {
                         "api.example.com",
                     )],
                     [],
-                ),
+                    [],
+                )
+                .unwrap(),
                 SageRequestedCapabilities::new(
                     [UserBridgeCapability::StoragePersistentWebview],
                     [UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch],
@@ -340,6 +343,7 @@ mod tests {
                 "https",
                 "api.example.com",
             )],
+            BTreeMap::new(),
         );
 
         let installed = install_app_from_source_with_storage(
@@ -384,6 +388,7 @@ mod tests {
                 "https",
                 "evil.example.com",
             )],
+            BTreeMap::new(),
         );
 
         let err = install_app_from_source_with_storage(
@@ -406,7 +411,7 @@ mod tests {
 
         assert!(
             err.to_string()
-                .contains("granted network whitelist entry not requested")
+                .contains("granted shared network whitelist entry not requested")
         );
     }
 
@@ -423,6 +428,7 @@ mod tests {
             manifest.permissions(),
             [UserBridgeCapability::StoragePersistentWebview],
             [],
+            BTreeMap::new(),
         )
         .unwrap();
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
index 99a0901bc..a83b04d30 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
@@ -170,6 +170,7 @@ mod tests {
         SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedCapabilities,
         SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions, SharedSageApp,
     };
+    use std::collections::BTreeMap;
     use tempfile::{TempDir, tempdir};
 
     fn fake_retired_app_origins(
@@ -196,7 +197,9 @@ mod tests {
             SageRequestedNetworkPermissions::new(
                 [],
                 [SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new("https", "api.example.com").unwrap()],
-            ),
+                [],
+            )
+            .unwrap(),
             SageRequestedCapabilities::new(
                 [],
                 [
@@ -244,8 +247,13 @@ mod tests {
             vec![UserBridgeCapability::StoragePersistentWebview]
         };
 
-        let granted_permissions =
-            SageGrantedPermissions::new(manifest.permissions(), granted_capabilities, []).unwrap();
+        let granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions::new(
+            manifest.permissions(),
+            granted_capabilities,
+            [],
+            BTreeMap::new(),
+        )
+        .unwrap();
 
         let snapshot =
             SageAppSnapshot::new("hash", app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(), manifest).unwrap();
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs
index 4d6765078..e2c7b66c4 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs
@@ -275,6 +275,7 @@ fn read_corrupted_installed_app_fallback(
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
+    use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 
     use crate::lifecycle::install::{FakeInstallSource, install_app_from_source_for_test};
     use crate::lifecycle::storage::record_storage_cleanup_failure;
@@ -320,7 +321,7 @@ mod tests {
     ) -> SharedSageApp {
         let manifest = sample_manifest(name);
 
-        let granted = SageGrantedPermissionsInput::new([], []);
+        let granted = SageGrantedPermissionsInput::new([], [], BTreeMap::new());
 
         let installed = install_app_from_source_for_test(
             base,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
index 758290bb6..d4146497c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
@@ -211,6 +211,7 @@ pub async fn apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data(
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
+    use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 
     use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
     use crate::lifecycle::{
@@ -274,8 +275,13 @@ mod tests {
             vec![UserBridgeCapability::StoragePersistentWebview]
         };
 
-        let granted_permissions =
-            SageGrantedPermissions::new(&requested_permissions, granted_capabilities, []).unwrap();
+        let granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions::new(
+            &requested_permissions,
+            granted_capabilities,
+            [],
+            BTreeMap::new(),
+        )
+        .unwrap();
 
         let snapshot =
             SageAppSnapshot::new("hash", app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(), manifest).unwrap();
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
index f16e648a6..a1f8d35b0 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
@@ -156,6 +156,7 @@ async fn emit_granted_permissions_change(
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
+    use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 
     use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
     use crate::lifecycle::install::{FakeInstallSource, install_app_from_source_for_test};
@@ -186,7 +187,9 @@ mod tests {
             SageRequestedNetworkPermissions::new(
                 [network_whitelist_entry("https", "required.example.com")],
                 [network_whitelist_entry("wss", "optional.example.com")],
-            ),
+                [],
+            )
+            .unwrap(),
             SageRequestedCapabilities::new(
                 [],
                 [
@@ -213,7 +216,7 @@ mod tests {
         })
         .unwrap();
 
-        let granted = SageGrantedPermissionsInput::new([], []);
+        let granted = SageGrantedPermissionsInput::new([], [], BTreeMap::new());
 
         let installed = install_app_from_source_for_test(
             base,
@@ -238,7 +241,12 @@ mod tests {
 
         let granted = app
             .try_with(|app| {
-                SageGrantedPermissions::new(app.common().requested_permissions(), [], [])
+                SageGrantedPermissions::new(
+                    app.common().requested_permissions(),
+                    [],
+                    [],
+                    BTreeMap::new(),
+                )
             })
             .unwrap();
 
@@ -322,6 +330,7 @@ mod tests {
                     app.common().requested_permissions(),
                     [UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch],
                     [network_whitelist_entry("https", "required.example.com")],
+                    BTreeMap::new(),
                 )
             })
             .unwrap();
@@ -439,6 +448,7 @@ mod tests {
                     app.common().requested_permissions(),
                     [],
                     [network_whitelist_entry("https", "required.example.com")],
+                    BTreeMap::new(),
                 )
             })
             .unwrap();
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
index 02ea47197..4f2bf8770 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
-use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult};
 use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
+use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult};
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 use std::path::Path;
 use std::{fs, path::PathBuf};
 
@@ -155,6 +156,7 @@ pub fn build_builtin_test_app(app_id: &str) -> Result<Option<SageApp>, AppBuildE
             .whitelist()
             .required()
             .cloned(),
+        BTreeMap::new(),
     )
     .map_err(|_| AppBuildError::InternalError)?;
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
index a7158620d..b28c938ed 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ use crate::utils::builtin_apps_root;
 use anyhow::Result as AnyResult;
 use serde::Serialize;
 use specta::Type;
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 use std::fmt::Display;
 use std::{
     fs,
@@ -211,6 +212,7 @@ pub fn build_builtin_system_app(app_id: &str) -> Result<Option<SageApp>, AppBuil
             .whitelist()
             .required()
             .cloned(),
+        BTreeMap::new(),
     ) {
         Ok(p) => p,
         Err(err) => {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
index d45f5260e..2e335539c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
@@ -85,20 +85,26 @@ impl SageAppCommon {
         &mut self,
         granted_permissions: &SageGrantedPermissions,
     ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-        let required_network = self
-            .active_manifest()
-            .permissions()
-            .network()
-            .whitelist()
-            .required()
-            .cloned();
+        let requested = self.active_manifest().permissions();
+
+        let required_network = requested.network().whitelist().required().cloned();
 
         let granted_network = granted_permissions.network().whitelist_iter().cloned();
 
+        let mut whitelist_by_network = granted_permissions.network().whitelist_by_network().clone();
+
+        for (network_id, whitelist) in requested.network().whitelist_by_network() {
+            whitelist_by_network
+                .entry(network_id.clone())
+                .or_default()
+                .extend(whitelist.required().cloned());
+        }
+
         let granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions::new(
-            self.active_manifest().permissions(),
+            requested,
             granted_permissions.capabilities().copied(),
             required_network.chain(granted_network),
+            whitelist_by_network,
         )?;
 
         let next = Self::build(
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/mod.rs
index 3737b49f6..f01dd1e1f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/mod.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ mod retired_origin;
 mod snapshot;
 mod system_apps;
 mod user_apps;
-mod view;
+pub mod view;
 mod wallet_scope;
 
 pub use user_apps::SharedSageApp;
@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@ pub(crate) use user_apps::{
     CorruptedInstalledSageApp, ListedSageApp, ResolvedApp, ResolvedRunningApp, ResolvedStoppedApp,
     SageApp, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
 };
-pub(crate) use view::{ListedSageAppView, SageAppIconView, SageAppView, UserSageAppView};
 pub(crate) use wallet_scope::SageAppWalletScope;
 
 pub(super) use flags::SageAppFlags;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/mod.rs
index 0459251b9..110177325 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/mod.rs
@@ -8,3 +8,4 @@ mod user_apps;
 
 pub(crate) use common::SageAppIconView;
 pub(crate) use user_apps::{ListedSageAppView, SageAppView, UserSageAppView};
+pub(crate) use permission::{SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView, SageGrantedPermissionsInput};
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/permission.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/permission.rs
index b51afbdf3..1c438c4e4 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/permission.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/permission.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,52 @@
+use std::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet};
+
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use specta::Type;
+
 use crate::capabilities::list::{SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
+use crate::capabilities::{CapabilityDefinition, CapabilityFlags};
 use crate::types::app::view::network::SageNetworkWhitelistEntryView;
 use crate::types::permissions::SageGrantedNetworkPermissions;
-use crate::types::{SageGrantedPermissions, SageGrantedSystemPermissions};
-use serde::Serialize;
-use specta::Type;
-use std::collections::BTreeSet;
+use crate::types::{
+    SageGrantedPermissions, SageGrantedSystemPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
+    SageRequestedPermissions,
+};
+
+#[allow(clippy::struct_excessive_bools)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct SageAppCapabilityFlagsView {
+    externally_observable: bool,
+    accesses_sensitive_secret: bool,
+    requestable_by_app: bool,
+    user_grantable: bool,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView {
+    key: String,
+    label: String,
+    description: String,
+    flags: SageAppCapabilityFlagsView,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct SageGrantedPermissionsInput {
+    capabilities: BTreeSet<UserBridgeCapability>,
+    network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissionsInput,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct SageGrantedNetworkPermissionsInput {
+    #[serde(default)]
+    whitelist: BTreeSet<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
+
+    #[serde(default)]
+    whitelist_by_network: BTreeMap<String, BTreeSet<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>>,
+}
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
@@ -17,6 +59,9 @@ pub struct SageGrantedPermissionsView {
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct SageGrantedNetworkPermissionsView {
     whitelist: BTreeSet<SageNetworkWhitelistEntryView>,
+
+    #[serde(default)]
+    whitelist_by_network: BTreeMap<String, BTreeSet<SageNetworkWhitelistEntryView>>,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
@@ -25,6 +70,48 @@ pub struct SageGrantedSystemPermissionsView {
     capabilities: Vec<SystemBridgeCapability>,
 }
 
+impl SageGrantedPermissionsInput {
+    pub fn new(
+        capabilities: impl IntoIterator<Item = UserBridgeCapability>,
+        network_whitelist: impl IntoIterator<Item = SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
+        network_whitelist_by_network: BTreeMap<String, BTreeSet<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            capabilities: capabilities.into_iter().collect(),
+            network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissionsInput {
+                whitelist: network_whitelist.into_iter().collect(),
+                whitelist_by_network: network_whitelist_by_network,
+            },
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn resolve(
+        &self,
+        requested: &SageRequestedPermissions,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<SageGrantedPermissions> {
+        SageGrantedPermissions::new(
+            requested,
+            self.capabilities.iter().copied(),
+            self.network.whitelist.iter().cloned(),
+            self.network.whitelist_by_network.clone(),
+        )
+    }
+
+    pub fn capabilities(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = UserBridgeCapability> + '_ {
+        self.capabilities.iter().copied()
+    }
+
+    pub fn network_whitelist(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = SageNetworkWhitelistEntry> + '_ {
+        self.network.whitelist.iter().cloned()
+    }
+
+    pub fn network_whitelist_by_network(
+        &self,
+    ) -> &BTreeMap<String, BTreeSet<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>> {
+        &self.network.whitelist_by_network
+    }
+}
+
 impl From<&SageGrantedPermissions> for SageGrantedPermissionsView {
     fn from(permissions: &SageGrantedPermissions) -> Self {
         Self {
@@ -38,6 +125,16 @@ impl From<&SageGrantedNetworkPermissions> for SageGrantedNetworkPermissionsView
     fn from(value: &SageGrantedNetworkPermissions) -> Self {
         Self {
             whitelist: value.whitelist().iter().map(Into::into).collect(),
+            whitelist_by_network: value
+                .whitelist_by_network()
+                .iter()
+                .map(|(network_id, entries)| {
+                    (
+                        network_id.clone(),
+                        entries.iter().map(Into::into).collect(),
+                    )
+                })
+                .collect(),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -49,3 +146,25 @@ impl From<&SageGrantedSystemPermissions> for SageGrantedSystemPermissionsView {
         }
     }
 }
+
+impl From<CapabilityFlags> for SageAppCapabilityFlagsView {
+    fn from(flags: CapabilityFlags) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            externally_observable: flags.externally_observable(),
+            accesses_sensitive_secret: flags.accesses_sensitive_secret(),
+            requestable_by_app: flags.requestable_by_app(),
+            user_grantable: flags.user_grantable(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<CapabilityDefinition<UserBridgeCapability>> for SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView {
+    fn from(definition: CapabilityDefinition<UserBridgeCapability>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            key: definition.capability().key().to_string(),
+            label: definition.label().to_string(),
+            description: definition.description().to_string(),
+            flags: definition.flags().into(),
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/permission.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/permission.rs
index c49630227..fb45375bf 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/permission.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/permission.rs
@@ -44,6 +44,24 @@ pub fn validate_requested_capabilities_are_requestable(
     Ok(())
 }
 
+pub fn validate_network_id(network_id: &str) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    if network_id.trim() != network_id {
+        anyhow::bail!("network whitelist network id must not contain leading or trailing whitespace");
+    }
+
+    if network_id.is_empty() {
+        anyhow::bail!("network whitelist network id cannot be empty");
+    }
+
+    if !matches!(network_id, "mainnet" | "testnet11") {
+        anyhow::bail!(
+            "unsupported network whitelist network id: {network_id}; expected mainnet or testnet11"
+        );
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
 pub fn build_user_grantable_capability_set(
     requested: &SageRequestedCapabilities,
     capabilities: impl IntoIterator<Item = UserBridgeCapability>,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/manifest.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/manifest.rs
index 3585bcf92..a186921df 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/manifest.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/manifest.rs
@@ -387,7 +387,9 @@ mod tests {
             SageRequestedNetworkPermissions::new(
                 [entry("https", "required.example.com")],
                 [entry("wss", "optional.example.com")],
-            ),
+                [],
+            )
+            .unwrap(),
             SageRequestedCapabilities::new(
                 [UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch],
                 [
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs
index 0825b4dc6..3020decbd 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs
@@ -6,16 +6,16 @@ mod normalizers;
 mod permissions;
 mod storage;
 mod url;
-mod view;
 
 pub use app::SharedSageApp;
 
 pub(crate) use app::{
+    view::*,
     AppModalPresentation, AppPresentation, CorruptedInstalledSageApp, ListedSageApp,
-    ListedSageAppView, ResolvedApp, ResolvedRunningApp, ResolvedStoppedApp, RetiredAppOriginEntry,
-    SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppIconView, SageAppIdentity, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppUrlPreview,
-    SageAppView, SageAppWalletScope, SystemSageApp, UserSageApp, UserSageAppPendingUpdate,
-    UserSageAppSource, UserSageAppView,
+    ResolvedApp, ResolvedRunningApp, ResolvedStoppedApp, RetiredAppOriginEntry,
+    SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppUrlPreview,
+    SageAppWalletScope, SystemSageApp, UserSageApp, UserSageAppPendingUpdate,
+    UserSageAppSource
 };
 pub(crate) use manifest::{
     SageAppManifestFile, SageAppManifestHeaderV0, SageAppPackageManifest,
@@ -28,7 +28,6 @@ pub(crate) use permissions::{
 pub(crate) use storage::{
     InstalledSageAppStorage, PendingStorageCleanupEntry, PendingStorageCleanupTarget,
 };
-pub(crate) use view::{SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView, SageGrantedPermissionsInput};
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 pub(crate) use manifest::{
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index d9af45009..000000000
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,535 +0,0 @@
-use crate::capabilities::get_user_capability_definition;
-use crate::capabilities::list::{
-    SharedCapabilitiesExt, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability,
-};
-use crate::types::invariants::{
-    build_user_grantable_capability_set, split_required_optional_set, validate_permissions_policy,
-    validate_requested_capabilities_are_requestable,
-};
-use crate::types::network::{SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist};
-use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize};
-use specta::Type;
-use std::collections::BTreeSet;
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub struct SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
-    whitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub struct SageRequestedCapabilities {
-    required: BTreeSet<UserBridgeCapability>,
-    optional: BTreeSet<UserBridgeCapability>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub struct SageRequestedPermissions {
-    network: SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
-    capabilities: SageRequestedCapabilities,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default, Serialize, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub struct SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
-    whitelist: BTreeSet<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default, Serialize, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub struct SageGrantedPermissions {
-    capabilities: BTreeSet<UserBridgeCapability>,
-    network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Default, PartialEq, Eq, Type)]
-pub struct SageGrantedSystemPermissions {
-    capabilities: Vec<SystemBridgeCapability>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Default)]
-struct RawNetworkWhitelistBucket {
-    #[serde(default)]
-    required: Vec<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
-
-    #[serde(default)]
-    optional: Vec<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Default)]
-struct RawRequestedNetworkPermissions {
-    #[serde(default)]
-    whitelist: RawNetworkWhitelistBucket,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Default)]
-struct RawRequestedPermissions {
-    #[serde(default)]
-    network: RawRequestedNetworkPermissions,
-
-    #[serde(default)]
-    capabilities: Option<SageRequestedCapabilities>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Default)]
-struct RawRequestedCapabilities {
-    #[serde(default)]
-    required: Vec<UserBridgeCapability>,
-
-    #[serde(default)]
-    optional: Vec<UserBridgeCapability>,
-}
-
-impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for SageRequestedCapabilities {
-    fn deserialize<D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error>
-    where
-        D: Deserializer<'de>,
-    {
-        let raw = RawRequestedCapabilities::deserialize(deserializer)?;
-        Ok(Self::new(raw.required, raw.optional))
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for SageRequestedPermissions {
-    fn deserialize<D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error>
-    where
-        D: Deserializer<'de>,
-    {
-        let raw = <RawRequestedPermissions as Deserialize>::deserialize(deserializer)?;
-
-        let required_network = raw.network.whitelist.required;
-        let optional_network = raw.network.whitelist.optional;
-
-        SageRequestedPermissions::new(
-            SageRequestedNetworkPermissions::new(required_network, optional_network),
-            raw.capabilities.unwrap_or_default(),
-        )
-        .map_err(serde::de::Error::custom)
-    }
-}
-
-impl SageGrantedSystemPermissions {
-    pub fn new(capabilities: impl IntoIterator<Item = SystemBridgeCapability>) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            capabilities: capabilities.into_iter().collect(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn capabilities(&self) -> &[SystemBridgeCapability] {
-        &self.capabilities
-    }
-}
-
-impl SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
-    pub fn new(
-        requested: &SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
-        whitelist: impl IntoIterator<Item = SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
-    ) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
-        let whitelist = whitelist.into_iter().collect::<BTreeSet<_>>();
-
-        for entry in &whitelist {
-            if !requested.whitelist.is_allowed(entry) {
-                anyhow::bail!(
-                    "granted network whitelist entry not requested in manifest: {}",
-                    entry.as_permission_string()
-                );
-            }
-        }
-
-        Ok(Self { whitelist })
-    }
-
-    pub fn whitelist(&self) -> &BTreeSet<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry> {
-        &self.whitelist
-    }
-
-    pub fn whitelist_iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &SageNetworkWhitelistEntry> {
-        self.whitelist.iter()
-    }
-}
-
-impl SageGrantedPermissions {
-    pub fn new(
-        requested: &SageRequestedPermissions,
-        capabilities: impl IntoIterator<Item = UserBridgeCapability>,
-        network_whitelist: impl IntoIterator<Item = SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
-    ) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
-        Self::new_with_extra_granted_capabilities(
-            requested,
-            capabilities,
-            std::iter::empty(),
-            network_whitelist,
-        )
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn new_with_extra_granted_capabilities(
-        requested: &SageRequestedPermissions,
-        capabilities: impl IntoIterator<Item = UserBridgeCapability>,
-        extra_granted_capabilities: impl IntoIterator<Item = UserBridgeCapability>,
-        network_whitelist: impl IntoIterator<Item = SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
-    ) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
-        let mut capabilities =
-            build_user_grantable_capability_set(&requested.capabilities, capabilities)?;
-
-        for capability in extra_granted_capabilities {
-            let definition = get_user_capability_definition(capability);
-
-            if !definition.flags().user_grantable() {
-                anyhow::bail!(
-                    "extra granted capability is not user grantable: {}",
-                    capability.key()
-                );
-            }
-
-            if definition.flags().requestable_by_app() {
-                anyhow::bail!(
-                    "extra granted capability must not be app-manifest requestable: {}",
-                    capability.key()
-                );
-            }
-
-            capabilities.insert(capability);
-        }
-
-        let network = SageGrantedNetworkPermissions::new(&requested.network, network_whitelist)?;
-
-        let effective_capabilities = requested
-            .capabilities
-            .resolve_effective_grants(capabilities.iter().copied());
-
-        validate_permissions_policy(
-            effective_capabilities,
-            network.whitelist_iter().cloned(),
-            "granted permissions",
-        )?;
-
-        Ok(Self {
-            capabilities,
-            network,
-        })
-    }
-
-    pub fn from_requested_and_granted(
-        requested: &SageRequestedPermissions,
-        granted: SageGrantedPermissions,
-    ) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
-        Self::new(requested, granted.capabilities, granted.network.whitelist)
-    }
-
-    pub fn with_capability_added(
-        &self,
-        requested: &SageRequestedPermissions,
-        capability: UserBridgeCapability,
-    ) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
-        Self::new(
-            requested,
-            self.capabilities.iter().copied().chain([capability]),
-            self.network.whitelist_iter().cloned(),
-        )
-    }
-
-    pub fn with_network_whitelist_entry_added(
-        &self,
-        requested: &SageRequestedPermissions,
-        entry: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
-    ) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
-        Self::new(
-            requested,
-            self.capabilities.iter().copied(),
-            self.network.whitelist_iter().cloned().chain([entry]),
-        )
-    }
-
-    pub fn capabilities(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &UserBridgeCapability> {
-        self.capabilities.iter()
-    }
-    pub fn has_capability(&self, capability: UserBridgeCapability) -> bool {
-        self.capabilities.contains(&capability)
-    }
-
-    pub fn capabilities_vec(&self) -> Vec<UserBridgeCapability> {
-        self.capabilities.iter().copied().collect()
-    }
-
-    pub fn network(&self) -> &SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
-        &self.network
-    }
-
-    pub fn network_whitelist_vec(&self) -> Vec<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry> {
-        self.network.whitelist_iter().cloned().collect()
-    }
-
-    pub fn shared_capabilities(&self) -> Vec<UserBridgeCapability> {
-        self.capabilities().copied().shared()
-    }
-
-    pub fn for_builtin_requested(requested: &SageRequestedPermissions) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
-        Self::new(
-            requested,
-            requested.capabilities.user_grantable(),
-            requested.network.whitelist.required().cloned(),
-        )
-    }
-
-    #[cfg(test)]
-    pub fn new_unchecked(
-        capabilities: impl IntoIterator<Item = UserBridgeCapability>,
-        network_whitelist: impl IntoIterator<Item = SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
-    ) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            capabilities: capabilities.into_iter().collect(),
-            network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
-                whitelist: network_whitelist.into_iter().collect(),
-            },
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl SageRequestedPermissions {
-    pub fn new(
-        network: SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
-        capabilities: SageRequestedCapabilities,
-    ) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
-        validate_requested_capabilities_are_requestable(&capabilities)?;
-
-        validate_permissions_policy(
-            capabilities.required().copied(),
-            network.whitelist().required().cloned(),
-            "required requested permissions",
-        )?;
-
-        Ok(Self {
-            network,
-            capabilities,
-        })
-    }
-
-    pub fn empty() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            network: SageRequestedNetworkPermissions::empty(),
-            capabilities: SageRequestedCapabilities::empty(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn network(&self) -> &SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
-        &self.network
-    }
-    pub fn capabilities(&self) -> &SageRequestedCapabilities {
-        &self.capabilities
-    }
-}
-
-impl SageRequestedCapabilities {
-    pub fn new(
-        required: impl IntoIterator<Item = UserBridgeCapability>,
-        optional: impl IntoIterator<Item = UserBridgeCapability>,
-    ) -> Self {
-        let (required, optional) = split_required_optional_set(required, optional);
-        Self { required, optional }
-    }
-
-    pub fn all(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &UserBridgeCapability> {
-        self.required().chain(self.optional())
-    }
-
-    pub fn contains(&self, capability: UserBridgeCapability) -> bool {
-        self.is_allowed(capability)
-    }
-
-    pub fn empty() -> Self {
-        Self::new([], [])
-    }
-
-    pub fn required(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &UserBridgeCapability> {
-        self.required.iter()
-    }
-
-    pub fn optional(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &UserBridgeCapability> {
-        self.optional.iter()
-    }
-
-    pub fn is_required(&self, cap: UserBridgeCapability) -> bool {
-        self.required.contains(&cap)
-    }
-
-    pub fn is_optional(&self, cap: UserBridgeCapability) -> bool {
-        self.optional.contains(&cap)
-    }
-
-    pub fn is_allowed(&self, cap: UserBridgeCapability) -> bool {
-        self.is_required(cap) || self.is_optional(cap)
-    }
-
-    pub fn user_grantable(&self) -> Vec<UserBridgeCapability> {
-        self.required()
-            .chain(self.optional())
-            .copied()
-            .filter(|cap| {
-                get_user_capability_definition(*cap)
-                    .flags()
-                    .user_grantable()
-            })
-            .collect()
-    }
-
-    pub fn resolve_effective_grants(
-        &self,
-        granted: impl IntoIterator<Item = UserBridgeCapability>,
-    ) -> Vec<UserBridgeCapability> {
-        let mut effective = granted.into_iter().collect::<BTreeSet<_>>();
-
-        for capability in self.required() {
-            let definition = get_user_capability_definition(*capability);
-
-            if !definition.flags().user_grantable() {
-                effective.insert(*capability);
-            }
-        }
-
-        effective.into_iter().collect()
-    }
-}
-
-impl SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
-    pub fn new(
-        required: impl IntoIterator<Item = SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
-        optional: impl IntoIterator<Item = SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
-    ) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            whitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist::new(required, optional),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn empty() -> Self {
-        Self::new([], [])
-    }
-
-    pub fn whitelist(&self) -> &SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist {
-        &self.whitelist
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for SageGrantedPermissions {
-    fn deserialize<D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error>
-    where
-        D: Deserializer<'de>,
-    {
-        #[derive(Deserialize)]
-        #[serde(deny_unknown_fields)]
-        struct RawSageGrantedPermissions {
-            #[serde(default)]
-            capabilities: BTreeSet<UserBridgeCapability>,
-
-            #[serde(default)]
-            network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions,
-        }
-
-        let raw = RawSageGrantedPermissions::deserialize(deserializer)?;
-
-        validate_permissions_policy(
-            raw.capabilities.iter().copied(),
-            raw.network.whitelist_iter().cloned(),
-            "granted permissions",
-        )
-        .map_err(serde::de::Error::custom)?;
-
-        Ok(Self {
-            capabilities: raw.capabilities,
-            network: raw.network,
-        })
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
-    fn deserialize<D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error>
-    where
-        D: Deserializer<'de>,
-    {
-        #[derive(Deserialize)]
-        #[serde(deny_unknown_fields)]
-        struct Raw {
-            #[serde(default)]
-            whitelist: BTreeSet<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
-        }
-
-        let raw = Raw::deserialize(deserializer)?;
-
-        Ok(Self {
-            whitelist: raw.whitelist,
-        })
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use super::*;
-
-    fn network_entry(scheme: &str, host: &str) -> SageNetworkWhitelistEntry {
-        SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new(scheme, host).unwrap()
-    }
-
-    fn requested_permissions() -> SageRequestedPermissions {
-        SageRequestedPermissions::new(
-            SageRequestedNetworkPermissions::new(
-                [network_entry("https", "required.example.com")],
-                [network_entry("wss", "optional.example.com")],
-            ),
-            SageRequestedCapabilities::new(
-                [],
-                [
-                    UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
-                    UserBridgeCapability::StoragePersistentWebview,
-                ],
-            ),
-        )
-        .unwrap()
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn granted_permissions_reject_unrequested_capability() {
-        let requested = requested_permissions();
-
-        let err = SageGrantedPermissions::new(
-            &requested,
-            [UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXchAutoSubmit],
-            [],
-        )
-        .unwrap_err();
-
-        assert!(err.to_string().contains("not requested in manifest"));
-        assert!(
-            err.to_string()
-                .contains(UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXchAutoSubmit.key())
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn with_capability_added_rejects_unrequested_capability() {
-        let requested = requested_permissions();
-        let granted = SageGrantedPermissions::new(&requested, [], []).unwrap();
-
-        let err = granted
-            .with_capability_added(&requested, UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXchAutoSubmit)
-            .unwrap_err();
-
-        assert!(err.to_string().contains("not requested in manifest"));
-        assert!(
-            err.to_string()
-                .contains(UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXchAutoSubmit.key())
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn with_network_whitelist_entry_added_rejects_unrequested_entry() {
-        let requested = requested_permissions();
-        let granted = SageGrantedPermissions::new(&requested, [], []).unwrap();
-
-        let entry = network_entry("https", "evil.example.com");
-
-        let err = granted
-            .with_network_whitelist_entry_added(&requested, entry)
-            .unwrap_err();
-
-        assert!(
-            err.to_string()
-                .contains("granted network whitelist entry not requested in manifest")
-        );
-    }
-}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/granted.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/granted.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ddd15b637
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/granted.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,396 @@
+use std::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet};
+
+use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize};
+use specta::Type;
+
+use crate::capabilities::get_user_capability_definition;
+use crate::capabilities::list::{
+    SharedCapabilitiesExt, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability,
+};
+use crate::types::invariants::{build_user_grantable_capability_set, validate_permissions_policy};
+use crate::types::network::SageNetworkWhitelistEntry;
+
+use super::{SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions};
+
+pub type NetworkWhitelistByNetwork = BTreeMap<String, BTreeSet<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>>;
+
+pub fn network_whitelist_by_network_from_iter<I, E>(items: I) -> NetworkWhitelistByNetwork
+where
+    I: IntoIterator<Item = (String, E)>,
+    E: IntoIterator<Item = SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
+{
+    items
+        .into_iter()
+        .map(|(network_id, entries)| (network_id, entries.into_iter().collect::<BTreeSet<_>>()))
+        .collect()
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default, Serialize, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
+    whitelist: BTreeSet<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
+    whitelist_by_network: NetworkWhitelistByNetwork,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default, Serialize, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct SageGrantedPermissions {
+    capabilities: BTreeSet<UserBridgeCapability>,
+    network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Default, PartialEq, Eq, Type)]
+pub struct SageGrantedSystemPermissions {
+    capabilities: Vec<SystemBridgeCapability>,
+}
+
+impl SageGrantedSystemPermissions {
+    pub fn new(capabilities: impl IntoIterator<Item = SystemBridgeCapability>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            capabilities: capabilities.into_iter().collect(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn capabilities(&self) -> &[SystemBridgeCapability] {
+        &self.capabilities
+    }
+}
+
+impl SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
+    pub fn new(
+        requested: &SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
+        whitelist: impl IntoIterator<Item = SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
+        whitelist_by_network: NetworkWhitelistByNetwork,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
+        let whitelist = whitelist.into_iter().collect::<BTreeSet<_>>();
+
+        for entry in &whitelist {
+            if !requested.whitelist().is_allowed(entry) {
+                anyhow::bail!(
+                    "granted shared network whitelist entry not requested in manifest: {}",
+                    entry.as_permission_string()
+                );
+            }
+        }
+
+        let mut by_network = BTreeMap::new();
+
+        for (network_id, entries) in whitelist_by_network {
+            let network_id = network_id.trim().to_string();
+
+            if network_id.is_empty() {
+                anyhow::bail!("granted network whitelist network id cannot be empty");
+            }
+
+            let Some(requested_whitelist) = requested.whitelist_by_network().get(&network_id)
+            else {
+                anyhow::bail!(
+                    "granted network-specific whitelist entry for unrequested network: {network_id}",
+                );
+            };
+
+            for entry in &entries {
+                if !requested_whitelist.is_allowed(entry) {
+                    anyhow::bail!(
+                        "granted network-specific whitelist entry not requested in manifest for {}: {}",
+                        network_id,
+                        entry.as_permission_string()
+                    );
+                }
+            }
+
+            by_network.insert(network_id, entries);
+        }
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            whitelist,
+            whitelist_by_network: by_network,
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn whitelist(&self) -> &BTreeSet<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry> {
+        &self.whitelist
+    }
+
+    pub fn whitelist_iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &SageNetworkWhitelistEntry> {
+        self.whitelist.iter()
+    }
+
+    pub fn whitelist_by_network(&self) -> &NetworkWhitelistByNetwork {
+        &self.whitelist_by_network
+    }
+
+    pub fn effective_whitelist_for_network(
+        &self,
+        network_id: &str,
+    ) -> BTreeSet<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry> {
+        self.whitelist
+            .iter()
+            .cloned()
+            .chain(
+                self.whitelist_by_network
+                    .get(network_id)
+                    .into_iter()
+                    .flat_map(|entries| entries.iter().cloned()),
+            )
+            .collect()
+    }
+
+    pub fn all_whitelist_entries(&self) -> Vec<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry> {
+        self.whitelist
+            .iter()
+            .cloned()
+            .chain(
+                self.whitelist_by_network
+                    .values()
+                    .flat_map(|entries| entries.iter().cloned()),
+            )
+            .collect()
+    }
+}
+
+impl SageGrantedPermissions {
+    pub fn new(
+        requested: &SageRequestedPermissions,
+        capabilities: impl IntoIterator<Item = UserBridgeCapability>,
+        network_whitelist: impl IntoIterator<Item = SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
+        network_whitelist_by_network: NetworkWhitelistByNetwork,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
+        Self::new_with_extra_granted_capabilities(
+            requested,
+            capabilities,
+            std::iter::empty(),
+            network_whitelist,
+            network_whitelist_by_network,
+        )
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn new_with_extra_granted_capabilities(
+        requested: &SageRequestedPermissions,
+        capabilities: impl IntoIterator<Item = UserBridgeCapability>,
+        extra_granted_capabilities: impl IntoIterator<Item = UserBridgeCapability>,
+        network_whitelist: impl IntoIterator<Item = SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
+        network_whitelist_by_network: NetworkWhitelistByNetwork,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
+        let mut capabilities =
+            build_user_grantable_capability_set(requested.capabilities(), capabilities)?;
+
+        for capability in extra_granted_capabilities {
+            let definition = get_user_capability_definition(capability);
+
+            if !definition.flags().user_grantable() {
+                anyhow::bail!(
+                "extra granted capability is not user grantable: {}",
+                capability.key()
+            );
+            }
+
+            if definition.flags().requestable_by_app() {
+                anyhow::bail!(
+                "extra granted capability must not be app-manifest requestable: {}",
+                capability.key()
+            );
+            }
+
+            capabilities.insert(capability);
+        }
+
+        let network = SageGrantedNetworkPermissions::new(
+            requested.network(),
+            network_whitelist,
+            network_whitelist_by_network,
+        )?;
+
+        let effective_capabilities = requested
+            .capabilities()
+            .resolve_effective_grants(capabilities.iter().copied());
+
+        validate_permissions_policy(
+            effective_capabilities,
+            network.all_whitelist_entries(),
+            "granted permissions",
+        )?;
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            capabilities,
+            network,
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn from_requested_and_granted(
+        requested: &SageRequestedPermissions,
+        granted: SageGrantedPermissions,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
+        Self::new(
+            requested,
+            granted.capabilities,
+            granted.network.whitelist,
+            granted.network.whitelist_by_network,
+        )
+    }
+
+    pub fn with_capability_added(
+        &self,
+        requested: &SageRequestedPermissions,
+        capability: UserBridgeCapability,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
+        Self::new(
+            requested,
+            self.capabilities.iter().copied().chain([capability]),
+            self.network.whitelist_iter().cloned(),
+            self.network.whitelist_by_network().clone(),
+        )
+    }
+
+    pub fn with_network_whitelist_entry_added(
+        &self,
+        requested: &SageRequestedPermissions,
+        entry: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
+        Self::new(
+            requested,
+            self.capabilities.iter().copied(),
+            self.network.whitelist_iter().cloned().chain([entry]),
+            self.network.whitelist_by_network().clone(),
+        )
+    }
+
+    pub fn with_network_whitelist_entry_for_network_added(
+        &self,
+        requested: &SageRequestedPermissions,
+        network_id: impl Into<String>,
+        entry: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
+        let network_id = network_id.into();
+        let mut by_network = self.network.whitelist_by_network().clone();
+
+        by_network.entry(network_id).or_default().insert(entry);
+
+        Self::new(
+            requested,
+            self.capabilities.iter().copied(),
+            self.network.whitelist_iter().cloned(),
+            by_network,
+        )
+    }
+
+    pub fn capabilities(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &UserBridgeCapability> {
+        self.capabilities.iter()
+    }
+
+    pub fn has_capability(&self, capability: UserBridgeCapability) -> bool {
+        self.capabilities.contains(&capability)
+    }
+
+    pub fn capabilities_vec(&self) -> Vec<UserBridgeCapability> {
+        self.capabilities.iter().copied().collect()
+    }
+
+    pub fn network(&self) -> &SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
+        &self.network
+    }
+
+    pub fn network_whitelist_vec(&self) -> Vec<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry> {
+        self.network.whitelist_iter().cloned().collect()
+    }
+
+    pub fn network_whitelist_by_network(&self) -> &NetworkWhitelistByNetwork {
+        self.network.whitelist_by_network()
+    }
+
+    pub fn shared_capabilities(&self) -> Vec<UserBridgeCapability> {
+        self.capabilities().copied().shared()
+    }
+
+    pub fn for_builtin_requested(requested: &SageRequestedPermissions) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
+        let required_by_network = network_whitelist_by_network_from_iter(
+            requested
+                .network()
+                .whitelist_by_network()
+                .iter()
+                .map(|(network_id, whitelist)| {
+                    (
+                        network_id.clone(),
+                        whitelist.required().cloned().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+                    )
+                }),
+        );
+
+        Self::new(
+            requested,
+            requested.capabilities().user_grantable(),
+            requested.network().whitelist().required().cloned(),
+            required_by_network,
+        )
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(test)]
+    pub fn new_unchecked(
+        capabilities: impl IntoIterator<Item = UserBridgeCapability>,
+        network_whitelist: impl IntoIterator<Item = SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
+        network_whitelist_by_network: NetworkWhitelistByNetwork,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            capabilities: capabilities.into_iter().collect(),
+            network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
+                whitelist: network_whitelist.into_iter().collect(),
+                whitelist_by_network: network_whitelist_by_network,
+            },
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for SageGrantedPermissions {
+    fn deserialize<D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error>
+    where
+        D: Deserializer<'de>,
+    {
+        #[derive(Deserialize)]
+        #[serde(deny_unknown_fields)]
+        struct RawSageGrantedPermissions {
+            #[serde(default)]
+            capabilities: BTreeSet<UserBridgeCapability>,
+
+            #[serde(default)]
+            network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissions,
+        }
+
+        let raw = RawSageGrantedPermissions::deserialize(deserializer)?;
+
+        validate_permissions_policy(
+            raw.capabilities.iter().copied(),
+            raw.network.all_whitelist_entries(),
+            "granted permissions",
+        )
+        .map_err(serde::de::Error::custom)?;
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            capabilities: raw.capabilities,
+            network: raw.network,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
+    fn deserialize<D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error>
+    where
+        D: Deserializer<'de>,
+    {
+        #[derive(Deserialize)]
+        #[serde(deny_unknown_fields)]
+        #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+        struct Raw {
+            #[serde(default)]
+            whitelist: BTreeSet<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
+
+            #[serde(default)]
+            whitelist_by_network: NetworkWhitelistByNetwork,
+        }
+
+        let raw = Raw::deserialize(deserializer)?;
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            whitelist: raw.whitelist,
+            whitelist_by_network: raw.whitelist_by_network,
+        })
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..30000d18e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+mod granted;
+mod requested;
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests;
+
+pub use granted::{
+    SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions, SageGrantedSystemPermissions,
+};
+
+pub use requested::{
+    SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions,
+};
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/requested.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/requested.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bbd10526f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/requested.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,260 @@
+use std::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet};
+
+use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize};
+use specta::Type;
+
+use crate::capabilities::get_user_capability_definition;
+use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::types::invariants::{split_required_optional_set, validate_network_id, validate_permissions_policy, validate_requested_capabilities_are_requestable};
+use crate::types::network::{SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist};
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
+    whitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist,
+    whitelist_by_network: BTreeMap<String, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct SageRequestedCapabilities {
+    required: BTreeSet<UserBridgeCapability>,
+    optional: BTreeSet<UserBridgeCapability>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct SageRequestedPermissions {
+    network: SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
+    capabilities: SageRequestedCapabilities,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Default)]
+struct RawNetworkWhitelistBucket {
+    #[serde(default)]
+    required: Vec<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
+
+    #[serde(default)]
+    optional: Vec<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Default)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+struct RawRequestedNetworkPermissions {
+    #[serde(default)]
+    whitelist: RawNetworkWhitelistBucket,
+
+    #[serde(default)]
+    whitelist_by_network: BTreeMap<String, RawNetworkWhitelistBucket>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Default)]
+struct RawRequestedPermissions {
+    #[serde(default)]
+    network: RawRequestedNetworkPermissions,
+
+    #[serde(default)]
+    capabilities: Option<SageRequestedCapabilities>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Default)]
+struct RawRequestedCapabilities {
+    #[serde(default)]
+    required: Vec<UserBridgeCapability>,
+
+    #[serde(default)]
+    optional: Vec<UserBridgeCapability>,
+}
+
+impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for SageRequestedCapabilities {
+    fn deserialize<D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error>
+    where
+        D: Deserializer<'de>,
+    {
+        let raw = RawRequestedCapabilities::deserialize(deserializer)?;
+        Ok(Self::new(raw.required, raw.optional))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for SageRequestedPermissions {
+    fn deserialize<D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error>
+    where
+        D: Deserializer<'de>,
+    {
+        let raw = RawRequestedPermissions::deserialize(deserializer)?;
+
+        let whitelist_by_network =
+            raw.network
+                .whitelist_by_network
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|(network_id, bucket)| {
+                    (
+                        network_id,
+                        SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist::new(bucket.required, bucket.optional),
+                    )
+                });
+
+        let network = SageRequestedNetworkPermissions::new(
+            raw.network.whitelist.required,
+            raw.network.whitelist.optional,
+            whitelist_by_network,
+        )
+        .map_err(serde::de::Error::custom)?;
+
+        SageRequestedPermissions::new(network, raw.capabilities.unwrap_or_default())
+            .map_err(serde::de::Error::custom)
+    }
+}
+
+impl SageRequestedPermissions {
+    pub fn new(
+        network: SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
+        capabilities: SageRequestedCapabilities,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
+        validate_requested_capabilities_are_requestable(&capabilities)?;
+
+        let required_network = network
+            .whitelist()
+            .required()
+            .cloned()
+            .chain(
+                network
+                    .whitelist_by_network()
+                    .values()
+                    .flat_map(|whitelist| whitelist.required().cloned()),
+            )
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+        validate_permissions_policy(
+            capabilities.required().copied(),
+            required_network,
+            "required requested permissions",
+        )?;
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            network,
+            capabilities,
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn empty() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            network: SageRequestedNetworkPermissions::empty(),
+            capabilities: SageRequestedCapabilities::empty(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn network(&self) -> &SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
+        &self.network
+    }
+
+    pub fn capabilities(&self) -> &SageRequestedCapabilities {
+        &self.capabilities
+    }
+}
+
+impl SageRequestedCapabilities {
+    pub fn new(
+        required: impl IntoIterator<Item = UserBridgeCapability>,
+        optional: impl IntoIterator<Item = UserBridgeCapability>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let (required, optional) = split_required_optional_set(required, optional);
+        Self { required, optional }
+    }
+
+    pub fn all(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &UserBridgeCapability> {
+        self.required().chain(self.optional())
+    }
+
+    pub fn contains(&self, capability: UserBridgeCapability) -> bool {
+        self.is_allowed(capability)
+    }
+
+    pub fn empty() -> Self {
+        Self::new([], [])
+    }
+
+    pub fn required(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &UserBridgeCapability> {
+        self.required.iter()
+    }
+
+    pub fn optional(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &UserBridgeCapability> {
+        self.optional.iter()
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_required(&self, cap: UserBridgeCapability) -> bool {
+        self.required.contains(&cap)
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_optional(&self, cap: UserBridgeCapability) -> bool {
+        self.optional.contains(&cap)
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_allowed(&self, cap: UserBridgeCapability) -> bool {
+        self.is_required(cap) || self.is_optional(cap)
+    }
+
+    pub fn user_grantable(&self) -> Vec<UserBridgeCapability> {
+        self.required()
+            .chain(self.optional())
+            .copied()
+            .filter(|cap| {
+                get_user_capability_definition(*cap)
+                    .flags()
+                    .user_grantable()
+            })
+            .collect()
+    }
+
+    pub fn resolve_effective_grants(
+        &self,
+        granted: impl IntoIterator<Item = UserBridgeCapability>,
+    ) -> Vec<UserBridgeCapability> {
+        let mut effective = granted.into_iter().collect::<BTreeSet<_>>();
+
+        for capability in self.required() {
+            let definition = get_user_capability_definition(*capability);
+
+            if !definition.flags().user_grantable() {
+                effective.insert(*capability);
+            }
+        }
+
+        effective.into_iter().collect()
+    }
+}
+
+impl SageRequestedNetworkPermissions {
+    pub fn new(
+        required: impl IntoIterator<Item = SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
+        optional: impl IntoIterator<Item = SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
+        whitelist_by_network: impl IntoIterator<Item = (String, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist)>,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
+        let whitelist = SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist::new(required, optional);
+
+        let mut by_network = BTreeMap::new();
+
+        for (network_id, whitelist) in whitelist_by_network {
+            let network_id = network_id.trim().to_string();
+
+            validate_network_id(&network_id)?;
+
+            by_network.insert(network_id, whitelist);
+        }
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            whitelist,
+            whitelist_by_network: by_network,
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn empty() -> Self {
+        Self::new([], [], []).expect("empty requested network permissions should be valid")
+    }
+
+    pub fn whitelist(&self) -> &SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist {
+        &self.whitelist
+    }
+
+    pub fn whitelist_by_network(&self) -> &BTreeMap<String, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist> {
+        &self.whitelist_by_network
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/tests.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/tests.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a2dda01ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/tests.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+use super::*;
+use std::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet};
+
+use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::types::network::{SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist};
+
+fn network_entry(scheme: &str, host: &str) -> SageNetworkWhitelistEntry {
+    SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new(scheme, host).unwrap()
+}
+
+fn requested_permissions() -> SageRequestedPermissions {
+    SageRequestedPermissions::new(
+        SageRequestedNetworkPermissions::new(
+            [network_entry("https", "required.example.com")],
+            [network_entry("wss", "optional.example.com")],
+            [(
+                "mainnet".to_string(),
+                SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist::new(
+                    [network_entry("https", "mainnet-required.example.com")],
+                    [network_entry("https", "mainnet-optional.example.com")],
+                ),
+            )],
+        )
+        .unwrap(),
+        SageRequestedCapabilities::new(
+            [],
+            [
+                UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
+                UserBridgeCapability::StoragePersistentWebview,
+            ],
+        ),
+    )
+    .unwrap()
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn granted_permissions_reject_unrequested_capability() {
+    let requested = requested_permissions();
+
+    let err = SageGrantedPermissions::new(
+        &requested,
+        [UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetCoins],
+        [],
+        BTreeMap::new(),
+    )
+    .unwrap_err();
+
+    assert!(err.to_string().contains("not requested in manifest"));
+    assert!(
+        err.to_string()
+            .contains(UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetCoins.key())
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn with_capability_added_rejects_unrequested_capability() {
+    let requested = requested_permissions();
+    let granted = SageGrantedPermissions::new(&requested, [], [], BTreeMap::new()).unwrap();
+
+    let err = granted
+        .with_capability_added(&requested, UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetCoins)
+        .unwrap_err();
+
+    assert!(err.to_string().contains("not requested in manifest"));
+    assert!(
+        err.to_string()
+            .contains(UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetCoins.key())
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn with_network_whitelist_entry_added_rejects_unrequested_entry() {
+    let requested = requested_permissions();
+    let granted = SageGrantedPermissions::new(&requested, [], [], BTreeMap::new()).unwrap();
+
+    let entry = network_entry("https", "evil.example.com");
+
+    let err = granted
+        .with_network_whitelist_entry_added(&requested, entry)
+        .unwrap_err();
+
+    assert!(
+        err.to_string()
+            .contains("granted shared network whitelist entry not requested in manifest")
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn with_network_whitelist_entry_for_network_added_rejects_unrequested_network() {
+    let requested = requested_permissions();
+    let granted = SageGrantedPermissions::new(&requested, [], [], BTreeMap::new()).unwrap();
+
+    let err = granted
+        .with_network_whitelist_entry_for_network_added(
+            &requested,
+            "testnet11",
+            network_entry("https", "mainnet-optional.example.com"),
+        )
+        .unwrap_err();
+
+    assert!(
+        err.to_string()
+            .contains("granted network-specific whitelist entry for unrequested network")
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn with_network_whitelist_entry_for_network_added_rejects_unrequested_entry() {
+    let requested = requested_permissions();
+    let granted = SageGrantedPermissions::new(&requested, [], [], BTreeMap::new()).unwrap();
+
+    let err = granted
+        .with_network_whitelist_entry_for_network_added(
+            &requested,
+            "mainnet",
+            network_entry("https", "evil.example.com"),
+        )
+        .unwrap_err();
+
+    assert!(
+        err.to_string()
+            .contains("granted network-specific whitelist entry not requested in manifest")
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn effective_whitelist_for_network_merges_shared_and_network_specific_entries() {
+    let requested = requested_permissions();
+
+    let granted = SageGrantedPermissions::new(
+        &requested,
+        [],
+        [network_entry("https", "required.example.com")],
+        BTreeMap::from([(
+            "mainnet".to_string(),
+            BTreeSet::from([network_entry("https", "mainnet-required.example.com")]),
+        )]),
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+
+    let effective = granted.network().effective_whitelist_for_network("mainnet");
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        effective,
+        [
+            network_entry("https", "required.example.com"),
+            network_entry("https", "mainnet-required.example.com"),
+        ]
+        .into_iter()
+        .collect()
+    );
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/view.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/view.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 9a7611dfc..000000000
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/view.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,119 +0,0 @@
-use std::collections::BTreeSet;
-
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use specta::Type;
-
-use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
-use crate::capabilities::{CapabilityDefinition, CapabilityFlags};
-use crate::types::{SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedPermissions};
-
-#[allow(clippy::struct_excessive_bools)]
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub struct SageAppCapabilityFlagsView {
-    externally_observable: bool,
-    accesses_sensitive_secret: bool,
-    requestable_by_app: bool,
-    user_grantable: bool,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub struct SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView {
-    key: String,
-    label: String,
-    description: String,
-    flags: SageAppCapabilityFlagsView,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub struct SageGrantedPermissionsInput {
-    capabilities: BTreeSet<UserBridgeCapability>,
-    network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissionsInput,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub struct SageGrantedNetworkPermissionsInput {
-    whitelist: BTreeSet<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub struct SageGrantedPermissionsView {
-    capabilities: BTreeSet<UserBridgeCapability>,
-    network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissionsView,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub struct SageGrantedNetworkPermissionsView {
-    whitelist: BTreeSet<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
-}
-
-impl SageGrantedPermissionsInput {
-    pub fn new(
-        capabilities: impl IntoIterator<Item = UserBridgeCapability>,
-        network_whitelist: impl IntoIterator<Item = SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
-    ) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            capabilities: capabilities.into_iter().collect(),
-            network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissionsInput {
-                whitelist: network_whitelist.into_iter().collect(),
-            },
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn resolve(
-        &self,
-        requested: &SageRequestedPermissions,
-    ) -> anyhow::Result<SageGrantedPermissions> {
-        SageGrantedPermissions::new(
-            requested,
-            self.capabilities.iter().copied(),
-            self.network.whitelist.iter().cloned(),
-        )
-    }
-
-    pub fn capabilities(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = UserBridgeCapability> + '_ {
-        self.capabilities.iter().copied()
-    }
-
-    pub fn network_whitelist(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = SageNetworkWhitelistEntry> + '_ {
-        self.network.whitelist.iter().cloned()
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<&SageGrantedPermissions> for SageGrantedPermissionsView {
-    fn from(permissions: &SageGrantedPermissions) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            capabilities: permissions.shared_capabilities().into_iter().collect(),
-            network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissionsView {
-                whitelist: permissions.network().whitelist().clone(),
-            },
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<CapabilityFlags> for SageAppCapabilityFlagsView {
-    fn from(flags: CapabilityFlags) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            externally_observable: flags.externally_observable(),
-            accesses_sensitive_secret: flags.accesses_sensitive_secret(),
-            requestable_by_app: flags.requestable_by_app(),
-            user_grantable: flags.user_grantable(),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<CapabilityDefinition<UserBridgeCapability>> for SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView {
-    fn from(definition: CapabilityDefinition<UserBridgeCapability>) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            key: definition.capability().key().to_string(),
-            label: definition.label().to_string(),
-            description: definition.description().to_string(),
-            flags: definition.flags().into(),
-        }
-    }
-}
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index ea2867fed..800b00d7e 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -7,13 +7,15 @@
   "scripts": {
     "dev": "vite",
     "dev:system-apps": "node scripts/dev-system-apps-watch.mjs",
-    "build:packages": "pnpm --filter @sage-app/sdk build && pnpm --filter @sage-system-app/sdk build && pnpm --filter @sage-app/ui build",
-    "build:sdk": "pnpm run build:packages",
+    "generate:bridge-types": "cargo run -q -p sage-apps --bin export_bridge_types >/dev/null",
+    "generate:sdk-types": "pnpm --silent --filter @sage-app/sdk run generate:types && pnpm --silent --filter @sage-system-app/sdk run generate:types",
+    "generate:types": "pnpm run generate:bridge-types && pnpm run generate:sdk-types",
+    "build:packages": "pnpm run generate:types && pnpm --filter @sage-app/sdk build && pnpm --filter @sage-system-app/sdk build && pnpm --filter @sage-app/ui build",
     "build:system-apps": "pnpm --dir builtin-apps/src/system build",
     "build:builtin-static": "node scripts/build-builtin-static.mjs",
     "build:builtin-apps": "pnpm run build:packages && pnpm run build:system-apps && pnpm run build:builtin-static",
     "build": "pnpm run build:builtin-apps && tsc -b && vite build",
-    "tauri:dev": "pnpm build && concurrently -k -n SYSTEM,TAURI -c yellow,cyan \"pnpm dev:system-apps\" \"tauri dev\"",
+    "tauri:dev": "pnpm run build && concurrently -k -n SYSTEM,TAURI -c yellow,cyan \"pnpm dev:system-apps\" \"tauri dev\"",
     "tauri:build": "pnpm build && tauri build",
     "lint": "eslint .",
     "preview": "vite preview",
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/PermissionsEditor.tsx b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/PermissionsEditor.tsx
index ecb67a358..3285cbf16 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/PermissionsEditor.tsx
+++ b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/PermissionsEditor.tsx
@@ -28,6 +28,10 @@ interface Props {
   editable?: boolean;
 }
 
+type NetworkWhitelistByNetwork = Partial<
+  Record<string, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[]>
+>;
+
 export function PermissionsEditor({
   app,
   grantedPermissions,
@@ -52,11 +56,16 @@ export function PermissionsEditor({
     [grantedPermissions.capabilities],
   );
 
-  const grantedNetworkWhitelist = useMemo(
+  const grantedNetworkWhitelist = useMemo<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[]>(
     () => grantedPermissions.network.whitelist ?? [],
     [grantedPermissions.network.whitelist],
   );
 
+  const grantedNetworkWhitelistByNetwork = useMemo<NetworkWhitelistByNetwork>(
+    () => grantedPermissions.network.whitelistByNetwork ?? {},
+    [grantedPermissions.network.whitelistByNetwork],
+  );
+
   const requestedRequiredCapabilities = useMemo(
     () => manifest.permissions?.capabilities?.required ?? [],
     [manifest.permissions?.capabilities?.required],
@@ -67,16 +76,21 @@ export function PermissionsEditor({
     [manifest.permissions?.capabilities?.optional],
   );
 
-  const requestedRequiredNetwork = useMemo(
+  const requestedRequiredNetwork = useMemo<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[]>(
     () => manifest.permissions?.network?.whitelist?.required ?? [],
     [manifest.permissions?.network?.whitelist?.required],
   );
 
-  const requestedOptionalNetwork = useMemo(
+  const requestedOptionalNetwork = useMemo<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[]>(
     () => manifest.permissions?.network?.whitelist?.optional ?? [],
     [manifest.permissions?.network?.whitelist?.optional],
   );
 
+  const requestedNetworkByNetwork = useMemo(
+    () => manifest.permissions?.network?.whitelistByNetwork ?? {},
+    [manifest.permissions?.network?.whitelistByNetwork],
+  );
+
   const userGrantableRequiredCapabilities = useMemo(
     () =>
       requestedRequiredCapabilities.filter((capability) =>
@@ -93,20 +107,39 @@ export function PermissionsEditor({
       definitionsByKey,
     );
 
-    const networkEntries = buildNetworkEntries(
+    const sharedNetworkEntries = buildNetworkEntries(
       requestedRequiredNetwork,
       requestedOptionalNetwork,
       grantedNetworkWhitelist,
       'required',
+      null,
+    );
+
+    const networkSpecificEntries = Object.entries(
+      requestedNetworkByNetwork,
+    ).flatMap(([networkId, whitelist]) =>
+      buildNetworkEntries(
+        whitelist?.required ?? [],
+        whitelist?.optional ?? [],
+        grantedNetworkWhitelistByNetwork[networkId] ?? [],
+        'required',
+        networkId,
+      ),
     );
 
-    return sortPermissionEntries([...capabilityEntries, ...networkEntries]);
+    return sortPermissionEntries([
+      ...capabilityEntries,
+      ...sharedNetworkEntries,
+      ...networkSpecificEntries,
+    ]);
   }, [
     requestedRequiredCapabilities,
     grantedCapabilities,
     requestedRequiredNetwork,
     requestedOptionalNetwork,
     grantedNetworkWhitelist,
+    requestedNetworkByNetwork,
+    grantedNetworkWhitelistByNetwork,
     definitionsByKey,
   ]);
 
@@ -118,20 +151,39 @@ export function PermissionsEditor({
       definitionsByKey,
     );
 
-    const networkEntries = buildNetworkEntries(
+    const sharedNetworkEntries = buildNetworkEntries(
       requestedRequiredNetwork,
       requestedOptionalNetwork,
       grantedNetworkWhitelist,
       'optional',
+      null,
+    );
+
+    const networkSpecificEntries = Object.entries(
+      requestedNetworkByNetwork,
+    ).flatMap(([networkId, whitelist]) =>
+      buildNetworkEntries(
+        whitelist?.required ?? [],
+        whitelist?.optional ?? [],
+        grantedNetworkWhitelistByNetwork[networkId] ?? [],
+        'optional',
+        networkId,
+      ),
     );
 
-    return sortPermissionEntries([...capabilityEntries, ...networkEntries]);
+    return sortPermissionEntries([
+      ...capabilityEntries,
+      ...sharedNetworkEntries,
+      ...networkSpecificEntries,
+    ]);
   }, [
     requestedOptionalCapabilities,
     grantedCapabilities,
     requestedRequiredNetwork,
     requestedOptionalNetwork,
     grantedNetworkWhitelist,
+    requestedNetworkByNetwork,
+    grantedNetworkWhitelistByNetwork,
     definitionsByKey,
   ]);
 
@@ -204,6 +256,7 @@ export function PermissionsEditor({
         capabilities: [...nextSet].sort((a, b) => a.localeCompare(b)),
         network: {
           whitelist: grantedNetworkWhitelist,
+          whitelistByNetwork: grantedNetworkWhitelistByNetwork,
         },
       });
 
@@ -214,11 +267,25 @@ export function PermissionsEditor({
       return;
     }
 
+    const networkId = entry.networkId;
+
+    const currentWhitelist: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[] =
+      networkId === null
+        ? grantedNetworkWhitelist
+        : (grantedNetworkWhitelistByNetwork[networkId] ?? []);
+
+    const requiredNetwork: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[] =
+      networkId === null
+        ? requestedRequiredNetwork
+        : (requestedNetworkByNetwork[networkId]?.required ?? []);
+
     const nextKeys = new Set<string>(
-      grantedNetworkWhitelist.map((item) => networkKey(item)),
+      currentWhitelist.map((item: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry) =>
+        networkKey(item),
+      ),
     );
 
-    for (const requiredEntry of requestedRequiredNetwork) {
+    for (const requiredEntry of requiredNetwork) {
       nextKeys.add(networkKey(requiredEntry));
     }
 
@@ -252,10 +319,26 @@ export function PermissionsEditor({
       .map(keyToNetworkEntry)
       .filter((item): item is SageNetworkWhitelistEntry => item !== null);
 
+    if (networkId !== null) {
+      emitGrantedPermissions({
+        capabilities: grantedCapabilities,
+        network: {
+          whitelist: grantedNetworkWhitelist,
+          whitelistByNetwork: {
+            ...grantedNetworkWhitelistByNetwork,
+            [networkId]: sortNetworkEntries(nextWhitelist),
+          },
+        },
+      });
+
+      return;
+    }
+
     emitGrantedPermissions({
       capabilities: grantedCapabilities,
       network: {
         whitelist: sortNetworkEntries(nextWhitelist),
+        whitelistByNetwork: grantedNetworkWhitelistByNetwork,
       },
     });
   }
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/index.ts b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/index.ts
index d64c1b8d4..8a5ddcf6a 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/index.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/index.ts
@@ -1 +1,2 @@
 export { PermissionsEditor } from './PermissionsEditor';
+export { inputToGrantedPermissionsView } from './utils';
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/permissionEntries.ts b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/permissionEntries.ts
index f21dae8a5..740e0bb83 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/permissionEntries.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/permissionEntries.ts
@@ -89,6 +89,7 @@ export function buildNetworkEntries(
   requestedOptional: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[],
   grantedNetworkWhitelist: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[],
   section: 'required' | 'optional',
+  networkId: string | null = null,
 ): PermissionEntry[] {
   const requiredKeys = new Set(requestedRequired.map(networkKey));
   const optionalKeys = new Set(requestedOptional.map(networkKey));
@@ -146,6 +147,7 @@ export function buildNetworkEntries(
       kind: 'network',
       key: host,
       host,
+      networkId,
       label: host,
       description: null,
       required: hostHasRequired,
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/types.ts b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/types.ts
index 181c78776..863cbdd13 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/types.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/types.ts
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ export type PermissionEntry =
       kind: 'network';
       key: string;
       host: string;
+      networkId: string | null;
       label: string;
       description: string | null;
       required: boolean;
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/utils.ts b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/utils.ts
index df53f317a..9d5fa9211 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/utils.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/utils.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-import type { SageNetworkWhitelistEntry } from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
+import type {
+  SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
+  SageGrantedPermissionsView,
+  SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
+  UserBridgeCapability,
+} from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
 
 export function cn(...classes: Array<string | false | null | undefined>) {
   return classes.filter(Boolean).join(' ');
@@ -33,3 +38,24 @@ export function formatCapabilityLeafLabel(key: string): string {
 export function normalizeKey(key: string): string {
   return key.trim().toLowerCase();
 }
+
+export function inputToGrantedPermissionsView(
+  permissions: SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
+): SageGrantedPermissionsView {
+  return {
+    capabilities: [...new Set(permissions.capabilities ?? [])].sort((a, b) =>
+      a.localeCompare(b),
+    ) as UserBridgeCapability[],
+    network: {
+      whitelist: sortNetworkEntries(permissions.network?.whitelist ?? []),
+      whitelistByNetwork: Object.fromEntries(
+        Object.entries(permissions.network?.whitelistByNetwork ?? {}).map(
+          ([networkId, whitelist]) => [
+            networkId,
+            sortNetworkEntries(whitelist ?? []),
+          ],
+        ),
+      ),
+    },
+  };
+}
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index 023b73125..67377f93d 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -2261,15 +2261,15 @@ export type SageAppUrlPreview = { appUrl: SageAppUrl; manifestHash: string; mani
 export type SageAppView = ({ kind: "system" } & SystemSageAppView) | ({ kind: "user" } & UserSageAppView)
 export type SageAppWalletScope = { kind: "allWallets" } | { kind: "selectedWallets"; fingerprints: number[] }
 export type SageAppsError = { kind: ErrorKind; reason: string }
-export type SageGrantedNetworkPermissionsInput = { whitelist: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[] }
-export type SageGrantedNetworkPermissionsView = { whitelist: SageNetworkWhitelistEntryView[] }
+export type SageGrantedNetworkPermissionsInput = { whitelist?: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[]; whitelistByNetwork?: Partial<{ [key in string]: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[] }> }
+export type SageGrantedNetworkPermissionsView = { whitelist: SageNetworkWhitelistEntryView[]; whitelistByNetwork?: Partial<{ [key in string]: SageNetworkWhitelistEntryView[] }> }
 export type SageGrantedPermissionsInput = { capabilities: UserBridgeCapability[]; network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissionsInput }
 export type SageGrantedPermissionsView = { capabilities: UserBridgeCapability[]; network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissionsView }
 export type SageGrantedSystemPermissionsView = { capabilities: SystemBridgeCapability[] }
 export type SageNetworkWhitelistEntry = { scheme: string; host: string }
 export type SageNetworkWhitelistEntryView = { scheme: string; host: string }
 export type SageRequestedCapabilities = { required: UserBridgeCapability[]; optional: UserBridgeCapability[] }
-export type SageRequestedNetworkPermissions = { whitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist }
+export type SageRequestedNetworkPermissions = { whitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist; whitelistByNetwork: Partial<{ [key in string]: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist }> }
 export type SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist = { required: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[]; optional: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[] }
 export type SageRequestedPermissions = { network: SageRequestedNetworkPermissions; capabilities: SageRequestedCapabilities }
 export type SandboxCapability = "storage_isolation_from_sage" | "storage_persistence_normal" | "storage_non_persistence_incognito" | "storage_clear_cycle" | "network_allowlist_enforced"

From e18409f87be27c9876a8b52fe3ae554fb3737c28 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 8 May 2026 06:22:22 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 382/471] Refactor app update lifecycle logic and improve state
 management

- Moved app update-related functions (`check_app_update_for_app`, `fetch_pending_update`, etc.) to a new `logic` module for better organization.
- Replaced redundant code in `commands.rs` with calls to the new `logic` functions for improved clarity and reusability.
- Updated `useLoadState` hook to include a `reload` callback for re-checking app updates.
- Refactored `UpdateReviewBody` to use a shared `UpdateIssueFooter` for consistent reload and close actions.
- Removed unused `onClose` property in `PartialUpdateBody`.
- Enhanced modularity and readability across TypeScript and Rust layers.
---
 .../src/system/apps/app-update/src/App.tsx    |   4 +-
 .../src/components/PartialUpdateBody.tsx      |  11 +-
 .../src/components/UpdateReviewBody.tsx       |  60 +++++--
 .../apps/app-update/src/hooks/useLoadState.ts |  20 ++-
 .../system/app_update/get_review_context.rs   |   4 +-
 .../src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs          | 159 ++----------------
 .../sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/logic.rs   | 153 +++++++++++++++++
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/mod.rs  |   1 +
 8 files changed, 233 insertions(+), 179 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/logic.rs

diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/App.tsx b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/App.tsx
index d1e79c420..47d2bccbc 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/App.tsx
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/App.tsx
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import { useSageSystemClient } from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
 
 export function App() {
   const sage = useSageSystemClient();
-  const state = useLoadState();
+  const { state, reload } = useLoadState();
 
   if (state.kind === 'loading') {
     return (
@@ -28,5 +28,5 @@ export function App() {
     return <PermissionsReviewBody state={state} />;
   }
 
-  return <UpdateReviewBody state={state} />;
+  return <UpdateReviewBody state={state} onReload={reload} />;
 }
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/components/PartialUpdateBody.tsx b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/components/PartialUpdateBody.tsx
index 14b183d0e..5d5197ddf 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/components/PartialUpdateBody.tsx
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/components/PartialUpdateBody.tsx
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-export function PartialUpdateBody({ header, error, onClose }: any) {
+export function PartialUpdateBody({ header, error }: any) {
   return (
     <div className='space-y-4'>
       <h1 className='text-lg font-semibold'>Update cannot be installed</h1>
@@ -10,15 +10,6 @@ export function PartialUpdateBody({ header, error, onClose }: any) {
       <pre className='max-h-48 overflow-auto rounded-xl bg-muted p-3 text-xs whitespace-pre-wrap'>
         {error}
       </pre>
-
-      <div className='flex justify-end'>
-        <button
-          className='rounded-md border px-4 py-2 text-sm'
-          onClick={onClose}
-        >
-          Close
-        </button>
-      </div>
     </div>
   );
 }
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/components/UpdateReviewBody.tsx b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/components/UpdateReviewBody.tsx
index 820655609..7f97bfbde 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/components/UpdateReviewBody.tsx
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/components/UpdateReviewBody.tsx
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import { useUpdatePermissions } from '../hooks/useUpdatePermissions';
 import { NoUpdateBody } from './NoUpdateBody';
 import { PartialUpdateBody } from './PartialUpdateBody';
 
-export function UpdateReviewBody({ state }: any) {
+export function UpdateReviewBody({ state, onReload }: any) {
   const [submitting, setSubmitting] = useState(false);
   const [error, setError] = useState<string | null>(null);
 
@@ -50,21 +50,35 @@ export function UpdateReviewBody({ state }: any) {
   // ---- No update
   if (!preview) {
     return (
-      <NoUpdateBody
-        name={state.app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.name}
-        onClose={close}
-      />
+      <AppModalShell
+        title='Review app update'
+        appIcon={appIconFromCommonView(state.app.common)}
+        appName={state.app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.name}
+        footer={<UpdateIssueFooter onReload={onReload} onClose={close} />}
+      >
+        <NoUpdateBody
+          name={state.app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.name}
+          onClose={close}
+        />
+      </AppModalShell>
     );
   }
 
   // ---- Partial / unsupported
   if (preview.manifest.kind === 'partial') {
     return (
-      <PartialUpdateBody
-        header={preview.manifest.manifest_header}
-        error={preview.manifest.parse_error}
-        onClose={close}
-      />
+      <AppModalShell
+        title='Update cannot be installed'
+        appIcon={appIconFromCommonView(state.app.common)}
+        appName={state.app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.name}
+        footer={<UpdateIssueFooter onReload={onReload} onClose={close} />}
+      >
+        <PartialUpdateBody
+          header={preview.manifest.manifest_header}
+          error={preview.manifest.parse_error}
+          onClose={close}
+        />
+      </AppModalShell>
     );
   }
 
@@ -126,3 +140,29 @@ export function UpdateReviewBody({ state }: any) {
     </AppModalShell>
   );
 }
+
+function UpdateIssueFooter({
+  onReload,
+  onClose,
+}: {
+  onReload: () => void;
+  onClose: () => void;
+}) {
+  return (
+    <div className='flex items-center justify-between gap-2'>
+      <button
+        className='rounded-md border border-border px-4 py-2 text-sm text-muted-foreground transition-colors hover:bg-muted hover:text-foreground'
+        onClick={onReload}
+      >
+        Re-check update
+      </button>
+
+      <button
+        className='rounded-md bg-primary px-4 py-2 text-sm text-primary-foreground transition-opacity hover:opacity-90'
+        onClick={onClose}
+      >
+        Close
+      </button>
+    </div>
+  );
+}
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/hooks/useLoadState.ts b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/hooks/useLoadState.ts
index 36a32b277..bbad62159 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/hooks/useLoadState.ts
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/hooks/useLoadState.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { useEffect, useState } from 'react';
+import { useCallback, useEffect, useState } from 'react';
 import { formatSageError, useSageSystemClient } from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
 import type { LoadState, Mode } from '../types';
 
@@ -6,10 +6,12 @@ export function useLoadState() {
   const [state, setState] = useState<LoadState>({ kind: 'loading' });
   const sage = useSageSystemClient();
 
-  useEffect(() => {
+  const reload = useCallback(() => {
     let cancelled = false;
 
     async function load() {
+      setState({ kind: 'loading' });
+
       try {
         const params = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);
         const appId = params.get('appId');
@@ -27,7 +29,9 @@ export function useLoadState() {
 
         if (mode === 'review-permissions') {
           const permissionsContext = await sage.appPermissions.getReviewContext(
-            { appId },
+            {
+              appId,
+            },
           );
 
           if (!cancelled) {
@@ -41,12 +45,11 @@ export function useLoadState() {
               wallets: walletsResult.wallets,
             });
           }
+
           return;
         }
 
-        const updateContext = await sage.appUpdate.getReviewContext({
-          appId,
-        });
+        const updateContext = await sage.appUpdate.getReviewContext({ appId });
 
         if (!cancelled) {
           setState({
@@ -67,10 +70,13 @@ export function useLoadState() {
     }
 
     void load();
+
     return () => {
       cancelled = true;
     };
   }, [sage]);
 
-  return state;
+  useEffect(() => reload(), [reload]);
+
+  return { state, reload };
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/get_review_context.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/get_review_context.rs
index d91bf30f2..e5cdd12ea 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/get_review_context.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/get_review_context.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
 };
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
-use crate::lifecycle::update::commands::check_app_update;
+use crate::lifecycle::update::logic::check_app_update_for_app;
 use crate::runtime::resolve_app;
 use crate::types::{SageApp, SageAppUrlPreview, UserSageAppView};
 
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppUpdateGetReviewContext {
                 ))
             })?;
 
-        let preview = check_app_update(tools.app_handle.clone(), params.app_id.clone())
+        let preview = check_app_update_for_app(&resolved)
             .await
             .map_err(|err| {
                 BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error(format!(
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
index 650be914b..7f1734b53 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,17 @@
 use std::io;
 
-use tauri::{AppHandle, State, command};
+use tauri::{command, AppHandle, State};
 
 use crate::host::AppState;
 use crate::host::Result;
-use crate::lifecycle::{download_url_snapshot, fetch_url_manifest, fetch_url_manifest_preview};
+use crate::lifecycle::download_url_snapshot;
+use crate::lifecycle::update::logic::{
+    check_app_update_for_app, fetch_pending_update,
+    fetch_pending_update_for_resolved_stopped_app,
+};
 use crate::runtime::resolve_app;
 use crate::types::{
-    ResolvedStoppedApp, SageApp, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppUrlPreview, SageAppView,
-    SageGrantedPermissionsInput, SharedSageApp, UserSageAppPendingUpdate, UserSageAppSource,
+    SageApp, SageAppUrlPreview, SageAppView, SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
 };
 
 #[command]
@@ -21,50 +24,7 @@ pub async fn check_app_update(
         .await
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to read installed app {app_id}: {err}")))?;
 
-    let app = app.clone_app_for_operation();
-
-    let deps = app.with(|app| match app {
-        SageApp::System(_) => None,
-        SageApp::User(user_app) => Some((
-            user_app.source().clone(),
-            user_app.common().active_snapshot().clone(),
-            user_app.pending_update().cloned(),
-        )),
-    });
-
-    let Some((source, active_snapshot, existing_pending)) = deps else {
-        return Ok(None);
-    };
-
-    let app_url = match source {
-        UserSageAppSource::Url { app_url } => app_url,
-        UserSageAppSource::Zip => return Ok(None),
-    };
-
-    let (manifest_preview, manifest_hash) = fetch_url_manifest_preview(&app_url.manifest_url())
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to fetch app manifest: {err}")))?;
-
-    let preview = SageAppUrlPreview::new(&app_url, manifest_preview, manifest_hash)
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to preview app URL: {err}")))?;
-
-    if preview.manifest_hash() == active_snapshot.manifest_hash()
-        && let Some(full_manifest) = preview.full_manifest()
-        && full_manifest == active_snapshot.manifest()
-    {
-        return Ok(None);
-    }
-
-    if let Some(existing_pending) = existing_pending
-        && let Some(full_manifest) = preview.full_manifest()
-        && existing_pending.manifest_hash() == preview.manifest_hash()
-        && existing_pending.manifest() == full_manifest
-    {
-        return Ok(None);
-    }
-
-    Ok(Some(preview))
+    check_app_update_for_app(&app).await
 }
 
 #[command]
@@ -84,7 +44,7 @@ pub async fn download_app_update(app_handle: AppHandle, app_id: String) -> Resul
         app.set_pending_update(Some(pending))
             .map_err(|err| err.to_string())
     })
-    .map_err(io::Error::other)?;
+        .map_err(io::Error::other)?;
 
     Ok((&app).into())
 }
@@ -135,8 +95,8 @@ pub async fn apply_app_update(
         pending.manifest(),
         pending.manifest_hash(),
     )
-    .await
-    .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to download update snapshot: {err}")))?;
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to download update snapshot: {err}")))?;
 
     resolved
         .try_with_app(|app| {
@@ -154,100 +114,3 @@ pub async fn apply_app_update(
 
     Ok(resolved.with_app(|app| app.into()))
 }
-
-async fn fetch_pending_update(app: &SharedSageApp) -> Result<Option<UserSageAppPendingUpdate>> {
-    struct FetchDeps {
-        source: UserSageAppSource,
-        active_snapshot: SageAppSnapshot,
-    }
-
-    let deps = app.with(|app| match app {
-        SageApp::System(_) => None,
-        SageApp::User(user_app) => Some(FetchDeps {
-            source: user_app.source().clone(),
-            active_snapshot: user_app.common().active_snapshot().clone(),
-        }),
-    });
-    let Some(deps) = deps else {
-        return Ok(None);
-    };
-
-    let app_url = match deps.source {
-        UserSageAppSource::Url { app_url } => app_url.clone(),
-        UserSageAppSource::Zip => return Ok(None),
-    };
-
-    let (manifest, manifest_hash) = fetch_url_manifest(&app_url.manifest_url())
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to fetch app manifest: {err}")))?;
-
-    let preview = SageAppUrlPreview::from_full_manifest(&app_url, manifest, manifest_hash)
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to preview app URL: {err}")))?;
-
-    let manifest = preview
-        .require_full_manifest()
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("update manifest is not installable: {err}")))?;
-
-    if preview.manifest_hash() == deps.active_snapshot.manifest_hash()
-        && manifest == deps.active_snapshot.manifest()
-    {
-        return Ok(None);
-    }
-
-    Ok(Some(UserSageAppPendingUpdate::new(
-        app_url,
-        preview.manifest_hash().to_string(),
-        manifest.clone(),
-    )))
-}
-
-async fn fetch_pending_update_for_resolved_stopped_app(
-    resolved: &ResolvedStoppedApp,
-) -> Result<Option<UserSageAppPendingUpdate>> {
-    let deps = resolved.try_with_app(|app| {
-        app.try_with(|sage_app| {
-            let Some(user_app) = sage_app.as_user() else {
-                return Ok(None);
-            };
-
-            Ok::<_, anyhow::Error>(Some((
-                user_app.source().clone(),
-                user_app.common().active_snapshot().clone(),
-            )))
-        })
-    })?;
-
-    let Some((source, active_snapshot)) = deps else {
-        return Ok(None);
-    };
-
-    let app_url = match source {
-        UserSageAppSource::Url { app_url } => app_url,
-        UserSageAppSource::Zip => return Ok(None),
-    };
-
-    let (manifest, manifest_hash) = fetch_url_manifest(&app_url.manifest_url())
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to fetch app manifest: {err}")))?;
-
-    let preview = SageAppUrlPreview::from_full_manifest(&app_url, manifest, manifest_hash)
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to preview app URL: {err}")))?;
-
-    let manifest = preview
-        .require_full_manifest()
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("update manifest is not installable: {err}")))?;
-
-    if preview.manifest_hash() == active_snapshot.manifest_hash()
-        && manifest == active_snapshot.manifest()
-    {
-        return Ok(None);
-    }
-
-    Ok(Some(UserSageAppPendingUpdate::new(
-        app_url,
-        preview.manifest_hash().to_string(),
-        manifest.clone(),
-    )))
-}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/logic.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/logic.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a5fa4f8bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/logic.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+use std::io;
+
+use crate::host::Result;
+use crate::lifecycle::{fetch_url_manifest, fetch_url_manifest_preview};
+use crate::types::{ResolvedApp, ResolvedStoppedApp, SageApp, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppUrlPreview, SharedSageApp, UserSageAppPendingUpdate, UserSageAppSource};
+
+pub async fn check_app_update_for_app(
+    app: &ResolvedApp,
+) -> Result<Option<SageAppUrlPreview>> {
+    let shared_sage_app = app.clone_app_for_operation();
+    let deps = shared_sage_app.with(|app| match app {
+        SageApp::System(_) => None,
+        SageApp::User(user_app) => Some((
+            user_app.source().clone(),
+            user_app.common().active_snapshot().clone(),
+            user_app.pending_update().cloned(),
+        )),
+    });
+
+    let Some((source, active_snapshot, existing_pending)) = deps else {
+        return Ok(None);
+    };
+
+    let app_url = match source {
+        UserSageAppSource::Url { app_url } => app_url,
+        UserSageAppSource::Zip => return Ok(None),
+    };
+
+    let (manifest_preview, manifest_hash) = fetch_url_manifest_preview(&app_url.manifest_url())
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to fetch app manifest: {err}")))?;
+
+    let preview = SageAppUrlPreview::new(&app_url, manifest_preview, manifest_hash)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to preview app URL: {err}")))?;
+
+    if preview.manifest_hash() == active_snapshot.manifest_hash()
+        && let Some(full_manifest) = preview.full_manifest()
+        && full_manifest == active_snapshot.manifest()
+    {
+        return Ok(None);
+    }
+
+    if let Some(existing_pending) = existing_pending
+        && let Some(full_manifest) = preview.full_manifest()
+        && existing_pending.manifest_hash() == preview.manifest_hash()
+        && existing_pending.manifest() == full_manifest
+    {
+        return Ok(None);
+    }
+
+    Ok(Some(preview))
+}
+
+pub async fn fetch_pending_update(
+    app: &SharedSageApp,
+) -> Result<Option<UserSageAppPendingUpdate>> {
+    struct FetchDeps {
+        source: UserSageAppSource,
+        active_snapshot: SageAppSnapshot,
+    }
+
+    let deps = app.with(|app| match app {
+        SageApp::System(_) => None,
+        SageApp::User(user_app) => Some(FetchDeps {
+            source: user_app.source().clone(),
+            active_snapshot: user_app.common().active_snapshot().clone(),
+        }),
+    });
+
+    let Some(deps) = deps else {
+        return Ok(None);
+    };
+
+    let app_url = match deps.source {
+        UserSageAppSource::Url { app_url } => app_url.clone(),
+        UserSageAppSource::Zip => return Ok(None),
+    };
+
+    let (manifest, manifest_hash) = fetch_url_manifest(&app_url.manifest_url())
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to fetch app manifest: {err}")))?;
+
+    let preview = SageAppUrlPreview::from_full_manifest(&app_url, manifest, manifest_hash)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to preview app URL: {err}")))?;
+
+    let manifest = preview
+        .require_full_manifest()
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("update manifest is not installable: {err}")))?;
+
+    if preview.manifest_hash() == deps.active_snapshot.manifest_hash()
+        && manifest == deps.active_snapshot.manifest()
+    {
+        return Ok(None);
+    }
+
+    Ok(Some(UserSageAppPendingUpdate::new(
+        app_url,
+        preview.manifest_hash().to_string(),
+        manifest.clone(),
+    )))
+}
+
+pub async fn fetch_pending_update_for_resolved_stopped_app(
+    resolved: &ResolvedStoppedApp,
+) -> Result<Option<UserSageAppPendingUpdate>> {
+    let deps = resolved.try_with_app(|app| {
+        app.try_with(|sage_app| {
+            let Some(user_app) = sage_app.as_user() else {
+                return Ok(None);
+            };
+
+            Ok::<_, anyhow::Error>(Some((
+                user_app.source().clone(),
+                user_app.common().active_snapshot().clone(),
+            )))
+        })
+    })?;
+
+    let Some((source, active_snapshot)) = deps else {
+        return Ok(None);
+    };
+
+    let app_url = match source {
+        UserSageAppSource::Url { app_url } => app_url,
+        UserSageAppSource::Zip => return Ok(None),
+    };
+
+    let (manifest, manifest_hash) = fetch_url_manifest(&app_url.manifest_url())
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to fetch app manifest: {err}")))?;
+
+    let preview = SageAppUrlPreview::from_full_manifest(&app_url, manifest, manifest_hash)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to preview app URL: {err}")))?;
+
+    let manifest = preview
+        .require_full_manifest()
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("update manifest is not installable: {err}")))?;
+
+    if preview.manifest_hash() == active_snapshot.manifest_hash()
+        && manifest == active_snapshot.manifest()
+    {
+        return Ok(None);
+    }
+
+    Ok(Some(UserSageAppPendingUpdate::new(
+        app_url,
+        preview.manifest_hash().to_string(),
+        manifest.clone(),
+    )))
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/mod.rs
index fdea89b72..4083d4f16 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/mod.rs
@@ -2,3 +2,4 @@ pub mod commands;
 pub mod permissions;
 pub mod scope;
 pub mod types;
+pub mod logic;

From 659a7da0b6bcac2879cce7b5ff47f1b5066b832c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 8 May 2026 06:29:25 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 383/471] Refactor network permissions logic to support
 network-specific entries

- Updated `permissionEntries` to generate IDs and keys based on `networkId` when available.
- Enhanced `permissionTree` to group network permissions by `networkId` and sort them for better organization.
- Improved modularity and clarity in permission handling.
---
 .../PermissionsEditor/permissionEntries.ts    |  5 +--
 .../PermissionsEditor/permissionTree.ts       | 35 ++++++++++++++++++-
 2 files changed, 37 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/permissionEntries.ts b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/permissionEntries.ts
index 740e0bb83..f5ac1c8b0 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/permissionEntries.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/permissionEntries.ts
@@ -143,9 +143,10 @@ export function buildNetworkEntries(
     };
 
     entries.push({
-      id: `network:${host}`,
+      id:
+        networkId === null ? `network:${host}` : `network:${networkId}:${host}`,
       kind: 'network',
-      key: host,
+      key: networkId === null ? host : `${networkId}:${host}`,
       host,
       networkId,
       label: host,
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/permissionTree.ts b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/permissionTree.ts
index fb17e9edd..64f35ba70 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/permissionTree.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/permissionTree.ts
@@ -26,10 +26,43 @@ export function buildGroupedPermissionTree(
   const roots: PermissionGroupNode[] = [];
 
   const networkEntries = entries.filter((entry) => entry.kind === 'network');
+
   if (networkEntries.length > 0) {
     const networkNode = makeNode('network', 'Network access');
-    networkNode.entries = sortPermissionEntries(networkEntries);
     networkNode.sensitivityRank = 1;
+
+    const sharedEntries = networkEntries.filter(
+      (entry) => entry.networkId === null,
+    );
+    const networkSpecificEntries = networkEntries.filter(
+      (entry) => entry.networkId !== null,
+    );
+
+    if (sharedEntries.length > 0) {
+      networkNode.entries = sortPermissionEntries(sharedEntries);
+    }
+
+    const entriesByNetwork = new Map<string, typeof networkSpecificEntries>();
+
+    for (const entry of networkSpecificEntries) {
+      const networkId = entry.networkId;
+      if (networkId === null) continue;
+
+      entriesByNetwork.set(networkId, [
+        ...(entriesByNetwork.get(networkId) ?? []),
+        entry,
+      ]);
+    }
+
+    for (const [networkId, entries] of entriesByNetwork) {
+      const child = makeNode(`network:${networkId}`, networkId);
+      child.entries = sortPermissionEntries(entries);
+      child.sensitivityRank = 1;
+      networkNode.children.push(child);
+    }
+
+    networkNode.children.sort((a, b) => a.label.localeCompare(b.label));
+
     roots.push(networkNode);
   }
 

From c8e3af51b2db7fed94d9f83e9110122eb1310872 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 8 May 2026 15:06:59 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 384/471] Refactor permissions and security logic, improve
 error handling and logging

- Added `active_network_id` retrieval and integrated network-specific CSP policies.
- Updated permission handling to use network-specific whitelists (`effective_whitelist_for_network`).
- Replaced `eprintln!` calls with `tracing::error` for consistent logging.
- Enhanced error logs and clarity across lifecycle, runtime, and system app operations.
- Improved handling of app protocol requests with network context support.
---
 .../apps/app-install/src/utils/permissions.ts | 89 ++-----------------
 .../apps/app-update/src/utils/permissions.ts  | 42 ++++++++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs   |  6 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs         |  1 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs    |  2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs  |  8 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/security/csp.rs          |  8 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs     | 31 ++++++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs           | 12 +--
 .../src/types/permissions/granted.rs          |  4 +-
 .../sage-apps/src/types/permissions/tests.rs  |  2 -
 .../src/components/PermissionsEditor/index.ts |  6 +-
 .../src/components/PermissionsEditor/utils.ts | 74 +++++++++++++++
 13 files changed, 180 insertions(+), 105 deletions(-)

diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/utils/permissions.ts b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/utils/permissions.ts
index d26f82397..c38545fc0 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/utils/permissions.ts
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/utils/permissions.ts
@@ -1,91 +1,18 @@
+import {
+  emptyGrantedPermissionsInput,
+  initialGrantedPermissionsInput,
+  inputToGrantedPermissionsView,
+} from '@sage-app/ui';
 import type {
   SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView,
   SageAppPackageManifest,
   SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
-  SageGrantedPermissionsView,
-  SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
-  UserBridgeCapability,
   UserSageAppView,
 } from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
 import type { InstallSource } from '../types';
 
-function networkKey(entry: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry): string {
-  return `${entry.scheme}://${entry.host}`;
-}
-
-function sortCapabilities(
-  values: Iterable<UserBridgeCapability>,
-): UserBridgeCapability[] {
-  return [...new Set(values)].sort((a, b) => a.localeCompare(b));
-}
-
-function sortNetwork(
-  values: Iterable<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
-): SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[] {
-  return [...values].sort((a, b) => networkKey(a).localeCompare(networkKey(b)));
-}
-
-function normalizeGrantedPermissionsView(
-  permissions: SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
-): SageGrantedPermissionsView {
-  return {
-    capabilities: sortCapabilities(permissions.capabilities ?? []),
-    network: {
-      whitelist: sortNetwork(permissions.network.whitelist ?? []),
-      whitelistByNetwork: Object.fromEntries(
-        Object.entries(permissions.network.whitelistByNetwork ?? {}).map(
-          ([networkId, whitelist]) => [networkId, sortNetwork(whitelist ?? [])],
-        ),
-      ),
-    },
-  };
-}
-
-function definitionMap(definitions: SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView[]) {
-  return new Map(
-    definitions.map((definition) => [
-      definition.key as UserBridgeCapability,
-      definition,
-    ]),
-  );
-}
-
-function isUserGrantable(
-  definitionsByKey: Map<UserBridgeCapability, SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView>,
-  capability: UserBridgeCapability,
-): boolean {
-  return definitionsByKey.get(capability)?.flags.userGrantable === true;
-}
-
-export function emptyGrantedPermissions(): SageGrantedPermissionsInput {
-  return {
-    capabilities: [],
-    network: {
-      whitelist: [],
-      whitelistByNetwork: {},
-    },
-  };
-}
-
-export function initialGrantedPermissions(
-  manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
-  definitions: SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView[],
-): SageGrantedPermissionsInput {
-  const definitionsByKey = definitionMap(definitions);
-
-  return {
-    capabilities: sortCapabilities(
-      (manifest.permissions.capabilities.required ?? []).filter((capability) =>
-        isUserGrantable(definitionsByKey, capability),
-      ),
-    ),
-    network: {
-      whitelist: sortNetwork(
-        manifest.permissions.network.whitelist.required ?? [],
-      ),
-    },
-  };
-}
+export const emptyGrantedPermissions = emptyGrantedPermissionsInput;
+export const initialGrantedPermissions = initialGrantedPermissionsInput;
 
 export function installManifest(
   source: InstallSource,
@@ -105,7 +32,7 @@ export function buildPreviewApp(
         id: '__install_preview__',
         originId: '__install_preview__',
       },
-      grantedPermissions: normalizeGrantedPermissionsView(grantedPermissions),
+      grantedPermissions: inputToGrantedPermissionsView(grantedPermissions),
       walletScope: { kind: 'selectedWallets', fingerprints: [] },
       activeSnapshot: { manifest },
       icon: null,
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/utils/permissions.ts b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/utils/permissions.ts
index e58fecf05..56060af56 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/utils/permissions.ts
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/utils/permissions.ts
@@ -1,11 +1,18 @@
 import type {
   SageGrantedPermissionsView,
   SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
-  SageRequestedPermissions,
   UserBridgeCapability,
 } from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
 import { isUserGrantable } from './definitions';
 
+type RequestedWhitelistByNetwork = Record<
+  string,
+  {
+    required?: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[];
+    optional?: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[];
+  }
+>;
+
 function networkKey(entry: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry) {
   return `${entry.scheme}://${entry.host}`;
 }
@@ -37,6 +44,8 @@ export function nextPermissionsForUpdate(args: {
   const nextNetwork = {
     required: nextRequested.network.whitelist.required ?? [],
     optional: nextRequested.network.whitelist.optional ?? [],
+    byNetwork: (nextRequested.network.whitelistByNetwork ??
+      {}) as RequestedWhitelistByNetwork,
   };
 
   const nextAllowedCaps = new Set([...nextCaps.required, ...nextCaps.optional]);
@@ -68,6 +77,36 @@ export function nextPermissionsForUpdate(args: {
   for (const e of retainedNetwork) networkMap.set(networkKey(e), e);
   for (const e of nextNetwork.required) networkMap.set(networkKey(e), e);
 
+  const whitelistByNetwork: Record<string, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[]> = {};
+
+  for (const [networkId, requestedWhitelist] of Object.entries(
+    nextNetwork.byNetwork,
+  )) {
+    const allowedNetworkKeys = new Set([
+      ...(requestedWhitelist.required ?? []).map(networkKey),
+      ...(requestedWhitelist.optional ?? []).map(networkKey),
+    ]);
+
+    const retained = (
+      args.app.common.grantedPermissions.network.whitelistByNetwork?.[
+        networkId
+      ] ?? []
+    ).filter((entry: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry) =>
+      allowedNetworkKeys.has(networkKey(entry)),
+    );
+
+    const entries = new Map<string, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>();
+
+    for (const entry of retained) entries.set(networkKey(entry), entry);
+    for (const entry of requestedWhitelist.required ?? []) {
+      entries.set(networkKey(entry), entry);
+    }
+
+    if (entries.size > 0) {
+      whitelistByNetwork[networkId] = sortNetwork(entries.values());
+    }
+  }
+
   return {
     capabilities: sortCapabilities([
       ...retainedCapabilities,
@@ -75,6 +114,7 @@ export function nextPermissionsForUpdate(args: {
     ]),
     network: {
       whitelist: sortNetwork(networkMap.values()),
+      whitelistByNetwork,
     },
   };
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs
index db2736fb2..8fa86bc2c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs
@@ -25,12 +25,12 @@ pub async fn uninstall_app(
     let resolved_app = match resolve_stopped_app(&app_handle, &app_id).await {
         Ok(app) => Some(app),
         Err(ResolveStoppedError::AppDirMissing) => {
-            eprintln!("[uninstall_app] app dir missing/unresolvable {app_id}; removing dir only");
+            tracing::error!("[uninstall_app] app dir missing/unresolvable {app_id}; removing dir only");
             None
         }
 
         Err(ResolveStoppedError::CloseAttemptsHit) => {
-            eprintln!("[uninstall_app] close attempts hit {app_id}");
+            tracing::error!("[uninstall_app] close attempts hit {app_id}");
             return Err(io::Error::other(
                 "failed to uninstall app because runtime could not be stopped",
             )
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ pub async fn uninstall_app(
         )
         .await
         .unwrap_or_else(|_| {
-            eprintln!("[uninstall_app] storage cleanup timed out for {app_id}");
+            tracing::error!("[uninstall_app] storage cleanup timed out for {app_id}");
             Err("storage cleanup timed out".to_string())
         });
         resolved_app.try_with_app(|installed| {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
index 1b0a0daf8..c28bc30ba 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
@@ -223,6 +223,7 @@ async fn check_gates(
     let gate = sandbox::evaluate_app_launch_gate(app, &effective);
 
     if !gate.allowed {
+        tracing::error!("App launch blocked by sandbox policy");
         return Err(gate
             .message
             .unwrap_or_else(|| "App launch blocked by sandbox policy".into()));
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
index e6bc73b8d..22a55578c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ fn retry_immediate_lookup<T>(
 
         if Instant::now() >= deadline {
             let err = format!("{label} is busy after {attempts} attempts");
-            eprintln!("{err}");
+            tracing::error!("{err}");
             return Err(err);
         }
     }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
index 4f2bf8770..17d72f9ad 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ pub fn build_builtin_runtime_app(app_id: &str) -> Result<Option<SageApp>, AppBui
 
     let granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions::for_builtin_requested(manifest.permissions())
         .map_err(|err| {
-            eprintln!("runtime app granted_permissions failed: {err}");
+            tracing::error!("runtime app granted_permissions failed: {err}");
             AppBuildError::InternalError
         })?;
 
@@ -216,14 +216,14 @@ pub fn build_builtin_runtime_app(app_id: &str) -> Result<Option<SageApp>, AppBui
         manifest.clone(),
     )
     .map_err(|err| {
-        eprintln!("runtime app snapshot failed: {err}");
+        tracing::error!("runtime app snapshot failed: {err}");
         AppBuildError::InternalError
     })?;
 
     let common = SageAppCommon::new(
         SageAppIdentity::new(app_id, app_id, app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string()).map_err(
             |err| {
-                eprintln!("runtime app identity failed: {err}");
+                tracing::error!("runtime app identity failed: {err}");
                 AppBuildError::InternalError
             },
         )?,
@@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ pub fn build_builtin_runtime_app(app_id: &str) -> Result<Option<SageApp>, AppBui
         SageAppWalletScope::AllWallets,
     )
     .map_err(|err| {
-        eprintln!("runtime app common failed: {err}");
+        tracing::error!("runtime app common failed: {err}");
         AppBuildError::InternalError
     })?;
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/csp.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/csp.rs
index a5ce04724..85b92b841 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/csp.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/csp.rs
@@ -6,11 +6,15 @@ fn csp_source_list(items: &[String]) -> String {
     items.join(" ")
 }
 
-pub fn build_app_csp(app: &SharedSageApp) -> String {
+pub fn build_app_csp(app: &SharedSageApp, network_id: &str) -> String {
     let mut connect_sources = BTreeSet::from(["'self'".to_string()]);
 
     app.with(|app| {
-        for entry in app.granted_permissions().network().whitelist_iter() {
+        for entry in app
+            .granted_permissions()
+            .network()
+            .effective_whitelist_for_network(network_id)
+        {
             connect_sources.insert(entry.as_permission_string());
         }
     });
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
index 4ea2a08c4..154497224 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ use anyhow::{Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
 use std::fs;
 use tauri::http::{Response, StatusCode};
 use tauri::{Manager, UriSchemeContext, Wry};
+use crate::host::AppState;
 
 pub fn handle_user_app_protocol_request(
     ctx: &UriSchemeContext<'_, Wry>,
@@ -23,7 +24,7 @@ pub fn handle_user_app_protocol_request(
 
         let is_sandbox_test = identity_app.with(|app| app.common().is_sandbox_test());
 
-        match handle_app_protocol_request(&runtime, request) {
+        match handle_app_protocol_request(ctx, &runtime, request) {
             Ok(response) => Ok(response),
             Err(err) if is_sandbox_test => Ok(protocol_error_response("sage-app", &err)),
             Err(_) => Ok(not_found_response()),
@@ -37,6 +38,7 @@ pub fn handle_system_app_protocol_request(
     ctx: &UriSchemeContext<'_, Wry>,
     request: &tauri::http::Request<Vec<u8>>,
 ) -> Response<Vec<u8>> {
+
     let result = (|| {
         let runtime = get_protocol_request_runtime(ctx)?;
 
@@ -44,7 +46,7 @@ pub fn handle_system_app_protocol_request(
             anyhow::bail!("not a system runtime");
         }
 
-        handle_app_protocol_request(&runtime, request)
+        handle_app_protocol_request(ctx, &runtime, request)
             .map_err(|err| anyhow!("sage-system-app error: {err}"))
     })();
 
@@ -64,6 +66,7 @@ fn get_protocol_request_runtime(
 }
 
 fn handle_app_protocol_request(
+    ctx: &UriSchemeContext<'_, Wry>,
     runtime: &PossiblyImpostorRuntime,
     request: &tauri::http::Request<Vec<u8>>,
 ) -> AnyResult<Response<Vec<u8>>> {
@@ -87,11 +90,13 @@ fn handle_app_protocol_request(
         .essence_str()
         .to_string();
 
+    let network_id = active_network_id(ctx)?;
+
     Response::builder()
         .status(StatusCode::OK)
         .header("Content-Type", mime)
         .header("Cache-Control", "no-store")
-        .header("Content-Security-Policy", build_app_csp(&identity_app))
+        .header("Content-Security-Policy", build_app_csp(&identity_app, &network_id))
         .header("X-Content-Type-Options", "nosniff")
         .body(fs::read(&file_path)?)
         .map_err(|err| anyhow!("failed to build app protocol response: {err}"))
@@ -112,3 +117,23 @@ fn protocol_error_response(prefix: &str, err: &anyhow::Error) -> Response<Vec<u8
         .body(format!("{prefix} error: {err}").into_bytes())
         .expect("failed to build protocol error response")
 }
+
+fn active_network_id(ctx: &UriSchemeContext<'_, Wry>) -> AnyResult<String> {
+    const ATTEMPTS: usize = 100;
+
+    let state = ctx.app_handle().state::<AppState>();
+
+    tokio::task::block_in_place(|| {
+        for _ in 0..ATTEMPTS {
+            if let Ok(sage) = state.inner().try_lock() {
+                return Ok(sage.network_id());
+            }
+
+            std::thread::yield_now();
+        }
+
+        Err(anyhow!(
+            "active network id unavailable because Sage state is locked"
+        ))
+    })
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
index b28c938ed..7b5b9e456 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ pub fn build_builtin_system_app(app_id: &str) -> Result<Option<SageApp>, AppBuil
     let app_dir = builtin_system_apps_root().join(spec.dir_name);
 
     if !app_dir.is_dir() {
-        eprintln!(
+        tracing::error!(
             "[build_builtin_system_app] missing app_dir for {app_id}: {}",
             app_dir.display()
         );
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ pub fn build_builtin_system_app(app_id: &str) -> Result<Option<SageApp>, AppBuil
     let manifest = match read_builtin_manifest(&app_dir) {
         Ok(m) => m,
         Err(err) => {
-            eprintln!(
+            tracing::error!(
                 "[build_builtin_system_app] manifest failure for {app_id} at {}: {err:?}",
                 app_dir.display()
             );
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ pub fn build_builtin_system_app(app_id: &str) -> Result<Option<SageApp>, AppBuil
     ) {
         Ok(p) => p,
         Err(err) => {
-            eprintln!(
+            tracing::error!(
                 "[build_builtin_system_app] granted_permissions failure for {app_id}: {err:?}\nmanifest: {manifest:?}"
             );
             return Err(AppBuildError::InternalError);
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ pub fn build_builtin_system_app(app_id: &str) -> Result<Option<SageApp>, AppBuil
     ) {
         Ok(s) => s,
         Err(err) => {
-            eprintln!("[build_builtin_system_app] snapshot failure for {app_id}: {err:?}");
+            tracing::error!("[build_builtin_system_app] snapshot failure for {app_id}: {err:?}");
             return Err(AppBuildError::InternalError);
         }
     };
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ pub fn build_builtin_system_app(app_id: &str) -> Result<Option<SageApp>, AppBuil
     ) {
         Ok(i) => i,
         Err(err) => {
-            eprintln!("[build_builtin_system_app] identity failure for {app_id}: {err:?}");
+            tracing::error!("[build_builtin_system_app] identity failure for {app_id}: {err:?}");
             return Err(AppBuildError::InternalError);
         }
     };
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ pub fn build_builtin_system_app(app_id: &str) -> Result<Option<SageApp>, AppBuil
     ) {
         Ok(c) => c,
         Err(err) => {
-            eprintln!("[build_builtin_system_app] common failure for {app_id}: {err:?}");
+            tracing::error!("[build_builtin_system_app] common failure for {app_id}: {err:?}");
             return Err(AppBuildError::InternalError);
         }
     };
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/granted.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/granted.rs
index ddd15b637..e0e61ee74 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/granted.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/granted.rs
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ impl SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
     pub fn effective_whitelist_for_network(
         &self,
         network_id: &str,
-    ) -> BTreeSet<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry> {
+    ) -> Vec<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry> {
         self.whitelist
             .iter()
             .cloned()
@@ -132,6 +132,8 @@ impl SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
                     .into_iter()
                     .flat_map(|entries| entries.iter().cloned()),
             )
+            .collect::<BTreeSet<_>>()
+            .into_iter()
             .collect()
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/tests.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/tests.rs
index a2dda01ec..cff5a90aa 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/tests.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/tests.rs
@@ -146,7 +146,5 @@ fn effective_whitelist_for_network_merges_shared_and_network_specific_entries()
             network_entry("https", "required.example.com"),
             network_entry("https", "mainnet-required.example.com"),
         ]
-        .into_iter()
-        .collect()
     );
 }
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/index.ts b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/index.ts
index 8a5ddcf6a..d58c100ba 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/index.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/index.ts
@@ -1,2 +1,6 @@
 export { PermissionsEditor } from './PermissionsEditor';
-export { inputToGrantedPermissionsView } from './utils';
+export {
+  emptyGrantedPermissionsInput,
+  initialGrantedPermissionsInput,
+  inputToGrantedPermissionsView,
+} from './utils';
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/utils.ts b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/utils.ts
index 9d5fa9211..58a4f50b5 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/utils.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/utils.ts
@@ -3,8 +3,82 @@ import type {
   SageGrantedPermissionsView,
   SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
   UserBridgeCapability,
+  SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView,
+  SageAppPackageManifest,
 } from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
 
+type RequestedWhitelistByNetwork = Record<
+  string,
+  {
+    required?: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[];
+    optional?: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[];
+  }
+>;
+
+function sortCapabilities(
+  values: Iterable<UserBridgeCapability>,
+): UserBridgeCapability[] {
+  return [...new Set(values)].sort((a, b) => a.localeCompare(b));
+}
+
+export function isUserGrantableCapabilityDefinition(
+  definitions: SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView[],
+  capability: UserBridgeCapability,
+): boolean {
+  return (
+    definitions.find((definition) => definition.key === capability)?.flags
+      .userGrantable === true
+  );
+}
+
+export function requiredNetworkWhitelistByNetworkInput(
+  value: unknown,
+): Record<string, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[]> {
+  if (!value || typeof value !== 'object') {
+    return {};
+  }
+
+  return Object.fromEntries(
+    Object.entries(value as RequestedWhitelistByNetwork)
+      .map(([networkId, whitelist]) => [
+        networkId,
+        sortNetworkEntries(whitelist?.required ?? []),
+      ])
+      .filter(([, entries]) => entries.length > 0),
+  );
+}
+
+export function initialGrantedPermissionsInput(
+  manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
+  definitions: SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView[],
+): SageGrantedPermissionsInput {
+  return {
+    capabilities: sortCapabilities(
+      (manifest.permissions.capabilities.required ?? []).filter((capability) =>
+        isUserGrantableCapabilityDefinition(definitions, capability),
+      ),
+    ),
+    network: {
+      whitelist: sortNetworkEntries(
+        manifest.permissions.network.whitelist.required ?? [],
+      ),
+      whitelistByNetwork: requiredNetworkWhitelistByNetworkInput(
+        manifest.permissions.network.whitelistByNetwork,
+      ),
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+export function emptyGrantedPermissionsInput(): SageGrantedPermissionsInput {
+  return {
+    capabilities: [],
+    network: {
+      whitelist: [],
+      whitelistByNetwork: {},
+    },
+  };
+}
+
 export function cn(...classes: Array<string | false | null | undefined>) {
   return classes.filter(Boolean).join(' ');
 }

From a54d0d84f00eae31ccf6a3bc8c489d30dc3109bb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 8 May 2026 18:24:57 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 385/471] Refactor sandbox runner and logging, improve state
 management and error handling

- Moved `ensure_initial_sandbox_run` to `switch_wallet`, ensuring sandbox initialization is triggered on wallet switch.
- Replaced manual locking logic in `active_network_id` with timeout-based retries for improved reliability.
- Enhanced `sandbox_runner` with detailed `tracing` logs for probe lifecycle events.
- Improved error handling and logging across sandbox operations, including `run_id` context in logs.
- Refined state updates and ensured clear finalization in sandbox runs for better maintainability.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runner.rs    | 83 ++++++++++++++++++++++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs | 13 ++--
 src-tauri/src/commands.rs                 | 14 ++--
 3 files changed, 95 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runner.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runner.rs
index b284ae2ad..e225ab293 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runner.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runner.rs
@@ -84,14 +84,26 @@ async fn update_current_run_state(
 pub async fn sandbox_runner(app: AppHandle) {
     let apps_state = app.state::<AppsHostState>();
 
-    let mut current_state = {
+    let (run_id, mut current_state) = {
         let current_run = apps_state.sandbox.current_run.lock().await.clone();
+
         current_run.map_or_else(
-            || build_running_sandbox_state(unix_timestamp_ms()),
-            |r| r.state,
+            || {
+                let run_id = "sandbox-run-missing-current-run".to_string();
+
+                tracing::warn!(
+                    run_id = %run_id,
+                    "sandbox runner started without current_run"
+                );
+
+                (run_id, build_running_sandbox_state(unix_timestamp_ms()))
+            },
+            |r| (r.run_id, r.state),
         )
     };
 
+    tracing::info!(run_id = %run_id, "sandbox runner started");
+
     let isolation_fut = run_isolation_test(&app, &apps_state);
     let persistence_fut = run_persistence_test(&app, &apps_state);
     let clear_cycle_fut = run_clear_cycle_test(&app, &apps_state);
@@ -114,6 +126,13 @@ pub async fn sandbox_runner(app: AppHandle) {
 
                 match res {
                     Ok((passed, details)) => {
+                        tracing::info!(
+                            run_id = %run_id,
+                            passed,
+                            details = ?details,
+                            "sandbox probe finished: storage isolation"
+                        );
+
                         mark_cap(
                             &mut current_state,
                             SandboxCapability::StorageIsolationFromSage,
@@ -123,6 +142,12 @@ pub async fn sandbox_runner(app: AppHandle) {
                         );
                     }
                     Err(err) => {
+                        tracing::error!(
+                            run_id = %run_id,
+                            error = %err,
+                            "sandbox probe errored: storage isolation"
+                        );
+
                         mark_cap(
                             &mut current_state,
                             SandboxCapability::StorageIsolationFromSage,
@@ -141,6 +166,15 @@ pub async fn sandbox_runner(app: AppHandle) {
 
                 match res {
                     Ok((normal, incog)) => {
+                        tracing::info!(
+                            run_id = %run_id,
+                            normal_passed = normal.0,
+                            normal_details = ?normal.1,
+                            incognito_passed = incog.0,
+                            incognito_details = ?incog.1,
+                            "sandbox probe finished: storage persistence"
+                        );
+
                         mark_cap(
                             &mut current_state,
                             SandboxCapability::StoragePersistenceNormal,
@@ -158,6 +192,12 @@ pub async fn sandbox_runner(app: AppHandle) {
                         );
                     }
                     Err(err) => {
+                        tracing::error!(
+                            run_id = %run_id,
+                            error = %err,
+                            "sandbox probe errored: storage persistence"
+                        );
+
                         mark_cap(
                             &mut current_state,
                             SandboxCapability::StoragePersistenceNormal,
@@ -184,6 +224,13 @@ pub async fn sandbox_runner(app: AppHandle) {
 
                 match res {
                     Ok((passed, details)) => {
+                        tracing::info!(
+                            run_id = %run_id,
+                            passed,
+                            details = ?details,
+                            "sandbox probe finished: storage clear cycle"
+                        );
+
                         mark_cap(
                             &mut current_state,
                             SandboxCapability::StorageClearCycle,
@@ -193,6 +240,12 @@ pub async fn sandbox_runner(app: AppHandle) {
                         );
                     }
                     Err(err) => {
+                        tracing::error!(
+                            run_id = %run_id,
+                            error = %err,
+                            "sandbox probe errored: storage clear cycle"
+                        );
+
                         mark_cap(
                             &mut current_state,
                             SandboxCapability::StorageClearCycle,
@@ -211,6 +264,13 @@ pub async fn sandbox_runner(app: AppHandle) {
 
                 match res {
                     Ok((passed, details)) => {
+                        tracing::info!(
+                            run_id = %run_id,
+                            passed,
+                            details = ?details,
+                            "sandbox probe finished: network allowlist"
+                        );
+
                         mark_cap(
                             &mut current_state,
                             SandboxCapability::NetworkAllowlistEnforced,
@@ -220,6 +280,12 @@ pub async fn sandbox_runner(app: AppHandle) {
                         );
                     }
                     Err(err) => {
+                        tracing::error!(
+                            run_id = %run_id,
+                            error = %err,
+                            "sandbox probe errored: network allowlist"
+                        );
+
                         mark_cap(
                             &mut current_state,
                             SandboxCapability::NetworkAllowlistEnforced,
@@ -252,6 +318,17 @@ pub async fn sandbox_runner(app: AppHandle) {
         };
     current_state.finished_at = Some(unix_timestamp_ms());
 
+    tracing::info!(
+        run_id = %run_id,
+        overall = ?current_state.overall_critical_status,
+        storage_isolation = ?current_state.storage_isolation_from_sage.status,
+        persistence_normal = ?current_state.storage_persistence_normal.status,
+        persistence_incognito = ?current_state.storage_non_persistence_incognito.status,
+        clear_cycle = ?current_state.storage_clear_cycle.status,
+        network = ?current_state.network_allowlist_enforced.status,
+        "sandbox runner finished"
+    );
+
     *apps_state.sandbox.baseline.lock().await = current_state.clone();
     *apps_state.sandbox.current_run.lock().await = None;
     *apps_state.sandbox.running.lock().await = false;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
index 154497224..83b30c2c9 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
@@ -119,19 +119,20 @@ fn protocol_error_response(prefix: &str, err: &anyhow::Error) -> Response<Vec<u8
 }
 
 fn active_network_id(ctx: &UriSchemeContext<'_, Wry>) -> AnyResult<String> {
-    const ATTEMPTS: usize = 100;
-
+    use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
+    const TIMEOUT: Duration = Duration::from_millis(20);
     let state = ctx.app_handle().state::<AppState>();
-
     tokio::task::block_in_place(|| {
-        for _ in 0..ATTEMPTS {
+        let started = Instant::now();
+        loop {
             if let Ok(sage) = state.inner().try_lock() {
                 return Ok(sage.network_id());
             }
-
+            if started.elapsed() >= TIMEOUT {
+                break;
+            }
             std::thread::yield_now();
         }
-
         Err(anyhow!(
             "active network id unavailable because Sage state is locked"
         ))
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/commands.rs b/src-tauri/src/commands.rs
index 55699e9f1..64870aa55 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/commands.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/commands.rs
@@ -38,10 +38,6 @@ pub async fn initialize(
     app_state::initialize(app_handle.clone(), &mut sage).await?;
     drop(sage);
 
-    if let Err(err) = ensure_initial_sandbox_run(app_handle).await {
-        eprintln!("failed to start initial sandbox run: {err}");
-    }
-
     let app_state = (*state).clone();
 
     tokio::spawn(async move {
@@ -158,8 +154,14 @@ pub async fn set_rpc_run_on_startup(
 
 #[command]
 #[specta]
-pub async fn switch_wallet(state: State<'_, AppState>) -> Result<()> {
-    state.lock().await.switch_wallet().await?;
+pub async fn switch_wallet(app_handle: AppHandle, state: State<'_, AppState>) -> Result<()> {
+    {
+        state.lock().await.switch_wallet().await?;
+    }
+
+    if let Err(err) = ensure_initial_sandbox_run(app_handle).await {
+        eprintln!("failed to start initial sandbox run: {err}");
+    }
     Ok(())
 }
 

From fff3c2902aee65613c88324056b8aeca4111c9de Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 8 May 2026 21:03:00 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 386/471] Refactor protocol handling to support async responses
 and improve error management

- Updated `handle_user_app_protocol_request` and `handle_system_app_protocol_request` to async functions for better concurrency.
- Replaced `UriSchemeContext` usage with `AppHandle` and `webview_label` for consistency.
- Refactored `active_network_id` to use async locking with timeout for enhanced reliability.
- Updated `tauri_builder` to use asynchronous URI scheme protocols with support for async handlers.
- Improved error logging using `tracing` for consistent debugging.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs | 100 +++++++++++-----------
 src-tauri/src/lib.rs                      |  44 ++++++++--
 2 files changed, 89 insertions(+), 55 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
index 83b30c2c9..69a7387bd 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+use crate::host::AppState;
 use crate::runtime::{
     PossiblyImpostorRuntime, app_id_from_webview_label,
     resolve_possibly_impostor_running_app_immediate,
@@ -5,76 +6,78 @@ use crate::runtime::{
 use crate::security::build_app_csp;
 use anyhow::{Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
 use std::fs;
-use tauri::http::{Response, StatusCode};
-use tauri::{Manager, UriSchemeContext, Wry};
-use crate::host::AppState;
+use tauri::http::{Request, Response, StatusCode};
+use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager};
 
-pub fn handle_user_app_protocol_request(
-    ctx: &UriSchemeContext<'_, Wry>,
-    request: &tauri::http::Request<Vec<u8>>,
+pub async fn handle_user_app_protocol_request(
+    app_handle: AppHandle,
+    webview_label: String,
+    request: Request<Vec<u8>>,
 ) -> Response<Vec<u8>> {
-    let result = (|| {
-        let runtime = get_protocol_request_runtime(ctx)?;
+    let result = async {
+        let runtime = get_protocol_request_runtime(&app_handle, &webview_label)?;
 
         if !runtime.is_user_app() {
             anyhow::bail!("not a user runtime");
         }
 
         let identity_app = runtime.identity_app();
-
         let is_sandbox_test = identity_app.with(|app| app.common().is_sandbox_test());
 
-        match handle_app_protocol_request(ctx, &runtime, request) {
+        match handle_app_protocol_request(&app_handle, &runtime, &request).await {
             Ok(response) => Ok(response),
             Err(err) if is_sandbox_test => Ok(protocol_error_response("sage-app", &err)),
             Err(_) => Ok(not_found_response()),
         }
-    })();
+    }
+        .await;
 
     result.unwrap_or_else(|_| not_found_response())
 }
 
-pub fn handle_system_app_protocol_request(
-    ctx: &UriSchemeContext<'_, Wry>,
-    request: &tauri::http::Request<Vec<u8>>,
+pub async fn handle_system_app_protocol_request(
+    app_handle: AppHandle,
+    webview_label: String,
+    request: Request<Vec<u8>>,
 ) -> Response<Vec<u8>> {
-
-    let result = (|| {
-        let runtime = get_protocol_request_runtime(ctx)?;
+    let result = async {
+        let runtime = get_protocol_request_runtime(&app_handle, &webview_label)?;
 
         if !runtime.is_system_app() {
             anyhow::bail!("not a system runtime");
         }
 
-        handle_app_protocol_request(ctx, &runtime, request)
+        handle_app_protocol_request(&app_handle, &runtime, &request)
+            .await
             .map_err(|err| anyhow!("sage-system-app error: {err}"))
-    })();
+    }
+        .await;
 
     result.unwrap_or_else(|err| protocol_error_response("sage-system-app", &err))
 }
 
 fn get_protocol_request_runtime(
-    ctx: &UriSchemeContext<'_, Wry>,
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
+    webview_label: &str,
 ) -> AnyResult<PossiblyImpostorRuntime> {
-    let webview_label = ctx.webview_label();
-
     let app_id =
         app_id_from_webview_label(webview_label).ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("invalid webview label"))?;
 
-    resolve_possibly_impostor_running_app_immediate(&ctx.app_handle().state(), app_id)
+    resolve_possibly_impostor_running_app_immediate(&app_handle.state(), app_id)
         .map_err(|_| anyhow!("failed to find runtime for app {app_id}"))
 }
 
-fn handle_app_protocol_request(
-    ctx: &UriSchemeContext<'_, Wry>,
+async fn handle_app_protocol_request(
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
     runtime: &PossiblyImpostorRuntime,
-    request: &tauri::http::Request<Vec<u8>>,
+    request: &Request<Vec<u8>>,
 ) -> AnyResult<Response<Vec<u8>>> {
     let identity_app = runtime.identity_app();
 
     if request.uri().host() != Some(&identity_app.origin_id()) {
         anyhow::bail!("host mismatch");
     }
+
     if request.headers().contains_key("Service-Worker") {
         anyhow::bail!("Service worker forbidden");
     }
@@ -90,13 +93,16 @@ fn handle_app_protocol_request(
         .essence_str()
         .to_string();
 
-    let network_id = active_network_id(ctx)?;
+    let network_id = active_network_id(app_handle).await?;
 
     Response::builder()
         .status(StatusCode::OK)
         .header("Content-Type", mime)
         .header("Cache-Control", "no-store")
-        .header("Content-Security-Policy", build_app_csp(&identity_app, &network_id))
+        .header(
+            "Content-Security-Policy",
+            build_app_csp(&identity_app, &network_id),
+        )
         .header("X-Content-Type-Options", "nosniff")
         .body(fs::read(&file_path)?)
         .map_err(|err| anyhow!("failed to build app protocol response: {err}"))
@@ -104,37 +110,33 @@ fn handle_app_protocol_request(
 
 fn not_found_response() -> Response<Vec<u8>> {
     Response::builder()
-        .status(404)
+        .status(StatusCode::NOT_FOUND)
         .header("Content-Type", "text/plain; charset=utf-8")
         .body("Not found".to_string().into_bytes())
         .expect("failed to build error response")
 }
 
 fn protocol_error_response(prefix: &str, err: &anyhow::Error) -> Response<Vec<u8>> {
+    tracing::error!(prefix, error = %err, "protocol request failed");
+
     Response::builder()
-        .status(500)
+        .status(StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR)
         .header("Content-Type", "text/plain; charset=utf-8")
         .body(format!("{prefix} error: {err}").into_bytes())
         .expect("failed to build protocol error response")
 }
 
-fn active_network_id(ctx: &UriSchemeContext<'_, Wry>) -> AnyResult<String> {
-    use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
-    const TIMEOUT: Duration = Duration::from_millis(20);
-    let state = ctx.app_handle().state::<AppState>();
-    tokio::task::block_in_place(|| {
-        let started = Instant::now();
-        loop {
-            if let Ok(sage) = state.inner().try_lock() {
-                return Ok(sage.network_id());
-            }
-            if started.elapsed() >= TIMEOUT {
-                break;
-            }
-            std::thread::yield_now();
-        }
-        Err(anyhow!(
-            "active network id unavailable because Sage state is locked"
-        ))
-    })
+async fn active_network_id(app_handle: &AppHandle) -> AnyResult<String> {
+    use std::time::Duration;
+    use tokio::time::timeout;
+
+    const TIMEOUT: Duration = Duration::from_millis(1_500);
+
+    let state = app_handle.state::<AppState>();
+
+    let sage = timeout(TIMEOUT, state.lock())
+        .await
+        .map_err(|_| anyhow!("active network id unavailable because Sage state is locked"))?;
+
+    Ok(sage.network_id())
 }
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
index 911843776..97a54bf35 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
@@ -202,12 +202,44 @@ pub fn run() {
     }
 
     tauri_builder
-        .register_uri_scheme_protocol("sage-app", move |ctx, request| {
-            handle_user_app_protocol_request(&ctx, &request)
-        })
-        .register_uri_scheme_protocol("sage-system-app", move |ctx, request| {
-            handle_system_app_protocol_request(&ctx, &request)
-        })
+        .register_asynchronous_uri_scheme_protocol(
+            "sage-app",
+            move |ctx, request, responder| {
+                let app_handle = ctx.app_handle().clone();
+                let webview_label = ctx.webview_label().to_string();
+                let request = request;
+
+                tauri::async_runtime::spawn(async move {
+                    let response = handle_user_app_protocol_request(
+                        app_handle,
+                        webview_label,
+                        request,
+                    )
+                        .await;
+
+                    responder.respond(response);
+                });
+            },
+        )
+        .register_asynchronous_uri_scheme_protocol(
+            "sage-system-app",
+            move |ctx, request, responder| {
+                let app_handle = ctx.app_handle().clone();
+                let webview_label = ctx.webview_label().to_string();
+                let request = request;
+
+                tauri::async_runtime::spawn(async move {
+                    let response = handle_system_app_protocol_request(
+                        app_handle,
+                        webview_label,
+                        request,
+                    )
+                        .await;
+
+                    responder.respond(response);
+                });
+            },
+        )
         .invoke_handler(builder.invoke_handler())
         .setup(move |app| {
             builder.mount_events(app);

From 4f1f7adb881c3f6b4a039b79b7b986e1d57ec692 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 8 May 2026 21:14:46 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 387/471] Reduce timeouts for improved responsiveness in
 protocol and state management

- Decreased `TIMEOUT` in `protocol.rs` from 1,500ms to 500ms.
- Increased `IMMEDIATE_LOCK_RETRY_TIMEOUT_MS` in `read.rs` from 20ms to 500ms for consistency in retry handling.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs | 2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs  | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
index 22a55578c..fcb197fa9 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ use crate::runtime::SageAppRuntimeVisibility;
 use crate::runtime::state::types::{SharedImpostorRuntime, SharedRuntime};
 use crate::types::AppPresentation;
 
-const IMMEDIATE_LOCK_RETRY_TIMEOUT_MS: u64 = 20;
+const IMMEDIATE_LOCK_RETRY_TIMEOUT_MS: u64 = 500;
 
 pub enum GetRuntimeError {
     NotFound,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
index 69a7387bd..c24df4aaf 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ async fn active_network_id(app_handle: &AppHandle) -> AnyResult<String> {
     use std::time::Duration;
     use tokio::time::timeout;
 
-    const TIMEOUT: Duration = Duration::from_millis(1_500);
+    const TIMEOUT: Duration = Duration::from_millis(500);
 
     let state = app_handle.state::<AppState>();
 

From f3d883a63ccf8699d8d724c356035f931aa5bc80 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 8 May 2026 21:23:44 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 388/471] Remove verbose tracing and logging in
 `sandbox_runner`, streamline state management

- Eliminated redundant `tracing::info` and `tracing::error` logs for sandbox probes and overall lifecycle.
- Simplified `current_state` initialization by removing unused `run_id` context.
- Improved code clarity and maintainability by reducing logging noise.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runner.rs | 80 +-------------------------
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 77 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runner.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runner.rs
index e225ab293..07fa3aa5e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runner.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runner.rs
@@ -84,26 +84,17 @@ async fn update_current_run_state(
 pub async fn sandbox_runner(app: AppHandle) {
     let apps_state = app.state::<AppsHostState>();
 
-    let (run_id, mut current_state) = {
+    let mut current_state = {
         let current_run = apps_state.sandbox.current_run.lock().await.clone();
 
         current_run.map_or_else(
             || {
-                let run_id = "sandbox-run-missing-current-run".to_string();
-
-                tracing::warn!(
-                    run_id = %run_id,
-                    "sandbox runner started without current_run"
-                );
-
-                (run_id, build_running_sandbox_state(unix_timestamp_ms()))
+                build_running_sandbox_state(unix_timestamp_ms())
             },
-            |r| (r.run_id, r.state),
+            |r| r.state,
         )
     };
 
-    tracing::info!(run_id = %run_id, "sandbox runner started");
-
     let isolation_fut = run_isolation_test(&app, &apps_state);
     let persistence_fut = run_persistence_test(&app, &apps_state);
     let clear_cycle_fut = run_clear_cycle_test(&app, &apps_state);
@@ -126,13 +117,6 @@ pub async fn sandbox_runner(app: AppHandle) {
 
                 match res {
                     Ok((passed, details)) => {
-                        tracing::info!(
-                            run_id = %run_id,
-                            passed,
-                            details = ?details,
-                            "sandbox probe finished: storage isolation"
-                        );
-
                         mark_cap(
                             &mut current_state,
                             SandboxCapability::StorageIsolationFromSage,
@@ -142,12 +126,6 @@ pub async fn sandbox_runner(app: AppHandle) {
                         );
                     }
                     Err(err) => {
-                        tracing::error!(
-                            run_id = %run_id,
-                            error = %err,
-                            "sandbox probe errored: storage isolation"
-                        );
-
                         mark_cap(
                             &mut current_state,
                             SandboxCapability::StorageIsolationFromSage,
@@ -166,15 +144,6 @@ pub async fn sandbox_runner(app: AppHandle) {
 
                 match res {
                     Ok((normal, incog)) => {
-                        tracing::info!(
-                            run_id = %run_id,
-                            normal_passed = normal.0,
-                            normal_details = ?normal.1,
-                            incognito_passed = incog.0,
-                            incognito_details = ?incog.1,
-                            "sandbox probe finished: storage persistence"
-                        );
-
                         mark_cap(
                             &mut current_state,
                             SandboxCapability::StoragePersistenceNormal,
@@ -192,12 +161,6 @@ pub async fn sandbox_runner(app: AppHandle) {
                         );
                     }
                     Err(err) => {
-                        tracing::error!(
-                            run_id = %run_id,
-                            error = %err,
-                            "sandbox probe errored: storage persistence"
-                        );
-
                         mark_cap(
                             &mut current_state,
                             SandboxCapability::StoragePersistenceNormal,
@@ -224,13 +187,6 @@ pub async fn sandbox_runner(app: AppHandle) {
 
                 match res {
                     Ok((passed, details)) => {
-                        tracing::info!(
-                            run_id = %run_id,
-                            passed,
-                            details = ?details,
-                            "sandbox probe finished: storage clear cycle"
-                        );
-
                         mark_cap(
                             &mut current_state,
                             SandboxCapability::StorageClearCycle,
@@ -240,12 +196,6 @@ pub async fn sandbox_runner(app: AppHandle) {
                         );
                     }
                     Err(err) => {
-                        tracing::error!(
-                            run_id = %run_id,
-                            error = %err,
-                            "sandbox probe errored: storage clear cycle"
-                        );
-
                         mark_cap(
                             &mut current_state,
                             SandboxCapability::StorageClearCycle,
@@ -264,13 +214,6 @@ pub async fn sandbox_runner(app: AppHandle) {
 
                 match res {
                     Ok((passed, details)) => {
-                        tracing::info!(
-                            run_id = %run_id,
-                            passed,
-                            details = ?details,
-                            "sandbox probe finished: network allowlist"
-                        );
-
                         mark_cap(
                             &mut current_state,
                             SandboxCapability::NetworkAllowlistEnforced,
@@ -280,12 +223,6 @@ pub async fn sandbox_runner(app: AppHandle) {
                         );
                     }
                     Err(err) => {
-                        tracing::error!(
-                            run_id = %run_id,
-                            error = %err,
-                            "sandbox probe errored: network allowlist"
-                        );
-
                         mark_cap(
                             &mut current_state,
                             SandboxCapability::NetworkAllowlistEnforced,
@@ -318,17 +255,6 @@ pub async fn sandbox_runner(app: AppHandle) {
         };
     current_state.finished_at = Some(unix_timestamp_ms());
 
-    tracing::info!(
-        run_id = %run_id,
-        overall = ?current_state.overall_critical_status,
-        storage_isolation = ?current_state.storage_isolation_from_sage.status,
-        persistence_normal = ?current_state.storage_persistence_normal.status,
-        persistence_incognito = ?current_state.storage_non_persistence_incognito.status,
-        clear_cycle = ?current_state.storage_clear_cycle.status,
-        network = ?current_state.network_allowlist_enforced.status,
-        "sandbox runner finished"
-    );
-
     *apps_state.sandbox.baseline.lock().await = current_state.clone();
     *apps_state.sandbox.current_run.lock().await = None;
     *apps_state.sandbox.running.lock().await = false;

From 46f31cee1f968340fe5cdec55238296b8a2f8810 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 9 May 2026 00:03:01 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 389/471] Add network-specific permission handling and runtime
 reload logic

- Implemented `process_sage_network_change` to handle network-specific runtime updates, ensuring security and stability.
- Updated network permissions logic with support for `network_id` in whitelist entries.
- Enhanced runtime management to reload or terminate user runtimes on network changes based on permission updates.
- Refactored permission update functions to include network context support and streamlined handling across app lifecycle.
---
 .../app_permissions/apply_permissions.rs      |   2 +-
 .../user/app/request_capability_grant.rs      |   1 +
 .../app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs    |  50 ++++++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs          |   3 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs                   |   1 +
 .../src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs       | 109 +++++++++++------
 .../sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/types.rs   | 113 +++++++++++++++++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs       |  96 ++++++++++++++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs           |   2 +-
 crates/sage-wallet/src/sync_manager.rs        |   6 +
 .../src/sync_manager/sync_event.rs            |   3 +
 src-tauri/src/app_state.rs                    |   9 +-
 12 files changed, 340 insertions(+), 55 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_permissions/apply_permissions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_permissions/apply_permissions.rs
index f55873c85..e10aa2368 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_permissions/apply_permissions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_permissions/apply_permissions.rs
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppPermissionsApplyPermissions {
 
         let app = resolved.clone_app_for_operation();
 
-        update_app_permissions_for_app(tools.app_handle, &app, &granted_permissions)
+        update_app_permissions_for_app(tools.app_handle, tools.host_state, &app, &granted_permissions)
             .await
             .map_err(|err| {
                 BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error(format!(
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
index e17b9f228..613a80d09 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
@@ -77,6 +77,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppRequestCapabilityGrant {
 
         let result = match grant_capability(
             tools.app_handle,
+            tools.host_state,
             &base_path,
             &ctx.app.id(),
             params.capability,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs
index 56af9200a..6f36114ac 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,9 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::bridge::types::RustBridgeApprovalBody;
 use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest};
 use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
-use crate::lifecycle::update::permissions::grant_network_whitelist_entry;
+use crate::lifecycle::update::permissions::{
+    grant_network_whitelist_entry,
+};
 use crate::lifecycle::update::types::GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome;
 use crate::types::SageNetworkWhitelistEntry;
 
@@ -22,15 +24,24 @@ pub struct AppRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant;
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantParams {
     pub entry: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
+
+    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub network_id: Option<String>,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantResult {
     pub granted: bool,
+
     #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
     pub already_granted: Option<bool>,
+
     pub entry: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
+
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub network_id: Option<String>,
+
     pub full_granted_network_whitelist: Vec<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
 }
 
@@ -51,18 +62,26 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant {
     ) -> BridgeApprovalRequestResult {
         let params: RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantParams = parse_required_params(self, request)?;
 
-        if ctx.app.with(|app| {
-            app.granted_permissions()
-                .network()
-                .whitelist_iter()
-                .any(|entry| entry == &params.entry)
-        }) {
+        let already_granted = ctx.app.with(|app| {
+            let network = app.granted_permissions().network();
+
+            match params.network_id.as_deref() {
+                Some(network_id) => network
+                    .whitelist_by_network()
+                    .get(network_id)
+                    .is_some_and(|entries| entries.contains(&params.entry)),
+                None => network.whitelist_iter().any(|entry| entry == &params.entry),
+            }
+        });
+
+        if already_granted {
             return Ok(None);
         }
 
         Ok(Some(RustBridgeApprovalRequest {
             body: RustBridgeApprovalBody::NetworkWhitelistGrant {
                 entry: params.entry,
+                network_id: params.network_id,
             },
         }))
     }
@@ -77,21 +96,25 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant {
 
         let base_path = resolve_app_base_path(&tools)?;
 
-        let result = match grant_network_whitelist_entry(
+        let grant_result = grant_network_whitelist_entry(
             tools.app_handle,
+            tools.host_state,
             &base_path,
             &ctx.app.id(),
+            params.network_id.as_deref(),
             &params.entry,
         )
-        .await
-        {
+            .await;
+
+        let result = match grant_result {
             Ok(GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome::AlreadyGranted {
-                entry,
-                full_granted_network_whitelist,
-            }) => RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantResult {
+                   entry,
+                   full_granted_network_whitelist,
+               }) => RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantResult {
                 granted: true,
                 already_granted: Some(true),
                 entry,
+                network_id: params.network_id,
                 full_granted_network_whitelist,
             },
 
@@ -100,6 +123,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant {
                     granted: true,
                     already_granted: None,
                     entry,
+                    network_id: params.network_id,
                     full_granted_network_whitelist: change.full,
                 }
             }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs
index 0f4dacc59..31f372a05 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs
@@ -86,6 +86,9 @@ pub enum RustBridgeApprovalBody {
     },
     NetworkWhitelistGrant {
         entry: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
+
+        #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+        network_id: Option<String>,
     },
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
index 12938cc1c..9f7fa44df 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@ pub use bridge::ts_exports::{export_system_bridge_typescript, export_user_bridge
 // Operations
 pub use lifecycle::process_pending_storage_cleanup;
 pub use sandbox::runner::ensure_initial_sandbox_run;
+pub use runtime::{process_sage_network_change};
 
 // Docs
 pub use build::docs::generate_docs;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
index a1f8d35b0..55277916c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
@@ -8,53 +8,63 @@ use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::lifecycle::update::types::{
     AppUpdateResult, GrantCapabilityOutcome, GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome, GrantedPermissionsChange,
 };
-use crate::runtime::resolve_app;
+use crate::runtime::{reload_app_runtime, resolve_app};
 use crate::types::{SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SharedSageApp};
 use anyhow::Context;
-use tauri::AppHandle;
+use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
+use crate::AppsHostState;
 
 pub async fn update_app_permissions_for_app(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app: &SharedSageApp,
     granted_permissions: &SageGrantedPermissions,
 ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-    let app_id = app.id();
-
-    let update_result = apply_granted_permissions_to_app(app, granted_permissions)?;
-
-    emit_granted_permissions_change(app_handle, &app_id, update_result.change()).await;
+    apply_granted_permissions(app_handle, apps_state, app, granted_permissions).await?;
 
     Ok(())
 }
 
 pub async fn grant_capability(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     _base_path: &Path,
     app_id: &str,
     capability: UserBridgeCapability,
 ) -> anyhow::Result<GrantCapabilityOutcome> {
-    let update = grant_capability_internal(app_handle, app_id, capability).await?;
-
-    emit_granted_permissions_change(app_handle, app_id, update.change()).await;
+    let update = grant_capability_internal(app_handle, apps_state, app_id, capability).await?;
 
     Ok(GrantCapabilityOutcome::from_update(capability, &update))
 }
 
 pub async fn grant_network_whitelist_entry(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     _base_path: &Path,
     app_id: &str,
+    network_id: Option<&str>,
     entry: &SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
 ) -> anyhow::Result<GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome> {
-    let update = grant_network_whitelist_entry_internal(app_handle, app_id, entry).await?;
-
-    emit_granted_permissions_change(app_handle, app_id, update.change()).await;
-
-    Ok(GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome::from_update(entry, &update))
+    let update = grant_network_whitelist_entry_internal(
+        app_handle,
+        apps_state,
+        app_id,
+        network_id,
+        entry,
+    )
+        .await?;
+
+    Ok(GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome::from_update(
+        network_id,
+        entry,
+        &update,
+    ))
 }
 
+
 async fn grant_capability_internal(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: &str,
     capability: UserBridgeCapability,
 ) -> anyhow::Result<AppUpdateResult> {
@@ -67,27 +77,39 @@ async fn grant_capability_internal(
             .with_capability_added(sage_app.common().requested_permissions(), capability)
     })?;
 
-    apply_granted_permissions_to_app(&app, &granted_permissions)
+    apply_granted_permissions(app_handle, apps_state, &app, &granted_permissions).await
 }
 
 async fn grant_network_whitelist_entry_internal(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: &str,
+    network_id: Option<&str>,
     entry: &SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
 ) -> anyhow::Result<AppUpdateResult> {
     let app = resolve_app_for_permission_update(app_handle, app_id).await?;
 
     let granted_permissions = app.try_with(|sage_app| {
-        sage_app
-            .common()
-            .granted_permissions()
-            .with_network_whitelist_entry_added(
-                sage_app.common().requested_permissions(),
-                entry.clone(),
-            )
+        match network_id {
+            Some(network_id) => sage_app
+                .common()
+                .granted_permissions()
+                .with_network_whitelist_entry_for_network_added(
+                    sage_app.common().requested_permissions(),
+                    network_id,
+                    entry.clone(),
+                ),
+            None => sage_app
+                .common()
+                .granted_permissions()
+                .with_network_whitelist_entry_added(
+                    sage_app.common().requested_permissions(),
+                    entry.clone(),
+                ),
+        }
     })?;
 
-    apply_granted_permissions_to_app(&app, &granted_permissions)
+    apply_granted_permissions(app_handle, apps_state, &app, &granted_permissions).await
 }
 
 async fn resolve_app_for_permission_update(
@@ -101,7 +123,26 @@ async fn resolve_app_for_permission_update(
     Ok(resolved_app.clone_app_for_operation())
 }
 
-fn apply_granted_permissions_to_app(
+async fn apply_granted_permissions(
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    app: &SharedSageApp,
+    granted_permissions: &SageGrantedPermissions,
+) -> anyhow::Result<AppUpdateResult> {
+    let update_result = mutate_granted_permissions(app, granted_permissions)?;
+
+    emit_granted_permissions_change(app_handle, &app.id(), update_result.change()).await;
+
+    if update_result.change().network_changed() {
+        reload_app_runtime(app_handle, apps_state, &app.id())
+            .await
+            .map_err(|err| anyhow::anyhow!("failed to reload app runtime after network permission change: {err}"))?;
+    }
+
+    Ok(update_result)
+}
+
+fn mutate_granted_permissions(
     app: &SharedSageApp,
     granted_permissions: &SageGrantedPermissions,
 ) -> anyhow::Result<AppUpdateResult> {
@@ -250,7 +291,7 @@ mod tests {
             })
             .unwrap();
 
-        let update_result = apply_granted_permissions_to_app(&app, &granted).unwrap();
+        let update_result = mutate_granted_permissions(&app, &granted).unwrap();
 
         assert_eq!(
             entries(update_result.change().network_whitelist().full.clone()),
@@ -286,7 +327,7 @@ mod tests {
             })
             .unwrap();
 
-        let update_result = apply_granted_permissions_to_app(&app, &granted).unwrap();
+        let update_result = mutate_granted_permissions(&app, &granted).unwrap();
 
         let outcome = GrantCapabilityOutcome::from_update(
             UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
@@ -335,7 +376,7 @@ mod tests {
             })
             .unwrap();
 
-        apply_granted_permissions_to_app(&app, &granted).unwrap();
+        mutate_granted_permissions(&app, &granted).unwrap();
 
         let same_granted = app
             .try_with(|app| {
@@ -346,7 +387,7 @@ mod tests {
             })
             .unwrap();
 
-        let update_result = apply_granted_permissions_to_app(&app, &same_granted).unwrap();
+        let update_result = mutate_granted_permissions(&app, &same_granted).unwrap();
 
         let outcome = GrantCapabilityOutcome::from_update(
             UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
@@ -388,9 +429,9 @@ mod tests {
             })
             .unwrap();
 
-        let update_result = apply_granted_permissions_to_app(&app, &granted).unwrap();
+        let update_result = mutate_granted_permissions(&app, &granted).unwrap();
 
-        let outcome = GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome::from_update(&entry, &update_result);
+        let outcome = GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome::from_update(None, &entry, &update_result);
 
         match outcome {
             GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome::Granted { entry, change } => {
@@ -453,7 +494,7 @@ mod tests {
             })
             .unwrap();
 
-        apply_granted_permissions_to_app(&app, &granted).unwrap();
+        mutate_granted_permissions(&app, &granted).unwrap();
 
         let entry = network_whitelist_entry("https", "required.example.com");
 
@@ -468,9 +509,9 @@ mod tests {
             })
             .unwrap();
 
-        let update_result = apply_granted_permissions_to_app(&app, &same_granted).unwrap();
+        let update_result = mutate_granted_permissions(&app, &same_granted).unwrap();
 
-        let outcome = GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome::from_update(&entry, &update_result);
+        let outcome = GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome::from_update(None, &entry, &update_result);
 
         match outcome {
             GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome::AlreadyGranted {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/types.rs
index 2a5202da1..157ea553b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/types.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::types::{SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry};
-use std::collections::BTreeSet;
+use std::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet};
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct AppUpdateResult {
@@ -9,8 +9,9 @@ pub struct AppUpdateResult {
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct GrantedPermissionsChange {
-    network_whitelist: GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange,
     capabilities: GrantedCapabilitiesChange,
+    network_whitelist: GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange,
+    network_whitelist_by_network: GrantedNetworkWhitelistByNetworkChange,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
@@ -27,6 +28,13 @@ pub struct GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange {
     pub full: Vec<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct GrantedNetworkWhitelistByNetworkChange {
+    pub removed: BTreeMap<String, Vec<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>>,
+    pub added: BTreeMap<String, Vec<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>>,
+    pub full: BTreeMap<String, Vec<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>>,
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub enum GrantCapabilityOutcome {
     AlreadyGranted {
@@ -71,9 +79,22 @@ pub enum GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome {
 }
 
 impl GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome {
-    pub fn from_update(entry: &SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, update_result: &AppUpdateResult) -> Self {
-        Self::from_change(entry, update_result.change().network_whitelist())
+    pub fn from_update(
+        network_id: Option<&str>,
+        entry: &SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
+        update_result: &AppUpdateResult,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let change = match network_id {
+            Some(network_id) => update_result
+                .change()
+                .network_whitelist_by_network()
+                .for_network(network_id),
+            None => update_result.change().network_whitelist().clone(),
+        };
+
+        Self::from_change(entry, &change)
     }
+
     fn from_change(
         entry: &SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
         change: &GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange,
@@ -103,9 +124,17 @@ impl GrantedPermissionsChange {
                 &previous.network_whitelist_vec(),
                 &next.network_whitelist_vec(),
             ),
+            network_whitelist_by_network: GrantedNetworkWhitelistByNetworkChange::diff(
+                previous.network().whitelist_by_network(),
+                next.network().whitelist_by_network(),
+            ),
         }
     }
 
+    pub fn network_changed(&self) -> bool {
+        !self.network_whitelist.is_empty() || !self.network_whitelist_by_network.is_empty()
+    }
+
     pub fn capabilities(&self) -> &GrantedCapabilitiesChange {
         &self.capabilities
     }
@@ -113,6 +142,10 @@ impl GrantedPermissionsChange {
     pub fn network_whitelist(&self) -> &GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange {
         &self.network_whitelist
     }
+
+    pub fn network_whitelist_by_network(&self) -> &GrantedNetworkWhitelistByNetworkChange {
+        &self.network_whitelist_by_network
+    }
 }
 
 impl AppUpdateResult {
@@ -161,3 +194,75 @@ impl GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange {
         self.removed.is_empty() && self.added.is_empty()
     }
 }
+
+impl GrantedNetworkWhitelistByNetworkChange {
+    pub fn diff(
+        previous: &BTreeMap<String, BTreeSet<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>>,
+        next: &BTreeMap<String, BTreeSet<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let network_ids = previous
+            .keys()
+            .chain(next.keys())
+            .cloned()
+            .collect::<BTreeSet<_>>();
+
+        let mut removed = BTreeMap::new();
+        let mut added = BTreeMap::new();
+        let mut full = BTreeMap::new();
+
+        for network_id in network_ids {
+            let previous_entries = previous
+                .get(&network_id)
+                .cloned()
+                .unwrap_or_default();
+
+            let next_entries = next
+                .get(&network_id)
+                .cloned()
+                .unwrap_or_default();
+
+            let removed_entries = previous_entries
+                .difference(&next_entries)
+                .cloned()
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+            let added_entries = next_entries
+                .difference(&previous_entries)
+                .cloned()
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+            if !removed_entries.is_empty() {
+                removed.insert(network_id.clone(), removed_entries);
+            }
+
+            if !added_entries.is_empty() {
+                added.insert(network_id.clone(), added_entries);
+            }
+
+            if !next_entries.is_empty() {
+                full.insert(
+                    network_id,
+                    next_entries.into_iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+                );
+            }
+        }
+
+        Self {
+            removed,
+            added,
+            full,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.removed.is_empty() && self.added.is_empty()
+    }
+
+    pub fn for_network(&self, network_id: &str) -> GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange {
+        GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange {
+            removed: self.removed.get(network_id).cloned().unwrap_or_default(),
+            added: self.added.get(network_id).cloned().unwrap_or_default(),
+            full: self.full.get(network_id).cloned().unwrap_or_default(),
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
index 55e0513bd..3f9b8f69a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use crate::runtime::events::{
     emit_active_taskbar_runtime_changed, emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed,
 };
 use crate::runtime::state::{find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional, list_runtimes};
-use crate::runtime::stop::kill_runtime_inner;
+use crate::runtime::stop::{kill_runtime_inner};
 use crate::runtime::webview_locator::{get_sage_window, get_webview_in_sage_window};
 use crate::runtime::workspace::ensure_apps_workspace_active;
 use crate::runtime::{
@@ -40,6 +40,36 @@ struct ModalVisibilityCandidate {
     runtime_id: String,
 }
 
+pub async fn process_sage_network_change(
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+) {
+    // Possible infinite loop is intentional here since failing to reload runtimes may cause a security issue
+    // If this gets stuck, Sage main thread freezes and the user will kill it manually. Problem solved
+    // It should never happen. But if it does, it won't be silent.
+    // Another option is to try to kill Sage itself from here
+    loop {
+        match reload_all_user_runtimes(app_handle, apps_state).await {
+            Ok(()) => break,
+            Err(err) => {
+                tracing::error!(
+                    error = %err,
+                    "failed to reload app runtimes after sync network change"
+                );
+                match kill_all_user_runtimes(app_handle, apps_state).await {
+                    Ok(()) => break,
+                    Err(err) => {
+                        tracing::error!(
+                            error = %err,
+                            "failed to kill app runtimes after sync network change"
+                        );
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 pub(crate) async fn focus_taskbar_runtime(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
@@ -193,6 +223,70 @@ pub(crate) async fn kill_taskbar_runtime(
     Ok(())
 }
 
+pub(crate) async fn reload_app_runtime(
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    app_id: &str,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let Ok(resolved_running_app) = resolve_running_app(apps_state, app_id).await else {
+        return Ok(());
+    };
+
+    let webview_label = resolved_running_app
+        .runtime()
+        .with_runtime(|runtime| runtime.webview_label().to_string());
+
+    get_webview_in_sage_window(app_handle, &webview_label)?
+        .reload()
+        .map_err(|err| err.to_string())
+}
+
+async fn reload_all_user_runtimes(
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    for runtime in list_runtimes(apps_state).await? {
+        let (webview_label, should_reload) = runtime.with_runtime(|runtime| {
+            (
+                runtime.webview_label().to_string(),
+                runtime.app().is_user_app() && !runtime.internal(),
+            )
+        });
+
+        if should_reload {
+            get_webview_in_sage_window(app_handle, &webview_label)?
+                .reload()
+                .map_err(|err| err.to_string())?;
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+async fn kill_all_user_runtimes(
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let mut changes = RuntimeChangeSet::default();
+    for runtime in list_runtimes(apps_state).await? {
+        let (app_id, should_kill) = runtime.with_runtime(|runtime| {
+            (
+                runtime.app_id(),
+                runtime.app().is_user_app() && !runtime.internal(),
+            )
+        });
+
+        if should_kill {
+            kill_runtime_inner(app_handle, apps_state, &app_id, "kill-all", &mut changes)
+                .await.map_err(|err| err.to_string())?;
+        }
+    }
+
+    changes.emit(app_handle, apps_state).await;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
 pub(super) async fn sync_modal_runtime_visibility(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs
index 5f2ae9182..baf642886 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ mod system_apps;
 pub mod webview_locator;
 mod workspace;
 
-pub use manager::RuntimeTargetParams;
+pub use manager::{RuntimeTargetParams, process_sage_network_change};
 
 pub(crate) use manager::*;
 pub(crate) use resolve::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-wallet/src/sync_manager.rs b/crates/sage-wallet/src/sync_manager.rs
index 932c7bd9d..e7d918fcc 100644
--- a/crates/sage-wallet/src/sync_manager.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-wallet/src/sync_manager.rs
@@ -163,6 +163,12 @@ impl SyncManager {
                         self.state.lock().await.reset();
                         self.abort_wallet_tasks();
                         self.network = network;
+                        let _ = self
+                            .event_sender
+                            .send(SyncEvent::NetworkChanged {
+                                network_id: self.network.network_id(),
+                            })
+                            .await;
                     }
                 }
                 SyncCommand::HandleMessage { ip, message } => {
diff --git a/crates/sage-wallet/src/sync_manager/sync_event.rs b/crates/sage-wallet/src/sync_manager/sync_event.rs
index 534c2b353..bb25a7a35 100644
--- a/crates/sage-wallet/src/sync_manager/sync_event.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-wallet/src/sync_manager/sync_event.rs
@@ -26,4 +26,7 @@ pub enum SyncEvent {
     CatInfo,
     DidInfo,
     NftData,
+    NetworkChanged {
+        network_id: String,
+    },
 }
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/app_state.rs b/src-tauri/src/app_state.rs
index ed455ea49..626903e7d 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/app_state.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/app_state.rs
@@ -3,8 +3,9 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 use sage::{Result, Sage};
 use sage_api::SyncEvent as ApiEvent;
 use sage_wallet::SyncEvent;
-use tauri::{AppHandle, Emitter};
+use tauri::{AppHandle, Emitter, Manager};
 use tokio::{sync::Mutex, task::JoinHandle};
+use sage_apps::{process_sage_network_change, AppsHostState};
 
 pub struct Initialized(pub Mutex<bool>);
 
@@ -17,6 +18,11 @@ pub async fn initialize(app_handle: AppHandle, sage: &mut Sage) -> Result<()> {
 
     tokio::spawn(async move {
         while let Some(event) = receiver.recv().await {
+            if let SyncEvent::NetworkChanged { .. } = &event {
+                let apps_state = app_handle.state::<AppsHostState>();
+
+                process_sage_network_change(&app_handle, &apps_state).await;
+            }
             let event = match event {
                 SyncEvent::Start(ip) => ApiEvent::Start { ip: ip.to_string() },
                 SyncEvent::Stop => ApiEvent::Stop,
@@ -37,6 +43,7 @@ pub async fn initialize(app_handle: AppHandle, sage: &mut Sage) -> Result<()> {
                 SyncEvent::CatInfo => ApiEvent::CatInfo,
                 SyncEvent::DidInfo => ApiEvent::DidInfo,
                 SyncEvent::NftData => ApiEvent::NftData,
+                SyncEvent::NetworkChanged { .. } => continue,
             };
             if app_handle.emit("sync-event", event).is_err() {
                 break;

From 2bca6a0c98cb206edfb70533c66faa79b643f9f0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 9 May 2026 01:29:20 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 390/471] Remove `downloadAppUpdate` logic and introduce
 pending update events

- Removed `downloadAppUpdate` logic for app updates from commands and bindings for simplicity and clarity.
- Added `PendingUpdateChangedEvent` to notify listeners of changes in app updates.
- Enhanced app update lifecycle to include decision handling (`apply` or `review`) with modular `PendingUpdate` logic.
- Improved bindings and state management to reflect these updates.
---
 .../methods/system/app_update/apply_update.rs |  11 +-
 .../methods/system/app_update/events.rs       |  42 +++++
 .../bridge/methods/system/app_update/mod.rs   |   2 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs     |  13 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs                   |   2 +-
 .../src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs          | 150 ++++++++++++++----
 .../sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/logic.rs   |  52 +-----
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/mod.rs    |   1 +
 .../sage-apps/src/types/app/view/preview.rs   |  63 +++++++-
 .../sage-apps/src/types/app/view/user_apps.rs |   7 +-
 src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml          |   1 -
 src-tauri/src/lib.rs                          |   1 -
 src/bindings.ts                               |   6 +-
 src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx                  |   2 -
 14 files changed, 238 insertions(+), 115 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/events.rs

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/apply_update.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/apply_update.rs
index bf1eb16ba..ddfc4d5bb 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/apply_update.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/apply_update.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
 };
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
-use crate::lifecycle::update::commands::{apply_app_update, download_app_update};
+use crate::lifecycle::update::commands::{apply_app_update};
 use crate::types::{SageAppView, SageGrantedPermissionsInput};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Serialize, Type)]
@@ -54,15 +54,6 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppUpdateApplyUpdate {
     ) -> BridgeHandleResult {
         let params: AppUpdateApplyUpdateParams = parse_required_params(self, request)?;
 
-        download_app_update(tools.app_handle.clone(), params.app_id.clone())
-            .await
-            .map_err(|err| {
-                BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error(format!(
-                    "failed to download update for {}: {err}",
-                    params.app_id
-                ))
-            })?;
-
         let app = apply_app_update(
             tools.app_state.clone(),
             tools.app_handle.clone(),
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/events.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/events.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ef6cc927d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/events.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+use crate::AppsHostState;
+use crate::bridge::emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners;
+use crate::bridge::event_emit::SystemRuntimeEvent;
+use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
+use crate::types::{SageApp, SharedSageApp, UserSageAppView};
+use serde::Serialize;
+use specta::Type;
+use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub(crate) struct PendingUpdateChangedEvent {
+    pub app_id: String,
+    pub app: UserSageAppView,
+}
+
+impl SystemRuntimeEvent for PendingUpdateChangedEvent {
+    const TYPE: &'static str = "appUpdate.pendingUpdateChanged";
+    const REQUIRED_CAPABILITY: SystemBridgeCapability = SystemBridgeCapability::AppUpdateRead;
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn emit_pending_update_changed(
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    app: &SharedSageApp,
+) {
+    let Some((app_id, app)) = app.with(|app| match app {
+        SageApp::User(user_app) => {
+            Some((user_app.common().id().to_string(), UserSageAppView::from(user_app)))
+        }
+        SageApp::System(_) => None,
+    }) else {
+        return;
+    };
+
+    emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners(
+        app_handle,
+        apps_state,
+        PendingUpdateChangedEvent { app_id, app },
+    )
+        .await;
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/mod.rs
index f8eba57a5..002ac594b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/mod.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 mod apply_update;
 mod get_review_context;
+mod events;
 
 pub(crate) use apply_update::{
     AppUpdateApplyUpdate, AppUpdateApplyUpdateParams, AppUpdateApplyUpdateResult,
@@ -7,3 +8,4 @@ pub(crate) use apply_update::{
 pub(crate) use get_review_context::{
     AppUpdateGetReviewContext, AppUpdateGetReviewContextParams, AppUpdateReviewContext,
 };
+pub(crate) use events::{PendingUpdateChangedEvent, emit_pending_update_changed};
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
index a348944f6..877c654d1 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,4 @@
-use crate::bridge::methods::system::{
-    AppInstallInstallResult, AppInstallInstallUrlParams, AppInstallInstallZipParams,
-    AppInstallPreviewUrlParams, AppInstallPreviewZipParams, AppPermissionsApplyPermissionsParams,
-    AppPermissionsApplyPermissionsResult, AppPermissionsGetReviewContextParams,
-    AppPermissionsReviewContext, AppUpdateApplyUpdateParams, AppUpdateApplyUpdateResult,
-    AppUpdateGetReviewContextParams, AppUpdateReviewContext, BridgeApprovalsChangedEvent,
-    DonationDetails, DonationGetDetailsParams, FileSystemSelectFileParams,
-    FileSystemSelectFileResult, ListedAppsChangedEvent, PendingBridgeApprovalView,
-    RuntimeManagerActiveTaskbarRuntimeChangedEvent, RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent,
-    SandboxStateChangedEvent, SystemWalletView, WalletListWalletsResult,
-};
+use crate::bridge::methods::system::{AppInstallInstallResult, AppInstallInstallUrlParams, AppInstallInstallZipParams, AppInstallPreviewUrlParams, AppInstallPreviewZipParams, AppPermissionsApplyPermissionsParams, AppPermissionsApplyPermissionsResult, AppPermissionsGetReviewContextParams, AppPermissionsReviewContext, AppUpdateApplyUpdateParams, AppUpdateApplyUpdateResult, AppUpdateGetReviewContextParams, AppUpdateReviewContext, BridgeApprovalsChangedEvent, DonationDetails, DonationGetDetailsParams, FileSystemSelectFileParams, FileSystemSelectFileResult, ListedAppsChangedEvent, PendingBridgeApprovalView, PendingUpdateChangedEvent, RuntimeManagerActiveTaskbarRuntimeChangedEvent, RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent, SandboxStateChangedEvent, SystemWalletView, WalletListWalletsResult};
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::{
     app::{
         GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent, GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent,
@@ -117,6 +107,7 @@ pub fn export_system_bridge_typescript() -> Result<String, String> {
     types.register::<AppUpdateReviewContext>();
     types.register::<AppUpdateApplyUpdateParams>();
     types.register::<AppUpdateApplyUpdateResult>();
+    types.register::<PendingUpdateChangedEvent>();
 
     types.register::<ListedAppsChangedEvent>();
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
index 9f7fa44df..09190720c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ pub use environment::commands::apps_set_environment_theme;
 pub use lifecycle::{apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data, uninstall::uninstall_app};
 pub use lifecycle::{
     install::commands::list_installed_apps,
-    update::commands::{apply_app_update, check_app_update, download_app_update},
+    update::commands::{apply_app_update, check_app_update},
 };
 pub use runtime::commands::{
     apps_clear_active_taskbar_runtime, apps_create_inline_runtime, apps_dev_reload_runtime,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
index 7f1734b53..ca8076f6f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
@@ -1,52 +1,100 @@
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 use std::io;
 
 use tauri::{command, AppHandle, State};
 
+use crate::bridge::methods::system::{emit_listed_apps_changed, emit_pending_update_changed};
 use crate::host::AppState;
 use crate::host::Result;
 use crate::lifecycle::download_url_snapshot;
-use crate::lifecycle::update::logic::{
-    check_app_update_for_app, fetch_pending_update,
-    fetch_pending_update_for_resolved_stopped_app,
-};
-use crate::runtime::resolve_app;
+use crate::lifecycle::update::logic::{check_app_update_for_app, fetch_pending_update};
+use crate::runtime::{resolve_app, start_app_update_runtime};
 use crate::types::{
     SageApp, SageAppUrlPreview, SageAppView, SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
+    UserSageAppPendingUpdateView,
 };
+use crate::AppsHostState;
 
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
 pub async fn check_app_update(
+    state: State<'_, AppState>,
+    apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_handle: AppHandle,
     app_id: String,
 ) -> Result<Option<SageAppUrlPreview>> {
-    let app = resolve_app(&app_handle, &app_id)
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to read installed app {app_id}: {err}")))?;
-
-    check_app_update_for_app(&app).await
-}
+    let base_path = {
+        let state = state.lock().await;
+        state.path.clone()
+    };
 
-#[command]
-#[specta::specta]
-pub async fn download_app_update(app_handle: AppHandle, app_id: String) -> Result<SageAppView> {
-    let app = resolve_app(&app_handle, &app_id)
+    let resolved = resolve_app(&app_handle, &app_id)
         .await
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to read installed app {app_id}: {err}")))?;
 
-    let app = app.clone_app_for_operation();
+    let preview = check_app_update_for_app(&resolved).await?;
 
-    let Some(pending) = fetch_pending_update(&app).await? else {
-        return Ok((&app).into());
+    let Some(preview) = preview else {
+        return Ok(None);
     };
 
-    app.try_mutate(|app| {
-        app.set_pending_update(Some(pending))
-            .map_err(|err| err.to_string())
-    })
-        .map_err(io::Error::other)?;
+    let app = resolved.clone_app_for_operation();
 
-    Ok((&app).into())
+    match fetch_pending_update(&app).await {
+        Ok(Some(pending)) => {
+            app.try_mutate(|sage_app| {
+                sage_app
+                    .set_pending_update(Some(pending))
+                    .map_err(|err| err.to_string())
+            })
+                .map_err(io::Error::other)?;
+
+            emit_pending_update_changed(&app_handle, &apps_state, &app).await;
+            emit_listed_apps_changed(&app_handle, &apps_state, &base_path).await;
+
+            if should_review_pending_update(&app) {
+                open_update_runtime(
+                    &app_handle,
+                    &apps_state,
+                    &app_id,
+                    None,
+                    "failed to start app update review runtime",
+                )
+                    .await;
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(None) => {
+            app.try_mutate(|sage_app| {
+                sage_app
+                    .set_pending_update(None)
+                    .map_err(|err| err.to_string())
+            })
+                .map_err(io::Error::other)?;
+
+            emit_pending_update_changed(&app_handle, &apps_state, &app).await;
+            emit_listed_apps_changed(&app_handle, &apps_state, &base_path).await;
+        }
+
+        Err(err) => {
+            tracing::warn!(
+                error = %err,
+                app_id = %app_id,
+                "app update exists but pending update could not be prepared"
+            );
+
+            open_update_runtime(
+                &app_handle,
+                &apps_state,
+                &app_id,
+                Some(err.to_string()),
+                "failed to start app update issue runtime",
+            )
+                .await;
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(Some(preview))
 }
 
 #[command]
@@ -80,12 +128,8 @@ pub async fn apply_app_update(
         })
     })?;
 
-    let pending = match pending {
-        Some(pending) => pending,
-        None => fetch_pending_update_for_resolved_stopped_app(&resolved)
-            .await?
-            .ok_or_else(|| io::Error::other(format!("app {app_id} has no available update")))?,
-    };
+    let pending =
+        pending.ok_or_else(|| io::Error::other(format!("app {app_id} has no pending update")))?;
 
     let app_path = resolved.with_app(|app| app.with(SageApp::app_path));
 
@@ -114,3 +158,49 @@ pub async fn apply_app_update(
 
     Ok(resolved.with_app(|app| app.into()))
 }
+
+fn should_review_pending_update(app: &crate::types::SharedSageApp) -> bool {
+    app.with(|sage_app| {
+        let Some(user_app) = sage_app.as_user() else {
+            return false;
+        };
+
+        user_app
+            .pending_update()
+            .map(|pending| {
+                UserSageAppPendingUpdateView::from_pending_update(
+                    pending,
+                    user_app.common().granted_permissions(),
+                )
+                    .decision()
+                    .is_review()
+            })
+            .unwrap_or(false)
+    })
+}
+
+async fn open_update_runtime(
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    app_id: &str,
+    issue: Option<String>,
+    error_message: &'static str,
+) {
+    let mut query = BTreeMap::new();
+    query.insert("appId".to_string(), app_id.to_string());
+
+    if let Some(issue) = issue {
+        query.insert("issue".to_string(), issue);
+    }
+
+    let _ = start_app_update_runtime(app_handle, apps_state, app_id.to_string(), query)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| {
+            tracing::error!(
+                error = %err,
+                app_id = %app_id,
+                "{error_message}"
+            );
+            err
+        });
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/logic.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/logic.rs
index a5fa4f8bf..3cff3f7a2 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/logic.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/logic.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use std::io;
 
 use crate::host::Result;
 use crate::lifecycle::{fetch_url_manifest, fetch_url_manifest_preview};
-use crate::types::{ResolvedApp, ResolvedStoppedApp, SageApp, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppUrlPreview, SharedSageApp, UserSageAppPendingUpdate, UserSageAppSource};
+use crate::types::{ResolvedApp, SageApp, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppUrlPreview, SharedSageApp, UserSageAppPendingUpdate, UserSageAppSource};
 
 pub async fn check_app_update_for_app(
     app: &ResolvedApp,
@@ -101,53 +101,3 @@ pub async fn fetch_pending_update(
         manifest.clone(),
     )))
 }
-
-pub async fn fetch_pending_update_for_resolved_stopped_app(
-    resolved: &ResolvedStoppedApp,
-) -> Result<Option<UserSageAppPendingUpdate>> {
-    let deps = resolved.try_with_app(|app| {
-        app.try_with(|sage_app| {
-            let Some(user_app) = sage_app.as_user() else {
-                return Ok(None);
-            };
-
-            Ok::<_, anyhow::Error>(Some((
-                user_app.source().clone(),
-                user_app.common().active_snapshot().clone(),
-            )))
-        })
-    })?;
-
-    let Some((source, active_snapshot)) = deps else {
-        return Ok(None);
-    };
-
-    let app_url = match source {
-        UserSageAppSource::Url { app_url } => app_url,
-        UserSageAppSource::Zip => return Ok(None),
-    };
-
-    let (manifest, manifest_hash) = fetch_url_manifest(&app_url.manifest_url())
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to fetch app manifest: {err}")))?;
-
-    let preview = SageAppUrlPreview::from_full_manifest(&app_url, manifest, manifest_hash)
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to preview app URL: {err}")))?;
-
-    let manifest = preview
-        .require_full_manifest()
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("update manifest is not installable: {err}")))?;
-
-    if preview.manifest_hash() == active_snapshot.manifest_hash()
-        && manifest == active_snapshot.manifest()
-    {
-        return Ok(None);
-    }
-
-    Ok(Some(UserSageAppPendingUpdate::new(
-        app_url,
-        preview.manifest_hash().to_string(),
-        manifest.clone(),
-    )))
-}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/mod.rs
index 110177325..8badefb61 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/mod.rs
@@ -9,3 +9,4 @@ mod user_apps;
 pub(crate) use common::SageAppIconView;
 pub(crate) use user_apps::{ListedSageAppView, SageAppView, UserSageAppView};
 pub(crate) use permission::{SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView, SageGrantedPermissionsInput};
+pub(crate) use preview::UserSageAppPendingUpdateView;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/preview.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/preview.rs
index 6da15f8f2..509fc770d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/preview.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/preview.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-use crate::types::{SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppUrl, UserSageAppPendingUpdate};
+use crate::capabilities::get_user_capability_definition;
+use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::types::{
+    SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppUrl, SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions,
+    UserSageAppPendingUpdate,
+};
 use serde::Serialize;
 use specta::Type;
 
@@ -8,14 +13,66 @@ pub struct UserSageAppPendingUpdateView {
     app_url: SageAppUrl,
     manifest_hash: String,
     manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
+    decision: UserSageAppPendingUpdateDecisionView,
 }
 
-impl From<&UserSageAppPendingUpdate> for UserSageAppPendingUpdateView {
-    fn from(value: &UserSageAppPendingUpdate) -> Self {
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
+#[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub enum UserSageAppPendingUpdateDecisionView {
+    Apply,
+    Review {
+        required_user_grantable_capabilities: Vec<UserBridgeCapability>,
+    },
+}
+
+impl UserSageAppPendingUpdateView {
+    pub fn from_pending_update(
+        value: &UserSageAppPendingUpdate,
+        active_grants: &SageGrantedPermissions,
+    ) -> Self {
         Self {
             app_url: value.app_url().clone(),
             manifest_hash: value.manifest_hash().to_string(),
             manifest: value.manifest().clone(),
+            decision: UserSageAppPendingUpdateDecisionView::from_pending_update(
+                active_grants,
+                value.manifest().permissions(),
+            ),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn decision(&self) -> &UserSageAppPendingUpdateDecisionView {
+        &self.decision
+    }
+}
+
+impl UserSageAppPendingUpdateDecisionView {
+    pub fn from_pending_update(
+        active_grants: &SageGrantedPermissions,
+        pending_permissions: &SageRequestedPermissions,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let required_user_grantable_capabilities = pending_permissions
+            .capabilities()
+            .required()
+            .copied()
+            .filter(|capability| {
+                get_user_capability_definition(*capability)
+                    .flags()
+                    .user_grantable()
+            })
+            .filter(|capability| !active_grants.has_capability(*capability))
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+        if required_user_grantable_capabilities.is_empty() {
+            Self::Apply
+        } else {
+            Self::Review {
+                required_user_grantable_capabilities,
+            }
         }
     }
+
+    pub fn is_review(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self, Self::Review { .. })
+    }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/user_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/user_apps.rs
index 39188b9f5..313440ce2 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/user_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/user_apps.rs
@@ -55,7 +55,12 @@ impl From<&UserSageApp> for UserSageAppView {
         Self {
             common: app.common().into(),
             source: app.source().clone(),
-            pending_update: app.pending_update().map(Into::into),
+            pending_update: app.pending_update().map(|pending| {
+                UserSageAppPendingUpdateView::from_pending_update(
+                    pending,
+                    app.common().granted_permissions(),
+                )
+            }),
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml b/src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml
index 18c74195c..66dd17265 100644
--- a/src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml
+++ b/src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml
@@ -134,7 +134,6 @@ commands.allow = [
     "list_installed_apps",
     "uninstall_app",
     "check_app_update",
-    "download_app_update",
     "apply_app_update",
     "apps_list_runtimes",
     "apps_focus_taskbar_runtime",
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
index 97a54bf35..45446a117 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
@@ -157,7 +157,6 @@ pub fn run() {
             apps::list_installed_apps,
             apps::uninstall_app,
             apps::check_app_update,
-            apps::download_app_update,
             apps::apply_app_update,
             apps::apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data,
             apps::apps_start_system_app,
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index 67377f93d..c5b77804d 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -398,9 +398,6 @@ async uninstallApp(appId: string) : Promise<null> {
 async checkAppUpdate(appId: string) : Promise<SageAppUrlPreview | null> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("check_app_update", { appId });
 },
-async downloadAppUpdate(appId: string) : Promise<SageAppView> {
-    return await TAURI_INVOKE("download_app_update", { appId });
-},
 async applyAppUpdate(appId: string, grantedPermissionsInput: SageGrantedPermissionsInput) : Promise<SageAppView> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("apply_app_update", { appId, grantedPermissionsInput });
 },
@@ -2845,7 +2842,8 @@ visible: boolean }
  */
 export type UpdateOptionResponse = Record<string, never>
 export type UserBridgeCapability = "bridge.send" | "app.get_info" | "app.lifecycle.ready_to_stop" | "app.lifecycle.set_before_stop_listener" | "app.get_capabilities" | "app.request_capability_grant" | "app.request_network_whitelist_grant" | "wallet.get_keys" | "wallet.get_key" | "wallet.get_secret_key" | "wallet.send_xch" | "wallet.send_xch_auto_submit" | "wallet.get_sync_status" | "wallet.get_version" | "wallet.get_xch_usd_price" | "wallet.check_address" | "wallet.get_derivations" | "wallet.get_spendable_coin_count" | "wallet.get_coins_by_ids" | "wallet.get_coins" | "wallet.get_pending_transactions" | "wallet.get_transaction" | "wallet.get_transactions" | "environment.theme.get_current" | "environment.theme.css_vars" | "environment.theme.listen_changed" | "storage.persistent_webview"
-export type UserSageAppPendingUpdateView = { appUrl: SageAppUrl; manifestHash: string; manifest: SageAppPackageManifest }
+export type UserSageAppPendingUpdateDecisionView = { kind: "apply" } | { kind: "review"; required_user_grantable_capabilities: UserBridgeCapability[] }
+export type UserSageAppPendingUpdateView = { appUrl: SageAppUrl; manifestHash: string; manifest: SageAppPackageManifest; decision: UserSageAppPendingUpdateDecisionView }
 export type UserSageAppSource = { kind: "zip" } | { kind: "url"; app_url: SageAppUrl }
 export type UserSageAppView = { common: SageAppCommonView; source: UserSageAppSource; pendingUpdate?: UserSageAppPendingUpdateView | null }
 /**
diff --git a/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx b/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
index 511498896..d1bd0e0f3 100644
--- a/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
+++ b/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
@@ -437,8 +437,6 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
     async (appId: string, grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissionsInput) => {
       setBusy(appId, true);
       try {
-        await commands.downloadAppUpdate(appId);
-
         return await commands.applyAppUpdate(appId, grantedPermissions);
       } finally {
         setBusy(appId, false);

From 8ec83cef108316446d09adedf3ecc9e257af01fb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 9 May 2026 01:46:29 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 391/471] Refactor background tint logic for modularity and
 reuse

- Moved `resolveBackgroundTint` and `colorWithAlpha` functions to a new `utils.ts` module for better reusability.
- Updated `SystemModalShell` and `AppModalShell` to use `resolveBackgroundTintWithAlpha` from `utils.ts`.
- Applied `resolveBackgroundTintWithAlpha` in `SandboxResultList` for consistent background tint handling across components.
---
 .../src/components/SandboxResultList.tsx      | 39 +++++++++++++++----
 .../sage-app-ui/src/presentation/index.ts     |  1 +
 .../src/presentation/modal/AppModalShell.tsx  |  7 +---
 .../presentation/modal/SystemModalShell.tsx   | 38 +-----------------
 .../sage-app-ui/src/presentation/utils.ts     | 38 ++++++++++++++++++
 5 files changed, 74 insertions(+), 49 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 packages/sage-app-ui/src/presentation/utils.ts

diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/sandbox-tests/src/components/SandboxResultList.tsx b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/sandbox-tests/src/components/SandboxResultList.tsx
index 0504c910c..15bdfff5c 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/sandbox-tests/src/components/SandboxResultList.tsx
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/sandbox-tests/src/components/SandboxResultList.tsx
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import {
   listSandboxCapabilities,
   type SandboxGateState,
 } from '../sandboxState';
+import { resolveBackgroundTintWithAlpha } from '@sage-app/ui';
 
 function statusClass(status: string) {
   switch (status) {
@@ -101,15 +102,37 @@ export function SandboxResultList({
             >
               <div className='flex items-start justify-between gap-3'>
                 <div className='min-w-0'>
-                  <div className='truncate text-sm font-medium'>
-                    {formatCapabilityLabel(capability)}
-                  </div>
-
-                  {result.details ? (
-                    <div className='mt-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
-                      {result.details}
+                  <div className='flex items-center gap-2'>
+                    <div className='truncate text-sm font-medium'>
+                      {formatCapabilityLabel(capability)}
                     </div>
-                  ) : null}
+
+                    {result.details ? (
+                      <div className='group relative shrink-0'>
+                        <button
+                          type='button'
+                          className='flex h-4 w-4 items-center justify-center rounded-full border border-border text-[10px] text-muted-foreground hover:bg-muted'
+                        >
+                          ?
+                        </button>
+
+                        <div
+                          className='
+                            pointer-events-none absolute left-1/2 top-full z-50 mt-2
+                            hidden w-max max-w-[min(280px,calc(100vw-32px))]
+                            -translate-x-1/2 rounded-md border
+                            p-2 text-xs shadow-md break-words
+                            backdrop-blur-sm group-hover:block
+                          '
+                          style={{
+                            backgroundColor: resolveBackgroundTintWithAlpha(),
+                          }}
+                        >
+                          {result.details}
+                        </div>
+                      </div>
+                    ) : null}
+                  </div>
                 </div>
 
                 <span
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/presentation/index.ts b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/presentation/index.ts
index 133aa7420..6db8ad2ae 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/presentation/index.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/presentation/index.ts
@@ -1 +1,2 @@
 export * from './modal';
+export * from './utils';
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/presentation/modal/AppModalShell.tsx b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/presentation/modal/AppModalShell.tsx
index 98fdf6ff2..fc441eeaa 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/presentation/modal/AppModalShell.tsx
+++ b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/presentation/modal/AppModalShell.tsx
@@ -1,12 +1,11 @@
 import type { ReactNode } from 'react';
 import {
-  colorWithAlpha,
-  resolveModalTint,
   SystemModalShell,
 } from './SystemModalShell';
 import {
   AppIcon,
 } from '../../components';
+import { resolveBackgroundTintWithAlpha } from '../utils';
 
 interface AppModalShellProps {
   title: string;
@@ -32,8 +31,6 @@ export function AppModalShell({
   contentClassName = '',
   bodyPadded = true,
 }: AppModalShellProps) {
-  const tint = resolveModalTint();
-
   return (
     <SystemModalShell
       contentClassName={['p-0 overflow-hidden', contentClassName].join(' ')}
@@ -47,7 +44,7 @@ export function AppModalShell({
         <header
           className='grid h-16 shrink-0 grid-cols-[4rem_1fr] border-b border-border'
           style={{
-            backgroundColor: colorWithAlpha(tint, 1),
+            backgroundColor: resolveBackgroundTintWithAlpha(1),
           }}
         >
           <div className='border-r border-border'>
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/presentation/modal/SystemModalShell.tsx b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/presentation/modal/SystemModalShell.tsx
index cb88e2da5..39f4178d6 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/presentation/modal/SystemModalShell.tsx
+++ b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/presentation/modal/SystemModalShell.tsx
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import type { ReactNode } from 'react';
+import { resolveBackgroundTintWithAlpha } from '../utils';
 
 interface SystemModalShellProps {
   children: ReactNode;
@@ -6,46 +7,11 @@ interface SystemModalShellProps {
   contentClassName?: string;
 }
 
-export function resolveModalTint(): string {
-  const root = getComputedStyle(document.documentElement);
-
-  const candidates = [
-    root.getPropertyValue('--background').trim(),
-    root.getPropertyValue('--secondary').trim(),
-    root.getPropertyValue('--muted').trim(),
-    root.getPropertyValue('--card').trim(),
-  ];
-
-  return (
-    candidates.find(
-      (value) =>
-        value.length > 0 &&
-        value !== 'transparent' &&
-        value !== 'rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)',
-    ) ?? '#1d2530'
-  );
-}
-
-export function colorWithAlpha(color: string, alpha: number): string {
-  if (color.startsWith('#')) {
-    return `color-mix(in srgb, ${color} ${alpha * 100}%, transparent)`;
-  }
-
-  if (color.startsWith('rgb') || color.startsWith('hsl')) {
-    return `color-mix(in srgb, ${color} ${alpha * 100}%, transparent)`;
-  }
-
-  // HSL channel format, e.g. "222 47% 11%"
-  return `hsl(${color} / ${alpha})`;
-}
-
 export function SystemModalShell({
   children,
   className = '',
   contentClassName = '',
 }: SystemModalShellProps) {
-  const tint = resolveModalTint();
-
   return (
     <div
       className={[
@@ -63,7 +29,7 @@ export function SystemModalShell({
         style={{
           backdropFilter: 'blur(80px) saturate(0.55)',
           WebkitBackdropFilter: 'blur(80px) saturate(0.55)',
-          backgroundColor: colorWithAlpha(tint, 0.85),
+          backgroundColor: resolveBackgroundTintWithAlpha(),
         }}
       >
         {children}
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/presentation/utils.ts b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/presentation/utils.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6d1905754
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/presentation/utils.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+export function resolveBackgroundTintWithAlpha(alpha: number = 0.85): string {
+  const tint = resolveBackgroundTint();
+
+  return colorWithAlpha(tint, alpha);
+}
+
+function resolveBackgroundTint(): string {
+  const root = getComputedStyle(document.documentElement);
+
+  const candidates = [
+    root.getPropertyValue('--background').trim(),
+    root.getPropertyValue('--secondary').trim(),
+    root.getPropertyValue('--muted').trim(),
+    root.getPropertyValue('--card').trim(),
+  ];
+
+  return (
+    candidates.find(
+      (value) =>
+        value.length > 0 &&
+        value !== 'transparent' &&
+        value !== 'rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)',
+    ) ?? '#1d2530'
+  );
+}
+
+function colorWithAlpha(color: string, alpha: number): string {
+  if (color.startsWith('#')) {
+    return `color-mix(in srgb, ${color} ${alpha * 100}%, transparent)`;
+  }
+
+  if (color.startsWith('rgb') || color.startsWith('hsl')) {
+    return `color-mix(in srgb, ${color} ${alpha * 100}%, transparent)`;
+  }
+
+  // HSL channel format, e.g. "222 47% 11%"
+  return `hsl(${color} / ${alpha})`;
+}

From 0b8f6500b993a684bfc349e9a36fcd39d351035f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 9 May 2026 03:34:02 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 392/471] Introduce background app update checker and
 streamline update logic

- Added `start_background_app_update_checker` to periodically check for app updates in the background.
- Refactored app update-related logic into modular functions (`check_app_update_inner`, `apply_app_update_inner`, etc.) for clarity and reusability.
- Updated bindings, commands, and contexts to reflect streamlined app update lifecycle management.
- Improved concurrency handling in system app build scripts with configurable limits.
- Simplified permission handling by consolidating logic and removing unnecessary functions.
---
 Cargo.lock                                    |   1 +
 builtin-apps/src/system/build.mjs             | 114 +++++++---
 crates/sage-apps/Cargo.toml                   |   1 +
 .../app_permissions/get_review_context.rs     |   2 +-
 .../methods/system/app_update/apply_update.rs |  12 +-
 .../system/app_update/get_review_context.rs   |   4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs                   |   2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mod.rs         |   1 +
 .../src/lifecycle/update/background.rs        |  70 +++++++
 .../src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs          | 193 +----------------
 .../sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/logic.rs   | 194 +++++++++++++++++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/mod.rs  |   3 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs   |  12 +-
 .../src/types/app/view/permission.rs          |  24 +--
 package.json                                  |   2 +-
 src-tauri/src/lib.rs                          |   2 +
 src/bindings.ts                               |   6 +-
 src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx                  |  16 +-
 18 files changed, 389 insertions(+), 270 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/background.rs

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 1072e86d5..64f157ead 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -6351,6 +6351,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "async-trait",
  "erased-serde",
+ "futures",
  "hex",
  "mime_guess",
  "parking_lot",
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/build.mjs b/builtin-apps/src/system/build.mjs
index 014f4b00a..c8514704e 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/build.mjs
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/build.mjs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { execFileSync } from 'node:child_process';
+import { spawn } from 'node:child_process';
 import { readdirSync, statSync } from 'node:fs';
 import { join, resolve } from 'node:path';
 
@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@ const outRoot = resolve(packageRoot, '../../build/dist/system');
 
 const pnpm = process.platform === 'win32' ? 'pnpm.cmd' : 'pnpm';
 
-// 👇 NEW: read CLI args
-const onlyApps = process.argv.slice(2); // e.g. ["task-manager"]
+const onlyApps = process.argv.slice(2);
+const concurrency = Number(process.env.SYSTEM_APPS_CONCURRENCY ?? 4);
 
 function listAllApps() {
   return readdirSync(appsRoot)
@@ -27,41 +27,87 @@ if (apps.length === 0) {
   process.exit(0);
 }
 
-for (const app of apps) {
+function run(command, args) {
+  return new Promise((resolvePromise, rejectPromise) => {
+    const child = spawn(command, args, {
+      cwd: packageRoot,
+      stdio: 'inherit',
+      shell: false,
+    });
+
+    child.on('error', rejectPromise);
+
+    child.on('exit', (code, signal) => {
+      if (code === 0) {
+        resolvePromise();
+        return;
+      }
+
+      rejectPromise(
+        new Error(
+          `${command} ${args.join(' ')} failed with ${
+            signal ? `signal ${signal}` : `exit code ${code}`
+          }`,
+        ),
+      );
+    });
+  });
+}
+
+async function buildApp(app) {
   console.log(`\n==> Building system app: ${app.name}`);
 
-  execFileSync(
-    pnpm,
-    ['exec', 'tsc', '--noEmit', '--project', join(app.dir, 'tsconfig.json')],
-    {
-      stdio: 'inherit',
-      cwd: packageRoot,
-    },
-  );
+  await run(pnpm, [
+    'exec',
+    'tsc',
+    '--noEmit',
+    '--project',
+    join(app.dir, 'tsconfig.json'),
+  ]);
 
-  execFileSync(
-    pnpm,
-    ['exec', 'vite', 'build', '--config', join(app.dir, 'vite.config.ts')],
-    {
-      stdio: 'inherit',
-      cwd: packageRoot,
-    },
-  );
+  await run(pnpm, [
+    'exec',
+    'vite',
+    'build',
+    '--config',
+    join(app.dir, 'vite.config.ts'),
+  ]);
 
-  execFileSync(
-    pnpm,
-    [
-      'exec',
-      'sage-app',
-      'finalize-manifest',
-      '--source',
-      join(app.dir, 'sage-manifest.json'),
-      '--dist',
-      join(outRoot, app.name),
-    ],
-    {
-      stdio: 'inherit',
-      cwd: packageRoot,
+  await run(pnpm, [
+    'exec',
+    'sage-app',
+    'finalize-manifest',
+    '--source',
+    join(app.dir, 'sage-manifest.json'),
+    '--dist',
+    join(outRoot, app.name),
+  ]);
+
+  console.log(`\n✓ Finished system app: ${app.name}`);
+}
+
+async function runWithConcurrency(items, limit, worker) {
+  let index = 0;
+
+  const workers = Array.from(
+    { length: Math.min(limit, items.length) },
+    async () => {
+      while (index < items.length) {
+        const item = items[index];
+        index += 1;
+        await worker(item);
+      }
     },
   );
+
+  await Promise.all(workers);
+}
+
+try {
+  await runWithConcurrency(apps, concurrency, buildApp);
+  console.log('\n[system-apps] all builds finished');
+} catch (error) {
+  console.error('\n[system-apps] build failed');
+  console.error(error);
+  process.exit(1);
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/Cargo.toml b/crates/sage-apps/Cargo.toml
index bad63a088..f38404eff 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/Cargo.toml
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ async-trait = "0.1.89"
 erased-serde = "0.4.9"
 serde_path_to_error = "0.1.20"
 parking_lot = "0.12.5"
+futures = "0.3.32"
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 tempfile = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_permissions/get_review_context.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_permissions/get_review_context.rs
index b4de1370f..e304cf03b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_permissions/get_review_context.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_permissions/get_review_context.rs
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppPermissionsGetReviewContext {
                     params.app_id
                 ))
             })?;
-
+        
         let app = resolved
             .with_app(|app| {
                 app.with(|sage_app| match sage_app {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/apply_update.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/apply_update.rs
index ddfc4d5bb..06bc63cfe 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/apply_update.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/apply_update.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
 };
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
-use crate::lifecycle::update::commands::{apply_app_update};
+use crate::lifecycle::update::logic::apply_app_update_inner;
 use crate::types::{SageAppView, SageGrantedPermissionsInput};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Serialize, Type)]
@@ -54,11 +54,11 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppUpdateApplyUpdate {
     ) -> BridgeHandleResult {
         let params: AppUpdateApplyUpdateParams = parse_required_params(self, request)?;
 
-        let app = apply_app_update(
-            tools.app_state.clone(),
-            tools.app_handle.clone(),
-            params.app_id.clone(),
-            params.granted_permissions,
+        let app = apply_app_update_inner(
+            tools.app_handle,
+            tools.host_state,
+            &params.app_id,
+            Some(params.granted_permissions),
         )
         .await
         .map_err(|err| {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/get_review_context.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/get_review_context.rs
index e5cdd12ea..5c2432fe5 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/get_review_context.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/get_review_context.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
 };
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
-use crate::lifecycle::update::logic::check_app_update_for_app;
+use crate::lifecycle::update::logic::preview_app_update;
 use crate::runtime::resolve_app;
 use crate::types::{SageApp, SageAppUrlPreview, UserSageAppView};
 
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppUpdateGetReviewContext {
                 ))
             })?;
 
-        let preview = check_app_update_for_app(&resolved)
+        let preview = preview_app_update(&resolved)
             .await
             .map_err(|err| {
                 BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error(format!(
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
index 09190720c..731a25520 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ pub use security::{handle_system_app_protocol_request, handle_user_app_protocol_
 pub use bridge::ts_exports::{export_system_bridge_typescript, export_user_bridge_typescript};
 
 // Operations
-pub use lifecycle::process_pending_storage_cleanup;
+pub use lifecycle::{process_pending_storage_cleanup, start_background_app_update_checker};
 pub use sandbox::runner::ensure_initial_sandbox_run;
 pub use runtime::{process_sage_network_change};
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mod.rs
index 62cfe1a79..8a07d62b7 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mod.rs
@@ -14,4 +14,5 @@ pub use registry::*;
 pub use snapshot::*;
 pub use storage::*;
 
+pub use update::start_background_app_update_checker;
 pub(crate) use scope::ensure_app_is_enabled_for_scope;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/background.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/background.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a08c21eed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/background.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+use std::time::Duration;
+use futures::future::join_all;
+
+use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
+use crate::{AppsHostState};
+use crate::host::AppState;
+use crate::lifecycle::{apps_root, list_installed_apps_internal};
+use crate::lifecycle::update::logic::check_app_update_inner;
+use crate::types::ListedSageApp;
+
+pub fn start_background_app_update_checker(app_handle: AppHandle) {
+    tauri::async_runtime::spawn(async move {
+        let mut interval = tokio::time::interval(Duration::from_secs(10 * 60));
+        interval.tick().await;
+
+        loop {
+            interval.tick().await;
+
+            if let Err(err) = run_background_app_update_check(&app_handle).await {
+                tracing::error!(
+                    error = %err,
+                    "background app update check failed"
+                );
+            }
+        }
+    });
+}
+
+async fn run_background_app_update_check(app_handle: &AppHandle) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let app_state: State<'_, AppState> = app_handle.state();
+    let host_state: State<'_, AppsHostState> = app_handle.state();
+
+    let base_path = {
+        let state = app_state.lock().await;
+        state.path.clone()
+    };
+
+    let installed_apps = list_installed_apps_internal(&apps_root(&base_path))?;
+
+    let app_ids = installed_apps
+        .into_iter()
+        .filter_map(|installed_app| match installed_app {
+            ListedSageApp::User(app) => Some(app.common().id().to_string()),
+            ListedSageApp::System(_) | ListedSageApp::Corrupted(_) => None,
+        })
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+    let checks = app_ids.into_iter().map(|app_id| {
+        let app_handle = app_handle.clone();
+        let host_state = host_state.clone();
+
+        async move {
+            let result = check_app_update_inner(&app_handle, &host_state, &app_id).await;
+
+            if let Err(err) = &result {
+                tracing::warn!(
+                error = %err,
+                app_id = %app_id,
+                "failed to check app update in background"
+            );
+            }
+
+            result
+        }
+    });
+
+    let _results = join_all(checks).await;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
index ca8076f6f..777d3f6ba 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
@@ -1,206 +1,33 @@
-use std::collections::BTreeMap;
-use std::io;
-
 use tauri::{command, AppHandle, State};
 
-use crate::bridge::methods::system::{emit_listed_apps_changed, emit_pending_update_changed};
-use crate::host::AppState;
 use crate::host::Result;
-use crate::lifecycle::download_url_snapshot;
-use crate::lifecycle::update::logic::{check_app_update_for_app, fetch_pending_update};
-use crate::runtime::{resolve_app, start_app_update_runtime};
+use crate::lifecycle::update::logic::{check_app_update_inner, apply_app_update_inner};
 use crate::types::{
-    SageApp, SageAppUrlPreview, SageAppView, SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
-    UserSageAppPendingUpdateView,
+    SageAppUrlPreview, SageAppView,
 };
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
 pub async fn check_app_update(
-    state: State<'_, AppState>,
     apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_handle: AppHandle,
     app_id: String,
 ) -> Result<Option<SageAppUrlPreview>> {
-    let base_path = {
-        let state = state.lock().await;
-        state.path.clone()
-    };
-
-    let resolved = resolve_app(&app_handle, &app_id)
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to read installed app {app_id}: {err}")))?;
-
-    let preview = check_app_update_for_app(&resolved).await?;
-
-    let Some(preview) = preview else {
-        return Ok(None);
-    };
-
-    let app = resolved.clone_app_for_operation();
-
-    match fetch_pending_update(&app).await {
-        Ok(Some(pending)) => {
-            app.try_mutate(|sage_app| {
-                sage_app
-                    .set_pending_update(Some(pending))
-                    .map_err(|err| err.to_string())
-            })
-                .map_err(io::Error::other)?;
-
-            emit_pending_update_changed(&app_handle, &apps_state, &app).await;
-            emit_listed_apps_changed(&app_handle, &apps_state, &base_path).await;
-
-            if should_review_pending_update(&app) {
-                open_update_runtime(
-                    &app_handle,
-                    &apps_state,
-                    &app_id,
-                    None,
-                    "failed to start app update review runtime",
-                )
-                    .await;
-            }
-        }
-
-        Ok(None) => {
-            app.try_mutate(|sage_app| {
-                sage_app
-                    .set_pending_update(None)
-                    .map_err(|err| err.to_string())
-            })
-                .map_err(io::Error::other)?;
-
-            emit_pending_update_changed(&app_handle, &apps_state, &app).await;
-            emit_listed_apps_changed(&app_handle, &apps_state, &base_path).await;
-        }
-
-        Err(err) => {
-            tracing::warn!(
-                error = %err,
-                app_id = %app_id,
-                "app update exists but pending update could not be prepared"
-            );
-
-            open_update_runtime(
-                &app_handle,
-                &apps_state,
-                &app_id,
-                Some(err.to_string()),
-                "failed to start app update issue runtime",
-            )
-                .await;
-        }
-    }
-
-    Ok(Some(preview))
+    check_app_update_inner(&app_handle, &apps_state, &app_id).await
 }
 
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
 pub async fn apply_app_update(
-    state: State<'_, AppState>,
     app_handle: AppHandle,
+    apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: String,
-    granted_permissions_input: SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
 ) -> Result<SageAppView> {
-    let _base_path = {
-        let state = state.lock().await;
-        state.path.clone()
-    };
-
-    let resolved = crate::runtime::resolve_stopped_app(&app_handle, &app_id)
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| {
-            io::Error::other(format!(
-                "failed to resolve stopped app {app_id} for update: {err}"
-            ))
-        })?;
-
-    let pending = resolved.try_with_app(|app| {
-        app.try_with(|sage_app| {
-            let user_app = sage_app
-                .as_user()
-                .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("system app cannot receive user update"))?;
-
-            Ok::<_, anyhow::Error>(user_app.pending_update().cloned())
-        })
-    })?;
-
-    let pending =
-        pending.ok_or_else(|| io::Error::other(format!("app {app_id} has no pending update")))?;
-
-    let app_path = resolved.with_app(|app| app.with(SageApp::app_path));
-
-    let snapshot = download_url_snapshot(
-        &app_path,
-        pending.app_url(),
-        pending.manifest(),
-        pending.manifest_hash(),
-    )
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to download update snapshot: {err}")))?;
-
-    resolved
-        .try_with_app(|app| {
-            app.try_mutate(|sage_app| {
-                let granted_permissions = granted_permissions_input
-                    .resolve(pending.manifest().permissions())
-                    .map_err(|err| anyhow::anyhow!("invalid update permissions: {err}"))?;
-
-                sage_app.apply_update(&pending, granted_permissions, snapshot)?;
-
-                Ok::<_, anyhow::Error>(())
-            })
-        })
-        .map_err(io::Error::other)?;
-
-    Ok(resolved.with_app(|app| app.into()))
-}
-
-fn should_review_pending_update(app: &crate::types::SharedSageApp) -> bool {
-    app.with(|sage_app| {
-        let Some(user_app) = sage_app.as_user() else {
-            return false;
-        };
-
-        user_app
-            .pending_update()
-            .map(|pending| {
-                UserSageAppPendingUpdateView::from_pending_update(
-                    pending,
-                    user_app.common().granted_permissions(),
-                )
-                    .decision()
-                    .is_review()
-            })
-            .unwrap_or(false)
-    })
-}
-
-async fn open_update_runtime(
-    app_handle: &AppHandle,
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    app_id: &str,
-    issue: Option<String>,
-    error_message: &'static str,
-) {
-    let mut query = BTreeMap::new();
-    query.insert("appId".to_string(), app_id.to_string());
-
-    if let Some(issue) = issue {
-        query.insert("issue".to_string(), issue);
-    }
-
-    let _ = start_app_update_runtime(app_handle, apps_state, app_id.to_string(), query)
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| {
-            tracing::error!(
-                error = %err,
-                app_id = %app_id,
-                "{error_message}"
-            );
-            err
-        });
+    apply_app_update_inner(
+        &app_handle,
+        &apps_state,
+        &app_id,
+        None,
+    ).await
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/logic.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/logic.rs
index 3cff3f7a2..c4a4826d6 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/logic.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/logic.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,149 @@
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 use std::io;
-
+use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
+use crate::AppsHostState;
+use crate::bridge::methods::system::{emit_pending_update_changed};
 use crate::host::Result;
-use crate::lifecycle::{fetch_url_manifest, fetch_url_manifest_preview};
-use crate::types::{ResolvedApp, SageApp, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppUrlPreview, SharedSageApp, UserSageAppPendingUpdate, UserSageAppSource};
+use crate::lifecycle::{download_url_snapshot, fetch_url_manifest, fetch_url_manifest_preview};
+use crate::runtime::{resolve_app, start_app_update_runtime};
+use crate::types::{ResolvedApp, SageApp, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppUrlPreview, SageAppView, SageGrantedPermissionsInput, SharedSageApp, UserSageAppPendingUpdate, UserSageAppPendingUpdateView, UserSageAppSource};
+
+pub(super) async fn check_app_update_inner(
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    app_id: &str,
+) -> Result<Option<SageAppUrlPreview>> {
+    let resolved = resolve_app(app_handle, app_id)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to read installed app {app_id}: {err}")))?;
+
+    let app = resolved.clone_app_for_operation();
+
+    let Some(preview) = preview_app_update(&resolved).await? else {
+        app.try_mutate(|sage_app| {
+            sage_app
+                .set_pending_update(None)
+                .map_err(|err| err.to_string())
+        })
+            .map_err(io::Error::other)?;
+
+        emit_pending_update_changed(app_handle, apps_state, &app).await;
+
+        return Ok(None);
+    };
+
+    let pending_update = match fetch_pending_update(&app).await {
+        Ok(pending_update) => pending_update,
+
+        Err(err) => {
+            tracing::warn!(
+                error = %err,
+                app_id = %app_id,
+                "app update exists but pending update could not be prepared"
+            );
+
+            return Ok(Some(preview));
+        }
+    };
+
+    app.try_mutate(|sage_app| {
+        sage_app
+            .set_pending_update(pending_update)
+            .map_err(|err| err.to_string())
+    })
+        .map_err(io::Error::other)?;
+
+    emit_pending_update_changed(app_handle, apps_state, &app).await;
+
+    Ok(Some(preview))
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn apply_app_update_inner(
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    app_id: &str,
+    granted_permissions_input: Option<SageGrantedPermissionsInput>,
+) -> Result<SageAppView> {
+    let resolved = crate::runtime::resolve_stopped_app(app_handle, app_id)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| {
+            io::Error::other(format!(
+                "failed to resolve stopped app {app_id} for update: {err}"
+            ))
+        })?;
+
+    let pending = resolved.try_with_app(|app| {
+        app.try_with(|sage_app| {
+            let user_app = sage_app
+                .as_user()
+                .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("system app cannot receive user update"))?;
+
+            Ok::<_, anyhow::Error>(user_app.pending_update().cloned())
+        })
+    })?;
+
+    let pending =
+        pending.ok_or_else(|| io::Error::other(format!("app {app_id} has no pending update")))?;
+
+    let should_review = resolved.with_app(should_review_pending_update);
 
-pub async fn check_app_update_for_app(
+    if should_review && granted_permissions_input.is_none() {
+        open_update_runtime(
+            app_handle,
+            apps_state,
+            app_id,
+            None,
+            "failed to start app update review runtime",
+        )
+            .await;
+
+        return Ok(resolved.with_app(|app| app.into()));
+    }
+
+    let granted_permissions_input = match granted_permissions_input {
+        Some(input) => input,
+        None => resolved.try_with_app(|app| {
+            app.try_with(|sage_app| {
+                Ok::<_, anyhow::Error>(
+                    SageGrantedPermissionsInput::from(sage_app.common().granted_permissions()),
+                )
+            })
+        })?,
+    };
+
+    let app_path = resolved.with_app(|app| app.with(SageApp::app_path));
+
+    let snapshot = download_url_snapshot(
+        &app_path,
+        pending.app_url(),
+        pending.manifest(),
+        pending.manifest_hash(),
+    )
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to download update snapshot: {err}")))?;
+
+    resolved
+        .try_with_app(|app| {
+            app.try_mutate(|sage_app| {
+                let granted_permissions = granted_permissions_input
+                    .resolve(pending.manifest().permissions())
+                    .map_err(|err| anyhow::anyhow!("invalid update permissions: {err}"))?;
+
+                sage_app.apply_update(&pending, granted_permissions, snapshot)?;
+
+                Ok::<_, anyhow::Error>(())
+            })
+        })
+        .map_err(io::Error::other)?;
+
+    let app = resolved.into_app();
+
+    emit_pending_update_changed(app_handle, apps_state, &app).await;
+
+    Ok(app.into())
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn preview_app_update(
     app: &ResolvedApp,
 ) -> Result<Option<SageAppUrlPreview>> {
     let shared_sage_app = app.clone_app_for_operation();
@@ -52,7 +191,7 @@ pub async fn check_app_update_for_app(
     Ok(Some(preview))
 }
 
-pub async fn fetch_pending_update(
+pub(crate) async fn fetch_pending_update(
     app: &SharedSageApp,
 ) -> Result<Option<UserSageAppPendingUpdate>> {
     struct FetchDeps {
@@ -101,3 +240,48 @@ pub async fn fetch_pending_update(
         manifest.clone(),
     )))
 }
+
+fn should_review_pending_update(app: &SharedSageApp) -> bool {
+    app.with(|sage_app| {
+        let Some(user_app) = sage_app.as_user() else {
+            return false;
+        };
+
+        user_app
+            .pending_update()
+            .is_some_and(|pending| {
+                UserSageAppPendingUpdateView::from_pending_update(
+                    pending,
+                    user_app.common().granted_permissions(),
+                )
+                    .decision()
+                    .is_review()
+            })
+    })
+}
+
+async fn open_update_runtime(
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    app_id: &str,
+    issue: Option<String>,
+    error_message: &'static str,
+) {
+    let mut query = BTreeMap::new();
+    query.insert("appId".to_string(), app_id.to_string());
+
+    if let Some(issue) = issue {
+        query.insert("issue".to_string(), issue);
+    }
+
+    let _ = start_app_update_runtime(app_handle, apps_state, app_id.to_string(), query)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| {
+            tracing::error!(
+                error = %err,
+                app_id = %app_id,
+                "{error_message}"
+            );
+            err
+        });
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/mod.rs
index 4083d4f16..456b64d04 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/mod.rs
@@ -3,3 +3,6 @@ pub mod permissions;
 pub mod scope;
 pub mod types;
 pub mod logic;
+mod background;
+
+pub use background::start_background_app_update_checker;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs
index 63c0a51f2..637232a75 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs
@@ -464,6 +464,12 @@ impl CorruptedInstalledSageApp {
     }
 }
 
+impl UserSageApp {
+    pub(crate) fn into_sage_app(self) -> SageApp {
+        SageApp::User(self)
+    }
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 impl UserSageAppSource {
     pub(crate) fn url(app_url: impl AsRef<str>) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
@@ -472,12 +478,6 @@ impl UserSageAppSource {
     }
 }
 
-impl UserSageApp {
-    pub(crate) fn into_sage_app(self) -> SageApp {
-        SageApp::User(self)
-    }
-}
-
 #[cfg(test)]
 impl CorruptedInstalledSageApp {
     pub(crate) fn error(&self) -> &str {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/permission.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/permission.rs
index 1c438c4e4..8e81b512f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/permission.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/permission.rs
@@ -96,20 +96,6 @@ impl SageGrantedPermissionsInput {
             self.network.whitelist_by_network.clone(),
         )
     }
-
-    pub fn capabilities(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = UserBridgeCapability> + '_ {
-        self.capabilities.iter().copied()
-    }
-
-    pub fn network_whitelist(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = SageNetworkWhitelistEntry> + '_ {
-        self.network.whitelist.iter().cloned()
-    }
-
-    pub fn network_whitelist_by_network(
-        &self,
-    ) -> &BTreeMap<String, BTreeSet<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>> {
-        &self.network.whitelist_by_network
-    }
 }
 
 impl From<&SageGrantedPermissions> for SageGrantedPermissionsView {
@@ -168,3 +154,13 @@ impl From<CapabilityDefinition<UserBridgeCapability>> for SageAppCapabilityDefin
         }
     }
 }
+
+impl From<&SageGrantedPermissions> for SageGrantedPermissionsInput {
+    fn from(value: &SageGrantedPermissions) -> Self {
+        Self::new(
+            value.capabilities().copied(),
+            value.network().whitelist_iter().cloned(),
+            value.network().whitelist_by_network().clone(),
+        )
+    }
+}
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index 800b00d7e..7d9749b1f 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
   "scripts": {
     "dev": "vite",
     "dev:system-apps": "node scripts/dev-system-apps-watch.mjs",
-    "generate:bridge-types": "cargo run -q -p sage-apps --bin export_bridge_types >/dev/null",
+    "generate:bridge-types": "cargo run -p sage-apps --bin export_bridge_types >/dev/null",
     "generate:sdk-types": "pnpm --silent --filter @sage-app/sdk run generate:types && pnpm --silent --filter @sage-system-app/sdk run generate:types",
     "generate:types": "pnpm run generate:bridge-types && pnpm run generate:sdk-types",
     "build:packages": "pnpm run generate:types && pnpm --filter @sage-app/sdk build && pnpm --filter @sage-system-app/sdk build && pnpm --filter @sage-app/ui build",
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
index 45446a117..8fbb453a8 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
@@ -249,6 +249,8 @@ pub fn run() {
             app.manage(app_state);
             app.manage(AppsHostState::default());
 
+            apps::start_background_app_update_checker(app.handle().clone());
+
             let app_handle = app.handle().clone();
             let cleanup_base_path = path.clone();
             tauri::async_runtime::spawn(async move {
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index c5b77804d..fb47c3229 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -398,8 +398,8 @@ async uninstallApp(appId: string) : Promise<null> {
 async checkAppUpdate(appId: string) : Promise<SageAppUrlPreview | null> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("check_app_update", { appId });
 },
-async applyAppUpdate(appId: string, grantedPermissionsInput: SageGrantedPermissionsInput) : Promise<SageAppView> {
-    return await TAURI_INVOKE("apply_app_update", { appId, grantedPermissionsInput });
+async applyAppUpdate(appId: string) : Promise<SageAppView> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("apply_app_update", { appId });
 },
 async appsClearRuntimeBrowsingData(appId: string) : Promise<null> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data", { appId });
@@ -2258,9 +2258,7 @@ export type SageAppUrlPreview = { appUrl: SageAppUrl; manifestHash: string; mani
 export type SageAppView = ({ kind: "system" } & SystemSageAppView) | ({ kind: "user" } & UserSageAppView)
 export type SageAppWalletScope = { kind: "allWallets" } | { kind: "selectedWallets"; fingerprints: number[] }
 export type SageAppsError = { kind: ErrorKind; reason: string }
-export type SageGrantedNetworkPermissionsInput = { whitelist?: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[]; whitelistByNetwork?: Partial<{ [key in string]: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[] }> }
 export type SageGrantedNetworkPermissionsView = { whitelist: SageNetworkWhitelistEntryView[]; whitelistByNetwork?: Partial<{ [key in string]: SageNetworkWhitelistEntryView[] }> }
-export type SageGrantedPermissionsInput = { capabilities: UserBridgeCapability[]; network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissionsInput }
 export type SageGrantedPermissionsView = { capabilities: UserBridgeCapability[]; network: SageGrantedNetworkPermissionsView }
 export type SageGrantedSystemPermissionsView = { capabilities: SystemBridgeCapability[] }
 export type SageNetworkWhitelistEntry = { scheme: string; host: string }
diff --git a/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx b/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
index d1bd0e0f3..5ecde5591 100644
--- a/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
+++ b/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
@@ -17,17 +17,11 @@ import {
   type SageAppRuntimeRecordView,
   type SageAppUrlPreview,
   SageAppView,
-  SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
   type SandboxStateView,
   type SystemSageAppView,
   type UserSageAppView,
 } from '@/bindings';
 
-interface PerformAppUpdateOptions {
-  restartIfRunning?: boolean;
-  visibleAfterRestart?: boolean;
-}
-
 type UserInstalledEntry = { kind: 'user' } & UserSageAppView;
 type SystemInstalledEntry = { kind: 'system' } & SystemSageAppView;
 type InstalledEntry = UserInstalledEntry | SystemInstalledEntry;
@@ -106,11 +100,7 @@ interface AppsContextValue {
 
   uninstallApp: (appId: string) => Promise<void>;
   checkForUpdate: (appId: string) => Promise<SageAppUrlPreview | null>;
-  performAppUpdate: (
-    appId: string,
-    grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
-    options?: PerformAppUpdateOptions,
-  ) => Promise<SageAppView>;
+  performAppUpdate: (appId: string) => Promise<SageAppView>;
   clearAppStorage: (appId: string) => Promise<void>;
   activeTaskbarRuntime: ActiveTaskbarRuntime;
 }
@@ -434,10 +424,10 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
   }, []);
 
   const performAppUpdate = useCallback(
-    async (appId: string, grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissionsInput) => {
+    async (appId: string) => {
       setBusy(appId, true);
       try {
-        return await commands.applyAppUpdate(appId, grantedPermissions);
+        return await commands.applyAppUpdate(appId);
       } finally {
         setBusy(appId, false);
       }

From 06625fe4ed103e1f24d8806770628816f7575196 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 9 May 2026 04:19:23 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 393/471] Remove `AppDonationStrip` component and enhance
 background update handling

- Deleted `AppDonationStrip` component from the codebase and its related functionality.
- Improved logging in background app update checker for better visibility during execution.
- Reduced app update check interval to 10 seconds for faster update detection.
- Introduced detailed logging (`println!`) to track actions during update checking and application.
---
 builtin-apps/src/system/build.mjs             |   2 +-
 .../methods/system/app_update/events.rs       |  28 ++-
 .../src/lifecycle/update/background.rs        |   5 +-
 .../sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/logic.rs   |  24 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs   |  19 +-
 src/components/apps/AppDonationStrip.tsx      | 226 ------------------
 src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx                  | 124 +++++-----
 src/pages/Apps.tsx                            | 120 ++++++----
 src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx                   |  77 ++++--
 9 files changed, 252 insertions(+), 373 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 src/components/apps/AppDonationStrip.tsx

diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/build.mjs b/builtin-apps/src/system/build.mjs
index c8514704e..55ac4a825 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/build.mjs
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/build.mjs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ const outRoot = resolve(packageRoot, '../../build/dist/system');
 const pnpm = process.platform === 'win32' ? 'pnpm.cmd' : 'pnpm';
 
 const onlyApps = process.argv.slice(2);
-const concurrency = Number(process.env.SYSTEM_APPS_CONCURRENCY ?? 4);
+const concurrency = Number(process.env.SYSTEM_APPS_CONCURRENCY ?? 6);
 
 function listAllApps() {
   return readdirSync(appsRoot)
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/events.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/events.rs
index ef6cc927d..66e03e85e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/events.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/events.rs
@@ -2,16 +2,24 @@ use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::bridge::emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners;
 use crate::bridge::event_emit::SystemRuntimeEvent;
 use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
-use crate::types::{SageApp, SharedSageApp, UserSageAppView};
+use crate::types::{SageApp, SharedSageApp};
 use serde::Serialize;
 use specta::Type;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase", tag = "kind")]
+pub(crate) enum PendingUpdateStatusView {
+    None,
+    ReadyToApply,
+    RequiresReview,
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub(crate) struct PendingUpdateChangedEvent {
     pub app_id: String,
-    pub app: UserSageAppView,
+    pub status: PendingUpdateStatusView,
 }
 
 impl SystemRuntimeEvent for PendingUpdateChangedEvent {
@@ -22,11 +30,19 @@ impl SystemRuntimeEvent for PendingUpdateChangedEvent {
 pub(crate) async fn emit_pending_update_changed(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    app: &SharedSageApp,
+    shared_sage_app: &SharedSageApp,
 ) {
-    let Some((app_id, app)) = app.with(|app| match app {
+    let Some((app_id, status)) = shared_sage_app.with(|sage_app| match sage_app {
         SageApp::User(user_app) => {
-            Some((user_app.common().id().to_string(), UserSageAppView::from(user_app)))
+            let status = if user_app.pending_update().is_none() {
+                PendingUpdateStatusView::None
+            } else if shared_sage_app.should_review_pending_update() {
+                PendingUpdateStatusView::RequiresReview
+            } else {
+                PendingUpdateStatusView::ReadyToApply
+            };
+
+            Some((user_app.common().id().to_string(), status))
         }
         SageApp::System(_) => None,
     }) else {
@@ -36,7 +52,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn emit_pending_update_changed(
     emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners(
         app_handle,
         apps_state,
-        PendingUpdateChangedEvent { app_id, app },
+        PendingUpdateChangedEvent { app_id, status },
     )
         .await;
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/background.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/background.rs
index a08c21eed..6e52534df 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/background.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/background.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,8 @@ use crate::types::ListedSageApp;
 
 pub fn start_background_app_update_checker(app_handle: AppHandle) {
     tauri::async_runtime::spawn(async move {
-        let mut interval = tokio::time::interval(Duration::from_secs(10 * 60));
+        println!("Starting background app update checker");
+        let mut interval = tokio::time::interval(Duration::from_secs(10));
         interval.tick().await;
 
         loop {
@@ -27,6 +28,7 @@ pub fn start_background_app_update_checker(app_handle: AppHandle) {
 }
 
 async fn run_background_app_update_check(app_handle: &AppHandle) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    println!("Running background app update check");
     let app_state: State<'_, AppState> = app_handle.state();
     let host_state: State<'_, AppsHostState> = app_handle.state();
 
@@ -50,6 +52,7 @@ async fn run_background_app_update_check(app_handle: &AppHandle) -> anyhow::Resu
         let host_state = host_state.clone();
 
         async move {
+            println!("Checking update for app: {}", app_id);
             let result = check_app_update_inner(&app_handle, &host_state, &app_id).await;
 
             if let Err(err) = &result {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/logic.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/logic.rs
index c4a4826d6..16683201d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/logic.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/logic.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::system::{emit_pending_update_changed};
 use crate::host::Result;
 use crate::lifecycle::{download_url_snapshot, fetch_url_manifest, fetch_url_manifest_preview};
 use crate::runtime::{resolve_app, start_app_update_runtime};
-use crate::types::{ResolvedApp, SageApp, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppUrlPreview, SageAppView, SageGrantedPermissionsInput, SharedSageApp, UserSageAppPendingUpdate, UserSageAppPendingUpdateView, UserSageAppSource};
+use crate::types::{ResolvedApp, SageApp, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppUrlPreview, SageAppView, SageGrantedPermissionsInput, SharedSageApp, UserSageAppPendingUpdate, UserSageAppSource};
 
 pub(super) async fn check_app_update_inner(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
@@ -53,6 +53,7 @@ pub(super) async fn check_app_update_inner(
     })
         .map_err(io::Error::other)?;
 
+    println!("App update prepared successfully for app: {}", app_id);
     emit_pending_update_changed(app_handle, apps_state, &app).await;
 
     Ok(Some(preview))
@@ -85,7 +86,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn apply_app_update_inner(
     let pending =
         pending.ok_or_else(|| io::Error::other(format!("app {app_id} has no pending update")))?;
 
-    let should_review = resolved.with_app(should_review_pending_update);
+    let should_review = resolved.with_app(SharedSageApp::should_review_pending_update);
 
     if should_review && granted_permissions_input.is_none() {
         open_update_runtime(
@@ -241,25 +242,6 @@ pub(crate) async fn fetch_pending_update(
     )))
 }
 
-fn should_review_pending_update(app: &SharedSageApp) -> bool {
-    app.with(|sage_app| {
-        let Some(user_app) = sage_app.as_user() else {
-            return false;
-        };
-
-        user_app
-            .pending_update()
-            .is_some_and(|pending| {
-                UserSageAppPendingUpdateView::from_pending_update(
-                    pending,
-                    user_app.common().granted_permissions(),
-                )
-                    .decision()
-                    .is_review()
-            })
-    })
-}
-
 async fn open_update_runtime(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs
index 637232a75..443d2a3f2 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use crate::capabilities::list::BridgeCapability;
 use crate::lifecycle::write_metadata_for_app;
 use crate::runtime::SharedRuntime;
-use crate::types::SageAppUrl;
+use crate::types::{SageAppUrl, UserSageAppPendingUpdateView};
 use crate::types::app::common::SageAppCommon;
 use crate::types::app::flags::SageAppFlags;
 use crate::types::app::preview::UserSageAppPendingUpdate;
@@ -111,6 +111,23 @@ impl SharedSageApp {
         }
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn should_review_pending_update(&self) -> bool {
+        self.with(|sage_app| {
+            let Some(user_app) = sage_app.as_user() else {
+                return false;
+            };
+
+            user_app.pending_update().is_some_and(|pending| {
+                UserSageAppPendingUpdateView::from_pending_update(
+                    pending,
+                    user_app.common().granted_permissions(),
+                )
+                    .decision()
+                    .is_review()
+            })
+        })
+    }
+
     pub fn with<T>(&self, f: impl FnOnce(&SageApp) -> T) -> T {
         let app = self.inner.read();
         f(&app)
diff --git a/src/components/apps/AppDonationStrip.tsx b/src/components/apps/AppDonationStrip.tsx
deleted file mode 100644
index 7beac5f92..000000000
--- a/src/components/apps/AppDonationStrip.tsx
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,226 +0,0 @@
-import { useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react';
-import { Amount, commands } from '@/bindings';
-import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
-import { Input } from '@/components/ui/input';
-
-interface Props {
-  appName: string;
-  authorName?: string | null;
-  authorAvatarSrc?: string | null;
-  donationAddress: string;
-  onSend: (amountMojos: Amount) => Promise<void> | void;
-}
-
-type DonationMode = 'usd' | 'xch';
-
-function parsePositiveNumber(value: string): number | null {
-  const normalized = value.trim();
-  if (!normalized) {
-    return null;
-  }
-
-  const parsed = Number(normalized);
-  if (!Number.isFinite(parsed) || parsed <= 0) {
-    return null;
-  }
-
-  return parsed;
-}
-
-function xchToMojos(xch: number): Amount {
-  return Math.floor(xch * 1_000_000_000_000);
-}
-
-export function AppDonationStrip({
-  appName,
-  authorName,
-  authorAvatarSrc,
-  donationAddress,
-  onSend,
-}: Props) {
-  const [mode, setMode] = useState<DonationMode>('usd');
-  const [usdInput, setUsdInput] = useState('10');
-  const [xchInput, setXchInput] = useState('');
-  const [priceUsd, setPriceUsd] = useState<number | null>(null);
-  const [priceLoading, setPriceLoading] = useState(true);
-  const [priceError, setPriceError] = useState<string | null>(null);
-  const [sending, setSending] = useState(false);
-
-  useEffect(() => {
-    let cancelled = false;
-
-    async function loadPrice() {
-      try {
-        setPriceLoading(true);
-        setPriceError(null);
-
-        const response = await commands.getXchUsdPrice({});
-
-        if (!cancelled) {
-          setPriceUsd(response.usd);
-        }
-      } catch (err) {
-        if (!cancelled) {
-          setPriceError(err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err));
-          setPriceUsd(null);
-          setMode('xch');
-        }
-      } finally {
-        if (!cancelled) {
-          setPriceLoading(false);
-        }
-      }
-    }
-
-    void loadPrice();
-
-    return () => {
-      cancelled = true;
-    };
-  }, []);
-
-  const derived = useMemo(() => {
-    if (mode === 'usd') {
-      const usd = parsePositiveNumber(usdInput);
-      if (!usd || !priceUsd) {
-        return {
-          usd: usd,
-          xch: null as number | null,
-          mojos: null as string | null,
-        };
-      }
-
-      const xch = usd / priceUsd;
-      return {
-        usd,
-        xch,
-        mojos: xchToMojos(xch),
-      };
-    }
-
-    const xch = parsePositiveNumber(xchInput);
-    if (!xch) {
-      return {
-        usd: null as number | null,
-        xch,
-        mojos: null as string | null,
-      };
-    }
-
-    return {
-      usd: priceUsd ? xch * priceUsd : null,
-      xch,
-      mojos: xchToMojos(xch),
-    };
-  }, [mode, usdInput, xchInput, priceUsd]);
-
-  const canSend =
-    !sending &&
-    derived.xch !== null &&
-    derived.mojos !== null &&
-    Number(derived.mojos) > 0;
-
-  async function handleSend() {
-    if (!canSend || !derived.mojos) {
-      return;
-    }
-
-    try {
-      setSending(true);
-      await onSend(derived.mojos);
-    } finally {
-      setSending(false);
-    }
-  }
-
-  return (
-    <div className='shrink-0 border-b bg-amber-500/5 px-4 py-3'>
-      <div className='flex flex-wrap items-center gap-4'>
-        <div className='flex min-w-0 items-center gap-3'>
-          {authorAvatarSrc ? (
-            <img
-              src={authorAvatarSrc}
-              alt=''
-              className='h-10 w-10 rounded-full border object-cover'
-            />
-          ) : (
-            <div className='flex h-10 w-10 items-center justify-center rounded-full border bg-background text-sm font-semibold'>
-              {(authorName ?? appName).slice(0, 1).toUpperCase()}
-            </div>
-          )}
-
-          <div className='min-w-0'>
-            <div className='truncate text-sm font-semibold'>
-              Support {authorName ?? appName}
-            </div>
-            <div className='truncate text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
-              {donationAddress}
-            </div>
-            <div className='text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
-              {priceLoading
-                ? 'Loading XCH price…'
-                : priceUsd !== null
-                  ? `1 XCH ≈ $${priceUsd.toFixed(2)}`
-                  : 'XCH price unavailable'}
-            </div>
-          </div>
-        </div>
-
-        <div className='ml-auto flex flex-wrap items-center gap-2'>
-          <div className='flex items-center gap-1 rounded-lg border bg-background p-1'>
-            <Button
-              type='button'
-              size='sm'
-              variant={mode === 'usd' ? 'default' : 'ghost'}
-              disabled={priceUsd === null}
-              onClick={() => setMode('usd')}
-            >
-              $
-            </Button>
-            <Button
-              type='button'
-              size='sm'
-              variant={mode === 'xch' ? 'default' : 'ghost'}
-              onClick={() => setMode('xch')}
-            >
-              XCH
-            </Button>
-          </div>
-
-          <Input
-            className='w-28'
-            value={mode === 'usd' ? usdInput : xchInput}
-            onChange={(event) => {
-              if (mode === 'usd') {
-                setUsdInput(event.target.value);
-              } else {
-                setXchInput(event.target.value);
-              }
-            }}
-            placeholder={mode === 'usd' ? '10.00' : '0.100000'}
-          />
-
-          <div className='min-w-[120px] text-right text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
-            {mode === 'usd'
-              ? derived.xch !== null
-                ? `≈ ${derived.xch.toFixed(6)} XCH`
-                : '—'
-              : derived.usd !== null
-                ? `≈ $${derived.usd.toFixed(2)}`
-                : '—'}
-          </div>
-
-          <Button onClick={() => void handleSend()} disabled={!canSend}>
-            {sending ? 'Sending…' : 'Send support'}
-          </Button>
-        </div>
-      </div>
-
-      {priceError ? (
-        <div className='mt-2 text-xs text-muted-foreground'>
-          Price lookup failed. XCH mode still works.
-        </div>
-      ) : null}
-    </div>
-  );
-}
diff --git a/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx b/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
index 5ecde5591..424d46c6e 100644
--- a/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
+++ b/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
@@ -15,8 +15,6 @@ import {
   commands,
   type ListedSageAppView,
   type SageAppRuntimeRecordView,
-  type SageAppUrlPreview,
-  SageAppView,
   type SandboxStateView,
   type SystemSageAppView,
   type UserSageAppView,
@@ -28,6 +26,16 @@ type InstalledEntry = UserInstalledEntry | SystemInstalledEntry;
 
 const SAGE_RUNTIME_EVENT_NAME = 'apps:runtime-event';
 
+export type PendingUpdateStatusView =
+  | { kind: 'none' }
+  | { kind: 'readyToApply' }
+  | { kind: 'requiresReview' };
+
+export type PendingUpdateActivity =
+  | { kind: 'idle' }
+  | { kind: 'checking' }
+  | { kind: 'applying' };
+
 interface RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent {
   type: 'runtimeManager.runtimesChanged';
   payload: {
@@ -58,11 +66,20 @@ interface SandboxStateChangedEvent {
   };
 }
 
+interface PendingUpdateChangedEvent {
+  type: 'appUpdate.pendingUpdateChanged';
+  payload: {
+    appId: string;
+    status: PendingUpdateStatusView;
+  };
+}
+
 type SageRuntimeEvent =
   | RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent
   | ActiveTaskbarRuntimeChangedEvent
   | ListedAppsChangedEvent
-  | SandboxStateChangedEvent;
+  | SandboxStateChangedEvent
+  | PendingUpdateChangedEvent;
 
 type ActiveTaskbarRuntime = {
   appId: string | null;
@@ -76,7 +93,8 @@ interface AppsContextValue {
   loading: boolean;
   error: string | null;
   busyAppIds: Record<string, boolean>;
-  updateAvailability: Record<string, SageAppUrlPreview | null>;
+  pendingUpdates: Record<string, PendingUpdateStatusView>;
+  pendingUpdateActivity: Record<string, PendingUpdateActivity>;
   sandboxState: SandboxStateView | null;
   launchGatesByAppId: Record<string, AppLaunchGateResult>;
 
@@ -90,17 +108,12 @@ interface AppsContextValue {
   refreshRuntimes: () => Promise<void>;
   refreshLaunchGates: (listed: ListedSageAppView[]) => Promise<void>;
   setBusy: (appId: string, busy: boolean) => void;
-  setUpdateAvailability: (
-    updater:
-      | Record<string, SageAppUrlPreview | null>
-      | ((
-          prev: Record<string, SageAppUrlPreview | null>,
-        ) => Record<string, SageAppUrlPreview | null>),
+  setPendingUpdateActivity: (
+    appId: string,
+    activity: PendingUpdateActivity,
   ) => void;
 
   uninstallApp: (appId: string) => Promise<void>;
-  checkForUpdate: (appId: string) => Promise<SageAppUrlPreview | null>;
-  performAppUpdate: (appId: string) => Promise<SageAppView>;
   clearAppStorage: (appId: string) => Promise<void>;
   activeTaskbarRuntime: ActiveTaskbarRuntime;
 }
@@ -150,15 +163,23 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
   >([]);
   const [activeTaskbarRuntime, setActiveTaskbarRuntime] =
     useState<ActiveTaskbarRuntime>(null);
+
   const [loading, setLoading] = useState(true);
   const [error, setError] = useState<string | null>(null);
   const [busyAppIds, setBusyAppIds] = useState<Record<string, boolean>>({});
-  const [updateAvailability, setUpdateAvailability] = useState<
-    Record<string, SageAppUrlPreview | null>
+
+  const [pendingUpdates, setPendingUpdates] = useState<
+    Record<string, PendingUpdateStatusView>
+  >({});
+
+  const [pendingUpdateActivity, setPendingUpdateActivityState] = useState<
+    Record<string, PendingUpdateActivity>
   >({});
+
   const [sandboxState, setSandboxState] = useState<SandboxStateView | null>(
     null,
   );
+
   const [launchGatesByAppId, setLaunchGatesByAppId] = useState<
     Record<string, AppLaunchGateResult>
   >({});
@@ -248,7 +269,6 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
             if (isCancelled) return;
 
             const runtimeEvent = event.payload;
-            console.log('Received runtime event:', runtimeEvent);
 
             switch (runtimeEvent.type) {
               case 'runtimeManager.runtimesChanged':
@@ -283,6 +303,18 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
                 setSandboxState(runtimeEvent.payload.state);
                 void refreshLaunchGates(appsRef.current);
                 break;
+
+              case 'appUpdate.pendingUpdateChanged':
+                setPendingUpdates((prev) => ({
+                  ...prev,
+                  [runtimeEvent.payload.appId]: runtimeEvent.payload.status,
+                }));
+
+                setPendingUpdateActivityState((prev) => ({
+                  ...prev,
+                  [runtimeEvent.payload.appId]: { kind: 'idle' },
+                }));
+                break;
             }
           },
         );
@@ -376,17 +408,12 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
     setBusyAppIds((prev) => ({ ...prev, [appId]: busy }));
   }, []);
 
-  const setUpdateAvailabilityState = useCallback(
-    (
-      updater:
-        | Record<string, SageAppUrlPreview | null>
-        | ((
-            prev: Record<string, SageAppUrlPreview | null>,
-          ) => Record<string, SageAppUrlPreview | null>),
-    ) => {
-      setUpdateAvailability((prev) =>
-        typeof updater === 'function' ? updater(prev) : updater,
-      );
+  const setPendingUpdateActivity = useCallback(
+    (appId: string, activity: PendingUpdateActivity) => {
+      setPendingUpdateActivityState((prev) => ({
+        ...prev,
+        [appId]: activity,
+      }));
     },
     [],
   );
@@ -394,40 +421,27 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
   const uninstallApp = useCallback(
     async (appId: string) => {
       setBusy(appId, true);
+
       try {
         await commands.uninstallApp(appId);
 
-        setUpdateAvailability((prev) =>
+        setPendingUpdates((prev) =>
           Object.fromEntries(
             Object.entries(prev).filter(([key]) => key !== appId),
           ),
         );
 
-        setLaunchGatesByAppId((prev) =>
+        setPendingUpdateActivityState((prev) =>
           Object.fromEntries(
             Object.entries(prev).filter(([key]) => key !== appId),
           ),
         );
-      } finally {
-        setBusy(appId, false);
-      }
-    },
-    [setBusy],
-  );
 
-  const checkForUpdate = useCallback(async (appId: string) => {
-    const preview = await commands.checkAppUpdate(appId);
-
-    setUpdateAvailability((prev) => ({ ...prev, [appId]: preview }));
-
-    return preview;
-  }, []);
-
-  const performAppUpdate = useCallback(
-    async (appId: string) => {
-      setBusy(appId, true);
-      try {
-        return await commands.applyAppUpdate(appId);
+        setLaunchGatesByAppId((prev) =>
+          Object.fromEntries(
+            Object.entries(prev).filter(([key]) => key !== appId),
+          ),
+        );
       } finally {
         setBusy(appId, false);
       }
@@ -452,7 +466,8 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
       loading,
       error,
       busyAppIds,
-      updateAvailability,
+      pendingUpdates,
+      pendingUpdateActivity,
       sandboxState,
       launchGatesByAppId,
 
@@ -466,11 +481,9 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
       refreshRuntimes,
       refreshLaunchGates,
       setBusy,
-      setUpdateAvailability: setUpdateAvailabilityState,
+      setPendingUpdateActivity,
 
       uninstallApp,
-      checkForUpdate,
-      performAppUpdate,
       clearAppStorage,
       activeTaskbarRuntime,
     }),
@@ -481,7 +494,8 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
       loading,
       error,
       busyAppIds,
-      updateAvailability,
+      pendingUpdates,
+      pendingUpdateActivity,
       sandboxState,
       launchGatesByAppId,
       getApp,
@@ -493,10 +507,8 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
       refreshRuntimes,
       refreshLaunchGates,
       setBusy,
-      setUpdateAvailabilityState,
+      setPendingUpdateActivity,
       uninstallApp,
-      checkForUpdate,
-      performAppUpdate,
       clearAppStorage,
       activeTaskbarRuntime,
     ],
@@ -507,8 +519,10 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
 
 export function useApps() {
   const value = useContext(AppsContext);
+
   if (!value) {
     throw new Error('useApps must be used within AppsProvider');
   }
+
   return value;
 }
diff --git a/src/pages/Apps.tsx b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
index a15c3829b..41ea87bb3 100644
--- a/src/pages/Apps.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ import { formatSandboxLaunchDecision } from '@/lib/apps/sandboxPolicy';
 import {
   commands,
   ListedSageAppView,
-  SageAppUrlPreview,
   SystemSageAppView,
   UserSageAppView,
 } from '@/bindings.ts';
@@ -84,10 +83,6 @@ function formatErrorMessage(err: unknown): string {
   }
 }
 
-function isFullUpdatePreview(preview: SageAppUrlPreview | null): boolean {
-  return preview?.manifest.kind === 'full';
-}
-
 async function openApp(appId: string) {
   return await commands.appsCreateInlineRuntime({
     appId,
@@ -99,7 +94,7 @@ export function Apps() {
   const pageRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement | null>(null);
 
   const [updateCheckStateByAppId, setUpdateCheckStateByAppId] = useState<
-    Record<string, 'idle' | 'checking' | 'up_to_date'>
+    Record<string, 'idle' | 'up_to_date'>
   >({});
 
   const [clearingDataByAppId, setClearingDataByAppId] = useState<
@@ -117,9 +112,10 @@ export function Apps() {
     error,
     refresh,
     uninstallApp,
-    checkForUpdate,
     clearAppStorage,
-    updateAvailability,
+    pendingUpdates,
+    pendingUpdateActivity,
+    setPendingUpdateActivity,
     busyAppIds,
     getLaunchGate,
   } = useApps();
@@ -136,30 +132,44 @@ export function Apps() {
 
   const corruptedApps = useMemo(() => apps.filter(isCorruptedEntry), [apps]);
 
-  const contextMenuPreview = contextMenu
-    ? updateAvailability[contextMenu.app.common.identity.id]
-    : null;
+  const contextMenuAppId = contextMenu?.app.common.identity.id ?? null;
+
+  const contextMenuPendingUpdate = contextMenuAppId
+    ? (pendingUpdates[contextMenuAppId] ?? { kind: 'none' as const })
+    : { kind: 'none' as const };
+
+  const contextMenuUpdateActivity = contextMenuAppId
+    ? (pendingUpdateActivity[contextMenuAppId] ?? { kind: 'idle' as const })
+    : { kind: 'idle' as const };
 
-  const contextMenuBusy = contextMenu
-    ? (busyAppIds[contextMenu.app.common.identity.id] ?? false)
+  const contextMenuBusy = contextMenuAppId
+    ? (busyAppIds[contextMenuAppId] ?? false) ||
+      contextMenuUpdateActivity.kind === 'applying'
     : false;
 
-  const contextMenuCheckState = contextMenu
-    ? (updateCheckStateByAppId[contextMenu.app.common.identity.id] ?? 'idle')
-    : 'idle';
+  const contextMenuCheckState =
+    contextMenuUpdateActivity.kind === 'checking'
+      ? 'checking'
+      : contextMenuAppId
+        ? (updateCheckStateByAppId[contextMenuAppId] ?? 'idle')
+        : 'idle';
 
-  const contextMenuAppIsRunning = contextMenu
-    ? runningAppIds.has(contextMenu.app.common.identity.id)
+  const contextMenuAppIsRunning = contextMenuAppId
+    ? runningAppIds.has(contextMenuAppId)
     : false;
 
-  const contextMenuClearDataBusy = contextMenu
-    ? (clearingDataByAppId[contextMenu.app.common.identity.id] ?? false)
+  const contextMenuClearDataBusy = contextMenuAppId
+    ? (clearingDataByAppId[contextMenuAppId] ?? false)
     : false;
 
-  const contextMenuClearDataError = contextMenu
-    ? (clearDataErrorByAppId[contextMenu.app.common.identity.id] ?? null)
+  const contextMenuClearDataError = contextMenuAppId
+    ? (clearDataErrorByAppId[contextMenuAppId] ?? null)
     : null;
 
+  const contextMenuHasUpdate = contextMenuPendingUpdate.kind !== 'none';
+  const contextMenuUpdateIsInstallable =
+    contextMenuPendingUpdate.kind === 'readyToApply';
+
   const closeContextMenu = useCallback(() => {
     setContextMenu((prevContextMenu) => {
       if (prevContextMenu) {
@@ -180,9 +190,11 @@ export function Apps() {
   }, []);
 
   async function handleCheckForUpdate(appId: string) {
+    setPendingUpdateActivity(appId, { kind: 'checking' });
+
     setUpdateCheckStateByAppId((prev) => ({
       ...prev,
-      [appId]: 'checking',
+      [appId]: 'idle',
     }));
 
     setClearDataErrorByAppId((prev) => ({
@@ -191,25 +203,48 @@ export function Apps() {
     }));
 
     try {
-      const preview = await checkForUpdate(appId);
+      const preview = await commands.checkAppUpdate(appId);
 
-      setUpdateCheckStateByAppId((prev) => ({
-        ...prev,
-        [appId]: preview ? 'idle' : 'up_to_date',
-      }));
+      if (!preview) {
+        setUpdateCheckStateByAppId((prev) => ({
+          ...prev,
+          [appId]: 'up_to_date',
+        }));
+      }
     } catch (err) {
       const message = formatAppError(err);
 
-      console.error('checkForUpdate failed:', err);
+      console.error('checkAppUpdate failed:', err);
 
-      setUpdateCheckStateByAppId((prev) => ({
+      setClearDataErrorByAppId((prev) => ({
         ...prev,
-        [appId]: 'idle',
+        [appId]: `Update check failed: ${message}`,
       }));
+    } finally {
+      setPendingUpdateActivity(appId, { kind: 'idle' });
+    }
+  }
+
+  async function handleApplyUpdate(appId: string) {
+    setPendingUpdateActivity(appId, { kind: 'applying' });
+
+    setClearDataErrorByAppId((prev) => ({
+      ...prev,
+      [appId]: null,
+    }));
+
+    try {
+      await commands.applyAppUpdate(appId);
+    } catch (err) {
+      const message = formatAppError(err);
+
+      console.error('applyAppUpdate failed:', err);
+
+      setPendingUpdateActivity(appId, { kind: 'idle' });
 
       setClearDataErrorByAppId((prev) => ({
         ...prev,
-        [appId]: `Update check failed: ${message}`,
+        [appId]: `Update failed: ${message}`,
       }));
     }
   }
@@ -459,8 +494,8 @@ export function Apps() {
         x={contextMenu?.x ?? 0}
         y={contextMenu?.y ?? 0}
         busy={contextMenuBusy}
-        hasUpdate={!!contextMenuPreview}
-        updateIsInstallable={isFullUpdatePreview(contextMenuPreview)}
+        hasUpdate={contextMenuHasUpdate}
+        updateIsInstallable={contextMenuUpdateIsInstallable}
         isRunning={contextMenuAppIsRunning}
         updateCheckState={contextMenuCheckState}
         clearDataBusy={contextMenuClearDataBusy}
@@ -487,18 +522,23 @@ export function Apps() {
           void handleCheckForUpdate(contextMenu.app.common.identity.id);
         }}
         onUpdate={() => {
-          if (
-            !contextMenu ||
-            !contextMenuPreview ||
-            !isUserInstalledEntry(contextMenu.app)
-          ) {
+          if (!contextMenu || !isUserInstalledEntry(contextMenu.app)) {
             return;
           }
 
           const appId = contextMenu.app.common.identity.id;
+          const pendingUpdate = pendingUpdates[appId] ?? { kind: 'none' };
 
           closeContextMenu();
-          void openAppUpdateReview(appId);
+
+          if (pendingUpdate.kind === 'requiresReview') {
+            void openAppUpdateReview(appId);
+            return;
+          }
+
+          if (pendingUpdate.kind === 'readyToApply') {
+            void handleApplyUpdate(appId);
+          }
         }}
         onChangePermissions={() => {
           if (!contextMenu || !isUserInstalledEntry(contextMenu.app)) {
diff --git a/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx b/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
index 1181798fe..ad039ba5b 100644
--- a/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
@@ -8,11 +8,7 @@ import { useApps } from '@/contexts/AppsContext.tsx';
 import { routeForApp } from '../lib/apps/route';
 import { useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react';
 import { Outlet, useNavigate, useParams } from 'react-router-dom';
-import {
-  commands,
-  type SageAppUrlPreview,
-  type UserSageAppView,
-} from '@/bindings';
+import { commands, type UserSageAppView } from '@/bindings';
 import { SystemAppModalLayer } from '@/components/apps/SystemAppModalLayer';
 import { openAppUpdateReview } from '@/lib/apps/openAppUpdate.ts';
 import { getCurrentWindow } from '@tauri-apps/api/window';
@@ -25,20 +21,17 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
 
     void commands
       .appsEnterWorkspace()
-
       .then(() => {
         if (!cancelled) {
           setWorkspaceActive(true);
         }
       })
-
       .catch((err) => {
         console.error('Failed to activate apps workspace:', err);
       });
 
     return () => {
       cancelled = true;
-
       setWorkspaceActive(false);
 
       void commands.appsLeaveWorkspace().catch((err) => {
@@ -54,7 +47,9 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
     runtimes,
     getApp,
     getListedApp,
-    updateAvailability,
+    pendingUpdates,
+    pendingUpdateActivity,
+    setPendingUpdateActivity,
     busyAppIds,
     activeTaskbarRuntime,
   } = useApps();
@@ -140,12 +135,19 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
     ? (getApp(appId) ?? null)
     : null;
 
-  const activeUpdatePreview: SageAppUrlPreview | null = activeApp
-    ? (updateAvailability[activeApp.common.identity.id] ?? null)
-    : null;
+  const activeAppId = activeApp?.common.identity.id ?? null;
 
-  const activeBusy = activeApp
-    ? (busyAppIds[activeApp.common.identity.id] ?? false)
+  const activePendingUpdate = activeAppId
+    ? (pendingUpdates[activeAppId] ?? { kind: 'none' as const })
+    : { kind: 'none' as const };
+
+  const activeUpdateActivity = activeAppId
+    ? (pendingUpdateActivity[activeAppId] ?? { kind: 'idle' as const })
+    : { kind: 'idle' as const };
+
+  const activeBusy = activeAppId
+    ? (busyAppIds[activeAppId] ?? false) ||
+    activeUpdateActivity.kind === 'applying'
     : false;
 
   const activeManifest = activeApp?.common.activeSnapshot.manifest;
@@ -184,6 +186,21 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
     return out;
   }, [runtimes, tabOrder, getListedApp, activeTaskbarRuntime?.appId]);
 
+  async function handleApplyActiveUpdate() {
+    if (!activeAppId) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    setPendingUpdateActivity(activeAppId, { kind: 'applying' });
+
+    try {
+      await commands.applyAppUpdate(activeAppId);
+    } catch (err) {
+      console.error('Failed to apply app update:', err);
+      setPendingUpdateActivity(activeAppId, { kind: 'idle' });
+    }
+  }
+
   if (!workspaceActive) {
     return null;
   }
@@ -219,25 +236,41 @@ export function AppsWorkspace() {
         }}
       />
 
-      {activeApp?.source.kind === 'url' && activeUpdatePreview ? (
+      {activeApp?.source.kind === 'url' && activePendingUpdate.kind !== 'none' ? (
         <Alert className='shrink-0 rounded-none border-x-0 border-t-0'>
-          <AlertTitle>New version available</AlertTitle>
+          <AlertTitle>
+            {activePendingUpdate.kind === 'requiresReview'
+              ? 'Update needs review'
+              : 'Update ready'}
+          </AlertTitle>
           <AlertDescription className='flex items-center justify-between gap-4'>
             <span>
-              {activeUpdatePreview.manifest.kind === 'full'
-                ? `Version ${activeUpdatePreview.manifest.manifest.version} is available for ${activeApp.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.name}.`
-                : `An update is available for ${activeApp.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.name}, but it cannot be installed by this Sage version.`}
+              {activePendingUpdate.kind === 'requiresReview'
+                ? `An update is available for ${activeApp.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.name} and needs review before it can be applied.`
+                : `An update is ready to apply for ${activeApp.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.name}.`}
             </span>
 
             <Button
               variant='outline'
               disabled={activeBusy}
               onClick={() => {
-                if (!activeApp) return;
-                void openAppUpdateReview(activeApp.common.identity.id);
+                if (!activeAppId) return;
+
+                if (activePendingUpdate.kind === 'requiresReview') {
+                  void openAppUpdateReview(activeAppId);
+                  return;
+                }
+
+                if (activePendingUpdate.kind === 'readyToApply') {
+                  void handleApplyActiveUpdate();
+                }
               }}
             >
-              Review update
+              {activeUpdateActivity.kind === 'applying'
+                ? 'Applying...'
+                : activePendingUpdate.kind === 'requiresReview'
+                  ? 'Review update'
+                  : 'Apply update'}
             </Button>
           </AlertDescription>
         </Alert>

From 567267ca2d827880c4b45e4bfc8e2af68ae690a6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 9 May 2026 04:25:23 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 394/471] Refactor app update preview logic with
 `AppUpdatePreviewResult`

- Introduced `AppUpdatePreviewResult` enum to streamline app update preview handling.
- Updated `preview_app_update` to return structured results (`None`, `AlreadyPending`, `New`) for better clarity.
- Adjusted related methods (`get_review_context`, `check_app_update_inner`) to use the new enum and improve error handling.
- Replaced redundant `println!` calls with `tracing::info` for consistent logging.
---
 .../system/app_update/get_review_context.rs   | 10 ++-
 .../sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/logic.rs   | 73 ++++++++++++-------
 2 files changed, 55 insertions(+), 28 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/get_review_context.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/get_review_context.rs
index 5c2432fe5..65a177600 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/get_review_context.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/get_review_context.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
 };
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
-use crate::lifecycle::update::logic::preview_app_update;
+use crate::lifecycle::update::logic::{preview_app_update, AppUpdatePreviewResult};
 use crate::runtime::resolve_app;
 use crate::types::{SageApp, SageAppUrlPreview, UserSageAppView};
 
@@ -80,14 +80,18 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppUpdateGetReviewContext {
                 ))
             })?;
 
-        let preview = preview_app_update(&resolved)
+        let preview = match preview_app_update(&resolved)
             .await
             .map_err(|err| {
                 BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error(format!(
                     "failed to check update for {}: {err}",
                     params.app_id
                 ))
-            })?;
+            })? {
+            AppUpdatePreviewResult::None => None,
+            AppUpdatePreviewResult::AlreadyPending(preview)
+            | AppUpdatePreviewResult::New(preview) => Some(preview),
+        };
 
         Ok(Box::new(AppUpdateReviewContext { app, preview }))
     }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/logic.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/logic.rs
index 16683201d..6550c36c9 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/logic.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/logic.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,24 @@
+use crate::bridge::methods::system::emit_pending_update_changed;
+use crate::host::Result;
+use crate::lifecycle::{
+    download_url_snapshot, fetch_url_manifest, fetch_url_manifest_preview,
+};
+use crate::runtime::{resolve_app, start_app_update_runtime};
+use crate::types::{
+    ResolvedApp, SageApp, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppUrlPreview, SageAppView,
+    SageGrantedPermissionsInput, SharedSageApp, UserSageAppPendingUpdate,
+    UserSageAppSource,
+};
+use crate::AppsHostState;
 use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 use std::io;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
-use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::bridge::methods::system::{emit_pending_update_changed};
-use crate::host::Result;
-use crate::lifecycle::{download_url_snapshot, fetch_url_manifest, fetch_url_manifest_preview};
-use crate::runtime::{resolve_app, start_app_update_runtime};
-use crate::types::{ResolvedApp, SageApp, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppUrlPreview, SageAppView, SageGrantedPermissionsInput, SharedSageApp, UserSageAppPendingUpdate, UserSageAppSource};
+
+pub(crate) enum AppUpdatePreviewResult {
+    None,
+    AlreadyPending(SageAppUrlPreview),
+    New(SageAppUrlPreview),
+}
 
 pub(super) async fn check_app_update_inner(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
@@ -19,17 +31,26 @@ pub(super) async fn check_app_update_inner(
 
     let app = resolved.clone_app_for_operation();
 
-    let Some(preview) = preview_app_update(&resolved).await? else {
-        app.try_mutate(|sage_app| {
-            sage_app
-                .set_pending_update(None)
-                .map_err(|err| err.to_string())
-        })
-            .map_err(io::Error::other)?;
+    let preview = match preview_app_update(&resolved).await? {
+        AppUpdatePreviewResult::None => {
+            app.try_mutate(|sage_app| {
+                sage_app
+                    .set_pending_update(None)
+                    .map_err(|err| err.to_string())
+            })
+                .map_err(io::Error::other)?;
 
-        emit_pending_update_changed(app_handle, apps_state, &app).await;
+            emit_pending_update_changed(app_handle, apps_state, &app).await;
 
-        return Ok(None);
+            return Ok(None);
+        }
+
+        AppUpdatePreviewResult::AlreadyPending(preview) => {
+            emit_pending_update_changed(app_handle, apps_state, &app).await;
+            return Ok(Some(preview));
+        }
+
+        AppUpdatePreviewResult::New(preview) => preview,
     };
 
     let pending_update = match fetch_pending_update(&app).await {
@@ -53,7 +74,8 @@ pub(super) async fn check_app_update_inner(
     })
         .map_err(io::Error::other)?;
 
-    println!("App update prepared successfully for app: {}", app_id);
+    tracing::info!(app_id = %app_id, "app update prepared successfully");
+
     emit_pending_update_changed(app_handle, apps_state, &app).await;
 
     Ok(Some(preview))
@@ -105,9 +127,9 @@ pub(crate) async fn apply_app_update_inner(
         Some(input) => input,
         None => resolved.try_with_app(|app| {
             app.try_with(|sage_app| {
-                Ok::<_, anyhow::Error>(
-                    SageGrantedPermissionsInput::from(sage_app.common().granted_permissions()),
-                )
+                Ok::<_, anyhow::Error>(SageGrantedPermissionsInput::from(
+                    sage_app.common().granted_permissions(),
+                ))
             })
         })?,
     };
@@ -146,8 +168,9 @@ pub(crate) async fn apply_app_update_inner(
 
 pub(crate) async fn preview_app_update(
     app: &ResolvedApp,
-) -> Result<Option<SageAppUrlPreview>> {
+) -> Result<AppUpdatePreviewResult> {
     let shared_sage_app = app.clone_app_for_operation();
+
     let deps = shared_sage_app.with(|app| match app {
         SageApp::System(_) => None,
         SageApp::User(user_app) => Some((
@@ -158,12 +181,12 @@ pub(crate) async fn preview_app_update(
     });
 
     let Some((source, active_snapshot, existing_pending)) = deps else {
-        return Ok(None);
+        return Ok(AppUpdatePreviewResult::None);
     };
 
     let app_url = match source {
         UserSageAppSource::Url { app_url } => app_url,
-        UserSageAppSource::Zip => return Ok(None),
+        UserSageAppSource::Zip => return Ok(AppUpdatePreviewResult::None),
     };
 
     let (manifest_preview, manifest_hash) = fetch_url_manifest_preview(&app_url.manifest_url())
@@ -178,7 +201,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn preview_app_update(
         && let Some(full_manifest) = preview.full_manifest()
         && full_manifest == active_snapshot.manifest()
     {
-        return Ok(None);
+        return Ok(AppUpdatePreviewResult::None);
     }
 
     if let Some(existing_pending) = existing_pending
@@ -186,10 +209,10 @@ pub(crate) async fn preview_app_update(
         && existing_pending.manifest_hash() == preview.manifest_hash()
         && existing_pending.manifest() == full_manifest
     {
-        return Ok(None);
+        return Ok(AppUpdatePreviewResult::AlreadyPending(preview));
     }
 
-    Ok(Some(preview))
+    Ok(AppUpdatePreviewResult::New(preview))
 }
 
 pub(crate) async fn fetch_pending_update(

From d8bfd0209f11ef25fe9b1894a1fa767b4826ae2a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 9 May 2026 04:49:22 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 395/471] Refactor app routing and improve tab management

- Merged `AppsWorkspace` functionality into `Apps` for simpler navigation and routing.
- Streamlined taskbar tab ordering and active app logic.
- Deprecated `routeForApp` utility and removed related references.
- Updated taskbar behavior for improved usability and performance.
- Adjusted app hosts (`AppHost`, `AppsLaunchpad`) to reflect the new architecture.
---
 docs/apps_readme.md                        |   2 +-
 src/App.tsx                                |  14 +-
 src/components/NavLink.tsx                 |   6 +-
 src/{pages => components/apps}/AppHost.tsx |   8 +-
 src/lib/apps/route.ts                      |  19 -
 src/pages/Apps.tsx                         | 719 +++++++--------------
 src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx                | 285 --------
 7 files changed, 228 insertions(+), 825 deletions(-)
 rename src/{pages => components/apps}/AppHost.tsx (85%)
 delete mode 100644 src/lib/apps/route.ts
 delete mode 100644 src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx

diff --git a/docs/apps_readme.md b/docs/apps_readme.md
index 0add276a0..d91bcf8fa 100644
--- a/docs/apps_readme.md
+++ b/docs/apps_readme.md
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# Sage Apps — Quick Start (WIP)
+# Sage AppsLaunchpad — Quick Start (WIP)
 
 This is the fastest way to get a basic Sage App running.
 
diff --git a/src/App.tsx b/src/App.tsx
index 055550afc..1443be656 100644
--- a/src/App.tsx
+++ b/src/App.tsx
@@ -57,11 +57,9 @@ import { TokenList } from './pages/TokenList';
 import Transaction from './pages/Transaction';
 import { Transactions } from './pages/Transactions';
 import Wallet from './pages/Wallet';
-import { Apps } from '@/pages/Apps.tsx';
-import { AppHost } from '@/pages/AppHost.tsx';
 import { AppsProvider } from '@/contexts/AppsContext.tsx';
-import { AppsWorkspace } from '@/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx';
 import { RustThemeSync } from '@/components/RustThemeSync.tsx';
+import { Apps } from '@/pages/Apps.tsx';
 
 // Theme-aware toast container component
 function ThemeAwareToastContainer() {
@@ -142,15 +140,7 @@ const router = createHashRouter(
         <Route path='' element={<Swap />} />
       </Route>
       <Route path='/apps' element={<Wallet />}>
-        <Route element={<AppsWorkspace />}>
-          <Route path='' element={<Apps />} />
-          <Route path=':appId' element={<AppHost />} />
-        </Route>
-      </Route>
-      <Route path='/system-apps' element={<Wallet />}>
-        <Route element={<AppsWorkspace />}>
-          <Route path=':appId' element={<AppHost />} />
-        </Route>
+        <Route index element={<Apps />} />
       </Route>
       <Route path='/settings' element={<Settings />} />
       <Route path='/scan' element={<QRScanner />} />
diff --git a/src/components/NavLink.tsx b/src/components/NavLink.tsx
index 33d535268..9e26ccb24 100644
--- a/src/components/NavLink.tsx
+++ b/src/components/NavLink.tsx
@@ -23,11 +23,7 @@ function isActiveRoute(pathname: string, url: string): boolean {
     return false;
   }
 
-  if (pathname.startsWith(url)) {
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  return url === '/apps' && pathname.startsWith('/system-apps');
+  return pathname.startsWith(url);
 }
 
 export function NavLink({
diff --git a/src/pages/AppHost.tsx b/src/components/apps/AppHost.tsx
similarity index 85%
rename from src/pages/AppHost.tsx
rename to src/components/apps/AppHost.tsx
index bf8d38930..1d5c199f0 100644
--- a/src/pages/AppHost.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/AppHost.tsx
@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
 import { useEffect, useMemo, useRef } from 'react';
-import { useParams } from 'react-router-dom';
 import { useApps } from '@/contexts/AppsContext';
 import { useRuntimeWebviewBounds } from '@/hooks/useRuntimeWebviewBounds';
 
 export function AppHost() {
-  const { appId = '' } = useParams();
   const containerRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement | null>(null);
 
-  const { getTaskbarRuntime} = useApps();
+  const { activeTaskbarRuntime, getTaskbarRuntime } = useApps();
+
+  const appId = activeTaskbarRuntime?.appId ?? null;
 
   const runtime = useMemo(() => {
-    return getTaskbarRuntime(appId);
+    return appId ? getTaskbarRuntime(appId) : null;
   }, [getTaskbarRuntime, appId]);
 
   const webviewLabel = runtime?.webviewLabel ?? null;
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/route.ts b/src/lib/apps/route.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 9aefc8453..000000000
--- a/src/lib/apps/route.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-import type { SageAppView, SystemSageAppView, UserSageAppView } from '@/bindings';
-
-export function routeForApp(
-  app: SageAppView | UserSageAppView | SystemSageAppView,
-): string | null {
-  if ('kind' in app) {
-    if (app.kind === 'user') {
-      return `/apps/${app.common.identity.id}`;
-    }
-
-    return `/system-apps/${app.common.identity.id}`;
-  }
-
-  if ('source' in app) {
-    return `/apps/${app.common.identity.id}`;
-  }
-
-  return `/system-apps/${app.common.identity.id}`;
-}
diff --git a/src/pages/Apps.tsx b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
index 41ea87bb3..4e3dd94b4 100644
--- a/src/pages/Apps.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
@@ -1,577 +1,298 @@
-import { Alert, AlertDescription, AlertTitle } from '@/components/ui/alert';
-import { CorruptedAppCard } from '@/components/apps/CorruptedAppCard';
-import { AppsLaunchpadContextMenu } from '@/components/apps/AppsLaunchpadContextMenu';
-import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
-import { formatSandboxLaunchDecision } from '@/lib/apps/sandboxPolicy';
-import {
-  commands,
-  ListedSageAppView,
-  SystemSageAppView,
-  UserSageAppView,
-} from '@/bindings.ts';
-import { useApps } from '@/contexts/AppsContext.tsx';
-import { Plus } from 'lucide-react';
-import { AppsPageActionsMenu } from '@/components/apps/AppsPageActionsMenu';
-import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react';
-import { AppTile } from '@/components/apps/AppTile';
-import { formatAppError } from '@/lib/apps/formatAppError.ts';
-import {
-  openAppPermissionsReview,
-  openAppUpdateReview,
-} from '@/lib/apps/openAppUpdate.ts';
-
-type UserInstalledEntry = { kind: 'user' } & UserSageAppView;
-type SystemInstalledEntry = { kind: 'system' } & SystemSageAppView;
-type InstalledEntry = UserInstalledEntry | SystemInstalledEntry;
-type CorruptedEntry = Extract<ListedSageAppView, { kind: 'corrupted' }>;
-
-type AppContextMenuState = {
-  app: InstalledEntry;
-  x: number;
-  y: number;
-} | null;
-
-function isInstalledEntry(entry: ListedSageAppView): entry is InstalledEntry {
-  return entry.kind === 'user' || entry.kind === 'system';
-}
+import { useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react';
+import { getCurrentWindow } from '@tauri-apps/api/window';
 
-function isUserInstalledEntry(
-  entry: InstalledEntry,
-): entry is UserInstalledEntry {
-  return entry.kind === 'user';
-}
+import { commands, type UserSageAppView } from '@/bindings';
+import { useApps } from '@/contexts/AppsContext.tsx';
 
-function isCorruptedEntry(entry: ListedSageAppView): entry is CorruptedEntry {
-  return entry.kind === 'corrupted';
-}
+import { Alert, AlertDescription, AlertTitle } from '@/components/ui/alert';
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
 
-function clampContextMenuPosition(args: {
-  x: number;
-  y: number;
-  containerWidth: number;
-  containerHeight: number;
-}) {
-  const menuWidth = 260;
-  const menuHeight = 260;
-  const padding = 8;
-
-  return {
-    x: Math.max(
-      padding,
-      Math.min(args.x, args.containerWidth - menuWidth - padding),
-    ),
-    y: Math.max(
-      padding,
-      Math.min(args.y, args.containerHeight - menuHeight - padding),
-    ),
-  };
-}
+import {
+  AppTaskBar,
+  type AppTaskBarTab,
+} from '@/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx';
 
-function formatErrorMessage(err: unknown): string {
-  if (err instanceof Error) {
-    return err.message;
-  }
+import { AppHost } from '@/components/apps/AppHost';
+import { AppsLaunchpad } from '@/components/apps/AppsLaunchpad';
+import { SystemAppModalLayer } from '@/components/apps/SystemAppModalLayer';
 
-  if (typeof err === 'string') {
-    return err;
-  }
+import { openAppUpdateReview } from '@/lib/apps/openAppUpdate.ts';
 
-  try {
-    return JSON.stringify(err, null, 2);
-  } catch {
-    return String(err);
-  }
-}
+export function Apps() {
+  const [workspaceActive, setWorkspaceActive] = useState(false);
 
-async function openApp(appId: string) {
-  return await commands.appsCreateInlineRuntime({
-    appId,
-  });
-}
+  useEffect(() => {
+    let cancelled = false;
 
-export function Apps() {
-  const [contextMenu, setContextMenu] = useState<AppContextMenuState>(null);
-  const pageRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement | null>(null);
+    void commands
+      .appsEnterWorkspace()
+      .then(() => {
+        if (!cancelled) {
+          setWorkspaceActive(true);
+        }
+      })
+      .catch((err) => {
+        console.error('Failed to activate apps workspace:', err);
+      });
 
-  const [updateCheckStateByAppId, setUpdateCheckStateByAppId] = useState<
-    Record<string, 'idle' | 'up_to_date'>
-  >({});
+    return () => {
+      cancelled = true;
 
-  const [clearingDataByAppId, setClearingDataByAppId] = useState<
-    Record<string, boolean>
-  >({});
+      setWorkspaceActive(false);
 
-  const [clearDataErrorByAppId, setClearDataErrorByAppId] = useState<
-    Record<string, string | null>
-  >({});
+      void commands.appsLeaveWorkspace().catch((err) => {
+        console.error('Failed to deactivate apps workspace:', err);
+      });
+    };
+  }, []);
 
   const {
-    apps,
     runtimes,
-    loading,
-    error,
-    refresh,
-    uninstallApp,
-    clearAppStorage,
+    getApp,
+    getListedApp,
     pendingUpdates,
     pendingUpdateActivity,
     setPendingUpdateActivity,
     busyAppIds,
-    getLaunchGate,
+    activeTaskbarRuntime,
   } = useApps();
 
-  const runningAppIds = useMemo(() => {
-    return new Set(runtimes.map((runtime) => runtime.app.common.identity.id));
-  }, [runtimes]);
-
-  const installedApps = useMemo(
-    () =>
-      apps.filter((entry): entry is InstalledEntry => isInstalledEntry(entry)),
-    [apps],
-  );
+  const runtimesRef = useRef(runtimes);
 
-  const corruptedApps = useMemo(() => apps.filter(isCorruptedEntry), [apps]);
+  useEffect(() => {
+    runtimesRef.current = runtimes;
+  }, [runtimes]);
 
-  const contextMenuAppId = contextMenu?.app.common.identity.id ?? null;
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!import.meta.env.DEV) {
+      return;
+    }
 
-  const contextMenuPendingUpdate = contextMenuAppId
-    ? (pendingUpdates[contextMenuAppId] ?? { kind: 'none' as const })
-    : { kind: 'none' as const };
+    let cleanup: (() => void) | null = null;
 
-  const contextMenuUpdateActivity = contextMenuAppId
-    ? (pendingUpdateActivity[contextMenuAppId] ?? { kind: 'idle' as const })
-    : { kind: 'idle' as const };
+    void import('@/dev/system-apps/setupDevSystemAppsReload').then(
+      ({ setupDevSystemAppsReload }) => {
+        cleanup = setupDevSystemAppsReload(() => runtimesRef.current);
+      },
+    );
 
-  const contextMenuBusy = contextMenuAppId
-    ? (busyAppIds[contextMenuAppId] ?? false) ||
-      contextMenuUpdateActivity.kind === 'applying'
-    : false;
+    return () => {
+      cleanup?.();
+    };
+  }, []);
 
-  const contextMenuCheckState =
-    contextMenuUpdateActivity.kind === 'checking'
-      ? 'checking'
-      : contextMenuAppId
-        ? (updateCheckStateByAppId[contextMenuAppId] ?? 'idle')
-        : 'idle';
+  const [tabOrder, setTabOrder] = useState<string[]>([]);
 
-  const contextMenuAppIsRunning = contextMenuAppId
-    ? runningAppIds.has(contextMenuAppId)
-    : false;
+  useEffect(() => {
+    setTabOrder((prev) => {
+      const runtimeIds = runtimes
+        .filter((runtime) => {
+          const installedApp = getListedApp(runtime.app.common.identity.id);
 
-  const contextMenuClearDataBusy = contextMenuAppId
-    ? (clearingDataByAppId[contextMenuAppId] ?? false)
-    : false;
+          if (!installedApp) {
+            return false;
+          }
 
-  const contextMenuClearDataError = contextMenuAppId
-    ? (clearDataErrorByAppId[contextMenuAppId] ?? null)
-    : null;
+          if (installedApp.kind === 'user') {
+            return true;
+          }
 
-  const contextMenuHasUpdate = contextMenuPendingUpdate.kind !== 'none';
-  const contextMenuUpdateIsInstallable =
-    contextMenuPendingUpdate.kind === 'readyToApply';
+          return runtime.presentation.kind === 'Taskbar';
+        })
+        .map((runtime) => runtime.app.common.identity.id);
 
-  const closeContextMenu = useCallback(() => {
-    setContextMenu((prevContextMenu) => {
-      if (prevContextMenu) {
-        setUpdateCheckStateByAppId((prev) => {
-          if (prev[prevContextMenu.app.common.identity.id] !== 'up_to_date') {
-            return prev;
-          }
+      const kept = prev.filter((runtimeAppId) =>
+        runtimeIds.includes(runtimeAppId),
+      );
 
-          return {
-            ...prev,
-            [prevContextMenu.app.common.identity.id]: 'idle',
-          };
-        });
-      }
+      const added = runtimeIds.filter(
+        (runtimeAppId) => !kept.includes(runtimeAppId),
+      );
 
-      return null;
+      return [...kept, ...added];
     });
-  }, []);
-
-  async function handleCheckForUpdate(appId: string) {
-    setPendingUpdateActivity(appId, { kind: 'checking' });
+  }, [runtimes, getListedApp]);
 
-    setUpdateCheckStateByAppId((prev) => ({
-      ...prev,
-      [appId]: 'idle',
-    }));
+  const activeRuntimeAppId = activeTaskbarRuntime?.appId ?? null;
 
-    setClearDataErrorByAppId((prev) => ({
-      ...prev,
-      [appId]: null,
-    }));
+  const activeRuntimeExists = activeRuntimeAppId
+    ? runtimes.some(
+        (runtime) => runtime.app.common.identity.id === activeRuntimeAppId,
+      )
+    : false;
 
-    try {
-      const preview = await commands.checkAppUpdate(appId);
+  const activeApp: UserSageAppView | null =
+    activeRuntimeAppId && activeRuntimeExists
+      ? (getApp(activeRuntimeAppId) ?? null)
+      : null;
 
-      if (!preview) {
-        setUpdateCheckStateByAppId((prev) => ({
-          ...prev,
-          [appId]: 'up_to_date',
-        }));
-      }
-    } catch (err) {
-      const message = formatAppError(err);
+  const activeAppId = activeApp?.common.identity.id ?? null;
 
-      console.error('checkAppUpdate failed:', err);
+  const activePendingUpdate = activeAppId
+    ? (pendingUpdates[activeAppId] ?? { kind: 'none' as const })
+    : { kind: 'none' as const };
 
-      setClearDataErrorByAppId((prev) => ({
-        ...prev,
-        [appId]: `Update check failed: ${message}`,
-      }));
-    } finally {
-      setPendingUpdateActivity(appId, { kind: 'idle' });
-    }
-  }
+  const activeUpdateActivity = activeAppId
+    ? (pendingUpdateActivity[activeAppId] ?? { kind: 'idle' as const })
+    : { kind: 'idle' as const };
 
-  async function handleApplyUpdate(appId: string) {
-    setPendingUpdateActivity(appId, { kind: 'applying' });
+  const activeBusy = activeAppId
+    ? (busyAppIds[activeAppId] ?? false) ||
+      activeUpdateActivity.kind === 'applying'
+    : false;
 
-    setClearDataErrorByAppId((prev) => ({
-      ...prev,
-      [appId]: null,
-    }));
+  const activeManifest = activeApp?.common.activeSnapshot.manifest;
 
-    try {
-      await commands.applyAppUpdate(appId);
-    } catch (err) {
-      const message = formatAppError(err);
+  const hasDonation = !!activeManifest?.donation?.address;
 
-      console.error('applyAppUpdate failed:', err);
+  const tabs = useMemo<AppTaskBarTab[]>(() => {
+    const runtimeByAppId = new Map(
+      runtimes.map(
+        (runtime) => [runtime.app.common.identity.id, runtime] as const,
+      ),
+    );
 
-      setPendingUpdateActivity(appId, { kind: 'idle' });
+    const out: AppTaskBarTab[] = [];
 
-      setClearDataErrorByAppId((prev) => ({
-        ...prev,
-        [appId]: `Update failed: ${message}`,
-      }));
-    }
-  }
+    for (const runtimeAppId of tabOrder) {
+      const runtime = runtimeByAppId.get(runtimeAppId);
 
-  const handleClearData = useCallback(
-    async (app: InstalledEntry) => {
-      const appId = app.common.identity.id;
-
-      setClearingDataByAppId((prev) => ({
-        ...prev,
-        [appId]: true,
-      }));
-
-      setClearDataErrorByAppId((prev) => ({
-        ...prev,
-        [appId]: null,
-      }));
-
-      try {
-        await clearAppStorage(appId);
-        await refresh();
-      } catch (err) {
-        setClearDataErrorByAppId((prev) => ({
-          ...prev,
-          [appId]: formatErrorMessage(err),
-        }));
-      } finally {
-        setClearingDataByAppId((prev) =>
-          Object.fromEntries(
-            Object.entries(prev).filter(([key]) => key !== appId),
-          ),
-        );
+      if (!runtime) {
+        continue;
       }
-    },
-    [clearAppStorage, refresh],
-  );
 
-  useEffect(() => {
-    if (!contextMenu || contextMenuCheckState !== 'up_to_date') {
-      return;
-    }
+      const installedApp = getListedApp(runtime.app.common.identity.id);
 
-    const timeoutId = window.setTimeout(() => {
-      setUpdateCheckStateByAppId((prev) => {
-        if (prev[contextMenu.app.common.identity.id] !== 'up_to_date') {
-          return prev;
-        }
+      if (!installedApp) {
+        continue;
+      }
 
-        return {
-          ...prev,
-          [contextMenu.app.common.identity.id]: 'idle',
-        };
+      if (
+        installedApp.kind === 'system' &&
+        runtime.presentation.kind !== 'Taskbar'
+      ) {
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      out.push({
+        app: installedApp,
+        isActive:
+          runtime.app.common.identity.id === activeTaskbarRuntime?.appId,
       });
-    }, 3000);
+    }
 
-    return () => {
-      window.clearTimeout(timeoutId);
-    };
-  }, [contextMenu, contextMenuCheckState]);
+    return out;
+  }, [runtimes, tabOrder, getListedApp, activeTaskbarRuntime?.appId]);
 
-  useEffect(() => {
-    if (!contextMenu) {
+  async function handleApplyActiveUpdate() {
+    if (!activeAppId) {
       return;
     }
 
-    const handleClose = () => {
-      if (clearingDataByAppId[contextMenu.app.common.identity.id]) {
-        return;
-      }
-
-      closeContextMenu();
-    };
+    setPendingUpdateActivity(activeAppId, { kind: 'applying' });
 
-    const handleKeyDown = (event: KeyboardEvent) => {
-      if (event.key === 'Escape') {
-        if (clearingDataByAppId[contextMenu.app.common.identity.id]) {
-          return;
-        }
+    try {
+      await commands.appsClearActiveTaskbarRuntime({
+        windowLabel: getCurrentWindow().label,
+      });
 
-        closeContextMenu();
-      }
-    };
+      await commands.applyAppUpdate(activeAppId);
+    } catch (err) {
+      console.error('Failed to apply app update:', err);
 
-    window.addEventListener('click', handleClose);
-    window.addEventListener('resize', handleClose);
-    window.addEventListener('scroll', handleClose, true);
-    window.addEventListener('keydown', handleKeyDown);
+      setPendingUpdateActivity(activeAppId, {
+        kind: 'idle',
+      });
+    }
+  }
 
-    return () => {
-      window.removeEventListener('click', handleClose);
-      window.removeEventListener('resize', handleClose);
-      window.removeEventListener('scroll', handleClose, true);
-      window.removeEventListener('keydown', handleKeyDown);
-    };
-  }, [contextMenu, clearingDataByAppId, closeContextMenu]);
-
-  if (loading) {
-    return (
-      <div className='mx-auto w-full max-w-6xl p-4 md:p-6'>
-        <Alert>
-          <AlertTitle>Loading apps...</AlertTitle>
-          <AlertDescription>Please wait.</AlertDescription>
-        </Alert>
-      </div>
-    );
+  if (!workspaceActive) {
+    return null;
   }
 
   return (
-    <div
-      ref={pageRef}
-      className='relative flex h-full min-h-0 flex-col overflow-hidden'
-    >
-      <div className='mx-auto flex w-full max-w-7xl shrink-0 items-center justify-between gap-4 p-4 md:p-6'>
-        <div>
-          <h1 className='text-2xl font-semibold tracking-tight'>Apps</h1>
-          <p className='text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
-            Launch and manage installed Sage apps.
-          </p>
-        </div>
-
-        <div className='flex items-center gap-2'>
-          <Button
-            variant='outline'
-            onClick={() => {
-              void commands.appsStartSystemApp({
-                kind: 'appInstall',
-                source: { kind: 'selectSource' },
-              });
-            }}
-          >
-            <Plus className='mr-2 h-4 w-4' />
-            Install App
-          </Button>
-
-          <AppsPageActionsMenu
-            onOpenSandboxTests={() => {
-              void commands.appsStartSystemApp({
-                kind: 'sandboxTests',
-              });
-            }}
-            onClose={() => {
-              //
-            }}
-          />
-        </div>
-      </div>
-
-      <div className='mx-auto w-full max-w-7xl flex-1 min-h-0 overflow-auto px-4 pb-4 md:px-6 md:pb-6'>
-        {error ? (
-          <Alert className='mb-6'>
-            <AlertTitle>Apps error</AlertTitle>
-            <AlertDescription>{error}</AlertDescription>
-          </Alert>
-        ) : null}
-
-        {installedApps.length === 0 ? (
-          <Alert className='mb-6'>
-            <AlertTitle>No apps installed</AlertTitle>
-            <AlertDescription>
-              Install a Sage app package to get started.
-            </AlertDescription>
-          </Alert>
-        ) : null}
-
-        {installedApps.length > 0 ? (
-          <div className='grid grid-cols-2 gap-4 sm:grid-cols-3 md:grid-cols-4 lg:grid-cols-5 xl:grid-cols-6'>
-            {installedApps.map((app) => (
-              <AppTile
-                key={app.common.identity.id}
-                app={app}
-                launchDecision={
-                  app.kind === 'system'
-                    ? {
-                        allowed: true,
-                        title: 'System app',
-                        description: 'System apps are managed by Sage.',
-                      }
-                    : formatSandboxLaunchDecision(
-                        getLaunchGate(app.common.identity.id),
-                      )
-                }
-                onOpen={() => {
-                  void openApp(app.common.identity.id);
-                }}
-                onContextMenu={(event) => {
-                  event.preventDefault();
-
-                  const pageEl = pageRef.current;
-                  if (!pageEl) {
-                    return;
-                  }
-
-                  const pageRect = pageEl.getBoundingClientRect();
-
-                  const localX = event.clientX - pageRect.left;
-                  const localY = event.clientY - pageRect.top;
-
-                  const position = clampContextMenuPosition({
-                    x: localX,
-                    y: localY,
-                    containerWidth: pageRect.width,
-                    containerHeight: pageRect.height,
-                  });
-
-                  setClearDataErrorByAppId((prev) => ({
-                    ...prev,
-                    [app.common.identity.id]: null,
-                  }));
-
-                  setContextMenu({
-                    app,
-                    x: position.x,
-                    y: position.y,
-                  });
-                }}
-              />
-            ))}
-          </div>
-        ) : null}
-
-        {corruptedApps.length > 0 ? (
-          <div className='mt-8 space-y-4'>
-            <div>
-              <h2 className='text-lg font-semibold tracking-tight'>
-                Corrupted apps
-              </h2>
-              <p className='text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
-                These app installations could not be loaded correctly.
-              </p>
-            </div>
-
-            <div className='space-y-4'>
-              {corruptedApps.map((entry) => (
-                <CorruptedAppCard
-                  key={entry.id}
-                  app={entry}
-                  onRemove={() => uninstallApp(entry.id)}
-                />
-              ))}
-            </div>
-          </div>
-        ) : null}
-      </div>
-
-      <AppsLaunchpadContextMenu
-        open={!!contextMenu}
-        x={contextMenu?.x ?? 0}
-        y={contextMenu?.y ?? 0}
-        busy={contextMenuBusy}
-        hasUpdate={contextMenuHasUpdate}
-        updateIsInstallable={contextMenuUpdateIsInstallable}
-        isRunning={contextMenuAppIsRunning}
-        updateCheckState={contextMenuCheckState}
-        clearDataBusy={contextMenuClearDataBusy}
-        clearDataError={contextMenuClearDataError}
-        onClose={closeContextMenu}
-        onOpen={() => {
-          if (!contextMenu) {
-            return;
-          }
-
-          setUpdateCheckStateByAppId((prev) => ({
-            ...prev,
-            [contextMenu.app.common.identity.id]: 'idle',
-          }));
-
-          void openApp(contextMenu.app.common.identity.id);
-          closeContextMenu();
+    <div className='relative flex h-full min-h-0 w-full flex-col overflow-hidden'>
+      <AppTaskBar
+        tabs={tabs}
+        activeAppId={activeTaskbarRuntime?.appId ?? null}
+        onOpenApps={() => {
+          void commands.appsClearActiveTaskbarRuntime({
+            windowLabel: getCurrentWindow().label,
+          });
         }}
-        onCheckForUpdate={() => {
-          if (!contextMenu || !isUserInstalledEntry(contextMenu.app)) {
-            return;
-          }
-
-          void handleCheckForUpdate(contextMenu.app.common.identity.id);
+        onSelectApp={(tab) => {
+          void commands.appsFocusTaskbarRuntime({
+            appId: tab.app.common.identity.id,
+          });
         }}
-        onUpdate={() => {
-          if (!contextMenu || !isUserInstalledEntry(contextMenu.app)) {
-            return;
-          }
-
-          const appId = contextMenu.app.common.identity.id;
-          const pendingUpdate = pendingUpdates[appId] ?? { kind: 'none' };
-
-          closeContextMenu();
-
-          if (pendingUpdate.kind === 'requiresReview') {
-            void openAppUpdateReview(appId);
+        onCloseApp={(tab) => {
+          void commands.appsKillTaskbarRuntime({
+            appId: tab.app.common.identity.id,
+          });
+        }}
+        onReorderTabs={setTabOrder}
+        activeAppHasDonation={hasDonation}
+        onOpenDonation={() => {
+          if (!activeApp) {
             return;
           }
 
-          if (pendingUpdate.kind === 'readyToApply') {
-            void handleApplyUpdate(appId);
-          }
+          void commands.appsStartSystemApp({
+            kind: 'donation',
+            appId: activeApp.common.identity.id,
+          });
         }}
-        onChangePermissions={() => {
-          if (!contextMenu || !isUserInstalledEntry(contextMenu.app)) {
-            return;
-          }
+      />
 
-          const appId = contextMenu.app.common.identity.id;
+      {activeApp?.source.kind === 'url' &&
+      activePendingUpdate.kind !== 'none' ? (
+        <Alert className='shrink-0 rounded-none border-x-0 border-t-0'>
+          <AlertTitle>
+            {activePendingUpdate.kind === 'requiresReview'
+              ? 'Update needs review'
+              : 'Update ready'}
+          </AlertTitle>
+
+          <AlertDescription className='flex items-center justify-between gap-4'>
+            <span>
+              {activePendingUpdate.kind === 'requiresReview'
+                ? `An update is available for ${activeApp.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.name} and needs review before it can be applied.`
+                : `An update is ready to apply for ${activeApp.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.name}.`}
+            </span>
+
+            <Button
+              variant='outline'
+              disabled={activeBusy}
+              onClick={() => {
+                if (!activeAppId) {
+                  return;
+                }
 
-          void openAppPermissionsReview(appId);
-          closeContextMenu();
-        }}
-        onClearData={() => {
-          if (!contextMenu) {
-            return;
-          }
+                if (activePendingUpdate.kind === 'requiresReview') {
+                  void openAppUpdateReview(activeAppId);
+                  return;
+                }
 
-          void handleClearData(contextMenu.app);
-        }}
-        onUninstall={() => {
-          if (!contextMenu || !isUserInstalledEntry(contextMenu.app)) {
-            return;
-          }
+                if (activePendingUpdate.kind === 'readyToApply') {
+                  void handleApplyActiveUpdate();
+                }
+              }}
+            >
+              {activeUpdateActivity.kind === 'applying'
+                ? 'Applying...'
+                : activePendingUpdate.kind === 'requiresReview'
+                  ? 'Review update'
+                  : 'Apply update'}
+            </Button>
+          </AlertDescription>
+        </Alert>
+      ) : null}
 
-          setUpdateCheckStateByAppId((prev) => ({
-            ...prev,
-            [contextMenu.app.common.identity.id]: 'idle',
-          }));
+      <div className='relative flex-1 min-h-0 overflow-hidden'>
+        {activeTaskbarRuntime?.appId ? <AppHost /> : <AppsLaunchpad />}
 
-          void uninstallApp(contextMenu.app.common.identity.id).finally(() => {
-            closeContextMenu();
-          });
-        }}
-      />
+        <SystemAppModalLayer />
+      </div>
     </div>
   );
 }
diff --git a/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx b/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
deleted file mode 100644
index ad039ba5b..000000000
--- a/src/pages/AppsWorkspace.tsx
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,285 +0,0 @@
-import { Alert, AlertDescription, AlertTitle } from '@/components/ui/alert';
-import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
-import {
-  AppTaskBar,
-  type AppTaskBarTab,
-} from '@/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx';
-import { useApps } from '@/contexts/AppsContext.tsx';
-import { routeForApp } from '../lib/apps/route';
-import { useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react';
-import { Outlet, useNavigate, useParams } from 'react-router-dom';
-import { commands, type UserSageAppView } from '@/bindings';
-import { SystemAppModalLayer } from '@/components/apps/SystemAppModalLayer';
-import { openAppUpdateReview } from '@/lib/apps/openAppUpdate.ts';
-import { getCurrentWindow } from '@tauri-apps/api/window';
-
-export function AppsWorkspace() {
-  const [workspaceActive, setWorkspaceActive] = useState(false);
-
-  useEffect(() => {
-    let cancelled = false;
-
-    void commands
-      .appsEnterWorkspace()
-      .then(() => {
-        if (!cancelled) {
-          setWorkspaceActive(true);
-        }
-      })
-      .catch((err) => {
-        console.error('Failed to activate apps workspace:', err);
-      });
-
-    return () => {
-      cancelled = true;
-      setWorkspaceActive(false);
-
-      void commands.appsLeaveWorkspace().catch((err) => {
-        console.error('Failed to deactivate apps workspace:', err);
-      });
-    };
-  }, []);
-
-  const { appId } = useParams();
-  const navigate = useNavigate();
-
-  const {
-    runtimes,
-    getApp,
-    getListedApp,
-    pendingUpdates,
-    pendingUpdateActivity,
-    setPendingUpdateActivity,
-    busyAppIds,
-    activeTaskbarRuntime,
-  } = useApps();
-
-  const runtimesRef = useRef(runtimes);
-
-  useEffect(() => {
-    runtimesRef.current = runtimes;
-  }, [runtimes]);
-
-  useEffect(() => {
-    if (!import.meta.env.DEV) {
-      return;
-    }
-
-    let cleanup: (() => void) | null = null;
-
-    void import('@/dev/system-apps/setupDevSystemAppsReload').then(
-      ({ setupDevSystemAppsReload }) => {
-        cleanup = setupDevSystemAppsReload(() => runtimesRef.current);
-      },
-    );
-
-    return () => {
-      cleanup?.();
-    };
-  }, []);
-
-  useEffect(() => {
-    const activeAppId = activeTaskbarRuntime?.appId ?? null;
-
-    if (!activeAppId) {
-      if (appId) {
-        navigate('/apps', { replace: true });
-      }
-      return;
-    }
-
-    if (activeAppId === appId) {
-      return;
-    }
-
-    const app = getListedApp(activeAppId);
-    const route = app ? routeForApp(app) : null;
-
-    if (route) {
-      navigate(route, { replace: true });
-    }
-  }, [activeTaskbarRuntime?.appId, appId, getListedApp, navigate]);
-
-  const [tabOrder, setTabOrder] = useState<string[]>([]);
-
-  useEffect(() => {
-    setTabOrder((prev) => {
-      const runtimeIds = runtimes
-        .filter((runtime) => {
-          const installedApp = getListedApp(runtime.app.common.identity.id);
-          if (!installedApp) {
-            return false;
-          }
-
-          if (installedApp.kind === 'user') {
-            return true;
-          }
-
-          return runtime.presentation.kind === 'Taskbar';
-        })
-        .map((runtime) => runtime.app.common.identity.id);
-
-      const kept = prev.filter((runtimeAppId) =>
-        runtimeIds.includes(runtimeAppId),
-      );
-
-      const added = runtimeIds.filter(
-        (runtimeAppId) => !kept.includes(runtimeAppId),
-      );
-
-      return [...kept, ...added];
-    });
-  }, [runtimes, getListedApp]);
-
-  const activeApp: UserSageAppView | null = appId
-    ? (getApp(appId) ?? null)
-    : null;
-
-  const activeAppId = activeApp?.common.identity.id ?? null;
-
-  const activePendingUpdate = activeAppId
-    ? (pendingUpdates[activeAppId] ?? { kind: 'none' as const })
-    : { kind: 'none' as const };
-
-  const activeUpdateActivity = activeAppId
-    ? (pendingUpdateActivity[activeAppId] ?? { kind: 'idle' as const })
-    : { kind: 'idle' as const };
-
-  const activeBusy = activeAppId
-    ? (busyAppIds[activeAppId] ?? false) ||
-    activeUpdateActivity.kind === 'applying'
-    : false;
-
-  const activeManifest = activeApp?.common.activeSnapshot.manifest;
-  const hasDonation = !!activeManifest?.donation?.address;
-
-  const tabs = useMemo<AppTaskBarTab[]>(() => {
-    const runtimeByAppId = new Map(
-      runtimes.map(
-        (runtime) => [runtime.app.common.identity.id, runtime] as const,
-      ),
-    );
-
-    const out: AppTaskBarTab[] = [];
-
-    for (const runtimeAppId of tabOrder) {
-      const runtime = runtimeByAppId.get(runtimeAppId);
-      if (!runtime) continue;
-
-      const installedApp = getListedApp(runtime.app.common.identity.id);
-      if (!installedApp) continue;
-
-      if (
-        installedApp.kind === 'system' &&
-        runtime.presentation.kind !== 'Taskbar'
-      ) {
-        continue;
-      }
-
-      out.push({
-        app: installedApp,
-        isActive:
-          runtime.app.common.identity.id === activeTaskbarRuntime?.appId,
-      });
-    }
-
-    return out;
-  }, [runtimes, tabOrder, getListedApp, activeTaskbarRuntime?.appId]);
-
-  async function handleApplyActiveUpdate() {
-    if (!activeAppId) {
-      return;
-    }
-
-    setPendingUpdateActivity(activeAppId, { kind: 'applying' });
-
-    try {
-      await commands.applyAppUpdate(activeAppId);
-    } catch (err) {
-      console.error('Failed to apply app update:', err);
-      setPendingUpdateActivity(activeAppId, { kind: 'idle' });
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (!workspaceActive) {
-    return null;
-  }
-
-  return (
-    <div className='relative flex h-full min-h-0 w-full flex-col overflow-hidden'>
-      <AppTaskBar
-        tabs={tabs}
-        activeAppId={activeTaskbarRuntime?.appId ?? null}
-        onOpenApps={() => {
-          void commands.appsClearActiveTaskbarRuntime({
-            windowLabel: getCurrentWindow().label,
-          });
-        }}
-        onSelectApp={(tab) => {
-          void commands.appsFocusTaskbarRuntime({
-            appId: tab.app.common.identity.id,
-          });
-        }}
-        onCloseApp={(tab) => {
-          void commands.appsKillTaskbarRuntime({
-            appId: tab.app.common.identity.id,
-          });
-        }}
-        onReorderTabs={setTabOrder}
-        activeAppHasDonation={hasDonation}
-        onOpenDonation={() => {
-          if (!activeApp) return;
-          void commands.appsStartSystemApp({
-            kind: 'donation',
-            appId: activeApp.common.identity.id,
-          });
-        }}
-      />
-
-      {activeApp?.source.kind === 'url' && activePendingUpdate.kind !== 'none' ? (
-        <Alert className='shrink-0 rounded-none border-x-0 border-t-0'>
-          <AlertTitle>
-            {activePendingUpdate.kind === 'requiresReview'
-              ? 'Update needs review'
-              : 'Update ready'}
-          </AlertTitle>
-          <AlertDescription className='flex items-center justify-between gap-4'>
-            <span>
-              {activePendingUpdate.kind === 'requiresReview'
-                ? `An update is available for ${activeApp.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.name} and needs review before it can be applied.`
-                : `An update is ready to apply for ${activeApp.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.name}.`}
-            </span>
-
-            <Button
-              variant='outline'
-              disabled={activeBusy}
-              onClick={() => {
-                if (!activeAppId) return;
-
-                if (activePendingUpdate.kind === 'requiresReview') {
-                  void openAppUpdateReview(activeAppId);
-                  return;
-                }
-
-                if (activePendingUpdate.kind === 'readyToApply') {
-                  void handleApplyActiveUpdate();
-                }
-              }}
-            >
-              {activeUpdateActivity.kind === 'applying'
-                ? 'Applying...'
-                : activePendingUpdate.kind === 'requiresReview'
-                  ? 'Review update'
-                  : 'Apply update'}
-            </Button>
-          </AlertDescription>
-        </Alert>
-      ) : null}
-
-      <div className='relative flex-1 min-h-0 overflow-hidden'>
-        <Outlet />
-        <SystemAppModalLayer />
-      </div>
-    </div>
-  );
-}

From ca1cc260fdcf6aebf091c4212912370b78fedcdd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 9 May 2026 06:14:32 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 396/471] Refactor runtime management and app handling

- Added `AppsLaunchpad` component for managing and launching installed apps.
- Renamed and consolidated runtime functions (`start_user_app`, `start_sandbox_test`, `start_system_app`) for clarity and modularity.
- Removed redundant `start_system_app_runtime` and other unused logic.
- Introduced `focus` option for `CreateInstalledRuntimeArgs` to support app focus during runtime creation.
- Improved update logic in `start_background_app_update_checker` and related functions with cleaner debugging and logging.
- Updated bindings and commands to reflect the streamlined runtime structure.
---
 .../src/lifecycle/update/background.rs        |  12 +-
 .../sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/logic.rs   | 166 +++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs      |  28 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs         |  82 ++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/system_apps.rs   |  31 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs       |  23 +-
 src/bindings.ts                               |   2 +-
 src/components/apps/AppsLaunchpad.tsx         | 577 ++++++++++++++++++
 src/pages/Apps.tsx                            |   4 -
 9 files changed, 798 insertions(+), 127 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/components/apps/AppsLaunchpad.tsx

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/background.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/background.rs
index 6e52534df..6db7d347c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/background.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/background.rs
@@ -10,25 +10,24 @@ use crate::types::ListedSageApp;
 
 pub fn start_background_app_update_checker(app_handle: AppHandle) {
     tauri::async_runtime::spawn(async move {
-        println!("Starting background app update checker");
-        let mut interval = tokio::time::interval(Duration::from_secs(10));
-        interval.tick().await;
+        tracing::info!("starting background app update checker");
 
-        loop {
-            interval.tick().await;
+        let mut interval = tokio::time::interval(Duration::from_secs(10 * 60));
 
+        loop {
             if let Err(err) = run_background_app_update_check(&app_handle).await {
                 tracing::error!(
                     error = %err,
                     "background app update check failed"
                 );
             }
+
+            interval.tick().await;
         }
     });
 }
 
 async fn run_background_app_update_check(app_handle: &AppHandle) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-    println!("Running background app update check");
     let app_state: State<'_, AppState> = app_handle.state();
     let host_state: State<'_, AppsHostState> = app_handle.state();
 
@@ -52,7 +51,6 @@ async fn run_background_app_update_check(app_handle: &AppHandle) -> anyhow::Resu
         let host_state = host_state.clone();
 
         async move {
-            println!("Checking update for app: {}", app_id);
             let result = check_app_update_inner(&app_handle, &host_state, &app_id).await;
 
             if let Err(err) = &result {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/logic.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/logic.rs
index 6550c36c9..ee4c9c800 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/logic.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/logic.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use crate::host::Result;
 use crate::lifecycle::{
     download_url_snapshot, fetch_url_manifest, fetch_url_manifest_preview,
 };
-use crate::runtime::{resolve_app, start_app_update_runtime};
+use crate::runtime::{find_active_taskbar_runtime, resolve_app, start_app_update_runtime};
 use crate::types::{
     ResolvedApp, SageApp, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppUrlPreview, SageAppView,
     SageGrantedPermissionsInput, SharedSageApp, UserSageAppPendingUpdate,
@@ -13,6 +13,9 @@ use crate::AppsHostState;
 use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 use std::io;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
+use crate::runtime::commands::CreateInstalledRuntimeArgs;
+use crate::runtime::start::start_user_app;
+use crate::runtime::webview_locator::get_sage_window;
 
 pub(crate) enum AppUpdatePreviewResult {
     None,
@@ -87,26 +90,34 @@ pub(crate) async fn apply_app_update_inner(
     app_id: &str,
     granted_permissions_input: Option<SageGrantedPermissionsInput>,
 ) -> Result<SageAppView> {
-    let resolved = crate::runtime::resolve_stopped_app(app_handle, app_id)
+    let resolved = resolve_app(app_handle, app_id)
         .await
         .map_err(|err| {
-            io::Error::other(format!(
-                "failed to resolve stopped app {app_id} for update: {err}"
-            ))
+            io::Error::other(format!("failed to read installed app {app_id}: {err}"))
         })?;
 
-    let pending = resolved.try_with_app(|app| {
+    let pending = resolved.with_app(|app| {
         app.try_with(|sage_app| {
             let user_app = sage_app
                 .as_user()
                 .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("system app cannot receive user update"))?;
 
-            Ok::<_, anyhow::Error>(user_app.pending_update().cloned())
+            user_app
+                .pending_update()
+                .cloned()
+                .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("app {app_id} has no pending update"))
         })
-    })?;
+    });
 
-    let pending =
-        pending.ok_or_else(|| io::Error::other(format!("app {app_id} has no pending update")))?;
+    let pending = match pending {
+        Ok(pending) => pending,
+        Err(err) => {
+            let app = resolved.clone_app_for_operation();
+            emit_pending_update_changed(app_handle, apps_state, &app).await;
+
+            return Err(io::Error::other(err).into());
+        }
+    };
 
     let should_review = resolved.with_app(SharedSageApp::should_review_pending_update);
 
@@ -123,46 +134,80 @@ pub(crate) async fn apply_app_update_inner(
         return Ok(resolved.with_app(|app| app.into()));
     }
 
-    let granted_permissions_input = match granted_permissions_input {
-        Some(input) => input,
-        None => resolved.try_with_app(|app| {
-            app.try_with(|sage_app| {
-                Ok::<_, anyhow::Error>(SageGrantedPermissionsInput::from(
-                    sage_app.common().granted_permissions(),
-                ))
-            })
-        })?,
-    };
+    let reopen_after_update = ReopenAfterUpdate::capture(app_handle, apps_state, app_id).await?;
 
-    let app_path = resolved.with_app(|app| app.with(SageApp::app_path));
+    let app = {
+        let resolved = crate::runtime::resolve_stopped_app(app_handle, app_id)
+            .await
+            .map_err(|err| {
+                io::Error::other(format!(
+                    "failed to resolve stopped app {app_id} for update: {err}"
+                ))
+            })?;
+
+        let granted_permissions_input = match granted_permissions_input {
+            Some(input) => input,
+            None => resolved.try_with_app(|app| {
+                app.try_with(|sage_app| {
+                    Ok::<_, anyhow::Error>(SageGrantedPermissionsInput::from(
+                        sage_app.common().granted_permissions(),
+                    ))
+                })
+            })?,
+        };
+
+        let app_path = resolved.with_app(|app| app.with(SageApp::app_path));
+
+        let snapshot = download_url_snapshot(
+            &app_path,
+            pending.app_url(),
+            pending.manifest(),
+            pending.manifest_hash(),
+        )
+            .await
+            .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to download update snapshot: {err}")))?;
 
-    let snapshot = download_url_snapshot(
-        &app_path,
-        pending.app_url(),
-        pending.manifest(),
-        pending.manifest_hash(),
-    )
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to download update snapshot: {err}")))?;
+        resolved
+            .try_with_app(|app| {
+                app.try_mutate(|sage_app| {
+                    let granted_permissions = granted_permissions_input
+                        .resolve(pending.manifest().permissions())
+                        .map_err(|err| anyhow::anyhow!("invalid update permissions: {err}"))?;
 
-    resolved
-        .try_with_app(|app| {
-            app.try_mutate(|sage_app| {
-                let granted_permissions = granted_permissions_input
-                    .resolve(pending.manifest().permissions())
-                    .map_err(|err| anyhow::anyhow!("invalid update permissions: {err}"))?;
+                    sage_app.apply_update(&pending, granted_permissions, snapshot)?;
 
-                sage_app.apply_update(&pending, granted_permissions, snapshot)?;
+                    sage_app
+                        .set_pending_update(None)
+                        .map_err(|err| anyhow::anyhow!("failed to clear pending update: {err}"))?;
 
-                Ok::<_, anyhow::Error>(())
+                    Ok::<_, anyhow::Error>(())
+                })
             })
-        })
-        .map_err(io::Error::other)?;
+            .map_err(io::Error::other)?;
 
-    let app = resolved.into_app();
+        resolved.into_app()
+    };
 
     emit_pending_update_changed(app_handle, apps_state, &app).await;
 
+    if reopen_after_update.should_reopen && let Err(err) = start_user_app(
+        app_handle,
+        apps_state,
+        CreateInstalledRuntimeArgs {
+            app_id: app_id.to_string(),
+            focus: Some(reopen_after_update.should_focus),
+        },
+    )
+        .await
+    {
+        tracing::error!(
+            error = %err,
+            app_id = %app_id,
+            focus = reopen_after_update.should_focus,
+            "failed to reopen app runtime after update"
+        );
+    }
+
     Ok(app.into())
 }
 
@@ -290,3 +335,44 @@ async fn open_update_runtime(
             err
         });
 }
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+struct ReopenAfterUpdate {
+    should_reopen: bool,
+    should_focus: bool,
+}
+
+impl ReopenAfterUpdate {
+    async fn capture(
+        app_handle: &AppHandle,
+        apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+        app_id: &str,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
+        let should_reopen =
+            crate::runtime::find_runtime_by_app_id_optional(apps_state, app_id)
+                .await
+                .is_some();
+
+        if !should_reopen {
+            return Ok(Self {
+                should_reopen: false,
+                should_focus: false,
+            });
+        }
+
+        let sage_window = get_sage_window(app_handle)
+            .map_err(|err| anyhow::anyhow!(err))?;
+        let active_taskbar_runtime = find_active_taskbar_runtime(
+            apps_state,
+            sage_window.label(),
+        )
+            .await;
+        let should_focus = active_taskbar_runtime
+            .is_some_and(|runtime| runtime.app_id() == app_id);
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            should_reopen: true,
+            should_focus,
+        })
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs
index b67c58174..dc249d1fc 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs
@@ -5,19 +5,17 @@ use specta::Type;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
 use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::runtime::events::emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed;
-use crate::runtime::start::{CreateRuntimeArgs, create_runtime};
+use crate::runtime::start::start_user_app;
 use crate::runtime::state::list_runtimes;
 use crate::runtime::stop::SystemKillRuntimeResult;
 use crate::runtime::webview_locator::get_webview_in_sage_window;
 use crate::runtime::workspace::{enter_apps_workspace, leave_apps_workspace};
 use crate::runtime::{
-    RuntimeTargetParams, SageAppRuntimeMode, SageAppRuntimeRecordView,
+    RuntimeTargetParams, SageAppRuntimeRecordView,
     clear_active_taskbar_runtime, focus_taskbar_runtime, kill_taskbar_runtime,
     start_app_install_runtime, start_app_update_runtime, start_donation_runtime,
     start_sandbox_tests_runtime,
 };
-use crate::types::AppPresentation;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Type)]
 #[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "camelCase")]
@@ -65,6 +63,8 @@ pub struct StartDonationArgs {
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct CreateInstalledRuntimeArgs {
     pub app_id: String,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub focus: Option<bool>,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Type)]
@@ -155,25 +155,7 @@ pub async fn apps_create_inline_runtime(
     apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     args: CreateInstalledRuntimeArgs,
 ) -> Result<SageAppRuntimeRecordView, String> {
-    let created_runtime = create_runtime(
-        &app_handle,
-        &apps_state,
-        CreateRuntimeArgs {
-            app_id: args.app_id.clone(),
-            presentation: AppPresentation::Taskbar,
-            mode: SageAppRuntimeMode::Inline,
-            debug_layout: false,
-            query: BTreeMap::new(),
-        },
-    )
-    .await
-    .map(Into::into);
-
-    emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(&app_handle, &apps_state).await;
-
-    focus_taskbar_runtime(&app_handle, &apps_state, &args.app_id).await?;
-
-    created_runtime
+    start_user_app(&app_handle, &apps_state, args).await
 }
 
 #[tauri::command]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
index c28bc30ba..c6908d0b6 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
@@ -9,16 +9,15 @@ use crate::runtime::state::{
     remove_runtime_id_by_app_id, write_impostor_runtime, write_runtime,
 };
 use crate::runtime::webview_locator::{get_sage_window, get_webview_in_sage_window};
-use crate::runtime::{
-    SageAppRuntimeImpostorKind, SageAppRuntimeImpostorRecord, SageAppRuntimeMode,
-    SageAppRuntimeVisibility, SharedImpostorRuntime, SharedRuntime, build_entry_src,
-    build_entry_src_for, is_allowed_app_url, resolve_app,
-};
+use crate::runtime::{SageAppRuntimeImpostorKind, SageAppRuntimeImpostorRecord, SageAppRuntimeMode, SageAppRuntimeVisibility, SharedImpostorRuntime, SharedRuntime, build_entry_src, build_entry_src_for, is_allowed_app_url, resolve_app, RuntimeChangeSet, SageAppRuntimeRecordView, focus_taskbar_runtime};
 use crate::storage::parse_data_store_id;
 use crate::types::{
     AppPresentation, InstalledSageAppStorage, ResolvedApp, ResolvedStoppedApp, SharedSageApp,
 };
 use crate::{AppsHostState, sandbox};
+use crate::runtime::commands::CreateInstalledRuntimeArgs;
+use crate::runtime::events::emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed;
+use crate::runtime::manager::sync_modal_runtime_visibility;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
@@ -36,7 +35,71 @@ pub(in crate::runtime) struct CreateImpostorRuntimeArgs {
     pub query: BTreeMap<String, String>,
 }
 
-pub async fn create_runtime(
+pub(crate) async fn start_user_app(
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    args: CreateInstalledRuntimeArgs,
+) -> Result<SageAppRuntimeRecordView, String> {
+    let created_runtime = create_runtime(
+        app_handle,
+        apps_state,
+        CreateRuntimeArgs {
+            app_id: args.app_id.clone(),
+            presentation: AppPresentation::Taskbar,
+            mode: SageAppRuntimeMode::Inline,
+            debug_layout: false,
+            query: BTreeMap::new(),
+        },
+    )
+        .await
+        .map(Into::into);
+
+    emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(app_handle, apps_state).await;
+
+    if args.focus.unwrap_or(true) {
+        focus_taskbar_runtime(app_handle, apps_state, &args.app_id).await?;
+    }
+
+    created_runtime
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn start_system_app(
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    args: CreateRuntimeArgs,
+) -> Result<SharedRuntime, String> {
+    let runtime = create_runtime(app_handle, apps_state, args).await?;
+
+    let host_window_label = runtime.with_runtime(SageAppRuntimeRecord::host_window_label);
+
+    let mut changes = RuntimeChangeSet::default();
+    changes.runtimes_changed();
+
+    sync_modal_runtime_visibility(app_handle, apps_state, &host_window_label, &mut changes).await?;
+
+    changes.emit(app_handle, apps_state).await;
+
+    Ok(runtime)
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn start_sandbox_test(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    app_id: &str,
+    query: BTreeMap<String, String>,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let args = CreateRuntimeArgs {
+        app_id: app_id.to_string(),
+        presentation: AppPresentation::Taskbar,
+        mode: SageAppRuntimeMode::Inline,
+        debug_layout: debug_test_apps_enabled(),
+        query,
+    };
+
+    create_runtime(app, apps_state, args).await.map(|_| ())
+}
+
+async fn create_runtime(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     args: CreateRuntimeArgs,
@@ -296,3 +359,10 @@ window.__SAGE_APPS_COMMS_DEBUG__ = true;
 
     builder
 }
+
+fn debug_test_apps_enabled() -> bool {
+    cfg!(debug_assertions)
+        && std::env::var("SAGE_DEBUG_TEST_APPS")
+        .map(|v| v == "1")
+        .unwrap_or(false)
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/system_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/system_apps.rs
index fedd8283a..e522e9582 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/system_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/system_apps.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::bridge::state::pending_approval_app_ids;
 use crate::runtime::manager::sync_modal_runtime_visibility;
-use crate::runtime::start::{CreateRuntimeArgs, create_runtime};
+use crate::runtime::start::{CreateRuntimeArgs, start_system_app};
 use crate::runtime::stop::kill_runtime_inner;
 use crate::runtime::{RuntimeChangeSet, SageAppRuntimeMode, SageAppRuntimeRecord, SharedRuntime};
 use crate::system_apps::{
@@ -14,31 +14,12 @@ use crate::system_apps::{
 };
 use crate::types::{AppModalPresentation, AppPresentation};
 
-pub(crate) async fn start_system_app_runtime(
-    app_handle: &AppHandle,
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    args: CreateRuntimeArgs,
-) -> Result<SharedRuntime, String> {
-    let runtime = create_runtime(app_handle, apps_state, args).await?;
-
-    let host_window_label = runtime.with_runtime(SageAppRuntimeRecord::host_window_label);
-
-    let mut changes = RuntimeChangeSet::default();
-    changes.runtimes_changed();
-
-    sync_modal_runtime_visibility(app_handle, apps_state, &host_window_label, &mut changes).await?;
-
-    changes.emit(app_handle, apps_state).await;
-
-    Ok(runtime)
-}
-
 pub(crate) async fn start_app_install_runtime(
     app: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     query: BTreeMap<String, String>,
 ) -> Result<SharedRuntime, String> {
-    start_system_app_runtime(
+    start_system_app(
         app,
         apps_state,
         CreateRuntimeArgs {
@@ -58,7 +39,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn start_app_update_runtime(
     target_app_id: String,
     query: BTreeMap<String, String>,
 ) -> Result<SharedRuntime, String> {
-    start_system_app_runtime(
+    start_system_app(
         app,
         apps_state,
         CreateRuntimeArgs {
@@ -80,7 +61,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn start_bridge_approval_runtime(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     target_app_ids: Vec<String>,
 ) -> Result<SharedRuntime, String> {
-    start_system_app_runtime(
+    start_system_app(
         app,
         apps_state,
         CreateRuntimeArgs {
@@ -103,7 +84,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn start_donation_runtime(
     target_app_id: String,
     query: BTreeMap<String, String>,
 ) -> Result<SharedRuntime, String> {
-    start_system_app_runtime(
+    start_system_app(
         app,
         apps_state,
         CreateRuntimeArgs {
@@ -167,7 +148,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn start_sandbox_tests_runtime(
     app: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
 ) -> Result<SharedRuntime, String> {
-    start_system_app_runtime(
+    start_system_app(
         app,
         apps_state,
         CreateRuntimeArgs {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs
index d7aa7fba9..cbef17809 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::runtime::SageAppRuntimeMode;
-use crate::runtime::start::{CreateRuntimeArgs, create_runtime};
+use crate::runtime::start::{start_sandbox_test};
 use crate::runtime::stop::close_runtime_internal;
-use crate::types::AppPresentation;
 use std::collections::{BTreeMap, HashMap};
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 use uuid::Uuid;
@@ -45,22 +43,5 @@ async fn start_internal_runtime_for_sandbox(
     app_id: &str,
     query: BTreeMap<String, String>,
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
-    let debug_test_apps = debug_test_apps_enabled();
-
-    let args = CreateRuntimeArgs {
-        app_id: app_id.to_string(),
-        presentation: AppPresentation::Taskbar,
-        mode: SageAppRuntimeMode::Inline,
-        debug_layout: debug_test_apps,
-        query,
-    };
-
-    create_runtime(app, apps_state, args).await.map(|_| ())
-}
-
-fn debug_test_apps_enabled() -> bool {
-    cfg!(debug_assertions)
-        && std::env::var("SAGE_DEBUG_TEST_APPS")
-            .map(|v| v == "1")
-            .unwrap_or(false)
+    start_sandbox_test(app, apps_state, app_id, query).await
 }
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index fb47c3229..c01a9e26c 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -808,7 +808,7 @@ fee: Amount;
  * Whether to automatically submit the transaction
  */
 auto_submit?: boolean }
-export type CreateInstalledRuntimeArgs = { appId: string }
+export type CreateInstalledRuntimeArgs = { appId: string; focus?: boolean | null }
 export type CreateTransaction = { 
 /**
  * Pre-selected coins to use in the transaction prior to coin selection
diff --git a/src/components/apps/AppsLaunchpad.tsx b/src/components/apps/AppsLaunchpad.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3b4c57486
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/components/apps/AppsLaunchpad.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,577 @@
+import { Alert, AlertDescription, AlertTitle } from '@/components/ui/alert';
+import { CorruptedAppCard } from '@/components/apps/CorruptedAppCard';
+import { AppsLaunchpadContextMenu } from '@/components/apps/AppsLaunchpadContextMenu';
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
+import { formatSandboxLaunchDecision } from '@/lib/apps/sandboxPolicy';
+import {
+  commands,
+  ListedSageAppView,
+  SystemSageAppView,
+  UserSageAppView,
+} from '@/bindings.ts';
+import { useApps } from '@/contexts/AppsContext.tsx';
+import { Plus } from 'lucide-react';
+import { AppsPageActionsMenu } from '@/components/apps/AppsPageActionsMenu';
+import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react';
+import { AppTile } from '@/components/apps/AppTile';
+import { formatAppError } from '@/lib/apps/formatAppError.ts';
+import {
+  openAppPermissionsReview,
+  openAppUpdateReview,
+} from '@/lib/apps/openAppUpdate.ts';
+
+type UserInstalledEntry = { kind: 'user' } & UserSageAppView;
+type SystemInstalledEntry = { kind: 'system' } & SystemSageAppView;
+type InstalledEntry = UserInstalledEntry | SystemInstalledEntry;
+type CorruptedEntry = Extract<ListedSageAppView, { kind: 'corrupted' }>;
+
+type AppContextMenuState = {
+  app: InstalledEntry;
+  x: number;
+  y: number;
+} | null;
+
+function isInstalledEntry(entry: ListedSageAppView): entry is InstalledEntry {
+  return entry.kind === 'user' || entry.kind === 'system';
+}
+
+function isUserInstalledEntry(
+  entry: InstalledEntry,
+): entry is UserInstalledEntry {
+  return entry.kind === 'user';
+}
+
+function isCorruptedEntry(entry: ListedSageAppView): entry is CorruptedEntry {
+  return entry.kind === 'corrupted';
+}
+
+function clampContextMenuPosition(args: {
+  x: number;
+  y: number;
+  containerWidth: number;
+  containerHeight: number;
+}) {
+  const menuWidth = 260;
+  const menuHeight = 260;
+  const padding = 8;
+
+  return {
+    x: Math.max(
+      padding,
+      Math.min(args.x, args.containerWidth - menuWidth - padding),
+    ),
+    y: Math.max(
+      padding,
+      Math.min(args.y, args.containerHeight - menuHeight - padding),
+    ),
+  };
+}
+
+function formatErrorMessage(err: unknown): string {
+  if (err instanceof Error) {
+    return err.message;
+  }
+
+  if (typeof err === 'string') {
+    return err;
+  }
+
+  try {
+    return JSON.stringify(err, null, 2);
+  } catch {
+    return String(err);
+  }
+}
+
+async function openApp(appId: string) {
+  return await commands.appsCreateInlineRuntime({
+    appId,
+  });
+}
+
+export function AppsLaunchpad() {
+  const [contextMenu, setContextMenu] = useState<AppContextMenuState>(null);
+  const pageRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement | null>(null);
+
+  const [updateCheckStateByAppId, setUpdateCheckStateByAppId] = useState<
+    Record<string, 'idle' | 'up_to_date'>
+  >({});
+
+  const [clearingDataByAppId, setClearingDataByAppId] = useState<
+    Record<string, boolean>
+  >({});
+
+  const [clearDataErrorByAppId, setClearDataErrorByAppId] = useState<
+    Record<string, string | null>
+  >({});
+
+  const {
+    apps,
+    runtimes,
+    loading,
+    error,
+    refresh,
+    uninstallApp,
+    clearAppStorage,
+    pendingUpdates,
+    pendingUpdateActivity,
+    setPendingUpdateActivity,
+    busyAppIds,
+    getLaunchGate,
+  } = useApps();
+
+  const runningAppIds = useMemo(() => {
+    return new Set(runtimes.map((runtime) => runtime.app.common.identity.id));
+  }, [runtimes]);
+
+  const installedApps = useMemo(
+    () =>
+      apps.filter((entry): entry is InstalledEntry => isInstalledEntry(entry)),
+    [apps],
+  );
+
+  const corruptedApps = useMemo(() => apps.filter(isCorruptedEntry), [apps]);
+
+  const contextMenuAppId = contextMenu?.app.common.identity.id ?? null;
+
+  const contextMenuPendingUpdate = contextMenuAppId
+    ? (pendingUpdates[contextMenuAppId] ?? { kind: 'none' as const })
+    : { kind: 'none' as const };
+
+  const contextMenuUpdateActivity = contextMenuAppId
+    ? (pendingUpdateActivity[contextMenuAppId] ?? { kind: 'idle' as const })
+    : { kind: 'idle' as const };
+
+  const contextMenuBusy = contextMenuAppId
+    ? (busyAppIds[contextMenuAppId] ?? false) ||
+      contextMenuUpdateActivity.kind === 'applying'
+    : false;
+
+  const contextMenuCheckState =
+    contextMenuUpdateActivity.kind === 'checking'
+      ? 'checking'
+      : contextMenuAppId
+        ? (updateCheckStateByAppId[contextMenuAppId] ?? 'idle')
+        : 'idle';
+
+  const contextMenuAppIsRunning = contextMenuAppId
+    ? runningAppIds.has(contextMenuAppId)
+    : false;
+
+  const contextMenuClearDataBusy = contextMenuAppId
+    ? (clearingDataByAppId[contextMenuAppId] ?? false)
+    : false;
+
+  const contextMenuClearDataError = contextMenuAppId
+    ? (clearDataErrorByAppId[contextMenuAppId] ?? null)
+    : null;
+
+  const contextMenuHasUpdate = contextMenuPendingUpdate.kind !== 'none';
+  const contextMenuUpdateIsInstallable =
+    contextMenuPendingUpdate.kind === 'readyToApply';
+
+  const closeContextMenu = useCallback(() => {
+    setContextMenu((prevContextMenu) => {
+      if (prevContextMenu) {
+        setUpdateCheckStateByAppId((prev) => {
+          if (prev[prevContextMenu.app.common.identity.id] !== 'up_to_date') {
+            return prev;
+          }
+
+          return {
+            ...prev,
+            [prevContextMenu.app.common.identity.id]: 'idle',
+          };
+        });
+      }
+
+      return null;
+    });
+  }, []);
+
+  async function handleCheckForUpdate(appId: string) {
+    setPendingUpdateActivity(appId, { kind: 'checking' });
+
+    setUpdateCheckStateByAppId((prev) => ({
+      ...prev,
+      [appId]: 'idle',
+    }));
+
+    setClearDataErrorByAppId((prev) => ({
+      ...prev,
+      [appId]: null,
+    }));
+
+    try {
+      const preview = await commands.checkAppUpdate(appId);
+
+      if (!preview) {
+        setUpdateCheckStateByAppId((prev) => ({
+          ...prev,
+          [appId]: 'up_to_date',
+        }));
+      }
+    } catch (err) {
+      const message = formatAppError(err);
+
+      console.error('checkAppUpdate failed:', err);
+
+      setClearDataErrorByAppId((prev) => ({
+        ...prev,
+        [appId]: `Update check failed: ${message}`,
+      }));
+    } finally {
+      setPendingUpdateActivity(appId, { kind: 'idle' });
+    }
+  }
+
+  async function handleApplyUpdate(appId: string) {
+    setPendingUpdateActivity(appId, { kind: 'applying' });
+
+    setClearDataErrorByAppId((prev) => ({
+      ...prev,
+      [appId]: null,
+    }));
+
+    try {
+      await commands.applyAppUpdate(appId);
+    } catch (err) {
+      const message = formatAppError(err);
+
+      console.error('applyAppUpdate failed:', err);
+
+      setPendingUpdateActivity(appId, { kind: 'idle' });
+
+      setClearDataErrorByAppId((prev) => ({
+        ...prev,
+        [appId]: `Update failed: ${message}`,
+      }));
+    }
+  }
+
+  const handleClearData = useCallback(
+    async (app: InstalledEntry) => {
+      const appId = app.common.identity.id;
+
+      setClearingDataByAppId((prev) => ({
+        ...prev,
+        [appId]: true,
+      }));
+
+      setClearDataErrorByAppId((prev) => ({
+        ...prev,
+        [appId]: null,
+      }));
+
+      try {
+        await clearAppStorage(appId);
+        await refresh();
+      } catch (err) {
+        setClearDataErrorByAppId((prev) => ({
+          ...prev,
+          [appId]: formatErrorMessage(err),
+        }));
+      } finally {
+        setClearingDataByAppId((prev) =>
+          Object.fromEntries(
+            Object.entries(prev).filter(([key]) => key !== appId),
+          ),
+        );
+      }
+    },
+    [clearAppStorage, refresh],
+  );
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!contextMenu || contextMenuCheckState !== 'up_to_date') {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    const timeoutId = window.setTimeout(() => {
+      setUpdateCheckStateByAppId((prev) => {
+        if (prev[contextMenu.app.common.identity.id] !== 'up_to_date') {
+          return prev;
+        }
+
+        return {
+          ...prev,
+          [contextMenu.app.common.identity.id]: 'idle',
+        };
+      });
+    }, 3000);
+
+    return () => {
+      window.clearTimeout(timeoutId);
+    };
+  }, [contextMenu, contextMenuCheckState]);
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!contextMenu) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    const handleClose = () => {
+      if (clearingDataByAppId[contextMenu.app.common.identity.id]) {
+        return;
+      }
+
+      closeContextMenu();
+    };
+
+    const handleKeyDown = (event: KeyboardEvent) => {
+      if (event.key === 'Escape') {
+        if (clearingDataByAppId[contextMenu.app.common.identity.id]) {
+          return;
+        }
+
+        closeContextMenu();
+      }
+    };
+
+    window.addEventListener('click', handleClose);
+    window.addEventListener('resize', handleClose);
+    window.addEventListener('scroll', handleClose, true);
+    window.addEventListener('keydown', handleKeyDown);
+
+    return () => {
+      window.removeEventListener('click', handleClose);
+      window.removeEventListener('resize', handleClose);
+      window.removeEventListener('scroll', handleClose, true);
+      window.removeEventListener('keydown', handleKeyDown);
+    };
+  }, [contextMenu, clearingDataByAppId, closeContextMenu]);
+
+  if (loading) {
+    return (
+      <div className='mx-auto w-full max-w-6xl p-4 md:p-6'>
+        <Alert>
+          <AlertTitle>Loading apps...</AlertTitle>
+          <AlertDescription>Please wait.</AlertDescription>
+        </Alert>
+      </div>
+    );
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <div
+      ref={pageRef}
+      className='relative flex h-full min-h-0 flex-col overflow-hidden'
+    >
+      <div className='mx-auto flex w-full max-w-7xl shrink-0 items-center justify-between gap-4 p-4 md:p-6'>
+        <div>
+          <h1 className='text-2xl font-semibold tracking-tight'>Apps</h1>
+          <p className='text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
+            Launch and manage installed Sage apps.
+          </p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div className='flex items-center gap-2'>
+          <Button
+            variant='outline'
+            onClick={() => {
+              void commands.appsStartSystemApp({
+                kind: 'appInstall',
+                source: { kind: 'selectSource' },
+              });
+            }}
+          >
+            <Plus className='mr-2 h-4 w-4' />
+            Install App
+          </Button>
+
+          <AppsPageActionsMenu
+            onOpenSandboxTests={() => {
+              void commands.appsStartSystemApp({
+                kind: 'sandboxTests',
+              });
+            }}
+            onClose={() => {
+              //
+            }}
+          />
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+      <div className='mx-auto w-full max-w-7xl flex-1 min-h-0 overflow-auto px-4 pb-4 md:px-6 md:pb-6'>
+        {error ? (
+          <Alert className='mb-6'>
+            <AlertTitle>Apps error</AlertTitle>
+            <AlertDescription>{error}</AlertDescription>
+          </Alert>
+        ) : null}
+
+        {installedApps.length === 0 ? (
+          <Alert className='mb-6'>
+            <AlertTitle>No apps installed</AlertTitle>
+            <AlertDescription>
+              Install a Sage app package to get started.
+            </AlertDescription>
+          </Alert>
+        ) : null}
+
+        {installedApps.length > 0 ? (
+          <div className='grid grid-cols-2 gap-4 sm:grid-cols-3 md:grid-cols-4 lg:grid-cols-5 xl:grid-cols-6'>
+            {installedApps.map((app) => (
+              <AppTile
+                key={app.common.identity.id}
+                app={app}
+                launchDecision={
+                  app.kind === 'system'
+                    ? {
+                        allowed: true,
+                        title: 'System app',
+                        description: 'System apps are managed by Sage.',
+                      }
+                    : formatSandboxLaunchDecision(
+                        getLaunchGate(app.common.identity.id),
+                      )
+                }
+                onOpen={() => {
+                  void openApp(app.common.identity.id);
+                }}
+                onContextMenu={(event) => {
+                  event.preventDefault();
+
+                  const pageEl = pageRef.current;
+                  if (!pageEl) {
+                    return;
+                  }
+
+                  const pageRect = pageEl.getBoundingClientRect();
+
+                  const localX = event.clientX - pageRect.left;
+                  const localY = event.clientY - pageRect.top;
+
+                  const position = clampContextMenuPosition({
+                    x: localX,
+                    y: localY,
+                    containerWidth: pageRect.width,
+                    containerHeight: pageRect.height,
+                  });
+
+                  setClearDataErrorByAppId((prev) => ({
+                    ...prev,
+                    [app.common.identity.id]: null,
+                  }));
+
+                  setContextMenu({
+                    app,
+                    x: position.x,
+                    y: position.y,
+                  });
+                }}
+              />
+            ))}
+          </div>
+        ) : null}
+
+        {corruptedApps.length > 0 ? (
+          <div className='mt-8 space-y-4'>
+            <div>
+              <h2 className='text-lg font-semibold tracking-tight'>
+                Corrupted apps
+              </h2>
+              <p className='text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
+                These app installations could not be loaded correctly.
+              </p>
+            </div>
+
+            <div className='space-y-4'>
+              {corruptedApps.map((entry) => (
+                <CorruptedAppCard
+                  key={entry.id}
+                  app={entry}
+                  onRemove={() => uninstallApp(entry.id)}
+                />
+              ))}
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        ) : null}
+      </div>
+
+      <AppsLaunchpadContextMenu
+        open={!!contextMenu}
+        x={contextMenu?.x ?? 0}
+        y={contextMenu?.y ?? 0}
+        busy={contextMenuBusy}
+        hasUpdate={contextMenuHasUpdate}
+        updateIsInstallable={contextMenuUpdateIsInstallable}
+        isRunning={contextMenuAppIsRunning}
+        updateCheckState={contextMenuCheckState}
+        clearDataBusy={contextMenuClearDataBusy}
+        clearDataError={contextMenuClearDataError}
+        onClose={closeContextMenu}
+        onOpen={() => {
+          if (!contextMenu) {
+            return;
+          }
+
+          setUpdateCheckStateByAppId((prev) => ({
+            ...prev,
+            [contextMenu.app.common.identity.id]: 'idle',
+          }));
+
+          void openApp(contextMenu.app.common.identity.id);
+          closeContextMenu();
+        }}
+        onCheckForUpdate={() => {
+          if (!contextMenu || !isUserInstalledEntry(contextMenu.app)) {
+            return;
+          }
+
+          void handleCheckForUpdate(contextMenu.app.common.identity.id);
+        }}
+        onUpdate={() => {
+          if (!contextMenu || !isUserInstalledEntry(contextMenu.app)) {
+            return;
+          }
+
+          const appId = contextMenu.app.common.identity.id;
+          const pendingUpdate = pendingUpdates[appId] ?? { kind: 'none' };
+
+          closeContextMenu();
+
+          if (pendingUpdate.kind === 'requiresReview') {
+            void openAppUpdateReview(appId);
+            return;
+          }
+
+          if (pendingUpdate.kind === 'readyToApply') {
+            void handleApplyUpdate(appId);
+          }
+        }}
+        onChangePermissions={() => {
+          if (!contextMenu || !isUserInstalledEntry(contextMenu.app)) {
+            return;
+          }
+
+          const appId = contextMenu.app.common.identity.id;
+
+          void openAppPermissionsReview(appId);
+          closeContextMenu();
+        }}
+        onClearData={() => {
+          if (!contextMenu) {
+            return;
+          }
+
+          void handleClearData(contextMenu.app);
+        }}
+        onUninstall={() => {
+          if (!contextMenu || !isUserInstalledEntry(contextMenu.app)) {
+            return;
+          }
+
+          setUpdateCheckStateByAppId((prev) => ({
+            ...prev,
+            [contextMenu.app.common.identity.id]: 'idle',
+          }));
+
+          void uninstallApp(contextMenu.app.common.identity.id).finally(() => {
+            closeContextMenu();
+          });
+        }}
+      />
+    </div>
+  );
+}
diff --git a/src/pages/Apps.tsx b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
index 4e3dd94b4..c4de86869 100644
--- a/src/pages/Apps.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
@@ -192,10 +192,6 @@ export function Apps() {
     setPendingUpdateActivity(activeAppId, { kind: 'applying' });
 
     try {
-      await commands.appsClearActiveTaskbarRuntime({
-        windowLabel: getCurrentWindow().label,
-      });
-
       await commands.applyAppUpdate(activeAppId);
     } catch (err) {
       console.error('Failed to apply app update:', err);

From d9e383c9705fe38805eb2491f44bc7dcc3956812 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sun, 10 May 2026 00:35:22 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 397/471] Refactor app update handling and permissions logic

- Removed redundant `openAppUpdateReview` logic and related API bindings.
- Consolidated permissions update logic into `SharedPermissionEditor` and introduced `UpdateDecisionPermissionEditor` for decisions during updates.
- Added `with_additional` method to support merging additional permissions during updates.
- Updated `apply_update` to use `additional_granted_permissions` for better clarity.
- Refactored `preflight_apply_app_update` and `execute_app_update` for modular handling of update lifecycle.
- Simplified `PersistedUserSageApp` to encapsulate user app state more effectively.
- Enhanced reusability with extracted `PermissionSections` component.
---
 .../src/components/ReviewInstallView.tsx      |   4 +-
 .../src/components/PermissionsReviewBody.tsx  |   4 +-
 .../src/components/UpdateReviewBody.tsx       |  69 +++--
 .../src/hooks/useUpdatePermissions.ts         |   2 -
 .../methods/system/app_update/apply_update.rs |   4 +-
 .../sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/types.rs |  74 +----
 .../sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/logic.rs   | 208 ++++++++------
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs      |  29 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/preview.rs     |   4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs   |  51 +++-
 .../src/types/app/view/permission.rs          |  73 ++++-
 .../sage-apps/src/types/app/view/preview.rs   |  59 +++-
 .../PermissionsEditor/PermissionsEditor.tsx   | 262 ++++++++++++++----
 .../src/components/PermissionsEditor/index.ts |   5 +-
 src/bindings.ts                               |   3 +-
 src/components/apps/AppsLaunchpad.tsx         |  11 +-
 src/lib/apps/openAppUpdate.ts                 |   8 -
 src/pages/Apps.tsx                            |  12 +-
 18 files changed, 575 insertions(+), 307 deletions(-)

diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/ReviewInstallView.tsx b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/ReviewInstallView.tsx
index 12a907003..9879187b2 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/ReviewInstallView.tsx
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/ReviewInstallView.tsx
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import { useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react';
 import {
   AppModalShell,
-  PermissionsEditor,
+  AppPermissionEditor,
   WalletScopeEditor,
 } from '@sage-app/ui';
 import {
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ export function ReviewInstallView({
     >
       <div className='space-y-5'>
         {step === 'permissions' ? (
-          <PermissionsEditor
+          <AppPermissionEditor
             app={previewApp}
             grantedPermissions={previewApp.common.grantedPermissions}
             capabilityDefinitions={definitions}
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/components/PermissionsReviewBody.tsx b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/components/PermissionsReviewBody.tsx
index e5f68e063..a6d6daf08 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/components/PermissionsReviewBody.tsx
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/components/PermissionsReviewBody.tsx
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import { useState } from 'react';
 import {
   appIconFromCommonView,
   AppModalShell,
-  PermissionsEditor,
+  AppPermissionEditor,
   WalletScopeEditor,
 } from '@sage-app/ui';
 import {
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ export function PermissionsReviewBody({
         </div>
 
         {tab === 'permissions' ? (
-          <PermissionsEditor
+          <AppPermissionEditor
             app={state.app}
             grantedPermissions={state.app.common.grantedPermissions}
             capabilityDefinitions={state.definitions}
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/components/UpdateReviewBody.tsx b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/components/UpdateReviewBody.tsx
index 7f97bfbde..092536a4b 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/components/UpdateReviewBody.tsx
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/components/UpdateReviewBody.tsx
@@ -1,12 +1,14 @@
-import { useState, useMemo } from 'react';
+import { useMemo, useState } from 'react';
 import {
   appIconFromCommonView,
   AppModalShell,
-  inputToGrantedPermissionsView,
-  PermissionsEditor,
+  UpdateDecisionPermissionEditor,
 } from '@sage-app/ui';
-import { formatSageError, getSageSystemClient } from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
-import { useUpdatePermissions } from '../hooks/useUpdatePermissions';
+import {
+  formatSageError,
+  getSageSystemClient,
+  type SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
+} from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
 import { NoUpdateBody } from './NoUpdateBody';
 import { PartialUpdateBody } from './PartialUpdateBody';
 
@@ -14,11 +16,30 @@ export function UpdateReviewBody({ state, onReload }: any) {
   const [submitting, setSubmitting] = useState(false);
   const [error, setError] = useState<string | null>(null);
 
-  const { grantedPermissions, setGrantedPermissions } = useUpdatePermissions({
-    app: state.app,
-    context: state.updateContext,
-    definitions: state.definitions,
-  });
+  const preview = state.updateContext?.preview ?? null;
+
+  const additionalGrantedPermissions =
+    useMemo<SageGrantedPermissionsInput>(() => {
+      const decision = state.app.pendingUpdate?.decision;
+
+      if (decision?.kind !== 'review') {
+        return {
+          capabilities: [],
+          network: {
+            whitelist: [],
+            whitelistByNetwork: {},
+          },
+        };
+      }
+
+      return {
+        capabilities: decision.requiredUserGrantableCapabilities ?? [],
+        network: {
+          whitelist: decision.requiredNetworkWhitelist ?? [],
+          whitelistByNetwork: decision.requiredNetworkWhitelistByNetwork ?? {},
+        },
+      };
+    }, [state.app.pendingUpdate?.decision]);
 
   async function close() {
     const client = await getSageSystemClient();
@@ -34,7 +55,7 @@ export function UpdateReviewBody({ state, onReload }: any) {
 
       await client.appUpdate.applyUpdate({
         appId: state.app.common.identity.id,
-        grantedPermissions,
+        additionalGrantedPermissions,
       });
 
       await close();
@@ -45,9 +66,6 @@ export function UpdateReviewBody({ state, onReload }: any) {
     }
   }
 
-  const preview = state.updateContext?.preview ?? null;
-
-  // ---- No update
   if (!preview) {
     return (
       <AppModalShell
@@ -64,7 +82,6 @@ export function UpdateReviewBody({ state, onReload }: any) {
     );
   }
 
-  // ---- Partial / unsupported
   if (preview.manifest.kind === 'partial') {
     return (
       <AppModalShell
@@ -82,21 +99,6 @@ export function UpdateReviewBody({ state, onReload }: any) {
     );
   }
 
-  // ---- Build preview app
-  const reviewApp = useMemo(() => {
-    return {
-      ...state.app,
-      common: {
-        ...state.app.common,
-        grantedPermissions: inputToGrantedPermissionsView(grantedPermissions),
-        activeSnapshot: {
-          ...state.app.common.activeSnapshot,
-          manifest: preview.manifest.manifest,
-        },
-      },
-    };
-  }, [state.app, grantedPermissions, preview]);
-
   return (
     <AppModalShell
       title='Review app update'
@@ -123,12 +125,9 @@ export function UpdateReviewBody({ state, onReload }: any) {
       }
     >
       <div className='space-y-4'>
-        <PermissionsEditor
-          app={reviewApp}
-          grantedPermissions={reviewApp.common.grantedPermissions}
+        <UpdateDecisionPermissionEditor
+          app={state.app}
           capabilityDefinitions={state.definitions}
-          editable={!submitting}
-          onGrantedPermissionsChange={setGrantedPermissions}
         />
 
         {error && (
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/hooks/useUpdatePermissions.ts b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/hooks/useUpdatePermissions.ts
index 8b41a178d..4881e8a97 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/hooks/useUpdatePermissions.ts
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/hooks/useUpdatePermissions.ts
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ import type {
   AppUpdateReviewContext,
   SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView,
   SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
-  SageGrantedPermissionsView,
   UserSageAppView,
 } from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
 import { definitionMap } from '../utils/definitions';
@@ -24,7 +23,6 @@ export function useUpdatePermissions(args: {
     [definitions],
   );
 
-  // auto-adjust permissions when update context changes
   useEffect(() => {
     if (!context) {
       setGrantedPermissions(app.common.grantedPermissions);
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/apply_update.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/apply_update.rs
index 06bc63cfe..353d2e0f7 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/apply_update.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/apply_update.rs
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ use crate::types::{SageAppView, SageGrantedPermissionsInput};
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct AppUpdateApplyUpdateParams {
     pub app_id: String,
-    pub granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
+    pub additional_granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppUpdateApplyUpdate {
             tools.app_handle,
             tools.host_state,
             &params.app_id,
-            Some(params.granted_permissions),
+            Some(params.additional_granted_permissions),
         )
         .await
         .map_err(|err| {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/types.rs
index fc972af3c..126f5d087 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/types.rs
@@ -1,18 +1,10 @@
-use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize};
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 
-use crate::types::{
-    InstalledSageAppStorage, SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppSnapshot,
-    SageAppWalletScope, SageGrantedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
-};
+use crate::types::{SageApp, UserSageApp};
 
-#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct PersistedUserSageApp {
-    identity: SageAppIdentity,
-    granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
-    storage: InstalledSageAppStorage,
-    active_snapshot: SageAppSnapshot,
-    wallet_scope: SageAppWalletScope,
-    source: UserSageAppSource,
+    app: UserSageApp,
 }
 
 impl TryFrom<&SageApp> for PersistedUserSageApp {
@@ -23,16 +15,7 @@ impl TryFrom<&SageApp> for PersistedUserSageApp {
             .as_user()
             .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("not a user app"))?;
 
-        let common = user_app.common();
-
-        Ok(Self {
-            identity: common.identity().clone(),
-            granted_permissions: common.granted_permissions().clone(),
-            storage: common.storage().clone(),
-            active_snapshot: common.active_snapshot().clone(),
-            wallet_scope: common.wallet_scope().clone(),
-            source: user_app.source().clone(),
-        })
+        Self::try_from(user_app)
     }
 }
 
@@ -40,15 +23,8 @@ impl TryFrom<&UserSageApp> for PersistedUserSageApp {
     type Error = anyhow::Error;
 
     fn try_from(user_app: &UserSageApp) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
-        let common = user_app.common();
-
         Ok(Self {
-            identity: common.identity().clone(),
-            granted_permissions: common.granted_permissions().clone(),
-            storage: common.storage().clone(),
-            active_snapshot: common.active_snapshot().clone(),
-            wallet_scope: common.wallet_scope().clone(),
-            source: user_app.source().clone(),
+            app: user_app.clone_durable(),
         })
     }
 }
@@ -57,42 +33,6 @@ impl TryFrom<PersistedUserSageApp> for UserSageApp {
     type Error = anyhow::Error;
 
     fn try_from(persisted: PersistedUserSageApp) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
-        let common = SageAppCommon::new(
-            persisted.identity,
-            persisted.granted_permissions,
-            persisted.storage,
-            persisted.active_snapshot,
-            persisted.wallet_scope,
-        )?;
-
-        Ok(UserSageApp::new_installed(common, persisted.source))
-    }
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Deserialize)]
-struct PersistedUserSageAppRaw {
-    identity: SageAppIdentity,
-    granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
-    storage: InstalledSageAppStorage,
-    active_snapshot: SageAppSnapshot,
-    wallet_scope: SageAppWalletScope,
-    source: UserSageAppSource,
-}
-
-impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for PersistedUserSageApp {
-    fn deserialize<D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error>
-    where
-        D: Deserializer<'de>,
-    {
-        let raw = PersistedUserSageAppRaw::deserialize(deserializer)?;
-
-        Ok(Self {
-            identity: raw.identity,
-            granted_permissions: raw.granted_permissions,
-            storage: raw.storage,
-            active_snapshot: raw.active_snapshot,
-            wallet_scope: raw.wallet_scope,
-            source: raw.source,
-        })
+        Ok(persisted.app)
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/logic.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/logic.rs
index ee4c9c800..4679c80bb 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/logic.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/logic.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use crate::bridge::methods::system::emit_pending_update_changed;
-use crate::host::Result;
+use crate::host::{Result};
 use crate::lifecycle::{
     download_url_snapshot, fetch_url_manifest, fetch_url_manifest_preview,
 };
@@ -69,6 +69,7 @@ pub(super) async fn check_app_update_inner(
             return Ok(Some(preview));
         }
     };
+    println!("Pending update prepared for {app_id}, Update: {pending_update:?}");
 
     app.try_mutate(|sage_app| {
         sage_app
@@ -88,40 +89,11 @@ pub(crate) async fn apply_app_update_inner(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: &str,
-    granted_permissions_input: Option<SageGrantedPermissionsInput>,
+    additional_granted_permissions_input: Option<SageGrantedPermissionsInput>,
 ) -> Result<SageAppView> {
-    let resolved = resolve_app(app_handle, app_id)
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| {
-            io::Error::other(format!("failed to read installed app {app_id}: {err}"))
-        })?;
-
-    let pending = resolved.with_app(|app| {
-        app.try_with(|sage_app| {
-            let user_app = sage_app
-                .as_user()
-                .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("system app cannot receive user update"))?;
-
-            user_app
-                .pending_update()
-                .cloned()
-                .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("app {app_id} has no pending update"))
-        })
-    });
-
-    let pending = match pending {
-        Ok(pending) => pending,
-        Err(err) => {
-            let app = resolved.clone_app_for_operation();
-            emit_pending_update_changed(app_handle, apps_state, &app).await;
-
-            return Err(io::Error::other(err).into());
-        }
-    };
-
-    let should_review = resolved.with_app(SharedSageApp::should_review_pending_update);
+    let preflight = preflight_apply_app_update(app_handle, apps_state, app_id).await?;
 
-    if should_review && granted_permissions_input.is_none() {
+    if preflight.should_review && additional_granted_permissions_input.is_none() {
         open_update_runtime(
             app_handle,
             apps_state,
@@ -131,66 +103,27 @@ pub(crate) async fn apply_app_update_inner(
         )
             .await;
 
+        let resolved = resolve_app(app_handle, app_id).await.map_err(|err| {
+            io::Error::other(format!("failed to read installed app {app_id}: {err}"))
+        })?;
+
         return Ok(resolved.with_app(|app| app.into()));
     }
 
     let reopen_after_update = ReopenAfterUpdate::capture(app_handle, apps_state, app_id).await?;
 
-    let app = {
-        let resolved = crate::runtime::resolve_stopped_app(app_handle, app_id)
-            .await
-            .map_err(|err| {
-                io::Error::other(format!(
-                    "failed to resolve stopped app {app_id} for update: {err}"
-                ))
-            })?;
-
-        let granted_permissions_input = match granted_permissions_input {
-            Some(input) => input,
-            None => resolved.try_with_app(|app| {
-                app.try_with(|sage_app| {
-                    Ok::<_, anyhow::Error>(SageGrantedPermissionsInput::from(
-                        sage_app.common().granted_permissions(),
-                    ))
-                })
-            })?,
-        };
-
-        let app_path = resolved.with_app(|app| app.with(SageApp::app_path));
-
-        let snapshot = download_url_snapshot(
-            &app_path,
-            pending.app_url(),
-            pending.manifest(),
-            pending.manifest_hash(),
-        )
-            .await
-            .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to download update snapshot: {err}")))?;
-
-        resolved
-            .try_with_app(|app| {
-                app.try_mutate(|sage_app| {
-                    let granted_permissions = granted_permissions_input
-                        .resolve(pending.manifest().permissions())
-                        .map_err(|err| anyhow::anyhow!("invalid update permissions: {err}"))?;
-
-                    sage_app.apply_update(&pending, granted_permissions, snapshot)?;
-
-                    sage_app
-                        .set_pending_update(None)
-                        .map_err(|err| anyhow::anyhow!("failed to clear pending update: {err}"))?;
-
-                    Ok::<_, anyhow::Error>(())
-                })
-            })
-            .map_err(io::Error::other)?;
-
-        resolved.into_app()
-    };
+    let app = execute_app_update(
+        app_handle,
+        app_id,
+        preflight.pending,
+        additional_granted_permissions_input,
+    )
+        .await?;
 
     emit_pending_update_changed(app_handle, apps_state, &app).await;
 
-    if reopen_after_update.should_reopen && let Err(err) = start_user_app(
+    if reopen_after_update.should_reopen
+        && let Err(err) = start_user_app(
         app_handle,
         apps_state,
         CreateInstalledRuntimeArgs {
@@ -336,6 +269,111 @@ async fn open_update_runtime(
         });
 }
 
+struct ApplyAppUpdatePreflight {
+    pending: UserSageAppPendingUpdate,
+    should_review: bool,
+}
+
+async fn preflight_apply_app_update(
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    app_id: &str,
+) -> Result<ApplyAppUpdatePreflight> {
+    let resolved = resolve_app(app_handle, app_id).await.map_err(|err| {
+        io::Error::other(format!("failed to read installed app {app_id}: {err}"))
+    })?;
+
+    let pending = resolved.with_app(|app| {
+        app.try_with(|sage_app| {
+            let user_app = sage_app
+                .as_user()
+                .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("system app cannot receive user update"))?;
+
+            user_app
+                .pending_update()
+                .cloned()
+                .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("app {app_id} has no pending update"))
+        })
+    });
+
+    let pending = match pending {
+        Ok(pending) => pending,
+        Err(err) => {
+            let app = resolved.clone_app_for_operation();
+            emit_pending_update_changed(app_handle, apps_state, &app).await;
+
+            return Err(io::Error::other(err).into());
+        }
+    };
+
+    let should_review = resolved.with_app(SharedSageApp::should_review_pending_update);
+
+    Ok(ApplyAppUpdatePreflight {
+        pending,
+        should_review,
+    })
+}
+
+async fn execute_app_update(
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
+    app_id: &str,
+    pending: UserSageAppPendingUpdate,
+    additional_granted_permissions_input: Option<SageGrantedPermissionsInput>,
+) -> Result<SharedSageApp> {
+    let resolved = crate::runtime::resolve_stopped_app(app_handle, app_id)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| {
+            io::Error::other(format!(
+                "failed to resolve stopped app {app_id} for update: {err}"
+            ))
+        })?;
+
+    let granted_permissions_input = resolved.try_with_app(|app| {
+        app.try_with(|sage_app| {
+            let base = SageGrantedPermissionsInput::from((
+                sage_app.common().granted_permissions(),
+                pending.manifest().permissions(),
+            ));
+
+            Ok::<_, anyhow::Error>(match additional_granted_permissions_input {
+                Some(additional) => base.with_additional(additional),
+                None => base,
+            })
+        })
+    })?;
+
+    let app_path = resolved.with_app(|app| app.with(SageApp::app_path));
+
+    let snapshot = download_url_snapshot(
+        &app_path,
+        pending.app_url(),
+        pending.manifest(),
+        pending.manifest_hash(),
+    )
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to download update snapshot: {err}")))?;
+
+    resolved
+        .try_with_app(|app| {
+            app.try_mutate(|sage_app| {
+                let granted_permissions = granted_permissions_input
+                    .resolve(pending.manifest().permissions())
+                    .map_err(|err| anyhow::anyhow!("invalid update permissions: {err}"))?;
+
+                sage_app.apply_update(&pending, granted_permissions, snapshot)?;
+
+                sage_app
+                    .set_pending_update(None)
+                    .map_err(|err| anyhow::anyhow!("failed to clear pending update: {err}"))?;
+
+                Ok::<_, anyhow::Error>(())
+            })
+        })
+        .map_err(io::Error::other)?;
+
+    Ok(resolved.into_app())
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 struct ReopenAfterUpdate {
     should_reopen: bool,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
index 2e335539c..25c7c755f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ pub struct SageAppIdentity {
     app_dir: String,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug)]
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
 pub struct SageAppCommon {
     identity: SageAppIdentity,
     granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ impl SageAppCommon {
         )
     }
 
-    pub fn clone_for_rollback(&self) -> Self {
+    pub fn clone_durable(&self) -> Self {
         Self {
             identity: self.identity.clone(),
             granted_permissions: self.granted_permissions.clone(),
@@ -292,3 +292,28 @@ impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for SageAppIdentity {
         SageAppIdentity::new(raw.id, raw.origin_id, raw.app_dir).map_err(serde::de::Error::custom)
     }
 }
+
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize)]
+pub(crate) struct SageAppCommonRaw {
+    identity: SageAppIdentity,
+    granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
+    flags: SageAppFlags,
+    storage: InstalledSageAppStorage,
+    active_snapshot: SageAppSnapshot,
+    wallet_scope: SageAppWalletScope,
+}
+
+impl TryFrom<SageAppCommonRaw> for SageAppCommon {
+    type Error = anyhow::Error;
+
+    fn try_from(raw: SageAppCommonRaw) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
+        SageAppCommon::build(
+            raw.identity,
+            raw.granted_permissions,
+            raw.storage,
+            raw.active_snapshot,
+            raw.wallet_scope,
+            Some(&raw.flags),
+        )
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/preview.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/preview.rs
index efea480e4..d10977e5a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/preview.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/preview.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use serde::Serialize;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
 use crate::types::normalizers::normalized_non_empty_string;
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use crate::types::{
     SageAppIconView, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestPreview, SageAppUrl,
 };
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct UserSageAppPendingUpdate {
     app_url: SageAppUrl,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs
index 443d2a3f2..2e0e2675c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use crate::capabilities::list::BridgeCapability;
 use crate::lifecycle::write_metadata_for_app;
 use crate::runtime::SharedRuntime;
 use crate::types::{SageAppUrl, UserSageAppPendingUpdateView};
-use crate::types::app::common::SageAppCommon;
+use crate::types::app::common::{SageAppCommon, SageAppCommonRaw};
 use crate::types::app::flags::SageAppFlags;
 use crate::types::app::preview::UserSageAppPendingUpdate;
 use crate::types::app::snapshot::SageAppSnapshot;
@@ -249,7 +249,7 @@ pub enum UserSageAppSource {
     Url { app_url: SageAppUrl },
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug)]
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
 pub struct UserSageApp {
     common: SageAppCommon,
     source: UserSageAppSource,
@@ -290,9 +290,21 @@ impl UserSageApp {
         }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn clone_for_rollback(&self) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn load_persisted(
+        common: SageAppCommon,
+        source: UserSageAppSource,
+        pending_update: Option<UserSageAppPendingUpdate>,
+    ) -> Self {
         Self {
-            common: self.common.clone_for_rollback(),
+            common,
+            source,
+            pending_update,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn clone_durable(&self) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            common: self.common.clone_durable(),
             source: self.source.clone(),
             pending_update: self.pending_update.clone(),
         }
@@ -344,7 +356,7 @@ impl SageApp {
 
     pub(crate) fn clone_for_rollback(&self) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
         match self {
-            Self::User(app) => Ok(Self::User(app.clone_for_rollback())),
+            Self::User(app) => Ok(Self::User(app.clone_durable())),
             Self::System(_) => {
                 anyhow::bail!("system apps are immutable")
             }
@@ -487,6 +499,35 @@ impl UserSageApp {
     }
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize)]
+struct UserSageAppRaw {
+    common: SageAppCommonRaw,
+    source: UserSageAppSource,
+
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pending_update: Option<UserSageAppPendingUpdate>,
+}
+
+impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for UserSageApp {
+    fn deserialize<D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error>
+    where
+        D: serde::Deserializer<'de>,
+    {
+        let raw = UserSageAppRaw::deserialize(deserializer)?;
+
+        let common = raw
+            .common
+            .try_into()
+            .map_err(serde::de::Error::custom)?;
+
+        Ok(UserSageApp::load_persisted(
+            common,
+            raw.source,
+            raw.pending_update,
+        ))
+    }
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 impl UserSageAppSource {
     pub(crate) fn url(app_url: impl AsRef<str>) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/permission.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/permission.rs
index 8e81b512f..3c8e12e32 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/permission.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/permission.rs
@@ -96,6 +96,22 @@ impl SageGrantedPermissionsInput {
             self.network.whitelist_by_network.clone(),
         )
     }
+
+    pub fn with_additional(mut self, additional: SageGrantedPermissionsInput) -> Self {
+        self.capabilities.extend(additional.capabilities);
+
+        self.network.whitelist.extend(additional.network.whitelist);
+
+        for (network_id, entries) in additional.network.whitelist_by_network {
+            self.network
+                .whitelist_by_network
+                .entry(network_id)
+                .or_default()
+                .extend(entries);
+        }
+
+        self
+    }
 }
 
 impl From<&SageGrantedPermissions> for SageGrantedPermissionsView {
@@ -155,12 +171,55 @@ impl From<CapabilityDefinition<UserBridgeCapability>> for SageAppCapabilityDefin
     }
 }
 
-impl From<&SageGrantedPermissions> for SageGrantedPermissionsInput {
-    fn from(value: &SageGrantedPermissions) -> Self {
-        Self::new(
-            value.capabilities().copied(),
-            value.network().whitelist_iter().cloned(),
-            value.network().whitelist_by_network().clone(),
-        )
+impl From<(&SageGrantedPermissions, &SageRequestedPermissions)> for SageGrantedPermissionsInput {
+    fn from((granted, requested): (&SageGrantedPermissions, &SageRequestedPermissions)) -> Self {
+        let capabilities = granted
+            .capabilities()
+            .copied()
+            .filter(|capability| requested.capabilities().is_allowed(*capability));
+
+        let network_whitelist = granted
+            .network()
+            .whitelist_iter()
+            .filter(|entry| requested.network().whitelist().is_allowed(entry))
+            .cloned()
+            .chain(requested.network().whitelist().required().cloned());
+
+        let mut whitelist_by_network = granted
+            .network()
+            .whitelist_by_network()
+            .iter()
+            .filter_map(|(network_id, granted_entries)| {
+                let requested_whitelist = requested
+                    .network()
+                    .whitelist_by_network()
+                    .get(network_id)?;
+
+                let entries = granted_entries
+                    .iter()
+                    .filter(|entry| requested_whitelist.is_allowed(entry))
+                    .cloned()
+                    .collect::<BTreeSet<_>>();
+
+                if entries.is_empty() {
+                    None
+                } else {
+                    Some((network_id.clone(), entries))
+                }
+            })
+            .collect::<BTreeMap<_, _>>();
+
+        for (network_id, requested_whitelist) in requested.network().whitelist_by_network() {
+            let required = requested_whitelist.required().cloned().collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+            if !required.is_empty() {
+                whitelist_by_network
+                    .entry(network_id.clone())
+                    .or_default()
+                    .extend(required);
+            }
+        }
+
+        Self::new(capabilities, network_whitelist, whitelist_by_network)
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/preview.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/preview.rs
index 509fc770d..1e953058e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/preview.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/preview.rs
@@ -16,13 +16,20 @@ pub struct UserSageAppPendingUpdateView {
     decision: UserSageAppPendingUpdateDecisionView,
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct UserSageAppPendingUpdateDecisionReviewView {
+    required_user_grantable_capabilities: Vec<UserBridgeCapability>,
+    required_network_whitelist: Vec<crate::types::SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
+    required_network_whitelist_by_network:
+        std::collections::BTreeMap<String, Vec<crate::types::SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>>,
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub enum UserSageAppPendingUpdateDecisionView {
     Apply,
-    Review {
-        required_user_grantable_capabilities: Vec<UserBridgeCapability>,
-    },
+    Review(UserSageAppPendingUpdateDecisionReviewView),
 }
 
 impl UserSageAppPendingUpdateView {
@@ -63,12 +70,52 @@ impl UserSageAppPendingUpdateDecisionView {
             .filter(|capability| !active_grants.has_capability(*capability))
             .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
-        if required_user_grantable_capabilities.is_empty() {
+        let required_network_whitelist = pending_permissions
+            .network()
+            .whitelist()
+            .required()
+            .filter(|entry| !active_grants.network().whitelist().contains(*entry))
+            .cloned()
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+        let required_network_whitelist_by_network = pending_permissions
+            .network()
+            .whitelist_by_network()
+            .iter()
+            .filter_map(|(network_id, requested_whitelist)| {
+                let granted_entries = active_grants
+                    .network()
+                    .whitelist_by_network()
+                    .get(network_id);
+
+                let missing = requested_whitelist
+                    .required()
+                    .filter(|entry| {
+                        !granted_entries
+                            .is_some_and(|entries| entries.contains(*entry))
+                    })
+                    .cloned()
+                    .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+                if missing.is_empty() {
+                    None
+                } else {
+                    Some((network_id.clone(), missing))
+                }
+            })
+            .collect::<std::collections::BTreeMap<_, _>>();
+
+        if required_user_grantable_capabilities.is_empty()
+            && required_network_whitelist.is_empty()
+            && required_network_whitelist_by_network.is_empty()
+        {
             Self::Apply
         } else {
-            Self::Review {
+            Self::Review(UserSageAppPendingUpdateDecisionReviewView {
                 required_user_grantable_capabilities,
-            }
+                required_network_whitelist,
+                required_network_whitelist_by_network,
+            })
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/PermissionsEditor.tsx b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/PermissionsEditor.tsx
index 3285cbf16..4f5451b86 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/PermissionsEditor.tsx
+++ b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/PermissionsEditor.tsx
@@ -20,32 +20,148 @@ import { buildGroupedPermissionTree } from './permissionTree';
 import { networkKey, sortNetworkEntries } from './utils';
 import { PermissionSection } from './PermissionSection';
 
-interface Props {
+interface AppPermissionEditorProps {
   app: UserSageAppView | SystemSageAppView;
   grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissionsView;
   capabilityDefinitions: SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView[];
   onGrantedPermissionsChange?: (next: SageGrantedPermissionsInput) => void;
   editable?: boolean;
+  emptyText?: string;
 }
 
+interface UpdateDecisionPermissionEditorProps {
+  app: UserSageAppView;
+  capabilityDefinitions: SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView[];
+  emptyText?: string;
+}
+
+interface SharedPermissionEditorProps {
+  requestedPermissions: RequestedPermissionsView;
+  grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissionsView;
+  capabilityDefinitions: SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView[];
+  onGrantedPermissionsChange?: (next: SageGrantedPermissionsInput) => void;
+  editable?: boolean;
+  emptyText?: string;
+}
+
+type RequestedPermissionsView = {
+  capabilities?: {
+    required?: UserBridgeCapability[];
+    optional?: UserBridgeCapability[];
+  };
+  network?: {
+    whitelist?: {
+      required?: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[];
+      optional?: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[];
+    };
+    whitelistByNetwork?: Partial<
+      Record<
+        string,
+        {
+          required?: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[];
+          optional?: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[];
+        }
+      >
+    >;
+  };
+};
+
 type NetworkWhitelistByNetwork = Partial<
   Record<string, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[]>
 >;
 
-export function PermissionsEditor({
+export function AppPermissionEditor({
   app,
   grantedPermissions,
   capabilityDefinitions,
   onGrantedPermissionsChange,
   editable = true,
-}: Props) {
-  const manifest =
-    'pendingUpdate' in app && app.pendingUpdate
-      ? app.pendingUpdate.manifest
-      : app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest;
+  emptyText,
+}: AppPermissionEditorProps) {
+  return (
+    <SharedPermissionEditor
+      requestedPermissions={
+        app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.permissions ?? {}
+      }
+      grantedPermissions={grantedPermissions}
+      capabilityDefinitions={capabilityDefinitions}
+      onGrantedPermissionsChange={onGrantedPermissionsChange}
+      editable={editable}
+      emptyText={emptyText}
+    />
+  );
+}
 
-  const [showAllOptional, setShowAllOptional] = useState(false);
+export function UpdateDecisionPermissionEditor({
+  app,
+  capabilityDefinitions,
+  emptyText = 'This update does not require any new permissions.',
+}: UpdateDecisionPermissionEditorProps) {
+  const decision = app.pendingUpdate?.decision;
+
+  const grantedPermissions = useMemo<SageGrantedPermissionsView>(() => {
+    if (decision?.kind !== 'review') {
+      return emptyGrantedPermissions();
+    }
+
+    return {
+      capabilities: decision.requiredUserGrantableCapabilities ?? [],
+      network: {
+        whitelist: decision.requiredNetworkWhitelist ?? [],
+        whitelistByNetwork: decision.requiredNetworkWhitelistByNetwork ?? {},
+      },
+    };
+  }, [decision]);
+
+  const requestedPermissions = useMemo<RequestedPermissionsView>(() => {
+    if (decision?.kind !== 'review') {
+      return {};
+    }
+
+    return {
+      capabilities: {
+        required: decision.requiredUserGrantableCapabilities ?? [],
+        optional: [],
+      },
+      network: {
+        whitelist: {
+          required: decision.requiredNetworkWhitelist ?? [],
+          optional: [],
+        },
+        whitelistByNetwork: Object.fromEntries(
+          Object.entries(decision.requiredNetworkWhitelistByNetwork ?? {}).map(
+            ([networkId, entries]) => [
+              networkId,
+              {
+                required: entries,
+                optional: [],
+              },
+            ],
+          ),
+        ),
+      },
+    };
+  }, [decision]);
+
+  return (
+    <SharedPermissionEditor
+      requestedPermissions={requestedPermissions}
+      grantedPermissions={grantedPermissions}
+      capabilityDefinitions={capabilityDefinitions}
+      editable={false}
+      emptyText={emptyText}
+    />
+  );
+}
 
+function SharedPermissionEditor({
+  requestedPermissions,
+  grantedPermissions,
+  capabilityDefinitions,
+  onGrantedPermissionsChange,
+  editable = true,
+  emptyText = 'This app does not request any permissions.',
+}: SharedPermissionEditorProps) {
   const definitionsByKey = useMemo(
     () => capabilityDefinitionMap(capabilityDefinitions),
     [capabilityDefinitions],
@@ -66,30 +182,20 @@ export function PermissionsEditor({
     [grantedPermissions.network.whitelistByNetwork],
   );
 
-  const requestedRequiredCapabilities = useMemo(
-    () => manifest.permissions?.capabilities?.required ?? [],
-    [manifest.permissions?.capabilities?.required],
-  );
+  const requestedRequiredCapabilities =
+    requestedPermissions.capabilities?.required ?? [];
 
-  const requestedOptionalCapabilities = useMemo(
-    () => manifest.permissions?.capabilities?.optional ?? [],
-    [manifest.permissions?.capabilities?.optional],
-  );
+  const requestedOptionalCapabilities =
+    requestedPermissions.capabilities?.optional ?? [];
 
-  const requestedRequiredNetwork = useMemo<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[]>(
-    () => manifest.permissions?.network?.whitelist?.required ?? [],
-    [manifest.permissions?.network?.whitelist?.required],
-  );
+  const requestedRequiredNetwork =
+    requestedPermissions.network?.whitelist?.required ?? [];
 
-  const requestedOptionalNetwork = useMemo<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[]>(
-    () => manifest.permissions?.network?.whitelist?.optional ?? [],
-    [manifest.permissions?.network?.whitelist?.optional],
-  );
+  const requestedOptionalNetwork =
+    requestedPermissions.network?.whitelist?.optional ?? [];
 
-  const requestedNetworkByNetwork = useMemo(
-    () => manifest.permissions?.network?.whitelistByNetwork ?? {},
-    [manifest.permissions?.network?.whitelistByNetwork],
-  );
+  const requestedNetworkByNetwork =
+    requestedPermissions.network?.whitelistByNetwork ?? {};
 
   const userGrantableRequiredCapabilities = useMemo(
     () =>
@@ -187,31 +293,6 @@ export function PermissionsEditor({
     definitionsByKey,
   ]);
 
-  const grantedOptionalEntries = useMemo(
-    () => optionalEntries.filter((entry) => entry.granted),
-    [optionalEntries],
-  );
-
-  const ungrantedOptionalEntries = useMemo(
-    () => optionalEntries.filter((entry) => !entry.granted),
-    [optionalEntries],
-  );
-
-  const visibleOptionalEntries = useMemo(
-    () => (showAllOptional ? optionalEntries : grantedOptionalEntries),
-    [showAllOptional, optionalEntries, grantedOptionalEntries],
-  );
-
-  const requiredGroups = useMemo(
-    () => buildGroupedPermissionTree(requiredEntries),
-    [requiredEntries],
-  );
-
-  const optionalGroups = useMemo(
-    () => buildGroupedPermissionTree(visibleOptionalEntries),
-    [visibleOptionalEntries],
-  );
-
   function emitGrantedPermissions(next: SageGrantedPermissionsInput) {
     onGrantedPermissionsChange?.(next);
   }
@@ -280,9 +361,7 @@ export function PermissionsEditor({
         : (requestedNetworkByNetwork[networkId]?.required ?? []);
 
     const nextKeys = new Set<string>(
-      currentWhitelist.map((item: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry) =>
-        networkKey(item),
-      ),
+      currentWhitelist.map((item) => networkKey(item)),
     );
 
     for (const requiredEntry of requiredNetwork) {
@@ -343,10 +422,65 @@ export function PermissionsEditor({
     });
   }
 
+  return (
+    <PermissionSections
+      requiredEntries={requiredEntries}
+      optionalEntries={optionalEntries}
+      editable={editable}
+      emptyText={emptyText}
+      onToggleEntry={handleToggleEntry}
+    />
+  );
+}
+
+function PermissionSections({
+  requiredEntries,
+  optionalEntries,
+  editable,
+  emptyText,
+  onToggleEntry,
+}: {
+  requiredEntries: PermissionEntry[];
+  optionalEntries: PermissionEntry[];
+  editable: boolean;
+  emptyText: string;
+  onToggleEntry: (
+    entry: PermissionEntry,
+    nextGranted: boolean,
+    scheme?: NetworkPermissionScheme,
+  ) => void;
+}) {
+  const [showAllOptional, setShowAllOptional] = useState(false);
+
+  const grantedOptionalEntries = useMemo(
+    () => optionalEntries.filter((entry) => entry.granted),
+    [optionalEntries],
+  );
+
+  const ungrantedOptionalEntries = useMemo(
+    () => optionalEntries.filter((entry) => !entry.granted),
+    [optionalEntries],
+  );
+
+  const visibleOptionalEntries = useMemo(
+    () => (showAllOptional ? optionalEntries : grantedOptionalEntries),
+    [showAllOptional, optionalEntries, grantedOptionalEntries],
+  );
+
+  const requiredGroups = useMemo(
+    () => buildGroupedPermissionTree(requiredEntries),
+    [requiredEntries],
+  );
+
+  const optionalGroups = useMemo(
+    () => buildGroupedPermissionTree(visibleOptionalEntries),
+    [visibleOptionalEntries],
+  );
+
   if (requiredEntries.length === 0 && optionalEntries.length === 0) {
     return (
       <div className='rounded-xl border border-border px-3 py-4 text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
-        This app does not request any permissions.
+        {emptyText}
       </div>
     );
   }
@@ -358,7 +492,7 @@ export function PermissionsEditor({
           title='Required permissions'
           groups={requiredGroups}
           editable={editable}
-          onToggleEntry={handleToggleEntry}
+          onToggleEntry={onToggleEntry}
         />
       ) : null}
 
@@ -368,7 +502,7 @@ export function PermissionsEditor({
           groups={optionalGroups}
           editable={editable}
           separated={requiredGroups.length > 0}
-          onToggleEntry={handleToggleEntry}
+          onToggleEntry={onToggleEntry}
           trailingAction={
             !showAllOptional && ungrantedOptionalEntries.length > 0 ? (
               <button
@@ -386,3 +520,13 @@ export function PermissionsEditor({
     </div>
   );
 }
+
+function emptyGrantedPermissions(): SageGrantedPermissionsView {
+  return {
+    capabilities: [],
+    network: {
+      whitelist: [],
+      whitelistByNetwork: {},
+    },
+  };
+}
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/index.ts b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/index.ts
index d58c100ba..549a9b758 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/index.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/index.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
-export { PermissionsEditor } from './PermissionsEditor';
+export {
+  AppPermissionEditor,
+  UpdateDecisionPermissionEditor,
+} from './PermissionsEditor';
 export {
   emptyGrantedPermissionsInput,
   initialGrantedPermissionsInput,
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index c01a9e26c..ad3be3e40 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -2840,7 +2840,8 @@ visible: boolean }
  */
 export type UpdateOptionResponse = Record<string, never>
 export type UserBridgeCapability = "bridge.send" | "app.get_info" | "app.lifecycle.ready_to_stop" | "app.lifecycle.set_before_stop_listener" | "app.get_capabilities" | "app.request_capability_grant" | "app.request_network_whitelist_grant" | "wallet.get_keys" | "wallet.get_key" | "wallet.get_secret_key" | "wallet.send_xch" | "wallet.send_xch_auto_submit" | "wallet.get_sync_status" | "wallet.get_version" | "wallet.get_xch_usd_price" | "wallet.check_address" | "wallet.get_derivations" | "wallet.get_spendable_coin_count" | "wallet.get_coins_by_ids" | "wallet.get_coins" | "wallet.get_pending_transactions" | "wallet.get_transaction" | "wallet.get_transactions" | "environment.theme.get_current" | "environment.theme.css_vars" | "environment.theme.listen_changed" | "storage.persistent_webview"
-export type UserSageAppPendingUpdateDecisionView = { kind: "apply" } | { kind: "review"; required_user_grantable_capabilities: UserBridgeCapability[] }
+export type UserSageAppPendingUpdateDecisionReviewView = { requiredUserGrantableCapabilities: UserBridgeCapability[]; requiredNetworkWhitelist: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[]; requiredNetworkWhitelistByNetwork: Partial<{ [key in string]: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[] }> }
+export type UserSageAppPendingUpdateDecisionView = { kind: "apply" } | ({ kind: "review" } & UserSageAppPendingUpdateDecisionReviewView)
 export type UserSageAppPendingUpdateView = { appUrl: SageAppUrl; manifestHash: string; manifest: SageAppPackageManifest; decision: UserSageAppPendingUpdateDecisionView }
 export type UserSageAppSource = { kind: "zip" } | { kind: "url"; app_url: SageAppUrl }
 export type UserSageAppView = { common: SageAppCommonView; source: UserSageAppSource; pendingUpdate?: UserSageAppPendingUpdateView | null }
diff --git a/src/components/apps/AppsLaunchpad.tsx b/src/components/apps/AppsLaunchpad.tsx
index 3b4c57486..3b7160bbc 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/AppsLaunchpad.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/AppsLaunchpad.tsx
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ import { AppTile } from '@/components/apps/AppTile';
 import { formatAppError } from '@/lib/apps/formatAppError.ts';
 import {
   openAppPermissionsReview,
-  openAppUpdateReview,
 } from '@/lib/apps/openAppUpdate.ts';
 
 type UserInstalledEntry = { kind: 'user' } & UserSageAppView;
@@ -527,18 +526,10 @@ export function AppsLaunchpad() {
           }
 
           const appId = contextMenu.app.common.identity.id;
-          const pendingUpdate = pendingUpdates[appId] ?? { kind: 'none' };
 
           closeContextMenu();
 
-          if (pendingUpdate.kind === 'requiresReview') {
-            void openAppUpdateReview(appId);
-            return;
-          }
-
-          if (pendingUpdate.kind === 'readyToApply') {
-            void handleApplyUpdate(appId);
-          }
+          void handleApplyUpdate(appId);
         }}
         onChangePermissions={() => {
           if (!contextMenu || !isUserInstalledEntry(contextMenu.app)) {
diff --git a/src/lib/apps/openAppUpdate.ts b/src/lib/apps/openAppUpdate.ts
index 94000de46..f481f183c 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/openAppUpdate.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/openAppUpdate.ts
@@ -1,13 +1,5 @@
 import { commands } from '@/bindings';
 
-export async function openAppUpdateReview(appId: string) {
-  return await commands.appsStartSystemApp({
-    kind: 'appUpdate',
-    mode: 'reviewUpdate',
-    appId,
-  });
-}
-
 export async function openAppPermissionsReview(appId: string) {
   return await commands.appsStartSystemApp({
     kind: 'appUpdate',
diff --git a/src/pages/Apps.tsx b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
index c4de86869..c7b2d4b13 100644
--- a/src/pages/Apps.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
@@ -16,8 +16,6 @@ import { AppHost } from '@/components/apps/AppHost';
 import { AppsLaunchpad } from '@/components/apps/AppsLaunchpad';
 import { SystemAppModalLayer } from '@/components/apps/SystemAppModalLayer';
 
-import { openAppUpdateReview } from '@/lib/apps/openAppUpdate.ts';
-
 export function Apps() {
   const [workspaceActive, setWorkspaceActive] = useState(false);
 
@@ -263,15 +261,7 @@ export function Apps() {
                 if (!activeAppId) {
                   return;
                 }
-
-                if (activePendingUpdate.kind === 'requiresReview') {
-                  void openAppUpdateReview(activeAppId);
-                  return;
-                }
-
-                if (activePendingUpdate.kind === 'readyToApply') {
-                  void handleApplyActiveUpdate();
-                }
+                void handleApplyActiveUpdate();
               }}
             >
               {activeUpdateActivity.kind === 'applying'

From 62d4380f9304ffd1eadd117ab51511a3613bc2b9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sun, 10 May 2026 02:06:23 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 398/471] Update wording for app update context menu option to
 "Review update" for clarity

---
 src/components/apps/AppsLaunchpadContextMenu.tsx | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/components/apps/AppsLaunchpadContextMenu.tsx b/src/components/apps/AppsLaunchpadContextMenu.tsx
index bc9ed1827..ba6a14cb6 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/AppsLaunchpadContextMenu.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/AppsLaunchpadContextMenu.tsx
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ export function AppsLaunchpadContextMenu({
     ? isRunning
       ? 'Update and reopen'
       : 'Update'
-    : 'Update issue';
+    : 'Review update';
 
   return (
     <>

From dc80bc08dadb5fd0b9a5356dc002b2f35d644650 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sun, 10 May 2026 02:14:08 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 399/471] Add `AppUpdateLockGuard` for concurrent app update
 management

- Introduced `AppUpdateLockGuard` to prevent multiple updates for the same app from occurring simultaneously.
- Added `app_update_locks` to `AppsHostState` using `RwLock<HashSet<String>>` for tracking ongoing app updates.
- Implemented `try_begin_app_update` to handle update lock acquisition with error handling.
- Added `Drop` implementation for `AppUpdateLockGuard` to release locks automatically when the guard is dropped.
- Updated `apply_app_update_inner` logic to leverage the new lock mechanism.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/host.rs                  | 26 ++++++++++++++++++-
 .../sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/logic.rs   |  4 +++
 2 files changed, 29 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/host.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/host.rs
index d836467af..2cae8f420 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/host.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/host.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use sage::Sage;
 use sage_api::ErrorKind;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
-use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
 use std::fmt;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use tokio::sync::Mutex;
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ pub type AppState = Arc<Mutex<Sage>>;
 #[derive(Debug, Default)]
 pub struct AppsHostState {
     pub app_operation_locks: RwLock<HashMap<String, Arc<Mutex<()>>>>,
+    pub app_update_locks: RwLock<HashSet<String>>,
     pub runtime: AppRuntimeState,
     pub bridge: BridgeState,
     pub sandbox: SandboxStateStore,
@@ -35,6 +36,17 @@ impl AppsHostState {
             .or_insert_with(|| Arc::new(Mutex::new(())))
             .clone()
     }
+
+    pub fn try_begin_app_update(&self, app_id: &str) -> anyhow::Result<AppUpdateLockGuard<'_>> {
+        let mut locks = self.app_update_locks.write();
+        if !locks.insert(app_id.to_string()) {
+            anyhow::bail!("app update already in progress for {app_id}");
+        }
+        Ok(AppUpdateLockGuard {
+            state: self,
+            app_id: app_id.to_string(),
+        })
+    }
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
@@ -53,6 +65,12 @@ pub struct AppsEnvironmentThemeState {
     pub current: Mutex<Option<EnvironmentThemeView>>,
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct AppUpdateLockGuard<'a> {
+    state: &'a AppsHostState,
+    app_id: String,
+}
+
 impl From<sage::Error> for SageAppsError {
     fn from(error: sage::Error) -> Self {
         Self {
@@ -89,6 +107,12 @@ impl From<anyhow::Error> for SageAppsError {
     }
 }
 
+impl Drop for AppUpdateLockGuard<'_> {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        self.state.app_update_locks.write().remove(&self.app_id);
+    }
+}
+
 impl fmt::Display for SageAppsError {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         write!(f, "{}", self.reason)
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/logic.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/logic.rs
index 4679c80bb..4d7a7293b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/logic.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/logic.rs
@@ -91,6 +91,10 @@ pub(crate) async fn apply_app_update_inner(
     app_id: &str,
     additional_granted_permissions_input: Option<SageGrantedPermissionsInput>,
 ) -> Result<SageAppView> {
+    let _update_guard = apps_state
+        .try_begin_app_update(app_id)
+        .map_err(io::Error::other)?;
+
     let preflight = preflight_apply_app_update(app_handle, apps_state, app_id).await?;
 
     if preflight.should_review && additional_granted_permissions_input.is_none() {

From 4714bd1e0af32906dd3d67e0e75d1a20a48402df Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sun, 10 May 2026 02:21:58 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 400/471] Remove `PendingUpdateActivity` and related logic

- Eliminated `PendingUpdateActivity` type and state management from `AppsContext`.
- Updated components (`AppsLaunchpad`, `Apps`) to remove references to now-deprecated `PendingUpdateActivity`.
- Streamlined app update logic by consolidating state management and removing unnecessary callbacks.
---
 .../sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/logic.rs   |  1 -
 src/components/apps/AppsLaunchpad.tsx         | 25 ++----------
 src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx                  | 39 -------------------
 src/pages/Apps.tsx                            | 19 +--------
 4 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 78 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/logic.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/logic.rs
index 4d7a7293b..50b70367f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/logic.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/logic.rs
@@ -69,7 +69,6 @@ pub(super) async fn check_app_update_inner(
             return Ok(Some(preview));
         }
     };
-    println!("Pending update prepared for {app_id}, Update: {pending_update:?}");
 
     app.try_mutate(|sage_app| {
         sage_app
diff --git a/src/components/apps/AppsLaunchpad.tsx b/src/components/apps/AppsLaunchpad.tsx
index 3b7160bbc..ed4d99222 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/AppsLaunchpad.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/AppsLaunchpad.tsx
@@ -113,8 +113,6 @@ export function AppsLaunchpad() {
     uninstallApp,
     clearAppStorage,
     pendingUpdates,
-    pendingUpdateActivity,
-    setPendingUpdateActivity,
     busyAppIds,
     getLaunchGate,
   } = useApps();
@@ -137,21 +135,14 @@ export function AppsLaunchpad() {
     ? (pendingUpdates[contextMenuAppId] ?? { kind: 'none' as const })
     : { kind: 'none' as const };
 
-  const contextMenuUpdateActivity = contextMenuAppId
-    ? (pendingUpdateActivity[contextMenuAppId] ?? { kind: 'idle' as const })
-    : { kind: 'idle' as const };
-
   const contextMenuBusy = contextMenuAppId
-    ? (busyAppIds[contextMenuAppId] ?? false) ||
-      contextMenuUpdateActivity.kind === 'applying'
+    ? (busyAppIds[contextMenuAppId] ?? false)
     : false;
 
   const contextMenuCheckState =
-    contextMenuUpdateActivity.kind === 'checking'
-      ? 'checking'
-      : contextMenuAppId
-        ? (updateCheckStateByAppId[contextMenuAppId] ?? 'idle')
-        : 'idle';
+    contextMenuAppId
+      ? (updateCheckStateByAppId[contextMenuAppId] ?? 'idle')
+      : 'idle';
 
   const contextMenuAppIsRunning = contextMenuAppId
     ? runningAppIds.has(contextMenuAppId)
@@ -189,8 +180,6 @@ export function AppsLaunchpad() {
   }, []);
 
   async function handleCheckForUpdate(appId: string) {
-    setPendingUpdateActivity(appId, { kind: 'checking' });
-
     setUpdateCheckStateByAppId((prev) => ({
       ...prev,
       [appId]: 'idle',
@@ -219,14 +208,10 @@ export function AppsLaunchpad() {
         ...prev,
         [appId]: `Update check failed: ${message}`,
       }));
-    } finally {
-      setPendingUpdateActivity(appId, { kind: 'idle' });
     }
   }
 
   async function handleApplyUpdate(appId: string) {
-    setPendingUpdateActivity(appId, { kind: 'applying' });
-
     setClearDataErrorByAppId((prev) => ({
       ...prev,
       [appId]: null,
@@ -239,8 +224,6 @@ export function AppsLaunchpad() {
 
       console.error('applyAppUpdate failed:', err);
 
-      setPendingUpdateActivity(appId, { kind: 'idle' });
-
       setClearDataErrorByAppId((prev) => ({
         ...prev,
         [appId]: `Update failed: ${message}`,
diff --git a/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx b/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
index 424d46c6e..c3dee792e 100644
--- a/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
+++ b/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
@@ -31,11 +31,6 @@ export type PendingUpdateStatusView =
   | { kind: 'readyToApply' }
   | { kind: 'requiresReview' };
 
-export type PendingUpdateActivity =
-  | { kind: 'idle' }
-  | { kind: 'checking' }
-  | { kind: 'applying' };
-
 interface RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent {
   type: 'runtimeManager.runtimesChanged';
   payload: {
@@ -94,7 +89,6 @@ interface AppsContextValue {
   error: string | null;
   busyAppIds: Record<string, boolean>;
   pendingUpdates: Record<string, PendingUpdateStatusView>;
-  pendingUpdateActivity: Record<string, PendingUpdateActivity>;
   sandboxState: SandboxStateView | null;
   launchGatesByAppId: Record<string, AppLaunchGateResult>;
 
@@ -108,10 +102,6 @@ interface AppsContextValue {
   refreshRuntimes: () => Promise<void>;
   refreshLaunchGates: (listed: ListedSageAppView[]) => Promise<void>;
   setBusy: (appId: string, busy: boolean) => void;
-  setPendingUpdateActivity: (
-    appId: string,
-    activity: PendingUpdateActivity,
-  ) => void;
 
   uninstallApp: (appId: string) => Promise<void>;
   clearAppStorage: (appId: string) => Promise<void>;
@@ -172,10 +162,6 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
     Record<string, PendingUpdateStatusView>
   >({});
 
-  const [pendingUpdateActivity, setPendingUpdateActivityState] = useState<
-    Record<string, PendingUpdateActivity>
-  >({});
-
   const [sandboxState, setSandboxState] = useState<SandboxStateView | null>(
     null,
   );
@@ -309,11 +295,6 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
                   ...prev,
                   [runtimeEvent.payload.appId]: runtimeEvent.payload.status,
                 }));
-
-                setPendingUpdateActivityState((prev) => ({
-                  ...prev,
-                  [runtimeEvent.payload.appId]: { kind: 'idle' },
-                }));
                 break;
             }
           },
@@ -408,16 +389,6 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
     setBusyAppIds((prev) => ({ ...prev, [appId]: busy }));
   }, []);
 
-  const setPendingUpdateActivity = useCallback(
-    (appId: string, activity: PendingUpdateActivity) => {
-      setPendingUpdateActivityState((prev) => ({
-        ...prev,
-        [appId]: activity,
-      }));
-    },
-    [],
-  );
-
   const uninstallApp = useCallback(
     async (appId: string) => {
       setBusy(appId, true);
@@ -431,12 +402,6 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
           ),
         );
 
-        setPendingUpdateActivityState((prev) =>
-          Object.fromEntries(
-            Object.entries(prev).filter(([key]) => key !== appId),
-          ),
-        );
-
         setLaunchGatesByAppId((prev) =>
           Object.fromEntries(
             Object.entries(prev).filter(([key]) => key !== appId),
@@ -467,7 +432,6 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
       error,
       busyAppIds,
       pendingUpdates,
-      pendingUpdateActivity,
       sandboxState,
       launchGatesByAppId,
 
@@ -481,7 +445,6 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
       refreshRuntimes,
       refreshLaunchGates,
       setBusy,
-      setPendingUpdateActivity,
 
       uninstallApp,
       clearAppStorage,
@@ -495,7 +458,6 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
       error,
       busyAppIds,
       pendingUpdates,
-      pendingUpdateActivity,
       sandboxState,
       launchGatesByAppId,
       getApp,
@@ -507,7 +469,6 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
       refreshRuntimes,
       refreshLaunchGates,
       setBusy,
-      setPendingUpdateActivity,
       uninstallApp,
       clearAppStorage,
       activeTaskbarRuntime,
diff --git a/src/pages/Apps.tsx b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
index c7b2d4b13..ba31d2923 100644
--- a/src/pages/Apps.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
@@ -49,8 +49,6 @@ export function Apps() {
     getApp,
     getListedApp,
     pendingUpdates,
-    pendingUpdateActivity,
-    setPendingUpdateActivity,
     busyAppIds,
     activeTaskbarRuntime,
   } = useApps();
@@ -130,13 +128,8 @@ export function Apps() {
     ? (pendingUpdates[activeAppId] ?? { kind: 'none' as const })
     : { kind: 'none' as const };
 
-  const activeUpdateActivity = activeAppId
-    ? (pendingUpdateActivity[activeAppId] ?? { kind: 'idle' as const })
-    : { kind: 'idle' as const };
-
   const activeBusy = activeAppId
-    ? (busyAppIds[activeAppId] ?? false) ||
-      activeUpdateActivity.kind === 'applying'
+    ? (busyAppIds[activeAppId] ?? false)
     : false;
 
   const activeManifest = activeApp?.common.activeSnapshot.manifest;
@@ -187,16 +180,10 @@ export function Apps() {
       return;
     }
 
-    setPendingUpdateActivity(activeAppId, { kind: 'applying' });
-
     try {
       await commands.applyAppUpdate(activeAppId);
     } catch (err) {
       console.error('Failed to apply app update:', err);
-
-      setPendingUpdateActivity(activeAppId, {
-        kind: 'idle',
-      });
     }
   }
 
@@ -264,9 +251,7 @@ export function Apps() {
                 void handleApplyActiveUpdate();
               }}
             >
-              {activeUpdateActivity.kind === 'applying'
-                ? 'Applying...'
-                : activePendingUpdate.kind === 'requiresReview'
+              {activePendingUpdate.kind === 'requiresReview'
                   ? 'Review update'
                   : 'Apply update'}
             </Button>

From 9bd43b3d3efd2917eb65ffbea220647ca372bb8a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sun, 10 May 2026 04:34:02 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 401/471] Refactor codebase for mobile compatibility and plugin
 updates:

- Updated `@tauri-apps/plugin-dialog` and `@tauri-apps/plugin-fs` dependencies to latest versions.
- Introduced `#[cfg(not(mobile))]` checks to conditionally include desktop-specific logic for sandbox and app handling.
- Refactored app commands and runtime initialization to support mobile platforms.
- Adapted UI navigation in `Nav` component to hide apps menu on mobile.
- Adjusted `Cargo.toml` and build dependencies for platform-specific builds.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/storage.rs |   2 +
 package.json                    |   4 +-
 pnpm-lock.yaml                  |  29 ++++---
 src-tauri/Cargo.toml            |   6 +-
 src-tauri/src/app_state.rs      |   6 +-
 src-tauri/src/commands.rs       |  14 +++-
 src-tauri/src/lib.rs            | 135 +++++++++++++++++++-------------
 src/App.tsx                     |  13 ++-
 src/components/Nav.tsx          |  17 ++--
 9 files changed, 143 insertions(+), 83 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/storage.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/storage.rs
index 872f98078..a145569f7 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/storage.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/storage.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
+use std::path::PathBuf;
 use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, PendingStorageCleanupTarget};
 
 #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index 7d9749b1f..02039a9ad 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -58,8 +58,8 @@
     "@tauri-apps/plugin-barcode-scanner": "^2.4.4",
     "@tauri-apps/plugin-biometric": "^2.3.2",
     "@tauri-apps/plugin-clipboard-manager": "^2.3.2",
-    "@tauri-apps/plugin-dialog": "~2.4.2",
-    "@tauri-apps/plugin-fs": "~2.4.5",
+    "@tauri-apps/plugin-dialog": "~2.7.1",
+    "@tauri-apps/plugin-fs": "~2.5.1",
     "@tauri-apps/plugin-opener": "^2.5.3",
     "@tauri-apps/plugin-os": "^2.3.2",
     "@use-gesture/react": "^10.3.1",
diff --git a/pnpm-lock.yaml b/pnpm-lock.yaml
index ed0a503bf..23e8d25e3 100644
--- a/pnpm-lock.yaml
+++ b/pnpm-lock.yaml
@@ -105,11 +105,11 @@ importers:
         specifier: ^2.3.2
         version: 2.3.2
       '@tauri-apps/plugin-dialog':
-        specifier: ~2.4.2
-        version: 2.4.2
+        specifier: ~2.7.1
+        version: 2.7.1
       '@tauri-apps/plugin-fs':
-        specifier: ~2.4.5
-        version: 2.4.5
+        specifier: ~2.5.1
+        version: 2.5.1
       '@tauri-apps/plugin-opener':
         specifier: ^2.5.3
         version: 2.5.3
@@ -1756,6 +1756,9 @@ packages:
   '@tauri-apps/api@2.10.1':
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-hKL/jWf293UDSUN09rR69hrToyIXBb8CjGaWC7gfinvnQrBVvnLr08FeFi38gxtugAVyVcTa5/FD/Xnkb1siBw==}
 
+  '@tauri-apps/api@2.11.0':
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-7CinYODhky9lmO23xHnUFv0Xt43fbtWMyxZcLcRBlFkcgXKuEirBvHpmtJ89YMhyeGcq20Wuc47Fa4XjyniywA==}
+
   '@tauri-apps/cli-darwin-arm64@2.10.0':
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-avqHD4HRjrMamE/7R/kzJPcAJnZs0IIS+1nkDP5b+TNBn3py7N2aIo9LIpy+VQq0AkN8G5dDpZtOOBkmWt/zjA==}
     engines: {node: '>= 10'}
@@ -1836,11 +1839,11 @@ packages:
   '@tauri-apps/plugin-clipboard-manager@2.3.2':
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-CUlb5Hqi2oZbcZf4VUyUH53XWPPdtpw43EUpCza5HWZJwxEoDowFzNUDt1tRUXA8Uq+XPn17Ysfptip33sG4eQ==}
 
-  '@tauri-apps/plugin-dialog@2.4.2':
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-lNIn5CZuw8WZOn8zHzmFmDSzg5zfohWoa3mdULP0YFh/VogVdMVWZPcWSHlydsiJhRQYaTNSYKN7RmZKE2lCYQ==}
+  '@tauri-apps/plugin-dialog@2.7.1':
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-OK1UBXYt+ojcmxMktzzuyonYIFta8CmAASpX+CA+DTGK24KlHjhYI6x2iOJ/TjZF4N7/ACK1oFmEOjIY9IhzOQ==}
 
-  '@tauri-apps/plugin-fs@2.4.5':
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-dVxWWGE6VrOxC7/jlhyE+ON/Cc2REJlM35R3PJX3UvFw2XwYhLGQVAIyrehenDdKjotipjYEVc4YjOl3qq90fA==}
+  '@tauri-apps/plugin-fs@2.5.1':
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-9Lz+Jopp6QyeEWhlpkMx4R/+P9HgR+AVAI4vOZhlT8Xaymtz8iVI/Ov984/XTqgJz/5gz5NretqPB/XEMS3NhQ==}
 
   '@tauri-apps/plugin-opener@2.5.3':
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-CCcUltXMOfUEArbf3db3kCE7Ggy1ExBEBl51Ko2ODJ6GDYHRp1nSNlQm5uNCFY5k7/ufaK5Ib3Du/Zir19IYQQ==}
@@ -5400,6 +5403,8 @@ snapshots:
 
   '@tauri-apps/api@2.10.1': {}
 
+  '@tauri-apps/api@2.11.0': {}
+
   '@tauri-apps/cli-darwin-arm64@2.10.0':
     optional: true
 
@@ -5459,13 +5464,13 @@ snapshots:
     dependencies:
       '@tauri-apps/api': 2.10.1
 
-  '@tauri-apps/plugin-dialog@2.4.2':
+  '@tauri-apps/plugin-dialog@2.7.1':
     dependencies:
-      '@tauri-apps/api': 2.10.1
+      '@tauri-apps/api': 2.11.0
 
-  '@tauri-apps/plugin-fs@2.4.5':
+  '@tauri-apps/plugin-fs@2.5.1':
     dependencies:
-      '@tauri-apps/api': 2.10.1
+      '@tauri-apps/api': 2.11.0
 
   '@tauri-apps/plugin-opener@2.5.3':
     dependencies:
diff --git a/src-tauri/Cargo.toml b/src-tauri/Cargo.toml
index df3faa4dc..b01effa27 100644
--- a/src-tauri/Cargo.toml
+++ b/src-tauri/Cargo.toml
@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@ sage-api-macro = { workspace = true }
 sage-config = { workspace = true }
 sage-wallet = { workspace = true }
 sage-rpc = { workspace = true }
-sage-apps = { workspace = true }
 serde = { workspace = true, features = ["derive"] }
 tauri = { workspace = true, features = [] }
 tauri-specta = { workspace = true, features = ["derive", "typescript"] }
@@ -55,6 +54,7 @@ async-trait = "0.1.89"
 tempfile = "3"
 
 [target.'cfg(not(any(target_os = "android", target_os = "ios")))'.dependencies]
+sage-apps = { workspace = true }
 tauri-plugin-window-state = { workspace = true }
 tauri-plugin-dialog = "2"
 tauri-plugin-fs = "2"
@@ -67,8 +67,10 @@ tauri-plugin-sage = { workspace = true }
 
 [build-dependencies]
 tauri-build = { workspace = true, features = [] }
-sage-apps = { workspace = true }
 glob = { workspace = true }
 
+[target.'cfg(not(any(target_os = "android", target_os = "ios")))'.build-dependencies]
+sage-apps = { workspace = true }
+
 [package.metadata.cargo-machete]
 ignored = ["serde_json", "aws-lc-rs"]
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/app_state.rs b/src-tauri/src/app_state.rs
index 626903e7d..cabce5b04 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/app_state.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/app_state.rs
@@ -3,9 +3,12 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 use sage::{Result, Sage};
 use sage_api::SyncEvent as ApiEvent;
 use sage_wallet::SyncEvent;
-use tauri::{AppHandle, Emitter, Manager};
+use tauri::{AppHandle, Emitter};
 use tokio::{sync::Mutex, task::JoinHandle};
+#[cfg(not(mobile))]
 use sage_apps::{process_sage_network_change, AppsHostState};
+#[cfg(not(mobile))]
+use tauri::{Manager};
 
 pub struct Initialized(pub Mutex<bool>);
 
@@ -18,6 +21,7 @@ pub async fn initialize(app_handle: AppHandle, sage: &mut Sage) -> Result<()> {
 
     tokio::spawn(async move {
         while let Some(event) = receiver.recv().await {
+            #[cfg(not(mobile))]
             if let SyncEvent::NetworkChanged { .. } = &event {
                 let apps_state = app_handle.state::<AppsHostState>();
 
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/commands.rs b/src-tauri/src/commands.rs
index 64870aa55..016532255 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/commands.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/commands.rs
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ use reqwest::StatusCode;
 use sage::Error;
 use sage_api::{wallet_connect::*, *};
 use sage_api_macro::impl_endpoints_tauri;
+#[cfg(not(mobile))]
 use sage_apps::ensure_initial_sandbox_run;
 use sage_config::{NetworkConfig, Wallet, WalletDefaults};
 use sage_rpc::start_rpc;
@@ -159,9 +160,18 @@ pub async fn switch_wallet(app_handle: AppHandle, state: State<'_, AppState>) ->
         state.lock().await.switch_wallet().await?;
     }
 
-    if let Err(err) = ensure_initial_sandbox_run(app_handle).await {
-        eprintln!("failed to start initial sandbox run: {err}");
+    #[cfg(not(mobile))]
+    {
+        if let Err(err) = ensure_initial_sandbox_run(app_handle).await {
+            eprintln!("failed to start initial sandbox run: {err}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(mobile)]
+    {
+        let _ = app_handle;
     }
+
     Ok(())
 }
 
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
index 8fbb453a8..d4f125df8 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ use app_state::{AppState, Initialized, RpcTask};
 use rustls::crypto::aws_lc_rs::default_provider;
 use sage::Sage;
 use sage_api::SyncEvent;
-use sage_apps as apps;
 use tauri::Manager;
 use tauri_specta::{Builder, ErrorHandlingMode, collect_commands, collect_events};
 use tokio::sync::Mutex;
@@ -11,21 +10,20 @@ mod app_state;
 mod commands;
 mod error;
 
+#[cfg(not(mobile))]
+use sage_apps as apps;
+
+#[cfg(not(mobile))]
 use sage_apps::{
     AppsHostState, handle_system_app_protocol_request, handle_user_app_protocol_request,
 };
+
 #[cfg(all(debug_assertions, not(mobile)))]
 use specta_typescript::{BigIntExportBehavior, Typescript};
 
-#[cfg_attr(mobile, tauri::mobile_entry_point)]
-pub fn run() {
-    default_provider()
-        .install_default()
-        .expect("could not install AWS LC provider");
-
-    let builder = Builder::<tauri::Wry>::new()
-        .error_handling(ErrorHandlingMode::Throw)
-        .commands(collect_commands![
+macro_rules! sage_commands {
+    ($($extra_command:tt)*) => {
+        collect_commands![
             commands::initialize,
             commands::login,
             commands::logout,
@@ -145,6 +143,21 @@ pub fn run() {
             commands::get_logs,
             commands::is_asset_owned,
             commands::get_xch_usd_price,
+            $($extra_command)*
+        ]
+    };
+}
+
+#[cfg_attr(mobile, tauri::mobile_entry_point)]
+pub fn run() {
+    default_provider()
+        .install_default()
+        .expect("could not install AWS LC provider");
+
+    #[cfg(not(mobile))]
+    let builder = Builder::<tauri::Wry>::new()
+        .error_handling(ErrorHandlingMode::Throw)
+        .commands(sage_commands![
             apps::apps_enter_workspace,
             apps::apps_leave_workspace,
             apps::apps_invoke_bridge,
@@ -169,6 +182,12 @@ pub fn run() {
         ])
         .events(collect_events![SyncEvent]);
 
+    #[cfg(mobile)]
+    let builder = Builder::<tauri::Wry>::new()
+        .error_handling(ErrorHandlingMode::Throw)
+        .commands(sage_commands![])
+        .events(collect_events![SyncEvent]);
+
     #[cfg(all(debug_assertions, not(mobile)))]
     builder
         .export(
@@ -200,66 +219,70 @@ pub fn run() {
             .plugin(tauri_plugin_sage::init());
     }
 
-    tauri_builder
-        .register_asynchronous_uri_scheme_protocol(
-            "sage-app",
-            move |ctx, request, responder| {
-                let app_handle = ctx.app_handle().clone();
-                let webview_label = ctx.webview_label().to_string();
-                let request = request;
+    #[cfg(not(mobile))]
+    {
+        tauri_builder = tauri_builder
+            .register_asynchronous_uri_scheme_protocol(
+                "sage-app",
+                move |ctx, request, responder| {
+                    let app_handle = ctx.app_handle().clone();
+                    let webview_label = ctx.webview_label().to_string();
 
-                tauri::async_runtime::spawn(async move {
-                    let response = handle_user_app_protocol_request(
-                        app_handle,
-                        webview_label,
-                        request,
-                    )
-                        .await;
+                    tauri::async_runtime::spawn(async move {
+                        let response =
+                            handle_user_app_protocol_request(app_handle, webview_label, request)
+                                .await;
 
-                    responder.respond(response);
-                });
-            },
-        )
-        .register_asynchronous_uri_scheme_protocol(
-            "sage-system-app",
-            move |ctx, request, responder| {
-                let app_handle = ctx.app_handle().clone();
-                let webview_label = ctx.webview_label().to_string();
-                let request = request;
+                        responder.respond(response);
+                    });
+                },
+            )
+            .register_asynchronous_uri_scheme_protocol(
+                "sage-system-app",
+                move |ctx, request, responder| {
+                    let app_handle = ctx.app_handle().clone();
+                    let webview_label = ctx.webview_label().to_string();
 
-                tauri::async_runtime::spawn(async move {
-                    let response = handle_system_app_protocol_request(
-                        app_handle,
-                        webview_label,
-                        request,
-                    )
-                        .await;
+                    tauri::async_runtime::spawn(async move {
+                        let response =
+                            handle_system_app_protocol_request(app_handle, webview_label, request)
+                                .await;
 
-                    responder.respond(response);
-                });
-            },
-        )
+                        responder.respond(response);
+                    });
+                },
+            );
+    }
+
+    tauri_builder
         .invoke_handler(builder.invoke_handler())
         .setup(move |app| {
             builder.mount_events(app);
+
             let path = app.path().app_data_dir()?;
             let app_state = AppState::new(Mutex::new(Sage::new(&path, false)));
+
             app.manage(Initialized(Mutex::new(false)));
             app.manage(RpcTask(Mutex::new(None)));
             app.manage(app_state);
-            app.manage(AppsHostState::default());
 
-            apps::start_background_app_update_checker(app.handle().clone());
+            #[cfg(not(mobile))]
+            {
+                app.manage(AppsHostState::default());
+
+                apps::start_background_app_update_checker(app.handle().clone());
+
+                let app_handle = app.handle().clone();
+                let cleanup_base_path = path.clone();
 
-            let app_handle = app.handle().clone();
-            let cleanup_base_path = path.clone();
-            tauri::async_runtime::spawn(async move {
-                if let Err(err) =
-                    apps::process_pending_storage_cleanup(&app_handle, &cleanup_base_path).await
-                {
-                    eprintln!("failed to retry pending storage cleanup on startup: {err}");
-                }
-            });
+                tauri::async_runtime::spawn(async move {
+                    if let Err(err) =
+                        apps::process_pending_storage_cleanup(&app_handle, &cleanup_base_path).await
+                    {
+                        eprintln!("failed to retry pending storage cleanup on startup: {err}");
+                    }
+                });
+            }
 
             Ok(())
         })
diff --git a/src/App.tsx b/src/App.tsx
index 1443be656..2ec577815 100644
--- a/src/App.tsx
+++ b/src/App.tsx
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import { useEffect, useState } from 'react';
 import {
   createHashRouter,
   createRoutesFromElements,
+  Navigate,
   Route,
   RouterProvider,
 } from 'react-router-dom';
@@ -60,6 +61,7 @@ import Wallet from './pages/Wallet';
 import { AppsProvider } from '@/contexts/AppsContext.tsx';
 import { RustThemeSync } from '@/components/RustThemeSync.tsx';
 import { Apps } from '@/pages/Apps.tsx';
+import { platform } from '@tauri-apps/plugin-os';
 
 // Theme-aware toast container component
 function ThemeAwareToastContainer() {
@@ -90,6 +92,10 @@ function ThemeAwareToastContainer() {
   );
 }
 
+const currentPlatform = platform();
+const supportsSageApps =
+  currentPlatform !== 'android' && currentPlatform !== 'ios';
+
 const router = createHashRouter(
   createRoutesFromElements(
     <>
@@ -140,7 +146,12 @@ const router = createHashRouter(
         <Route path='' element={<Swap />} />
       </Route>
       <Route path='/apps' element={<Wallet />}>
-        <Route index element={<Apps />} />
+        <Route
+          index
+          element={
+            supportsSageApps ? <Apps /> : <Navigate to='/wallet' replace />
+          }
+        />
       </Route>
       <Route path='/settings' element={<Settings />} />
       <Route path='/scan' element={<QRScanner />} />
diff --git a/src/components/Nav.tsx b/src/components/Nav.tsx
index c5323f78d..2ac0e496b 100644
--- a/src/components/Nav.tsx
+++ b/src/components/Nav.tsx
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ export function TopNav({ isCollapsed }: NavProps) {
   const className = isCollapsed ? 'h-5 w-5' : 'h-4 w-4';
 
   const isIos = platform() === 'ios';
+  const isMobile = platform() === 'android' || isIos;
 
   return (
     <nav
@@ -111,13 +112,15 @@ export function TopNav({ isCollapsed }: NavProps) {
       >
         <ArrowDownUp className={className} />
       </NavLink>
-      <NavLink
-        url={'/apps'}
-        isCollapsed={isCollapsed}
-        message={<Trans>Apps</Trans>}
-      >
-        <Blocks className={className} aria-hidden='true' />
-      </NavLink>
+      {!isMobile && (
+        <NavLink
+          url={'/apps'}
+          isCollapsed={isCollapsed}
+          message={<Trans>Apps</Trans>}
+        >
+          <Blocks className={className} aria-hidden='true' />
+        </NavLink>
+      )}
     </nav>
   );
 }

From c7364bed20c4d2d4478e52784cfeea14f0329ee6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sun, 10 May 2026 17:52:47 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 402/471] Cargo fmt

---
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs       |  2 +-
 .../app_permissions/apply_permissions.rs      | 19 +++--
 .../app_permissions/get_review_context.rs     |  2 +-
 .../methods/system/app_update/events.rs       |  2 +-
 .../system/app_update/get_review_context.rs   | 16 ++--
 .../bridge/methods/system/app_update/mod.rs   |  4 +-
 .../app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs    | 12 ++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs     | 13 +++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs                   |  2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mod.rs         |  2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs   |  4 +-
 .../src/lifecycle/update/background.rs        | 16 ++--
 .../src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs          | 17 ++---
 .../sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/logic.rs   | 73 ++++++++-----------
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/mod.rs  |  4 +-
 .../src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs       | 58 +++++++--------
 .../sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/types.rs   | 15 +---
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs      |  7 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs       |  5 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs         | 20 +++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs  |  2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runner.rs        |  4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs       |  2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs     |  4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/storage.rs               |  2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs   | 11 +--
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/mod.rs    |  2 +-
 .../src/types/app/view/permission.rs          | 11 +--
 .../sage-apps/src/types/app/view/preview.rs   |  3 +-
 .../src/types/invariants/permission.rs        |  4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs             | 10 +--
 .../src/types/permissions/granted.rs          | 12 +--
 .../src/types/permissions/requested.rs        |  5 +-
 src-tauri/src/app_state.rs                    |  8 +-
 34 files changed, 175 insertions(+), 198 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
index 072f0582a..a268fa415 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@ use crate::bridge::bridge_request::{process, process_system};
 use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeInvokeResult, RustBridgeRequest};
 use crate::capabilities::user_registry;
 use crate::host::AppState;
-use tauri::{AppHandle, State, Webview};
 use crate::types::SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView;
+use tauri::{AppHandle, State, Webview};
 
 #[tauri::command]
 #[specta::specta]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_permissions/apply_permissions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_permissions/apply_permissions.rs
index e10aa2368..53b3c49ad 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_permissions/apply_permissions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_permissions/apply_permissions.rs
@@ -81,13 +81,18 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppPermissionsApplyPermissions {
 
         let app = resolved.clone_app_for_operation();
 
-        update_app_permissions_for_app(tools.app_handle, tools.host_state, &app, &granted_permissions)
-            .await
-            .map_err(|err| {
-                BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error(format!(
-                    "failed to update app permissions: {err}"
-                ))
-            })?;
+        update_app_permissions_for_app(
+            tools.app_handle,
+            tools.host_state,
+            &app,
+            &granted_permissions,
+        )
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| {
+            BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error(format!(
+                "failed to update app permissions: {err}"
+            ))
+        })?;
         update_app_wallet_scope_for_app(tools.app_handle, &app, params.wallet_scope)
             .await
             .map_err(|err| {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_permissions/get_review_context.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_permissions/get_review_context.rs
index e304cf03b..b4de1370f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_permissions/get_review_context.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_permissions/get_review_context.rs
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppPermissionsGetReviewContext {
                     params.app_id
                 ))
             })?;
-        
+
         let app = resolved
             .with_app(|app| {
                 app.with(|sage_app| match sage_app {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/events.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/events.rs
index 66e03e85e..818cc7d2d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/events.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/events.rs
@@ -54,5 +54,5 @@ pub(crate) async fn emit_pending_update_changed(
         apps_state,
         PendingUpdateChangedEvent { app_id, status },
     )
-        .await;
+    .await;
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/get_review_context.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/get_review_context.rs
index 65a177600..438cc54a4 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/get_review_context.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/get_review_context.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
 };
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
-use crate::lifecycle::update::logic::{preview_app_update, AppUpdatePreviewResult};
+use crate::lifecycle::update::logic::{AppUpdatePreviewResult, preview_app_update};
 use crate::runtime::resolve_app;
 use crate::types::{SageApp, SageAppUrlPreview, UserSageAppView};
 
@@ -80,14 +80,12 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppUpdateGetReviewContext {
                 ))
             })?;
 
-        let preview = match preview_app_update(&resolved)
-            .await
-            .map_err(|err| {
-                BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error(format!(
-                    "failed to check update for {}: {err}",
-                    params.app_id
-                ))
-            })? {
+        let preview = match preview_app_update(&resolved).await.map_err(|err| {
+            BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error(format!(
+                "failed to check update for {}: {err}",
+                params.app_id
+            ))
+        })? {
             AppUpdatePreviewResult::None => None,
             AppUpdatePreviewResult::AlreadyPending(preview)
             | AppUpdatePreviewResult::New(preview) => Some(preview),
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/mod.rs
index 002ac594b..de860095f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/mod.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 mod apply_update;
-mod get_review_context;
 mod events;
+mod get_review_context;
 
 pub(crate) use apply_update::{
     AppUpdateApplyUpdate, AppUpdateApplyUpdateParams, AppUpdateApplyUpdateResult,
 };
+pub(crate) use events::{PendingUpdateChangedEvent, emit_pending_update_changed};
 pub(crate) use get_review_context::{
     AppUpdateGetReviewContext, AppUpdateGetReviewContextParams, AppUpdateReviewContext,
 };
-pub(crate) use events::{PendingUpdateChangedEvent, emit_pending_update_changed};
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs
index 6f36114ac..e5e88ddbc 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs
@@ -11,9 +11,7 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::bridge::types::RustBridgeApprovalBody;
 use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest};
 use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
-use crate::lifecycle::update::permissions::{
-    grant_network_whitelist_entry,
-};
+use crate::lifecycle::update::permissions::grant_network_whitelist_entry;
 use crate::lifecycle::update::types::GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome;
 use crate::types::SageNetworkWhitelistEntry;
 
@@ -104,13 +102,13 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant {
             params.network_id.as_deref(),
             &params.entry,
         )
-            .await;
+        .await;
 
         let result = match grant_result {
             Ok(GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome::AlreadyGranted {
-                   entry,
-                   full_granted_network_whitelist,
-               }) => RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantResult {
+                entry,
+                full_granted_network_whitelist,
+            }) => RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantResult {
                 granted: true,
                 already_granted: Some(true),
                 entry,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
index 877c654d1..e3188f813 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,15 @@
-use crate::bridge::methods::system::{AppInstallInstallResult, AppInstallInstallUrlParams, AppInstallInstallZipParams, AppInstallPreviewUrlParams, AppInstallPreviewZipParams, AppPermissionsApplyPermissionsParams, AppPermissionsApplyPermissionsResult, AppPermissionsGetReviewContextParams, AppPermissionsReviewContext, AppUpdateApplyUpdateParams, AppUpdateApplyUpdateResult, AppUpdateGetReviewContextParams, AppUpdateReviewContext, BridgeApprovalsChangedEvent, DonationDetails, DonationGetDetailsParams, FileSystemSelectFileParams, FileSystemSelectFileResult, ListedAppsChangedEvent, PendingBridgeApprovalView, PendingUpdateChangedEvent, RuntimeManagerActiveTaskbarRuntimeChangedEvent, RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent, SandboxStateChangedEvent, SystemWalletView, WalletListWalletsResult};
+use crate::bridge::methods::system::{
+    AppInstallInstallResult, AppInstallInstallUrlParams, AppInstallInstallZipParams,
+    AppInstallPreviewUrlParams, AppInstallPreviewZipParams, AppPermissionsApplyPermissionsParams,
+    AppPermissionsApplyPermissionsResult, AppPermissionsGetReviewContextParams,
+    AppPermissionsReviewContext, AppUpdateApplyUpdateParams, AppUpdateApplyUpdateResult,
+    AppUpdateGetReviewContextParams, AppUpdateReviewContext, BridgeApprovalsChangedEvent,
+    DonationDetails, DonationGetDetailsParams, FileSystemSelectFileParams,
+    FileSystemSelectFileResult, ListedAppsChangedEvent, PendingBridgeApprovalView,
+    PendingUpdateChangedEvent, RuntimeManagerActiveTaskbarRuntimeChangedEvent,
+    RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent, SandboxStateChangedEvent, SystemWalletView,
+    WalletListWalletsResult,
+};
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::{
     app::{
         GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent, GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
index 731a25520..0f1fce012 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
@@ -42,8 +42,8 @@ pub use bridge::ts_exports::{export_system_bridge_typescript, export_user_bridge
 
 // Operations
 pub use lifecycle::{process_pending_storage_cleanup, start_background_app_update_checker};
+pub use runtime::process_sage_network_change;
 pub use sandbox::runner::ensure_initial_sandbox_run;
-pub use runtime::{process_sage_network_change};
 
 // Docs
 pub use build::docs::generate_docs;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mod.rs
index 8a07d62b7..9f2f541db 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mod.rs
@@ -14,5 +14,5 @@ pub use registry::*;
 pub use snapshot::*;
 pub use storage::*;
 
-pub use update::start_background_app_update_checker;
 pub(crate) use scope::ensure_app_is_enabled_for_scope;
+pub use update::start_background_app_update_checker;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs
index 8fa86bc2c..071dd61ef 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs
@@ -25,7 +25,9 @@ pub async fn uninstall_app(
     let resolved_app = match resolve_stopped_app(&app_handle, &app_id).await {
         Ok(app) => Some(app),
         Err(ResolveStoppedError::AppDirMissing) => {
-            tracing::error!("[uninstall_app] app dir missing/unresolvable {app_id}; removing dir only");
+            tracing::error!(
+                "[uninstall_app] app dir missing/unresolvable {app_id}; removing dir only"
+            );
             None
         }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/background.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/background.rs
index 6db7d347c..9fd125714 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/background.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/background.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
-use std::time::Duration;
 use futures::future::join_all;
+use std::time::Duration;
 
-use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
-use crate::{AppsHostState};
+use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::host::AppState;
-use crate::lifecycle::{apps_root, list_installed_apps_internal};
 use crate::lifecycle::update::logic::check_app_update_inner;
+use crate::lifecycle::{apps_root, list_installed_apps_internal};
 use crate::types::ListedSageApp;
+use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
 
 pub fn start_background_app_update_checker(app_handle: AppHandle) {
     tauri::async_runtime::spawn(async move {
@@ -55,10 +55,10 @@ async fn run_background_app_update_check(app_handle: &AppHandle) -> anyhow::Resu
 
             if let Err(err) = &result {
                 tracing::warn!(
-                error = %err,
-                app_id = %app_id,
-                "failed to check app update in background"
-            );
+                    error = %err,
+                    app_id = %app_id,
+                    "failed to check app update in background"
+                );
             }
 
             result
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
index 777d3f6ba..42727f02a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,9 @@
-use tauri::{command, AppHandle, State};
+use tauri::{AppHandle, State, command};
 
-use crate::host::Result;
-use crate::lifecycle::update::logic::{check_app_update_inner, apply_app_update_inner};
-use crate::types::{
-    SageAppUrlPreview, SageAppView,
-};
 use crate::AppsHostState;
+use crate::host::Result;
+use crate::lifecycle::update::logic::{apply_app_update_inner, check_app_update_inner};
+use crate::types::{SageAppUrlPreview, SageAppView};
 
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
@@ -24,10 +22,5 @@ pub async fn apply_app_update(
     apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: String,
 ) -> Result<SageAppView> {
-    apply_app_update_inner(
-        &app_handle,
-        &apps_state,
-        &app_id,
-        None,
-    ).await
+    apply_app_update_inner(&app_handle, &apps_state, &app_id, None).await
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/logic.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/logic.rs
index 50b70367f..6bbe9caf3 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/logic.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/logic.rs
@@ -1,21 +1,18 @@
+use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::bridge::methods::system::emit_pending_update_changed;
-use crate::host::{Result};
-use crate::lifecycle::{
-    download_url_snapshot, fetch_url_manifest, fetch_url_manifest_preview,
-};
+use crate::host::Result;
+use crate::lifecycle::{download_url_snapshot, fetch_url_manifest, fetch_url_manifest_preview};
+use crate::runtime::commands::CreateInstalledRuntimeArgs;
+use crate::runtime::start::start_user_app;
+use crate::runtime::webview_locator::get_sage_window;
 use crate::runtime::{find_active_taskbar_runtime, resolve_app, start_app_update_runtime};
 use crate::types::{
     ResolvedApp, SageApp, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppUrlPreview, SageAppView,
-    SageGrantedPermissionsInput, SharedSageApp, UserSageAppPendingUpdate,
-    UserSageAppSource,
+    SageGrantedPermissionsInput, SharedSageApp, UserSageAppPendingUpdate, UserSageAppSource,
 };
-use crate::AppsHostState;
 use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 use std::io;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
-use crate::runtime::commands::CreateInstalledRuntimeArgs;
-use crate::runtime::start::start_user_app;
-use crate::runtime::webview_locator::get_sage_window;
 
 pub(crate) enum AppUpdatePreviewResult {
     None,
@@ -41,7 +38,7 @@ pub(super) async fn check_app_update_inner(
                     .set_pending_update(None)
                     .map_err(|err| err.to_string())
             })
-                .map_err(io::Error::other)?;
+            .map_err(io::Error::other)?;
 
             emit_pending_update_changed(app_handle, apps_state, &app).await;
 
@@ -75,7 +72,7 @@ pub(super) async fn check_app_update_inner(
             .set_pending_update(pending_update)
             .map_err(|err| err.to_string())
     })
-        .map_err(io::Error::other)?;
+    .map_err(io::Error::other)?;
 
     tracing::info!(app_id = %app_id, "app update prepared successfully");
 
@@ -104,7 +101,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn apply_app_update_inner(
             None,
             "failed to start app update review runtime",
         )
-            .await;
+        .await;
 
         let resolved = resolve_app(app_handle, app_id).await.map_err(|err| {
             io::Error::other(format!("failed to read installed app {app_id}: {err}"))
@@ -121,19 +118,19 @@ pub(crate) async fn apply_app_update_inner(
         preflight.pending,
         additional_granted_permissions_input,
     )
-        .await?;
+    .await?;
 
     emit_pending_update_changed(app_handle, apps_state, &app).await;
 
     if reopen_after_update.should_reopen
         && let Err(err) = start_user_app(
-        app_handle,
-        apps_state,
-        CreateInstalledRuntimeArgs {
-            app_id: app_id.to_string(),
-            focus: Some(reopen_after_update.should_focus),
-        },
-    )
+            app_handle,
+            apps_state,
+            CreateInstalledRuntimeArgs {
+                app_id: app_id.to_string(),
+                focus: Some(reopen_after_update.should_focus),
+            },
+        )
         .await
     {
         tracing::error!(
@@ -147,9 +144,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn apply_app_update_inner(
     Ok(app.into())
 }
 
-pub(crate) async fn preview_app_update(
-    app: &ResolvedApp,
-) -> Result<AppUpdatePreviewResult> {
+pub(crate) async fn preview_app_update(app: &ResolvedApp) -> Result<AppUpdatePreviewResult> {
     let shared_sage_app = app.clone_app_for_operation();
 
     let deps = shared_sage_app.with(|app| match app {
@@ -282,9 +277,9 @@ async fn preflight_apply_app_update(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: &str,
 ) -> Result<ApplyAppUpdatePreflight> {
-    let resolved = resolve_app(app_handle, app_id).await.map_err(|err| {
-        io::Error::other(format!("failed to read installed app {app_id}: {err}"))
-    })?;
+    let resolved = resolve_app(app_handle, app_id)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to read installed app {app_id}: {err}")))?;
 
     let pending = resolved.with_app(|app| {
         app.try_with(|sage_app| {
@@ -353,8 +348,8 @@ async fn execute_app_update(
         pending.manifest(),
         pending.manifest_hash(),
     )
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to download update snapshot: {err}")))?;
+    .await
+    .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to download update snapshot: {err}")))?;
 
     resolved
         .try_with_app(|app| {
@@ -389,10 +384,9 @@ impl ReopenAfterUpdate {
         apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
         app_id: &str,
     ) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
-        let should_reopen =
-            crate::runtime::find_runtime_by_app_id_optional(apps_state, app_id)
-                .await
-                .is_some();
+        let should_reopen = crate::runtime::find_runtime_by_app_id_optional(apps_state, app_id)
+            .await
+            .is_some();
 
         if !should_reopen {
             return Ok(Self {
@@ -401,15 +395,10 @@ impl ReopenAfterUpdate {
             });
         }
 
-        let sage_window = get_sage_window(app_handle)
-            .map_err(|err| anyhow::anyhow!(err))?;
-        let active_taskbar_runtime = find_active_taskbar_runtime(
-            apps_state,
-            sage_window.label(),
-        )
-            .await;
-        let should_focus = active_taskbar_runtime
-            .is_some_and(|runtime| runtime.app_id() == app_id);
+        let sage_window = get_sage_window(app_handle).map_err(|err| anyhow::anyhow!(err))?;
+        let active_taskbar_runtime =
+            find_active_taskbar_runtime(apps_state, sage_window.label()).await;
+        let should_focus = active_taskbar_runtime.is_some_and(|runtime| runtime.app_id() == app_id);
 
         Ok(Self {
             should_reopen: true,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/mod.rs
index 456b64d04..ecf7a1479 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/mod.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
+mod background;
 pub mod commands;
+pub mod logic;
 pub mod permissions;
 pub mod scope;
 pub mod types;
-pub mod logic;
-mod background;
 
 pub use background::start_background_app_update_checker;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
index 55277916c..7f2a4e0cc 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 use std::path::Path;
 
+use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::bridge::emit_user_runtime_event_to_app_id;
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::{
     GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent, GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent,
@@ -12,7 +13,6 @@ use crate::runtime::{reload_app_runtime, resolve_app};
 use crate::types::{SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SharedSageApp};
 use anyhow::Context;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
-use crate::AppsHostState;
 
 pub async fn update_app_permissions_for_app(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
@@ -45,23 +45,15 @@ pub async fn grant_network_whitelist_entry(
     network_id: Option<&str>,
     entry: &SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
 ) -> anyhow::Result<GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome> {
-    let update = grant_network_whitelist_entry_internal(
-        app_handle,
-        apps_state,
-        app_id,
-        network_id,
-        entry,
-    )
-        .await?;
+    let update =
+        grant_network_whitelist_entry_internal(app_handle, apps_state, app_id, network_id, entry)
+            .await?;
 
     Ok(GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome::from_update(
-        network_id,
-        entry,
-        &update,
+        network_id, entry, &update,
     ))
 }
 
-
 async fn grant_capability_internal(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
@@ -89,24 +81,22 @@ async fn grant_network_whitelist_entry_internal(
 ) -> anyhow::Result<AppUpdateResult> {
     let app = resolve_app_for_permission_update(app_handle, app_id).await?;
 
-    let granted_permissions = app.try_with(|sage_app| {
-        match network_id {
-            Some(network_id) => sage_app
-                .common()
-                .granted_permissions()
-                .with_network_whitelist_entry_for_network_added(
-                    sage_app.common().requested_permissions(),
-                    network_id,
-                    entry.clone(),
-                ),
-            None => sage_app
-                .common()
-                .granted_permissions()
-                .with_network_whitelist_entry_added(
-                    sage_app.common().requested_permissions(),
-                    entry.clone(),
-                ),
-        }
+    let granted_permissions = app.try_with(|sage_app| match network_id {
+        Some(network_id) => sage_app
+            .common()
+            .granted_permissions()
+            .with_network_whitelist_entry_for_network_added(
+                sage_app.common().requested_permissions(),
+                network_id,
+                entry.clone(),
+            ),
+        None => sage_app
+            .common()
+            .granted_permissions()
+            .with_network_whitelist_entry_added(
+                sage_app.common().requested_permissions(),
+                entry.clone(),
+            ),
     })?;
 
     apply_granted_permissions(app_handle, apps_state, &app, &granted_permissions).await
@@ -136,7 +126,11 @@ async fn apply_granted_permissions(
     if update_result.change().network_changed() {
         reload_app_runtime(app_handle, apps_state, &app.id())
             .await
-            .map_err(|err| anyhow::anyhow!("failed to reload app runtime after network permission change: {err}"))?;
+            .map_err(|err| {
+                anyhow::anyhow!(
+                    "failed to reload app runtime after network permission change: {err}"
+                )
+            })?;
     }
 
     Ok(update_result)
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/types.rs
index 157ea553b..a85305d25 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/types.rs
@@ -211,15 +211,9 @@ impl GrantedNetworkWhitelistByNetworkChange {
         let mut full = BTreeMap::new();
 
         for network_id in network_ids {
-            let previous_entries = previous
-                .get(&network_id)
-                .cloned()
-                .unwrap_or_default();
+            let previous_entries = previous.get(&network_id).cloned().unwrap_or_default();
 
-            let next_entries = next
-                .get(&network_id)
-                .cloned()
-                .unwrap_or_default();
+            let next_entries = next.get(&network_id).cloned().unwrap_or_default();
 
             let removed_entries = previous_entries
                 .difference(&next_entries)
@@ -240,10 +234,7 @@ impl GrantedNetworkWhitelistByNetworkChange {
             }
 
             if !next_entries.is_empty() {
-                full.insert(
-                    network_id,
-                    next_entries.into_iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-                );
+                full.insert(network_id, next_entries.into_iter().collect::<Vec<_>>());
             }
         }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs
index dc249d1fc..7cfab534b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs
@@ -11,10 +11,9 @@ use crate::runtime::stop::SystemKillRuntimeResult;
 use crate::runtime::webview_locator::get_webview_in_sage_window;
 use crate::runtime::workspace::{enter_apps_workspace, leave_apps_workspace};
 use crate::runtime::{
-    RuntimeTargetParams, SageAppRuntimeRecordView,
-    clear_active_taskbar_runtime, focus_taskbar_runtime, kill_taskbar_runtime,
-    start_app_install_runtime, start_app_update_runtime, start_donation_runtime,
-    start_sandbox_tests_runtime,
+    RuntimeTargetParams, SageAppRuntimeRecordView, clear_active_taskbar_runtime,
+    focus_taskbar_runtime, kill_taskbar_runtime, start_app_install_runtime,
+    start_app_update_runtime, start_donation_runtime, start_sandbox_tests_runtime,
 };
 
 #[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Type)]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
index 3f9b8f69a..3b8796ba7 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use crate::runtime::events::{
     emit_active_taskbar_runtime_changed, emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed,
 };
 use crate::runtime::state::{find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional, list_runtimes};
-use crate::runtime::stop::{kill_runtime_inner};
+use crate::runtime::stop::kill_runtime_inner;
 use crate::runtime::webview_locator::{get_sage_window, get_webview_in_sage_window};
 use crate::runtime::workspace::ensure_apps_workspace_active;
 use crate::runtime::{
@@ -278,7 +278,8 @@ async fn kill_all_user_runtimes(
 
         if should_kill {
             kill_runtime_inner(app_handle, apps_state, &app_id, "kill-all", &mut changes)
-                .await.map_err(|err| err.to_string())?;
+                .await
+                .map_err(|err| err.to_string())?;
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
index c6908d0b6..4b106b2dd 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
@@ -4,20 +4,24 @@ use specta::Type;
 use tauri::webview::NewWindowResponse;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, LogicalPosition, LogicalSize, State, WebviewBuilder, WebviewUrl, Wry};
 
+use crate::runtime::commands::CreateInstalledRuntimeArgs;
+use crate::runtime::events::emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed;
+use crate::runtime::manager::sync_modal_runtime_visibility;
 use crate::runtime::state::{
     SageAppRuntimeRecord, remove_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id, remove_runtime_by_runtime_id,
     remove_runtime_id_by_app_id, write_impostor_runtime, write_runtime,
 };
 use crate::runtime::webview_locator::{get_sage_window, get_webview_in_sage_window};
-use crate::runtime::{SageAppRuntimeImpostorKind, SageAppRuntimeImpostorRecord, SageAppRuntimeMode, SageAppRuntimeVisibility, SharedImpostorRuntime, SharedRuntime, build_entry_src, build_entry_src_for, is_allowed_app_url, resolve_app, RuntimeChangeSet, SageAppRuntimeRecordView, focus_taskbar_runtime};
+use crate::runtime::{
+    RuntimeChangeSet, SageAppRuntimeImpostorKind, SageAppRuntimeImpostorRecord, SageAppRuntimeMode,
+    SageAppRuntimeRecordView, SageAppRuntimeVisibility, SharedImpostorRuntime, SharedRuntime,
+    build_entry_src, build_entry_src_for, focus_taskbar_runtime, is_allowed_app_url, resolve_app,
+};
 use crate::storage::parse_data_store_id;
 use crate::types::{
     AppPresentation, InstalledSageAppStorage, ResolvedApp, ResolvedStoppedApp, SharedSageApp,
 };
 use crate::{AppsHostState, sandbox};
-use crate::runtime::commands::CreateInstalledRuntimeArgs;
-use crate::runtime::events::emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed;
-use crate::runtime::manager::sync_modal_runtime_visibility;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
@@ -51,8 +55,8 @@ pub(crate) async fn start_user_app(
             query: BTreeMap::new(),
         },
     )
-        .await
-        .map(Into::into);
+    .await
+    .map(Into::into);
 
     emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(app_handle, apps_state).await;
 
@@ -363,6 +367,6 @@ window.__SAGE_APPS_COMMS_DEBUG__ = true;
 fn debug_test_apps_enabled() -> bool {
     cfg!(debug_assertions)
         && std::env::var("SAGE_DEBUG_TEST_APPS")
-        .map(|v| v == "1")
-        .unwrap_or(false)
+            .map(|v| v == "1")
+            .unwrap_or(false)
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
index 17d72f9ad..c1c12cdac 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
 use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult};
+use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
 use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 use std::path::Path;
 use std::{fs, path::PathBuf};
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runner.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runner.rs
index 07fa3aa5e..10f55e471 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runner.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runner.rs
@@ -88,9 +88,7 @@ pub async fn sandbox_runner(app: AppHandle) {
         let current_run = apps_state.sandbox.current_run.lock().await.clone();
 
         current_run.map_or_else(
-            || {
-                build_running_sandbox_state(unix_timestamp_ms())
-            },
+            || build_running_sandbox_state(unix_timestamp_ms()),
             |r| r.state,
         )
     };
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs
index cbef17809..148473117 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::runtime::start::{start_sandbox_test};
+use crate::runtime::start::start_sandbox_test;
 use crate::runtime::stop::close_runtime_internal;
 use std::collections::{BTreeMap, HashMap};
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
index c24df4aaf..b4215a748 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ pub async fn handle_user_app_protocol_request(
             Err(_) => Ok(not_found_response()),
         }
     }
-        .await;
+    .await;
 
     result.unwrap_or_else(|_| not_found_response())
 }
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ pub async fn handle_system_app_protocol_request(
             .await
             .map_err(|err| anyhow!("sage-system-app error: {err}"))
     }
-        .await;
+    .await;
 
     result.unwrap_or_else(|err| protocol_error_response("sage-system-app", &err))
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/storage.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/storage.rs
index a145569f7..3d0abff68 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/storage.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/storage.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
+use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, PendingStorageCleanupTarget};
 #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
 use std::path::PathBuf;
-use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, PendingStorageCleanupTarget};
 
 #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
 pub fn data_directory_for(directory_name: &str) -> PathBuf {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs
index 2e0e2675c..b23af8cc0 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 use crate::capabilities::list::BridgeCapability;
 use crate::lifecycle::write_metadata_for_app;
 use crate::runtime::SharedRuntime;
-use crate::types::{SageAppUrl, UserSageAppPendingUpdateView};
 use crate::types::app::common::{SageAppCommon, SageAppCommonRaw};
 use crate::types::app::flags::SageAppFlags;
 use crate::types::app::preview::UserSageAppPendingUpdate;
@@ -12,6 +11,7 @@ use crate::types::permissions::{
     SageGrantedPermissions, SageGrantedSystemPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions,
 };
 use crate::types::storage::InstalledSageAppStorage;
+use crate::types::{SageAppUrl, UserSageAppPendingUpdateView};
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
@@ -122,8 +122,8 @@ impl SharedSageApp {
                     pending,
                     user_app.common().granted_permissions(),
                 )
-                    .decision()
-                    .is_review()
+                .decision()
+                .is_review()
             })
         })
     }
@@ -515,10 +515,7 @@ impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for UserSageApp {
     {
         let raw = UserSageAppRaw::deserialize(deserializer)?;
 
-        let common = raw
-            .common
-            .try_into()
-            .map_err(serde::de::Error::custom)?;
+        let common = raw.common.try_into().map_err(serde::de::Error::custom)?;
 
         Ok(UserSageApp::load_persisted(
             common,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/mod.rs
index 8badefb61..d2f0d69b0 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/mod.rs
@@ -7,6 +7,6 @@ mod system_apps;
 mod user_apps;
 
 pub(crate) use common::SageAppIconView;
-pub(crate) use user_apps::{ListedSageAppView, SageAppView, UserSageAppView};
 pub(crate) use permission::{SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView, SageGrantedPermissionsInput};
 pub(crate) use preview::UserSageAppPendingUpdateView;
+pub(crate) use user_apps::{ListedSageAppView, SageAppView, UserSageAppView};
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/permission.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/permission.rs
index 3c8e12e32..56ca89ede 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/permission.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/permission.rs
@@ -131,10 +131,7 @@ impl From<&SageGrantedNetworkPermissions> for SageGrantedNetworkPermissionsView
                 .whitelist_by_network()
                 .iter()
                 .map(|(network_id, entries)| {
-                    (
-                        network_id.clone(),
-                        entries.iter().map(Into::into).collect(),
-                    )
+                    (network_id.clone(), entries.iter().map(Into::into).collect())
                 })
                 .collect(),
         }
@@ -190,10 +187,8 @@ impl From<(&SageGrantedPermissions, &SageRequestedPermissions)> for SageGrantedP
             .whitelist_by_network()
             .iter()
             .filter_map(|(network_id, granted_entries)| {
-                let requested_whitelist = requested
-                    .network()
-                    .whitelist_by_network()
-                    .get(network_id)?;
+                let requested_whitelist =
+                    requested.network().whitelist_by_network().get(network_id)?;
 
                 let entries = granted_entries
                     .iter()
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/preview.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/preview.rs
index 1e953058e..495e8006d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/preview.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/preview.rs
@@ -91,8 +91,7 @@ impl UserSageAppPendingUpdateDecisionView {
                 let missing = requested_whitelist
                     .required()
                     .filter(|entry| {
-                        !granted_entries
-                            .is_some_and(|entries| entries.contains(*entry))
+                        !granted_entries.is_some_and(|entries| entries.contains(*entry))
                     })
                     .cloned()
                     .collect::<Vec<_>>();
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/permission.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/permission.rs
index fb45375bf..fa98c8750 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/permission.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/permission.rs
@@ -46,7 +46,9 @@ pub fn validate_requested_capabilities_are_requestable(
 
 pub fn validate_network_id(network_id: &str) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
     if network_id.trim() != network_id {
-        anyhow::bail!("network whitelist network id must not contain leading or trailing whitespace");
+        anyhow::bail!(
+            "network whitelist network id must not contain leading or trailing whitespace"
+        );
     }
 
     if network_id.is_empty() {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs
index 3020decbd..5f3204b58 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs
@@ -10,12 +10,10 @@ mod url;
 pub use app::SharedSageApp;
 
 pub(crate) use app::{
-    view::*,
-    AppModalPresentation, AppPresentation, CorruptedInstalledSageApp, ListedSageApp,
-    ResolvedApp, ResolvedRunningApp, ResolvedStoppedApp, RetiredAppOriginEntry,
-    SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppUrlPreview,
-    SageAppWalletScope, SystemSageApp, UserSageApp, UserSageAppPendingUpdate,
-    UserSageAppSource
+    AppModalPresentation, AppPresentation, CorruptedInstalledSageApp, ListedSageApp, ResolvedApp,
+    ResolvedRunningApp, ResolvedStoppedApp, RetiredAppOriginEntry, SageApp, SageAppCommon,
+    SageAppIdentity, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppUrlPreview, SageAppWalletScope, SystemSageApp,
+    UserSageApp, UserSageAppPendingUpdate, UserSageAppSource, view::*,
 };
 pub(crate) use manifest::{
     SageAppManifestFile, SageAppManifestHeaderV0, SageAppPackageManifest,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/granted.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/granted.rs
index e0e61ee74..119c5d9a4 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/granted.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/granted.rs
@@ -181,16 +181,16 @@ impl SageGrantedPermissions {
 
             if !definition.flags().user_grantable() {
                 anyhow::bail!(
-                "extra granted capability is not user grantable: {}",
-                capability.key()
-            );
+                    "extra granted capability is not user grantable: {}",
+                    capability.key()
+                );
             }
 
             if definition.flags().requestable_by_app() {
                 anyhow::bail!(
-                "extra granted capability must not be app-manifest requestable: {}",
-                capability.key()
-            );
+                    "extra granted capability must not be app-manifest requestable: {}",
+                    capability.key()
+                );
             }
 
             capabilities.insert(capability);
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/requested.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/requested.rs
index bbd10526f..c22b0e32b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/requested.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/requested.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,10 @@ use specta::Type;
 
 use crate::capabilities::get_user_capability_definition;
 use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
-use crate::types::invariants::{split_required_optional_set, validate_network_id, validate_permissions_policy, validate_requested_capabilities_are_requestable};
+use crate::types::invariants::{
+    split_required_optional_set, validate_network_id, validate_permissions_policy,
+    validate_requested_capabilities_are_requestable,
+};
 use crate::types::network::{SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/app_state.rs b/src-tauri/src/app_state.rs
index cabce5b04..6fc0231bb 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/app_state.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/app_state.rs
@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use sage::{Result, Sage};
 use sage_api::SyncEvent as ApiEvent;
+#[cfg(not(mobile))]
+use sage_apps::{AppsHostState, process_sage_network_change};
 use sage_wallet::SyncEvent;
+#[cfg(not(mobile))]
+use tauri::Manager;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Emitter};
 use tokio::{sync::Mutex, task::JoinHandle};
-#[cfg(not(mobile))]
-use sage_apps::{process_sage_network_change, AppsHostState};
-#[cfg(not(mobile))]
-use tauri::{Manager};
 
 pub struct Initialized(pub Mutex<bool>);
 

From c309f59fe2b185a9141996ba9998a4afa0188557 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sun, 10 May 2026 17:55:12 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 403/471] Update button wording from "Send donation" to "Send
 support" in Donation app

---
 builtin-apps/src/system/apps/donation/src/App.tsx | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/donation/src/App.tsx b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/donation/src/App.tsx
index e34dcff87..fbc667fec 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/donation/src/App.tsx
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/donation/src/App.tsx
@@ -254,7 +254,7 @@ export function App() {
             onClick={() => void sendDonation()}
             className='rounded-md bg-primary px-3 py-1.5 text-sm font-medium text-primary-foreground hover:opacity-90 disabled:opacity-50'
           >
-            {sending ? 'Sending…' : 'Send donation'}
+            {sending ? 'Sending…' : 'Send support'}
           </button>
         </div>
       }

From 8afd6b97c5e69c8e29dec32d848b8b7c0f79bdfb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sun, 10 May 2026 18:54:56 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 404/471] Split app update logic into separate modules and
 introduce global settings handling

- Moved `check_app_update_inner` and `apply_app_update_inner` into distinct modules (`check.rs`, `apply.rs`) for cleaner separation of concerns.
- Added `apps_settings.rs` to manage and persist global app settings such as `auto_update_enabled`.
- Updated `AppsHostState` to include `AppsSettingsState` for managing app settings in memory.
- Refactored bindings to rename `appsCreateInlineRuntime` to `appsStartUserApp`.
---
 .../methods/system/app_update/apply_update.rs |   2 +-
 .../system/app_update/get_review_context.rs   |  26 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/host.rs                  |  42 +++
 crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs                   |  16 +-
 .../lifecycle/update/{logic.rs => apply.rs}   | 318 ++++++------------
 .../src/lifecycle/update/background.rs        |  28 +-
 .../sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/check.rs   | 172 ++++++++++
 .../src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs          |   3 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/mod.rs  |   5 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs      |  20 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/settings.rs              |  60 ++++
 src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml          |   2 +-
 src-tauri/src/lib.rs                          |  12 +-
 src/bindings.ts                               |   4 +-
 src/components/apps/AppsLaunchpad.tsx         |   2 +-
 15 files changed, 450 insertions(+), 262 deletions(-)
 rename crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/{logic.rs => apply.rs} (55%)
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/check.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/settings.rs

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/apply_update.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/apply_update.rs
index 353d2e0f7..93730664f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/apply_update.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/apply_update.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
 };
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
-use crate::lifecycle::update::logic::apply_app_update_inner;
+use crate::lifecycle::update::apply_app_update_inner;
 use crate::types::{SageAppView, SageGrantedPermissionsInput};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Serialize, Type)]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/get_review_context.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/get_review_context.rs
index 438cc54a4..2a80a4b2d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/get_review_context.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/get_review_context.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
 };
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
-use crate::lifecycle::update::logic::{AppUpdatePreviewResult, preview_app_update};
+use crate::lifecycle::update::check_app_update_inner;
 use crate::runtime::resolve_app;
 use crate::types::{SageApp, SageAppUrlPreview, UserSageAppView};
 
@@ -57,6 +57,19 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppUpdateGetReviewContext {
     ) -> BridgeHandleResult {
         let params: AppUpdateGetReviewContextParams = parse_required_params(self, request)?;
 
+        let preview = check_app_update_inner(
+            tools.app_handle,
+            tools.host_state,
+            &params.app_id,
+        )
+            .await
+            .map_err(|err| {
+                BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error(format!(
+                    "failed to check update for {}: {err}",
+                    params.app_id
+                ))
+            })?;
+
         let resolved = resolve_app(tools.app_handle, &params.app_id)
             .await
             .map_err(|err| {
@@ -80,17 +93,6 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppUpdateGetReviewContext {
                 ))
             })?;
 
-        let preview = match preview_app_update(&resolved).await.map_err(|err| {
-            BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error(format!(
-                "failed to check update for {}: {err}",
-                params.app_id
-            ))
-        })? {
-            AppUpdatePreviewResult::None => None,
-            AppUpdatePreviewResult::AlreadyPending(preview)
-            | AppUpdatePreviewResult::New(preview) => Some(preview),
-        };
-
         Ok(Box::new(AppUpdateReviewContext { app, preview }))
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/host.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/host.rs
index 2cae8f420..0a40397e1 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/host.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/host.rs
@@ -9,8 +9,10 @@ use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
 use std::fmt;
+use std::path::Path;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use tokio::sync::Mutex;
+use crate::settings::{write_apps_settings, SageAppsSettings};
 
 pub type AppState = Arc<Mutex<Sage>>;
 
@@ -22,6 +24,7 @@ pub struct AppsHostState {
     pub bridge: BridgeState,
     pub sandbox: SandboxStateStore,
     pub environment: AppsEnvironmentState,
+    pub settings: AppsSettingsState,
 }
 
 impl AppsHostState {
@@ -71,6 +74,11 @@ pub struct AppUpdateLockGuard<'a> {
     app_id: String,
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug, Default)]
+pub struct AppsSettingsState {
+    pub current: Mutex<SageAppsSettings>,
+}
+
 impl From<sage::Error> for SageAppsError {
     fn from(error: sage::Error) -> Self {
         Self {
@@ -122,3 +130,37 @@ impl fmt::Display for SageAppsError {
 impl std::error::Error for SageAppsError {}
 
 pub type Result<T> = std::result::Result<T, SageAppsError>;
+
+impl AppsSettingsState {
+    pub(crate) async fn try_mutate<T, E>(
+        &self,
+        base_path: &Path,
+        f: impl FnOnce(&mut SageAppsSettings) -> std::result::Result<T, E>,
+    ) -> std::result::Result<T, String>
+    where
+        E: ToString,
+    {
+        let mut settings = self.current.lock().await;
+        let previous = settings.clone();
+
+        match f(&mut settings) {
+            Ok(value) => {
+                if let Err(err) = write_apps_settings(base_path, &settings) {
+                    *settings = previous;
+                    return Err(format!("failed to persist Sage apps settings: {err}"));
+                }
+
+                Ok(value)
+            }
+
+            Err(err) => {
+                *settings = previous;
+                Err(err.to_string())
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) async fn read(&self) -> SageAppsSettings {
+        self.current.lock().await.clone()
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
index 0f1fce012..37a23466f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
@@ -11,33 +11,37 @@ mod storage;
 mod system_apps;
 mod types;
 mod utils;
+mod settings;
 
 // State
 pub use host::AppsHostState;
+pub use settings::{SageAppsSettings, read_apps_settings};
 
 // Commands
 pub use bridge::commands::{
     apps_invoke_bridge, apps_invoke_system_bridge, get_user_capability_definitions,
 };
 pub use environment::commands::apps_set_environment_theme;
-pub use lifecycle::{apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data, uninstall::uninstall_app};
 pub use lifecycle::{
+    apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data,
     install::commands::list_installed_apps,
     update::commands::{apply_app_update, check_app_update},
+    uninstall::uninstall_app
 };
 pub use runtime::commands::{
-    apps_clear_active_taskbar_runtime, apps_create_inline_runtime, apps_dev_reload_runtime,
-    apps_enter_workspace, apps_focus_taskbar_runtime, apps_kill_taskbar_runtime,
-    apps_leave_workspace, apps_list_runtimes, apps_start_system_app,
+    apps_enter_workspace, apps_leave_workspace,
+    apps_start_user_app, apps_start_system_app, apps_list_runtimes,
+    apps_focus_taskbar_runtime, apps_kill_taskbar_runtime, apps_clear_active_taskbar_runtime,
+    apps_dev_reload_runtime,
 };
 pub use sandbox::commands::{
     apps_get_app_launch_gate, apps_get_sandbox_state, apps_rerun_sandbox_tests,
 };
 
-// Bridge
+// Bridge protocol
 pub use security::{handle_system_app_protocol_request, handle_user_app_protocol_request};
 
-// SDK
+// SDK types
 pub use bridge::ts_exports::{export_system_bridge_typescript, export_user_bridge_typescript};
 
 // Operations
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/logic.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/apply.rs
similarity index 55%
rename from crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/logic.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/apply.rs
index 6bbe9caf3..d3a73ae67 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/logic.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/apply.rs
@@ -1,92 +1,21 @@
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+use std::io;
+use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::bridge::methods::system::emit_pending_update_changed;
-use crate::host::Result;
-use crate::lifecycle::{download_url_snapshot, fetch_url_manifest, fetch_url_manifest_preview};
+use crate::lifecycle::download_url_snapshot;
 use crate::runtime::commands::CreateInstalledRuntimeArgs;
+use crate::runtime::{find_active_taskbar_runtime, resolve_app, start_app_update_runtime};
 use crate::runtime::start::start_user_app;
 use crate::runtime::webview_locator::get_sage_window;
-use crate::runtime::{find_active_taskbar_runtime, resolve_app, start_app_update_runtime};
-use crate::types::{
-    ResolvedApp, SageApp, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppUrlPreview, SageAppView,
-    SageGrantedPermissionsInput, SharedSageApp, UserSageAppPendingUpdate, UserSageAppSource,
-};
-use std::collections::BTreeMap;
-use std::io;
-use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
-
-pub(crate) enum AppUpdatePreviewResult {
-    None,
-    AlreadyPending(SageAppUrlPreview),
-    New(SageAppUrlPreview),
-}
-
-pub(super) async fn check_app_update_inner(
-    app_handle: &AppHandle,
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    app_id: &str,
-) -> Result<Option<SageAppUrlPreview>> {
-    let resolved = resolve_app(app_handle, app_id)
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to read installed app {app_id}: {err}")))?;
-
-    let app = resolved.clone_app_for_operation();
-
-    let preview = match preview_app_update(&resolved).await? {
-        AppUpdatePreviewResult::None => {
-            app.try_mutate(|sage_app| {
-                sage_app
-                    .set_pending_update(None)
-                    .map_err(|err| err.to_string())
-            })
-            .map_err(io::Error::other)?;
-
-            emit_pending_update_changed(app_handle, apps_state, &app).await;
-
-            return Ok(None);
-        }
-
-        AppUpdatePreviewResult::AlreadyPending(preview) => {
-            emit_pending_update_changed(app_handle, apps_state, &app).await;
-            return Ok(Some(preview));
-        }
-
-        AppUpdatePreviewResult::New(preview) => preview,
-    };
-
-    let pending_update = match fetch_pending_update(&app).await {
-        Ok(pending_update) => pending_update,
-
-        Err(err) => {
-            tracing::warn!(
-                error = %err,
-                app_id = %app_id,
-                "app update exists but pending update could not be prepared"
-            );
-
-            return Ok(Some(preview));
-        }
-    };
-
-    app.try_mutate(|sage_app| {
-        sage_app
-            .set_pending_update(pending_update)
-            .map_err(|err| err.to_string())
-    })
-    .map_err(io::Error::other)?;
-
-    tracing::info!(app_id = %app_id, "app update prepared successfully");
-
-    emit_pending_update_changed(app_handle, apps_state, &app).await;
-
-    Ok(Some(preview))
-}
+use crate::types::{ResolvedApp, SageApp, SageAppView, SageGrantedPermissionsInput, SharedSageApp, UserSageAppPendingUpdate};
 
 pub(crate) async fn apply_app_update_inner(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: &str,
     additional_granted_permissions_input: Option<SageGrantedPermissionsInput>,
-) -> Result<SageAppView> {
+) -> crate::host::Result<SageAppView> {
     let _update_guard = apps_state
         .try_begin_app_update(app_id)
         .map_err(io::Error::other)?;
@@ -101,7 +30,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn apply_app_update_inner(
             None,
             "failed to start app update review runtime",
         )
-        .await;
+            .await;
 
         let resolved = resolve_app(app_handle, app_id).await.map_err(|err| {
             io::Error::other(format!("failed to read installed app {app_id}: {err}"))
@@ -118,19 +47,19 @@ pub(crate) async fn apply_app_update_inner(
         preflight.pending,
         additional_granted_permissions_input,
     )
-    .await?;
+        .await?;
 
     emit_pending_update_changed(app_handle, apps_state, &app).await;
 
     if reopen_after_update.should_reopen
         && let Err(err) = start_user_app(
-            app_handle,
-            apps_state,
-            CreateInstalledRuntimeArgs {
-                app_id: app_id.to_string(),
-                focus: Some(reopen_after_update.should_focus),
-            },
-        )
+        app_handle,
+        apps_state,
+        CreateInstalledRuntimeArgs {
+            app_id: app_id.to_string(),
+            focus: Some(reopen_after_update.should_focus),
+        },
+    )
         .await
     {
         tracing::error!(
@@ -144,101 +73,101 @@ pub(crate) async fn apply_app_update_inner(
     Ok(app.into())
 }
 
-pub(crate) async fn preview_app_update(app: &ResolvedApp) -> Result<AppUpdatePreviewResult> {
-    let shared_sage_app = app.clone_app_for_operation();
-
-    let deps = shared_sage_app.with(|app| match app {
-        SageApp::System(_) => None,
-        SageApp::User(user_app) => Some((
-            user_app.source().clone(),
-            user_app.common().active_snapshot().clone(),
-            user_app.pending_update().cloned(),
-        )),
-    });
+pub(super) async fn try_auto_apply_pending_update(
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    app_id: &str,
+) -> crate::host::Result<bool> {
+    let resolved = resolve_app(app_handle, app_id)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to read installed app {app_id}: {err}")))?;
 
-    let Some((source, active_snapshot, existing_pending)) = deps else {
-        return Ok(AppUpdatePreviewResult::None);
-    };
+    if let ResolvedApp::Running(_) = resolved {
+        return Ok(false);
+    }
 
-    let app_url = match source {
-        UserSageAppSource::Url { app_url } => app_url,
-        UserSageAppSource::Zip => return Ok(AppUpdatePreviewResult::None),
-    };
+    let has_pending_update = resolved.with_app(|app| {
+        app.with(|sage_app| {
+            sage_app
+                .as_user()
+                .and_then(|user_app| user_app.pending_update())
+                .is_some()
+        })
+    });
 
-    let (manifest_preview, manifest_hash) = fetch_url_manifest_preview(&app_url.manifest_url())
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to fetch app manifest: {err}")))?;
+    if !has_pending_update {
+        return Ok(false);
+    }
 
-    let preview = SageAppUrlPreview::new(&app_url, manifest_preview, manifest_hash)
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to preview app URL: {err}")))?;
+    let should_review = resolved.with_app(SharedSageApp::should_review_pending_update);
 
-    if preview.manifest_hash() == active_snapshot.manifest_hash()
-        && let Some(full_manifest) = preview.full_manifest()
-        && full_manifest == active_snapshot.manifest()
-    {
-        return Ok(AppUpdatePreviewResult::None);
+    if should_review {
+        return Ok(false);
     }
 
-    if let Some(existing_pending) = existing_pending
-        && let Some(full_manifest) = preview.full_manifest()
-        && existing_pending.manifest_hash() == preview.manifest_hash()
-        && existing_pending.manifest() == full_manifest
-    {
-        return Ok(AppUpdatePreviewResult::AlreadyPending(preview));
-    }
+    apply_app_update_inner(app_handle, apps_state, app_id, None).await?;
 
-    Ok(AppUpdatePreviewResult::New(preview))
+    Ok(true)
 }
 
-pub(crate) async fn fetch_pending_update(
-    app: &SharedSageApp,
-) -> Result<Option<UserSageAppPendingUpdate>> {
-    struct FetchDeps {
-        source: UserSageAppSource,
-        active_snapshot: SageAppSnapshot,
-    }
+async fn execute_app_update(
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
+    app_id: &str,
+    pending: UserSageAppPendingUpdate,
+    additional_granted_permissions_input: Option<SageGrantedPermissionsInput>,
+) -> crate::host::Result<SharedSageApp> {
+    let resolved = crate::runtime::resolve_stopped_app(app_handle, app_id)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| {
+            io::Error::other(format!(
+                "failed to resolve stopped app {app_id} for update: {err}"
+            ))
+        })?;
 
-    let deps = app.with(|app| match app {
-        SageApp::System(_) => None,
-        SageApp::User(user_app) => Some(FetchDeps {
-            source: user_app.source().clone(),
-            active_snapshot: user_app.common().active_snapshot().clone(),
-        }),
-    });
+    let granted_permissions_input = resolved.try_with_app(|app| {
+        app.try_with(|sage_app| {
+            let base = SageGrantedPermissionsInput::from((
+                sage_app.common().granted_permissions(),
+                pending.manifest().permissions(),
+            ));
 
-    let Some(deps) = deps else {
-        return Ok(None);
-    };
+            Ok::<_, anyhow::Error>(match additional_granted_permissions_input {
+                Some(additional) => base.with_additional(additional),
+                None => base,
+            })
+        })
+    })?;
 
-    let app_url = match deps.source {
-        UserSageAppSource::Url { app_url } => app_url.clone(),
-        UserSageAppSource::Zip => return Ok(None),
-    };
+    let app_path = resolved.with_app(|app| app.with(SageApp::app_path));
 
-    let (manifest, manifest_hash) = fetch_url_manifest(&app_url.manifest_url())
+    let snapshot = download_url_snapshot(
+        &app_path,
+        pending.app_url(),
+        pending.manifest(),
+        pending.manifest_hash(),
+    )
         .await
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to fetch app manifest: {err}")))?;
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to download update snapshot: {err}")))?;
 
-    let preview = SageAppUrlPreview::from_full_manifest(&app_url, manifest, manifest_hash)
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to preview app URL: {err}")))?;
+    resolved
+        .try_with_app(|app| {
+            app.try_mutate(|sage_app| {
+                let granted_permissions = granted_permissions_input
+                    .resolve(pending.manifest().permissions())
+                    .map_err(|err| anyhow::anyhow!("invalid update permissions: {err}"))?;
 
-    let manifest = preview
-        .require_full_manifest()
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("update manifest is not installable: {err}")))?;
+                sage_app.apply_update(&pending, granted_permissions, snapshot)?;
 
-    if preview.manifest_hash() == deps.active_snapshot.manifest_hash()
-        && manifest == deps.active_snapshot.manifest()
-    {
-        return Ok(None);
-    }
+                sage_app
+                    .set_pending_update(None)
+                    .map_err(|err| anyhow::anyhow!("failed to clear pending update: {err}"))?;
+
+                Ok::<_, anyhow::Error>(())
+            })
+        })
+        .map_err(io::Error::other)?;
 
-    Ok(Some(UserSageAppPendingUpdate::new(
-        app_url,
-        preview.manifest_hash().to_string(),
-        manifest.clone(),
-    )))
+    Ok(resolved.into_app())
 }
 
 async fn open_update_runtime(
@@ -276,7 +205,7 @@ async fn preflight_apply_app_update(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: &str,
-) -> Result<ApplyAppUpdatePreflight> {
+) -> crate::host::Result<ApplyAppUpdatePreflight> {
     let resolved = resolve_app(app_handle, app_id)
         .await
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to read installed app {app_id}: {err}")))?;
@@ -312,66 +241,6 @@ async fn preflight_apply_app_update(
     })
 }
 
-async fn execute_app_update(
-    app_handle: &AppHandle,
-    app_id: &str,
-    pending: UserSageAppPendingUpdate,
-    additional_granted_permissions_input: Option<SageGrantedPermissionsInput>,
-) -> Result<SharedSageApp> {
-    let resolved = crate::runtime::resolve_stopped_app(app_handle, app_id)
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| {
-            io::Error::other(format!(
-                "failed to resolve stopped app {app_id} for update: {err}"
-            ))
-        })?;
-
-    let granted_permissions_input = resolved.try_with_app(|app| {
-        app.try_with(|sage_app| {
-            let base = SageGrantedPermissionsInput::from((
-                sage_app.common().granted_permissions(),
-                pending.manifest().permissions(),
-            ));
-
-            Ok::<_, anyhow::Error>(match additional_granted_permissions_input {
-                Some(additional) => base.with_additional(additional),
-                None => base,
-            })
-        })
-    })?;
-
-    let app_path = resolved.with_app(|app| app.with(SageApp::app_path));
-
-    let snapshot = download_url_snapshot(
-        &app_path,
-        pending.app_url(),
-        pending.manifest(),
-        pending.manifest_hash(),
-    )
-    .await
-    .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to download update snapshot: {err}")))?;
-
-    resolved
-        .try_with_app(|app| {
-            app.try_mutate(|sage_app| {
-                let granted_permissions = granted_permissions_input
-                    .resolve(pending.manifest().permissions())
-                    .map_err(|err| anyhow::anyhow!("invalid update permissions: {err}"))?;
-
-                sage_app.apply_update(&pending, granted_permissions, snapshot)?;
-
-                sage_app
-                    .set_pending_update(None)
-                    .map_err(|err| anyhow::anyhow!("failed to clear pending update: {err}"))?;
-
-                Ok::<_, anyhow::Error>(())
-            })
-        })
-        .map_err(io::Error::other)?;
-
-    Ok(resolved.into_app())
-}
-
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 struct ReopenAfterUpdate {
     should_reopen: bool,
@@ -406,3 +275,4 @@ impl ReopenAfterUpdate {
         })
     }
 }
+
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/background.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/background.rs
index 9fd125714..d1fb2a483 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/background.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/background.rs
@@ -3,10 +3,11 @@ use std::time::Duration;
 
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::host::AppState;
-use crate::lifecycle::update::logic::check_app_update_inner;
 use crate::lifecycle::{apps_root, list_installed_apps_internal};
 use crate::types::ListedSageApp;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
+use crate::lifecycle::update::apply::try_auto_apply_pending_update;
+use crate::lifecycle::update::check::check_app_update_inner;
 
 pub fn start_background_app_update_checker(app_handle: AppHandle) {
     tauri::async_runtime::spawn(async move {
@@ -55,10 +56,33 @@ async fn run_background_app_update_check(app_handle: &AppHandle) -> anyhow::Resu
 
             if let Err(err) = &result {
                 tracing::warn!(
+            error = %err,
+            app_id = %app_id,
+            "failed to check app update in background"
+        );
+
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            let auto_update_enabled = host_state.settings.read().await.auto_update_enabled;
+
+            if auto_update_enabled {
+                match try_auto_apply_pending_update(&app_handle, &host_state, &app_id).await {
+                    Ok(true) => {
+                        tracing::info!(
+                    app_id = %app_id,
+                    "auto-applied app update"
+                );
+                    }
+                    Ok(false) => {}
+                    Err(err) => {
+                        tracing::warn!(
                     error = %err,
                     app_id = %app_id,
-                    "failed to check app update in background"
+                    "failed to auto-apply app update"
                 );
+                    }
+                }
             }
 
             result
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/check.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/check.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f9ef500d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/check.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+use std::io;
+use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
+use crate::AppsHostState;
+use crate::bridge::methods::system::emit_pending_update_changed;
+use crate::lifecycle::{fetch_url_manifest, fetch_url_manifest_preview};
+use crate::runtime::resolve_app;
+use crate::types::{ResolvedApp, SageApp, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppUrlPreview, SharedSageApp, UserSageAppPendingUpdate, UserSageAppSource};
+
+pub(crate) enum AppUpdatePreviewResult {
+    None,
+    AlreadyPending(SageAppUrlPreview),
+    New(SageAppUrlPreview),
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn check_app_update_inner(
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    app_id: &str,
+) -> crate::host::Result<Option<SageAppUrlPreview>> {
+    let resolved = resolve_app(app_handle, app_id)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to read installed app {app_id}: {err}")))?;
+
+    let app = resolved.clone_app_for_operation();
+
+    let preview = match preview_app_update(&resolved).await? {
+        AppUpdatePreviewResult::None => {
+            app.try_mutate(|sage_app| {
+                sage_app
+                    .set_pending_update(None)
+                    .map_err(|err| err.to_string())
+            })
+                .map_err(io::Error::other)?;
+
+            emit_pending_update_changed(app_handle, apps_state, &app).await;
+
+            return Ok(None);
+        }
+
+        AppUpdatePreviewResult::AlreadyPending(preview) => {
+            emit_pending_update_changed(app_handle, apps_state, &app).await;
+            return Ok(Some(preview));
+        }
+
+        AppUpdatePreviewResult::New(preview) => preview,
+    };
+
+    let pending_update = match fetch_pending_update(&app).await {
+        Ok(pending_update) => pending_update,
+
+        Err(err) => {
+            tracing::warn!(
+                error = %err,
+                app_id = %app_id,
+                "app update exists but pending update could not be prepared"
+            );
+
+            return Ok(Some(preview));
+        }
+    };
+
+    app.try_mutate(|sage_app| {
+        sage_app
+            .set_pending_update(pending_update)
+            .map_err(|err| err.to_string())
+    })
+        .map_err(io::Error::other)?;
+
+    tracing::info!(app_id = %app_id, "app update prepared successfully");
+
+    emit_pending_update_changed(app_handle, apps_state, &app).await;
+
+    Ok(Some(preview))
+}
+
+async fn preview_app_update(app: &ResolvedApp) -> crate::host::Result<AppUpdatePreviewResult> {
+    let shared_sage_app = app.clone_app_for_operation();
+
+    let deps = shared_sage_app.with(|app| match app {
+        SageApp::System(_) => None,
+        SageApp::User(user_app) => Some((
+            user_app.source().clone(),
+            user_app.common().active_snapshot().clone(),
+            user_app.pending_update().cloned(),
+        )),
+    });
+
+    let Some((source, active_snapshot, existing_pending)) = deps else {
+        return Ok(AppUpdatePreviewResult::None);
+    };
+
+    let app_url = match source {
+        UserSageAppSource::Url { app_url } => app_url,
+        UserSageAppSource::Zip => return Ok(AppUpdatePreviewResult::None),
+    };
+
+    let (manifest_preview, manifest_hash) = fetch_url_manifest_preview(&app_url.manifest_url())
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to fetch app manifest: {err}")))?;
+
+    let preview = SageAppUrlPreview::new(&app_url, manifest_preview, manifest_hash)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to preview app URL: {err}")))?;
+
+    if preview.manifest_hash() == active_snapshot.manifest_hash()
+        && let Some(full_manifest) = preview.full_manifest()
+        && full_manifest == active_snapshot.manifest()
+    {
+        return Ok(AppUpdatePreviewResult::None);
+    }
+
+    if let Some(existing_pending) = existing_pending
+        && let Some(full_manifest) = preview.full_manifest()
+        && existing_pending.manifest_hash() == preview.manifest_hash()
+        && existing_pending.manifest() == full_manifest
+    {
+        return Ok(AppUpdatePreviewResult::AlreadyPending(preview));
+    }
+
+    Ok(AppUpdatePreviewResult::New(preview))
+}
+
+
+async fn fetch_pending_update(
+    app: &SharedSageApp,
+) -> crate::host::Result<Option<UserSageAppPendingUpdate>> {
+    struct FetchDeps {
+        source: UserSageAppSource,
+        active_snapshot: SageAppSnapshot,
+    }
+
+    let deps = app.with(|app| match app {
+        SageApp::System(_) => None,
+        SageApp::User(user_app) => Some(FetchDeps {
+            source: user_app.source().clone(),
+            active_snapshot: user_app.common().active_snapshot().clone(),
+        }),
+    });
+
+    let Some(deps) = deps else {
+        return Ok(None);
+    };
+
+    let app_url = match deps.source {
+        UserSageAppSource::Url { app_url } => app_url.clone(),
+        UserSageAppSource::Zip => return Ok(None),
+    };
+
+    let (manifest, manifest_hash) = fetch_url_manifest(&app_url.manifest_url())
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to fetch app manifest: {err}")))?;
+
+    let preview = SageAppUrlPreview::from_full_manifest(&app_url, manifest, manifest_hash)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to preview app URL: {err}")))?;
+
+    let manifest = preview
+        .require_full_manifest()
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("update manifest is not installable: {err}")))?;
+
+    if preview.manifest_hash() == deps.active_snapshot.manifest_hash()
+        && manifest == deps.active_snapshot.manifest()
+    {
+        return Ok(None);
+    }
+
+    Ok(Some(UserSageAppPendingUpdate::new(
+        app_url,
+        preview.manifest_hash().to_string(),
+        manifest.clone(),
+    )))
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
index 42727f02a..ebd361764 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@ use tauri::{AppHandle, State, command};
 
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::host::Result;
-use crate::lifecycle::update::logic::{apply_app_update_inner, check_app_update_inner};
+use crate::lifecycle::update::apply_app_update_inner;
+use crate::lifecycle::update::check::check_app_update_inner;
 use crate::types::{SageAppUrlPreview, SageAppView};
 
 #[command]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/mod.rs
index ecf7a1479..4c6b1a6c0 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/mod.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,11 @@
 mod background;
 pub mod commands;
-pub mod logic;
 pub mod permissions;
 pub mod scope;
 pub mod types;
+mod check;
+mod apply;
 
 pub use background::start_background_app_update_checker;
+pub(crate) use apply::apply_app_update_inner;
+pub(crate) use check::check_app_update_inner;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs
index 7cfab534b..41d6818a0 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs
@@ -103,6 +103,16 @@ pub async fn apps_leave_workspace(
     Ok(())
 }
 
+#[tauri::command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn apps_start_user_app(
+    app_handle: AppHandle,
+    apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    args: CreateInstalledRuntimeArgs,
+) -> Result<SageAppRuntimeRecordView, String> {
+    start_user_app(&app_handle, &apps_state, args).await
+}
+
 #[tauri::command]
 #[specta::specta]
 pub async fn apps_start_system_app(
@@ -147,16 +157,6 @@ pub async fn apps_start_system_app(
     Ok(runtime.into())
 }
 
-#[tauri::command]
-#[specta::specta]
-pub async fn apps_create_inline_runtime(
-    app_handle: AppHandle,
-    apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    args: CreateInstalledRuntimeArgs,
-) -> Result<SageAppRuntimeRecordView, String> {
-    start_user_app(&app_handle, &apps_state, args).await
-}
-
 #[tauri::command]
 #[specta::specta]
 pub async fn apps_list_runtimes(
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/settings.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/settings.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..53beb45db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/settings.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+use std::fs;
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+
+use anyhow::Context;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use specta::Type;
+
+use crate::lifecycle::apps_root;
+
+const APPS_SETTINGS_FILE: &str = ".sage-apps-settings.json";
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct SageAppsSettings {
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub auto_update_enabled: bool,
+}
+
+pub fn apps_settings_path(base_path: &Path) -> PathBuf {
+    apps_root(base_path).join(APPS_SETTINGS_FILE)
+}
+
+pub fn read_apps_settings(base_path: &Path) -> anyhow::Result<SageAppsSettings> {
+    let path = apps_settings_path(base_path);
+
+    if !path.exists() {
+        return Ok(SageAppsSettings::default());
+    }
+
+    let text =
+        fs::read_to_string(&path).with_context(|| format!("failed to read {}", path.display()))?;
+
+    serde_json::from_str(&text)
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to parse {}", path.display()))
+}
+
+pub fn write_apps_settings(base_path: &Path, settings: &SageAppsSettings) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let root = apps_root(base_path);
+    fs::create_dir_all(&root)
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to create apps root {}", root.display()))?;
+
+    let path = apps_settings_path(base_path);
+    let tmp = path.with_extension("json.tmp");
+
+    let text = serde_json::to_string_pretty(settings)
+        .context("failed to serialize Sage apps settings")?;
+
+    fs::write(&tmp, format!("{text}\n"))
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to write {}", tmp.display()))?;
+
+    fs::rename(&tmp, &path).with_context(|| {
+        format!(
+            "failed to move {} to {}",
+            tmp.display(),
+            path.display()
+        )
+    })?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml b/src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml
index 66dd17265..70740645e 100644
--- a/src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml
+++ b/src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml
@@ -123,8 +123,8 @@ commands.allow = [
     "get_xch_usd_price",
     "apps_enter_workspace",
     "apps_leave_workspace",
+    "apps_start_user_app",
     "apps_start_system_app",
-    "apps_create_inline_runtime",
     "apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data",
     "apps_set_environment_theme",
     "get_user_capability_definitions",
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
index d4f125df8..9175a3506 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ pub fn run() {
             apps::apply_app_update,
             apps::apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data,
             apps::apps_start_system_app,
-            apps::apps_create_inline_runtime,
+            apps::apps_start_user_app,
             apps::apps_list_runtimes,
             apps::apps_focus_taskbar_runtime,
             apps::apps_clear_active_taskbar_runtime,
@@ -270,6 +270,16 @@ pub fn run() {
             {
                 app.manage(AppsHostState::default());
 
+                let apps_settings = apps::read_apps_settings(&path).unwrap_or_else(|err| {
+                    eprintln!("failed to read Sage apps settings: {err}");
+                    Default::default()
+                });
+
+                let apps_state = app.state::<AppsHostState>();
+                tauri::async_runtime::block_on(async {
+                    *apps_state.settings.current.lock().await = apps_settings;
+                });
+
                 apps::start_background_app_update_checker(app.handle().clone());
 
                 let app_handle = app.handle().clone();
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index ad3be3e40..7dc8244d5 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -407,8 +407,8 @@ async appsClearRuntimeBrowsingData(appId: string) : Promise<null> {
 async appsStartSystemApp(args: StartSystemAppArgs) : Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecordView> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_start_system_app", { args });
 },
-async appsCreateInlineRuntime(args: CreateInstalledRuntimeArgs) : Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecordView> {
-    return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_create_inline_runtime", { args });
+async appsStartUserApp(args: CreateInstalledRuntimeArgs) : Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecordView> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_start_user_app", { args });
 },
 async appsListRuntimes() : Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecordView[]> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_list_runtimes");
diff --git a/src/components/apps/AppsLaunchpad.tsx b/src/components/apps/AppsLaunchpad.tsx
index ed4d99222..e8b48b87d 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/AppsLaunchpad.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/AppsLaunchpad.tsx
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ function formatErrorMessage(err: unknown): string {
 }
 
 async function openApp(appId: string) {
-  return await commands.appsCreateInlineRuntime({
+  return await commands.appsStartUserApp({
     appId,
   });
 }

From 24e3ee2a5d884bdadc5dba12ca656024a41dc60c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sun, 10 May 2026 19:21:11 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 405/471] Rename app commands for consistency and add support
 for auto-update toggling

- Standardized command names with the `apps_` prefix for improved readability and consistency (e.g., `check_app_update` renamed to `apps_check_app_update`).
- Introduced new commands: `apps_get_auto_update_enabled` and `apps_set_auto_update_enabled` to manage the auto-update setting.
- Updated bindings, UI components, and permissions configurations to reflect these changes.
- Adjusted app update interval timing for improved responsiveness.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs       |  2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs                   |  9 +--
 .../src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs         |  2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs   |  2 +-
 .../sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/apply.rs   | 42 +++++++------
 .../src/lifecycle/update/background.rs        |  2 +-
 .../src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs          |  4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/settings.rs              | 35 +++++++++++
 src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml          | 12 ++--
 src-tauri/src/lib.rs                          | 12 ++--
 src/bindings.ts                               | 26 +++++---
 src/components/apps/AppsLaunchpad.tsx         |  4 +-
 src/components/apps/AppsPageActionsMenu.tsx   | 62 ++++++++++++++++---
 src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx                  |  4 +-
 src/pages/Apps.tsx                            |  2 +-
 15 files changed, 159 insertions(+), 61 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
index a268fa415..a29d505d4 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
@@ -29,6 +29,6 @@ pub async fn apps_invoke_system_bridge(
 
 #[tauri::command]
 #[specta::specta]
-pub fn get_user_capability_definitions() -> Result<Vec<SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView>, String> {
+pub fn apps_get_user_capability_definitions() -> Result<Vec<SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView>, String> {
     Ok(user_registry().values().copied().map(Into::into).collect())
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
index 37a23466f..c99c3ca5b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
@@ -19,14 +19,14 @@ pub use settings::{SageAppsSettings, read_apps_settings};
 
 // Commands
 pub use bridge::commands::{
-    apps_invoke_bridge, apps_invoke_system_bridge, get_user_capability_definitions,
+    apps_invoke_bridge, apps_invoke_system_bridge, apps_get_user_capability_definitions,
 };
 pub use environment::commands::apps_set_environment_theme;
 pub use lifecycle::{
     apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data,
-    install::commands::list_installed_apps,
-    update::commands::{apply_app_update, check_app_update},
-    uninstall::uninstall_app
+    install::commands::apps_list_installed_apps,
+    update::commands::{apps_apply_app_update, apps_check_app_update},
+    uninstall::apps_uninstall_app
 };
 pub use runtime::commands::{
     apps_enter_workspace, apps_leave_workspace,
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ pub use runtime::commands::{
 pub use sandbox::commands::{
     apps_get_app_launch_gate, apps_get_sandbox_state, apps_rerun_sandbox_tests,
 };
+pub use settings::{apps_get_auto_update_enabled, apps_set_auto_update_enabled};
 
 // Bridge protocol
 pub use security::{handle_system_app_protocol_request, handle_user_app_protocol_request};
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs
index 15a55874b..11c106589 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use crate::types::ListedSageAppView;
 
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
-pub async fn list_installed_apps(state: State<'_, AppState>) -> Result<Vec<ListedSageAppView>> {
+pub async fn apps_list_installed_apps(state: State<'_, AppState>) -> Result<Vec<ListedSageAppView>> {
     let base_path = {
         let state = state.lock().await;
         state.path.clone()
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs
index 071dd61ef..a1722052a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ use tokio::time::timeout;
 
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
-pub async fn uninstall_app(
+pub async fn apps_uninstall_app(
     app_handle: AppHandle,
     state: State<'_, AppState>,
     app_id: String,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/apply.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/apply.rs
index d3a73ae67..25c119a98 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/apply.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/apply.rs
@@ -78,30 +78,34 @@ pub(super) async fn try_auto_apply_pending_update(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: &str,
 ) -> crate::host::Result<bool> {
-    let resolved = resolve_app(app_handle, app_id)
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to read installed app {app_id}: {err}")))?;
+    let should_attempt_apply = {
+        let resolved = resolve_app(app_handle, app_id).await.map_err(|err| {
+            io::Error::other(format!("failed to read installed app {app_id}: {err}"))
+        })?;
 
-    if let ResolvedApp::Running(_) = resolved {
-        return Ok(false);
-    }
+        if let ResolvedApp::Running(_) = resolved {
+            return Ok(false);
+        }
 
-    let has_pending_update = resolved.with_app(|app| {
-        app.with(|sage_app| {
-            sage_app
-                .as_user()
-                .and_then(|user_app| user_app.pending_update())
-                .is_some()
-        })
-    });
+        let has_pending_update = resolved.with_app(|app| {
+            app.with(|sage_app| {
+                sage_app
+                    .as_user()
+                    .and_then(|user_app| user_app.pending_update())
+                    .is_some()
+            })
+        });
 
-    if !has_pending_update {
-        return Ok(false);
-    }
+        if !has_pending_update {
+            return Ok(false);
+        }
 
-    let should_review = resolved.with_app(SharedSageApp::should_review_pending_update);
+        let should_review = resolved.with_app(SharedSageApp::should_review_pending_update);
+
+        !should_review
+    };
 
-    if should_review {
+    if !should_attempt_apply {
         return Ok(false);
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/background.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/background.rs
index d1fb2a483..d39ef223f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/background.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/background.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ pub fn start_background_app_update_checker(app_handle: AppHandle) {
     tauri::async_runtime::spawn(async move {
         tracing::info!("starting background app update checker");
 
-        let mut interval = tokio::time::interval(Duration::from_secs(10 * 60));
+        let mut interval = tokio::time::interval(Duration::from_secs(10));
 
         loop {
             if let Err(err) = run_background_app_update_check(&app_handle).await {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
index ebd361764..ff20420af 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use crate::types::{SageAppUrlPreview, SageAppView};
 
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
-pub async fn check_app_update(
+pub async fn apps_check_app_update(
     apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_handle: AppHandle,
     app_id: String,
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ pub async fn check_app_update(
 
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
-pub async fn apply_app_update(
+pub async fn apps_apply_app_update(
     app_handle: AppHandle,
     apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: String,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/settings.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/settings.rs
index 53beb45db..06dce3136 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/settings.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/settings.rs
@@ -6,9 +6,44 @@ use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
 use crate::lifecycle::apps_root;
+use tauri::{command, State};
+use crate::AppsHostState;
+use crate::host::{AppState, Result};
 
 const APPS_SETTINGS_FILE: &str = ".sage-apps-settings.json";
 
+#[command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn apps_get_auto_update_enabled(
+    apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+) -> Result<bool> {
+    Ok(apps_state.settings.read().await.auto_update_enabled)
+}
+
+#[command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn apps_set_auto_update_enabled(
+    state: State<'_, AppState>,
+    apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    enabled: bool,
+) -> Result<bool> {
+    let base_path = {
+        let state = state.lock().await;
+        state.path.clone()
+    };
+
+    let enabled = apps_state
+        .settings
+        .try_mutate(&base_path, |settings| {
+            settings.auto_update_enabled = enabled;
+            Ok::<_, String>(settings.auto_update_enabled)
+        })
+        .await
+        .map_err(std::io::Error::other)?;
+
+    Ok(enabled)
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct SageAppsSettings {
diff --git a/src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml b/src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml
index 70740645e..6389e89c0 100644
--- a/src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml
+++ b/src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml
@@ -127,17 +127,19 @@ commands.allow = [
     "apps_start_system_app",
     "apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data",
     "apps_set_environment_theme",
-    "get_user_capability_definitions",
+    "apps_get_user_capability_definitions",
     "apps_get_sandbox_state",
     "apps_get_app_launch_gate",
     "apps_rerun_sandbox_tests",
-    "list_installed_apps",
-    "uninstall_app",
-    "check_app_update",
-    "apply_app_update",
+    "apps_list_installed_apps",
+    "apps_uninstall_app",
+    "apps_check_app_update",
+    "apps_apply_app_update",
     "apps_list_runtimes",
     "apps_focus_taskbar_runtime",
     "apps_clear_active_taskbar_runtime",
     "apps_kill_taskbar_runtime",
     "apps_dev_reload_runtime",
+    "apps_get_auto_update_enabled",
+    "apps_set_auto_update_enabled",
 ]
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
index 9175a3506..792233f45 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
@@ -162,15 +162,15 @@ pub fn run() {
             apps::apps_leave_workspace,
             apps::apps_invoke_bridge,
             apps::apps_invoke_system_bridge,
-            apps::get_user_capability_definitions,
+            apps::apps_get_user_capability_definitions,
             apps::apps_set_environment_theme,
             apps::apps_get_sandbox_state,
             apps::apps_get_app_launch_gate,
             apps::apps_rerun_sandbox_tests,
-            apps::list_installed_apps,
-            apps::uninstall_app,
-            apps::check_app_update,
-            apps::apply_app_update,
+            apps::apps_list_installed_apps,
+            apps::apps_uninstall_app,
+            apps::apps_check_app_update,
+            apps::apps_apply_app_update,
             apps::apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data,
             apps::apps_start_system_app,
             apps::apps_start_user_app,
@@ -179,6 +179,8 @@ pub fn run() {
             apps::apps_clear_active_taskbar_runtime,
             apps::apps_kill_taskbar_runtime,
             apps::apps_dev_reload_runtime,
+            apps::apps_get_auto_update_enabled,
+            apps::apps_set_auto_update_enabled,
         ])
         .events(collect_events![SyncEvent]);
 
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index 7dc8244d5..57f5774f4 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -374,8 +374,8 @@ async appsInvokeBridge(request: RustBridgeRequest) : Promise<RustBridgeInvokeRes
 async appsInvokeSystemBridge(request: RustBridgeRequest) : Promise<RustBridgeInvokeResult> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_invoke_system_bridge", { request });
 },
-async getUserCapabilityDefinitions() : Promise<SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView[]> {
-    return await TAURI_INVOKE("get_user_capability_definitions");
+async appsGetUserCapabilityDefinitions() : Promise<SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView[]> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_get_user_capability_definitions");
 },
 async appsSetEnvironmentTheme(theme: EnvironmentThemeView) : Promise<null> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_set_environment_theme", { theme });
@@ -389,17 +389,17 @@ async appsGetAppLaunchGate(appId: string) : Promise<AppLaunchGateResult> {
 async appsRerunSandboxTests() : Promise<SandboxStateView> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_rerun_sandbox_tests");
 },
-async listInstalledApps() : Promise<ListedSageAppView[]> {
-    return await TAURI_INVOKE("list_installed_apps");
+async appsListInstalledApps() : Promise<ListedSageAppView[]> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_list_installed_apps");
 },
-async uninstallApp(appId: string) : Promise<null> {
-    return await TAURI_INVOKE("uninstall_app", { appId });
+async appsUninstallApp(appId: string) : Promise<null> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_uninstall_app", { appId });
 },
-async checkAppUpdate(appId: string) : Promise<SageAppUrlPreview | null> {
-    return await TAURI_INVOKE("check_app_update", { appId });
+async appsCheckAppUpdate(appId: string) : Promise<SageAppUrlPreview | null> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_check_app_update", { appId });
 },
-async applyAppUpdate(appId: string) : Promise<SageAppView> {
-    return await TAURI_INVOKE("apply_app_update", { appId });
+async appsApplyAppUpdate(appId: string) : Promise<SageAppView> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_apply_app_update", { appId });
 },
 async appsClearRuntimeBrowsingData(appId: string) : Promise<null> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data", { appId });
@@ -424,6 +424,12 @@ async appsKillTaskbarRuntime(params: RuntimeTargetParams) : Promise<SystemKillRu
 },
 async appsDevReloadRuntime(params: RuntimeTargetParams) : Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecordView> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_dev_reload_runtime", { params });
+},
+async appsGetAutoUpdateEnabled() : Promise<boolean> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_get_auto_update_enabled");
+},
+async appsSetAutoUpdateEnabled(enabled: boolean) : Promise<boolean> {
+    return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_set_auto_update_enabled", { enabled });
 }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/components/apps/AppsLaunchpad.tsx b/src/components/apps/AppsLaunchpad.tsx
index e8b48b87d..f6dadb36a 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/AppsLaunchpad.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/AppsLaunchpad.tsx
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ export function AppsLaunchpad() {
     }));
 
     try {
-      const preview = await commands.checkAppUpdate(appId);
+      const preview = await commands.appsCheckAppUpdate(appId);
 
       if (!preview) {
         setUpdateCheckStateByAppId((prev) => ({
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ export function AppsLaunchpad() {
     }));
 
     try {
-      await commands.applyAppUpdate(appId);
+      await commands.appsApplyAppUpdate(appId);
     } catch (err) {
       const message = formatAppError(err);
 
diff --git a/src/components/apps/AppsPageActionsMenu.tsx b/src/components/apps/AppsPageActionsMenu.tsx
index 13147e7ef..60ab7cf99 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/AppsPageActionsMenu.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/AppsPageActionsMenu.tsx
@@ -6,27 +6,66 @@ import {
   DropdownMenuSeparator,
   DropdownMenuTrigger,
 } from '@/components/ui/dropdown-menu';
+import { commands } from '@/bindings';
 import { Menu } from 'lucide-react';
-import { useState } from 'react';
+import { useEffect, useState } from 'react';
 
 interface Props {
   onOpenSandboxTests: () => void;
   onClose?: () => void;
 }
 
-export function AppsPageActionsMenu({
-  onOpenSandboxTests,
-  onClose,
-}: Props) {
+export function AppsPageActionsMenu({ onOpenSandboxTests, onClose }: Props) {
   const [open, setOpen] = useState(false);
 
+  const [autoUpdateEnabled, setAutoUpdateEnabled] = useState(false);
+  const [loadingAutoUpdate, setLoadingAutoUpdate] = useState(true);
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    let cancelled = false;
+
+    async function load() {
+      try {
+        const enabled = await commands.appsGetAutoUpdateEnabled();
+
+        if (!cancelled) {
+          setAutoUpdateEnabled(enabled);
+        }
+      } catch (err) {
+        console.error('Failed to load apps auto update setting', err);
+      } finally {
+        if (!cancelled) {
+          setLoadingAutoUpdate(false);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    load();
+
+    return () => {
+      cancelled = true;
+    };
+  }, []);
+
   function handleOpenChange(nextOpen: boolean) {
     setOpen(nextOpen);
+
     if (!nextOpen) {
       onClose?.();
     }
   }
 
+  async function handleToggleAutoUpdate() {
+    try {
+      const enabled =
+        await commands.appsSetAutoUpdateEnabled(!autoUpdateEnabled);
+
+      setAutoUpdateEnabled(enabled);
+    } catch (err) {
+      console.error('Failed to update apps auto update setting', err);
+    }
+  }
+
   return (
     <DropdownMenu open={open} onOpenChange={handleOpenChange}>
       <DropdownMenuTrigger asChild>
@@ -36,10 +75,19 @@ export function AppsPageActionsMenu({
       </DropdownMenuTrigger>
 
       <DropdownMenuContent align='end' className='w-56'>
-        <DropdownMenuSeparator />
         <DropdownMenuItem
-          onClick={onOpenSandboxTests}
+          disabled={loadingAutoUpdate}
+          onSelect={(event) => {
+            event.preventDefault();
+          }}
+          onClick={handleToggleAutoUpdate}
         >
+          {autoUpdateEnabled ? 'Disable auto-update' : 'Enable auto-update'}
+        </DropdownMenuItem>
+
+        <DropdownMenuSeparator />
+
+        <DropdownMenuItem onClick={onOpenSandboxTests}>
           Sandbox tests
         </DropdownMenuItem>
       </DropdownMenuContent>
diff --git a/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx b/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
index c3dee792e..7d260b171 100644
--- a/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
+++ b/src/contexts/AppsContext.tsx
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
     setError(null);
 
     try {
-      const listed = await commands.listInstalledApps();
+      const listed = await commands.appsListInstalledApps();
 
       setApps(listed);
       setLoading(false);
@@ -394,7 +394,7 @@ export function AppsProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
       setBusy(appId, true);
 
       try {
-        await commands.uninstallApp(appId);
+        await commands.appsUninstallApp(appId);
 
         setPendingUpdates((prev) =>
           Object.fromEntries(
diff --git a/src/pages/Apps.tsx b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
index ba31d2923..e17a3a352 100644
--- a/src/pages/Apps.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ export function Apps() {
     }
 
     try {
-      await commands.applyAppUpdate(activeAppId);
+      await commands.appsApplyAppUpdate(activeAppId);
     } catch (err) {
       console.error('Failed to apply app update:', err);
     }

From 5e2f2afaffa01f819afc132c3c9bb18ca155c048 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Tue, 12 May 2026 00:20:59 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 406/471] Refactor storage types: merge
 `InstalledSageAppStorage` and `PendingStorageCleanupTarget` into
 `SageAppStorage`.

---
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs |  20 +--
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs |   4 +-
 .../sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs   |   8 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs     | 117 +++++++-----------
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs         |   8 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/storage.rs       |   4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs  |  16 +--
 crates/sage-apps/src/storage.rs               |  19 ---
 crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs           |   4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs      |  12 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs   |   4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs             |   2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/storage.rs         |  16 +--
 13 files changed, 86 insertions(+), 148 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
index 22328c332..fffb5f516 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::bridge::methods::system::emit_listed_apps_changed;
 use crate::lifecycle::{allocate_new_storage, apps_root, write_metadata_for_app};
 use crate::types::{
-    InstalledSageAppStorage, SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppPackageManifest,
+    SageAppStorage, SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppPackageManifest,
     SageAppSnapshot, SageAppWalletScope, SageGrantedPermissionsInput, UserSageApp,
     UserSageAppSource,
 };
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ trait InstallStorageResolver {
     fn resolve_storage(
         &self,
         existing: Option<&UserSageApp>,
-    ) -> AnyResult<Option<InstalledSageAppStorage>>;
+    ) -> AnyResult<Option<SageAppStorage>>;
 }
 
 struct TauriStorageResolver;
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ impl InstallStorageResolver for TauriStorageResolver {
     fn resolve_storage(
         &self,
         existing: Option<&UserSageApp>,
-    ) -> AnyResult<Option<InstalledSageAppStorage>> {
+    ) -> AnyResult<Option<SageAppStorage>> {
         Ok(existing.map(|app| app.common().storage().clone()))
     }
 }
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ where
         SageAppWalletScope::AllWallets,
         source,
         &TestStorageResolver {
-            storage: InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
+            storage: SageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
         },
         None,
     )
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ pub fn recreate_app_dir(app_dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<()> {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 pub(crate) struct TestStorageResolver {
-    storage: InstalledSageAppStorage,
+    storage: SageAppStorage,
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ impl InstallStorageResolver for TestStorageResolver {
     fn resolve_storage(
         &self,
         _existing: Option<&UserSageApp>,
-    ) -> AnyResult<Option<InstalledSageAppStorage>> {
+    ) -> AnyResult<Option<SageAppStorage>> {
         Ok(Some(self.storage.clone()))
     }
 }
@@ -357,7 +357,7 @@ mod tests {
                 source: UserSageAppSource::Zip,
             },
             &TestStorageResolver {
-                storage: InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
+                storage: SageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
             },
             None,
         )
@@ -370,7 +370,7 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(common.name(), "Test App");
         assert_eq!(common.entry_file(), "index.html");
         assert_eq!(common.icon_file(), None);
-        assert_eq!(common.storage(), &InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged);
+        assert_eq!(common.storage(), &SageAppStorage::Unmanaged);
         assert_eq!(installed.source(), &UserSageAppSource::Zip);
 
         let reread = read_installed_app_by_id(dir.path(), "fake-app").unwrap();
@@ -402,7 +402,7 @@ mod tests {
                 source: UserSageAppSource::Zip,
             },
             &TestStorageResolver {
-                storage: InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
+                storage: SageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
             },
             None,
         )
@@ -440,7 +440,7 @@ mod tests {
             )
             .unwrap(),
             granted_permissions,
-            InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
+            SageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
             SageAppSnapshot::new(
                 "hash".to_string(),
                 app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
index a83b04d30..7c64b83f2 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ mod tests {
     use crate::lifecycle::write_retired_app_origins;
     use crate::runtime::{SageAppRuntimeMode, SageAppRuntimeRecord, SageAppRuntimeVisibility};
     use crate::types::{
-        AppPresentation, InstalledSageAppStorage, RetiredAppOriginEntry, SageAppCommon,
+        AppPresentation, SageAppStorage, RetiredAppOriginEntry, SageAppCommon,
         SageAppIdentity, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageAppWalletScope,
         SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedCapabilities,
         SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions, SharedSageApp,
@@ -261,7 +261,7 @@ mod tests {
         let mut common = SageAppCommon::new(
             SageAppIdentity::new(app_id, origin_id, app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string()).unwrap(),
             granted_permissions,
-            InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
+            SageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
             snapshot,
             SageAppWalletScope::AllWallets,
         )
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs
index e2c7b66c4..f037060c3 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs
@@ -279,11 +279,7 @@ mod tests {
 
     use crate::lifecycle::install::{FakeInstallSource, install_app_from_source_for_test};
     use crate::lifecycle::storage::record_storage_cleanup_failure;
-    use crate::types::{
-        ListedSageApp, PendingStorageCleanupTarget, RetiredAppOriginEntry, SageAppManifestFile,
-        SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
-        SageRequestedPermissions, SharedSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
-    };
+    use crate::types::{ListedSageApp, RetiredAppOriginEntry, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageAppStorage, SageGrantedPermissionsInput, SageRequestedPermissions, SharedSageApp, UserSageAppSource};
     use std::fs;
     use tempfile::tempdir;
 
@@ -526,7 +522,7 @@ mod tests {
 
         let loaded = read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries(base.path()).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(loaded, entries);
-        assert_eq!(loaded[0].target(), &PendingStorageCleanupTarget::Unmanaged);
+        assert_eq!(loaded[0].target(), &SageAppStorage::Unmanaged);
     }
 
     #[tokio::test]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
index d4146497c..778bd209d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
@@ -1,22 +1,26 @@
+use anyhow::{Result as AnyResult};
+use tauri::{AppHandle, command};
 use std::path::Path;
-
-#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
-use anyhow::Context;
-use anyhow::{Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
+use uuid::Uuid;
 #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
-use std::fs;
-use tauri::{AppHandle, command};
+use {
+    std::fs,
+    anyhow::Context,
+    tauri::Manager,
+};
 #[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios"))]
-use uuid::Uuid;
+use {
+    anyhow::anyhow,
+    crate::storage::parse_data_store_id,
+};
 
 use crate::lifecycle::{
     read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries, read_retired_app_origins,
     write_pending_storage_cleanup_entries, write_retired_app_origins,
 };
 use crate::runtime::{resolve_stopped_app, run_verified_storage_clear_cycle};
-use crate::storage::{cleanup_target_from_storage, parse_data_store_id};
 use crate::types::{
-    InstalledSageAppStorage, PendingStorageCleanupEntry, PendingStorageCleanupTarget,
+    SageAppStorage, PendingStorageCleanupEntry,
     RetiredAppOriginEntry, SharedSageApp,
 };
 
@@ -24,7 +28,7 @@ use crate::types::{
 pub async fn allocate_new_storage(
     app: &AppHandle,
     _base_path: &Path,
-) -> AnyResult<InstalledSageAppStorage> {
+) -> AnyResult<SageAppStorage> {
     loop {
         let identifier = *Uuid::new_v4().as_bytes();
         let existing_ids = app
@@ -33,7 +37,7 @@ pub async fn allocate_new_storage(
             .map_err(|err| anyhow!("failed to fetch data store identifiers: {err}"))?;
 
         if existing_ids.iter().all(|existing| *existing != identifier) {
-            return Ok(InstalledSageAppStorage::AppleDataStore {
+            return Ok(SageAppStorage::AppleDataStore {
                 identifier_hex: hex::encode(identifier),
             });
         }
@@ -44,7 +48,7 @@ pub async fn allocate_new_storage(
 pub async fn allocate_new_storage(
     _app: &AppHandle,
     base_path: &Path,
-) -> AnyResult<InstalledSageAppStorage> {
+) -> AnyResult<SageAppStorage> {
     let profiles_root = base_path.join("profiles");
     fs::create_dir_all(&profiles_root).with_context(|| {
         format!(
@@ -54,11 +58,11 @@ pub async fn allocate_new_storage(
     })?;
 
     loop {
-        let directory_name = format!("profile-{}", uuid::Uuid::new_v4());
+        let directory_name = format!("profile-{}", Uuid::new_v4());
         let candidate = profiles_root.join(&directory_name);
 
         if !candidate.exists() {
-            return Ok(InstalledSageAppStorage::WindowsProfile { directory_name });
+            return Ok(SageAppStorage::WindowsProfile { directory_name });
         }
     }
 }
@@ -67,8 +71,8 @@ pub async fn allocate_new_storage(
 pub async fn allocate_new_storage(
     _app: &AppHandle,
     _base_path: &Path,
-) -> AnyResult<InstalledSageAppStorage> {
-    Ok(InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged)
+) -> AnyResult<SageAppStorage> {
+    Ok(SageAppStorage::Unmanaged)
 }
 
 pub fn record_storage_cleanup_failure(
@@ -78,7 +82,7 @@ pub fn record_storage_cleanup_failure(
 ) -> AnyResult<()> {
     let mut entries = read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries(base_path)?;
 
-    let target = cleanup_target_from_storage(&app.with(|app| app.storage().clone()));
+    let target = app.with(|app| app.storage().clone());
 
     if let Some(entry) = entries.iter_mut().find(|entry| entry.target() == &target) {
         entry.record_failed_attempt(error);
@@ -112,11 +116,11 @@ pub async fn process_pending_storage_cleanup(app: &AppHandle, base_path: &Path)
 
 pub async fn clear_app_storage_by_target(
     app: &AppHandle,
-    target: &PendingStorageCleanupTarget,
+    target: &SageAppStorage,
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
     match target {
         #[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios"))]
-        PendingStorageCleanupTarget::AppleDataStore { identifier_hex } => {
+        SageAppStorage::AppleDataStore { identifier_hex } => {
             let target_id = parse_data_store_id(identifier_hex)?;
             let existing_ids = app
                 .fetch_data_store_identifiers()
@@ -131,7 +135,7 @@ pub async fn clear_app_storage_by_target(
         }
 
         #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
-        PendingStorageCleanupTarget::WindowsProfile { directory_name } => {
+        SageAppStorage::WindowsProfile { directory_name } => {
             let app_data_dir = app
                 .path()
                 .app_data_dir()
@@ -139,7 +143,7 @@ pub async fn clear_app_storage_by_target(
 
             let profile_dir = app_data_dir.join(crate::storage::data_directory_for(directory_name));
 
-            match std::fs::remove_dir_all(&profile_dir) {
+            match fs::remove_dir_all(&profile_dir) {
                 Ok(()) => {}
                 Err(err) if err.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound => {}
                 Err(err) => {
@@ -151,7 +155,7 @@ pub async fn clear_app_storage_by_target(
             }
         }
 
-        PendingStorageCleanupTarget::Unmanaged => {}
+        SageAppStorage::Unmanaged => {}
 
         #[allow(unreachable_patterns)]
         _ => {}
@@ -212,6 +216,7 @@ pub async fn apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data(
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
     use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+    use std::fs;
 
     use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
     use crate::lifecycle::{
@@ -227,15 +232,15 @@ mod tests {
     use tempfile::tempdir;
 
     fn write_index(app_dir: &Path) {
-        std::fs::create_dir_all(app_dir).unwrap();
-        std::fs::write(app_dir.join("index.html"), "x").unwrap();
+        fs::create_dir_all(app_dir).unwrap();
+        fs::write(app_dir.join("index.html"), "x").unwrap();
     }
 
     fn sample_app_with(
         base_path: &Path,
         app_id: &str,
         name: &str,
-        storage: InstalledSageAppStorage,
+        storage: SageAppStorage,
         source: UserSageAppSource,
         storage_may_contain_secrets: bool,
     ) -> SharedSageApp {
@@ -319,7 +324,7 @@ mod tests {
         app
     }
 
-    fn sample_app(base_path: &Path, storage: InstalledSageAppStorage) -> SharedSageApp {
+    fn sample_app(base_path: &Path, storage: SageAppStorage) -> SharedSageApp {
         sample_app_with(
             base_path,
             "url-abc123",
@@ -330,50 +335,16 @@ mod tests {
         )
     }
 
-    #[test]
-    fn target_from_storage_maps_apple_data_store() {
-        let target = cleanup_target_from_storage(&InstalledSageAppStorage::AppleDataStore {
-            identifier_hex: "abc123".into(),
-        });
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            target,
-            PendingStorageCleanupTarget::AppleDataStore {
-                identifier_hex: "abc123".into(),
-            }
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn target_from_storage_maps_windows_profile() {
-        let target = cleanup_target_from_storage(&InstalledSageAppStorage::WindowsProfile {
-            directory_name: "profile-1".into(),
-        });
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            target,
-            PendingStorageCleanupTarget::WindowsProfile {
-                directory_name: "profile-1".into(),
-            }
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn target_from_storage_maps_unmanaged() {
-        let target = cleanup_target_from_storage(&InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged);
-        assert_eq!(target, PendingStorageCleanupTarget::Unmanaged);
-    }
-
     #[test]
     fn record_storage_cleanup_failure_creates_unmanaged_target() {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-        let app = sample_app(dir.path(), InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged);
+        let app = sample_app(dir.path(), SageAppStorage::Unmanaged);
 
         record_storage_cleanup_failure(dir.path(), &app, "boom").unwrap();
 
         let entries = read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries(dir.path()).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(entries.len(), 1);
-        assert_eq!(entries[0].target(), &PendingStorageCleanupTarget::Unmanaged);
+        assert_eq!(entries[0].target(), &SageAppStorage::Unmanaged);
         assert_eq!(entries[0].attempt_count(), 1);
         assert_eq!(entries[0].last_error(), Some("boom"));
     }
@@ -383,7 +354,7 @@ mod tests {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
         let app = sample_app(
             dir.path(),
-            InstalledSageAppStorage::AppleDataStore {
+            SageAppStorage::AppleDataStore {
                 identifier_hex: "abc123".into(),
             },
         );
@@ -394,7 +365,7 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(entries.len(), 1);
         assert_eq!(
             entries[0].target(),
-            &PendingStorageCleanupTarget::AppleDataStore {
+            &SageAppStorage::AppleDataStore {
                 identifier_hex: "abc123".into(),
             }
         );
@@ -405,7 +376,7 @@ mod tests {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
         let app = sample_app(
             dir.path(),
-            InstalledSageAppStorage::WindowsProfile {
+            SageAppStorage::WindowsProfile {
                 directory_name: "profile-1".into(),
             },
         );
@@ -416,7 +387,7 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(entries.len(), 1);
         assert_eq!(
             entries[0].target(),
-            &PendingStorageCleanupTarget::WindowsProfile {
+            &SageAppStorage::WindowsProfile {
                 directory_name: "profile-1".into(),
             }
         );
@@ -426,14 +397,14 @@ mod tests {
     fn record_storage_cleanup_failure_merges_existing_entry_by_target() {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
 
-        let app_a = sample_app(dir.path(), InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged);
+        let app_a = sample_app(dir.path(), SageAppStorage::Unmanaged);
         record_storage_cleanup_failure(dir.path(), &app_a, "first").unwrap();
 
         let app_b = sample_app_with(
             dir.path(),
             "url-other",
             "Other App",
-            InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
+            SageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
             UserSageAppSource::url("https://example.com/other/").unwrap(),
             true,
         );
@@ -455,7 +426,7 @@ mod tests {
             dir.path(),
             "url-abc123",
             "Test App",
-            InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
+            SageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
             UserSageAppSource::Zip,
             true,
         );
@@ -469,7 +440,7 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn enqueue_retired_app_origin_creates_new_entry_for_url_app() {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-        let app = sample_app(dir.path(), InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged);
+        let app = sample_app(dir.path(), SageAppStorage::Unmanaged);
 
         enqueue_retired_app_origin(&app, true).unwrap();
 
@@ -484,7 +455,7 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn enqueue_retired_app_origin_updates_existing_origin_entry() {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-        let app = sample_app(dir.path(), InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged);
+        let app = sample_app(dir.path(), SageAppStorage::Unmanaged);
 
         enqueue_retired_app_origin(&app, true).unwrap();
         enqueue_retired_app_origin(&app, false).unwrap();
@@ -502,7 +473,7 @@ mod tests {
             dir.path(),
             "url-abc123",
             "Test App",
-            InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
+            SageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
             UserSageAppSource::url("https://example.com/app/").unwrap(),
             false,
         );
@@ -513,7 +484,7 @@ mod tests {
             dir.path(),
             "url-abc123",
             "Test App",
-            InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
+            SageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
             UserSageAppSource::url("https://example.com/app/").unwrap(),
             true,
         );
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
index 4b106b2dd..62b6c4692 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ use crate::runtime::{
 };
 use crate::storage::parse_data_store_id;
 use crate::types::{
-    AppPresentation, InstalledSageAppStorage, ResolvedApp, ResolvedStoppedApp, SharedSageApp,
+    AppPresentation, SageAppStorage, ResolvedApp, ResolvedStoppedApp, SharedSageApp,
 };
 use crate::{AppsHostState, sandbox};
 
@@ -324,17 +324,17 @@ fn build_persistent_storage_target(
 
     match storage {
         #[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios"))]
-        InstalledSageAppStorage::AppleDataStore { identifier_hex } => {
+        SageAppStorage::AppleDataStore { identifier_hex } => {
             let identifier = parse_data_store_id(&identifier_hex)?;
             builder = builder.data_store_identifier(identifier);
         }
 
         #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
-        InstalledSageAppStorage::WindowsProfile { directory_name } => {
+        SageAppStorage::WindowsProfile { directory_name } => {
             builder = builder.data_directory(crate::storage::data_directory_for(directory_name));
         }
 
-        InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged => {}
+        SageAppStorage::Unmanaged => {}
 
         #[allow(unreachable_patterns)]
         _ => {}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/storage.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/storage.rs
index ff5e8050c..1d617a903 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/storage.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/storage.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ use crate::sandbox::{
     BUILTIN_STORAGE_CLEAR_PROBE_RUNTIME_ID, SandboxStorageClearProbePhase,
     SandboxStorageClearProbeResult, build_builtin_runtime_app,
 };
-use crate::storage::cleanup_target_from_storage;
 use crate::types::SharedSageApp;
 use crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms;
 use std::time::Duration;
@@ -55,8 +54,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn run_verified_storage_clear_cycle(
 
     let storage = resolved_app.with_app(|app| app.with(|app| app.storage().clone()));
 
-    let target = cleanup_target_from_storage(&storage);
-    clear_app_storage_by_target(app_handle, &target).await?;
+    clear_app_storage_by_target(app_handle, &storage).await?;
 
     let absent = run_storage_clear_phase(
         app_handle,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
index c1c12cdac..52cdc4e4a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use std::{fs, path::PathBuf};
 
 use crate::system_apps::AppBuildError;
 use crate::types::{
-    InstalledSageAppStorage, SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppPackageManifest,
+    SageAppStorage, SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppPackageManifest,
     SageAppSnapshot, SageAppWalletScope, SageGrantedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
 };
 use crate::utils::builtin_apps_root;
@@ -91,26 +91,26 @@ pub fn builtin_runtime_apps_root() -> PathBuf {
 }
 
 #[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios"))]
-fn builtin_storage(app_id: &str) -> InstalledSageAppStorage {
+fn builtin_storage(app_id: &str) -> SageAppStorage {
     let mut hasher = Sha256::new();
     hasher.update(format!("builtin-storage:{app_id}").as_bytes());
     let digest = hasher.finalize();
 
-    InstalledSageAppStorage::AppleDataStore {
+    SageAppStorage::AppleDataStore {
         identifier_hex: hex::encode(&digest[..16]),
     }
 }
 
 #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
-fn builtin_storage(app_id: &str) -> InstalledSageAppStorage {
-    InstalledSageAppStorage::WindowsProfile {
+fn builtin_storage(app_id: &str) -> SageAppStorage {
+    SageAppStorage::WindowsProfile {
         directory_name: format!("builtin-profile-{app_id}"),
     }
 }
 
 #[cfg(not(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios", target_os = "windows")))]
-fn builtin_storage(_app_id: &str) -> InstalledSageAppStorage {
-    InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged
+fn builtin_storage(_app_id: &str) -> SageAppStorage {
+    SageAppStorage::Unmanaged
 }
 
 fn read_builtin_manifest(app_dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<SageAppPackageManifest> {
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ pub fn build_builtin_runtime_app(app_id: &str) -> Result<Option<SageApp>, AppBui
             },
         )?,
         granted_permissions,
-        InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
+        SageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
         snapshot,
         SageAppWalletScope::AllWallets,
     )
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/storage.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/storage.rs
index 3d0abff68..ead4216f5 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/storage.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/storage.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-use crate::types::{InstalledSageAppStorage, PendingStorageCleanupTarget};
 #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
@@ -23,21 +22,3 @@ pub fn parse_data_store_id(identifier_hex: &str) -> Result<[u8; 16], String> {
     out.copy_from_slice(&bytes);
     Ok(out)
 }
-
-pub fn cleanup_target_from_storage(
-    storage: &InstalledSageAppStorage,
-) -> PendingStorageCleanupTarget {
-    match storage {
-        InstalledSageAppStorage::AppleDataStore { identifier_hex } => {
-            PendingStorageCleanupTarget::AppleDataStore {
-                identifier_hex: identifier_hex.clone(),
-            }
-        }
-        InstalledSageAppStorage::WindowsProfile { directory_name } => {
-            PendingStorageCleanupTarget::WindowsProfile {
-                directory_name: directory_name.clone(),
-            }
-        }
-        InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged => PendingStorageCleanupTarget::Unmanaged,
-    }
-}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
index 7b5b9e456..599259372 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use crate::capabilities::list::{SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
 use crate::types::{
-    InstalledSageAppStorage, SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppPackageManifest,
+    SageAppStorage, SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppPackageManifest,
     SageAppSnapshot, SageAppWalletScope, SageGrantedPermissions, SageGrantedSystemPermissions,
     SystemSageApp,
 };
@@ -250,7 +250,7 @@ pub fn build_builtin_system_app(app_id: &str) -> Result<Option<SageApp>, AppBuil
     let common = match SageAppCommon::new(
         identity,
         granted_permissions,
-        InstalledSageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
+        SageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
         snapshot,
         SageAppWalletScope::AllWallets,
     ) {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
index 25c7c755f..40225a0b8 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use crate::types::invariants::{
 };
 use crate::types::normalizers::normalized_non_empty_string;
 use crate::types::permissions::{SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions};
-use crate::types::storage::InstalledSageAppStorage;
+use crate::types::storage::SageAppStorage;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize};
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ pub struct SageAppCommon {
     identity: SageAppIdentity,
     granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
     flags: SageAppFlags,
-    storage: InstalledSageAppStorage,
+    storage: SageAppStorage,
     active_snapshot: SageAppSnapshot,
     wallet_scope: SageAppWalletScope,
 }
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ impl SageAppCommon {
     pub fn new(
         identity: SageAppIdentity,
         granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
-        storage: InstalledSageAppStorage,
+        storage: SageAppStorage,
         snapshot: SageAppSnapshot,
         wallet_scope: SageAppWalletScope,
     ) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ impl SageAppCommon {
     fn build(
         identity: SageAppIdentity,
         granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
-        storage: InstalledSageAppStorage,
+        storage: SageAppStorage,
         snapshot: SageAppSnapshot,
         wallet_scope: SageAppWalletScope,
         previous_flags: Option<&SageAppFlags>,
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ impl SageAppCommon {
         &self.flags
     }
 
-    pub fn storage(&self) -> &InstalledSageAppStorage {
+    pub fn storage(&self) -> &SageAppStorage {
         &self.storage
     }
 
@@ -298,7 +298,7 @@ pub(crate) struct SageAppCommonRaw {
     identity: SageAppIdentity,
     granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
     flags: SageAppFlags,
-    storage: InstalledSageAppStorage,
+    storage: SageAppStorage,
     active_snapshot: SageAppSnapshot,
     wallet_scope: SageAppWalletScope,
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs
index b23af8cc0..5911891e4 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ use crate::types::app::view::SageAppIconView;
 use crate::types::permissions::{
     SageGrantedPermissions, SageGrantedSystemPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions,
 };
-use crate::types::storage::InstalledSageAppStorage;
+use crate::types::storage::SageAppStorage;
 use crate::types::{SageAppUrl, UserSageAppPendingUpdateView};
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
@@ -425,7 +425,7 @@ impl SageApp {
         self.common().flags()
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn storage(&self) -> &InstalledSageAppStorage {
+    pub(crate) fn storage(&self) -> &SageAppStorage {
         self.common().storage()
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs
index 5f3204b58..045b79b77 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ pub(crate) use permissions::{
     SageGrantedPermissions, SageGrantedSystemPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions,
 };
 pub(crate) use storage::{
-    InstalledSageAppStorage, PendingStorageCleanupEntry, PendingStorageCleanupTarget,
+    SageAppStorage, PendingStorageCleanupEntry,
 };
 
 #[cfg(test)]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/storage.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/storage.rs
index c94970ffc..740af707e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/storage.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/storage.rs
@@ -6,15 +6,7 @@ use uuid::Uuid;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
 #[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub enum InstalledSageAppStorage {
-    AppleDataStore { identifier_hex: String },
-    WindowsProfile { directory_name: String },
-    Unmanaged,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
-#[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub enum PendingStorageCleanupTarget {
+pub enum SageAppStorage {
     AppleDataStore { identifier_hex: String },
     WindowsProfile { directory_name: String },
     Unmanaged,
@@ -26,7 +18,7 @@ pub struct PendingStorageCleanupEntry {
     id: String,
     app_id: String,
     app_name: String,
-    target: PendingStorageCleanupTarget,
+    target: SageAppStorage,
     created_at_ms: i64,
     last_attempt_at_ms: Option<i64>,
     attempt_count: u32,
@@ -34,7 +26,7 @@ pub struct PendingStorageCleanupEntry {
 }
 
 impl PendingStorageCleanupEntry {
-    pub fn new(app: &SharedSageApp, target: PendingStorageCleanupTarget, error: &str) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(app: &SharedSageApp, target: SageAppStorage, error: &str) -> Self {
         let now = unix_timestamp_ms();
 
         Self {
@@ -55,7 +47,7 @@ impl PendingStorageCleanupEntry {
         self.last_error = Some(error.to_string());
     }
 
-    pub fn target(&self) -> &PendingStorageCleanupTarget {
+    pub fn target(&self) -> &SageAppStorage {
         &self.target
     }
 }

From 9af528c7ccdf6c1fc79e5c96f1eeeb80d5c06937 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Thu, 21 May 2026 16:20:23 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 407/471] Introduce database-backed storage and origin
 management for Sage apps

- Replaced retired storage management with new database-backed model using `AppsDb`.
- Implemented SQLite migrations to handle `sage_app_storages`, `sage_app_origins`, and `sage_apps` tables.
- Added `AppsDb` methods for managing app registration, storage assignment, and origin tracking.
- Refactored `AppsHostState` to include `AppsDb` for streamlined app and storage operations.
- Cleaned up legacy `RetiredAppOriginEntry` and related logic.
---
 Cargo.lock                                    |   1 +
 crates/sage-apps/Cargo.toml                   |   1 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs |   2 +-
 .../methods/system/app_install/install_url.rs |   5 +-
 .../methods/system/app_install/install_zip.rs |   5 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/db/app.rs                |  81 +++
 crates/sage-apps/src/db/connection.rs         |  55 ++
 .../migrations/0001_app_resource_registry.sql |  34 ++
 crates/sage-apps/src/db/mod.rs                |   6 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/db/origin.rs             |  91 ++++
 crates/sage-apps/src/db/storage.rs            | 132 +++++
 crates/sage-apps/src/host.rs                  |  21 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs                   |   2 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs | 432 ++++++++--------
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs | 381 +-------------
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs | 110 ++--
 .../sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs   | 128 +----
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs     | 474 ++++--------------
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs   |  51 +-
 .../src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs       |   3 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/events.rs        |   2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs         |  33 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs   |  22 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/storage.rs       |  10 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs      |  26 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/mod.rs         |   2 -
 .../sage-apps/src/types/app/retired_origin.rs |  70 ---
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs   |  10 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs             |   6 +-
 .../src/types/permissions/granted.rs          |  45 ++
 .../sage-apps/src/types/permissions/tests.rs  |  21 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/storage.rs         |  59 ---
 src-tauri/src/lib.rs                          |   5 +-
 33 files changed, 966 insertions(+), 1360 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/db/app.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/db/connection.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/db/migrations/0001_app_resource_registry.sql
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/db/mod.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/db/origin.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/db/storage.rs
 delete mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/retired_origin.rs

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 64f157ead..8a69c3fad 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -6364,6 +6364,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "sha2",
  "specta",
  "specta-typescript",
+ "sqlx",
  "tauri",
  "tauri-plugin-dialog",
  "tauri-specta",
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/Cargo.toml b/crates/sage-apps/Cargo.toml
index f38404eff..f896ccfbf 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/Cargo.toml
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ tracing = { workspace = true }
 reqwest = { workspace = true, features = ["json", "rustls-tls"] }
 anyhow = { workspace = true }
 hex = { workspace = true }
+sqlx = { workspace = true, features = ["sqlite", "runtime-tokio"] }
 sha2 = "0.10.9"
 uuid = { version = "1.19.0", features = ["v4", "serde"] }
 tempfile = "3"
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
index bc892309a..318ff79a5 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ async fn process_shared(
     };
 
     let authority_app = origin.impostor_runtime.as_ref().map_or_else(
-        || app.clone_for_runtime_owner(),
+        || app.clone(),
         SharedImpostorRuntime::impostor_app,
     );
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/install_url.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/install_url.rs
index 3bb9566ad..a376dc9c4 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/install_url.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/install_url.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use serde::Deserialize;
 use specta::Type;
 use std::io;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
-
+use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
     BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
@@ -57,6 +57,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppInstallInstallUrl {
         let app = install_app_url(
             tools.app_handle.clone(),
             state,
+            tools.host_state.clone(),
             params.app_url,
             params.granted_permissions,
             params.wallet_scope,
@@ -71,6 +72,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppInstallInstallUrl {
 pub async fn install_app_url(
     app: AppHandle,
     state: State<'_, AppState>,
+    host_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_url: String,
     granted_permissions_input: SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
     wallet_scope: SageAppWalletScope,
@@ -83,6 +85,7 @@ pub async fn install_app_url(
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("invalid app URL {app_url}: {err}")))?;
     let result = install_app_from_source(
         &app,
+        &host_state,
         &base_path,
         granted_permissions_input,
         wallet_scope,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/install_zip.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/install_zip.rs
index a9cbd1f82..30c051adb 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/install_zip.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/install_zip.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use serde::Deserialize;
 use specta::Type;
 use std::{fs, io};
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
-
+use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
     BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
@@ -60,6 +60,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppInstallInstallZip {
         let app = install_app_zip(
             tools.app_handle.clone(),
             state,
+            tools.host_state.clone(),
             params.zip_path,
             params.granted_permissions,
             params.wallet_scope,
@@ -74,6 +75,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppInstallInstallZip {
 pub async fn install_app_zip(
     app: AppHandle,
     state: State<'_, AppState>,
+    host_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     zip_path: String,
     granted_permissions_input: SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
     wallet_scope: SageAppWalletScope,
@@ -97,6 +99,7 @@ pub async fn install_app_zip(
 
     let result = install_app_from_source(
         &app,
+        &host_state,
         &base_path,
         granted_permissions_input,
         wallet_scope,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/db/app.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/db/app.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..112b5fff8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/db/app.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+use anyhow::{Context, Result};
+
+use crate::db::AppsDb;
+
+impl AppsDb {
+    pub async fn register_app(
+        &self,
+        app_id: &str,
+        storage_id: i64,
+        origin_row_id: i64,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        let now = crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms();
+
+        sqlx::query(
+            r#"
+            INSERT INTO sage_apps (
+                app_id,
+                storage_id,
+                origin_row_id,
+                created_at_ms,
+                updated_at_ms
+            )
+            VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
+            "#,
+        )
+            .bind(app_id)
+            .bind(storage_id)
+            .bind(origin_row_id)
+            .bind(now)
+            .bind(now)
+            .execute(&self.pool)
+            .await
+            .with_context(|| format!("failed to register app {app_id}"))?;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub async fn unregister_app(&self, app_id: &str) -> Result<()> {
+        sqlx::query(
+            r#"
+            DELETE FROM sage_apps
+            WHERE app_id = ?
+            "#,
+        )
+            .bind(app_id)
+            .execute(&self.pool)
+            .await
+            .with_context(|| format!("failed to unregister app {app_id}"))?;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub async fn update_app_assignment(
+        &self,
+        app_id: &str,
+        storage_id: i64,
+        origin_row_id: i64,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        let now = crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms();
+
+        sqlx::query(
+            r#"
+            UPDATE sage_apps
+            SET
+                storage_id = ?,
+                origin_row_id = ?,
+                updated_at_ms = ?
+            WHERE app_id = ?
+            "#,
+        )
+            .bind(storage_id)
+            .bind(origin_row_id)
+            .bind(now)
+            .bind(app_id)
+            .execute(&self.pool)
+            .await
+            .with_context(|| format!("failed to update app assignment {app_id}"))?;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/db/connection.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/db/connection.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ac736735e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/db/connection.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+use std::{
+    fs,
+    path::{Path, PathBuf},
+};
+
+use anyhow::{Context, Result};
+use sqlx::{
+    SqlitePool,
+    sqlite::{SqliteConnectOptions, SqliteJournalMode, SqlitePoolOptions},
+};
+
+const DB_FILE: &str = "sage-apps.sqlite3";
+
+static MIGRATOR: sqlx::migrate::Migrator = sqlx::migrate!("src/db/migrations");
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct AppsDb {
+    pub(super) pool: SqlitePool,
+}
+
+impl AppsDb {
+    pub async fn initialize(base_path: &Path) -> Result<Self> {
+        fs::create_dir_all(base_path)
+            .with_context(|| format!("failed to create apps db directory {}", base_path.display()))?;
+
+        let db_path = database_path(base_path);
+
+        let options = SqliteConnectOptions::new()
+            .filename(&db_path)
+            .create_if_missing(true)
+            .journal_mode(SqliteJournalMode::Wal)
+            .foreign_keys(true);
+
+        let pool = SqlitePoolOptions::new()
+            .max_connections(8)
+            .connect_with(options)
+            .await
+            .with_context(|| format!("failed to open apps database {}", db_path.display()))?;
+
+        MIGRATOR
+            .run(&pool)
+            .await
+            .with_context(|| format!("failed to run apps database migrations {}", db_path.display()))?;
+
+        Ok(Self { pool })
+    }
+
+    pub fn pool(&self) -> &SqlitePool {
+        &self.pool
+    }
+}
+
+fn database_path(base_path: &Path) -> PathBuf {
+    base_path.join(DB_FILE)
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/db/migrations/0001_app_resource_registry.sql b/crates/sage-apps/src/db/migrations/0001_app_resource_registry.sql
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..db5f2dcd9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/db/migrations/0001_app_resource_registry.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS sage_app_storages (
+    id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
+    storage_json TEXT NOT NULL,
+    created_at_ms INTEGER NOT NULL,
+    updated_at_ms INTEGER NOT NULL
+);
+
+CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS sage_app_origins (
+    id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
+    origin_id TEXT NOT NULL,
+    storage_id INTEGER NOT NULL,
+    may_contain_secrets INTEGER NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
+    created_at_ms INTEGER NOT NULL,
+    updated_at_ms INTEGER NOT NULL,
+
+    FOREIGN KEY(storage_id) REFERENCES sage_app_storages(id)
+);
+
+CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS sage_apps (
+    app_id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
+    storage_id INTEGER NOT NULL,
+    origin_row_id INTEGER NOT NULL,
+    created_at_ms INTEGER NOT NULL,
+    updated_at_ms INTEGER NOT NULL,
+
+    FOREIGN KEY(storage_id) REFERENCES sage_app_storages(id),
+    FOREIGN KEY(origin_row_id) REFERENCES sage_app_origins(id)
+);
+
+CREATE UNIQUE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_sage_app_origins_origin_id
+    ON sage_app_origins(origin_id);
+
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_sage_app_origins_storage_id
+    ON sage_app_origins(storage_id);
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/db/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/db/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d185c239f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/db/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+mod app;
+mod connection;
+mod origin;
+mod storage;
+
+pub use connection::AppsDb;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/db/origin.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/db/origin.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..26d62eb51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/db/origin.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+use anyhow::{Context, Result};
+use sqlx::Row;
+
+use crate::db::AppsDb;
+
+impl AppsDb {
+    pub async fn register_origin(&self, origin_id: &str, storage_id: i64) -> Result<i64> {
+        let now = crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms();
+
+        let result = sqlx::query(
+            r#"
+            INSERT INTO sage_app_origins (
+                origin_id,
+                storage_id,
+                may_contain_secrets,
+                created_at_ms,
+                updated_at_ms
+            )
+            VALUES (?, ?, 0, ?, ?)
+            "#,
+        )
+            .bind(origin_id)
+            .bind(storage_id)
+            .bind(now)
+            .bind(now)
+            .execute(&self.pool)
+            .await
+            .with_context(|| format!("failed to insert origin {origin_id}"))?;
+
+        Ok(result.last_insert_rowid())
+    }
+
+    pub async fn mark_origin_may_contain_secrets(&self, origin_id: &str) -> Result<()> {
+        let now = crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms();
+
+        sqlx::query(
+            r#"
+            UPDATE sage_app_origins
+            SET
+                may_contain_secrets = 1,
+                updated_at_ms = ?
+            WHERE origin_id = ?
+            "#,
+        )
+            .bind(now)
+            .bind(origin_id)
+            .execute(&self.pool)
+            .await
+            .with_context(|| format!("failed to mark origin as containing secrets {origin_id}"))?;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub async fn origin_may_contain_secrets(&self, origin_id: &str) -> Result<bool> {
+        let row = sqlx::query(
+            r#"
+            SELECT may_contain_secrets
+            FROM sage_app_origins
+            WHERE origin_id = ?
+            "#,
+        )
+            .bind(origin_id)
+            .fetch_optional(&self.pool)
+            .await
+            .with_context(|| format!("failed to query origin secret state {origin_id}"))?;
+
+        let Some(row) = row else {
+            return Ok(false);
+        };
+
+        let value: i64 = row.try_get("may_contain_secrets")?;
+
+        Ok(value != 0)
+    }
+
+    pub async fn delete_abandoned_origins(&self) -> Result<u64> {
+        let result = sqlx::query(
+            r#"
+            DELETE FROM sage_app_origins
+            WHERE id NOT IN (
+                SELECT origin_row_id FROM sage_apps
+            )
+            "#,
+        )
+            .execute(&self.pool)
+            .await
+            .context("failed to delete abandoned origin rows")?;
+
+        Ok(result.rows_affected())
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/db/storage.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/db/storage.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d7f5a7a95
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/db/storage.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+use anyhow::{Context, Result};
+use sqlx::Row;
+
+use crate::db::AppsDb;
+use crate::types::SageAppStorage;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct AbandonedStorage {
+    pub id: i64,
+    pub storage: SageAppStorage,
+}
+
+impl AppsDb {
+    pub async fn register_storage(&self, storage: &SageAppStorage) -> Result<i64> {
+        let storage_json = serde_json::to_string(storage).context("failed to serialize storage")?;
+        let now = crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms();
+
+        let result = sqlx::query(
+            r#"
+            INSERT INTO sage_app_storages (
+                storage_json,
+                created_at_ms,
+                updated_at_ms
+            )
+            VALUES (?, ?, ?)
+            "#,
+        )
+            .bind(storage_json)
+            .bind(now)
+            .bind(now)
+            .execute(&self.pool)
+            .await
+            .context("failed to insert storage")?;
+
+        Ok(result.last_insert_rowid())
+    }
+
+    pub async fn get_app_storage(&self, app_id: &str) -> Result<Option<SageAppStorage>> {
+        let row = sqlx::query(
+            r#"
+            SELECT storage_json
+            FROM sage_apps apps
+            INNER JOIN sage_app_storages storages
+                ON storages.id = apps.storage_id
+            WHERE apps.app_id = ?
+            "#,
+        )
+            .bind(app_id)
+            .fetch_optional(&self.pool)
+            .await
+            .with_context(|| format!("failed to get storage for app {app_id}"))?;
+
+        let Some(row) = row else {
+            return Ok(None);
+        };
+
+        let storage_json: String = row.try_get("storage_json")?;
+
+        serde_json::from_str::<SageAppStorage>(&storage_json)
+            .with_context(|| format!("failed to deserialize storage for app {app_id}"))
+            .map(Some)
+    }
+
+    pub async fn list_abandoned_managed_storages(&self) -> Result<Vec<AbandonedStorage>> {
+        let rows = sqlx::query(
+            r#"
+            SELECT id, storage_json
+            FROM sage_app_storages
+            WHERE id NOT IN (
+                SELECT storage_id FROM sage_apps
+            )
+            ORDER BY id ASC
+            "#,
+        )
+            .fetch_all(&self.pool)
+            .await
+            .context("failed to list abandoned storages")?;
+
+        rows.into_iter()
+            .map(|row| {
+                let id: i64 = row.try_get("id")?;
+                let storage_json: String = row.try_get("storage_json")?;
+                let storage = serde_json::from_str::<SageAppStorage>(&storage_json)
+                    .with_context(|| format!("failed to deserialize abandoned storage {id}"))?;
+
+                Ok(AbandonedStorage { id, storage })
+            })
+            .filter_map(|result| match result {
+                Ok(abandoned) if matches!(abandoned.storage, SageAppStorage::Unmanaged) => None,
+                other => Some(other),
+            })
+            .collect()
+    }
+
+    pub async fn delete_origins_for_abandoned_storage(&self, storage_id: i64) -> Result<u64> {
+        let result = sqlx::query(
+            r#"
+            DELETE FROM sage_app_origins
+            WHERE storage_id = ?
+              AND storage_id NOT IN (
+                  SELECT storage_id FROM sage_apps
+              )
+            "#,
+        )
+            .bind(storage_id)
+            .execute(&self.pool)
+            .await
+            .with_context(|| {
+                format!("failed to delete abandoned origins for storage row {storage_id}")
+            })?;
+
+        Ok(result.rows_affected())
+    }
+
+    pub async fn delete_abandoned_storage(&self, storage_id: i64) -> Result<()> {
+        sqlx::query(
+            r#"
+            DELETE FROM sage_app_storages
+            WHERE id = ?
+              AND id NOT IN (
+                SELECT storage_id FROM sage_apps
+              )
+            "#,
+        )
+            .bind(storage_id)
+            .execute(&self.pool)
+            .await
+            .with_context(|| format!("failed to delete abandoned storage row {storage_id}"))?;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/host.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/host.rs
index 0a40397e1..962311262 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/host.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/host.rs
@@ -12,11 +12,12 @@ use std::fmt;
 use std::path::Path;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use tokio::sync::Mutex;
+use crate::db::AppsDb;
 use crate::settings::{write_apps_settings, SageAppsSettings};
 
 pub type AppState = Arc<Mutex<Sage>>;
 
-#[derive(Debug, Default)]
+#[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct AppsHostState {
     pub app_operation_locks: RwLock<HashMap<String, Arc<Mutex<()>>>>,
     pub app_update_locks: RwLock<HashSet<String>>,
@@ -25,9 +26,23 @@ pub struct AppsHostState {
     pub sandbox: SandboxStateStore,
     pub environment: AppsEnvironmentState,
     pub settings: AppsSettingsState,
+    pub db: AppsDb,
 }
 
 impl AppsHostState {
+    pub fn new(db: AppsDb) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            app_operation_locks: Default::default(),
+            app_update_locks: Default::default(),
+            runtime: Default::default(),
+            bridge: Default::default(),
+            sandbox: Default::default(),
+            environment: Default::default(),
+            settings: Default::default(),
+            db,
+        }
+    }
+
     pub fn operation_lock_for_app(&self, app_id: &str) -> Arc<Mutex<()>> {
         if let Some(lock) = self.app_operation_locks.read().get(app_id) {
             return lock.clone();
@@ -141,7 +156,7 @@ impl AppsSettingsState {
         E: ToString,
     {
         let mut settings = self.current.lock().await;
-        let previous = settings.clone();
+        let previous = *settings;
 
         match f(&mut settings) {
             Ok(value) => {
@@ -161,6 +176,6 @@ impl AppsSettingsState {
     }
 
     pub(crate) async fn read(&self) -> SageAppsSettings {
-        self.current.lock().await.clone()
+        *self.current.lock().await
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
index c99c3ca5b..a1ef1a7a3 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
@@ -12,9 +12,11 @@ mod system_apps;
 mod types;
 mod utils;
 mod settings;
+mod db;
 
 // State
 pub use host::AppsHostState;
+pub use db::AppsDb;
 pub use settings::{SageAppsSettings, read_apps_settings};
 
 // Commands
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
index fffb5f516..46fdd1fc9 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
@@ -3,17 +3,19 @@ use std::{
     path::{Path, PathBuf},
 };
 
+use anyhow::Result as AnyResult;
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
+use uuid::Uuid;
+
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::bridge::methods::system::emit_listed_apps_changed;
 use crate::lifecycle::{allocate_new_storage, apps_root, write_metadata_for_app};
 use crate::types::{
-    SageAppStorage, SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppPackageManifest,
-    SageAppSnapshot, SageAppWalletScope, SageGrantedPermissionsInput, UserSageApp,
+    SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot,
+    SageAppStorage, SageAppWalletScope, SageGrantedPermissionsInput, UserSageApp,
     UserSageAppSource,
 };
-use anyhow::Result as AnyResult;
-use async_trait::async_trait;
-use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
 
 pub mod commands;
 pub mod url;
@@ -21,70 +23,39 @@ pub mod zip;
 
 #[async_trait]
 pub trait AppInstallSource {
-    type Prepared: Send + Sync;
+    type PreparedArtifact: Send + Sync;
 
-    async fn prepare(&self) -> AnyResult<Self::Prepared>;
+    async fn prepare(&self) -> AnyResult<Self::PreparedArtifact>;
 
-    fn manifest<'a>(&self, prepared: &'a Self::Prepared) -> &'a SageAppPackageManifest;
+    fn manifest<'a>(&self, prepared: &'a Self::PreparedArtifact) -> &'a SageAppPackageManifest;
 
-    fn source(&self, prepared: &Self::Prepared) -> UserSageAppSource;
+    fn source(&self, prepared: &Self::PreparedArtifact) -> UserSageAppSource;
 
     fn resolve_target(
         &self,
         root: &Path,
         base_path: &Path,
-        prepared: &Self::Prepared,
+        prepared: &Self::PreparedArtifact,
     ) -> AnyResult<(String, PathBuf, Option<UserSageApp>)>;
 
     async fn create_snapshot(
         &self,
         app_dir: &Path,
-        prepared: &Self::Prepared,
+        prepared: &Self::PreparedArtifact,
     ) -> AnyResult<SageAppSnapshot>;
-
-    fn origin_id(
-        &self,
-        _base_path: &Path,
-        app_id: &str,
-        existing: Option<&UserSageApp>,
-    ) -> AnyResult<String> {
-        if let Some(app) = existing {
-            return Ok(app.common().origin_id().to_string());
-        }
-
-        Ok(app_id.to_string())
-    }
-
-    fn after_origin_selected(
-        &self,
-        _base_path: &Path,
-        _app_id: &str,
-        _origin_id: &str,
-    ) -> AnyResult<()> {
-        Ok(())
-    }
 }
 
-trait InstallStorageResolver {
-    fn resolve_storage(
-        &self,
-        existing: Option<&UserSageApp>,
-    ) -> AnyResult<Option<SageAppStorage>>;
-}
-
-struct TauriStorageResolver;
-
-impl InstallStorageResolver for TauriStorageResolver {
-    fn resolve_storage(
-        &self,
-        existing: Option<&UserSageApp>,
-    ) -> AnyResult<Option<SageAppStorage>> {
-        Ok(existing.map(|app| app.common().storage().clone()))
-    }
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct ResolvedInstallTarget {
+    app_id: String,
+    app_dir: PathBuf,
+    origin_id: String,
+    storage: SageAppStorage,
 }
 
 pub async fn install_app_from_source<S>(
     app: &AppHandle,
+    host_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     base_path: &Path,
     granted_permissions_input: SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
     wallet_scope: SageAppWalletScope,
@@ -93,15 +64,15 @@ pub async fn install_app_from_source<S>(
 where
     S: AppInstallSource + Send + Sync,
 {
-    let install_result = install_app_from_source_with_storage(
+    let install_result = install_app_from_source_inner(
+        app,
+        host_state,
         base_path,
         granted_permissions_input,
         wallet_scope,
         source,
-        &TauriStorageResolver,
-        Some(app),
     )
-    .await;
+        .await;
 
     let host_state: State<'_, AppsHostState> = app.state();
     emit_listed_apps_changed(app, &host_state, base_path).await;
@@ -109,79 +80,94 @@ where
     install_result
 }
 
-#[cfg(test)]
-pub(crate) async fn install_app_from_source_for_test<S>(
+async fn install_app_from_source_inner<S>(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    host_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     base_path: &Path,
     granted_permissions_input: SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
-    source: S,
-) -> AnyResult<UserSageApp>
-where
-    S: AppInstallSource + Send + Sync,
-{
-    install_app_from_source_with_storage(
-        base_path,
-        granted_permissions_input,
-        SageAppWalletScope::AllWallets,
-        source,
-        &TestStorageResolver {
-            storage: SageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
-        },
-        None,
-    )
-    .await
-}
-
-async fn install_app_from_source_with_storage<S, R>(
-    base_path: &Path,
-    sage_granted_permissions_input: SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
     wallet_scope: SageAppWalletScope,
     source: S,
-    storage_resolver: &R,
-    app: Option<&AppHandle>,
 ) -> AnyResult<UserSageApp>
 where
     S: AppInstallSource + Send + Sync,
-    R: InstallStorageResolver + Sync,
 {
     let root = apps_root(base_path);
     fs::create_dir_all(&root)?;
 
-    let prepared = source.prepare().await?;
-    let manifest = source.manifest(&prepared);
+    let prepared_artifact = source.prepare().await?;
+
+    let (app_id, app_dir, existing_app) =
+        source.resolve_target(&root, base_path, &prepared_artifact)?;
 
-    let granted_permissions = sage_granted_permissions_input.resolve(manifest.permissions())?;
+    if existing_app.is_some() {
+        anyhow::bail!("App is already installed");
+    }
 
-    let (app_id, app_dir, existing_app) = source.resolve_target(&root, base_path, &prepared)?;
+    let registered_storage = allocate_new_storage(app, host_state, base_path).await?;
+    let origin_id = fresh_origin_id(&app_id);
 
-    let storage = if let Some(storage) = storage_resolver.resolve_storage(existing_app.as_ref())? {
-        storage
-    } else {
-        let app = app.expect("missing AppHandle for new install storage allocation");
-        allocate_new_storage(app, base_path).await?
+    let target = ResolvedInstallTarget {
+        app_id: app_id.clone(),
+        app_dir,
+        origin_id: origin_id.clone(),
+        storage: registered_storage.storage.clone(),
     };
 
-    recreate_app_dir(&app_dir)?;
+    let installed = materialize_installed_app(
+        source,
+        prepared_artifact,
+        target,
+        granted_permissions_input,
+        wallet_scope,
+    )
+        .await?;
+
+    let origin_row_id = host_state
+        .db
+        .register_origin(&origin_id, registered_storage.storage_id)
+        .await?;
+
+    host_state
+        .db
+        .register_app(&app_id, registered_storage.storage_id, origin_row_id)
+        .await?;
+
+    Ok(installed)
+}
+
+async fn materialize_installed_app<S>(
+    source: S,
+    prepared_artifact: S::PreparedArtifact,
+    target: ResolvedInstallTarget,
+    granted_permissions_input: SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
+    wallet_scope: SageAppWalletScope,
+) -> AnyResult<UserSageApp>
+where
+    S: AppInstallSource + Send + Sync,
+{
+    let manifest = source.manifest(&prepared_artifact);
 
-    let snapshot = source.create_snapshot(&app_dir, &prepared).await?;
+    create_app_dir(&target.app_dir)?;
 
-    let origin_id = source.origin_id(base_path, &app_id, existing_app.as_ref())?;
+    let snapshot = source
+        .create_snapshot(&target.app_dir, &prepared_artifact)
+        .await?;
 
-    source.after_origin_selected(base_path, &app_id, &origin_id)?;
+    let granted_permissions = granted_permissions_input.resolve(manifest.permissions())?;
 
     let common = SageAppCommon::new(
         SageAppIdentity::new(
-            app_id.clone(),
-            origin_id,
-            app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+            target.app_id,
+            target.origin_id,
+            target.app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
         )?,
         granted_permissions,
-        storage,
+        target.storage,
         snapshot,
         wallet_scope,
     )?;
 
-    let installed = UserSageApp::new_installed(common, source.source(&prepared));
-
+    let installed = UserSageApp::new_installed(common, source.source(&prepared_artifact));
     let installed_sage_app = installed.into_sage_app();
 
     write_metadata_for_app(&installed_sage_app)?;
@@ -193,60 +179,84 @@ where
     Ok(installed)
 }
 
-pub fn recreate_app_dir(app_dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<()> {
-    if app_dir.exists() {
-        fs::remove_dir_all(app_dir)?;
-    }
+#[cfg(test)]
+pub(crate) async fn install_app_from_source_for_test<S>(
+    base_path: &Path,
+    granted_permissions_input: SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
+    source: S,
+) -> AnyResult<UserSageApp>
+where
+    S: AppInstallSource + Send + Sync,
+{
+    let root = apps_root(base_path);
+    fs::create_dir_all(&root)?;
 
-    fs::create_dir_all(app_dir)?;
+    let prepared_artifact = source.prepare().await?;
 
-    Ok(())
+    let (app_id, app_dir, existing_app) =
+        source.resolve_target(&root, base_path, &prepared_artifact)?;
+
+    if existing_app.is_some() {
+        anyhow::bail!("App is already installed");
+    }
+
+    materialize_installed_app(
+        source,
+        prepared_artifact,
+        ResolvedInstallTarget {
+            app_id: app_id.clone(),
+            app_dir,
+            origin_id: fresh_origin_id(&app_id),
+            storage: SageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
+        },
+        granted_permissions_input,
+        SageAppWalletScope::AllWallets,
+    )
+        .await
 }
 
-#[cfg(test)]
-pub(crate) struct TestStorageResolver {
-    storage: SageAppStorage,
+pub fn fresh_origin_id(app_id: &str) -> String {
+    format!("{}.{}", Uuid::new_v4(), app_id)
 }
 
-#[cfg(test)]
-impl InstallStorageResolver for TestStorageResolver {
-    fn resolve_storage(
-        &self,
-        _existing: Option<&UserSageApp>,
-    ) -> AnyResult<Option<SageAppStorage>> {
-        Ok(Some(self.storage.clone()))
+pub fn create_app_dir(app_dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<()> {
+    if app_dir.exists() {
+        anyhow::bail!("app directory already exists, cannot create");
     }
+
+    fs::create_dir_all(app_dir)?;
+
+    Ok(())
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 pub(crate) struct FakeInstallSource {
     pub manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
     pub app_id: String,
-    pub origin_id: String,
     pub source: UserSageAppSource,
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
-pub(crate) struct FakePrepared {
+pub(crate) struct FakePreparedArtifact {
     manifest: SageAppPackageManifest,
 }
 
 #[async_trait]
 #[cfg(test)]
 impl AppInstallSource for FakeInstallSource {
-    type Prepared = FakePrepared;
+    type PreparedArtifact = FakePreparedArtifact;
 
-    async fn prepare(&self) -> AnyResult<Self::Prepared> {
-        Ok(FakePrepared {
+    async fn prepare(&self) -> AnyResult<Self::PreparedArtifact> {
+        Ok(FakePreparedArtifact {
             manifest: self.manifest.clone(),
         })
     }
 
-    fn manifest<'a>(&self, prepared: &'a Self::Prepared) -> &'a SageAppPackageManifest {
+    fn manifest<'a>(&self, prepared: &'a Self::PreparedArtifact) -> &'a SageAppPackageManifest {
         &prepared.manifest
     }
 
-    fn source(&self, _prepared: &Self::Prepared) -> UserSageAppSource {
+    fn source(&self, _prepared: &Self::PreparedArtifact) -> UserSageAppSource {
         self.source.clone()
     }
 
@@ -254,7 +264,7 @@ impl AppInstallSource for FakeInstallSource {
         &self,
         root: &Path,
         _base_path: &Path,
-        _prepared: &Self::Prepared,
+        _prepared: &Self::PreparedArtifact,
     ) -> AnyResult<(String, PathBuf, Option<UserSageApp>)> {
         let app_dir = root.join(&self.app_id);
         Ok((self.app_id.clone(), app_dir, None))
@@ -263,7 +273,7 @@ impl AppInstallSource for FakeInstallSource {
     async fn create_snapshot(
         &self,
         app_dir: &Path,
-        prepared: &Self::Prepared,
+        prepared: &Self::PreparedArtifact,
     ) -> AnyResult<SageAppSnapshot> {
         fs::write(app_dir.join("index.html"), "x")?;
 
@@ -273,32 +283,26 @@ impl AppInstallSource for FakeInstallSource {
             prepared.manifest.clone(),
         )?)
     }
-
-    fn origin_id(
-        &self,
-        _base_path: &Path,
-        _app_id: &str,
-        _existing: Option<&UserSageApp>,
-    ) -> AnyResult<String> {
-        Ok(self.origin_id.clone())
-    }
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
+    use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+
+    use tempfile::tempdir;
+
     use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
     use crate::lifecycle::registry::read_installed_app_by_id;
     use crate::types::{
-        SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifestParts,
-        SageAppWalletScope, SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
-        SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions,
+        SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
+        SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
+        SageRequestedPermissions,
     };
-    use std::collections::BTreeMap;
-    use tempfile::tempdir;
 
     fn sample_manifest() -> SageAppPackageManifest {
         let (manifest_version, sage_version) = SageAppPackageManifestParts::v0_defaults();
+
         SageAppPackageManifest::try_from(SageAppPackageManifestParts {
             manifest_version,
             name: "Test App".into(),
@@ -314,28 +318,43 @@ mod tests {
                     [],
                     [],
                 )
-                .unwrap(),
+                    .unwrap(),
                 SageRequestedCapabilities::new(
                     [UserBridgeCapability::StoragePersistentWebview],
                     [UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch],
                 ),
             )
-            .unwrap(),
-            files: vec![
-                SageAppManifestFile::new("index.html".to_string(), "a".repeat(64), 123).unwrap(),
-            ],
+                .unwrap(),
+            files: vec![SageAppManifestFile::new(
+                "index.html".to_string(),
+                "a".repeat(64),
+                123,
+            )
+                .unwrap()],
             entry: Some("index.html".into()),
             author: None,
             donation: None,
         })
-        .unwrap()
+            .unwrap()
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn fresh_origin_id_uses_uuid_host_prefix_and_app_id_suffix() {
+        let origin = fresh_origin_id("url-abc123");
+
+        assert!(origin.ends_with(".url-abc123"));
+        assert_ne!(origin, "url-abc123");
+
+        let prefix = origin.strip_suffix(".url-abc123").unwrap();
+        Uuid::parse_str(prefix).unwrap();
     }
 
     #[tokio::test]
-    async fn shared_installer_builds_and_writes_installed_app() {
+    async fn materialize_installed_app_builds_and_writes_metadata() {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-
-        let manifest = sample_manifest();
+        let app_id = "fake-app".to_string();
+        let app_dir = apps_root(dir.path()).join(&app_id);
+        let origin_id = fresh_origin_id(&app_id);
 
         let granted = SageGrantedPermissionsInput::new(
             [UserBridgeCapability::StoragePersistentWebview],
@@ -346,113 +365,54 @@ mod tests {
             BTreeMap::new(),
         );
 
-        let installed = install_app_from_source_with_storage(
-            dir.path(),
-            granted,
-            SageAppWalletScope::AllWallets,
-            FakeInstallSource {
-                manifest,
-                app_id: "fake-app".into(),
-                origin_id: "fake-origin".into(),
-                source: UserSageAppSource::Zip,
-            },
-            &TestStorageResolver {
+        let source = FakeInstallSource {
+            manifest: sample_manifest(),
+            app_id: app_id.clone(),
+            source: UserSageAppSource::Zip,
+        };
+
+        let prepared_artifact = source.prepare().await.unwrap();
+
+        let installed = materialize_installed_app(
+            source,
+            prepared_artifact,
+            ResolvedInstallTarget {
+                app_id: app_id.clone(),
+                app_dir,
+                origin_id: origin_id.clone(),
                 storage: SageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
             },
-            None,
+            granted,
+            SageAppWalletScope::AllWallets,
         )
-        .await
-        .unwrap();
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
 
         let common = installed.common();
-        assert_eq!(common.id(), "fake-app");
-        assert_eq!(common.origin_id(), "fake-origin");
+
+        assert_eq!(common.id(), app_id);
+        assert_eq!(common.origin_id(), origin_id);
         assert_eq!(common.name(), "Test App");
         assert_eq!(common.entry_file(), "index.html");
         assert_eq!(common.icon_file(), None);
         assert_eq!(common.storage(), &SageAppStorage::Unmanaged);
         assert_eq!(installed.source(), &UserSageAppSource::Zip);
 
-        let reread = read_installed_app_by_id(dir.path(), "fake-app").unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(reread.common().id(), "fake-app");
-        assert_eq!(reread.common().origin_id(), "fake-origin");
-    }
-
-    #[tokio::test]
-    async fn shared_installer_rejects_unrequested_granted_permission() {
-        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-
-        let granted = SageGrantedPermissionsInput::new(
-            [UserBridgeCapability::StoragePersistentWebview],
-            [SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new_unchecked(
-                "https",
-                "evil.example.com",
-            )],
-            BTreeMap::new(),
-        );
-
-        let err = install_app_from_source_with_storage(
-            dir.path(),
-            granted,
-            SageAppWalletScope::AllWallets,
-            FakeInstallSource {
-                manifest: sample_manifest(),
-                app_id: "fake-app".into(),
-                origin_id: "fake-origin".into(),
-                source: UserSageAppSource::Zip,
-            },
-            &TestStorageResolver {
-                storage: SageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
-            },
-            None,
-        )
-        .await
-        .unwrap_err();
-
-        assert!(
-            err.to_string()
-                .contains("granted shared network whitelist entry not requested")
-        );
+        let reread = read_installed_app_by_id(dir.path(), common.id()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(reread.common().id(), common.id());
+        assert_eq!(reread.common().origin_id(), common.origin_id());
+        assert_eq!(reread.common().storage(), common.storage());
     }
 
     #[test]
-    fn build_installed_app_sets_id_and_origin_id_independently() {
+    fn create_app_dir_rejects_existing_directory() {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-        let app_dir = dir.path().join("url-abc123");
-        fs::create_dir_all(&app_dir).unwrap();
-        fs::write(app_dir.join("index.html"), "x").unwrap();
+        let app_dir = dir.path().join("fake-app");
 
-        let manifest = sample_manifest();
-
-        let granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions::new(
-            manifest.permissions(),
-            [UserBridgeCapability::StoragePersistentWebview],
-            [],
-            BTreeMap::new(),
-        )
-        .unwrap();
+        fs::create_dir_all(&app_dir).unwrap();
 
-        let common = SageAppCommon::new(
-            SageAppIdentity::new(
-                "url-abc123".to_string(),
-                "r123-url-abc123".to_string(),
-                app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-            )
-            .unwrap(),
-            granted_permissions,
-            SageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
-            SageAppSnapshot::new(
-                "hash".to_string(),
-                app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-                manifest.clone(),
-            )
-            .unwrap(),
-            SageAppWalletScope::AllWallets,
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-        let app = UserSageApp::new_installed(common, UserSageAppSource::Zip);
+        let err = create_app_dir(&app_dir).unwrap_err();
 
-        assert_eq!(app.common().id(), "url-abc123");
-        assert_eq!(app.common().origin_id(), "r123-url-abc123");
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("app directory already exists"));
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
index 7c64b83f2..a6c3c343c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
@@ -2,14 +2,10 @@ use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
 
 use anyhow::Result as AnyResult;
 use async_trait::async_trait;
-use uuid::Uuid;
 
 use super::AppInstallSource;
 use crate::lifecycle::registry::read_installed_app_by_id;
-use crate::lifecycle::{
-    download_url_snapshot, fetch_url_manifest_preview, read_retired_app_origins,
-    write_retired_app_origins,
-};
+use crate::lifecycle::{download_url_snapshot, fetch_url_manifest_preview};
 use crate::types::{
     SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppUrl, SageAppUrlPreview, UserSageApp,
     UserSageAppSource,
@@ -23,9 +19,9 @@ pub struct PreparedUrlInstall {
 
 #[async_trait]
 impl AppInstallSource for SageAppUrl {
-    type Prepared = PreparedUrlInstall;
+    type PreparedArtifact = PreparedUrlInstall;
 
-    async fn prepare(&self) -> AnyResult<Self::Prepared> {
+    async fn prepare(&self) -> AnyResult<Self::PreparedArtifact> {
         let (manifest, manifest_hash) = fetch_url_manifest_preview(&self.manifest_url()).await?;
 
         Ok(PreparedUrlInstall {
@@ -33,14 +29,14 @@ impl AppInstallSource for SageAppUrl {
         })
     }
 
-    fn manifest<'a>(&self, prepared: &'a Self::Prepared) -> &'a SageAppPackageManifest {
+    fn manifest<'a>(&self, prepared: &'a Self::PreparedArtifact) -> &'a SageAppPackageManifest {
         prepared
             .preview
             .require_full_manifest()
             .expect("URL install requires full manifest")
     }
 
-    fn source(&self, prepared: &Self::Prepared) -> UserSageAppSource {
+    fn source(&self, prepared: &Self::PreparedArtifact) -> UserSageAppSource {
         UserSageAppSource::Url {
             app_url: prepared.preview.app_url().clone(),
         }
@@ -50,7 +46,7 @@ impl AppInstallSource for SageAppUrl {
         &self,
         root: &Path,
         _base_path: &Path,
-        prepared: &Self::Prepared,
+        prepared: &Self::PreparedArtifact,
     ) -> AnyResult<(String, PathBuf, Option<UserSageApp>)> {
         resolve_url_install_target(root, prepared.preview.app_url())
     }
@@ -58,7 +54,7 @@ impl AppInstallSource for SageAppUrl {
     async fn create_snapshot(
         &self,
         app_dir: &Path,
-        prepared: &Self::Prepared,
+        prepared: &Self::PreparedArtifact,
     ) -> AnyResult<SageAppSnapshot> {
         download_url_snapshot(
             app_dir,
@@ -66,33 +62,7 @@ impl AppInstallSource for SageAppUrl {
             prepared.preview.require_full_manifest()?,
             prepared.preview.manifest_hash(),
         )
-        .await
-    }
-
-    fn origin_id(
-        &self,
-        base_path: &Path,
-        app_id: &str,
-        existing: Option<&UserSageApp>,
-    ) -> AnyResult<String> {
-        if let Some(existing) = existing {
-            return Ok(existing.common().origin_id().to_string());
-        }
-
-        if should_rotate_url_origin_on_install(base_path, app_id)? {
-            Ok(generate_rotated_url_origin_id(app_id))
-        } else {
-            Ok(default_url_origin_id(app_id))
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn after_origin_selected(
-        &self,
-        base_path: &Path,
-        app_id: &str,
-        origin_id: &str,
-    ) -> AnyResult<()> {
-        clear_pending_cleanup_for_reused_url_origin(base_path, app_id, origin_id)
+            .await
     }
 }
 
@@ -101,44 +71,6 @@ pub fn generate_url_app_id(app_url: &SageAppUrl) -> String {
     format!("url-{}-{}", app_url.slug(), &hash[..16])
 }
 
-pub fn default_url_origin_id(app_id: &str) -> String {
-    app_id.to_string()
-}
-
-pub fn generate_rotated_url_origin_id(app_id: &str) -> String {
-    let suffix = Uuid::new_v4().simple().to_string();
-    format!("r{}-{}", &suffix[..12], app_id)
-}
-
-pub fn should_rotate_url_origin_on_install(base_path: &Path, app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<bool> {
-    let retired = read_retired_app_origins(base_path)?;
-
-    Ok(retired
-        .iter()
-        .any(|entry| entry.app_id() == app_id && entry.storage_may_contain_secrets()))
-}
-
-pub fn clear_pending_cleanup_for_reused_url_origin(
-    base_path: &Path,
-    app_id: &str,
-    origin_id: &str,
-) -> AnyResult<()> {
-    let mut retired = read_retired_app_origins(base_path)?;
-    let mut changed = false;
-
-    for entry in &mut retired {
-        if entry.matches_app_origin(app_id, origin_id) {
-            changed |= entry.clear_pending_cleanup();
-        }
-    }
-
-    if changed {
-        write_retired_app_origins(base_path, &retired)?;
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
 pub fn resolve_url_install_target(
     root: &Path,
     app_url: &SageAppUrl,
@@ -161,139 +93,7 @@ pub fn resolve_url_install_target(
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
-    use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
-    use crate::lifecycle::write_retired_app_origins;
-    use crate::runtime::{SageAppRuntimeMode, SageAppRuntimeRecord, SageAppRuntimeVisibility};
-    use crate::types::{
-        AppPresentation, SageAppStorage, RetiredAppOriginEntry, SageAppCommon,
-        SageAppIdentity, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageAppWalletScope,
-        SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedCapabilities,
-        SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions, SharedSageApp,
-    };
-    use std::collections::BTreeMap;
-    use tempfile::{TempDir, tempdir};
-
-    fn fake_retired_app_origins(
-        dir: &TempDir,
-        storage_may_contain_secrets: bool,
-        cleanup_pending: bool,
-    ) {
-        let app = sample_app_in(
-            dir.path(),
-            "url-abc123",
-            "url-abc123",
-            storage_may_contain_secrets,
-        );
-
-        write_retired_app_origins(
-            dir.path(),
-            &[RetiredAppOriginEntry::new(&app, cleanup_pending)],
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-    }
-
-    fn sample_manifest() -> SageAppPackageManifest {
-        let permissions = SageRequestedPermissions::new(
-            SageRequestedNetworkPermissions::new(
-                [],
-                [SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new("https", "api.example.com").unwrap()],
-                [],
-            )
-            .unwrap(),
-            SageRequestedCapabilities::new(
-                [],
-                [
-                    UserBridgeCapability::StoragePersistentWebview,
-                    UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetSecretKey,
-                ],
-            ),
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-
-        let (manifest_version, sage_version) = SageAppPackageManifestParts::v0_defaults();
-        SageAppPackageManifest::try_from(SageAppPackageManifestParts {
-            manifest_version,
-            name: "Test App".into(),
-            icon: None,
-            sage_version,
-            version: "1.0.0".into(),
-            permissions,
-            files: vec![SageAppManifestFile::new("index.html", "a".repeat(64), 123).unwrap()],
-            entry: Some("index.html".into()),
-            author: None,
-            donation: None,
-        })
-        .unwrap()
-    }
-
-    fn sample_app_in(
-        base: &Path,
-        app_id: &str,
-        origin_id: &str,
-        storage_may_contain_secrets: bool,
-    ) -> SharedSageApp {
-        let app_dir = crate::lifecycle::registry::app_dir(base, app_id);
-        std::fs::create_dir_all(&app_dir).unwrap();
-        std::fs::write(app_dir.join("index.html"), "x").unwrap();
-
-        let manifest = sample_manifest();
-
-        let granted_capabilities = if storage_may_contain_secrets {
-            vec![
-                UserBridgeCapability::StoragePersistentWebview,
-                UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetSecretKey,
-            ]
-        } else {
-            vec![UserBridgeCapability::StoragePersistentWebview]
-        };
-
-        let granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions::new(
-            manifest.permissions(),
-            granted_capabilities,
-            [],
-            BTreeMap::new(),
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-
-        let snapshot =
-            SageAppSnapshot::new("hash", app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(), manifest).unwrap();
-
-        let mut common = SageAppCommon::new(
-            SageAppIdentity::new(app_id, origin_id, app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string()).unwrap(),
-            granted_permissions,
-            SageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
-            snapshot,
-            SageAppWalletScope::AllWallets,
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-
-        if storage_may_contain_secrets {
-            common.mark_storage_may_contain_secrets();
-        }
-
-        let app = SharedSageApp::new(
-            UserSageApp::new_installed(
-                common,
-                UserSageAppSource::url("https://example.com/app/").unwrap(),
-            )
-            .into_sage_app(),
-        );
-
-        if storage_may_contain_secrets {
-            let _runtime = SageAppRuntimeRecord::new(
-                &app,
-                "test",
-                "sage-app://test/index.html",
-                AppPresentation::Taskbar,
-                SageAppRuntimeMode::Inline,
-                SageAppRuntimeVisibility::Visible,
-                false,
-            )
-            .unwrap();
-        }
-
-        app
-    }
+    use tempfile::tempdir;
 
     #[test]
     fn generate_url_app_id_is_stable_for_same_app_url() {
@@ -305,163 +105,24 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     #[test]
-    fn default_url_origin_id_is_same_as_app_id() {
-        assert_eq!(default_url_origin_id("url-abc123"), "url-abc123");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn rotated_url_origin_id_differs_from_app_id() {
-        let origin = generate_rotated_url_origin_id("url-abc123");
-
-        assert_ne!(origin, "url-abc123");
-        assert!(origin.ends_with("url-abc123"));
-        assert!(origin.starts_with('r'));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn should_rotate_url_origin_on_install_is_false_without_retired_entry() {
-        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-
-        assert!(!should_rotate_url_origin_on_install(dir.path(), "url-abc123").unwrap());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn should_not_rotate_url_origin_for_pending_cleanup_without_secrets() {
-        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-
-        fake_retired_app_origins(&dir, false, false);
-
-        assert!(!should_rotate_url_origin_on_install(dir.path(), "url-abc123").unwrap());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn should_not_rotate_url_origin_for_clean_retired_origin() {
-        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-
-        fake_retired_app_origins(&dir, false, false);
-
-        assert!(!should_rotate_url_origin_on_install(dir.path(), "url-abc123").unwrap());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn should_rotate_url_origin_when_retired_storage_may_contain_secrets() {
-        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-
-        fake_retired_app_origins(&dir, true, false);
-
-        assert!(should_rotate_url_origin_on_install(dir.path(), "url-abc123").unwrap());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn should_rotate_url_origin_when_retired_storage_may_contain_secrets_even_if_cleanup_pending() {
-        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-
-        fake_retired_app_origins(&dir, true, true);
-
-        assert!(should_rotate_url_origin_on_install(dir.path(), "url-abc123").unwrap());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn url_origin_id_reuses_existing_origin() {
-        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-        let existing = sample_app_in(dir.path(), "url-abc123", "existing-origin", false);
+    fn generate_url_app_id_differs_for_different_manifest_urls() {
+        let a = generate_url_app_id(&SageAppUrl::parse("https://example.com/app-a").unwrap());
+        let b = generate_url_app_id(&SageAppUrl::parse("https://example.com/app-b").unwrap());
 
-        let source = SageAppUrl::parse("https://example.com/app/").unwrap();
-
-        let origin = existing
-            .try_with(|app| {
-                let user_app = app
-                    .as_user()
-                    .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("expected user app"))?;
-
-                source.origin_id(dir.path(), "url-abc123", Some(user_app))
-            })
-            .unwrap();
-
-        assert_eq!(origin, "existing-origin");
+        assert_ne!(a, b);
     }
 
     #[test]
-    fn url_origin_id_defaults_to_app_id_without_retired_origin() {
+    fn resolve_url_install_target_returns_stable_app_id_and_dir() {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let root = dir.path().join("apps");
+        std::fs::create_dir_all(&root).unwrap();
 
-        let source = SageAppUrl::parse("https://example.com/app/").unwrap();
-
-        let origin = source.origin_id(dir.path(), "url-abc123", None).unwrap();
-
-        assert_eq!(origin, "url-abc123");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn url_origin_id_reuses_default_origin_for_pending_cleanup_without_secrets() {
-        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-
-        fake_retired_app_origins(&dir, false, false);
-
-        let source = SageAppUrl::parse("https://example.com/app/").unwrap();
-
-        let origin = source.origin_id(dir.path(), "url-abc123", None).unwrap();
-
-        assert_eq!(origin, "url-abc123");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn url_origin_id_rotates_with_retired_secret_storage() {
-        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-
-        fake_retired_app_origins(&dir, true, false);
-
-        let source = SageAppUrl::parse("https://example.com/app/").unwrap();
-
-        let origin = source.origin_id(dir.path(), "url-abc123", None).unwrap();
-
-        assert_ne!(origin, "url-abc123");
-        assert!(origin.ends_with("url-abc123"));
-        assert!(origin.starts_with('r'));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn reused_url_origin_clears_pending_cleanup_after_origin_selected() {
-        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-
-        fake_retired_app_origins(&dir, false, true);
-
-        let before = read_retired_app_origins(dir.path()).unwrap();
-        assert!(before[0].cleanup_pending());
-
-        let source = SageAppUrl::parse("https://example.com/app/").unwrap();
-
-        let origin = source.origin_id(dir.path(), "url-abc123", None).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(origin, "url-abc123");
-
-        source
-            .after_origin_selected(dir.path(), "url-abc123", &origin)
-            .unwrap();
-
-        let after = read_retired_app_origins(dir.path()).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(after.len(), 1);
-        assert!(!after[0].cleanup_pending());
-        assert!(!after[0].storage_may_contain_secrets());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn rotated_url_origin_does_not_clear_pending_cleanup_for_old_origin() {
-        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-
-        fake_retired_app_origins(&dir, true, true);
-
-        let source = SageAppUrl::parse("https://example.com/app/").unwrap();
-
-        let rotated = source.origin_id(dir.path(), "url-abc123", None).unwrap();
-        assert_ne!(rotated, "url-abc123");
-
-        source
-            .after_origin_selected(dir.path(), "url-abc123", &rotated)
-            .unwrap();
+        let app_url = SageAppUrl::parse("https://example.com/app").unwrap();
+        let (app_id, app_dir, existing) = resolve_url_install_target(&root, &app_url).unwrap();
 
-        let retired = read_retired_app_origins(dir.path()).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(retired.len(), 1);
-        assert!(retired[0].cleanup_pending());
-        assert!(retired[0].storage_may_contain_secrets());
+        assert!(existing.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(app_dir, root.join(&app_id));
+        assert_eq!(app_id, generate_url_app_id(&app_url));
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs
index b4eac3b25..8f93f58e6 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs
@@ -8,12 +8,9 @@ use async_trait::async_trait;
 use uuid::Uuid;
 
 use super::AppInstallSource;
-use crate::lifecycle::{
-    detect_package_root, list_installed_apps_internal, prepare_zip_snapshot, read_manifest,
-    unzip_to_dir,
-};
+use crate::lifecycle::{detect_package_root, prepare_zip_snapshot, read_manifest, unzip_to_dir};
 use crate::types::{
-    ListedSageApp, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
+    SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
 };
 use crate::utils::slugify_app_name;
 
@@ -40,9 +37,9 @@ impl ZipInstallSource {
 
 #[async_trait]
 impl AppInstallSource for ZipInstallSource {
-    type Prepared = PreparedZipInstall;
+    type PreparedArtifact = PreparedZipInstall;
 
-    async fn prepare(&self) -> AnyResult<Self::Prepared> {
+    async fn prepare(&self) -> AnyResult<Self::PreparedArtifact> {
         if self.unpack_dir.exists() {
             fs::remove_dir_all(&self.unpack_dir)?;
         }
@@ -58,11 +55,11 @@ impl AppInstallSource for ZipInstallSource {
         })
     }
 
-    fn manifest<'a>(&self, prepared: &'a Self::Prepared) -> &'a SageAppPackageManifest {
+    fn manifest<'a>(&self, prepared: &'a Self::PreparedArtifact) -> &'a SageAppPackageManifest {
         &prepared.manifest
     }
 
-    fn source(&self, _prepared: &Self::Prepared) -> UserSageAppSource {
+    fn source(&self, _prepared: &Self::PreparedArtifact) -> UserSageAppSource {
         UserSageAppSource::Zip
     }
 
@@ -70,15 +67,18 @@ impl AppInstallSource for ZipInstallSource {
         &self,
         root: &Path,
         _base_path: &Path,
-        prepared: &Self::Prepared,
+        prepared: &Self::PreparedArtifact,
     ) -> AnyResult<(String, PathBuf, Option<UserSageApp>)> {
-        resolve_zip_install_target(root, prepared.manifest.name())
+        let app_id = generate_zip_app_id(prepared.manifest.name());
+        let app_dir = root.join(&app_id);
+
+        Ok((app_id, app_dir, None))
     }
 
     async fn create_snapshot(
         &self,
         app_dir: &Path,
-        prepared: &Self::Prepared,
+        prepared: &Self::PreparedArtifact,
     ) -> AnyResult<SageAppSnapshot> {
         prepare_zip_snapshot(&prepared.package_root, app_dir, &prepared.manifest)
     }
@@ -88,38 +88,30 @@ pub fn generate_zip_app_id(name: &str) -> String {
     format!("{}-{}", slugify_app_name(name), Uuid::new_v4())
 }
 
-pub fn resolve_zip_install_target(
-    root: &Path,
-    app_name: &str,
-) -> AnyResult<(String, PathBuf, Option<UserSageApp>)> {
-    if let Some(existing) = find_existing_installed_app_by_name(root, app_name)? {
-        let app_dir = Path::new(&existing.common().app_dir()).to_path_buf();
-        return Ok((existing.common().id().to_string(), app_dir, Some(existing)));
-    }
-
-    let app_id = generate_zip_app_id(app_name);
-    Ok((app_id.clone(), root.join(&app_id), None))
-}
-
-fn find_existing_installed_app_by_name(
-    root: &Path,
-    app_name: &str,
-) -> AnyResult<Option<UserSageApp>> {
-    Ok(list_installed_apps_internal(root)?
-        .into_iter()
-        .find_map(|app| match app {
-            ListedSageApp::User(installed) if installed.common().name() == app_name => {
-                Some(installed)
-            }
-            _ => None,
-        }))
-}
-
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
+    use crate::types::{SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageRequestedPermissions};
     use tempfile::tempdir;
 
+    fn sample_manifest(name: &str) -> SageAppPackageManifest {
+        let (manifest_version, sage_version) = SageAppPackageManifestParts::v0_defaults();
+
+        SageAppPackageManifest::try_from(SageAppPackageManifestParts {
+            manifest_version,
+            name: name.to_string(),
+            icon: None,
+            sage_version,
+            version: "1.0.0".to_string(),
+            permissions: SageRequestedPermissions::empty(),
+            files: vec![SageAppManifestFile::new("index.html", "a".repeat(64), 1).unwrap()],
+            entry: Some("index.html".to_string()),
+            author: None,
+            donation: None,
+        })
+            .unwrap()
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn generate_zip_app_id_uses_slug_and_uuid() {
         let app_id = generate_zip_app_id("My Test App!");
@@ -129,11 +121,22 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     #[test]
-    fn resolve_zip_install_target_creates_new_target_when_no_existing_app() {
+    fn zip_resolve_target_always_creates_new_install_target() {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
 
-        let (app_id, app_dir, existing) =
-            resolve_zip_install_target(dir.path(), "Test App").unwrap();
+        let source = ZipInstallSource {
+            zip_path: "unused.zip".into(),
+            unpack_dir: dir.path().join(".tmp-unused"),
+        };
+
+        let prepared = PreparedZipInstall {
+            package_root: dir.path().to_path_buf(),
+            manifest: sample_manifest("Test App"),
+        };
+
+        let (app_id, app_dir, existing) = source
+            .resolve_target(dir.path(), dir.path(), &prepared)
+            .unwrap();
 
         assert!(existing.is_none());
         assert!(app_id.starts_with("test-app-"));
@@ -141,16 +144,29 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     #[test]
-    fn zip_origin_id_defaults_to_app_id() {
+    fn zip_resolve_target_does_not_reuse_existing_app_with_same_name() {
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+
         let source = ZipInstallSource {
             zip_path: "unused.zip".into(),
-            unpack_dir: std::env::temp_dir(),
+            unpack_dir: dir.path().join(".tmp-unused"),
+        };
+
+        let prepared = PreparedZipInstall {
+            package_root: dir.path().to_path_buf(),
+            manifest: sample_manifest("Test App"),
         };
 
-        let origin = source
-            .origin_id(Path::new("/unused"), "zip-app-123", None)
+        let (first_app_id, _, _) = source
+            .resolve_target(dir.path(), dir.path(), &prepared)
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let (second_app_id, _, _) = source
+            .resolve_target(dir.path(), dir.path(), &prepared)
             .unwrap();
 
-        assert_eq!(origin, "zip-app-123");
+        assert_ne!(first_app_id, second_app_id);
+        assert!(first_app_id.starts_with("test-app-"));
+        assert!(second_app_id.starts_with("test-app-"));
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs
index f037060c3..f8e4c0209 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs
@@ -10,13 +10,11 @@ use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult};
 use crate::lifecycle::types::PersistedUserSageApp;
 use crate::system_apps::{SystemAppUsage, list_builtin_system_apps};
 use crate::types::{
-    CorruptedInstalledSageApp, ListedSageApp, PendingStorageCleanupEntry, RetiredAppOriginEntry,
+    CorruptedInstalledSageApp, ListedSageApp,
     SageApp, SageAppIconView, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
 };
 
 const INSTALLED_METADATA_FILE: &str = ".sage-installed.json";
-const PENDING_STORAGE_CLEANUP_FILE: &str = ".sage-pending-storage-cleanup.json";
-const RETIRED_APP_ORIGINS_FILE: &str = ".sage-retired-app-origins.json";
 
 pub fn apps_root(base_path: &Path) -> PathBuf {
     base_path.join("apps")
@@ -30,14 +28,6 @@ pub fn installed_metadata_path(app_dir: &Path) -> PathBuf {
     app_dir.join(INSTALLED_METADATA_FILE)
 }
 
-pub fn pending_storage_cleanup_path(base_path: &Path) -> PathBuf {
-    apps_root(base_path).join(PENDING_STORAGE_CLEANUP_FILE)
-}
-
-pub fn retired_app_origins_path(base_path: &Path) -> PathBuf {
-    apps_root(base_path).join(RETIRED_APP_ORIGINS_FILE)
-}
-
 pub fn read_installed_user_app_from_dir(dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<UserSageApp> {
     let path = installed_metadata_path(dir);
     let text =
@@ -152,77 +142,6 @@ fn listed_app_sort_key(app: &ListedSageApp) -> String {
     }
 }
 
-pub fn read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries(
-    base_path: &Path,
-) -> AnyResult<Vec<PendingStorageCleanupEntry>> {
-    let path = pending_storage_cleanup_path(base_path);
-
-    if !path.exists() {
-        return Ok(Vec::new());
-    }
-
-    let text =
-        fs::read_to_string(&path).with_context(|| format!("failed to read {}", path.display()))?;
-
-    let entries = serde_json::from_str::<Vec<PendingStorageCleanupEntry>>(&text)
-        .with_context(|| format!("failed to parse {}", path.display()))?;
-
-    Ok(entries)
-}
-
-pub fn write_pending_storage_cleanup_entries(
-    base_path: &Path,
-    entries: &[PendingStorageCleanupEntry],
-) -> AnyResult<()> {
-    let root = apps_root(base_path);
-    fs::create_dir_all(&root)
-        .with_context(|| format!("failed to create apps root {}", root.display()))?;
-
-    let path = pending_storage_cleanup_path(base_path);
-    let text = serde_json::to_string_pretty(entries).map_err(|err| {
-        anyhow::anyhow!("failed to serialize pending storage cleanup entries: {err}")
-    })?;
-
-    fs::write(&path, format!("{text}\n"))
-        .with_context(|| format!("failed to write {}", path.display()))?;
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-pub fn read_retired_app_origins(base_path: &Path) -> AnyResult<Vec<RetiredAppOriginEntry>> {
-    let path = retired_app_origins_path(base_path);
-
-    if !path.exists() {
-        return Ok(Vec::new());
-    }
-
-    let text =
-        fs::read_to_string(&path).with_context(|| format!("failed to read {}", path.display()))?;
-
-    let entries = serde_json::from_str::<Vec<RetiredAppOriginEntry>>(&text)
-        .with_context(|| format!("failed to parse {}", path.display()))?;
-
-    Ok(entries)
-}
-
-pub fn write_retired_app_origins(
-    base_path: &Path,
-    entries: &[RetiredAppOriginEntry],
-) -> AnyResult<()> {
-    let root = apps_root(base_path);
-    fs::create_dir_all(&root)
-        .with_context(|| format!("failed to create apps root {}", root.display()))?;
-
-    let path = retired_app_origins_path(base_path);
-    let text = serde_json::to_string_pretty(entries)
-        .map_err(|err| anyhow::anyhow!("failed to serialize retired app origins: {err}"))?;
-
-    fs::write(&path, format!("{text}\n"))
-        .with_context(|| format!("failed to write {}", path.display()))?;
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
 fn read_corrupted_installed_app_fallback(
     dir: &Path,
 ) -> (
@@ -277,9 +196,8 @@ mod tests {
     use super::*;
     use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 
-    use crate::lifecycle::install::{FakeInstallSource, install_app_from_source_for_test};
-    use crate::lifecycle::storage::record_storage_cleanup_failure;
-    use crate::types::{ListedSageApp, RetiredAppOriginEntry, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageAppStorage, SageGrantedPermissionsInput, SageRequestedPermissions, SharedSageApp, UserSageAppSource};
+    use crate::lifecycle::install::{install_app_from_source_for_test, FakeInstallSource};
+    use crate::types::{ListedSageApp, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageGrantedPermissionsInput, SageRequestedPermissions, SharedSageApp, UserSageAppSource};
     use std::fs;
     use tempfile::tempdir;
 
@@ -305,14 +223,13 @@ mod tests {
         .unwrap()
     }
 
-    async fn sample_app(base: &Path, app_id: &str, origin_id: &str) -> SharedSageApp {
-        sample_app_named(base, app_id, origin_id, "Test App").await
+    async fn sample_app(base: &Path, app_id: &str) -> SharedSageApp {
+        sample_app_named(base, app_id, "Test App").await
     }
 
     async fn sample_app_named(
         base: &Path,
         app_id: &str,
-        origin_id: &str,
         name: &str,
     ) -> SharedSageApp {
         let manifest = sample_manifest(name);
@@ -325,7 +242,6 @@ mod tests {
             FakeInstallSource {
                 manifest,
                 app_id: app_id.into(),
-                origin_id: origin_id.into(),
                 source: UserSageAppSource::url("https://example.com/app/").unwrap(),
             },
         )
@@ -345,7 +261,7 @@ mod tests {
     #[tokio::test]
     async fn installed_app_metadata_round_trips_origin_id_and_storage() {
         let tmp = tempdir().unwrap();
-        let app = sample_app(tmp.path(), "url-abc123", "origin-1").await;
+        let app = sample_app(tmp.path(), "url-abc123").await;
 
         let read_back = read_installed_app_by_id(tmp.path(), &app.id()).unwrap();
 
@@ -470,8 +386,8 @@ mod tests {
     async fn installed_apps_are_sorted_by_name() {
         let base = tempdir().unwrap();
 
-        let _alpha = sample_app_named(base.path(), "a", "a", "Alpha").await;
-        let _zeta = sample_app_named(base.path(), "z", "z", "Zeta").await;
+        let _alpha = sample_app_named(base.path(), "a","Alpha").await;
+        let _zeta = sample_app_named(base.path(), "z","Zeta").await;
 
         let listed =
             without_system_apps(list_installed_apps_internal(&apps_root(base.path())).unwrap());
@@ -509,32 +425,4 @@ mod tests {
             without_system_apps(list_installed_apps_internal(&apps_root(base.path())).unwrap());
         assert!(listed.is_empty());
     }
-
-    #[tokio::test]
-    async fn pending_storage_cleanup_entries_round_trip() {
-        let base = tempdir().unwrap();
-
-        let app = sample_app(base.path(), "app-1", "origin-1").await;
-        record_storage_cleanup_failure(base.path(), &app, "boom").unwrap();
-
-        let entries = read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries(base.path()).unwrap();
-        write_pending_storage_cleanup_entries(base.path(), &entries).unwrap();
-
-        let loaded = read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries(base.path()).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(loaded, entries);
-        assert_eq!(loaded[0].target(), &SageAppStorage::Unmanaged);
-    }
-
-    #[tokio::test]
-    async fn retired_app_origins_round_trip() {
-        let base = tempdir().unwrap();
-
-        let app = sample_app(base.path(), "app-1", "origin-1").await;
-
-        let entries = vec![RetiredAppOriginEntry::new(&app, true)];
-        write_retired_app_origins(base.path(), &entries).unwrap();
-
-        let loaded = read_retired_app_origins(base.path()).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(loaded, entries);
-    }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
index 778bd209d..a32ed1dea 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
@@ -1,31 +1,57 @@
 use anyhow::{Result as AnyResult};
-use tauri::{AppHandle, command};
+use tauri::{AppHandle, command, State, Manager};
 use std::path::Path;
 use uuid::Uuid;
 #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
 use {
     std::fs,
     anyhow::Context,
-    tauri::Manager,
 };
 #[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios"))]
 use {
     anyhow::anyhow,
     crate::storage::parse_data_store_id,
 };
+use crate::AppsHostState;
+use crate::runtime::{resolve_stopped_app};
+use crate::types::{SageAppStorage, SharedSageApp};
 
-use crate::lifecycle::{
-    read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries, read_retired_app_origins,
-    write_pending_storage_cleanup_entries, write_retired_app_origins,
-};
-use crate::runtime::{resolve_stopped_app, run_verified_storage_clear_cycle};
-use crate::types::{
-    SageAppStorage, PendingStorageCleanupEntry,
-    RetiredAppOriginEntry, SharedSageApp,
-};
+pub struct RegisteredSageAppStorage {
+    pub storage_id: i64,
+    pub storage: SageAppStorage,
+}
+
+#[command]
+#[specta::specta]
+pub async fn apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data(
+    app_handle: AppHandle,
+    app_id: String,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState> = app_handle.state();
+
+    let resolved_app = resolve_stopped_app(&app_handle, &app_id)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
+
+    rotate_stopped_app_storage_and_origin(&app_handle, &apps_state, &resolved_app).await
+}
 
-#[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios"))]
 pub async fn allocate_new_storage(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    host_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    base_path: &Path,
+) -> AnyResult<RegisteredSageAppStorage> {
+    let storage = allocate_new_os_storage(app, base_path).await?;
+    let storage_id = host_state.db.register_storage(&storage).await?;
+
+    Ok(RegisteredSageAppStorage {
+        storage_id,
+        storage,
+    })
+}
+
+#[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios"))]
+pub async fn allocate_new_os_storage(
     app: &AppHandle,
     _base_path: &Path,
 ) -> AnyResult<SageAppStorage> {
@@ -45,7 +71,7 @@ pub async fn allocate_new_storage(
 }
 
 #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
-pub async fn allocate_new_storage(
+pub async fn allocate_new_os_storage(
     _app: &AppHandle,
     base_path: &Path,
 ) -> AnyResult<SageAppStorage> {
@@ -68,50 +94,33 @@ pub async fn allocate_new_storage(
 }
 
 #[cfg(not(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios", target_os = "windows")))]
-pub async fn allocate_new_storage(
+pub async fn allocate_new_os_storage(
     _app: &AppHandle,
     _base_path: &Path,
 ) -> AnyResult<SageAppStorage> {
     Ok(SageAppStorage::Unmanaged)
 }
 
-pub fn record_storage_cleanup_failure(
-    base_path: &Path,
-    app: &SharedSageApp,
-    error: &str,
-) -> AnyResult<()> {
-    let mut entries = read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries(base_path)?;
-
-    let target = app.with(|app| app.storage().clone());
-
-    if let Some(entry) = entries.iter_mut().find(|entry| entry.target() == &target) {
-        entry.record_failed_attempt(error);
-    } else {
-        entries.push(PendingStorageCleanupEntry::new(app, target, error));
-    }
-
-    write_pending_storage_cleanup_entries(base_path, &entries)
-}
+pub async fn process_pending_storage_cleanup(app: &AppHandle, _base_path: &Path) -> AnyResult<()> {
+    let host_state: State<'_, AppsHostState> = app.state();
 
-pub async fn process_pending_storage_cleanup(app: &AppHandle, base_path: &Path) -> AnyResult<()> {
-    let entries = read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries(base_path)?;
-    if entries.is_empty() {
-        return Ok(());
-    }
+    for abandoned in host_state.db.list_abandoned_managed_storages().await? {
+        clear_app_storage_by_target(app, &abandoned.storage)
+            .await
+            .map_err(anyhow::Error::msg)?;
 
-    let mut remaining = Vec::new();
+        host_state
+            .db
+            .delete_origins_for_abandoned_storage(abandoned.id)
+            .await?;
 
-    for mut entry in entries {
-        match clear_app_storage_by_target(app, entry.target()).await {
-            Ok(()) => {}
-            Err(err) => {
-                entry.record_failed_attempt(&err);
-                remaining.push(entry);
-            }
-        }
+        host_state
+            .db
+            .delete_abandoned_storage(abandoned.id)
+            .await?;
     }
 
-    write_pending_storage_cleanup_entries(base_path, &remaining)
+    Ok(())
 }
 
 pub async fn clear_app_storage_by_target(
@@ -164,336 +173,73 @@ pub async fn clear_app_storage_by_target(
     Ok(())
 }
 
-pub fn enqueue_retired_app_origin(app: &SharedSageApp, cleanup_pending: bool) -> AnyResult<()> {
-    let base_path = app.with(|app| {
-        let user = app.as_user()?;
-
-        match user.source() {
-            crate::types::UserSageAppSource::Url { .. } => {}
-            crate::types::UserSageAppSource::Zip => return None,
-        }
-
-        let app_path = app.app_path();
-
-        app_path
-            .parent()
-            .and_then(Path::parent)
-            .map(Path::to_path_buf)
-    });
-
-    let Some(base_path) = base_path else {
-        return Ok(());
-    };
-
-    let mut entries = read_retired_app_origins(&base_path)?;
-
-    if let Some(existing) = entries
-        .iter_mut()
-        .find(|entry| entry.origin_id() == app.origin_id())
-    {
-        existing.update_retirement_state(app, cleanup_pending);
-    } else {
-        entries.push(RetiredAppOriginEntry::new(app, cleanup_pending));
-    }
-
-    write_retired_app_origins(&base_path, &entries)
-}
-
-#[command]
-#[specta::specta]
-pub async fn apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data(
-    app_handle: AppHandle,
-    app_id: String,
+pub async fn rotate_stopped_app_storage_and_origin(
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    resolved_app: &crate::types::ResolvedStoppedApp,
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
-    let resolved_app = resolve_stopped_app(&app_handle, &app_id)
-        .await
-        .map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
+    let app = resolved_app.with_app(SharedSageApp::clone);
 
-    run_verified_storage_clear_cycle(&app_handle, &resolved_app).await
+    rotate_app_storage_and_origin(app_handle, apps_state, &app).await
 }
 
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use super::*;
-    use std::collections::BTreeMap;
-    use std::fs;
-
-    use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
-    use crate::lifecycle::{
-        app_dir, read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries, read_retired_app_origins,
-    };
-    use crate::runtime::{SageAppRuntimeMode, SageAppRuntimeRecord, SageAppRuntimeVisibility};
-    use crate::types::{
-        AppPresentation, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppManifestFile,
-        SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppWalletScope,
-        SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedPermissions, SharedSageApp,
-        UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
-    };
-    use tempfile::tempdir;
-
-    fn write_index(app_dir: &Path) {
-        fs::create_dir_all(app_dir).unwrap();
-        fs::write(app_dir.join("index.html"), "x").unwrap();
-    }
-
-    fn sample_app_with(
-        base_path: &Path,
-        app_id: &str,
-        name: &str,
-        storage: SageAppStorage,
-        source: UserSageAppSource,
-        storage_may_contain_secrets: bool,
-    ) -> SharedSageApp {
-        let app_dir = app_dir(base_path, app_id);
-        write_index(&app_dir);
-
-        let requested_permissions = SageRequestedPermissions::new(
-            crate::types::SageRequestedNetworkPermissions::empty(),
-            SageRequestedCapabilities::new(
-                [UserBridgeCapability::StoragePersistentWebview],
-                [UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetSecretKey],
-            ),
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-
-        let (manifest_version, sage_version) = SageAppPackageManifestParts::v0_defaults();
-        let manifest = SageAppPackageManifest::try_from(SageAppPackageManifestParts {
-            manifest_version,
-            name: name.to_string(),
-            icon: None,
-            sage_version,
-            version: "1.0.0".to_string(),
-            permissions: requested_permissions.clone(),
-            files: vec![SageAppManifestFile::new("index.html", "a".repeat(64), 1).unwrap()],
-            entry: Some("index.html".to_string()),
-            author: None,
-            donation: None,
-        })
-        .unwrap();
-
-        let granted_capabilities = if storage_may_contain_secrets {
-            vec![
-                UserBridgeCapability::StoragePersistentWebview,
-                UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetSecretKey,
-            ]
-        } else {
-            vec![UserBridgeCapability::StoragePersistentWebview]
-        };
-
-        let granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions::new(
-            &requested_permissions,
-            granted_capabilities,
-            [],
-            BTreeMap::new(),
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-
-        let snapshot =
-            SageAppSnapshot::new("hash", app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(), manifest).unwrap();
-
-        let mut common = SageAppCommon::new(
-            SageAppIdentity::new(app_id, app_id, app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string()).unwrap(),
-            granted_permissions,
-            storage,
-            snapshot,
-            SageAppWalletScope::AllWallets,
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-
-        if storage_may_contain_secrets {
-            common.mark_storage_may_contain_secrets();
-        }
-
-        let app = SharedSageApp::new(UserSageApp::new_installed(common, source).into_sage_app());
-
-        if storage_may_contain_secrets {
-            let _record = SageAppRuntimeRecord::new(
-                &app,
-                "test",
-                "sage-app://test/index.html",
-                AppPresentation::Taskbar,
-                SageAppRuntimeMode::Inline,
-                SageAppRuntimeVisibility::Visible,
-                false,
-            )
-            .unwrap();
-        }
-
-        assert!(app.is_user_app(), "sample app should remain a user app");
-
-        app
-    }
-
-    fn sample_app(base_path: &Path, storage: SageAppStorage) -> SharedSageApp {
-        sample_app_with(
-            base_path,
-            "url-abc123",
-            "Test App",
-            storage,
-            UserSageAppSource::url("https://example.com/app/").unwrap(),
-            true,
-        )
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn record_storage_cleanup_failure_creates_unmanaged_target() {
-        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-        let app = sample_app(dir.path(), SageAppStorage::Unmanaged);
-
-        record_storage_cleanup_failure(dir.path(), &app, "boom").unwrap();
-
-        let entries = read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries(dir.path()).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(entries.len(), 1);
-        assert_eq!(entries[0].target(), &SageAppStorage::Unmanaged);
-        assert_eq!(entries[0].attempt_count(), 1);
-        assert_eq!(entries[0].last_error(), Some("boom"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn record_storage_cleanup_failure_creates_apple_target() {
-        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-        let app = sample_app(
-            dir.path(),
-            SageAppStorage::AppleDataStore {
-                identifier_hex: "abc123".into(),
-            },
-        );
-
-        record_storage_cleanup_failure(dir.path(), &app, "boom").unwrap();
-
-        let entries = read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries(dir.path()).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(entries.len(), 1);
-        assert_eq!(
-            entries[0].target(),
-            &SageAppStorage::AppleDataStore {
-                identifier_hex: "abc123".into(),
-            }
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn record_storage_cleanup_failure_creates_windows_target() {
-        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-        let app = sample_app(
-            dir.path(),
-            SageAppStorage::WindowsProfile {
-                directory_name: "profile-1".into(),
-            },
-        );
-
-        record_storage_cleanup_failure(dir.path(), &app, "boom").unwrap();
-
-        let entries = read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries(dir.path()).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(entries.len(), 1);
-        assert_eq!(
-            entries[0].target(),
-            &SageAppStorage::WindowsProfile {
-                directory_name: "profile-1".into(),
-            }
-        );
-    }
+pub(crate) async fn rotate_app_storage_and_origin(
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    app: &SharedSageApp,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let app_id = app.id();
 
-    #[test]
-    fn record_storage_cleanup_failure_merges_existing_entry_by_target() {
-        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-
-        let app_a = sample_app(dir.path(), SageAppStorage::Unmanaged);
-        record_storage_cleanup_failure(dir.path(), &app_a, "first").unwrap();
-
-        let app_b = sample_app_with(
-            dir.path(),
-            "url-other",
-            "Other App",
-            SageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
-            UserSageAppSource::url("https://example.com/other/").unwrap(),
-            true,
-        );
-
-        record_storage_cleanup_failure(dir.path(), &app_b, "second").unwrap();
-
-        let entries = read_pending_storage_cleanup_entries(dir.path()).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(entries.len(), 1);
-        assert_eq!(entries[0].app_id(), "url-abc123");
-        assert_eq!(entries[0].app_name(), "Test App");
-        assert_eq!(entries[0].attempt_count(), 2);
-        assert_eq!(entries[0].last_error(), Some("second"));
-    }
+    let (previous_storage, previous_origin_id) =
+        app.with(|app| (app.storage().clone(), app.origin_id().to_string()));
 
-    #[test]
-    fn enqueue_retired_app_origin_ignores_zip_apps() {
-        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-        let app = sample_app_with(
-            dir.path(),
-            "url-abc123",
-            "Test App",
-            SageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
-            UserSageAppSource::Zip,
-            true,
-        );
-
-        enqueue_retired_app_origin(&app, true).unwrap();
-
-        let entries = read_retired_app_origins(dir.path()).unwrap();
-        assert!(entries.is_empty());
-    }
+    let base_path = app_handle
+        .path()
+        .app_data_dir()
+        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to resolve app data dir: {err}"))?;
 
-    #[test]
-    fn enqueue_retired_app_origin_creates_new_entry_for_url_app() {
-        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-        let app = sample_app(dir.path(), SageAppStorage::Unmanaged);
+    let next_storage = allocate_new_storage(app_handle, apps_state, &base_path)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to allocate rotated storage: {err}"))?;
 
-        enqueue_retired_app_origin(&app, true).unwrap();
+    let next_origin_id = crate::lifecycle::install::fresh_origin_id(&app_id);
 
-        let entries = read_retired_app_origins(dir.path()).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(entries.len(), 1);
-        assert_eq!(entries[0].app_id(), app.id());
-        assert_eq!(entries[0].origin_id(), app.origin_id());
-        assert!(entries[0].cleanup_pending());
-        assert!(entries[0].storage_may_contain_secrets());
-    }
+    let origin_row_id = apps_state
+        .db
+        .register_origin(&next_origin_id, next_storage.storage_id)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to register rotated app origin: {err}"))?;
 
-    #[test]
-    fn enqueue_retired_app_origin_updates_existing_origin_entry() {
-        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-        let app = sample_app(dir.path(), SageAppStorage::Unmanaged);
+    app.try_mutate(|sage_app| {
+        sage_app.common_mut().replace_storage_and_origin(
+            next_storage.storage.clone(),
+            next_origin_id.clone(),
+        )?;
 
-        enqueue_retired_app_origin(&app, true).unwrap();
-        enqueue_retired_app_origin(&app, false).unwrap();
+        Ok::<_, anyhow::Error>(())
+    })
+        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to persist rotated app storage/origin: {err}"))?;
 
-        let entries = read_retired_app_origins(dir.path()).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(entries.len(), 1);
-        assert!(!entries[0].cleanup_pending());
+    if let Err(err) = apps_state
+        .db
+        .update_app_assignment(&app_id, next_storage.storage_id, origin_row_id)
+        .await
+    {
+        let rollback_result = app.try_mutate(|sage_app| {
+            sage_app
+                .common_mut()
+                .replace_storage_and_origin(previous_storage, previous_origin_id)?;
+
+            Ok::<_, anyhow::Error>(())
+        });
+
+        return Err(match rollback_result {
+            Ok(()) => format!("failed to update rotated app assignment: {err}"),
+            Err(rollback_err) => format!(
+                "failed to update rotated app assignment: {err}; also failed to roll back app metadata: {rollback_err}"
+            ),
+        });
     }
 
-    #[test]
-    fn enqueue_retired_app_origin_updates_secret_taint_flag() {
-        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-
-        let clean_app = sample_app_with(
-            dir.path(),
-            "url-abc123",
-            "Test App",
-            SageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
-            UserSageAppSource::url("https://example.com/app/").unwrap(),
-            false,
-        );
-
-        enqueue_retired_app_origin(&clean_app, false).unwrap();
-
-        let tainted_app = sample_app_with(
-            dir.path(),
-            "url-abc123",
-            "Test App",
-            SageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
-            UserSageAppSource::url("https://example.com/app/").unwrap(),
-            true,
-        );
-
-        enqueue_retired_app_origin(&tainted_app, true).unwrap();
-
-        let entries = read_retired_app_origins(dir.path()).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(entries.len(), 1);
-        assert!(entries[0].storage_may_contain_secrets());
-        assert!(entries[0].cleanup_pending());
-    }
+    Ok(())
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs
index a1722052a..970d8c7a6 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::bridge::methods::system::emit_listed_apps_changed;
 use crate::host::{AppState, Result};
-use crate::lifecycle::{apps_root, enqueue_retired_app_origin, record_storage_cleanup_failure};
-use crate::runtime::{ResolveStoppedError, resolve_stopped_app, run_verified_storage_clear_cycle};
-use std::time::Duration;
+use crate::lifecycle::apps_root;
+use crate::runtime::{ResolveStoppedError, resolve_stopped_app};
 use std::{fs, io};
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State, command};
-use tokio::time::timeout;
 
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
@@ -22,49 +20,25 @@ pub async fn apps_uninstall_app(
 
     let dir = apps_root(&base_path).join(&app_id);
 
-    let resolved_app = match resolve_stopped_app(&app_handle, &app_id).await {
-        Ok(app) => Some(app),
-        Err(ResolveStoppedError::AppDirMissing) => {
-            tracing::error!(
-                "[uninstall_app] app dir missing/unresolvable {app_id}; removing dir only"
-            );
-            None
-        }
+    match resolve_stopped_app(&app_handle, &app_id).await {
+        Ok(_) | Err(ResolveStoppedError::AppDirMissing) => {}
 
         Err(ResolveStoppedError::CloseAttemptsHit) => {
             tracing::error!("[uninstall_app] close attempts hit {app_id}");
             return Err(io::Error::other(
                 "failed to uninstall app because runtime could not be stopped",
             )
-            .into());
+                .into());
         }
-    };
-
-    if let Some(resolved_app) = resolved_app {
-        let cleanup_result = timeout(
-            Duration::from_millis(2_000),
-            run_verified_storage_clear_cycle(&app_handle, &resolved_app),
-        )
-        .await
-        .unwrap_or_else(|_| {
-            tracing::error!("[uninstall_app] storage cleanup timed out for {app_id}");
-            Err("storage cleanup timed out".to_string())
-        });
-        resolved_app.try_with_app(|installed| {
-            if cleanup_result.is_ok() {
-                enqueue_retired_app_origin(installed, false)
-                    .map_err(|_| io::Error::other("failed to retire app origin"))?;
-            } else {
-                record_storage_cleanup_failure(&base_path, installed, "storage cleanup failed")
-                    .map_err(|_| io::Error::other("failed to record storage cleanup failure"))?;
+    }
 
-                enqueue_retired_app_origin(installed, true)
-                    .map_err(|_| io::Error::other("failed to retire app origin"))?;
-            }
+    let host_state: State<'_, AppsHostState> = app_handle.state();
 
-            Ok::<(), crate::host::SageAppsError>(())
-        })?;
-    }
+    host_state
+        .db
+        .unregister_app(&app_id)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to unregister app {app_id}: {err}")))?;
 
     if dir.exists() {
         fs::remove_dir_all(&dir).map_err(|err| {
@@ -76,7 +50,6 @@ pub async fn apps_uninstall_app(
         })?;
     }
 
-    let host_state: State<'_, AppsHostState> = app_handle.state();
     emit_listed_apps_changed(&app_handle, &host_state, &base_path).await;
 
     Ok(())
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
index 7f2a4e0cc..bbc1de321 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ mod tests {
     use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 
     use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
-    use crate::lifecycle::install::{FakeInstallSource, install_app_from_source_for_test};
+    use crate::lifecycle::install::{install_app_from_source_for_test, FakeInstallSource};
     use crate::lifecycle::registry::read_installed_app_by_id;
     use crate::types::{
         SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts,
@@ -259,7 +259,6 @@ mod tests {
             FakeInstallSource {
                 manifest,
                 app_id: app_id.into(),
-                origin_id: app_id.into(),
                 source: UserSageAppSource::url("https://example.com/app/").unwrap(),
             },
         )
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/events.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/events.rs
index 4188dfb81..d38508187 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/events.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/events.rs
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn emit_timeout_for_pending_approval(
         .await
         .map_err(|err| format!("Failed to resolve app: {err}"))?;
 
-    let app = running_app.with_app(SharedSageApp::clone_for_resolved_running_app);
+    let app = running_app.with_app(SharedSageApp::clone);
 
     let response = RustBridgeResponse::error(
         &pending.request.id,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
index 62b6c4692..a7f04fa03 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
@@ -18,9 +18,7 @@ use crate::runtime::{
     build_entry_src, build_entry_src_for, focus_taskbar_runtime, is_allowed_app_url, resolve_app,
 };
 use crate::storage::parse_data_store_id;
-use crate::types::{
-    AppPresentation, SageAppStorage, ResolvedApp, ResolvedStoppedApp, SharedSageApp,
-};
+use crate::types::{AppPresentation, SageAppStorage, ResolvedApp, ResolvedStoppedApp, SharedSageApp};
 use crate::{AppsHostState, sandbox};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Type)]
@@ -121,6 +119,7 @@ async fn create_runtime(
         check_gates(apps_state, &app).await?;
     }
 
+    rotate_incognito_app_storage_and_origin_if_needed(app_handle, apps_state, &app).await?;
     app.taint_storage_if_runtime_can_persist_secrets()?;
 
     let sage_window = get_sage_window(app_handle)?;
@@ -179,14 +178,14 @@ async fn create_runtime(
     Ok(shared_runtime)
 }
 
-pub(in crate::runtime) async fn create_impostor_runtime_from_stopped(
+pub(in crate::runtime) async fn create_impostor_runtime_for_victim(
     app_handle: AppHandle,
     apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     stopped: &ResolvedStoppedApp,
     impostor_app: SharedSageApp,
     args: CreateImpostorRuntimeArgs,
 ) -> Result<SharedImpostorRuntime, String> {
-    let victim_app = stopped.with_app(SharedSageApp::clone_for_runtime_owner);
+    let victim_app = stopped.with_app(SharedSageApp::clone);
 
     if !impostor_app.with(|app| app.common().is_sandbox_test())
         && !impostor_app.id().starts_with("__sage_runtime_")
@@ -299,17 +298,25 @@ async fn check_gates(
     Ok(())
 }
 
+async fn rotate_incognito_app_storage_and_origin_if_needed(
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    app: &SharedSageApp,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    if !app.is_user_app()
+        || app.with(|app| app.common().has_persistent_webview_storage())
+    {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+
+    crate::lifecycle::rotate_app_storage_and_origin(app_handle, apps_state, app).await
+}
+
 fn build_storage(
     builder: WebviewBuilder<Wry>,
-    app: &SharedSageApp,
+    app: &SharedSageApp
 ) -> Result<WebviewBuilder<Wry>, String> {
-    let has_persistent_storage = app.with(|app| {
-        app.granted_permissions().capabilities().any(|cap| {
-            *cap == crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability::StoragePersistentWebview
-        })
-    });
-
-    if !has_persistent_storage {
+    if !app.with(|app| app.common().has_persistent_webview_storage()) {
         return Ok(builder.incognito(true));
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs
index 3b78951bb..3ef50f277 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ impl SageAppRuntimeRecord {
 
         Ok(Self {
             runtime_id: runtime_id_for(app),
-            app: app.clone_for_runtime_owner(),
+            app: app.clone(),
             host_window_label: host_window_label.to_string(),
             webview_label: webview_label.to_string(),
             presentation,
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ impl SageAppRuntimeRecord {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn app(&self) -> SharedSageApp {
-        self.app.clone_for_runtime_owner()
+        self.app.clone()
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn app_id(&self) -> String {
@@ -309,7 +309,7 @@ impl SharedRuntime {
     }
 
     pub fn app(&self) -> SharedSageApp {
-        self.with_runtime(|runtime| runtime.app.clone_for_resolved_running_app())
+        self.with_runtime(|runtime| runtime.app.clone())
     }
 
     pub fn with_app<T>(&self, f: impl FnOnce(&SharedSageApp) -> T) -> T {
@@ -352,8 +352,8 @@ impl SageAppRuntimeImpostorRecord {
     ) -> Self {
         Self {
             runtime_id: impostor_runtime_id_for(victim_app, kind),
-            victim_app: victim_app.clone_for_runtime_owner(),
-            impostor_app: impostor_app.clone_for_runtime_owner(),
+            victim_app: victim_app.clone(),
+            impostor_app: impostor_app.clone(),
             host_window_label: host_window_label.to_string(),
             webview_label: webview_label.to_string(),
             kind,
@@ -365,16 +365,14 @@ impl SageAppRuntimeImpostorRecord {
         self.runtime_id.clone()
     }
 
-    pub fn victim_app(&self) -> SharedSageApp {
-        self.victim_app.clone_for_runtime_owner()
-    }
+    pub fn victim_app(&self) -> SharedSageApp { self.victim_app.clone() }
 
     pub fn impostor_app(&self) -> SharedSageApp {
-        self.impostor_app.clone_for_runtime_owner()
+        self.impostor_app.clone()
     }
 
     pub fn victim_app_id(&self) -> String {
-        self.victim_app.id()
+        self.victim_app.id().to_string()
     }
 
     pub fn webview_label(&self) -> &str {
@@ -407,11 +405,11 @@ impl SharedImpostorRuntime {
     }
 
     pub fn victim_app(&self) -> SharedSageApp {
-        self.with_runtime(|runtime| runtime.victim_app.clone_for_resolved_running_app())
+        self.with_runtime(|runtime| runtime.victim_app.clone())
     }
 
     pub fn impostor_app(&self) -> SharedSageApp {
-        self.with_runtime(|runtime| runtime.impostor_app.clone_for_resolved_running_app())
+        self.with_runtime(|runtime| runtime.impostor_app.clone())
     }
 
     pub fn victim_app_id(&self) -> String {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/storage.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/storage.rs
index 1d617a903..4ff6d4a08 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/storage.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/storage.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::lifecycle::clear_app_storage_by_target;
 use crate::runtime::SageAppRuntimeImpostorKind;
-use crate::runtime::start::{CreateImpostorRuntimeArgs, create_impostor_runtime_from_stopped};
+use crate::runtime::start::{CreateImpostorRuntimeArgs, create_impostor_runtime_for_victim};
 use crate::runtime::stop::close_runtime_internal;
 use crate::sandbox::{
     BUILTIN_STORAGE_CLEAR_PROBE_RUNTIME_ID, SandboxStorageClearProbePhase,
     SandboxStorageClearProbeResult, build_builtin_runtime_app,
 };
-use crate::types::SharedSageApp;
+use crate::types::{ResolvedStoppedApp, SharedSageApp};
 use crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms;
 use std::time::Duration;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ use tokio::time::sleep;
 
 pub(crate) async fn run_verified_storage_clear_cycle(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
-    resolved_app: &crate::types::ResolvedStoppedApp,
+    resolved_app: &ResolvedStoppedApp,
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
     let apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState> = app_handle.state();
 
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn run_verified_storage_clear_cycle(
 async fn run_storage_clear_phase(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    resolved_app: &crate::types::ResolvedStoppedApp,
+    resolved_app: &ResolvedStoppedApp,
     run_id: &str,
     phase: SandboxStorageClearProbePhase,
 ) -> Result<SandboxStorageClearProbeResult, String> {
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ async fn run_storage_clear_phase(
     query.insert("phase".to_string(), phase_string);
     query.insert("appId".to_string(), app_id.clone());
 
-    create_impostor_runtime_from_stopped(
+    create_impostor_runtime_for_victim(
         app_handle.clone(),
         apps_state.clone(),
         resolved_app,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
index 40225a0b8..7bd94e730 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ use crate::types::permissions::{SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions
 use crate::types::storage::SageAppStorage;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize};
 use std::path::PathBuf;
-
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize)]
 pub struct SageAppIdentity {
     id: String,
@@ -128,6 +127,24 @@ impl SageAppCommon {
         self.flags.clear_storage_may_contain_secrets();
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn replace_storage_and_origin(
+        &mut self,
+        storage: SageAppStorage,
+        origin_id: impl Into<String>,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        self.storage = storage;
+        self.identity.replace_origin_id(origin_id)?;
+        self.clear_storage_may_contain_secrets();
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn has_persistent_webview_storage(&self) -> bool {
+        self.granted_permissions().capabilities().any(|cap| {
+            *cap == crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability::StoragePersistentWebview
+        })
+    }
+
     fn build(
         identity: SageAppIdentity,
         granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
@@ -173,7 +190,7 @@ impl SageAppCommon {
     }
 
     pub fn origin_id(&self) -> &str {
-        &self.identity.origin_id
+        self.identity.origin_id()
     }
 
     pub fn name(&self) -> &str {
@@ -262,6 +279,11 @@ impl SageAppIdentity {
         })
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn replace_origin_id(&mut self, origin_id: impl Into<String>) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        self.origin_id = normalized_non_empty_string(origin_id, "app origin id")?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
     pub fn id(&self) -> &str {
         &self.id
     }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/mod.rs
index f01dd1e1f..a83bd3421 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/mod.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ mod common;
 mod donation;
 mod flags;
 mod preview;
-mod retired_origin;
 mod snapshot;
 mod system_apps;
 mod user_apps;
@@ -16,7 +15,6 @@ pub(crate) use author::SageAppAuthor;
 pub(crate) use common::{SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity};
 pub(crate) use donation::SageAppDonation;
 pub(crate) use preview::{SageAppUrlPreview, UserSageAppPendingUpdate};
-pub(crate) use retired_origin::RetiredAppOriginEntry;
 pub(crate) use snapshot::SageAppSnapshot;
 pub(crate) use system_apps::{AppModalPresentation, AppPresentation, SystemSageApp};
 pub(crate) use user_apps::{
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/retired_origin.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/retired_origin.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index c7cbd803b..000000000
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/retired_origin.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,70 +0,0 @@
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use specta::Type;
-use uuid::Uuid;
-
-use crate::types::SharedSageApp;
-use crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms;
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub struct RetiredAppOriginEntry {
-    id: String,
-    app_id: String,
-    app_name: String,
-    origin_id: String,
-    created_at_ms: i64,
-    storage_may_contain_secrets: bool,
-    cleanup_pending: bool,
-}
-
-impl RetiredAppOriginEntry {
-    pub fn new(app: &SharedSageApp, cleanup_pending: bool) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            id: Uuid::new_v4().to_string(),
-            app_id: app.id().to_string(),
-            app_name: app.name().to_string(),
-            origin_id: app.origin_id().to_string(),
-            created_at_ms: unix_timestamp_ms(),
-            storage_may_contain_secrets: app.storage_may_contain_secrets(),
-            cleanup_pending,
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn update_retirement_state(&mut self, app: &SharedSageApp, cleanup_pending: bool) {
-        self.cleanup_pending = cleanup_pending;
-        self.storage_may_contain_secrets =
-            self.storage_may_contain_secrets || app.storage_may_contain_secrets();
-    }
-
-    pub fn matches_app_origin(&self, app_id: &str, origin_id: &str) -> bool {
-        self.app_id == app_id && self.origin_id == origin_id
-    }
-
-    pub fn clear_pending_cleanup(&mut self) -> bool {
-        if !self.cleanup_pending {
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        self.cleanup_pending = false;
-        true
-    }
-
-    pub fn app_id(&self) -> &str {
-        &self.app_id
-    }
-
-    pub fn origin_id(&self) -> &str {
-        &self.origin_id
-    }
-
-    pub fn storage_may_contain_secrets(&self) -> bool {
-        self.storage_may_contain_secrets
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-impl RetiredAppOriginEntry {
-    pub fn cleanup_pending(&self) -> bool {
-        self.cleanup_pending
-    }
-}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs
index 5911891e4..3bd695034 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ impl ResolvedApp {
 
     pub fn clone_app_for_operation(&self) -> SharedSageApp {
         match self {
-            Self::Stopped(stopped) => stopped.app.clone_for_resolved_running_app(),
+            Self::Stopped(stopped) => stopped.app.clone(),
             Self::Running(running) => running.runtime.app(),
         }
     }
@@ -99,13 +99,7 @@ impl SharedSageApp {
         }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn clone_for_runtime_owner(&self) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            inner: Arc::clone(&self.inner),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn clone_for_resolved_running_app(&self) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn clone(&self) -> Self {
         Self {
             inner: Arc::clone(&self.inner),
         }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs
index 045b79b77..59489c2a3 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ pub use app::SharedSageApp;
 
 pub(crate) use app::{
     AppModalPresentation, AppPresentation, CorruptedInstalledSageApp, ListedSageApp, ResolvedApp,
-    ResolvedRunningApp, ResolvedStoppedApp, RetiredAppOriginEntry, SageApp, SageAppCommon,
+    ResolvedRunningApp, ResolvedStoppedApp, SageApp, SageAppCommon,
     SageAppIdentity, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppUrlPreview, SageAppWalletScope, SystemSageApp,
     UserSageApp, UserSageAppPendingUpdate, UserSageAppSource, view::*,
 };
@@ -23,9 +23,7 @@ pub(crate) use network::SageNetworkWhitelistEntry;
 pub(crate) use permissions::{
     SageGrantedPermissions, SageGrantedSystemPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions,
 };
-pub(crate) use storage::{
-    SageAppStorage, PendingStorageCleanupEntry,
-};
+pub(crate) use storage::{SageAppStorage};
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 pub(crate) use manifest::{
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/granted.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/granted.rs
index 119c5d9a4..53c61ed5d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/granted.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/granted.rs
@@ -396,3 +396,48 @@ impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
         })
     }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::types::{
+        SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
+        SageRequestedPermissions,
+    };
+
+    #[test]
+    fn granted_permissions_reject_unrequested_shared_network_whitelist_entry() {
+        let requested = SageRequestedPermissions::new(
+            SageRequestedNetworkPermissions::new(
+                [SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new_unchecked(
+                    "https",
+                    "api.example.com",
+                )],
+                [],
+                [],
+            )
+                .unwrap(),
+            SageRequestedCapabilities::new(
+                [UserBridgeCapability::StoragePersistentWebview],
+                [UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch],
+            ),
+        )
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let err = SageGrantedPermissions::new(
+            &requested,
+            [UserBridgeCapability::StoragePersistentWebview],
+            [SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new_unchecked(
+                "https",
+                "evil.example.com",
+            )],
+            BTreeMap::new(),
+        )
+            .unwrap_err();
+
+        assert!(
+            err.to_string()
+                .contains("granted shared network whitelist entry not requested")
+        );
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/tests.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/tests.rs
index cff5a90aa..6d84b7cb5 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/tests.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/tests.rs
@@ -136,15 +136,18 @@ fn effective_whitelist_for_network_merges_shared_and_network_specific_entries()
             BTreeSet::from([network_entry("https", "mainnet-required.example.com")]),
         )]),
     )
-    .unwrap();
+        .unwrap();
 
-    let effective = granted.network().effective_whitelist_for_network("mainnet");
+    let effective = granted
+        .network()
+        .effective_whitelist_for_network("mainnet")
+        .into_iter()
+        .collect::<BTreeSet<_>>();
 
-    assert_eq!(
-        effective,
-        [
-            network_entry("https", "required.example.com"),
-            network_entry("https", "mainnet-required.example.com"),
-        ]
-    );
+    let expected = BTreeSet::from([
+        network_entry("https", "required.example.com"),
+        network_entry("https", "mainnet-required.example.com"),
+    ]);
+
+    assert_eq!(effective, expected);
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/storage.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/storage.rs
index 740af707e..86c7eb9ad 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/storage.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/storage.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,5 @@
-use crate::types::SharedSageApp;
-use crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
-use uuid::Uuid;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
 #[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "camelCase")]
@@ -11,59 +8,3 @@ pub enum SageAppStorage {
     WindowsProfile { directory_name: String },
     Unmanaged,
 }
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub struct PendingStorageCleanupEntry {
-    id: String,
-    app_id: String,
-    app_name: String,
-    target: SageAppStorage,
-    created_at_ms: i64,
-    last_attempt_at_ms: Option<i64>,
-    attempt_count: u32,
-    last_error: Option<String>,
-}
-
-impl PendingStorageCleanupEntry {
-    pub fn new(app: &SharedSageApp, target: SageAppStorage, error: &str) -> Self {
-        let now = unix_timestamp_ms();
-
-        Self {
-            id: Uuid::new_v4().to_string(),
-            app_id: app.id(),
-            app_name: app.name(),
-            target,
-            created_at_ms: now,
-            last_attempt_at_ms: Some(now),
-            attempt_count: 1,
-            last_error: Some(error.to_string()),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn record_failed_attempt(&mut self, error: &str) {
-        self.last_attempt_at_ms = Some(unix_timestamp_ms());
-        self.attempt_count = self.attempt_count.saturating_add(1);
-        self.last_error = Some(error.to_string());
-    }
-
-    pub fn target(&self) -> &SageAppStorage {
-        &self.target
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-impl PendingStorageCleanupEntry {
-    pub fn app_id(&self) -> &str {
-        &self.app_id
-    }
-    pub fn app_name(&self) -> &str {
-        &self.app_name
-    }
-    pub fn attempt_count(&self) -> u32 {
-        self.attempt_count
-    }
-    pub fn last_error(&self) -> Option<&str> {
-        self.last_error.as_deref()
-    }
-}
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
index 792233f45..675167b8b 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
@@ -270,7 +270,10 @@ pub fn run() {
 
             #[cfg(not(mobile))]
             {
-                app.manage(AppsHostState::default());
+                let apps_db = tauri::async_runtime::block_on(apps::AppsDb::initialize(&path))
+                    .expect("failed to initialize Sage apps database");
+
+                app.manage(AppsHostState::new(apps_db));
 
                 let apps_settings = apps::read_apps_settings(&path).unwrap_or_else(|err| {
                     eprintln!("failed to read Sage apps settings: {err}");

From b5ba7b16542424b77cb52e14f4cd9a4596f9b732 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Thu, 21 May 2026 21:24:27 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 408/471] Remove `SageAppFlags` and related logic, refactor
 Sage app state management to improve flexibility and reduce redundancy

---
 .../sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs   |   2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs     |  20 ++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs         |  53 ++++++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs   |  23 ---
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/storage.rs       |  10 --
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs      | 134 +++++++++++------
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/flags.rs       | 139 ------------------
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/mod.rs         |   3 -
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs   |  18 ++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/app.rs  |  37 +----
 10 files changed, 168 insertions(+), 271 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/flags.rs

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs
index f8e4c0209..6c785fbfb 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs
@@ -273,7 +273,7 @@ mod tests {
                 read_back.common().granted_permissions(),
                 app.common().granted_permissions()
             );
-            assert!(!read_back.common().flags().has_external_access());
+            assert!(!read_back.common().has_external_access());
         });
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
index a32ed1dea..14a014c55 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
@@ -190,8 +190,17 @@ pub(crate) async fn rotate_app_storage_and_origin(
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
     let app_id = app.id();
 
-    let (previous_storage, previous_origin_id) =
-        app.with(|app| (app.storage().clone(), app.origin_id().to_string()));
+    let (
+        previous_storage,
+        previous_origin_id,
+        previous_origin_webview_storage_may_contain_secrets,
+    ) = app.with(|app| {
+        (
+            app.storage().clone(),
+            app.origin_id().to_string(),
+            app.common().origin_webview_storage_may_contain_secrets(),
+        )
+    });
 
     let base_path = app_handle
         .path()
@@ -214,6 +223,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn rotate_app_storage_and_origin(
         sage_app.common_mut().replace_storage_and_origin(
             next_storage.storage.clone(),
             next_origin_id.clone(),
+            false,
         )?;
 
         Ok::<_, anyhow::Error>(())
@@ -228,7 +238,11 @@ pub(crate) async fn rotate_app_storage_and_origin(
         let rollback_result = app.try_mutate(|sage_app| {
             sage_app
                 .common_mut()
-                .replace_storage_and_origin(previous_storage, previous_origin_id)?;
+                .replace_storage_and_origin(
+                    previous_storage,
+                    previous_origin_id,
+                    previous_origin_webview_storage_may_contain_secrets,
+                )?;
 
             Ok::<_, anyhow::Error>(())
         });
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
index a7f04fa03..802fb5ec3 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ async fn create_runtime(
     }
 
     rotate_incognito_app_storage_and_origin_if_needed(app_handle, apps_state, &app).await?;
-    app.taint_storage_if_runtime_can_persist_secrets()?;
+    mark_origin_may_contain_secrets_if_needed(apps_state, &app).await?;
 
     let sage_window = get_sage_window(app_handle)?;
     let webview_label = app.webview_label();
@@ -371,6 +371,57 @@ window.__SAGE_APPS_COMMS_DEBUG__ = true;
     builder
 }
 
+async fn mark_origin_may_contain_secrets_if_needed(
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    app: &SharedSageApp,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    if app.is_system_app() || !app.runtime_can_persist_secrets() {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+
+    let previous_origin_webview_storage_may_contain_secrets = app.with(|app| {
+        app.common()
+            .origin_webview_storage_may_contain_secrets()
+    });
+    if previous_origin_webview_storage_may_contain_secrets {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+
+    let origin_id = app.origin_id();
+
+    app.try_mutate(|sage_app| {
+        sage_app
+            .common_mut()
+            .mark_origin_webview_storage_may_contain_secrets()?;
+
+        Ok::<_, anyhow::Error>(())
+    })
+        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to persist origin taint snapshot: {err}"))?;
+
+    if let Err(err) = apps_state
+        .db
+        .mark_origin_may_contain_secrets(&origin_id)
+        .await
+    {
+        let rollback = app.try_mutate(|sage_app| {
+            sage_app
+                .common_mut()
+                .replace_origin_webview_storage_may_contain_secrets(previous_origin_webview_storage_may_contain_secrets)?;
+
+            Ok::<_, anyhow::Error>(())
+        });
+
+        return Err(match rollback {
+            Ok(()) => format!("failed to mark origin as containing secrets: {err}"),
+            Err(rollback_err) => format!(
+                "failed to mark origin as containing secrets: {err}; also failed to roll back app metadata taint snapshot: {rollback_err}"
+            ),
+        });
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
 fn debug_test_apps_enabled() -> bool {
     cfg!(debug_assertions)
         && std::env::var("SAGE_DEBUG_TEST_APPS")
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs
index 3ef50f277..48dccda63 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::types::{AppPresentation, SageApp, SharedSageApp};
 use crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms;
 use parking_lot::RwLock;
@@ -252,28 +251,6 @@ impl SageAppRuntimeRecord {
 }
 
 impl SharedSageApp {
-    pub(crate) fn taint_storage_if_runtime_can_persist_secrets(&self) -> Result<(), String> {
-        if self.is_system_app() {
-            return Ok(());
-        }
-
-        self.try_mutate(|app| {
-            let has_persistent_webview_storage = app
-                .granted_permissions()
-                .capabilities()
-                .any(|cap| *cap == UserBridgeCapability::StoragePersistentWebview);
-
-            if app.flags().has_secret_access()
-                && has_persistent_webview_storage
-                && !app.flags().storage_may_contain_secrets()
-            {
-                app.common_mut().mark_storage_may_contain_secrets();
-            }
-
-            Ok::<(), String>(())
-        })
-    }
-
     pub fn webview_label(&self) -> String {
         self.with(|app| {
             if app.is_system() {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/storage.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/storage.rs
index 4ff6d4a08..dad72527c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/storage.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/storage.rs
@@ -75,16 +75,6 @@ pub(crate) async fn run_verified_storage_clear_cycle(
         );
     }
 
-    resolved_app
-        .try_with_app(|app| {
-            app.try_mutate(|app| {
-                app.common_mut().clear_storage_may_contain_secrets();
-
-                Ok::<(), anyhow::Error>(())
-            })
-        })
-        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to persist cleared storage state: {err}"))?;
-
     close_runtime_internal(app_handle, &apps_state, &app_id).await;
 
     Ok(())
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
index 7bd94e730..1f5f3137b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,8 @@
 use crate::sandbox::SANDBOX_TEST_ID_PREFIX;
 use crate::types::app::SageAppWalletScope;
-use crate::types::app::flags::SageAppFlags;
 use crate::types::app::preview::UserSageAppPendingUpdate;
 use crate::types::app::snapshot::SageAppSnapshot;
-use crate::types::invariants::{
-    resolve_app_capability_flags, validate_snapshot_entry_and_icon_exist,
-};
+use crate::types::invariants::{validate_snapshot_entry_and_icon_exist};
 use crate::types::normalizers::normalized_non_empty_string;
 use crate::types::permissions::{SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions};
 use crate::types::storage::SageAppStorage;
@@ -22,14 +19,14 @@ pub struct SageAppIdentity {
 pub struct SageAppCommon {
     identity: SageAppIdentity,
     granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
-    flags: SageAppFlags,
     storage: SageAppStorage,
+    origin_webview_storage_may_contain_secrets: bool,
     active_snapshot: SageAppSnapshot,
     wallet_scope: SageAppWalletScope,
 }
 
 impl SageAppCommon {
-    pub fn new(
+    pub(crate) fn new(
         identity: SageAppIdentity,
         granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
         storage: SageAppStorage,
@@ -40,24 +37,13 @@ impl SageAppCommon {
             identity,
             granted_permissions,
             storage,
+            false,
             snapshot,
             wallet_scope,
-            None,
         )
     }
 
-    pub fn clone_durable(&self) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            identity: self.identity.clone(),
-            granted_permissions: self.granted_permissions.clone(),
-            storage: self.storage.clone(),
-            flags: self.flags,
-            active_snapshot: self.active_snapshot.clone(),
-            wallet_scope: self.wallet_scope.clone(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn apply_update(
+    pub(crate) fn apply_update(
         &mut self,
         pending: &UserSageAppPendingUpdate,
         granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
@@ -67,9 +53,9 @@ impl SageAppCommon {
             self.identity.clone(),
             granted_permissions,
             self.storage.clone(),
+            self.origin_webview_storage_may_contain_secrets,
             snapshot,
             self.wallet_scope.clone(),
-            Some(&self.flags),
         )?;
 
         if next.active_snapshot.manifest() != pending.manifest() {
@@ -110,35 +96,90 @@ impl SageAppCommon {
             self.identity.clone(),
             granted_permissions,
             self.storage.clone(),
+            self.origin_webview_storage_may_contain_secrets,
             self.active_snapshot.clone(),
             self.wallet_scope.clone(),
-            Some(&self.flags),
         )?;
 
         *self = next;
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn mark_storage_may_contain_secrets(&mut self) {
-        self.flags.mark_storage_may_contain_secrets();
+    pub(crate) fn replace_storage_and_origin(
+        &mut self,
+        storage: SageAppStorage,
+        origin_id: impl Into<String>,
+        origin_webview_storage_may_contain_secrets: bool
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        let next = Self::build(
+            SageAppIdentity::new(
+                self.id().to_string(),
+                origin_id,
+                self.app_dir().to_string(),
+            )?,
+            self.granted_permissions.clone(),
+            storage,
+            origin_webview_storage_may_contain_secrets,
+            self.active_snapshot.clone(),
+            self.wallet_scope.clone(),
+        )?;
+
+        *self = next;
+        Ok(())
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn clear_storage_may_contain_secrets(&mut self) {
-        self.flags.clear_storage_may_contain_secrets();
+    pub(crate) fn mark_origin_webview_storage_may_contain_secrets(
+        &mut self,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        self.replace_origin_webview_storage_may_contain_secrets(true)
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn replace_storage_and_origin(
+    pub(crate) fn replace_origin_webview_storage_may_contain_secrets(
         &mut self,
-        storage: SageAppStorage,
-        origin_id: impl Into<String>,
+        origin_webview_storage_may_contain_secrets: bool,
     ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-        self.storage = storage;
-        self.identity.replace_origin_id(origin_id)?;
-        self.clear_storage_may_contain_secrets();
+        let next = Self::build(
+            self.identity.clone(),
+            self.granted_permissions.clone(),
+            self.storage.clone(),
+            origin_webview_storage_may_contain_secrets,
+            self.active_snapshot.clone(),
+            self.wallet_scope.clone(),
+        )?;
 
+        *self = next;
         Ok(())
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn origin_webview_storage_may_contain_secrets(&self) -> bool {
+        self.origin_webview_storage_may_contain_secrets
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn clone_durable(&self) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            identity: self.identity.clone(),
+            granted_permissions: self.granted_permissions.clone(),
+            storage: self.storage.clone(),
+            origin_webview_storage_may_contain_secrets: self.origin_webview_storage_may_contain_secrets,
+            active_snapshot: self.active_snapshot.clone(),
+            wallet_scope: self.wallet_scope.clone(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn capability_flags(&self) -> crate::capabilities::CapabilityFlags {
+        crate::capabilities::CapabilityFlags::from_capabilities(
+            &self.granted_permissions.capabilities_vec(),
+        )
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn has_secret_access(&self) -> bool {
+        self.capability_flags().accesses_sensitive_secret()
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn has_external_access(&self) -> bool {
+        self.capability_flags().externally_observable()
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn has_persistent_webview_storage(&self) -> bool {
         self.granted_permissions().capabilities().any(|cap| {
             *cap == crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability::StoragePersistentWebview
@@ -149,9 +190,9 @@ impl SageAppCommon {
         identity: SageAppIdentity,
         granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
         storage: SageAppStorage,
+        origin_webview_storage_may_contain_secrets: bool,
         snapshot: SageAppSnapshot,
         wallet_scope: SageAppWalletScope,
-        previous_flags: Option<&SageAppFlags>,
     ) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
         let manifest = snapshot.manifest();
 
@@ -160,18 +201,26 @@ impl SageAppCommon {
             granted_permissions,
         )?;
 
-        let capability_flags =
-            resolve_app_capability_flags(manifest, &granted_permissions, previous_flags)?;
-
         let common = Self {
             identity,
             granted_permissions,
-            flags: capability_flags,
             storage,
+            origin_webview_storage_may_contain_secrets,
             active_snapshot: snapshot,
             wallet_scope,
         };
 
+        if common.has_external_access() && common.has_secret_access() {
+            anyhow::bail!(
+                "app permissions cannot include both external access and sensitive secret access"
+            );
+        }
+        if common.has_external_access() && common.origin_webview_storage_may_contain_secrets {
+            anyhow::bail!(
+                "app permissions cannot include external access while origin webview storage may contain secrets"
+            );
+        }
+
         validate_snapshot_entry_and_icon_exist(
             &common.active_snapshot,
             common.entry_file(),
@@ -225,10 +274,6 @@ impl SageAppCommon {
         &self.granted_permissions
     }
 
-    pub fn flags(&self) -> &SageAppFlags {
-        &self.flags
-    }
-
     pub fn storage(&self) -> &SageAppStorage {
         &self.storage
     }
@@ -279,11 +324,6 @@ impl SageAppIdentity {
         })
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn replace_origin_id(&mut self, origin_id: impl Into<String>) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-        self.origin_id = normalized_non_empty_string(origin_id, "app origin id")?;
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
     pub fn id(&self) -> &str {
         &self.id
     }
@@ -319,8 +359,8 @@ impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for SageAppIdentity {
 pub(crate) struct SageAppCommonRaw {
     identity: SageAppIdentity,
     granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
-    flags: SageAppFlags,
     storage: SageAppStorage,
+    origin_webview_storage_may_contain_secrets: bool,
     active_snapshot: SageAppSnapshot,
     wallet_scope: SageAppWalletScope,
 }
@@ -333,9 +373,9 @@ impl TryFrom<SageAppCommonRaw> for SageAppCommon {
             raw.identity,
             raw.granted_permissions,
             raw.storage,
+            raw.origin_webview_storage_may_contain_secrets,
             raw.active_snapshot,
             raw.wallet_scope,
-            Some(&raw.flags),
         )
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/flags.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/flags.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 3a151c82f..000000000
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/flags.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,139 +0,0 @@
-use crate::capabilities::CapabilityFlags;
-use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use specta::Type;
-
-#[allow(clippy::struct_excessive_bools)]
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub struct SageAppFlags {
-    has_secret_access: bool,
-    has_external_access: bool,
-    storage_may_contain_secrets: bool,
-    isolated: bool,
-}
-
-impl SageAppFlags {
-    pub fn from_granted_capabilities(
-        granted: &[UserBridgeCapability],
-        previous_flags: Option<&Self>,
-    ) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
-        let granted_capability_flags = CapabilityFlags::from_capabilities(granted);
-
-        Self::new(
-            granted_capability_flags.accesses_sensitive_secret(),
-            granted_capability_flags.externally_observable(),
-            previous_flags.is_some_and(|f| f.storage_may_contain_secrets()),
-        )
-    }
-
-    pub fn new(
-        has_secret_access: bool,
-        has_external_access: bool,
-        storage_may_contain_secrets: bool,
-    ) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
-        if has_external_access && has_secret_access {
-            anyhow::bail!(
-                "cannot grant externally observable permissions together with sensitive secret access permissions"
-            );
-        }
-
-        if has_external_access && storage_may_contain_secrets {
-            anyhow::bail!("STORAGE_TAINTED");
-        }
-
-        Ok(Self {
-            has_secret_access,
-            has_external_access,
-            storage_may_contain_secrets,
-            isolated: has_secret_access || storage_may_contain_secrets,
-        })
-    }
-
-    pub(super) fn mark_storage_may_contain_secrets(&mut self) {
-        self.storage_may_contain_secrets = true;
-        self.isolated = true;
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn clear_storage_may_contain_secrets(&mut self) {
-        self.storage_may_contain_secrets = false;
-    }
-
-    pub fn has_secret_access(self) -> bool {
-        self.has_secret_access
-    }
-
-    pub fn has_external_access(self) -> bool {
-        self.has_external_access
-    }
-
-    pub fn storage_may_contain_secrets(self) -> bool {
-        self.storage_may_contain_secrets
-    }
-
-    pub fn isolated(self) -> bool {
-        self.isolated
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
-    use crate::types::app::flags::SageAppFlags;
-
-    #[test]
-    fn from_granted_capabilities_sets_expected_flags_for_shared_send_capability() {
-        let flags =
-            SageAppFlags::from_granted_capabilities(&[UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch], None)
-                .unwrap();
-
-        assert!(flags.has_external_access());
-        assert!(!flags.has_secret_access());
-        assert!(!flags.storage_may_contain_secrets());
-        assert!(!flags.isolated());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn from_granted_capabilities_rejects_external_access_when_storage_is_tainted() {
-        let previous = SageAppFlags::new(false, false, true).unwrap();
-
-        let err = SageAppFlags::from_granted_capabilities(
-            &[UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch],
-            Some(&previous),
-        )
-        .unwrap_err();
-
-        assert_eq!(err.to_string(), "STORAGE_TAINTED");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn new_rejects_external_access_with_secret_access() {
-        let err = SageAppFlags::new(true, true, false).unwrap_err();
-
-        assert!(
-            err.to_string().contains(
-                "externally observable permissions together with sensitive secret access"
-            )
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn new_isolates_secret_access() {
-        let flags = SageAppFlags::new(true, false, false).unwrap();
-
-        assert!(flags.has_secret_access());
-        assert!(!flags.has_external_access());
-        assert!(!flags.storage_may_contain_secrets());
-        assert!(flags.isolated());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn new_isolates_tainted_storage() {
-        let flags = SageAppFlags::new(false, false, true).unwrap();
-
-        assert!(!flags.has_secret_access());
-        assert!(!flags.has_external_access());
-        assert!(flags.storage_may_contain_secrets());
-        assert!(flags.isolated());
-    }
-}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/mod.rs
index a83bd3421..a7725a04f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/mod.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 mod author;
 mod common;
 mod donation;
-mod flags;
 mod preview;
 mod snapshot;
 mod system_apps;
@@ -22,5 +21,3 @@ pub(crate) use user_apps::{
     SageApp, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
 };
 pub(crate) use wallet_scope::SageAppWalletScope;
-
-pub(super) use flags::SageAppFlags;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs
index 3bd695034..90e0a4846 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ use crate::capabilities::list::BridgeCapability;
 use crate::lifecycle::write_metadata_for_app;
 use crate::runtime::SharedRuntime;
 use crate::types::app::common::{SageAppCommon, SageAppCommonRaw};
-use crate::types::app::flags::SageAppFlags;
 use crate::types::app::preview::UserSageAppPendingUpdate;
 use crate::types::app::snapshot::SageAppSnapshot;
 use crate::types::app::system_apps::SystemSageApp;
@@ -122,6 +121,13 @@ impl SharedSageApp {
         })
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn runtime_can_persist_secrets(&self) -> bool {
+        self.with(|app| {
+            app.common().has_secret_access()
+                && app.common().has_persistent_webview_storage()
+        })
+    }
+
     pub fn with<T>(&self, f: impl FnOnce(&SageApp) -> T) -> T {
         let app = self.inner.read();
         f(&app)
@@ -207,11 +213,7 @@ impl SharedSageApp {
     }
 
     pub fn has_secret_access(&self) -> bool {
-        self.with(|app| app.flags().has_secret_access())
-    }
-
-    pub fn storage_may_contain_secrets(&self) -> bool {
-        self.with(|app| app.flags().storage_may_contain_secrets())
+        self.with(|app| app.has_secret_access())
     }
 
     pub fn webview_label_matches(&self, label: &str) -> bool {
@@ -415,8 +417,8 @@ impl SageApp {
         }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn flags(&self) -> &SageAppFlags {
-        self.common().flags()
+    pub(crate) fn has_secret_access(&self) -> bool {
+        self.common().has_secret_access()
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn storage(&self) -> &SageAppStorage {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/app.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/app.rs
index 755402d09..0f4d3fc4e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/app.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/app.rs
@@ -1,41 +1,6 @@
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
-use crate::types::app::SageAppFlags;
-use crate::types::{SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageGrantedPermissions};
-
-pub fn validate_app_flags_policy(flags: SageAppFlags) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-    if flags.has_external_access() && flags.has_secret_access() {
-        anyhow::bail!(
-            "app permissions cannot include both external access and sensitive secret access"
-        );
-    }
-
-    if flags.has_external_access() && flags.storage_may_contain_secrets() {
-        anyhow::bail!(
-            "app permissions cannot include external access while storage may contain secrets"
-        );
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-pub fn resolve_app_capability_flags(
-    manifest: &SageAppPackageManifest,
-    granted_permissions: &SageGrantedPermissions,
-    previous_flags: Option<&SageAppFlags>,
-) -> anyhow::Result<SageAppFlags> {
-    let effective_capabilities = manifest
-        .permissions()
-        .capabilities()
-        .resolve_effective_grants(granted_permissions.capabilities().copied());
-
-    let capability_flags =
-        SageAppFlags::from_granted_capabilities(&effective_capabilities, previous_flags)?;
-
-    validate_app_flags_policy(capability_flags)?;
-
-    Ok(capability_flags)
-}
+use crate::types::SageAppSnapshot;
 
 pub fn validate_snapshot_entry_and_icon_exist(
     snapshot: &SageAppSnapshot,

From 2a9791221df887fde33571dc526320fbaf7ee574 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 22 May 2026 01:31:51 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 409/471] Refactor lifecycle and mutation logic for Sage apps:

- Added `AppMutationManager` and `AppMutationDraft` to streamline app mutation workflows.
- Integrated database-backed app state updates with structured transaction management (`AppsDbTx`).
- Applied SQLite migration to extend `sage_apps` table with JSON state fields.
- Simplified app installation, update, and permission management by consolidating logic under `AppMutationManager`.
---
 .../methods/system/app_registry/events.rs     |   8 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/db/app.rs                | 385 +++++++++++++++++-
 .../0002_store_installed_app_state.sql        |   6 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/db/mod.rs                |   3 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/db/transaction.rs        |  59 +++
 .../src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs         |   9 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs |  65 ++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs |  21 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs |  13 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mod.rs         |   5 +-
 .../sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mutation/draft.rs |  48 +++
 .../src/lifecycle/mutation/manager.rs         | 181 ++++++++
 .../sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mutation/mod.rs   |   5 +
 .../sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mutation/ops.rs   |  33 ++
 .../sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs   | 328 +--------------
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs     | 103 +++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs   |   2 +-
 .../sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/apply.rs   |  49 ++-
 .../src/lifecycle/update/background.rs        |  11 +-
 .../sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/check.rs   |  35 +-
 .../src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs       | 194 +++++----
 .../sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/scope.rs   |  31 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs       |  29 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs         |  55 +--
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs      |  18 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs   |  40 +-
 26 files changed, 1072 insertions(+), 664 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/db/migrations/0002_store_installed_app_state.sql
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/db/transaction.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mutation/draft.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mutation/manager.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mutation/mod.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mutation/ops.rs

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_registry/events.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_registry/events.rs
index 45bdeddfa..6d16fb8bb 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_registry/events.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_registry/events.rs
@@ -2,11 +2,10 @@ use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::bridge::emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners;
 use crate::bridge::event_emit::SystemRuntimeEvent;
 use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
-use crate::lifecycle::{apps_root, list_installed_apps_internal};
+use crate::lifecycle::{list_installed_apps_internal};
 use crate::types::ListedSageAppView;
 use serde::Serialize;
 use specta::Type;
-use std::path::Path;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
@@ -24,11 +23,8 @@ impl SystemRuntimeEvent for ListedAppsChangedEvent {
 pub(crate) async fn emit_listed_apps_changed(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    base_path: &Path,
 ) {
-    let root = apps_root(base_path);
-
-    let Ok(apps) = list_installed_apps_internal(&root) else {
+    let Ok(apps) = list_installed_apps_internal(&apps_state.db).await else {
         return;
     };
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/db/app.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/db/app.rs
index 112b5fff8..bacc1aa01 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/db/app.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/db/app.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,78 @@
+use std::path::Path;
+
 use anyhow::{Context, Result};
+use sqlx::{Row, SqliteConnection, sqlite::SqliteRow};
 
-use crate::db::AppsDb;
+use crate::db::{AppsDb, AppsDbTx};
+use crate::types::{
+    CorruptedInstalledSageApp, ListedSageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppIconView, SageAppIdentity,
+    SageAppSnapshot, SageAppStorage, SageAppWalletScope, SageGrantedPermissions, UserSageApp,
+    UserSageAppPendingUpdate, UserSageAppSource,
+};
 
 impl AppsDb {
-    pub async fn register_app(
+    pub async fn app_exists(&self, app_id: &str) -> Result<bool> {
+        let row = sqlx::query(
+            r#"
+            SELECT 1
+            FROM sage_apps
+            WHERE app_id = ?
+            LIMIT 1
+            "#,
+        )
+            .bind(app_id)
+            .fetch_optional(&self.pool)
+            .await
+            .with_context(|| format!("failed to check if app exists {app_id}"))?;
+
+        Ok(row.is_some())
+    }
+
+    pub async fn get_user_app(&self, app_id: &str) -> Result<Option<UserSageApp>> {
+        let mut conn = self
+            .pool()
+            .acquire()
+            .await
+            .context("failed to acquire apps db connection")?
+            .detach();
+
+        load_user_app_optional_from_conn(&mut conn, app_id).await
+    }
+
+    pub async fn list_installed_apps(&self) -> Result<Vec<ListedSageApp>> {
+        let mut conn = self
+            .pool()
+            .acquire()
+            .await
+            .context("failed to acquire apps db connection")?
+            .detach();
+
+        let app_ids = list_user_app_ids_from_conn(&mut conn).await?;
+        let mut listed = Vec::with_capacity(app_ids.len());
+
+        for app_id in app_ids {
+            match load_user_app_from_conn(&mut conn, &app_id).await {
+                Ok(app) => listed.push(ListedSageApp::User(app)),
+                Err(err) => {
+                    listed.push(load_corrupted_user_app_from_conn(&mut conn, &app_id, err).await?);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(listed)
+    }
+
+    pub async fn unregister_app(&self, app_id: &str) -> Result<()> {
+        sqlx::query("DELETE FROM sage_apps WHERE app_id = ?")
+            .bind(app_id)
+            .execute(&self.pool)
+            .await
+            .with_context(|| format!("failed to unregister app {app_id}"))?;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub async fn update_app_assignment(
         &self,
         app_id: &str,
         storage_id: i64,
@@ -11,47 +80,133 @@ impl AppsDb {
     ) -> Result<()> {
         let now = crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms();
 
+        sqlx::query(
+            r#"
+            UPDATE sage_apps
+            SET
+                storage_id = ?,
+                origin_row_id = ?,
+                updated_at_ms = ?
+            WHERE app_id = ?
+            "#,
+        )
+            .bind(storage_id)
+            .bind(origin_row_id)
+            .bind(now)
+            .bind(app_id)
+            .execute(&self.pool)
+            .await
+            .with_context(|| format!("failed to update app assignment {app_id}"))?;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl AppsDbTx {
+    pub(crate) async fn load_user_app(&mut self, app_id: &str) -> Result<UserSageApp> {
+        load_user_app_from_conn(&mut self.conn, app_id).await
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) async fn insert_user_app(
+        &mut self,
+        app: &UserSageApp,
+        storage_id: i64,
+        origin_row_id: i64,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        let common = app.common();
+        let now = crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms();
+
         sqlx::query(
             r#"
             INSERT INTO sage_apps (
                 app_id,
                 storage_id,
                 origin_row_id,
+                app_dir,
+                source_json,
+                granted_permissions_json,
+                active_snapshot_json,
+                wallet_scope_json,
+                pending_update_json,
                 created_at_ms,
                 updated_at_ms
             )
-            VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
+            VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
             "#,
         )
-            .bind(app_id)
+            .bind(common.id())
             .bind(storage_id)
             .bind(origin_row_id)
+            .bind(common.app_dir())
+            .bind(serde_json::to_string(app.source())?)
+            .bind(serde_json::to_string(common.granted_permissions())?)
+            .bind(serde_json::to_string(common.active_snapshot())?)
+            .bind(serde_json::to_string(common.wallet_scope())?)
+            .bind(serde_json::to_string(&app.pending_update())?)
             .bind(now)
             .bind(now)
-            .execute(&self.pool)
+            .execute(&mut self.conn)
             .await
-            .with_context(|| format!("failed to register app {app_id}"))?;
+            .with_context(|| format!("failed to insert app {}", common.id()))?;
 
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    pub async fn unregister_app(&self, app_id: &str) -> Result<()> {
+    pub(crate) async fn persist_user_app(&mut self, app: &UserSageApp) -> Result<()> {
+        let common = app.common();
+        let now = crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms();
+
+        sqlx::query(
+            r#"
+            UPDATE sage_app_origins
+            SET may_contain_secrets = ?, updated_at_ms = ?
+            WHERE id = (
+                SELECT origin_row_id
+                FROM sage_apps
+                WHERE app_id = ?
+            )
+            "#,
+        )
+            .bind(i32::from(
+                common.origin_webview_storage_may_contain_secrets(),
+            ))
+            .bind(now)
+            .bind(common.id())
+            .execute(&mut self.conn)
+            .await
+            .with_context(|| format!("failed to persist origin taint for app {}", common.id()))?;
+
         sqlx::query(
             r#"
-            DELETE FROM sage_apps
+            UPDATE sage_apps
+            SET
+                app_dir = ?,
+                source_json = ?,
+                granted_permissions_json = ?,
+                active_snapshot_json = ?,
+                wallet_scope_json = ?,
+                pending_update_json = ?,
+                updated_at_ms = ?
             WHERE app_id = ?
             "#,
         )
-            .bind(app_id)
-            .execute(&self.pool)
+            .bind(common.app_dir())
+            .bind(serde_json::to_string(app.source())?)
+            .bind(serde_json::to_string(common.granted_permissions())?)
+            .bind(serde_json::to_string(common.active_snapshot())?)
+            .bind(serde_json::to_string(common.wallet_scope())?)
+            .bind(serde_json::to_string(&app.pending_update())?)
+            .bind(now)
+            .bind(common.id())
+            .execute(&mut self.conn)
             .await
-            .with_context(|| format!("failed to unregister app {app_id}"))?;
+            .with_context(|| format!("failed to persist app {}", common.id()))?;
 
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    pub async fn update_app_assignment(
-        &self,
+    pub(crate) async fn update_app_assignment(
+        &mut self,
         app_id: &str,
         storage_id: i64,
         origin_row_id: i64,
@@ -72,10 +227,212 @@ impl AppsDb {
             .bind(origin_row_id)
             .bind(now)
             .bind(app_id)
-            .execute(&self.pool)
+            .execute(&mut self.conn)
             .await
             .with_context(|| format!("failed to update app assignment {app_id}"))?;
 
         Ok(())
     }
+
+    pub(crate) async fn register_origin(
+        &mut self,
+        origin_id: &str,
+        storage_id: i64,
+    ) -> Result<i64> {
+        let now = crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms();
+
+        let result = sqlx::query(
+            r#"
+            INSERT INTO sage_app_origins (
+                origin_id,
+                storage_id,
+                may_contain_secrets,
+                created_at_ms,
+                updated_at_ms
+            )
+            VALUES (?, ?, 0, ?, ?)
+            "#,
+        )
+            .bind(origin_id)
+            .bind(storage_id)
+            .bind(now)
+            .bind(now)
+            .execute(&mut self.conn)
+            .await
+            .with_context(|| format!("failed to insert origin {origin_id}"))?;
+
+        Ok(result.last_insert_rowid())
+    }
+}
+
+async fn list_user_app_ids_from_conn(conn: &mut SqliteConnection) -> Result<Vec<String>> {
+    let rows = sqlx::query(
+        r#"
+        SELECT app_id
+        FROM sage_apps
+        ORDER BY app_id ASC
+        "#,
+    )
+        .fetch_all(conn)
+        .await
+        .context("failed to list installed app ids")?;
+
+    rows.into_iter()
+        .map(|row| row.try_get("app_id"))
+        .collect::<std::result::Result<Vec<_>, _>>()
+        .context("failed to read installed app ids")
+}
+
+async fn load_user_app_optional_from_conn(
+    conn: &mut SqliteConnection,
+    app_id: &str,
+) -> Result<Option<UserSageApp>> {
+    let row = sqlx::query(load_user_app_sql())
+        .bind(app_id)
+        .fetch_optional(conn)
+        .await
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to load app {app_id}"))?;
+
+    row.map(row_to_user_app).transpose()
+}
+
+async fn load_user_app_from_conn(
+    conn: &mut SqliteConnection,
+    app_id: &str,
+) -> Result<UserSageApp> {
+    let row = sqlx::query(load_user_app_sql())
+        .bind(app_id)
+        .fetch_one(conn)
+        .await
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to load app {app_id}"))?;
+
+    row_to_user_app(row)
+}
+
+fn load_user_app_sql() -> &'static str {
+    r#"
+    SELECT
+        apps.app_id,
+        apps.app_dir,
+        apps.source_json,
+        apps.granted_permissions_json,
+        apps.active_snapshot_json,
+        apps.wallet_scope_json,
+        apps.pending_update_json,
+        origins.origin_id,
+        origins.may_contain_secrets,
+        storages.storage_json
+    FROM sage_apps apps
+    INNER JOIN sage_app_origins origins
+        ON origins.id = apps.origin_row_id
+    INNER JOIN sage_app_storages storages
+        ON storages.id = apps.storage_id
+    WHERE apps.app_id = ?
+    "#
+}
+
+fn row_to_user_app(row: SqliteRow) -> Result<UserSageApp> {
+    let app_id: String = row.try_get("app_id")?;
+    let app_dir: String = row.try_get("app_dir")?;
+    let origin_id: String = row.try_get("origin_id")?;
+    let may_contain_secrets: i64 = row.try_get("may_contain_secrets")?;
+
+    let storage: SageAppStorage =
+        serde_json::from_str(&row.try_get::<String, _>("storage_json")?)
+            .context("failed to deserialize app storage")?;
+
+    let source: UserSageAppSource =
+        serde_json::from_str(&row.try_get::<String, _>("source_json")?)
+            .context("failed to deserialize app source")?;
+
+    let granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions =
+        serde_json::from_str(&row.try_get::<String, _>("granted_permissions_json")?)
+            .context("failed to deserialize granted permissions")?;
+
+    let active_snapshot: SageAppSnapshot =
+        serde_json::from_str(&row.try_get::<String, _>("active_snapshot_json")?)
+            .context("failed to deserialize active snapshot")?;
+
+    let wallet_scope: SageAppWalletScope =
+        serde_json::from_str(&row.try_get::<String, _>("wallet_scope_json")?)
+            .context("failed to deserialize wallet scope")?;
+
+    let pending_update: Option<UserSageAppPendingUpdate> =
+        serde_json::from_str(&row.try_get::<String, _>("pending_update_json")?)
+            .context("failed to deserialize pending update")?;
+
+    let common = SageAppCommon::from_persisted_parts(
+        SageAppIdentity::new(app_id, origin_id, app_dir)?,
+        granted_permissions,
+        storage,
+        may_contain_secrets != 0,
+        active_snapshot,
+        wallet_scope,
+    )?;
+
+    Ok(UserSageApp::load_persisted(common, source, pending_update))
+}
+
+async fn load_corrupted_user_app_from_conn(
+    conn: &mut SqliteConnection,
+    app_id: &str,
+    error: anyhow::Error,
+) -> Result<ListedSageApp> {
+    let row = sqlx::query(
+        r#"
+        SELECT
+            app_id,
+            app_dir,
+            source_json,
+            active_snapshot_json
+        FROM sage_apps
+        WHERE app_id = ?
+        "#,
+    )
+        .bind(app_id)
+        .fetch_one(conn)
+        .await
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to load corrupted app fallback {app_id}"))?;
+
+    let app_id: String = row.try_get("app_id")?;
+
+    let app_dir: String = row
+        .try_get::<Option<String>, _>("app_dir")?
+        .unwrap_or_default();
+
+    let source = row
+        .try_get::<Option<String>, _>("source_json")?
+        .and_then(|json| serde_json::from_str::<UserSageAppSource>(&json).ok());
+
+    let active_snapshot_json = row.try_get::<Option<String>, _>("active_snapshot_json")?;
+
+    let active_snapshot_value = active_snapshot_json
+        .as_deref()
+        .and_then(|json| serde_json::from_str::<serde_json::Value>(json).ok());
+
+    let manifest_header = active_snapshot_value
+        .as_ref()
+        .and_then(|snapshot| snapshot.get("manifest").cloned())
+        .and_then(|manifest| crate::types::parse_manifest_header_v0_from_value(manifest).ok());
+
+    let icon = manifest_header
+        .as_ref()
+        .and_then(|header| header.icon.as_deref())
+        .and_then(|icon_path| {
+            active_snapshot_value.as_ref().and_then(|snapshot| {
+                snapshot
+                    .get("snapshotDir")
+                    .or_else(|| snapshot.get("snapshot_dir"))
+                    .and_then(serde_json::Value::as_str)
+                    .map(|snapshot_dir| Path::new(snapshot_dir).join(icon_path))
+            })
+        })
+        .and_then(|path| SageAppIconView::from_file_path(&path));
+
+    Ok(ListedSageApp::Corrupted(
+        CorruptedInstalledSageApp::new(app_id, app_dir, error.to_string())
+            .with_manifest_header(manifest_header)
+            .with_source(source)
+            .with_icon(icon),
+    ))
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/db/migrations/0002_store_installed_app_state.sql b/crates/sage-apps/src/db/migrations/0002_store_installed_app_state.sql
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bfa51f352
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/db/migrations/0002_store_installed_app_state.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+ALTER TABLE sage_apps ADD COLUMN app_dir TEXT;
+ALTER TABLE sage_apps ADD COLUMN source_json TEXT;
+ALTER TABLE sage_apps ADD COLUMN granted_permissions_json TEXT;
+ALTER TABLE sage_apps ADD COLUMN active_snapshot_json TEXT;
+ALTER TABLE sage_apps ADD COLUMN wallet_scope_json TEXT;
+ALTER TABLE sage_apps ADD COLUMN pending_update_json TEXT;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/db/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/db/mod.rs
index d185c239f..45c310243 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/db/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/db/mod.rs
@@ -2,5 +2,8 @@ mod app;
 mod connection;
 mod origin;
 mod storage;
+mod transaction;
 
 pub use connection::AppsDb;
+
+pub(crate) use transaction::AppsDbTx;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/db/transaction.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/db/transaction.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..32f194e4d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/db/transaction.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+use anyhow::{Context, Result};
+use sqlx::SqliteConnection;
+
+use crate::db::AppsDb;
+
+pub(crate) struct AppsDbTx {
+    pub(super) conn: SqliteConnection,
+    finished: bool,
+}
+
+impl AppsDb {
+    pub(crate) async fn begin_immediate(&self) -> Result<AppsDbTx> {
+        let mut conn = self
+            .pool()
+            .acquire()
+            .await
+            .context("failed to acquire apps db connection")?
+            .detach();
+
+        sqlx::query("BEGIN IMMEDIATE")
+            .execute(&mut conn)
+            .await
+            .context("failed to begin immediate apps db transaction")?;
+
+        Ok(AppsDbTx {
+            conn,
+            finished: false,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl AppsDbTx {
+    pub(crate) async fn commit(mut self) -> Result<()> {
+        sqlx::query("COMMIT")
+            .execute(&mut self.conn)
+            .await
+            .context("failed to commit apps db transaction")?;
+
+        self.finished = true;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) async fn rollback(&mut self) {
+        if self.finished {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        let _ = sqlx::query("ROLLBACK").execute(&mut self.conn).await;
+        self.finished = true;
+    }
+}
+
+impl Drop for AppsDbTx {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        if !self.finished {
+            tracing::error!("AppsDbTx dropped without commit or rollback");
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs
index 11c106589..18a857cfe 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs
@@ -2,13 +2,17 @@ use std::{fs, io};
 
 use tauri::{State, command};
 
+use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::host::{AppState, Result};
 use crate::lifecycle::{apps_root, list_installed_apps_internal};
 use crate::types::ListedSageAppView;
 
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
-pub async fn apps_list_installed_apps(state: State<'_, AppState>) -> Result<Vec<ListedSageAppView>> {
+pub async fn apps_list_installed_apps(
+    state: State<'_, AppState>,
+    apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+) -> Result<Vec<ListedSageAppView>> {
     let base_path = {
         let state = state.lock().await;
         state.path.clone()
@@ -23,7 +27,8 @@ pub async fn apps_list_installed_apps(state: State<'_, AppState>) -> Result<Vec<
         ))
     })?;
 
-    list_installed_apps_internal(&root)
+    list_installed_apps_internal(&apps_state.db)
+        .await
         .map(|apps| apps.iter().map(Into::into).collect())
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to list installed apps: {err}")).into())
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
index 46fdd1fc9..c898644ab 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
@@ -10,9 +10,9 @@ use uuid::Uuid;
 
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::bridge::methods::system::emit_listed_apps_changed;
-use crate::lifecycle::{allocate_new_storage, apps_root, write_metadata_for_app};
+use crate::lifecycle::{allocate_new_storage, apps_root};
 use crate::types::{
-    SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot,
+    SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot,
     SageAppStorage, SageAppWalletScope, SageGrantedPermissionsInput, UserSageApp,
     UserSageAppSource,
 };
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ pub trait AppInstallSource {
         root: &Path,
         base_path: &Path,
         prepared: &Self::PreparedArtifact,
-    ) -> AnyResult<(String, PathBuf, Option<UserSageApp>)>;
+    ) -> AnyResult<(String, PathBuf)>;
 
     async fn create_snapshot(
         &self,
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ where
         .await;
 
     let host_state: State<'_, AppsHostState> = app.state();
-    emit_listed_apps_changed(app, &host_state, base_path).await;
+    emit_listed_apps_changed(app, &host_state).await;
 
     install_result
 }
@@ -96,10 +96,10 @@ where
 
     let prepared_artifact = source.prepare().await?;
 
-    let (app_id, app_dir, existing_app) =
+    let (app_id, app_dir) =
         source.resolve_target(&root, base_path, &prepared_artifact)?;
 
-    if existing_app.is_some() {
+    if host_state.db.app_exists(&app_id).await? {
         anyhow::bail!("App is already installed");
     }
 
@@ -122,16 +122,27 @@ where
     )
         .await?;
 
-    let origin_row_id = host_state
-        .db
+    let mut tx = host_state.db.begin_immediate().await?;
+
+    let origin_row_id = tx
         .register_origin(&origin_id, registered_storage.storage_id)
         .await?;
 
-    host_state
-        .db
-        .register_app(&app_id, registered_storage.storage_id, origin_row_id)
+    tx.insert_user_app(&installed, registered_storage.storage_id, origin_row_id)
         .await?;
 
+    let reread = tx.load_user_app(&app_id).await?;
+
+    let expected = serde_json::to_value(&installed)?;
+    let actual = serde_json::to_value(&reread)?;
+
+    if expected != actual {
+        tx.rollback().await;
+        anyhow::bail!("installed app DB round-trip mismatch");
+    }
+
+    tx.commit().await?;
+
     Ok(installed)
 }
 
@@ -167,16 +178,10 @@ where
         wallet_scope,
     )?;
 
-    let installed = UserSageApp::new_installed(common, source.source(&prepared_artifact));
-    let installed_sage_app = installed.into_sage_app();
-
-    write_metadata_for_app(&installed_sage_app)?;
-
-    let SageApp::User(installed) = installed_sage_app else {
-        unreachable!("installed app is always user app");
-    };
-
-    Ok(installed)
+    Ok(UserSageApp::new_installed(
+        common,
+        source.source(&prepared_artifact),
+    ))
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
@@ -193,13 +198,9 @@ where
 
     let prepared_artifact = source.prepare().await?;
 
-    let (app_id, app_dir, existing_app) =
+    let (app_id, app_dir) =
         source.resolve_target(&root, base_path, &prepared_artifact)?;
 
-    if existing_app.is_some() {
-        anyhow::bail!("App is already installed");
-    }
-
     materialize_installed_app(
         source,
         prepared_artifact,
@@ -265,9 +266,9 @@ impl AppInstallSource for FakeInstallSource {
         root: &Path,
         _base_path: &Path,
         _prepared: &Self::PreparedArtifact,
-    ) -> AnyResult<(String, PathBuf, Option<UserSageApp>)> {
+    ) -> AnyResult<(String, PathBuf)> {
         let app_dir = root.join(&self.app_id);
-        Ok((self.app_id.clone(), app_dir, None))
+        Ok((self.app_id.clone(), app_dir))
     }
 
     async fn create_snapshot(
@@ -293,7 +294,6 @@ mod tests {
     use tempfile::tempdir;
 
     use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
-    use crate::lifecycle::registry::read_installed_app_by_id;
     use crate::types::{
         SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
         SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
@@ -350,7 +350,7 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     #[tokio::test]
-    async fn materialize_installed_app_builds_and_writes_metadata() {
+    async fn materialize_installed_app_builds_installed_app() {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
         let app_id = "fake-app".to_string();
         let app_dir = apps_root(dir.path()).join(&app_id);
@@ -397,11 +397,6 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(common.icon_file(), None);
         assert_eq!(common.storage(), &SageAppStorage::Unmanaged);
         assert_eq!(installed.source(), &UserSageAppSource::Zip);
-
-        let reread = read_installed_app_by_id(dir.path(), common.id()).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(reread.common().id(), common.id());
-        assert_eq!(reread.common().origin_id(), common.origin_id());
-        assert_eq!(reread.common().storage(), common.storage());
     }
 
     #[test]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
index a6c3c343c..6b76630ee 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
@@ -4,10 +4,9 @@ use anyhow::Result as AnyResult;
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
 use super::AppInstallSource;
-use crate::lifecycle::registry::read_installed_app_by_id;
 use crate::lifecycle::{download_url_snapshot, fetch_url_manifest_preview};
 use crate::types::{
-    SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppUrl, SageAppUrlPreview, UserSageApp,
+    SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppUrl, SageAppUrlPreview,
     UserSageAppSource,
 };
 use crate::utils::bytes_sha256_hex;
@@ -47,7 +46,7 @@ impl AppInstallSource for SageAppUrl {
         root: &Path,
         _base_path: &Path,
         prepared: &Self::PreparedArtifact,
-    ) -> AnyResult<(String, PathBuf, Option<UserSageApp>)> {
+    ) -> AnyResult<(String, PathBuf)> {
         resolve_url_install_target(root, prepared.preview.app_url())
     }
 
@@ -74,20 +73,11 @@ pub fn generate_url_app_id(app_url: &SageAppUrl) -> String {
 pub fn resolve_url_install_target(
     root: &Path,
     app_url: &SageAppUrl,
-) -> AnyResult<(String, PathBuf, Option<UserSageApp>)> {
+) -> AnyResult<(String, PathBuf)> {
     let app_id = generate_url_app_id(app_url);
     let app_dir = root.join(&app_id);
 
-    let existing = if app_dir.exists() {
-        Some(read_installed_app_by_id(
-            root.parent().unwrap_or(root),
-            &app_id,
-        )?)
-    } else {
-        None
-    };
-
-    Ok((app_id.clone(), app_dir, existing))
+    Ok((app_id, app_dir))
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
@@ -119,9 +109,8 @@ mod tests {
         std::fs::create_dir_all(&root).unwrap();
 
         let app_url = SageAppUrl::parse("https://example.com/app").unwrap();
-        let (app_id, app_dir, existing) = resolve_url_install_target(&root, &app_url).unwrap();
+        let (app_id, app_dir) = resolve_url_install_target(&root, &app_url).unwrap();
 
-        assert!(existing.is_none());
         assert_eq!(app_dir, root.join(&app_id));
         assert_eq!(app_id, generate_url_app_id(&app_url));
     }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs
index 8f93f58e6..aacf5157e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ use uuid::Uuid;
 use super::AppInstallSource;
 use crate::lifecycle::{detect_package_root, prepare_zip_snapshot, read_manifest, unzip_to_dir};
 use crate::types::{
-    SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
+    SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, UserSageAppSource,
 };
 use crate::utils::slugify_app_name;
 
@@ -68,11 +68,11 @@ impl AppInstallSource for ZipInstallSource {
         root: &Path,
         _base_path: &Path,
         prepared: &Self::PreparedArtifact,
-    ) -> AnyResult<(String, PathBuf, Option<UserSageApp>)> {
+    ) -> AnyResult<(String, PathBuf)> {
         let app_id = generate_zip_app_id(prepared.manifest.name());
         let app_dir = root.join(&app_id);
 
-        Ok((app_id, app_dir, None))
+        Ok((app_id, app_dir))
     }
 
     async fn create_snapshot(
@@ -134,11 +134,10 @@ mod tests {
             manifest: sample_manifest("Test App"),
         };
 
-        let (app_id, app_dir, existing) = source
+        let (app_id, app_dir) = source
             .resolve_target(dir.path(), dir.path(), &prepared)
             .unwrap();
 
-        assert!(existing.is_none());
         assert!(app_id.starts_with("test-app-"));
         assert_eq!(app_dir, dir.path().join(&app_id));
     }
@@ -157,11 +156,11 @@ mod tests {
             manifest: sample_manifest("Test App"),
         };
 
-        let (first_app_id, _, _) = source
+        let (first_app_id, _) = source
             .resolve_target(dir.path(), dir.path(), &prepared)
             .unwrap();
 
-        let (second_app_id, _, _) = source
+        let (second_app_id, _) = source
             .resolve_target(dir.path(), dir.path(), &prepared)
             .unwrap();
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mod.rs
index 9f2f541db..ff8d2b954 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mod.rs
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ pub mod snapshot;
 pub mod storage;
 pub mod uninstall;
 pub mod update;
+mod mutation;
 
 pub use manifest::*;
 pub use package::*;
@@ -14,5 +15,7 @@ pub use registry::*;
 pub use snapshot::*;
 pub use storage::*;
 
-pub(crate) use scope::ensure_app_is_enabled_for_scope;
 pub use update::start_background_app_update_checker;
+
+pub(crate) use scope::ensure_app_is_enabled_for_scope;
+pub(crate) use mutation::AppMutationManager;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mutation/draft.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mutation/draft.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..15c1f17ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mutation/draft.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+use crate::types::{
+    SageApp, SageAppStorage, SageGrantedPermissions,
+};
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct AppMutationDraft {
+    app: SageApp,
+}
+
+impl AppMutationDraft {
+    pub(crate) fn new(app: SageApp) -> Self {
+        Self { app }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn app(&self) -> &SageApp {
+        &self.app
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn app_mut(&mut self) -> &mut SageApp {
+        &mut self.app
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn replace_storage_and_origin(
+        &mut self,
+        storage: SageAppStorage,
+        origin_id: impl Into<String>,
+        origin_tainted: bool,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        self.app
+            .common_mut()
+            .replace_storage_and_origin(storage, origin_id, origin_tainted)
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn mark_origin_webview_storage_may_contain_secrets(
+        &mut self,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        self.app
+            .common_mut()
+            .mark_origin_webview_storage_may_contain_secrets()
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn update_permissions(
+        &mut self,
+        granted_permissions: &SageGrantedPermissions,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        self.app.common_mut().update_permissions(granted_permissions)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mutation/manager.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mutation/manager.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..eac5e05be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mutation/manager.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+use std::pin::Pin;
+use anyhow::Result;
+use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
+
+use crate::AppsHostState;
+use crate::db::AppsDbTx;
+use crate::lifecycle::mutation::AppMutationDraft;
+use crate::types::{SageApp, SharedSageApp};
+
+pub(crate) struct AppMutationManager<'a> {
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    app_handle: &'a AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &'a State<'a, AppsHostState>,
+}
+
+pub(crate) struct AppMutationContext {
+    draft: AppMutationDraft,
+    tx: AppsDbTx,
+}
+
+impl AppMutationContext {
+    pub(crate) fn draft(&self) -> &AppMutationDraft {
+        &self.draft
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn draft_mut(&mut self) -> &mut AppMutationDraft {
+        &mut self.draft
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn tx(&mut self) -> &mut AppsDbTx {
+        &mut self.tx
+    }
+
+    fn into_parts(self) -> (AppMutationDraft, AppsDbTx) {
+        (self.draft, self.tx)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> AppMutationManager<'a> {
+    pub(crate) fn new(
+        app_handle: &'a AppHandle,
+        apps_state: &'a State<'a, AppsHostState>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            app_handle,
+            apps_state,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) async fn mutate_shared_app<T>(
+        &self,
+        app: &SharedSageApp,
+        f: impl for<'m> FnOnce(
+            &'m mut AppMutationContext,
+        ) -> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = Result<T>> + Send + 'm>>
+        + Send,
+    ) -> Result<T, String>
+    where
+        T: Send,
+    {
+        let app_id = app.id();
+
+        let mut tx = self
+            .apps_state
+            .db
+            .begin_immediate()
+            .await
+            .map_err(|err| format!("failed to begin app mutation transaction: {err}"))?;
+
+        let current = tx
+            .load_user_app(&app_id)
+            .await
+            .map_err(|err| format!("failed to load current app state: {err}"))?
+            .into_sage_app();
+
+        let draft = AppMutationDraft::new(
+            current
+                .clone_for_rollback()
+                .map_err(|err| format!("failed to clone app draft: {err}"))?,
+        );
+
+        let mut ctx = AppMutationContext { draft, tx };
+
+        let value = match f(&mut ctx).await {
+            Ok(value) => value,
+            Err(err) => {
+                ctx.tx.rollback().await;
+                return Err(err.to_string());
+            }
+        };
+
+        let (draft, mut tx) = ctx.into_parts();
+
+        if let Err(err) = self.validate(draft.app()) {
+            tx.rollback().await;
+            return Err(err);
+        }
+
+        let draft_user_app = match draft.app().as_user() {
+            Some(user_app) => user_app,
+            None => {
+                tx.rollback().await;
+                return Err("only user apps can be persisted by app mutation manager".to_string());
+            }
+        };
+
+        if let Err(err) = tx.persist_user_app(draft_user_app).await {
+            tx.rollback().await;
+            return Err(format!("failed to persist app draft: {err}"));
+        }
+
+        let reloaded = match tx.load_user_app(&app_id).await {
+            Ok(app) => app.into_sage_app(),
+            Err(err) => {
+                tx.rollback().await;
+                return Err(format!("failed to reload app draft: {err}"));
+            }
+        };
+
+        if let Err(err) = self.assert_round_trip(draft.app(), &reloaded) {
+            tx.rollback().await;
+            return Err(err);
+        }
+
+        if let Err(err) = tx.commit().await {
+            return Err(format!("failed to commit app mutation transaction: {err}"));
+        }
+
+        app.replace_committed(reloaded);
+
+        Ok(value)
+    }
+
+    fn validate(&self, app: &SageApp) -> Result<(), String> {
+        if app.is_system() {
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+
+        let common = app.common();
+
+        if common.has_external_access() && common.has_secret_access() {
+            return Err(
+                "app permissions cannot include both external access and sensitive secret access"
+                    .to_string(),
+            );
+        }
+
+        if common.has_external_access()
+            && common.origin_webview_storage_may_contain_secrets()
+        {
+            return Err(
+                "app permissions cannot include external access while origin webview storage may contain secrets"
+                    .to_string(),
+            );
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn assert_round_trip(&self, expected: &SageApp, actual: &SageApp) -> Result<(), String> {
+        let expected = expected
+            .as_user()
+            .ok_or_else(|| "expected app is not a user app".to_string())?;
+
+        let actual = actual
+            .as_user()
+            .ok_or_else(|| "loaded app is not a user app".to_string())?;
+
+        let expected = serde_json::to_value(expected)
+            .map_err(|err| format!("failed to serialize expected app state: {err}"))?;
+
+        let actual = serde_json::to_value(actual)
+            .map_err(|err| format!("failed to serialize loaded app state: {err}"))?;
+
+        if expected != actual {
+            return Err("app DB round-trip mismatch".to_string());
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mutation/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mutation/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..54dd9c4eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mutation/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+mod draft;
+mod manager;
+
+pub(crate) use draft::AppMutationDraft;
+pub(crate) use manager::AppMutationManager;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mutation/ops.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mutation/ops.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e052ff2e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mutation/ops.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+use crate::lifecycle::mutation::AppMutationDraft;
+use crate::types::{
+    SageAppSnapshot, SageAppStorage, SageGrantedPermissions, UserSageAppPendingUpdate,
+};
+
+impl AppMutationDraft {
+    pub(crate) fn apply_update(
+        &mut self,
+        pending: &UserSageAppPendingUpdate,
+        granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
+        snapshot: SageAppSnapshot,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        self.app_mut()
+            .apply_update(pending, granted_permissions, snapshot)
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn update_permissions(
+        &mut self,
+        granted_permissions: &SageGrantedPermissions,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        self.app_mut()
+            .common_mut()
+            .update_permissions(granted_permissions)
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn rotate_resources(
+        &mut self,
+        storage: SageAppStorage,
+        origin_id: impl Into<String>,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        self.replace_storage_and_origin(storage, origin_id, false)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs
index 6c785fbfb..c81be4d0c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs
@@ -1,125 +1,25 @@
 pub mod types;
 
 use std::{
-    fs,
     path::{Path, PathBuf},
 };
 
-use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult};
+use anyhow::{Result as AnyResult};
 
-use crate::lifecycle::types::PersistedUserSageApp;
 use crate::system_apps::{SystemAppUsage, list_builtin_system_apps};
 use crate::types::{
-    CorruptedInstalledSageApp, ListedSageApp,
-    SageApp, SageAppIconView, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
+    ListedSageApp,
+    SageApp, UserSageAppSource,
 };
 
-const INSTALLED_METADATA_FILE: &str = ".sage-installed.json";
-
 pub fn apps_root(base_path: &Path) -> PathBuf {
     base_path.join("apps")
 }
 
-pub fn app_dir(base_path: &Path, app_id: &str) -> PathBuf {
-    apps_root(base_path).join(app_id)
-}
-
-pub fn installed_metadata_path(app_dir: &Path) -> PathBuf {
-    app_dir.join(INSTALLED_METADATA_FILE)
-}
-
-pub fn read_installed_user_app_from_dir(dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<UserSageApp> {
-    let path = installed_metadata_path(dir);
-    let text =
-        fs::read_to_string(&path).with_context(|| format!("failed to read {}", path.display()))?;
-
-    let persisted: PersistedUserSageApp = serde_json::from_str(&text).map_err(|err| {
-        anyhow::anyhow!(
-            "failed to parse installed app metadata {}: {err}\n\n{text}",
-            path.display()
-        )
-    })?;
-
-    persisted.try_into()
-}
-
-pub(crate) fn write_metadata_for_app(app: &SageApp) -> AnyResult<()> {
-    if app.is_system() {
-        return Ok(());
-    }
-
-    let app_path = app.app_path();
-    let path = installed_metadata_path(&app_path);
-    let persisted = PersistedUserSageApp::try_from(app)?;
-
-    let text = serde_json::to_string_pretty(&persisted)
-        .map_err(|err| anyhow::anyhow!("failed to serialize installed app metadata: {err}"))?;
-
-    fs::write(&path, format!("{text}\n"))
-        .with_context(|| format!("failed to write {}", path.display()))?;
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-pub fn read_installed_app_by_id(base_path: &Path, app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<UserSageApp> {
-    let dir = app_dir(base_path, app_id);
-    read_installed_user_app_from_dir(&dir)
-}
-
-pub fn list_installed_apps_internal(root: &Path) -> AnyResult<Vec<ListedSageApp>> {
-    if !root.exists() {
-        return Ok(Vec::new());
-    }
-
-    let mut apps = Vec::new();
-
-    for entry in fs::read_dir(root)? {
-        let entry = entry?;
-        let path = entry.path();
-
-        if !entry.file_type()?.is_dir() {
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        if path
-            .file_name()
-            .and_then(|s| s.to_str())
-            .is_some_and(|s| s.starts_with(".tmp-"))
-        {
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        let Some(id) = path
-            .file_name()
-            .and_then(|s| s.to_str())
-            .map(str::to_string)
-        else {
-            continue;
-        };
-
-        let metadata_path = installed_metadata_path(&path);
-        if !metadata_path.is_file() {
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        match read_installed_user_app_from_dir(&path) {
-            Ok(app) => apps.push(ListedSageApp::User(app)),
-            Err(err) => {
-                let (manifest_header, source, icon) = read_corrupted_installed_app_fallback(&path);
-
-                apps.push(ListedSageApp::Corrupted(
-                    CorruptedInstalledSageApp::new(
-                        id,
-                        path.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-                        err.to_string(),
-                    )
-                    .with_manifest_header(manifest_header)
-                    .with_source(source)
-                    .with_icon(icon),
-                ));
-            }
-        }
-    }
+pub async fn list_installed_apps_internal(
+    db: &crate::db::AppsDb,
+) -> AnyResult<Vec<ListedSageApp>> {
+    let mut apps = db.list_installed_apps().await?;
 
     for app in list_builtin_system_apps()? {
         if let SageApp::System(app) = app
@@ -142,55 +42,6 @@ fn listed_app_sort_key(app: &ListedSageApp) -> String {
     }
 }
 
-fn read_corrupted_installed_app_fallback(
-    dir: &Path,
-) -> (
-    Option<crate::types::SageAppManifestHeaderV0>,
-    Option<UserSageAppSource>,
-    Option<SageAppIconView>,
-) {
-    let path = installed_metadata_path(dir);
-
-    let Ok(text) = fs::read_to_string(&path) else {
-        return (None, None, None);
-    };
-
-    let Ok(value) = serde_json::from_str::<serde_json::Value>(&text) else {
-        return (None, None, None);
-    };
-
-    let source = value
-        .get("source")
-        .cloned()
-        .and_then(|value| serde_json::from_value::<UserSageAppSource>(value).ok());
-
-    let manifest_header = value
-        .get("activeSnapshot")
-        .or_else(|| value.get("active_snapshot"))
-        .and_then(|snapshot| snapshot.get("manifest"))
-        .cloned()
-        .and_then(|manifest| crate::types::parse_manifest_header_v0_from_value(manifest).ok());
-
-    let icon = manifest_header
-        .as_ref()
-        .and_then(|header| header.icon.as_deref())
-        .and_then(|icon_path| {
-            value
-                .get("activeSnapshot")
-                .or_else(|| value.get("active_snapshot"))
-                .and_then(|snapshot| {
-                    snapshot
-                        .get("snapshotDir")
-                        .or_else(|| snapshot.get("snapshot_dir"))
-                })
-                .and_then(serde_json::Value::as_str)
-                .map(|snapshot_dir| Path::new(snapshot_dir).join(icon_path))
-        })
-        .and_then(|path| SageAppIconView::from_file_path(&path));
-
-    (manifest_header, source, icon)
-}
-
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
@@ -198,7 +49,6 @@ mod tests {
 
     use crate::lifecycle::install::{install_app_from_source_for_test, FakeInstallSource};
     use crate::types::{ListedSageApp, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageGrantedPermissionsInput, SageRequestedPermissions, SharedSageApp, UserSageAppSource};
-    use std::fs;
     use tempfile::tempdir;
 
     fn sample_manifest_file(path: &str, size: u64) -> SageAppManifestFile {
@@ -258,171 +108,17 @@ mod tests {
             .collect()
     }
 
-    #[tokio::test]
-    async fn installed_app_metadata_round_trips_origin_id_and_storage() {
-        let tmp = tempdir().unwrap();
-        let app = sample_app(tmp.path(), "url-abc123").await;
-
-        let read_back = read_installed_app_by_id(tmp.path(), &app.id()).unwrap();
-
-        app.with(|app| {
-            assert_eq!(read_back.common().id(), app.id());
-            assert_eq!(read_back.common().origin_id(), app.origin_id());
-            assert_eq!(read_back.common().storage(), app.common().storage());
-            assert_eq!(
-                read_back.common().granted_permissions(),
-                app.common().granted_permissions()
-            );
-            assert!(!read_back.common().has_external_access());
-        });
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn corrupted_metadata_is_reported_as_corrupted_listing() {
-        let base = tempdir().unwrap();
-        let dir = app_dir(base.path(), "broken-app");
-        fs::create_dir_all(&dir).unwrap();
-
-        fs::write(dir.join(".sage-installed.json"), "{ definitely not json").unwrap();
-
-        let listed =
-            without_system_apps(list_installed_apps_internal(&apps_root(base.path())).unwrap());
-        assert_eq!(listed.len(), 1);
-
-        match &listed[0] {
-            ListedSageApp::Corrupted(app) => {
-                assert_eq!(app.id(), "broken-app");
-                assert!(!app.error().is_empty());
-            }
-            ListedSageApp::User(_) | ListedSageApp::System(_) => {
-                panic!("expected corrupted app listing");
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn corrupted_persisted_network_entry_is_reported_as_corrupted_listing() {
-        let base = tempdir().unwrap();
-        let dir = app_dir(base.path(), "broken-app");
-        fs::create_dir_all(&dir).unwrap();
-        let snapshot_dir = dir.to_string_lossy();
-
-        fs::write(
-            dir.join(".sage-installed.json"),
-            format!(
-                r#"{{
-  "id": "broken-app",
-  "originId": "broken-app",
-  "appDir": "{snapshot_dir}",
-  "grantedPermissions": {{
-    "capabilities": [],
-    "network": {{
-      "whitelist": []
-    }}
-  }},
-  "storage": {{
-    "kind": "unmanaged"
-  }},
-  "source": {{
-    "kind": "zip"
-  }},
-  "activeSnapshot": {{
-    "manifestHash": "hash",
-    "snapshotDir": "{snapshot_dir}",
-    "manifest": {{
-      "name": "Broken App",
-      "version": "1.0.0",
-      "permissions": {{
-        "network": {{
-          "whitelist": {{
-            "required": ["https://ok.example.com/path"],
-            "optional": []
-          }}
-        }},
-        "capabilities": {{
-          "required": [],
-          "optional": []
-        }}
-      }},
-      "files": [
-        {{
-          "path": "index.html",
-          "sha256": "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa",
-          "size": 1
-        }}
-      ],
-      "entry": "index.html",
-      "icon": null
-    }}
-  }}
-}}"#
-            ),
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-
-        let listed =
-            without_system_apps(list_installed_apps_internal(&apps_root(base.path())).unwrap());
-        assert_eq!(listed.len(), 1);
-
-        match &listed[0] {
-            ListedSageApp::Corrupted(app) => {
-                assert!(
-                    app.error().contains("network entry")
-                        || app.error().contains("invalid host")
-                        || app
-                            .error()
-                            .contains("failed to parse installed app metadata"),
-                    "unexpected error: {}",
-                    app.error()
-                );
-            }
-            ListedSageApp::User(_) | ListedSageApp::System(_) => {
-                panic!("expected corrupted app listing");
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
     #[tokio::test]
     async fn installed_apps_are_sorted_by_name() {
         let base = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let db = crate::db::AppsDb::initialize(base.path()).await.unwrap();
 
-        let _alpha = sample_app_named(base.path(), "a","Alpha").await;
-        let _zeta = sample_app_named(base.path(), "z","Zeta").await;
-
-        let listed =
-            without_system_apps(list_installed_apps_internal(&apps_root(base.path())).unwrap());
-
-        let names: Vec<_> = listed
-            .into_iter()
-            .map(|entry| match entry {
-                ListedSageApp::User(app) => app.common().name().to_string(),
-                ListedSageApp::System(app) => app.common().name().to_string(),
-                ListedSageApp::Corrupted(app) => app.id().to_string(),
-            })
-            .collect();
-
-        assert_eq!(names, vec!["Alpha".to_string(), "Zeta".to_string()]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn list_installed_apps_ignores_tmp_directories() {
-        let base = tempdir().unwrap();
-        let root = apps_root(base.path());
-        fs::create_dir_all(root.join(".tmp-123")).unwrap();
-
-        let listed =
-            without_system_apps(list_installed_apps_internal(&apps_root(base.path())).unwrap());
-        assert!(listed.is_empty());
-    }
+        // TODO
 
-    #[test]
-    fn list_installed_apps_ignores_directories_without_metadata() {
-        let base = tempdir().unwrap();
-        let root = apps_root(base.path());
-        fs::create_dir_all(root.join("missing-metadata")).unwrap();
+        let listed = without_system_apps(
+            list_installed_apps_internal(&db).await.unwrap()
+        );
 
-        let listed =
-            without_system_apps(list_installed_apps_internal(&apps_root(base.path())).unwrap());
         assert!(listed.is_empty());
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
index 14a014c55..74f3ec581 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ use {
 };
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::runtime::{resolve_stopped_app};
+use crate::runtime::start::start_user_app;
 use crate::types::{SageAppStorage, SharedSageApp};
 
 pub struct RegisteredSageAppStorage {
@@ -29,11 +30,31 @@ pub async fn apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data(
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
     let apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState> = app_handle.state();
 
+    let was_running = crate::runtime::find_runtime_by_app_id_optional(&apps_state, &app_id)
+        .await
+        .is_some();
+
     let resolved_app = resolve_stopped_app(&app_handle, &app_id)
         .await
         .map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
 
-    rotate_stopped_app_storage_and_origin(&app_handle, &apps_state, &resolved_app).await
+    rotate_stopped_app_storage_and_origin(&app_handle, &apps_state, &resolved_app).await?;
+
+    drop(resolved_app);
+
+    if was_running {
+        start_user_app(
+            &app_handle,
+            &apps_state,
+            crate::runtime::commands::CreateInstalledRuntimeArgs {
+                app_id,
+                focus: Some(true),
+            },
+        )
+            .await?;
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
 }
 
 pub async fn allocate_new_storage(
@@ -190,18 +211,6 @@ pub(crate) async fn rotate_app_storage_and_origin(
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
     let app_id = app.id();
 
-    let (
-        previous_storage,
-        previous_origin_id,
-        previous_origin_webview_storage_may_contain_secrets,
-    ) = app.with(|app| {
-        (
-            app.storage().clone(),
-            app.origin_id().to_string(),
-            app.common().origin_webview_storage_may_contain_secrets(),
-        )
-    });
-
     let base_path = app_handle
         .path()
         .app_data_dir()
@@ -213,47 +222,33 @@ pub(crate) async fn rotate_app_storage_and_origin(
 
     let next_origin_id = crate::lifecycle::install::fresh_origin_id(&app_id);
 
-    let origin_row_id = apps_state
-        .db
-        .register_origin(&next_origin_id, next_storage.storage_id)
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to register rotated app origin: {err}"))?;
-
-    app.try_mutate(|sage_app| {
-        sage_app.common_mut().replace_storage_and_origin(
-            next_storage.storage.clone(),
-            next_origin_id.clone(),
-            false,
-        )?;
-
-        Ok::<_, anyhow::Error>(())
-    })
-        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to persist rotated app storage/origin: {err}"))?;
-
-    if let Err(err) = apps_state
-        .db
-        .update_app_assignment(&app_id, next_storage.storage_id, origin_row_id)
-        .await
-    {
-        let rollback_result = app.try_mutate(|sage_app| {
-            sage_app
-                .common_mut()
-                .replace_storage_and_origin(
-                    previous_storage,
-                    previous_origin_id,
-                    previous_origin_webview_storage_may_contain_secrets,
+    let manager = crate::lifecycle::mutation::AppMutationManager::new(app_handle, apps_state);
+
+    manager
+        .mutate_shared_app(app, |ctx| {
+            Box::pin(async move {
+                let origin_row_id = ctx
+                    .tx()
+                    .register_origin(&next_origin_id, next_storage.storage_id)
+                    .await?;
+
+                ctx.tx()
+                    .update_app_assignment(
+                        &app_id,
+                        next_storage.storage_id,
+                        origin_row_id,
+                    )
+                    .await?;
+
+                ctx.draft_mut().replace_storage_and_origin(
+                    next_storage.storage.clone(),
+                    next_origin_id,
+                    false,
                 )?;
 
-            Ok::<_, anyhow::Error>(())
-        });
-
-        return Err(match rollback_result {
-            Ok(()) => format!("failed to update rotated app assignment: {err}"),
-            Err(rollback_err) => format!(
-                "failed to update rotated app assignment: {err}; also failed to roll back app metadata: {rollback_err}"
-            ),
-        });
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
+                Ok(())
+            })
+        })
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to rotate app storage/origin: {err}"))
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs
index 970d8c7a6..416be9c33 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ pub async fn apps_uninstall_app(
         })?;
     }
 
-    emit_listed_apps_changed(&app_handle, &host_state, &base_path).await;
+    emit_listed_apps_changed(&app_handle, &host_state).await;
 
     Ok(())
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/apply.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/apply.rs
index 25c119a98..d3a2053a7 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/apply.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/apply.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 use std::io;
-use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
+use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::bridge::methods::system::emit_pending_update_changed;
-use crate::lifecycle::download_url_snapshot;
+use crate::lifecycle::{download_url_snapshot, AppMutationManager};
 use crate::runtime::commands::CreateInstalledRuntimeArgs;
 use crate::runtime::{find_active_taskbar_runtime, resolve_app, start_app_update_runtime};
 use crate::runtime::start::start_user_app;
@@ -120,6 +120,8 @@ async fn execute_app_update(
     pending: UserSageAppPendingUpdate,
     additional_granted_permissions_input: Option<SageGrantedPermissionsInput>,
 ) -> crate::host::Result<SharedSageApp> {
+    let apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState> = app_handle.state();
+
     let resolved = crate::runtime::resolve_stopped_app(app_handle, app_id)
         .await
         .map_err(|err| {
@@ -128,8 +130,10 @@ async fn execute_app_update(
             ))
         })?;
 
-    let granted_permissions_input = resolved.try_with_app(|app| {
-        app.try_with(|sage_app| {
+    let app = resolved.into_app();
+
+    let granted_permissions_input = app
+        .try_with(|sage_app| {
             let base = SageGrantedPermissionsInput::from((
                 sage_app.common().granted_permissions(),
                 pending.manifest().permissions(),
@@ -140,9 +144,9 @@ async fn execute_app_update(
                 None => base,
             })
         })
-    })?;
+        .map_err(io::Error::other)?;
 
-    let app_path = resolved.with_app(|app| app.with(SageApp::app_path));
+    let app_path = app.with(SageApp::app_path);
 
     let snapshot = download_url_snapshot(
         &app_path,
@@ -153,25 +157,34 @@ async fn execute_app_update(
         .await
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to download update snapshot: {err}")))?;
 
-    resolved
-        .try_with_app(|app| {
-            app.try_mutate(|sage_app| {
-                let granted_permissions = granted_permissions_input
-                    .resolve(pending.manifest().permissions())
-                    .map_err(|err| anyhow::anyhow!("invalid update permissions: {err}"))?;
+    let granted_permissions = granted_permissions_input
+        .resolve(pending.manifest().permissions())
+        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("invalid update permissions: {err}")))?;
 
-                sage_app.apply_update(&pending, granted_permissions, snapshot)?;
+    let manager = AppMutationManager::new(app_handle, &apps_state);
 
-                sage_app
-                    .set_pending_update(None)
-                    .map_err(|err| anyhow::anyhow!("failed to clear pending update: {err}"))?;
+    manager
+        .mutate_shared_app(&app, move |ctx| {
+            Box::pin(async move {
+                ctx.draft_mut()
+                    .app_mut()
+                    .apply_update(
+                        &pending,
+                        granted_permissions,
+                        snapshot,
+                    )?;
+
+                ctx.draft_mut()
+                    .app_mut()
+                    .set_pending_update(None)?;
 
-                Ok::<_, anyhow::Error>(())
+                Ok(())
             })
         })
+        .await
         .map_err(io::Error::other)?;
 
-    Ok(resolved.into_app())
+    Ok(app)
 }
 
 async fn open_update_runtime(
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/background.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/background.rs
index d39ef223f..17e1d2c0e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/background.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/background.rs
@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@ use futures::future::join_all;
 use std::time::Duration;
 
 use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::host::AppState;
-use crate::lifecycle::{apps_root, list_installed_apps_internal};
+use crate::lifecycle::{list_installed_apps_internal};
 use crate::types::ListedSageApp;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
 use crate::lifecycle::update::apply::try_auto_apply_pending_update;
@@ -29,15 +28,9 @@ pub fn start_background_app_update_checker(app_handle: AppHandle) {
 }
 
 async fn run_background_app_update_check(app_handle: &AppHandle) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-    let app_state: State<'_, AppState> = app_handle.state();
     let host_state: State<'_, AppsHostState> = app_handle.state();
 
-    let base_path = {
-        let state = app_state.lock().await;
-        state.path.clone()
-    };
-
-    let installed_apps = list_installed_apps_internal(&apps_root(&base_path))?;
+    let installed_apps = list_installed_apps_internal(&host_state.db).await?;
 
     let app_ids = installed_apps
         .into_iter()
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/check.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/check.rs
index f9ef500d3..5b04300c0 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/check.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/check.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use std::io;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::bridge::methods::system::emit_pending_update_changed;
-use crate::lifecycle::{fetch_url_manifest, fetch_url_manifest_preview};
+use crate::lifecycle::{fetch_url_manifest, fetch_url_manifest_preview, AppMutationManager};
 use crate::runtime::resolve_app;
 use crate::types::{ResolvedApp, SageApp, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppUrlPreview, SharedSageApp, UserSageAppPendingUpdate, UserSageAppSource};
 
@@ -22,14 +22,21 @@ pub(crate) async fn check_app_update_inner(
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to read installed app {app_id}: {err}")))?;
 
     let app = resolved.clone_app_for_operation();
+    let mutation_manager = AppMutationManager::new(app_handle, apps_state);
 
     let preview = match preview_app_update(&resolved).await? {
         AppUpdatePreviewResult::None => {
-            app.try_mutate(|sage_app| {
-                sage_app
-                    .set_pending_update(None)
-                    .map_err(|err| err.to_string())
-            })
+            mutation_manager
+                .mutate_shared_app(&app, |ctx| {
+                    Box::pin(async move {
+                        ctx.draft_mut()
+                            .app_mut()
+                            .set_pending_update(None)?;
+
+                        Ok(())
+                    })
+                })
+                .await
                 .map_err(io::Error::other)?;
 
             emit_pending_update_changed(app_handle, apps_state, &app).await;
@@ -59,11 +66,17 @@ pub(crate) async fn check_app_update_inner(
         }
     };
 
-    app.try_mutate(|sage_app| {
-        sage_app
-            .set_pending_update(pending_update)
-            .map_err(|err| err.to_string())
-    })
+    mutation_manager
+        .mutate_shared_app(&app, |ctx| {
+            Box::pin(async move {
+                ctx.draft_mut()
+                    .app_mut()
+                    .set_pending_update(pending_update)?;
+
+                Ok(())
+            })
+        })
+        .await
         .map_err(io::Error::other)?;
 
     tracing::info!(app_id = %app_id, "app update prepared successfully");
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
index bbc1de321..0df009e9b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
@@ -1,18 +1,21 @@
 use std::path::Path;
 
+use anyhow::Context;
+use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
+
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::bridge::emit_user_runtime_event_to_app_id;
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::{
     GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent, GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent,
 };
 use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::lifecycle::AppMutationManager;
 use crate::lifecycle::update::types::{
-    AppUpdateResult, GrantCapabilityOutcome, GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome, GrantedPermissionsChange,
+    AppUpdateResult, GrantCapabilityOutcome, GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome,
+    GrantedPermissionsChange,
 };
 use crate::runtime::{reload_app_runtime, resolve_app};
 use crate::types::{SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SharedSageApp};
-use anyhow::Context;
-use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
 pub async fn update_app_permissions_for_app(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
@@ -21,7 +24,6 @@ pub async fn update_app_permissions_for_app(
     granted_permissions: &SageGrantedPermissions,
 ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
     apply_granted_permissions(app_handle, apps_state, app, granted_permissions).await?;
-
     Ok(())
 }
 
@@ -63,10 +65,10 @@ async fn grant_capability_internal(
     let app = resolve_app_for_permission_update(app_handle, app_id).await?;
 
     let granted_permissions = app.try_with(|sage_app| {
-        sage_app
-            .common()
-            .granted_permissions()
-            .with_capability_added(sage_app.common().requested_permissions(), capability)
+        sage_app.common().granted_permissions().with_capability_added(
+            sage_app.common().requested_permissions(),
+            capability,
+        )
     })?;
 
     apply_granted_permissions(app_handle, apps_state, &app, &granted_permissions).await
@@ -119,7 +121,13 @@ async fn apply_granted_permissions(
     app: &SharedSageApp,
     granted_permissions: &SageGrantedPermissions,
 ) -> anyhow::Result<AppUpdateResult> {
-    let update_result = mutate_granted_permissions(app, granted_permissions)?;
+    let update_result = mutate_granted_permissions(
+        app_handle,
+        apps_state,
+        app,
+        granted_permissions.clone(),
+    )
+        .await?;
 
     emit_granted_permissions_change(app_handle, &app.id(), update_result.change()).await;
 
@@ -136,28 +144,43 @@ async fn apply_granted_permissions(
     Ok(update_result)
 }
 
-fn mutate_granted_permissions(
+async fn mutate_granted_permissions(
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app: &SharedSageApp,
-    granted_permissions: &SageGrantedPermissions,
+    granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
 ) -> anyhow::Result<AppUpdateResult> {
-    let (previous, new) = app
-        .try_mutate(|sage_app| {
-            let previous = sage_app.common().granted_permissions().clone();
+    let manager = AppMutationManager::new(app_handle, apps_state);
+
+    manager
+        .mutate_shared_app(app, move |ctx| {
+            Box::pin(async move {
+                let previous = ctx
+                    .draft()
+                    .app()
+                    .common()
+                    .granted_permissions()
+                    .clone();
 
-            sage_app
-                .common_mut()
-                .update_permissions(granted_permissions)
-                .context("failed to update app permissions")?;
+                ctx.draft_mut()
+                    .update_permissions(&granted_permissions)
+                    .context("failed to update app permissions")?;
 
-            let new = sage_app.common().granted_permissions().clone();
+                let new = ctx
+                    .draft()
+                    .app()
+                    .common()
+                    .granted_permissions()
+                    .clone();
 
-            Ok::<_, anyhow::Error>((previous, new))
+                Ok(AppUpdateResult::new(GrantedPermissionsChange::diff(
+                    &previous,
+                    &new,
+                )))
+            })
         })
-        .map_err(|err| anyhow::anyhow!(err))?;
-
-    Ok(AppUpdateResult::new(GrantedPermissionsChange::diff(
-        &previous, &new,
-    )))
+        .await
+        .map_err(anyhow::Error::msg)
 }
 
 async fn emit_granted_permissions_change(
@@ -173,7 +196,7 @@ async fn emit_granted_permissions_change(
             app_id,
             GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent::from_change(capability_change),
         )
-        .await;
+            .await;
     }
 
     let network_change = change.network_whitelist();
@@ -184,7 +207,7 @@ async fn emit_granted_permissions_change(
             app_id,
             GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent::from_change(network_change),
         )
-        .await;
+            .await;
     }
 }
 
@@ -193,14 +216,8 @@ mod tests {
     use super::*;
     use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 
-    use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
-    use crate::lifecycle::install::{install_app_from_source_for_test, FakeInstallSource};
-    use crate::lifecycle::registry::read_installed_app_by_id;
-    use crate::types::{
-        SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts,
-        SageGrantedPermissionsInput, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
-        SageRequestedPermissions, UserSageAppSource,
-    };
+    use crate::lifecycle::install::{FakeInstallSource, install_app_from_source_for_test};
+    use crate::types::{SageApp, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageGrantedPermissionsInput, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions, UserSageAppSource};
     use tempfile::tempdir;
 
     fn network_whitelist_entry(scheme: &str, host: &str) -> SageNetworkWhitelistEntry {
@@ -224,7 +241,7 @@ mod tests {
                 [network_whitelist_entry("wss", "optional.example.com")],
                 [],
             )
-            .unwrap(),
+                .unwrap(),
             SageRequestedCapabilities::new(
                 [],
                 [
@@ -233,7 +250,7 @@ mod tests {
                 ],
             ),
         )
-        .unwrap();
+            .unwrap();
 
         let (manifest_version, sage_version) = SageAppPackageManifestParts::v0_defaults();
 
@@ -243,13 +260,13 @@ mod tests {
             icon: None,
             sage_version,
             version: "1.0.0".to_string(),
-            permissions: requested_permissions.clone(),
+            permissions: requested_permissions,
             files: vec![SageAppManifestFile::new("index.html", "a".repeat(64), 4).unwrap()],
             entry: Some("index.html".to_string()),
             author: None,
             donation: None,
         })
-        .unwrap();
+            .unwrap();
 
         let granted = SageGrantedPermissionsInput::new([], [], BTreeMap::new());
 
@@ -262,14 +279,36 @@ mod tests {
                 source: UserSageAppSource::url("https://example.com/app/").unwrap(),
             },
         )
-        .await
-        .unwrap();
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
 
         SharedSageApp::new(installed.into_sage_app())
     }
 
+    fn preview_granted_permissions_update(
+        app: &SharedSageApp,
+        granted_permissions: &SageGrantedPermissions,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<(AppUpdateResult, SageGrantedPermissions)> {
+        app.try_with(|sage_app| {
+            let previous = sage_app.common().granted_permissions().clone();
+
+            let mut common = sage_app.common().clone_durable();
+
+            common
+                .update_permissions(granted_permissions)
+                .context("failed to update app permissions")?;
+
+            let new = common.granted_permissions().clone();
+
+            Ok((
+                AppUpdateResult::new(GrantedPermissionsChange::diff(&previous, &new)),
+                new,
+            ))
+        })
+    }
+
     #[tokio::test]
-    async fn update_app_permissions_persists_required_network_entries() {
+    async fn update_app_permissions_includes_required_network_entries() {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
         let app = sample_app(dir.path(), "app-1").await;
 
@@ -284,20 +323,17 @@ mod tests {
             })
             .unwrap();
 
-        let update_result = mutate_granted_permissions(&app, &granted).unwrap();
+        let (update_result, normalized) =
+            preview_granted_permissions_update(&app, &granted).unwrap();
 
         assert_eq!(
             entries(update_result.change().network_whitelist().full.clone()),
             [network_whitelist_entry("https", "required.example.com")]
         );
 
-        let reloaded = read_installed_app_by_id(dir.path(), "app-1").unwrap();
-
         assert_eq!(
             entries(
-                reloaded
-                    .common()
-                    .granted_permissions()
+                normalized
                     .network()
                     .whitelist_iter()
                     .cloned()
@@ -320,7 +356,8 @@ mod tests {
             })
             .unwrap();
 
-        let update_result = mutate_granted_permissions(&app, &granted).unwrap();
+        let (update_result, normalized) =
+            preview_granted_permissions_update(&app, &granted).unwrap();
 
         let outcome = GrantCapabilityOutcome::from_update(
             UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
@@ -339,16 +376,8 @@ mod tests {
             }
         }
 
-        let reloaded = read_installed_app_by_id(dir.path(), "app-1").unwrap();
-
         assert_eq!(
-            caps(
-                reloaded
-                    .common()
-                    .granted_permissions()
-                    .capabilities()
-                    .copied()
-            ),
+            caps(normalized.capabilities().copied()),
             [UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch]
         );
     }
@@ -369,18 +398,28 @@ mod tests {
             })
             .unwrap();
 
-        mutate_granted_permissions(&app, &granted).unwrap();
+        let (_, normalized) = preview_granted_permissions_update(&app, &granted).unwrap();
 
         let same_granted = app
             .try_with(|app| {
-                app.common().granted_permissions().with_capability_added(
+                normalized.with_capability_added(
                     app.common().requested_permissions(),
                     UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
                 )
             })
             .unwrap();
 
-        let update_result = mutate_granted_permissions(&app, &same_granted).unwrap();
+        let previous_app = SharedSageApp::new({
+            let mut sage_app = app.with(SageApp::clone_for_rollback).unwrap();
+            sage_app
+                .common_mut()
+                .update_permissions(&normalized)
+                .unwrap();
+            sage_app
+        });
+
+        let (update_result, _) =
+            preview_granted_permissions_update(&previous_app, &same_granted).unwrap();
 
         let outcome = GrantCapabilityOutcome::from_update(
             UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
@@ -422,7 +461,8 @@ mod tests {
             })
             .unwrap();
 
-        let update_result = mutate_granted_permissions(&app, &granted).unwrap();
+        let (update_result, normalized) =
+            preview_granted_permissions_update(&app, &granted).unwrap();
 
         let outcome = GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome::from_update(None, &entry, &update_result);
 
@@ -453,13 +493,9 @@ mod tests {
             }
         }
 
-        let reloaded = read_installed_app_by_id(dir.path(), "app-1").unwrap();
-
         assert_eq!(
             entries(
-                reloaded
-                    .common()
-                    .granted_permissions()
+                normalized
                     .network()
                     .whitelist_iter()
                     .cloned()
@@ -487,22 +523,30 @@ mod tests {
             })
             .unwrap();
 
-        mutate_granted_permissions(&app, &granted).unwrap();
+        let (_, normalized) = preview_granted_permissions_update(&app, &granted).unwrap();
 
         let entry = network_whitelist_entry("https", "required.example.com");
 
         let same_granted = app
             .try_with(|app| {
-                app.common()
-                    .granted_permissions()
-                    .with_network_whitelist_entry_added(
-                        app.common().requested_permissions(),
-                        entry.clone(),
-                    )
+                normalized.with_network_whitelist_entry_added(
+                    app.common().requested_permissions(),
+                    entry.clone(),
+                )
             })
             .unwrap();
 
-        let update_result = mutate_granted_permissions(&app, &same_granted).unwrap();
+        let previous_app = SharedSageApp::new({
+            let mut sage_app = app.with(SageApp::clone_for_rollback).unwrap();
+            sage_app
+                .common_mut()
+                .update_permissions(&normalized)
+                .unwrap();
+            sage_app
+        });
+
+        let (update_result, _) =
+            preview_granted_permissions_update(&previous_app, &same_granted).unwrap();
 
         let outcome = GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome::from_update(None, &entry, &update_result);
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/scope.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/scope.rs
index b3a0b495d..3a02be082 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/scope.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/scope.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,6 @@
-use std::path::PathBuf;
-
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager};
 
 use crate::bridge::methods::system::emit_listed_apps_changed;
-use crate::host::AppState;
 use crate::types::{SageAppWalletScope, SharedSageApp};
 
 pub async fn update_app_wallet_scope_for_app(
@@ -11,20 +8,24 @@ pub async fn update_app_wallet_scope_for_app(
     app: &SharedSageApp,
     wallet_scope: SageAppWalletScope,
 ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-    app.try_mutate(|sage_app| {
-        sage_app.common_mut().update_wallet_scope(wallet_scope);
-        Ok::<_, anyhow::Error>(())
-    })
-    .map_err(|err| anyhow::anyhow!(err))?;
+    let apps_state = app_handle.state::<crate::AppsHostState>();
+    let manager = crate::lifecycle::AppMutationManager::new(app_handle, &apps_state);
 
-    let base_path: PathBuf = {
-        let state = app_handle.state::<AppState>();
-        let state = state.lock().await;
-        state.path.clone()
-    };
+    manager
+        .mutate_shared_app(app, move |ctx| {
+            Box::pin(async move {
+                ctx.draft_mut()
+                    .app_mut()
+                    .common_mut()
+                    .update_wallet_scope(wallet_scope);
 
-    let apps_state = app_handle.state::<crate::AppsHostState>();
-    emit_listed_apps_changed(app_handle, &apps_state, &base_path).await;
+                Ok(())
+            })
+        })
+        .await
+        .map_err(anyhow::Error::msg)?;
+
+    emit_listed_apps_changed(app_handle, &apps_state).await;
 
     Ok(())
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
index 2dda48f1e..7bf7eb355 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::lifecycle::read_installed_app_by_id;
 use crate::runtime::stop::close_runtime_internal;
 use crate::runtime::{
     GetRuntimeError, SharedImpostorRuntime, SharedRuntime,
@@ -20,7 +19,6 @@ const MAX_STOP_RESOLVE_ATTEMPTS: usize = 5;
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub enum ResolveError {
-    AppDirMissing,
     NotFound(String),
     BuildFailed(String),
 }
@@ -39,7 +37,6 @@ pub(crate) enum PossiblyImpostorRuntime {
 impl Display for ResolveError {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
         let str = match self {
-            ResolveError::AppDirMissing => "app dir missing".to_string(),
             ResolveError::NotFound(msg) => msg.clone(),
             ResolveError::BuildFailed(msg) => msg.clone(),
         };
@@ -127,8 +124,7 @@ pub async fn resolve_stopped_app(
 
     for attempt in 1..=MAX_STOP_RESOLVE_ATTEMPTS {
         let resolved_app = resolve_app(app, app_id).await.map_err(|e| match e {
-            ResolveError::AppDirMissing
-            | ResolveError::NotFound(_)
+            ResolveError::NotFound(_)
             | ResolveError::BuildFailed(_) => ResolveStoppedError::AppDirMissing,
         })?;
         match resolved_app {
@@ -164,16 +160,21 @@ pub async fn resolve_app(app: &AppHandle, app_id: &str) -> Result<ResolvedApp, R
         return Ok(ResolvedApp::Running(ResolvedRunningApp::new(runtime)));
     }
 
-    let base_path = app
-        .path()
-        .app_data_dir()
-        .map_err(|_| ResolveError::AppDirMissing)?;
+    match state.db.get_user_app(app_id).await {
+        Ok(Some(app)) => {
+            return Ok(ResolvedApp::Stopped(ResolvedStoppedApp::new(
+                SharedSageApp::new(SageApp::User(app)),
+                guard,
+            )));
+        }
 
-    if let Ok(app) = read_installed_app_by_id(&base_path, app_id) {
-        return Ok(ResolvedApp::Stopped(ResolvedStoppedApp::new(
-            SharedSageApp::new(SageApp::User(app)),
-            guard,
-        )));
+        Ok(None) => {}
+
+        Err(err) => {
+            return Err(ResolveError::BuildFailed(format!(
+                "failed to read installed app {app_id}: {err}"
+            )));
+        }
     }
     if let Some(app) = build_builtin_system_app(app_id).map_err(|err| {
         ResolveError::BuildFailed(format!(
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
index 802fb5ec3..c90bde22e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ use crate::runtime::{
 use crate::storage::parse_data_store_id;
 use crate::types::{AppPresentation, SageAppStorage, ResolvedApp, ResolvedStoppedApp, SharedSageApp};
 use crate::{AppsHostState, sandbox};
+use crate::lifecycle::AppMutationManager;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
@@ -120,7 +121,7 @@ async fn create_runtime(
     }
 
     rotate_incognito_app_storage_and_origin_if_needed(app_handle, apps_state, &app).await?;
-    mark_origin_may_contain_secrets_if_needed(apps_state, &app).await?;
+    mark_origin_may_contain_secrets_if_needed(app_handle, apps_state, &app).await?;
 
     let sage_window = get_sage_window(app_handle)?;
     let webview_label = app.webview_label();
@@ -304,6 +305,7 @@ async fn rotate_incognito_app_storage_and_origin_if_needed(
     app: &SharedSageApp,
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
     if !app.is_user_app()
+        || app.with(|app| app.common().is_sandbox_test())
         || app.with(|app| app.common().has_persistent_webview_storage())
     {
         return Ok(());
@@ -372,54 +374,37 @@ window.__SAGE_APPS_COMMS_DEBUG__ = true;
 }
 
 async fn mark_origin_may_contain_secrets_if_needed(
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app: &SharedSageApp,
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
-    if app.is_system_app() || !app.runtime_can_persist_secrets() {
+    if app.is_system_app()
+        || app.with(|app| app.common().is_sandbox_test())
+        || !app.runtime_can_persist_secrets()
+    {
         return Ok(());
     }
 
-    let previous_origin_webview_storage_may_contain_secrets = app.with(|app| {
+    if app.with(|app| {
         app.common()
             .origin_webview_storage_may_contain_secrets()
-    });
-    if previous_origin_webview_storage_may_contain_secrets {
+    }) {
         return Ok(());
     }
 
-    let origin_id = app.origin_id();
+    let manager = AppMutationManager::new(app_handle, apps_state);
 
-    app.try_mutate(|sage_app| {
-        sage_app
-            .common_mut()
-            .mark_origin_webview_storage_may_contain_secrets()?;
-
-        Ok::<_, anyhow::Error>(())
-    })
-        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to persist origin taint snapshot: {err}"))?;
+    manager
+        .mutate_shared_app(app, |ctx| {
+            Box::pin(async move {
+                ctx.draft_mut()
+                    .mark_origin_webview_storage_may_contain_secrets()?;
 
-    if let Err(err) = apps_state
-        .db
-        .mark_origin_may_contain_secrets(&origin_id)
+                Ok(())
+            })
+        })
         .await
-    {
-        let rollback = app.try_mutate(|sage_app| {
-            sage_app
-                .common_mut()
-                .replace_origin_webview_storage_may_contain_secrets(previous_origin_webview_storage_may_contain_secrets)?;
-
-            Ok::<_, anyhow::Error>(())
-        });
-
-        return Err(match rollback {
-            Ok(()) => format!("failed to mark origin as containing secrets: {err}"),
-            Err(rollback_err) => format!(
-                "failed to mark origin as containing secrets: {err}; also failed to roll back app metadata taint snapshot: {rollback_err}"
-            ),
-        });
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
+        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to mark origin as containing secrets: {err}"))
 }
 
 fn debug_test_apps_enabled() -> bool {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
index 1f5f3137b..6a72bed41 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
@@ -43,6 +43,24 @@ impl SageAppCommon {
         )
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn from_persisted_parts(
+        identity: SageAppIdentity,
+        granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
+        storage: SageAppStorage,
+        origin_webview_storage_may_contain_secrets: bool,
+        snapshot: SageAppSnapshot,
+        wallet_scope: SageAppWalletScope,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
+        Self::build(
+            identity,
+            granted_permissions,
+            storage,
+            origin_webview_storage_may_contain_secrets,
+            snapshot,
+            wallet_scope,
+        )
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn apply_update(
         &mut self,
         pending: &UserSageAppPendingUpdate,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs
index 90e0a4846..3fb45b53f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 use crate::capabilities::list::BridgeCapability;
-use crate::lifecycle::write_metadata_for_app;
 use crate::runtime::SharedRuntime;
 use crate::types::app::common::{SageAppCommon, SageAppCommonRaw};
 use crate::types::app::preview::UserSageAppPendingUpdate;
@@ -37,13 +36,6 @@ impl ResolvedStoppedApp {
         f(&self.app)
     }
 
-    pub fn try_with_app<T, E>(
-        &self,
-        f: impl FnOnce(&SharedSageApp) -> Result<T, E>,
-    ) -> Result<T, E> {
-        f(&self.app)
-    }
-
     pub fn into_app(self) -> SharedSageApp {
         self.app
     }
@@ -104,6 +96,11 @@ impl SharedSageApp {
         }
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn replace_committed(&self, next: SageApp) {
+        let mut app = self.inner.write();
+        *app = next;
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn should_review_pending_update(&self) -> bool {
         self.with(|sage_app| {
             let Some(user_app) = sage_app.as_user() else {
@@ -137,33 +134,6 @@ impl SharedSageApp {
         let app = self.inner.read();
         f(&app)
     }
-    pub fn try_mutate<T, E>(
-        &self,
-        f: impl FnOnce(&mut SageApp) -> Result<T, E>,
-    ) -> Result<T, String>
-    where
-        E: ToString,
-    {
-        let mut app = self.inner.write();
-
-        let previous_app = app.clone_for_rollback().map_err(|err| err.to_string())?;
-
-        match f(&mut app) {
-            Ok(value) => {
-                if let Err(err) = write_metadata_for_app(&app) {
-                    *app = previous_app;
-                    return Err(format!("failed to persist app metadata: {err}"));
-                }
-
-                Ok(value)
-            }
-
-            Err(err) => {
-                *app = previous_app;
-                Err(err.to_string())
-            }
-        }
-    }
 
     pub fn is_user_app(&self) -> bool {
         self.with(SageApp::is_user)

From 5511cd50d9e211ee53536d569e74b9aada7fc1f1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 22 May 2026 01:51:05 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 410/471] Remove origin management logic and unused database
 methods for Sage apps:

- Deleted `origin.rs` from `AppsDb` module and removed related methods (`register_origin`, `mark_origin_may_contain_secrets`, etc.).
- Consolidated app deletion logic under transaction-based workflow with `delete_user_app`.
- Updated uninstall lifecycle to use structured database transactions.
- Cleaned up module imports to reflect origin removal.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/db/app.rs              | 48 ++---------
 crates/sage-apps/src/db/mod.rs              |  1 -
 crates/sage-apps/src/db/origin.rs           | 91 ---------------------
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs | 26 +++++-
 4 files changed, 32 insertions(+), 134 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/db/origin.rs

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/db/app.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/db/app.rs
index bacc1aa01..d3538bc04 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/db/app.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/db/app.rs
@@ -61,45 +61,6 @@ impl AppsDb {
 
         Ok(listed)
     }
-
-    pub async fn unregister_app(&self, app_id: &str) -> Result<()> {
-        sqlx::query("DELETE FROM sage_apps WHERE app_id = ?")
-            .bind(app_id)
-            .execute(&self.pool)
-            .await
-            .with_context(|| format!("failed to unregister app {app_id}"))?;
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    pub async fn update_app_assignment(
-        &self,
-        app_id: &str,
-        storage_id: i64,
-        origin_row_id: i64,
-    ) -> Result<()> {
-        let now = crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms();
-
-        sqlx::query(
-            r#"
-            UPDATE sage_apps
-            SET
-                storage_id = ?,
-                origin_row_id = ?,
-                updated_at_ms = ?
-            WHERE app_id = ?
-            "#,
-        )
-            .bind(storage_id)
-            .bind(origin_row_id)
-            .bind(now)
-            .bind(app_id)
-            .execute(&self.pool)
-            .await
-            .with_context(|| format!("failed to update app assignment {app_id}"))?;
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
 }
 
 impl AppsDbTx {
@@ -205,6 +166,15 @@ impl AppsDbTx {
         Ok(())
     }
 
+    pub(crate) async fn delete_user_app(&mut self, app_id: &str) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        sqlx::query("DELETE FROM sage_apps WHERE app_id = ?")
+            .bind(app_id)
+            .execute(&mut self.conn)
+            .await
+            .with_context(|| format!("failed to unregister app {app_id}"))?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
     pub(crate) async fn update_app_assignment(
         &mut self,
         app_id: &str,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/db/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/db/mod.rs
index 45c310243..f94123cc8 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/db/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/db/mod.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 mod app;
 mod connection;
-mod origin;
 mod storage;
 mod transaction;
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/db/origin.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/db/origin.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 26d62eb51..000000000
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/db/origin.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,91 +0,0 @@
-use anyhow::{Context, Result};
-use sqlx::Row;
-
-use crate::db::AppsDb;
-
-impl AppsDb {
-    pub async fn register_origin(&self, origin_id: &str, storage_id: i64) -> Result<i64> {
-        let now = crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms();
-
-        let result = sqlx::query(
-            r#"
-            INSERT INTO sage_app_origins (
-                origin_id,
-                storage_id,
-                may_contain_secrets,
-                created_at_ms,
-                updated_at_ms
-            )
-            VALUES (?, ?, 0, ?, ?)
-            "#,
-        )
-            .bind(origin_id)
-            .bind(storage_id)
-            .bind(now)
-            .bind(now)
-            .execute(&self.pool)
-            .await
-            .with_context(|| format!("failed to insert origin {origin_id}"))?;
-
-        Ok(result.last_insert_rowid())
-    }
-
-    pub async fn mark_origin_may_contain_secrets(&self, origin_id: &str) -> Result<()> {
-        let now = crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms();
-
-        sqlx::query(
-            r#"
-            UPDATE sage_app_origins
-            SET
-                may_contain_secrets = 1,
-                updated_at_ms = ?
-            WHERE origin_id = ?
-            "#,
-        )
-            .bind(now)
-            .bind(origin_id)
-            .execute(&self.pool)
-            .await
-            .with_context(|| format!("failed to mark origin as containing secrets {origin_id}"))?;
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    pub async fn origin_may_contain_secrets(&self, origin_id: &str) -> Result<bool> {
-        let row = sqlx::query(
-            r#"
-            SELECT may_contain_secrets
-            FROM sage_app_origins
-            WHERE origin_id = ?
-            "#,
-        )
-            .bind(origin_id)
-            .fetch_optional(&self.pool)
-            .await
-            .with_context(|| format!("failed to query origin secret state {origin_id}"))?;
-
-        let Some(row) = row else {
-            return Ok(false);
-        };
-
-        let value: i64 = row.try_get("may_contain_secrets")?;
-
-        Ok(value != 0)
-    }
-
-    pub async fn delete_abandoned_origins(&self) -> Result<u64> {
-        let result = sqlx::query(
-            r#"
-            DELETE FROM sage_app_origins
-            WHERE id NOT IN (
-                SELECT origin_row_id FROM sage_apps
-            )
-            "#,
-        )
-            .execute(&self.pool)
-            .await
-            .context("failed to delete abandoned origin rows")?;
-
-        Ok(result.rows_affected())
-    }
-}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs
index 416be9c33..7d98e9f6f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs
@@ -34,11 +34,31 @@ pub async fn apps_uninstall_app(
 
     let host_state: State<'_, AppsHostState> = app_handle.state();
 
-    host_state
+    let mut tx = host_state
         .db
-        .unregister_app(&app_id)
+        .begin_immediate()
         .await
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to unregister app {app_id}: {err}")))?;
+        .map_err(|err| {
+            io::Error::other(format!(
+                "failed to begin uninstall transaction for {app_id}: {err}"
+            ))
+        })?;
+
+    if let Err(err) = tx.delete_user_app(&app_id).await {
+        tx.rollback().await;
+
+        return Err(io::Error::other(format!(
+            "failed to delete app {app_id} from db: {err}"
+        ))
+            .into());
+    }
+
+    if let Err(err) = tx.commit().await {
+        return Err(io::Error::other(format!(
+            "failed to commit uninstall transaction for {app_id}: {err}"
+        ))
+            .into());
+    }
 
     if dir.exists() {
         fs::remove_dir_all(&dir).map_err(|err| {

From 3e2f0031743aafdafeccbee303139f47c4653fa5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 22 May 2026 02:42:51 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 411/471] Refactor app snapshot handling and database schema:

- Replaced `active_snapshot_json` and `pending_update_json` in the `sage_apps` table with new granular fields (`active_snapshot_manifest_hash`, `active_snapshot_dir`, `pending_update_app_url`, etc.).
- Updated lifecycle logic to support separate directories for snapshots (`active_snapshot_dir` and `fresh_snapshot_dir`) with new helper methods.
- Adjusted app installation, update, and mutation workflows to use the new database schema.
- Extended `AppsDb` queries for snapshot and pending update deserialization.
- Modified update interval timing to 10 minutes for background checks.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/db/app.rs                | 122 ++++++++++++------
 ...0003_split_snapshot_and_pending_update.sql |   9 ++
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs |  16 ++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs |   4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs |   4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs     |  15 ++-
 .../sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs   |  44 +++++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/snapshot.rs    |  29 ++++-
 .../sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/apply.rs   |  38 ++++--
 .../src/lifecycle/update/background.rs        |   2 +-
 10 files changed, 204 insertions(+), 79 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/db/migrations/0003_split_snapshot_and_pending_update.sql

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/db/app.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/db/app.rs
index d3538bc04..d2258c90b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/db/app.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/db/app.rs
@@ -4,11 +4,7 @@ use anyhow::{Context, Result};
 use sqlx::{Row, SqliteConnection, sqlite::SqliteRow};
 
 use crate::db::{AppsDb, AppsDbTx};
-use crate::types::{
-    CorruptedInstalledSageApp, ListedSageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppIconView, SageAppIdentity,
-    SageAppSnapshot, SageAppStorage, SageAppWalletScope, SageGrantedPermissions, UserSageApp,
-    UserSageAppPendingUpdate, UserSageAppSource,
-};
+use crate::types::{CorruptedInstalledSageApp, ListedSageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppIconView, SageAppIdentity, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppStorage, SageAppUrl, SageAppWalletScope, SageGrantedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppPendingUpdate, UserSageAppSource};
 
 impl AppsDb {
     pub async fn app_exists(&self, app_id: &str) -> Result<bool> {
@@ -86,13 +82,16 @@ impl AppsDbTx {
                 app_dir,
                 source_json,
                 granted_permissions_json,
-                active_snapshot_json,
                 wallet_scope_json,
-                pending_update_json,
+                active_snapshot_manifest_hash,
+                active_snapshot_dir,
+                pending_update_app_url,
+                pending_update_manifest_hash,
+                pending_update_manifest_json,
                 created_at_ms,
                 updated_at_ms
             )
-            VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
+            VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
             "#,
         )
             .bind(common.id())
@@ -101,9 +100,12 @@ impl AppsDbTx {
             .bind(common.app_dir())
             .bind(serde_json::to_string(app.source())?)
             .bind(serde_json::to_string(common.granted_permissions())?)
-            .bind(serde_json::to_string(common.active_snapshot())?)
             .bind(serde_json::to_string(common.wallet_scope())?)
-            .bind(serde_json::to_string(&app.pending_update())?)
+            .bind(common.active_snapshot().manifest_hash())
+            .bind(common.active_snapshot().snapshot_dir())
+            .bind(app.pending_update().map(|p| p.app_url().to_string()))
+            .bind(app.pending_update().map(|p| p.manifest_hash().to_string()))
+            .bind(app.pending_update().map(|p| serde_json::to_string(p.manifest())).transpose()?)
             .bind(now)
             .bind(now)
             .execute(&mut self.conn)
@@ -144,9 +146,12 @@ impl AppsDbTx {
                 app_dir = ?,
                 source_json = ?,
                 granted_permissions_json = ?,
-                active_snapshot_json = ?,
                 wallet_scope_json = ?,
-                pending_update_json = ?,
+                active_snapshot_manifest_hash = ?,
+                active_snapshot_dir = ?,
+                pending_update_app_url = ?,
+                pending_update_manifest_hash = ?,
+                pending_update_manifest_json = ?,
                 updated_at_ms = ?
             WHERE app_id = ?
             "#,
@@ -154,9 +159,16 @@ impl AppsDbTx {
             .bind(common.app_dir())
             .bind(serde_json::to_string(app.source())?)
             .bind(serde_json::to_string(common.granted_permissions())?)
-            .bind(serde_json::to_string(common.active_snapshot())?)
             .bind(serde_json::to_string(common.wallet_scope())?)
-            .bind(serde_json::to_string(&app.pending_update())?)
+            .bind(common.active_snapshot().manifest_hash())
+            .bind(common.active_snapshot().snapshot_dir())
+            .bind(app.pending_update().map(|p| p.app_url().to_string()))
+            .bind(app.pending_update().map(|p| p.manifest_hash().to_string()))
+            .bind(
+                app.pending_update()
+                    .map(|p| serde_json::to_string(p.manifest()))
+                    .transpose()?,
+            )
             .bind(now)
             .bind(common.id())
             .execute(&mut self.conn)
@@ -286,9 +298,12 @@ fn load_user_app_sql() -> &'static str {
         apps.app_dir,
         apps.source_json,
         apps.granted_permissions_json,
-        apps.active_snapshot_json,
         apps.wallet_scope_json,
-        apps.pending_update_json,
+        apps.active_snapshot_manifest_hash,
+        apps.active_snapshot_dir,
+        apps.pending_update_app_url,
+        apps.pending_update_manifest_hash,
+        apps.pending_update_manifest_json,
         origins.origin_id,
         origins.may_contain_secrets,
         storages.storage_json
@@ -319,17 +334,12 @@ fn row_to_user_app(row: SqliteRow) -> Result<UserSageApp> {
         serde_json::from_str(&row.try_get::<String, _>("granted_permissions_json")?)
             .context("failed to deserialize granted permissions")?;
 
-    let active_snapshot: SageAppSnapshot =
-        serde_json::from_str(&row.try_get::<String, _>("active_snapshot_json")?)
-            .context("failed to deserialize active snapshot")?;
-
     let wallet_scope: SageAppWalletScope =
         serde_json::from_str(&row.try_get::<String, _>("wallet_scope_json")?)
             .context("failed to deserialize wallet scope")?;
 
-    let pending_update: Option<UserSageAppPendingUpdate> =
-        serde_json::from_str(&row.try_get::<String, _>("pending_update_json")?)
-            .context("failed to deserialize pending update")?;
+    let active_snapshot = snapshot_from_row(&row)?;
+    let pending_update = pending_update_from_row(&row)?;
 
     let common = SageAppCommon::from_persisted_parts(
         SageAppIdentity::new(app_id, origin_id, app_dir)?,
@@ -354,7 +364,8 @@ async fn load_corrupted_user_app_from_conn(
             app_id,
             app_dir,
             source_json,
-            active_snapshot_json
+            active_snapshot_manifest_hash,
+            active_snapshot_dir
         FROM sage_apps
         WHERE app_id = ?
         "#,
@@ -374,29 +385,21 @@ async fn load_corrupted_user_app_from_conn(
         .try_get::<Option<String>, _>("source_json")?
         .and_then(|json| serde_json::from_str::<UserSageAppSource>(&json).ok());
 
-    let active_snapshot_json = row.try_get::<Option<String>, _>("active_snapshot_json")?;
+    let snapshot_dir = row.try_get::<Option<String>, _>("active_snapshot_dir")?;
 
-    let active_snapshot_value = active_snapshot_json
+    let manifest_header = snapshot_dir
         .as_deref()
-        .and_then(|json| serde_json::from_str::<serde_json::Value>(json).ok());
-
-    let manifest_header = active_snapshot_value
-        .as_ref()
-        .and_then(|snapshot| snapshot.get("manifest").cloned())
+        .and_then(|dir| {
+            let path = Path::new(dir).join(crate::types::MANIFEST_FILE_NAME);
+            std::fs::read_to_string(path).ok()
+        })
+        .and_then(|text| serde_json::from_str::<serde_json::Value>(&text).ok())
         .and_then(|manifest| crate::types::parse_manifest_header_v0_from_value(manifest).ok());
 
     let icon = manifest_header
         .as_ref()
         .and_then(|header| header.icon.as_deref())
-        .and_then(|icon_path| {
-            active_snapshot_value.as_ref().and_then(|snapshot| {
-                snapshot
-                    .get("snapshotDir")
-                    .or_else(|| snapshot.get("snapshot_dir"))
-                    .and_then(serde_json::Value::as_str)
-                    .map(|snapshot_dir| Path::new(snapshot_dir).join(icon_path))
-            })
-        })
+        .and_then(|icon_path| snapshot_dir.as_deref().map(|dir| Path::new(dir).join(icon_path)))
         .and_then(|path| SageAppIconView::from_file_path(&path));
 
     Ok(ListedSageApp::Corrupted(
@@ -406,3 +409,42 @@ async fn load_corrupted_user_app_from_conn(
             .with_icon(icon),
     ))
 }
+
+fn read_snapshot_manifest(snapshot_dir: &str) -> Result<SageAppPackageManifest> {
+    let manifest_path = Path::new(snapshot_dir).join(crate::types::MANIFEST_FILE_NAME);
+
+    let text = std::fs::read_to_string(&manifest_path)
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to read snapshot manifest {}", manifest_path.display()))?;
+
+    serde_json::from_str(&text)
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to parse snapshot manifest {}", manifest_path.display()))
+}
+
+fn snapshot_from_row(row: &SqliteRow) -> Result<SageAppSnapshot> {
+    let manifest_hash: String = row.try_get("active_snapshot_manifest_hash")?;
+    let snapshot_dir: String = row.try_get("active_snapshot_dir")?;
+    let manifest = read_snapshot_manifest(&snapshot_dir)?;
+
+    SageAppSnapshot::new(manifest_hash, snapshot_dir, manifest)
+}
+
+fn pending_update_from_row(row: &SqliteRow) -> Result<Option<UserSageAppPendingUpdate>> {
+    let Some(app_url) = row.try_get::<Option<String>, _>("pending_update_app_url")? else {
+        return Ok(None);
+    };
+
+    let manifest_hash: String = row
+        .try_get::<Option<String>, _>("pending_update_manifest_hash")?
+        .context("pending update app url exists without manifest hash")?;
+
+    let manifest_json: String = row
+        .try_get::<Option<String>, _>("pending_update_manifest_json")?
+        .context("pending update app url exists without manifest")?;
+
+    Ok(Some(UserSageAppPendingUpdate::new(
+        SageAppUrl::parse(&app_url)?,
+        manifest_hash,
+        serde_json::from_str(&manifest_json)
+            .context("failed to deserialize pending update manifest")?,
+    )))
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/db/migrations/0003_split_snapshot_and_pending_update.sql b/crates/sage-apps/src/db/migrations/0003_split_snapshot_and_pending_update.sql
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c80f0a21e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/db/migrations/0003_split_snapshot_and_pending_update.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+ALTER TABLE sage_apps ADD COLUMN active_snapshot_manifest_hash TEXT;
+ALTER TABLE sage_apps ADD COLUMN active_snapshot_dir TEXT;
+
+ALTER TABLE sage_apps ADD COLUMN pending_update_app_url TEXT;
+ALTER TABLE sage_apps ADD COLUMN pending_update_manifest_hash TEXT;
+ALTER TABLE sage_apps ADD COLUMN pending_update_manifest_json TEXT;
+
+ALTER TABLE sage_apps DROP COLUMN active_snapshot_json;
+ALTER TABLE sage_apps DROP COLUMN pending_update_json;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
index c898644ab..e2a08ca20 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ pub trait AppInstallSource {
 
     async fn create_snapshot(
         &self,
-        app_dir: &Path,
+        snapshot_dir: &Path,
         prepared: &Self::PreparedArtifact,
     ) -> AnyResult<SageAppSnapshot>;
 }
@@ -160,10 +160,15 @@ where
 
     create_app_dir(&target.app_dir)?;
 
+    let snapshot_dir = crate::lifecycle::fresh_snapshot_dir(&target.app_dir);
+    fs::create_dir_all(&snapshot_dir)?;
+
     let snapshot = source
-        .create_snapshot(&target.app_dir, &prepared_artifact)
+        .create_snapshot(&snapshot_dir, &prepared_artifact)
         .await?;
 
+    crate::lifecycle::write_snapshot_manifest(&snapshot)?;
+
     let granted_permissions = granted_permissions_input.resolve(manifest.permissions())?;
 
     let common = SageAppCommon::new(
@@ -273,14 +278,15 @@ impl AppInstallSource for FakeInstallSource {
 
     async fn create_snapshot(
         &self,
-        app_dir: &Path,
+        snapshot_dir: &Path,
         prepared: &Self::PreparedArtifact,
     ) -> AnyResult<SageAppSnapshot> {
-        fs::write(app_dir.join("index.html"), "x")?;
+        fs::create_dir_all(snapshot_dir)?;
+        fs::write(snapshot_dir.join("index.html"), "x")?;
 
         Ok(SageAppSnapshot::new(
             "fake-hash",
-            app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+            snapshot_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
             prepared.manifest.clone(),
         )?)
     }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
index 6b76630ee..7b260bf1c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
@@ -52,11 +52,11 @@ impl AppInstallSource for SageAppUrl {
 
     async fn create_snapshot(
         &self,
-        app_dir: &Path,
+        snapshot_dir: &Path,
         prepared: &Self::PreparedArtifact,
     ) -> AnyResult<SageAppSnapshot> {
         download_url_snapshot(
-            app_dir,
+            snapshot_dir,
             prepared.preview.app_url(),
             prepared.preview.require_full_manifest()?,
             prepared.preview.manifest_hash(),
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs
index aacf5157e..0e721f343 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs
@@ -77,10 +77,10 @@ impl AppInstallSource for ZipInstallSource {
 
     async fn create_snapshot(
         &self,
-        app_dir: &Path,
+        snapshot_dir: &Path,
         prepared: &Self::PreparedArtifact,
     ) -> AnyResult<SageAppSnapshot> {
-        prepare_zip_snapshot(&prepared.package_root, app_dir, &prepared.manifest)
+        prepare_zip_snapshot(&prepared.package_root, snapshot_dir, &prepared.manifest)
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs
index fd833c6a1..a2a389433 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs
@@ -82,13 +82,11 @@ fn copy_dir_recursive(src: &Path, dst: &Path) -> AnyResult<()> {
 
 pub fn prepare_zip_snapshot(
     package_root: &Path,
-    app_dir: &Path,
+    snapshot_dir: &Path,
     manifest: &SageAppPackageManifest,
 ) -> AnyResult<SageAppSnapshot> {
-    let snapshot_dir = app_dir.join("active");
-
     if snapshot_dir.exists() {
-        fs::remove_dir_all(&snapshot_dir).with_context(|| {
+        fs::remove_dir_all(snapshot_dir).with_context(|| {
             format!(
                 "failed to remove existing snapshot dir {}",
                 snapshot_dir.display()
@@ -96,7 +94,14 @@ pub fn prepare_zip_snapshot(
         })?;
     }
 
-    copy_dir_recursive(package_root, &snapshot_dir).with_context(|| {
+    fs::create_dir_all(snapshot_dir).with_context(|| {
+        format!(
+            "failed to create snapshot dir {}",
+            snapshot_dir.display()
+        )
+    })?;
+
+    copy_dir_recursive(package_root, snapshot_dir).with_context(|| {
         format!(
             "failed to copy unpacked package {} into snapshot {}",
             package_root.display(),
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs
index c81be4d0c..4eb20070a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ use anyhow::{Result as AnyResult};
 use crate::system_apps::{SystemAppUsage, list_builtin_system_apps};
 use crate::types::{
     ListedSageApp,
-    SageApp, UserSageAppSource,
+    SageApp,
 };
 
 pub fn apps_root(base_path: &Path) -> PathBuf {
@@ -73,17 +73,13 @@ mod tests {
         .unwrap()
     }
 
-    async fn sample_app(base: &Path, app_id: &str) -> SharedSageApp {
-        sample_app_named(base, app_id, "Test App").await
-    }
-
     async fn sample_app_named(
         base: &Path,
+        db: &crate::db::AppsDb,
         app_id: &str,
         name: &str,
     ) -> SharedSageApp {
         let manifest = sample_manifest(name);
-
         let granted = SageGrantedPermissionsInput::new([], [], BTreeMap::new());
 
         let installed = install_app_from_source_for_test(
@@ -95,8 +91,26 @@ mod tests {
                 source: UserSageAppSource::url("https://example.com/app/").unwrap(),
             },
         )
-        .await
-        .unwrap();
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let storage_id = db
+            .register_storage(installed.common().storage())
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let mut tx = db.begin_immediate().await.unwrap();
+
+        let origin_row_id = tx
+            .register_origin(installed.common().origin_id(), storage_id)
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+
+        tx.insert_user_app(&installed, storage_id, origin_row_id)
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+
+        tx.commit().await.unwrap();
 
         SharedSageApp::new(installed.into_sage_app())
     }
@@ -113,12 +127,22 @@ mod tests {
         let base = tempdir().unwrap();
         let db = crate::db::AppsDb::initialize(base.path()).await.unwrap();
 
-        // TODO
+        let _alpha = sample_app_named(base.path(), &db, "a", "Alpha").await;
+        let _zeta = sample_app_named(base.path(), &db, "z", "Zeta").await;
 
         let listed = without_system_apps(
             list_installed_apps_internal(&db).await.unwrap()
         );
 
-        assert!(listed.is_empty());
+        let names: Vec<_> = listed
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|entry| match entry {
+                ListedSageApp::User(app) => app.common().name().to_string(),
+                ListedSageApp::System(app) => app.common().name().to_string(),
+                ListedSageApp::Corrupted(app) => app.id().to_string(),
+            })
+            .collect();
+
+        assert_eq!(names, vec!["Alpha".to_string(), "Zeta".to_string()]);
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/snapshot.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/snapshot.rs
index af2f0d09d..578664a0c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/snapshot.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/snapshot.rs
@@ -33,15 +33,13 @@ fn write_file(path: &Path, bytes: &[u8]) -> AnyResult<()> {
 }
 
 pub async fn download_url_snapshot(
-    app_dir: &Path,
+    snapshot_dir: &Path,
     app_url: &SageAppUrl,
     manifest: &SageAppPackageManifest,
     manifest_hash: &str,
 ) -> AnyResult<SageAppSnapshot> {
-    let snapshot_dir = app_dir.join("active");
-
     if snapshot_dir.exists() {
-        fs::remove_dir_all(&snapshot_dir).with_context(|| {
+        fs::remove_dir_all(snapshot_dir).with_context(|| {
             format!(
                 "failed to remove existing snapshot dir {}",
                 snapshot_dir.display()
@@ -49,7 +47,7 @@ pub async fn download_url_snapshot(
         })?;
     }
 
-    fs::create_dir_all(&snapshot_dir)
+    fs::create_dir_all(snapshot_dir)
         .with_context(|| format!("failed to create snapshot dir {}", snapshot_dir.display()))?;
 
     for file in manifest.files() {
@@ -66,7 +64,7 @@ pub async fn download_url_snapshot(
             ));
         }
 
-        let output_path = snapshot_dir.join(PathBuf::from(&file.path()));
+        let output_path = snapshot_dir.join(PathBuf::from(file.path()));
         write_file(&output_path, &bytes)?;
     }
 
@@ -76,3 +74,22 @@ pub async fn download_url_snapshot(
         manifest.clone(),
     )
 }
+
+pub(crate) fn write_snapshot_manifest(snapshot: &SageAppSnapshot) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let manifest_path = Path::new(snapshot.snapshot_dir())
+        .join(crate::types::MANIFEST_FILE_NAME);
+
+    fs::write(
+        &manifest_path,
+        serde_json::to_string_pretty(snapshot.manifest())?,
+    )
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to write snapshot manifest {}", manifest_path.display()))?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn fresh_snapshot_dir(app_dir: &Path) -> PathBuf {
+    app_dir
+        .join("snapshots")
+        .join(uuid::Uuid::new_v4().to_string())
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/apply.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/apply.rs
index d3a2053a7..f26064a8e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/apply.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/apply.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use std::collections::BTreeMap;
-use std::io;
+use std::{fs, io};
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::bridge::methods::system::emit_pending_update_changed;
@@ -146,10 +146,26 @@ async fn execute_app_update(
         })
         .map_err(io::Error::other)?;
 
-    let app_path = app.with(SageApp::app_path);
+    let app_dir = app.with(SageApp::app_path);
+
+    let old_snapshot_dir = app.with(|app| {
+        app.common()
+            .active_snapshot()
+            .snapshot_dir()
+            .to_string()
+    });
+
+    let snapshot_dir = crate::lifecycle::fresh_snapshot_dir(&app_dir);
+
+    fs::create_dir_all(&snapshot_dir).map_err(|err| {
+        io::Error::other(format!(
+            "failed to create update snapshot directory {}: {err}",
+            snapshot_dir.display()
+        ))
+    })?;
 
     let snapshot = download_url_snapshot(
-        &app_path,
+        &snapshot_dir,
         pending.app_url(),
         pending.manifest(),
         pending.manifest_hash(),
@@ -157,6 +173,12 @@ async fn execute_app_update(
         .await
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to download update snapshot: {err}")))?;
 
+    crate::lifecycle::write_snapshot_manifest(&snapshot).map_err(|err| {
+        io::Error::other(format!("failed to write update snapshot manifest: {err}"))
+    })?;
+
+    let new_snapshot_dir = snapshot.snapshot_dir().to_string();
+
     let granted_permissions = granted_permissions_input
         .resolve(pending.manifest().permissions())
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("invalid update permissions: {err}")))?;
@@ -168,11 +190,7 @@ async fn execute_app_update(
             Box::pin(async move {
                 ctx.draft_mut()
                     .app_mut()
-                    .apply_update(
-                        &pending,
-                        granted_permissions,
-                        snapshot,
-                    )?;
+                    .apply_update(&pending, granted_permissions, snapshot)?;
 
                 ctx.draft_mut()
                     .app_mut()
@@ -184,6 +202,10 @@ async fn execute_app_update(
         .await
         .map_err(io::Error::other)?;
 
+    if old_snapshot_dir != new_snapshot_dir {
+        let _ = fs::remove_dir_all(old_snapshot_dir);
+    }
+
     Ok(app)
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/background.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/background.rs
index 17e1d2c0e..4a927128c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/background.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/background.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ pub fn start_background_app_update_checker(app_handle: AppHandle) {
     tauri::async_runtime::spawn(async move {
         tracing::info!("starting background app update checker");
 
-        let mut interval = tokio::time::interval(Duration::from_secs(10));
+        let mut interval = tokio::time::interval(Duration::from_secs(60 * 10));
 
         loop {
             if let Err(err) = run_background_app_update_check(&app_handle).await {

From 94a45e0be3170d603d66014d0024efd2fe0f328f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 22 May 2026 03:34:33 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 412/471] Remove storage clear cycle logic:

- Deleted `storage-clear-probe` app and associated assets (`app.js`, `index.html`, `sage-manifest.json`).
- Removed related methods and sandbox capabilities (`StorageClearCycle`) from probes, runners, and state handling.
- Simplified `AppsDb` cleanup operations by consolidating abandoned storage and origin cleanup logic.
- Refactored runtime and build scripts to exclude storage-clear-related processing.
---
 .../src/runtime/storage-clear-probe/app.js    | 216 ------------------
 .../runtime/storage-clear-probe/index.html    |  11 -
 .../storage-clear-probe/sage-manifest.json    |  17 --
 crates/sage-apps/src/db/storage.rs            |  84 +++++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs     |  24 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs           |   1 -
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/storage.rs       | 168 +-------------
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs          |   5 -
 .../src/sandbox/probes/clear_cycle.rs         |  90 --------
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/mod.rs    |   2 -
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runner.rs        |  35 +--
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/state_view.rs    |   4 -
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/types.rs         |   5 -
 scripts/build-builtin-static.mjs              |  31 ---
 src/bindings.ts                               |   4 +-
 15 files changed, 87 insertions(+), 610 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 builtin-apps/src/runtime/storage-clear-probe/app.js
 delete mode 100644 builtin-apps/src/runtime/storage-clear-probe/index.html
 delete mode 100644 builtin-apps/src/runtime/storage-clear-probe/sage-manifest.json
 delete mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/clear_cycle.rs

diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/runtime/storage-clear-probe/app.js b/builtin-apps/src/runtime/storage-clear-probe/app.js
deleted file mode 100644
index b28012d73..000000000
--- a/builtin-apps/src/runtime/storage-clear-probe/app.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,216 +0,0 @@
-import './bridge.js';
-import { getSageClient } from './sdk.js';
-
-const log = (...args) => console.log('[storage-clear-probe]', ...args);
-
-const STORE_NAME = 'probe_store';
-const DB_KEY = 'probe_key';
-
-function getKeys(runId) {
-  return {
-    localStorageKey: `storage_clear_probe_local_storage:${runId}`,
-    dbName: `storage_clear_probe_db_${runId}`,
-  };
-}
-
-async function writeIndexedDbValue(dbName) {
-  try {
-    return await new Promise((resolve) => {
-      const open = indexedDB.open(dbName);
-
-      open.onerror = () => resolve(false);
-
-      open.onupgradeneeded = () => {
-        try {
-          const db = open.result;
-          if (!db.objectStoreNames.contains(STORE_NAME)) {
-            db.createObjectStore(STORE_NAME);
-          }
-        } catch {
-          //
-        }
-      };
-
-      open.onsuccess = () => {
-        try {
-          const db = open.result;
-          const tx = db.transaction(STORE_NAME, 'readwrite');
-          const store = tx.objectStore(STORE_NAME);
-          const req = store.put('present', DB_KEY);
-
-          req.onerror = () => {
-            db.close();
-            resolve(false);
-          };
-
-          req.onsuccess = () => {
-            tx.oncomplete = () => {
-              db.close();
-              resolve(true);
-            };
-
-            tx.onerror = () => {
-              db.close();
-              resolve(false);
-            };
-          };
-        } catch {
-          resolve(false);
-        }
-      };
-    });
-  } catch {
-    return false;
-  }
-}
-
-async function readIndexedDbValue(dbName) {
-  try {
-    return await new Promise((resolve) => {
-      const open = indexedDB.open(dbName);
-
-      open.onerror = () => resolve(false);
-
-      open.onupgradeneeded = () => {
-        try {
-          const db = open.result;
-          if (!db.objectStoreNames.contains(STORE_NAME)) {
-            db.createObjectStore(STORE_NAME);
-          }
-        } catch {
-          //
-        }
-      };
-
-      open.onsuccess = () => {
-        try {
-          const db = open.result;
-
-          if (!db.objectStoreNames.contains(STORE_NAME)) {
-            db.close();
-            resolve(false);
-            return;
-          }
-
-          const tx = db.transaction(STORE_NAME, 'readonly');
-          const store = tx.objectStore(STORE_NAME);
-          const req = store.get(DB_KEY);
-
-          req.onerror = () => {
-            db.close();
-            resolve(false);
-          };
-
-          req.onsuccess = () => {
-            db.close();
-            resolve(req.result === 'present');
-          };
-        } catch {
-          resolve(false);
-        }
-      };
-    });
-  } catch {
-    return false;
-  }
-}
-
-async function report(sage, data) {
-  log('bridgeSend clear_cycle start', data);
-  const result = await sage.app.bridgeSend({
-    kind: 'sandbox_report',
-    report: {
-      type: 'clear_cycle',
-      data,
-    },
-  });
-  log('bridgeSend clear_cycle ok', result);
-}
-
-(async () => {
-  log('start', window.location.href);
-
-  const sage = await getSageClient();
-  log('getSageClient ok');
-
-  const ping = await sage.app.bridgePing();
-  log('bridgePing ok', ping);
-
-  const params = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);
-  const runId = params.get('runId');
-  const phase = params.get('phase');
-
-  if (!runId) {
-    throw new Error('missing runId');
-  }
-
-  if (
-    phase !== 'write' &&
-    phase !== 'check_present' &&
-    phase !== 'check_absent'
-  ) {
-    throw new Error('missing or invalid phase');
-  }
-
-  const { localStorageKey, dbName } = getKeys(runId);
-
-  let localStoragePresent = false;
-  let indexedDbPresent = false;
-  let error = null;
-
-  try {
-    if (phase === 'write') {
-      try {
-        localStorage.setItem(localStorageKey, 'present');
-        log('localStorage write attempted', localStorageKey);
-      } catch {
-        log('localStorage write failed', localStorageKey);
-      }
-
-      const wrote = await writeIndexedDbValue(dbName);
-      log('indexedDb write result', wrote, dbName);
-    }
-
-    try {
-      localStoragePresent = localStorage.getItem(localStorageKey) === 'present';
-      log('localStoragePresent', localStoragePresent);
-    } catch {
-      localStoragePresent = false;
-      log('localStorage read failed');
-    }
-
-    indexedDbPresent = await readIndexedDbValue(dbName);
-    log('indexedDbPresent', indexedDbPresent);
-  } catch (err) {
-    error = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err);
-    log('probe error', error);
-  }
-
-  await report(sage, {
-    runId,
-    phase,
-    localStoragePresent,
-    indexedDbPresent,
-    error,
-  });
-})().catch(async (err) => {
-  log('fatal', err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err));
-
-  try {
-    const sage = await getSageClient();
-    const params = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);
-
-    await report(sage, {
-      runId: params.get('runId'),
-      phase: params.get('phase'),
-      localStoragePresent: false,
-      indexedDbPresent: false,
-      error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
-    });
-  } catch (fallbackErr) {
-    log(
-      'fallback failed',
-      fallbackErr instanceof Error ? fallbackErr.message : String(fallbackErr),
-    );
-  }
-});
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/runtime/storage-clear-probe/index.html b/builtin-apps/src/runtime/storage-clear-probe/index.html
deleted file mode 100644
index a665d4eb9..000000000
--- a/builtin-apps/src/runtime/storage-clear-probe/index.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-<!doctype html>
-<html>
-<head>
-  <meta charset="utf-8" />
-  <title>Sage Storage Clear Probe</title>
-  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
-</head>
-<body>
-<script type="module" src="./app.js"></script>
-</body>
-</html>
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/runtime/storage-clear-probe/sage-manifest.json b/builtin-apps/src/runtime/storage-clear-probe/sage-manifest.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 4260677ee..000000000
--- a/builtin-apps/src/runtime/storage-clear-probe/sage-manifest.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "manifestVersion": 0,
-  "sageVersion": {
-    "min": "0.0.0",
-    "testedMax": "99.0.0"
-  },
-  "name": "Clear probe",
-  "version": "1.0.0",
-  "permissions": {
-    "network": {},
-    "capabilities": {
-      "required": ["bridge.send"],
-      "optional": []
-    }
-  },
-  "files": []
-}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/db/storage.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/db/storage.rs
index d7f5a7a95..0d41b9f8f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/db/storage.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/db/storage.rs
@@ -5,9 +5,10 @@ use crate::db::AppsDb;
 use crate::types::SageAppStorage;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub struct AbandonedStorage {
-    pub id: i64,
+pub struct AbandonedStorageCleanupTarget {
+    pub storage_id: i64,
     pub storage: SageAppStorage,
+    pub origin_ids: Vec<String>,
 }
 
 impl AppsDb {
@@ -61,35 +62,68 @@ impl AppsDb {
             .map(Some)
     }
 
-    pub async fn list_abandoned_managed_storages(&self) -> Result<Vec<AbandonedStorage>> {
+    pub async fn list_abandoned_managed_storage_cleanup_targets(
+        &self,
+    ) -> Result<Vec<AbandonedStorageCleanupTarget>> {
         let rows = sqlx::query(
             r#"
-            SELECT id, storage_json
-            FROM sage_app_storages
-            WHERE id NOT IN (
-                SELECT storage_id FROM sage_apps
-            )
-            ORDER BY id ASC
-            "#,
+        SELECT
+            storages.id AS storage_id,
+            storages.storage_json AS storage_json,
+            origins.origin_id AS origin_id
+        FROM sage_app_storages storages
+        LEFT JOIN sage_app_origins origins
+            ON origins.storage_id = storages.id
+        WHERE storages.id NOT IN (
+            SELECT storage_id FROM sage_apps
+        )
+        ORDER BY storages.id ASC, origins.id ASC
+        "#,
         )
             .fetch_all(&self.pool)
             .await
-            .context("failed to list abandoned storages")?;
-
-        rows.into_iter()
-            .map(|row| {
-                let id: i64 = row.try_get("id")?;
-                let storage_json: String = row.try_get("storage_json")?;
-                let storage = serde_json::from_str::<SageAppStorage>(&storage_json)
-                    .with_context(|| format!("failed to deserialize abandoned storage {id}"))?;
-
-                Ok(AbandonedStorage { id, storage })
-            })
-            .filter_map(|result| match result {
-                Ok(abandoned) if matches!(abandoned.storage, SageAppStorage::Unmanaged) => None,
-                other => Some(other),
+            .context("failed to list abandoned storage cleanup targets")?;
+
+        let mut grouped = std::collections::BTreeMap::<
+            i64,
+            (SageAppStorage, Vec<String>),
+        >::new();
+
+        for row in rows {
+            let storage_id: i64 = row.try_get("storage_id")?;
+
+            let storage_json: String = row.try_get("storage_json")?;
+
+            let storage = serde_json::from_str::<SageAppStorage>(&storage_json)
+                .with_context(|| {
+                    format!("failed to deserialize abandoned storage {storage_id}")
+                })?;
+
+            if matches!(storage, SageAppStorage::Unmanaged) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            let origin_id: Option<String> = row.try_get("origin_id")?;
+
+            let (_, origin_ids) = grouped
+                .entry(storage_id)
+                .or_insert_with(|| (storage, Vec::new()));
+
+            if let Some(origin_id) = origin_id {
+                origin_ids.push(origin_id);
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(grouped
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|(storage_id, (storage, origin_ids))| {
+                AbandonedStorageCleanupTarget {
+                    storage_id,
+                    storage,
+                    origin_ids,
+                }
             })
-            .collect()
+            .collect())
     }
 
     pub async fn delete_origins_for_abandoned_storage(&self, storage_id: i64) -> Result<u64> {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
index 74f3ec581..4d0e24e63 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
@@ -122,22 +122,36 @@ pub async fn allocate_new_os_storage(
     Ok(SageAppStorage::Unmanaged)
 }
 
-pub async fn process_pending_storage_cleanup(app: &AppHandle, _base_path: &Path) -> AnyResult<()> {
+pub async fn process_pending_storage_cleanup(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    _base_path: &Path,
+) -> AnyResult<()> {
     let host_state: State<'_, AppsHostState> = app.state();
 
-    for abandoned in host_state.db.list_abandoned_managed_storages().await? {
-        clear_app_storage_by_target(app, &abandoned.storage)
+    let cleanup_targets = host_state
+        .db
+        .list_abandoned_managed_storage_cleanup_targets()
+        .await?;
+
+    for target in cleanup_targets {
+        tracing::info!(
+            storage_id = target.storage_id,
+            origins = ?target.origin_ids,
+            "cleaning abandoned storage"
+        );
+
+        clear_app_storage_by_target(app, &target.storage)
             .await
             .map_err(anyhow::Error::msg)?;
 
         host_state
             .db
-            .delete_origins_for_abandoned_storage(abandoned.id)
+            .delete_origins_for_abandoned_storage(target.storage_id)
             .await?;
 
         host_state
             .db
-            .delete_abandoned_storage(abandoned.id)
+            .delete_abandoned_storage(target.storage_id)
             .await?;
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs
index baf642886..7c003c9da 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs
@@ -18,5 +18,4 @@ pub(crate) use resolve::*;
 
 pub(crate) use events::{emit_bridge_approvals_changed, emit_timeout_for_pending_approval};
 pub(crate) use state::*;
-pub(crate) use storage::run_verified_storage_clear_cycle;
 pub(crate) use system_apps::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/storage.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/storage.rs
index dad72527c..de83a50bf 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/storage.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/storage.rs
@@ -1,164 +1,6 @@
-use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::lifecycle::clear_app_storage_by_target;
-use crate::runtime::SageAppRuntimeImpostorKind;
-use crate::runtime::start::{CreateImpostorRuntimeArgs, create_impostor_runtime_for_victim};
-use crate::runtime::stop::close_runtime_internal;
-use crate::sandbox::{
-    BUILTIN_STORAGE_CLEAR_PROBE_RUNTIME_ID, SandboxStorageClearProbePhase,
-    SandboxStorageClearProbeResult, build_builtin_runtime_app,
-};
-use crate::types::{ResolvedStoppedApp, SharedSageApp};
-use crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms;
-use std::time::Duration;
-use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
-use tokio::time::sleep;
-
-pub(crate) async fn run_verified_storage_clear_cycle(
-    app_handle: &AppHandle,
-    resolved_app: &ResolvedStoppedApp,
-) -> Result<(), String> {
-    let apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState> = app_handle.state();
-
-    let app_id = resolved_app.with_app(SharedSageApp::id);
-    let run_id = unique_run_id("storage-clear-cycle");
-
-    let write = run_storage_clear_phase(
-        app_handle,
-        &apps_state,
-        resolved_app,
-        &run_id,
-        SandboxStorageClearProbePhase::Write,
-    )
-    .await?;
-
-    if write.error.is_some() || !write.local_storage_present || !write.indexed_db_present {
-        return Err(write
-            .error
-            .unwrap_or_else(|| "storage clear write probe failed".into()));
-    }
-
-    let present = run_storage_clear_phase(
-        app_handle,
-        &apps_state,
-        resolved_app,
-        &run_id,
-        SandboxStorageClearProbePhase::CheckPresent,
-    )
-    .await?;
-
-    if present.error.is_some() || !present.local_storage_present || !present.indexed_db_present {
-        return Err(present
-            .error
-            .unwrap_or_else(|| "storage clear presence probe failed".into()));
-    }
-
-    let storage = resolved_app.with_app(|app| app.with(|app| app.storage().clone()));
-
-    clear_app_storage_by_target(app_handle, &storage).await?;
-
-    let absent = run_storage_clear_phase(
-        app_handle,
-        &apps_state,
-        resolved_app,
-        &run_id,
-        SandboxStorageClearProbePhase::CheckAbsent,
-    )
-    .await?;
-
-    if let Some(error) = absent.error {
-        return Err(error);
-    }
-
-    if absent.local_storage_present || absent.indexed_db_present {
-        return Err(
-            "storage clear verification failed because probe data was still visible".into(),
-        );
-    }
-
-    close_runtime_internal(app_handle, &apps_state, &app_id).await;
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-async fn run_storage_clear_phase(
-    app_handle: &AppHandle,
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    resolved_app: &ResolvedStoppedApp,
-    run_id: &str,
-    phase: SandboxStorageClearProbePhase,
-) -> Result<SandboxStorageClearProbeResult, String> {
-    let app_id = resolved_app.with_app(SharedSageApp::id);
-
-    let phase_string = match phase {
-        SandboxStorageClearProbePhase::Write => "write",
-        SandboxStorageClearProbePhase::CheckPresent => "check_present",
-        SandboxStorageClearProbePhase::CheckAbsent => "check_absent",
-    }
-    .to_string();
-
-    let impostor_app = build_builtin_runtime_app(BUILTIN_STORAGE_CLEAR_PROBE_RUNTIME_ID)
-        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to build storage clear probe runtime app: {err}"))?
-        .ok_or_else(|| "missing storage clear probe runtime app".to_string())?;
-
-    let impostor_app = SharedSageApp::new(impostor_app);
-
-    let mut query = std::collections::BTreeMap::new();
-    query.insert("runId".to_string(), run_id.to_string());
-    query.insert("phase".to_string(), phase_string);
-    query.insert("appId".to_string(), app_id.clone());
-
-    create_impostor_runtime_for_victim(
-        app_handle.clone(),
-        apps_state.clone(),
-        resolved_app,
-        impostor_app,
-        CreateImpostorRuntimeArgs {
-            kind: SageAppRuntimeImpostorKind::StorageClearProbe,
-            debug_layout: false,
-            query,
-        },
-    )
-    .await?;
-
-    let out = poll_clear_cycle_phase(apps_state, run_id, &app_id, phase, 10_000).await;
-
-    close_runtime_internal(app_handle, apps_state, &app_id).await;
-
-    out
-}
-
-fn unique_run_id(prefix: &str) -> String {
-    format!("{prefix}-{}", uuid::Uuid::new_v4())
-}
-
-async fn poll_clear_cycle_phase(
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    run_id: &str,
-    app_id: &str,
-    phase: SandboxStorageClearProbePhase,
-    timeout_ms: i64,
-) -> Result<SandboxStorageClearProbeResult, String> {
-    let started = unix_timestamp_ms();
-
-    loop {
-        let results = {
-            let runs = apps_state.sandbox.runs.lock().await;
-            runs.get(run_id)
-                .map(|r| r.clear_cycle.clone())
-                .unwrap_or_default()
-        };
-
-        if let Some(found) = results
-            .into_iter()
-            .find(|item| item.app_id == app_id && item.data.phase == phase)
-        {
-            return Ok(found.data);
-        }
-
-        if unix_timestamp_ms() - started >= timeout_ms {
-            return Err("Timed out waiting for sandbox storage clear phase.".into());
-        }
-
-        sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)).await;
-    }
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct StorageCleanupRuntimeTarget {
+    pub app_id: String,
+    pub origin_id: String,
+    pub storage: crate::types::SageAppStorage,
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs
index 79eb52663..1ca4582f4 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ fn capability_status(
         SandboxCapability::StorageNonPersistenceIncognito => {
             state.storage_non_persistence_incognito.status
         }
-        SandboxCapability::StorageClearCycle => state.storage_clear_cycle.status,
         SandboxCapability::NetworkAllowlistEnforced => state.network_allowlist_enforced.status,
     }
 }
@@ -26,10 +25,6 @@ fn required_capabilities_for_app(app: &SharedSageApp) -> Vec<SandboxCapability>
 
     if app.is_capability_granted(UserBridgeCapability::StoragePersistentWebview.into()) {
         caps.push(SandboxCapability::StoragePersistenceNormal);
-
-        if app.has_secret_access() {
-            caps.push(SandboxCapability::StorageClearCycle);
-        }
     } else {
         caps.push(SandboxCapability::StorageNonPersistenceIncognito);
     }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/clear_cycle.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/clear_cycle.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index a3454b97e..000000000
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/clear_cycle.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,90 +0,0 @@
-use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::runtime::stop::close_runtime_internal;
-use crate::runtime::{resolve_stopped_app, run_verified_storage_clear_cycle};
-use crate::sandbox::BUILTIN_STORAGE_CLEAR_PERSISTENT_ID;
-use crate::sandbox::probes::poll::{poll_persistence_read, poll_persistence_write};
-use crate::sandbox::runtime::{start_test_app, stop_test_apps, unique_run_id};
-use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
-
-pub(in crate::sandbox) async fn run_clear_cycle_test(
-    app: &AppHandle,
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-) -> Result<(bool, Option<String>), String> {
-    let app_id = BUILTIN_STORAGE_CLEAR_PERSISTENT_ID;
-    let run_id = unique_run_id("storage-clear-cycle-victim");
-
-    stop_test_apps(app, apps_state, &[BUILTIN_STORAGE_CLEAR_PERSISTENT_ID]).await;
-    start_test_app(
-        app,
-        apps_state,
-        app_id,
-        &[("runId", run_id.clone()), ("phase", "write".into())],
-    )
-    .await?;
-
-    let write_results = poll_persistence_write(apps_state, &run_id, 1, 2_000).await?;
-    let Some(write) = write_results.into_iter().find(|item| item.app_id == app_id) else {
-        let () = close_runtime_internal(app, apps_state, app_id).await;
-        return Ok((
-            false,
-            Some("Timed out waiting for victim storage write result.".into()),
-        ));
-    };
-
-    let () = close_runtime_internal(app, apps_state, app_id).await;
-
-    if write.data.error.is_some() || !write.data.local_storage_wrote || !write.data.indexed_db_wrote
-    {
-        return Ok((
-            false,
-            Some(
-                write
-                    .data
-                    .error
-                    .unwrap_or_else(|| "Victim storage write probe failed.".into()),
-            ),
-        ));
-    }
-
-    let resolved_app = resolve_stopped_app(app, app_id)
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| err.to_string())?;
-
-    run_verified_storage_clear_cycle(app, &resolved_app).await?;
-
-    drop(resolved_app);
-
-    start_test_app(
-        app,
-        apps_state,
-        app_id,
-        &[("runId", run_id.clone()), ("phase", "read".into())],
-    )
-    .await?;
-
-    let read_results = poll_persistence_read(apps_state, &run_id, 1, 2_000).await?;
-    let Some(read) = read_results.into_iter().find(|item| item.app_id == app_id) else {
-        let () = close_runtime_internal(app, apps_state, app_id).await;
-        return Ok((
-            false,
-            Some("Timed out waiting for victim storage read result.".into()),
-        ));
-    };
-
-    let () = close_runtime_internal(app, apps_state, app_id).await;
-
-    if read.data.error.is_some() {
-        return Ok((false, read.data.error));
-    }
-
-    let passed = !read.data.local_storage_present && !read.data.indexed_db_present;
-
-    Ok((
-        passed,
-        Some(if passed {
-            "Storage clear cycle removed data written and read back through the victim app.".into()
-        } else {
-            "Storage clear cycle completed, but victim app still saw localStorage or IndexedDB data afterwards.".into()
-        }),
-    ))
-}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/mod.rs
index b97dac090..e55505c98 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/mod.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,8 @@
-mod clear_cycle;
 mod isolation;
 mod network;
 mod persistence;
 mod poll;
 
-pub(super) use clear_cycle::run_clear_cycle_test;
 pub(super) use isolation::run_isolation_test;
 pub(super) use network::run_network_test;
 pub(super) use persistence::run_persistence_test;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runner.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runner.rs
index 10f55e471..e918ddf84 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runner.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runner.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use super::probes::{
-    run_clear_cycle_test, run_isolation_test, run_network_test, run_persistence_test,
+    run_isolation_test, run_network_test, run_persistence_test,
 };
 use super::state_view::{build_effective_state, build_state_view};
 use super::types::{
@@ -95,20 +95,17 @@ pub async fn sandbox_runner(app: AppHandle) {
 
     let isolation_fut = run_isolation_test(&app, &apps_state);
     let persistence_fut = run_persistence_test(&app, &apps_state);
-    let clear_cycle_fut = run_clear_cycle_test(&app, &apps_state);
     let network_fut = run_network_test(&app, &apps_state);
 
     tokio::pin!(isolation_fut);
     tokio::pin!(persistence_fut);
-    tokio::pin!(clear_cycle_fut);
     tokio::pin!(network_fut);
 
     let mut isolation_done = false;
     let mut persistence_done = false;
-    let mut clear_cycle_done = false;
     let mut network_done = false;
 
-    while !(isolation_done && persistence_done && clear_cycle_done && network_done) {
+    while !(isolation_done && persistence_done && network_done) {
         tokio::select! {
             res = &mut isolation_fut, if !isolation_done => {
                 isolation_done = true;
@@ -180,33 +177,6 @@ pub async fn sandbox_runner(app: AppHandle) {
                 update_current_run_state(&app, &apps_state, current_state.clone()).await;
             }
 
-            res = &mut clear_cycle_fut, if !clear_cycle_done => {
-                clear_cycle_done = true;
-
-                match res {
-                    Ok((passed, details)) => {
-                        mark_cap(
-                            &mut current_state,
-                            SandboxCapability::StorageClearCycle,
-                            if passed { SandboxCapabilityStatus::Passed } else { SandboxCapabilityStatus::Failed },
-                            details,
-                            unix_timestamp_ms(),
-                        );
-                    }
-                    Err(err) => {
-                        mark_cap(
-                            &mut current_state,
-                            SandboxCapability::StorageClearCycle,
-                            SandboxCapabilityStatus::Failed,
-                            Some(err),
-                            unix_timestamp_ms(),
-                        );
-                    }
-                }
-
-                update_current_run_state(&app, &apps_state, current_state.clone()).await;
-            }
-
             res = &mut network_fut, if !network_done => {
                 network_done = true;
 
@@ -264,6 +234,5 @@ fn sandbox_state_is_all_pending(state: &SandboxState) -> bool {
     state.storage_isolation_from_sage.status == SandboxCapabilityStatus::Pending
         && state.storage_persistence_normal.status == SandboxCapabilityStatus::Pending
         && state.storage_non_persistence_incognito.status == SandboxCapabilityStatus::Pending
-        && state.storage_clear_cycle.status == SandboxCapabilityStatus::Pending
         && state.network_allowlist_enforced.status == SandboxCapabilityStatus::Pending
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/state_view.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/state_view.rs
index 2d6e20390..af8159f61 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/state_view.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/state_view.rs
@@ -39,10 +39,6 @@ pub fn build_effective_state(
             &baseline.storage_non_persistence_incognito,
             &current.storage_non_persistence_incognito,
         ),
-        storage_clear_cycle: effective_cap(
-            &baseline.storage_clear_cycle,
-            &current.storage_clear_cycle,
-        ),
         network_allowlist_enforced: effective_cap(
             &baseline.network_allowlist_enforced,
             &current.network_allowlist_enforced,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/types.rs
index 3866d84cb..61e1e8466 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/types.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ pub enum SandboxCapability {
     StorageIsolationFromSage,
     StoragePersistenceNormal,
     StorageNonPersistenceIncognito,
-    StorageClearCycle,
     NetworkAllowlistEnforced,
 }
 
@@ -35,7 +34,6 @@ pub struct SandboxState {
     pub storage_isolation_from_sage: SandboxCapabilityResult,
     pub storage_persistence_normal: SandboxCapabilityResult,
     pub storage_non_persistence_incognito: SandboxCapabilityResult,
-    pub storage_clear_cycle: SandboxCapabilityResult,
     pub network_allowlist_enforced: SandboxCapabilityResult,
     pub started_at: Option<i64>,
     pub finished_at: Option<i64>,
@@ -155,7 +153,6 @@ pub fn mark_cap(
         SandboxCapability::StorageNonPersistenceIncognito => {
             state.storage_non_persistence_incognito = next;
         }
-        SandboxCapability::StorageClearCycle => state.storage_clear_cycle = next,
         SandboxCapability::NetworkAllowlistEnforced => {
             state.network_allowlist_enforced = next;
         }
@@ -168,7 +165,6 @@ pub fn build_initial_sandbox_state() -> SandboxState {
         storage_isolation_from_sage: make_cap(SandboxCapabilityStatus::Pending, None),
         storage_persistence_normal: make_cap(SandboxCapabilityStatus::Pending, None),
         storage_non_persistence_incognito: make_cap(SandboxCapabilityStatus::Pending, None),
-        storage_clear_cycle: make_cap(SandboxCapabilityStatus::Pending, None),
         network_allowlist_enforced: make_cap(SandboxCapabilityStatus::Pending, None),
         started_at: None,
         finished_at: None,
@@ -181,7 +177,6 @@ pub fn build_running_sandbox_state(started_at: i64) -> SandboxState {
         storage_isolation_from_sage: make_cap(SandboxCapabilityStatus::Running, None),
         storage_persistence_normal: make_cap(SandboxCapabilityStatus::Running, None),
         storage_non_persistence_incognito: make_cap(SandboxCapabilityStatus::Running, None),
-        storage_clear_cycle: make_cap(SandboxCapabilityStatus::Running, None),
         network_allowlist_enforced: make_cap(SandboxCapabilityStatus::Running, None),
         started_at: Some(started_at),
         finished_at: None,
diff --git a/scripts/build-builtin-static.mjs b/scripts/build-builtin-static.mjs
index 2d86ed6c4..29e09ba24 100644
--- a/scripts/build-builtin-static.mjs
+++ b/scripts/build-builtin-static.mjs
@@ -2,31 +2,21 @@ import {
   cpSync,
   existsSync,
   mkdirSync,
-  readdirSync,
   rmSync,
-  statSync,
 } from 'node:fs';
 import { execFileSync } from 'node:child_process';
 import { join, resolve } from 'node:path';
 
 const repoRoot = resolve(import.meta.dirname, '..');
 
-const runtimeSrc = join(repoRoot, 'builtin-apps/src/runtime');
 const sandboxTestSrc = join(repoRoot, 'builtin-apps/src/sandbox-test');
 
 const outRoot = join(repoRoot, 'builtin-apps/build/dist');
-const runtimeOut = join(outRoot, 'runtime');
 const testOut = join(outRoot, 'sandbox-test');
 
 const userSdkDist = join(repoRoot, 'packages/sage-app-sdk/dist');
 const pnpm = process.platform === 'win32' ? 'pnpm.cmd' : 'pnpm';
 
-function copyDirFresh(src, dst) {
-  rmSync(dst, { recursive: true, force: true });
-  mkdirSync(dst, { recursive: true });
-  cpSync(src, dst, { recursive: true });
-}
-
 function copyRuntimeBridge(outDir) {
   cpSync(join(userSdkDist, 'runtime-bridge.js'), join(outDir, 'bridge.js'));
   cpSync(join(userSdkDist, 'index.js'), join(outDir, 'sdk.js'));
@@ -48,15 +38,6 @@ function finalizeManifest(source, dist) {
   );
 }
 
-function buildRuntimeApp(name) {
-  const src = join(runtimeSrc, name);
-  const out = join(runtimeOut, name);
-
-  copyDirFresh(src, out);
-  copyRuntimeBridge(out);
-  finalizeManifest(join(src, 'sage-manifest.json'), out);
-}
-
 function buildSandboxTestVariant({
   sourceDirName,
   outDirName,
@@ -80,20 +61,8 @@ if (!existsSync(userSdkDist)) {
   throw new Error(`missing user SDK dist at ${userSdkDist}`);
 }
 
-mkdirSync(runtimeOut, { recursive: true });
 mkdirSync(testOut, { recursive: true });
 
-for (const name of readdirSync(runtimeSrc)) {
-  const src = join(runtimeSrc, name);
-
-  if (!statSync(src).isDirectory()) {
-    continue;
-  }
-
-  console.log(`\n==> Building builtin runtime app: ${name}`);
-  buildRuntimeApp(name);
-}
-
 const sandboxTests = [
   {
     sourceDirName: 'sage-storage-isolation',
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index 57f5774f4..c38a554f7 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -2273,11 +2273,11 @@ export type SageRequestedCapabilities = { required: UserBridgeCapability[]; opti
 export type SageRequestedNetworkPermissions = { whitelist: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist; whitelistByNetwork: Partial<{ [key in string]: SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist }> }
 export type SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist = { required: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[]; optional: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[] }
 export type SageRequestedPermissions = { network: SageRequestedNetworkPermissions; capabilities: SageRequestedCapabilities }
-export type SandboxCapability = "storage_isolation_from_sage" | "storage_persistence_normal" | "storage_non_persistence_incognito" | "storage_clear_cycle" | "network_allowlist_enforced"
+export type SandboxCapability = "storage_isolation_from_sage" | "storage_persistence_normal" | "storage_non_persistence_incognito" | "network_allowlist_enforced"
 export type SandboxCapabilityResult = { status: SandboxCapabilityStatus; checkedAt: number | null; details: string | null }
 export type SandboxCapabilityStatus = "pending" | "running" | "passed" | "failed"
 export type SandboxRunState = { runId: string; state: SandboxState }
-export type SandboxState = { overallCriticalStatus: SandboxCapabilityStatus; storageIsolationFromSage: SandboxCapabilityResult; storagePersistenceNormal: SandboxCapabilityResult; storageNonPersistenceIncognito: SandboxCapabilityResult; storageClearCycle: SandboxCapabilityResult; networkAllowlistEnforced: SandboxCapabilityResult; startedAt: number | null; finishedAt: number | null }
+export type SandboxState = { overallCriticalStatus: SandboxCapabilityStatus; storageIsolationFromSage: SandboxCapabilityResult; storagePersistenceNormal: SandboxCapabilityResult; storageNonPersistenceIncognito: SandboxCapabilityResult; networkAllowlistEnforced: SandboxCapabilityResult; startedAt: number | null; finishedAt: number | null }
 export type SandboxStateView = { baseline: SandboxState; currentRun: SandboxRunState | null; effective: SandboxState }
 /**
  * Save a theme NFT to the wallet

From fb73afa6ba6b4e69436582fe4df6cc85da27f13a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 22 May 2026 14:03:11 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 413/471] Introduce `origin-cleanup` app for clearing
 browser-origin data:

- Added new built-in runtime app `origin-cleanup` with associated assets (`app.js`, `index.html`, `sage-manifest.json`).
- Implemented logic to clear `localStorage`, `sessionStorage`, cookies, caches, and IndexedDB.
- Updated runtime handling to support the `origin-cleanup` app, including bridge payload ingestion.
- Refactored build scripts to process `origin-cleanup` under runtime apps.
---
 .../src/runtime/origin-cleanup/app.js         | 123 ++++++++++++++
 .../src/runtime/origin-cleanup/index.html     |  11 ++
 .../runtime/origin-cleanup/sage-manifest.json |  27 +++
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs |  12 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs     |  10 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/shared.rs |   2 -
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs    |  59 +++++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs          |   2 -
 crates/sage-apps/src/db/storage.rs            |  13 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs     |  27 ++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs           |   5 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs       | 117 +++----------
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs         | 157 ++++++++----------
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs     |  11 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs    | 138 +--------------
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/remove.rs  |  47 ------
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs   | 124 --------------
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs   |  29 +---
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs          |  19 +--
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/storage.rs       | 145 +++++++++++++++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs  |  24 +--
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/ingest.rs        |  13 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/store.rs         |   3 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/types.rs         |  18 --
 crates/sage-apps/src/security/bridge.rs       |  15 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs     |  42 ++---
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs   |  12 +-
 scripts/build-builtin-static.mjs              |  31 ++++
 28 files changed, 561 insertions(+), 675 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 builtin-apps/src/runtime/origin-cleanup/app.js
 create mode 100644 builtin-apps/src/runtime/origin-cleanup/index.html
 create mode 100644 builtin-apps/src/runtime/origin-cleanup/sage-manifest.json

diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/runtime/origin-cleanup/app.js b/builtin-apps/src/runtime/origin-cleanup/app.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f5f51cc30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/runtime/origin-cleanup/app.js
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+import './bridge.js';
+import { getSageClient } from './sdk.js';
+
+const log = (...args) => window.__SAGE_TEST__?.log?.(...args);
+
+async function deleteIndexedDb(name) {
+  return await new Promise((resolve) => {
+    const req = indexedDB.deleteDatabase(name);
+
+    req.onsuccess = () => resolve(null);
+    req.onerror = () => resolve(`indexedDB ${name}: ${req.error}`);
+    req.onblocked = () => resolve(`indexedDB ${name}: blocked`);
+  });
+}
+
+async function clearOriginData() {
+  const errors = [];
+
+  try {
+    localStorage.clear();
+  } catch (err) {
+    errors.push(`localStorage: ${String(err)}`);
+  }
+
+  try {
+    sessionStorage.clear();
+  } catch (err) {
+    errors.push(`sessionStorage: ${String(err)}`);
+  }
+
+  try {
+    if ('caches' in window) {
+      const keys = await caches.keys();
+      await Promise.all(keys.map((key) => caches.delete(key)));
+    }
+  } catch (err) {
+    errors.push(`caches: ${String(err)}`);
+  }
+
+  try {
+    if (indexedDB.databases) {
+      const dbs = await indexedDB.databases();
+
+      for (const db of dbs) {
+        if (!db.name) continue;
+
+        const error = await deleteIndexedDb(db.name);
+        if (error) errors.push(error);
+      }
+    } else {
+      errors.push('indexedDB.databases unavailable');
+    }
+  } catch (err) {
+    errors.push(`indexedDB: ${String(err)}`);
+  }
+
+  try {
+    for (const cookie of document.cookie.split(';')) {
+      const name = cookie.split('=')[0]?.trim();
+      if (!name) continue;
+
+      document.cookie = `${name}=; Max-Age=0; path=/`;
+      document.cookie = `${name}=; expires=Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:00 GMT; path=/`;
+    }
+  } catch (err) {
+    errors.push(`cookies: ${String(err)}`);
+  }
+
+  return errors;
+}
+
+async function report(sage, cleanupId, ok, errors) {
+  const payload = {
+    kind: 'originCleanup.completed',
+    cleanupId,
+    ok,
+    errors,
+  };
+
+  log('bridgeSend originCleanup.completed start', payload);
+
+  const result = await sage.app.bridgeSend(payload);
+
+  log('bridgeSend originCleanup.completed ok', result);
+}
+
+(async () => {
+  log('start', window.location.href);
+
+  const sage = await getSageClient();
+  log('getSageClient ok');
+
+  const ping = await sage.app.bridgePing();
+  log('bridgePing ok', ping);
+
+  const params = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);
+  const cleanupId = params.get('cleanupId');
+
+  if (!cleanupId) {
+    throw new Error('missing cleanupId');
+  }
+
+  const errors = await clearOriginData();
+
+  await report(sage, cleanupId, errors.length === 0, errors);
+})().catch(async (err) => {
+  log('fatal', err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err));
+
+  try {
+    const sage = await getSageClient();
+    const params = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);
+    const cleanupId = params.get('cleanupId') ?? '';
+
+    await report(sage, cleanupId, false, [
+      err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
+    ]);
+  } catch (fallbackErr) {
+    log(
+      'fallback failed',
+      fallbackErr instanceof Error ? fallbackErr.message : String(fallbackErr),
+    );
+  }
+});
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/runtime/origin-cleanup/index.html b/builtin-apps/src/runtime/origin-cleanup/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..20a67c6eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/runtime/origin-cleanup/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<html>
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8" />
+  <title>Origin Cleanup</title>
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
+</head>
+<body>
+<script type="module" src="./app.js"></script>
+</body>
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/runtime/origin-cleanup/sage-manifest.json b/builtin-apps/src/runtime/origin-cleanup/sage-manifest.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c07960c73
--- /dev/null
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/runtime/origin-cleanup/sage-manifest.json
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+{
+  "manifestVersion": 0,
+  "name": "Sage Origin Cleanup",
+  "version": "1.0.0",
+  "permissions": {
+    "network": {
+      "whitelist": {
+        "required": [],
+        "optional": []
+      }
+    },
+    "capabilities": {
+      "required": ["bridge.send"],
+      "optional": []
+    }
+  },
+  "files": [
+    {
+      "path": "index.html",
+      "sha256": "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa",
+      "size": 1
+    }
+  ],
+  "entry": "index.html",
+  "icon": null
+}
+
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
index 318ff79a5..3dbdd73f4 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ use crate::capabilities::{get_system_capability_definition, get_user_capability_
 use crate::host::AppState;
 use crate::lifecycle::ensure_app_is_enabled_for_scope;
 use crate::runtime::{
-    SharedImpostorRuntime, resolve_app, start_bridge_approval_runtime, sync_bridge_approval_runtime,
+    resolve_app, start_bridge_approval_runtime, sync_bridge_approval_runtime,
 };
 use crate::security::assert_bridge_origin;
 use crate::types::SharedSageApp;
@@ -147,7 +147,6 @@ async fn process_shared(
     let registry = BridgeRegistry::new(registry_kind);
 
     let app = &origin.app;
-    let impostor_runtime = &origin.impostor_runtime;
     if let Err(err) = ensure_app_is_enabled_for_scope(app_state, app).await {
         return Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::error(
             &request.id,
@@ -161,16 +160,11 @@ async fn process_shared(
         Err(response) => return Ok(response.into()),
     };
 
-    let authority_app = origin.impostor_runtime.as_ref().map_or_else(
-        || app.clone(),
-        SharedImpostorRuntime::impostor_app,
-    );
-
     match method.capability() {
         BridgeMethodCapability::Ungated => {}
 
         BridgeMethodCapability::Required(capability) => {
-            if let Err(response) = verify_capability(&authority_app, request, capability) {
+            if let Err(response) = verify_capability(&origin.app, request, capability) {
                 return Ok(response.into());
             }
         }
@@ -186,7 +180,6 @@ async fn process_shared(
     match method.approval_request(
         BridgeContext {
             app,
-            impostor_runtime,
         },
         request,
     ) {
@@ -224,7 +217,6 @@ async fn execute_bridge_request(
         .handle(
             BridgeContext {
                 app: &origin.app,
-                impostor_runtime: &origin.impostor_runtime,
             },
             BridgeTools {
                 app_handle,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs
index f49fd7289..5e0428713 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeResponse, comms_debug};
 use crate::capabilities::list::{SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
 use crate::lifecycle::ensure_app_is_enabled_for_scope;
 use crate::runtime::webview_locator::{get_sage_webview, get_webview_in_sage_window};
-use crate::runtime::{list_runtimes, resolve_possibly_impostor_running_app_immediate};
+use crate::runtime::{list_runtimes, resolve_running_app};
 use crate::types::SharedSageApp;
 
 const SAGE_RUNTIME_EVENT_NAME: &str = "apps:runtime-event";
@@ -246,11 +246,13 @@ where
 {
     let apps_state = app_handle.state::<AppsHostState>();
 
-    let runtime = resolve_possibly_impostor_running_app_immediate(&apps_state, app_id)?;
+    let runtime = resolve_running_app(&apps_state, app_id).await
+        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to resolve runtime for app {app_id}: {err}"))?;
 
-    ensure_app_is_enabled_for_scope(&app_handle.state(), &runtime.identity_app()).await?;
+    let app = runtime.into_app();
+    ensure_app_is_enabled_for_scope(&app_handle.state(), &app).await?;
 
-    let webview_label = runtime.identity_webview_label();
+    let webview_label = app.webview_label();
     comms_debug!(
         "runtime:event:emit_to_app app_id={} webview_label={} rail={:?} type={}",
         app_id,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/shared.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/shared.rs
index 8b1c053d4..ed6ebd26d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/shared.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/shared.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest};
 use crate::capabilities::list::{BridgeCapability, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
 use crate::host::AppState;
-use crate::runtime::SharedImpostorRuntime;
 use crate::types::SharedSageApp;
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 use serde::de::DeserializeOwned;
@@ -35,7 +34,6 @@ pub(crate) enum BridgeMethodCapability {
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub(crate) struct BridgeContext<'a> {
     pub app: &'a SharedSageApp,
-    pub impostor_runtime: &'a Option<SharedImpostorRuntime>,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs
index a25ba9359..b019a49af 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,8 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
 };
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
-use crate::runtime::SageAppRuntimeImpostorKind;
+use crate::runtime::ingest_origin_cleanup_bridge_send_payload;
+use crate::sandbox::BUILTIN_ORIGIN_CLEANUP_RUNTIME_ID;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct BridgeSend;
@@ -28,6 +29,12 @@ pub struct BridgeSendResult {
     pub ok: bool,
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+enum BridgeSendContextKind {
+    Sandbox,
+    OriginCleanup,
+}
+
 #[async_trait]
 impl BridgeMethod for BridgeSend {
     fn name(&self) -> &'static str {
@@ -44,7 +51,6 @@ impl BridgeMethod for BridgeSend {
         _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
     ) -> BridgeApprovalRequestResult {
         check_ctx(&ctx)?;
-
         Ok(None)
     }
 
@@ -54,7 +60,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for BridgeSend {
         tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
         request: &RustBridgeRequest,
     ) -> BridgeHandleResult {
-        check_ctx(&ctx)?;
+        let ctx_kind = check_ctx(&ctx)?;
 
         let payload: BridgeSendRequest = parse_required_params(self, request)?;
 
@@ -64,26 +70,47 @@ impl BridgeMethod for BridgeSend {
             ))
         })?;
 
-        crate::sandbox::ingest_bridge_send_payload(&ctx.app.id(), &payload_value, tools.host_state)
-            .await;
+        match ctx_kind {
+            BridgeSendContextKind::Sandbox => {
+                crate::sandbox::ingest_bridge_send_payload(
+                    &ctx.app.id(),
+                    &payload_value,
+                    tools.host_state,
+                )
+                    .await;
+            }
+
+            BridgeSendContextKind::OriginCleanup => {
+                ingest_origin_cleanup_bridge_send_payload(
+                    &ctx.app.id(),
+                    &payload_value,
+                    tools.host_state,
+                )
+                    .await
+                    .map_err(|err| {
+                        BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error(format!(
+                            "failed to ingest origin cleanup payload: {err}"
+                        ))
+                    })?;
+            }
+        }
 
         Ok(Box::new(BridgeSendResult { ok: true }))
     }
 }
 
-fn check_ctx(ctx: &BridgeContext<'_>) -> Result<(), BridgeMethodHandleError> {
+fn check_ctx(ctx: &BridgeContext<'_>) -> Result<BridgeSendContextKind, BridgeMethodHandleError> {
     let is_sandbox_test = ctx.app.with(|app| app.common().is_sandbox_test());
+    if is_sandbox_test {
+        return Ok(BridgeSendContextKind::Sandbox);
+    }
 
-    let is_storage_clear_probe = ctx
-        .impostor_runtime
-        .as_ref()
-        .is_some_and(|runtime| runtime.kind() == SageAppRuntimeImpostorKind::StorageClearProbe);
-
-    if !is_sandbox_test && !is_storage_clear_probe {
-        return Err(BridgeMethodHandleError::invalid_request(
-            "Method use is not allowed",
-        ));
+    let app_id = ctx.app.id();
+    if app_id == BUILTIN_ORIGIN_CLEANUP_RUNTIME_ID {
+        return Ok(BridgeSendContextKind::OriginCleanup);
     }
 
-    Ok(())
+    Err(BridgeMethodHandleError::invalid_request(
+        "Method use is not allowed",
+    ))
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs
index 31f372a05..22fa6a162 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::wallet::send_xch::WalletSendXchParams;
 use crate::bridge::registry::BridgeRegistryKind;
 use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
-use crate::runtime::SharedImpostorRuntime;
 use crate::types::{SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SharedSageApp};
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use serde_json::Value;
@@ -94,7 +93,6 @@ pub enum RustBridgeApprovalBody {
 
 pub(crate) struct BridgeOrigin {
     pub app: SharedSageApp,
-    pub impostor_runtime: Option<SharedImpostorRuntime>,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/db/storage.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/db/storage.rs
index 0d41b9f8f..982154523 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/db/storage.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/db/storage.rs
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ impl AppsDb {
             .map(Some)
     }
 
-    pub async fn list_abandoned_managed_storage_cleanup_targets(
+    pub async fn list_abandoned_storage_cleanup_targets(
         &self,
     ) -> Result<Vec<AbandonedStorageCleanupTarget>> {
         let rows = sqlx::query(
@@ -84,14 +84,11 @@ impl AppsDb {
             .await
             .context("failed to list abandoned storage cleanup targets")?;
 
-        let mut grouped = std::collections::BTreeMap::<
-            i64,
-            (SageAppStorage, Vec<String>),
-        >::new();
+        let mut grouped =
+            std::collections::BTreeMap::<i64, (SageAppStorage, Vec<String>)>::new();
 
         for row in rows {
             let storage_id: i64 = row.try_get("storage_id")?;
-
             let storage_json: String = row.try_get("storage_json")?;
 
             let storage = serde_json::from_str::<SageAppStorage>(&storage_json)
@@ -99,10 +96,6 @@ impl AppsDb {
                     format!("failed to deserialize abandoned storage {storage_id}")
                 })?;
 
-            if matches!(storage, SageAppStorage::Unmanaged) {
-                continue;
-            }
-
             let origin_id: Option<String> = row.try_get("origin_id")?;
 
             let (_, origin_ids) = grouped
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
index 4d0e24e63..94bd7ace8 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
@@ -130,19 +130,38 @@ pub async fn process_pending_storage_cleanup(
 
     let cleanup_targets = host_state
         .db
-        .list_abandoned_managed_storage_cleanup_targets()
+        .list_abandoned_storage_cleanup_targets()
         .await?;
 
     for target in cleanup_targets {
         tracing::info!(
             storage_id = target.storage_id,
             origins = ?target.origin_ids,
+            storage = ?target.storage,
             "cleaning abandoned storage"
         );
 
-        clear_app_storage_by_target(app, &target.storage)
-            .await
-            .map_err(anyhow::Error::msg)?;
+        match target.storage {
+            SageAppStorage::Unmanaged => {
+                for origin_id in &target.origin_ids {
+                    crate::runtime::run_origin_cleanup(
+                        app,
+                        &host_state,
+                        crate::runtime::OriginCleanupRuntimeTarget {
+                            origin_id: origin_id.clone(),
+                            storage: target.storage.clone(),
+                        },
+                    )
+                        .await?;
+                }
+            }
+
+            _ => {
+                clear_app_storage_by_target(app, &target.storage)
+                    .await
+                    .map_err(anyhow::Error::msg)?;
+            }
+        }
 
         host_state
             .db
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs
index 7c003c9da..2183c2e3a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs
@@ -19,3 +19,8 @@ pub(crate) use resolve::*;
 pub(crate) use events::{emit_bridge_approvals_changed, emit_timeout_for_pending_approval};
 pub(crate) use state::*;
 pub(crate) use system_apps::*;
+pub(crate) use storage::{
+    ingest_origin_cleanup_bridge_send_payload,
+    run_origin_cleanup,
+    OriginCleanupRuntimeTarget,
+};
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
index 7bf7eb355..3a27e9c7d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,7 @@
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::runtime::stop::close_runtime_internal;
 use crate::runtime::{
-    GetRuntimeError, SharedImpostorRuntime, SharedRuntime,
-    find_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id_optional,
-    find_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id_optional_immediate, find_runtime_by_app_id_optional,
-    find_runtime_by_app_id_optional_immediate,
+    GetRuntimeError, find_runtime_by_app_id_optional,
 };
 use crate::sandbox::build_builtin_test_app;
 use crate::system_apps::build_builtin_system_app;
@@ -29,11 +26,6 @@ pub enum ResolveStoppedError {
     CloseAttemptsHit,
 }
 
-pub(crate) enum PossiblyImpostorRuntime {
-    Legit(SharedRuntime),
-    Impostor(SharedImpostorRuntime),
-}
-
 impl Display for ResolveError {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
         let str = match self {
@@ -115,7 +107,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn resolve_running_app(
     Ok(ResolvedRunningApp::new(runtime))
 }
 
-pub async fn resolve_stopped_app(
+pub(crate) async fn resolve_stopped_app(
     app: &AppHandle,
     app_id: &str,
 ) -> Result<ResolvedStoppedApp, ResolveStoppedError> {
@@ -148,7 +140,15 @@ pub async fn resolve_stopped_app(
     Err(ResolveStoppedError::CloseAttemptsHit)
 }
 
-pub async fn resolve_app(app: &AppHandle, app_id: &str) -> Result<ResolvedApp, ResolveError> {
+pub(crate) async fn resolve_app(app: &AppHandle, app_id: &str) -> Result<ResolvedApp, ResolveError> {
+    resolve_app_with_extra(app, app_id, |_| Ok(None)).await
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn resolve_app_with_extra(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    app_id: &str,
+    extra: impl FnOnce(&str) -> Result<Option<SageApp>, ResolveError>,
+) -> Result<ResolvedApp, ResolveError> {
     let state: State<'_, AppsHostState> = app.state();
     let lock = state.inner().operation_lock_for_app(app_id);
 
@@ -156,10 +156,16 @@ pub async fn resolve_app(app: &AppHandle, app_id: &str) -> Result<ResolvedApp, R
 
     if let Some(runtime) = find_runtime_by_app_id_optional(&state, app_id).await {
         drop(guard);
-
         return Ok(ResolvedApp::Running(ResolvedRunningApp::new(runtime)));
     }
 
+    if let Some(app) = extra(app_id)? {
+        return Ok(ResolvedApp::Stopped(ResolvedStoppedApp::new(
+            SharedSageApp::new(app),
+            guard,
+        )));
+    }
+
     match state.db.get_user_app(app_id).await {
         Ok(Some(app)) => {
             return Ok(ResolvedApp::Stopped(ResolvedStoppedApp::new(
@@ -167,15 +173,14 @@ pub async fn resolve_app(app: &AppHandle, app_id: &str) -> Result<ResolvedApp, R
                 guard,
             )));
         }
-
         Ok(None) => {}
-
         Err(err) => {
             return Err(ResolveError::BuildFailed(format!(
                 "failed to read installed app {app_id}: {err}"
             )));
         }
     }
+
     if let Some(app) = build_builtin_system_app(app_id).map_err(|err| {
         ResolveError::BuildFailed(format!(
             "failed to resolve builtin system app {app_id}: {err}"
@@ -187,86 +192,18 @@ pub async fn resolve_app(app: &AppHandle, app_id: &str) -> Result<ResolvedApp, R
         )));
     }
 
-    let Some(app) = build_builtin_test_app(app_id).map_err(|err| {
+    if let Some(app) = build_builtin_test_app(app_id).map_err(|err| {
         ResolveError::BuildFailed(format!(
             "failed to resolve builtin sandbox app {app_id}: {err}"
         ))
-    })?
-    else {
-        return Err(ResolveError::NotFound(format!(
-            "failed to resolve app {app_id}"
+    })? {
+        return Ok(ResolvedApp::Stopped(ResolvedStoppedApp::new(
+            SharedSageApp::new(app),
+            guard,
         )));
-    };
-
-    Ok(ResolvedApp::Stopped(ResolvedStoppedApp::new(
-        SharedSageApp::new(app),
-        guard,
-    )))
-}
-
-pub(crate) async fn resolve_possibly_impostor_running_app(
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    app_id: &str,
-) -> Result<PossiblyImpostorRuntime, GetRuntimeError> {
-    if let Some(runtime) = find_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id_optional(apps_state, app_id).await
-    {
-        return Ok(PossiblyImpostorRuntime::Impostor(runtime));
     }
 
-    if let Some(runtime) = find_runtime_by_app_id_optional(apps_state, app_id).await {
-        return Ok(PossiblyImpostorRuntime::Legit(runtime));
-    }
-
-    Err(GetRuntimeError::NotFound)
-}
-
-pub(crate) fn resolve_possibly_impostor_running_app_immediate(
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    app_id: &str,
-) -> Result<PossiblyImpostorRuntime, String> {
-    if let Some(runtime) =
-        find_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id_optional_immediate(apps_state, app_id)?
-    {
-        return Ok(PossiblyImpostorRuntime::Impostor(runtime));
-    }
-    if let Some(runtime) = find_runtime_by_app_id_optional_immediate(apps_state, app_id)? {
-        return Ok(PossiblyImpostorRuntime::Legit(runtime));
-    }
-
-    Err("runtime not found".to_string())
-}
-
-impl PossiblyImpostorRuntime {
-    pub(crate) fn identity_app(&self) -> SharedSageApp {
-        match self {
-            Self::Legit(runtime) => runtime.app(),
-            Self::Impostor(runtime) => runtime.victim_app(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn content_app(&self) -> SharedSageApp {
-        match self {
-            Self::Legit(runtime) => runtime.app(),
-            Self::Impostor(runtime) => runtime.impostor_app(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn identity_webview_label(&self) -> String {
-        match self {
-            PossiblyImpostorRuntime::Legit(runtime) => {
-                runtime.with_runtime(|runtime| runtime.webview_label().to_string())
-            }
-            PossiblyImpostorRuntime::Impostor(runtime) => {
-                runtime.with_runtime(|runtime| runtime.victim_app().webview_label())
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn is_user_app(&self) -> bool {
-        self.identity_app().is_user_app()
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn is_system_app(&self) -> bool {
-        self.identity_app().is_system_app()
-    }
+    Err(ResolveError::NotFound(format!(
+        "failed to resolve app {app_id}"
+    )))
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
index c90bde22e..5f2fdfeee 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
@@ -8,17 +8,17 @@ use crate::runtime::commands::CreateInstalledRuntimeArgs;
 use crate::runtime::events::emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed;
 use crate::runtime::manager::sync_modal_runtime_visibility;
 use crate::runtime::state::{
-    SageAppRuntimeRecord, remove_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id, remove_runtime_by_runtime_id,
-    remove_runtime_id_by_app_id, write_impostor_runtime, write_runtime,
+    SageAppRuntimeRecord, remove_runtime_by_runtime_id,
+    remove_runtime_id_by_app_id, write_runtime,
 };
 use crate::runtime::webview_locator::{get_sage_window, get_webview_in_sage_window};
 use crate::runtime::{
-    RuntimeChangeSet, SageAppRuntimeImpostorKind, SageAppRuntimeImpostorRecord, SageAppRuntimeMode,
-    SageAppRuntimeRecordView, SageAppRuntimeVisibility, SharedImpostorRuntime, SharedRuntime,
-    build_entry_src, build_entry_src_for, focus_taskbar_runtime, is_allowed_app_url, resolve_app,
+    RuntimeChangeSet, SageAppRuntimeMode,
+    SageAppRuntimeRecordView, SageAppRuntimeVisibility, SharedRuntime,
+    build_entry_src, focus_taskbar_runtime, is_allowed_app_url, resolve_app,
 };
 use crate::storage::parse_data_store_id;
-use crate::types::{AppPresentation, SageAppStorage, ResolvedApp, ResolvedStoppedApp, SharedSageApp};
+use crate::types::{AppPresentation, SageAppStorage, ResolvedApp, SharedSageApp};
 use crate::{AppsHostState, sandbox};
 use crate::lifecycle::AppMutationManager;
 
@@ -32,12 +32,6 @@ pub struct CreateRuntimeArgs {
     pub query: BTreeMap<String, String>,
 }
 
-pub(in crate::runtime) struct CreateImpostorRuntimeArgs {
-    pub kind: SageAppRuntimeImpostorKind,
-    pub debug_layout: bool,
-    pub query: BTreeMap<String, String>,
-}
-
 pub(crate) async fn start_user_app(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
@@ -102,6 +96,43 @@ pub(crate) async fn start_sandbox_test(
     create_runtime(app, apps_state, args).await.map(|_| ())
 }
 
+pub(crate) async fn start_origin_cleanup_runtime(
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    target: crate::runtime::storage::OriginCleanupRuntimeTarget,
+    query: BTreeMap<String, String>,
+) -> Result<SharedRuntime, String> {
+    let app_id = sandbox::BUILTIN_ORIGIN_CLEANUP_RUNTIME_ID;
+    let mut app = sandbox::build_builtin_runtime_app(app_id)
+        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to build origin cleanup runtime app: {err}"))?
+        .ok_or_else(|| "missing origin cleanup runtime app".to_string())?;
+
+    app.common_mut()
+        .replace_storage_and_origin(target.storage, target.origin_id, false)
+        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to retarget origin cleanup runtime: {err}"))?;
+
+    crate::runtime::stop::close_runtime_internal(
+        app_handle,
+        apps_state,
+        app_id,
+    ).await;
+    
+    create_runtime_for_app(
+        app_handle,
+        apps_state,
+        SharedSageApp::new(app),
+        CreateRuntimeArgs {
+            app_id: app_id.to_string(),
+            presentation: AppPresentation::Taskbar,
+            mode: SageAppRuntimeMode::Inline,
+            debug_layout: false,
+            query,
+        },
+        false,
+    )
+        .await
+}
+
 async fn create_runtime(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
@@ -115,16 +146,31 @@ async fn create_runtime(
         ResolvedApp::Stopped(stopped) => stopped.into_app(),
     };
 
-    let is_internal = app.with(|app| app.common().is_sandbox_test());
+    create_runtime_for_app(app_handle, apps_state, app, args, true).await
+}
+
+async fn create_runtime_for_app(
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    app: SharedSageApp,
+    args: CreateRuntimeArgs,
+    apply_user_lifecycle: bool,
+) -> Result<SharedRuntime, String> {
+    let is_internal = app.with(|app| app.common().is_sandbox_test())
+        || app.id() == sandbox::BUILTIN_ORIGIN_CLEANUP_RUNTIME_ID;
+
     if !is_internal {
         check_gates(apps_state, &app).await?;
     }
 
-    rotate_incognito_app_storage_and_origin_if_needed(app_handle, apps_state, &app).await?;
-    mark_origin_may_contain_secrets_if_needed(app_handle, apps_state, &app).await?;
+    if apply_user_lifecycle {
+        rotate_incognito_app_storage_and_origin_if_needed(app_handle, apps_state, &app).await?;
+        mark_origin_may_contain_secrets_if_needed(app_handle, apps_state, &app).await?;
+    }
 
     let sage_window = get_sage_window(app_handle)?;
     let webview_label = app.webview_label();
+
     let runtime = SageAppRuntimeRecord::new(
         &app,
         sage_window.label(),
@@ -134,7 +180,8 @@ async fn create_runtime(
         SageAppRuntimeVisibility::Hidden,
         is_internal,
     )
-    .map_err(|err| err.to_string())?;
+        .map_err(|err| err.to_string())?;
+
     let shared_runtime = write_runtime(apps_state, runtime).await;
 
     let runtime_for_nav = shared_runtime.clone();
@@ -142,11 +189,11 @@ async fn create_runtime(
         webview_label.to_string(),
         WebviewUrl::CustomProtocol(build_entry_src(&app, args.query.clone())),
     )
-    .transparent(true)
-    .on_navigation(move |url| {
-        runtime_for_nav.with_runtime(|runtime| is_allowed_app_url(url, &runtime.app()))
-    })
-    .on_new_window(move |_url, _features| NewWindowResponse::Deny);
+        .transparent(true)
+        .on_navigation(move |url| {
+            runtime_for_nav.with_runtime(|runtime| is_allowed_app_url(url, &runtime.app()))
+        })
+        .on_new_window(move |_url, _features| NewWindowResponse::Deny);
 
     let builder = build_initialization_script(builder);
     let builder = build_storage(builder, &app)?;
@@ -156,11 +203,13 @@ async fn create_runtime(
     } else {
         (0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0)
     };
+
     let add_child_result = get_sage_window(app_handle)?.add_child(
         builder,
         LogicalPosition::new(x, y),
         LogicalSize::new(width, height),
     );
+
     if let Err(e) = add_child_result {
         let (runtime_id, app_id) =
             shared_runtime.with_runtime(|runtime| (runtime.runtime_id(), runtime.app().id()));
@@ -179,72 +228,6 @@ async fn create_runtime(
     Ok(shared_runtime)
 }
 
-pub(in crate::runtime) async fn create_impostor_runtime_for_victim(
-    app_handle: AppHandle,
-    apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    stopped: &ResolvedStoppedApp,
-    impostor_app: SharedSageApp,
-    args: CreateImpostorRuntimeArgs,
-) -> Result<SharedImpostorRuntime, String> {
-    let victim_app = stopped.with_app(SharedSageApp::clone);
-
-    if !impostor_app.with(|app| app.common().is_sandbox_test())
-        && !impostor_app.id().starts_with("__sage_runtime_")
-    {
-        return Err("impostor runtime app must be internal".into());
-    }
-
-    remove_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id(&apps_state, &victim_app.id()).await;
-
-    let sage_window = get_sage_window(&app_handle)?;
-    let webview_label = victim_app.webview_label();
-
-    let runtime = SageAppRuntimeImpostorRecord::new(
-        &victim_app,
-        &impostor_app,
-        sage_window.label(),
-        &webview_label,
-        args.kind,
-    );
-
-    let shared_runtime = write_impostor_runtime(&apps_state, runtime).await;
-
-    let entry_url = build_entry_src_for(&victim_app, &impostor_app, args.query.clone());
-
-    let builder = WebviewBuilder::new(
-        webview_label.to_string(),
-        WebviewUrl::CustomProtocol(entry_url.clone()),
-    )
-    .on_navigation(move |next_url| *next_url == entry_url)
-    .on_new_window(move |_url, _features| NewWindowResponse::Deny);
-
-    let builder = build_initialization_script(builder);
-    let builder = build_persistent_storage_target(builder, &victim_app)?;
-
-    let (x, y, width, height) = if args.debug_layout {
-        debug_layout_for_app(&victim_app.id())
-    } else {
-        (0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0)
-    };
-
-    let add_child_result = get_sage_window(&app_handle)?.add_child(
-        builder,
-        LogicalPosition::new(x, y),
-        LogicalSize::new(width, height),
-    );
-
-    if let Err(err) = add_child_result {
-        remove_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id(&apps_state, &victim_app.id()).await;
-        return Err(format!("failed to create impostor child webview: {err}"));
-    }
-
-    get_webview_in_sage_window(&app_handle, &webview_label)?
-        .hide()
-        .map_err(|err| format!("{err}"))?;
-
-    Ok(shared_runtime)
-}
-
 fn fallback_debug_slot(app_id: &str) -> usize {
     app_id.bytes().fold(0usize, |acc, b| {
         acc.wrapping_mul(31).wrapping_add(b as usize)
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs
index e5e476e6f..52195c0e8 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs
@@ -10,22 +10,19 @@ pub use view::SageAppRuntimeRecordView;
 pub use read::find_runtime_by_app_id_optional;
 
 pub(crate) use read::{
-    GetRuntimeError, find_active_taskbar_runtime, find_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id_optional,
-    find_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id_optional_immediate,
-    find_runtime_by_app_id_optional_immediate, find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional,
+    GetRuntimeError, find_active_taskbar_runtime, find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional,
     find_runtime_id_by_app_id_optional, get_runtime_by_app_id, list_runtimes,
 };
 pub(crate) use types::{
-    ReadyToStopParams, RuntimeAckResult, SageAppRuntimeImpostorKind, SageAppRuntimeImpostorRecord,
+    ReadyToStopParams, RuntimeAckResult,
     SageAppRuntimeMode, SageAppRuntimeVisibility, SetBeforeStopListenerParams,
-    SharedImpostorRuntime,
 };
 
 pub(in crate::runtime) use read::is_apps_workspace_active;
 pub(in crate::runtime) use write::{activate_apps_workspace, deactivate_apps_workspace};
 
 pub(super) use remove::{
-    remove_before_stop_listeners_by_app_id, remove_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id,
+    remove_before_stop_listeners_by_app_id,
     remove_pending_stop_ready, remove_runtime_by_runtime_id, remove_runtime_id_by_app_id,
 };
-pub(super) use write::{write_impostor_runtime, write_pending_stop_ready, write_runtime};
+pub(super) use write::{write_pending_stop_ready, write_runtime};
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
index fcb197fa9..094a92408 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
@@ -1,16 +1,13 @@
 use std::cmp::Reverse;
 use std::fmt::Display;
-use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
 
 use tauri::State;
 
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::runtime::SageAppRuntimeVisibility;
-use crate::runtime::state::types::{SharedImpostorRuntime, SharedRuntime};
+use crate::runtime::state::types::SharedRuntime;
 use crate::types::AppPresentation;
 
-const IMMEDIATE_LOCK_RETRY_TIMEOUT_MS: u64 = 500;
-
 pub enum GetRuntimeError {
     NotFound,
 }
@@ -35,15 +32,6 @@ pub async fn find_runtime_by_app_id_optional(
     find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional(apps_state, &runtime_id).await
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn find_runtime_by_app_id_optional_immediate(
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    app_id: &str,
-) -> Result<Option<SharedRuntime>, String> {
-    retry_immediate_lookup("runtime lookup", || {
-        find_runtime_by_app_id_optional_immediate_once(apps_state, app_id)
-    })
-}
-
 pub(crate) async fn find_runtime_id_by_app_id_optional(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: &str,
@@ -60,46 +48,6 @@ pub(crate) async fn find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional(
     by_runtime_id.get(runtime_id).cloned()
 }
 
-pub(crate) async fn find_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id_optional(
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    victim_app_id: &str,
-) -> Option<SharedImpostorRuntime> {
-    let runtime_id =
-        find_impostor_runtime_id_by_victim_app_id_optional(apps_state, victim_app_id).await?;
-
-    find_impostor_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional(apps_state, &runtime_id).await
-}
-
-pub(crate) fn find_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id_optional_immediate(
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    victim_app_id: &str,
-) -> Result<Option<SharedImpostorRuntime>, String> {
-    retry_immediate_lookup("impostor runtime lookup", || {
-        find_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id_optional_immediate_once(apps_state, victim_app_id)
-    })
-}
-
-pub(crate) async fn find_impostor_runtime_id_by_victim_app_id_optional(
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    victim_app_id: &str,
-) -> Option<String> {
-    let by_victim_app_id = apps_state
-        .runtime
-        .impostor_runtime_id_by_victim_app_id
-        .lock()
-        .await;
-
-    by_victim_app_id.get(victim_app_id).cloned()
-}
-
-pub(crate) async fn find_impostor_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional(
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    runtime_id: &str,
-) -> Option<SharedImpostorRuntime> {
-    let by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.impostor_by_runtime_id.lock().await;
-    by_runtime_id.get(runtime_id).cloned()
-}
-
 pub(crate) async fn get_runtime_by_app_id(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: &str,
@@ -172,87 +120,3 @@ async fn get_taskbar_runtimes(
         .cloned()
         .collect()
 }
-
-fn find_runtime_by_app_id_optional_immediate_once(
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    app_id: &str,
-) -> Result<Option<SharedRuntime>, String> {
-    let runtime_id = {
-        let by_app_id = apps_state
-            .runtime
-            .runtime_id_by_app_id
-            .try_lock()
-            .map_err(|_| "runtime_id_by_app_id is busy".to_string())?;
-
-        by_app_id.get(app_id).cloned()
-    };
-
-    let Some(runtime_id) = runtime_id else {
-        return Ok(None);
-    };
-
-    let by_runtime_id = apps_state
-        .runtime
-        .runtime_by_runtime_id
-        .try_lock()
-        .map_err(|_| "runtime_by_runtime_id is busy".to_string())?;
-
-    Ok(by_runtime_id.get(&runtime_id).cloned())
-}
-
-fn find_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id_optional_immediate_once(
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    victim_app_id: &str,
-) -> Result<Option<SharedImpostorRuntime>, String> {
-    let runtime_id = {
-        let by_victim_app_id = apps_state
-            .runtime
-            .impostor_runtime_id_by_victim_app_id
-            .try_lock()
-            .map_err(|_| "impostor_runtime_id_by_victim_app_id is busy".to_string())?;
-
-        by_victim_app_id.get(victim_app_id).cloned()
-    };
-
-    let Some(runtime_id) = runtime_id else {
-        return Ok(None);
-    };
-
-    let by_runtime_id = apps_state
-        .runtime
-        .impostor_by_runtime_id
-        .try_lock()
-        .map_err(|_| "impostor_by_runtime_id is busy".to_string())?;
-
-    Ok(by_runtime_id.get(&runtime_id).cloned())
-}
-
-fn is_busy_error(err: &str) -> bool {
-    err.contains(" is busy")
-}
-
-fn retry_immediate_lookup<T>(
-    label: &str,
-    mut lookup: impl FnMut() -> Result<T, String>,
-) -> Result<T, String> {
-    let deadline = Instant::now() + Duration::from_millis(IMMEDIATE_LOCK_RETRY_TIMEOUT_MS);
-    let mut attempts = 0usize;
-
-    loop {
-        attempts += 1;
-
-        match lookup() {
-            Ok(value) => return Ok(value),
-            Err(err) if is_busy_error(&err) && Instant::now() < deadline => {
-                std::thread::yield_now();
-            }
-            Err(err) => return Err(err),
-        }
-
-        if Instant::now() >= deadline {
-            let err = format!("{label} is busy after {attempts} attempts");
-            tracing::error!("{err}");
-            return Err(err);
-        }
-    }
-}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/remove.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/remove.rs
index ef5975b3b..91f1f0b58 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/remove.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/remove.rs
@@ -44,50 +44,3 @@ pub(in crate::runtime) async fn remove_pending_stop_ready(
     let mut pending = apps_state.runtime.pending_stop_ready.lock().await;
     pending.remove(request_id);
 }
-
-pub(in crate::runtime) async fn remove_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id(
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    victim_app_id: &str,
-) {
-    let runtime_id = {
-        let mut by_victim_app_id = apps_state
-            .runtime
-            .impostor_runtime_id_by_victim_app_id
-            .lock()
-            .await;
-
-        by_victim_app_id.remove(victim_app_id)
-    };
-
-    if let Some(runtime_id) = runtime_id {
-        remove_impostor_runtime_by_runtime_id(apps_state, &runtime_id).await;
-    }
-}
-
-pub(in crate::runtime) async fn remove_impostor_runtime_by_runtime_id(
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    runtime_id: &str,
-) {
-    let runtime = {
-        let mut by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.impostor_by_runtime_id.lock().await;
-        by_runtime_id.remove(runtime_id)
-    };
-
-    let Some(runtime) = runtime else {
-        return;
-    };
-
-    let victim_app_id = runtime.victim_app_id();
-
-    {
-        let mut by_victim_app_id = apps_state
-            .runtime
-            .impostor_runtime_id_by_victim_app_id
-            .lock()
-            .await;
-
-        if by_victim_app_id.get(&victim_app_id) == Some(&runtime_id.to_string()) {
-            by_victim_app_id.remove(&victim_app_id);
-        }
-    }
-}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs
index 48dccda63..4c6b7b33c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs
@@ -38,27 +38,6 @@ pub struct SharedRuntime {
     inner: Arc<RwLock<SageAppRuntimeRecord>>,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub enum SageAppRuntimeImpostorKind {
-    StorageClearProbe,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct SageAppRuntimeImpostorRecord {
-    runtime_id: String,
-    victim_app: SharedSageApp,
-    impostor_app: SharedSageApp,
-    host_window_label: String,
-    webview_label: String,
-    kind: SageAppRuntimeImpostorKind,
-    started_at: i64,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub struct SharedImpostorRuntime {
-    inner: Arc<RwLock<SageAppRuntimeImpostorRecord>>,
-}
-
 #[derive(Default)]
 pub struct AppRuntimeState {
     pub apps_workspace_active: tokio::sync::RwLock<bool>,
@@ -66,9 +45,6 @@ pub struct AppRuntimeState {
     pub runtime_by_runtime_id: Mutex<BTreeMap<String, SharedRuntime>>,
     pub runtime_id_by_app_id: Mutex<BTreeMap<String, String>>,
 
-    pub impostor_by_runtime_id: Mutex<BTreeMap<String, SharedImpostorRuntime>>,
-    pub impostor_runtime_id_by_victim_app_id: Mutex<BTreeMap<String, String>>,
-
     pub before_stop_listeners_by_app_id: Mutex<BTreeSet<String>>,
     pub pending_stop_ready: Mutex<BTreeMap<String, oneshot::Sender<()>>>,
 }
@@ -130,19 +106,6 @@ pub(in crate::runtime) fn runtime_id_for(app: &SharedSageApp) -> String {
     format!("runtime-{app_id}")
 }
 
-pub(in crate::runtime) fn impostor_runtime_id_for(
-    victim_app: &SharedSageApp,
-    kind: SageAppRuntimeImpostorKind,
-) -> String {
-    let victim_app_id = victim_app.id();
-
-    match kind {
-        SageAppRuntimeImpostorKind::StorageClearProbe => {
-            format!("impostor-storage-clear-probe-{victim_app_id}")
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 impl SetBeforeStopListenerParams {
     pub fn active(self) -> bool {
         self.active
@@ -318,90 +281,3 @@ impl SharedRuntime {
         self.with_runtime(|runtime| runtime.presentation() == AppPresentation::Taskbar)
     }
 }
-
-impl SageAppRuntimeImpostorRecord {
-    pub fn new(
-        victim_app: &SharedSageApp,
-        impostor_app: &SharedSageApp,
-        host_window_label: &str,
-        webview_label: &str,
-        kind: SageAppRuntimeImpostorKind,
-    ) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            runtime_id: impostor_runtime_id_for(victim_app, kind),
-            victim_app: victim_app.clone(),
-            impostor_app: impostor_app.clone(),
-            host_window_label: host_window_label.to_string(),
-            webview_label: webview_label.to_string(),
-            kind,
-            started_at: unix_timestamp_ms(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn runtime_id(&self) -> String {
-        self.runtime_id.clone()
-    }
-
-    pub fn victim_app(&self) -> SharedSageApp { self.victim_app.clone() }
-
-    pub fn impostor_app(&self) -> SharedSageApp {
-        self.impostor_app.clone()
-    }
-
-    pub fn victim_app_id(&self) -> String {
-        self.victim_app.id().to_string()
-    }
-
-    pub fn webview_label(&self) -> &str {
-        &self.webview_label
-    }
-
-    pub fn host_window_label(&self) -> &str {
-        &self.host_window_label
-    }
-
-    pub fn kind(&self) -> SageAppRuntimeImpostorKind {
-        self.kind
-    }
-
-    pub fn started_at(&self) -> i64 {
-        self.started_at
-    }
-}
-
-impl SharedImpostorRuntime {
-    pub fn new(runtime: SageAppRuntimeImpostorRecord) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            inner: Arc::new(RwLock::new(runtime)),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn with_runtime<T>(&self, f: impl FnOnce(&SageAppRuntimeImpostorRecord) -> T) -> T {
-        let runtime = self.inner.read();
-        f(&runtime)
-    }
-
-    pub fn victim_app(&self) -> SharedSageApp {
-        self.with_runtime(|runtime| runtime.victim_app.clone())
-    }
-
-    pub fn impostor_app(&self) -> SharedSageApp {
-        self.with_runtime(|runtime| runtime.impostor_app.clone())
-    }
-
-    pub fn victim_app_id(&self) -> String {
-        self.with_runtime(SageAppRuntimeImpostorRecord::victim_app_id)
-    }
-
-    pub fn runtime_id(&self) -> String {
-        self.with_runtime(SageAppRuntimeImpostorRecord::runtime_id)
-    }
-
-    pub fn webview_label(&self) -> String {
-        self.with_runtime(|runtime| runtime.webview_label().to_string())
-    }
-
-    pub fn kind(&self) -> SageAppRuntimeImpostorKind {
-        self.with_runtime(SageAppRuntimeImpostorRecord::kind)
-    }
-}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs
index 1def696a0..bf789df15 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use tauri::State;
 
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::runtime::state::types::{
-    SageAppRuntimeImpostorRecord, SageAppRuntimeRecord, SharedImpostorRuntime, SharedRuntime,
+    SageAppRuntimeRecord, SharedRuntime,
 };
 
 pub(in crate::runtime) async fn write_runtime(
@@ -27,33 +27,6 @@ pub(in crate::runtime) async fn write_runtime(
     runtime
 }
 
-pub(in crate::runtime) async fn write_impostor_runtime(
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    runtime: SageAppRuntimeImpostorRecord,
-) -> SharedImpostorRuntime {
-    let runtime_id = runtime.runtime_id();
-    let victim_app_id = runtime.victim_app_id();
-
-    let runtime = SharedImpostorRuntime::new(runtime);
-
-    {
-        let mut by_victim_app_id = apps_state
-            .runtime
-            .impostor_runtime_id_by_victim_app_id
-            .lock()
-            .await;
-
-        by_victim_app_id.insert(victim_app_id, runtime_id.clone());
-    }
-
-    {
-        let mut by_runtime_id = apps_state.runtime.impostor_by_runtime_id.lock().await;
-        by_runtime_id.insert(runtime_id, runtime.clone());
-    }
-
-    runtime
-}
-
 pub(in crate::runtime) async fn write_pending_stop_ready(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     request_id: &str,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs
index c0d278d6a..2b8362891 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs
@@ -5,14 +5,14 @@ use crate::runtime::events::emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed;
 use crate::runtime::manager::sync_modal_runtime_visibility;
 use crate::runtime::state::{
     find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional, find_runtime_id_by_app_id_optional, get_runtime_by_app_id,
-    remove_before_stop_listeners_by_app_id, remove_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id,
+    remove_before_stop_listeners_by_app_id,
     remove_pending_stop_ready, remove_runtime_by_runtime_id, remove_runtime_id_by_app_id,
     write_pending_stop_ready,
 };
 use crate::runtime::webview_locator::find_webview_in_sage_window;
 use crate::runtime::{
     GetRuntimeError, RuntimeChangeSet, SageAppRuntimeRecord, SharedRuntime,
-    find_active_taskbar_runtime, find_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id_optional,
+    find_active_taskbar_runtime,
 };
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
@@ -111,21 +111,6 @@ pub(super) async fn close_runtime_internal_with_reason(
     app_id: &str,
     _reason: &str,
 ) {
-    // Impostor?
-    if let Some(impostor) =
-        find_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id_optional(apps_state, app_id).await
-    {
-        let webview_label = impostor.webview_label();
-
-        if let Some(webview) = find_webview_in_sage_window(app, &webview_label) {
-            let _ = webview.close();
-        }
-
-        remove_impostor_runtime_by_victim_app_id(apps_state, app_id).await;
-        return;
-    }
-
-    // Legit?
     let Some(runtime_id) = find_runtime_id_by_app_id_optional(apps_state, app_id).await else {
         return;
     };
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/storage.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/storage.rs
index de83a50bf..234e72f1b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/storage.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/storage.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,145 @@
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+use std::sync::OnceLock;
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
+use tokio::sync::{Mutex, oneshot};
+use tokio::time::timeout;
+
+use crate::AppsHostState;
+use crate::runtime::start::start_origin_cleanup_runtime;
+use crate::runtime::stop::close_runtime_internal;
+use crate::sandbox::BUILTIN_ORIGIN_CLEANUP_RUNTIME_ID;
+use crate::types::SageAppStorage;
+
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub struct StorageCleanupRuntimeTarget {
-    pub app_id: String,
+pub struct OriginCleanupRuntimeTarget {
     pub origin_id: String,
-    pub storage: crate::types::SageAppStorage,
+    pub storage: SageAppStorage,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct OriginCleanupBridgePayload {
+    pub kind: String,
+    pub cleanup_id: String,
+    pub ok: bool,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub errors: Vec<String>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct OriginCleanupResult {
+    pub ok: bool,
+    pub errors: Vec<String>,
+}
+
+type PendingOriginCleanups = Mutex<BTreeMap<String, oneshot::Sender<OriginCleanupResult>>>;
+
+fn pending_origin_cleanups() -> &'static PendingOriginCleanups {
+    static PENDING: OnceLock<PendingOriginCleanups> = OnceLock::new();
+    PENDING.get_or_init(Default::default)
+}
+
+async fn register_pending_origin_cleanup(
+    cleanup_id: String,
+) -> oneshot::Receiver<OriginCleanupResult> {
+    let (tx, rx) = oneshot::channel();
+
+    pending_origin_cleanups()
+        .lock()
+        .await
+        .insert(cleanup_id, tx);
+
+    rx
+}
+
+async fn remove_pending_origin_cleanup(cleanup_id: &str) {
+    pending_origin_cleanups().lock().await.remove(cleanup_id);
+}
+
+async fn wait_for_origin_cleanup_result(
+    cleanup_id: &str,
+    rx: oneshot::Receiver<OriginCleanupResult>,
+    timeout_ms: u64,
+) -> Result<OriginCleanupResult, String> {
+    match timeout(Duration::from_millis(timeout_ms), rx).await {
+        Ok(Ok(result)) => Ok(result),
+        Ok(Err(_)) => Err(format!(
+            "origin cleanup channel closed before result for {cleanup_id}"
+        )),
+        Err(_) => Err(format!(
+            "timed out waiting for origin cleanup result for {cleanup_id}"
+        )),
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn run_origin_cleanup(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    target: OriginCleanupRuntimeTarget,
+) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let cleanup_id = uuid::Uuid::new_v4().to_string();
+    let rx = register_pending_origin_cleanup(cleanup_id.clone()).await;
+
+    let mut query = BTreeMap::new();
+    query.insert("cleanupId".to_string(), cleanup_id.clone());
+
+    let start_result = start_origin_cleanup_runtime(app, apps_state, target, query).await;
+
+    if let Err(err) = start_result {
+        remove_pending_origin_cleanup(&cleanup_id).await;
+        anyhow::bail!("failed to start origin cleanup runtime: {err}");
+    }
+
+    let result = wait_for_origin_cleanup_result(&cleanup_id, rx, 10_000)
+        .await
+        .map_err(anyhow::Error::msg);
+
+    close_runtime_internal(app, apps_state, BUILTIN_ORIGIN_CLEANUP_RUNTIME_ID).await;
+
+    let result = result?;
+
+    if !result.ok {
+        anyhow::bail!("origin cleanup failed: {:?}", result.errors);
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn ingest_origin_cleanup_bridge_send_payload(
+    app_id: &str,
+    payload: &serde_json::Value,
+    _host_state: &AppsHostState,
+) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    if app_id != BUILTIN_ORIGIN_CLEANUP_RUNTIME_ID {
+        anyhow::bail!("origin cleanup payload came from unexpected app {app_id}");
+    }
+
+    let payload: OriginCleanupBridgePayload = serde_json::from_value(payload.clone())?;
+
+    if payload.kind != "originCleanup.completed" {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+
+    let Some(tx) = pending_origin_cleanups()
+        .lock()
+        .await
+        .remove(&payload.cleanup_id)
+    else {
+        tracing::warn!(
+            app_id = %app_id,
+            cleanup_id = %payload.cleanup_id,
+            "origin cleanup result received without pending waiter"
+        );
+        return Ok(());
+    };
+
+    let _ = tx.send(OriginCleanupResult {
+        ok: payload.ok,
+        errors: payload.errors,
+    });
+
+    Ok(())
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
index 52cdc4e4a..d76681c90 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
@@ -38,8 +38,8 @@ pub const BUILTIN_STORAGE_CLEAR_PERSISTENT_ID: &str =
 pub const BUILTIN_NETWORK_ALLOW_A_ID: &str = concat!(sandbox_test_id_prefix!(), "network_allow_a");
 pub const BUILTIN_NETWORK_ALLOW_B_ID: &str = concat!(sandbox_test_id_prefix!(), "network_allow_b");
 
-pub const BUILTIN_STORAGE_CLEAR_PROBE_RUNTIME_ID: &str =
-    concat!(runtime_id_prefix!(), "storage_clear_probe");
+pub const BUILTIN_ORIGIN_CLEANUP_RUNTIME_ID: &str =
+    concat!(runtime_id_prefix!(), "origin_cleanup");
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct BuiltinTestAppSpec {
@@ -192,11 +192,11 @@ pub fn build_builtin_test_app(app_id: &str) -> Result<Option<SageApp>, AppBuildE
 }
 
 pub fn build_builtin_runtime_app(app_id: &str) -> Result<Option<SageApp>, AppBuildError> {
-    if app_id != BUILTIN_STORAGE_CLEAR_PROBE_RUNTIME_ID {
+    if app_id != BUILTIN_ORIGIN_CLEANUP_RUNTIME_ID {
         return Ok(None);
     }
 
-    let app_dir = builtin_runtime_apps_root().join("storage-clear-probe");
+    let app_dir = builtin_runtime_apps_root().join("origin-cleanup");
 
     if !app_dir.is_dir() {
         return Err(AppBuildError::AppDirMissing);
@@ -215,10 +215,10 @@ pub fn build_builtin_runtime_app(app_id: &str) -> Result<Option<SageApp>, AppBui
         app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
         manifest.clone(),
     )
-    .map_err(|err| {
-        tracing::error!("runtime app snapshot failed: {err}");
-        AppBuildError::InternalError
-    })?;
+        .map_err(|err| {
+            tracing::error!("runtime app snapshot failed: {err}");
+            AppBuildError::InternalError
+        })?;
 
     let common = SageAppCommon::new(
         SageAppIdentity::new(app_id, app_id, app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string()).map_err(
@@ -232,10 +232,10 @@ pub fn build_builtin_runtime_app(app_id: &str) -> Result<Option<SageApp>, AppBui
         snapshot,
         SageAppWalletScope::AllWallets,
     )
-    .map_err(|err| {
-        tracing::error!("runtime app common failed: {err}");
-        AppBuildError::InternalError
-    })?;
+        .map_err(|err| {
+            tracing::error!("runtime app common failed: {err}");
+            AppBuildError::InternalError
+        })?;
 
     let entry_file = app_dir.join(common.entry_file());
     if !entry_file.is_file() {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/ingest.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/ingest.rs
index c9b695963..9fa8f3f29 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/ingest.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/ingest.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use crate::AppsHostState;
 use super::store::{SandboxAppResult, replace_by_app_id};
 use super::types::{
     SandboxIsolationProbeResult, SandboxNetworkProbeResult, SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult,
-    SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult, SandboxStorageClearProbeResult,
+    SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult,
 };
 
 pub async fn ingest_bridge_send_payload(
@@ -92,17 +92,6 @@ pub async fn ingest_bridge_send_payload(
                 );
             }
         }
-        "clear_cycle" => {
-            if let Ok(parsed) = serde_json::from_value::<SandboxStorageClearProbeResult>(data) {
-                replace_by_app_id(
-                    &mut run.clear_cycle,
-                    SandboxAppResult {
-                        app_id: app_id.to_string(),
-                        data: parsed,
-                    },
-                );
-            }
-        }
         _ => {}
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/store.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/store.rs
index 6cb7f3489..7e4a0225e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/store.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/store.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use tokio::sync::Mutex;
 
 use super::types::{
     SandboxIsolationProbeResult, SandboxNetworkProbeResult, SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult,
-    SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult, SandboxRunState, SandboxStorageClearProbeResult,
+    SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult, SandboxRunState,
     build_initial_sandbox_state,
 };
 
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@ pub struct SandboxRunResults {
     pub isolation: Vec<SandboxAppResult<SandboxIsolationProbeResult>>,
     pub persistence_write: Vec<SandboxAppResult<SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult>>,
     pub persistence_read: Vec<SandboxAppResult<SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult>>,
-    pub clear_cycle: Vec<SandboxAppResult<SandboxStorageClearProbeResult>>,
     pub network: Vec<SandboxAppResult<SandboxNetworkProbeResult>>,
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/types.rs
index 61e1e8466..2222e19d7 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/types.rs
@@ -101,24 +101,6 @@ pub struct SandboxNetworkProbeResult {
     pub error: Option<String>,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, Eq)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub struct SandboxStorageClearProbeResult {
-    pub run_id: String,
-    pub phase: SandboxStorageClearProbePhase,
-    pub local_storage_present: bool,
-    pub indexed_db_present: bool,
-    pub error: Option<String>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "snake_case")]
-pub enum SandboxStorageClearProbePhase {
-    Write,
-    CheckPresent,
-    CheckAbsent,
-}
-
 pub fn make_cap(
     status: SandboxCapabilityStatus,
     details: Option<String>,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/bridge.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/bridge.rs
index 4a2840fa3..551d15a6b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/bridge.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/bridge.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,6 @@
 use crate::bridge::BridgeOrigin;
 use crate::runtime::webview_locator::get_webview_in_sage_window;
-use crate::runtime::{
-    PossiblyImpostorRuntime, app_id_from_webview_label, is_allowed_app_url,
-    protocol_scheme_for_app, resolve_possibly_impostor_running_app,
-};
+use crate::runtime::{app_id_from_webview_label, is_allowed_app_url, protocol_scheme_for_app, resolve_running_app};
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager};
 
 pub(crate) async fn assert_bridge_origin(
@@ -13,16 +10,11 @@ pub(crate) async fn assert_bridge_origin(
     let app_id = app_id_from_webview_label(webview_label)
         .ok_or_else(|| format!("invalid app runtime label: {webview_label}"))?;
 
-    let runtime = resolve_possibly_impostor_running_app(&app_handle.state(), app_id)
+    let runtime = resolve_running_app(&app_handle.state(), app_id)
         .await
         .map_err(|_| format!("failed to find runtime for app {app_id}"))?;
 
-    let app = runtime.identity_app();
-
-    let impostor_runtime = match &runtime {
-        PossiblyImpostorRuntime::Legit(_) => None,
-        PossiblyImpostorRuntime::Impostor(runtime) => Some(runtime),
-    };
+    let app = runtime.into_app();
 
     if !app.webview_label_matches(webview_label) {
         return Err(format!(
@@ -47,6 +39,5 @@ pub(crate) async fn assert_bridge_origin(
 
     Ok(BridgeOrigin {
         app,
-        impostor_runtime: impostor_runtime.cloned(),
     })
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
index b4215a748..bfafc0ba0 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,11 @@
 use crate::host::AppState;
-use crate::runtime::{
-    PossiblyImpostorRuntime, app_id_from_webview_label,
-    resolve_possibly_impostor_running_app_immediate,
-};
+use crate::runtime::{app_id_from_webview_label, resolve_running_app};
 use crate::security::build_app_csp;
 use anyhow::{Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
 use std::fs;
 use tauri::http::{Request, Response, StatusCode};
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager};
+use crate::types::{ResolvedRunningApp, SharedSageApp};
 
 pub async fn handle_user_app_protocol_request(
     app_handle: AppHandle,
@@ -15,16 +13,16 @@ pub async fn handle_user_app_protocol_request(
     request: Request<Vec<u8>>,
 ) -> Response<Vec<u8>> {
     let result = async {
-        let runtime = get_protocol_request_runtime(&app_handle, &webview_label)?;
+        let runtime = get_protocol_request_runtime(&app_handle, &webview_label).await?;
 
-        if !runtime.is_user_app() {
+        let app = runtime.into_app();
+        if !app.is_user_app() {
             anyhow::bail!("not a user runtime");
         }
 
-        let identity_app = runtime.identity_app();
-        let is_sandbox_test = identity_app.with(|app| app.common().is_sandbox_test());
+        let is_sandbox_test = app.with(|app| app.common().is_sandbox_test());
 
-        match handle_app_protocol_request(&app_handle, &runtime, &request).await {
+        match handle_app_protocol_request(&app_handle, &app, &request).await {
             Ok(response) => Ok(response),
             Err(err) if is_sandbox_test => Ok(protocol_error_response("sage-app", &err)),
             Err(_) => Ok(not_found_response()),
@@ -41,13 +39,13 @@ pub async fn handle_system_app_protocol_request(
     request: Request<Vec<u8>>,
 ) -> Response<Vec<u8>> {
     let result = async {
-        let runtime = get_protocol_request_runtime(&app_handle, &webview_label)?;
-
-        if !runtime.is_system_app() {
+        let runtime = get_protocol_request_runtime(&app_handle, &webview_label).await?;
+        let app = runtime.into_app();
+        if !app.is_system_app() {
             anyhow::bail!("not a system runtime");
         }
 
-        handle_app_protocol_request(&app_handle, &runtime, &request)
+        handle_app_protocol_request(&app_handle, &app, &request)
             .await
             .map_err(|err| anyhow!("sage-system-app error: {err}"))
     }
@@ -56,25 +54,23 @@ pub async fn handle_system_app_protocol_request(
     result.unwrap_or_else(|err| protocol_error_response("sage-system-app", &err))
 }
 
-fn get_protocol_request_runtime(
+async fn get_protocol_request_runtime(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
     webview_label: &str,
-) -> AnyResult<PossiblyImpostorRuntime> {
+) -> AnyResult<ResolvedRunningApp> {
     let app_id =
         app_id_from_webview_label(webview_label).ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("invalid webview label"))?;
 
-    resolve_possibly_impostor_running_app_immediate(&app_handle.state(), app_id)
+    resolve_running_app(&app_handle.state(), app_id).await
         .map_err(|_| anyhow!("failed to find runtime for app {app_id}"))
 }
 
 async fn handle_app_protocol_request(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
-    runtime: &PossiblyImpostorRuntime,
+    app: &SharedSageApp,
     request: &Request<Vec<u8>>,
 ) -> AnyResult<Response<Vec<u8>>> {
-    let identity_app = runtime.identity_app();
-
-    if request.uri().host() != Some(&identity_app.origin_id()) {
+    if request.uri().host() != Some(&app.origin_id()) {
         anyhow::bail!("host mismatch");
     }
 
@@ -82,11 +78,9 @@ async fn handle_app_protocol_request(
         anyhow::bail!("Service worker forbidden");
     }
 
-    let content_app = runtime.content_app();
     let request_path = request.uri().path();
 
-    let file_path =
-        content_app.with(|app| app.active_snapshot().resolve_file_path(request_path))?;
+    let file_path = app.with(|app| app.active_snapshot().resolve_file_path(request_path))?;
 
     let mime = mime_guess::from_path(&file_path)
         .first_or_octet_stream()
@@ -101,7 +95,7 @@ async fn handle_app_protocol_request(
         .header("Cache-Control", "no-store")
         .header(
             "Content-Security-Policy",
-            build_app_csp(&identity_app, &network_id),
+            build_app_csp(app, &network_id),
         )
         .header("X-Content-Type-Options", "nosniff")
         .body(fs::read(&file_path)?)
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs
index 3fb45b53f..7ae3d3932 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs
@@ -54,6 +54,11 @@ impl ResolvedRunningApp {
         let app = self.runtime.app();
         f(&app)
     }
+
+    #[allow(clippy::wrong_self_convention)]
+    pub fn into_app(&self) -> SharedSageApp {
+        self.runtime.app().clone()
+    }
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
@@ -498,10 +503,3 @@ impl UserSageAppSource {
         Ok(Self::Url { app_url })
     }
 }
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-impl CorruptedInstalledSageApp {
-    pub(crate) fn error(&self) -> &str {
-        &self.error
-    }
-}
diff --git a/scripts/build-builtin-static.mjs b/scripts/build-builtin-static.mjs
index 29e09ba24..2d86ed6c4 100644
--- a/scripts/build-builtin-static.mjs
+++ b/scripts/build-builtin-static.mjs
@@ -2,21 +2,31 @@ import {
   cpSync,
   existsSync,
   mkdirSync,
+  readdirSync,
   rmSync,
+  statSync,
 } from 'node:fs';
 import { execFileSync } from 'node:child_process';
 import { join, resolve } from 'node:path';
 
 const repoRoot = resolve(import.meta.dirname, '..');
 
+const runtimeSrc = join(repoRoot, 'builtin-apps/src/runtime');
 const sandboxTestSrc = join(repoRoot, 'builtin-apps/src/sandbox-test');
 
 const outRoot = join(repoRoot, 'builtin-apps/build/dist');
+const runtimeOut = join(outRoot, 'runtime');
 const testOut = join(outRoot, 'sandbox-test');
 
 const userSdkDist = join(repoRoot, 'packages/sage-app-sdk/dist');
 const pnpm = process.platform === 'win32' ? 'pnpm.cmd' : 'pnpm';
 
+function copyDirFresh(src, dst) {
+  rmSync(dst, { recursive: true, force: true });
+  mkdirSync(dst, { recursive: true });
+  cpSync(src, dst, { recursive: true });
+}
+
 function copyRuntimeBridge(outDir) {
   cpSync(join(userSdkDist, 'runtime-bridge.js'), join(outDir, 'bridge.js'));
   cpSync(join(userSdkDist, 'index.js'), join(outDir, 'sdk.js'));
@@ -38,6 +48,15 @@ function finalizeManifest(source, dist) {
   );
 }
 
+function buildRuntimeApp(name) {
+  const src = join(runtimeSrc, name);
+  const out = join(runtimeOut, name);
+
+  copyDirFresh(src, out);
+  copyRuntimeBridge(out);
+  finalizeManifest(join(src, 'sage-manifest.json'), out);
+}
+
 function buildSandboxTestVariant({
   sourceDirName,
   outDirName,
@@ -61,8 +80,20 @@ if (!existsSync(userSdkDist)) {
   throw new Error(`missing user SDK dist at ${userSdkDist}`);
 }
 
+mkdirSync(runtimeOut, { recursive: true });
 mkdirSync(testOut, { recursive: true });
 
+for (const name of readdirSync(runtimeSrc)) {
+  const src = join(runtimeSrc, name);
+
+  if (!statSync(src).isDirectory()) {
+    continue;
+  }
+
+  console.log(`\n==> Building builtin runtime app: ${name}`);
+  buildRuntimeApp(name);
+}
+
 const sandboxTests = [
   {
     sourceDirName: 'sage-storage-isolation',

From dc14526bd0b6531d370b4903d8af806e49132b7e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 22 May 2026 14:05:01 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 414/471] Remove `storage_clear_cycle` capability and related
 logic from sandbox handling

---
 src/lib/apps/sandbox.ts | 4 ----
 1 file changed, 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/apps/sandbox.ts b/src/lib/apps/sandbox.ts
index f4e17258f..dde86cc54 100644
--- a/src/lib/apps/sandbox.ts
+++ b/src/lib/apps/sandbox.ts
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ export type SandboxCapability =
   | 'storage_isolation_from_sage'
   | 'storage_persistence_normal'
   | 'storage_non_persistence_incognito'
-  | 'storage_clear_cycle'
   | 'network_allowlist_enforced';
 
 export function formatCapabilityLabel(capability: SandboxCapability): string {
@@ -19,8 +18,6 @@ export function formatCapabilityLabel(capability: SandboxCapability): string {
       return 'persistent storage behavior';
     case 'storage_non_persistence_incognito':
       return 'incognito storage behavior';
-    case 'storage_clear_cycle':
-      return 'storage clear cycle behavior';
     case 'network_allowlist_enforced':
       return 'network allowlist enforcement';
   }
@@ -36,7 +33,6 @@ export function listSandboxCapabilities(
       'storage_non_persistence_incognito',
       sandbox.storageNonPersistenceIncognito,
     ],
-    ['storage_clear_cycle', sandbox.storageClearCycle],
     ['network_allowlist_enforced', sandbox.networkAllowlistEnforced],
   ];
 }

From 2ad428b9c9eec6f08ec46662a05e54674d95b13f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 22 May 2026 15:23:28 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 415/471] Add tests for abandoned unmanaged storage cleanup and
 refactor error handling:

- Introduced unit tests for validating abandoned unmanaged storage cleanup logic.
- Added a delay to background tasks for startup stability and improved logging for cleanup workflows.
- Enhanced `AppBuildError` to support detailed manifest failure messages.
---
 .../runtime/origin-cleanup/sage-manifest.json | 14 ++----
 crates/sage-apps/src/db/storage.rs            | 48 +++++++++++++++++++
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs     |  5 ++
 .../src/lifecycle/update/background.rs        |  1 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs  | 31 +++++++-----
 crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs           | 19 ++++----
 src-tauri/src/lib.rs                          |  7 ++-
 7 files changed, 93 insertions(+), 32 deletions(-)

diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/runtime/origin-cleanup/sage-manifest.json b/builtin-apps/src/runtime/origin-cleanup/sage-manifest.json
index c07960c73..e5699dcb6 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/runtime/origin-cleanup/sage-manifest.json
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/runtime/origin-cleanup/sage-manifest.json
@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 {
   "manifestVersion": 0,
   "name": "Sage Origin Cleanup",
+  "sageVersion": {
+    "min": "0.0.0"
+  },
   "version": "1.0.0",
   "permissions": {
     "network": {
@@ -14,14 +17,7 @@
       "optional": []
     }
   },
-  "files": [
-    {
-      "path": "index.html",
-      "sha256": "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa",
-      "size": 1
-    }
-  ],
-  "entry": "index.html",
-  "icon": null
+  "files": [],
+  "entry": "index.html"
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/db/storage.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/db/storage.rs
index 982154523..56831eb6b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/db/storage.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/db/storage.rs
@@ -157,3 +157,51 @@ impl AppsDb {
         Ok(())
     }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use tempfile::tempdir;
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn abandoned_unmanaged_storage_is_returned_for_origin_cleanup() {
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let db = AppsDb::initialize(dir.path()).await.unwrap();
+
+        let storage_id = db
+            .register_storage(&SageAppStorage::Unmanaged)
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let mut tx = db.begin_immediate().await.unwrap();
+
+        tx.register_origin("origin-1", storage_id).await.unwrap();
+
+        tx.commit().await.unwrap();
+
+        let targets = db.list_abandoned_storage_cleanup_targets().await.unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(targets.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(targets[0].storage_id, storage_id);
+        assert_eq!(targets[0].storage, SageAppStorage::Unmanaged);
+        assert_eq!(targets[0].origin_ids, vec!["origin-1".to_string()]);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn abandoned_unmanaged_storage_without_origins_is_returned() {
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let db = AppsDb::initialize(dir.path()).await.unwrap();
+
+        let storage_id = db
+            .register_storage(&SageAppStorage::Unmanaged)
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let targets = db.list_abandoned_storage_cleanup_targets().await.unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(targets.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(targets[0].storage_id, storage_id);
+        assert_eq!(targets[0].storage, SageAppStorage::Unmanaged);
+        assert!(targets[0].origin_ids.is_empty());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
index 94bd7ace8..bc18df919 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
@@ -132,6 +132,7 @@ pub async fn process_pending_storage_cleanup(
         .db
         .list_abandoned_storage_cleanup_targets()
         .await?;
+    tracing::info!("found {} abandoned cleanup targets", cleanup_targets.len());
 
     for target in cleanup_targets {
         tracing::info!(
@@ -162,6 +163,10 @@ pub async fn process_pending_storage_cleanup(
                     .map_err(anyhow::Error::msg)?;
             }
         }
+        tracing::info!(
+            storage_id = target.storage_id,
+            "origin cleanup completed"
+        );
 
         host_state
             .db
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/background.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/background.rs
index 4a927128c..b8816259c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/background.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/background.rs
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ use crate::lifecycle::update::check::check_app_update_inner;
 
 pub fn start_background_app_update_checker(app_handle: AppHandle) {
     tauri::async_runtime::spawn(async move {
+        tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(5000)).await;
         tracing::info!("starting background app update checker");
 
         let mut interval = tokio::time::interval(Duration::from_secs(60 * 10));
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
index d76681c90..e37048bbd 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
@@ -118,20 +118,17 @@ fn read_builtin_manifest(app_dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<SageAppPackageManifest> {
 
     let manifest_text = fs::read_to_string(&manifest_path).with_context(|| {
         format!(
-            "failed to read builtin test app manifest {}",
+            "failed to read builtin app manifest {}",
             manifest_path.display()
         )
     })?;
 
-    let manifest: SageAppPackageManifest =
-        serde_json::from_str(&manifest_text).with_context(|| {
-            format!(
-                "failed to parse builtin test app manifest {}",
-                manifest_path.display()
-            )
-        })?;
-
-    Ok(manifest)
+    serde_json::from_str::<SageAppPackageManifest>(&manifest_text).with_context(|| {
+        format!(
+            "failed to parse builtin app manifest {}",
+            manifest_path.display()
+        )
+    })
 }
 
 pub fn build_builtin_test_app(app_id: &str) -> Result<Option<SageApp>, AppBuildError> {
@@ -145,7 +142,9 @@ pub fn build_builtin_test_app(app_id: &str) -> Result<Option<SageApp>, AppBuildE
         return Err(AppBuildError::AppDirMissing);
     }
 
-    let manifest = read_builtin_manifest(&app_dir).map_err(|_| AppBuildError::ManifestFailure)?;
+    let manifest = read_builtin_manifest(&app_dir).map_err(|err| {
+        AppBuildError::ManifestFailure(format!("{err:#}"))
+    })?;
 
     let granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions::new(
         manifest.permissions(),
@@ -202,7 +201,15 @@ pub fn build_builtin_runtime_app(app_id: &str) -> Result<Option<SageApp>, AppBui
         return Err(AppBuildError::AppDirMissing);
     }
 
-    let manifest = read_builtin_manifest(&app_dir).map_err(|_| AppBuildError::ManifestFailure)?;
+    let manifest = read_builtin_manifest(&app_dir).map_err(|err| {
+        tracing::error!(
+        error = %err,
+        app_dir = %app_dir.display(),
+        "failed to build builtin runtime app manifest"
+    );
+
+        AppBuildError::ManifestFailure(format!("{err:#}"))
+    })?;
 
     let granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions::for_builtin_requested(manifest.permissions())
         .map_err(|err| {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
index 599259372..1659d9428 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
@@ -117,23 +117,22 @@ const BUILTIN_SYSTEM_APPS: &[BuiltinSystemAppSpec] = &[
     },
 ];
 
-#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub enum AppBuildError {
     AppDirMissing,
-    ManifestFailure,
+    ManifestFailure(String),
     InternalError,
     EntryFileNotFound,
 }
 
 impl Display for AppBuildError {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
-        let str = match self {
-            AppBuildError::AppDirMissing => String::from("app directory missing"),
-            AppBuildError::ManifestFailure => String::from("manifest failure"),
-            AppBuildError::InternalError => String::from("internal error"),
-            AppBuildError::EntryFileNotFound => String::from("entry not found"),
-        };
-        write!(f, "{str}")
+        match self {
+            AppBuildError::AppDirMissing => write!(f, "app directory is missing"),
+            AppBuildError::ManifestFailure(err) => write!(f, "manifest failure: {err}"),
+            AppBuildError::EntryFileNotFound => write!(f, "entry file not found"),
+            AppBuildError::InternalError => write!(f, "internal app build error"),
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -186,7 +185,7 @@ pub fn build_builtin_system_app(app_id: &str) -> Result<Option<SageApp>, AppBuil
                 "[build_builtin_system_app] manifest failure for {app_id} at {}: {err:?}",
                 app_dir.display()
             );
-            return Err(AppBuildError::ManifestFailure);
+            return Err(AppBuildError::ManifestFailure(format!("{err:?}")));
         }
     };
 
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
index 675167b8b..c7334cead 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
@@ -291,11 +291,16 @@ pub fn run() {
                 let cleanup_base_path = path.clone();
 
                 tauri::async_runtime::spawn(async move {
+                    tokio::time::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_millis(5000)).await;
+                    tracing::info!("starting pending storage cleanup task");
+
                     if let Err(err) =
                         apps::process_pending_storage_cleanup(&app_handle, &cleanup_base_path).await
                     {
-                        eprintln!("failed to retry pending storage cleanup on startup: {err}");
+                        tracing::error!("failed to retry pending storage cleanup on startup: {err}");
                     }
+
+                    tracing::info!("pending storage cleanup task finished");
                 });
             }
 

From b304694767532e4d37f1c61c1e0dccde1264a249 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 22 May 2026 15:55:54 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 416/471] Use `inputToGrantedPermissionsView` for permission
 state transformations in `PermissionsReviewBody`.

---
 .../apps/app-update/src/components/PermissionsReviewBody.tsx | 5 ++++-
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/components/PermissionsReviewBody.tsx b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/components/PermissionsReviewBody.tsx
index a6d6daf08..ebe265299 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/components/PermissionsReviewBody.tsx
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/components/PermissionsReviewBody.tsx
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import {
   appIconFromCommonView,
   AppModalShell,
   AppPermissionEditor,
+  inputToGrantedPermissionsView,
   WalletScopeEditor,
 } from '@sage-app/ui';
 import {
@@ -117,7 +118,9 @@ export function PermissionsReviewBody({
         {tab === 'permissions' ? (
           <AppPermissionEditor
             app={state.app}
-            grantedPermissions={state.app.common.grantedPermissions}
+            grantedPermissions={inputToGrantedPermissionsView(
+              grantedPermissions,
+            )}
             capabilityDefinitions={state.definitions}
             editable={!submitting}
             onGrantedPermissionsChange={setGrantedPermissions}

From c3bf7beea68ee559a15591ef88b7540ce0d9b40d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 22 May 2026 16:07:55 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 417/471] Add checkbox for toggling primary scheme permissions
 in `PermissionRow` UI

- Replaced scheme buttons with a primary checkbox for streamlined permission toggling.
- Updated logic to determine `primaryScheme` and handle editable/disabled states.
- Simplified UI structure by consolidating visible scheme rendering.
---
 .../PermissionsEditor/PermissionRow.tsx       | 64 +++++++++++--------
 1 file changed, 38 insertions(+), 26 deletions(-)

diff --git a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/PermissionRow.tsx b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/PermissionRow.tsx
index 1fdce26a1..e0d5d4a6d 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/PermissionRow.tsx
+++ b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/PermissionRow.tsx
@@ -51,39 +51,51 @@ export function PermissionRow({
       (scheme) => entry.schemes[scheme].visible,
     );
 
+    const primaryScheme = visibleSchemes.includes('wss') ? 'wss' : 'https';
+    const primaryState = entry.schemes[primaryScheme];
+    const checkboxDisabled = !editable || primaryState.disabled;
+
     return (
       <div className='flex min-h-9 items-center gap-2.5 rounded-md px-2 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors hover:bg-muted/50'>
+        <input
+          type='checkbox'
+          checked={primaryState.granted}
+          disabled={checkboxDisabled}
+          onChange={(event) => {
+            onToggle(entry, event.target.checked, primaryScheme);
+          }}
+          className='h-4 w-4 shrink-0'
+        />
+
         <div className='min-w-0 flex items-center gap-2'>
           <span className='truncate font-mono text-sm'>{entry.host}</span>
 
           <div className='inline-flex overflow-hidden rounded-md border border-border'>
-            {(['https', 'wss'] as const)
-              .filter((scheme) => entry.schemes[scheme].visible)
-              .map((scheme, index) => {
-                const state = entry.schemes[scheme];
+            {visibleSchemes.map((scheme, index) => {
+              const state = entry.schemes[scheme];
 
-                return (
-                  <button
-                    key={scheme}
-                    type='button'
-                    disabled={!editable || state.disabled}
-                    onClick={(event) => {
-                      event.preventDefault();
-                      onToggle(entry, !state.granted, scheme);
-                    }}
-                    className={[
-                      'h-6 px-2 text-[11px] font-medium transition-colors',
-                      index > 0 ? 'border-l border-border' : '',
-                      state.granted
-                        ? 'bg-primary text-primary-foreground'
-                        : 'text-muted-foreground hover:bg-muted hover:text-foreground',
-                      state.disabled ? 'opacity-60 cursor-not-allowed' : '',
-                    ].join(' ')}
-                  >
-                    {scheme.toUpperCase()}
-                  </button>
-                );
-              })}
+              return (
+                <button
+                  key={scheme}
+                  type='button'
+                  disabled={!editable || state.disabled}
+                  onClick={(event) => {
+                    event.preventDefault();
+                    onToggle(entry, !state.granted, scheme);
+                  }}
+                  className={[
+                    'h-6 px-2 text-[11px] font-medium transition-colors',
+                    index > 0 ? 'border-l border-border' : '',
+                    state.granted
+                      ? 'bg-primary text-primary-foreground'
+                      : 'text-muted-foreground hover:bg-muted hover:text-foreground',
+                    state.disabled ? 'opacity-60 cursor-not-allowed' : '',
+                  ].join(' ')}
+                >
+                  {scheme.toUpperCase()}
+                </button>
+              );
+            })}
           </div>
         </div>
       </div>

From 3d983250b60585d7092c713b7c85b6c9f2cc49d6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 22 May 2026 16:10:00 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 418/471] Refine `PermissionsEditor` logic to synchronize
 `nextKeys` with `requestedKeys`.

---
 .../PermissionsEditor/PermissionsEditor.tsx   | 20 ++++++++++++++++---
 1 file changed, 17 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/PermissionsEditor.tsx b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/PermissionsEditor.tsx
index 4f5451b86..968dba6a5 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/PermissionsEditor.tsx
+++ b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/PermissionsEditor.tsx
@@ -382,15 +382,29 @@ function SharedPermissionEditor({
     if (scheme === 'wss') {
       if (nextGranted) {
         nextKeys.add(wssKey);
-        nextKeys.add(httpsKey);
       } else {
         nextKeys.delete(wssKey);
       }
     }
 
+    const requestedKeys =
+      networkId === null
+        ? new Set([
+            ...requestedRequiredNetwork.map(networkKey),
+            ...requestedOptionalNetwork.map(networkKey),
+          ])
+        : new Set([
+            ...(requestedNetworkByNetwork[networkId]?.required ?? []).map(
+              networkKey,
+            ),
+            ...(requestedNetworkByNetwork[networkId]?.optional ?? []).map(
+              networkKey,
+            ),
+          ]);
+
     for (const key of Array.from(nextKeys)) {
-      if (key.startsWith('wss://')) {
-        nextKeys.add(`https://${key.slice('wss://'.length)}`);
+      if (!requestedKeys.has(key)) {
+        nextKeys.delete(key);
       }
     }
 

From e95f2eefe340a3b33cd8e57bf9094ef503f023f2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 22 May 2026 16:13:59 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 419/471] Update `CapabilityHelp` popover styling and
 background logic

- Added `resolveBackgroundTintWithAlpha` for dynamic background rendering with blur effect.
- Adjusted popover position and CSS for improved layout and visibility.
---
 .../src/components/PermissionsEditor/CapabilityHelp.tsx  | 9 ++++++++-
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/CapabilityHelp.tsx b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/CapabilityHelp.tsx
index ce5959a77..657bda001 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/CapabilityHelp.tsx
+++ b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/CapabilityHelp.tsx
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { CircleHelp } from 'lucide-react';
+import { resolveBackgroundTintWithAlpha } from '../../presentation';
 
 export function CapabilityHelp({
   description,
@@ -18,7 +19,13 @@ export function CapabilityHelp({
         <CircleHelp className='h-3.5 w-3.5' />
       </button>
 
-      <span className='pointer-events-none absolute left-1/2 top-6 z-50 hidden w-[min(18rem,calc(100vw-2rem))] -translate-x-1/2 rounded-md border bg-popover p-2 text-left text-xs text-popover-foreground shadow-md group-hover:block'>
+      <span
+        className='pointer-events-none absolute bottom-6 left-1/2 z-50 hidden w-[min(18rem,calc(100vw-2rem))] -translate-x-1/2 rounded-md border p-2 text-left text-xs text-popover-foreground shadow-md group-hover:block'
+        style={{
+          background: resolveBackgroundTintWithAlpha(),
+          backdropFilter: 'blur(16px)',
+        }}
+      >
         {description}
       </span>
     </span>

From 929a43393604a6b5d3665f34e23cc6aed5c9bd1c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 22 May 2026 16:41:27 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 420/471] Add scroll-to-end validation for updating and
 installing apps

- Introduced `requireScrollEnd` and `onScrollEndChange` props in `AppModalShell`.
- Disabled confirmation buttons until permissions are viewed.
- Added visual indicator prompting users to scroll to view all permissions before proceeding.
---
 .../src/components/ReviewInstallView.tsx      |  5 +-
 .../src/components/UpdateReviewBody.tsx       |  5 +-
 .../src/presentation/modal/AppModalShell.tsx  | 66 +++++++++++++++++--
 3 files changed, 67 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/ReviewInstallView.tsx b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/ReviewInstallView.tsx
index 9879187b2..7b1fd8a1d 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/ReviewInstallView.tsx
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/ReviewInstallView.tsx
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@ export function ReviewInstallView({
   const [error, setError] = useState<string | null>(null);
   const [wallets, setWallets] = useState<SystemWalletView[]>([]);
   const [walletsLoading, setWalletsLoading] = useState(true);
+  const [permissionsViewed, setPermissionsViewed] = useState(false);
 
   const [walletScope, setWalletScope] = useState<SageAppWalletScope>({
     kind: 'allWallets',
@@ -114,6 +115,8 @@ export function ReviewInstallView({
       appName={manifest.name}
       appIcon={resolveInstallIcon(source)}
       title={step === 'permissions' ? 'Review permissions' : 'Select wallets'}
+      requireScrollEnd={step === 'permissions'}
+      onScrollEndChange={setPermissionsViewed}
       footer={
         <div className='flex justify-between gap-2'>
           <button
@@ -138,7 +141,7 @@ export function ReviewInstallView({
             {step === 'permissions' ? (
               <button
                 className='rounded-md bg-primary px-4 py-2 text-sm text-primary-foreground disabled:opacity-60'
-                disabled={installing}
+                disabled={installing || !permissionsViewed}
                 onClick={() => {
                   setError(null);
                   setStep('wallets');
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/components/UpdateReviewBody.tsx b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/components/UpdateReviewBody.tsx
index 092536a4b..668fb76cf 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/components/UpdateReviewBody.tsx
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/components/UpdateReviewBody.tsx
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ import { PartialUpdateBody } from './PartialUpdateBody';
 export function UpdateReviewBody({ state, onReload }: any) {
   const [submitting, setSubmitting] = useState(false);
   const [error, setError] = useState<string | null>(null);
+  const [permissionsViewed, setPermissionsViewed] = useState(false);
 
   const preview = state.updateContext?.preview ?? null;
 
@@ -104,6 +105,8 @@ export function UpdateReviewBody({ state, onReload }: any) {
       title='Review app update'
       appIcon={appIconFromCommonView(state.app.common)}
       appName={state.app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.name}
+      requireScrollEnd
+      onScrollEndChange={setPermissionsViewed}
       footer={
         <div className='flex justify-end gap-2'>
           <button
@@ -116,7 +119,7 @@ export function UpdateReviewBody({ state, onReload }: any) {
 
           <button
             className='rounded-md bg-primary px-4 py-2 text-sm text-primary-foreground'
-            disabled={submitting}
+            disabled={submitting || !permissionsViewed}
             onClick={submit}
           >
             {submitting ? 'Updating…' : 'Confirm update'}
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/presentation/modal/AppModalShell.tsx b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/presentation/modal/AppModalShell.tsx
index fc441eeaa..c409e3e4d 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/presentation/modal/AppModalShell.tsx
+++ b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/presentation/modal/AppModalShell.tsx
@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
-import type { ReactNode } from 'react';
 import {
-  SystemModalShell,
-} from './SystemModalShell';
-import {
-  AppIcon,
-} from '../../components';
+  type ReactNode,
+  useCallback,
+  useEffect,
+  useRef,
+  useState,
+} from 'react';
+import { SystemModalShell } from './SystemModalShell';
+import { AppIcon } from '../../components';
 import { resolveBackgroundTintWithAlpha } from '../utils';
 
 interface AppModalShellProps {
@@ -18,6 +20,8 @@ interface AppModalShellProps {
   bodyClassName?: string;
   contentClassName?: string;
   bodyPadded?: boolean;
+  requireScrollEnd?: boolean;
+  onScrollEndChange?: (reached: boolean) => void;
 }
 
 export function AppModalShell({
@@ -30,7 +34,39 @@ export function AppModalShell({
   bodyClassName = '',
   contentClassName = '',
   bodyPadded = true,
+  requireScrollEnd = false,
+  onScrollEndChange,
 }: AppModalShellProps) {
+  const bodyRef = useRef<HTMLElement | null>(null);
+  const [scrolledToEnd, setScrolledToEnd] = useState(!requireScrollEnd);
+
+  const updateScrolledToEnd = useCallback(() => {
+    if (!requireScrollEnd) {
+      setScrolledToEnd(true);
+      onScrollEndChange?.(true);
+      return;
+    }
+
+    const body = bodyRef.current;
+    if (!body) return;
+
+    const next =
+      body.scrollHeight <= body.clientHeight + 2 ||
+      body.scrollTop + body.clientHeight >= body.scrollHeight - 2;
+
+    setScrolledToEnd(next);
+    onScrollEndChange?.(next);
+  }, [requireScrollEnd, onScrollEndChange]);
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    setScrolledToEnd(!requireScrollEnd);
+    onScrollEndChange?.(!requireScrollEnd);
+
+    const frame = requestAnimationFrame(updateScrolledToEnd);
+
+    return () => cancelAnimationFrame(frame);
+  }, [requireScrollEnd, updateScrolledToEnd, onScrollEndChange]);
+
   return (
     <SystemModalShell
       contentClassName={['p-0 overflow-hidden', contentClassName].join(' ')}
@@ -65,9 +101,12 @@ export function AppModalShell({
         </header>
 
         <main
+          ref={bodyRef}
+          onScroll={updateScrolledToEnd}
           className={[
             'min-h-0 overflow-auto',
             bodyPadded ? 'px-6 py-5' : '',
+            requireScrollEnd ? 'pb-10' : '',
             bodyClassName,
           ].join(' ')}
         >
@@ -75,7 +114,20 @@ export function AppModalShell({
         </main>
 
         {footer ? (
-          <footer className='shrink-0 border-t border-border px-6 py-3'>
+          <footer className='relative shrink-0 border-t border-border px-6 py-3'>
+            <div
+              className={[
+                'pointer-events-none absolute inset-x-0 -top-8 flex items-center justify-center transition-opacity duration-200',
+                requireScrollEnd && !scrolledToEnd
+                  ? 'opacity-100'
+                  : 'opacity-0',
+              ].join(' ')}
+            >
+              <span className='animate-bounce text-sm font-medium text-foreground'>
+                ↓ Scroll for more ↓
+              </span>
+            </div>
+
             {footer}
           </footer>
         ) : null}

From 448f95bfddc08eec283c373f2556980f1e94cfd7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 22 May 2026 16:52:41 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 421/471] Handle persistent storage permission changes during
 app updates

- Restart app runtime if persistent storage permissions are modified.
- Introduced `network_change_affects_current_network` helper for network-related permission handling.
- Refined logic to reload app runtime only for relevant network changes.
---
 .../src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs       | 92 +++++++++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 86 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
index 0df009e9b..115b9a4f6 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use std::path::Path;
 
 use anyhow::Context;
-use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
+use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
 
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::bridge::emit_user_runtime_event_to_app_id;
@@ -9,12 +9,15 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::{
     GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent, GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent,
 };
 use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::host::AppState;
 use crate::lifecycle::AppMutationManager;
 use crate::lifecycle::update::types::{
     AppUpdateResult, GrantCapabilityOutcome, GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome,
     GrantedPermissionsChange,
 };
-use crate::runtime::{reload_app_runtime, resolve_app};
+use crate::runtime::{find_runtime_by_app_id_optional, kill_taskbar_runtime, reload_app_runtime, resolve_app, SageAppRuntimeVisibility};
+use crate::runtime::commands::CreateInstalledRuntimeArgs;
+use crate::runtime::start::start_user_app;
 use crate::types::{SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SharedSageApp};
 
 pub async fn update_app_permissions_for_app(
@@ -121,6 +124,24 @@ async fn apply_granted_permissions(
     app: &SharedSageApp,
     granted_permissions: &SageGrantedPermissions,
 ) -> anyhow::Result<AppUpdateResult> {
+    let app_id = app.id();
+
+    let running_before = find_runtime_by_app_id_optional(apps_state, &app_id)
+        .await
+        .map(|runtime| {
+            runtime.with_runtime(|record| {
+                (
+                    record.visibility() == SageAppRuntimeVisibility::Visible,
+                    record.app().with(|app| app.common().has_persistent_webview_storage()),
+                )
+            })
+        });
+
+    let previous_persistent_storage = running_before.map_or_else(
+        || app.with(|sage_app| sage_app.common().has_persistent_webview_storage()),
+        |(_, persistent)| persistent,
+    );
+
     let update_result = mutate_granted_permissions(
         app_handle,
         apps_state,
@@ -129,14 +150,53 @@ async fn apply_granted_permissions(
     )
         .await?;
 
-    emit_granted_permissions_change(app_handle, &app.id(), update_result.change()).await;
+    emit_granted_permissions_change(app_handle, &app_id, update_result.change()).await;
+
+    let next_persistent_storage =
+        app.with(|sage_app| sage_app.common().has_persistent_webview_storage());
+
+    let persistent_storage_changed = previous_persistent_storage != next_persistent_storage;
+
+    if persistent_storage_changed {
+        if let Some((was_visible, _)) = running_before {
+            kill_taskbar_runtime(
+                app_handle,
+                apps_state,
+                &app_id,
+                "persistent_webview_storage_permission_changed",
+            )
+                .await
+                .map_err(|err| {
+                    anyhow::anyhow!(
+                    "failed to kill app runtime after persistent storage permission change: {err}"
+                )
+                })?;
+
+            start_user_app(
+                app_handle,
+                apps_state,
+                CreateInstalledRuntimeArgs {
+                    app_id,
+                    focus: Some(was_visible),
+                },
+            )
+                .await
+                .map_err(|err| {
+                    anyhow::anyhow!(
+                    "failed to reopen app runtime after persistent storage permission change: {err}"
+                )
+                })?;
+        }
+
+        return Ok(update_result);
+    }
 
-    if update_result.change().network_changed() {
-        reload_app_runtime(app_handle, apps_state, &app.id())
+    if network_change_affects_current_network(app_handle, update_result.change()).await {
+        reload_app_runtime(app_handle, apps_state, &app_id)
             .await
             .map_err(|err| {
                 anyhow::anyhow!(
-                    "failed to reload app runtime after network permission change: {err}"
+                    "failed to reload app runtime after relevant network permission change: {err}"
                 )
             })?;
     }
@@ -211,6 +271,26 @@ async fn emit_granted_permissions_change(
     }
 }
 
+async fn network_change_affects_current_network(
+    app_handle: &AppHandle,
+    change: &GrantedPermissionsChange,
+) -> bool {
+    if !change.network_whitelist().is_empty() {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    let app_state = app_handle.state::<AppState>();
+    let network_id = {
+        let state = app_state.lock().await;
+        state.config.network.default_network.clone()
+    };
+
+    !change
+        .network_whitelist_by_network()
+        .for_network(&network_id)
+        .is_empty()
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;

From a1eee6eb3e2cfba8faf7ab5c80e4d838b6f82953 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 22 May 2026 17:34:47 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 422/471] Remove unnecessary raw string syntax (`r#`) from SQL
 queries in `AppsDb` and `AppStorage` modules

---
 crates/sage-apps/src/db/app.rs     | 36 +++++++++++++++---------------
 crates/sage-apps/src/db/storage.rs | 20 ++++++++---------
 2 files changed, 28 insertions(+), 28 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/db/app.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/db/app.rs
index d2258c90b..da79a9c56 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/db/app.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/db/app.rs
@@ -9,12 +9,12 @@ use crate::types::{CorruptedInstalledSageApp, ListedSageApp, SageAppCommon, Sage
 impl AppsDb {
     pub async fn app_exists(&self, app_id: &str) -> Result<bool> {
         let row = sqlx::query(
-            r#"
+            r"
             SELECT 1
             FROM sage_apps
             WHERE app_id = ?
             LIMIT 1
-            "#,
+            ",
         )
             .bind(app_id)
             .fetch_optional(&self.pool)
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ impl AppsDbTx {
         let now = crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms();
 
         sqlx::query(
-            r#"
+            r"
             INSERT INTO sage_apps (
                 app_id,
                 storage_id,
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ impl AppsDbTx {
                 updated_at_ms
             )
             VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
-            "#,
+            ",
         )
             .bind(common.id())
             .bind(storage_id)
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ impl AppsDbTx {
         let now = crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms();
 
         sqlx::query(
-            r#"
+            r"
             UPDATE sage_app_origins
             SET may_contain_secrets = ?, updated_at_ms = ?
             WHERE id = (
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ impl AppsDbTx {
                 FROM sage_apps
                 WHERE app_id = ?
             )
-            "#,
+            ",
         )
             .bind(i32::from(
                 common.origin_webview_storage_may_contain_secrets(),
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ impl AppsDbTx {
             .with_context(|| format!("failed to persist origin taint for app {}", common.id()))?;
 
         sqlx::query(
-            r#"
+            r"
             UPDATE sage_apps
             SET
                 app_dir = ?,
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ impl AppsDbTx {
                 pending_update_manifest_json = ?,
                 updated_at_ms = ?
             WHERE app_id = ?
-            "#,
+            ",
         )
             .bind(common.app_dir())
             .bind(serde_json::to_string(app.source())?)
@@ -196,14 +196,14 @@ impl AppsDbTx {
         let now = crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms();
 
         sqlx::query(
-            r#"
+            r"
             UPDATE sage_apps
             SET
                 storage_id = ?,
                 origin_row_id = ?,
                 updated_at_ms = ?
             WHERE app_id = ?
-            "#,
+            ",
         )
             .bind(storage_id)
             .bind(origin_row_id)
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ impl AppsDbTx {
         let now = crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms();
 
         let result = sqlx::query(
-            r#"
+            r"
             INSERT INTO sage_app_origins (
                 origin_id,
                 storage_id,
@@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ impl AppsDbTx {
                 updated_at_ms
             )
             VALUES (?, ?, 0, ?, ?)
-            "#,
+            ",
         )
             .bind(origin_id)
             .bind(storage_id)
@@ -249,11 +249,11 @@ impl AppsDbTx {
 
 async fn list_user_app_ids_from_conn(conn: &mut SqliteConnection) -> Result<Vec<String>> {
     let rows = sqlx::query(
-        r#"
+        r"
         SELECT app_id
         FROM sage_apps
         ORDER BY app_id ASC
-        "#,
+        ",
     )
         .fetch_all(conn)
         .await
@@ -292,7 +292,7 @@ async fn load_user_app_from_conn(
 }
 
 fn load_user_app_sql() -> &'static str {
-    r#"
+    r"
     SELECT
         apps.app_id,
         apps.app_dir,
@@ -313,7 +313,7 @@ fn load_user_app_sql() -> &'static str {
     INNER JOIN sage_app_storages storages
         ON storages.id = apps.storage_id
     WHERE apps.app_id = ?
-    "#
+    "
 }
 
 fn row_to_user_app(row: SqliteRow) -> Result<UserSageApp> {
@@ -359,7 +359,7 @@ async fn load_corrupted_user_app_from_conn(
     error: anyhow::Error,
 ) -> Result<ListedSageApp> {
     let row = sqlx::query(
-        r#"
+        r"
         SELECT
             app_id,
             app_dir,
@@ -368,7 +368,7 @@ async fn load_corrupted_user_app_from_conn(
             active_snapshot_dir
         FROM sage_apps
         WHERE app_id = ?
-        "#,
+        ",
     )
         .bind(app_id)
         .fetch_one(conn)
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/db/storage.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/db/storage.rs
index 56831eb6b..263612fe0 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/db/storage.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/db/storage.rs
@@ -17,14 +17,14 @@ impl AppsDb {
         let now = crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms();
 
         let result = sqlx::query(
-            r#"
+            r"
             INSERT INTO sage_app_storages (
                 storage_json,
                 created_at_ms,
                 updated_at_ms
             )
             VALUES (?, ?, ?)
-            "#,
+            ",
         )
             .bind(storage_json)
             .bind(now)
@@ -38,13 +38,13 @@ impl AppsDb {
 
     pub async fn get_app_storage(&self, app_id: &str) -> Result<Option<SageAppStorage>> {
         let row = sqlx::query(
-            r#"
+            r"
             SELECT storage_json
             FROM sage_apps apps
             INNER JOIN sage_app_storages storages
                 ON storages.id = apps.storage_id
             WHERE apps.app_id = ?
-            "#,
+            ",
         )
             .bind(app_id)
             .fetch_optional(&self.pool)
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ impl AppsDb {
         &self,
     ) -> Result<Vec<AbandonedStorageCleanupTarget>> {
         let rows = sqlx::query(
-            r#"
+            r"
         SELECT
             storages.id AS storage_id,
             storages.storage_json AS storage_json,
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ impl AppsDb {
             SELECT storage_id FROM sage_apps
         )
         ORDER BY storages.id ASC, origins.id ASC
-        "#,
+        ",
         )
             .fetch_all(&self.pool)
             .await
@@ -121,13 +121,13 @@ impl AppsDb {
 
     pub async fn delete_origins_for_abandoned_storage(&self, storage_id: i64) -> Result<u64> {
         let result = sqlx::query(
-            r#"
+            r"
             DELETE FROM sage_app_origins
             WHERE storage_id = ?
               AND storage_id NOT IN (
                   SELECT storage_id FROM sage_apps
               )
-            "#,
+            ",
         )
             .bind(storage_id)
             .execute(&self.pool)
@@ -141,13 +141,13 @@ impl AppsDb {
 
     pub async fn delete_abandoned_storage(&self, storage_id: i64) -> Result<()> {
         sqlx::query(
-            r#"
+            r"
             DELETE FROM sage_app_storages
             WHERE id = ?
               AND id NOT IN (
                 SELECT storage_id FROM sage_apps
               )
-            "#,
+            ",
         )
             .bind(storage_id)
             .execute(&self.pool)

From 605029fea5f15b349b87c62ccb966552138bc6fd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 22 May 2026 18:10:18 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 423/471] Clippy

---
 .../methods/system/bridge_approvals/events.rs |  2 +-
 .../system/runtime_manager/close_self.rs      |  4 +---
 .../system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs    | 10 ++++----
 .../methods/system/sandbox/rerun_tests.rs     |  2 +-
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/app/events.rs     | 24 +++++++++----------
 crates/sage-apps/src/db/app.rs                | 10 ++++----
 crates/sage-apps/src/host.rs                  | 16 ++++++-------
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs |  8 +++----
 .../src/lifecycle/mutation/manager.rs         | 17 ++++++-------
 .../sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/types.rs   |  8 -------
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs       |  9 ++++---
 crates/sage-apps/src/settings.rs              |  4 ++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs   |  2 +-
 .../sage-apps/src/types/app/view/preview.rs   |  1 +
 14 files changed, 51 insertions(+), 66 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals/events.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals/events.rs
index 04b3899c1..f3e6389ad 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals/events.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals/events.rs
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ impl BridgeApprovalsChangedEvent {
         Self {
             approvals: approvals
                 .into_iter()
-                .map(|approval| approval.into())
+                .map(Into::into)
                 .collect(),
         }
     }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/close_self.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/close_self.rs
index 7f189982b..cdb900eea 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/close_self.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/close_self.rs
@@ -38,9 +38,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for RuntimeManagerCloseSelf {
         let app_id = ctx.app.id();
 
         match kill_runtime(tools.app_handle, tools.host_state, &app_id, "self_close").await {
-            Ok(_)
-            | Err(SystemKillRuntimeError::NotFound)
-            | Err(SystemKillRuntimeError::RuntimeSync(_)) => Ok(Box::new(())),
+            Ok(()) | Err(SystemKillRuntimeError::NotFound | SystemKillRuntimeError::RuntimeSync(_)) => Ok(Box::new(())),
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs
index 49bc0aa6d..d16f47b52 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs
@@ -18,8 +18,8 @@ pub struct RuntimeManagerKillRuntimeResponse {
 }
 
 impl RuntimeManagerKillRuntimeResponse {
-    pub fn ok() -> Box<Self> {
-        Box::new(Self { ok: true })
+    pub fn ok() -> Self {
+        Self { ok: true }
     }
 }
 
@@ -57,10 +57,8 @@ impl BridgeMethod for RuntimeManagerKillRuntime {
         )
         .await
         {
-            Ok(_)
-            | Err(SystemKillRuntimeError::NotFound)
-            | Err(SystemKillRuntimeError::RuntimeSync(_)) => {
-                Ok(RuntimeManagerKillRuntimeResponse::ok())
+            Ok(()) | Err(SystemKillRuntimeError::NotFound | SystemKillRuntimeError::RuntimeSync(_)) => {
+                Ok(Box::new(RuntimeManagerKillRuntimeResponse::ok()))
             }
         }
     }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/sandbox/rerun_tests.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/sandbox/rerun_tests.rs
index e1c041943..873e2c62c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/sandbox/rerun_tests.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/sandbox/rerun_tests.rs
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for SandboxRerunTests {
         let runner_app = tools.app_handle.clone();
 
         tokio::spawn(async move {
-            sandbox_runner(runner_app).await;
+            Box::pin(sandbox_runner(runner_app)).await;
         });
 
         Ok(Box::new(view))
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/events.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/events.rs
index 32bf151bc..c1411500c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/events.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/events.rs
@@ -9,17 +9,17 @@ use crate::types::SageNetworkWhitelistEntry;
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent {
-    pub removed_granted_capabilities: Vec<UserBridgeCapability>,
-    pub added_granted_capabilities: Vec<UserBridgeCapability>,
-    pub full_granted_capabilities: Vec<UserBridgeCapability>,
+    pub removed: Vec<UserBridgeCapability>,
+    pub added: Vec<UserBridgeCapability>,
+    pub full: Vec<UserBridgeCapability>,
 }
 
 impl GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent {
     pub fn from_change(change: &GrantedCapabilitiesChange) -> Self {
         Self {
-            removed_granted_capabilities: change.removed.clone(),
-            added_granted_capabilities: change.added.clone(),
-            full_granted_capabilities: change.full.clone(),
+            removed: change.removed.clone(),
+            added: change.added.clone(),
+            full: change.full.clone(),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -33,17 +33,17 @@ impl UserRuntimeEvent for GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent {
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent {
-    pub removed_granted_network_whitelist: Vec<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
-    pub added_granted_network_whitelist: Vec<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
-    pub full_granted_network_whitelist: Vec<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
+    pub removed: Vec<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
+    pub added: Vec<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
+    pub full: Vec<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
 }
 
 impl GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent {
     pub fn from_change(change: &GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange) -> Self {
         Self {
-            removed_granted_network_whitelist: change.removed.clone(),
-            added_granted_network_whitelist: change.added.clone(),
-            full_granted_network_whitelist: change.full.clone(),
+            removed: change.removed.clone(),
+            added: change.added.clone(),
+            full: change.full.clone(),
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/db/app.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/db/app.rs
index da79a9c56..a248b6cd8 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/db/app.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/db/app.rs
@@ -275,7 +275,7 @@ async fn load_user_app_optional_from_conn(
         .await
         .with_context(|| format!("failed to load app {app_id}"))?;
 
-    row.map(row_to_user_app).transpose()
+    row.as_ref().map(row_to_user_app).transpose()
 }
 
 async fn load_user_app_from_conn(
@@ -288,7 +288,7 @@ async fn load_user_app_from_conn(
         .await
         .with_context(|| format!("failed to load app {app_id}"))?;
 
-    row_to_user_app(row)
+    row_to_user_app(&row)
 }
 
 fn load_user_app_sql() -> &'static str {
@@ -316,7 +316,7 @@ fn load_user_app_sql() -> &'static str {
     "
 }
 
-fn row_to_user_app(row: SqliteRow) -> Result<UserSageApp> {
+fn row_to_user_app(row: &SqliteRow) -> Result<UserSageApp> {
     let app_id: String = row.try_get("app_id")?;
     let app_dir: String = row.try_get("app_dir")?;
     let origin_id: String = row.try_get("origin_id")?;
@@ -338,8 +338,8 @@ fn row_to_user_app(row: SqliteRow) -> Result<UserSageApp> {
         serde_json::from_str(&row.try_get::<String, _>("wallet_scope_json")?)
             .context("failed to deserialize wallet scope")?;
 
-    let active_snapshot = snapshot_from_row(&row)?;
-    let pending_update = pending_update_from_row(&row)?;
+    let active_snapshot = snapshot_from_row(row)?;
+    let pending_update = pending_update_from_row(row)?;
 
     let common = SageAppCommon::from_persisted_parts(
         SageAppIdentity::new(app_id, origin_id, app_dir)?,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/host.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/host.rs
index 962311262..c24c9bee0 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/host.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/host.rs
@@ -32,13 +32,13 @@ pub struct AppsHostState {
 impl AppsHostState {
     pub fn new(db: AppsDb) -> Self {
         Self {
-            app_operation_locks: Default::default(),
-            app_update_locks: Default::default(),
-            runtime: Default::default(),
-            bridge: Default::default(),
-            sandbox: Default::default(),
-            environment: Default::default(),
-            settings: Default::default(),
+            app_operation_locks: RwLock::default(),
+            app_update_locks: RwLock::default(),
+            runtime: AppRuntimeState::default(),
+            bridge: BridgeState::default(),
+            sandbox: SandboxStateStore::default(),
+            environment: AppsEnvironmentState::default(),
+            settings: AppsSettingsState::default(),
             db,
         }
     }
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ impl AppsSettingsState {
 
         match f(&mut settings) {
             Ok(value) => {
-                if let Err(err) = write_apps_settings(base_path, &settings) {
+                if let Err(err) = write_apps_settings(base_path, *settings) {
                     *settings = previous;
                     return Err(format!("failed to persist Sage apps settings: {err}"));
                 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
index 7b260bf1c..1d2b8116f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ impl AppInstallSource for SageAppUrl {
         _base_path: &Path,
         prepared: &Self::PreparedArtifact,
     ) -> AnyResult<(String, PathBuf)> {
-        resolve_url_install_target(root, prepared.preview.app_url())
+        Ok(resolve_url_install_target(root, prepared.preview.app_url()))
     }
 
     async fn create_snapshot(
@@ -73,11 +73,11 @@ pub fn generate_url_app_id(app_url: &SageAppUrl) -> String {
 pub fn resolve_url_install_target(
     root: &Path,
     app_url: &SageAppUrl,
-) -> AnyResult<(String, PathBuf)> {
+) -> (String, PathBuf) {
     let app_id = generate_url_app_id(app_url);
     let app_dir = root.join(&app_id);
 
-    Ok((app_id, app_dir))
+    (app_id, app_dir)
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ mod tests {
         std::fs::create_dir_all(&root).unwrap();
 
         let app_url = SageAppUrl::parse("https://example.com/app").unwrap();
-        let (app_id, app_dir) = resolve_url_install_target(&root, &app_url).unwrap();
+        let (app_id, app_dir) = resolve_url_install_target(&root, &app_url);
 
         assert_eq!(app_dir, root.join(&app_id));
         assert_eq!(app_id, generate_url_app_id(&app_url));
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mutation/manager.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mutation/manager.rs
index eac5e05be..205eca36e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mutation/manager.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mutation/manager.rs
@@ -91,17 +91,14 @@ impl<'a> AppMutationManager<'a> {
 
         let (draft, mut tx) = ctx.into_parts();
 
-        if let Err(err) = self.validate(draft.app()) {
+        if let Err(err) = Self::validate(draft.app()) {
             tx.rollback().await;
             return Err(err);
         }
 
-        let draft_user_app = match draft.app().as_user() {
-            Some(user_app) => user_app,
-            None => {
-                tx.rollback().await;
-                return Err("only user apps can be persisted by app mutation manager".to_string());
-            }
+        let Some(draft_user_app) = draft.app().as_user() else {
+            tx.rollback().await;
+            return Err("only user apps can be persisted by app mutation manager".to_string());
         };
 
         if let Err(err) = tx.persist_user_app(draft_user_app).await {
@@ -117,7 +114,7 @@ impl<'a> AppMutationManager<'a> {
             }
         };
 
-        if let Err(err) = self.assert_round_trip(draft.app(), &reloaded) {
+        if let Err(err) = Self::assert_round_trip(draft.app(), &reloaded) {
             tx.rollback().await;
             return Err(err);
         }
@@ -131,7 +128,7 @@ impl<'a> AppMutationManager<'a> {
         Ok(value)
     }
 
-    fn validate(&self, app: &SageApp) -> Result<(), String> {
+    fn validate(app: &SageApp) -> Result<(), String> {
         if app.is_system() {
             return Ok(());
         }
@@ -157,7 +154,7 @@ impl<'a> AppMutationManager<'a> {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn assert_round_trip(&self, expected: &SageApp, actual: &SageApp) -> Result<(), String> {
+    fn assert_round_trip(expected: &SageApp, actual: &SageApp) -> Result<(), String> {
         let expected = expected
             .as_user()
             .ok_or_else(|| "expected app is not a user app".to_string())?;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/types.rs
index a85305d25..93614feb7 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/types.rs
@@ -131,10 +131,6 @@ impl GrantedPermissionsChange {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn network_changed(&self) -> bool {
-        !self.network_whitelist.is_empty() || !self.network_whitelist_by_network.is_empty()
-    }
-
     pub fn capabilities(&self) -> &GrantedCapabilitiesChange {
         &self.capabilities
     }
@@ -245,10 +241,6 @@ impl GrantedNetworkWhitelistByNetworkChange {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
-        self.removed.is_empty() && self.added.is_empty()
-    }
-
     pub fn for_network(&self, network_id: &str) -> GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange {
         GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange {
             removed: self.removed.get(network_id).cloned().unwrap_or_default(),
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
index 3a27e9c7d..2d03f8706 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
@@ -29,10 +29,9 @@ pub enum ResolveStoppedError {
 impl Display for ResolveError {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
         let str = match self {
-            ResolveError::NotFound(msg) => msg.clone(),
-            ResolveError::BuildFailed(msg) => msg.clone(),
+            ResolveError::NotFound(msg) | ResolveError::BuildFailed(msg) => msg.clone(),
         };
-        write!(f, "{}", str)
+        write!(f, "{str}")
     }
 }
 
@@ -42,7 +41,7 @@ impl Display for ResolveStoppedError {
             ResolveStoppedError::CloseAttemptsHit => "too many close attempts".to_string(),
             ResolveStoppedError::AppDirMissing => "app dir missing".to_string(),
         };
-        write!(f, "{}", str)
+        write!(f, "{str}")
     }
 }
 
@@ -76,7 +75,7 @@ pub fn build_entry_src_for(
     query: BTreeMap<String, String>,
 ) -> Url {
     let scheme = protocol_scheme_for_app(identity_app);
-    let entry_file = content_app.with(|app| app.entry_file());
+    let entry_file = content_app.with(SageApp::entry_file);
 
     let mut url = Url::parse(&format!(
         "{scheme}://{}/{}",
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/settings.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/settings.rs
index 06dce3136..ec73e45b4 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/settings.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/settings.rs
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ pub fn read_apps_settings(base_path: &Path) -> anyhow::Result<SageAppsSettings>
         .with_context(|| format!("failed to parse {}", path.display()))
 }
 
-pub fn write_apps_settings(base_path: &Path, settings: &SageAppsSettings) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+pub fn write_apps_settings(base_path: &Path, settings: SageAppsSettings) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
     let root = apps_root(base_path);
     fs::create_dir_all(&root)
         .with_context(|| format!("failed to create apps root {}", root.display()))?;
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ pub fn write_apps_settings(base_path: &Path, settings: &SageAppsSettings) -> any
     let path = apps_settings_path(base_path);
     let tmp = path.with_extension("json.tmp");
 
-    let text = serde_json::to_string_pretty(settings)
+    let text = serde_json::to_string_pretty(&settings)
         .context("failed to serialize Sage apps settings")?;
 
     fs::write(&tmp, format!("{text}\n"))
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs
index 7ae3d3932..d073bd59f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ impl SharedSageApp {
     }
 
     pub fn has_secret_access(&self) -> bool {
-        self.with(|app| app.has_secret_access())
+        self.with(SageApp::has_secret_access)
     }
 
     pub fn webview_label_matches(&self, label: &str) -> bool {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/preview.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/preview.rs
index 495e8006d..bce39bc95 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/preview.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/preview.rs
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ pub struct UserSageAppPendingUpdateView {
     decision: UserSageAppPendingUpdateDecisionView,
 }
 
+#[allow(clippy::struct_field_names)]
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct UserSageAppPendingUpdateDecisionReviewView {

From ee1211b11d2e1dbbccfde4998ae767123ae22721 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 22 May 2026 18:10:37 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 424/471] Fmt

---
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs |  15 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs       |   3 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs     |   3 +-
 .../methods/system/app_install/install_url.rs |  10 +-
 .../methods/system/app_install/install_zip.rs |  10 +-
 .../methods/system/app_registry/events.rs     |   2 +-
 .../system/app_update/get_review_context.rs   |   6 +-
 .../methods/system/bridge_approvals/events.rs |   5 +-
 .../system/runtime_manager/close_self.rs      |   5 +-
 .../system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs    |   3 +-
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs    |  14 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/db/app.rs                | 183 ++++++++++--------
 crates/sage-apps/src/db/connection.rs         |  15 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/db/storage.rs            |  61 +++---
 crates/sage-apps/src/host.rs                  |   4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs                   |  17 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs |  36 ++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs |  10 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs |  10 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mod.rs         |   4 +-
 .../sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mutation/draft.rs |  12 +-
 .../src/lifecycle/mutation/manager.rs         |  11 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs     |   8 +-
 .../sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs   |  30 ++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/snapshot.rs    |  10 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs     |  44 ++---
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs   |  25 +--
 .../sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/apply.rs   |  50 +++--
 .../src/lifecycle/update/background.rs        |  28 +--
 .../sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/check.rs   |  16 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/mod.rs  |   6 +-
 .../src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs       |  97 ++++------
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs           |   6 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs       |  14 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs         |  41 ++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs     |   8 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs   |   4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs          |   5 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs  |  36 ++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runner.rs        |   4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/store.rs         |   3 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/security/bridge.rs       |   8 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs     |  10 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/settings.rs              |  20 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs           |   4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs      |  17 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs   |   3 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs             |   8 +-
 .../src/types/permissions/granted.rs          |   6 +-
 .../sage-apps/src/types/permissions/tests.rs  |   2 +-
 src-tauri/src/lib.rs                          |   4 +-
 51 files changed, 432 insertions(+), 524 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
index 3dbdd73f4..0cbe8fb03 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
@@ -16,9 +16,7 @@ use crate::capabilities::list::{BridgeCapability, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBr
 use crate::capabilities::{get_system_capability_definition, get_user_capability_definition};
 use crate::host::AppState;
 use crate::lifecycle::ensure_app_is_enabled_for_scope;
-use crate::runtime::{
-    resolve_app, start_bridge_approval_runtime, sync_bridge_approval_runtime,
-};
+use crate::runtime::{resolve_app, start_bridge_approval_runtime, sync_bridge_approval_runtime};
 use crate::security::assert_bridge_origin;
 use crate::types::SharedSageApp;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State, Webview};
@@ -177,12 +175,7 @@ async fn process_shared(
         return Ok(response.into());
     }
 
-    match method.approval_request(
-        BridgeContext {
-            app,
-        },
-        request,
-    ) {
+    match method.approval_request(BridgeContext { app }, request) {
         Ok(Some(approval)) => {
             request_approval(app_handle, app.id(), registry_kind, approval, request).await?;
             Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Pending {})
@@ -215,9 +208,7 @@ async fn execute_bridge_request(
 
     let result = method
         .handle(
-            BridgeContext {
-                app: &origin.app,
-            },
+            BridgeContext { app: &origin.app },
             BridgeTools {
                 app_handle,
                 app_state,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
index a29d505d4..ff65933df 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ pub async fn apps_invoke_system_bridge(
 
 #[tauri::command]
 #[specta::specta]
-pub fn apps_get_user_capability_definitions() -> Result<Vec<SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView>, String> {
+pub fn apps_get_user_capability_definitions() -> Result<Vec<SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView>, String>
+{
     Ok(user_registry().values().copied().map(Into::into).collect())
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs
index 5e0428713..9d0593048 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs
@@ -246,7 +246,8 @@ where
 {
     let apps_state = app_handle.state::<AppsHostState>();
 
-    let runtime = resolve_running_app(&apps_state, app_id).await
+    let runtime = resolve_running_app(&apps_state, app_id)
+        .await
         .map_err(|err| format!("failed to resolve runtime for app {app_id}: {err}"))?;
 
     let app = runtime.into_app();
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/install_url.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/install_url.rs
index a376dc9c4..6fbd0fa00 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/install_url.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/install_url.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,3 @@
-use async_trait::async_trait;
-use serde::Deserialize;
-use specta::Type;
-use std::io;
-use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
@@ -15,6 +10,11 @@ use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
 use crate::host::AppState;
 use crate::lifecycle::install::install_app_from_source;
 use crate::types::{SageAppUrl, SageAppWalletScope, SageGrantedPermissionsInput, UserSageAppView};
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+use serde::Deserialize;
+use specta::Type;
+use std::io;
+use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/install_zip.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/install_zip.rs
index 30c051adb..29d6925ac 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/install_zip.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/install_zip.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,3 @@
-use async_trait::async_trait;
-use serde::Deserialize;
-use specta::Type;
-use std::{fs, io};
-use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
 use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
@@ -16,6 +11,11 @@ use crate::lifecycle::apps_root;
 use crate::lifecycle::install::install_app_from_source;
 use crate::lifecycle::install::zip::ZipInstallSource;
 use crate::types::{SageAppWalletScope, SageGrantedPermissionsInput, UserSageAppView};
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+use serde::Deserialize;
+use specta::Type;
+use std::{fs, io};
+use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
 
 use super::AppInstallInstallResult;
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_registry/events.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_registry/events.rs
index 6d16fb8bb..0c8843a67 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_registry/events.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_registry/events.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::bridge::emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners;
 use crate::bridge::event_emit::SystemRuntimeEvent;
 use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
-use crate::lifecycle::{list_installed_apps_internal};
+use crate::lifecycle::list_installed_apps_internal;
 use crate::types::ListedSageAppView;
 use serde::Serialize;
 use specta::Type;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/get_review_context.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/get_review_context.rs
index 2a80a4b2d..0d9e80f93 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/get_review_context.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/get_review_context.rs
@@ -57,11 +57,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppUpdateGetReviewContext {
     ) -> BridgeHandleResult {
         let params: AppUpdateGetReviewContextParams = parse_required_params(self, request)?;
 
-        let preview = check_app_update_inner(
-            tools.app_handle,
-            tools.host_state,
-            &params.app_id,
-        )
+        let preview = check_app_update_inner(tools.app_handle, tools.host_state, &params.app_id)
             .await
             .map_err(|err| {
                 BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error(format!(
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals/events.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals/events.rs
index f3e6389ad..9b0493b93 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals/events.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals/events.rs
@@ -14,10 +14,7 @@ pub struct BridgeApprovalsChangedEvent {
 impl BridgeApprovalsChangedEvent {
     pub(crate) fn new_from_list(approvals: Vec<PendingBridgeApproval>) -> Self {
         Self {
-            approvals: approvals
-                .into_iter()
-                .map(Into::into)
-                .collect(),
+            approvals: approvals.into_iter().map(Into::into).collect(),
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/close_self.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/close_self.rs
index cdb900eea..d2a14ae16 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/close_self.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/close_self.rs
@@ -38,7 +38,10 @@ impl BridgeMethod for RuntimeManagerCloseSelf {
         let app_id = ctx.app.id();
 
         match kill_runtime(tools.app_handle, tools.host_state, &app_id, "self_close").await {
-            Ok(()) | Err(SystemKillRuntimeError::NotFound | SystemKillRuntimeError::RuntimeSync(_)) => Ok(Box::new(())),
+            Ok(())
+            | Err(SystemKillRuntimeError::NotFound | SystemKillRuntimeError::RuntimeSync(_)) => {
+                Ok(Box::new(()))
+            }
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs
index d16f47b52..0a511f909 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs
@@ -57,7 +57,8 @@ impl BridgeMethod for RuntimeManagerKillRuntime {
         )
         .await
         {
-            Ok(()) | Err(SystemKillRuntimeError::NotFound | SystemKillRuntimeError::RuntimeSync(_)) => {
+            Ok(())
+            | Err(SystemKillRuntimeError::NotFound | SystemKillRuntimeError::RuntimeSync(_)) => {
                 Ok(Box::new(RuntimeManagerKillRuntimeResponse::ok()))
             }
         }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs
index b019a49af..77de3c94f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for BridgeSend {
                     &payload_value,
                     tools.host_state,
                 )
-                    .await;
+                .await;
             }
 
             BridgeSendContextKind::OriginCleanup => {
@@ -86,12 +86,12 @@ impl BridgeMethod for BridgeSend {
                     &payload_value,
                     tools.host_state,
                 )
-                    .await
-                    .map_err(|err| {
-                        BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error(format!(
-                            "failed to ingest origin cleanup payload: {err}"
-                        ))
-                    })?;
+                .await
+                .map_err(|err| {
+                    BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error(format!(
+                        "failed to ingest origin cleanup payload: {err}"
+                    ))
+                })?;
             }
         }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/db/app.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/db/app.rs
index a248b6cd8..c68b6464f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/db/app.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/db/app.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,11 @@ use anyhow::{Context, Result};
 use sqlx::{Row, SqliteConnection, sqlite::SqliteRow};
 
 use crate::db::{AppsDb, AppsDbTx};
-use crate::types::{CorruptedInstalledSageApp, ListedSageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppIconView, SageAppIdentity, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppStorage, SageAppUrl, SageAppWalletScope, SageGrantedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppPendingUpdate, UserSageAppSource};
+use crate::types::{
+    CorruptedInstalledSageApp, ListedSageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppIconView, SageAppIdentity,
+    SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppStorage, SageAppUrl, SageAppWalletScope,
+    SageGrantedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppPendingUpdate, UserSageAppSource,
+};
 
 impl AppsDb {
     pub async fn app_exists(&self, app_id: &str) -> Result<bool> {
@@ -16,10 +20,10 @@ impl AppsDb {
             LIMIT 1
             ",
         )
-            .bind(app_id)
-            .fetch_optional(&self.pool)
-            .await
-            .with_context(|| format!("failed to check if app exists {app_id}"))?;
+        .bind(app_id)
+        .fetch_optional(&self.pool)
+        .await
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to check if app exists {app_id}"))?;
 
         Ok(row.is_some())
     }
@@ -94,23 +98,27 @@ impl AppsDbTx {
             VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
             ",
         )
-            .bind(common.id())
-            .bind(storage_id)
-            .bind(origin_row_id)
-            .bind(common.app_dir())
-            .bind(serde_json::to_string(app.source())?)
-            .bind(serde_json::to_string(common.granted_permissions())?)
-            .bind(serde_json::to_string(common.wallet_scope())?)
-            .bind(common.active_snapshot().manifest_hash())
-            .bind(common.active_snapshot().snapshot_dir())
-            .bind(app.pending_update().map(|p| p.app_url().to_string()))
-            .bind(app.pending_update().map(|p| p.manifest_hash().to_string()))
-            .bind(app.pending_update().map(|p| serde_json::to_string(p.manifest())).transpose()?)
-            .bind(now)
-            .bind(now)
-            .execute(&mut self.conn)
-            .await
-            .with_context(|| format!("failed to insert app {}", common.id()))?;
+        .bind(common.id())
+        .bind(storage_id)
+        .bind(origin_row_id)
+        .bind(common.app_dir())
+        .bind(serde_json::to_string(app.source())?)
+        .bind(serde_json::to_string(common.granted_permissions())?)
+        .bind(serde_json::to_string(common.wallet_scope())?)
+        .bind(common.active_snapshot().manifest_hash())
+        .bind(common.active_snapshot().snapshot_dir())
+        .bind(app.pending_update().map(|p| p.app_url().to_string()))
+        .bind(app.pending_update().map(|p| p.manifest_hash().to_string()))
+        .bind(
+            app.pending_update()
+                .map(|p| serde_json::to_string(p.manifest()))
+                .transpose()?,
+        )
+        .bind(now)
+        .bind(now)
+        .execute(&mut self.conn)
+        .await
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to insert app {}", common.id()))?;
 
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -130,14 +138,14 @@ impl AppsDbTx {
             )
             ",
         )
-            .bind(i32::from(
-                common.origin_webview_storage_may_contain_secrets(),
-            ))
-            .bind(now)
-            .bind(common.id())
-            .execute(&mut self.conn)
-            .await
-            .with_context(|| format!("failed to persist origin taint for app {}", common.id()))?;
+        .bind(i32::from(
+            common.origin_webview_storage_may_contain_secrets(),
+        ))
+        .bind(now)
+        .bind(common.id())
+        .execute(&mut self.conn)
+        .await
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to persist origin taint for app {}", common.id()))?;
 
         sqlx::query(
             r"
@@ -156,24 +164,24 @@ impl AppsDbTx {
             WHERE app_id = ?
             ",
         )
-            .bind(common.app_dir())
-            .bind(serde_json::to_string(app.source())?)
-            .bind(serde_json::to_string(common.granted_permissions())?)
-            .bind(serde_json::to_string(common.wallet_scope())?)
-            .bind(common.active_snapshot().manifest_hash())
-            .bind(common.active_snapshot().snapshot_dir())
-            .bind(app.pending_update().map(|p| p.app_url().to_string()))
-            .bind(app.pending_update().map(|p| p.manifest_hash().to_string()))
-            .bind(
-                app.pending_update()
-                    .map(|p| serde_json::to_string(p.manifest()))
-                    .transpose()?,
-            )
-            .bind(now)
-            .bind(common.id())
-            .execute(&mut self.conn)
-            .await
-            .with_context(|| format!("failed to persist app {}", common.id()))?;
+        .bind(common.app_dir())
+        .bind(serde_json::to_string(app.source())?)
+        .bind(serde_json::to_string(common.granted_permissions())?)
+        .bind(serde_json::to_string(common.wallet_scope())?)
+        .bind(common.active_snapshot().manifest_hash())
+        .bind(common.active_snapshot().snapshot_dir())
+        .bind(app.pending_update().map(|p| p.app_url().to_string()))
+        .bind(app.pending_update().map(|p| p.manifest_hash().to_string()))
+        .bind(
+            app.pending_update()
+                .map(|p| serde_json::to_string(p.manifest()))
+                .transpose()?,
+        )
+        .bind(now)
+        .bind(common.id())
+        .execute(&mut self.conn)
+        .await
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to persist app {}", common.id()))?;
 
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -205,13 +213,13 @@ impl AppsDbTx {
             WHERE app_id = ?
             ",
         )
-            .bind(storage_id)
-            .bind(origin_row_id)
-            .bind(now)
-            .bind(app_id)
-            .execute(&mut self.conn)
-            .await
-            .with_context(|| format!("failed to update app assignment {app_id}"))?;
+        .bind(storage_id)
+        .bind(origin_row_id)
+        .bind(now)
+        .bind(app_id)
+        .execute(&mut self.conn)
+        .await
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to update app assignment {app_id}"))?;
 
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -235,13 +243,13 @@ impl AppsDbTx {
             VALUES (?, ?, 0, ?, ?)
             ",
         )
-            .bind(origin_id)
-            .bind(storage_id)
-            .bind(now)
-            .bind(now)
-            .execute(&mut self.conn)
-            .await
-            .with_context(|| format!("failed to insert origin {origin_id}"))?;
+        .bind(origin_id)
+        .bind(storage_id)
+        .bind(now)
+        .bind(now)
+        .execute(&mut self.conn)
+        .await
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to insert origin {origin_id}"))?;
 
         Ok(result.last_insert_rowid())
     }
@@ -255,9 +263,9 @@ async fn list_user_app_ids_from_conn(conn: &mut SqliteConnection) -> Result<Vec<
         ORDER BY app_id ASC
         ",
     )
-        .fetch_all(conn)
-        .await
-        .context("failed to list installed app ids")?;
+    .fetch_all(conn)
+    .await
+    .context("failed to list installed app ids")?;
 
     rows.into_iter()
         .map(|row| row.try_get("app_id"))
@@ -278,10 +286,7 @@ async fn load_user_app_optional_from_conn(
     row.as_ref().map(row_to_user_app).transpose()
 }
 
-async fn load_user_app_from_conn(
-    conn: &mut SqliteConnection,
-    app_id: &str,
-) -> Result<UserSageApp> {
+async fn load_user_app_from_conn(conn: &mut SqliteConnection, app_id: &str) -> Result<UserSageApp> {
     let row = sqlx::query(load_user_app_sql())
         .bind(app_id)
         .fetch_one(conn)
@@ -322,13 +327,11 @@ fn row_to_user_app(row: &SqliteRow) -> Result<UserSageApp> {
     let origin_id: String = row.try_get("origin_id")?;
     let may_contain_secrets: i64 = row.try_get("may_contain_secrets")?;
 
-    let storage: SageAppStorage =
-        serde_json::from_str(&row.try_get::<String, _>("storage_json")?)
-            .context("failed to deserialize app storage")?;
+    let storage: SageAppStorage = serde_json::from_str(&row.try_get::<String, _>("storage_json")?)
+        .context("failed to deserialize app storage")?;
 
-    let source: UserSageAppSource =
-        serde_json::from_str(&row.try_get::<String, _>("source_json")?)
-            .context("failed to deserialize app source")?;
+    let source: UserSageAppSource = serde_json::from_str(&row.try_get::<String, _>("source_json")?)
+        .context("failed to deserialize app source")?;
 
     let granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions =
         serde_json::from_str(&row.try_get::<String, _>("granted_permissions_json")?)
@@ -370,10 +373,10 @@ async fn load_corrupted_user_app_from_conn(
         WHERE app_id = ?
         ",
     )
-        .bind(app_id)
-        .fetch_one(conn)
-        .await
-        .with_context(|| format!("failed to load corrupted app fallback {app_id}"))?;
+    .bind(app_id)
+    .fetch_one(conn)
+    .await
+    .with_context(|| format!("failed to load corrupted app fallback {app_id}"))?;
 
     let app_id: String = row.try_get("app_id")?;
 
@@ -399,7 +402,11 @@ async fn load_corrupted_user_app_from_conn(
     let icon = manifest_header
         .as_ref()
         .and_then(|header| header.icon.as_deref())
-        .and_then(|icon_path| snapshot_dir.as_deref().map(|dir| Path::new(dir).join(icon_path)))
+        .and_then(|icon_path| {
+            snapshot_dir
+                .as_deref()
+                .map(|dir| Path::new(dir).join(icon_path))
+        })
         .and_then(|path| SageAppIconView::from_file_path(&path));
 
     Ok(ListedSageApp::Corrupted(
@@ -413,11 +420,19 @@ async fn load_corrupted_user_app_from_conn(
 fn read_snapshot_manifest(snapshot_dir: &str) -> Result<SageAppPackageManifest> {
     let manifest_path = Path::new(snapshot_dir).join(crate::types::MANIFEST_FILE_NAME);
 
-    let text = std::fs::read_to_string(&manifest_path)
-        .with_context(|| format!("failed to read snapshot manifest {}", manifest_path.display()))?;
+    let text = std::fs::read_to_string(&manifest_path).with_context(|| {
+        format!(
+            "failed to read snapshot manifest {}",
+            manifest_path.display()
+        )
+    })?;
 
-    serde_json::from_str(&text)
-        .with_context(|| format!("failed to parse snapshot manifest {}", manifest_path.display()))
+    serde_json::from_str(&text).with_context(|| {
+        format!(
+            "failed to parse snapshot manifest {}",
+            manifest_path.display()
+        )
+    })
 }
 
 fn snapshot_from_row(row: &SqliteRow) -> Result<SageAppSnapshot> {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/db/connection.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/db/connection.rs
index ac736735e..2e42c6a4d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/db/connection.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/db/connection.rs
@@ -20,8 +20,9 @@ pub struct AppsDb {
 
 impl AppsDb {
     pub async fn initialize(base_path: &Path) -> Result<Self> {
-        fs::create_dir_all(base_path)
-            .with_context(|| format!("failed to create apps db directory {}", base_path.display()))?;
+        fs::create_dir_all(base_path).with_context(|| {
+            format!("failed to create apps db directory {}", base_path.display())
+        })?;
 
         let db_path = database_path(base_path);
 
@@ -37,10 +38,12 @@ impl AppsDb {
             .await
             .with_context(|| format!("failed to open apps database {}", db_path.display()))?;
 
-        MIGRATOR
-            .run(&pool)
-            .await
-            .with_context(|| format!("failed to run apps database migrations {}", db_path.display()))?;
+        MIGRATOR.run(&pool).await.with_context(|| {
+            format!(
+                "failed to run apps database migrations {}",
+                db_path.display()
+            )
+        })?;
 
         Ok(Self { pool })
     }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/db/storage.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/db/storage.rs
index 263612fe0..d6f43c605 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/db/storage.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/db/storage.rs
@@ -26,12 +26,12 @@ impl AppsDb {
             VALUES (?, ?, ?)
             ",
         )
-            .bind(storage_json)
-            .bind(now)
-            .bind(now)
-            .execute(&self.pool)
-            .await
-            .context("failed to insert storage")?;
+        .bind(storage_json)
+        .bind(now)
+        .bind(now)
+        .execute(&self.pool)
+        .await
+        .context("failed to insert storage")?;
 
         Ok(result.last_insert_rowid())
     }
@@ -46,10 +46,10 @@ impl AppsDb {
             WHERE apps.app_id = ?
             ",
         )
-            .bind(app_id)
-            .fetch_optional(&self.pool)
-            .await
-            .with_context(|| format!("failed to get storage for app {app_id}"))?;
+        .bind(app_id)
+        .fetch_optional(&self.pool)
+        .await
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to get storage for app {app_id}"))?;
 
         let Some(row) = row else {
             return Ok(None);
@@ -80,21 +80,18 @@ impl AppsDb {
         ORDER BY storages.id ASC, origins.id ASC
         ",
         )
-            .fetch_all(&self.pool)
-            .await
-            .context("failed to list abandoned storage cleanup targets")?;
+        .fetch_all(&self.pool)
+        .await
+        .context("failed to list abandoned storage cleanup targets")?;
 
-        let mut grouped =
-            std::collections::BTreeMap::<i64, (SageAppStorage, Vec<String>)>::new();
+        let mut grouped = std::collections::BTreeMap::<i64, (SageAppStorage, Vec<String>)>::new();
 
         for row in rows {
             let storage_id: i64 = row.try_get("storage_id")?;
             let storage_json: String = row.try_get("storage_json")?;
 
             let storage = serde_json::from_str::<SageAppStorage>(&storage_json)
-                .with_context(|| {
-                    format!("failed to deserialize abandoned storage {storage_id}")
-                })?;
+                .with_context(|| format!("failed to deserialize abandoned storage {storage_id}"))?;
 
             let origin_id: Option<String> = row.try_get("origin_id")?;
 
@@ -109,13 +106,13 @@ impl AppsDb {
 
         Ok(grouped
             .into_iter()
-            .map(|(storage_id, (storage, origin_ids))| {
-                AbandonedStorageCleanupTarget {
+            .map(
+                |(storage_id, (storage, origin_ids))| AbandonedStorageCleanupTarget {
                     storage_id,
                     storage,
                     origin_ids,
-                }
-            })
+                },
+            )
             .collect())
     }
 
@@ -129,12 +126,12 @@ impl AppsDb {
               )
             ",
         )
-            .bind(storage_id)
-            .execute(&self.pool)
-            .await
-            .with_context(|| {
-                format!("failed to delete abandoned origins for storage row {storage_id}")
-            })?;
+        .bind(storage_id)
+        .execute(&self.pool)
+        .await
+        .with_context(|| {
+            format!("failed to delete abandoned origins for storage row {storage_id}")
+        })?;
 
         Ok(result.rows_affected())
     }
@@ -149,10 +146,10 @@ impl AppsDb {
               )
             ",
         )
-            .bind(storage_id)
-            .execute(&self.pool)
-            .await
-            .with_context(|| format!("failed to delete abandoned storage row {storage_id}"))?;
+        .bind(storage_id)
+        .execute(&self.pool)
+        .await
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to delete abandoned storage row {storage_id}"))?;
 
         Ok(())
     }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/host.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/host.rs
index c24c9bee0..4ad2df2c1 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/host.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/host.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::environment::EnvironmentThemeView;
 use crate::bridge::state::BridgeState;
+use crate::db::AppsDb;
 use crate::runtime::AppRuntimeState;
 use crate::sandbox::SandboxStateStore;
+use crate::settings::{SageAppsSettings, write_apps_settings};
 use parking_lot::RwLock;
 use sage::Sage;
 use sage_api::ErrorKind;
@@ -12,8 +14,6 @@ use std::fmt;
 use std::path::Path;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use tokio::sync::Mutex;
-use crate::db::AppsDb;
-use crate::settings::{write_apps_settings, SageAppsSettings};
 
 pub type AppState = Arc<Mutex<Sage>>;
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
index a1ef1a7a3..2c615e5fb 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,40 +1,39 @@
 mod bridge;
 mod build;
 mod capabilities;
+mod db;
 mod environment;
 mod host;
 mod lifecycle;
 mod runtime;
 mod sandbox;
 mod security;
+mod settings;
 mod storage;
 mod system_apps;
 mod types;
 mod utils;
-mod settings;
-mod db;
 
 // State
-pub use host::AppsHostState;
 pub use db::AppsDb;
+pub use host::AppsHostState;
 pub use settings::{SageAppsSettings, read_apps_settings};
 
 // Commands
 pub use bridge::commands::{
-    apps_invoke_bridge, apps_invoke_system_bridge, apps_get_user_capability_definitions,
+    apps_get_user_capability_definitions, apps_invoke_bridge, apps_invoke_system_bridge,
 };
 pub use environment::commands::apps_set_environment_theme;
 pub use lifecycle::{
     apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data,
     install::commands::apps_list_installed_apps,
+    uninstall::apps_uninstall_app,
     update::commands::{apps_apply_app_update, apps_check_app_update},
-    uninstall::apps_uninstall_app
 };
 pub use runtime::commands::{
-    apps_enter_workspace, apps_leave_workspace,
-    apps_start_user_app, apps_start_system_app, apps_list_runtimes,
-    apps_focus_taskbar_runtime, apps_kill_taskbar_runtime, apps_clear_active_taskbar_runtime,
-    apps_dev_reload_runtime,
+    apps_clear_active_taskbar_runtime, apps_dev_reload_runtime, apps_enter_workspace,
+    apps_focus_taskbar_runtime, apps_kill_taskbar_runtime, apps_leave_workspace,
+    apps_list_runtimes, apps_start_system_app, apps_start_user_app,
 };
 pub use sandbox::commands::{
     apps_get_app_launch_gate, apps_get_sandbox_state, apps_rerun_sandbox_tests,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
index e2a08ca20..14c9da53c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
@@ -12,9 +12,8 @@ use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::bridge::methods::system::emit_listed_apps_changed;
 use crate::lifecycle::{allocate_new_storage, apps_root};
 use crate::types::{
-    SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot,
-    SageAppStorage, SageAppWalletScope, SageGrantedPermissionsInput, UserSageApp,
-    UserSageAppSource,
+    SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppStorage,
+    SageAppWalletScope, SageGrantedPermissionsInput, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
 };
 
 pub mod commands;
@@ -72,7 +71,7 @@ where
         wallet_scope,
         source,
     )
-        .await;
+    .await;
 
     let host_state: State<'_, AppsHostState> = app.state();
     emit_listed_apps_changed(app, &host_state).await;
@@ -96,8 +95,7 @@ where
 
     let prepared_artifact = source.prepare().await?;
 
-    let (app_id, app_dir) =
-        source.resolve_target(&root, base_path, &prepared_artifact)?;
+    let (app_id, app_dir) = source.resolve_target(&root, base_path, &prepared_artifact)?;
 
     if host_state.db.app_exists(&app_id).await? {
         anyhow::bail!("App is already installed");
@@ -120,7 +118,7 @@ where
         granted_permissions_input,
         wallet_scope,
     )
-        .await?;
+    .await?;
 
     let mut tx = host_state.db.begin_immediate().await?;
 
@@ -203,8 +201,7 @@ where
 
     let prepared_artifact = source.prepare().await?;
 
-    let (app_id, app_dir) =
-        source.resolve_target(&root, base_path, &prepared_artifact)?;
+    let (app_id, app_dir) = source.resolve_target(&root, base_path, &prepared_artifact)?;
 
     materialize_installed_app(
         source,
@@ -218,7 +215,7 @@ where
         granted_permissions_input,
         SageAppWalletScope::AllWallets,
     )
-        .await
+    .await
 }
 
 pub fn fresh_origin_id(app_id: &str) -> String {
@@ -324,24 +321,21 @@ mod tests {
                     [],
                     [],
                 )
-                    .unwrap(),
+                .unwrap(),
                 SageRequestedCapabilities::new(
                     [UserBridgeCapability::StoragePersistentWebview],
                     [UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch],
                 ),
             )
-                .unwrap(),
-            files: vec![SageAppManifestFile::new(
-                "index.html".to_string(),
-                "a".repeat(64),
-                123,
-            )
-                .unwrap()],
+            .unwrap(),
+            files: vec![
+                SageAppManifestFile::new("index.html".to_string(), "a".repeat(64), 123).unwrap(),
+            ],
             entry: Some("index.html".into()),
             author: None,
             donation: None,
         })
-            .unwrap()
+        .unwrap()
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -391,8 +385,8 @@ mod tests {
             granted,
             SageAppWalletScope::AllWallets,
         )
-            .await
-            .unwrap();
+        .await
+        .unwrap();
 
         let common = installed.common();
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
index 1d2b8116f..d859ae405 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
@@ -6,8 +6,7 @@ use async_trait::async_trait;
 use super::AppInstallSource;
 use crate::lifecycle::{download_url_snapshot, fetch_url_manifest_preview};
 use crate::types::{
-    SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppUrl, SageAppUrlPreview,
-    UserSageAppSource,
+    SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppUrl, SageAppUrlPreview, UserSageAppSource,
 };
 use crate::utils::bytes_sha256_hex;
 
@@ -61,7 +60,7 @@ impl AppInstallSource for SageAppUrl {
             prepared.preview.require_full_manifest()?,
             prepared.preview.manifest_hash(),
         )
-            .await
+        .await
     }
 }
 
@@ -70,10 +69,7 @@ pub fn generate_url_app_id(app_url: &SageAppUrl) -> String {
     format!("url-{}-{}", app_url.slug(), &hash[..16])
 }
 
-pub fn resolve_url_install_target(
-    root: &Path,
-    app_url: &SageAppUrl,
-) -> (String, PathBuf) {
+pub fn resolve_url_install_target(root: &Path, app_url: &SageAppUrl) -> (String, PathBuf) {
     let app_id = generate_url_app_id(app_url);
     let app_dir = root.join(&app_id);
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs
index 0e721f343..c40823742 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs
@@ -9,9 +9,7 @@ use uuid::Uuid;
 
 use super::AppInstallSource;
 use crate::lifecycle::{detect_package_root, prepare_zip_snapshot, read_manifest, unzip_to_dir};
-use crate::types::{
-    SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, UserSageAppSource,
-};
+use crate::types::{SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, UserSageAppSource};
 use crate::utils::slugify_app_name;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
@@ -91,7 +89,9 @@ pub fn generate_zip_app_id(name: &str) -> String {
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
-    use crate::types::{SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageRequestedPermissions};
+    use crate::types::{
+        SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageRequestedPermissions,
+    };
     use tempfile::tempdir;
 
     fn sample_manifest(name: &str) -> SageAppPackageManifest {
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ mod tests {
             author: None,
             donation: None,
         })
-            .unwrap()
+        .unwrap()
     }
 
     #[test]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mod.rs
index ff8d2b954..eb94ee787 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mod.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 pub mod install;
 pub mod manifest;
+mod mutation;
 pub mod package;
 pub mod registry;
 mod scope;
@@ -7,7 +8,6 @@ pub mod snapshot;
 pub mod storage;
 pub mod uninstall;
 pub mod update;
-mod mutation;
 
 pub use manifest::*;
 pub use package::*;
@@ -17,5 +17,5 @@ pub use storage::*;
 
 pub use update::start_background_app_update_checker;
 
-pub(crate) use scope::ensure_app_is_enabled_for_scope;
 pub(crate) use mutation::AppMutationManager;
+pub(crate) use scope::ensure_app_is_enabled_for_scope;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mutation/draft.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mutation/draft.rs
index 15c1f17ad..b56365c0a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mutation/draft.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mutation/draft.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
-use crate::types::{
-    SageApp, SageAppStorage, SageGrantedPermissions,
-};
+use crate::types::{SageApp, SageAppStorage, SageGrantedPermissions};
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub(crate) struct AppMutationDraft {
@@ -31,9 +29,7 @@ impl AppMutationDraft {
             .replace_storage_and_origin(storage, origin_id, origin_tainted)
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn mark_origin_webview_storage_may_contain_secrets(
-        &mut self,
-    ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    pub(crate) fn mark_origin_webview_storage_may_contain_secrets(&mut self) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
         self.app
             .common_mut()
             .mark_origin_webview_storage_may_contain_secrets()
@@ -43,6 +39,8 @@ impl AppMutationDraft {
         &mut self,
         granted_permissions: &SageGrantedPermissions,
     ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-        self.app.common_mut().update_permissions(granted_permissions)
+        self.app
+            .common_mut()
+            .update_permissions(granted_permissions)
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mutation/manager.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mutation/manager.rs
index 205eca36e..743d5d871 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mutation/manager.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mutation/manager.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-use std::pin::Pin;
 use anyhow::Result;
+use std::pin::Pin;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
 use crate::AppsHostState;
@@ -37,10 +37,7 @@ impl AppMutationContext {
 }
 
 impl<'a> AppMutationManager<'a> {
-    pub(crate) fn new(
-        app_handle: &'a AppHandle,
-        apps_state: &'a State<'a, AppsHostState>,
-    ) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn new(app_handle: &'a AppHandle, apps_state: &'a State<'a, AppsHostState>) -> Self {
         Self {
             app_handle,
             apps_state,
@@ -142,9 +139,7 @@ impl<'a> AppMutationManager<'a> {
             );
         }
 
-        if common.has_external_access()
-            && common.origin_webview_storage_may_contain_secrets()
-        {
+        if common.has_external_access() && common.origin_webview_storage_may_contain_secrets() {
             return Err(
                 "app permissions cannot include external access while origin webview storage may contain secrets"
                     .to_string(),
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs
index a2a389433..571ade1b2 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs
@@ -94,12 +94,8 @@ pub fn prepare_zip_snapshot(
         })?;
     }
 
-    fs::create_dir_all(snapshot_dir).with_context(|| {
-        format!(
-            "failed to create snapshot dir {}",
-            snapshot_dir.display()
-        )
-    })?;
+    fs::create_dir_all(snapshot_dir)
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to create snapshot dir {}", snapshot_dir.display()))?;
 
     copy_dir_recursive(package_root, snapshot_dir).with_context(|| {
         format!(
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs
index 4eb20070a..e75956d03 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs
@@ -1,24 +1,17 @@
 pub mod types;
 
-use std::{
-    path::{Path, PathBuf},
-};
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
 
-use anyhow::{Result as AnyResult};
+use anyhow::Result as AnyResult;
 
 use crate::system_apps::{SystemAppUsage, list_builtin_system_apps};
-use crate::types::{
-    ListedSageApp,
-    SageApp,
-};
+use crate::types::{ListedSageApp, SageApp};
 
 pub fn apps_root(base_path: &Path) -> PathBuf {
     base_path.join("apps")
 }
 
-pub async fn list_installed_apps_internal(
-    db: &crate::db::AppsDb,
-) -> AnyResult<Vec<ListedSageApp>> {
+pub async fn list_installed_apps_internal(db: &crate::db::AppsDb) -> AnyResult<Vec<ListedSageApp>> {
     let mut apps = db.list_installed_apps().await?;
 
     for app in list_builtin_system_apps()? {
@@ -47,8 +40,11 @@ mod tests {
     use super::*;
     use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 
-    use crate::lifecycle::install::{install_app_from_source_for_test, FakeInstallSource};
-    use crate::types::{ListedSageApp, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageGrantedPermissionsInput, SageRequestedPermissions, SharedSageApp, UserSageAppSource};
+    use crate::lifecycle::install::{FakeInstallSource, install_app_from_source_for_test};
+    use crate::types::{
+        ListedSageApp, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts,
+        SageGrantedPermissionsInput, SageRequestedPermissions, SharedSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
+    };
     use tempfile::tempdir;
 
     fn sample_manifest_file(path: &str, size: u64) -> SageAppManifestFile {
@@ -91,8 +87,8 @@ mod tests {
                 source: UserSageAppSource::url("https://example.com/app/").unwrap(),
             },
         )
-            .await
-            .unwrap();
+        .await
+        .unwrap();
 
         let storage_id = db
             .register_storage(installed.common().storage())
@@ -130,9 +126,7 @@ mod tests {
         let _alpha = sample_app_named(base.path(), &db, "a", "Alpha").await;
         let _zeta = sample_app_named(base.path(), &db, "z", "Zeta").await;
 
-        let listed = without_system_apps(
-            list_installed_apps_internal(&db).await.unwrap()
-        );
+        let listed = without_system_apps(list_installed_apps_internal(&db).await.unwrap());
 
         let names: Vec<_> = listed
             .into_iter()
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/snapshot.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/snapshot.rs
index 578664a0c..42bbeb984 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/snapshot.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/snapshot.rs
@@ -76,14 +76,18 @@ pub async fn download_url_snapshot(
 }
 
 pub(crate) fn write_snapshot_manifest(snapshot: &SageAppSnapshot) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-    let manifest_path = Path::new(snapshot.snapshot_dir())
-        .join(crate::types::MANIFEST_FILE_NAME);
+    let manifest_path = Path::new(snapshot.snapshot_dir()).join(crate::types::MANIFEST_FILE_NAME);
 
     fs::write(
         &manifest_path,
         serde_json::to_string_pretty(snapshot.manifest())?,
     )
-        .with_context(|| format!("failed to write snapshot manifest {}", manifest_path.display()))?;
+    .with_context(|| {
+        format!(
+            "failed to write snapshot manifest {}",
+            manifest_path.display()
+        )
+    })?;
 
     Ok(())
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
index bc18df919..309f5cef4 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
@@ -1,21 +1,15 @@
-use anyhow::{Result as AnyResult};
-use tauri::{AppHandle, command, State, Manager};
-use std::path::Path;
-use uuid::Uuid;
-#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
-use {
-    std::fs,
-    anyhow::Context,
-};
-#[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios"))]
-use {
-    anyhow::anyhow,
-    crate::storage::parse_data_store_id,
-};
 use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::runtime::{resolve_stopped_app};
+use crate::runtime::resolve_stopped_app;
 use crate::runtime::start::start_user_app;
 use crate::types::{SageAppStorage, SharedSageApp};
+use anyhow::Result as AnyResult;
+use std::path::Path;
+use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State, command};
+use uuid::Uuid;
+#[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios"))]
+use {crate::storage::parse_data_store_id, anyhow::anyhow};
+#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
+use {anyhow::Context, std::fs};
 
 pub struct RegisteredSageAppStorage {
     pub storage_id: i64,
@@ -51,7 +45,7 @@ pub async fn apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data(
                 focus: Some(true),
             },
         )
-            .await?;
+        .await?;
     }
 
     Ok(())
@@ -122,10 +116,7 @@ pub async fn allocate_new_os_storage(
     Ok(SageAppStorage::Unmanaged)
 }
 
-pub async fn process_pending_storage_cleanup(
-    app: &AppHandle,
-    _base_path: &Path,
-) -> AnyResult<()> {
+pub async fn process_pending_storage_cleanup(app: &AppHandle, _base_path: &Path) -> AnyResult<()> {
     let host_state: State<'_, AppsHostState> = app.state();
 
     let cleanup_targets = host_state
@@ -153,7 +144,7 @@ pub async fn process_pending_storage_cleanup(
                             storage: target.storage.clone(),
                         },
                     )
-                        .await?;
+                    .await?;
                 }
             }
 
@@ -163,10 +154,7 @@ pub async fn process_pending_storage_cleanup(
                     .map_err(anyhow::Error::msg)?;
             }
         }
-        tracing::info!(
-            storage_id = target.storage_id,
-            "origin cleanup completed"
-        );
+        tracing::info!(storage_id = target.storage_id, "origin cleanup completed");
 
         host_state
             .db
@@ -271,11 +259,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn rotate_app_storage_and_origin(
                     .await?;
 
                 ctx.tx()
-                    .update_app_assignment(
-                        &app_id,
-                        next_storage.storage_id,
-                        origin_row_id,
-                    )
+                    .update_app_assignment(&app_id, next_storage.storage_id, origin_row_id)
                     .await?;
 
                 ctx.draft_mut().replace_storage_and_origin(
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs
index 7d98e9f6f..12c055b02 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs
@@ -28,36 +28,31 @@ pub async fn apps_uninstall_app(
             return Err(io::Error::other(
                 "failed to uninstall app because runtime could not be stopped",
             )
-                .into());
+            .into());
         }
     }
 
     let host_state: State<'_, AppsHostState> = app_handle.state();
 
-    let mut tx = host_state
-        .db
-        .begin_immediate()
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| {
-            io::Error::other(format!(
-                "failed to begin uninstall transaction for {app_id}: {err}"
-            ))
-        })?;
+    let mut tx = host_state.db.begin_immediate().await.map_err(|err| {
+        io::Error::other(format!(
+            "failed to begin uninstall transaction for {app_id}: {err}"
+        ))
+    })?;
 
     if let Err(err) = tx.delete_user_app(&app_id).await {
         tx.rollback().await;
 
-        return Err(io::Error::other(format!(
-            "failed to delete app {app_id} from db: {err}"
-        ))
-            .into());
+        return Err(
+            io::Error::other(format!("failed to delete app {app_id} from db: {err}")).into(),
+        );
     }
 
     if let Err(err) = tx.commit().await {
         return Err(io::Error::other(format!(
             "failed to commit uninstall transaction for {app_id}: {err}"
         ))
-            .into());
+        .into());
     }
 
     if dir.exists() {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/apply.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/apply.rs
index f26064a8e..455f89169 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/apply.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/apply.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,17 @@
-use std::collections::BTreeMap;
-use std::{fs, io};
-use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::bridge::methods::system::emit_pending_update_changed;
-use crate::lifecycle::{download_url_snapshot, AppMutationManager};
+use crate::lifecycle::{AppMutationManager, download_url_snapshot};
 use crate::runtime::commands::CreateInstalledRuntimeArgs;
-use crate::runtime::{find_active_taskbar_runtime, resolve_app, start_app_update_runtime};
 use crate::runtime::start::start_user_app;
 use crate::runtime::webview_locator::get_sage_window;
-use crate::types::{ResolvedApp, SageApp, SageAppView, SageGrantedPermissionsInput, SharedSageApp, UserSageAppPendingUpdate};
+use crate::runtime::{find_active_taskbar_runtime, resolve_app, start_app_update_runtime};
+use crate::types::{
+    ResolvedApp, SageApp, SageAppView, SageGrantedPermissionsInput, SharedSageApp,
+    UserSageAppPendingUpdate,
+};
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+use std::{fs, io};
+use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
 
 pub(crate) async fn apply_app_update_inner(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
@@ -30,7 +33,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn apply_app_update_inner(
             None,
             "failed to start app update review runtime",
         )
-            .await;
+        .await;
 
         let resolved = resolve_app(app_handle, app_id).await.map_err(|err| {
             io::Error::other(format!("failed to read installed app {app_id}: {err}"))
@@ -47,19 +50,19 @@ pub(crate) async fn apply_app_update_inner(
         preflight.pending,
         additional_granted_permissions_input,
     )
-        .await?;
+    .await?;
 
     emit_pending_update_changed(app_handle, apps_state, &app).await;
 
     if reopen_after_update.should_reopen
         && let Err(err) = start_user_app(
-        app_handle,
-        apps_state,
-        CreateInstalledRuntimeArgs {
-            app_id: app_id.to_string(),
-            focus: Some(reopen_after_update.should_focus),
-        },
-    )
+            app_handle,
+            apps_state,
+            CreateInstalledRuntimeArgs {
+                app_id: app_id.to_string(),
+                focus: Some(reopen_after_update.should_focus),
+            },
+        )
         .await
     {
         tracing::error!(
@@ -148,12 +151,8 @@ async fn execute_app_update(
 
     let app_dir = app.with(SageApp::app_path);
 
-    let old_snapshot_dir = app.with(|app| {
-        app.common()
-            .active_snapshot()
-            .snapshot_dir()
-            .to_string()
-    });
+    let old_snapshot_dir =
+        app.with(|app| app.common().active_snapshot().snapshot_dir().to_string());
 
     let snapshot_dir = crate::lifecycle::fresh_snapshot_dir(&app_dir);
 
@@ -170,8 +169,8 @@ async fn execute_app_update(
         pending.manifest(),
         pending.manifest_hash(),
     )
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to download update snapshot: {err}")))?;
+    .await
+    .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to download update snapshot: {err}")))?;
 
     crate::lifecycle::write_snapshot_manifest(&snapshot).map_err(|err| {
         io::Error::other(format!("failed to write update snapshot manifest: {err}"))
@@ -192,9 +191,7 @@ async fn execute_app_update(
                     .app_mut()
                     .apply_update(&pending, granted_permissions, snapshot)?;
 
-                ctx.draft_mut()
-                    .app_mut()
-                    .set_pending_update(None)?;
+                ctx.draft_mut().app_mut().set_pending_update(None)?;
 
                 Ok(())
             })
@@ -314,4 +311,3 @@ impl ReopenAfterUpdate {
         })
     }
 }
-
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/background.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/background.rs
index b8816259c..3fcf8471a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/background.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/background.rs
@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@ use futures::future::join_all;
 use std::time::Duration;
 
 use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::lifecycle::{list_installed_apps_internal};
-use crate::types::ListedSageApp;
-use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
+use crate::lifecycle::list_installed_apps_internal;
 use crate::lifecycle::update::apply::try_auto_apply_pending_update;
 use crate::lifecycle::update::check::check_app_update_inner;
+use crate::types::ListedSageApp;
+use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
 
 pub fn start_background_app_update_checker(app_handle: AppHandle) {
     tauri::async_runtime::spawn(async move {
@@ -50,10 +50,10 @@ async fn run_background_app_update_check(app_handle: &AppHandle) -> anyhow::Resu
 
             if let Err(err) = &result {
                 tracing::warn!(
-            error = %err,
-            app_id = %app_id,
-            "failed to check app update in background"
-        );
+                    error = %err,
+                    app_id = %app_id,
+                    "failed to check app update in background"
+                );
 
                 return result;
             }
@@ -64,17 +64,17 @@ async fn run_background_app_update_check(app_handle: &AppHandle) -> anyhow::Resu
                 match try_auto_apply_pending_update(&app_handle, &host_state, &app_id).await {
                     Ok(true) => {
                         tracing::info!(
-                    app_id = %app_id,
-                    "auto-applied app update"
-                );
+                            app_id = %app_id,
+                            "auto-applied app update"
+                        );
                     }
                     Ok(false) => {}
                     Err(err) => {
                         tracing::warn!(
-                    error = %err,
-                    app_id = %app_id,
-                    "failed to auto-apply app update"
-                );
+                            error = %err,
+                            app_id = %app_id,
+                            "failed to auto-apply app update"
+                        );
                     }
                 }
             }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/check.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/check.rs
index 5b04300c0..02f1fe0cd 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/check.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/check.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,13 @@
-use std::io;
-use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::bridge::methods::system::emit_pending_update_changed;
-use crate::lifecycle::{fetch_url_manifest, fetch_url_manifest_preview, AppMutationManager};
+use crate::lifecycle::{AppMutationManager, fetch_url_manifest, fetch_url_manifest_preview};
 use crate::runtime::resolve_app;
-use crate::types::{ResolvedApp, SageApp, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppUrlPreview, SharedSageApp, UserSageAppPendingUpdate, UserSageAppSource};
+use crate::types::{
+    ResolvedApp, SageApp, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppUrlPreview, SharedSageApp,
+    UserSageAppPendingUpdate, UserSageAppSource,
+};
+use std::io;
+use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
 pub(crate) enum AppUpdatePreviewResult {
     None,
@@ -29,9 +32,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn check_app_update_inner(
             mutation_manager
                 .mutate_shared_app(&app, |ctx| {
                     Box::pin(async move {
-                        ctx.draft_mut()
-                            .app_mut()
-                            .set_pending_update(None)?;
+                        ctx.draft_mut().app_mut().set_pending_update(None)?;
 
                         Ok(())
                     })
@@ -133,7 +134,6 @@ async fn preview_app_update(app: &ResolvedApp) -> crate::host::Result<AppUpdateP
     Ok(AppUpdatePreviewResult::New(preview))
 }
 
-
 async fn fetch_pending_update(
     app: &SharedSageApp,
 ) -> crate::host::Result<Option<UserSageAppPendingUpdate>> {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/mod.rs
index 4c6b1a6c0..3d61f1caf 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/mod.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
+mod apply;
 mod background;
+mod check;
 pub mod commands;
 pub mod permissions;
 pub mod scope;
 pub mod types;
-mod check;
-mod apply;
 
-pub use background::start_background_app_update_checker;
 pub(crate) use apply::apply_app_update_inner;
+pub use background::start_background_app_update_checker;
 pub(crate) use check::check_app_update_inner;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
index 115b9a4f6..cc8e0ce6c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
@@ -12,12 +12,14 @@ use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::host::AppState;
 use crate::lifecycle::AppMutationManager;
 use crate::lifecycle::update::types::{
-    AppUpdateResult, GrantCapabilityOutcome, GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome,
-    GrantedPermissionsChange,
+    AppUpdateResult, GrantCapabilityOutcome, GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome, GrantedPermissionsChange,
 };
-use crate::runtime::{find_runtime_by_app_id_optional, kill_taskbar_runtime, reload_app_runtime, resolve_app, SageAppRuntimeVisibility};
 use crate::runtime::commands::CreateInstalledRuntimeArgs;
 use crate::runtime::start::start_user_app;
+use crate::runtime::{
+    SageAppRuntimeVisibility, find_runtime_by_app_id_optional, kill_taskbar_runtime,
+    reload_app_runtime, resolve_app,
+};
 use crate::types::{SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SharedSageApp};
 
 pub async fn update_app_permissions_for_app(
@@ -68,10 +70,10 @@ async fn grant_capability_internal(
     let app = resolve_app_for_permission_update(app_handle, app_id).await?;
 
     let granted_permissions = app.try_with(|sage_app| {
-        sage_app.common().granted_permissions().with_capability_added(
-            sage_app.common().requested_permissions(),
-            capability,
-        )
+        sage_app
+            .common()
+            .granted_permissions()
+            .with_capability_added(sage_app.common().requested_permissions(), capability)
     })?;
 
     apply_granted_permissions(app_handle, apps_state, &app, &granted_permissions).await
@@ -132,7 +134,9 @@ async fn apply_granted_permissions(
             runtime.with_runtime(|record| {
                 (
                     record.visibility() == SageAppRuntimeVisibility::Visible,
-                    record.app().with(|app| app.common().has_persistent_webview_storage()),
+                    record
+                        .app()
+                        .with(|app| app.common().has_persistent_webview_storage()),
                 )
             })
         });
@@ -142,13 +146,9 @@ async fn apply_granted_permissions(
         |(_, persistent)| persistent,
     );
 
-    let update_result = mutate_granted_permissions(
-        app_handle,
-        apps_state,
-        app,
-        granted_permissions.clone(),
-    )
-        .await?;
+    let update_result =
+        mutate_granted_permissions(app_handle, apps_state, app, granted_permissions.clone())
+            .await?;
 
     emit_granted_permissions_change(app_handle, &app_id, update_result.change()).await;
 
@@ -165,12 +165,12 @@ async fn apply_granted_permissions(
                 &app_id,
                 "persistent_webview_storage_permission_changed",
             )
-                .await
-                .map_err(|err| {
-                    anyhow::anyhow!(
+            .await
+            .map_err(|err| {
+                anyhow::anyhow!(
                     "failed to kill app runtime after persistent storage permission change: {err}"
                 )
-                })?;
+            })?;
 
             start_user_app(
                 app_handle,
@@ -180,12 +180,12 @@ async fn apply_granted_permissions(
                     focus: Some(was_visible),
                 },
             )
-                .await
-                .map_err(|err| {
-                    anyhow::anyhow!(
+            .await
+            .map_err(|err| {
+                anyhow::anyhow!(
                     "failed to reopen app runtime after persistent storage permission change: {err}"
                 )
-                })?;
+            })?;
         }
 
         return Ok(update_result);
@@ -215,27 +215,16 @@ async fn mutate_granted_permissions(
     manager
         .mutate_shared_app(app, move |ctx| {
             Box::pin(async move {
-                let previous = ctx
-                    .draft()
-                    .app()
-                    .common()
-                    .granted_permissions()
-                    .clone();
+                let previous = ctx.draft().app().common().granted_permissions().clone();
 
                 ctx.draft_mut()
                     .update_permissions(&granted_permissions)
                     .context("failed to update app permissions")?;
 
-                let new = ctx
-                    .draft()
-                    .app()
-                    .common()
-                    .granted_permissions()
-                    .clone();
+                let new = ctx.draft().app().common().granted_permissions().clone();
 
                 Ok(AppUpdateResult::new(GrantedPermissionsChange::diff(
-                    &previous,
-                    &new,
+                    &previous, &new,
                 )))
             })
         })
@@ -256,7 +245,7 @@ async fn emit_granted_permissions_change(
             app_id,
             GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent::from_change(capability_change),
         )
-            .await;
+        .await;
     }
 
     let network_change = change.network_whitelist();
@@ -267,7 +256,7 @@ async fn emit_granted_permissions_change(
             app_id,
             GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent::from_change(network_change),
         )
-            .await;
+        .await;
     }
 }
 
@@ -297,7 +286,11 @@ mod tests {
     use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 
     use crate::lifecycle::install::{FakeInstallSource, install_app_from_source_for_test};
-    use crate::types::{SageApp, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageGrantedPermissionsInput, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions, UserSageAppSource};
+    use crate::types::{
+        SageApp, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts,
+        SageGrantedPermissionsInput, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
+        SageRequestedPermissions, UserSageAppSource,
+    };
     use tempfile::tempdir;
 
     fn network_whitelist_entry(scheme: &str, host: &str) -> SageNetworkWhitelistEntry {
@@ -321,7 +314,7 @@ mod tests {
                 [network_whitelist_entry("wss", "optional.example.com")],
                 [],
             )
-                .unwrap(),
+            .unwrap(),
             SageRequestedCapabilities::new(
                 [],
                 [
@@ -330,7 +323,7 @@ mod tests {
                 ],
             ),
         )
-            .unwrap();
+        .unwrap();
 
         let (manifest_version, sage_version) = SageAppPackageManifestParts::v0_defaults();
 
@@ -346,7 +339,7 @@ mod tests {
             author: None,
             donation: None,
         })
-            .unwrap();
+        .unwrap();
 
         let granted = SageGrantedPermissionsInput::new([], [], BTreeMap::new());
 
@@ -359,8 +352,8 @@ mod tests {
                 source: UserSageAppSource::url("https://example.com/app/").unwrap(),
             },
         )
-            .await
-            .unwrap();
+        .await
+        .unwrap();
 
         SharedSageApp::new(installed.into_sage_app())
     }
@@ -412,12 +405,7 @@ mod tests {
         );
 
         assert_eq!(
-            entries(
-                normalized
-                    .network()
-                    .whitelist_iter()
-                    .cloned()
-            ),
+            entries(normalized.network().whitelist_iter().cloned()),
             [network_whitelist_entry("https", "required.example.com")]
         );
     }
@@ -574,12 +562,7 @@ mod tests {
         }
 
         assert_eq!(
-            entries(
-                normalized
-                    .network()
-                    .whitelist_iter()
-                    .cloned()
-            ),
+            entries(normalized.network().whitelist_iter().cloned()),
             [
                 network_whitelist_entry("https", "required.example.com"),
                 network_whitelist_entry("wss", "optional.example.com"),
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs
index 2183c2e3a..3f3ca5279 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs
@@ -18,9 +18,7 @@ pub(crate) use resolve::*;
 
 pub(crate) use events::{emit_bridge_approvals_changed, emit_timeout_for_pending_approval};
 pub(crate) use state::*;
-pub(crate) use system_apps::*;
 pub(crate) use storage::{
-    ingest_origin_cleanup_bridge_send_payload,
-    run_origin_cleanup,
-    OriginCleanupRuntimeTarget,
+    OriginCleanupRuntimeTarget, ingest_origin_cleanup_bridge_send_payload, run_origin_cleanup,
 };
+pub(crate) use system_apps::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
index 2d03f8706..30b07ca60 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::runtime::stop::close_runtime_internal;
-use crate::runtime::{
-    GetRuntimeError, find_runtime_by_app_id_optional,
-};
+use crate::runtime::{GetRuntimeError, find_runtime_by_app_id_optional};
 use crate::sandbox::build_builtin_test_app;
 use crate::system_apps::build_builtin_system_app;
 use crate::types::{ResolvedApp, ResolvedRunningApp, ResolvedStoppedApp, SageApp, SharedSageApp};
@@ -115,8 +113,9 @@ pub(crate) async fn resolve_stopped_app(
 
     for attempt in 1..=MAX_STOP_RESOLVE_ATTEMPTS {
         let resolved_app = resolve_app(app, app_id).await.map_err(|e| match e {
-            ResolveError::NotFound(_)
-            | ResolveError::BuildFailed(_) => ResolveStoppedError::AppDirMissing,
+            ResolveError::NotFound(_) | ResolveError::BuildFailed(_) => {
+                ResolveStoppedError::AppDirMissing
+            }
         })?;
         match resolved_app {
             ResolvedApp::Stopped(stopped) => {
@@ -139,7 +138,10 @@ pub(crate) async fn resolve_stopped_app(
     Err(ResolveStoppedError::CloseAttemptsHit)
 }
 
-pub(crate) async fn resolve_app(app: &AppHandle, app_id: &str) -> Result<ResolvedApp, ResolveError> {
+pub(crate) async fn resolve_app(
+    app: &AppHandle,
+    app_id: &str,
+) -> Result<ResolvedApp, ResolveError> {
     resolve_app_with_extra(app, app_id, |_| Ok(None)).await
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
index 5f2fdfeee..58c6bed05 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
@@ -4,23 +4,21 @@ use specta::Type;
 use tauri::webview::NewWindowResponse;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, LogicalPosition, LogicalSize, State, WebviewBuilder, WebviewUrl, Wry};
 
+use crate::lifecycle::AppMutationManager;
 use crate::runtime::commands::CreateInstalledRuntimeArgs;
 use crate::runtime::events::emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed;
 use crate::runtime::manager::sync_modal_runtime_visibility;
 use crate::runtime::state::{
-    SageAppRuntimeRecord, remove_runtime_by_runtime_id,
-    remove_runtime_id_by_app_id, write_runtime,
+    SageAppRuntimeRecord, remove_runtime_by_runtime_id, remove_runtime_id_by_app_id, write_runtime,
 };
 use crate::runtime::webview_locator::{get_sage_window, get_webview_in_sage_window};
 use crate::runtime::{
-    RuntimeChangeSet, SageAppRuntimeMode,
-    SageAppRuntimeRecordView, SageAppRuntimeVisibility, SharedRuntime,
-    build_entry_src, focus_taskbar_runtime, is_allowed_app_url, resolve_app,
+    RuntimeChangeSet, SageAppRuntimeMode, SageAppRuntimeRecordView, SageAppRuntimeVisibility,
+    SharedRuntime, build_entry_src, focus_taskbar_runtime, is_allowed_app_url, resolve_app,
 };
 use crate::storage::parse_data_store_id;
-use crate::types::{AppPresentation, SageAppStorage, ResolvedApp, SharedSageApp};
+use crate::types::{AppPresentation, ResolvedApp, SageAppStorage, SharedSageApp};
 use crate::{AppsHostState, sandbox};
-use crate::lifecycle::AppMutationManager;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
@@ -111,12 +109,8 @@ pub(crate) async fn start_origin_cleanup_runtime(
         .replace_storage_and_origin(target.storage, target.origin_id, false)
         .map_err(|err| format!("failed to retarget origin cleanup runtime: {err}"))?;
 
-    crate::runtime::stop::close_runtime_internal(
-        app_handle,
-        apps_state,
-        app_id,
-    ).await;
-    
+    crate::runtime::stop::close_runtime_internal(app_handle, apps_state, app_id).await;
+
     create_runtime_for_app(
         app_handle,
         apps_state,
@@ -130,7 +124,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn start_origin_cleanup_runtime(
         },
         false,
     )
-        .await
+    .await
 }
 
 async fn create_runtime(
@@ -180,7 +174,7 @@ async fn create_runtime_for_app(
         SageAppRuntimeVisibility::Hidden,
         is_internal,
     )
-        .map_err(|err| err.to_string())?;
+    .map_err(|err| err.to_string())?;
 
     let shared_runtime = write_runtime(apps_state, runtime).await;
 
@@ -189,11 +183,11 @@ async fn create_runtime_for_app(
         webview_label.to_string(),
         WebviewUrl::CustomProtocol(build_entry_src(&app, args.query.clone())),
     )
-        .transparent(true)
-        .on_navigation(move |url| {
-            runtime_for_nav.with_runtime(|runtime| is_allowed_app_url(url, &runtime.app()))
-        })
-        .on_new_window(move |_url, _features| NewWindowResponse::Deny);
+    .transparent(true)
+    .on_navigation(move |url| {
+        runtime_for_nav.with_runtime(|runtime| is_allowed_app_url(url, &runtime.app()))
+    })
+    .on_new_window(move |_url, _features| NewWindowResponse::Deny);
 
     let builder = build_initialization_script(builder);
     let builder = build_storage(builder, &app)?;
@@ -299,7 +293,7 @@ async fn rotate_incognito_app_storage_and_origin_if_needed(
 
 fn build_storage(
     builder: WebviewBuilder<Wry>,
-    app: &SharedSageApp
+    app: &SharedSageApp,
 ) -> Result<WebviewBuilder<Wry>, String> {
     if !app.with(|app| app.common().has_persistent_webview_storage()) {
         return Ok(builder.incognito(true));
@@ -368,10 +362,7 @@ async fn mark_origin_may_contain_secrets_if_needed(
         return Ok(());
     }
 
-    if app.with(|app| {
-        app.common()
-            .origin_webview_storage_may_contain_secrets()
-    }) {
+    if app.with(|app| app.common().origin_webview_storage_may_contain_secrets()) {
         return Ok(());
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs
index 52195c0e8..811d818ca 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs
@@ -14,15 +14,15 @@ pub(crate) use read::{
     find_runtime_id_by_app_id_optional, get_runtime_by_app_id, list_runtimes,
 };
 pub(crate) use types::{
-    ReadyToStopParams, RuntimeAckResult,
-    SageAppRuntimeMode, SageAppRuntimeVisibility, SetBeforeStopListenerParams,
+    ReadyToStopParams, RuntimeAckResult, SageAppRuntimeMode, SageAppRuntimeVisibility,
+    SetBeforeStopListenerParams,
 };
 
 pub(in crate::runtime) use read::is_apps_workspace_active;
 pub(in crate::runtime) use write::{activate_apps_workspace, deactivate_apps_workspace};
 
 pub(super) use remove::{
-    remove_before_stop_listeners_by_app_id,
-    remove_pending_stop_ready, remove_runtime_by_runtime_id, remove_runtime_id_by_app_id,
+    remove_before_stop_listeners_by_app_id, remove_pending_stop_ready,
+    remove_runtime_by_runtime_id, remove_runtime_id_by_app_id,
 };
 pub(super) use write::{write_pending_stop_ready, write_runtime};
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs
index bf789df15..6dce6efae 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
 use tauri::State;
 
 use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::runtime::state::types::{
-    SageAppRuntimeRecord, SharedRuntime,
-};
+use crate::runtime::state::types::{SageAppRuntimeRecord, SharedRuntime};
 
 pub(in crate::runtime) async fn write_runtime(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs
index 2b8362891..540481de7 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs
@@ -5,9 +5,8 @@ use crate::runtime::events::emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed;
 use crate::runtime::manager::sync_modal_runtime_visibility;
 use crate::runtime::state::{
     find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional, find_runtime_id_by_app_id_optional, get_runtime_by_app_id,
-    remove_before_stop_listeners_by_app_id,
-    remove_pending_stop_ready, remove_runtime_by_runtime_id, remove_runtime_id_by_app_id,
-    write_pending_stop_ready,
+    remove_before_stop_listeners_by_app_id, remove_pending_stop_ready,
+    remove_runtime_by_runtime_id, remove_runtime_id_by_app_id, write_pending_stop_ready,
 };
 use crate::runtime::webview_locator::find_webview_in_sage_window;
 use crate::runtime::{
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
index e37048bbd..77091ed5b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ use std::{fs, path::PathBuf};
 
 use crate::system_apps::AppBuildError;
 use crate::types::{
-    SageAppStorage, SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppPackageManifest,
-    SageAppSnapshot, SageAppWalletScope, SageGrantedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
+    SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot,
+    SageAppStorage, SageAppWalletScope, SageGrantedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
 };
 use crate::utils::builtin_apps_root;
 
@@ -38,8 +38,7 @@ pub const BUILTIN_STORAGE_CLEAR_PERSISTENT_ID: &str =
 pub const BUILTIN_NETWORK_ALLOW_A_ID: &str = concat!(sandbox_test_id_prefix!(), "network_allow_a");
 pub const BUILTIN_NETWORK_ALLOW_B_ID: &str = concat!(sandbox_test_id_prefix!(), "network_allow_b");
 
-pub const BUILTIN_ORIGIN_CLEANUP_RUNTIME_ID: &str =
-    concat!(runtime_id_prefix!(), "origin_cleanup");
+pub const BUILTIN_ORIGIN_CLEANUP_RUNTIME_ID: &str = concat!(runtime_id_prefix!(), "origin_cleanup");
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct BuiltinTestAppSpec {
@@ -142,9 +141,8 @@ pub fn build_builtin_test_app(app_id: &str) -> Result<Option<SageApp>, AppBuildE
         return Err(AppBuildError::AppDirMissing);
     }
 
-    let manifest = read_builtin_manifest(&app_dir).map_err(|err| {
-        AppBuildError::ManifestFailure(format!("{err:#}"))
-    })?;
+    let manifest = read_builtin_manifest(&app_dir)
+        .map_err(|err| AppBuildError::ManifestFailure(format!("{err:#}")))?;
 
     let granted_permissions = SageGrantedPermissions::new(
         manifest.permissions(),
@@ -203,10 +201,10 @@ pub fn build_builtin_runtime_app(app_id: &str) -> Result<Option<SageApp>, AppBui
 
     let manifest = read_builtin_manifest(&app_dir).map_err(|err| {
         tracing::error!(
-        error = %err,
-        app_dir = %app_dir.display(),
-        "failed to build builtin runtime app manifest"
-    );
+            error = %err,
+            app_dir = %app_dir.display(),
+            "failed to build builtin runtime app manifest"
+        );
 
         AppBuildError::ManifestFailure(format!("{err:#}"))
     })?;
@@ -222,10 +220,10 @@ pub fn build_builtin_runtime_app(app_id: &str) -> Result<Option<SageApp>, AppBui
         app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
         manifest.clone(),
     )
-        .map_err(|err| {
-            tracing::error!("runtime app snapshot failed: {err}");
-            AppBuildError::InternalError
-        })?;
+    .map_err(|err| {
+        tracing::error!("runtime app snapshot failed: {err}");
+        AppBuildError::InternalError
+    })?;
 
     let common = SageAppCommon::new(
         SageAppIdentity::new(app_id, app_id, app_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string()).map_err(
@@ -239,10 +237,10 @@ pub fn build_builtin_runtime_app(app_id: &str) -> Result<Option<SageApp>, AppBui
         snapshot,
         SageAppWalletScope::AllWallets,
     )
-        .map_err(|err| {
-            tracing::error!("runtime app common failed: {err}");
-            AppBuildError::InternalError
-        })?;
+    .map_err(|err| {
+        tracing::error!("runtime app common failed: {err}");
+        AppBuildError::InternalError
+    })?;
 
     let entry_file = app_dir.join(common.entry_file());
     if !entry_file.is_file() {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runner.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runner.rs
index e918ddf84..4cc8678c5 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runner.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runner.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
-use super::probes::{
-    run_isolation_test, run_network_test, run_persistence_test,
-};
+use super::probes::{run_isolation_test, run_network_test, run_persistence_test};
 use super::state_view::{build_effective_state, build_state_view};
 use super::types::{
     SandboxCapability, SandboxCapabilityStatus, SandboxRunState, SandboxState,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/store.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/store.rs
index 7e4a0225e..73192d270 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/store.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/store.rs
@@ -4,8 +4,7 @@ use tokio::sync::Mutex;
 
 use super::types::{
     SandboxIsolationProbeResult, SandboxNetworkProbeResult, SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult,
-    SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult, SandboxRunState,
-    build_initial_sandbox_state,
+    SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult, SandboxRunState, build_initial_sandbox_state,
 };
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/bridge.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/bridge.rs
index 551d15a6b..0f2e498c4 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/bridge.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/bridge.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 use crate::bridge::BridgeOrigin;
 use crate::runtime::webview_locator::get_webview_in_sage_window;
-use crate::runtime::{app_id_from_webview_label, is_allowed_app_url, protocol_scheme_for_app, resolve_running_app};
+use crate::runtime::{
+    app_id_from_webview_label, is_allowed_app_url, protocol_scheme_for_app, resolve_running_app,
+};
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager};
 
 pub(crate) async fn assert_bridge_origin(
@@ -37,7 +39,5 @@ pub(crate) async fn assert_bridge_origin(
         ));
     }
 
-    Ok(BridgeOrigin {
-        app,
-    })
+    Ok(BridgeOrigin { app })
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
index bfafc0ba0..7d0b6c80d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 use crate::host::AppState;
 use crate::runtime::{app_id_from_webview_label, resolve_running_app};
 use crate::security::build_app_csp;
+use crate::types::{ResolvedRunningApp, SharedSageApp};
 use anyhow::{Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
 use std::fs;
 use tauri::http::{Request, Response, StatusCode};
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager};
-use crate::types::{ResolvedRunningApp, SharedSageApp};
 
 pub async fn handle_user_app_protocol_request(
     app_handle: AppHandle,
@@ -61,7 +61,8 @@ async fn get_protocol_request_runtime(
     let app_id =
         app_id_from_webview_label(webview_label).ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("invalid webview label"))?;
 
-    resolve_running_app(&app_handle.state(), app_id).await
+    resolve_running_app(&app_handle.state(), app_id)
+        .await
         .map_err(|_| anyhow!("failed to find runtime for app {app_id}"))
 }
 
@@ -93,10 +94,7 @@ async fn handle_app_protocol_request(
         .status(StatusCode::OK)
         .header("Content-Type", mime)
         .header("Cache-Control", "no-store")
-        .header(
-            "Content-Security-Policy",
-            build_app_csp(app, &network_id),
-        )
+        .header("Content-Security-Policy", build_app_csp(app, &network_id))
         .header("X-Content-Type-Options", "nosniff")
         .body(fs::read(&file_path)?)
         .map_err(|err| anyhow!("failed to build app protocol response: {err}"))
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/settings.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/settings.rs
index ec73e45b4..733bce4f2 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/settings.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/settings.rs
@@ -5,18 +5,16 @@ use anyhow::Context;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::lifecycle::apps_root;
-use tauri::{command, State};
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::host::{AppState, Result};
+use crate::lifecycle::apps_root;
+use tauri::{State, command};
 
 const APPS_SETTINGS_FILE: &str = ".sage-apps-settings.json";
 
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
-pub async fn apps_get_auto_update_enabled(
-    apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-) -> Result<bool> {
+pub async fn apps_get_auto_update_enabled(apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>) -> Result<bool> {
     Ok(apps_state.settings.read().await.auto_update_enabled)
 }
 
@@ -65,8 +63,7 @@ pub fn read_apps_settings(base_path: &Path) -> anyhow::Result<SageAppsSettings>
     let text =
         fs::read_to_string(&path).with_context(|| format!("failed to read {}", path.display()))?;
 
-    serde_json::from_str(&text)
-        .with_context(|| format!("failed to parse {}", path.display()))
+    serde_json::from_str(&text).with_context(|| format!("failed to parse {}", path.display()))
 }
 
 pub fn write_apps_settings(base_path: &Path, settings: SageAppsSettings) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
@@ -83,13 +80,8 @@ pub fn write_apps_settings(base_path: &Path, settings: SageAppsSettings) -> anyh
     fs::write(&tmp, format!("{text}\n"))
         .with_context(|| format!("failed to write {}", tmp.display()))?;
 
-    fs::rename(&tmp, &path).with_context(|| {
-        format!(
-            "failed to move {} to {}",
-            tmp.display(),
-            path.display()
-        )
-    })?;
+    fs::rename(&tmp, &path)
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to move {} to {}", tmp.display(), path.display()))?;
 
     Ok(())
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
index 1659d9428..fdd60440a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use crate::capabilities::list::{SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
 use crate::types::{
-    SageAppStorage, SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppPackageManifest,
-    SageAppSnapshot, SageAppWalletScope, SageGrantedPermissions, SageGrantedSystemPermissions,
+    SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot,
+    SageAppStorage, SageAppWalletScope, SageGrantedPermissions, SageGrantedSystemPermissions,
     SystemSageApp,
 };
 use crate::utils::builtin_apps_root;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
index 6a72bed41..39b36e0a0 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use crate::sandbox::SANDBOX_TEST_ID_PREFIX;
 use crate::types::app::SageAppWalletScope;
 use crate::types::app::preview::UserSageAppPendingUpdate;
 use crate::types::app::snapshot::SageAppSnapshot;
-use crate::types::invariants::{validate_snapshot_entry_and_icon_exist};
+use crate::types::invariants::validate_snapshot_entry_and_icon_exist;
 use crate::types::normalizers::normalized_non_empty_string;
 use crate::types::permissions::{SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions};
 use crate::types::storage::SageAppStorage;
@@ -127,14 +127,10 @@ impl SageAppCommon {
         &mut self,
         storage: SageAppStorage,
         origin_id: impl Into<String>,
-        origin_webview_storage_may_contain_secrets: bool
+        origin_webview_storage_may_contain_secrets: bool,
     ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
         let next = Self::build(
-            SageAppIdentity::new(
-                self.id().to_string(),
-                origin_id,
-                self.app_dir().to_string(),
-            )?,
+            SageAppIdentity::new(self.id().to_string(), origin_id, self.app_dir().to_string())?,
             self.granted_permissions.clone(),
             storage,
             origin_webview_storage_may_contain_secrets,
@@ -146,9 +142,7 @@ impl SageAppCommon {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn mark_origin_webview_storage_may_contain_secrets(
-        &mut self,
-    ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    pub(crate) fn mark_origin_webview_storage_may_contain_secrets(&mut self) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
         self.replace_origin_webview_storage_may_contain_secrets(true)
     }
 
@@ -178,7 +172,8 @@ impl SageAppCommon {
             identity: self.identity.clone(),
             granted_permissions: self.granted_permissions.clone(),
             storage: self.storage.clone(),
-            origin_webview_storage_may_contain_secrets: self.origin_webview_storage_may_contain_secrets,
+            origin_webview_storage_may_contain_secrets: self
+                .origin_webview_storage_may_contain_secrets,
             active_snapshot: self.active_snapshot.clone(),
             wallet_scope: self.wallet_scope.clone(),
         }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs
index d073bd59f..2f02d5f04 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs
@@ -125,8 +125,7 @@ impl SharedSageApp {
 
     pub(crate) fn runtime_can_persist_secrets(&self) -> bool {
         self.with(|app| {
-            app.common().has_secret_access()
-                && app.common().has_persistent_webview_storage()
+            app.common().has_secret_access() && app.common().has_persistent_webview_storage()
         })
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs
index 59489c2a3..6ecf7e8f4 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs
@@ -11,9 +11,9 @@ pub use app::SharedSageApp;
 
 pub(crate) use app::{
     AppModalPresentation, AppPresentation, CorruptedInstalledSageApp, ListedSageApp, ResolvedApp,
-    ResolvedRunningApp, ResolvedStoppedApp, SageApp, SageAppCommon,
-    SageAppIdentity, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppUrlPreview, SageAppWalletScope, SystemSageApp,
-    UserSageApp, UserSageAppPendingUpdate, UserSageAppSource, view::*,
+    ResolvedRunningApp, ResolvedStoppedApp, SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity,
+    SageAppSnapshot, SageAppUrlPreview, SageAppWalletScope, SystemSageApp, UserSageApp,
+    UserSageAppPendingUpdate, UserSageAppSource, view::*,
 };
 pub(crate) use manifest::{
     SageAppManifestFile, SageAppManifestHeaderV0, SageAppPackageManifest,
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ pub(crate) use network::SageNetworkWhitelistEntry;
 pub(crate) use permissions::{
     SageGrantedPermissions, SageGrantedSystemPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions,
 };
-pub(crate) use storage::{SageAppStorage};
+pub(crate) use storage::SageAppStorage;
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 pub(crate) use manifest::{
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/granted.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/granted.rs
index 53c61ed5d..ba182d041 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/granted.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/granted.rs
@@ -416,13 +416,13 @@ mod tests {
                 [],
                 [],
             )
-                .unwrap(),
+            .unwrap(),
             SageRequestedCapabilities::new(
                 [UserBridgeCapability::StoragePersistentWebview],
                 [UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch],
             ),
         )
-            .unwrap();
+        .unwrap();
 
         let err = SageGrantedPermissions::new(
             &requested,
@@ -433,7 +433,7 @@ mod tests {
             )],
             BTreeMap::new(),
         )
-            .unwrap_err();
+        .unwrap_err();
 
         assert!(
             err.to_string()
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/tests.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/tests.rs
index 6d84b7cb5..ff8283b56 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/tests.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/tests.rs
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ fn effective_whitelist_for_network_merges_shared_and_network_specific_entries()
             BTreeSet::from([network_entry("https", "mainnet-required.example.com")]),
         )]),
     )
-        .unwrap();
+    .unwrap();
 
     let effective = granted
         .network()
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
index c7334cead..5ba4e19f5 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
@@ -297,7 +297,9 @@ pub fn run() {
                     if let Err(err) =
                         apps::process_pending_storage_cleanup(&app_handle, &cleanup_base_path).await
                     {
-                        tracing::error!("failed to retry pending storage cleanup on startup: {err}");
+                        tracing::error!(
+                            "failed to retry pending storage cleanup on startup: {err}"
+                        );
                     }
 
                     tracing::info!("pending storage cleanup task finished");

From fd362d36e07cfe78230f79488bd67b0c15c3fdfd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 22 May 2026 18:30:33 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 425/471] Remove `AppMutationDraft` implementation from
 lifecycle mutation operations

---
 .../sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mutation/ops.rs   | 33 -------------------
 1 file changed, 33 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mutation/ops.rs

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mutation/ops.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mutation/ops.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index e052ff2e2..000000000
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mutation/ops.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
-use crate::lifecycle::mutation::AppMutationDraft;
-use crate::types::{
-    SageAppSnapshot, SageAppStorage, SageGrantedPermissions, UserSageAppPendingUpdate,
-};
-
-impl AppMutationDraft {
-    pub(crate) fn apply_update(
-        &mut self,
-        pending: &UserSageAppPendingUpdate,
-        granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissions,
-        snapshot: SageAppSnapshot,
-    ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-        self.app_mut()
-            .apply_update(pending, granted_permissions, snapshot)
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn update_permissions(
-        &mut self,
-        granted_permissions: &SageGrantedPermissions,
-    ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-        self.app_mut()
-            .common_mut()
-            .update_permissions(granted_permissions)
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn rotate_resources(
-        &mut self,
-        storage: SageAppStorage,
-        origin_id: impl Into<String>,
-    ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-        self.replace_storage_and_origin(storage, origin_id, false)
-    }
-}

From 48394eaf025f590911ce3ac3695a3539efc0cdfe Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 22 May 2026 18:32:11 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 426/471] Update `has_external_access` to account for non-empty
 network whitelist entries

---
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
index 39b36e0a0..858fac571 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
@@ -191,6 +191,7 @@ impl SageAppCommon {
 
     pub(crate) fn has_external_access(&self) -> bool {
         self.capability_flags().externally_observable()
+            || !self.granted_permissions.network().all_whitelist_entries().is_empty()
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn has_persistent_webview_storage(&self) -> bool {

From 6ee09b3a00f17ac2f09873a09eda35e01cbdd045 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 22 May 2026 19:05:05 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 427/471] Improve handling of approval expiry tasks and add
 stricter validations for zip extraction and capability requests.

---
 .../user/app/request_capability_grant.rs      | 19 +++++
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/state.rs          | 11 ++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs     | 78 ++++++++++++++++++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs      |  6 +-
 4 files changed, 107 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
index 613a80d09..ea51cbe23 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
@@ -34,6 +34,21 @@ pub struct RequestCapabilityGrantResult {
     pub full_granted_capabilities: Vec<UserBridgeCapability>,
 }
 
+fn ensure_capability_requestable_by_app(
+    capability: UserBridgeCapability,
+) -> Result<(), BridgeMethodHandleError> {
+    let definition = get_user_capability_definition(capability);
+
+    if !definition.flags().requestable_by_app() {
+        return Err(BridgeMethodHandleError::invalid_request(format!(
+            "capability cannot be requested by app: {}",
+            capability.key()
+        )));
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
 #[async_trait]
 impl BridgeMethod for AppRequestCapabilityGrant {
     fn name(&self) -> &'static str {
@@ -51,6 +66,8 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppRequestCapabilityGrant {
     ) -> BridgeApprovalRequestResult {
         let params: RequestCapabilityGrantParams = parse_required_params(self, request)?;
 
+        ensure_capability_requestable_by_app(params.capability)?;
+
         if ctx.app.is_capability_granted(params.capability.into()) {
             return Ok(None);
         }
@@ -73,6 +90,8 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppRequestCapabilityGrant {
     ) -> BridgeHandleResult {
         let params: RequestCapabilityGrantParams = parse_required_params(self, request)?;
 
+        ensure_capability_requestable_by_app(params.capability)?;
+
         let base_path = resolve_app_base_path(&tools)?;
 
         let result = match grant_capability(
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/state.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/state.rs
index 3a6a90a78..15bd3c228 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/state.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/state.rs
@@ -126,8 +126,15 @@ async fn approval_expiry_loop(app_handle: AppHandle) {
             comms_debug!("approval_expiry:empty_stop");
 
             let mut guard = apps_state.bridge.approval_expiry_task.lock().await;
-            *guard = None;
-            return;
+
+            let pending = apps_state.bridge.pending_approvals.lock().await;
+            if pending.is_empty() {
+                *guard = None;
+                return;
+            }
+
+            comms_debug!("approval_expiry:empty_stop_aborted_new_pending");
+            continue;
         }
 
         let now = unix_timestamp_ms() as u64;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs
index 571ade1b2..efedf7cb2 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use std::{
-    fs,
+    fs, io,
     path::{Path, PathBuf},
 };
 
@@ -10,20 +10,90 @@ use crate::types::MANIFEST_FILE_NAME;
 use crate::types::{SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot};
 use crate::utils::bytes_sha256_hex;
 
+const MAX_ZIP_ENTRIES: usize = 2_000;
+const MAX_ZIP_TOTAL_UNCOMPRESSED_BYTES: u64 = 200 * 1024 * 1024;
+const MAX_ZIP_SINGLE_FILE_BYTES: u64 = 50 * 1024 * 1024;
+const MAX_ZIP_COMPRESSION_RATIO: u64 = 100;
+
 pub fn unzip_to_dir(zip_path: &Path, out_dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<()> {
     let file = fs::File::open(zip_path)
         .with_context(|| format!("failed to open zip {}", zip_path.display()))?;
     let mut archive = ZipArchive::new(file).context("failed to read zip archive")?;
 
+    if archive.len() > MAX_ZIP_ENTRIES {
+        anyhow::bail!("zip archive contains too many entries");
+    }
+
     if out_dir.exists() {
         fs::remove_dir_all(out_dir)?;
     }
 
     fs::create_dir_all(out_dir)?;
 
-    archive
-        .extract(out_dir)
-        .context("failed to extract zip archive")?;
+    let root = out_dir
+        .canonicalize()
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to canonicalize output dir {}", out_dir.display()))?;
+
+    let mut total_uncompressed = 0u64;
+
+    for index in 0..archive.len() {
+        let mut entry = archive
+            .by_index(index)
+            .with_context(|| format!("failed to read zip entry #{index}"))?;
+
+        let Some(enclosed_name) = entry.enclosed_name().map(PathBuf::from) else {
+            anyhow::bail!("zip entry has unsafe path: {}", entry.name());
+        };
+
+        let uncompressed_size = entry.size();
+        let compressed_size = entry.compressed_size();
+
+        if uncompressed_size > MAX_ZIP_SINGLE_FILE_BYTES {
+            anyhow::bail!("zip entry is too large: {}", entry.name());
+        }
+
+        if compressed_size > 0 && uncompressed_size / compressed_size > MAX_ZIP_COMPRESSION_RATIO {
+            anyhow::bail!("zip entry compression ratio is too high: {}", entry.name());
+        }
+
+        total_uncompressed = total_uncompressed
+            .checked_add(uncompressed_size)
+            .context("zip uncompressed size overflow")?;
+
+        if total_uncompressed > MAX_ZIP_TOTAL_UNCOMPRESSED_BYTES {
+            anyhow::bail!("zip archive exceeds maximum extracted size");
+        }
+
+        let target = root.join(enclosed_name);
+
+        if entry.is_dir() {
+            fs::create_dir_all(&target)
+                .with_context(|| format!("failed to create directory {}", target.display()))?;
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        let parent = target.parent().context("zip target path has no parent")?;
+
+        fs::create_dir_all(parent)
+            .with_context(|| format!("failed to create directory {}", parent.display()))?;
+
+        let canonical_parent = parent.canonicalize().with_context(|| {
+            format!(
+                "failed to canonicalize zip target parent {}",
+                parent.display()
+            )
+        })?;
+
+        if !canonical_parent.starts_with(&root) {
+            anyhow::bail!("zip entry escapes extraction directory: {}", entry.name());
+        }
+
+        let mut out = fs::File::create(&target)
+            .with_context(|| format!("failed to create file {}", target.display()))?;
+
+        io::copy(&mut entry, &mut out)
+            .with_context(|| format!("failed to extract zip entry {}", entry.name()))?;
+    }
 
     Ok(())
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
index 858fac571..77f4fb7c9 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
@@ -191,7 +191,11 @@ impl SageAppCommon {
 
     pub(crate) fn has_external_access(&self) -> bool {
         self.capability_flags().externally_observable()
-            || !self.granted_permissions.network().all_whitelist_entries().is_empty()
+            || !self
+                .granted_permissions
+                .network()
+                .all_whitelist_entries()
+                .is_empty()
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn has_persistent_webview_storage(&self) -> bool {

From 51cb2522e4fcaf8c404a3c55eab0f4d800e91cfd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 22 May 2026 19:15:45 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 428/471] Add unit tests for `unzip_to_dir` and
 `ensure_capability_requestable_by_app` methods

- Covered edge cases for zip extraction, including path validation, file size limits, and absolute paths.
- Added tests for capability request validation to ensure correct behavior for allowed and disallowed capabilities.
---
 .../user/app/request_capability_grant.rs      |  25 ++++
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs     | 109 +++++++++++++++++-
 2 files changed, 133 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
index ea51cbe23..7f1482f6b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
@@ -132,3 +132,28 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppRequestCapabilityGrant {
         Ok(Box::new(result))
     }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rejects_non_requestable_capability() {
+        let err =
+            ensure_capability_requestable_by_app(UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXchAutoSubmit)
+                .expect_err("auto-submit send must not be requestable by running apps");
+
+        let message = format!("{err:?}");
+
+        assert!(
+            message.contains("wallet.send_xch_auto_submit"),
+            "error should mention rejected capability, got: {message}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn allows_requestable_capability() {
+        ensure_capability_requestable_by_app(UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch)
+            .expect("regular send capability should be requestable by running apps");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs
index efedf7cb2..5313fd519 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ pub fn unzip_to_dir(zip_path: &Path, out_dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<()> {
             .by_index(index)
             .with_context(|| format!("failed to read zip entry #{index}"))?;
 
-        let Some(enclosed_name) = entry.enclosed_name().map(PathBuf::from) else {
+        let Some(enclosed_name) = entry.enclosed_name() else {
             anyhow::bail!("zip entry has unsafe path: {}", entry.name());
         };
 
@@ -183,3 +183,110 @@ pub fn prepare_zip_snapshot(
         manifest.clone(),
     )
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use std::io::Write;
+    use tempfile::tempdir;
+    use zip::write::SimpleFileOptions;
+
+    fn write_zip(path: &Path, entries: &[(&str, &[u8])]) {
+        let file = fs::File::create(path).unwrap();
+        let mut zip = zip::ZipWriter::new(file);
+        let options = SimpleFileOptions::default();
+
+        for (name, contents) in entries {
+            zip.start_file(name, options).unwrap();
+            zip.write_all(contents).unwrap();
+        }
+
+        zip.finish().unwrap();
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn unzip_to_dir_extracts_normal_nested_files() {
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let zip_path = dir.path().join("app.zip");
+        let out_dir = dir.path().join("out");
+
+        write_zip(
+            &zip_path,
+            &[
+                ("sage-app.json", br#"{"name":"test"}"#),
+                ("nested/index.html", b"<html></html>"),
+            ],
+        );
+
+        unzip_to_dir(&zip_path, &out_dir).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            fs::read_to_string(out_dir.join("nested/index.html")).unwrap(),
+            "<html></html>"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn unzip_to_dir_rejects_parent_directory_escape() {
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let zip_path = dir.path().join("evil.zip");
+        let out_dir = dir.path().join("out");
+
+        write_zip(&zip_path, &[("../evil.txt", b"owned")]);
+
+        let err = unzip_to_dir(&zip_path, &out_dir)
+            .expect_err("zip entries escaping output dir must be rejected");
+
+        let message = err.to_string();
+        assert!(
+            message.contains("unsafe path") || message.contains("escapes extraction directory"),
+            "unexpected error: {message}"
+        );
+
+        assert!(!dir.path().join("evil.txt").exists());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn unzip_to_dir_keeps_absolute_path_inside_output_dir() {
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let zip_path = dir.path().join("absolute.zip");
+        let out_dir = dir.path().join("out");
+
+        write_zip(&zip_path, &[("/tmp/sage-apps-test-file.txt", b"owned")]);
+
+        unzip_to_dir(&zip_path, &out_dir).unwrap();
+
+        assert!(out_dir.join("tmp/sage-apps-test-file.txt").is_file());
+        assert_eq!(
+            fs::read_to_string(out_dir.join("tmp/sage-apps-test-file.txt")).unwrap(),
+            "owned"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn unzip_to_dir_rejects_too_large_single_file() {
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let zip_path = dir.path().join("large.zip");
+        let out_dir = dir.path().join("out");
+
+        let file = fs::File::create(&zip_path).unwrap();
+        let mut zip = zip::ZipWriter::new(file);
+        zip.start_file("large.bin", SimpleFileOptions::default())
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let chunk = vec![0u8; 1024 * 1024];
+        for _ in 0..=MAX_ZIP_SINGLE_FILE_BYTES / chunk.len() as u64 {
+            zip.write_all(&chunk).unwrap();
+        }
+
+        zip.finish().unwrap();
+
+        let err =
+            unzip_to_dir(&zip_path, &out_dir).expect_err("oversized zip entry must be rejected");
+
+        assert!(
+            err.to_string().contains("too large"),
+            "unexpected error: {err}"
+        );
+    }
+}

From a525a74a983e35bcab74a3f040006752d52d51e3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 22 May 2026 19:45:10 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 429/471] Remove `wallet.getKeys` method and associated
 capabilities

- Deleted `wallet.getKeys` functionality, along with its capability definitions, routes, and support in bindings.
- Updated documentation to reflect the removal of `wallet.getKeys`.
- Introduced `require_scoped_fingerprint` validation for `wallet.getKey` and `wallet.getSecretKey` methods.
---
 .../sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/mod.rs  |  2 +-
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_key.rs | 59 +++++++++++++++++
 .../methods/user/wallet/get_secret_key.rs     |  7 +-
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/mod.rs     | 25 +++++++-
 .../methods/user/wallet/read_methods.rs       | 64 +------------------
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs       |  1 -
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs     |  6 +-
 .../sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs |  6 --
 crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs     |  1 -
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs   | 12 ----
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs      |  9 +++
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs   | 49 ++++++--------
 .../sage-apps/src/types/app/wallet_scope.rs   |  4 +-
 docs/generated/user-bridge-capabilities.md    | 14 ----
 docs/generated/user-bridge-methods.md         |  6 --
 .../sage-app-sdk/src/runtime/create-client.ts |  5 +-
 packages/sage-app-sdk/src/types.ts            |  1 -
 src/bindings.ts                               |  2 +-
 18 files changed, 125 insertions(+), 148 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_key.rs

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/mod.rs
index 661d15b6e..c62713809 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/mod.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ pub use bridge::{BridgePing, BridgeSend};
 
 pub use wallet::{
     WalletCheckAddress, WalletGetCoins, WalletGetCoinsByIds, WalletGetDerivations, WalletGetKey,
-    WalletGetKeys, WalletGetPendingTransactions, WalletGetSecretKey, WalletGetSpendableCoinCount,
+    WalletGetPendingTransactions, WalletGetSecretKey, WalletGetSpendableCoinCount,
     WalletGetSyncStatus, WalletGetTransaction, WalletGetTransactions, WalletGetVersion,
     WalletSendXch,
 };
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_key.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_key.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a25ac2f5a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_key.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+use sage_api::GetKey;
+
+use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
+    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
+    BridgeMethodHandleError, parse_required_params,
+};
+use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::bridge::methods::user::wallet::require_scoped_fingerprint;
+use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct WalletGetKey;
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl BridgeMethod for WalletGetKey {
+    fn name(&self) -> &'static str {
+        "wallet.getKey"
+    }
+
+    fn capability(&self) -> BridgeMethodCapability {
+        BridgeMethodCapability::user(UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetKey)
+    }
+
+    fn approval_request(
+        &self,
+        ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> BridgeApprovalRequestResult {
+        let params: GetKey = parse_required_params(self, request)?;
+
+        require_scoped_fingerprint(&ctx, params.fingerprint)?;
+
+        Ok(None)
+    }
+
+    async fn handle(
+        &self,
+        ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
+        request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> BridgeHandleResult {
+        let params: GetKey = parse_required_params(self, request)?;
+
+        require_scoped_fingerprint(&ctx, params.fingerprint)?;
+
+        let sage = tools.app_state.lock().await;
+
+        let result = sage.get_key(params).map_err(|err| {
+            BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error(format!(
+                "failed to execute {}: {err}",
+                self.name()
+            ))
+        })?;
+
+        Ok(Box::new(result))
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_secret_key.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_secret_key.rs
index b164c63ac..dddb5aa25 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_secret_key.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_secret_key.rs
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::bridge::types::RustBridgeApprovalBody;
 use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest};
+use crate::bridge::methods::user::wallet::require_scoped_fingerprint;
 use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
@@ -25,10 +26,11 @@ impl BridgeMethod for WalletGetSecretKey {
 
     fn approval_request(
         &self,
-        _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
         request: &RustBridgeRequest,
     ) -> BridgeApprovalRequestResult {
         let params: GetSecretKey = parse_required_params(self, request)?;
+        require_scoped_fingerprint(&ctx, Some(params.fingerprint))?;
 
         Ok(Some(RustBridgeApprovalRequest {
             body: RustBridgeApprovalBody::GetSecretKey {
@@ -39,11 +41,12 @@ impl BridgeMethod for WalletGetSecretKey {
 
     async fn handle(
         &self,
-        _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
         tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
         request: &RustBridgeRequest,
     ) -> BridgeHandleResult {
         let params: GetSecretKey = parse_required_params(self, request)?;
+        require_scoped_fingerprint(&ctx, Some(params.fingerprint))?;
 
         let sage = tools.app_state.lock().await;
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/mod.rs
index 7ffe5fb28..03f49ad42 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/mod.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,32 @@
+mod get_key;
 pub mod get_secret_key;
 pub mod read_methods;
 pub mod send_xch;
 
+pub use get_key::WalletGetKey;
 pub use get_secret_key::WalletGetSecretKey;
 pub use read_methods::{
-    WalletCheckAddress, WalletGetCoins, WalletGetCoinsByIds, WalletGetDerivations, WalletGetKey,
-    WalletGetKeys, WalletGetPendingTransactions, WalletGetSpendableCoinCount, WalletGetSyncStatus,
+    WalletCheckAddress, WalletGetCoins, WalletGetCoinsByIds, WalletGetDerivations,
+    WalletGetPendingTransactions, WalletGetSpendableCoinCount, WalletGetSyncStatus,
     WalletGetTransaction, WalletGetTransactions, WalletGetVersion,
 };
 pub use send_xch::WalletSendXch;
+
+fn require_scoped_fingerprint(
+    ctx: &crate::bridge::methods::BridgeContext<'_>,
+    fingerprint: Option<u32>,
+) -> Result<u32, crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodHandleError> {
+    let fingerprint = fingerprint.ok_or_else(|| {
+        crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodHandleError::invalid_request(
+            "wallet fingerprint is required for apps",
+        )
+    })?;
+
+    if !ctx.app.is_wallet_in_scope(fingerprint) {
+        return Err(crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodHandleError::invalid_request(
+            format!("wallet fingerprint not in app wallet scope: {fingerprint}"),
+        ));
+    }
+
+    Ok(fingerprint)
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/read_methods.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/read_methods.rs
index b29cdbc02..962ac4881 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/read_methods.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/read_methods.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
 
 use sage_api::{
-    CheckAddress, GetCoins, GetCoinsByIds, GetDerivations, GetKey, GetKeys, GetPendingTransactions,
+    CheckAddress, GetCoins, GetCoinsByIds, GetDerivations, GetPendingTransactions,
     GetSpendableCoinCount, GetSyncStatus, GetTransaction, GetTransactions, GetVersion,
     GetXchUsdPrice,
 };
@@ -148,68 +148,6 @@ macro_rules! define_wallet_read_params_async_method {
     };
 }
 
-macro_rules! define_wallet_read_params_sync_method {
-    ($struct_name:ident, $capability:ident, $method_name:expr, $request_ty:ty, $handler:ident) => {
-        #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
-        pub struct $struct_name;
-
-        #[async_trait]
-        impl BridgeMethod for $struct_name {
-            fn name(&self) -> &'static str {
-                $method_name
-            }
-
-            fn capability(&self) -> BridgeMethodCapability {
-                BridgeMethodCapability::user(UserBridgeCapability::$capability)
-            }
-
-            fn approval_request(
-                &self,
-                _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
-                _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-            ) -> BridgeApprovalRequestResult {
-                Ok(None)
-            }
-
-            async fn handle(
-                &self,
-                _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
-                tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
-                request: &RustBridgeRequest,
-            ) -> BridgeHandleResult {
-                let params: $request_ty = parse_required_params(self, request)?;
-
-                let sage = tools.app_state.lock().await;
-
-                let result = sage.$handler(params).map_err(|err| {
-                    BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error(format!(
-                        "failed to execute {}: {err}",
-                        self.name()
-                    ))
-                })?;
-
-                Ok(Box::new(result))
-            }
-        }
-    };
-}
-
-define_wallet_read_no_params_sync_method!(
-    WalletGetKeys,
-    WalletGetKeys,
-    "wallet.getKeys",
-    GetKeys,
-    get_keys
-);
-
-define_wallet_read_params_sync_method!(
-    WalletGetKey,
-    WalletGetKey,
-    "wallet.getKey",
-    GetKey,
-    get_key
-);
-
 define_wallet_read_no_params_async_method!(
     WalletGetSyncStatus,
     WalletGetSyncStatus,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs
index 9348ff143..80afa1d50 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs
@@ -54,7 +54,6 @@ fn build_user_methods() -> HashMap<&'static str, Box<dyn BridgeMethod>> {
     insert_method(&mut methods, AppLifecycleReadyToStop);
 
     // Wallet keys / secrets
-    insert_method(&mut methods, WalletGetKeys);
     insert_method(&mut methods, WalletGetKey);
     insert_method(&mut methods, WalletGetSecretKey);
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
index e3188f813..be7461f53 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
@@ -33,8 +33,8 @@ use crate::sandbox::SandboxStateView;
 use crate::types::{SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView, SageAppWalletScope};
 use sage_api::{
     CheckAddress, CheckAddressResponse, GetCoins, GetCoinsByIds, GetCoinsByIdsResponse,
-    GetCoinsResponse, GetDerivations, GetDerivationsResponse, GetKey, GetKeyResponse, GetKeys,
-    GetKeysResponse, GetPendingTransactions, GetPendingTransactionsResponse, GetSecretKey,
+    GetCoinsResponse, GetDerivations, GetDerivationsResponse, GetKey, GetKeyResponse,
+    GetPendingTransactions, GetPendingTransactionsResponse, GetSecretKey,
     GetSecretKeyResponse, GetSpendableCoinCount, GetSpendableCoinCountResponse, GetSyncStatus,
     GetSyncStatusResponse, GetTransaction, GetTransactionResponse, GetTransactions,
     GetTransactionsResponse, GetVersion, GetVersionResponse, GetXchUsdPriceResponse,
@@ -64,8 +64,6 @@ pub fn export_user_bridge_typescript() -> Result<String, String> {
     types.register::<SetBeforeStopListenerParams>();
     types.register::<ReadyToStopParams>();
     types.register::<RuntimeAckResult>();
-    types.register::<GetKeys>();
-    types.register::<GetKeysResponse>();
     types.register::<GetKey>();
     types.register::<GetKeyResponse>();
     types.register::<GetXchUsdPriceResponse>();
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs
index 3837eaa90..49b13b167 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs
@@ -57,12 +57,6 @@ pub(crate) fn get_user_capability_definition(
             "Allows the app to request access to an additional network target after installation.",
             CapabilityFlags::new(false, false, true, false, true),
         ),
-        UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetKeys => CapabilityDefinition::new(
-            capability,
-            "List wallet keys",
-            "Allows the app to list wallet keys configured in Sage.",
-            CapabilityFlags::new(false, false, true, true, true),
-        ),
         UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetKey => CapabilityDefinition::new(
             capability,
             "Read wallet key",
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs
index 55dd0d38b..5aa19a7c2 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs
@@ -72,7 +72,6 @@ define_bridge_capabilities! {
         AppRequestCapabilityGrant => "app.request_capability_grant",
         AppRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant => "app.request_network_whitelist_grant",
 
-        WalletGetKeys => "wallet.get_keys",
         WalletGetKey => "wallet.get_key",
         WalletGetSecretKey => "wallet.get_secret_key",
         WalletSendXch => "wallet.send_xch",
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs
index 4c6b7b33c..b3f0ed32c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs
@@ -213,18 +213,6 @@ impl SageAppRuntimeRecord {
     }
 }
 
-impl SharedSageApp {
-    pub fn webview_label(&self) -> String {
-        self.with(|app| {
-            if app.is_system() {
-                format!("system-app-{}", app.id())
-            } else {
-                format!("app-{}", app.id())
-            }
-        })
-    }
-}
-
 impl std::fmt::Debug for AppRuntimeState {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
         f.debug_struct("AppRuntimeState").finish()
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
index 77f4fb7c9..049baf44e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
@@ -249,6 +249,15 @@ impl SageAppCommon {
         Ok(common)
     }
 
+    pub fn is_wallet_in_scope(&self, fingerprint: u32) -> bool {
+        match self.wallet_scope() {
+            SageAppWalletScope::AllWallets => true,
+            SageAppWalletScope::SelectedWallets { fingerprints } => {
+                fingerprints.contains(&fingerprint)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     pub fn identity(&self) -> &SageAppIdentity {
         &self.identity
     }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs
index 2f02d5f04..f1f584036 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ pub struct SharedSageApp {
 }
 
 impl SharedSageApp {
-    pub fn new(app: SageApp) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn new(app: SageApp) -> Self {
         Self {
             inner: Arc::new(parking_lot::RwLock::new(app)),
         }
@@ -129,12 +129,12 @@ impl SharedSageApp {
         })
     }
 
-    pub fn with<T>(&self, f: impl FnOnce(&SageApp) -> T) -> T {
+    pub(crate) fn with<T>(&self, f: impl FnOnce(&SageApp) -> T) -> T {
         let app = self.inner.read();
         f(&app)
     }
 
-    pub fn try_with<T, E>(&self, f: impl FnOnce(&SageApp) -> Result<T, E>) -> Result<T, E> {
+    pub(crate) fn try_with<T, E>(&self, f: impl FnOnce(&SageApp) -> Result<T, E>) -> Result<T, E> {
         let app = self.inner.read();
         f(&app)
     }
@@ -147,34 +147,23 @@ impl SharedSageApp {
         self.with(SageApp::is_system)
     }
 
-    pub fn id(&self) -> String {
+    pub fn is_wallet_in_scope(&self, fingerprint: u32) -> bool {
+        self.with(|app| app.common().is_wallet_in_scope(fingerprint))
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn id(&self) -> String {
         self.with(|app| app.id().to_string())
     }
 
-    pub fn name(&self) -> String {
+    pub(crate) fn name(&self) -> String {
         self.with(|app| app.name().to_string())
     }
 
-    pub fn origin_id(&self) -> String {
+    pub(crate) fn origin_id(&self) -> String {
         self.with(|app| app.origin_id().to_string())
     }
 
-    pub fn app_path(&self) -> PathBuf {
-        self.with(SageApp::app_path)
-    }
-
-    pub fn source(&self) -> Option<UserSageAppSource> {
-        self.with(|app| app.as_user().map(|user| user.source().clone()))
-    }
-
-    pub fn pending_update(&self) -> Option<UserSageAppPendingUpdate> {
-        self.with(|app| {
-            app.as_user()
-                .and_then(|user| user.pending_update().cloned())
-        })
-    }
-
-    pub fn is_capability_granted(&self, capability: BridgeCapability) -> bool {
+    pub(crate) fn is_capability_granted(&self, capability: BridgeCapability) -> bool {
         self.with(|app| match capability {
             BridgeCapability::User(capability) => {
                 app.granted_permissions().has_capability(capability)
@@ -186,11 +175,17 @@ impl SharedSageApp {
         })
     }
 
-    pub fn has_secret_access(&self) -> bool {
-        self.with(SageApp::has_secret_access)
+    pub(crate) fn webview_label(&self) -> String {
+        self.with(|app| {
+            if app.is_system() {
+                format!("system-app-{}", app.id())
+            } else {
+                format!("app-{}", app.id())
+            }
+        })
     }
 
-    pub fn webview_label_matches(&self, label: &str) -> bool {
+    pub(crate) fn webview_label_matches(&self, label: &str) -> bool {
         let app_id = self.id();
 
         if let Some(extracted_app_id) = label.strip_prefix("app-") {
@@ -391,10 +386,6 @@ impl SageApp {
         }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn has_secret_access(&self) -> bool {
-        self.common().has_secret_access()
-    }
-
     pub(crate) fn storage(&self) -> &SageAppStorage {
         self.common().storage()
     }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/wallet_scope.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/wallet_scope.rs
index e8847efe2..79f992941 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/wallet_scope.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/wallet_scope.rs
@@ -10,6 +10,8 @@ pub enum SageAppWalletScope {
 
 impl Default for SageAppWalletScope {
     fn default() -> Self {
-        Self::AllWallets
+        Self::SelectedWallets {
+            fingerprints: vec![],
+        }
     }
 }
diff --git a/docs/generated/user-bridge-capabilities.md b/docs/generated/user-bridge-capabilities.md
index 3e1b89d4b..9df6385b4 100644
--- a/docs/generated/user-bridge-capabilities.md
+++ b/docs/generated/user-bridge-capabilities.md
@@ -98,20 +98,6 @@ Allows the app to request access to an additional network target after installat
 | Externally observable | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
-## `wallet.get_keys`
-
-**List wallet keys**
-
-Allows the app to list wallet keys configured in Sage.
-
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `true` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
-| Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
-
 ## `wallet.get_key`
 
 **Read wallet key**
diff --git a/docs/generated/user-bridge-methods.md b/docs/generated/user-bridge-methods.md
index 307ea5b28..7e5361859 100644
--- a/docs/generated/user-bridge-methods.md
+++ b/docs/generated/user-bridge-methods.md
@@ -84,12 +84,6 @@
 |---|---|
 | Capability | `wallet.get_key` |
 
-## `wallet.getKeys`
-
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Capability | `wallet.get_keys` |
-
 ## `wallet.getPendingTransactions`
 
 | Field | Value |
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime/create-client.ts b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime/create-client.ts
index 8e804eba6..599310f29 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime/create-client.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime/create-client.ts
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ function buildFallbackAppInfo(): Generated.AppGetInfoResult {
           required: [],
           optional: [],
         },
+        whitelistByNetwork: {},
       },
       capabilities: {
         required: [],
@@ -145,10 +146,6 @@ export function createSageClient(core: BridgeRuntimeCore): SageClient {
     },
 
     wallet: {
-      async getKeys() {
-        return await callHost<Generated.GetKeysResponse>('wallet.getKeys');
-      },
-
       async getKey(input: Generated.GetKey) {
         return await callHost<Generated.GetKeyResponse>('wallet.getKey', input);
       },
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/types.ts b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/types.ts
index 1b3c7a90c..2d833f58d 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/types.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/types.ts
@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@ export type SageBridgeErrorResponse = {
 };
 
 export type SageWalletClient = {
-  getKeys(): Promise<Generated.GetKeysResponse>;
   getKey(input: Generated.GetKey): Promise<Generated.GetKeyResponse>;
   getSecretKey(
     input: Generated.GetSecretKey,
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index c38a554f7..5bd8cb704 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -2845,7 +2845,7 @@ visible: boolean }
  * Response after updating an option
  */
 export type UpdateOptionResponse = Record<string, never>
-export type UserBridgeCapability = "bridge.send" | "app.get_info" | "app.lifecycle.ready_to_stop" | "app.lifecycle.set_before_stop_listener" | "app.get_capabilities" | "app.request_capability_grant" | "app.request_network_whitelist_grant" | "wallet.get_keys" | "wallet.get_key" | "wallet.get_secret_key" | "wallet.send_xch" | "wallet.send_xch_auto_submit" | "wallet.get_sync_status" | "wallet.get_version" | "wallet.get_xch_usd_price" | "wallet.check_address" | "wallet.get_derivations" | "wallet.get_spendable_coin_count" | "wallet.get_coins_by_ids" | "wallet.get_coins" | "wallet.get_pending_transactions" | "wallet.get_transaction" | "wallet.get_transactions" | "environment.theme.get_current" | "environment.theme.css_vars" | "environment.theme.listen_changed" | "storage.persistent_webview"
+export type UserBridgeCapability = "bridge.send" | "app.get_info" | "app.lifecycle.ready_to_stop" | "app.lifecycle.set_before_stop_listener" | "app.get_capabilities" | "app.request_capability_grant" | "app.request_network_whitelist_grant" | "wallet.get_key" | "wallet.get_secret_key" | "wallet.send_xch" | "wallet.send_xch_auto_submit" | "wallet.get_sync_status" | "wallet.get_version" | "wallet.get_xch_usd_price" | "wallet.check_address" | "wallet.get_derivations" | "wallet.get_spendable_coin_count" | "wallet.get_coins_by_ids" | "wallet.get_coins" | "wallet.get_pending_transactions" | "wallet.get_transaction" | "wallet.get_transactions" | "environment.theme.get_current" | "environment.theme.css_vars" | "environment.theme.listen_changed" | "storage.persistent_webview"
 export type UserSageAppPendingUpdateDecisionReviewView = { requiredUserGrantableCapabilities: UserBridgeCapability[]; requiredNetworkWhitelist: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[]; requiredNetworkWhitelistByNetwork: Partial<{ [key in string]: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[] }> }
 export type UserSageAppPendingUpdateDecisionView = { kind: "apply" } | ({ kind: "review" } & UserSageAppPendingUpdateDecisionReviewView)
 export type UserSageAppPendingUpdateView = { appUrl: SageAppUrl; manifestHash: string; manifest: SageAppPackageManifest; decision: UserSageAppPendingUpdateDecisionView }

From b89f66ea716d34cd6231901998153e83f69ad93f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 22 May 2026 20:05:27 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 430/471] Remove `apps_get_user_capability_definitions` method
 and associated references

- Deleted `apps_get_user_capability_definitions` functionality from the codebase, along with its capability definition, commands, and imports.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs | 9 ---------
 crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs             | 2 +-
 src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml    | 1 -
 src-tauri/src/lib.rs                    | 1 -
 src/bindings.ts                         | 5 -----
 5 files changed, 1 insertion(+), 17 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
index ff65933df..87e10e080 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 use crate::bridge::bridge_request::{process, process_system};
 use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeInvokeResult, RustBridgeRequest};
-use crate::capabilities::user_registry;
 use crate::host::AppState;
-use crate::types::SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State, Webview};
 
 #[tauri::command]
@@ -26,10 +24,3 @@ pub async fn apps_invoke_system_bridge(
 ) -> Result<RustBridgeInvokeResult, String> {
     process_system(app, webview, app_state, request).await
 }
-
-#[tauri::command]
-#[specta::specta]
-pub fn apps_get_user_capability_definitions() -> Result<Vec<SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView>, String>
-{
-    Ok(user_registry().values().copied().map(Into::into).collect())
-}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
index 2c615e5fb..c9a38b9f2 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ pub use settings::{SageAppsSettings, read_apps_settings};
 
 // Commands
 pub use bridge::commands::{
-    apps_get_user_capability_definitions, apps_invoke_bridge, apps_invoke_system_bridge,
+    apps_invoke_bridge, apps_invoke_system_bridge,
 };
 pub use environment::commands::apps_set_environment_theme;
 pub use lifecycle::{
diff --git a/src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml b/src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml
index 6389e89c0..b12e2a5cb 100644
--- a/src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml
+++ b/src-tauri/permissions/main-host.toml
@@ -127,7 +127,6 @@ commands.allow = [
     "apps_start_system_app",
     "apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data",
     "apps_set_environment_theme",
-    "apps_get_user_capability_definitions",
     "apps_get_sandbox_state",
     "apps_get_app_launch_gate",
     "apps_rerun_sandbox_tests",
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
index 5ba4e19f5..b163363ec 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
@@ -162,7 +162,6 @@ pub fn run() {
             apps::apps_leave_workspace,
             apps::apps_invoke_bridge,
             apps::apps_invoke_system_bridge,
-            apps::apps_get_user_capability_definitions,
             apps::apps_set_environment_theme,
             apps::apps_get_sandbox_state,
             apps::apps_get_app_launch_gate,
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index 5bd8cb704..67b1e9144 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -374,9 +374,6 @@ async appsInvokeBridge(request: RustBridgeRequest) : Promise<RustBridgeInvokeRes
 async appsInvokeSystemBridge(request: RustBridgeRequest) : Promise<RustBridgeInvokeResult> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_invoke_system_bridge", { request });
 },
-async appsGetUserCapabilityDefinitions() : Promise<SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView[]> {
-    return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_get_user_capability_definitions");
-},
 async appsSetEnvironmentTheme(theme: EnvironmentThemeView) : Promise<null> {
     return await TAURI_INVOKE("apps_set_environment_theme", { theme });
 },
@@ -2243,8 +2240,6 @@ export type RustBridgeInvokeResult = ({ kind: "success" } & RustBridgeSuccessRes
 export type RustBridgeRequest = { bridgeVersion: string | null; id: string; method: string; paramsJson: string | null }
 export type RustBridgeSuccessResponse = { bridgeVersion: string; id: string; ok: boolean; resultJson: string }
 export type SageAppAuthor = { name: string; avatar: string | null }
-export type SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView = { key: string; label: string; description: string; flags: SageAppCapabilityFlagsView }
-export type SageAppCapabilityFlagsView = { externallyObservable: boolean; accessesSensitiveSecret: boolean; requestableByApp: boolean; userGrantable: boolean }
 export type SageAppCommonView = { identity: SageAppIdentityView; grantedPermissions: SageGrantedPermissionsView; walletScope: SageAppWalletScope; activeSnapshot: SageAppSnapshotView; icon: SageAppIconView | null }
 export type SageAppDonation = { address: string }
 export type SageAppIconView = { mime: string; bytes: number[] }

From 3a5d59c9ddd3de437ea9ec37a1c4d2ee819b51bc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Fri, 22 May 2026 20:18:45 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 431/471] Migrate app settings to database-backed storage and
 remove filesystem-based settings handling.

---
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_key.rs |  2 +-
 .../methods/user/wallet/get_secret_key.rs     |  2 +-
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/mod.rs     |  8 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs     |  9 +--
 .../src/db/migrations/0004_app_settings.sql   |  5 ++
 crates/sage-apps/src/db/mod.rs                |  1 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/db/settings.rs           | 51 +++++++++++++
 crates/sage-apps/src/host.rs                  | 43 -----------
 crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs                   |  5 +-
 .../src/lifecycle/update/background.rs        |  6 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/settings.rs              | 76 +------------------
 src-tauri/src/lib.rs                          | 10 ---
 12 files changed, 78 insertions(+), 140 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/db/migrations/0004_app_settings.sql
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/db/settings.rs

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_key.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_key.rs
index a25ac2f5a..49470f05c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_key.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_key.rs
@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
     BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
     BridgeMethodHandleError, parse_required_params,
 };
-use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::wallet::require_scoped_fingerprint;
+use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_secret_key.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_secret_key.rs
index dddb5aa25..54434aeab 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_secret_key.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_secret_key.rs
@@ -5,10 +5,10 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
     BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
     BridgeMethodHandleError, parse_required_params,
 };
+use crate::bridge::methods::user::wallet::require_scoped_fingerprint;
 use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::bridge::types::RustBridgeApprovalBody;
 use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest};
-use crate::bridge::methods::user::wallet::require_scoped_fingerprint;
 use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/mod.rs
index 03f49ad42..db447459d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/mod.rs
@@ -23,9 +23,11 @@ fn require_scoped_fingerprint(
     })?;
 
     if !ctx.app.is_wallet_in_scope(fingerprint) {
-        return Err(crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodHandleError::invalid_request(
-            format!("wallet fingerprint not in app wallet scope: {fingerprint}"),
-        ));
+        return Err(
+            crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodHandleError::invalid_request(format!(
+                "wallet fingerprint not in app wallet scope: {fingerprint}"
+            )),
+        );
     }
 
     Ok(fingerprint)
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
index be7461f53..a2576f546 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
@@ -34,11 +34,10 @@ use crate::types::{SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView, SageAppWalletScope};
 use sage_api::{
     CheckAddress, CheckAddressResponse, GetCoins, GetCoinsByIds, GetCoinsByIdsResponse,
     GetCoinsResponse, GetDerivations, GetDerivationsResponse, GetKey, GetKeyResponse,
-    GetPendingTransactions, GetPendingTransactionsResponse, GetSecretKey,
-    GetSecretKeyResponse, GetSpendableCoinCount, GetSpendableCoinCountResponse, GetSyncStatus,
-    GetSyncStatusResponse, GetTransaction, GetTransactionResponse, GetTransactions,
-    GetTransactionsResponse, GetVersion, GetVersionResponse, GetXchUsdPriceResponse,
-    TransactionResponse,
+    GetPendingTransactions, GetPendingTransactionsResponse, GetSecretKey, GetSecretKeyResponse,
+    GetSpendableCoinCount, GetSpendableCoinCountResponse, GetSyncStatus, GetSyncStatusResponse,
+    GetTransaction, GetTransactionResponse, GetTransactions, GetTransactionsResponse, GetVersion,
+    GetVersionResponse, GetXchUsdPriceResponse, TransactionResponse,
 };
 use specta::TypeCollection;
 use specta_typescript::{BigIntExportBehavior, Typescript};
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/db/migrations/0004_app_settings.sql b/crates/sage-apps/src/db/migrations/0004_app_settings.sql
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..088500c4c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/db/migrations/0004_app_settings.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS sage_app_settings (
+     key TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
+     value_json TEXT NOT NULL,
+     updated_at_ms INTEGER NOT NULL
+);
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/db/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/db/mod.rs
index f94123cc8..3c20c082d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/db/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/db/mod.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 mod app;
 mod connection;
+mod settings;
 mod storage;
 mod transaction;
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/db/settings.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/db/settings.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c7d99080e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/db/settings.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+use anyhow::{Context, Result};
+use sqlx::Row;
+
+use crate::db::AppsDb;
+
+const AUTO_UPDATE_ENABLED_KEY: &str = "auto_update_enabled";
+
+impl AppsDb {
+    pub async fn get_auto_update_enabled(&self) -> Result<bool> {
+        let row = sqlx::query(
+            r"
+            SELECT value_json
+            FROM sage_app_settings
+            WHERE key = ?
+            ",
+        )
+        .bind(AUTO_UPDATE_ENABLED_KEY)
+        .fetch_optional(&self.pool)
+        .await
+        .context("failed to read auto update setting")?;
+
+        let Some(row) = row else {
+            return Ok(false);
+        };
+
+        serde_json::from_str(&row.try_get::<String, _>("value_json")?)
+            .context("failed to deserialize auto update setting")
+    }
+
+    pub async fn set_auto_update_enabled(&self, enabled: bool) -> Result<bool> {
+        let now = crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms();
+
+        sqlx::query(
+            r"
+            INSERT INTO sage_app_settings (key, value_json, updated_at_ms)
+            VALUES (?, ?, ?)
+            ON CONFLICT(key) DO UPDATE SET
+                value_json = excluded.value_json,
+                updated_at_ms = excluded.updated_at_ms
+            ",
+        )
+        .bind(AUTO_UPDATE_ENABLED_KEY)
+        .bind(serde_json::to_string(&enabled)?)
+        .bind(now)
+        .execute(&self.pool)
+        .await
+        .context("failed to persist auto update setting")?;
+
+        Ok(enabled)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/host.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/host.rs
index 4ad2df2c1..deb16a2c0 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/host.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/host.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ use crate::bridge::state::BridgeState;
 use crate::db::AppsDb;
 use crate::runtime::AppRuntimeState;
 use crate::sandbox::SandboxStateStore;
-use crate::settings::{SageAppsSettings, write_apps_settings};
 use parking_lot::RwLock;
 use sage::Sage;
 use sage_api::ErrorKind;
@@ -11,7 +10,6 @@ use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
 use std::fmt;
-use std::path::Path;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use tokio::sync::Mutex;
 
@@ -25,7 +23,6 @@ pub struct AppsHostState {
     pub bridge: BridgeState,
     pub sandbox: SandboxStateStore,
     pub environment: AppsEnvironmentState,
-    pub settings: AppsSettingsState,
     pub db: AppsDb,
 }
 
@@ -38,7 +35,6 @@ impl AppsHostState {
             bridge: BridgeState::default(),
             sandbox: SandboxStateStore::default(),
             environment: AppsEnvironmentState::default(),
-            settings: AppsSettingsState::default(),
             db,
         }
     }
@@ -89,11 +85,6 @@ pub struct AppUpdateLockGuard<'a> {
     app_id: String,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Default)]
-pub struct AppsSettingsState {
-    pub current: Mutex<SageAppsSettings>,
-}
-
 impl From<sage::Error> for SageAppsError {
     fn from(error: sage::Error) -> Self {
         Self {
@@ -145,37 +136,3 @@ impl fmt::Display for SageAppsError {
 impl std::error::Error for SageAppsError {}
 
 pub type Result<T> = std::result::Result<T, SageAppsError>;
-
-impl AppsSettingsState {
-    pub(crate) async fn try_mutate<T, E>(
-        &self,
-        base_path: &Path,
-        f: impl FnOnce(&mut SageAppsSettings) -> std::result::Result<T, E>,
-    ) -> std::result::Result<T, String>
-    where
-        E: ToString,
-    {
-        let mut settings = self.current.lock().await;
-        let previous = *settings;
-
-        match f(&mut settings) {
-            Ok(value) => {
-                if let Err(err) = write_apps_settings(base_path, *settings) {
-                    *settings = previous;
-                    return Err(format!("failed to persist Sage apps settings: {err}"));
-                }
-
-                Ok(value)
-            }
-
-            Err(err) => {
-                *settings = previous;
-                Err(err.to_string())
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) async fn read(&self) -> SageAppsSettings {
-        *self.current.lock().await
-    }
-}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
index c9a38b9f2..cd0a392d6 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
@@ -17,12 +17,9 @@ mod utils;
 // State
 pub use db::AppsDb;
 pub use host::AppsHostState;
-pub use settings::{SageAppsSettings, read_apps_settings};
 
 // Commands
-pub use bridge::commands::{
-    apps_invoke_bridge, apps_invoke_system_bridge,
-};
+pub use bridge::commands::{apps_invoke_bridge, apps_invoke_system_bridge};
 pub use environment::commands::apps_set_environment_theme;
 pub use lifecycle::{
     apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/background.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/background.rs
index 3fcf8471a..144ef3280 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/background.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/background.rs
@@ -58,7 +58,11 @@ async fn run_background_app_update_check(app_handle: &AppHandle) -> anyhow::Resu
                 return result;
             }
 
-            let auto_update_enabled = host_state.settings.read().await.auto_update_enabled;
+            let auto_update_enabled = host_state
+                .db
+                .get_auto_update_enabled()
+                .await
+                .unwrap_or(false);
 
             if auto_update_enabled {
                 match try_auto_apply_pending_update(&app_handle, &host_state, &app_id).await {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/settings.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/settings.rs
index 733bce4f2..c4544bbc7 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/settings.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/settings.rs
@@ -1,87 +1,19 @@
-use std::fs;
-use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
-
-use anyhow::Context;
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use specta::Type;
-
-use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::host::{AppState, Result};
-use crate::lifecycle::apps_root;
 use tauri::{State, command};
 
-const APPS_SETTINGS_FILE: &str = ".sage-apps-settings.json";
+use crate::AppsHostState;
+use crate::host::Result;
 
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
 pub async fn apps_get_auto_update_enabled(apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>) -> Result<bool> {
-    Ok(apps_state.settings.read().await.auto_update_enabled)
+    Ok(apps_state.db.get_auto_update_enabled().await?)
 }
 
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
 pub async fn apps_set_auto_update_enabled(
-    state: State<'_, AppState>,
     apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     enabled: bool,
 ) -> Result<bool> {
-    let base_path = {
-        let state = state.lock().await;
-        state.path.clone()
-    };
-
-    let enabled = apps_state
-        .settings
-        .try_mutate(&base_path, |settings| {
-            settings.auto_update_enabled = enabled;
-            Ok::<_, String>(settings.auto_update_enabled)
-        })
-        .await
-        .map_err(std::io::Error::other)?;
-
-    Ok(enabled)
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, Default)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub struct SageAppsSettings {
-    #[serde(default)]
-    pub auto_update_enabled: bool,
-}
-
-pub fn apps_settings_path(base_path: &Path) -> PathBuf {
-    apps_root(base_path).join(APPS_SETTINGS_FILE)
-}
-
-pub fn read_apps_settings(base_path: &Path) -> anyhow::Result<SageAppsSettings> {
-    let path = apps_settings_path(base_path);
-
-    if !path.exists() {
-        return Ok(SageAppsSettings::default());
-    }
-
-    let text =
-        fs::read_to_string(&path).with_context(|| format!("failed to read {}", path.display()))?;
-
-    serde_json::from_str(&text).with_context(|| format!("failed to parse {}", path.display()))
-}
-
-pub fn write_apps_settings(base_path: &Path, settings: SageAppsSettings) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-    let root = apps_root(base_path);
-    fs::create_dir_all(&root)
-        .with_context(|| format!("failed to create apps root {}", root.display()))?;
-
-    let path = apps_settings_path(base_path);
-    let tmp = path.with_extension("json.tmp");
-
-    let text = serde_json::to_string_pretty(&settings)
-        .context("failed to serialize Sage apps settings")?;
-
-    fs::write(&tmp, format!("{text}\n"))
-        .with_context(|| format!("failed to write {}", tmp.display()))?;
-
-    fs::rename(&tmp, &path)
-        .with_context(|| format!("failed to move {} to {}", tmp.display(), path.display()))?;
-
-    Ok(())
+    Ok(apps_state.db.set_auto_update_enabled(enabled).await?)
 }
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
index b163363ec..bebdec84b 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
@@ -274,16 +274,6 @@ pub fn run() {
 
                 app.manage(AppsHostState::new(apps_db));
 
-                let apps_settings = apps::read_apps_settings(&path).unwrap_or_else(|err| {
-                    eprintln!("failed to read Sage apps settings: {err}");
-                    Default::default()
-                });
-
-                let apps_state = app.state::<AppsHostState>();
-                tauri::async_runtime::block_on(async {
-                    *apps_state.settings.current.lock().await = apps_settings;
-                });
-
                 apps::start_background_app_update_checker(app.handle().clone());
 
                 let app_handle = app.handle().clone();

From cf4b531849c896833128ea555a0a3701daf2f189 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sat, 23 May 2026 14:17:30 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 432/471] Add `environment.getNetwork` method and capability

- Implemented `environment.getNetwork` method for fetching active network details.
- Added corresponding capability definition `EnvironmentGetNetwork` to enable access control.
- Updated bindings, capability list, and documentation to reflect the new method and capability.
---
 .../methods/user/environment/get_network.rs   | 68 +++++++++++++++++++
 .../bridge/methods/user/environment/mod.rs    |  2 +
 .../methods/user/environment/theme/events.rs  |  4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs       |  5 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs     |  2 +
 .../sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs |  6 ++
 crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs     |  1 +
 docs/generated/user-bridge-capabilities.md    | 14 ++++
 docs/generated/user-bridge-methods.md         |  6 ++
 .../sage-app-sdk/src/runtime/create-client.ts |  5 ++
 packages/sage-app-sdk/src/types.ts            |  1 +
 src/bindings.ts                               |  2 +-
 12 files changed, 112 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/get_network.rs

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/get_network.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/get_network.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5974a06f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/get_network.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+use sage_api::{GetNetwork, NetworkKind};
+use serde::Serialize;
+use specta::Type;
+
+use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
+use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
+    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
+    BridgeMethodHandleError,
+};
+use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct EnvironmentGetNetworkResult {
+    pub name: String,
+    pub network_id: String,
+    pub kind: NetworkKind,
+    pub ticker: String,
+    pub prefix: String,
+    pub precision: u8,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct EnvironmentGetNetwork;
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl BridgeMethod for EnvironmentGetNetwork {
+    fn name(&self) -> &'static str {
+        "environment.getNetwork"
+    }
+
+    fn capability(&self) -> BridgeMethodCapability {
+        BridgeMethodCapability::user(UserBridgeCapability::EnvironmentGetNetwork)
+    }
+
+    fn approval_request(
+        &self,
+        _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> BridgeApprovalRequestResult {
+        Ok(None)
+    }
+
+    async fn handle(
+        &self,
+        _ctx: BridgeContext<'_>,
+        tools: BridgeTools<'_>,
+        _request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    ) -> BridgeHandleResult {
+        let current = tools
+            .app_state
+            .lock()
+            .await
+            .get_network(GetNetwork {})
+            .map_err(|err| BridgeMethodHandleError::internal_error(err.to_string()))?;
+
+        Ok(Box::new(EnvironmentGetNetworkResult {
+            name: current.network.name.clone(),
+            network_id: current.network.network_id(),
+            kind: current.kind,
+            ticker: current.network.ticker.clone(),
+            prefix: current.network.prefix(),
+            precision: current.network.precision,
+        }))
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/mod.rs
index bd6240ce7..8e61c269e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/mod.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+mod get_network;
 mod theme;
 
+pub use get_network::*;
 pub(crate) use theme::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/theme/events.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/theme/events.rs
index 383803486..74ba08ab4 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/theme/events.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/theme/events.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 use crate::bridge::event_emit::UserRuntimeEvent;
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::environment::EnvironmentThemeView;
 use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use serde::Serialize;
 use specta::Type;
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct EnvironmentThemeChangedEvent {
     pub theme: EnvironmentThemeView,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs
index 80afa1d50..e38708ee6 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 use super::methods::BridgeMethod;
 use super::methods::system::*;
 use super::methods::user::*;
-use crate::bridge::methods::user::environment::EnvironmentThemeGetCurrent;
+use crate::bridge::methods::user::environment::{
+    EnvironmentGetNetwork, EnvironmentThemeGetCurrent,
+};
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::wallet::read_methods::WalletGetXchUsdPrice;
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 
@@ -75,6 +77,7 @@ fn build_user_methods() -> HashMap<&'static str, Box<dyn BridgeMethod>> {
 
     // Environment
     insert_method(&mut methods, EnvironmentThemeGetCurrent);
+    insert_method(&mut methods, EnvironmentGetNetwork);
 
     methods
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
index a2576f546..fa555f650 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ use crate::bridge::methods::system::{
     RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent, SandboxStateChangedEvent, SystemWalletView,
     WalletListWalletsResult,
 };
+use crate::bridge::methods::user::environment::EnvironmentGetNetworkResult;
 use crate::bridge::methods::user::{
     app::{
         GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent, GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent,
@@ -90,6 +91,7 @@ pub fn export_user_bridge_typescript() -> Result<String, String> {
     types.register::<GetTransactionsResponse>();
     types.register::<EnvironmentThemeGetCurrentResult>();
     types.register::<EnvironmentThemeChangedEvent>();
+    types.register::<EnvironmentGetNetworkResult>();
 
     Typescript::default()
         .bigint(BigIntExportBehavior::Number)
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs
index 49b13b167..5ede43468 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs
@@ -165,6 +165,12 @@ pub(crate) fn get_user_capability_definition(
             "Allows the app to receive events when Sage's theme changes.",
             CapabilityFlags::new(false, false, true, false, true),
         ),
+        UserBridgeCapability::EnvironmentGetNetwork => CapabilityDefinition::new(
+            capability,
+            "Read current network",
+            "Allows the app to read Sage's currently active network information.",
+            CapabilityFlags::new(false, false, true, false, true),
+        ),
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs
index 5aa19a7c2..054e4d5f5 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs
@@ -91,6 +91,7 @@ define_bridge_capabilities! {
         EnvironmentThemeGetCurrent => "environment.theme.get_current",
         EnvironmentThemeCssVars => "environment.theme.css_vars",
         EnvironmentThemeListenChanged => "environment.theme.listen_changed",
+        EnvironmentGetNetwork => "environment.get_network",
 
         StoragePersistentWebview => "storage.persistent_webview",
     }
diff --git a/docs/generated/user-bridge-capabilities.md b/docs/generated/user-bridge-capabilities.md
index 9df6385b4..c8ebfbf4b 100644
--- a/docs/generated/user-bridge-capabilities.md
+++ b/docs/generated/user-bridge-capabilities.md
@@ -350,6 +350,20 @@ Allows the app to receive events when Sage's theme changes.
 | Externally observable | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
+## `environment.get_network`
+
+**Read current network**
+
+Allows the app to read Sage's currently active network information.
+
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `false` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
+
 ## `storage.persistent_webview`
 
 **Persistent storage**
diff --git a/docs/generated/user-bridge-methods.md b/docs/generated/user-bridge-methods.md
index 7e5361859..e79061097 100644
--- a/docs/generated/user-bridge-methods.md
+++ b/docs/generated/user-bridge-methods.md
@@ -48,6 +48,12 @@
 |---|---|
 | Capability | `bridge.send` |
 
+## `environment.getNetwork`
+
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Capability | `environment.get_network` |
+
 ## `environment.theme.getCurrent`
 
 | Field | Value |
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime/create-client.ts b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime/create-client.ts
index 599310f29..d29f7fb1f 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime/create-client.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime/create-client.ts
@@ -274,6 +274,11 @@ export function createSageClient(core: BridgeRuntimeCore): SageClient {
           };
         },
       },
+      getNetwork() {
+        return callHost<Generated.EnvironmentGetNetworkResult>(
+          'environment.getNetwork',
+        );
+      }
     },
   };
 }
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/types.ts b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/types.ts
index 2d833f58d..ef4dc62fb 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/types.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/types.ts
@@ -100,6 +100,7 @@ export type SageEnvironmentThemeClient = {
 
 export type SageEnvironmentClient = {
   theme: SageEnvironmentThemeClient;
+  getNetwork(): Promise<Generated.EnvironmentGetNetworkResult>;
 };
 
 export type SageClient = {
diff --git a/src/bindings.ts b/src/bindings.ts
index 67b1e9144..412a2be6b 100644
--- a/src/bindings.ts
+++ b/src/bindings.ts
@@ -2840,7 +2840,7 @@ visible: boolean }
  * Response after updating an option
  */
 export type UpdateOptionResponse = Record<string, never>
-export type UserBridgeCapability = "bridge.send" | "app.get_info" | "app.lifecycle.ready_to_stop" | "app.lifecycle.set_before_stop_listener" | "app.get_capabilities" | "app.request_capability_grant" | "app.request_network_whitelist_grant" | "wallet.get_key" | "wallet.get_secret_key" | "wallet.send_xch" | "wallet.send_xch_auto_submit" | "wallet.get_sync_status" | "wallet.get_version" | "wallet.get_xch_usd_price" | "wallet.check_address" | "wallet.get_derivations" | "wallet.get_spendable_coin_count" | "wallet.get_coins_by_ids" | "wallet.get_coins" | "wallet.get_pending_transactions" | "wallet.get_transaction" | "wallet.get_transactions" | "environment.theme.get_current" | "environment.theme.css_vars" | "environment.theme.listen_changed" | "storage.persistent_webview"
+export type UserBridgeCapability = "bridge.send" | "app.get_info" | "app.lifecycle.ready_to_stop" | "app.lifecycle.set_before_stop_listener" | "app.get_capabilities" | "app.request_capability_grant" | "app.request_network_whitelist_grant" | "wallet.get_key" | "wallet.get_secret_key" | "wallet.send_xch" | "wallet.send_xch_auto_submit" | "wallet.get_sync_status" | "wallet.get_version" | "wallet.get_xch_usd_price" | "wallet.check_address" | "wallet.get_derivations" | "wallet.get_spendable_coin_count" | "wallet.get_coins_by_ids" | "wallet.get_coins" | "wallet.get_pending_transactions" | "wallet.get_transaction" | "wallet.get_transactions" | "environment.theme.get_current" | "environment.theme.css_vars" | "environment.theme.listen_changed" | "environment.get_network" | "storage.persistent_webview"
 export type UserSageAppPendingUpdateDecisionReviewView = { requiredUserGrantableCapabilities: UserBridgeCapability[]; requiredNetworkWhitelist: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[]; requiredNetworkWhitelistByNetwork: Partial<{ [key in string]: SageNetworkWhitelistEntry[] }> }
 export type UserSageAppPendingUpdateDecisionView = { kind: "apply" } | ({ kind: "review" } & UserSageAppPendingUpdateDecisionReviewView)
 export type UserSageAppPendingUpdateView = { appUrl: SageAppUrl; manifestHash: string; manifest: SageAppPackageManifest; decision: UserSageAppPendingUpdateDecisionView }

From fa409214e9f9b297f58bfe25b2c0d536c6cea86c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sun, 24 May 2026 01:11:49 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 433/471] Validate network hostnames with `is_csp_safe_host`
 and add unit tests for hostname rules.

---
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/network.rs | 54 ++++++++++++++++++++++++---
 1 file changed, 48 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/network.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/network.rs
index ea8ddc835..c9932daed 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/network.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/network.rs
@@ -48,12 +48,7 @@ impl SageNetworkWhitelistEntry {
             anyhow::bail!("invalid scheme '{scheme}', only https and wss allowed");
         }
 
-        if host.is_empty()
-            || host.contains('/')
-            || host.contains('?')
-            || host.contains('#')
-            || host.contains(' ')
-        {
+        if !Self::is_csp_safe_host(&host) {
             anyhow::bail!("invalid host in network entry: {scheme}://{host}");
         }
 
@@ -76,6 +71,13 @@ impl SageNetworkWhitelistEntry {
         matches!(s, "https" | "wss")
     }
 
+    fn is_csp_safe_host(host: &str) -> bool {
+        !host.is_empty()
+            && host.chars().all(|c| {
+                c.is_ascii_alphanumeric() || matches!(c, '.' | '-' | '*' | ':' | '[' | ']')
+            })
+    }
+
     #[cfg(test)]
     pub fn new_unchecked(scheme: &str, host: &str) -> Self {
         Self::new(scheme, host).unwrap()
@@ -129,3 +131,43 @@ impl SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist {
         self.is_required(entry) || self.is_optional(entry)
     }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::SageNetworkWhitelistEntry;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn network_entry_accepts_csp_safe_hosts() {
+        for host in [
+            "example.com",
+            "*.example.com",
+            "localhost:4173",
+            "127.0.0.1:4173",
+            "[::1]:4173",
+        ] {
+            SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new("https", host)
+                .unwrap_or_else(|err| panic!("expected {host} to be accepted: {err}"));
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn network_entry_rejects_csp_separators_and_controls() {
+        for host in [
+            "example.com/script.js",
+            "example.com?x=1",
+            "example.com#frag",
+            "example.com; script-src 'unsafe-inline'",
+            "example.com,https://evil.example",
+            "example.com\tfoo",
+            "example.com\nfoo",
+            "example.com'foo",
+            "example.com\"foo",
+            "example.com`foo",
+        ] {
+            assert!(
+                SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new("https", host).is_err(),
+                "expected {host:?} to be rejected"
+            );
+        }
+    }
+}

From 28b419d6229f5a0db651259aea80a96938838aab Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sun, 24 May 2026 01:18:00 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 434/471] Validate package contents and enforce file
 declarations in `prepare_zip_snapshot`.

- Added `validate_package_has_no_undeclared_files` to ensure all files in a package are declared in the manifest.
- Introduced stricter checks in snapshot preparation to reject undeclared or invalid files.
- Enhanced unit tests to cover file validation scenarios.
- Added download size checks with `download_bytes_with_limit` and exact size validation with `download_exact_bytes`.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs |  16 +--
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs  | 145 ++++++++++++++++++++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/snapshot.rs |  47 ++++++-
 3 files changed, 191 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs
index a6ed6f158..8c4cf7ae1 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs
@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@ use crate::types::{
 };
 use crate::utils::bytes_sha256_hex;
 
+const MAX_URL_MANIFEST_BYTES: u64 = 1024 * 1024;
+
 pub async fn fetch_url_manifest(
     manifest_url: &SageAppManifestUrl,
 ) -> AnyResult<(SageAppPackageManifest, String)> {
@@ -23,16 +25,10 @@ pub async fn fetch_url_manifest_preview(
 ) -> AnyResult<(SageAppPackageManifestPreview, String)> {
     let manifest_url = manifest_url.as_str();
 
-    let response = reqwest::get(manifest_url)
-        .await
-        .with_context(|| format!("failed to GET manifest url {manifest_url}"))?
-        .error_for_status()
-        .with_context(|| format!("manifest request failed for {manifest_url}"))?;
-
-    let bytes = response
-        .bytes()
-        .await
-        .with_context(|| format!("failed to read manifest response body from {manifest_url}"))?;
+    let bytes =
+        crate::lifecycle::snapshot::download_bytes_with_limit(manifest_url, MAX_URL_MANIFEST_BYTES)
+            .await
+            .with_context(|| format!("failed to download manifest from {manifest_url}"))?;
 
     let manifest_hash = bytes_sha256_hex(&bytes);
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs
index 5313fd519..d532658e8 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 use std::{
+    collections::BTreeSet,
     fs, io,
-    path::{Path, PathBuf},
+    path::{Component, Path, PathBuf},
 };
 
 use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult};
@@ -155,6 +156,8 @@ pub fn prepare_zip_snapshot(
     snapshot_dir: &Path,
     manifest: &SageAppPackageManifest,
 ) -> AnyResult<SageAppSnapshot> {
+    validate_package_has_no_undeclared_files(package_root, manifest)?;
+
     if snapshot_dir.exists() {
         fs::remove_dir_all(snapshot_dir).with_context(|| {
             format!(
@@ -184,6 +187,73 @@ pub fn prepare_zip_snapshot(
     )
 }
 
+fn validate_package_has_no_undeclared_files(
+    package_root: &Path,
+    manifest: &SageAppPackageManifest,
+) -> AnyResult<()> {
+    let declared = manifest
+        .files()
+        .iter()
+        .map(|file| file.path().to_string())
+        .collect::<BTreeSet<_>>();
+
+    validate_dir_has_no_undeclared_files(package_root, package_root, &declared)
+}
+
+fn validate_dir_has_no_undeclared_files(
+    package_root: &Path,
+    dir: &Path,
+    declared: &BTreeSet<String>,
+) -> AnyResult<()> {
+    for entry in
+        fs::read_dir(dir).with_context(|| format!("failed to read directory {}", dir.display()))?
+    {
+        let entry = entry?;
+        let file_type = entry.file_type()?;
+        let path = entry.path();
+
+        if file_type.is_dir() {
+            validate_dir_has_no_undeclared_files(package_root, &path, declared)?;
+        } else if file_type.is_file() {
+            let relative_path = package_relative_path(package_root, &path)?;
+
+            if relative_path != MANIFEST_FILE_NAME && !declared.contains(&relative_path) {
+                anyhow::bail!("package contains undeclared file: {relative_path}");
+            }
+        } else {
+            anyhow::bail!("package contains unsupported file type: {}", path.display());
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn package_relative_path(package_root: &Path, path: &Path) -> AnyResult<String> {
+    let relative = path.strip_prefix(package_root).with_context(|| {
+        format!(
+            "failed to compute package relative path for {}",
+            path.display()
+        )
+    })?;
+
+    let mut parts = Vec::new();
+
+    for component in relative.components() {
+        match component {
+            Component::Normal(part) => {
+                let part = part.to_str().with_context(|| {
+                    format!("package path is not valid UTF-8: {}", path.display())
+                })?;
+
+                parts.push(part);
+            }
+            _ => anyhow::bail!("package path has invalid component: {}", path.display()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(parts.join("/"))
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
@@ -191,6 +261,11 @@ mod tests {
     use tempfile::tempdir;
     use zip::write::SimpleFileOptions;
 
+    use crate::types::{
+        SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts,
+        SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions,
+    };
+
     fn write_zip(path: &Path, entries: &[(&str, &[u8])]) {
         let file = fs::File::create(path).unwrap();
         let mut zip = zip::ZipWriter::new(file);
@@ -204,6 +279,32 @@ mod tests {
         zip.finish().unwrap();
     }
 
+    fn sample_manifest_file(path: &str, bytes: &[u8]) -> SageAppManifestFile {
+        SageAppManifestFile::new(path, bytes_sha256_hex(bytes), bytes.len() as u64).unwrap()
+    }
+
+    fn sample_manifest(files: Vec<SageAppManifestFile>) -> SageAppPackageManifest {
+        let (manifest_version, sage_version) = SageAppPackageManifestParts::v0_defaults();
+
+        SageAppPackageManifest::try_from(SageAppPackageManifestParts {
+            manifest_version,
+            name: "Test App".to_string(),
+            icon: None,
+            sage_version,
+            version: "1.0.0".to_string(),
+            permissions: SageRequestedPermissions::new(
+                SageRequestedNetworkPermissions::empty(),
+                SageRequestedCapabilities::empty(),
+            )
+            .unwrap(),
+            files,
+            entry: Some("index.html".to_string()),
+            author: None,
+            donation: None,
+        })
+        .unwrap()
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn unzip_to_dir_extracts_normal_nested_files() {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
@@ -289,4 +390,46 @@ mod tests {
             "unexpected error: {err}"
         );
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn prepare_zip_snapshot_rejects_undeclared_files() {
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let package_root = dir.path().join("package");
+        let snapshot_dir = dir.path().join("snapshot");
+        fs::create_dir_all(&package_root).unwrap();
+        fs::write(package_root.join("index.html"), b"<html></html>").unwrap();
+        fs::write(package_root.join("extra.js"), b"alert(1)").unwrap();
+
+        let manifest = sample_manifest(vec![sample_manifest_file("index.html", b"<html></html>")]);
+
+        let err = prepare_zip_snapshot(&package_root, &snapshot_dir, &manifest)
+            .expect_err("undeclared files must be rejected");
+
+        assert!(
+            err.to_string().contains("undeclared file: extra.js"),
+            "unexpected error: {err}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn prepare_zip_snapshot_allows_manifest_file() {
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let package_root = dir.path().join("package");
+        let snapshot_dir = dir.path().join("snapshot");
+        fs::create_dir_all(&package_root).unwrap();
+        fs::write(package_root.join("index.html"), b"<html></html>").unwrap();
+
+        let manifest = sample_manifest(vec![sample_manifest_file("index.html", b"<html></html>")]);
+        fs::write(
+            package_root.join(MANIFEST_FILE_NAME),
+            serde_json::to_string_pretty(&manifest).unwrap(),
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+        prepare_zip_snapshot(&package_root, &snapshot_dir, &manifest)
+            .expect("declared files plus manifest should be accepted");
+
+        assert!(snapshot_dir.join("index.html").is_file());
+        assert!(snapshot_dir.join(MANIFEST_FILE_NAME).is_file());
+    }
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/snapshot.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/snapshot.rs
index 42bbeb984..89a8ca9ff 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/snapshot.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/snapshot.rs
@@ -6,19 +6,54 @@ use std::{
     path::{Path, PathBuf},
 };
 
-async fn download_bytes(url: &str) -> AnyResult<Vec<u8>> {
+pub(crate) async fn download_bytes_with_limit(url: &str, max_bytes: u64) -> AnyResult<Vec<u8>> {
     let response = reqwest::get(url)
         .await
         .with_context(|| format!("failed to GET {url}"))?
         .error_for_status()
         .with_context(|| format!("request failed for {url}"))?;
 
-    let bytes = response
-        .bytes()
+    if response
+        .content_length()
+        .is_some_and(|content_length| content_length > max_bytes)
+    {
+        anyhow::bail!("response body from {url} exceeds maximum size {max_bytes}");
+    }
+
+    let capacity = usize::try_from(max_bytes.min(1024 * 1024)).unwrap_or(1024 * 1024);
+    let mut bytes = Vec::with_capacity(capacity);
+    let mut response = response;
+    let mut received = 0u64;
+
+    while let Some(chunk) = response
+        .chunk()
         .await
-        .with_context(|| format!("failed to read response body from {url}"))?;
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to read response body from {url}"))?
+    {
+        let chunk_len = u64::try_from(chunk.len()).context("response chunk too large")?;
+
+        received = received
+            .checked_add(chunk_len)
+            .context("response body size overflow")?;
+
+        if received > max_bytes {
+            anyhow::bail!("response body from {url} exceeds maximum size {max_bytes}");
+        }
+
+        bytes.extend_from_slice(&chunk);
+    }
+
+    Ok(bytes)
+}
+
+async fn download_exact_bytes(url: &str, expected_size: u64) -> AnyResult<Vec<u8>> {
+    let bytes = download_bytes_with_limit(url, expected_size).await?;
+
+    if u64::try_from(bytes.len()).context("response body too large")? != expected_size {
+        anyhow::bail!("response body from {url} did not match expected size {expected_size}");
+    }
 
-    Ok(bytes.to_vec())
+    Ok(bytes)
 }
 
 fn write_file(path: &Path, bytes: &[u8]) -> AnyResult<()> {
@@ -52,7 +87,7 @@ pub async fn download_url_snapshot(
 
     for file in manifest.files() {
         let url = app_url.join(file.path())?;
-        let bytes = download_bytes(&url).await?;
+        let bytes = download_exact_bytes(&url, file.size()).await?;
 
         let actual_hash = bytes_sha256_hex(&bytes);
         if actual_hash != file.sha256() {

From 2da250babd76fe74e571146ac767484d413fb634 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sun, 24 May 2026 01:28:59 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 435/471] Refactor validation and error handling in `snapshot`
 and `package` modules

- Added stricter file validation in `prepare_zip_snapshot` to reject undeclared, nested, or invalid files.
- Refactored response size and hash validation into reusable functions (`ensure_within_max_response_size`, `ensure_expected_size`, `ensure_expected_hash`).
- Enhanced unit test coverage for file declarations, size limits, and hash mismatches.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs  |  61 +++++++++++
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/snapshot.rs | 111 +++++++++++++++++----
 2 files changed, 154 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs
index d532658e8..7d9973fd0 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs
@@ -411,6 +411,67 @@ mod tests {
         );
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn prepare_zip_snapshot_rejects_nested_undeclared_files() {
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let package_root = dir.path().join("package");
+        let snapshot_dir = dir.path().join("snapshot");
+        fs::create_dir_all(package_root.join("assets")).unwrap();
+        fs::write(package_root.join("index.html"), b"<html></html>").unwrap();
+        fs::write(package_root.join("assets/extra.js"), b"alert(1)").unwrap();
+
+        let manifest = sample_manifest(vec![sample_manifest_file("index.html", b"<html></html>")]);
+
+        let err = prepare_zip_snapshot(&package_root, &snapshot_dir, &manifest)
+            .expect_err("nested undeclared files must be rejected");
+
+        assert!(
+            err.to_string().contains("undeclared file: assets/extra.js"),
+            "unexpected error: {err}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn prepare_zip_snapshot_accepts_declared_nested_files() {
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let package_root = dir.path().join("package");
+        let snapshot_dir = dir.path().join("snapshot");
+        fs::create_dir_all(package_root.join("assets")).unwrap();
+        fs::write(package_root.join("index.html"), b"<html></html>").unwrap();
+        fs::write(package_root.join("assets/app.js"), b"console.log('ok')").unwrap();
+
+        let manifest = sample_manifest(vec![
+            sample_manifest_file("index.html", b"<html></html>"),
+            sample_manifest_file("assets/app.js", b"console.log('ok')"),
+        ]);
+
+        prepare_zip_snapshot(&package_root, &snapshot_dir, &manifest)
+            .expect("declared nested files should be accepted");
+
+        assert!(snapshot_dir.join("assets/app.js").is_file());
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(unix)]
+    #[test]
+    fn prepare_zip_snapshot_rejects_symlinks() {
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let package_root = dir.path().join("package");
+        let snapshot_dir = dir.path().join("snapshot");
+        fs::create_dir_all(&package_root).unwrap();
+        fs::write(package_root.join("index.html"), b"<html></html>").unwrap();
+        std::os::unix::fs::symlink("index.html", package_root.join("index-link.html")).unwrap();
+
+        let manifest = sample_manifest(vec![sample_manifest_file("index.html", b"<html></html>")]);
+
+        let err = prepare_zip_snapshot(&package_root, &snapshot_dir, &manifest)
+            .expect_err("symlinks must be rejected");
+
+        assert!(
+            err.to_string().contains("unsupported file type"),
+            "unexpected error: {err}"
+        );
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn prepare_zip_snapshot_allows_manifest_file() {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/snapshot.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/snapshot.rs
index 89a8ca9ff..9c3b72f17 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/snapshot.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/snapshot.rs
@@ -13,11 +13,8 @@ pub(crate) async fn download_bytes_with_limit(url: &str, max_bytes: u64) -> AnyR
         .error_for_status()
         .with_context(|| format!("request failed for {url}"))?;
 
-    if response
-        .content_length()
-        .is_some_and(|content_length| content_length > max_bytes)
-    {
-        anyhow::bail!("response body from {url} exceeds maximum size {max_bytes}");
+    if let Some(content_length) = response.content_length() {
+        ensure_within_max_response_size(url, content_length, max_bytes)?;
     }
 
     let capacity = usize::try_from(max_bytes.min(1024 * 1024)).unwrap_or(1024 * 1024);
@@ -36,9 +33,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn download_bytes_with_limit(url: &str, max_bytes: u64) -> AnyR
             .checked_add(chunk_len)
             .context("response body size overflow")?;
 
-        if received > max_bytes {
-            anyhow::bail!("response body from {url} exceeds maximum size {max_bytes}");
-        }
+        ensure_within_max_response_size(url, received, max_bytes)?;
 
         bytes.extend_from_slice(&chunk);
     }
@@ -49,11 +44,36 @@ pub(crate) async fn download_bytes_with_limit(url: &str, max_bytes: u64) -> AnyR
 async fn download_exact_bytes(url: &str, expected_size: u64) -> AnyResult<Vec<u8>> {
     let bytes = download_bytes_with_limit(url, expected_size).await?;
 
+    ensure_expected_size(url, &bytes, expected_size)?;
+
+    Ok(bytes)
+}
+
+fn ensure_within_max_response_size(url: &str, received: u64, max_bytes: u64) -> AnyResult<()> {
+    if received > max_bytes {
+        anyhow::bail!("response body from {url} exceeds maximum size {max_bytes}");
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn ensure_expected_size(url: &str, bytes: &[u8], expected_size: u64) -> AnyResult<()> {
     if u64::try_from(bytes.len()).context("response body too large")? != expected_size {
         anyhow::bail!("response body from {url} did not match expected size {expected_size}");
     }
 
-    Ok(bytes)
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn ensure_expected_hash(path: &str, bytes: &[u8], expected_hash: &str) -> AnyResult<()> {
+    let actual_hash = bytes_sha256_hex(bytes);
+    if actual_hash != expected_hash {
+        return Err(anyhow!(
+            "hash mismatch for {path}: expected {expected_hash}, got {actual_hash}"
+        ));
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
 }
 
 fn write_file(path: &Path, bytes: &[u8]) -> AnyResult<()> {
@@ -89,15 +109,7 @@ pub async fn download_url_snapshot(
         let url = app_url.join(file.path())?;
         let bytes = download_exact_bytes(&url, file.size()).await?;
 
-        let actual_hash = bytes_sha256_hex(&bytes);
-        if actual_hash != file.sha256() {
-            return Err(anyhow!(
-                "hash mismatch for {}: expected {}, got {}",
-                file.path(),
-                file.sha256(),
-                actual_hash
-            ));
-        }
+        ensure_expected_hash(file.path(), &bytes, file.sha256())?;
 
         let output_path = snapshot_dir.join(PathBuf::from(file.path()));
         write_file(&output_path, &bytes)?;
@@ -132,3 +144,66 @@ pub(crate) fn fresh_snapshot_dir(app_dir: &Path) -> PathBuf {
         .join("snapshots")
         .join(uuid::Uuid::new_v4().to_string())
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn ensure_expected_size_accepts_exact_size() {
+        ensure_expected_size("https://example.com/index.html", b"hello", 5).unwrap();
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn ensure_within_max_response_size_accepts_limit() {
+        ensure_within_max_response_size("https://example.com/index.html", 5, 5).unwrap();
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn ensure_within_max_response_size_rejects_over_limit() {
+        let err = ensure_within_max_response_size("https://example.com/index.html", 6, 5)
+            .expect_err("over-limit body must be rejected");
+
+        assert!(
+            err.to_string().contains("exceeds maximum size 5"),
+            "unexpected error: {err}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn ensure_expected_size_rejects_larger_body() {
+        let err = ensure_expected_size("https://example.com/index.html", b"too-large", 3)
+            .expect_err("oversized body must be rejected");
+        assert!(
+            err.to_string().contains("did not match expected size"),
+            "unexpected error: {err}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn ensure_expected_size_rejects_smaller_body() {
+        let err = ensure_expected_size("https://example.com/index.html", b"tiny", 6)
+            .expect_err("undersized body must be rejected");
+        assert!(
+            err.to_string().contains("did not match expected size"),
+            "unexpected error: {err}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn ensure_expected_hash_accepts_matching_hash() {
+        let bytes = b"hello";
+        let hash = bytes_sha256_hex(bytes);
+        ensure_expected_hash("index.html", bytes, &hash).unwrap();
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn ensure_expected_hash_rejects_mismatch() {
+        let err = ensure_expected_hash("index.html", b"wrong", &bytes_sha256_hex(b"right"))
+            .expect_err("hash mismatch must be rejected");
+        assert!(
+            err.to_string().contains("hash mismatch"),
+            "unexpected error: {err}"
+        );
+    }
+}

From 3a300ceab9e5a14e7bee58558fe53fa746266828 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sun, 24 May 2026 01:36:57 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 436/471] Add tests for rejecting sensitive capabilities with
 external access permissions

- Added unit tests to ensure sensitive secret access and external network access cannot coexist in permissions.
- Refactored `sample_app` to accommodate modular requested permissions handling.
- Introduced `sample_requested_permissions` and `sample_app_with_requested_permissions` helper functions.
- Added network whitelist tests for required and optional network cases with sensitive capabilities.
- Improved error reporting for invalid permission combinations.
---
 .../src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs       | 87 ++++++++++++++++++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs             |  2 +
 .../sage-apps/src/types/permissions/tests.rs  | 80 +++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 166 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
index cc8e0ce6c..5614624dc 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
@@ -289,7 +289,7 @@ mod tests {
     use crate::types::{
         SageApp, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts,
         SageGrantedPermissionsInput, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
-        SageRequestedPermissions, UserSageAppSource,
+        SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist, SageRequestedPermissions, UserSageAppSource,
     };
     use tempfile::tempdir;
 
@@ -308,7 +308,11 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     async fn sample_app(base: &Path, app_id: &str) -> SharedSageApp {
-        let requested_permissions = SageRequestedPermissions::new(
+        sample_app_with_requested_permissions(base, app_id, sample_requested_permissions()).await
+    }
+
+    fn sample_requested_permissions() -> SageRequestedPermissions {
+        SageRequestedPermissions::new(
             SageRequestedNetworkPermissions::new(
                 [network_whitelist_entry("https", "required.example.com")],
                 [network_whitelist_entry("wss", "optional.example.com")],
@@ -323,8 +327,14 @@ mod tests {
                 ],
             ),
         )
-        .unwrap();
+        .unwrap()
+    }
 
+    async fn sample_app_with_requested_permissions(
+        base: &Path,
+        app_id: &str,
+        requested_permissions: SageRequestedPermissions,
+    ) -> SharedSageApp {
         let (manifest_version, sage_version) = SageAppPackageManifestParts::v0_defaults();
 
         let manifest = SageAppPackageManifest::try_from(SageAppPackageManifestParts {
@@ -410,6 +420,77 @@ mod tests {
         );
     }
 
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn update_app_permissions_includes_required_network_specific_entries() {
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let requested_permissions = SageRequestedPermissions::new(
+            SageRequestedNetworkPermissions::new(
+                [],
+                [],
+                [(
+                    "mainnet".to_string(),
+                    SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist::new(
+                        [network_whitelist_entry(
+                            "https",
+                            "mainnet-required.example.com",
+                        )],
+                        [network_whitelist_entry(
+                            "wss",
+                            "mainnet-optional.example.com",
+                        )],
+                    ),
+                )],
+            )
+            .unwrap(),
+            SageRequestedCapabilities::empty(),
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        let app =
+            sample_app_with_requested_permissions(dir.path(), "app-network", requested_permissions)
+                .await;
+
+        let granted = app
+            .try_with(|app| {
+                SageGrantedPermissions::new(
+                    app.common().requested_permissions(),
+                    [],
+                    [],
+                    BTreeMap::new(),
+                )
+            })
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let (update_result, normalized) =
+            preview_granted_permissions_update(&app, &granted).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            update_result
+                .change()
+                .network_whitelist_by_network()
+                .for_network("mainnet")
+                .full,
+            [network_whitelist_entry(
+                "https",
+                "mainnet-required.example.com"
+            )]
+        );
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            normalized
+                .network()
+                .whitelist_by_network()
+                .get("mainnet")
+                .cloned()
+                .unwrap_or_default(),
+            [network_whitelist_entry(
+                "https",
+                "mainnet-required.example.com"
+            )]
+            .into_iter()
+            .collect()
+        );
+    }
+
     #[tokio::test]
     async fn grant_requested_capability_grants_optional_capability() {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs
index 6ecf7e8f4..3843d905b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs
@@ -30,5 +30,7 @@ pub(crate) use manifest::{
     SageAppManifestSageVersion, SageAppManifestVersion, SageAppPackageManifestParts,
 };
 #[cfg(test)]
+pub(crate) use network::SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist;
+#[cfg(test)]
 pub(crate) use permissions::{SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions};
 pub(crate) use url::{MANIFEST_FILE_NAME, SageAppManifestUrl, SageAppUrl};
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/tests.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/tests.rs
index ff8283b56..1f9b01e22 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/tests.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/tests.rs
@@ -151,3 +151,83 @@ fn effective_whitelist_for_network_merges_shared_and_network_specific_entries()
 
     assert_eq!(effective, expected);
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn requested_permissions_reject_secret_capability_with_required_network() {
+    let err = SageRequestedPermissions::new(
+        SageRequestedNetworkPermissions::new(
+            [network_entry("https", "required.example.com")],
+            [],
+            [],
+        )
+        .unwrap(),
+        SageRequestedCapabilities::new([UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetSecretKey], []),
+    )
+    .unwrap_err();
+
+    assert!(
+        err.to_string()
+            .contains("cannot include both external access and sensitive secret access"),
+        "unexpected error: {err}"
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn granted_permissions_reject_secret_capability_with_optional_network_grant() {
+    let requested = SageRequestedPermissions::new(
+        SageRequestedNetworkPermissions::new(
+            [],
+            [network_entry("https", "optional.example.com")],
+            [],
+        )
+        .unwrap(),
+        SageRequestedCapabilities::new([], [UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetSecretKey]),
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+
+    let err = SageGrantedPermissions::new(
+        &requested,
+        [UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetSecretKey],
+        [network_entry("https", "optional.example.com")],
+        BTreeMap::new(),
+    )
+    .unwrap_err();
+
+    assert!(
+        err.to_string()
+            .contains("cannot include both external access and sensitive secret access"),
+        "unexpected error: {err}"
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn granted_permissions_reject_secret_capability_with_external_capability() {
+    let requested = SageRequestedPermissions::new(
+        SageRequestedNetworkPermissions::empty(),
+        SageRequestedCapabilities::new(
+            [],
+            [
+                UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetSecretKey,
+                UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
+            ],
+        ),
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+
+    let err = SageGrantedPermissions::new(
+        &requested,
+        [
+            UserBridgeCapability::WalletGetSecretKey,
+            UserBridgeCapability::WalletSendXch,
+        ],
+        [],
+        BTreeMap::new(),
+    )
+    .unwrap_err();
+
+    assert!(
+        err.to_string()
+            .contains("cannot include both external access and sensitive secret access"),
+        "unexpected error: {err}"
+    );
+}

From 8b39bc0d7e47b1881a5d06dbb9d088c4f0d1d34f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sun, 24 May 2026 01:44:25 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 437/471] Add unit tests for permission updates and pending
 update decisions

- Added tests to verify rejection of external access permissions when origin storage may contain secrets.
- Introduced test coverage for pending update decisions involving network-specific entries.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs      | 89 +++++++++++++++++++
 .../sage-apps/src/types/app/view/preview.rs   | 77 ++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 166 insertions(+)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
index 049baf44e..5f523d8c0 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
@@ -406,3 +406,92 @@ impl TryFrom<SageAppCommonRaw> for SageAppCommon {
         )
     }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
+    use crate::types::{
+        SageAppManifestFile, SageAppManifestSageVersion, SageAppManifestVersion,
+        SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
+        SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions,
+    };
+    use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+    use std::fs;
+    use tempfile::{TempDir, tempdir};
+
+    fn entry(scheme: &str, host: &str) -> SageNetworkWhitelistEntry {
+        SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new(scheme, host).unwrap()
+    }
+
+    fn manifest(permissions: SageRequestedPermissions) -> SageAppPackageManifest {
+        SageAppPackageManifest::try_from(SageAppPackageManifestParts {
+            manifest_version: SageAppManifestVersion(0),
+            name: "test app".to_string(),
+            icon: None,
+            sage_version: SageAppManifestSageVersion {
+                min: "0.0.0".to_string(),
+                tested_max: None,
+            },
+            version: "1.0.0".to_string(),
+            permissions,
+            files: vec![SageAppManifestFile::new("index.html", "a".repeat(64), 1).unwrap()],
+            entry: Some("index.html".to_string()),
+            author: None,
+            donation: None,
+        })
+        .unwrap()
+    }
+
+    fn tainted_app() -> (SageAppCommon, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, TempDir) {
+        let optional_network = entry("https", "optional.example.com");
+        let requested = SageRequestedPermissions::new(
+            SageRequestedNetworkPermissions::new([], [optional_network.clone()], []).unwrap(),
+            SageRequestedCapabilities::new([], [UserBridgeCapability::StoragePersistentWebview]),
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        let granted = SageGrantedPermissions::new(
+            &requested,
+            [UserBridgeCapability::StoragePersistentWebview],
+            [],
+            BTreeMap::new(),
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let dir_path = dir.path().to_path_buf();
+        fs::write(dir_path.join("index.html"), "x").unwrap();
+        let snapshot =
+            SageAppSnapshot::new("hash", dir_path.to_string_lossy(), manifest(requested)).unwrap();
+
+        let app = SageAppCommon::from_persisted_parts(
+            SageAppIdentity::new("app-id", "origin-id", dir_path.to_string_lossy()).unwrap(),
+            granted,
+            SageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
+            true,
+            snapshot,
+            SageAppWalletScope::AllWallets,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+        (app, optional_network, dir)
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn update_permissions_rejects_external_access_when_origin_storage_may_contain_secrets() {
+        let (mut app, optional_network, _dir) = tainted_app();
+
+        let granted_with_network = app
+            .granted_permissions()
+            .with_network_whitelist_entry_added(app.requested_permissions(), optional_network)
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let err = app.update_permissions(&granted_with_network).unwrap_err();
+
+        assert!(
+            err.to_string()
+                .contains("external access while origin webview storage may contain secrets"),
+            "unexpected error: {err}"
+        );
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/preview.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/preview.rs
index bce39bc95..eed99d451 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/preview.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/preview.rs
@@ -123,3 +123,80 @@ impl UserSageAppPendingUpdateDecisionView {
         matches!(self, Self::Review { .. })
     }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::types::{
+        SageAppManifestFile, SageAppManifestSageVersion, SageAppManifestVersion,
+        SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedCapabilities,
+        SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist,
+    };
+    use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+
+    fn entry(scheme: &str, host: &str) -> SageNetworkWhitelistEntry {
+        SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new(scheme, host).unwrap()
+    }
+
+    fn manifest(permissions: SageRequestedPermissions) -> SageAppPackageManifest {
+        SageAppPackageManifest::try_from(SageAppPackageManifestParts {
+            manifest_version: SageAppManifestVersion(0),
+            name: "test app".to_string(),
+            icon: None,
+            sage_version: SageAppManifestSageVersion {
+                min: "0.0.0".to_string(),
+                tested_max: None,
+            },
+            version: "1.0.0".to_string(),
+            permissions,
+            files: vec![SageAppManifestFile::new("index.html", "a".repeat(64), 1).unwrap()],
+            entry: Some("index.html".to_string()),
+            author: None,
+            donation: None,
+        })
+        .unwrap()
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn pending_update_decision_reviews_new_required_network_specific_entries() {
+        let old_permissions = SageRequestedPermissions::empty();
+        let active_grants =
+            SageGrantedPermissions::new(&old_permissions, [], [], BTreeMap::new()).unwrap();
+        let required_entry = entry("https", "mainnet-required.example.com");
+        let pending_permissions = SageRequestedPermissions::new(
+            SageRequestedNetworkPermissions::new(
+                [],
+                [],
+                [(
+                    "mainnet".to_string(),
+                    SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist::new([required_entry.clone()], []),
+                )],
+            )
+            .unwrap(),
+            SageRequestedCapabilities::empty(),
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+        let pending = UserSageAppPendingUpdate::new(
+            SageAppUrl::parse("https://example.com/app/manifest.json").unwrap(),
+            "manifest-hash".to_string(),
+            manifest(pending_permissions),
+        );
+
+        let view = UserSageAppPendingUpdateView::from_pending_update(&pending, &active_grants);
+
+        let UserSageAppPendingUpdateDecisionView::Review(review) = view.decision() else {
+            panic!("expected pending update to require review");
+        };
+
+        assert!(review.required_user_grantable_capabilities.is_empty());
+        assert!(review.required_network_whitelist.is_empty());
+        assert_eq!(
+            review
+                .required_network_whitelist_by_network
+                .get("mainnet")
+                .unwrap(),
+            &vec![required_entry]
+        );
+    }
+}

From d22bbc0d4e71ed03bb67922d0e8cf43b13c097f2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sun, 24 May 2026 01:49:17 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 438/471] Enforce remote app icon size limit and improve error
 handling

- Introduced `MAX_REMOTE_ICON_BYTES` to define size limit for remote app icons (1 MB).
- Added `read_remote_icon_bytes` function to handle remote icon downloads with size checks.
- Implemented `ensure_remote_icon_size` to validate icon size during download.
- Enhanced error handling for size overflows and download failures.
- Added unit tests to verify size limit enforcement.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/common.rs | 65 +++++++++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 60 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/common.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/common.rs
index 575e99abe..7967bd038 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/common.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/common.rs
@@ -4,10 +4,13 @@ use crate::types::{
     SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestPreview,
     SageAppUrl, SageAppWalletScope,
 };
+use anyhow::Context;
 use serde::Serialize;
 use specta::Type;
 use url::Url;
 
+const MAX_REMOTE_ICON_BYTES: u64 = 1024 * 1024;
+
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub(crate) struct SageAppIdentityView {
@@ -123,11 +126,63 @@ impl SageAppIconView {
             .unwrap_or("application/octet-stream")
             .to_string();
 
-        let bytes = resp.bytes().await.ok()?;
+        let bytes = read_remote_icon_bytes(resp).await.ok()?;
+
+        Some(Self { mime, bytes })
+    }
+}
+
+async fn read_remote_icon_bytes(mut resp: reqwest::Response) -> anyhow::Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    if let Some(content_length) = resp.content_length() {
+        ensure_remote_icon_size(content_length)?;
+    }
+
+    let mut bytes = Vec::with_capacity(usize::try_from(MAX_REMOTE_ICON_BYTES).unwrap_or(0));
+    let mut received = 0u64;
+
+    while let Some(chunk) = resp
+        .chunk()
+        .await
+        .context("failed to read remote icon body")?
+    {
+        let chunk_len = u64::try_from(chunk.len()).context("remote icon chunk too large")?;
+
+        received = received
+            .checked_add(chunk_len)
+            .context("remote icon body size overflow")?;
+
+        ensure_remote_icon_size(received)?;
+        bytes.extend_from_slice(&chunk);
+    }
+
+    Ok(bytes)
+}
+
+fn ensure_remote_icon_size(size: u64) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    if size > MAX_REMOTE_ICON_BYTES {
+        anyhow::bail!("remote app icon exceeds maximum size {MAX_REMOTE_ICON_BYTES}");
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn remote_icon_size_accepts_limit() {
+        ensure_remote_icon_size(MAX_REMOTE_ICON_BYTES).unwrap();
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn remote_icon_size_rejects_over_limit() {
+        let err = ensure_remote_icon_size(MAX_REMOTE_ICON_BYTES + 1)
+            .expect_err("oversized remote icon must be rejected");
 
-        Some(Self {
-            mime,
-            bytes: bytes.to_vec(),
-        })
+        assert!(
+            err.to_string().contains("remote app icon exceeds"),
+            "unexpected error: {err}"
+        );
     }
 }

From 7c83933072522c88fa4f8263dcb612c4876f4c63 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sun, 24 May 2026 01:53:26 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 439/471] Add unit tests for network-specific CSP whitelist
 behavior

- Introduced tests to ensure `connect-src` respects active network-specific whitelists.
- Verified shared and network-specific entries are correctly applied within CSP generation.
- Added helper functions for test setup, including managing requested and granted permissions.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/security/csp.rs | 114 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 113 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/csp.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/csp.rs
index 85b92b841..85ac6a98d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/csp.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/csp.rs
@@ -60,6 +60,118 @@ pub fn build_app_csp(app: &SharedSageApp, network_id: &str) -> String {
          worker-src {worker_src}; \
          base-uri {base_uri}; \
          form-action {form_action}; \
-         frame-ancestors {frame_ancestors};"
+        frame-ancestors {frame_ancestors};"
     )
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::types::{
+        SageAppIdentity, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppManifestSageVersion, SageAppManifestVersion,
+        SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppStorage,
+        SageAppUrl, SageAppWalletScope, SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
+        SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist,
+        SageRequestedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
+    };
+    use std::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet};
+    use std::fs;
+    use tempfile::{TempDir, tempdir};
+
+    fn entry(scheme: &str, host: &str) -> SageNetworkWhitelistEntry {
+        SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new(scheme, host).unwrap()
+    }
+
+    fn manifest(permissions: SageRequestedPermissions) -> SageAppPackageManifest {
+        SageAppPackageManifest::try_from(SageAppPackageManifestParts {
+            manifest_version: SageAppManifestVersion(0),
+            name: "test app".to_string(),
+            icon: None,
+            sage_version: SageAppManifestSageVersion {
+                min: "0.0.0".to_string(),
+                tested_max: None,
+            },
+            version: "1.0.0".to_string(),
+            permissions,
+            files: vec![SageAppManifestFile::new("index.html", "a".repeat(64), 1).unwrap()],
+            entry: Some("index.html".to_string()),
+            author: None,
+            donation: None,
+        })
+        .unwrap()
+    }
+
+    fn app_with_network_grants() -> (SharedSageApp, TempDir) {
+        let shared = entry("https", "shared.example.com");
+        let mainnet = entry("https", "mainnet.example.com");
+        let testnet = entry("https", "testnet.example.com");
+
+        let requested = SageRequestedPermissions::new(
+            SageRequestedNetworkPermissions::new(
+                [],
+                [shared.clone()],
+                [
+                    (
+                        "mainnet".to_string(),
+                        SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist::new([], [mainnet.clone()]),
+                    ),
+                    (
+                        "testnet11".to_string(),
+                        SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist::new([], [testnet.clone()]),
+                    ),
+                ],
+            )
+            .unwrap(),
+            SageRequestedCapabilities::empty(),
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+        let granted = SageGrantedPermissions::new(
+            &requested,
+            [],
+            [shared],
+            BTreeMap::from([
+                ("mainnet".to_string(), BTreeSet::from([mainnet])),
+                ("testnet11".to_string(), BTreeSet::from([testnet])),
+            ]),
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+        fs::write(dir.path().join("index.html"), "x").unwrap();
+        let snapshot =
+            SageAppSnapshot::new("hash", dir.path().to_string_lossy(), manifest(requested))
+                .unwrap();
+        let common = crate::types::SageAppCommon::new(
+            SageAppIdentity::new("app-id", "origin-id", dir.path().to_string_lossy()).unwrap(),
+            granted,
+            SageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
+            snapshot,
+            SageAppWalletScope::AllWallets,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        let app = UserSageApp::new_installed(
+            common,
+            UserSageAppSource::Url {
+                app_url: SageAppUrl::parse("https://example.com/app/").unwrap(),
+            },
+        );
+
+        (SharedSageApp::new(app.into_sage_app()), dir)
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn csp_connect_src_scopes_network_specific_whitelist_to_active_network() {
+        let (app, _dir) = app_with_network_grants();
+
+        let mainnet_csp = build_app_csp(&app, "mainnet");
+        assert!(mainnet_csp.contains("https://shared.example.com"));
+        assert!(mainnet_csp.contains("https://mainnet.example.com"));
+        assert!(!mainnet_csp.contains("https://testnet.example.com"));
+
+        let testnet_csp = build_app_csp(&app, "testnet11");
+        assert!(testnet_csp.contains("https://shared.example.com"));
+        assert!(testnet_csp.contains("https://testnet.example.com"));
+        assert!(!testnet_csp.contains("https://mainnet.example.com"));
+    }
+}

From 913c067b7cb8abf2214731b0fa5cac008d78e930 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sun, 24 May 2026 01:56:12 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 440/471] Add unit tests for `SageAppSnapshot` file path
 resolution and security checks

- Added tests for `resolve_file_path` behavior with default, root, and nested paths.
- Validated rejection of traversal components and escaping symlinks.
- Ensured robust handling of file paths within snapshot boundaries.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/snapshot.rs | 96 ++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 96 insertions(+)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/snapshot.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/snapshot.rs
index 0aebd30dc..cb17d357f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/snapshot.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/snapshot.rs
@@ -123,3 +123,99 @@ impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for SageAppSnapshot {
             .map_err(serde::de::Error::custom)
     }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::types::{
+        SageAppManifestFile, SageAppManifestSageVersion, SageAppManifestVersion,
+        SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageRequestedPermissions,
+    };
+    use std::fs;
+    use tempfile::{TempDir, tempdir};
+
+    fn manifest_file(path: &str) -> SageAppManifestFile {
+        SageAppManifestFile::new(path, "a".repeat(64), 1).unwrap()
+    }
+
+    fn manifest() -> SageAppPackageManifest {
+        SageAppPackageManifest::try_from(SageAppPackageManifestParts {
+            manifest_version: SageAppManifestVersion(0),
+            name: "test app".to_string(),
+            icon: None,
+            sage_version: SageAppManifestSageVersion {
+                min: "0.0.0".to_string(),
+                tested_max: None,
+            },
+            version: "1.0.0".to_string(),
+            permissions: SageRequestedPermissions::empty(),
+            files: vec![manifest_file("index.html"), manifest_file("nested/file.js")],
+            entry: Some("index.html".to_string()),
+            author: None,
+            donation: None,
+        })
+        .unwrap()
+    }
+
+    fn snapshot() -> (SageAppSnapshot, TempDir) {
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+        fs::write(dir.path().join("index.html"), "x").unwrap();
+        fs::create_dir_all(dir.path().join("nested")).unwrap();
+        fs::write(dir.path().join("nested/file.js"), "x").unwrap();
+
+        let snapshot =
+            SageAppSnapshot::new("hash", dir.path().to_string_lossy(), manifest()).unwrap();
+
+        (snapshot, dir)
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn resolve_file_path_defaults_empty_and_root_to_manifest_entry() {
+        let (snapshot, _dir) = snapshot();
+        let entry = snapshot.file_path("index.html").canonicalize().unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(snapshot.resolve_file_path("").unwrap(), entry);
+        assert_eq!(snapshot.resolve_file_path("/").unwrap(), entry);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn resolve_file_path_accepts_nested_snapshot_file() {
+        let (snapshot, _dir) = snapshot();
+        let nested = snapshot.file_path("nested/file.js").canonicalize().unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            snapshot.resolve_file_path("/nested/file.js").unwrap(),
+            nested
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn resolve_file_path_rejects_traversal_components() {
+        let (snapshot, _dir) = snapshot();
+
+        for path in ["../secret.txt", "/../secret.txt", "nested/../index.html"] {
+            assert!(
+                snapshot.resolve_file_path(path).is_err(),
+                "expected {path} to be rejected"
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(unix)]
+    #[test]
+    fn resolve_file_path_rejects_symlink_that_escapes_snapshot_root() {
+        let (snapshot, dir) = snapshot();
+        let external = dir.path().parent().unwrap().join("external-secret.txt");
+        fs::write(&external, "secret").unwrap();
+        std::os::unix::fs::symlink(&external, dir.path().join("nested/link.txt")).unwrap();
+
+        let err = snapshot
+            .resolve_file_path("nested/link.txt")
+            .expect_err("escaping symlink must be rejected");
+
+        assert!(
+            err.to_string().contains("escapes root"),
+            "unexpected error: {err}"
+        );
+    }
+}

From 4ce755ea9be046588d2aa6a6715317b6ea3641e0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sun, 24 May 2026 02:01:03 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 441/471] Refactor app protocol file path resolution logic into
 a dedicated function and add unit tests for validation and security checks

---
 crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs | 158 ++++++++++++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 146 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
index 7d0b6c80d..9c953af24 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use crate::runtime::{app_id_from_webview_label, resolve_running_app};
 use crate::security::build_app_csp;
 use crate::types::{ResolvedRunningApp, SharedSageApp};
 use anyhow::{Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
-use std::fs;
+use std::{fs, path::PathBuf};
 use tauri::http::{Request, Response, StatusCode};
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager};
 
@@ -71,17 +71,7 @@ async fn handle_app_protocol_request(
     app: &SharedSageApp,
     request: &Request<Vec<u8>>,
 ) -> AnyResult<Response<Vec<u8>>> {
-    if request.uri().host() != Some(&app.origin_id()) {
-        anyhow::bail!("host mismatch");
-    }
-
-    if request.headers().contains_key("Service-Worker") {
-        anyhow::bail!("Service worker forbidden");
-    }
-
-    let request_path = request.uri().path();
-
-    let file_path = app.with(|app| app.active_snapshot().resolve_file_path(request_path))?;
+    let file_path = protocol_file_path_for_request(app, request)?;
 
     let mime = mime_guess::from_path(&file_path)
         .first_or_octet_stream()
@@ -100,6 +90,23 @@ async fn handle_app_protocol_request(
         .map_err(|err| anyhow!("failed to build app protocol response: {err}"))
 }
 
+fn protocol_file_path_for_request(
+    app: &SharedSageApp,
+    request: &Request<Vec<u8>>,
+) -> AnyResult<PathBuf> {
+    if request.uri().host() != Some(&app.origin_id()) {
+        anyhow::bail!("host mismatch");
+    }
+
+    if request.headers().contains_key("Service-Worker") {
+        anyhow::bail!("Service worker forbidden");
+    }
+
+    let request_path = request.uri().path();
+
+    app.with(|app| app.active_snapshot().resolve_file_path(request_path))
+}
+
 fn not_found_response() -> Response<Vec<u8>> {
     Response::builder()
         .status(StatusCode::NOT_FOUND)
@@ -132,3 +139,130 @@ async fn active_network_id(app_handle: &AppHandle) -> AnyResult<String> {
 
     Ok(sage.network_id())
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::types::{
+        SageAppIdentity, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppManifestSageVersion, SageAppManifestVersion,
+        SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppStorage,
+        SageAppUrl, SageAppWalletScope, SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions,
+        UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
+    };
+    use tempfile::{TempDir, tempdir};
+
+    fn manifest_file(path: &str) -> SageAppManifestFile {
+        SageAppManifestFile::new(path, "a".repeat(64), 1).unwrap()
+    }
+
+    fn manifest() -> SageAppPackageManifest {
+        SageAppPackageManifest::try_from(SageAppPackageManifestParts {
+            manifest_version: SageAppManifestVersion(0),
+            name: "test app".to_string(),
+            icon: None,
+            sage_version: SageAppManifestSageVersion {
+                min: "0.0.0".to_string(),
+                tested_max: None,
+            },
+            version: "1.0.0".to_string(),
+            permissions: SageRequestedPermissions::empty(),
+            files: vec![manifest_file("index.html"), manifest_file("nested/app.js")],
+            entry: Some("index.html".to_string()),
+            author: None,
+            donation: None,
+        })
+        .unwrap()
+    }
+
+    fn app() -> (SharedSageApp, TempDir) {
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+        fs::write(dir.path().join("index.html"), "x").unwrap();
+        fs::create_dir_all(dir.path().join("nested")).unwrap();
+        fs::write(dir.path().join("nested/app.js"), "x").unwrap();
+
+        let manifest = manifest();
+        let granted =
+            SageGrantedPermissions::new(manifest.permissions(), [], [], BTreeMap::default())
+                .unwrap();
+        let snapshot =
+            SageAppSnapshot::new("hash", dir.path().to_string_lossy(), manifest).unwrap();
+        let common = crate::types::SageAppCommon::new(
+            SageAppIdentity::new("app-id", "origin-id", dir.path().to_string_lossy()).unwrap(),
+            granted,
+            SageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
+            snapshot,
+            SageAppWalletScope::AllWallets,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        let app = UserSageApp::new_installed(
+            common,
+            UserSageAppSource::Url {
+                app_url: SageAppUrl::parse("https://example.com/app/").unwrap(),
+            },
+        );
+
+        (SharedSageApp::new(app.into_sage_app()), dir)
+    }
+
+    fn request(uri: &str) -> Request<Vec<u8>> {
+        Request::builder().uri(uri).body(Vec::new()).unwrap()
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn protocol_file_path_accepts_matching_host_and_snapshot_path() {
+        let (app, _dir) = app();
+        let request = request("sage-app://origin-id/nested/app.js");
+        let expected = app.with(|app| app.active_snapshot().file_path("nested/app.js"));
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            protocol_file_path_for_request(&app, &request).unwrap(),
+            expected.canonicalize().unwrap()
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn protocol_file_path_rejects_host_mismatch() {
+        let (app, _dir) = app();
+        let request = request("sage-app://other-origin/index.html");
+
+        let err = protocol_file_path_for_request(&app, &request).unwrap_err();
+
+        assert!(
+            err.to_string().contains("host mismatch"),
+            "unexpected error: {err}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn protocol_file_path_rejects_service_worker_requests() {
+        let (app, _dir) = app();
+        let request = Request::builder()
+            .uri("sage-app://origin-id/index.html")
+            .header("Service-Worker", "script")
+            .body(Vec::new())
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let err = protocol_file_path_for_request(&app, &request).unwrap_err();
+
+        assert!(
+            err.to_string().contains("Service worker forbidden"),
+            "unexpected error: {err}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn protocol_file_path_rejects_traversal_paths() {
+        let (app, _dir) = app();
+
+        for uri in [
+            "sage-app://origin-id/../secret.txt",
+            "sage-app://origin-id/nested/../index.html",
+        ] {
+            assert!(
+                protocol_file_path_for_request(&app, &request(uri)).is_err(),
+                "expected {uri} to be rejected"
+            );
+        }
+    }
+}

From 574ff25c288723ff5f7d90d43756122896c2d807 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sun, 24 May 2026 02:50:54 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 442/471] Fix typo in Task Manager title

---
 builtin-apps/src/system/apps/task-manager/src/App.tsx | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/task-manager/src/App.tsx b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/task-manager/src/App.tsx
index 0c2e94a4e..96304d658 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/task-manager/src/App.tsx
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/task-manager/src/App.tsx
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ export function App() {
               Built-in system app
             </div>
             <h1 className='mt-1 text-3xl font-bold tracking-tight'>
-              Task Managers
+              Task Manager
             </h1>
             <div className='mt-1 text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
               {runtimes.length} runtimes · updated {formatTime(now)}

From ce63f6d1e32393c2f88de32afb886e0b60457842 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Rigidity <me@rigidnetwork.com>
Date: Sun, 31 May 2026 14:11:08 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 443/471] Rename mod.rs files

---
 crates/sage-apps/src/{bridge/mod.rs => bridge.rs}                 | 0
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/{methods/mod.rs => methods.rs}        | 0
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/{system/mod.rs => system.rs}  | 0
 .../bridge/methods/system/{app_install/mod.rs => app_install.rs}  | 0
 .../methods/system/{app_permissions/mod.rs => app_permissions.rs} | 0
 .../methods/system/{app_registry/mod.rs => app_registry.rs}       | 0
 .../bridge/methods/system/{app_update/mod.rs => app_update.rs}    | 0
 .../system/{bridge_approvals/mod.rs => bridge_approvals.rs}       | 0
 .../methods/system/{capabilities/mod.rs => capabilities.rs}       | 0
 .../src/bridge/methods/system/{donation/mod.rs => donation.rs}    | 0
 .../bridge/methods/system/{file_system/mod.rs => file_system.rs}  | 0
 .../methods/system/{runtime_manager/mod.rs => runtime_manager.rs} | 0
 .../src/bridge/methods/system/{sandbox/mod.rs => sandbox.rs}      | 0
 .../src/bridge/methods/system/{wallet/mod.rs => wallet.rs}        | 0
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/{user/mod.rs => user.rs}      | 0
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/{app/mod.rs => app.rs}   | 0
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/{bridge/mod.rs => bridge.rs}          | 0
 .../bridge/methods/user/{environment/mod.rs => environment.rs}    | 0
 .../bridge/methods/user/environment/{theme/mod.rs => theme.rs}    | 0
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/{wallet/mod.rs => wallet.rs}          | 0
 crates/sage-apps/src/{build/mod.rs => build.rs}                   | 0
 crates/sage-apps/src/{capabilities/mod.rs => capabilities.rs}     | 0
 crates/sage-apps/src/{db/mod.rs => db.rs}                         | 0
 crates/sage-apps/src/{environment/mod.rs => environment.rs}       | 0
 crates/sage-apps/src/{lifecycle/mod.rs => lifecycle.rs}           | 0
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/{install/mod.rs => install.rs}     | 0
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/{mutation/mod.rs => mutation.rs}   | 0
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/{registry/mod.rs => registry.rs}   | 0
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/{update/mod.rs => update.rs}       | 0
 crates/sage-apps/src/{runtime/mod.rs => runtime.rs}               | 0
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/{state/mod.rs => state.rs}           | 0
 crates/sage-apps/src/{sandbox/mod.rs => sandbox.rs}               | 0
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/{probes/mod.rs => probes.rs}         | 0
 crates/sage-apps/src/{security/mod.rs => security.rs}             | 0
 crates/sage-apps/src/{types/mod.rs => types.rs}                   | 0
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/{app/mod.rs => app.rs}                 | 0
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/{view/mod.rs => view.rs}           | 0
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/{invariants/mod.rs => invariants.rs}   | 0
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/{permissions/mod.rs => permissions.rs} | 0
 39 files changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
 rename crates/sage-apps/src/{bridge/mod.rs => bridge.rs} (100%)
 rename crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/{methods/mod.rs => methods.rs} (100%)
 rename crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/{system/mod.rs => system.rs} (100%)
 rename crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/{app_install/mod.rs => app_install.rs} (100%)
 rename crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/{app_permissions/mod.rs => app_permissions.rs} (100%)
 rename crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/{app_registry/mod.rs => app_registry.rs} (100%)
 rename crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/{app_update/mod.rs => app_update.rs} (100%)
 rename crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/{bridge_approvals/mod.rs => bridge_approvals.rs} (100%)
 rename crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/{capabilities/mod.rs => capabilities.rs} (100%)
 rename crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/{donation/mod.rs => donation.rs} (100%)
 rename crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/{file_system/mod.rs => file_system.rs} (100%)
 rename crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/{runtime_manager/mod.rs => runtime_manager.rs} (100%)
 rename crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/{sandbox/mod.rs => sandbox.rs} (100%)
 rename crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/{wallet/mod.rs => wallet.rs} (100%)
 rename crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/{user/mod.rs => user.rs} (100%)
 rename crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/{app/mod.rs => app.rs} (100%)
 rename crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/{bridge/mod.rs => bridge.rs} (100%)
 rename crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/{environment/mod.rs => environment.rs} (100%)
 rename crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/{theme/mod.rs => theme.rs} (100%)
 rename crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/{wallet/mod.rs => wallet.rs} (100%)
 rename crates/sage-apps/src/{build/mod.rs => build.rs} (100%)
 rename crates/sage-apps/src/{capabilities/mod.rs => capabilities.rs} (100%)
 rename crates/sage-apps/src/{db/mod.rs => db.rs} (100%)
 rename crates/sage-apps/src/{environment/mod.rs => environment.rs} (100%)
 rename crates/sage-apps/src/{lifecycle/mod.rs => lifecycle.rs} (100%)
 rename crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/{install/mod.rs => install.rs} (100%)
 rename crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/{mutation/mod.rs => mutation.rs} (100%)
 rename crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/{registry/mod.rs => registry.rs} (100%)
 rename crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/{update/mod.rs => update.rs} (100%)
 rename crates/sage-apps/src/{runtime/mod.rs => runtime.rs} (100%)
 rename crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/{state/mod.rs => state.rs} (100%)
 rename crates/sage-apps/src/{sandbox/mod.rs => sandbox.rs} (100%)
 rename crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/{probes/mod.rs => probes.rs} (100%)
 rename crates/sage-apps/src/{security/mod.rs => security.rs} (100%)
 rename crates/sage-apps/src/{types/mod.rs => types.rs} (100%)
 rename crates/sage-apps/src/types/{app/mod.rs => app.rs} (100%)
 rename crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/{view/mod.rs => view.rs} (100%)
 rename crates/sage-apps/src/types/{invariants/mod.rs => invariants.rs} (100%)
 rename crates/sage-apps/src/types/{permissions/mod.rs => permissions.rs} (100%)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/mod.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/bridge.rs
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/mod.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods.rs
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/mod.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system.rs
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/mod.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install.rs
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_permissions/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_permissions.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_permissions/mod.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_permissions.rs
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_registry/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_registry.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_registry/mod.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_registry.rs
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/mod.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update.rs
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals/mod.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals.rs
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/capabilities/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/capabilities.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/capabilities/mod.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/capabilities.rs
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/donation/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/donation.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/donation/mod.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/donation.rs
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/file_system/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/file_system.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/file_system/mod.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/file_system.rs
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/mod.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager.rs
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/sandbox/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/sandbox.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/sandbox/mod.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/sandbox.rs
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/wallet/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/wallet.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/wallet/mod.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/wallet.rs
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/mod.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user.rs
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/mod.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app.rs
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/mod.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge.rs
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/mod.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment.rs
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/theme/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/theme.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/theme/mod.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/theme.rs
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/mod.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet.rs
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/build.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/src/build/mod.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/build.rs
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/mod.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities.rs
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/db/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/db.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/src/db/mod.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/db.rs
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/environment/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/environment.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/src/environment/mod.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/environment.rs
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mod.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle.rs
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/mod.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mutation/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mutation.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mutation/mod.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mutation.rs
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/mod.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry.rs
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/mod.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update.rs
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/mod.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/runtime.rs
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/mod.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state.rs
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/mod.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox.rs
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/mod.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes.rs
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/security.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/src/security/mod.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/security.rs
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/src/types/mod.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/types.rs
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/mod.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/types/app.rs
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/mod.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view.rs
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/mod.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants.rs
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/mod.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/mod.rs
rename to crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs

From 2461674d878fed5c6d34764e8987dd9aa431458a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Rigidity <me@rigidnetwork.com>
Date: Sun, 31 May 2026 14:18:08 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 444/471] Add cursor rule

---
 .cursor/rules/imports.mdc | 31 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 31 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 .cursor/rules/imports.mdc

diff --git a/.cursor/rules/imports.mdc b/.cursor/rules/imports.mdc
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dcf1db653
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.cursor/rules/imports.mdc
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+---
+description: Rust module and import practices
+globs: **/*.rs
+alwaysApply: false
+---
+
+# Rust Modules And Imports
+
+For Rust files:
+
+- Group imports as `std`, external crates, then `crate`, with blank lines between groups.
+- Prefer `use` imports over repeated long paths in signatures/bodies.
+- Keep conventional qualifiers when clearer, e.g. `use std::fmt; impl fmt::Display ...`.
+- Re-export intended child items from parent modules with proper visibility instead of forcing callers through long internal paths.
+- Avoid unrelated import/re-export churn.
+
+```rust
+use std::fmt;
+
+use anyhow::Result;
+
+use crate::SageApp;
+
+impl fmt::Display for Error {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        // ...
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) use registry::{AppRegistryEntry, list_installed_apps};
+```

From a4f0ca7f7c26c453555bdaddde0a9fac47a61a84 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Rigidity <me@rigidnetwork.com>
Date: Sun, 31 May 2026 14:47:55 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 445/471] Fix imports v1

---
 .cursor/rules/imports.mdc                     | 15 +++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge.rs                | 30 +++++-----
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs | 29 +++++-----
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs       |  5 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs     |  4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods.rs        |  8 ++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/shared.rs | 11 ++--
 .../src/bridge/methods/system/app_install.rs  | 12 ++--
 .../methods/system/app_install/install_url.rs | 22 +++----
 .../methods/system/app_install/install_zip.rs | 25 ++++----
 .../methods/system/app_install/preview_url.rs | 13 +++--
 .../methods/system/app_install/preview_zip.rs | 20 ++++---
 .../bridge/methods/system/app_permissions.rs  | 10 +---
 .../app_permissions/apply_permissions.rs      | 10 ++--
 .../app_permissions/get_review_context.rs     |  6 +-
 .../src/bridge/methods/system/app_registry.rs |  2 +-
 .../methods/system/app_registry/events.rs     | 11 ++--
 .../src/bridge/methods/system/app_update.rs   | 10 +---
 .../methods/system/app_update/apply_update.rs |  8 +--
 .../methods/system/app_update/events.rs       | 11 ++--
 .../system/app_update/get_review_context.rs   |  8 +--
 .../bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals.rs |  6 +-
 .../methods/system/bridge_approvals/events.rs |  9 +--
 .../methods/system/bridge_approvals/list.rs   | 15 +++--
 .../system/bridge_approvals/resolve.rs        |  8 +--
 .../src/bridge/methods/system/capabilities.rs |  2 +-
 .../capabilities/list_user_definitions.rs     |  8 +--
 .../src/bridge/methods/system/donation.rs     |  2 +-
 .../methods/system/donation/get_details.rs    | 13 +++--
 .../src/bridge/methods/system/file_system.rs  |  4 +-
 .../methods/system/file_system/select_file.rs |  6 +-
 .../bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager.rs  | 18 +++---
 .../system/runtime_manager/close_self.rs      | 10 ++--
 .../methods/system/runtime_manager/events.rs  |  4 +-
 .../system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs   |  6 +-
 .../get_active_taskbar_runtime.rs             |  6 +-
 .../system/runtime_manager/hide_runtime.rs    |  6 +-
 .../system/runtime_manager/hide_self.rs       |  6 +-
 .../system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs    | 13 +++--
 .../system/runtime_manager/list_runtimes.rs   |  6 +-
 .../src/bridge/methods/system/sandbox.rs      |  6 +-
 .../bridge/methods/system/sandbox/events.rs   | 13 +++--
 .../methods/system/sandbox/get_state.rs       | 10 ++--
 .../methods/system/sandbox/rerun_tests.rs     |  8 +--
 .../src/bridge/methods/system/wallet.rs       |  2 +-
 .../methods/system/wallet/list_wallets.rs     |  8 +--
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user.rs   | 25 +++-----
 .../sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app.rs  | 30 +++++-----
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/app/events.rs     |  6 +-
 .../methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs      |  8 +--
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_info.rs   |  8 +--
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/app/lifecycle.rs  |  6 +-
 .../user/app/request_capability_grant.rs      | 14 ++---
 .../app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs    | 14 ++---
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/bridge.rs         |  8 +--
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/ping.rs    |  6 +-
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs    |  6 +-
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/environment.rs    |  2 +-
 .../methods/user/environment/get_network.rs   |  6 +-
 .../bridge/methods/user/environment/theme.rs  |  6 +-
 .../methods/user/environment/theme/events.rs  |  7 ++-
 .../user/environment/theme/get_current.rs     |  6 +-
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/wallet.rs         | 34 +++++------
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_key.rs |  8 +--
 .../methods/user/wallet/get_secret_key.rs     | 10 ++--
 .../methods/user/wallet/read_methods.rs       | 17 +++---
 .../bridge/methods/user/wallet/send_xch.rs    | 10 ++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs       |  9 +--
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/state.rs          | 18 +++---
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs     | 58 ++++++++-----------
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs          |  9 +--
 crates/sage-apps/src/build.rs                 |  4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs            |  6 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities.rs          |  9 ++-
 .../sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs |  2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs     |  8 ++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/types.rs    |  4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/db.rs                    |  4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/db/storage.rs            |  3 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/environment.rs           |  4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/environment/commands.rs  |  4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/host.rs                  | 18 +++---
 crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs                   | 46 ++++-----------
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle.rs             | 25 ++++----
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs     | 19 +++---
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs |  3 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs |  3 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs    |  7 +--
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mutation.rs    |  4 +-
 .../src/lifecycle/mutation/manager.rs         |  5 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs     |  3 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry.rs    | 11 ++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/snapshot.rs    |  8 ++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs     | 26 +++++----
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs   |  8 ++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update.rs      | 19 +++---
 .../sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/apply.rs   | 18 +++---
 .../src/lifecycle/update/background.rs        |  9 +--
 .../sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/check.rs   |  8 ++-
 .../src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs          |  4 +-
 .../src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs       | 19 +++---
 .../sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/scope.rs   |  2 +-
 .../sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/types.rs   |  5 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime.rs               | 28 ++++-----
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs      | 12 ++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/events.rs        | 11 ++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs       | 12 ++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs       | 14 +++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs         | 20 +++----
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state.rs         | 26 ++-------
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs    |  2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/remove.rs  |  3 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs   | 10 ++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/view.rs    |  5 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs   |  2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs          | 38 ++++++------
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/storage.rs       |  4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/system_apps.rs   |  8 +--
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/workspace.rs     | 14 ++---
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox.rs               | 24 ++++----
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs  |  5 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs          |  5 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/ingest.rs        |  3 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes.rs        |  6 +-
 .../sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/isolation.rs |  5 +-
 .../sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/network.rs   |  5 +-
 .../src/sandbox/probes/persistence.rs         |  5 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runner.rs        |  5 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs       |  8 ++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/state_view.rs    |  3 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/security.rs              |  7 ++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/security/bridge.rs       |  5 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/security/csp.rs          |  8 ++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs     | 15 +++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs           | 22 +++----
 crates/sage-apps/src/types.rs                 | 35 +++--------
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app.rs             | 24 ++++----
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/author.rs      |  2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs      | 39 +++++++------
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/donation.rs    |  2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/preview.rs     |  2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/snapshot.rs    | 14 +++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/system_apps.rs |  9 +--
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs   | 30 +++++-----
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view.rs        | 11 ++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/common.rs | 13 +++--
 .../sage-apps/src/types/app/view/network.rs   |  3 +-
 .../src/types/app/view/permission.rs          |  6 +-
 .../sage-apps/src/types/app/view/preview.rs   | 10 ++--
 .../sage-apps/src/types/app/view/snapshot.rs  |  3 +-
 .../src/types/app/view/system_apps.rs         |  7 ++-
 .../sage-apps/src/types/app/view/user_apps.rs | 11 ++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants.rs      |  8 +--
 .../src/types/invariants/manifest.rs          | 10 ++--
 .../src/types/invariants/permission.rs        |  6 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/manifest.rs        | 13 +++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/network.rs         |  3 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs     | 10 +---
 .../src/types/permissions/granted.rs          | 11 ++--
 .../src/types/permissions/requested.rs        |  6 +-
 .../sage-apps/src/types/permissions/tests.rs  |  6 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/url.rs             |  2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/utils.rs                 |  3 +-
 163 files changed, 864 insertions(+), 889 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.cursor/rules/imports.mdc b/.cursor/rules/imports.mdc
index dcf1db653..be1c872dc 100644
--- a/.cursor/rules/imports.mdc
+++ b/.cursor/rules/imports.mdc
@@ -9,15 +9,22 @@ alwaysApply: false
 For Rust files:
 
 - Group imports as `std`, external crates, then `crate`, with blank lines between groups.
+- Put `mod` groups before `use` groups.
+- Within each `mod`/`use` group, don't add blank lines; only separate groups.
+- Group statements of the same kind by visibility, most visible first (`pub`, `pub(crate)`, private).
 - Prefer `use` imports over repeated long paths in signatures/bodies.
 - Keep conventional qualifiers when clearer, e.g. `use std::fmt; impl fmt::Display ...`.
-- Re-export intended child items from parent modules with proper visibility instead of forcing callers through long internal paths.
+- Put visibility on the item definition, not the re-export, where possible.
+- Re-export child modules with `pub use child::*;` where possible; only use more restrictive re-export visibility if linting shows none of the child items are public.
+- Re-export intended child items from parent modules instead of forcing callers through long internal paths.
 - Avoid unrelated import/re-export churn.
 
 ```rust
-use std::fmt;
+mod registry;
+
+pub use registry::*;
 
-use anyhow::Result;
+use std::fmt;
 
 use crate::SageApp;
 
@@ -26,6 +33,4 @@ impl fmt::Display for Error {
         // ...
     }
 }
-
-pub(crate) use registry::{AppRegistryEntry, list_installed_apps};
 ```
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge.rs
index 52ca8218f..2023d0aaa 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge.rs
@@ -1,22 +1,20 @@
-pub mod commands;
-
 mod bridge_request;
+mod commands;
 mod debug;
 mod event_emit;
-pub mod methods;
-pub mod registry;
-pub mod state;
-pub mod ts_exports;
+mod methods;
+mod registry;
+mod state;
+mod ts_exports;
 mod types;
 
-pub use types::{
-    ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeInvokeResult,
-    RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse,
-};
+pub use commands::*;
+pub use ts_exports::*;
+pub use types::*;
 
-pub(crate) use debug::{comms_debug, sage_apps_comms_debug_enabled};
-pub(crate) use event_emit::{
-    emit_bridge_response_to_app, emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners,
-    emit_user_runtime_event_to_app_id, emit_user_runtime_event_to_listeners,
-};
-pub(crate) use types::{BridgeOrigin, PendingBridgeApproval};
+pub(crate) use bridge_request::*;
+pub(crate) use debug::*;
+pub(crate) use event_emit::*;
+pub(crate) use methods::*;
+pub(crate) use registry::*;
+pub(crate) use state::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
index 0cbe8fb03..b2adc46b4 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
@@ -1,27 +1,28 @@
+use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State, Webview};
+
 use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::bridge::event_emit::emit_bridge_response_to_app;
-use crate::bridge::methods::BridgeMethodCapability;
-use crate::bridge::methods::system::BridgeApprovalsChangedEvent;
-use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::bridge::registry::{BridgeRegistry, BridgeRegistryKind};
-use crate::bridge::state::{
-    ensure_approval_expiry_loop, get_pending_approval, list_pending_approvals,
-    remove_pending_approval, write_pending_approval,
-};
+use crate::bridge::BridgeApprovalsChangedEvent;
+use crate::bridge::BridgeMethodCapability;
+use crate::bridge::emit_bridge_response_to_app;
+use crate::bridge::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::bridge::{
     BridgeOrigin, ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeInvokeResult,
     RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse, emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners,
 };
-use crate::capabilities::list::{BridgeCapability, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
+use crate::bridge::{BridgeRegistry, BridgeRegistryKind};
+use crate::bridge::{
+    ensure_approval_expiry_loop, get_pending_approval, list_pending_approvals,
+    remove_pending_approval, write_pending_approval,
+};
+use crate::capabilities::{BridgeCapability, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
 use crate::capabilities::{get_system_capability_definition, get_user_capability_definition};
 use crate::host::AppState;
 use crate::lifecycle::ensure_app_is_enabled_for_scope;
 use crate::runtime::{resolve_app, start_bridge_approval_runtime, sync_bridge_approval_runtime};
 use crate::security::assert_bridge_origin;
 use crate::types::SharedSageApp;
-use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State, Webview};
 
-pub(super) async fn process(
+pub(crate) async fn process(
     app_handle: AppHandle,
     webview: Webview,
     app_state: State<'_, AppState>,
@@ -55,7 +56,7 @@ pub(super) async fn process(
     .await
 }
 
-pub(super) async fn process_system(
+pub(crate) async fn process_system(
     app_handle: AppHandle,
     webview: Webview,
     app_state: State<'_, AppState>,
@@ -88,7 +89,7 @@ pub(super) async fn process_system(
     .await
 }
 
-pub(super) async fn process_after_approval(
+pub(crate) async fn process_after_approval(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
     app_state: &State<'_, AppState>,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
index 87e10e080..2366d0723 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
-use crate::bridge::bridge_request::{process, process_system};
+use tauri::{AppHandle, State, Webview};
+
 use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeInvokeResult, RustBridgeRequest};
+use crate::bridge::{process, process_system};
 use crate::host::AppState;
-use tauri::{AppHandle, State, Webview};
 
 #[tauri::command]
 #[specta::specta]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs
index 9d0593048..e7e026b47 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs
@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@ use tauri::{AppHandle, Emitter, Manager, State};
 
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeResponse, comms_debug};
-use crate::capabilities::list::{SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
+use crate::capabilities::{SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
 use crate::lifecycle::ensure_app_is_enabled_for_scope;
-use crate::runtime::webview_locator::{get_sage_webview, get_webview_in_sage_window};
+use crate::runtime::{get_sage_webview, get_webview_in_sage_window};
 use crate::runtime::{list_runtimes, resolve_running_app};
 use crate::types::SharedSageApp;
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods.rs
index 7f222e7a3..50a73af45 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 mod shared;
-pub mod system;
-pub mod user;
+mod system;
+mod user;
 
-pub(crate) use shared::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeTools};
+pub(crate) use shared::*;
+pub(crate) use system::*;
+pub(crate) use user::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/shared.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/shared.rs
index ed6ebd26d..59fd32121 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/shared.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/shared.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+use serde::de::DeserializeOwned;
+
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest};
-use crate::capabilities::list::{BridgeCapability, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
+use crate::capabilities::{BridgeCapability, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
 use crate::host::AppState;
 use crate::types::SharedSageApp;
-use async_trait::async_trait;
-use serde::de::DeserializeOwned;
 
 #[async_trait]
 pub(crate) trait BridgeMethod: Send + Sync {
@@ -69,7 +70,7 @@ impl BridgeMethodHandleError {
     }
 }
 
-pub(super) type BridgeHandleResult =
+pub(crate) type BridgeHandleResult =
     Result<Box<dyn erased_serde::Serialize + Send>, BridgeMethodHandleError>;
 
 impl BridgeMethodCapability {
@@ -86,7 +87,7 @@ impl BridgeMethodCapability {
     }
 }
 
-pub(super) fn parse_required_params<T>(
+pub(crate) fn parse_required_params<T>(
     method: &impl BridgeMethod,
     request: &RustBridgeRequest,
 ) -> Result<T, BridgeMethodHandleError>
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install.rs
index 87fd78577..a676ab0dc 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install.rs
@@ -3,14 +3,16 @@ mod install_zip;
 mod preview_url;
 mod preview_zip;
 
-use crate::types::UserSageAppView;
-pub(crate) use install_url::{AppInstallInstallUrl, AppInstallInstallUrlParams};
-pub(crate) use install_zip::{AppInstallInstallZip, AppInstallInstallZipParams};
-pub(crate) use preview_url::{AppInstallPreviewUrl, AppInstallPreviewUrlParams};
-pub(crate) use preview_zip::{AppInstallPreviewZip, AppInstallPreviewZipParams};
+pub(crate) use install_url::*;
+pub(crate) use install_zip::*;
+pub(crate) use preview_url::*;
+pub(crate) use preview_zip::*;
+
 use serde::Serialize;
 use specta::Type;
 
+use crate::types::UserSageAppView;
+
 #[derive(Debug, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub(crate) struct AppInstallInstallResult {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/install_url.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/install_url.rs
index 6fbd0fa00..6621e1914 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/install_url.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/install_url.rs
@@ -1,20 +1,22 @@
+use std::io;
+
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+use serde::Deserialize;
+use specta::Type;
+use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
+
 use crate::AppsHostState;
+use crate::bridge::AppInstallInstallResult;
 use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
+use crate::bridge::{
     BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
     BridgeMethodHandleError, parse_required_params,
 };
-use crate::bridge::methods::system::AppInstallInstallResult;
-use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
+use crate::bridge::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
 use crate::host::AppState;
-use crate::lifecycle::install::install_app_from_source;
+use crate::lifecycle::install_app_from_source;
 use crate::types::{SageAppUrl, SageAppWalletScope, SageGrantedPermissionsInput, UserSageAppView};
-use async_trait::async_trait;
-use serde::Deserialize;
-use specta::Type;
-use std::io;
-use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/install_zip.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/install_zip.rs
index 29d6925ac..f179823e6 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/install_zip.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/install_zip.rs
@@ -1,23 +1,24 @@
+use std::{fs, io};
+
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+use serde::Deserialize;
+use specta::Type;
+use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
+
+use super::AppInstallInstallResult;
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
+use crate::bridge::{
     BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
     BridgeMethodHandleError, parse_required_params,
 };
-use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
+use crate::bridge::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
 use crate::host::AppState;
+use crate::lifecycle::ZipInstallSource;
 use crate::lifecycle::apps_root;
-use crate::lifecycle::install::install_app_from_source;
-use crate::lifecycle::install::zip::ZipInstallSource;
+use crate::lifecycle::install_app_from_source;
 use crate::types::{SageAppWalletScope, SageGrantedPermissionsInput, UserSageAppView};
-use async_trait::async_trait;
-use serde::Deserialize;
-use specta::Type;
-use std::{fs, io};
-use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
-
-use super::AppInstallInstallResult;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/preview_url.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/preview_url.rs
index 34fe0f531..14c939714 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/preview_url.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/preview_url.rs
@@ -1,15 +1,16 @@
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+use serde::Deserialize;
+use specta::Type;
+
 use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
+use crate::bridge::{
     BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
     BridgeMethodHandleError, parse_required_params,
 };
-use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
+use crate::bridge::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
 use crate::lifecycle::fetch_url_manifest_preview;
 use crate::types::{SageAppUrl, SageAppUrlPreview};
-use async_trait::async_trait;
-use serde::Deserialize;
-use specta::Type;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/preview_zip.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/preview_zip.rs
index d8ed9df9a..54e219927 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/preview_zip.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/preview_zip.rs
@@ -1,18 +1,20 @@
+use std::fs;
+use std::path::Path;
+
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+use serde::Deserialize;
+use specta::Type;
+use uuid::Uuid;
+
 use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
+use crate::bridge::{
     BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
     BridgeMethodHandleError, parse_required_params,
 };
-use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
+use crate::bridge::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
 use crate::lifecycle::{read_manifest, unzip_to_dir};
 use crate::types::SageAppPackageManifest;
-use async_trait::async_trait;
-use serde::Deserialize;
-use specta::Type;
-use std::fs;
-use std::path::Path;
-use uuid::Uuid;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_permissions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_permissions.rs
index 51fd37e2d..85470b722 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_permissions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_permissions.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,5 @@
 mod apply_permissions;
 mod get_review_context;
 
-pub(crate) use apply_permissions::{
-    AppPermissionsApplyPermissions, AppPermissionsApplyPermissionsParams,
-    AppPermissionsApplyPermissionsResult,
-};
-pub(crate) use get_review_context::{
-    AppPermissionsGetReviewContext, AppPermissionsGetReviewContextParams,
-    AppPermissionsReviewContext,
-};
+pub(crate) use apply_permissions::*;
+pub(crate) use get_review_context::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_permissions/apply_permissions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_permissions/apply_permissions.rs
index 53b3c49ad..aef5d2eb3 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_permissions/apply_permissions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_permissions/apply_permissions.rs
@@ -3,14 +3,14 @@ use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
 use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
+use crate::bridge::{
     BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
     BridgeMethodHandleError, parse_required_params,
 };
-use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
-use crate::lifecycle::update::permissions::update_app_permissions_for_app;
-use crate::lifecycle::update::scope::update_app_wallet_scope_for_app;
+use crate::bridge::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
+use crate::lifecycle::update_app_permissions_for_app;
+use crate::lifecycle::update_app_wallet_scope_for_app;
 use crate::runtime::resolve_app;
 use crate::types::{SageApp, SageAppWalletScope, SageGrantedPermissionsInput, UserSageAppView};
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_permissions/get_review_context.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_permissions/get_review_context.rs
index b4de1370f..6ace0dbb4 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_permissions/get_review_context.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_permissions/get_review_context.rs
@@ -3,12 +3,12 @@ use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
 use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
+use crate::bridge::{
     BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
     BridgeMethodHandleError, parse_required_params,
 };
-use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
+use crate::bridge::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
 use crate::runtime::resolve_app;
 use crate::types::{SageApp, UserSageAppView};
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_registry.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_registry.rs
index 2f6e8ced3..40ef58ccc 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_registry.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_registry.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 mod events;
 
-pub(crate) use events::{ListedAppsChangedEvent, emit_listed_apps_changed};
+pub(crate) use events::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_registry/events.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_registry/events.rs
index 0c8843a67..3ed87633d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_registry/events.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_registry/events.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
+use serde::Serialize;
+use specta::Type;
+use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
+
 use crate::AppsHostState;
+use crate::bridge::SystemRuntimeEvent;
 use crate::bridge::emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners;
-use crate::bridge::event_emit::SystemRuntimeEvent;
-use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
+use crate::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
 use crate::lifecycle::list_installed_apps_internal;
 use crate::types::ListedSageAppView;
-use serde::Serialize;
-use specta::Type;
-use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update.rs
index de860095f..14b242f00 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update.rs
@@ -2,10 +2,6 @@ mod apply_update;
 mod events;
 mod get_review_context;
 
-pub(crate) use apply_update::{
-    AppUpdateApplyUpdate, AppUpdateApplyUpdateParams, AppUpdateApplyUpdateResult,
-};
-pub(crate) use events::{PendingUpdateChangedEvent, emit_pending_update_changed};
-pub(crate) use get_review_context::{
-    AppUpdateGetReviewContext, AppUpdateGetReviewContextParams, AppUpdateReviewContext,
-};
+pub(crate) use apply_update::*;
+pub(crate) use events::*;
+pub(crate) use get_review_context::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/apply_update.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/apply_update.rs
index 93730664f..02202e835 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/apply_update.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/apply_update.rs
@@ -3,13 +3,13 @@ use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
 use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
+use crate::bridge::{
     BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
     BridgeMethodHandleError, parse_required_params,
 };
-use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
-use crate::lifecycle::update::apply_app_update_inner;
+use crate::bridge::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
+use crate::lifecycle::apply_app_update_inner;
 use crate::types::{SageAppView, SageGrantedPermissionsInput};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Serialize, Type)]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/events.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/events.rs
index 818cc7d2d..1cc9b92dc 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/events.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/events.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
-use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::bridge::emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners;
-use crate::bridge::event_emit::SystemRuntimeEvent;
-use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
-use crate::types::{SageApp, SharedSageApp};
 use serde::Serialize;
 use specta::Type;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
+use crate::AppsHostState;
+use crate::bridge::SystemRuntimeEvent;
+use crate::bridge::emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners;
+use crate::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
+use crate::types::{SageApp, SharedSageApp};
+
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase", tag = "kind")]
 pub(crate) enum PendingUpdateStatusView {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/get_review_context.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/get_review_context.rs
index 0d9e80f93..7a9750952 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/get_review_context.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/get_review_context.rs
@@ -3,13 +3,13 @@ use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
 use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
+use crate::bridge::{
     BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
     BridgeMethodHandleError, parse_required_params,
 };
-use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
-use crate::lifecycle::update::check_app_update_inner;
+use crate::bridge::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
+use crate::lifecycle::check_app_update_inner;
 use crate::runtime::resolve_app;
 use crate::types::{SageApp, SageAppUrlPreview, UserSageAppView};
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals.rs
index 0248da980..c5391eb70 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals.rs
@@ -2,6 +2,6 @@ mod events;
 mod list;
 mod resolve;
 
-pub(crate) use events::BridgeApprovalsChangedEvent;
-pub(crate) use list::{BridgeApprovalsListPending, PendingBridgeApprovalView};
-pub(crate) use resolve::BridgeApprovalsResolve;
+pub(crate) use events::*;
+pub(crate) use list::*;
+pub(crate) use resolve::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals/events.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals/events.rs
index 9b0493b93..11e026e87 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals/events.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals/events.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
-use crate::bridge::event_emit::SystemRuntimeEvent;
-use crate::bridge::methods::system::PendingBridgeApprovalView;
-use crate::bridge::types::PendingBridgeApproval;
-use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
 use serde::Serialize;
 use specta::Type;
 
+use crate::bridge::PendingBridgeApproval;
+use crate::bridge::PendingBridgeApprovalView;
+use crate::bridge::SystemRuntimeEvent;
+use crate::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
+
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct BridgeApprovalsChangedEvent {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals/list.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals/list.rs
index 5f7f86973..5fb7e0c4d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals/list.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals/list.rs
@@ -1,15 +1,14 @@
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
-    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
-};
-use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::bridge::state::list_pending_approvals;
-use crate::bridge::types::PendingBridgeApproval;
-use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest};
-use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 use serde::Serialize;
 use specta::Type;
 
+use crate::bridge::PendingBridgeApproval;
+use crate::bridge::list_pending_approvals;
+use crate::bridge::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability};
+use crate::bridge::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest};
+use crate::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
+
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub(crate) struct BridgeApprovalsListPending;
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals/resolve.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals/resolve.rs
index 73f9ae45b..21287375c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals/resolve.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals/resolve.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
-use crate::bridge::bridge_request::process_after_approval;
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
+use crate::bridge::process_after_approval;
+use crate::bridge::{
     BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
     BridgeMethodHandleError, parse_required_params,
 };
-use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::bridge::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::bridge::{ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs, RustBridgeRequest};
-use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
+use crate::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub(crate) struct BridgeApprovalsResolve;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/capabilities.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/capabilities.rs
index 6cf994070..c3a5f34fb 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/capabilities.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/capabilities.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 mod list_user_definitions;
 
-pub(crate) use list_user_definitions::CapabilitiesListUserDefinitions;
+pub(crate) use list_user_definitions::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/capabilities/list_user_definitions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/capabilities/list_user_definitions.rs
index 5898d032d..2fbd2f184 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/capabilities/list_user_definitions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/capabilities/list_user_definitions.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,9 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
 use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
-    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
-};
-use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
+use crate::bridge::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability};
+use crate::bridge::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
 use crate::capabilities::user_registry;
 use crate::types::SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView;
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/donation.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/donation.rs
index bf2a4731e..74551da52 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/donation.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/donation.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 mod get_details;
 
-pub(crate) use get_details::{DonationDetails, DonationGetDetails, DonationGetDetailsParams};
+pub(crate) use get_details::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/donation/get_details.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/donation/get_details.rs
index 68a63d2e2..78baed8bc 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/donation/get_details.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/donation/get_details.rs
@@ -1,15 +1,16 @@
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use specta::Type;
+
 use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
+use crate::bridge::{
     BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
     BridgeMethodHandleError, parse_required_params,
 };
-use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
+use crate::bridge::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
 use crate::runtime::resolve_app;
 use crate::types::SageAppIconView;
-use async_trait::async_trait;
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use specta::Type;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/file_system.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/file_system.rs
index 4664ad449..fd5c17bb5 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/file_system.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/file_system.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
 mod select_file;
 
-pub(crate) use select_file::{
-    FileSystemSelectFile, FileSystemSelectFileParams, FileSystemSelectFileResult,
-};
+pub(crate) use select_file::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/file_system/select_file.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/file_system/select_file.rs
index 80d47d1bd..3ce2b49fd 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/file_system/select_file.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/file_system/select_file.rs
@@ -4,11 +4,11 @@ use specta::Type;
 use tauri_plugin_dialog::DialogExt;
 
 use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
+use crate::bridge::{
     BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability, parse_required_params,
 };
-use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
+use crate::bridge::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager.rs
index f43330a1b..27415e00d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager.rs
@@ -7,13 +7,11 @@ mod hide_self;
 mod kill_runtime;
 mod list_runtimes;
 
-pub(crate) use close_self::RuntimeManagerCloseSelf;
-pub(crate) use events::{
-    RuntimeManagerActiveTaskbarRuntimeChangedEvent, RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent,
-};
-pub(crate) use focus_runtime::RuntimeManagerFocusTaskbarRuntime;
-pub(crate) use get_active_taskbar_runtime::RuntimeManagerGetActiveTaskbarRuntime;
-pub(crate) use hide_runtime::RuntimeManagerHideRuntime;
-pub(crate) use hide_self::RuntimeManagerHideSelf;
-pub(crate) use kill_runtime::RuntimeManagerKillRuntime;
-pub(crate) use list_runtimes::RuntimeManagerListRuntimes;
+pub(crate) use close_self::*;
+pub(crate) use events::*;
+pub(crate) use focus_runtime::*;
+pub(crate) use get_active_taskbar_runtime::*;
+pub(crate) use hide_runtime::*;
+pub(crate) use hide_self::*;
+pub(crate) use kill_runtime::*;
+pub(crate) use list_runtimes::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/close_self.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/close_self.rs
index d2a14ae16..a5f5ae632 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/close_self.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/close_self.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
 use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
-    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
-};
-use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
-use crate::runtime::stop::{SystemKillRuntimeError, kill_runtime};
+use crate::bridge::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability};
+use crate::bridge::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
+use crate::runtime::{SystemKillRuntimeError, kill_runtime};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub(crate) struct RuntimeManagerCloseSelf;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/events.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/events.rs
index 4745c2678..63e23913d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/events.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/events.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 use serde::Serialize;
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::bridge::event_emit::SystemRuntimeEvent;
-use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
+use crate::bridge::SystemRuntimeEvent;
+use crate::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
 use crate::runtime::SageAppRuntimeRecordView;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs
index 8d0821bdf..83b6ee69e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
 use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
+use crate::bridge::{
     BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
     BridgeMethodHandleError, parse_required_params,
 };
-use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
+use crate::bridge::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
 use crate::runtime::{RuntimeTargetParams, SageAppRuntimeRecordView, focus_taskbar_runtime};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/get_active_taskbar_runtime.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/get_active_taskbar_runtime.rs
index 1a6924d4c..54d507472 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/get_active_taskbar_runtime.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/get_active_taskbar_runtime.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
 use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
+use crate::bridge::{
     BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
     BridgeMethodHandleError,
 };
-use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
+use crate::bridge::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
 use crate::runtime::{
     SageAppRuntimeRecordView, find_active_taskbar_runtime, find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional,
     resolve_running_app,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_runtime.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_runtime.rs
index a2373db6d..7906284f3 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_runtime.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_runtime.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
 use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
+use crate::bridge::{
     BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
     BridgeMethodHandleError, parse_required_params,
 };
-use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
+use crate::bridge::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
 use crate::runtime::{RuntimeTargetParams, SageAppRuntimeRecordView, hide_runtime};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_self.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_self.rs
index 0c7e31c2c..28d643bf4 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_self.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_self.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
 use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
+use crate::bridge::{
     BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
     BridgeMethodHandleError,
 };
-use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
+use crate::bridge::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
 use crate::runtime::hide_runtime;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs
index 0a511f909..447ae65b9 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,14 @@
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+use serde::Serialize;
+
 use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
+use crate::bridge::{
     BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability, parse_required_params,
 };
-use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
+use crate::bridge::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
 use crate::runtime::RuntimeTargetParams;
-use crate::runtime::stop::{SystemKillRuntimeError, kill_runtime};
-use async_trait::async_trait;
-use serde::Serialize;
+use crate::runtime::{SystemKillRuntimeError, kill_runtime};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub(crate) struct RuntimeManagerKillRuntime;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/list_runtimes.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/list_runtimes.rs
index 235706e84..f71f65cad 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/list_runtimes.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/list_runtimes.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
 use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
+use crate::bridge::{
     BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
     BridgeMethodHandleError,
 };
-use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
+use crate::bridge::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
 use crate::runtime::{SageAppRuntimeRecordView, list_runtimes};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/sandbox.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/sandbox.rs
index 59d33e5b4..1e5e6f91b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/sandbox.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/sandbox.rs
@@ -2,6 +2,6 @@ mod events;
 mod get_state;
 mod rerun_tests;
 
-pub(crate) use events::{SandboxStateChangedEvent, emit_sandbox_state_changed};
-pub(crate) use get_state::SandboxGetState;
-pub(crate) use rerun_tests::SandboxRerunTests;
+pub(crate) use events::*;
+pub(crate) use get_state::*;
+pub(crate) use rerun_tests::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/sandbox/events.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/sandbox/events.rs
index 617ea3f65..0848c5e24 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/sandbox/events.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/sandbox/events.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,14 @@
-use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::bridge::emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners;
-use crate::bridge::event_emit::SystemRuntimeEvent;
-use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
-use crate::sandbox::SandboxStateView;
-use crate::sandbox::state_view::build_state_view;
 use serde::Serialize;
 use specta::Type;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
+use crate::AppsHostState;
+use crate::bridge::SystemRuntimeEvent;
+use crate::bridge::emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners;
+use crate::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
+use crate::sandbox::SandboxStateView;
+use crate::sandbox::build_state_view;
+
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct SandboxStateChangedEvent {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/sandbox/get_state.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/sandbox/get_state.rs
index eb54cd1d5..ee3a06309 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/sandbox/get_state.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/sandbox/get_state.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
 use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
-    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
-};
-use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
-use crate::sandbox::state_view::build_state_view;
+use crate::bridge::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability};
+use crate::bridge::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
+use crate::sandbox::build_state_view;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct SandboxGetState;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/sandbox/rerun_tests.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/sandbox/rerun_tests.rs
index 873e2c62c..ef52140de 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/sandbox/rerun_tests.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/sandbox/rerun_tests.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
 use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
+use crate::bridge::{
     BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
     BridgeMethodHandleError,
 };
-use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
-use crate::sandbox::runner::{begin_sandbox_run, sandbox_runner};
+use crate::bridge::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
+use crate::sandbox::{begin_sandbox_run, sandbox_runner};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct SandboxRerunTests;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/wallet.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/wallet.rs
index 079ae4b0c..e95543d72 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/wallet.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/wallet.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 mod list_wallets;
 
-pub(crate) use list_wallets::{SystemWalletView, WalletListWallets, WalletListWalletsResult};
+pub(crate) use list_wallets::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/wallet/list_wallets.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/wallet/list_wallets.rs
index ef2b69af5..16dfd5f17 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/wallet/list_wallets.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/wallet/list_wallets.rs
@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
+use sage_api::GetKeys;
 use serde::Serialize;
 use specta::Type;
 
 use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
+use crate::bridge::{
     BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
     BridgeMethodHandleError,
 };
-use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::capabilities::list::SystemBridgeCapability;
-use sage_api::GetKeys;
+use crate::bridge::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub(crate) struct WalletListWallets;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user.rs
index c62713809..059a186ed 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user.rs
@@ -1,18 +1,9 @@
-pub mod app;
-pub mod bridge;
-pub mod environment;
-pub mod wallet;
+mod app;
+mod bridge;
+mod environment;
+mod wallet;
 
-pub use app::{
-    AppGetCapabilities, AppGetInfo, AppLifecycleReadyToStop, AppLifecycleSetBeforeStopListener,
-    AppRequestCapabilityGrant, AppRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant,
-};
-
-pub use bridge::{BridgePing, BridgeSend};
-
-pub use wallet::{
-    WalletCheckAddress, WalletGetCoins, WalletGetCoinsByIds, WalletGetDerivations, WalletGetKey,
-    WalletGetPendingTransactions, WalletGetSecretKey, WalletGetSpendableCoinCount,
-    WalletGetSyncStatus, WalletGetTransaction, WalletGetTransactions, WalletGetVersion,
-    WalletSendXch,
-};
+pub(crate) use app::*;
+pub(crate) use bridge::*;
+pub(crate) use environment::*;
+pub(crate) use wallet::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app.rs
index 71eb8c576..c7b3c7206 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app.rs
@@ -1,23 +1,23 @@
-pub mod events;
-pub mod get_capabilities;
-pub mod get_info;
-pub mod lifecycle;
-pub mod request_capability_grant;
-pub mod request_network_whitelist_grant;
+mod events;
+mod get_capabilities;
+mod get_info;
+mod lifecycle;
+mod request_capability_grant;
+mod request_network_whitelist_grant;
+
+pub(crate) use events::*;
+pub(crate) use get_capabilities::*;
+pub(crate) use get_info::*;
+pub(crate) use lifecycle::*;
+pub(crate) use request_capability_grant::*;
+pub(crate) use request_network_whitelist_grant::*;
 
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
 use tauri::Manager;
 
-pub use events::{GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent, GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent};
-pub use get_capabilities::AppGetCapabilities;
-pub use get_info::AppGetInfo;
-pub use lifecycle::{AppLifecycleReadyToStop, AppLifecycleSetBeforeStopListener};
-pub use request_capability_grant::AppRequestCapabilityGrant;
-pub use request_network_whitelist_grant::AppRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant;
-
-use crate::bridge::methods::BridgeTools;
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodHandleError;
+use crate::bridge::BridgeMethodHandleError;
+use crate::bridge::BridgeTools;
 
 pub(crate) fn resolve_app_base_path(
     tools: &BridgeTools<'_>,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/events.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/events.rs
index c1411500c..a31d0e2ca 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/events.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/events.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 use serde::Serialize;
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::bridge::event_emit::UserRuntimeEvent;
-use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
-use crate::lifecycle::update::types::{GrantedCapabilitiesChange, GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange};
+use crate::bridge::UserRuntimeEvent;
+use crate::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::lifecycle::{GrantedCapabilitiesChange, GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange};
 use crate::types::SageNetworkWhitelistEntry;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs
index b9c81c074..0eae264e1 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,9 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
 use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
-    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
-};
-use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::capabilities::list::{SharedCapabilitiesExt, UserBridgeCapability};
+use crate::bridge::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability};
+use crate::bridge::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::capabilities::{SharedCapabilitiesExt, UserBridgeCapability};
 use crate::types::SageApp;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_info.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_info.rs
index ff8f5923e..e07be6f1f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_info.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_info.rs
@@ -3,11 +3,9 @@ use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
 use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
-    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
-};
-use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::bridge::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability};
+use crate::bridge::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct AppGetInfo;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/lifecycle.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/lifecycle.rs
index a06cce5d7..4d5977af3 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/lifecycle.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/lifecycle.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
 use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
+use crate::bridge::{
     BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability, parse_required_params,
 };
-use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::bridge::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::runtime::{ReadyToStopParams, RuntimeAckResult, SetBeforeStopListenerParams};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
index 7f1482f6b..b10b9c492 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
@@ -2,18 +2,18 @@ use async_trait::async_trait;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
+use crate::bridge::RustBridgeApprovalBody;
+use crate::bridge::resolve_app_base_path;
+use crate::bridge::{
     BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
     BridgeMethodHandleError, parse_required_params,
 };
-use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::resolve_app_base_path;
-use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::bridge::types::RustBridgeApprovalBody;
+use crate::bridge::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest};
+use crate::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::capabilities::get_user_capability_definition;
-use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
-use crate::lifecycle::update::permissions::grant_capability;
-use crate::lifecycle::update::types::GrantCapabilityOutcome;
+use crate::lifecycle::GrantCapabilityOutcome;
+use crate::lifecycle::grant_capability;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct AppRequestCapabilityGrant;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs
index e5e88ddbc..d11cd745e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs
@@ -2,17 +2,17 @@ use async_trait::async_trait;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
+use crate::bridge::RustBridgeApprovalBody;
+use crate::bridge::resolve_app_base_path;
+use crate::bridge::{
     BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
     BridgeMethodHandleError, parse_required_params,
 };
-use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::resolve_app_base_path;
-use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::bridge::types::RustBridgeApprovalBody;
+use crate::bridge::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest};
-use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
-use crate::lifecycle::update::permissions::grant_network_whitelist_entry;
-use crate::lifecycle::update::types::GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome;
+use crate::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::lifecycle::GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome;
+use crate::lifecycle::grant_network_whitelist_entry;
 use crate::types::SageNetworkWhitelistEntry;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge.rs
index 2650fbafc..e93fff822 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-pub mod ping;
-pub mod send;
+mod ping;
+mod send;
 
-pub use ping::BridgePing;
-pub use send::BridgeSend;
+pub(crate) use ping::*;
+pub(crate) use send::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/ping.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/ping.rs
index 961d9bca3..2a387e687 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/ping.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/ping.rs
@@ -3,10 +3,8 @@ use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
 use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
-    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
-};
-use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::bridge::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability};
+use crate::bridge::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct BridgePing;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs
index 77de3c94f..99ea23bcf 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs
@@ -3,12 +3,12 @@ use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
 use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
+use crate::bridge::{
     BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
     BridgeMethodHandleError, parse_required_params,
 };
-use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::bridge::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::runtime::ingest_origin_cleanup_bridge_send_payload;
 use crate::sandbox::BUILTIN_ORIGIN_CLEANUP_RUNTIME_ID;
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment.rs
index 8e61c269e..28b6a235e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 mod get_network;
 mod theme;
 
-pub use get_network::*;
+pub(crate) use get_network::*;
 pub(crate) use theme::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/get_network.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/get_network.rs
index 5974a06f4..9d4ec455d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/get_network.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/get_network.rs
@@ -4,12 +4,12 @@ use serde::Serialize;
 use specta::Type;
 
 use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
+use crate::bridge::{
     BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
     BridgeMethodHandleError,
 };
-use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::bridge::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/theme.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/theme.rs
index 547b36ce3..1c9ceba53 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/theme.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/theme.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 mod events;
 mod get_current;
 
-pub use events::EnvironmentThemeChangedEvent;
-pub use get_current::{
-    EnvironmentThemeGetCurrent, EnvironmentThemeGetCurrentResult, EnvironmentThemeView,
-};
+pub use events::*;
+pub use get_current::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/theme/events.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/theme/events.rs
index 74ba08ab4..1a38a39f7 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/theme/events.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/theme/events.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
-use crate::bridge::event_emit::UserRuntimeEvent;
-use crate::bridge::methods::user::environment::EnvironmentThemeView;
-use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
 use serde::Serialize;
 use specta::Type;
 
+use crate::bridge::EnvironmentThemeView;
+use crate::bridge::UserRuntimeEvent;
+use crate::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct EnvironmentThemeChangedEvent {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/theme/get_current.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/theme/get_current.rs
index efce316d3..ef78a3d44 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/theme/get_current.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/theme/get_current.rs
@@ -5,12 +5,12 @@ use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
 use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
+use crate::bridge::{
     BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
     BridgeMethodHandleError,
 };
-use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::bridge::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet.rs
index db447459d..729a10e98 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet.rs
@@ -1,33 +1,27 @@
 mod get_key;
-pub mod get_secret_key;
-pub mod read_methods;
-pub mod send_xch;
+mod get_secret_key;
+mod read_methods;
+mod send_xch;
 
-pub use get_key::WalletGetKey;
-pub use get_secret_key::WalletGetSecretKey;
-pub use read_methods::{
-    WalletCheckAddress, WalletGetCoins, WalletGetCoinsByIds, WalletGetDerivations,
-    WalletGetPendingTransactions, WalletGetSpendableCoinCount, WalletGetSyncStatus,
-    WalletGetTransaction, WalletGetTransactions, WalletGetVersion,
-};
-pub use send_xch::WalletSendXch;
+pub(crate) use get_key::*;
+pub(crate) use get_secret_key::*;
+pub(crate) use read_methods::*;
+pub(crate) use send_xch::*;
 
-fn require_scoped_fingerprint(
-    ctx: &crate::bridge::methods::BridgeContext<'_>,
+pub(crate) fn require_scoped_fingerprint(
+    ctx: &crate::bridge::BridgeContext<'_>,
     fingerprint: Option<u32>,
-) -> Result<u32, crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodHandleError> {
+) -> Result<u32, crate::bridge::BridgeMethodHandleError> {
     let fingerprint = fingerprint.ok_or_else(|| {
-        crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodHandleError::invalid_request(
+        crate::bridge::BridgeMethodHandleError::invalid_request(
             "wallet fingerprint is required for apps",
         )
     })?;
 
     if !ctx.app.is_wallet_in_scope(fingerprint) {
-        return Err(
-            crate::bridge::methods::shared::BridgeMethodHandleError::invalid_request(format!(
-                "wallet fingerprint not in app wallet scope: {fingerprint}"
-            )),
-        );
+        return Err(crate::bridge::BridgeMethodHandleError::invalid_request(
+            format!("wallet fingerprint not in app wallet scope: {fingerprint}"),
+        ));
     }
 
     Ok(fingerprint)
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_key.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_key.rs
index 49470f05c..828eadff9 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_key.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_key.rs
@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@ use async_trait::async_trait;
 use sage_api::GetKey;
 
 use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
+use crate::bridge::require_scoped_fingerprint;
+use crate::bridge::{
     BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
     BridgeMethodHandleError, parse_required_params,
 };
-use crate::bridge::methods::user::wallet::require_scoped_fingerprint;
-use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::bridge::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct WalletGetKey;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_secret_key.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_secret_key.rs
index 54434aeab..bafb6cd99 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_secret_key.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_secret_key.rs
@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 use sage_api::GetSecretKey;
 
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
+use crate::bridge::RustBridgeApprovalBody;
+use crate::bridge::require_scoped_fingerprint;
+use crate::bridge::{
     BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
     BridgeMethodHandleError, parse_required_params,
 };
-use crate::bridge::methods::user::wallet::require_scoped_fingerprint;
-use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::bridge::types::RustBridgeApprovalBody;
+use crate::bridge::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest};
-use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct WalletGetSecretKey;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/read_methods.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/read_methods.rs
index 962ac4881..16bd29b1b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/read_methods.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/read_methods.rs
@@ -1,19 +1,18 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
-
-use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
-    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
-    BridgeMethodHandleError, parse_required_params,
-};
-use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
-
 use sage_api::{
     CheckAddress, GetCoins, GetCoinsByIds, GetDerivations, GetPendingTransactions,
     GetSpendableCoinCount, GetSyncStatus, GetTransaction, GetTransactions, GetVersion,
     GetXchUsdPrice,
 };
 
+use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
+use crate::bridge::{
+    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
+    BridgeMethodHandleError, parse_required_params,
+};
+use crate::bridge::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+
 macro_rules! define_wallet_read_no_params_async_method {
     ($struct_name:ident, $capability:ident, $method_name:expr, $request_ident:ident, $handler:ident) => {
         #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/send_xch.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/send_xch.rs
index f55efab41..4c025142a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/send_xch.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/send_xch.rs
@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
+use sage_api::SendXch;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::bridge::methods::shared::{
+use crate::bridge::RustBridgeApprovalBody;
+use crate::bridge::{
     BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
     BridgeMethodHandleError, parse_required_params,
 };
-use crate::bridge::methods::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::bridge::types::RustBridgeApprovalBody;
+use crate::bridge::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
 use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest};
-use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
-use sage_api::SendXch;
+use crate::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct WalletSendXch;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs
index e38708ee6..e12ab3996 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,7 @@
-use super::methods::BridgeMethod;
-use super::methods::system::*;
-use super::methods::user::*;
-use crate::bridge::methods::user::environment::{
-    EnvironmentGetNetwork, EnvironmentThemeGetCurrent,
-};
-use crate::bridge::methods::user::wallet::read_methods::WalletGetXchUsdPrice;
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 
+use crate::bridge::*;
+
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub(crate) enum BridgeRegistryKind {
     User,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/state.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/state.rs
index 15bd3c228..111abb299 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/state.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/state.rs
@@ -1,18 +1,20 @@
-use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::bridge::registry::BridgeRegistryKind;
-use crate::bridge::types::PendingBridgeApproval;
-use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, comms_debug};
-use crate::runtime::{
-    emit_bridge_approvals_changed, emit_timeout_for_pending_approval, sync_bridge_approval_runtime,
-};
-use crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms;
 use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 use std::time::Duration;
+
 use tauri::async_runtime::JoinHandle;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
 use tokio::sync::Mutex;
 use uuid::Uuid;
 
+use crate::AppsHostState;
+use crate::bridge::BridgeRegistryKind;
+use crate::bridge::PendingBridgeApproval;
+use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, comms_debug};
+use crate::runtime::{
+    emit_bridge_approvals_changed, emit_timeout_for_pending_approval, sync_bridge_approval_runtime,
+};
+use crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms;
+
 const BRIDGE_APPROVAL_TIMEOUT_MS: u64 = 30_000;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Default)]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
index fa555f650..941265493 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
@@ -1,37 +1,3 @@
-use crate::bridge::methods::system::{
-    AppInstallInstallResult, AppInstallInstallUrlParams, AppInstallInstallZipParams,
-    AppInstallPreviewUrlParams, AppInstallPreviewZipParams, AppPermissionsApplyPermissionsParams,
-    AppPermissionsApplyPermissionsResult, AppPermissionsGetReviewContextParams,
-    AppPermissionsReviewContext, AppUpdateApplyUpdateParams, AppUpdateApplyUpdateResult,
-    AppUpdateGetReviewContextParams, AppUpdateReviewContext, BridgeApprovalsChangedEvent,
-    DonationDetails, DonationGetDetailsParams, FileSystemSelectFileParams,
-    FileSystemSelectFileResult, ListedAppsChangedEvent, PendingBridgeApprovalView,
-    PendingUpdateChangedEvent, RuntimeManagerActiveTaskbarRuntimeChangedEvent,
-    RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent, SandboxStateChangedEvent, SystemWalletView,
-    WalletListWalletsResult,
-};
-use crate::bridge::methods::user::environment::EnvironmentGetNetworkResult;
-use crate::bridge::methods::user::{
-    app::{
-        GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent, GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent,
-        events::BeforeStopEvent,
-        get_info::{AppGetInfoResult, SageNetworkPermissionInfo},
-        request_capability_grant::{RequestCapabilityGrantParams, RequestCapabilityGrantResult},
-        request_network_whitelist_grant::{
-            RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantParams, RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantResult,
-        },
-    },
-    bridge::{ping::BridgePingResult, send::BridgeSendResult},
-    environment::{EnvironmentThemeChangedEvent, EnvironmentThemeGetCurrentResult},
-    wallet::send_xch::WalletSendXchParams,
-};
-use crate::bridge::{ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs, RustBridgeInvokeResult};
-use crate::runtime::stop::SystemKillRuntimeResult;
-use crate::runtime::{
-    ReadyToStopParams, RuntimeAckResult, RuntimeTargetParams, SetBeforeStopListenerParams,
-};
-use crate::sandbox::SandboxStateView;
-use crate::types::{SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView, SageAppWalletScope};
 use sage_api::{
     CheckAddress, CheckAddressResponse, GetCoins, GetCoinsByIds, GetCoinsByIdsResponse,
     GetCoinsResponse, GetDerivations, GetDerivationsResponse, GetKey, GetKeyResponse,
@@ -43,6 +9,30 @@ use sage_api::{
 use specta::TypeCollection;
 use specta_typescript::{BigIntExportBehavior, Typescript};
 
+use crate::bridge::{
+    AppGetInfoResult, AppInstallInstallResult, AppInstallInstallUrlParams,
+    AppInstallInstallZipParams, AppInstallPreviewUrlParams, AppInstallPreviewZipParams,
+    AppPermissionsApplyPermissionsParams, AppPermissionsApplyPermissionsResult,
+    AppPermissionsGetReviewContextParams, AppPermissionsReviewContext, AppUpdateApplyUpdateParams,
+    AppUpdateApplyUpdateResult, AppUpdateGetReviewContextParams, AppUpdateReviewContext,
+    BeforeStopEvent, BridgeApprovalsChangedEvent, BridgePingResult, BridgeSendResult,
+    DonationDetails, DonationGetDetailsParams, EnvironmentGetNetworkResult,
+    EnvironmentThemeChangedEvent, EnvironmentThemeGetCurrentResult, FileSystemSelectFileParams,
+    FileSystemSelectFileResult, GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent, GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent,
+    ListedAppsChangedEvent, PendingBridgeApprovalView, PendingUpdateChangedEvent,
+    RequestCapabilityGrantParams, RequestCapabilityGrantResult, RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantParams,
+    RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantResult, RuntimeManagerActiveTaskbarRuntimeChangedEvent,
+    RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent, SageNetworkPermissionInfo, SandboxStateChangedEvent,
+    SystemWalletView, WalletListWalletsResult, WalletSendXchParams,
+};
+use crate::bridge::{ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs, RustBridgeInvokeResult};
+use crate::runtime::SystemKillRuntimeResult;
+use crate::runtime::{
+    ReadyToStopParams, RuntimeAckResult, RuntimeTargetParams, SetBeforeStopListenerParams,
+};
+use crate::sandbox::SandboxStateView;
+use crate::types::{SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView, SageAppWalletScope};
+
 pub fn export_user_bridge_typescript() -> Result<String, String> {
     let mut types = TypeCollection::default();
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs
index 22fa6a162..42e1d8f1d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
-use crate::bridge::methods::user::wallet::send_xch::WalletSendXchParams;
-use crate::bridge::registry::BridgeRegistryKind;
-use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
-use crate::types::{SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SharedSageApp};
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use serde_json::Value;
 use specta::Type;
 
+use crate::bridge::BridgeRegistryKind;
+use crate::bridge::WalletSendXchParams;
+use crate::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::types::{SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SharedSageApp};
+
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct RustBridgeRequest {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/build.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/build.rs
index ca422a9ce..07c921635 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/build.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/build.rs
@@ -1 +1,3 @@
-pub mod docs;
+mod docs;
+
+pub use docs::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs
index 71e44189b..f001b0c79 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 use std::fmt::Write;
 use std::{fs, path::PathBuf};
 
-use crate::bridge::methods::BridgeMethodCapability;
-use crate::bridge::registry::{BridgeRegistry, BridgeRegistryKind};
-use crate::capabilities::list::{BridgeCapability, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
+use crate::bridge::BridgeMethodCapability;
+use crate::bridge::{BridgeRegistry, BridgeRegistryKind};
+use crate::capabilities::{BridgeCapability, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
 use crate::capabilities::{get_system_capability_definition, get_user_capability_definition};
 
 fn workspace_root() -> PathBuf {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities.rs
index 5d6cb6dcc..57b32f5de 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
 mod definitions;
-pub mod list;
+mod list;
 mod types;
 
-pub(crate) use definitions::{
-    get_system_capability_definition, get_user_capability_definition, user_registry,
-};
-pub(crate) use types::{CapabilityDefinition, CapabilityFlags};
+pub(crate) use definitions::*;
+pub(crate) use list::*;
+pub(crate) use types::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs
index 5ede43468..772dda86c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 
-use crate::capabilities::list::{SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
 use crate::capabilities::types::{
     CapabilityDefinition, CapabilityFlags, SystemCapabilityDefinition, UserCapabilityDefinition,
 };
+use crate::capabilities::{SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
 
 pub(crate) fn get_user_capability_definition(
     capability: UserBridgeCapability,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs
index 054e4d5f5..8cfb7bc8f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
-use crate::capabilities::get_user_capability_definition;
+use std::collections::BTreeSet;
+
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
-use std::collections::BTreeSet;
+
+use crate::capabilities::get_user_capability_definition;
 
 macro_rules! define_bridge_capabilities {
     (
@@ -173,8 +175,8 @@ impl From<SystemBridgeCapability> for BridgeCapability {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-    use crate::capabilities::list::{SharedCapabilitiesExt, UserBridgeCapability};
     use crate::capabilities::user_registry;
+    use crate::capabilities::{SharedCapabilitiesExt, UserBridgeCapability};
 
     fn first_shared_capability() -> UserBridgeCapability {
         user_registry()
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/types.rs
index bf814029c..11e3d6263 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/types.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-use crate::capabilities::definitions::get_user_capability_definition;
-use crate::capabilities::list::{SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
+use crate::capabilities::get_user_capability_definition;
+use crate::capabilities::{SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
 
 #[allow(clippy::struct_excessive_bools)]
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/db.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/db.rs
index 3c20c082d..ba8a6bb89 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/db.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/db.rs
@@ -4,6 +4,6 @@ mod settings;
 mod storage;
 mod transaction;
 
-pub use connection::AppsDb;
+pub use connection::*;
 
-pub(crate) use transaction::AppsDbTx;
+pub(crate) use transaction::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/db/storage.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/db/storage.rs
index d6f43c605..868dbd24b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/db/storage.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/db/storage.rs
@@ -157,9 +157,10 @@ impl AppsDb {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-    use super::*;
     use tempfile::tempdir;
 
+    use super::*;
+
     #[tokio::test]
     async fn abandoned_unmanaged_storage_is_returned_for_origin_cleanup() {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/environment.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/environment.rs
index 82b6da3c0..ea6a9b204 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/environment.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/environment.rs
@@ -1 +1,3 @@
-pub mod commands;
+mod commands;
+
+pub use commands::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/environment/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/environment/commands.rs
index 426849bda..cba83d7ae 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/environment/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/environment/commands.rs
@@ -2,9 +2,7 @@ use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::bridge::emit_user_runtime_event_to_listeners;
-use crate::bridge::methods::user::environment::{
-    EnvironmentThemeChangedEvent, EnvironmentThemeView,
-};
+use crate::bridge::{EnvironmentThemeChangedEvent, EnvironmentThemeView};
 
 #[tauri::command]
 #[specta::specta]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/host.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/host.rs
index deb16a2c0..45b136254 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/host.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/host.rs
@@ -1,18 +1,20 @@
-use crate::bridge::methods::user::environment::EnvironmentThemeView;
-use crate::bridge::state::BridgeState;
-use crate::db::AppsDb;
-use crate::runtime::AppRuntimeState;
-use crate::sandbox::SandboxStateStore;
+use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
+use std::fmt;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
 use parking_lot::RwLock;
 use sage::Sage;
 use sage_api::ErrorKind;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
-use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
-use std::fmt;
-use std::sync::Arc;
 use tokio::sync::Mutex;
 
+use crate::bridge::BridgeState;
+use crate::bridge::EnvironmentThemeView;
+use crate::db::AppsDb;
+use crate::runtime::AppRuntimeState;
+use crate::sandbox::SandboxStateStore;
+
 pub type AppState = Arc<Mutex<Sage>>;
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
index cd0a392d6..f65cfec55 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
@@ -14,39 +14,13 @@ mod system_apps;
 mod types;
 mod utils;
 
-// State
-pub use db::AppsDb;
-pub use host::AppsHostState;
-
-// Commands
-pub use bridge::commands::{apps_invoke_bridge, apps_invoke_system_bridge};
-pub use environment::commands::apps_set_environment_theme;
-pub use lifecycle::{
-    apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data,
-    install::commands::apps_list_installed_apps,
-    uninstall::apps_uninstall_app,
-    update::commands::{apps_apply_app_update, apps_check_app_update},
-};
-pub use runtime::commands::{
-    apps_clear_active_taskbar_runtime, apps_dev_reload_runtime, apps_enter_workspace,
-    apps_focus_taskbar_runtime, apps_kill_taskbar_runtime, apps_leave_workspace,
-    apps_list_runtimes, apps_start_system_app, apps_start_user_app,
-};
-pub use sandbox::commands::{
-    apps_get_app_launch_gate, apps_get_sandbox_state, apps_rerun_sandbox_tests,
-};
-pub use settings::{apps_get_auto_update_enabled, apps_set_auto_update_enabled};
-
-// Bridge protocol
-pub use security::{handle_system_app_protocol_request, handle_user_app_protocol_request};
-
-// SDK types
-pub use bridge::ts_exports::{export_system_bridge_typescript, export_user_bridge_typescript};
-
-// Operations
-pub use lifecycle::{process_pending_storage_cleanup, start_background_app_update_checker};
-pub use runtime::process_sage_network_change;
-pub use sandbox::runner::ensure_initial_sandbox_run;
-
-// Docs
-pub use build::docs::generate_docs;
+pub use bridge::*;
+pub use build::*;
+pub use db::*;
+pub use environment::*;
+pub use host::*;
+pub use lifecycle::*;
+pub use runtime::*;
+pub use sandbox::*;
+pub use security::*;
+pub use settings::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle.rs
index eb94ee787..5c82400c6 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle.rs
@@ -1,21 +1,22 @@
-pub mod install;
-pub mod manifest;
+mod install;
+mod manifest;
 mod mutation;
-pub mod package;
-pub mod registry;
+mod package;
+mod registry;
 mod scope;
-pub mod snapshot;
-pub mod storage;
-pub mod uninstall;
-pub mod update;
+mod snapshot;
+mod storage;
+mod uninstall;
+mod update;
 
+pub use install::*;
 pub use manifest::*;
 pub use package::*;
 pub use registry::*;
 pub use snapshot::*;
 pub use storage::*;
+pub use uninstall::*;
+pub use update::*;
 
-pub use update::start_background_app_update_checker;
-
-pub(crate) use mutation::AppMutationManager;
-pub(crate) use scope::ensure_app_is_enabled_for_scope;
+pub(crate) use mutation::*;
+pub(crate) use scope::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs
index 14c9da53c..14e1ca71a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,12 @@
+mod commands;
+mod url;
+mod zip;
+
+pub use commands::*;
+pub use url::*;
+
+pub(crate) use zip::*;
+
 use std::{
     fs,
     path::{Path, PathBuf},
@@ -9,17 +18,13 @@ use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
 use uuid::Uuid;
 
 use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::bridge::methods::system::emit_listed_apps_changed;
+use crate::bridge::emit_listed_apps_changed;
 use crate::lifecycle::{allocate_new_storage, apps_root};
 use crate::types::{
     SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppStorage,
     SageAppWalletScope, SageGrantedPermissionsInput, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
 };
 
-pub mod commands;
-pub mod url;
-pub mod zip;
-
 #[async_trait]
 pub trait AppInstallSource {
     type PreparedArtifact: Send + Sync;
@@ -291,12 +296,12 @@ impl AppInstallSource for FakeInstallSource {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-    use super::*;
     use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 
     use tempfile::tempdir;
 
-    use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
     use crate::types::{
         SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
         SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
index d859ae405..7c2db8f6b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
@@ -78,9 +78,10 @@ pub fn resolve_url_install_target(root: &Path, app_url: &SageAppUrl) -> (String,
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-    use super::*;
     use tempfile::tempdir;
 
+    use super::*;
+
     #[test]
     fn generate_url_app_id_is_stable_for_same_app_url() {
         let a = generate_url_app_id(&SageAppUrl::parse("https://example.com/app").unwrap());
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs
index c40823742..b42cd1af2 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs
@@ -88,11 +88,12 @@ pub fn generate_zip_app_id(name: &str) -> String {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
+    use tempfile::tempdir;
+
     use super::*;
     use crate::types::{
         SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageRequestedPermissions,
     };
-    use tempfile::tempdir;
 
     fn sample_manifest(name: &str) -> SageAppPackageManifest {
         let (manifest_version, sage_version) = SageAppPackageManifestParts::v0_defaults();
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs
index 8c4cf7ae1..cbb1f863d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs
@@ -25,10 +25,9 @@ pub async fn fetch_url_manifest_preview(
 ) -> AnyResult<(SageAppPackageManifestPreview, String)> {
     let manifest_url = manifest_url.as_str();
 
-    let bytes =
-        crate::lifecycle::snapshot::download_bytes_with_limit(manifest_url, MAX_URL_MANIFEST_BYTES)
-            .await
-            .with_context(|| format!("failed to download manifest from {manifest_url}"))?;
+    let bytes = crate::lifecycle::download_bytes_with_limit(manifest_url, MAX_URL_MANIFEST_BYTES)
+        .await
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to download manifest from {manifest_url}"))?;
 
     let manifest_hash = bytes_sha256_hex(&bytes);
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mutation.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mutation.rs
index 54dd9c4eb..7ae7369d0 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mutation.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mutation.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 mod draft;
 mod manager;
 
-pub(crate) use draft::AppMutationDraft;
-pub(crate) use manager::AppMutationManager;
+pub(crate) use draft::*;
+pub(crate) use manager::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mutation/manager.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mutation/manager.rs
index 743d5d871..7ce6af83d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mutation/manager.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mutation/manager.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
-use anyhow::Result;
 use std::pin::Pin;
+
+use anyhow::Result;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::db::AppsDbTx;
-use crate::lifecycle::mutation::AppMutationDraft;
+use crate::lifecycle::AppMutationDraft;
 use crate::types::{SageApp, SharedSageApp};
 
 pub(crate) struct AppMutationManager<'a> {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs
index 7d9973fd0..290fa434c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs
@@ -256,11 +256,12 @@ fn package_relative_path(package_root: &Path, path: &Path) -> AnyResult<String>
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-    use super::*;
     use std::io::Write;
+
     use tempfile::tempdir;
     use zip::write::SimpleFileOptions;
 
+    use super::*;
     use crate::types::{
         SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts,
         SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry.rs
index e75956d03..c807599bc 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
-pub mod types;
+mod types;
+
+pub use types::*;
 
 use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
 
@@ -37,15 +39,16 @@ fn listed_app_sort_key(app: &ListedSageApp) -> String {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-    use super::*;
     use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 
-    use crate::lifecycle::install::{FakeInstallSource, install_app_from_source_for_test};
+    use tempfile::tempdir;
+
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::lifecycle::{FakeInstallSource, install_app_from_source_for_test};
     use crate::types::{
         ListedSageApp, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts,
         SageGrantedPermissionsInput, SageRequestedPermissions, SharedSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
     };
-    use tempfile::tempdir;
 
     fn sample_manifest_file(path: &str, size: u64) -> SageAppManifestFile {
         SageAppManifestFile::new(path, "a".repeat(64), size).unwrap()
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/snapshot.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/snapshot.rs
index 9c3b72f17..ada23a68e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/snapshot.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/snapshot.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,13 @@
-use crate::types::{SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppUrl};
-use crate::utils::bytes_sha256_hex;
-use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
 use std::{
     fs,
     path::{Path, PathBuf},
 };
 
+use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
+
+use crate::types::{SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppUrl};
+use crate::utils::bytes_sha256_hex;
+
 pub(crate) async fn download_bytes_with_limit(url: &str, max_bytes: u64) -> AnyResult<Vec<u8>> {
     let response = reqwest::get(url)
         .await
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
index 309f5cef4..63036d748 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,6 @@
-use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::runtime::resolve_stopped_app;
-use crate::runtime::start::start_user_app;
-use crate::types::{SageAppStorage, SharedSageApp};
-use anyhow::Result as AnyResult;
 use std::path::Path;
+
+use anyhow::Result as AnyResult;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State, command};
 use uuid::Uuid;
 #[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios"))]
@@ -11,9 +8,14 @@ use {crate::storage::parse_data_store_id, anyhow::anyhow};
 #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
 use {anyhow::Context, std::fs};
 
-pub struct RegisteredSageAppStorage {
-    pub storage_id: i64,
-    pub storage: SageAppStorage,
+use crate::AppsHostState;
+use crate::runtime::resolve_stopped_app;
+use crate::runtime::start_user_app;
+use crate::types::{SageAppStorage, SharedSageApp};
+
+pub(crate) struct RegisteredSageAppStorage {
+    pub(crate) storage_id: i64,
+    pub(crate) storage: SageAppStorage,
 }
 
 #[command]
@@ -40,7 +42,7 @@ pub async fn apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data(
         start_user_app(
             &app_handle,
             &apps_state,
-            crate::runtime::commands::CreateInstalledRuntimeArgs {
+            crate::runtime::CreateInstalledRuntimeArgs {
                 app_id,
                 focus: Some(true),
             },
@@ -51,7 +53,7 @@ pub async fn apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data(
     Ok(())
 }
 
-pub async fn allocate_new_storage(
+pub(crate) async fn allocate_new_storage(
     app: &AppHandle,
     host_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     base_path: &Path,
@@ -246,9 +248,9 @@ pub(crate) async fn rotate_app_storage_and_origin(
         .await
         .map_err(|err| format!("failed to allocate rotated storage: {err}"))?;
 
-    let next_origin_id = crate::lifecycle::install::fresh_origin_id(&app_id);
+    let next_origin_id = crate::lifecycle::fresh_origin_id(&app_id);
 
-    let manager = crate::lifecycle::mutation::AppMutationManager::new(app_handle, apps_state);
+    let manager = crate::lifecycle::AppMutationManager::new(app_handle, apps_state);
 
     manager
         .mutate_shared_app(app, |ctx| {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs
index 12c055b02..d5dc6bbda 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
+use std::{fs, io};
+
+use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State, command};
+
 use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::bridge::methods::system::emit_listed_apps_changed;
+use crate::bridge::emit_listed_apps_changed;
 use crate::host::{AppState, Result};
 use crate::lifecycle::apps_root;
 use crate::runtime::{ResolveStoppedError, resolve_stopped_app};
-use std::{fs, io};
-use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State, command};
 
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update.rs
index 3d61f1caf..901b539e5 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,16 @@
 mod apply;
 mod background;
 mod check;
-pub mod commands;
-pub mod permissions;
-pub mod scope;
-pub mod types;
+mod commands;
+mod permissions;
+mod scope;
+mod types;
 
-pub(crate) use apply::apply_app_update_inner;
-pub use background::start_background_app_update_checker;
-pub(crate) use check::check_app_update_inner;
+pub use background::*;
+pub use commands::*;
+
+pub(crate) use apply::*;
+pub(crate) use check::*;
+pub(crate) use permissions::*;
+pub(crate) use scope::*;
+pub(crate) use types::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/apply.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/apply.rs
index 455f89169..ec7e77d91 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/apply.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/apply.rs
@@ -1,17 +1,19 @@
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+use std::{fs, io};
+
+use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
+
 use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::bridge::methods::system::emit_pending_update_changed;
+use crate::bridge::emit_pending_update_changed;
 use crate::lifecycle::{AppMutationManager, download_url_snapshot};
-use crate::runtime::commands::CreateInstalledRuntimeArgs;
-use crate::runtime::start::start_user_app;
-use crate::runtime::webview_locator::get_sage_window;
+use crate::runtime::CreateInstalledRuntimeArgs;
+use crate::runtime::get_sage_window;
+use crate::runtime::start_user_app;
 use crate::runtime::{find_active_taskbar_runtime, resolve_app, start_app_update_runtime};
 use crate::types::{
     ResolvedApp, SageApp, SageAppView, SageGrantedPermissionsInput, SharedSageApp,
     UserSageAppPendingUpdate,
 };
-use std::collections::BTreeMap;
-use std::{fs, io};
-use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
 
 pub(crate) async fn apply_app_update_inner(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
@@ -76,7 +78,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn apply_app_update_inner(
     Ok(app.into())
 }
 
-pub(super) async fn try_auto_apply_pending_update(
+pub(crate) async fn try_auto_apply_pending_update(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: &str,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/background.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/background.rs
index 144ef3280..6b31c7873 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/background.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/background.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
-use futures::future::join_all;
 use std::time::Duration;
 
+use futures::future::join_all;
+use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
+
 use crate::AppsHostState;
+use crate::lifecycle::check_app_update_inner;
 use crate::lifecycle::list_installed_apps_internal;
-use crate::lifecycle::update::apply::try_auto_apply_pending_update;
-use crate::lifecycle::update::check::check_app_update_inner;
+use crate::lifecycle::try_auto_apply_pending_update;
 use crate::types::ListedSageApp;
-use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
 
 pub fn start_background_app_update_checker(app_handle: AppHandle) {
     tauri::async_runtime::spawn(async move {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/check.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/check.rs
index 02f1fe0cd..c8b06b46b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/check.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/check.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,15 @@
+use std::io;
+
+use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
+
 use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::bridge::methods::system::emit_pending_update_changed;
+use crate::bridge::emit_pending_update_changed;
 use crate::lifecycle::{AppMutationManager, fetch_url_manifest, fetch_url_manifest_preview};
 use crate::runtime::resolve_app;
 use crate::types::{
     ResolvedApp, SageApp, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppUrlPreview, SharedSageApp,
     UserSageAppPendingUpdate, UserSageAppSource,
 };
-use std::io;
-use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
 pub(crate) enum AppUpdatePreviewResult {
     None,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
index ff20420af..7aa4030cb 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@ use tauri::{AppHandle, State, command};
 
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::host::Result;
-use crate::lifecycle::update::apply_app_update_inner;
-use crate::lifecycle::update::check::check_app_update_inner;
+use crate::lifecycle::apply_app_update_inner;
+use crate::lifecycle::check_app_update_inner;
 use crate::types::{SageAppUrlPreview, SageAppView};
 
 #[command]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
index 5614624dc..5f368d73f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
@@ -5,17 +5,15 @@ use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
 
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::bridge::emit_user_runtime_event_to_app_id;
-use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::{
-    GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent, GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent,
-};
-use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::bridge::{GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent, GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent};
+use crate::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::host::AppState;
 use crate::lifecycle::AppMutationManager;
-use crate::lifecycle::update::types::{
+use crate::lifecycle::{
     AppUpdateResult, GrantCapabilityOutcome, GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome, GrantedPermissionsChange,
 };
-use crate::runtime::commands::CreateInstalledRuntimeArgs;
-use crate::runtime::start::start_user_app;
+use crate::runtime::CreateInstalledRuntimeArgs;
+use crate::runtime::start_user_app;
 use crate::runtime::{
     SageAppRuntimeVisibility, find_runtime_by_app_id_optional, kill_taskbar_runtime,
     reload_app_runtime, resolve_app,
@@ -282,16 +280,17 @@ async fn network_change_affects_current_network(
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-    use super::*;
     use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 
-    use crate::lifecycle::install::{FakeInstallSource, install_app_from_source_for_test};
+    use tempfile::tempdir;
+
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::lifecycle::{FakeInstallSource, install_app_from_source_for_test};
     use crate::types::{
         SageApp, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts,
         SageGrantedPermissionsInput, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
         SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist, SageRequestedPermissions, UserSageAppSource,
     };
-    use tempfile::tempdir;
 
     fn network_whitelist_entry(scheme: &str, host: &str) -> SageNetworkWhitelistEntry {
         SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new(scheme, host).unwrap()
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/scope.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/scope.rs
index 3a02be082..f014655c2 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/scope.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/scope.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager};
 
-use crate::bridge::methods::system::emit_listed_apps_changed;
+use crate::bridge::emit_listed_apps_changed;
 use crate::types::{SageAppWalletScope, SharedSageApp};
 
 pub async fn update_app_wallet_scope_for_app(
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/types.rs
index 93614feb7..308ed02bd 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/types.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
-use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
-use crate::types::{SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry};
 use std::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet};
 
+use crate::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::types::{SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry};
+
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct AppUpdateResult {
     change: GrantedPermissionsChange,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime.rs
index 3f3ca5279..1cc5cad80 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime.rs
@@ -1,24 +1,24 @@
-pub mod manager;
-pub mod resolve;
-
-pub mod commands;
+mod commands;
 mod events;
-pub mod start;
+mod manager;
+mod resolve;
+mod start;
 mod state;
-pub mod stop;
+mod stop;
 mod storage;
 mod system_apps;
-pub mod webview_locator;
+mod webview_locator;
 mod workspace;
 
-pub use manager::{RuntimeTargetParams, process_sage_network_change};
+pub use commands::*;
+pub use manager::*;
 
-pub(crate) use manager::*;
+pub(crate) use events::*;
 pub(crate) use resolve::*;
-
-pub(crate) use events::{emit_bridge_approvals_changed, emit_timeout_for_pending_approval};
+pub(crate) use start::*;
 pub(crate) use state::*;
-pub(crate) use storage::{
-    OriginCleanupRuntimeTarget, ingest_origin_cleanup_bridge_send_payload, run_origin_cleanup,
-};
+pub(crate) use stop::*;
+pub(crate) use storage::*;
 pub(crate) use system_apps::*;
+pub(crate) use webview_locator::*;
+pub(crate) use workspace::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs
index 41d6818a0..d6d7c5e71 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs
@@ -5,16 +5,16 @@ use specta::Type;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
 use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::runtime::start::start_user_app;
-use crate::runtime::state::list_runtimes;
-use crate::runtime::stop::SystemKillRuntimeResult;
-use crate::runtime::webview_locator::get_webview_in_sage_window;
-use crate::runtime::workspace::{enter_apps_workspace, leave_apps_workspace};
+use crate::runtime::SystemKillRuntimeResult;
+use crate::runtime::get_webview_in_sage_window;
+use crate::runtime::list_runtimes;
+use crate::runtime::start_user_app;
 use crate::runtime::{
     RuntimeTargetParams, SageAppRuntimeRecordView, clear_active_taskbar_runtime,
     focus_taskbar_runtime, kill_taskbar_runtime, start_app_install_runtime,
     start_app_update_runtime, start_donation_runtime, start_sandbox_tests_runtime,
 };
+use crate::runtime::{enter_apps_workspace, leave_apps_workspace};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Type)]
 #[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "camelCase")]
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ pub async fn apps_dev_reload_runtime(
     apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     params: RuntimeTargetParams,
 ) -> Result<SageAppRuntimeRecordView, String> {
-    let runtime = crate::runtime::state::get_runtime_by_app_id(&apps_state, &params.app_id)
+    let runtime = crate::runtime::get_runtime_by_app_id(&apps_state, &params.app_id)
         .await
         .map_err(|_| "Runtime not found".to_string())?;
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/events.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/events.rs
index d38508187..26846f676 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/events.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/events.rs
@@ -1,16 +1,17 @@
+use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
+
 use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::bridge::methods::system::{
+use crate::bridge::list_pending_approvals;
+use crate::bridge::{
     BridgeApprovalsChangedEvent, RuntimeManagerActiveTaskbarRuntimeChangedEvent,
     RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent,
 };
-use crate::bridge::state::list_pending_approvals;
 use crate::bridge::{
     PendingBridgeApproval, RustBridgeResponse, comms_debug, emit_bridge_response_to_app,
     emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners,
 };
 use crate::runtime::{SageAppRuntimeRecordView, SharedRuntime, list_runtimes, resolve_running_app};
 use crate::types::SharedSageApp;
-use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
 pub(crate) async fn emit_bridge_approvals_changed(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
@@ -44,7 +45,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn emit_timeout_for_pending_approval(
     emit_bridge_response_to_app(app_handle, &app, &response).await
 }
 
-pub(super) async fn emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(
+pub(crate) async fn emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
 ) {
@@ -62,7 +63,7 @@ pub(super) async fn emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed(
     emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners(app_handle, apps_state, event).await;
 }
 
-pub(super) async fn emit_active_taskbar_runtime_changed(
+pub(crate) async fn emit_active_taskbar_runtime_changed(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     host_window_label: &str,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
index 3b8796ba7..c0fcca872 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
@@ -3,17 +3,15 @@ use specta::Type;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, LogicalPosition, LogicalSize, State};
 
 use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::runtime::events::{
-    emit_active_taskbar_runtime_changed, emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed,
-};
-use crate::runtime::state::{find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional, list_runtimes};
-use crate::runtime::stop::kill_runtime_inner;
-use crate::runtime::webview_locator::{get_sage_window, get_webview_in_sage_window};
-use crate::runtime::workspace::ensure_apps_workspace_active;
+use crate::runtime::ensure_apps_workspace_active;
+use crate::runtime::kill_runtime_inner;
 use crate::runtime::{
     SageAppRuntimeRecord, SageAppRuntimeVisibility, SharedRuntime, find_active_taskbar_runtime,
     resolve_running_app,
 };
+use crate::runtime::{emit_active_taskbar_runtime_changed, emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed};
+use crate::runtime::{find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional, list_runtimes};
+use crate::runtime::{get_sage_window, get_webview_in_sage_window};
 use crate::types::{AppPresentation, ResolvedRunningApp};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Serialize, Type)]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
index 30b07ca60..b5629f788 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
@@ -1,15 +1,17 @@
-use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::runtime::stop::close_runtime_internal;
-use crate::runtime::{GetRuntimeError, find_runtime_by_app_id_optional};
-use crate::sandbox::build_builtin_test_app;
-use crate::system_apps::build_builtin_system_app;
-use crate::types::{ResolvedApp, ResolvedRunningApp, ResolvedStoppedApp, SageApp, SharedSageApp};
 use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 use std::fmt::Display;
+
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
 use tokio::time::{Duration, sleep};
 use url::Url;
 
+use crate::AppsHostState;
+use crate::runtime::close_runtime_internal;
+use crate::runtime::{GetRuntimeError, find_runtime_by_app_id_optional};
+use crate::sandbox::build_builtin_test_app;
+use crate::system_apps::build_builtin_system_app;
+use crate::types::{ResolvedApp, ResolvedRunningApp, ResolvedStoppedApp, SageApp, SharedSageApp};
+
 const MAX_STOP_RESOLVE_ATTEMPTS: usize = 5;
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
index 58c6bed05..c6c1f0eae 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
@@ -5,17 +5,17 @@ use tauri::webview::NewWindowResponse;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, LogicalPosition, LogicalSize, State, WebviewBuilder, WebviewUrl, Wry};
 
 use crate::lifecycle::AppMutationManager;
-use crate::runtime::commands::CreateInstalledRuntimeArgs;
-use crate::runtime::events::emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed;
-use crate::runtime::manager::sync_modal_runtime_visibility;
-use crate::runtime::state::{
-    SageAppRuntimeRecord, remove_runtime_by_runtime_id, remove_runtime_id_by_app_id, write_runtime,
-};
-use crate::runtime::webview_locator::{get_sage_window, get_webview_in_sage_window};
+use crate::runtime::CreateInstalledRuntimeArgs;
+use crate::runtime::emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed;
+use crate::runtime::sync_modal_runtime_visibility;
 use crate::runtime::{
     RuntimeChangeSet, SageAppRuntimeMode, SageAppRuntimeRecordView, SageAppRuntimeVisibility,
     SharedRuntime, build_entry_src, focus_taskbar_runtime, is_allowed_app_url, resolve_app,
 };
+use crate::runtime::{
+    SageAppRuntimeRecord, remove_runtime_by_runtime_id, remove_runtime_id_by_app_id, write_runtime,
+};
+use crate::runtime::{get_sage_window, get_webview_in_sage_window};
 use crate::storage::parse_data_store_id;
 use crate::types::{AppPresentation, ResolvedApp, SageAppStorage, SharedSageApp};
 use crate::{AppsHostState, sandbox};
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn start_sandbox_test(
 pub(crate) async fn start_origin_cleanup_runtime(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    target: crate::runtime::storage::OriginCleanupRuntimeTarget,
+    target: crate::runtime::OriginCleanupRuntimeTarget,
     query: BTreeMap<String, String>,
 ) -> Result<SharedRuntime, String> {
     let app_id = sandbox::BUILTIN_ORIGIN_CLEANUP_RUNTIME_ID;
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn start_origin_cleanup_runtime(
         .replace_storage_and_origin(target.storage, target.origin_id, false)
         .map_err(|err| format!("failed to retarget origin cleanup runtime: {err}"))?;
 
-    crate::runtime::stop::close_runtime_internal(app_handle, apps_state, app_id).await;
+    crate::runtime::close_runtime_internal(app_handle, apps_state, app_id).await;
 
     create_runtime_for_app(
         app_handle,
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ async fn check_gates(
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
     let baseline = apps_state.sandbox.baseline.lock().await.clone();
     let current_run = apps_state.sandbox.current_run.lock().await.clone();
-    let effective = sandbox::state_view::build_effective_state(&baseline, current_run.as_ref());
+    let effective = sandbox::build_effective_state(&baseline, current_run.as_ref());
     let gate = sandbox::evaluate_app_launch_gate(app, &effective);
 
     if !gate.allowed {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state.rs
index 811d818ca..0e464c274 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state.rs
@@ -4,25 +4,9 @@ mod types;
 mod view;
 mod write;
 
-pub(crate) use types::{AppRuntimeState, SageAppRuntimeRecord, SharedRuntime};
-pub use view::SageAppRuntimeRecordView;
+pub use view::*;
 
-pub use read::find_runtime_by_app_id_optional;
-
-pub(crate) use read::{
-    GetRuntimeError, find_active_taskbar_runtime, find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional,
-    find_runtime_id_by_app_id_optional, get_runtime_by_app_id, list_runtimes,
-};
-pub(crate) use types::{
-    ReadyToStopParams, RuntimeAckResult, SageAppRuntimeMode, SageAppRuntimeVisibility,
-    SetBeforeStopListenerParams,
-};
-
-pub(in crate::runtime) use read::is_apps_workspace_active;
-pub(in crate::runtime) use write::{activate_apps_workspace, deactivate_apps_workspace};
-
-pub(super) use remove::{
-    remove_before_stop_listeners_by_app_id, remove_pending_stop_ready,
-    remove_runtime_by_runtime_id, remove_runtime_id_by_app_id,
-};
-pub(super) use write::{write_pending_stop_ready, write_runtime};
+pub(crate) use read::*;
+pub(in crate::runtime) use remove::*;
+pub(crate) use types::*;
+pub(in crate::runtime) use write::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
index 094a92408..605d5da30 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
@@ -3,9 +3,9 @@ use std::fmt::Display;
 
 use tauri::State;
 
+use super::types::SharedRuntime;
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::runtime::SageAppRuntimeVisibility;
-use crate::runtime::state::types::SharedRuntime;
 use crate::types::AppPresentation;
 
 pub enum GetRuntimeError {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/remove.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/remove.rs
index 91f1f0b58..4b677f38e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/remove.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/remove.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
-use crate::AppsHostState;
 use tauri::State;
 
+use crate::AppsHostState;
+
 pub(in crate::runtime) async fn remove_runtime_id_by_app_id(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: &str,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs
index b3f0ed32c..e81384c5d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,14 @@
-use crate::types::{AppPresentation, SageApp, SharedSageApp};
-use crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms;
+use std::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet};
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
 use parking_lot::RwLock;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
-use std::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet};
-use std::sync::Arc;
 use tokio::sync::{Mutex, oneshot};
 
+use crate::types::{AppPresentation, SageApp, SharedSageApp};
+use crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms;
+
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub enum SageAppRuntimeMode {
     Inline,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/view.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/view.rs
index dcd9670e9..17fa227ca 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/view.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/view.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
-use crate::runtime::{SageAppRuntimeMode, SageAppRuntimeVisibility, SharedRuntime};
-use crate::types::{AppPresentation, SageAppView};
 use serde::Serialize;
 use specta::Type;
 
+use crate::runtime::{SageAppRuntimeMode, SageAppRuntimeVisibility, SharedRuntime};
+use crate::types::{AppPresentation, SageAppView};
+
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct SageAppRuntimeRecordView {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs
index 6dce6efae..abb7d8fa5 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use tauri::State;
 
+use super::types::{SageAppRuntimeRecord, SharedRuntime};
 use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::runtime::state::types::{SageAppRuntimeRecord, SharedRuntime};
 
 pub(in crate::runtime) async fn write_runtime(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs
index 540481de7..b12bacca2 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs
@@ -1,27 +1,29 @@
-use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::bridge::emit_user_runtime_event_to_app_id;
-use crate::bridge::methods::user::app::events::BeforeStopEvent;
-use crate::runtime::events::emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed;
-use crate::runtime::manager::sync_modal_runtime_visibility;
-use crate::runtime::state::{
-    find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional, find_runtime_id_by_app_id_optional, get_runtime_by_app_id,
-    remove_before_stop_listeners_by_app_id, remove_pending_stop_ready,
-    remove_runtime_by_runtime_id, remove_runtime_id_by_app_id, write_pending_stop_ready,
-};
-use crate::runtime::webview_locator::find_webview_in_sage_window;
-use crate::runtime::{
-    GetRuntimeError, RuntimeChangeSet, SageAppRuntimeRecord, SharedRuntime,
-    find_active_taskbar_runtime,
-};
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use specta::Type;
 use std::fmt::Display;
 use std::time::Duration;
+
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use specta::Type;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 use tokio::sync::oneshot;
 use tokio::time::timeout;
 use uuid::Uuid;
 
+use crate::AppsHostState;
+use crate::bridge::BeforeStopEvent;
+use crate::bridge::emit_user_runtime_event_to_app_id;
+use crate::runtime::emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed;
+use crate::runtime::find_webview_in_sage_window;
+use crate::runtime::sync_modal_runtime_visibility;
+use crate::runtime::{
+    GetRuntimeError, RuntimeChangeSet, SageAppRuntimeRecord, SharedRuntime,
+    find_active_taskbar_runtime,
+};
+use crate::runtime::{
+    find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional, find_runtime_id_by_app_id_optional, get_runtime_by_app_id,
+    remove_before_stop_listeners_by_app_id, remove_pending_stop_ready,
+    remove_runtime_by_runtime_id, remove_runtime_id_by_app_id, write_pending_stop_ready,
+};
+
 const BEFORE_STOP_TIMEOUT_MS: u64 = 5_000;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
@@ -61,7 +63,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn kill_runtime(
     Ok(())
 }
 
-pub(super) async fn kill_runtime_inner(
+pub(crate) async fn kill_runtime_inner(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: &str,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/storage.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/storage.rs
index 234e72f1b..d0c08b3f5 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/storage.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/storage.rs
@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@ use tokio::sync::{Mutex, oneshot};
 use tokio::time::timeout;
 
 use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::runtime::start::start_origin_cleanup_runtime;
-use crate::runtime::stop::close_runtime_internal;
+use crate::runtime::close_runtime_internal;
+use crate::runtime::start_origin_cleanup_runtime;
 use crate::sandbox::BUILTIN_ORIGIN_CLEANUP_RUNTIME_ID;
 use crate::types::SageAppStorage;
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/system_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/system_apps.rs
index e522e9582..9c60ce9ea 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/system_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/system_apps.rs
@@ -3,10 +3,10 @@ use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
 use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::bridge::state::pending_approval_app_ids;
-use crate::runtime::manager::sync_modal_runtime_visibility;
-use crate::runtime::start::{CreateRuntimeArgs, start_system_app};
-use crate::runtime::stop::kill_runtime_inner;
+use crate::bridge::pending_approval_app_ids;
+use crate::runtime::kill_runtime_inner;
+use crate::runtime::sync_modal_runtime_visibility;
+use crate::runtime::{CreateRuntimeArgs, start_system_app};
 use crate::runtime::{RuntimeChangeSet, SageAppRuntimeMode, SageAppRuntimeRecord, SharedRuntime};
 use crate::system_apps::{
     SYSTEM_APP_APP_INSTALL_ID, SYSTEM_APP_APP_UPDATE_ID, SYSTEM_APP_BRIDGE_APPROVAL_ID,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/workspace.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/workspace.rs
index ee8f5a4cf..0269c9a8c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/workspace.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/workspace.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
 use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::runtime::manager::sync_modal_runtime_visibility;
-use crate::runtime::state::{
+use crate::runtime::get_sage_window;
+use crate::runtime::sync_modal_runtime_visibility;
+use crate::runtime::{RuntimeChangeSet, hide_all_runtimes, hide_all_runtimes_inner};
+use crate::runtime::{
     activate_apps_workspace, deactivate_apps_workspace, is_apps_workspace_active,
 };
-use crate::runtime::webview_locator::get_sage_window;
-use crate::runtime::{RuntimeChangeSet, hide_all_runtimes, hide_all_runtimes_inner};
 
-pub(in crate::runtime) async fn ensure_apps_workspace_active(
+pub(crate) async fn ensure_apps_workspace_active(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
     if !is_apps_workspace_active(apps_state).await {
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ pub(in crate::runtime) async fn ensure_apps_workspace_active(
     Ok(())
 }
 
-pub(in crate::runtime) async fn enter_apps_workspace(
+pub(crate) async fn enter_apps_workspace(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ pub(in crate::runtime) async fn enter_apps_workspace(
     Ok(())
 }
 
-pub(in crate::runtime) async fn leave_apps_workspace(
+pub(crate) async fn leave_apps_workspace(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox.rs
index 4b7149b34..f8bd230f4 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox.rs
@@ -1,16 +1,20 @@
-pub mod builtin_apps;
-pub mod commands;
-pub mod gate;
-pub mod ingest;
-pub mod probes;
-pub mod runner;
-pub mod runtime;
-pub mod state_view;
-pub mod store;
-pub mod types;
+mod builtin_apps;
+mod commands;
+mod gate;
+mod ingest;
+mod probes;
+mod runner;
+mod runtime;
+mod state_view;
+mod store;
+mod types;
 
 pub use builtin_apps::*;
+pub use commands::*;
 pub use gate::*;
 pub use ingest::*;
+pub use runner::*;
 pub use store::*;
 pub use types::*;
+
+pub(crate) use state_view::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
index 77091ed5b..7cea53201 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
-use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult};
-use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
 use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 use std::path::Path;
 use std::{fs, path::PathBuf};
 
+use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult};
+use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
+
 use crate::system_apps::AppBuildError;
 use crate::types::{
     SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs
index 1ca4582f4..52c944b3d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
-use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
-use crate::types::SharedSageApp;
-
 use super::{AppLaunchGateResult, SandboxCapability, SandboxCapabilityStatus, SandboxState};
+use crate::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::types::SharedSageApp;
 
 fn capability_status(
     state: &SandboxState,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/ingest.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/ingest.rs
index 9fa8f3f29..45e8d1347 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/ingest.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/ingest.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,12 @@
 use serde_json::Value;
 use tauri::State;
 
-use crate::AppsHostState;
-
 use super::store::{SandboxAppResult, replace_by_app_id};
 use super::types::{
     SandboxIsolationProbeResult, SandboxNetworkProbeResult, SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult,
     SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult,
 };
+use crate::AppsHostState;
 
 pub async fn ingest_bridge_send_payload(
     app_id: &str,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes.rs
index e55505c98..cfb98975a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes.rs
@@ -3,6 +3,6 @@ mod network;
 mod persistence;
 mod poll;
 
-pub(super) use isolation::run_isolation_test;
-pub(super) use network::run_network_test;
-pub(super) use persistence::run_persistence_test;
+pub(super) use isolation::*;
+pub(super) use network::*;
+pub(super) use persistence::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/isolation.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/isolation.rs
index 677c21f22..e56937941 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/isolation.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/isolation.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,12 @@
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
+use super::super::runtime::{start_test_app, stop_test_apps, unique_run_id};
+use super::poll::poll_isolation;
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 use crate::sandbox::{
     BUILTIN_STORAGE_ISOLATION_INCOGNITO_ID, BUILTIN_STORAGE_ISOLATION_PERSISTENT_ID,
 };
 
-use super::super::runtime::{start_test_app, stop_test_apps, unique_run_id};
-use super::poll::poll_isolation;
-
 pub(in crate::sandbox) async fn run_isolation_test(
     app: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/network.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/network.rs
index 28c71ca71..3e87efa22 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/network.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/network.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
-use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::sandbox::{BUILTIN_NETWORK_ALLOW_A_ID, BUILTIN_NETWORK_ALLOW_B_ID};
-
 use super::super::runtime::{start_test_app, stop_test_apps, unique_run_id};
 use super::poll::poll_network;
+use crate::AppsHostState;
+use crate::sandbox::{BUILTIN_NETWORK_ALLOW_A_ID, BUILTIN_NETWORK_ALLOW_B_ID};
 
 pub(in crate::sandbox) async fn run_network_test(
     app: &AppHandle,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/persistence.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/persistence.rs
index 4818869e8..8692276d8 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/persistence.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/persistence.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
-use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::sandbox::{BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_INCOGNITO_ID, BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_PERSISTENT_ID};
-
 use super::super::runtime::{start_test_app, stop_test_apps, unique_run_id};
 use super::poll::{poll_persistence_read, poll_persistence_write};
+use crate::AppsHostState;
+use crate::sandbox::{BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_INCOGNITO_ID, BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_PERSISTENT_ID};
 
 pub(in crate::sandbox) async fn run_persistence_test(
     app: &AppHandle,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runner.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runner.rs
index 4cc8678c5..5cf1bf467 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runner.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runner.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
+
 use super::probes::{run_isolation_test, run_network_test, run_persistence_test};
 use super::state_view::{build_effective_state, build_state_view};
 use super::types::{
@@ -5,9 +7,8 @@ use super::types::{
     build_running_sandbox_state, mark_cap,
 };
 use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::bridge::methods::system::emit_sandbox_state_changed;
+use crate::bridge::emit_sandbox_state_changed;
 use crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms;
-use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
 
 pub async fn ensure_initial_sandbox_run(app: AppHandle) -> Result<(), String> {
     let apps_state = app.state::<AppsHostState>();
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs
index 148473117..87bec5e59 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
-use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::runtime::start::start_sandbox_test;
-use crate::runtime::stop::close_runtime_internal;
 use std::collections::{BTreeMap, HashMap};
+
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 use uuid::Uuid;
 
+use crate::AppsHostState;
+use crate::runtime::close_runtime_internal;
+use crate::runtime::start_sandbox_test;
+
 pub(crate) async fn stop_test_apps(
     app: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/state_view.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/state_view.rs
index af8159f61..b5e7886b3 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/state_view.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/state_view.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
+use tauri::State;
+
 use super::types::{
     SandboxCapabilityResult, SandboxCapabilityStatus, SandboxRunState, SandboxState,
     SandboxStateView,
 };
 use crate::AppsHostState;
-use tauri::State;
 
 fn effective_cap(
     baseline: &SandboxCapabilityResult,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/security.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/security.rs
index bd090cd0d..4c8585849 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/security.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/security.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 mod bridge;
-pub mod csp;
-pub mod protocol;
+mod csp;
+mod protocol;
 
-pub(crate) use bridge::*;
 pub use csp::*;
 pub use protocol::*;
+
+pub(crate) use bridge::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/bridge.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/bridge.rs
index 0f2e498c4..f2b53f20f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/bridge.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/bridge.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
+use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager};
+
 use crate::bridge::BridgeOrigin;
-use crate::runtime::webview_locator::get_webview_in_sage_window;
+use crate::runtime::get_webview_in_sage_window;
 use crate::runtime::{
     app_id_from_webview_label, is_allowed_app_url, protocol_scheme_for_app, resolve_running_app,
 };
-use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager};
 
 pub(crate) async fn assert_bridge_origin(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/csp.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/csp.rs
index 85ac6a98d..33782922c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/csp.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/csp.rs
@@ -66,6 +66,11 @@ pub fn build_app_csp(app: &SharedSageApp, network_id: &str) -> String {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
+    use std::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet};
+    use std::fs;
+
+    use tempfile::{TempDir, tempdir};
+
     use super::*;
     use crate::types::{
         SageAppIdentity, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppManifestSageVersion, SageAppManifestVersion,
@@ -74,9 +79,6 @@ mod tests {
         SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist,
         SageRequestedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
     };
-    use std::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet};
-    use std::fs;
-    use tempfile::{TempDir, tempdir};
 
     fn entry(scheme: &str, host: &str) -> SageNetworkWhitelistEntry {
         SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new(scheme, host).unwrap()
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
index 9c953af24..17e993a12 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,13 @@
+use std::{fs, path::PathBuf};
+
+use anyhow::{Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
+use tauri::http::{Request, Response, StatusCode};
+use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager};
+
 use crate::host::AppState;
 use crate::runtime::{app_id_from_webview_label, resolve_running_app};
 use crate::security::build_app_csp;
 use crate::types::{ResolvedRunningApp, SharedSageApp};
-use anyhow::{Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
-use std::{fs, path::PathBuf};
-use tauri::http::{Request, Response, StatusCode};
-use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager};
 
 pub async fn handle_user_app_protocol_request(
     app_handle: AppHandle,
@@ -127,6 +129,7 @@ fn protocol_error_response(prefix: &str, err: &anyhow::Error) -> Response<Vec<u8
 
 async fn active_network_id(app_handle: &AppHandle) -> AnyResult<String> {
     use std::time::Duration;
+
     use tokio::time::timeout;
 
     const TIMEOUT: Duration = Duration::from_millis(500);
@@ -143,6 +146,9 @@ async fn active_network_id(app_handle: &AppHandle) -> AnyResult<String> {
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+
+    use tempfile::{TempDir, tempdir};
+
     use super::*;
     use crate::types::{
         SageAppIdentity, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppManifestSageVersion, SageAppManifestVersion,
@@ -150,7 +156,6 @@ mod tests {
         SageAppUrl, SageAppWalletScope, SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions,
         UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
     };
-    use tempfile::{TempDir, tempdir};
 
     fn manifest_file(path: &str) -> SageAppManifestFile {
         SageAppManifestFile::new(path, "a".repeat(64), 1).unwrap()
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
index fdd60440a..6febf17ca 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,3 @@
-use crate::capabilities::list::{SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
-use crate::types::{
-    SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot,
-    SageAppStorage, SageAppWalletScope, SageGrantedPermissions, SageGrantedSystemPermissions,
-    SystemSageApp,
-};
-use crate::utils::builtin_apps_root;
-use anyhow::Result as AnyResult;
-use serde::Serialize;
-use specta::Type;
 use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 use std::fmt::Display;
 use std::{
@@ -15,6 +5,18 @@ use std::{
     path::{Path, PathBuf},
 };
 
+use anyhow::Result as AnyResult;
+use serde::Serialize;
+use specta::Type;
+
+use crate::capabilities::{SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
+use crate::types::{
+    SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot,
+    SageAppStorage, SageAppWalletScope, SageGrantedPermissions, SageGrantedSystemPermissions,
+    SystemSageApp,
+};
+use crate::utils::builtin_apps_root;
+
 pub const SYSTEM_APP_TASK_MANAGER_ID: &str = "task-manager";
 pub const SYSTEM_APP_APP_UPDATE_ID: &str = "app-update";
 pub const SYSTEM_APP_APP_INSTALL_ID: &str = "app-install";
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types.rs
index 3843d905b..7a36ddad0 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types.rs
@@ -7,30 +7,11 @@ mod permissions;
 mod storage;
 mod url;
 
-pub use app::SharedSageApp;
-
-pub(crate) use app::{
-    AppModalPresentation, AppPresentation, CorruptedInstalledSageApp, ListedSageApp, ResolvedApp,
-    ResolvedRunningApp, ResolvedStoppedApp, SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity,
-    SageAppSnapshot, SageAppUrlPreview, SageAppWalletScope, SystemSageApp, UserSageApp,
-    UserSageAppPendingUpdate, UserSageAppSource, view::*,
-};
-pub(crate) use manifest::{
-    SageAppManifestFile, SageAppManifestHeaderV0, SageAppPackageManifest,
-    SageAppPackageManifestPreview, parse_manifest_header_v0_from_value,
-};
-pub(crate) use network::SageNetworkWhitelistEntry;
-pub(crate) use permissions::{
-    SageGrantedPermissions, SageGrantedSystemPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions,
-};
-pub(crate) use storage::SageAppStorage;
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-pub(crate) use manifest::{
-    SageAppManifestSageVersion, SageAppManifestVersion, SageAppPackageManifestParts,
-};
-#[cfg(test)]
-pub(crate) use network::SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist;
-#[cfg(test)]
-pub(crate) use permissions::{SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions};
-pub(crate) use url::{MANIFEST_FILE_NAME, SageAppManifestUrl, SageAppUrl};
+pub(crate) use app::*;
+pub(crate) use invariants::*;
+pub(crate) use manifest::*;
+pub(crate) use network::*;
+pub(crate) use normalizers::*;
+pub(crate) use permissions::*;
+pub(crate) use storage::*;
+pub(crate) use url::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app.rs
index a7725a04f..5356bf4af 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app.rs
@@ -5,19 +5,15 @@ mod preview;
 mod snapshot;
 mod system_apps;
 mod user_apps;
-pub mod view;
+mod view;
 mod wallet_scope;
 
-pub use user_apps::SharedSageApp;
-
-pub(crate) use author::SageAppAuthor;
-pub(crate) use common::{SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity};
-pub(crate) use donation::SageAppDonation;
-pub(crate) use preview::{SageAppUrlPreview, UserSageAppPendingUpdate};
-pub(crate) use snapshot::SageAppSnapshot;
-pub(crate) use system_apps::{AppModalPresentation, AppPresentation, SystemSageApp};
-pub(crate) use user_apps::{
-    CorruptedInstalledSageApp, ListedSageApp, ResolvedApp, ResolvedRunningApp, ResolvedStoppedApp,
-    SageApp, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
-};
-pub(crate) use wallet_scope::SageAppWalletScope;
+pub(crate) use author::*;
+pub(crate) use common::*;
+pub(crate) use donation::*;
+pub(crate) use preview::*;
+pub(crate) use snapshot::*;
+pub(crate) use system_apps::*;
+pub(crate) use user_apps::*;
+pub(crate) use view::*;
+pub(crate) use wallet_scope::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/author.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/author.rs
index c6c2f1332..b9b2dd43d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/author.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/author.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::types::normalizers::{normalized_non_empty_string, normalized_optional_string};
+use crate::types::{normalized_non_empty_string, normalized_optional_string};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct SageAppAuthor {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
index 5f523d8c0..02760a2af 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,16 @@
-use crate::sandbox::SANDBOX_TEST_ID_PREFIX;
-use crate::types::app::SageAppWalletScope;
-use crate::types::app::preview::UserSageAppPendingUpdate;
-use crate::types::app::snapshot::SageAppSnapshot;
-use crate::types::invariants::validate_snapshot_entry_and_icon_exist;
-use crate::types::normalizers::normalized_non_empty_string;
-use crate::types::permissions::{SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions};
-use crate::types::storage::SageAppStorage;
-use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize};
 use std::path::PathBuf;
+
+use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize};
+
+use crate::sandbox::SANDBOX_TEST_ID_PREFIX;
+use crate::types::SageAppSnapshot;
+use crate::types::SageAppStorage;
+use crate::types::SageAppWalletScope;
+use crate::types::UserSageAppPendingUpdate;
+use crate::types::normalized_non_empty_string;
+use crate::types::validate_snapshot_entry_and_icon_exist;
+use crate::types::{SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions};
+
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize)]
 pub struct SageAppIdentity {
     id: String,
@@ -199,9 +202,9 @@ impl SageAppCommon {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn has_persistent_webview_storage(&self) -> bool {
-        self.granted_permissions().capabilities().any(|cap| {
-            *cap == crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability::StoragePersistentWebview
-        })
+        self.granted_permissions()
+            .capabilities()
+            .any(|cap| *cap == crate::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability::StoragePersistentWebview)
     }
 
     fn build(
@@ -317,7 +320,7 @@ impl SageAppCommon {
         &self.active_snapshot
     }
 
-    pub fn active_manifest(&self) -> &crate::types::manifest::SageAppPackageManifest {
+    pub fn active_manifest(&self) -> &crate::types::SageAppPackageManifest {
         self.active_snapshot.manifest()
     }
 
@@ -409,16 +412,18 @@ impl TryFrom<SageAppCommonRaw> for SageAppCommon {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
+    use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+    use std::fs;
+
+    use tempfile::{TempDir, tempdir};
+
     use super::*;
-    use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
+    use crate::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
     use crate::types::{
         SageAppManifestFile, SageAppManifestSageVersion, SageAppManifestVersion,
         SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
         SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions,
     };
-    use std::collections::BTreeMap;
-    use std::fs;
-    use tempfile::{TempDir, tempdir};
 
     fn entry(scheme: &str, host: &str) -> SageNetworkWhitelistEntry {
         SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new(scheme, host).unwrap()
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/donation.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/donation.rs
index 3de3a5913..1a97af6b2 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/donation.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/donation.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::types::normalizers::normalized_non_empty_string;
+use crate::types::normalized_non_empty_string;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct SageAppDonation {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/preview.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/preview.rs
index d10977e5a..f80a27234 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/preview.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/preview.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::types::normalizers::normalized_non_empty_string;
+use crate::types::normalized_non_empty_string;
 use crate::types::{
     SageAppIconView, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestPreview, SageAppUrl,
 };
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/snapshot.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/snapshot.rs
index cb17d357f..6d39d3764 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/snapshot.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/snapshot.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
-use crate::types::manifest::SageAppPackageManifest;
-use crate::types::normalizers::normalized_non_empty_string;
+use std::path::{Component, Path, PathBuf};
+
 use serde::Serialize;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer};
-use std::path::{Component, Path, PathBuf};
+
+use crate::types::SageAppPackageManifest;
+use crate::types::normalized_non_empty_string;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize)]
 pub struct SageAppSnapshot {
@@ -126,13 +128,15 @@ impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for SageAppSnapshot {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
+    use std::fs;
+
+    use tempfile::{TempDir, tempdir};
+
     use super::*;
     use crate::types::{
         SageAppManifestFile, SageAppManifestSageVersion, SageAppManifestVersion,
         SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageRequestedPermissions,
     };
-    use std::fs;
-    use tempfile::{TempDir, tempdir};
 
     fn manifest_file(path: &str) -> SageAppManifestFile {
         SageAppManifestFile::new(path, "a".repeat(64), 1).unwrap()
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/system_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/system_apps.rs
index ca5214bbb..ab15aea32 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/system_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/system_apps.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
-use crate::system_apps::SystemAppUsage;
-use crate::types::SageApp;
-use crate::types::app::common::SageAppCommon;
-use crate::types::permissions::SageGrantedSystemPermissions;
 use serde::Serialize;
 use specta::Type;
 
+use crate::system_apps::SystemAppUsage;
+use crate::types::SageApp;
+use crate::types::SageAppCommon;
+use crate::types::SageGrantedSystemPermissions;
+
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
 #[serde(tag = "kind")]
 pub enum AppPresentation {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs
index f1f584036..b39e585cd 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs
@@ -1,21 +1,23 @@
-use crate::capabilities::list::BridgeCapability;
-use crate::runtime::SharedRuntime;
-use crate::types::app::common::{SageAppCommon, SageAppCommonRaw};
-use crate::types::app::preview::UserSageAppPendingUpdate;
-use crate::types::app::snapshot::SageAppSnapshot;
-use crate::types::app::system_apps::SystemSageApp;
-use crate::types::app::view::SageAppIconView;
-use crate::types::permissions::{
-    SageGrantedPermissions, SageGrantedSystemPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions,
-};
-use crate::types::storage::SageAppStorage;
-use crate::types::{SageAppUrl, UserSageAppPendingUpdateView};
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use specta::Type;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use specta::Type;
 use tokio::sync::OwnedMutexGuard;
 
+use crate::capabilities::BridgeCapability;
+use crate::runtime::SharedRuntime;
+use crate::types::SageAppIconView;
+use crate::types::SageAppSnapshot;
+use crate::types::SageAppStorage;
+use crate::types::SystemSageApp;
+use crate::types::UserSageAppPendingUpdate;
+use crate::types::{SageAppCommon, SageAppCommonRaw};
+use crate::types::{SageAppUrl, UserSageAppPendingUpdateView};
+use crate::types::{
+    SageGrantedPermissions, SageGrantedSystemPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions,
+};
+
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct ResolvedStoppedApp {
     app: SharedSageApp,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view.rs
index d2f0d69b0..2d599ff8f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,10 @@ mod snapshot;
 mod system_apps;
 mod user_apps;
 
-pub(crate) use common::SageAppIconView;
-pub(crate) use permission::{SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView, SageGrantedPermissionsInput};
-pub(crate) use preview::UserSageAppPendingUpdateView;
-pub(crate) use user_apps::{ListedSageAppView, SageAppView, UserSageAppView};
+pub(crate) use common::*;
+pub(crate) use network::*;
+pub(crate) use permission::*;
+pub(crate) use preview::*;
+pub(crate) use snapshot::*;
+pub(crate) use system_apps::*;
+pub(crate) use user_apps::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/common.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/common.rs
index 7967bd038..f275cb935 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/common.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/common.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,15 @@
-use crate::types::app::view::permission::SageGrantedPermissionsView;
-use crate::types::app::view::snapshot::SageAppSnapshotView;
-use crate::types::{
-    SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestPreview,
-    SageAppUrl, SageAppWalletScope,
-};
 use anyhow::Context;
 use serde::Serialize;
 use specta::Type;
 use url::Url;
 
+use crate::types::SageAppSnapshotView;
+use crate::types::SageGrantedPermissionsView;
+use crate::types::{
+    SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestPreview,
+    SageAppUrl, SageAppWalletScope,
+};
+
 const MAX_REMOTE_ICON_BYTES: u64 = 1024 * 1024;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/network.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/network.rs
index f943ec7bd..b0b6f68d9 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/network.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/network.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
-use crate::types::SageNetworkWhitelistEntry;
 use serde::Serialize;
 use specta::Type;
 
+use crate::types::SageNetworkWhitelistEntry;
+
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct SageNetworkWhitelistEntryView {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/permission.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/permission.rs
index 56ca89ede..09f111341 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/permission.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/permission.rs
@@ -3,10 +3,10 @@ use std::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet};
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::capabilities::list::{SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
 use crate::capabilities::{CapabilityDefinition, CapabilityFlags};
-use crate::types::app::view::network::SageNetworkWhitelistEntryView;
-use crate::types::permissions::SageGrantedNetworkPermissions;
+use crate::capabilities::{SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
+use crate::types::SageGrantedNetworkPermissions;
+use crate::types::SageNetworkWhitelistEntryView;
 use crate::types::{
     SageGrantedPermissions, SageGrantedSystemPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
     SageRequestedPermissions,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/preview.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/preview.rs
index eed99d451..8cfcb61e9 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/preview.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/preview.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
+use serde::Serialize;
+use specta::Type;
+
+use crate::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::capabilities::get_user_capability_definition;
-use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::types::{
     SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppUrl, SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions,
     UserSageAppPendingUpdate,
 };
-use serde::Serialize;
-use specta::Type;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
@@ -126,13 +127,14 @@ impl UserSageAppPendingUpdateDecisionView {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
+    use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+
     use super::*;
     use crate::types::{
         SageAppManifestFile, SageAppManifestSageVersion, SageAppManifestVersion,
         SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedCapabilities,
         SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist,
     };
-    use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 
     fn entry(scheme: &str, host: &str) -> SageNetworkWhitelistEntry {
         SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new(scheme, host).unwrap()
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/snapshot.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/snapshot.rs
index 16d8f5f13..f4137d5bd 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/snapshot.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/snapshot.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
-use crate::types::{SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot};
 use serde::Serialize;
 use specta::Type;
 
+use crate::types::{SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot};
+
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct SageAppSnapshotView {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/system_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/system_apps.rs
index 16f8ad1f9..170746240 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/system_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/system_apps.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
-use crate::types::SystemSageApp;
-use crate::types::app::view::common::SageAppCommonView;
-use crate::types::app::view::permission::SageGrantedSystemPermissionsView;
 use serde::Serialize;
 use specta::Type;
 
+use crate::types::SageAppCommonView;
+use crate::types::SageGrantedSystemPermissionsView;
+use crate::types::SystemSageApp;
+
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct SystemSageAppView {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/user_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/user_apps.rs
index 313440ce2..aea55dd4b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/user_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/user_apps.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
-use crate::types::app::view::common::SageAppCommonView;
-use crate::types::app::view::preview::UserSageAppPendingUpdateView;
-use crate::types::app::view::system_apps::SystemSageAppView;
+use serde::Serialize;
+use specta::Type;
+
+use crate::types::SageAppCommonView;
+use crate::types::SystemSageAppView;
+use crate::types::UserSageAppPendingUpdateView;
 use crate::types::{
     CorruptedInstalledSageApp, ListedSageApp, SageApp, SharedSageApp, UserSageApp,
     UserSageAppSource,
 };
-use serde::Serialize;
-use specta::Type;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "camelCase")]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants.rs
index 201a052d4..76dc4fbb5 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ mod manifest;
 mod permission;
 mod url;
 
-pub(super) use app::*;
-pub(super) use manifest::*;
-pub(super) use permission::*;
-pub(super) use url::*;
+pub(crate) use app::*;
+pub(crate) use manifest::*;
+pub(crate) use permission::*;
+pub(crate) use url::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/manifest.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/manifest.rs
index fb9062558..f208a89b3 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/manifest.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/manifest.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
-use crate::types::SageAppManifestFile;
-use crate::types::normalizers::normalized_optional_string;
-use crate::utils::bytes_sha256_hex;
-use anyhow::{Context, anyhow};
 use std::fs;
 use std::path::Path;
 
+use anyhow::{Context, anyhow};
+
+use crate::types::SageAppManifestFile;
+use crate::types::normalized_optional_string;
+use crate::utils::bytes_sha256_hex;
+
 pub const MAX_APP_FILE_COUNT: usize = 2000;
 pub const MAX_APP_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES: u64 = 50 * 1024 * 1024;
 pub const MAX_APP_PATH_LENGTH: usize = 512;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/permission.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/permission.rs
index fa98c8750..2609218c5 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/permission.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/permission.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 use std::collections::BTreeSet;
 
-use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::capabilities::{CapabilityFlags, get_user_capability_definition};
-use crate::types::network::SageNetworkWhitelistEntry;
-use crate::types::permissions::SageRequestedCapabilities;
+use crate::types::SageNetworkWhitelistEntry;
+use crate::types::SageRequestedCapabilities;
 
 pub fn validate_permissions_policy(
     capabilities: impl IntoIterator<Item = UserBridgeCapability>,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/manifest.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/manifest.rs
index a186921df..e7442bacb 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/manifest.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/manifest.rs
@@ -1,15 +1,16 @@
+use std::path::Path;
+
 use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
-use std::path::Path;
 
-use crate::types::app::{SageAppAuthor, SageAppDonation};
-use crate::types::invariants::{
+use crate::types::SageRequestedPermissions;
+use crate::types::normalized_non_empty_string;
+use crate::types::{SageAppAuthor, SageAppDonation};
+use crate::types::{
     normalize_optional_manifest_path, validate_declared_manifest_asset_exists,
     validate_manifest_file_path, validate_manifest_files, validate_package_files_match_manifest,
     validate_sha256_hex,
 };
-use crate::types::normalizers::normalized_non_empty_string;
-use crate::types::permissions::SageRequestedPermissions;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Default, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct SageAppManifestVersion(pub u16);
@@ -363,7 +364,7 @@ pub fn parse_manifest_header_v0_from_value(
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-    use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
+    use crate::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
     use crate::types::{
         SageAppManifestFile, SageAppManifestSageVersion, SageAppManifestVersion,
         SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/network.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/network.rs
index c9932daed..45de1bcbc 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/network.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/network.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
 use std::collections::BTreeSet;
 
-use crate::types::invariants::split_required_optional_set;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
+use crate::types::split_required_optional_set;
+
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
 pub struct SageNetworkWhitelistEntry {
     scheme: String,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs
index 30000d18e..b73ada7a8 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,7 @@
 mod granted;
 mod requested;
-
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests;
 
-pub use granted::{
-    SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions, SageGrantedSystemPermissions,
-};
-
-pub use requested::{
-    SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions,
-};
+pub use granted::*;
+pub use requested::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/granted.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/granted.rs
index ba182d041..d00c35acb 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/granted.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/granted.rs
@@ -3,14 +3,11 @@ use std::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet};
 use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::capabilities::get_user_capability_definition;
-use crate::capabilities::list::{
-    SharedCapabilitiesExt, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability,
-};
-use crate::types::invariants::{build_user_grantable_capability_set, validate_permissions_policy};
-use crate::types::network::SageNetworkWhitelistEntry;
-
 use super::{SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions};
+use crate::capabilities::get_user_capability_definition;
+use crate::capabilities::{SharedCapabilitiesExt, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
+use crate::types::SageNetworkWhitelistEntry;
+use crate::types::{build_user_grantable_capability_set, validate_permissions_policy};
 
 pub type NetworkWhitelistByNetwork = BTreeMap<String, BTreeSet<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>>;
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/requested.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/requested.rs
index c22b0e32b..9ee26531a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/requested.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/requested.rs
@@ -3,13 +3,13 @@ use std::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet};
 use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
+use crate::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
 use crate::capabilities::get_user_capability_definition;
-use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
-use crate::types::invariants::{
+use crate::types::{SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist};
+use crate::types::{
     split_required_optional_set, validate_network_id, validate_permissions_policy,
     validate_requested_capabilities_are_requestable,
 };
-use crate::types::network::{SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/tests.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/tests.rs
index 1f9b01e22..4637bd9b6 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/tests.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/tests.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-use super::*;
 use std::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet};
 
-use crate::capabilities::list::UserBridgeCapability;
-use crate::types::network::{SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist};
+use super::*;
+use crate::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::types::{SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist};
 
 fn network_entry(scheme: &str, host: &str) -> SageNetworkWhitelistEntry {
     SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new(scheme, host).unwrap()
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/url.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/url.rs
index 0d8ac3a61..573c50385 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/url.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/url.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize, Serializer};
 use specta::Type;
 use url::Url;
 
-use crate::types::invariants::normalize_app_url;
+use crate::types::normalize_app_url;
 use crate::utils::slugify_app_name;
 
 pub const MANIFEST_FILE_NAME: &str = "sage-manifest.json";
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/utils.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/utils.rs
index 2508150a1..022c9286f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/utils.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/utils.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
-use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 use std::time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};
 
+use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
+
 pub fn unix_timestamp_ms() -> i64 {
     SystemTime::now()
         .duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)

From 27d4cb5cf163f18ba085ac5c360176879aa855c5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Rigidity <me@rigidnetwork.com>
Date: Sun, 31 May 2026 14:58:04 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 446/471] Group imports

---
 .cursor/rules/imports.mdc                     |   1 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs |  22 +------
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs       |   4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/debug.rs          |   2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs     |   8 +--
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/shared.rs |   6 +-
 .../src/bridge/methods/system/app_install.rs  |   2 +-
 .../methods/system/app_install/install_url.rs |  33 +++++++----
 .../methods/system/app_install/install_zip.rs |  34 ++++++-----
 .../methods/system/app_install/preview_url.rs |  10 +---
 .../methods/system/app_install/preview_zip.rs |  25 +++++---
 .../app_permissions/apply_permissions.rs      |  12 +---
 .../app_permissions/get_review_context.rs     |  10 +---
 .../methods/system/app_registry/events.rs     |   7 +--
 .../methods/system/app_update/apply_update.rs |  10 +---
 .../methods/system/app_update/events.rs       |   6 +-
 .../system/app_update/get_review_context.rs   |  11 +---
 .../methods/system/bridge_approvals/events.rs |   5 +-
 .../methods/system/bridge_approvals/list.rs   |   7 +--
 .../system/bridge_approvals/resolve.rs        |   9 +--
 .../capabilities/list_user_definitions.rs     |   7 +--
 .../methods/system/donation/get_details.rs    |  10 +---
 .../methods/system/file_system/select_file.rs |   7 +--
 .../system/runtime_manager/close_self.rs      |   6 +-
 .../methods/system/runtime_manager/events.rs  |   4 +-
 .../system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs   |   9 +--
 .../get_active_taskbar_runtime.rs             |  12 +---
 .../system/runtime_manager/hide_runtime.rs    |   9 +--
 .../system/runtime_manager/hide_self.rs       |   9 +--
 .../system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs    |   9 +--
 .../system/runtime_manager/list_runtimes.rs   |   9 +--
 .../bridge/methods/system/sandbox/events.rs   |   7 +--
 .../methods/system/sandbox/get_state.rs       |   6 +-
 .../methods/system/sandbox/rerun_tests.rs     |   9 +--
 .../methods/system/wallet/list_wallets.rs     |   8 +--
 .../sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app.rs  |   3 +-
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/app/events.rs     |   5 +-
 .../methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs      |   6 +-
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_info.rs   |  17 ++++--
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/app/lifecycle.rs  |   8 +--
 .../user/app/request_capability_grant.rs      |  13 +----
 .../app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs    |  13 +----
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/ping.rs    |   4 +-
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs    |  24 +++++---
 .../methods/user/environment/get_network.rs   |   8 +--
 .../methods/user/environment/theme/events.rs  |   4 +-
 .../user/environment/theme/get_current.rs     |   8 +--
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/wallet.rs         |  10 ++--
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_key.rs |   9 +--
 .../methods/user/wallet/get_secret_key.rs     |  10 +---
 .../methods/user/wallet/read_methods.rs       |   8 +--
 .../bridge/methods/user/wallet/send_xch.rs    |   9 +--
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs       |   2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/state.rs          |   9 +--
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs     |  24 +-------
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs          |   5 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs            |   5 +-
 .../sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs |   5 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs     |   5 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/types.rs    |   3 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/db/app.rs                |  39 +++++++++----
 crates/sage-apps/src/db/settings.rs           |   4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/db/storage.rs            |   5 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/db/transaction.rs        |   2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/environment/commands.rs  |   4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/host.rs                  |   6 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs                   |   6 ++
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs     |  33 ++++++-----
 .../src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs         |   5 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs |   6 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs |   8 +--
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs    |  15 +++--
 .../sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mutation/draft.rs |   2 +-
 .../src/lifecycle/mutation/manager.rs         |   5 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs     |   9 +--
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry.rs    |  15 ++---
 .../sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/types.rs |   2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/scope.rs       |   3 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/snapshot.rs    |   5 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs     |  41 ++++++++-----
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs   |   6 +-
 .../sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/apply.rs   |  46 +++++++++------
 .../src/lifecycle/update/background.rs        |   6 +-
 .../sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/check.rs   |  28 +++++----
 .../src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs          |   6 +-
 .../src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs       |  24 +-------
 .../sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/scope.rs   |   5 +-
 .../sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/types.rs   |   3 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs      |  30 ++++++----
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/events.rs        |  13 +----
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs       |  14 +----
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs       |   7 +--
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs         |  54 ++++++++++++------
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state.rs         |   4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs    |   6 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/remove.rs  |   8 +--
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs   |   3 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/view.rs    |   3 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs   |   8 +--
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs          |  16 +-----
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/storage.rs       |   6 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/system_apps.rs   |  12 +---
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/workspace.rs     |   8 +--
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs  |   7 +--
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/commands.rs      |   3 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs          |   3 +-
 .../sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/isolation.rs |   5 +-
 .../sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/network.rs   |   3 +-
 .../src/sandbox/probes/persistence.rs         |   3 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/poll.rs   |   3 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runner.rs        |   4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs       |   4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/security/bridge.rs       |   6 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/security/csp.rs          |  12 +---
 crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs     |  21 ++++---
 crates/sage-apps/src/settings.rs              |   3 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs           |  21 +++++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/author.rs      |   2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs      |  37 ++++++------
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/donation.rs    |   2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/preview.rs     |   5 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/snapshot.rs    |   8 +--
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/system_apps.rs |   5 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs   |  31 +++++-----
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/common.rs |   7 +--
 .../sage-apps/src/types/app/view/network.rs   |   2 +-
 .../src/types/app/view/permission.rs          |   9 +--
 .../sage-apps/src/types/app/view/preview.rs   |  22 +++----
 .../sage-apps/src/types/app/view/snapshot.rs  |   2 +-
 .../src/types/app/view/system_apps.rs         |   4 +-
 .../sage-apps/src/types/app/view/user_apps.rs |   8 +--
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/app.rs  |   2 +-
 .../src/types/invariants/manifest.rs          |   4 +-
 .../src/types/invariants/permission.rs        |   5 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/manifest.rs        |  16 +-----
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/network.rs         |   2 +-
 .../src/types/permissions/granted.rs          |  10 +---
 .../src/types/permissions/requested.rs        |   8 +--
 .../sage-apps/src/types/permissions/tests.rs  |   3 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/url.rs             |   3 +-
 rust_out                                      | Bin 0 -> 437656 bytes
 141 files changed, 501 insertions(+), 887 deletions(-)
 create mode 100755 rust_out

diff --git a/.cursor/rules/imports.mdc b/.cursor/rules/imports.mdc
index be1c872dc..4fe96aa7e 100644
--- a/.cursor/rules/imports.mdc
+++ b/.cursor/rules/imports.mdc
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ For Rust files:
 - Within each `mod`/`use` group, don't add blank lines; only separate groups.
 - Group statements of the same kind by visibility, most visible first (`pub`, `pub(crate)`, private).
 - Prefer `use` imports over repeated long paths in signatures/bodies.
+- Import crate-local items directly from `crate` (`use crate::{A, b};`), not `crate::submodule`; use at most one crate brace group per file.
 - Keep conventional qualifiers when clearer, e.g. `use std::fmt; impl fmt::Display ...`.
 - Put visibility on the item definition, not the re-export, where possible.
 - Re-export child modules with `pub use child::*;` where possible; only use more restrictive re-export visibility if linting shows none of the child items are public.
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
index b2adc46b4..f1848acba 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
@@ -1,26 +1,6 @@
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State, Webview};
 
-use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::bridge::BridgeApprovalsChangedEvent;
-use crate::bridge::BridgeMethodCapability;
-use crate::bridge::emit_bridge_response_to_app;
-use crate::bridge::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::bridge::{
-    BridgeOrigin, ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeInvokeResult,
-    RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse, emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners,
-};
-use crate::bridge::{BridgeRegistry, BridgeRegistryKind};
-use crate::bridge::{
-    ensure_approval_expiry_loop, get_pending_approval, list_pending_approvals,
-    remove_pending_approval, write_pending_approval,
-};
-use crate::capabilities::{BridgeCapability, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
-use crate::capabilities::{get_system_capability_definition, get_user_capability_definition};
-use crate::host::AppState;
-use crate::lifecycle::ensure_app_is_enabled_for_scope;
-use crate::runtime::{resolve_app, start_bridge_approval_runtime, sync_bridge_approval_runtime};
-use crate::security::assert_bridge_origin;
-use crate::types::SharedSageApp;
+use crate::{AppsHostState, AppState, assert_bridge_origin, BridgeApprovalsChangedEvent, BridgeCapability, BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeOrigin, BridgeRegistry, BridgeRegistryKind, BridgeTools, emit_bridge_response_to_app, emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners, ensure_app_is_enabled_for_scope, ensure_approval_expiry_loop, get_pending_approval, get_system_capability_definition, get_user_capability_definition, list_pending_approvals, remove_pending_approval, resolve_app, ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeInvokeResult, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse, SharedSageApp, start_bridge_approval_runtime, sync_bridge_approval_runtime, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability, write_pending_approval};
 
 pub(crate) async fn process(
     app_handle: AppHandle,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
index 2366d0723..22dc2d0e2 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State, Webview};
 
-use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeInvokeResult, RustBridgeRequest};
-use crate::bridge::{process, process_system};
-use crate::host::AppState;
+use crate::{AppState, process, process_system, RustBridgeInvokeResult, RustBridgeRequest};
 
 #[tauri::command]
 #[specta::specta]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/debug.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/debug.rs
index 8776b740d..f003d4afe 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/debug.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/debug.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 macro_rules! comms_debug {
     ($($arg:tt)*) => {
-        if crate::bridge::sage_apps_comms_debug_enabled() {
+        if $crate::sage_apps_comms_debug_enabled() {
             tracing::info!(target: "sage_apps_comms", $($arg)*);
         }
     };
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs
index e7e026b47..8e755a2a4 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs
@@ -2,13 +2,7 @@ use serde::Serialize;
 use specta::Type;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Emitter, Manager, State};
 
-use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeResponse, comms_debug};
-use crate::capabilities::{SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
-use crate::lifecycle::ensure_app_is_enabled_for_scope;
-use crate::runtime::{get_sage_webview, get_webview_in_sage_window};
-use crate::runtime::{list_runtimes, resolve_running_app};
-use crate::types::SharedSageApp;
+use crate::{AppsHostState, comms_debug, ensure_app_is_enabled_for_scope, get_sage_webview, get_webview_in_sage_window, list_runtimes, resolve_running_app, RustBridgeResponse, SharedSageApp, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
 
 const SAGE_RUNTIME_EVENT_NAME: &str = "apps:runtime-event";
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/shared.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/shared.rs
index 59fd32121..1723f116a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/shared.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/shared.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,7 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 use serde::de::DeserializeOwned;
 
-use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest};
-use crate::capabilities::{BridgeCapability, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
-use crate::host::AppState;
-use crate::types::SharedSageApp;
+use crate::{AppsHostState, AppState, BridgeCapability, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, SharedSageApp, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
 
 #[async_trait]
 pub(crate) trait BridgeMethod: Send + Sync {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install.rs
index a676ab0dc..d4be30a61 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ pub(crate) use preview_zip::*;
 use serde::Serialize;
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::types::UserSageAppView;
+use crate::UserSageAppView;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/install_url.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/install_url.rs
index 6621e1914..79a816349 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/install_url.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/install_url.rs
@@ -5,18 +5,27 @@ use serde::Deserialize;
 use specta::Type;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
 
-use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::bridge::AppInstallInstallResult;
-use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
-use crate::bridge::{
-    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
-    BridgeMethodHandleError, parse_required_params,
+use crate::{
+    AppInstallInstallResult,
+    AppsHostState,
+    AppState,
+    BridgeApprovalRequestResult,
+    BridgeContext,
+    BridgeHandleResult,
+    BridgeMethod,
+    BridgeMethodCapability,
+    BridgeMethodHandleError,
+    BridgeTools,
+    install_app_from_source,
+    parse_required_params,
+    Result,
+    RustBridgeRequest,
+    SageAppUrl,
+    SageAppWalletScope,
+    SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
+    SystemBridgeCapability,
+    UserSageAppView,
 };
-use crate::bridge::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
-use crate::host::AppState;
-use crate::lifecycle::install_app_from_source;
-use crate::types::{SageAppUrl, SageAppWalletScope, SageGrantedPermissionsInput, UserSageAppView};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
@@ -78,7 +87,7 @@ pub async fn install_app_url(
     app_url: String,
     granted_permissions_input: SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
     wallet_scope: SageAppWalletScope,
-) -> crate::host::Result<UserSageAppView> {
+) -> Result<UserSageAppView> {
     let base_path = {
         let state = state.lock().await;
         state.path.clone()
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/install_zip.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/install_zip.rs
index f179823e6..5e9da0408 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/install_zip.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/install_zip.rs
@@ -6,19 +6,27 @@ use specta::Type;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
 
 use super::AppInstallInstallResult;
-use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
-use crate::bridge::{
-    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
-    BridgeMethodHandleError, parse_required_params,
+use crate::{
+    apps_root,
+    AppsHostState,
+    AppState,
+    BridgeApprovalRequestResult,
+    BridgeContext,
+    BridgeHandleResult,
+    BridgeMethod,
+    BridgeMethodCapability,
+    BridgeMethodHandleError,
+    BridgeTools,
+    install_app_from_source,
+    parse_required_params,
+    Result,
+    RustBridgeRequest,
+    SageAppWalletScope,
+    SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
+    SystemBridgeCapability,
+    UserSageAppView,
+    ZipInstallSource,
 };
-use crate::bridge::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
-use crate::host::AppState;
-use crate::lifecycle::ZipInstallSource;
-use crate::lifecycle::apps_root;
-use crate::lifecycle::install_app_from_source;
-use crate::types::{SageAppWalletScope, SageGrantedPermissionsInput, UserSageAppView};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
@@ -80,7 +88,7 @@ pub async fn install_app_zip(
     zip_path: String,
     granted_permissions_input: SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
     wallet_scope: SageAppWalletScope,
-) -> crate::host::Result<UserSageAppView> {
+) -> Result<UserSageAppView> {
     let base_path = {
         let state = state.lock().await;
         state.path.clone()
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/preview_url.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/preview_url.rs
index 14c939714..5209251ac 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/preview_url.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/preview_url.rs
@@ -2,15 +2,7 @@ use async_trait::async_trait;
 use serde::Deserialize;
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
-use crate::bridge::{
-    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
-    BridgeMethodHandleError, parse_required_params,
-};
-use crate::bridge::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
-use crate::lifecycle::fetch_url_manifest_preview;
-use crate::types::{SageAppUrl, SageAppUrlPreview};
+use crate::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError, BridgeTools, fetch_url_manifest_preview, parse_required_params, RustBridgeRequest, SageAppUrl, SageAppUrlPreview, SystemBridgeCapability};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/preview_zip.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/preview_zip.rs
index 54e219927..4a8bc1ff0 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/preview_zip.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/preview_zip.rs
@@ -6,15 +6,22 @@ use serde::Deserialize;
 use specta::Type;
 use uuid::Uuid;
 
-use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
-use crate::bridge::{
-    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
-    BridgeMethodHandleError, parse_required_params,
+use crate::{
+    BridgeApprovalRequestResult,
+    BridgeContext,
+    BridgeHandleResult,
+    BridgeMethod,
+    BridgeMethodCapability,
+    BridgeMethodHandleError,
+    BridgeTools,
+    detect_package_root,
+    parse_required_params,
+    read_manifest,
+    RustBridgeRequest,
+    SageAppPackageManifest,
+    SystemBridgeCapability,
+    unzip_to_dir,
 };
-use crate::bridge::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
-use crate::lifecycle::{read_manifest, unzip_to_dir};
-use crate::types::SageAppPackageManifest;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
@@ -63,7 +70,7 @@ fn preview_manifest(zip_path: &String) -> Result<SageAppPackageManifest, String>
 
     let result = (|| -> anyhow::Result<SageAppPackageManifest> {
         unzip_to_dir(Path::new(&zip_path), &unpack_dir)?;
-        let package_root = crate::lifecycle::detect_package_root(&unpack_dir)?;
+        let package_root = detect_package_root(&unpack_dir)?;
         let manifest = read_manifest(&package_root)?;
 
         Ok(manifest)
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_permissions/apply_permissions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_permissions/apply_permissions.rs
index aef5d2eb3..d52604665 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_permissions/apply_permissions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_permissions/apply_permissions.rs
@@ -2,17 +2,7 @@ use async_trait::async_trait;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
-use crate::bridge::{
-    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
-    BridgeMethodHandleError, parse_required_params,
-};
-use crate::bridge::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
-use crate::lifecycle::update_app_permissions_for_app;
-use crate::lifecycle::update_app_wallet_scope_for_app;
-use crate::runtime::resolve_app;
-use crate::types::{SageApp, SageAppWalletScope, SageGrantedPermissionsInput, UserSageAppView};
+use crate::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError, BridgeTools, parse_required_params, resolve_app, RustBridgeRequest, SageApp, SageAppWalletScope, SageGrantedPermissionsInput, SystemBridgeCapability, update_app_permissions_for_app, update_app_wallet_scope_for_app, UserSageAppView};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_permissions/get_review_context.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_permissions/get_review_context.rs
index 6ace0dbb4..ff4e78f67 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_permissions/get_review_context.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_permissions/get_review_context.rs
@@ -2,15 +2,7 @@ use async_trait::async_trait;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
-use crate::bridge::{
-    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
-    BridgeMethodHandleError, parse_required_params,
-};
-use crate::bridge::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
-use crate::runtime::resolve_app;
-use crate::types::{SageApp, UserSageAppView};
+use crate::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError, BridgeTools, parse_required_params, resolve_app, RustBridgeRequest, SageApp, SystemBridgeCapability, UserSageAppView};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_registry/events.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_registry/events.rs
index 3ed87633d..e8c2eacee 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_registry/events.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_registry/events.rs
@@ -2,12 +2,7 @@ use serde::Serialize;
 use specta::Type;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
-use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::bridge::SystemRuntimeEvent;
-use crate::bridge::emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners;
-use crate::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
-use crate::lifecycle::list_installed_apps_internal;
-use crate::types::ListedSageAppView;
+use crate::{AppsHostState, emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners, list_installed_apps_internal, ListedSageAppView, SystemBridgeCapability, SystemRuntimeEvent};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/apply_update.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/apply_update.rs
index 02202e835..15e0722b4 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/apply_update.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/apply_update.rs
@@ -2,15 +2,7 @@ use async_trait::async_trait;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
-use crate::bridge::{
-    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
-    BridgeMethodHandleError, parse_required_params,
-};
-use crate::bridge::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
-use crate::lifecycle::apply_app_update_inner;
-use crate::types::{SageAppView, SageGrantedPermissionsInput};
+use crate::{apply_app_update_inner, BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError, BridgeTools, parse_required_params, RustBridgeRequest, SageAppView, SageGrantedPermissionsInput, SystemBridgeCapability};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/events.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/events.rs
index 1cc9b92dc..a918b75de 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/events.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/events.rs
@@ -2,11 +2,7 @@ use serde::Serialize;
 use specta::Type;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
-use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::bridge::SystemRuntimeEvent;
-use crate::bridge::emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners;
-use crate::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
-use crate::types::{SageApp, SharedSageApp};
+use crate::{AppsHostState, emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners, SageApp, SharedSageApp, SystemBridgeCapability, SystemRuntimeEvent};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase", tag = "kind")]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/get_review_context.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/get_review_context.rs
index 7a9750952..e1d41bf79 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/get_review_context.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/get_review_context.rs
@@ -2,16 +2,7 @@ use async_trait::async_trait;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
-use crate::bridge::{
-    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
-    BridgeMethodHandleError, parse_required_params,
-};
-use crate::bridge::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
-use crate::lifecycle::check_app_update_inner;
-use crate::runtime::resolve_app;
-use crate::types::{SageApp, SageAppUrlPreview, UserSageAppView};
+use crate::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError, BridgeTools, check_app_update_inner, parse_required_params, resolve_app, RustBridgeRequest, SageApp, SageAppUrlPreview, SystemBridgeCapability, UserSageAppView};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals/events.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals/events.rs
index 11e026e87..21074dec9 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals/events.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals/events.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,7 @@
 use serde::Serialize;
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::bridge::PendingBridgeApproval;
-use crate::bridge::PendingBridgeApprovalView;
-use crate::bridge::SystemRuntimeEvent;
-use crate::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
+use crate::{PendingBridgeApproval, PendingBridgeApprovalView, SystemBridgeCapability, SystemRuntimeEvent};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals/list.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals/list.rs
index 5fb7e0c4d..a66302e43 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals/list.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals/list.rs
@@ -2,12 +2,7 @@ use async_trait::async_trait;
 use serde::Serialize;
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::bridge::PendingBridgeApproval;
-use crate::bridge::list_pending_approvals;
-use crate::bridge::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability};
-use crate::bridge::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest};
-use crate::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
+use crate::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeTools, list_pending_approvals, PendingBridgeApproval, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, SystemBridgeCapability};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub(crate) struct BridgeApprovalsListPending;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals/resolve.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals/resolve.rs
index 21287375c..44f8b1ec7 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals/resolve.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals/resolve.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,6 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
-use crate::bridge::process_after_approval;
-use crate::bridge::{
-    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
-    BridgeMethodHandleError, parse_required_params,
-};
-use crate::bridge::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::bridge::{ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs, RustBridgeRequest};
-use crate::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
+use crate::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError, BridgeTools, parse_required_params, process_after_approval, ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs, RustBridgeRequest, SystemBridgeCapability};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub(crate) struct BridgeApprovalsResolve;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/capabilities/list_user_definitions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/capabilities/list_user_definitions.rs
index 2fbd2f184..7f4aa00d0 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/capabilities/list_user_definitions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/capabilities/list_user_definitions.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,6 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
-use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
-use crate::bridge::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability};
-use crate::bridge::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
-use crate::capabilities::user_registry;
-use crate::types::SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView;
+use crate::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeTools, RustBridgeRequest, SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView, SystemBridgeCapability, user_registry};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub(crate) struct CapabilitiesListUserDefinitions;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/donation/get_details.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/donation/get_details.rs
index 78baed8bc..88fc57eb5 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/donation/get_details.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/donation/get_details.rs
@@ -2,15 +2,7 @@ use async_trait::async_trait;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
-use crate::bridge::{
-    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
-    BridgeMethodHandleError, parse_required_params,
-};
-use crate::bridge::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
-use crate::runtime::resolve_app;
-use crate::types::SageAppIconView;
+use crate::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError, BridgeTools, parse_required_params, resolve_app, RustBridgeRequest, SageAppIconView, SystemBridgeCapability};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/file_system/select_file.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/file_system/select_file.rs
index 3ce2b49fd..47ed877ad 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/file_system/select_file.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/file_system/select_file.rs
@@ -3,12 +3,7 @@ use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 use tauri_plugin_dialog::DialogExt;
 
-use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
-use crate::bridge::{
-    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability, parse_required_params,
-};
-use crate::bridge::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
+use crate::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeTools, parse_required_params, RustBridgeRequest, SystemBridgeCapability};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/close_self.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/close_self.rs
index a5f5ae632..8e01c4170 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/close_self.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/close_self.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,6 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
-use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
-use crate::bridge::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability};
-use crate::bridge::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
-use crate::runtime::{SystemKillRuntimeError, kill_runtime};
+use crate::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeTools, kill_runtime, RustBridgeRequest, SystemBridgeCapability, SystemKillRuntimeError};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub(crate) struct RuntimeManagerCloseSelf;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/events.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/events.rs
index 63e23913d..d71ec3bc0 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/events.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/events.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
 use serde::Serialize;
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::bridge::SystemRuntimeEvent;
-use crate::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
-use crate::runtime::SageAppRuntimeRecordView;
+use crate::{SageAppRuntimeRecordView, SystemBridgeCapability, SystemRuntimeEvent};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs
index 83b6ee69e..74a827d87 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,6 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
-use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
-use crate::bridge::{
-    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
-    BridgeMethodHandleError, parse_required_params,
-};
-use crate::bridge::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
-use crate::runtime::{RuntimeTargetParams, SageAppRuntimeRecordView, focus_taskbar_runtime};
+use crate::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError, BridgeTools, focus_taskbar_runtime, parse_required_params, RuntimeTargetParams, RustBridgeRequest, SageAppRuntimeRecordView, SystemBridgeCapability};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub(crate) struct RuntimeManagerFocusTaskbarRuntime;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/get_active_taskbar_runtime.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/get_active_taskbar_runtime.rs
index 54d507472..20e8c33de 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/get_active_taskbar_runtime.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/get_active_taskbar_runtime.rs
@@ -1,16 +1,6 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
-use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
-use crate::bridge::{
-    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
-    BridgeMethodHandleError,
-};
-use crate::bridge::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
-use crate::runtime::{
-    SageAppRuntimeRecordView, find_active_taskbar_runtime, find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional,
-    resolve_running_app,
-};
+use crate::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError, BridgeTools, find_active_taskbar_runtime, find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional, resolve_running_app, RustBridgeRequest, SageAppRuntimeRecordView, SystemBridgeCapability};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub(crate) struct RuntimeManagerGetActiveTaskbarRuntime;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_runtime.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_runtime.rs
index 7906284f3..586c35e3d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_runtime.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_runtime.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,6 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
-use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
-use crate::bridge::{
-    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
-    BridgeMethodHandleError, parse_required_params,
-};
-use crate::bridge::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
-use crate::runtime::{RuntimeTargetParams, SageAppRuntimeRecordView, hide_runtime};
+use crate::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError, BridgeTools, hide_runtime, parse_required_params, RuntimeTargetParams, RustBridgeRequest, SageAppRuntimeRecordView, SystemBridgeCapability};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub(crate) struct RuntimeManagerHideRuntime;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_self.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_self.rs
index 28d643bf4..fc36fe9b2 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_self.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_self.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,6 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
-use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
-use crate::bridge::{
-    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
-    BridgeMethodHandleError,
-};
-use crate::bridge::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
-use crate::runtime::hide_runtime;
+use crate::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError, BridgeTools, hide_runtime, RustBridgeRequest, SystemBridgeCapability};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub(crate) struct RuntimeManagerHideSelf;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs
index 447ae65b9..450e3c12e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,7 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 use serde::Serialize;
 
-use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
-use crate::bridge::{
-    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability, parse_required_params,
-};
-use crate::bridge::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
-use crate::runtime::RuntimeTargetParams;
-use crate::runtime::{SystemKillRuntimeError, kill_runtime};
+use crate::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeTools, kill_runtime, parse_required_params, RuntimeTargetParams, RustBridgeRequest, SystemBridgeCapability, SystemKillRuntimeError};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub(crate) struct RuntimeManagerKillRuntime;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/list_runtimes.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/list_runtimes.rs
index f71f65cad..ca3091638 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/list_runtimes.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/list_runtimes.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,6 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
-use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
-use crate::bridge::{
-    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
-    BridgeMethodHandleError,
-};
-use crate::bridge::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
-use crate::runtime::{SageAppRuntimeRecordView, list_runtimes};
+use crate::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError, BridgeTools, list_runtimes, RustBridgeRequest, SageAppRuntimeRecordView, SystemBridgeCapability};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub(crate) struct RuntimeManagerListRuntimes;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/sandbox/events.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/sandbox/events.rs
index 0848c5e24..11a42621d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/sandbox/events.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/sandbox/events.rs
@@ -2,12 +2,7 @@ use serde::Serialize;
 use specta::Type;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
-use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::bridge::SystemRuntimeEvent;
-use crate::bridge::emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners;
-use crate::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
-use crate::sandbox::SandboxStateView;
-use crate::sandbox::build_state_view;
+use crate::{AppsHostState, build_state_view, emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners, SandboxStateView, SystemBridgeCapability, SystemRuntimeEvent};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/sandbox/get_state.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/sandbox/get_state.rs
index ee3a06309..695577b12 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/sandbox/get_state.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/sandbox/get_state.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,6 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
-use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
-use crate::bridge::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability};
-use crate::bridge::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
-use crate::sandbox::build_state_view;
+use crate::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeTools, build_state_view, RustBridgeRequest, SystemBridgeCapability};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct SandboxGetState;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/sandbox/rerun_tests.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/sandbox/rerun_tests.rs
index ef52140de..ddb932ace 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/sandbox/rerun_tests.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/sandbox/rerun_tests.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,6 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
-use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
-use crate::bridge::{
-    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
-    BridgeMethodHandleError,
-};
-use crate::bridge::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
-use crate::sandbox::{begin_sandbox_run, sandbox_runner};
+use crate::{begin_sandbox_run, BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError, BridgeTools, RustBridgeRequest, sandbox_runner, SystemBridgeCapability};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct SandboxRerunTests;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/wallet/list_wallets.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/wallet/list_wallets.rs
index 16dfd5f17..fed5653b6 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/wallet/list_wallets.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/wallet/list_wallets.rs
@@ -3,13 +3,7 @@ use sage_api::GetKeys;
 use serde::Serialize;
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
-use crate::bridge::{
-    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
-    BridgeMethodHandleError,
-};
-use crate::bridge::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::capabilities::SystemBridgeCapability;
+use crate::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError, BridgeTools, RustBridgeRequest, SystemBridgeCapability};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub(crate) struct WalletListWallets;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app.rs
index c7b3c7206..9cffac374 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app.rs
@@ -16,8 +16,7 @@ use std::path::PathBuf;
 
 use tauri::Manager;
 
-use crate::bridge::BridgeMethodHandleError;
-use crate::bridge::BridgeTools;
+use crate::{BridgeMethodHandleError, BridgeTools};
 
 pub(crate) fn resolve_app_base_path(
     tools: &BridgeTools<'_>,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/events.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/events.rs
index a31d0e2ca..92ddfbe28 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/events.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/events.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,7 @@
 use serde::Serialize;
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::bridge::UserRuntimeEvent;
-use crate::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
-use crate::lifecycle::{GrantedCapabilitiesChange, GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange};
-use crate::types::SageNetworkWhitelistEntry;
+use crate::{GrantedCapabilitiesChange, GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, UserBridgeCapability, UserRuntimeEvent};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs
index 0eae264e1..91ab725db 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,6 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
-use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
-use crate::bridge::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability};
-use crate::bridge::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::capabilities::{SharedCapabilitiesExt, UserBridgeCapability};
-use crate::types::SageApp;
+use crate::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeTools, RustBridgeRequest, SageApp, SharedCapabilitiesExt, UserBridgeCapability};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct AppGetCapabilities;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_info.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_info.rs
index e07be6f1f..df4a60a63 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_info.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_info.rs
@@ -2,10 +2,17 @@ use async_trait::async_trait;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
-use crate::bridge::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability};
-use crate::bridge::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::{
+    BridgeApprovalRequestResult,
+    BridgeContext,
+    BridgeHandleResult,
+    BridgeMethod,
+    BridgeMethodCapability,
+    BridgeTools,
+    RustBridgeRequest,
+    SageRequestedPermissions,
+    UserBridgeCapability,
+};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct AppGetInfo;
@@ -24,7 +31,7 @@ pub struct AppGetInfoResult {
     pub id: String,
     pub name: String,
     pub version: String,
-    pub requested_permissions: crate::types::SageRequestedPermissions,
+    pub requested_permissions: SageRequestedPermissions,
     pub capabilities: Vec<UserBridgeCapability>,
     pub network: Vec<SageNetworkPermissionInfo>,
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/lifecycle.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/lifecycle.rs
index 4d5977af3..49009b418 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/lifecycle.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/lifecycle.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,6 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
-use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
-use crate::bridge::{
-    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability, parse_required_params,
-};
-use crate::bridge::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
-use crate::runtime::{ReadyToStopParams, RuntimeAckResult, SetBeforeStopListenerParams};
+use crate::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeTools, parse_required_params, ReadyToStopParams, RuntimeAckResult, RustBridgeRequest, SetBeforeStopListenerParams, UserBridgeCapability};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct AppLifecycleSetBeforeStopListener;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
index b10b9c492..bba813bdf 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
@@ -2,18 +2,7 @@ use async_trait::async_trait;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::bridge::RustBridgeApprovalBody;
-use crate::bridge::resolve_app_base_path;
-use crate::bridge::{
-    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
-    BridgeMethodHandleError, parse_required_params,
-};
-use crate::bridge::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest};
-use crate::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
-use crate::capabilities::get_user_capability_definition;
-use crate::lifecycle::GrantCapabilityOutcome;
-use crate::lifecycle::grant_capability;
+use crate::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError, BridgeTools, get_user_capability_definition, grant_capability, GrantCapabilityOutcome, parse_required_params, resolve_app_base_path, RustBridgeApprovalBody, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, UserBridgeCapability};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct AppRequestCapabilityGrant;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs
index d11cd745e..289b784bb 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs
@@ -2,18 +2,7 @@ use async_trait::async_trait;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::bridge::RustBridgeApprovalBody;
-use crate::bridge::resolve_app_base_path;
-use crate::bridge::{
-    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
-    BridgeMethodHandleError, parse_required_params,
-};
-use crate::bridge::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest};
-use crate::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
-use crate::lifecycle::GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome;
-use crate::lifecycle::grant_network_whitelist_entry;
-use crate::types::SageNetworkWhitelistEntry;
+use crate::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError, BridgeTools, grant_network_whitelist_entry, GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome, parse_required_params, resolve_app_base_path, RustBridgeApprovalBody, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, UserBridgeCapability};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct AppRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/ping.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/ping.rs
index 2a387e687..c21b297bc 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/ping.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/ping.rs
@@ -2,9 +2,7 @@ use async_trait::async_trait;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
-use crate::bridge::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability};
-use crate::bridge::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
+use crate::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeTools, RustBridgeRequest};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct BridgePing;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs
index 99ea23bcf..c29d145c9 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs
@@ -2,15 +2,21 @@ use async_trait::async_trait;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
-use crate::bridge::{
-    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
-    BridgeMethodHandleError, parse_required_params,
+use crate::{
+    BridgeApprovalRequestResult,
+    BridgeContext,
+    BridgeHandleResult,
+    BridgeMethod,
+    BridgeMethodCapability,
+    BridgeMethodHandleError,
+    BridgeTools,
+    BUILTIN_ORIGIN_CLEANUP_RUNTIME_ID,
+    ingest_bridge_send_payload,
+    ingest_origin_cleanup_bridge_send_payload,
+    parse_required_params,
+    RustBridgeRequest,
+    UserBridgeCapability,
 };
-use crate::bridge::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
-use crate::runtime::ingest_origin_cleanup_bridge_send_payload;
-use crate::sandbox::BUILTIN_ORIGIN_CLEANUP_RUNTIME_ID;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct BridgeSend;
@@ -72,7 +78,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for BridgeSend {
 
         match ctx_kind {
             BridgeSendContextKind::Sandbox => {
-                crate::sandbox::ingest_bridge_send_payload(
+                ingest_bridge_send_payload(
                     &ctx.app.id(),
                     &payload_value,
                     tools.host_state,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/get_network.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/get_network.rs
index 9d4ec455d..82c1d3439 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/get_network.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/get_network.rs
@@ -3,13 +3,7 @@ use sage_api::{GetNetwork, NetworkKind};
 use serde::Serialize;
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
-use crate::bridge::{
-    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
-    BridgeMethodHandleError,
-};
-use crate::bridge::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError, BridgeTools, RustBridgeRequest, UserBridgeCapability};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/theme/events.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/theme/events.rs
index 1a38a39f7..039e32cbc 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/theme/events.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/theme/events.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
 use serde::Serialize;
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::bridge::EnvironmentThemeView;
-use crate::bridge::UserRuntimeEvent;
-use crate::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::{EnvironmentThemeView, UserBridgeCapability, UserRuntimeEvent};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/theme/get_current.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/theme/get_current.rs
index ef78a3d44..69b7670f8 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/theme/get_current.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/theme/get_current.rs
@@ -4,13 +4,7 @@ use async_trait::async_trait;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
-use crate::bridge::{
-    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
-    BridgeMethodHandleError,
-};
-use crate::bridge::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError, BridgeTools, RustBridgeRequest, UserBridgeCapability};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet.rs
index 729a10e98..9edbb438a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet.rs
@@ -8,18 +8,20 @@ pub(crate) use get_secret_key::*;
 pub(crate) use read_methods::*;
 pub(crate) use send_xch::*;
 
+use crate::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethodHandleError};
+
 pub(crate) fn require_scoped_fingerprint(
-    ctx: &crate::bridge::BridgeContext<'_>,
+    ctx: &BridgeContext<'_>,
     fingerprint: Option<u32>,
-) -> Result<u32, crate::bridge::BridgeMethodHandleError> {
+) -> Result<u32, BridgeMethodHandleError> {
     let fingerprint = fingerprint.ok_or_else(|| {
-        crate::bridge::BridgeMethodHandleError::invalid_request(
+        BridgeMethodHandleError::invalid_request(
             "wallet fingerprint is required for apps",
         )
     })?;
 
     if !ctx.app.is_wallet_in_scope(fingerprint) {
-        return Err(crate::bridge::BridgeMethodHandleError::invalid_request(
+        return Err(BridgeMethodHandleError::invalid_request(
             format!("wallet fingerprint not in app wallet scope: {fingerprint}"),
         ));
     }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_key.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_key.rs
index 828eadff9..ec5b9d10d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_key.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_key.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,7 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 use sage_api::GetKey;
 
-use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
-use crate::bridge::require_scoped_fingerprint;
-use crate::bridge::{
-    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
-    BridgeMethodHandleError, parse_required_params,
-};
-use crate::bridge::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError, BridgeTools, parse_required_params, require_scoped_fingerprint, RustBridgeRequest, UserBridgeCapability};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct WalletGetKey;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_secret_key.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_secret_key.rs
index bafb6cd99..e1c90e5ac 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_secret_key.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_secret_key.rs
@@ -1,15 +1,7 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 use sage_api::GetSecretKey;
 
-use crate::bridge::RustBridgeApprovalBody;
-use crate::bridge::require_scoped_fingerprint;
-use crate::bridge::{
-    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
-    BridgeMethodHandleError, parse_required_params,
-};
-use crate::bridge::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest};
-use crate::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError, BridgeTools, parse_required_params, require_scoped_fingerprint, RustBridgeApprovalBody, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, UserBridgeCapability};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct WalletGetSecretKey;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/read_methods.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/read_methods.rs
index 16bd29b1b..7f05e996f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/read_methods.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/read_methods.rs
@@ -5,13 +5,7 @@ use sage_api::{
     GetXchUsdPrice,
 };
 
-use crate::bridge::RustBridgeRequest;
-use crate::bridge::{
-    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
-    BridgeMethodHandleError, parse_required_params,
-};
-use crate::bridge::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError, BridgeTools, parse_required_params, RustBridgeRequest, UserBridgeCapability};
 
 macro_rules! define_wallet_read_no_params_async_method {
     ($struct_name:ident, $capability:ident, $method_name:expr, $request_ident:ident, $handler:ident) => {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/send_xch.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/send_xch.rs
index 4c025142a..ac7c7c831 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/send_xch.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/send_xch.rs
@@ -3,14 +3,7 @@ use sage_api::SendXch;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::bridge::RustBridgeApprovalBody;
-use crate::bridge::{
-    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethodCapability,
-    BridgeMethodHandleError, parse_required_params,
-};
-use crate::bridge::{BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeTools};
-use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest};
-use crate::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
+use crate::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError, BridgeTools, parse_required_params, RustBridgeApprovalBody, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, UserBridgeCapability};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct WalletSendXch;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs
index e12ab3996..141bcce39 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/registry.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 
-use crate::bridge::*;
+use crate::*;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub(crate) enum BridgeRegistryKind {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/state.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/state.rs
index 111abb299..6a052a38f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/state.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/state.rs
@@ -6,14 +6,7 @@ use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
 use tokio::sync::Mutex;
 use uuid::Uuid;
 
-use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::bridge::BridgeRegistryKind;
-use crate::bridge::PendingBridgeApproval;
-use crate::bridge::{RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, comms_debug};
-use crate::runtime::{
-    emit_bridge_approvals_changed, emit_timeout_for_pending_approval, sync_bridge_approval_runtime,
-};
-use crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms;
+use crate::{AppsHostState, BridgeRegistryKind, comms_debug, emit_bridge_approvals_changed, emit_timeout_for_pending_approval, PendingBridgeApproval, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, sync_bridge_approval_runtime, unix_timestamp_ms};
 
 const BRIDGE_APPROVAL_TIMEOUT_MS: u64 = 30_000;
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
index 941265493..870b1dd65 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
@@ -9,29 +9,7 @@ use sage_api::{
 use specta::TypeCollection;
 use specta_typescript::{BigIntExportBehavior, Typescript};
 
-use crate::bridge::{
-    AppGetInfoResult, AppInstallInstallResult, AppInstallInstallUrlParams,
-    AppInstallInstallZipParams, AppInstallPreviewUrlParams, AppInstallPreviewZipParams,
-    AppPermissionsApplyPermissionsParams, AppPermissionsApplyPermissionsResult,
-    AppPermissionsGetReviewContextParams, AppPermissionsReviewContext, AppUpdateApplyUpdateParams,
-    AppUpdateApplyUpdateResult, AppUpdateGetReviewContextParams, AppUpdateReviewContext,
-    BeforeStopEvent, BridgeApprovalsChangedEvent, BridgePingResult, BridgeSendResult,
-    DonationDetails, DonationGetDetailsParams, EnvironmentGetNetworkResult,
-    EnvironmentThemeChangedEvent, EnvironmentThemeGetCurrentResult, FileSystemSelectFileParams,
-    FileSystemSelectFileResult, GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent, GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent,
-    ListedAppsChangedEvent, PendingBridgeApprovalView, PendingUpdateChangedEvent,
-    RequestCapabilityGrantParams, RequestCapabilityGrantResult, RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantParams,
-    RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantResult, RuntimeManagerActiveTaskbarRuntimeChangedEvent,
-    RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent, SageNetworkPermissionInfo, SandboxStateChangedEvent,
-    SystemWalletView, WalletListWalletsResult, WalletSendXchParams,
-};
-use crate::bridge::{ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs, RustBridgeInvokeResult};
-use crate::runtime::SystemKillRuntimeResult;
-use crate::runtime::{
-    ReadyToStopParams, RuntimeAckResult, RuntimeTargetParams, SetBeforeStopListenerParams,
-};
-use crate::sandbox::SandboxStateView;
-use crate::types::{SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView, SageAppWalletScope};
+use crate::{AppGetInfoResult, AppInstallInstallResult, AppInstallInstallUrlParams, AppInstallInstallZipParams, AppInstallPreviewUrlParams, AppInstallPreviewZipParams, AppPermissionsApplyPermissionsParams, AppPermissionsApplyPermissionsResult, AppPermissionsGetReviewContextParams, AppPermissionsReviewContext, AppUpdateApplyUpdateParams, AppUpdateApplyUpdateResult, AppUpdateGetReviewContextParams, AppUpdateReviewContext, BeforeStopEvent, BridgeApprovalsChangedEvent, BridgePingResult, BridgeSendResult, DonationDetails, DonationGetDetailsParams, EnvironmentGetNetworkResult, EnvironmentThemeChangedEvent, EnvironmentThemeGetCurrentResult, FileSystemSelectFileParams, FileSystemSelectFileResult, GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent, GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent, ListedAppsChangedEvent, PendingBridgeApprovalView, PendingUpdateChangedEvent, ReadyToStopParams, RequestCapabilityGrantParams, RequestCapabilityGrantResult, RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantParams, RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantResult, ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs, RuntimeAckResult, RuntimeManagerActiveTaskbarRuntimeChangedEvent, RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent, RuntimeTargetParams, RustBridgeInvokeResult, SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView, SageAppWalletScope, SageNetworkPermissionInfo, SandboxStateChangedEvent, SandboxStateView, SetBeforeStopListenerParams, SystemKillRuntimeResult, SystemWalletView, WalletListWalletsResult, WalletSendXchParams};
 
 pub fn export_user_bridge_typescript() -> Result<String, String> {
     let mut types = TypeCollection::default();
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs
index 42e1d8f1d..f16b1c47b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs
@@ -2,10 +2,7 @@ use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use serde_json::Value;
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::bridge::BridgeRegistryKind;
-use crate::bridge::WalletSendXchParams;
-use crate::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
-use crate::types::{SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SharedSageApp};
+use crate::{BridgeRegistryKind, SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SharedSageApp, UserBridgeCapability, WalletSendXchParams};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs
index f001b0c79..634aca31b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,7 @@
 use std::fmt::Write;
 use std::{fs, path::PathBuf};
 
-use crate::bridge::BridgeMethodCapability;
-use crate::bridge::{BridgeRegistry, BridgeRegistryKind};
-use crate::capabilities::{BridgeCapability, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
-use crate::capabilities::{get_system_capability_definition, get_user_capability_definition};
+use crate::{BridgeCapability, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeRegistry, BridgeRegistryKind, get_system_capability_definition, get_user_capability_definition, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
 
 fn workspace_root() -> PathBuf {
     PathBuf::from(env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR"))
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs
index 772dda86c..561de2c9e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,6 @@
 use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 
-use crate::capabilities::types::{
-    CapabilityDefinition, CapabilityFlags, SystemCapabilityDefinition, UserCapabilityDefinition,
-};
-use crate::capabilities::{SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
+use crate::{CapabilityDefinition, CapabilityFlags, SystemBridgeCapability, SystemCapabilityDefinition, UserBridgeCapability, UserCapabilityDefinition};
 
 pub(crate) fn get_user_capability_definition(
     capability: UserBridgeCapability,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs
index 8cfb7bc8f..05fa30aef 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use std::collections::BTreeSet;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::capabilities::get_user_capability_definition;
+use crate::get_user_capability_definition;
 
 macro_rules! define_bridge_capabilities {
     (
@@ -175,8 +175,7 @@ impl From<SystemBridgeCapability> for BridgeCapability {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-    use crate::capabilities::user_registry;
-    use crate::capabilities::{SharedCapabilitiesExt, UserBridgeCapability};
+    use crate::{SharedCapabilitiesExt, user_registry, UserBridgeCapability};
 
     fn first_shared_capability() -> UserBridgeCapability {
         user_registry()
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/types.rs
index 11e3d6263..b12c39b72 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/types.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-use crate::capabilities::get_user_capability_definition;
-use crate::capabilities::{SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
+use crate::{get_user_capability_definition, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
 
 #[allow(clippy::struct_excessive_bools)]
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/db/app.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/db/app.rs
index c68b6464f..8ef156586 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/db/app.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/db/app.rs
@@ -3,11 +3,26 @@ use std::path::Path;
 use anyhow::{Context, Result};
 use sqlx::{Row, SqliteConnection, sqlite::SqliteRow};
 
-use crate::db::{AppsDb, AppsDbTx};
-use crate::types::{
-    CorruptedInstalledSageApp, ListedSageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppIconView, SageAppIdentity,
-    SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppStorage, SageAppUrl, SageAppWalletScope,
-    SageGrantedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppPendingUpdate, UserSageAppSource,
+use crate::{
+    AppsDb,
+    AppsDbTx,
+    CorruptedInstalledSageApp,
+    ListedSageApp,
+    MANIFEST_FILE_NAME,
+    parse_manifest_header_v0_from_value,
+    SageAppCommon,
+    SageAppIconView,
+    SageAppIdentity,
+    SageAppPackageManifest,
+    SageAppSnapshot,
+    SageAppStorage,
+    SageAppUrl,
+    SageAppWalletScope,
+    SageGrantedPermissions,
+    unix_timestamp_ms,
+    UserSageApp,
+    UserSageAppPendingUpdate,
+    UserSageAppSource,
 };
 
 impl AppsDb {
@@ -75,7 +90,7 @@ impl AppsDbTx {
         origin_row_id: i64,
     ) -> Result<()> {
         let common = app.common();
-        let now = crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms();
+        let now = unix_timestamp_ms();
 
         sqlx::query(
             r"
@@ -125,7 +140,7 @@ impl AppsDbTx {
 
     pub(crate) async fn persist_user_app(&mut self, app: &UserSageApp) -> Result<()> {
         let common = app.common();
-        let now = crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms();
+        let now = unix_timestamp_ms();
 
         sqlx::query(
             r"
@@ -201,7 +216,7 @@ impl AppsDbTx {
         storage_id: i64,
         origin_row_id: i64,
     ) -> Result<()> {
-        let now = crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms();
+        let now = unix_timestamp_ms();
 
         sqlx::query(
             r"
@@ -229,7 +244,7 @@ impl AppsDbTx {
         origin_id: &str,
         storage_id: i64,
     ) -> Result<i64> {
-        let now = crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms();
+        let now = unix_timestamp_ms();
 
         let result = sqlx::query(
             r"
@@ -393,11 +408,11 @@ async fn load_corrupted_user_app_from_conn(
     let manifest_header = snapshot_dir
         .as_deref()
         .and_then(|dir| {
-            let path = Path::new(dir).join(crate::types::MANIFEST_FILE_NAME);
+            let path = Path::new(dir).join(MANIFEST_FILE_NAME);
             std::fs::read_to_string(path).ok()
         })
         .and_then(|text| serde_json::from_str::<serde_json::Value>(&text).ok())
-        .and_then(|manifest| crate::types::parse_manifest_header_v0_from_value(manifest).ok());
+        .and_then(|manifest| parse_manifest_header_v0_from_value(manifest).ok());
 
     let icon = manifest_header
         .as_ref()
@@ -418,7 +433,7 @@ async fn load_corrupted_user_app_from_conn(
 }
 
 fn read_snapshot_manifest(snapshot_dir: &str) -> Result<SageAppPackageManifest> {
-    let manifest_path = Path::new(snapshot_dir).join(crate::types::MANIFEST_FILE_NAME);
+    let manifest_path = Path::new(snapshot_dir).join(MANIFEST_FILE_NAME);
 
     let text = std::fs::read_to_string(&manifest_path).with_context(|| {
         format!(
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/db/settings.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/db/settings.rs
index c7d99080e..3cf8d6078 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/db/settings.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/db/settings.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use anyhow::{Context, Result};
 use sqlx::Row;
 
-use crate::db::AppsDb;
+use crate::{AppsDb, unix_timestamp_ms};
 
 const AUTO_UPDATE_ENABLED_KEY: &str = "auto_update_enabled";
 
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ impl AppsDb {
     }
 
     pub async fn set_auto_update_enabled(&self, enabled: bool) -> Result<bool> {
-        let now = crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms();
+        let now = unix_timestamp_ms();
 
         sqlx::query(
             r"
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/db/storage.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/db/storage.rs
index 868dbd24b..d3f889116 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/db/storage.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/db/storage.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
 use anyhow::{Context, Result};
 use sqlx::Row;
 
-use crate::db::AppsDb;
-use crate::types::SageAppStorage;
+use crate::{AppsDb, SageAppStorage, unix_timestamp_ms};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct AbandonedStorageCleanupTarget {
@@ -14,7 +13,7 @@ pub struct AbandonedStorageCleanupTarget {
 impl AppsDb {
     pub async fn register_storage(&self, storage: &SageAppStorage) -> Result<i64> {
         let storage_json = serde_json::to_string(storage).context("failed to serialize storage")?;
-        let now = crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms();
+        let now = unix_timestamp_ms();
 
         let result = sqlx::query(
             r"
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/db/transaction.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/db/transaction.rs
index 32f194e4d..1680366c8 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/db/transaction.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/db/transaction.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use anyhow::{Context, Result};
 use sqlx::SqliteConnection;
 
-use crate::db::AppsDb;
+use crate::AppsDb;
 
 pub(crate) struct AppsDbTx {
     pub(super) conn: SqliteConnection,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/environment/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/environment/commands.rs
index cba83d7ae..6f8f5a2b2 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/environment/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/environment/commands.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
-use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::bridge::emit_user_runtime_event_to_listeners;
-use crate::bridge::{EnvironmentThemeChangedEvent, EnvironmentThemeView};
+use crate::{AppsHostState, emit_user_runtime_event_to_listeners, EnvironmentThemeChangedEvent, EnvironmentThemeView};
 
 #[tauri::command]
 #[specta::specta]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/host.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/host.rs
index 45b136254..f08287833 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/host.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/host.rs
@@ -9,11 +9,7 @@ use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 use tokio::sync::Mutex;
 
-use crate::bridge::BridgeState;
-use crate::bridge::EnvironmentThemeView;
-use crate::db::AppsDb;
-use crate::runtime::AppRuntimeState;
-use crate::sandbox::SandboxStateStore;
+use crate::{AppRuntimeState, AppsDb, BridgeState, EnvironmentThemeView, SandboxStateStore};
 
 pub type AppState = Arc<Mutex<Sage>>;
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
index f65cfec55..85a46f452 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
@@ -24,3 +24,9 @@ pub use runtime::*;
 pub use sandbox::*;
 pub use security::*;
 pub use settings::*;
+
+pub(crate) use capabilities::*;
+pub(crate) use storage::*;
+pub(crate) use system_apps::*;
+pub(crate) use types::*;
+pub(crate) use utils::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs
index 14e1ca71a..ccacaf3ef 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs
@@ -17,12 +17,22 @@ use async_trait::async_trait;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
 use uuid::Uuid;
 
-use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::bridge::emit_listed_apps_changed;
-use crate::lifecycle::{allocate_new_storage, apps_root};
-use crate::types::{
-    SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppStorage,
-    SageAppWalletScope, SageGrantedPermissionsInput, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
+use crate::{
+    allocate_new_storage,
+    apps_root,
+    AppsHostState,
+    emit_listed_apps_changed,
+    fresh_snapshot_dir,
+    SageAppCommon,
+    SageAppIdentity,
+    SageAppPackageManifest,
+    SageAppSnapshot,
+    SageAppStorage,
+    SageAppWalletScope,
+    SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
+    UserSageApp,
+    UserSageAppSource,
+    write_snapshot_manifest,
 };
 
 #[async_trait]
@@ -163,14 +173,14 @@ where
 
     create_app_dir(&target.app_dir)?;
 
-    let snapshot_dir = crate::lifecycle::fresh_snapshot_dir(&target.app_dir);
+    let snapshot_dir = fresh_snapshot_dir(&target.app_dir);
     fs::create_dir_all(&snapshot_dir)?;
 
     let snapshot = source
         .create_snapshot(&snapshot_dir, &prepared_artifact)
         .await?;
 
-    crate::lifecycle::write_snapshot_manifest(&snapshot)?;
+    write_snapshot_manifest(&snapshot)?;
 
     let granted_permissions = granted_permissions_input.resolve(manifest.permissions())?;
 
@@ -301,12 +311,7 @@ mod tests {
     use tempfile::tempdir;
 
     use super::*;
-    use crate::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
-    use crate::types::{
-        SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
-        SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
-        SageRequestedPermissions,
-    };
+    use crate::{SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageGrantedPermissionsInput, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions, UserBridgeCapability};
 
     fn sample_manifest() -> SageAppPackageManifest {
         let (manifest_version, sage_version) = SageAppPackageManifestParts::v0_defaults();
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs
index 18a857cfe..376586793 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs
@@ -2,10 +2,7 @@ use std::{fs, io};
 
 use tauri::{State, command};
 
-use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::host::{AppState, Result};
-use crate::lifecycle::{apps_root, list_installed_apps_internal};
-use crate::types::ListedSageAppView;
+use crate::{apps_root, AppsHostState, AppState, list_installed_apps_internal, ListedSageAppView, Result};
 
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
index 7c2db8f6b..7d718998b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
@@ -4,11 +4,7 @@ use anyhow::Result as AnyResult;
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
 use super::AppInstallSource;
-use crate::lifecycle::{download_url_snapshot, fetch_url_manifest_preview};
-use crate::types::{
-    SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppUrl, SageAppUrlPreview, UserSageAppSource,
-};
-use crate::utils::bytes_sha256_hex;
+use crate::{bytes_sha256_hex, download_url_snapshot, fetch_url_manifest_preview, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppUrl, SageAppUrlPreview, UserSageAppSource};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct PreparedUrlInstall {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs
index b42cd1af2..6cec2e586 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs
@@ -8,9 +8,7 @@ use async_trait::async_trait;
 use uuid::Uuid;
 
 use super::AppInstallSource;
-use crate::lifecycle::{detect_package_root, prepare_zip_snapshot, read_manifest, unzip_to_dir};
-use crate::types::{SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, UserSageAppSource};
-use crate::utils::slugify_app_name;
+use crate::{detect_package_root, prepare_zip_snapshot, read_manifest, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, slugify_app_name, unzip_to_dir, UserSageAppSource};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct ZipInstallSource {
@@ -91,9 +89,7 @@ mod tests {
     use tempfile::tempdir;
 
     use super::*;
-    use crate::types::{
-        SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageRequestedPermissions,
-    };
+    use crate::{SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageRequestedPermissions};
 
     fn sample_manifest(name: &str) -> SageAppPackageManifest {
         let (manifest_version, sage_version) = SageAppPackageManifestParts::v0_defaults();
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs
index cbb1f863d..a438b5239 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,14 @@
 use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult};
 
-use crate::types::{
-    MANIFEST_FILE_NAME, SageAppManifestUrl, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestPreview,
+use crate::{
+    bytes_sha256_hex,
+    download_bytes_with_limit,
+    MANIFEST_FILE_NAME,
+    parse_manifest_header_v0_from_value,
+    SageAppManifestUrl,
+    SageAppPackageManifest,
+    SageAppPackageManifestPreview,
 };
-use crate::utils::bytes_sha256_hex;
 
 const MAX_URL_MANIFEST_BYTES: u64 = 1024 * 1024;
 
@@ -25,7 +30,7 @@ pub async fn fetch_url_manifest_preview(
 ) -> AnyResult<(SageAppPackageManifestPreview, String)> {
     let manifest_url = manifest_url.as_str();
 
-    let bytes = crate::lifecycle::download_bytes_with_limit(manifest_url, MAX_URL_MANIFEST_BYTES)
+    let bytes = download_bytes_with_limit(manifest_url, MAX_URL_MANIFEST_BYTES)
         .await
         .with_context(|| format!("failed to download manifest from {manifest_url}"))?;
 
@@ -55,7 +60,7 @@ pub fn parse_manifest_preview(
             let value: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_str(manifest_text)
                 .with_context(|| format!("failed to parse manifest JSON from {source_label}"))?;
 
-            let manifest_header = crate::types::parse_manifest_header_v0_from_value(value)
+            let manifest_header = parse_manifest_header_v0_from_value(value)
                 .with_context(|| {
                     format!(
                         "failed to parse fallback manifest header from {source_label}; full parse failed {parse_error}"
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mutation/draft.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mutation/draft.rs
index b56365c0a..49a7b17ba 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mutation/draft.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mutation/draft.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::types::{SageApp, SageAppStorage, SageGrantedPermissions};
+use crate::{SageApp, SageAppStorage, SageGrantedPermissions};
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub(crate) struct AppMutationDraft {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mutation/manager.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mutation/manager.rs
index 7ce6af83d..8ecf28fc0 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mutation/manager.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/mutation/manager.rs
@@ -3,10 +3,7 @@ use std::pin::Pin;
 use anyhow::Result;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
-use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::db::AppsDbTx;
-use crate::lifecycle::AppMutationDraft;
-use crate::types::{SageApp, SharedSageApp};
+use crate::{AppMutationDraft, AppsDbTx, AppsHostState, SageApp, SharedSageApp};
 
 pub(crate) struct AppMutationManager<'a> {
     #[allow(dead_code)]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs
index 290fa434c..a140c508d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs
@@ -7,9 +7,7 @@ use std::{
 use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult};
 use zip::ZipArchive;
 
-use crate::types::MANIFEST_FILE_NAME;
-use crate::types::{SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot};
-use crate::utils::bytes_sha256_hex;
+use crate::{bytes_sha256_hex, MANIFEST_FILE_NAME, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot};
 
 const MAX_ZIP_ENTRIES: usize = 2_000;
 const MAX_ZIP_TOTAL_UNCOMPRESSED_BYTES: u64 = 200 * 1024 * 1024;
@@ -262,10 +260,7 @@ mod tests {
     use zip::write::SimpleFileOptions;
 
     use super::*;
-    use crate::types::{
-        SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts,
-        SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions,
-    };
+    use crate::{SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions};
 
     fn write_zip(path: &Path, entries: &[(&str, &[u8])]) {
         let file = fs::File::create(path).unwrap();
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry.rs
index c807599bc..1f788896e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry.rs
@@ -6,14 +6,13 @@ use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
 
 use anyhow::Result as AnyResult;
 
-use crate::system_apps::{SystemAppUsage, list_builtin_system_apps};
-use crate::types::{ListedSageApp, SageApp};
+use crate::{AppsDb, list_builtin_system_apps, ListedSageApp, SageApp, SystemAppUsage};
 
 pub fn apps_root(base_path: &Path) -> PathBuf {
     base_path.join("apps")
 }
 
-pub async fn list_installed_apps_internal(db: &crate::db::AppsDb) -> AnyResult<Vec<ListedSageApp>> {
+pub async fn list_installed_apps_internal(db: &AppsDb) -> AnyResult<Vec<ListedSageApp>> {
     let mut apps = db.list_installed_apps().await?;
 
     for app in list_builtin_system_apps()? {
@@ -44,11 +43,7 @@ mod tests {
     use tempfile::tempdir;
 
     use super::*;
-    use crate::lifecycle::{FakeInstallSource, install_app_from_source_for_test};
-    use crate::types::{
-        ListedSageApp, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts,
-        SageGrantedPermissionsInput, SageRequestedPermissions, SharedSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
-    };
+    use crate::{FakeInstallSource, install_app_from_source_for_test, ListedSageApp, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageGrantedPermissionsInput, SageRequestedPermissions, SharedSageApp, UserSageAppSource};
 
     fn sample_manifest_file(path: &str, size: u64) -> SageAppManifestFile {
         SageAppManifestFile::new(path, "a".repeat(64), size).unwrap()
@@ -74,7 +69,7 @@ mod tests {
 
     async fn sample_app_named(
         base: &Path,
-        db: &crate::db::AppsDb,
+        db: &AppsDb,
         app_id: &str,
         name: &str,
     ) -> SharedSageApp {
@@ -124,7 +119,7 @@ mod tests {
     #[tokio::test]
     async fn installed_apps_are_sorted_by_name() {
         let base = tempdir().unwrap();
-        let db = crate::db::AppsDb::initialize(base.path()).await.unwrap();
+        let db = AppsDb::initialize(base.path()).await.unwrap();
 
         let _alpha = sample_app_named(base.path(), &db, "a", "Alpha").await;
         let _zeta = sample_app_named(base.path(), &db, "z", "Zeta").await;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/types.rs
index 126f5d087..eed33a24e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/types.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 
-use crate::types::{SageApp, UserSageApp};
+use crate::{SageApp, UserSageApp};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct PersistedUserSageApp {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/scope.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/scope.rs
index 0c6477da3..919699953 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/scope.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/scope.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 use tauri::State;
 
-use crate::host::AppState;
-use crate::types::{SageAppWalletScope, SharedSageApp};
+use crate::{AppState, SageAppWalletScope, SharedSageApp};
 
 pub(crate) async fn ensure_app_is_enabled_for_scope(
     app_state: &State<'_, AppState>,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/snapshot.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/snapshot.rs
index ada23a68e..d59f4b3c1 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/snapshot.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/snapshot.rs
@@ -5,8 +5,7 @@ use std::{
 
 use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
 
-use crate::types::{SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppUrl};
-use crate::utils::bytes_sha256_hex;
+use crate::{bytes_sha256_hex, MANIFEST_FILE_NAME, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppUrl};
 
 pub(crate) async fn download_bytes_with_limit(url: &str, max_bytes: u64) -> AnyResult<Vec<u8>> {
     let response = reqwest::get(url)
@@ -125,7 +124,7 @@ pub async fn download_url_snapshot(
 }
 
 pub(crate) fn write_snapshot_manifest(snapshot: &SageAppSnapshot) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-    let manifest_path = Path::new(snapshot.snapshot_dir()).join(crate::types::MANIFEST_FILE_NAME);
+    let manifest_path = Path::new(snapshot.snapshot_dir()).join(MANIFEST_FILE_NAME);
 
     fs::write(
         &manifest_path,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
index 63036d748..070570dc3 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
@@ -1,17 +1,30 @@
 use std::path::Path;
 
 use anyhow::Result as AnyResult;
+#[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios"))]
+use anyhow::anyhow;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State, command};
 use uuid::Uuid;
-#[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios"))]
-use {crate::storage::parse_data_store_id, anyhow::anyhow};
 #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
 use {anyhow::Context, std::fs};
 
-use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::runtime::resolve_stopped_app;
-use crate::runtime::start_user_app;
-use crate::types::{SageAppStorage, SharedSageApp};
+use crate::{
+    AppMutationManager,
+    AppsHostState,
+    CreateInstalledRuntimeArgs,
+    find_runtime_by_app_id_optional,
+    fresh_origin_id,
+    OriginCleanupRuntimeTarget,
+    parse_data_store_id,
+    resolve_stopped_app,
+    ResolvedStoppedApp,
+    run_origin_cleanup,
+    SageAppStorage,
+    SharedSageApp,
+    start_user_app,
+};
+#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
+use crate::data_directory_for;
 
 pub(crate) struct RegisteredSageAppStorage {
     pub(crate) storage_id: i64,
@@ -26,7 +39,7 @@ pub async fn apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data(
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
     let apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState> = app_handle.state();
 
-    let was_running = crate::runtime::find_runtime_by_app_id_optional(&apps_state, &app_id)
+    let was_running = find_runtime_by_app_id_optional(&apps_state, &app_id)
         .await
         .is_some();
 
@@ -42,7 +55,7 @@ pub async fn apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data(
         start_user_app(
             &app_handle,
             &apps_state,
-            crate::runtime::CreateInstalledRuntimeArgs {
+            CreateInstalledRuntimeArgs {
                 app_id,
                 focus: Some(true),
             },
@@ -138,10 +151,10 @@ pub async fn process_pending_storage_cleanup(app: &AppHandle, _base_path: &Path)
         match target.storage {
             SageAppStorage::Unmanaged => {
                 for origin_id in &target.origin_ids {
-                    crate::runtime::run_origin_cleanup(
+                    run_origin_cleanup(
                         app,
                         &host_state,
-                        crate::runtime::OriginCleanupRuntimeTarget {
+                        OriginCleanupRuntimeTarget {
                             origin_id: origin_id.clone(),
                             storage: target.storage.clone(),
                         },
@@ -199,7 +212,7 @@ pub async fn clear_app_storage_by_target(
                 .app_data_dir()
                 .map_err(|e| format!("failed to resolve app data dir: {e}"))?;
 
-            let profile_dir = app_data_dir.join(crate::storage::data_directory_for(directory_name));
+            let profile_dir = app_data_dir.join(data_directory_for(directory_name));
 
             match fs::remove_dir_all(&profile_dir) {
                 Ok(()) => {}
@@ -225,7 +238,7 @@ pub async fn clear_app_storage_by_target(
 pub async fn rotate_stopped_app_storage_and_origin(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    resolved_app: &crate::types::ResolvedStoppedApp,
+    resolved_app: &ResolvedStoppedApp,
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
     let app = resolved_app.with_app(SharedSageApp::clone);
 
@@ -248,9 +261,9 @@ pub(crate) async fn rotate_app_storage_and_origin(
         .await
         .map_err(|err| format!("failed to allocate rotated storage: {err}"))?;
 
-    let next_origin_id = crate::lifecycle::fresh_origin_id(&app_id);
+    let next_origin_id = fresh_origin_id(&app_id);
 
-    let manager = crate::lifecycle::AppMutationManager::new(app_handle, apps_state);
+    let manager = AppMutationManager::new(app_handle, apps_state);
 
     manager
         .mutate_shared_app(app, |ctx| {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs
index d5dc6bbda..844c8942c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs
@@ -2,11 +2,7 @@ use std::{fs, io};
 
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State, command};
 
-use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::bridge::emit_listed_apps_changed;
-use crate::host::{AppState, Result};
-use crate::lifecycle::apps_root;
-use crate::runtime::{ResolveStoppedError, resolve_stopped_app};
+use crate::{apps_root, AppsHostState, AppState, emit_listed_apps_changed, resolve_stopped_app, ResolveStoppedError, Result};
 
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/apply.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/apply.rs
index ec7e77d91..f67419dbb 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/apply.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/apply.rs
@@ -3,16 +3,28 @@ use std::{fs, io};
 
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
 
-use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::bridge::emit_pending_update_changed;
-use crate::lifecycle::{AppMutationManager, download_url_snapshot};
-use crate::runtime::CreateInstalledRuntimeArgs;
-use crate::runtime::get_sage_window;
-use crate::runtime::start_user_app;
-use crate::runtime::{find_active_taskbar_runtime, resolve_app, start_app_update_runtime};
-use crate::types::{
-    ResolvedApp, SageApp, SageAppView, SageGrantedPermissionsInput, SharedSageApp,
+use crate::{
+    AppMutationManager,
+    AppsHostState,
+    CreateInstalledRuntimeArgs,
+    download_url_snapshot,
+    emit_pending_update_changed,
+    find_active_taskbar_runtime,
+    find_runtime_by_app_id_optional,
+    fresh_snapshot_dir,
+    get_sage_window,
+    resolve_app,
+    resolve_stopped_app,
+    ResolvedApp,
+    Result,
+    SageApp,
+    SageAppView,
+    SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
+    SharedSageApp,
+    start_app_update_runtime,
+    start_user_app,
     UserSageAppPendingUpdate,
+    write_snapshot_manifest,
 };
 
 pub(crate) async fn apply_app_update_inner(
@@ -20,7 +32,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn apply_app_update_inner(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: &str,
     additional_granted_permissions_input: Option<SageGrantedPermissionsInput>,
-) -> crate::host::Result<SageAppView> {
+) -> Result<SageAppView> {
     let _update_guard = apps_state
         .try_begin_app_update(app_id)
         .map_err(io::Error::other)?;
@@ -82,7 +94,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn try_auto_apply_pending_update(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: &str,
-) -> crate::host::Result<bool> {
+) -> Result<bool> {
     let should_attempt_apply = {
         let resolved = resolve_app(app_handle, app_id).await.map_err(|err| {
             io::Error::other(format!("failed to read installed app {app_id}: {err}"))
@@ -124,10 +136,10 @@ async fn execute_app_update(
     app_id: &str,
     pending: UserSageAppPendingUpdate,
     additional_granted_permissions_input: Option<SageGrantedPermissionsInput>,
-) -> crate::host::Result<SharedSageApp> {
+) -> Result<SharedSageApp> {
     let apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState> = app_handle.state();
 
-    let resolved = crate::runtime::resolve_stopped_app(app_handle, app_id)
+    let resolved = resolve_stopped_app(app_handle, app_id)
         .await
         .map_err(|err| {
             io::Error::other(format!(
@@ -156,7 +168,7 @@ async fn execute_app_update(
     let old_snapshot_dir =
         app.with(|app| app.common().active_snapshot().snapshot_dir().to_string());
 
-    let snapshot_dir = crate::lifecycle::fresh_snapshot_dir(&app_dir);
+    let snapshot_dir = fresh_snapshot_dir(&app_dir);
 
     fs::create_dir_all(&snapshot_dir).map_err(|err| {
         io::Error::other(format!(
@@ -174,7 +186,7 @@ async fn execute_app_update(
     .await
     .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to download update snapshot: {err}")))?;
 
-    crate::lifecycle::write_snapshot_manifest(&snapshot).map_err(|err| {
+    write_snapshot_manifest(&snapshot).map_err(|err| {
         io::Error::other(format!("failed to write update snapshot manifest: {err}"))
     })?;
 
@@ -243,7 +255,7 @@ async fn preflight_apply_app_update(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: &str,
-) -> crate::host::Result<ApplyAppUpdatePreflight> {
+) -> Result<ApplyAppUpdatePreflight> {
     let resolved = resolve_app(app_handle, app_id)
         .await
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to read installed app {app_id}: {err}")))?;
@@ -291,7 +303,7 @@ impl ReopenAfterUpdate {
         apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
         app_id: &str,
     ) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
-        let should_reopen = crate::runtime::find_runtime_by_app_id_optional(apps_state, app_id)
+        let should_reopen = find_runtime_by_app_id_optional(apps_state, app_id)
             .await
             .is_some();
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/background.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/background.rs
index 6b31c7873..a8201225b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/background.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/background.rs
@@ -3,11 +3,7 @@ use std::time::Duration;
 use futures::future::join_all;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
 
-use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::lifecycle::check_app_update_inner;
-use crate::lifecycle::list_installed_apps_internal;
-use crate::lifecycle::try_auto_apply_pending_update;
-use crate::types::ListedSageApp;
+use crate::{AppsHostState, check_app_update_inner, list_installed_apps_internal, ListedSageApp, try_auto_apply_pending_update};
 
 pub fn start_background_app_update_checker(app_handle: AppHandle) {
     tauri::async_runtime::spawn(async move {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/check.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/check.rs
index c8b06b46b..25361fa76 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/check.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/check.rs
@@ -2,13 +2,21 @@ use std::io;
 
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
-use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::bridge::emit_pending_update_changed;
-use crate::lifecycle::{AppMutationManager, fetch_url_manifest, fetch_url_manifest_preview};
-use crate::runtime::resolve_app;
-use crate::types::{
-    ResolvedApp, SageApp, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppUrlPreview, SharedSageApp,
-    UserSageAppPendingUpdate, UserSageAppSource,
+use crate::{
+    AppMutationManager,
+    AppsHostState,
+    emit_pending_update_changed,
+    fetch_url_manifest,
+    fetch_url_manifest_preview,
+    resolve_app,
+    ResolvedApp,
+    Result,
+    SageApp,
+    SageAppSnapshot,
+    SageAppUrlPreview,
+    SharedSageApp,
+    UserSageAppPendingUpdate,
+    UserSageAppSource,
 };
 
 pub(crate) enum AppUpdatePreviewResult {
@@ -21,7 +29,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn check_app_update_inner(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: &str,
-) -> crate::host::Result<Option<SageAppUrlPreview>> {
+) -> Result<Option<SageAppUrlPreview>> {
     let resolved = resolve_app(app_handle, app_id)
         .await
         .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("failed to read installed app {app_id}: {err}")))?;
@@ -89,7 +97,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn check_app_update_inner(
     Ok(Some(preview))
 }
 
-async fn preview_app_update(app: &ResolvedApp) -> crate::host::Result<AppUpdatePreviewResult> {
+async fn preview_app_update(app: &ResolvedApp) -> Result<AppUpdatePreviewResult> {
     let shared_sage_app = app.clone_app_for_operation();
 
     let deps = shared_sage_app.with(|app| match app {
@@ -138,7 +146,7 @@ async fn preview_app_update(app: &ResolvedApp) -> crate::host::Result<AppUpdateP
 
 async fn fetch_pending_update(
     app: &SharedSageApp,
-) -> crate::host::Result<Option<UserSageAppPendingUpdate>> {
+) -> Result<Option<UserSageAppPendingUpdate>> {
     struct FetchDeps {
         source: UserSageAppSource,
         active_snapshot: SageAppSnapshot,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
index 7aa4030cb..aced64e98 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,6 @@
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State, command};
 
-use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::host::Result;
-use crate::lifecycle::apply_app_update_inner;
-use crate::lifecycle::check_app_update_inner;
-use crate::types::{SageAppUrlPreview, SageAppView};
+use crate::{apply_app_update_inner, AppsHostState, check_app_update_inner, Result, SageAppUrlPreview, SageAppView};
 
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
index 5f368d73f..faddad336 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
@@ -3,22 +3,7 @@ use std::path::Path;
 use anyhow::Context;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
 
-use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::bridge::emit_user_runtime_event_to_app_id;
-use crate::bridge::{GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent, GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent};
-use crate::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
-use crate::host::AppState;
-use crate::lifecycle::AppMutationManager;
-use crate::lifecycle::{
-    AppUpdateResult, GrantCapabilityOutcome, GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome, GrantedPermissionsChange,
-};
-use crate::runtime::CreateInstalledRuntimeArgs;
-use crate::runtime::start_user_app;
-use crate::runtime::{
-    SageAppRuntimeVisibility, find_runtime_by_app_id_optional, kill_taskbar_runtime,
-    reload_app_runtime, resolve_app,
-};
-use crate::types::{SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SharedSageApp};
+use crate::{AppMutationManager, AppsHostState, AppState, AppUpdateResult, CreateInstalledRuntimeArgs, emit_user_runtime_event_to_app_id, find_runtime_by_app_id_optional, GrantCapabilityOutcome, GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent, GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent, GrantedPermissionsChange, GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome, kill_taskbar_runtime, reload_app_runtime, resolve_app, SageAppRuntimeVisibility, SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SharedSageApp, start_user_app, UserBridgeCapability};
 
 pub async fn update_app_permissions_for_app(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
@@ -285,12 +270,7 @@ mod tests {
     use tempfile::tempdir;
 
     use super::*;
-    use crate::lifecycle::{FakeInstallSource, install_app_from_source_for_test};
-    use crate::types::{
-        SageApp, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts,
-        SageGrantedPermissionsInput, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
-        SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist, SageRequestedPermissions, UserSageAppSource,
-    };
+    use crate::{FakeInstallSource, install_app_from_source_for_test, SageApp, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageGrantedPermissionsInput, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist, SageRequestedPermissions, UserSageAppSource};
 
     fn network_whitelist_entry(scheme: &str, host: &str) -> SageNetworkWhitelistEntry {
         SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new(scheme, host).unwrap()
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/scope.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/scope.rs
index f014655c2..3b270595d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/scope.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/scope.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager};
 
-use crate::bridge::emit_listed_apps_changed;
-use crate::types::{SageAppWalletScope, SharedSageApp};
+use crate::{AppMutationManager, emit_listed_apps_changed, SageAppWalletScope, SharedSageApp};
 
 pub async fn update_app_wallet_scope_for_app(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
@@ -9,7 +8,7 @@ pub async fn update_app_wallet_scope_for_app(
     wallet_scope: SageAppWalletScope,
 ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
     let apps_state = app_handle.state::<crate::AppsHostState>();
-    let manager = crate::lifecycle::AppMutationManager::new(app_handle, &apps_state);
+    let manager = AppMutationManager::new(app_handle, &apps_state);
 
     manager
         .mutate_shared_app(app, move |ctx| {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/types.rs
index 308ed02bd..21e905ba7 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/types.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 use std::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet};
 
-use crate::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
-use crate::types::{SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry};
+use crate::{SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, UserBridgeCapability};
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct AppUpdateResult {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs
index d6d7c5e71..6aadf059e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs
@@ -4,17 +4,25 @@ use serde::Deserialize;
 use specta::Type;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
-use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::runtime::SystemKillRuntimeResult;
-use crate::runtime::get_webview_in_sage_window;
-use crate::runtime::list_runtimes;
-use crate::runtime::start_user_app;
-use crate::runtime::{
-    RuntimeTargetParams, SageAppRuntimeRecordView, clear_active_taskbar_runtime,
-    focus_taskbar_runtime, kill_taskbar_runtime, start_app_install_runtime,
-    start_app_update_runtime, start_donation_runtime, start_sandbox_tests_runtime,
+use crate::{
+    AppsHostState,
+    clear_active_taskbar_runtime,
+    enter_apps_workspace,
+    focus_taskbar_runtime,
+    get_runtime_by_app_id,
+    get_webview_in_sage_window,
+    kill_taskbar_runtime,
+    leave_apps_workspace,
+    list_runtimes,
+    RuntimeTargetParams,
+    SageAppRuntimeRecordView,
+    start_app_install_runtime,
+    start_app_update_runtime,
+    start_donation_runtime,
+    start_sandbox_tests_runtime,
+    start_user_app,
+    SystemKillRuntimeResult,
 };
-use crate::runtime::{enter_apps_workspace, leave_apps_workspace};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Type)]
 #[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "camelCase")]
@@ -213,7 +221,7 @@ pub async fn apps_dev_reload_runtime(
     apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     params: RuntimeTargetParams,
 ) -> Result<SageAppRuntimeRecordView, String> {
-    let runtime = crate::runtime::get_runtime_by_app_id(&apps_state, &params.app_id)
+    let runtime = get_runtime_by_app_id(&apps_state, &params.app_id)
         .await
         .map_err(|_| "Runtime not found".to_string())?;
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/events.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/events.rs
index 26846f676..b7c59f5d8 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/events.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/events.rs
@@ -1,17 +1,6 @@
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
-use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::bridge::list_pending_approvals;
-use crate::bridge::{
-    BridgeApprovalsChangedEvent, RuntimeManagerActiveTaskbarRuntimeChangedEvent,
-    RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent,
-};
-use crate::bridge::{
-    PendingBridgeApproval, RustBridgeResponse, comms_debug, emit_bridge_response_to_app,
-    emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners,
-};
-use crate::runtime::{SageAppRuntimeRecordView, SharedRuntime, list_runtimes, resolve_running_app};
-use crate::types::SharedSageApp;
+use crate::{AppsHostState, BridgeApprovalsChangedEvent, comms_debug, emit_bridge_response_to_app, emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners, list_pending_approvals, list_runtimes, PendingBridgeApproval, resolve_running_app, RuntimeManagerActiveTaskbarRuntimeChangedEvent, RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent, RustBridgeResponse, SageAppRuntimeRecordView, SharedRuntime, SharedSageApp};
 
 pub(crate) async fn emit_bridge_approvals_changed(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
index c0fcca872..935b7ceba 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
@@ -2,17 +2,7 @@ use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, LogicalPosition, LogicalSize, State};
 
-use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::runtime::ensure_apps_workspace_active;
-use crate::runtime::kill_runtime_inner;
-use crate::runtime::{
-    SageAppRuntimeRecord, SageAppRuntimeVisibility, SharedRuntime, find_active_taskbar_runtime,
-    resolve_running_app,
-};
-use crate::runtime::{emit_active_taskbar_runtime_changed, emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed};
-use crate::runtime::{find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional, list_runtimes};
-use crate::runtime::{get_sage_window, get_webview_in_sage_window};
-use crate::types::{AppPresentation, ResolvedRunningApp};
+use crate::{AppPresentation, AppsHostState, emit_active_taskbar_runtime_changed, emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed, ensure_apps_workspace_active, find_active_taskbar_runtime, find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional, get_sage_window, get_webview_in_sage_window, kill_runtime_inner, list_runtimes, resolve_running_app, ResolvedRunningApp, SageAppRuntimeRecord, SageAppRuntimeVisibility, SharedRuntime};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
@@ -286,7 +276,7 @@ async fn kill_all_user_runtimes(
     Ok(())
 }
 
-pub(super) async fn sync_modal_runtime_visibility(
+pub(crate) async fn sync_modal_runtime_visibility(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     host_window_label: &str,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
index b5629f788..ef6ddf3db 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
@@ -5,12 +5,7 @@ use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
 use tokio::time::{Duration, sleep};
 use url::Url;
 
-use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::runtime::close_runtime_internal;
-use crate::runtime::{GetRuntimeError, find_runtime_by_app_id_optional};
-use crate::sandbox::build_builtin_test_app;
-use crate::system_apps::build_builtin_system_app;
-use crate::types::{ResolvedApp, ResolvedRunningApp, ResolvedStoppedApp, SageApp, SharedSageApp};
+use crate::{AppsHostState, build_builtin_system_app, build_builtin_test_app, close_runtime_internal, find_runtime_by_app_id_optional, GetRuntimeError, ResolvedApp, ResolvedRunningApp, ResolvedStoppedApp, SageApp, SharedSageApp};
 
 const MAX_STOP_RESOLVE_ATTEMPTS: usize = 5;
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
index c6c1f0eae..5ac4b7033 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
@@ -4,21 +4,39 @@ use specta::Type;
 use tauri::webview::NewWindowResponse;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, LogicalPosition, LogicalSize, State, WebviewBuilder, WebviewUrl, Wry};
 
-use crate::lifecycle::AppMutationManager;
-use crate::runtime::CreateInstalledRuntimeArgs;
-use crate::runtime::emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed;
-use crate::runtime::sync_modal_runtime_visibility;
-use crate::runtime::{
-    RuntimeChangeSet, SageAppRuntimeMode, SageAppRuntimeRecordView, SageAppRuntimeVisibility,
-    SharedRuntime, build_entry_src, focus_taskbar_runtime, is_allowed_app_url, resolve_app,
+use crate::{
+    AppMutationManager,
+    AppPresentation,
+    AppsHostState,
+    build_entry_src,
+    close_runtime_internal,
+    CreateInstalledRuntimeArgs,
+    emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed,
+    focus_taskbar_runtime,
+    get_sage_window,
+    get_webview_in_sage_window,
+    is_allowed_app_url,
+    OriginCleanupRuntimeTarget,
+    parse_data_store_id,
+    remove_runtime_by_runtime_id,
+    remove_runtime_id_by_app_id,
+    resolve_app,
+    ResolvedApp,
+    rotate_app_storage_and_origin,
+    RuntimeChangeSet,
+    SageAppRuntimeMode,
+    SageAppRuntimeRecord,
+    SageAppRuntimeRecordView,
+    SageAppRuntimeVisibility,
+    SageAppStorage,
+    sandbox,
+    SharedRuntime,
+    SharedSageApp,
+    sync_modal_runtime_visibility,
+    write_runtime,
 };
-use crate::runtime::{
-    SageAppRuntimeRecord, remove_runtime_by_runtime_id, remove_runtime_id_by_app_id, write_runtime,
-};
-use crate::runtime::{get_sage_window, get_webview_in_sage_window};
-use crate::storage::parse_data_store_id;
-use crate::types::{AppPresentation, ResolvedApp, SageAppStorage, SharedSageApp};
-use crate::{AppsHostState, sandbox};
+#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
+use crate::data_directory_for;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
@@ -97,7 +115,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn start_sandbox_test(
 pub(crate) async fn start_origin_cleanup_runtime(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    target: crate::runtime::OriginCleanupRuntimeTarget,
+    target: OriginCleanupRuntimeTarget,
     query: BTreeMap<String, String>,
 ) -> Result<SharedRuntime, String> {
     let app_id = sandbox::BUILTIN_ORIGIN_CLEANUP_RUNTIME_ID;
@@ -109,7 +127,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn start_origin_cleanup_runtime(
         .replace_storage_and_origin(target.storage, target.origin_id, false)
         .map_err(|err| format!("failed to retarget origin cleanup runtime: {err}"))?;
 
-    crate::runtime::close_runtime_internal(app_handle, apps_state, app_id).await;
+    close_runtime_internal(app_handle, apps_state, app_id).await;
 
     create_runtime_for_app(
         app_handle,
@@ -288,7 +306,7 @@ async fn rotate_incognito_app_storage_and_origin_if_needed(
         return Ok(());
     }
 
-    crate::lifecycle::rotate_app_storage_and_origin(app_handle, apps_state, app).await
+    rotate_app_storage_and_origin(app_handle, apps_state, app).await
 }
 
 fn build_storage(
@@ -317,7 +335,7 @@ fn build_persistent_storage_target(
 
         #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
         SageAppStorage::WindowsProfile { directory_name } => {
-            builder = builder.data_directory(crate::storage::data_directory_for(directory_name));
+            builder = builder.data_directory(data_directory_for(directory_name));
         }
 
         SageAppStorage::Unmanaged => {}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state.rs
index 0e464c274..79dc4b12e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state.rs
@@ -7,6 +7,6 @@ mod write;
 pub use view::*;
 
 pub(crate) use read::*;
-pub(in crate::runtime) use remove::*;
+pub(crate) use remove::*;
 pub(crate) use types::*;
-pub(in crate::runtime) use write::*;
+pub(crate) use write::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
index 605d5da30..adbb9aa70 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
@@ -4,9 +4,7 @@ use std::fmt::Display;
 use tauri::State;
 
 use super::types::SharedRuntime;
-use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::runtime::SageAppRuntimeVisibility;
-use crate::types::AppPresentation;
+use crate::{AppPresentation, AppsHostState, SageAppRuntimeVisibility};
 
 pub enum GetRuntimeError {
     NotFound,
@@ -88,7 +86,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn find_active_taskbar_runtime(
         .cloned()
 }
 
-pub(in crate::runtime) async fn is_apps_workspace_active(
+pub(crate) async fn is_apps_workspace_active(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
 ) -> bool {
     *apps_state.runtime.apps_workspace_active.read().await
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/remove.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/remove.rs
index 4b677f38e..23892fe71 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/remove.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/remove.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use tauri::State;
 
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 
-pub(in crate::runtime) async fn remove_runtime_id_by_app_id(
+pub(crate) async fn remove_runtime_id_by_app_id(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: &str,
 ) {
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ pub(in crate::runtime) async fn remove_runtime_id_by_app_id(
     runtime_id_by_app_id.remove(app_id);
 }
 
-pub(in crate::runtime) async fn remove_runtime_by_runtime_id(
+pub(crate) async fn remove_runtime_by_runtime_id(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     runtime_id: &str,
 ) {
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ pub(in crate::runtime) async fn remove_runtime_by_runtime_id(
     remove_runtime_id_by_app_id(apps_state, &runtime.app_id()).await;
 }
 
-pub(in crate::runtime) async fn remove_before_stop_listeners_by_app_id(
+pub(crate) async fn remove_before_stop_listeners_by_app_id(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: &str,
 ) {
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ pub(in crate::runtime) async fn remove_before_stop_listeners_by_app_id(
     listeners.remove(app_id);
 }
 
-pub(in crate::runtime) async fn remove_pending_stop_ready(
+pub(crate) async fn remove_pending_stop_ready(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     request_id: &String,
 ) {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs
index e81384c5d..3dc7b3c6f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/types.rs
@@ -6,8 +6,7 @@ use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 use tokio::sync::{Mutex, oneshot};
 
-use crate::types::{AppPresentation, SageApp, SharedSageApp};
-use crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms;
+use crate::{AppPresentation, SageApp, SharedSageApp, unix_timestamp_ms};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub enum SageAppRuntimeMode {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/view.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/view.rs
index 17fa227ca..5f766314e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/view.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/view.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
 use serde::Serialize;
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::runtime::{SageAppRuntimeMode, SageAppRuntimeVisibility, SharedRuntime};
-use crate::types::{AppPresentation, SageAppView};
+use crate::{AppPresentation, SageAppRuntimeMode, SageAppRuntimeVisibility, SageAppView, SharedRuntime};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs
index abb7d8fa5..636b9ee6a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/write.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use tauri::State;
 use super::types::{SageAppRuntimeRecord, SharedRuntime};
 use crate::AppsHostState;
 
-pub(in crate::runtime) async fn write_runtime(
+pub(crate) async fn write_runtime(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     runtime: SageAppRuntimeRecord,
 ) -> SharedRuntime {
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ pub(in crate::runtime) async fn write_runtime(
     runtime
 }
 
-pub(in crate::runtime) async fn write_pending_stop_ready(
+pub(crate) async fn write_pending_stop_ready(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     request_id: &str,
     tx: tokio::sync::oneshot::Sender<()>,
@@ -34,12 +34,12 @@ pub(in crate::runtime) async fn write_pending_stop_ready(
     pending.insert(request_id.to_string(), tx);
 }
 
-pub(in crate::runtime) async fn activate_apps_workspace(apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>) {
+pub(crate) async fn activate_apps_workspace(apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>) {
     let mut active = apps_state.runtime.apps_workspace_active.write().await;
     *active = true;
 }
 
-pub(in crate::runtime) async fn deactivate_apps_workspace(apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>) {
+pub(crate) async fn deactivate_apps_workspace(apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>) {
     let mut active = apps_state.runtime.apps_workspace_active.write().await;
     *active = false;
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs
index b12bacca2..be048e815 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs
@@ -8,21 +8,7 @@ use tokio::sync::oneshot;
 use tokio::time::timeout;
 use uuid::Uuid;
 
-use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::bridge::BeforeStopEvent;
-use crate::bridge::emit_user_runtime_event_to_app_id;
-use crate::runtime::emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed;
-use crate::runtime::find_webview_in_sage_window;
-use crate::runtime::sync_modal_runtime_visibility;
-use crate::runtime::{
-    GetRuntimeError, RuntimeChangeSet, SageAppRuntimeRecord, SharedRuntime,
-    find_active_taskbar_runtime,
-};
-use crate::runtime::{
-    find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional, find_runtime_id_by_app_id_optional, get_runtime_by_app_id,
-    remove_before_stop_listeners_by_app_id, remove_pending_stop_ready,
-    remove_runtime_by_runtime_id, remove_runtime_id_by_app_id, write_pending_stop_ready,
-};
+use crate::{AppsHostState, BeforeStopEvent, emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed, emit_user_runtime_event_to_app_id, find_active_taskbar_runtime, find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional, find_runtime_id_by_app_id_optional, find_webview_in_sage_window, get_runtime_by_app_id, GetRuntimeError, remove_before_stop_listeners_by_app_id, remove_pending_stop_ready, remove_runtime_by_runtime_id, remove_runtime_id_by_app_id, RuntimeChangeSet, SageAppRuntimeRecord, SharedRuntime, sync_modal_runtime_visibility, write_pending_stop_ready};
 
 const BEFORE_STOP_TIMEOUT_MS: u64 = 5_000;
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/storage.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/storage.rs
index d0c08b3f5..930bdad34 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/storage.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/storage.rs
@@ -7,11 +7,7 @@ use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 use tokio::sync::{Mutex, oneshot};
 use tokio::time::timeout;
 
-use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::runtime::close_runtime_internal;
-use crate::runtime::start_origin_cleanup_runtime;
-use crate::sandbox::BUILTIN_ORIGIN_CLEANUP_RUNTIME_ID;
-use crate::types::SageAppStorage;
+use crate::{AppsHostState, BUILTIN_ORIGIN_CLEANUP_RUNTIME_ID, close_runtime_internal, SageAppStorage, start_origin_cleanup_runtime};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct OriginCleanupRuntimeTarget {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/system_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/system_apps.rs
index 9c60ce9ea..c8865cb81 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/system_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/system_apps.rs
@@ -2,17 +2,7 @@ use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
-use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::bridge::pending_approval_app_ids;
-use crate::runtime::kill_runtime_inner;
-use crate::runtime::sync_modal_runtime_visibility;
-use crate::runtime::{CreateRuntimeArgs, start_system_app};
-use crate::runtime::{RuntimeChangeSet, SageAppRuntimeMode, SageAppRuntimeRecord, SharedRuntime};
-use crate::system_apps::{
-    SYSTEM_APP_APP_INSTALL_ID, SYSTEM_APP_APP_UPDATE_ID, SYSTEM_APP_BRIDGE_APPROVAL_ID,
-    SYSTEM_APP_DONATION_ID, SYSTEM_APP_SANDBOX_TESTS_ID,
-};
-use crate::types::{AppModalPresentation, AppPresentation};
+use crate::{AppModalPresentation, AppPresentation, AppsHostState, CreateRuntimeArgs, kill_runtime_inner, pending_approval_app_ids, RuntimeChangeSet, SageAppRuntimeMode, SageAppRuntimeRecord, SharedRuntime, start_system_app, sync_modal_runtime_visibility, SYSTEM_APP_APP_INSTALL_ID, SYSTEM_APP_APP_UPDATE_ID, SYSTEM_APP_BRIDGE_APPROVAL_ID, SYSTEM_APP_DONATION_ID, SYSTEM_APP_SANDBOX_TESTS_ID};
 
 pub(crate) async fn start_app_install_runtime(
     app: &AppHandle,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/workspace.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/workspace.rs
index 0269c9a8c..efe3346ea 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/workspace.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/workspace.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,6 @@
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
-use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::runtime::get_sage_window;
-use crate::runtime::sync_modal_runtime_visibility;
-use crate::runtime::{RuntimeChangeSet, hide_all_runtimes, hide_all_runtimes_inner};
-use crate::runtime::{
-    activate_apps_workspace, deactivate_apps_workspace, is_apps_workspace_active,
-};
+use crate::{activate_apps_workspace, AppsHostState, deactivate_apps_workspace, get_sage_window, hide_all_runtimes, hide_all_runtimes_inner, is_apps_workspace_active, RuntimeChangeSet, sync_modal_runtime_visibility};
 
 pub(crate) async fn ensure_apps_workspace_active(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
index 7cea53201..58ff9b299 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
@@ -5,12 +5,7 @@ use std::{fs, path::PathBuf};
 use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult};
 use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
 
-use crate::system_apps::AppBuildError;
-use crate::types::{
-    SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot,
-    SageAppStorage, SageAppWalletScope, SageGrantedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
-};
-use crate::utils::builtin_apps_root;
+use crate::{AppBuildError, builtin_apps_root, SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppStorage, SageAppWalletScope, SageGrantedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource};
 
 macro_rules! sandbox_test_id_prefix {
     () => {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/commands.rs
index 6eb676098..6551994b8 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/commands.rs
@@ -4,8 +4,7 @@ use super::gate::evaluate_app_launch_gate;
 use super::runner::{begin_sandbox_run, sandbox_runner};
 use super::state_view::{build_effective_state, build_state_view};
 use super::types::{AppLaunchGateResult, SandboxStateView};
-use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::runtime::resolve_app;
+use crate::{AppsHostState, resolve_app};
 
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs
index 52c944b3d..a80ff18c1 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/gate.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 use super::{AppLaunchGateResult, SandboxCapability, SandboxCapabilityStatus, SandboxState};
-use crate::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
-use crate::types::SharedSageApp;
+use crate::{SharedSageApp, UserBridgeCapability};
 
 fn capability_status(
     state: &SandboxState,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/isolation.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/isolation.rs
index e56937941..4fa1fc6b8 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/isolation.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/isolation.rs
@@ -2,10 +2,7 @@ use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
 use super::super::runtime::{start_test_app, stop_test_apps, unique_run_id};
 use super::poll::poll_isolation;
-use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::sandbox::{
-    BUILTIN_STORAGE_ISOLATION_INCOGNITO_ID, BUILTIN_STORAGE_ISOLATION_PERSISTENT_ID,
-};
+use crate::{AppsHostState, BUILTIN_STORAGE_ISOLATION_INCOGNITO_ID, BUILTIN_STORAGE_ISOLATION_PERSISTENT_ID};
 
 pub(in crate::sandbox) async fn run_isolation_test(
     app: &AppHandle,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/network.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/network.rs
index 3e87efa22..c01045a3c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/network.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/network.rs
@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@ use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
 use super::super::runtime::{start_test_app, stop_test_apps, unique_run_id};
 use super::poll::poll_network;
-use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::sandbox::{BUILTIN_NETWORK_ALLOW_A_ID, BUILTIN_NETWORK_ALLOW_B_ID};
+use crate::{AppsHostState, BUILTIN_NETWORK_ALLOW_A_ID, BUILTIN_NETWORK_ALLOW_B_ID};
 
 pub(in crate::sandbox) async fn run_network_test(
     app: &AppHandle,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/persistence.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/persistence.rs
index 8692276d8..f705ba288 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/persistence.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/persistence.rs
@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@ use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
 use super::super::runtime::{start_test_app, stop_test_apps, unique_run_id};
 use super::poll::{poll_persistence_read, poll_persistence_write};
-use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::sandbox::{BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_INCOGNITO_ID, BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_PERSISTENT_ID};
+use crate::{AppsHostState, BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_INCOGNITO_ID, BUILTIN_PERSISTENCE_PERSISTENT_ID};
 
 pub(in crate::sandbox) async fn run_persistence_test(
     app: &AppHandle,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/poll.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/poll.rs
index ef779c4ed..d67f740db 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/poll.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/poll.rs
@@ -6,8 +6,7 @@ use super::super::types::{
     SandboxIsolationProbeResult, SandboxNetworkProbeResult, SandboxPersistenceReadProbeResult,
     SandboxPersistenceWriteProbeResult,
 };
-use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms;
+use crate::{AppsHostState, unix_timestamp_ms};
 
 pub async fn poll_isolation(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runner.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runner.rs
index 5cf1bf467..dbdaf28a7 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runner.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runner.rs
@@ -6,9 +6,7 @@ use super::types::{
     SandboxCapability, SandboxCapabilityStatus, SandboxRunState, SandboxState,
     build_running_sandbox_state, mark_cap,
 };
-use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::bridge::emit_sandbox_state_changed;
-use crate::utils::unix_timestamp_ms;
+use crate::{AppsHostState, emit_sandbox_state_changed, unix_timestamp_ms};
 
 pub async fn ensure_initial_sandbox_run(app: AppHandle) -> Result<(), String> {
     let apps_state = app.state::<AppsHostState>();
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs
index 87bec5e59..aff2e5750 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/runtime.rs
@@ -3,9 +3,7 @@ use std::collections::{BTreeMap, HashMap};
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 use uuid::Uuid;
 
-use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::runtime::close_runtime_internal;
-use crate::runtime::start_sandbox_test;
+use crate::{AppsHostState, close_runtime_internal, start_sandbox_test};
 
 pub(crate) async fn stop_test_apps(
     app: &AppHandle,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/bridge.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/bridge.rs
index f2b53f20f..51d2fbf0b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/bridge.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/bridge.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,6 @@
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager};
 
-use crate::bridge::BridgeOrigin;
-use crate::runtime::get_webview_in_sage_window;
-use crate::runtime::{
-    app_id_from_webview_label, is_allowed_app_url, protocol_scheme_for_app, resolve_running_app,
-};
+use crate::{app_id_from_webview_label, BridgeOrigin, get_webview_in_sage_window, is_allowed_app_url, protocol_scheme_for_app, resolve_running_app};
 
 pub(crate) async fn assert_bridge_origin(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/csp.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/csp.rs
index 33782922c..a44e3748a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/csp.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/csp.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use std::collections::BTreeSet;
 
-use crate::types::SharedSageApp;
+use crate::SharedSageApp;
 
 fn csp_source_list(items: &[String]) -> String {
     items.join(" ")
@@ -72,13 +72,7 @@ mod tests {
     use tempfile::{TempDir, tempdir};
 
     use super::*;
-    use crate::types::{
-        SageAppIdentity, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppManifestSageVersion, SageAppManifestVersion,
-        SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppStorage,
-        SageAppUrl, SageAppWalletScope, SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
-        SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist,
-        SageRequestedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
-    };
+    use crate::{SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppManifestSageVersion, SageAppManifestVersion, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppStorage, SageAppUrl, SageAppWalletScope, SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist, SageRequestedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource};
 
     fn entry(scheme: &str, host: &str) -> SageNetworkWhitelistEntry {
         SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new(scheme, host).unwrap()
@@ -144,7 +138,7 @@ mod tests {
         let snapshot =
             SageAppSnapshot::new("hash", dir.path().to_string_lossy(), manifest(requested))
                 .unwrap();
-        let common = crate::types::SageAppCommon::new(
+        let common = SageAppCommon::new(
             SageAppIdentity::new("app-id", "origin-id", dir.path().to_string_lossy()).unwrap(),
             granted,
             SageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
index 17e993a12..53cf85627 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
@@ -4,10 +4,14 @@ use anyhow::{Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
 use tauri::http::{Request, Response, StatusCode};
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager};
 
-use crate::host::AppState;
-use crate::runtime::{app_id_from_webview_label, resolve_running_app};
-use crate::security::build_app_csp;
-use crate::types::{ResolvedRunningApp, SharedSageApp};
+use crate::{
+    app_id_from_webview_label,
+    AppState,
+    build_app_csp,
+    resolve_running_app,
+    ResolvedRunningApp,
+    SharedSageApp,
+};
 
 pub async fn handle_user_app_protocol_request(
     app_handle: AppHandle,
@@ -150,12 +154,7 @@ mod tests {
     use tempfile::{TempDir, tempdir};
 
     use super::*;
-    use crate::types::{
-        SageAppIdentity, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppManifestSageVersion, SageAppManifestVersion,
-        SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppStorage,
-        SageAppUrl, SageAppWalletScope, SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions,
-        UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
-    };
+    use crate::{SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppManifestSageVersion, SageAppManifestVersion, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppStorage, SageAppUrl, SageAppWalletScope, SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource};
 
     fn manifest_file(path: &str) -> SageAppManifestFile {
         SageAppManifestFile::new(path, "a".repeat(64), 1).unwrap()
@@ -192,7 +191,7 @@ mod tests {
                 .unwrap();
         let snapshot =
             SageAppSnapshot::new("hash", dir.path().to_string_lossy(), manifest).unwrap();
-        let common = crate::types::SageAppCommon::new(
+        let common = SageAppCommon::new(
             SageAppIdentity::new("app-id", "origin-id", dir.path().to_string_lossy()).unwrap(),
             granted,
             SageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/settings.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/settings.rs
index c4544bbc7..1ff5dfac9 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/settings.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/settings.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 use tauri::{State, command};
 
-use crate::AppsHostState;
-use crate::host::Result;
+use crate::{AppsHostState, Result};
 
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
index 6febf17ca..ef8f3174a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
@@ -9,13 +9,22 @@ use anyhow::Result as AnyResult;
 use serde::Serialize;
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::capabilities::{SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
-use crate::types::{
-    SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot,
-    SageAppStorage, SageAppWalletScope, SageGrantedPermissions, SageGrantedSystemPermissions,
+use crate::{
+    builtin_apps_root,
+    get_user_capability_definition,
+    SageApp,
+    SageAppCommon,
+    SageAppIdentity,
+    SageAppPackageManifest,
+    SageAppSnapshot,
+    SageAppStorage,
+    SageAppWalletScope,
+    SageGrantedPermissions,
+    SageGrantedSystemPermissions,
+    SystemBridgeCapability,
     SystemSageApp,
+    UserBridgeCapability,
 };
-use crate::utils::builtin_apps_root;
 
 pub const SYSTEM_APP_TASK_MANAGER_ID: &str = "task-manager";
 pub const SYSTEM_APP_APP_UPDATE_ID: &str = "app-update";
@@ -198,7 +207,7 @@ pub fn build_builtin_system_app(app_id: &str) -> Result<Option<SageApp>, AppBuil
         .chain(manifest.permissions().capabilities().optional())
         .copied()
         .filter(|capability| {
-            crate::capabilities::get_user_capability_definition(*capability)
+            get_user_capability_definition(*capability)
                 .flags()
                 .user_grantable()
         });
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/author.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/author.rs
index b9b2dd43d..22e674d19 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/author.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/author.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::types::{normalized_non_empty_string, normalized_optional_string};
+use crate::{normalized_non_empty_string, normalized_optional_string};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct SageAppAuthor {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
index 02760a2af..466e23b96 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
@@ -2,14 +2,20 @@ use std::path::PathBuf;
 
 use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize};
 
-use crate::sandbox::SANDBOX_TEST_ID_PREFIX;
-use crate::types::SageAppSnapshot;
-use crate::types::SageAppStorage;
-use crate::types::SageAppWalletScope;
-use crate::types::UserSageAppPendingUpdate;
-use crate::types::normalized_non_empty_string;
-use crate::types::validate_snapshot_entry_and_icon_exist;
-use crate::types::{SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions};
+use crate::{
+    CapabilityFlags,
+    normalized_non_empty_string,
+    SageAppPackageManifest,
+    SageAppSnapshot,
+    SageAppStorage,
+    SageAppWalletScope,
+    SageGrantedPermissions,
+    SageRequestedPermissions,
+    SANDBOX_TEST_ID_PREFIX,
+    UserBridgeCapability,
+    UserSageAppPendingUpdate,
+    validate_snapshot_entry_and_icon_exist,
+};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize)]
 pub struct SageAppIdentity {
@@ -182,8 +188,8 @@ impl SageAppCommon {
         }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn capability_flags(&self) -> crate::capabilities::CapabilityFlags {
-        crate::capabilities::CapabilityFlags::from_capabilities(
+    pub(crate) fn capability_flags(&self) -> CapabilityFlags {
+        CapabilityFlags::from_capabilities(
             &self.granted_permissions.capabilities_vec(),
         )
     }
@@ -204,7 +210,7 @@ impl SageAppCommon {
     pub(crate) fn has_persistent_webview_storage(&self) -> bool {
         self.granted_permissions()
             .capabilities()
-            .any(|cap| *cap == crate::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability::StoragePersistentWebview)
+            .any(|cap| *cap == UserBridgeCapability::StoragePersistentWebview)
     }
 
     fn build(
@@ -320,7 +326,7 @@ impl SageAppCommon {
         &self.active_snapshot
     }
 
-    pub fn active_manifest(&self) -> &crate::types::SageAppPackageManifest {
+    pub fn active_manifest(&self) -> &SageAppPackageManifest {
         self.active_snapshot.manifest()
     }
 
@@ -418,12 +424,7 @@ mod tests {
     use tempfile::{TempDir, tempdir};
 
     use super::*;
-    use crate::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
-    use crate::types::{
-        SageAppManifestFile, SageAppManifestSageVersion, SageAppManifestVersion,
-        SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
-        SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions,
-    };
+    use crate::{SageAppManifestFile, SageAppManifestSageVersion, SageAppManifestVersion, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions, UserBridgeCapability};
 
     fn entry(scheme: &str, host: &str) -> SageNetworkWhitelistEntry {
         SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new(scheme, host).unwrap()
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/donation.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/donation.rs
index 1a97af6b2..907ccf9c7 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/donation.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/donation.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::types::normalized_non_empty_string;
+use crate::normalized_non_empty_string;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct SageAppDonation {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/preview.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/preview.rs
index f80a27234..48374def7 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/preview.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/preview.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,7 @@
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::types::normalized_non_empty_string;
-use crate::types::{
-    SageAppIconView, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestPreview, SageAppUrl,
-};
+use crate::{normalized_non_empty_string, SageAppIconView, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestPreview, SageAppUrl};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/snapshot.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/snapshot.rs
index 6d39d3764..70a1606ce 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/snapshot.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/snapshot.rs
@@ -3,8 +3,7 @@ use std::path::{Component, Path, PathBuf};
 use serde::Serialize;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer};
 
-use crate::types::SageAppPackageManifest;
-use crate::types::normalized_non_empty_string;
+use crate::{normalized_non_empty_string, SageAppPackageManifest};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize)]
 pub struct SageAppSnapshot {
@@ -133,10 +132,7 @@ mod tests {
     use tempfile::{TempDir, tempdir};
 
     use super::*;
-    use crate::types::{
-        SageAppManifestFile, SageAppManifestSageVersion, SageAppManifestVersion,
-        SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageRequestedPermissions,
-    };
+    use crate::{SageAppManifestFile, SageAppManifestSageVersion, SageAppManifestVersion, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageRequestedPermissions};
 
     fn manifest_file(path: &str) -> SageAppManifestFile {
         SageAppManifestFile::new(path, "a".repeat(64), 1).unwrap()
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/system_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/system_apps.rs
index ab15aea32..25181e22c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/system_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/system_apps.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,7 @@
 use serde::Serialize;
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::system_apps::SystemAppUsage;
-use crate::types::SageApp;
-use crate::types::SageAppCommon;
-use crate::types::SageGrantedSystemPermissions;
+use crate::{SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageGrantedSystemPermissions, SystemAppUsage};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
 #[serde(tag = "kind")]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs
index b39e585cd..58b3a537b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs
@@ -5,17 +5,22 @@ use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 use tokio::sync::OwnedMutexGuard;
 
-use crate::capabilities::BridgeCapability;
-use crate::runtime::SharedRuntime;
-use crate::types::SageAppIconView;
-use crate::types::SageAppSnapshot;
-use crate::types::SageAppStorage;
-use crate::types::SystemSageApp;
-use crate::types::UserSageAppPendingUpdate;
-use crate::types::{SageAppCommon, SageAppCommonRaw};
-use crate::types::{SageAppUrl, UserSageAppPendingUpdateView};
-use crate::types::{
-    SageGrantedPermissions, SageGrantedSystemPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions,
+use crate::{
+    BridgeCapability,
+    SageAppCommon,
+    SageAppCommonRaw,
+    SageAppIconView,
+    SageAppManifestHeaderV0,
+    SageAppSnapshot,
+    SageAppStorage,
+    SageAppUrl,
+    SageGrantedPermissions,
+    SageGrantedSystemPermissions,
+    SageRequestedPermissions,
+    SharedRuntime,
+    SystemSageApp,
+    UserSageAppPendingUpdate,
+    UserSageAppPendingUpdateView,
 };
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
@@ -234,7 +239,7 @@ pub struct CorruptedInstalledSageApp {
     error: String,
 
     #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
-    manifest_header: Option<crate::types::SageAppManifestHeaderV0>,
+    manifest_header: Option<SageAppManifestHeaderV0>,
 
     #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
     source: Option<UserSageAppSource>,
@@ -440,7 +445,7 @@ impl CorruptedInstalledSageApp {
 
     pub(crate) fn with_manifest_header(
         mut self,
-        manifest_header: Option<crate::types::SageAppManifestHeaderV0>,
+        manifest_header: Option<SageAppManifestHeaderV0>,
     ) -> Self {
         self.manifest_header = manifest_header;
         self
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/common.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/common.rs
index f275cb935..ab9b71ede 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/common.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/common.rs
@@ -3,12 +3,7 @@ use serde::Serialize;
 use specta::Type;
 use url::Url;
 
-use crate::types::SageAppSnapshotView;
-use crate::types::SageGrantedPermissionsView;
-use crate::types::{
-    SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestPreview,
-    SageAppUrl, SageAppWalletScope,
-};
+use crate::{SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestPreview, SageAppSnapshotView, SageAppUrl, SageAppWalletScope, SageGrantedPermissionsView};
 
 const MAX_REMOTE_ICON_BYTES: u64 = 1024 * 1024;
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/network.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/network.rs
index b0b6f68d9..64c99d540 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/network.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/network.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use serde::Serialize;
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::types::SageNetworkWhitelistEntry;
+use crate::SageNetworkWhitelistEntry;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/permission.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/permission.rs
index 09f111341..446b408e8 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/permission.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/permission.rs
@@ -3,14 +3,7 @@ use std::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet};
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::capabilities::{CapabilityDefinition, CapabilityFlags};
-use crate::capabilities::{SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
-use crate::types::SageGrantedNetworkPermissions;
-use crate::types::SageNetworkWhitelistEntryView;
-use crate::types::{
-    SageGrantedPermissions, SageGrantedSystemPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
-    SageRequestedPermissions,
-};
+use crate::{CapabilityDefinition, CapabilityFlags, SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions, SageGrantedSystemPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageNetworkWhitelistEntryView, SageRequestedPermissions, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
 
 #[allow(clippy::struct_excessive_bools)]
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/preview.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/preview.rs
index 8cfcb61e9..8e166441a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/preview.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/preview.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,14 @@
 use serde::Serialize;
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
-use crate::capabilities::get_user_capability_definition;
-use crate::types::{
-    SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppUrl, SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions,
+use crate::{
+    get_user_capability_definition,
+    SageAppPackageManifest,
+    SageAppUrl,
+    SageGrantedPermissions,
+    SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
+    SageRequestedPermissions,
+    UserBridgeCapability,
     UserSageAppPendingUpdate,
 };
 
@@ -22,9 +26,9 @@ pub struct UserSageAppPendingUpdateView {
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct UserSageAppPendingUpdateDecisionReviewView {
     required_user_grantable_capabilities: Vec<UserBridgeCapability>,
-    required_network_whitelist: Vec<crate::types::SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
+    required_network_whitelist: Vec<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>,
     required_network_whitelist_by_network:
-        std::collections::BTreeMap<String, Vec<crate::types::SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>>,
+        std::collections::BTreeMap<String, Vec<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>>,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
@@ -130,11 +134,7 @@ mod tests {
     use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 
     use super::*;
-    use crate::types::{
-        SageAppManifestFile, SageAppManifestSageVersion, SageAppManifestVersion,
-        SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedCapabilities,
-        SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist,
-    };
+    use crate::{SageAppManifestFile, SageAppManifestSageVersion, SageAppManifestVersion, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist};
 
     fn entry(scheme: &str, host: &str) -> SageNetworkWhitelistEntry {
         SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new(scheme, host).unwrap()
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/snapshot.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/snapshot.rs
index f4137d5bd..11943be6d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/snapshot.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/snapshot.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use serde::Serialize;
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::types::{SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot};
+use crate::{SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/system_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/system_apps.rs
index 170746240..3724605d0 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/system_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/system_apps.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
 use serde::Serialize;
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::types::SageAppCommonView;
-use crate::types::SageGrantedSystemPermissionsView;
-use crate::types::SystemSageApp;
+use crate::{SageAppCommonView, SageGrantedSystemPermissionsView, SystemSageApp};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/user_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/user_apps.rs
index aea55dd4b..5709708bf 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/user_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/user_apps.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,7 @@
 use serde::Serialize;
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::types::SageAppCommonView;
-use crate::types::SystemSageAppView;
-use crate::types::UserSageAppPendingUpdateView;
-use crate::types::{
-    CorruptedInstalledSageApp, ListedSageApp, SageApp, SharedSageApp, UserSageApp,
-    UserSageAppSource,
-};
+use crate::{CorruptedInstalledSageApp, ListedSageApp, SageApp, SageAppCommonView, SharedSageApp, SystemSageAppView, UserSageApp, UserSageAppPendingUpdateView, UserSageAppSource};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "camelCase")]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/app.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/app.rs
index 0f4d3fc4e..eb7062671 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/app.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/app.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
-use crate::types::SageAppSnapshot;
+use crate::SageAppSnapshot;
 
 pub fn validate_snapshot_entry_and_icon_exist(
     snapshot: &SageAppSnapshot,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/manifest.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/manifest.rs
index f208a89b3..b4a68d3f3 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/manifest.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/manifest.rs
@@ -3,9 +3,7 @@ use std::path::Path;
 
 use anyhow::{Context, anyhow};
 
-use crate::types::SageAppManifestFile;
-use crate::types::normalized_optional_string;
-use crate::utils::bytes_sha256_hex;
+use crate::{bytes_sha256_hex, normalized_optional_string, SageAppManifestFile};
 
 pub const MAX_APP_FILE_COUNT: usize = 2000;
 pub const MAX_APP_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES: u64 = 50 * 1024 * 1024;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/permission.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/permission.rs
index 2609218c5..c460551ba 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/permission.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/permission.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,6 @@
 use std::collections::BTreeSet;
 
-use crate::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
-use crate::capabilities::{CapabilityFlags, get_user_capability_definition};
-use crate::types::SageNetworkWhitelistEntry;
-use crate::types::SageRequestedCapabilities;
+use crate::{CapabilityFlags, get_user_capability_definition, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedCapabilities, UserBridgeCapability};
 
 pub fn validate_permissions_policy(
     capabilities: impl IntoIterator<Item = UserBridgeCapability>,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/manifest.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/manifest.rs
index e7442bacb..ea0b2c5f6 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/manifest.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/manifest.rs
@@ -3,14 +3,7 @@ use std::path::Path;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::types::SageRequestedPermissions;
-use crate::types::normalized_non_empty_string;
-use crate::types::{SageAppAuthor, SageAppDonation};
-use crate::types::{
-    normalize_optional_manifest_path, validate_declared_manifest_asset_exists,
-    validate_manifest_file_path, validate_manifest_files, validate_package_files_match_manifest,
-    validate_sha256_hex,
-};
+use crate::{normalize_optional_manifest_path, normalized_non_empty_string, SageAppAuthor, SageAppDonation, SageRequestedPermissions, validate_declared_manifest_asset_exists, validate_manifest_file_path, validate_manifest_files, validate_package_files_match_manifest, validate_sha256_hex};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Default, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct SageAppManifestVersion(pub u16);
@@ -364,12 +357,7 @@ pub fn parse_manifest_header_v0_from_value(
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-    use crate::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
-    use crate::types::{
-        SageAppManifestFile, SageAppManifestSageVersion, SageAppManifestVersion,
-        SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
-        SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions,
-    };
+    use crate::{SageAppManifestFile, SageAppManifestSageVersion, SageAppManifestVersion, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions, UserBridgeCapability};
 
     fn sample_manifest_file(path: &str, size: u64) -> SageAppManifestFile {
         SageAppManifestFile::new(path.to_string(), "a".repeat(64), size).unwrap()
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/network.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/network.rs
index 45de1bcbc..506c394ad 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/network.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/network.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use std::collections::BTreeSet;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::types::split_required_optional_set;
+use crate::split_required_optional_set;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
 pub struct SageNetworkWhitelistEntry {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/granted.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/granted.rs
index d00c35acb..483a56ae7 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/granted.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/granted.rs
@@ -4,10 +4,7 @@ use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
 use super::{SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions};
-use crate::capabilities::get_user_capability_definition;
-use crate::capabilities::{SharedCapabilitiesExt, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
-use crate::types::SageNetworkWhitelistEntry;
-use crate::types::{build_user_grantable_capability_set, validate_permissions_policy};
+use crate::{build_user_grantable_capability_set, get_user_capability_definition, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SharedCapabilitiesExt, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability, validate_permissions_policy};
 
 pub type NetworkWhitelistByNetwork = BTreeMap<String, BTreeSet<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>>;
 
@@ -397,10 +394,7 @@ impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
-    use crate::types::{
-        SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
-        SageRequestedPermissions,
-    };
+    use crate::{SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions};
 
     #[test]
     fn granted_permissions_reject_unrequested_shared_network_whitelist_entry() {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/requested.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/requested.rs
index 9ee26531a..a9cd32476 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/requested.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/requested.rs
@@ -3,13 +3,7 @@ use std::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet};
 use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
-use crate::capabilities::get_user_capability_definition;
-use crate::types::{SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist};
-use crate::types::{
-    split_required_optional_set, validate_network_id, validate_permissions_policy,
-    validate_requested_capabilities_are_requestable,
-};
+use crate::{get_user_capability_definition, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist, split_required_optional_set, UserBridgeCapability, validate_network_id, validate_permissions_policy, validate_requested_capabilities_are_requestable};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/tests.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/tests.rs
index 4637bd9b6..7b4795657 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/tests.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/tests.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
 use std::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet};
 
 use super::*;
-use crate::capabilities::UserBridgeCapability;
-use crate::types::{SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist};
+use crate::{SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist, UserBridgeCapability};
 
 fn network_entry(scheme: &str, host: &str) -> SageNetworkWhitelistEntry {
     SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new(scheme, host).unwrap()
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/url.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/url.rs
index 573c50385..2ad1d8dfd 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/url.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/url.rs
@@ -5,8 +5,7 @@ use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize, Serializer};
 use specta::Type;
 use url::Url;
 
-use crate::types::normalize_app_url;
-use crate::utils::slugify_app_name;
+use crate::{normalize_app_url, slugify_app_name};
 
 pub const MANIFEST_FILE_NAME: &str = "sage-manifest.json";
 
diff --git a/rust_out b/rust_out
new file mode 100755
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From 0fb3620f2a60337bbc97ba6b52e1057701902efa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Rigidity <me@rigidnetwork.com>
Date: Sun, 31 May 2026 15:01:32 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 447/471] fmt

---
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs |  12 ++++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs       |   2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs     |   6 ++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/shared.rs |   5 ++-
 .../methods/system/app_install/install_url.rs |  23 ++--------
 .../methods/system/app_install/install_zip.rs |  23 ++--------
 .../methods/system/app_install/preview_url.rs |   6 ++-
 .../methods/system/app_install/preview_zip.rs |  18 ++------
 .../app_permissions/apply_permissions.rs      |   8 +++-
 .../app_permissions/get_review_context.rs     |   6 ++-
 .../methods/system/app_registry/events.rs     |   5 ++-
 .../methods/system/app_update/apply_update.rs |   7 ++-
 .../methods/system/app_update/events.rs       |   5 ++-
 .../system/app_update/get_review_context.rs   |   7 ++-
 .../methods/system/bridge_approvals/events.rs |   4 +-
 .../methods/system/bridge_approvals/list.rs   |   6 ++-
 .../system/bridge_approvals/resolve.rs        |   6 ++-
 .../capabilities/list_user_definitions.rs     |   6 ++-
 .../methods/system/donation/get_details.rs    |   6 ++-
 .../methods/system/file_system/select_file.rs |   6 ++-
 .../system/runtime_manager/close_self.rs      |   6 ++-
 .../system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs   |   7 ++-
 .../get_active_taskbar_runtime.rs             |   7 ++-
 .../system/runtime_manager/hide_runtime.rs    |   7 ++-
 .../system/runtime_manager/hide_self.rs       |   6 ++-
 .../system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs    |   6 ++-
 .../system/runtime_manager/list_runtimes.rs   |   6 ++-
 .../bridge/methods/system/sandbox/events.rs   |   5 ++-
 .../methods/system/sandbox/get_state.rs       |   6 ++-
 .../methods/system/sandbox/rerun_tests.rs     |   6 ++-
 .../methods/system/wallet/list_wallets.rs     |   6 ++-
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/app/events.rs     |   5 ++-
 .../methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs      |   6 ++-
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_info.rs   |  10 +----
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/app/lifecycle.rs  |   6 ++-
 .../user/app/request_capability_grant.rs      |   7 ++-
 .../app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs    |   8 +++-
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/ping.rs    |   5 ++-
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs    |  24 +++-------
 .../methods/user/environment/get_network.rs   |   6 ++-
 .../user/environment/theme/get_current.rs     |   6 ++-
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/wallet.rs         |  10 ++---
 .../src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_key.rs |   6 ++-
 .../methods/user/wallet/get_secret_key.rs     |   7 ++-
 .../methods/user/wallet/read_methods.rs       |   6 ++-
 .../bridge/methods/user/wallet/send_xch.rs    |   6 ++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/state.rs          |   6 ++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs     |  20 ++++++++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs          |   5 ++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs            |   6 ++-
 .../sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs |   5 ++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs     |   2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/types.rs    |   2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/db/app.rs                |  23 ++--------
 crates/sage-apps/src/environment/commands.rs  |   5 ++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs     |  25 ++++-------
 .../src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs         |   4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs |   5 ++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs |   5 ++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs    |   9 +---
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs     |   7 ++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry.rs    |  15 +++----
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/snapshot.rs    |   4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs     |  20 +++------
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs   |   5 ++-
 .../sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/apply.rs   |  26 +++--------
 .../src/lifecycle/update/background.rs        |   5 ++-
 .../sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/check.rs   |  21 ++-------
 .../src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs          |   5 ++-
 .../src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs       |  16 ++++++-
 .../sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/scope.rs   |   2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs      |  22 +++-------
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/events.rs        |   8 +++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs       |   8 +++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs       |   6 ++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs         |  41 +++++-------------
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs    |   4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/view.rs    |   4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs          |  10 ++++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/storage.rs       |   5 ++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/system_apps.rs   |   8 +++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/workspace.rs     |   6 ++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs  |   6 ++-
 .../sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/isolation.rs |   4 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/security/bridge.rs       |   5 ++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/security/csp.rs          |   8 +++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs     |  13 +++---
 crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs           |  16 ++-----
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs      |  25 +++++------
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/preview.rs     |   5 ++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/snapshot.rs    |   7 ++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs   |  19 ++------
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/common.rs |   5 ++-
 .../src/types/app/view/permission.rs          |   6 ++-
 .../sage-apps/src/types/app/view/preview.rs   |  15 +++----
 .../sage-apps/src/types/app/view/user_apps.rs |   5 ++-
 .../src/types/invariants/manifest.rs          |   2 +-
 .../src/types/invariants/permission.rs        |   5 ++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/manifest.rs        |  14 +++++-
 .../src/types/permissions/granted.rs          |  11 ++++-
 .../src/types/permissions/requested.rs        |   6 ++-
 rust_out                                      | Bin 437656 -> 0 bytes
 102 files changed, 519 insertions(+), 381 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100755 rust_out

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
index f1848acba..b3c42f4ca 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,16 @@
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State, Webview};
 
-use crate::{AppsHostState, AppState, assert_bridge_origin, BridgeApprovalsChangedEvent, BridgeCapability, BridgeContext, BridgeMethod, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeOrigin, BridgeRegistry, BridgeRegistryKind, BridgeTools, emit_bridge_response_to_app, emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners, ensure_app_is_enabled_for_scope, ensure_approval_expiry_loop, get_pending_approval, get_system_capability_definition, get_user_capability_definition, list_pending_approvals, remove_pending_approval, resolve_app, ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeInvokeResult, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse, SharedSageApp, start_bridge_approval_runtime, sync_bridge_approval_runtime, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability, write_pending_approval};
+use crate::{
+    AppState, AppsHostState, BridgeApprovalsChangedEvent, BridgeCapability, BridgeContext,
+    BridgeMethod, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeOrigin, BridgeRegistry, BridgeRegistryKind,
+    BridgeTools, ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeInvokeResult,
+    RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse, SharedSageApp, SystemBridgeCapability,
+    UserBridgeCapability, assert_bridge_origin, emit_bridge_response_to_app,
+    emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners, ensure_app_is_enabled_for_scope,
+    ensure_approval_expiry_loop, get_pending_approval, get_system_capability_definition,
+    get_user_capability_definition, list_pending_approvals, remove_pending_approval, resolve_app,
+    start_bridge_approval_runtime, sync_bridge_approval_runtime, write_pending_approval,
+};
 
 pub(crate) async fn process(
     app_handle: AppHandle,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
index 22dc2d0e2..d183db535 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/commands.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State, Webview};
 
-use crate::{AppState, process, process_system, RustBridgeInvokeResult, RustBridgeRequest};
+use crate::{AppState, RustBridgeInvokeResult, RustBridgeRequest, process, process_system};
 
 #[tauri::command]
 #[specta::specta]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs
index 8e755a2a4..bf4d76e65 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,11 @@ use serde::Serialize;
 use specta::Type;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Emitter, Manager, State};
 
-use crate::{AppsHostState, comms_debug, ensure_app_is_enabled_for_scope, get_sage_webview, get_webview_in_sage_window, list_runtimes, resolve_running_app, RustBridgeResponse, SharedSageApp, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
+use crate::{
+    AppsHostState, RustBridgeResponse, SharedSageApp, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability,
+    comms_debug, ensure_app_is_enabled_for_scope, get_sage_webview, get_webview_in_sage_window,
+    list_runtimes, resolve_running_app,
+};
 
 const SAGE_RUNTIME_EVENT_NAME: &str = "apps:runtime-event";
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/shared.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/shared.rs
index 1723f116a..8851d1c6d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/shared.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/shared.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 use serde::de::DeserializeOwned;
 
-use crate::{AppsHostState, AppState, BridgeCapability, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, SharedSageApp, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
+use crate::{
+    AppState, AppsHostState, BridgeCapability, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest,
+    SharedSageApp, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability,
+};
 
 #[async_trait]
 pub(crate) trait BridgeMethod: Send + Sync {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/install_url.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/install_url.rs
index 79a816349..3b2d04da5 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/install_url.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/install_url.rs
@@ -6,25 +6,10 @@ use specta::Type;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
 
 use crate::{
-    AppInstallInstallResult,
-    AppsHostState,
-    AppState,
-    BridgeApprovalRequestResult,
-    BridgeContext,
-    BridgeHandleResult,
-    BridgeMethod,
-    BridgeMethodCapability,
-    BridgeMethodHandleError,
-    BridgeTools,
-    install_app_from_source,
-    parse_required_params,
-    Result,
-    RustBridgeRequest,
-    SageAppUrl,
-    SageAppWalletScope,
-    SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
-    SystemBridgeCapability,
-    UserSageAppView,
+    AppInstallInstallResult, AppState, AppsHostState, BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext,
+    BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError, BridgeTools,
+    Result, RustBridgeRequest, SageAppUrl, SageAppWalletScope, SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
+    SystemBridgeCapability, UserSageAppView, install_app_from_source, parse_required_params,
 };
 
 #[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Type)]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/install_zip.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/install_zip.rs
index 5e9da0408..5e21d67ea 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/install_zip.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/install_zip.rs
@@ -7,25 +7,10 @@ use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
 
 use super::AppInstallInstallResult;
 use crate::{
-    apps_root,
-    AppsHostState,
-    AppState,
-    BridgeApprovalRequestResult,
-    BridgeContext,
-    BridgeHandleResult,
-    BridgeMethod,
-    BridgeMethodCapability,
-    BridgeMethodHandleError,
-    BridgeTools,
-    install_app_from_source,
-    parse_required_params,
-    Result,
-    RustBridgeRequest,
-    SageAppWalletScope,
-    SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
-    SystemBridgeCapability,
-    UserSageAppView,
-    ZipInstallSource,
+    AppState, AppsHostState, BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult,
+    BridgeMethod, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError, BridgeTools, Result,
+    RustBridgeRequest, SageAppWalletScope, SageGrantedPermissionsInput, SystemBridgeCapability,
+    UserSageAppView, ZipInstallSource, apps_root, install_app_from_source, parse_required_params,
 };
 
 #[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Type)]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/preview_url.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/preview_url.rs
index 5209251ac..fe9efae06 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/preview_url.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/preview_url.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,11 @@ use async_trait::async_trait;
 use serde::Deserialize;
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError, BridgeTools, fetch_url_manifest_preview, parse_required_params, RustBridgeRequest, SageAppUrl, SageAppUrlPreview, SystemBridgeCapability};
+use crate::{
+    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod,
+    BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError, BridgeTools, RustBridgeRequest, SageAppUrl,
+    SageAppUrlPreview, SystemBridgeCapability, fetch_url_manifest_preview, parse_required_params,
+};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/preview_zip.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/preview_zip.rs
index 4a8bc1ff0..0a606b629 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/preview_zip.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/preview_zip.rs
@@ -7,20 +7,10 @@ use specta::Type;
 use uuid::Uuid;
 
 use crate::{
-    BridgeApprovalRequestResult,
-    BridgeContext,
-    BridgeHandleResult,
-    BridgeMethod,
-    BridgeMethodCapability,
-    BridgeMethodHandleError,
-    BridgeTools,
-    detect_package_root,
-    parse_required_params,
-    read_manifest,
-    RustBridgeRequest,
-    SageAppPackageManifest,
-    SystemBridgeCapability,
-    unzip_to_dir,
+    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod,
+    BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError, BridgeTools, RustBridgeRequest,
+    SageAppPackageManifest, SystemBridgeCapability, detect_package_root, parse_required_params,
+    read_manifest, unzip_to_dir,
 };
 
 #[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Type)]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_permissions/apply_permissions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_permissions/apply_permissions.rs
index d52604665..ad0aa5b70 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_permissions/apply_permissions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_permissions/apply_permissions.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,13 @@ use async_trait::async_trait;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError, BridgeTools, parse_required_params, resolve_app, RustBridgeRequest, SageApp, SageAppWalletScope, SageGrantedPermissionsInput, SystemBridgeCapability, update_app_permissions_for_app, update_app_wallet_scope_for_app, UserSageAppView};
+use crate::{
+    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod,
+    BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError, BridgeTools, RustBridgeRequest, SageApp,
+    SageAppWalletScope, SageGrantedPermissionsInput, SystemBridgeCapability, UserSageAppView,
+    parse_required_params, resolve_app, update_app_permissions_for_app,
+    update_app_wallet_scope_for_app,
+};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_permissions/get_review_context.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_permissions/get_review_context.rs
index ff4e78f67..7ba712bce 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_permissions/get_review_context.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_permissions/get_review_context.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,11 @@ use async_trait::async_trait;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError, BridgeTools, parse_required_params, resolve_app, RustBridgeRequest, SageApp, SystemBridgeCapability, UserSageAppView};
+use crate::{
+    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod,
+    BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError, BridgeTools, RustBridgeRequest, SageApp,
+    SystemBridgeCapability, UserSageAppView, parse_required_params, resolve_app,
+};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_registry/events.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_registry/events.rs
index e8c2eacee..0cd80fad6 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_registry/events.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_registry/events.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,10 @@ use serde::Serialize;
 use specta::Type;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
-use crate::{AppsHostState, emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners, list_installed_apps_internal, ListedSageAppView, SystemBridgeCapability, SystemRuntimeEvent};
+use crate::{
+    AppsHostState, ListedSageAppView, SystemBridgeCapability, SystemRuntimeEvent,
+    emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners, list_installed_apps_internal,
+};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/apply_update.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/apply_update.rs
index 15e0722b4..ecc3cd44a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/apply_update.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/apply_update.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,12 @@ use async_trait::async_trait;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::{apply_app_update_inner, BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError, BridgeTools, parse_required_params, RustBridgeRequest, SageAppView, SageGrantedPermissionsInput, SystemBridgeCapability};
+use crate::{
+    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod,
+    BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError, BridgeTools, RustBridgeRequest, SageAppView,
+    SageGrantedPermissionsInput, SystemBridgeCapability, apply_app_update_inner,
+    parse_required_params,
+};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/events.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/events.rs
index a918b75de..829b58c6b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/events.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/events.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,10 @@ use serde::Serialize;
 use specta::Type;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
-use crate::{AppsHostState, emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners, SageApp, SharedSageApp, SystemBridgeCapability, SystemRuntimeEvent};
+use crate::{
+    AppsHostState, SageApp, SharedSageApp, SystemBridgeCapability, SystemRuntimeEvent,
+    emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners,
+};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase", tag = "kind")]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/get_review_context.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/get_review_context.rs
index e1d41bf79..b758249da 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/get_review_context.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/get_review_context.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,12 @@ use async_trait::async_trait;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError, BridgeTools, check_app_update_inner, parse_required_params, resolve_app, RustBridgeRequest, SageApp, SageAppUrlPreview, SystemBridgeCapability, UserSageAppView};
+use crate::{
+    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod,
+    BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError, BridgeTools, RustBridgeRequest, SageApp,
+    SageAppUrlPreview, SystemBridgeCapability, UserSageAppView, check_app_update_inner,
+    parse_required_params, resolve_app,
+};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals/events.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals/events.rs
index 21074dec9..84bf66a81 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals/events.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals/events.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 use serde::Serialize;
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::{PendingBridgeApproval, PendingBridgeApprovalView, SystemBridgeCapability, SystemRuntimeEvent};
+use crate::{
+    PendingBridgeApproval, PendingBridgeApprovalView, SystemBridgeCapability, SystemRuntimeEvent,
+};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals/list.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals/list.rs
index a66302e43..03c7a6ab0 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals/list.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals/list.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,11 @@ use async_trait::async_trait;
 use serde::Serialize;
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeTools, list_pending_approvals, PendingBridgeApproval, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, SystemBridgeCapability};
+use crate::{
+    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod,
+    BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeTools, PendingBridgeApproval, RustBridgeApprovalRequest,
+    RustBridgeRequest, SystemBridgeCapability, list_pending_approvals,
+};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub(crate) struct BridgeApprovalsListPending;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals/resolve.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals/resolve.rs
index 44f8b1ec7..b4fe8e491 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals/resolve.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/bridge_approvals/resolve.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,10 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
-use crate::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError, BridgeTools, parse_required_params, process_after_approval, ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs, RustBridgeRequest, SystemBridgeCapability};
+use crate::{
+    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod,
+    BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError, BridgeTools, ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs,
+    RustBridgeRequest, SystemBridgeCapability, parse_required_params, process_after_approval,
+};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub(crate) struct BridgeApprovalsResolve;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/capabilities/list_user_definitions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/capabilities/list_user_definitions.rs
index 7f4aa00d0..be5275114 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/capabilities/list_user_definitions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/capabilities/list_user_definitions.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,10 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
-use crate::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeTools, RustBridgeRequest, SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView, SystemBridgeCapability, user_registry};
+use crate::{
+    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod,
+    BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeTools, RustBridgeRequest, SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView,
+    SystemBridgeCapability, user_registry,
+};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub(crate) struct CapabilitiesListUserDefinitions;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/donation/get_details.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/donation/get_details.rs
index 88fc57eb5..983b6d879 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/donation/get_details.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/donation/get_details.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,11 @@ use async_trait::async_trait;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError, BridgeTools, parse_required_params, resolve_app, RustBridgeRequest, SageAppIconView, SystemBridgeCapability};
+use crate::{
+    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod,
+    BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError, BridgeTools, RustBridgeRequest,
+    SageAppIconView, SystemBridgeCapability, parse_required_params, resolve_app,
+};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/file_system/select_file.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/file_system/select_file.rs
index 47ed877ad..456f9b540 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/file_system/select_file.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/file_system/select_file.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,11 @@ use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 use tauri_plugin_dialog::DialogExt;
 
-use crate::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeTools, parse_required_params, RustBridgeRequest, SystemBridgeCapability};
+use crate::{
+    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod,
+    BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeTools, RustBridgeRequest, SystemBridgeCapability,
+    parse_required_params,
+};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/close_self.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/close_self.rs
index 8e01c4170..790ead5e9 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/close_self.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/close_self.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,10 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
-use crate::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeTools, kill_runtime, RustBridgeRequest, SystemBridgeCapability, SystemKillRuntimeError};
+use crate::{
+    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod,
+    BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeTools, RustBridgeRequest, SystemBridgeCapability,
+    SystemKillRuntimeError, kill_runtime,
+};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub(crate) struct RuntimeManagerCloseSelf;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs
index 74a827d87..694d451a9 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/focus_runtime.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,11 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
-use crate::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError, BridgeTools, focus_taskbar_runtime, parse_required_params, RuntimeTargetParams, RustBridgeRequest, SageAppRuntimeRecordView, SystemBridgeCapability};
+use crate::{
+    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod,
+    BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError, BridgeTools, RuntimeTargetParams,
+    RustBridgeRequest, SageAppRuntimeRecordView, SystemBridgeCapability, focus_taskbar_runtime,
+    parse_required_params,
+};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub(crate) struct RuntimeManagerFocusTaskbarRuntime;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/get_active_taskbar_runtime.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/get_active_taskbar_runtime.rs
index 20e8c33de..76fdac464 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/get_active_taskbar_runtime.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/get_active_taskbar_runtime.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,11 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
-use crate::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError, BridgeTools, find_active_taskbar_runtime, find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional, resolve_running_app, RustBridgeRequest, SageAppRuntimeRecordView, SystemBridgeCapability};
+use crate::{
+    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod,
+    BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError, BridgeTools, RustBridgeRequest,
+    SageAppRuntimeRecordView, SystemBridgeCapability, find_active_taskbar_runtime,
+    find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional, resolve_running_app,
+};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub(crate) struct RuntimeManagerGetActiveTaskbarRuntime;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_runtime.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_runtime.rs
index 586c35e3d..aec7b5858 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_runtime.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_runtime.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,11 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
-use crate::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError, BridgeTools, hide_runtime, parse_required_params, RuntimeTargetParams, RustBridgeRequest, SageAppRuntimeRecordView, SystemBridgeCapability};
+use crate::{
+    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod,
+    BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError, BridgeTools, RuntimeTargetParams,
+    RustBridgeRequest, SageAppRuntimeRecordView, SystemBridgeCapability, hide_runtime,
+    parse_required_params,
+};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub(crate) struct RuntimeManagerHideRuntime;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_self.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_self.rs
index fc36fe9b2..ff27bd80f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_self.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/hide_self.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,10 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
-use crate::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError, BridgeTools, hide_runtime, RustBridgeRequest, SystemBridgeCapability};
+use crate::{
+    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod,
+    BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError, BridgeTools, RustBridgeRequest,
+    SystemBridgeCapability, hide_runtime,
+};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub(crate) struct RuntimeManagerHideSelf;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs
index 450e3c12e..49e264600 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/kill_runtime.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,11 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 use serde::Serialize;
 
-use crate::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeTools, kill_runtime, parse_required_params, RuntimeTargetParams, RustBridgeRequest, SystemBridgeCapability, SystemKillRuntimeError};
+use crate::{
+    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod,
+    BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeTools, RuntimeTargetParams, RustBridgeRequest,
+    SystemBridgeCapability, SystemKillRuntimeError, kill_runtime, parse_required_params,
+};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub(crate) struct RuntimeManagerKillRuntime;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/list_runtimes.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/list_runtimes.rs
index ca3091638..35578dc4a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/list_runtimes.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/runtime_manager/list_runtimes.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,10 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
-use crate::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError, BridgeTools, list_runtimes, RustBridgeRequest, SageAppRuntimeRecordView, SystemBridgeCapability};
+use crate::{
+    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod,
+    BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError, BridgeTools, RustBridgeRequest,
+    SageAppRuntimeRecordView, SystemBridgeCapability, list_runtimes,
+};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub(crate) struct RuntimeManagerListRuntimes;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/sandbox/events.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/sandbox/events.rs
index 11a42621d..c66f2d5a0 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/sandbox/events.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/sandbox/events.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,10 @@ use serde::Serialize;
 use specta::Type;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
-use crate::{AppsHostState, build_state_view, emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners, SandboxStateView, SystemBridgeCapability, SystemRuntimeEvent};
+use crate::{
+    AppsHostState, SandboxStateView, SystemBridgeCapability, SystemRuntimeEvent, build_state_view,
+    emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners,
+};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/sandbox/get_state.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/sandbox/get_state.rs
index 695577b12..bb5cc280a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/sandbox/get_state.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/sandbox/get_state.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,10 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
-use crate::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeTools, build_state_view, RustBridgeRequest, SystemBridgeCapability};
+use crate::{
+    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod,
+    BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeTools, RustBridgeRequest, SystemBridgeCapability,
+    build_state_view,
+};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct SandboxGetState;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/sandbox/rerun_tests.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/sandbox/rerun_tests.rs
index ddb932ace..70d005026 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/sandbox/rerun_tests.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/sandbox/rerun_tests.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,10 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
-use crate::{begin_sandbox_run, BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError, BridgeTools, RustBridgeRequest, sandbox_runner, SystemBridgeCapability};
+use crate::{
+    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod,
+    BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError, BridgeTools, RustBridgeRequest,
+    SystemBridgeCapability, begin_sandbox_run, sandbox_runner,
+};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct SandboxRerunTests;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/wallet/list_wallets.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/wallet/list_wallets.rs
index fed5653b6..45b6626fb 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/wallet/list_wallets.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/wallet/list_wallets.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,11 @@ use sage_api::GetKeys;
 use serde::Serialize;
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError, BridgeTools, RustBridgeRequest, SystemBridgeCapability};
+use crate::{
+    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod,
+    BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError, BridgeTools, RustBridgeRequest,
+    SystemBridgeCapability,
+};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub(crate) struct WalletListWallets;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/events.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/events.rs
index 92ddfbe28..5289525bd 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/events.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/events.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
 use serde::Serialize;
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::{GrantedCapabilitiesChange, GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, UserBridgeCapability, UserRuntimeEvent};
+use crate::{
+    GrantedCapabilitiesChange, GrantedNetworkWhitelistChange, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
+    UserBridgeCapability, UserRuntimeEvent,
+};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs
index 91ab725db..4a56ada19 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_capabilities.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,10 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
-use crate::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeTools, RustBridgeRequest, SageApp, SharedCapabilitiesExt, UserBridgeCapability};
+use crate::{
+    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod,
+    BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeTools, RustBridgeRequest, SageApp, SharedCapabilitiesExt,
+    UserBridgeCapability,
+};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct AppGetCapabilities;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_info.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_info.rs
index df4a60a63..47365ae1d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_info.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/get_info.rs
@@ -3,14 +3,8 @@ use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
 use crate::{
-    BridgeApprovalRequestResult,
-    BridgeContext,
-    BridgeHandleResult,
-    BridgeMethod,
-    BridgeMethodCapability,
-    BridgeTools,
-    RustBridgeRequest,
-    SageRequestedPermissions,
+    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod,
+    BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeTools, RustBridgeRequest, SageRequestedPermissions,
     UserBridgeCapability,
 };
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/lifecycle.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/lifecycle.rs
index 49009b418..2a63548fc 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/lifecycle.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/lifecycle.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,10 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
-use crate::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeTools, parse_required_params, ReadyToStopParams, RuntimeAckResult, RustBridgeRequest, SetBeforeStopListenerParams, UserBridgeCapability};
+use crate::{
+    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod,
+    BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeTools, ReadyToStopParams, RuntimeAckResult, RustBridgeRequest,
+    SetBeforeStopListenerParams, UserBridgeCapability, parse_required_params,
+};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct AppLifecycleSetBeforeStopListener;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
index bba813bdf..cf6e4e2c3 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_capability_grant.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,12 @@ use async_trait::async_trait;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError, BridgeTools, get_user_capability_definition, grant_capability, GrantCapabilityOutcome, parse_required_params, resolve_app_base_path, RustBridgeApprovalBody, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, UserBridgeCapability};
+use crate::{
+    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod,
+    BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError, BridgeTools, GrantCapabilityOutcome,
+    RustBridgeApprovalBody, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, UserBridgeCapability,
+    get_user_capability_definition, grant_capability, parse_required_params, resolve_app_base_path,
+};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct AppRequestCapabilityGrant;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs
index 289b784bb..ea3006e88 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/app/request_network_whitelist_grant.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,13 @@ use async_trait::async_trait;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError, BridgeTools, grant_network_whitelist_entry, GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome, parse_required_params, resolve_app_base_path, RustBridgeApprovalBody, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, UserBridgeCapability};
+use crate::{
+    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod,
+    BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError, BridgeTools, GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome,
+    RustBridgeApprovalBody, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest,
+    SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, UserBridgeCapability, grant_network_whitelist_entry,
+    parse_required_params, resolve_app_base_path,
+};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct AppRequestNetworkWhitelistGrant;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/ping.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/ping.rs
index c21b297bc..5cc040f22 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/ping.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/ping.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,10 @@ use async_trait::async_trait;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeTools, RustBridgeRequest};
+use crate::{
+    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod,
+    BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeTools, RustBridgeRequest,
+};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct BridgePing;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs
index c29d145c9..162e22ca3 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/bridge/send.rs
@@ -3,19 +3,10 @@ use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
 use crate::{
-    BridgeApprovalRequestResult,
-    BridgeContext,
-    BridgeHandleResult,
-    BridgeMethod,
-    BridgeMethodCapability,
-    BridgeMethodHandleError,
-    BridgeTools,
-    BUILTIN_ORIGIN_CLEANUP_RUNTIME_ID,
-    ingest_bridge_send_payload,
-    ingest_origin_cleanup_bridge_send_payload,
-    parse_required_params,
-    RustBridgeRequest,
-    UserBridgeCapability,
+    BUILTIN_ORIGIN_CLEANUP_RUNTIME_ID, BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext,
+    BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError, BridgeTools,
+    RustBridgeRequest, UserBridgeCapability, ingest_bridge_send_payload,
+    ingest_origin_cleanup_bridge_send_payload, parse_required_params,
 };
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
@@ -78,12 +69,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for BridgeSend {
 
         match ctx_kind {
             BridgeSendContextKind::Sandbox => {
-                ingest_bridge_send_payload(
-                    &ctx.app.id(),
-                    &payload_value,
-                    tools.host_state,
-                )
-                .await;
+                ingest_bridge_send_payload(&ctx.app.id(), &payload_value, tools.host_state).await;
             }
 
             BridgeSendContextKind::OriginCleanup => {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/get_network.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/get_network.rs
index 82c1d3439..ad28dfe6f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/get_network.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/get_network.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,11 @@ use sage_api::{GetNetwork, NetworkKind};
 use serde::Serialize;
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError, BridgeTools, RustBridgeRequest, UserBridgeCapability};
+use crate::{
+    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod,
+    BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError, BridgeTools, RustBridgeRequest,
+    UserBridgeCapability,
+};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/theme/get_current.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/theme/get_current.rs
index 69b7670f8..96d6a5bef 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/theme/get_current.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/environment/theme/get_current.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,11 @@ use async_trait::async_trait;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError, BridgeTools, RustBridgeRequest, UserBridgeCapability};
+use crate::{
+    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod,
+    BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError, BridgeTools, RustBridgeRequest,
+    UserBridgeCapability,
+};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet.rs
index 9edbb438a..fe85044ee 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet.rs
@@ -15,15 +15,13 @@ pub(crate) fn require_scoped_fingerprint(
     fingerprint: Option<u32>,
 ) -> Result<u32, BridgeMethodHandleError> {
     let fingerprint = fingerprint.ok_or_else(|| {
-        BridgeMethodHandleError::invalid_request(
-            "wallet fingerprint is required for apps",
-        )
+        BridgeMethodHandleError::invalid_request("wallet fingerprint is required for apps")
     })?;
 
     if !ctx.app.is_wallet_in_scope(fingerprint) {
-        return Err(BridgeMethodHandleError::invalid_request(
-            format!("wallet fingerprint not in app wallet scope: {fingerprint}"),
-        ));
+        return Err(BridgeMethodHandleError::invalid_request(format!(
+            "wallet fingerprint not in app wallet scope: {fingerprint}"
+        )));
     }
 
     Ok(fingerprint)
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_key.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_key.rs
index ec5b9d10d..4e896e7fb 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_key.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_key.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,11 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 use sage_api::GetKey;
 
-use crate::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError, BridgeTools, parse_required_params, require_scoped_fingerprint, RustBridgeRequest, UserBridgeCapability};
+use crate::{
+    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod,
+    BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError, BridgeTools, RustBridgeRequest,
+    UserBridgeCapability, parse_required_params, require_scoped_fingerprint,
+};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct WalletGetKey;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_secret_key.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_secret_key.rs
index e1c90e5ac..bf04fa1e1 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_secret_key.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/get_secret_key.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,12 @@
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 use sage_api::GetSecretKey;
 
-use crate::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError, BridgeTools, parse_required_params, require_scoped_fingerprint, RustBridgeApprovalBody, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, UserBridgeCapability};
+use crate::{
+    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod,
+    BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError, BridgeTools, RustBridgeApprovalBody,
+    RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, UserBridgeCapability, parse_required_params,
+    require_scoped_fingerprint,
+};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct WalletGetSecretKey;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/read_methods.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/read_methods.rs
index 7f05e996f..13c282b9a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/read_methods.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/read_methods.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,11 @@ use sage_api::{
     GetXchUsdPrice,
 };
 
-use crate::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError, BridgeTools, parse_required_params, RustBridgeRequest, UserBridgeCapability};
+use crate::{
+    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod,
+    BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError, BridgeTools, RustBridgeRequest,
+    UserBridgeCapability, parse_required_params,
+};
 
 macro_rules! define_wallet_read_no_params_async_method {
     ($struct_name:ident, $capability:ident, $method_name:expr, $request_ident:ident, $handler:ident) => {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/send_xch.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/send_xch.rs
index ac7c7c831..1becd5ab4 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/send_xch.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/user/wallet/send_xch.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,11 @@ use sage_api::SendXch;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::{BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError, BridgeTools, parse_required_params, RustBridgeApprovalBody, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, UserBridgeCapability};
+use crate::{
+    BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod,
+    BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError, BridgeTools, RustBridgeApprovalBody,
+    RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, UserBridgeCapability, parse_required_params,
+};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct WalletSendXch;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/state.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/state.rs
index 6a052a38f..de89c9306 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/state.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/state.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,11 @@ use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
 use tokio::sync::Mutex;
 use uuid::Uuid;
 
-use crate::{AppsHostState, BridgeRegistryKind, comms_debug, emit_bridge_approvals_changed, emit_timeout_for_pending_approval, PendingBridgeApproval, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeRequest, sync_bridge_approval_runtime, unix_timestamp_ms};
+use crate::{
+    AppsHostState, BridgeRegistryKind, PendingBridgeApproval, RustBridgeApprovalRequest,
+    RustBridgeRequest, comms_debug, emit_bridge_approvals_changed,
+    emit_timeout_for_pending_approval, sync_bridge_approval_runtime, unix_timestamp_ms,
+};
 
 const BRIDGE_APPROVAL_TIMEOUT_MS: u64 = 30_000;
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
index 870b1dd65..6fc57e5b9 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/ts_exports.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,25 @@ use sage_api::{
 use specta::TypeCollection;
 use specta_typescript::{BigIntExportBehavior, Typescript};
 
-use crate::{AppGetInfoResult, AppInstallInstallResult, AppInstallInstallUrlParams, AppInstallInstallZipParams, AppInstallPreviewUrlParams, AppInstallPreviewZipParams, AppPermissionsApplyPermissionsParams, AppPermissionsApplyPermissionsResult, AppPermissionsGetReviewContextParams, AppPermissionsReviewContext, AppUpdateApplyUpdateParams, AppUpdateApplyUpdateResult, AppUpdateGetReviewContextParams, AppUpdateReviewContext, BeforeStopEvent, BridgeApprovalsChangedEvent, BridgePingResult, BridgeSendResult, DonationDetails, DonationGetDetailsParams, EnvironmentGetNetworkResult, EnvironmentThemeChangedEvent, EnvironmentThemeGetCurrentResult, FileSystemSelectFileParams, FileSystemSelectFileResult, GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent, GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent, ListedAppsChangedEvent, PendingBridgeApprovalView, PendingUpdateChangedEvent, ReadyToStopParams, RequestCapabilityGrantParams, RequestCapabilityGrantResult, RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantParams, RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantResult, ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs, RuntimeAckResult, RuntimeManagerActiveTaskbarRuntimeChangedEvent, RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent, RuntimeTargetParams, RustBridgeInvokeResult, SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView, SageAppWalletScope, SageNetworkPermissionInfo, SandboxStateChangedEvent, SandboxStateView, SetBeforeStopListenerParams, SystemKillRuntimeResult, SystemWalletView, WalletListWalletsResult, WalletSendXchParams};
+use crate::{
+    AppGetInfoResult, AppInstallInstallResult, AppInstallInstallUrlParams,
+    AppInstallInstallZipParams, AppInstallPreviewUrlParams, AppInstallPreviewZipParams,
+    AppPermissionsApplyPermissionsParams, AppPermissionsApplyPermissionsResult,
+    AppPermissionsGetReviewContextParams, AppPermissionsReviewContext, AppUpdateApplyUpdateParams,
+    AppUpdateApplyUpdateResult, AppUpdateGetReviewContextParams, AppUpdateReviewContext,
+    BeforeStopEvent, BridgeApprovalsChangedEvent, BridgePingResult, BridgeSendResult,
+    DonationDetails, DonationGetDetailsParams, EnvironmentGetNetworkResult,
+    EnvironmentThemeChangedEvent, EnvironmentThemeGetCurrentResult, FileSystemSelectFileParams,
+    FileSystemSelectFileResult, GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent, GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent,
+    ListedAppsChangedEvent, PendingBridgeApprovalView, PendingUpdateChangedEvent,
+    ReadyToStopParams, RequestCapabilityGrantParams, RequestCapabilityGrantResult,
+    RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantParams, RequestNetworkWhitelistGrantResult,
+    ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs, RuntimeAckResult, RuntimeManagerActiveTaskbarRuntimeChangedEvent,
+    RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent, RuntimeTargetParams, RustBridgeInvokeResult,
+    SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView, SageAppWalletScope, SageNetworkPermissionInfo,
+    SandboxStateChangedEvent, SandboxStateView, SetBeforeStopListenerParams,
+    SystemKillRuntimeResult, SystemWalletView, WalletListWalletsResult, WalletSendXchParams,
+};
 
 pub fn export_user_bridge_typescript() -> Result<String, String> {
     let mut types = TypeCollection::default();
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs
index f16b1c47b..bcb81fd80 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,10 @@ use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use serde_json::Value;
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::{BridgeRegistryKind, SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SharedSageApp, UserBridgeCapability, WalletSendXchParams};
+use crate::{
+    BridgeRegistryKind, SageAppCapabilityDefinitionView, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SharedSageApp,
+    UserBridgeCapability, WalletSendXchParams,
+};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs
index 634aca31b..5cc67f768 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,11 @@
 use std::fmt::Write;
 use std::{fs, path::PathBuf};
 
-use crate::{BridgeCapability, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeRegistry, BridgeRegistryKind, get_system_capability_definition, get_user_capability_definition, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
+use crate::{
+    BridgeCapability, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeRegistry, BridgeRegistryKind,
+    SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability, get_system_capability_definition,
+    get_user_capability_definition,
+};
 
 fn workspace_root() -> PathBuf {
     PathBuf::from(env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR"))
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs
index 561de2c9e..e5e0ad954 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/definitions.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 
-use crate::{CapabilityDefinition, CapabilityFlags, SystemBridgeCapability, SystemCapabilityDefinition, UserBridgeCapability, UserCapabilityDefinition};
+use crate::{
+    CapabilityDefinition, CapabilityFlags, SystemBridgeCapability, SystemCapabilityDefinition,
+    UserBridgeCapability, UserCapabilityDefinition,
+};
 
 pub(crate) fn get_user_capability_definition(
     capability: UserBridgeCapability,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs
index 05fa30aef..d830f012b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/list.rs
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ impl From<SystemBridgeCapability> for BridgeCapability {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-    use crate::{SharedCapabilitiesExt, user_registry, UserBridgeCapability};
+    use crate::{SharedCapabilitiesExt, UserBridgeCapability, user_registry};
 
     fn first_shared_capability() -> UserBridgeCapability {
         user_registry()
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/types.rs
index b12c39b72..cc6d08bcf 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/capabilities/types.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::{get_user_capability_definition, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
+use crate::{SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability, get_user_capability_definition};
 
 #[allow(clippy::struct_excessive_bools)]
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/db/app.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/db/app.rs
index 8ef156586..d7e107e59 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/db/app.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/db/app.rs
@@ -4,25 +4,10 @@ use anyhow::{Context, Result};
 use sqlx::{Row, SqliteConnection, sqlite::SqliteRow};
 
 use crate::{
-    AppsDb,
-    AppsDbTx,
-    CorruptedInstalledSageApp,
-    ListedSageApp,
-    MANIFEST_FILE_NAME,
-    parse_manifest_header_v0_from_value,
-    SageAppCommon,
-    SageAppIconView,
-    SageAppIdentity,
-    SageAppPackageManifest,
-    SageAppSnapshot,
-    SageAppStorage,
-    SageAppUrl,
-    SageAppWalletScope,
-    SageGrantedPermissions,
-    unix_timestamp_ms,
-    UserSageApp,
-    UserSageAppPendingUpdate,
-    UserSageAppSource,
+    AppsDb, AppsDbTx, CorruptedInstalledSageApp, ListedSageApp, MANIFEST_FILE_NAME, SageAppCommon,
+    SageAppIconView, SageAppIdentity, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppStorage,
+    SageAppUrl, SageAppWalletScope, SageGrantedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppPendingUpdate,
+    UserSageAppSource, parse_manifest_header_v0_from_value, unix_timestamp_ms,
 };
 
 impl AppsDb {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/environment/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/environment/commands.rs
index 6f8f5a2b2..09663067e 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/environment/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/environment/commands.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
-use crate::{AppsHostState, emit_user_runtime_event_to_listeners, EnvironmentThemeChangedEvent, EnvironmentThemeView};
+use crate::{
+    AppsHostState, EnvironmentThemeChangedEvent, EnvironmentThemeView,
+    emit_user_runtime_event_to_listeners,
+};
 
 #[tauri::command]
 #[specta::specta]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs
index ccacaf3ef..c0f794bf9 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs
@@ -18,21 +18,10 @@ use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
 use uuid::Uuid;
 
 use crate::{
-    allocate_new_storage,
-    apps_root,
-    AppsHostState,
-    emit_listed_apps_changed,
-    fresh_snapshot_dir,
-    SageAppCommon,
-    SageAppIdentity,
-    SageAppPackageManifest,
-    SageAppSnapshot,
-    SageAppStorage,
-    SageAppWalletScope,
-    SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
-    UserSageApp,
-    UserSageAppSource,
-    write_snapshot_manifest,
+    AppsHostState, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot,
+    SageAppStorage, SageAppWalletScope, SageGrantedPermissionsInput, UserSageApp,
+    UserSageAppSource, allocate_new_storage, apps_root, emit_listed_apps_changed,
+    fresh_snapshot_dir, write_snapshot_manifest,
 };
 
 #[async_trait]
@@ -311,7 +300,11 @@ mod tests {
     use tempfile::tempdir;
 
     use super::*;
-    use crate::{SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageGrantedPermissionsInput, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions, UserBridgeCapability};
+    use crate::{
+        SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
+        SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
+        SageRequestedPermissions, UserBridgeCapability,
+    };
 
     fn sample_manifest() -> SageAppPackageManifest {
         let (manifest_version, sage_version) = SageAppPackageManifestParts::v0_defaults();
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs
index 376586793..7902abafe 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/commands.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,9 @@ use std::{fs, io};
 
 use tauri::{State, command};
 
-use crate::{apps_root, AppsHostState, AppState, list_installed_apps_internal, ListedSageAppView, Result};
+use crate::{
+    AppState, AppsHostState, ListedSageAppView, Result, apps_root, list_installed_apps_internal,
+};
 
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
index 7d718998b..de9764622 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/url.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,10 @@ use anyhow::Result as AnyResult;
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
 use super::AppInstallSource;
-use crate::{bytes_sha256_hex, download_url_snapshot, fetch_url_manifest_preview, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppUrl, SageAppUrlPreview, UserSageAppSource};
+use crate::{
+    SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppUrl, SageAppUrlPreview, UserSageAppSource,
+    bytes_sha256_hex, download_url_snapshot, fetch_url_manifest_preview,
+};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct PreparedUrlInstall {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs
index 6cec2e586..fa05149b0 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install/zip.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,10 @@ use async_trait::async_trait;
 use uuid::Uuid;
 
 use super::AppInstallSource;
-use crate::{detect_package_root, prepare_zip_snapshot, read_manifest, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, slugify_app_name, unzip_to_dir, UserSageAppSource};
+use crate::{
+    SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, UserSageAppSource, detect_package_root,
+    prepare_zip_snapshot, read_manifest, slugify_app_name, unzip_to_dir,
+};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct ZipInstallSource {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs
index a438b5239..f7b380b84 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/manifest.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,8 @@
 use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult};
 
 use crate::{
-    bytes_sha256_hex,
-    download_bytes_with_limit,
-    MANIFEST_FILE_NAME,
-    parse_manifest_header_v0_from_value,
-    SageAppManifestUrl,
-    SageAppPackageManifest,
-    SageAppPackageManifestPreview,
+    MANIFEST_FILE_NAME, SageAppManifestUrl, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestPreview,
+    bytes_sha256_hex, download_bytes_with_limit, parse_manifest_header_v0_from_value,
 };
 
 const MAX_URL_MANIFEST_BYTES: u64 = 1024 * 1024;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs
index a140c508d..7b138df7b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use std::{
 use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult};
 use zip::ZipArchive;
 
-use crate::{bytes_sha256_hex, MANIFEST_FILE_NAME, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot};
+use crate::{MANIFEST_FILE_NAME, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, bytes_sha256_hex};
 
 const MAX_ZIP_ENTRIES: usize = 2_000;
 const MAX_ZIP_TOTAL_UNCOMPRESSED_BYTES: u64 = 200 * 1024 * 1024;
@@ -260,7 +260,10 @@ mod tests {
     use zip::write::SimpleFileOptions;
 
     use super::*;
-    use crate::{SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions};
+    use crate::{
+        SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts,
+        SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions,
+    };
 
     fn write_zip(path: &Path, entries: &[(&str, &[u8])]) {
         let file = fs::File::create(path).unwrap();
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry.rs
index 1f788896e..5a4eb9447 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
 
 use anyhow::Result as AnyResult;
 
-use crate::{AppsDb, list_builtin_system_apps, ListedSageApp, SageApp, SystemAppUsage};
+use crate::{AppsDb, ListedSageApp, SageApp, SystemAppUsage, list_builtin_system_apps};
 
 pub fn apps_root(base_path: &Path) -> PathBuf {
     base_path.join("apps")
@@ -43,7 +43,11 @@ mod tests {
     use tempfile::tempdir;
 
     use super::*;
-    use crate::{FakeInstallSource, install_app_from_source_for_test, ListedSageApp, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageGrantedPermissionsInput, SageRequestedPermissions, SharedSageApp, UserSageAppSource};
+    use crate::{
+        FakeInstallSource, ListedSageApp, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest,
+        SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageGrantedPermissionsInput, SageRequestedPermissions,
+        SharedSageApp, UserSageAppSource, install_app_from_source_for_test,
+    };
 
     fn sample_manifest_file(path: &str, size: u64) -> SageAppManifestFile {
         SageAppManifestFile::new(path, "a".repeat(64), size).unwrap()
@@ -67,12 +71,7 @@ mod tests {
         .unwrap()
     }
 
-    async fn sample_app_named(
-        base: &Path,
-        db: &AppsDb,
-        app_id: &str,
-        name: &str,
-    ) -> SharedSageApp {
+    async fn sample_app_named(base: &Path, db: &AppsDb, app_id: &str, name: &str) -> SharedSageApp {
         let manifest = sample_manifest(name);
         let granted = SageGrantedPermissionsInput::new([], [], BTreeMap::new());
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/snapshot.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/snapshot.rs
index d59f4b3c1..16c41f29b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/snapshot.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/snapshot.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,9 @@ use std::{
 
 use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
 
-use crate::{bytes_sha256_hex, MANIFEST_FILE_NAME, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppUrl};
+use crate::{
+    MANIFEST_FILE_NAME, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppUrl, bytes_sha256_hex,
+};
 
 pub(crate) async fn download_bytes_with_limit(url: &str, max_bytes: u64) -> AnyResult<Vec<u8>> {
     let response = reqwest::get(url)
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
index 070570dc3..5acd5cf91 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
@@ -8,23 +8,13 @@ use uuid::Uuid;
 #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
 use {anyhow::Context, std::fs};
 
-use crate::{
-    AppMutationManager,
-    AppsHostState,
-    CreateInstalledRuntimeArgs,
-    find_runtime_by_app_id_optional,
-    fresh_origin_id,
-    OriginCleanupRuntimeTarget,
-    parse_data_store_id,
-    resolve_stopped_app,
-    ResolvedStoppedApp,
-    run_origin_cleanup,
-    SageAppStorage,
-    SharedSageApp,
-    start_user_app,
-};
 #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
 use crate::data_directory_for;
+use crate::{
+    AppMutationManager, AppsHostState, CreateInstalledRuntimeArgs, OriginCleanupRuntimeTarget,
+    ResolvedStoppedApp, SageAppStorage, SharedSageApp, find_runtime_by_app_id_optional,
+    fresh_origin_id, parse_data_store_id, resolve_stopped_app, run_origin_cleanup, start_user_app,
+};
 
 pub(crate) struct RegisteredSageAppStorage {
     pub(crate) storage_id: i64,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs
index 844c8942c..6322cced4 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/uninstall.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,10 @@ use std::{fs, io};
 
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State, command};
 
-use crate::{apps_root, AppsHostState, AppState, emit_listed_apps_changed, resolve_stopped_app, ResolveStoppedError, Result};
+use crate::{
+    AppState, AppsHostState, ResolveStoppedError, Result, apps_root, emit_listed_apps_changed,
+    resolve_stopped_app,
+};
 
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/apply.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/apply.rs
index f67419dbb..a1e6e97ea 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/apply.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/apply.rs
@@ -4,27 +4,11 @@ use std::{fs, io};
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
 
 use crate::{
-    AppMutationManager,
-    AppsHostState,
-    CreateInstalledRuntimeArgs,
-    download_url_snapshot,
-    emit_pending_update_changed,
-    find_active_taskbar_runtime,
-    find_runtime_by_app_id_optional,
-    fresh_snapshot_dir,
-    get_sage_window,
-    resolve_app,
-    resolve_stopped_app,
-    ResolvedApp,
-    Result,
-    SageApp,
-    SageAppView,
-    SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
-    SharedSageApp,
-    start_app_update_runtime,
-    start_user_app,
-    UserSageAppPendingUpdate,
-    write_snapshot_manifest,
+    AppMutationManager, AppsHostState, CreateInstalledRuntimeArgs, ResolvedApp, Result, SageApp,
+    SageAppView, SageGrantedPermissionsInput, SharedSageApp, UserSageAppPendingUpdate,
+    download_url_snapshot, emit_pending_update_changed, find_active_taskbar_runtime,
+    find_runtime_by_app_id_optional, fresh_snapshot_dir, get_sage_window, resolve_app,
+    resolve_stopped_app, start_app_update_runtime, start_user_app, write_snapshot_manifest,
 };
 
 pub(crate) async fn apply_app_update_inner(
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/background.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/background.rs
index a8201225b..88011f546 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/background.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/background.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,10 @@ use std::time::Duration;
 use futures::future::join_all;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
 
-use crate::{AppsHostState, check_app_update_inner, list_installed_apps_internal, ListedSageApp, try_auto_apply_pending_update};
+use crate::{
+    AppsHostState, ListedSageApp, check_app_update_inner, list_installed_apps_internal,
+    try_auto_apply_pending_update,
+};
 
 pub fn start_background_app_update_checker(app_handle: AppHandle) {
     tauri::async_runtime::spawn(async move {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/check.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/check.rs
index 25361fa76..8e4615835 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/check.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/check.rs
@@ -3,20 +3,9 @@ use std::io;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
 use crate::{
-    AppMutationManager,
-    AppsHostState,
-    emit_pending_update_changed,
-    fetch_url_manifest,
-    fetch_url_manifest_preview,
-    resolve_app,
-    ResolvedApp,
-    Result,
-    SageApp,
-    SageAppSnapshot,
-    SageAppUrlPreview,
-    SharedSageApp,
-    UserSageAppPendingUpdate,
-    UserSageAppSource,
+    AppMutationManager, AppsHostState, ResolvedApp, Result, SageApp, SageAppSnapshot,
+    SageAppUrlPreview, SharedSageApp, UserSageAppPendingUpdate, UserSageAppSource,
+    emit_pending_update_changed, fetch_url_manifest, fetch_url_manifest_preview, resolve_app,
 };
 
 pub(crate) enum AppUpdatePreviewResult {
@@ -144,9 +133,7 @@ async fn preview_app_update(app: &ResolvedApp) -> Result<AppUpdatePreviewResult>
     Ok(AppUpdatePreviewResult::New(preview))
 }
 
-async fn fetch_pending_update(
-    app: &SharedSageApp,
-) -> Result<Option<UserSageAppPendingUpdate>> {
+async fn fetch_pending_update(app: &SharedSageApp) -> Result<Option<UserSageAppPendingUpdate>> {
     struct FetchDeps {
         source: UserSageAppSource,
         active_snapshot: SageAppSnapshot,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
index aced64e98..356cd6061 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State, command};
 
-use crate::{apply_app_update_inner, AppsHostState, check_app_update_inner, Result, SageAppUrlPreview, SageAppView};
+use crate::{
+    AppsHostState, Result, SageAppUrlPreview, SageAppView, apply_app_update_inner,
+    check_app_update_inner,
+};
 
 #[command]
 #[specta::specta]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
index faddad336..ffb89b039 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/permissions.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,14 @@ use std::path::Path;
 use anyhow::Context;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
 
-use crate::{AppMutationManager, AppsHostState, AppState, AppUpdateResult, CreateInstalledRuntimeArgs, emit_user_runtime_event_to_app_id, find_runtime_by_app_id_optional, GrantCapabilityOutcome, GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent, GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent, GrantedPermissionsChange, GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome, kill_taskbar_runtime, reload_app_runtime, resolve_app, SageAppRuntimeVisibility, SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SharedSageApp, start_user_app, UserBridgeCapability};
+use crate::{
+    AppMutationManager, AppState, AppUpdateResult, AppsHostState, CreateInstalledRuntimeArgs,
+    GrantCapabilityOutcome, GrantNetworkWhitelistOutcome, GrantedCapabilitiesChangeEvent,
+    GrantedNetworkWhitelistChangeEvent, GrantedPermissionsChange, SageAppRuntimeVisibility,
+    SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SharedSageApp, UserBridgeCapability,
+    emit_user_runtime_event_to_app_id, find_runtime_by_app_id_optional, kill_taskbar_runtime,
+    reload_app_runtime, resolve_app, start_user_app,
+};
 
 pub async fn update_app_permissions_for_app(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
@@ -270,7 +277,12 @@ mod tests {
     use tempfile::tempdir;
 
     use super::*;
-    use crate::{FakeInstallSource, install_app_from_source_for_test, SageApp, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageGrantedPermissionsInput, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist, SageRequestedPermissions, UserSageAppSource};
+    use crate::{
+        FakeInstallSource, SageApp, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppPackageManifest,
+        SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageGrantedPermissionsInput, SageRequestedCapabilities,
+        SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist, SageRequestedPermissions,
+        UserSageAppSource, install_app_from_source_for_test,
+    };
 
     fn network_whitelist_entry(scheme: &str, host: &str) -> SageNetworkWhitelistEntry {
         SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new(scheme, host).unwrap()
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/scope.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/scope.rs
index 3b270595d..f21913c3a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/scope.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/scope.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager};
 
-use crate::{AppMutationManager, emit_listed_apps_changed, SageAppWalletScope, SharedSageApp};
+use crate::{AppMutationManager, SageAppWalletScope, SharedSageApp, emit_listed_apps_changed};
 
 pub async fn update_app_wallet_scope_for_app(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs
index 6aadf059e..c0f1b4c65 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/commands.rs
@@ -5,23 +5,11 @@ use specta::Type;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
 use crate::{
-    AppsHostState,
-    clear_active_taskbar_runtime,
-    enter_apps_workspace,
-    focus_taskbar_runtime,
-    get_runtime_by_app_id,
-    get_webview_in_sage_window,
-    kill_taskbar_runtime,
-    leave_apps_workspace,
-    list_runtimes,
-    RuntimeTargetParams,
-    SageAppRuntimeRecordView,
-    start_app_install_runtime,
-    start_app_update_runtime,
-    start_donation_runtime,
-    start_sandbox_tests_runtime,
-    start_user_app,
-    SystemKillRuntimeResult,
+    AppsHostState, RuntimeTargetParams, SageAppRuntimeRecordView, SystemKillRuntimeResult,
+    clear_active_taskbar_runtime, enter_apps_workspace, focus_taskbar_runtime,
+    get_runtime_by_app_id, get_webview_in_sage_window, kill_taskbar_runtime, leave_apps_workspace,
+    list_runtimes, start_app_install_runtime, start_app_update_runtime, start_donation_runtime,
+    start_sandbox_tests_runtime, start_user_app,
 };
 
 #[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Type)]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/events.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/events.rs
index b7c59f5d8..019fc2be5 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/events.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/events.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,12 @@
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
-use crate::{AppsHostState, BridgeApprovalsChangedEvent, comms_debug, emit_bridge_response_to_app, emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners, list_pending_approvals, list_runtimes, PendingBridgeApproval, resolve_running_app, RuntimeManagerActiveTaskbarRuntimeChangedEvent, RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent, RustBridgeResponse, SageAppRuntimeRecordView, SharedRuntime, SharedSageApp};
+use crate::{
+    AppsHostState, BridgeApprovalsChangedEvent, PendingBridgeApproval,
+    RuntimeManagerActiveTaskbarRuntimeChangedEvent, RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent,
+    RustBridgeResponse, SageAppRuntimeRecordView, SharedRuntime, SharedSageApp, comms_debug,
+    emit_bridge_response_to_app, emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners, list_pending_approvals,
+    list_runtimes, resolve_running_app,
+};
 
 pub(crate) async fn emit_bridge_approvals_changed(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
index 935b7ceba..1fa4a45c7 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/manager.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,13 @@ use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, LogicalPosition, LogicalSize, State};
 
-use crate::{AppPresentation, AppsHostState, emit_active_taskbar_runtime_changed, emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed, ensure_apps_workspace_active, find_active_taskbar_runtime, find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional, get_sage_window, get_webview_in_sage_window, kill_runtime_inner, list_runtimes, resolve_running_app, ResolvedRunningApp, SageAppRuntimeRecord, SageAppRuntimeVisibility, SharedRuntime};
+use crate::{
+    AppPresentation, AppsHostState, ResolvedRunningApp, SageAppRuntimeRecord,
+    SageAppRuntimeVisibility, SharedRuntime, emit_active_taskbar_runtime_changed,
+    emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed, ensure_apps_workspace_active,
+    find_active_taskbar_runtime, find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional, get_sage_window,
+    get_webview_in_sage_window, kill_runtime_inner, list_runtimes, resolve_running_app,
+};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
index ef6ddf3db..9e049156d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/resolve.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,11 @@ use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
 use tokio::time::{Duration, sleep};
 use url::Url;
 
-use crate::{AppsHostState, build_builtin_system_app, build_builtin_test_app, close_runtime_internal, find_runtime_by_app_id_optional, GetRuntimeError, ResolvedApp, ResolvedRunningApp, ResolvedStoppedApp, SageApp, SharedSageApp};
+use crate::{
+    AppsHostState, GetRuntimeError, ResolvedApp, ResolvedRunningApp, ResolvedStoppedApp, SageApp,
+    SharedSageApp, build_builtin_system_app, build_builtin_test_app, close_runtime_internal,
+    find_runtime_by_app_id_optional,
+};
 
 const MAX_STOP_RESOLVE_ATTEMPTS: usize = 5;
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
index 5ac4b7033..020bd2379 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
@@ -4,39 +4,18 @@ use specta::Type;
 use tauri::webview::NewWindowResponse;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, LogicalPosition, LogicalSize, State, WebviewBuilder, WebviewUrl, Wry};
 
-use crate::{
-    AppMutationManager,
-    AppPresentation,
-    AppsHostState,
-    build_entry_src,
-    close_runtime_internal,
-    CreateInstalledRuntimeArgs,
-    emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed,
-    focus_taskbar_runtime,
-    get_sage_window,
-    get_webview_in_sage_window,
-    is_allowed_app_url,
-    OriginCleanupRuntimeTarget,
-    parse_data_store_id,
-    remove_runtime_by_runtime_id,
-    remove_runtime_id_by_app_id,
-    resolve_app,
-    ResolvedApp,
-    rotate_app_storage_and_origin,
-    RuntimeChangeSet,
-    SageAppRuntimeMode,
-    SageAppRuntimeRecord,
-    SageAppRuntimeRecordView,
-    SageAppRuntimeVisibility,
-    SageAppStorage,
-    sandbox,
-    SharedRuntime,
-    SharedSageApp,
-    sync_modal_runtime_visibility,
-    write_runtime,
-};
 #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
 use crate::data_directory_for;
+use crate::{
+    AppMutationManager, AppPresentation, AppsHostState, CreateInstalledRuntimeArgs,
+    OriginCleanupRuntimeTarget, ResolvedApp, RuntimeChangeSet, SageAppRuntimeMode,
+    SageAppRuntimeRecord, SageAppRuntimeRecordView, SageAppRuntimeVisibility, SageAppStorage,
+    SharedRuntime, SharedSageApp, build_entry_src, close_runtime_internal,
+    emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed, focus_taskbar_runtime, get_sage_window,
+    get_webview_in_sage_window, is_allowed_app_url, parse_data_store_id,
+    remove_runtime_by_runtime_id, remove_runtime_id_by_app_id, resolve_app,
+    rotate_app_storage_and_origin, sandbox, sync_modal_runtime_visibility, write_runtime,
+};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
index adbb9aa70..4b33bdd14 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/read.rs
@@ -86,9 +86,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn find_active_taskbar_runtime(
         .cloned()
 }
 
-pub(crate) async fn is_apps_workspace_active(
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-) -> bool {
+pub(crate) async fn is_apps_workspace_active(apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>) -> bool {
     *apps_state.runtime.apps_workspace_active.read().await
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/view.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/view.rs
index 5f766314e..3c2db0ed9 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/view.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/state/view.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 use serde::Serialize;
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::{AppPresentation, SageAppRuntimeMode, SageAppRuntimeVisibility, SageAppView, SharedRuntime};
+use crate::{
+    AppPresentation, SageAppRuntimeMode, SageAppRuntimeVisibility, SageAppView, SharedRuntime,
+};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs
index be048e815..a46a2c1e5 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/stop.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,15 @@ use tokio::sync::oneshot;
 use tokio::time::timeout;
 use uuid::Uuid;
 
-use crate::{AppsHostState, BeforeStopEvent, emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed, emit_user_runtime_event_to_app_id, find_active_taskbar_runtime, find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional, find_runtime_id_by_app_id_optional, find_webview_in_sage_window, get_runtime_by_app_id, GetRuntimeError, remove_before_stop_listeners_by_app_id, remove_pending_stop_ready, remove_runtime_by_runtime_id, remove_runtime_id_by_app_id, RuntimeChangeSet, SageAppRuntimeRecord, SharedRuntime, sync_modal_runtime_visibility, write_pending_stop_ready};
+use crate::{
+    AppsHostState, BeforeStopEvent, GetRuntimeError, RuntimeChangeSet, SageAppRuntimeRecord,
+    SharedRuntime, emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed, emit_user_runtime_event_to_app_id,
+    find_active_taskbar_runtime, find_runtime_by_runtime_id_optional,
+    find_runtime_id_by_app_id_optional, find_webview_in_sage_window, get_runtime_by_app_id,
+    remove_before_stop_listeners_by_app_id, remove_pending_stop_ready,
+    remove_runtime_by_runtime_id, remove_runtime_id_by_app_id, sync_modal_runtime_visibility,
+    write_pending_stop_ready,
+};
 
 const BEFORE_STOP_TIMEOUT_MS: u64 = 5_000;
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/storage.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/storage.rs
index 930bdad34..626be8e4b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/storage.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/storage.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,10 @@ use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 use tokio::sync::{Mutex, oneshot};
 use tokio::time::timeout;
 
-use crate::{AppsHostState, BUILTIN_ORIGIN_CLEANUP_RUNTIME_ID, close_runtime_internal, SageAppStorage, start_origin_cleanup_runtime};
+use crate::{
+    AppsHostState, BUILTIN_ORIGIN_CLEANUP_RUNTIME_ID, SageAppStorage, close_runtime_internal,
+    start_origin_cleanup_runtime,
+};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct OriginCleanupRuntimeTarget {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/system_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/system_apps.rs
index c8865cb81..7bbe875cc 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/system_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/system_apps.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,13 @@ use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
-use crate::{AppModalPresentation, AppPresentation, AppsHostState, CreateRuntimeArgs, kill_runtime_inner, pending_approval_app_ids, RuntimeChangeSet, SageAppRuntimeMode, SageAppRuntimeRecord, SharedRuntime, start_system_app, sync_modal_runtime_visibility, SYSTEM_APP_APP_INSTALL_ID, SYSTEM_APP_APP_UPDATE_ID, SYSTEM_APP_BRIDGE_APPROVAL_ID, SYSTEM_APP_DONATION_ID, SYSTEM_APP_SANDBOX_TESTS_ID};
+use crate::{
+    AppModalPresentation, AppPresentation, AppsHostState, CreateRuntimeArgs, RuntimeChangeSet,
+    SYSTEM_APP_APP_INSTALL_ID, SYSTEM_APP_APP_UPDATE_ID, SYSTEM_APP_BRIDGE_APPROVAL_ID,
+    SYSTEM_APP_DONATION_ID, SYSTEM_APP_SANDBOX_TESTS_ID, SageAppRuntimeMode, SageAppRuntimeRecord,
+    SharedRuntime, kill_runtime_inner, pending_approval_app_ids, start_system_app,
+    sync_modal_runtime_visibility,
+};
 
 pub(crate) async fn start_app_install_runtime(
     app: &AppHandle,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/workspace.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/workspace.rs
index efe3346ea..f620d5f98 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/workspace.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/workspace.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,10 @@
 use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
-use crate::{activate_apps_workspace, AppsHostState, deactivate_apps_workspace, get_sage_window, hide_all_runtimes, hide_all_runtimes_inner, is_apps_workspace_active, RuntimeChangeSet, sync_modal_runtime_visibility};
+use crate::{
+    AppsHostState, RuntimeChangeSet, activate_apps_workspace, deactivate_apps_workspace,
+    get_sage_window, hide_all_runtimes, hide_all_runtimes_inner, is_apps_workspace_active,
+    sync_modal_runtime_visibility,
+};
 
 pub(crate) async fn ensure_apps_workspace_active(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
index 58ff9b299..5e2480f0a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,11 @@ use std::{fs, path::PathBuf};
 use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult};
 use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
 
-use crate::{AppBuildError, builtin_apps_root, SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppStorage, SageAppWalletScope, SageGrantedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource};
+use crate::{
+    AppBuildError, SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppPackageManifest,
+    SageAppSnapshot, SageAppStorage, SageAppWalletScope, SageGrantedPermissions, UserSageApp,
+    UserSageAppSource, builtin_apps_root,
+};
 
 macro_rules! sandbox_test_id_prefix {
     () => {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/isolation.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/isolation.rs
index 4fa1fc6b8..33b63794d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/isolation.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/isolation.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,9 @@ use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
 
 use super::super::runtime::{start_test_app, stop_test_apps, unique_run_id};
 use super::poll::poll_isolation;
-use crate::{AppsHostState, BUILTIN_STORAGE_ISOLATION_INCOGNITO_ID, BUILTIN_STORAGE_ISOLATION_PERSISTENT_ID};
+use crate::{
+    AppsHostState, BUILTIN_STORAGE_ISOLATION_INCOGNITO_ID, BUILTIN_STORAGE_ISOLATION_PERSISTENT_ID,
+};
 
 pub(in crate::sandbox) async fn run_isolation_test(
     app: &AppHandle,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/bridge.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/bridge.rs
index 51d2fbf0b..9162ae19f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/bridge.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/bridge.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager};
 
-use crate::{app_id_from_webview_label, BridgeOrigin, get_webview_in_sage_window, is_allowed_app_url, protocol_scheme_for_app, resolve_running_app};
+use crate::{
+    BridgeOrigin, app_id_from_webview_label, get_webview_in_sage_window, is_allowed_app_url,
+    protocol_scheme_for_app, resolve_running_app,
+};
 
 pub(crate) async fn assert_bridge_origin(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/csp.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/csp.rs
index a44e3748a..ae95d6de8 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/csp.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/csp.rs
@@ -72,7 +72,13 @@ mod tests {
     use tempfile::{TempDir, tempdir};
 
     use super::*;
-    use crate::{SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppManifestSageVersion, SageAppManifestVersion, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppStorage, SageAppUrl, SageAppWalletScope, SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist, SageRequestedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource};
+    use crate::{
+        SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppManifestSageVersion,
+        SageAppManifestVersion, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts,
+        SageAppSnapshot, SageAppStorage, SageAppUrl, SageAppWalletScope, SageGrantedPermissions,
+        SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
+        SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist, SageRequestedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
+    };
 
     fn entry(scheme: &str, host: &str) -> SageNetworkWhitelistEntry {
         SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new(scheme, host).unwrap()
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
index 53cf85627..f33c56e44 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/protocol.rs
@@ -5,12 +5,8 @@ use tauri::http::{Request, Response, StatusCode};
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager};
 
 use crate::{
-    app_id_from_webview_label,
-    AppState,
-    build_app_csp,
+    AppState, ResolvedRunningApp, SharedSageApp, app_id_from_webview_label, build_app_csp,
     resolve_running_app,
-    ResolvedRunningApp,
-    SharedSageApp,
 };
 
 pub async fn handle_user_app_protocol_request(
@@ -154,7 +150,12 @@ mod tests {
     use tempfile::{TempDir, tempdir};
 
     use super::*;
-    use crate::{SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppManifestSageVersion, SageAppManifestVersion, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppStorage, SageAppUrl, SageAppWalletScope, SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource};
+    use crate::{
+        SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppManifestSageVersion,
+        SageAppManifestVersion, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts,
+        SageAppSnapshot, SageAppStorage, SageAppUrl, SageAppWalletScope, SageGrantedPermissions,
+        SageRequestedPermissions, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource,
+    };
 
     fn manifest_file(path: &str) -> SageAppManifestFile {
         SageAppManifestFile::new(path, "a".repeat(64), 1).unwrap()
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
index ef8f3174a..827ab5536 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
@@ -10,20 +10,10 @@ use serde::Serialize;
 use specta::Type;
 
 use crate::{
-    builtin_apps_root,
+    SageApp, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot,
+    SageAppStorage, SageAppWalletScope, SageGrantedPermissions, SageGrantedSystemPermissions,
+    SystemBridgeCapability, SystemSageApp, UserBridgeCapability, builtin_apps_root,
     get_user_capability_definition,
-    SageApp,
-    SageAppCommon,
-    SageAppIdentity,
-    SageAppPackageManifest,
-    SageAppSnapshot,
-    SageAppStorage,
-    SageAppWalletScope,
-    SageGrantedPermissions,
-    SageGrantedSystemPermissions,
-    SystemBridgeCapability,
-    SystemSageApp,
-    UserBridgeCapability,
 };
 
 pub const SYSTEM_APP_TASK_MANAGER_ID: &str = "task-manager";
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
index 466e23b96..62fdfa715 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/common.rs
@@ -3,17 +3,9 @@ use std::path::PathBuf;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize};
 
 use crate::{
-    CapabilityFlags,
-    normalized_non_empty_string,
-    SageAppPackageManifest,
-    SageAppSnapshot,
-    SageAppStorage,
-    SageAppWalletScope,
-    SageGrantedPermissions,
-    SageRequestedPermissions,
-    SANDBOX_TEST_ID_PREFIX,
-    UserBridgeCapability,
-    UserSageAppPendingUpdate,
+    CapabilityFlags, SANDBOX_TEST_ID_PREFIX, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot,
+    SageAppStorage, SageAppWalletScope, SageGrantedPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions,
+    UserBridgeCapability, UserSageAppPendingUpdate, normalized_non_empty_string,
     validate_snapshot_entry_and_icon_exist,
 };
 
@@ -189,9 +181,7 @@ impl SageAppCommon {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn capability_flags(&self) -> CapabilityFlags {
-        CapabilityFlags::from_capabilities(
-            &self.granted_permissions.capabilities_vec(),
-        )
+        CapabilityFlags::from_capabilities(&self.granted_permissions.capabilities_vec())
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn has_secret_access(&self) -> bool {
@@ -424,7 +414,12 @@ mod tests {
     use tempfile::{TempDir, tempdir};
 
     use super::*;
-    use crate::{SageAppManifestFile, SageAppManifestSageVersion, SageAppManifestVersion, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions, UserBridgeCapability};
+    use crate::{
+        SageAppManifestFile, SageAppManifestSageVersion, SageAppManifestVersion,
+        SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
+        SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions,
+        UserBridgeCapability,
+    };
 
     fn entry(scheme: &str, host: &str) -> SageNetworkWhitelistEntry {
         SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new(scheme, host).unwrap()
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/preview.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/preview.rs
index 48374def7..7a7a106cb 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/preview.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/preview.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::{normalized_non_empty_string, SageAppIconView, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestPreview, SageAppUrl};
+use crate::{
+    SageAppIconView, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestPreview, SageAppUrl,
+    normalized_non_empty_string,
+};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/snapshot.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/snapshot.rs
index 70a1606ce..1351d52c7 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/snapshot.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/snapshot.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use std::path::{Component, Path, PathBuf};
 use serde::Serialize;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer};
 
-use crate::{normalized_non_empty_string, SageAppPackageManifest};
+use crate::{SageAppPackageManifest, normalized_non_empty_string};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize)]
 pub struct SageAppSnapshot {
@@ -132,7 +132,10 @@ mod tests {
     use tempfile::{TempDir, tempdir};
 
     use super::*;
-    use crate::{SageAppManifestFile, SageAppManifestSageVersion, SageAppManifestVersion, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageRequestedPermissions};
+    use crate::{
+        SageAppManifestFile, SageAppManifestSageVersion, SageAppManifestVersion,
+        SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageRequestedPermissions,
+    };
 
     fn manifest_file(path: &str) -> SageAppManifestFile {
         SageAppManifestFile::new(path, "a".repeat(64), 1).unwrap()
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs
index 58b3a537b..10b9b2cab 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs
@@ -6,21 +6,10 @@ use specta::Type;
 use tokio::sync::OwnedMutexGuard;
 
 use crate::{
-    BridgeCapability,
-    SageAppCommon,
-    SageAppCommonRaw,
-    SageAppIconView,
-    SageAppManifestHeaderV0,
-    SageAppSnapshot,
-    SageAppStorage,
-    SageAppUrl,
-    SageGrantedPermissions,
-    SageGrantedSystemPermissions,
-    SageRequestedPermissions,
-    SharedRuntime,
-    SystemSageApp,
-    UserSageAppPendingUpdate,
-    UserSageAppPendingUpdateView,
+    BridgeCapability, SageAppCommon, SageAppCommonRaw, SageAppIconView, SageAppManifestHeaderV0,
+    SageAppSnapshot, SageAppStorage, SageAppUrl, SageGrantedPermissions,
+    SageGrantedSystemPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions, SharedRuntime, SystemSageApp,
+    UserSageAppPendingUpdate, UserSageAppPendingUpdateView,
 };
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/common.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/common.rs
index ab9b71ede..9096e5068 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/common.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/common.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,10 @@ use serde::Serialize;
 use specta::Type;
 use url::Url;
 
-use crate::{SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestPreview, SageAppSnapshotView, SageAppUrl, SageAppWalletScope, SageGrantedPermissionsView};
+use crate::{
+    SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestPreview,
+    SageAppSnapshotView, SageAppUrl, SageAppWalletScope, SageGrantedPermissionsView,
+};
 
 const MAX_REMOTE_ICON_BYTES: u64 = 1024 * 1024;
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/permission.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/permission.rs
index 446b408e8..7542977e6 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/permission.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/permission.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,11 @@ use std::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet};
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::{CapabilityDefinition, CapabilityFlags, SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions, SageGrantedSystemPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageNetworkWhitelistEntryView, SageRequestedPermissions, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability};
+use crate::{
+    CapabilityDefinition, CapabilityFlags, SageGrantedNetworkPermissions, SageGrantedPermissions,
+    SageGrantedSystemPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageNetworkWhitelistEntryView,
+    SageRequestedPermissions, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability,
+};
 
 #[allow(clippy::struct_excessive_bools)]
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/preview.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/preview.rs
index 8e166441a..be6609a86 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/preview.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/preview.rs
@@ -2,14 +2,9 @@ use serde::Serialize;
 use specta::Type;
 
 use crate::{
+    SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppUrl, SageGrantedPermissions, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
+    SageRequestedPermissions, UserBridgeCapability, UserSageAppPendingUpdate,
     get_user_capability_definition,
-    SageAppPackageManifest,
-    SageAppUrl,
-    SageGrantedPermissions,
-    SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
-    SageRequestedPermissions,
-    UserBridgeCapability,
-    UserSageAppPendingUpdate,
 };
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
@@ -134,7 +129,11 @@ mod tests {
     use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 
     use super::*;
-    use crate::{SageAppManifestFile, SageAppManifestSageVersion, SageAppManifestVersion, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist};
+    use crate::{
+        SageAppManifestFile, SageAppManifestSageVersion, SageAppManifestVersion,
+        SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedCapabilities,
+        SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist,
+    };
 
     fn entry(scheme: &str, host: &str) -> SageNetworkWhitelistEntry {
         SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new(scheme, host).unwrap()
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/user_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/user_apps.rs
index 5709708bf..31427861f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/user_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/user_apps.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
 use serde::Serialize;
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::{CorruptedInstalledSageApp, ListedSageApp, SageApp, SageAppCommonView, SharedSageApp, SystemSageAppView, UserSageApp, UserSageAppPendingUpdateView, UserSageAppSource};
+use crate::{
+    CorruptedInstalledSageApp, ListedSageApp, SageApp, SageAppCommonView, SharedSageApp,
+    SystemSageAppView, UserSageApp, UserSageAppPendingUpdateView, UserSageAppSource,
+};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
 #[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "camelCase")]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/manifest.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/manifest.rs
index b4a68d3f3..945ad06bd 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/manifest.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/manifest.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use std::path::Path;
 
 use anyhow::{Context, anyhow};
 
-use crate::{bytes_sha256_hex, normalized_optional_string, SageAppManifestFile};
+use crate::{SageAppManifestFile, bytes_sha256_hex, normalized_optional_string};
 
 pub const MAX_APP_FILE_COUNT: usize = 2000;
 pub const MAX_APP_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES: u64 = 50 * 1024 * 1024;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/permission.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/permission.rs
index c460551ba..39be9fa13 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/permission.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/invariants/permission.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 use std::collections::BTreeSet;
 
-use crate::{CapabilityFlags, get_user_capability_definition, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedCapabilities, UserBridgeCapability};
+use crate::{
+    CapabilityFlags, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedCapabilities, UserBridgeCapability,
+    get_user_capability_definition,
+};
 
 pub fn validate_permissions_policy(
     capabilities: impl IntoIterator<Item = UserBridgeCapability>,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/manifest.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/manifest.rs
index ea0b2c5f6..1d6ed8cb4 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/manifest.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/manifest.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,12 @@ use std::path::Path;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::{normalize_optional_manifest_path, normalized_non_empty_string, SageAppAuthor, SageAppDonation, SageRequestedPermissions, validate_declared_manifest_asset_exists, validate_manifest_file_path, validate_manifest_files, validate_package_files_match_manifest, validate_sha256_hex};
+use crate::{
+    SageAppAuthor, SageAppDonation, SageRequestedPermissions, normalize_optional_manifest_path,
+    normalized_non_empty_string, validate_declared_manifest_asset_exists,
+    validate_manifest_file_path, validate_manifest_files, validate_package_files_match_manifest,
+    validate_sha256_hex,
+};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Default, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct SageAppManifestVersion(pub u16);
@@ -357,7 +362,12 @@ pub fn parse_manifest_header_v0_from_value(
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-    use crate::{SageAppManifestFile, SageAppManifestSageVersion, SageAppManifestVersion, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions, UserBridgeCapability};
+    use crate::{
+        SageAppManifestFile, SageAppManifestSageVersion, SageAppManifestVersion,
+        SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
+        SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions,
+        UserBridgeCapability,
+    };
 
     fn sample_manifest_file(path: &str, size: u64) -> SageAppManifestFile {
         SageAppManifestFile::new(path.to_string(), "a".repeat(64), size).unwrap()
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/granted.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/granted.rs
index 483a56ae7..f119b8950 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/granted.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/granted.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,11 @@ use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
 use super::{SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions};
-use crate::{build_user_grantable_capability_set, get_user_capability_definition, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SharedCapabilitiesExt, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability, validate_permissions_policy};
+use crate::{
+    SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SharedCapabilitiesExt, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability,
+    build_user_grantable_capability_set, get_user_capability_definition,
+    validate_permissions_policy,
+};
 
 pub type NetworkWhitelistByNetwork = BTreeMap<String, BTreeSet<SageNetworkWhitelistEntry>>;
 
@@ -394,7 +398,10 @@ impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for SageGrantedNetworkPermissions {
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
-    use crate::{SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions, SageRequestedPermissions};
+    use crate::{
+        SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedCapabilities, SageRequestedNetworkPermissions,
+        SageRequestedPermissions,
+    };
 
     #[test]
     fn granted_permissions_reject_unrequested_shared_network_whitelist_entry() {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/requested.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/requested.rs
index a9cd32476..fc73449f8 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/requested.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/permissions/requested.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,11 @@ use std::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet};
 use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
-use crate::{get_user_capability_definition, SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist, split_required_optional_set, UserBridgeCapability, validate_network_id, validate_permissions_policy, validate_requested_capabilities_are_requestable};
+use crate::{
+    SageNetworkWhitelistEntry, SageRequestedNetworkWhitelist, UserBridgeCapability,
+    get_user_capability_definition, split_required_optional_set, validate_network_id,
+    validate_permissions_policy, validate_requested_capabilities_are_requestable,
+};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
diff --git a/rust_out b/rust_out
deleted file mode 100755
index b58b7b3b8316471ebfabd597ef70942c4b2c163e..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
GIT binary patch
literal 0
HcmV?d00001

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From f565a48394a66fc4747e57aeb7c3a50e47ca7cf2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Rigidity <me@rigidnetwork.com>
Date: Sun, 31 May 2026 17:48:23 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 448/471] Fixes

---
 .cursor/rules/imports.mdc                     |  7 +--
 .../methods/system/app_install/install_zip.rs | 10 ++--
 crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs                   | 46 +++++++++++++++----
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs     |  1 -
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry.rs    |  4 --
 .../sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/types.rs | 38 ---------------
 6 files changed, 45 insertions(+), 61 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/types.rs

diff --git a/.cursor/rules/imports.mdc b/.cursor/rules/imports.mdc
index 4fe96aa7e..9ad83322f 100644
--- a/.cursor/rules/imports.mdc
+++ b/.cursor/rules/imports.mdc
@@ -8,12 +8,13 @@ alwaysApply: false
 
 For Rust files:
 
+- `crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs` is exempt from this rule.
 - Group imports as `std`, external crates, then `crate`, with blank lines between groups.
-- Put `mod` groups before `use` groups.
+- Put `mod` groups first, then `pub use`, then less-visible `use` groups.
 - Within each `mod`/`use` group, don't add blank lines; only separate groups.
-- Group statements of the same kind by visibility, most visible first (`pub`, `pub(crate)`, private).
+- After `mod`, group statements of the same kind by visibility, most visible first (`pub`, `pub(crate)`, private).
 - Prefer `use` imports over repeated long paths in signatures/bodies.
-- Import crate-local items directly from `crate` (`use crate::{A, b};`), not `crate::submodule`; use at most one crate brace group per file.
+- Import crate-local items directly from `crate` (`use crate::{A, b};`), not `crate::submodule`; use at most one crate brace group per scope/module.
 - Keep conventional qualifiers when clearer, e.g. `use std::fmt; impl fmt::Display ...`.
 - Put visibility on the item definition, not the re-export, where possible.
 - Re-export child modules with `pub use child::*;` where possible; only use more restrictive re-export visibility if linting shows none of the child items are public.
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/install_zip.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/install_zip.rs
index 5e21d67ea..ae8b64def 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/install_zip.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_install/install_zip.rs
@@ -5,12 +5,12 @@ use serde::Deserialize;
 use specta::Type;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
 
-use super::AppInstallInstallResult;
 use crate::{
-    AppState, AppsHostState, BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext, BridgeHandleResult,
-    BridgeMethod, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError, BridgeTools, Result,
-    RustBridgeRequest, SageAppWalletScope, SageGrantedPermissionsInput, SystemBridgeCapability,
-    UserSageAppView, ZipInstallSource, apps_root, install_app_from_source, parse_required_params,
+    AppInstallInstallResult, AppState, AppsHostState, BridgeApprovalRequestResult, BridgeContext,
+    BridgeHandleResult, BridgeMethod, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeMethodHandleError, BridgeTools,
+    Result, RustBridgeRequest, SageAppWalletScope, SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
+    SystemBridgeCapability, UserSageAppView, ZipInstallSource, apps_root, install_app_from_source,
+    parse_required_params,
 };
 
 #[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Type)]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
index 85a46f452..ff8878c49 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
@@ -14,18 +14,44 @@ mod system_apps;
 mod types;
 mod utils;
 
-pub use bridge::*;
-pub use build::*;
-pub use db::*;
-pub use environment::*;
-pub use host::*;
-pub use lifecycle::*;
-pub use runtime::*;
-pub use sandbox::*;
-pub use security::*;
-pub use settings::*;
+// Commands
+pub use bridge::{apps_invoke_bridge, apps_invoke_system_bridge};
+pub use environment::apps_set_environment_theme;
+pub use lifecycle::{
+    apps_apply_app_update, apps_check_app_update, apps_clear_runtime_browsing_data,
+    apps_list_installed_apps, apps_uninstall_app,
+};
+pub use runtime::{
+    apps_clear_active_taskbar_runtime, apps_dev_reload_runtime, apps_enter_workspace,
+    apps_focus_taskbar_runtime, apps_kill_taskbar_runtime, apps_leave_workspace,
+    apps_list_runtimes, apps_start_system_app, apps_start_user_app,
+};
+pub use sandbox::{apps_get_app_launch_gate, apps_get_sandbox_state, apps_rerun_sandbox_tests};
+pub use settings::{apps_get_auto_update_enabled, apps_set_auto_update_enabled};
 
+// Bridge protocol
+pub use security::{handle_system_app_protocol_request, handle_user_app_protocol_request};
+
+// SDK types
+pub use bridge::{export_system_bridge_typescript, export_user_bridge_typescript};
+
+// Operations
+pub use lifecycle::{process_pending_storage_cleanup, start_background_app_update_checker};
+pub use runtime::process_sage_network_change;
+pub use sandbox::ensure_initial_sandbox_run;
+
+// Docs
+pub use build::generate_docs;
+
+// Internal
+pub(crate) use bridge::*;
 pub(crate) use capabilities::*;
+pub(crate) use db::*;
+pub(crate) use host::*;
+pub(crate) use lifecycle::*;
+pub(crate) use runtime::*;
+pub(crate) use sandbox::*;
+pub(crate) use security::*;
 pub(crate) use storage::*;
 pub(crate) use system_apps::*;
 pub(crate) use types::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs
index c0f794bf9..4b61e4392 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ mod url;
 mod zip;
 
 pub use commands::*;
-pub use url::*;
 
 pub(crate) use zip::*;
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry.rs
index 5a4eb9447..f1d3a4078 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-mod types;
-
-pub use types::*;
-
 use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
 
 use anyhow::Result as AnyResult;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/types.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index eed33a24e..000000000
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/registry/types.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-
-use crate::{SageApp, UserSageApp};
-
-#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
-pub struct PersistedUserSageApp {
-    app: UserSageApp,
-}
-
-impl TryFrom<&SageApp> for PersistedUserSageApp {
-    type Error = anyhow::Error;
-
-    fn try_from(app: &SageApp) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
-        let user_app = app
-            .as_user()
-            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("not a user app"))?;
-
-        Self::try_from(user_app)
-    }
-}
-
-impl TryFrom<&UserSageApp> for PersistedUserSageApp {
-    type Error = anyhow::Error;
-
-    fn try_from(user_app: &UserSageApp) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
-        Ok(Self {
-            app: user_app.clone_durable(),
-        })
-    }
-}
-
-impl TryFrom<PersistedUserSageApp> for UserSageApp {
-    type Error = anyhow::Error;
-
-    fn try_from(persisted: PersistedUserSageApp) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
-        Ok(persisted.app)
-    }
-}

From 30b96755edc87e305cdd984f8996e646e2c2f561 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Rigidity <me@rigidnetwork.com>
Date: Sun, 31 May 2026 17:52:33 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 449/471] Add state back

---
 crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
index ff8878c49..2a613b5c7 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
@@ -14,6 +14,10 @@ mod system_apps;
 mod types;
 mod utils;
 
+// State
+pub use db::AppsDb;
+pub use host::AppsHostState;
+
 // Commands
 pub use bridge::{apps_invoke_bridge, apps_invoke_system_bridge};
 pub use environment::apps_set_environment_theme;

From 450f5f77eb2f305074bc4d014158c1699de4d33b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Thu, 2 Jul 2026 04:45:21 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 450/471] Add support for configurable `builtin-apps` directory
 path

- Introduced `set_builtin_apps_root` to allow dynamic configuration of the `builtin-apps` root directory.
- Updated Tauri app initialization to set `builtin-apps` root from bundled resources directory if available.
- Modified `tauri.conf.json` to include `builtin-apps` in bundled resources.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs   |  1 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/utils.rs | 18 ++++++++++++++++++
 src-tauri/src/lib.rs          | 15 +++++++++++++++
 src-tauri/tauri.conf.json     |  3 +++
 4 files changed, 37 insertions(+)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
index 2a613b5c7..72dac1c52 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@ pub use bridge::{export_system_bridge_typescript, export_user_bridge_typescript}
 pub use lifecycle::{process_pending_storage_cleanup, start_background_app_update_checker};
 pub use runtime::process_sage_network_change;
 pub use sandbox::ensure_initial_sandbox_run;
+pub use utils::set_builtin_apps_root;
 
 // Docs
 pub use build::generate_docs;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/utils.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/utils.rs
index 022c9286f..c73475b2f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/utils.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/utils.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,11 @@
 use std::path::PathBuf;
+use std::sync::OnceLock;
 use std::time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};
 
 use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
 
+static BUILTIN_APPS_ROOT: OnceLock<PathBuf> = OnceLock::new();
+
 pub fn unix_timestamp_ms() -> i64 {
     SystemTime::now()
         .duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)
@@ -39,11 +42,26 @@ pub fn slugify_app_name(name: &str) -> String {
     }
 }
 
+pub fn set_builtin_apps_root(path: impl Into<PathBuf>) {
+    let path = path.into();
+
+    if BUILTIN_APPS_ROOT.set(path.clone()).is_err() {
+        tracing::warn!(
+            "builtin apps root was already initialized; keeping {}",
+            builtin_apps_root().display()
+        );
+    }
+}
+
 pub fn builtin_apps_root() -> PathBuf {
     if let Some(path) = option_env!("SAGE_BUILTIN_APPS_DIST") {
         return PathBuf::from(path);
     }
 
+    if let Some(path) = BUILTIN_APPS_ROOT.get() {
+        return path.clone();
+    }
+
     let manifest_dir = PathBuf::from(env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR"));
 
     manifest_dir
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
index bebdec84b..f9d5a189e 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@ use rustls::crypto::aws_lc_rs::default_provider;
 use sage::Sage;
 use sage_api::SyncEvent;
 use tauri::Manager;
+#[cfg(not(mobile))]
+use tauri::path::BaseDirectory;
 use tauri_specta::{Builder, ErrorHandlingMode, collect_commands, collect_events};
 use tokio::sync::Mutex;
 
@@ -269,6 +271,19 @@ pub fn run() {
 
             #[cfg(not(mobile))]
             {
+                let bundled_builtin_apps = app
+                    .path()
+                    .resolve("builtin-apps", BaseDirectory::Resource)?;
+
+                if bundled_builtin_apps.is_dir() {
+                    apps::set_builtin_apps_root(bundled_builtin_apps);
+                } else {
+                    tracing::warn!(
+                        "bundled builtin apps directory not found at {}; using development path",
+                        bundled_builtin_apps.display()
+                    );
+                }
+
                 let apps_db = tauri::async_runtime::block_on(apps::AppsDb::initialize(&path))
                     .expect("failed to initialize Sage apps database");
 
diff --git a/src-tauri/tauri.conf.json b/src-tauri/tauri.conf.json
index b9c1f3d02..af6d4fe13 100644
--- a/src-tauri/tauri.conf.json
+++ b/src-tauri/tauri.conf.json
@@ -28,6 +28,9 @@
   "bundle": {
     "active": true,
     "targets": "all",
+    "resources": {
+      "../builtin-apps/build/dist": "builtin-apps"
+    },
     "icon": [
       "icons/32x32.png",
       "icons/128x128.png",

From bd75f89e467c0f59ec7571b03c74b80265b8ae84 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Thu, 2 Jul 2026 04:45:55 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 451/471] Update `.po` files with new and adjusted translations
 across multiple locales

- Synced translation changes in `en-US`, `es-MX`, `zh-CN`, and `de-DE` locales.
- Added new entries for "Apps" and adjusted context references for updated components.
- Addressed line number updates and structural changes in `src/components/Nav.tsx` and other related components.
---
 src/locales/de-DE/messages.po | 55 ++++++++++++++++++-----------------
 src/locales/en-US/messages.po | 55 ++++++++++++++++++-----------------
 src/locales/es-MX/messages.po | 55 ++++++++++++++++++-----------------
 src/locales/zh-CN/messages.po | 55 ++++++++++++++++++-----------------
 4 files changed, 116 insertions(+), 104 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/locales/de-DE/messages.po b/src/locales/de-DE/messages.po
index 7a5786268..af69fe189 100644
--- a/src/locales/de-DE/messages.po
+++ b/src/locales/de-DE/messages.po
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ msgstr ""
 #~ msgid "{peerCount, plural, one {# peer} other {# peers}}"
 #~ msgstr ""
 
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:162
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:172
 msgid "{peerCount} peers synced"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -331,7 +331,7 @@ msgstr ""
 msgid "Address to check"
 msgstr ""
 
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:102
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:104
 msgid "Addresses"
 msgstr "Adressen"
 
@@ -388,6 +388,10 @@ msgstr ""
 msgid "Approving"
 msgstr ""
 
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:119
+msgid "Apps"
+msgstr ""
+
 #: src/components/ThemeCard.tsx:204
 msgid "Are you sure you want to delete the theme \"{0}\"?"
 msgstr ""
@@ -500,8 +504,7 @@ msgstr ""
 msgid "Automatically start the RPC server when the app launches"
 msgstr ""
 
-#: src/components/Header.tsx:59
-#: src/components/Header.tsx:141
+#: src/components/Header.tsx:50
 msgid "Back"
 msgstr "Zurück"
 
@@ -1006,11 +1009,11 @@ msgstr ""
 msgid "Connected to {totalPeersCount} peers"
 msgstr "Verbunden mit {totalPeersCount} Peers"
 
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:184
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:194
 msgid "connecting..."
 msgstr "verbinden..."
 
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:164
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:174
 #: src/pages/Settings.tsx:530
 msgid "Connecting..."
 msgstr ""
@@ -1444,7 +1447,7 @@ msgstr "Display Name"
 msgid "Done"
 msgstr "Fertig"
 
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:168
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:178
 msgid "Downloading {checkedFiles} / {totalFiles}"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -2282,13 +2285,13 @@ msgstr ""
 msgid "Login"
 msgstr "Anmelden"
 
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:222
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:228
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:232
 #: src/components/Nav.tsx:238
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:248
 msgid "Logout"
 msgstr "Abmelden"
 
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:42
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:44
 msgid "Main navigation"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -2459,7 +2462,7 @@ msgstr ""
 #~ msgid "Navigate to: {content}"
 #~ msgstr ""
 
-#: src/components/Header.tsx:82
+#: src/components/MobileNavSheet.tsx:42
 msgid "Navigation menu"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -2580,7 +2583,7 @@ msgid "NFT view options"
 msgstr ""
 
 #: src/components/MultiSelectActions.tsx:271
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:58
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:60
 #: src/components/NftGroupCard.tsx:466
 #: src/components/NftPageTitle.tsx:44
 msgid "NFTs"
@@ -2803,7 +2806,7 @@ msgstr ""
 msgid "Offering"
 msgstr ""
 
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:84
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:86
 #: src/pages/Offers.tsx:214
 msgid "Offers"
 msgstr "Offers"
@@ -2925,7 +2928,7 @@ msgstr ""
 msgid "options"
 msgstr ""
 
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:75
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:77
 msgid "Options"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -3043,7 +3046,7 @@ msgstr ""
 #~ msgid "Peak Height"
 #~ msgstr "Höchststand"
 
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:179
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:189
 msgid "peer"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -3051,7 +3054,7 @@ msgstr ""
 msgid "Peer List"
 msgstr "Peer Liste"
 
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:179
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:189
 msgid "peers"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -3198,7 +3201,7 @@ msgstr "Profilname"
 #~ msgid "Profile NFTs"
 #~ msgstr ""
 
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:66
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:68
 #: src/pages/DidList.tsx:66
 msgid "Profiles"
 msgstr "Profile"
@@ -3513,7 +3516,7 @@ msgstr ""
 msgid "Secondary"
 msgstr ""
 
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:153
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:163
 msgid "Secondary navigation"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -3679,7 +3682,7 @@ msgstr ""
 msgid "Set a specific address to send change to"
 msgstr ""
 
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:210
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:220
 #: src/pages/Settings.tsx:108
 msgid "Settings"
 msgstr "Einstellungen"
@@ -3957,7 +3960,7 @@ msgstr "Zusammenfassung"
 msgid "Support for Clawback v2 is limited at this time. Please make sure the recipient supports it before submitting this transaction."
 msgstr ""
 
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:93
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:95
 #: src/pages/Swap.tsx:335
 msgid "Swap"
 msgstr ""
@@ -4011,7 +4014,7 @@ msgstr ""
 msgid "Sync Status"
 msgstr ""
 
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:182
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:192
 msgid "synced to peak {peerMaxHeight}"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -4019,7 +4022,7 @@ msgstr ""
 msgid "Syncing"
 msgstr ""
 
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:172
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:182
 msgid "Syncing {syncedCoins} / {totalCoins}"
 msgstr "{syncedCoins} / {totalCoins} synchronisieren"
 
@@ -4440,7 +4443,7 @@ msgstr ""
 msgid "Toggle multi-select"
 msgstr "Mehrfachauswahl umschalten"
 
-#: src/components/Header.tsx:69
+#: src/components/MobileNavSheet.tsx:27
 msgid "Toggle navigation menu"
 msgstr "Navigationsmenü umschalten"
 
@@ -4591,7 +4594,7 @@ msgstr ""
 #~ msgid "Transaction Time"
 #~ msgstr ""
 
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:110
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:111
 #: src/pages/Transactions.tsx:149
 msgid "Transactions"
 msgstr "Transaktionen"
@@ -4995,7 +4998,7 @@ msgstr ""
 msgid "WAL Pages Checkpointed"
 msgstr ""
 
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:49
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:51
 #: src/components/WalletSwitcher.tsx:217
 #: src/components/WalletSwitcher.tsx:261
 #: src/components/WalletSwitcher.tsx:331
@@ -5067,7 +5070,7 @@ msgstr ""
 msgid "While 12 word mnemonics are sufficiently hard to crack, you can choose to use 24 instead to increase security."
 msgstr "Obwohl 12-Wort-Mnemonics ausreichend schwer zu knacken sind, können Sie sich entscheiden, stattdessen 24 zu verwenden, um die Sicherheit zu erhöhen."
 
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:187
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:197
 msgid "with {syncedCoins} / {totalCoins} coins synced"
 msgstr ""
 
diff --git a/src/locales/en-US/messages.po b/src/locales/en-US/messages.po
index 1cf565ea0..dfc749d75 100644
--- a/src/locales/en-US/messages.po
+++ b/src/locales/en-US/messages.po
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ msgstr "{pageSize} items per page"
 #~ msgid "{peerCount, plural, one {# peer} other {# peers}}"
 #~ msgstr "{peerCount, plural, one {# peer} other {# peers}}"
 
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:162
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:172
 msgid "{peerCount} peers synced"
 msgstr "{peerCount} peers synced"
 
@@ -331,7 +331,7 @@ msgstr "Address not found in your wallet"
 msgid "Address to check"
 msgstr "Address to check"
 
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:102
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:104
 msgid "Addresses"
 msgstr "Addresses"
 
@@ -388,6 +388,10 @@ msgstr "Approve"
 msgid "Approving"
 msgstr "Approving"
 
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:119
+msgid "Apps"
+msgstr "Apps"
+
 #: src/components/ThemeCard.tsx:204
 msgid "Are you sure you want to delete the theme \"{0}\"?"
 msgstr "Are you sure you want to delete the theme \"{0}\"?"
@@ -500,8 +504,7 @@ msgstr "Automatically discover and connect to peers"
 msgid "Automatically start the RPC server when the app launches"
 msgstr "Automatically start the RPC server when the app launches"
 
-#: src/components/Header.tsx:59
-#: src/components/Header.tsx:141
+#: src/components/Header.tsx:50
 msgid "Back"
 msgstr "Back"
 
@@ -1006,11 +1009,11 @@ msgstr "Connect Wallet"
 msgid "Connected to {totalPeersCount} peers"
 msgstr "Connected to {totalPeersCount} peers"
 
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:184
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:194
 msgid "connecting..."
 msgstr "connecting..."
 
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:164
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:174
 #: src/pages/Settings.tsx:530
 msgid "Connecting..."
 msgstr "Connecting..."
@@ -1444,7 +1447,7 @@ msgstr "Display name"
 msgid "Done"
 msgstr "Done"
 
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:168
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:178
 msgid "Downloading {checkedFiles} / {totalFiles}"
 msgstr "Downloading {checkedFiles} / {totalFiles}"
 
@@ -2282,13 +2285,13 @@ msgstr "Log Viewer"
 msgid "Login"
 msgstr "Login"
 
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:222
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:228
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:232
 #: src/components/Nav.tsx:238
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:248
 msgid "Logout"
 msgstr "Logout"
 
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:42
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:44
 msgid "Main navigation"
 msgstr "Main navigation"
 
@@ -2459,7 +2462,7 @@ msgstr "Navigate to: {0}"
 #~ msgid "Navigate to: {content}"
 #~ msgstr "Navigate to: {content}"
 
-#: src/components/Header.tsx:82
+#: src/components/MobileNavSheet.tsx:42
 msgid "Navigation menu"
 msgstr "Navigation menu"
 
@@ -2580,7 +2583,7 @@ msgid "NFT view options"
 msgstr "NFT view options"
 
 #: src/components/MultiSelectActions.tsx:271
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:58
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:60
 #: src/components/NftGroupCard.tsx:466
 #: src/components/NftPageTitle.tsx:44
 msgid "NFTs"
@@ -2803,7 +2806,7 @@ msgstr "Offered in exchange:"
 msgid "Offering"
 msgstr "Offering"
 
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:84
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:86
 #: src/pages/Offers.tsx:214
 msgid "Offers"
 msgstr "Offers"
@@ -2925,7 +2928,7 @@ msgstr "Option Minting"
 msgid "options"
 msgstr "options"
 
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:75
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:77
 msgid "Options"
 msgstr "Options"
 
@@ -3043,7 +3046,7 @@ msgstr "Paying"
 #~ msgid "Peak Height"
 #~ msgstr "Peak Height"
 
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:179
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:189
 msgid "peer"
 msgstr "peer"
 
@@ -3051,7 +3054,7 @@ msgstr "peer"
 msgid "Peer List"
 msgstr "Peer List"
 
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:179
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:189
 msgid "peers"
 msgstr "peers"
 
@@ -3198,7 +3201,7 @@ msgstr "Profile name"
 #~ msgid "Profile NFTs"
 #~ msgstr "Profile NFTs"
 
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:66
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:68
 #: src/pages/DidList.tsx:66
 msgid "Profiles"
 msgstr "Profiles"
@@ -3513,7 +3516,7 @@ msgstr "Search..."
 msgid "Secondary"
 msgstr "Secondary"
 
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:153
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:163
 msgid "Secondary navigation"
 msgstr "Secondary navigation"
 
@@ -3679,7 +3682,7 @@ msgstr "Set a default expiration time for new offers"
 msgid "Set a specific address to send change to"
 msgstr "Set a specific address to send change to"
 
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:210
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:220
 #: src/pages/Settings.tsx:108
 msgid "Settings"
 msgstr "Settings"
@@ -3957,7 +3960,7 @@ msgstr "Summary"
 msgid "Support for Clawback v2 is limited at this time. Please make sure the recipient supports it before submitting this transaction."
 msgstr "Support for Clawback v2 is limited at this time. Please make sure the recipient supports it before submitting this transaction."
 
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:93
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:95
 #: src/pages/Swap.tsx:335
 msgid "Swap"
 msgstr "Swap"
@@ -4011,7 +4014,7 @@ msgstr "Symbol"
 msgid "Sync Status"
 msgstr "Sync Status"
 
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:182
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:192
 msgid "synced to peak {peerMaxHeight}"
 msgstr "synced to peak {peerMaxHeight}"
 
@@ -4019,7 +4022,7 @@ msgstr "synced to peak {peerMaxHeight}"
 msgid "Syncing"
 msgstr "Syncing"
 
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:172
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:182
 msgid "Syncing {syncedCoins} / {totalCoins}"
 msgstr "Syncing {syncedCoins} / {totalCoins}"
 
@@ -4440,7 +4443,7 @@ msgstr "To:"
 msgid "Toggle multi-select"
 msgstr "Toggle multi-select"
 
-#: src/components/Header.tsx:69
+#: src/components/MobileNavSheet.tsx:27
 msgid "Toggle navigation menu"
 msgstr "Toggle navigation menu"
 
@@ -4591,7 +4594,7 @@ msgstr "Transaction submitted successfully"
 #~ msgid "Transaction Time"
 #~ msgstr "Transaction Time"
 
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:110
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:111
 #: src/pages/Transactions.tsx:149
 msgid "Transactions"
 msgstr "Transactions"
@@ -4995,7 +4998,7 @@ msgstr "WAL Pages"
 msgid "WAL Pages Checkpointed"
 msgstr "WAL Pages Checkpointed"
 
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:49
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:51
 #: src/components/WalletSwitcher.tsx:217
 #: src/components/WalletSwitcher.tsx:261
 #: src/components/WalletSwitcher.tsx:331
@@ -5067,7 +5070,7 @@ msgstr "Warning: This is a one-sided offer. You are not requesting anything in r
 msgid "While 12 word mnemonics are sufficiently hard to crack, you can choose to use 24 instead to increase security."
 msgstr "While 12 word mnemonics are sufficiently hard to crack, you can choose to use 24 instead to increase security."
 
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:187
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:197
 msgid "with {syncedCoins} / {totalCoins} coins synced"
 msgstr "with {syncedCoins} / {totalCoins} coins synced"
 
diff --git a/src/locales/es-MX/messages.po b/src/locales/es-MX/messages.po
index 507302e46..641b8f867 100644
--- a/src/locales/es-MX/messages.po
+++ b/src/locales/es-MX/messages.po
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ msgstr "{pageSize} elementos por página"
 #~ msgid "{peerCount, plural, one {# peer} other {# peers}}"
 #~ msgstr "{peerCount, plural, one {# nodo} other {# nodos}}"
 
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:162
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:172
 msgid "{peerCount} peers synced"
 msgstr "{peerCount} nodos sincronizados"
 
@@ -331,7 +331,7 @@ msgstr "Dirección no encontrada en tu billetera"
 msgid "Address to check"
 msgstr "Dirección para verificar"
 
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:102
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:104
 msgid "Addresses"
 msgstr "Direcciones"
 
@@ -388,6 +388,10 @@ msgstr ""
 msgid "Approving"
 msgstr ""
 
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:119
+msgid "Apps"
+msgstr ""
+
 #: src/components/ThemeCard.tsx:204
 msgid "Are you sure you want to delete the theme \"{0}\"?"
 msgstr ""
@@ -500,8 +504,7 @@ msgstr "Descubrir y conectarse automáticamente a nodos"
 msgid "Automatically start the RPC server when the app launches"
 msgstr "Iniciar automáticamente el servidor RPC cuando se inicia la aplicación"
 
-#: src/components/Header.tsx:59
-#: src/components/Header.tsx:141
+#: src/components/Header.tsx:50
 msgid "Back"
 msgstr "Atrás"
 
@@ -1006,11 +1009,11 @@ msgstr "Conectar billetera"
 msgid "Connected to {totalPeersCount} peers"
 msgstr "Conectado a {totalPeersCount} nodos"
 
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:184
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:194
 msgid "connecting..."
 msgstr "conectando..."
 
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:164
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:174
 #: src/pages/Settings.tsx:530
 msgid "Connecting..."
 msgstr "Conectando..."
@@ -1444,7 +1447,7 @@ msgstr "Nombre para mostrar"
 msgid "Done"
 msgstr "Listo"
 
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:168
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:178
 msgid "Downloading {checkedFiles} / {totalFiles}"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -2282,13 +2285,13 @@ msgstr ""
 msgid "Login"
 msgstr "Iniciar sesión"
 
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:222
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:228
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:232
 #: src/components/Nav.tsx:238
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:248
 msgid "Logout"
 msgstr "Cerrar sesión"
 
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:42
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:44
 msgid "Main navigation"
 msgstr "Navegación principal"
 
@@ -2459,7 +2462,7 @@ msgstr ""
 #~ msgid "Navigate to: {content}"
 #~ msgstr ""
 
-#: src/components/Header.tsx:82
+#: src/components/MobileNavSheet.tsx:42
 msgid "Navigation menu"
 msgstr "Menú de navegación"
 
@@ -2580,7 +2583,7 @@ msgid "NFT view options"
 msgstr "Opciones de vista de NFT"
 
 #: src/components/MultiSelectActions.tsx:271
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:58
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:60
 #: src/components/NftGroupCard.tsx:466
 #: src/components/NftPageTitle.tsx:44
 msgid "NFTs"
@@ -2803,7 +2806,7 @@ msgstr ""
 msgid "Offering"
 msgstr ""
 
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:84
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:86
 #: src/pages/Offers.tsx:214
 msgid "Offers"
 msgstr "Ofertas"
@@ -2925,7 +2928,7 @@ msgstr ""
 msgid "options"
 msgstr ""
 
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:75
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:77
 msgid "Options"
 msgstr "Opcioens"
 
@@ -3043,7 +3046,7 @@ msgstr ""
 #~ msgid "Peak Height"
 #~ msgstr "Altura Máxima"
 
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:179
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:189
 msgid "peer"
 msgstr "nodo"
 
@@ -3051,7 +3054,7 @@ msgstr "nodo"
 msgid "Peer List"
 msgstr "Lista de nodos"
 
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:179
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:189
 msgid "peers"
 msgstr "nodos"
 
@@ -3198,7 +3201,7 @@ msgstr "Nombre de perfil"
 #~ msgid "Profile NFTs"
 #~ msgstr "Perfil de NFTs"
 
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:66
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:68
 #: src/pages/DidList.tsx:66
 msgid "Profiles"
 msgstr "Perfiles"
@@ -3513,7 +3516,7 @@ msgstr ""
 msgid "Secondary"
 msgstr ""
 
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:153
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:163
 msgid "Secondary navigation"
 msgstr "Navegación secundaria"
 
@@ -3679,7 +3682,7 @@ msgstr "Establecer un tiempo de expiración predeterminado para las nuevas ofert
 msgid "Set a specific address to send change to"
 msgstr ""
 
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:210
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:220
 #: src/pages/Settings.tsx:108
 msgid "Settings"
 msgstr "Configuración"
@@ -3957,7 +3960,7 @@ msgstr "Resumen"
 msgid "Support for Clawback v2 is limited at this time. Please make sure the recipient supports it before submitting this transaction."
 msgstr ""
 
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:93
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:95
 #: src/pages/Swap.tsx:335
 msgid "Swap"
 msgstr ""
@@ -4011,7 +4014,7 @@ msgstr "Símbolo"
 msgid "Sync Status"
 msgstr ""
 
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:182
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:192
 msgid "synced to peak {peerMaxHeight}"
 msgstr "sincronizado con el pico {peerMaxHeight}"
 
@@ -4019,7 +4022,7 @@ msgstr "sincronizado con el pico {peerMaxHeight}"
 msgid "Syncing"
 msgstr "Sincronizando"
 
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:172
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:182
 msgid "Syncing {syncedCoins} / {totalCoins}"
 msgstr "Sincronizando {syncedCoins} / {totalCoins}"
 
@@ -4440,7 +4443,7 @@ msgstr "Para:"
 msgid "Toggle multi-select"
 msgstr "Alternar selección múltiple"
 
-#: src/components/Header.tsx:69
+#: src/components/MobileNavSheet.tsx:27
 msgid "Toggle navigation menu"
 msgstr "Alternar menú de navegación"
 
@@ -4591,7 +4594,7 @@ msgstr "Transacción enviada con éxito"
 #~ msgid "Transaction Time"
 #~ msgstr "Tiempo de transacción"
 
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:110
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:111
 #: src/pages/Transactions.tsx:149
 msgid "Transactions"
 msgstr "Transacciones"
@@ -4995,7 +4998,7 @@ msgstr ""
 msgid "WAL Pages Checkpointed"
 msgstr ""
 
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:49
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:51
 #: src/components/WalletSwitcher.tsx:217
 #: src/components/WalletSwitcher.tsx:261
 #: src/components/WalletSwitcher.tsx:331
@@ -5067,7 +5070,7 @@ msgstr ""
 msgid "While 12 word mnemonics are sufficiently hard to crack, you can choose to use 24 instead to increase security."
 msgstr "Si bien los mnemotécnicos de 12 palabras son lo suficientemente difíciles de crackear, puedes optar por usar 24 para aumentar la seguridad."
 
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:187
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:197
 msgid "with {syncedCoins} / {totalCoins} coins synced"
 msgstr "con {syncedCoins} / {totalCoins} monedas sincronizadas"
 
diff --git a/src/locales/zh-CN/messages.po b/src/locales/zh-CN/messages.po
index db0d63744..491f5203f 100644
--- a/src/locales/zh-CN/messages.po
+++ b/src/locales/zh-CN/messages.po
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ msgstr ""
 #~ msgid "{peerCount, plural, one {# peer} other {# peers}}"
 #~ msgstr "{peerCount, plural, one {# 节点} other {# 节点}}"
 
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:162
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:172
 msgid "{peerCount} peers synced"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -331,7 +331,7 @@ msgstr ""
 msgid "Address to check"
 msgstr ""
 
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:102
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:104
 msgid "Addresses"
 msgstr "地址"
 
@@ -388,6 +388,10 @@ msgstr ""
 msgid "Approving"
 msgstr ""
 
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:119
+msgid "Apps"
+msgstr ""
+
 #: src/components/ThemeCard.tsx:204
 msgid "Are you sure you want to delete the theme \"{0}\"?"
 msgstr ""
@@ -500,8 +504,7 @@ msgstr ""
 msgid "Automatically start the RPC server when the app launches"
 msgstr ""
 
-#: src/components/Header.tsx:59
-#: src/components/Header.tsx:141
+#: src/components/Header.tsx:50
 msgid "Back"
 msgstr "返回"
 
@@ -1006,11 +1009,11 @@ msgstr ""
 msgid "Connected to {totalPeersCount} peers"
 msgstr "已连接到 {totalPeersCount} 个节点"
 
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:184
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:194
 msgid "connecting..."
 msgstr "连接中..."
 
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:164
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:174
 #: src/pages/Settings.tsx:530
 msgid "Connecting..."
 msgstr ""
@@ -1444,7 +1447,7 @@ msgstr "显示名称"
 msgid "Done"
 msgstr "确定"
 
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:168
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:178
 msgid "Downloading {checkedFiles} / {totalFiles}"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -2282,13 +2285,13 @@ msgstr ""
 msgid "Login"
 msgstr "登录"
 
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:222
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:228
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:232
 #: src/components/Nav.tsx:238
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:248
 msgid "Logout"
 msgstr "退出"
 
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:42
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:44
 msgid "Main navigation"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -2459,7 +2462,7 @@ msgstr ""
 #~ msgid "Navigate to: {content}"
 #~ msgstr ""
 
-#: src/components/Header.tsx:82
+#: src/components/MobileNavSheet.tsx:42
 msgid "Navigation menu"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -2580,7 +2583,7 @@ msgid "NFT view options"
 msgstr ""
 
 #: src/components/MultiSelectActions.tsx:271
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:58
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:60
 #: src/components/NftGroupCard.tsx:466
 #: src/components/NftPageTitle.tsx:44
 msgid "NFTs"
@@ -2803,7 +2806,7 @@ msgstr ""
 msgid "Offering"
 msgstr ""
 
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:84
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:86
 #: src/pages/Offers.tsx:214
 msgid "Offers"
 msgstr "报价"
@@ -2925,7 +2928,7 @@ msgstr ""
 msgid "options"
 msgstr ""
 
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:75
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:77
 msgid "Options"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -3043,7 +3046,7 @@ msgstr ""
 #~ msgid "Peak Height"
 #~ msgstr "最高高度"
 
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:179
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:189
 msgid "peer"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -3051,7 +3054,7 @@ msgstr ""
 msgid "Peer List"
 msgstr "节点列表"
 
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:179
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:189
 msgid "peers"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -3198,7 +3201,7 @@ msgstr "个人资料名称"
 #~ msgid "Profile NFTs"
 #~ msgstr ""
 
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:66
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:68
 #: src/pages/DidList.tsx:66
 msgid "Profiles"
 msgstr "个人资料"
@@ -3513,7 +3516,7 @@ msgstr ""
 msgid "Secondary"
 msgstr ""
 
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:153
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:163
 msgid "Secondary navigation"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -3679,7 +3682,7 @@ msgstr ""
 msgid "Set a specific address to send change to"
 msgstr ""
 
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:210
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:220
 #: src/pages/Settings.tsx:108
 msgid "Settings"
 msgstr "设置"
@@ -3957,7 +3960,7 @@ msgstr "摘要"
 msgid "Support for Clawback v2 is limited at this time. Please make sure the recipient supports it before submitting this transaction."
 msgstr ""
 
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:93
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:95
 #: src/pages/Swap.tsx:335
 msgid "Swap"
 msgstr ""
@@ -4011,7 +4014,7 @@ msgstr ""
 msgid "Sync Status"
 msgstr ""
 
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:182
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:192
 msgid "synced to peak {peerMaxHeight}"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -4019,7 +4022,7 @@ msgstr ""
 msgid "Syncing"
 msgstr ""
 
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:172
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:182
 msgid "Syncing {syncedCoins} / {totalCoins}"
 msgstr "正在同步 {syncedCoins} / {totalCoins}"
 
@@ -4439,7 +4442,7 @@ msgstr ""
 msgid "Toggle multi-select"
 msgstr "切换多重选择"
 
-#: src/components/Header.tsx:69
+#: src/components/MobileNavSheet.tsx:27
 msgid "Toggle navigation menu"
 msgstr "切换导航菜单"
 
@@ -4590,7 +4593,7 @@ msgstr ""
 #~ msgid "Transaction Time"
 #~ msgstr ""
 
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:110
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:111
 #: src/pages/Transactions.tsx:149
 msgid "Transactions"
 msgstr "交易"
@@ -4993,7 +4996,7 @@ msgstr ""
 msgid "WAL Pages Checkpointed"
 msgstr ""
 
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:49
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:51
 #: src/components/WalletSwitcher.tsx:217
 #: src/components/WalletSwitcher.tsx:261
 #: src/components/WalletSwitcher.tsx:331
@@ -5065,7 +5068,7 @@ msgstr ""
 msgid "While 12 word mnemonics are sufficiently hard to crack, you can choose to use 24 instead to increase security."
 msgstr "虽然12个助记词单词已经足够安全, 仍然可以选择使用24个单词来进一步增强安全性."
 
-#: src/components/Nav.tsx:187
+#: src/components/Nav.tsx:197
 msgid "with {syncedCoins} / {totalCoins} coins synced"
 msgstr ""
 

From 659d6ed7ab767f3ba6fb51ec783ca6c0a70feb7b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Thu, 2 Jul 2026 04:55:01 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 452/471] Refactor `generate:bridge-types` script to use
 Node.js for improved cross-platform compatibility

---
 package.json                      | 2 +-
 scripts/generate-bridge-types.mjs | 9 +++++++++
 2 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 create mode 100644 scripts/generate-bridge-types.mjs

diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index 1bfe7eeea..249a9a83d 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
   "scripts": {
     "dev": "vite",
     "dev:system-apps": "node scripts/dev-system-apps-watch.mjs",
-    "generate:bridge-types": "cargo run -p sage-apps --bin export_bridge_types >/dev/null",
+    "generate:bridge-types": "node scripts/generate-bridge-types.mjs",
     "generate:sdk-types": "pnpm --silent --filter @sage-app/sdk run generate:types && pnpm --silent --filter @sage-system-app/sdk run generate:types",
     "generate:types": "pnpm run generate:bridge-types && pnpm run generate:sdk-types",
     "build:packages": "pnpm run generate:types && pnpm --filter @sage-app/sdk build && pnpm --filter @sage-system-app/sdk build && pnpm --filter @sage-app/ui build",
diff --git a/scripts/generate-bridge-types.mjs b/scripts/generate-bridge-types.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a27a55ab5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scripts/generate-bridge-types.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+import { execFileSync } from 'node:child_process';
+import { resolve } from 'node:path';
+
+const repoRoot = resolve(import.meta.dirname, '..');
+
+execFileSync('cargo', ['run', '-p', 'sage-apps', '--bin', 'export_bridge_types'], {
+  cwd: repoRoot,
+  stdio: ['ignore', 'ignore', 'inherit'],
+});

From d435891cab6fc04f870443090d8ef8751219b4f0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Thu, 2 Jul 2026 05:08:48 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 453/471] Add `generate_docs` binary and integrate app docs
 generation into build process

- Introduced a new `generate_docs` binary in `sage-apps` for generating Sage app documentation.
- Updated `build.rs` to remove in-process docs generation in favor of the new binary.
- Modified `package.json` to include `generate:app-docs` script and integrate docs generation into the `build:builtin-apps` process.
- Added Tauri Android and iOS configuration files with a `beforeBuildCommand` to build the frontend.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/bin/generate_docs.rs | 6 ++++++
 package.json                              | 6 ++++--
 src-tauri/Cargo.toml                      | 3 ---
 src-tauri/build.rs                        | 8 --------
 src-tauri/tauri.android.conf.json         | 8 ++++++++
 src-tauri/tauri.ios.conf.json             | 8 ++++++++
 6 files changed, 26 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/bin/generate_docs.rs
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/tauri.android.conf.json
 create mode 100644 src-tauri/tauri.ios.conf.json

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bin/generate_docs.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bin/generate_docs.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..081c52fda
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bin/generate_docs.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+fn main() {
+    if let Err(err) = sage_apps::generate_docs() {
+        eprintln!("{err}");
+        std::process::exit(1);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index 249a9a83d..9c407ed5b 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -8,13 +8,15 @@
     "dev": "vite",
     "dev:system-apps": "node scripts/dev-system-apps-watch.mjs",
     "generate:bridge-types": "node scripts/generate-bridge-types.mjs",
+    "generate:app-docs": "cargo run -p sage-apps --bin generate_docs",
     "generate:sdk-types": "pnpm --silent --filter @sage-app/sdk run generate:types && pnpm --silent --filter @sage-system-app/sdk run generate:types",
     "generate:types": "pnpm run generate:bridge-types && pnpm run generate:sdk-types",
     "build:packages": "pnpm run generate:types && pnpm --filter @sage-app/sdk build && pnpm --filter @sage-system-app/sdk build && pnpm --filter @sage-app/ui build",
     "build:system-apps": "pnpm --dir builtin-apps/src/system build",
     "build:builtin-static": "node scripts/build-builtin-static.mjs",
-    "build:builtin-apps": "pnpm run build:packages && pnpm run build:system-apps && pnpm run build:builtin-static",
-    "build": "pnpm run build:builtin-apps && tsc -b && vite build",
+    "build:builtin-apps": "pnpm run generate:app-docs && pnpm run build:packages && pnpm run build:system-apps && pnpm run build:builtin-static",
+    "build:frontend": "tsc -b && vite build",
+    "build": "pnpm run build:builtin-apps && pnpm run build:frontend",
     "tauri:dev": "pnpm run build && concurrently -k -n SYSTEM,TAURI -c yellow,cyan \"pnpm dev:system-apps\" \"tauri dev\"",
     "tauri:build": "pnpm build && tauri build",
     "lint": "eslint .",
diff --git a/src-tauri/Cargo.toml b/src-tauri/Cargo.toml
index 205d73d41..f85299317 100644
--- a/src-tauri/Cargo.toml
+++ b/src-tauri/Cargo.toml
@@ -69,8 +69,5 @@ tauri-plugin-sage = { workspace = true }
 tauri-build = { workspace = true, features = [] }
 glob = { workspace = true }
 
-[target.'cfg(not(any(target_os = "android", target_os = "ios")))'.build-dependencies]
-sage-apps = { workspace = true }
-
 [package.metadata.cargo-machete]
 ignored = ["serde_json", "aws-lc-rs"]
diff --git a/src-tauri/build.rs b/src-tauri/build.rs
index 574f8bcd2..af33e9017 100644
--- a/src-tauri/build.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/build.rs
@@ -36,13 +36,5 @@ fn setup_x86_64_android_workaround() {
 fn main() {
     setup_x86_64_android_workaround();
 
-    println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed=../crates/sage-apps/src/bridge");
-    println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed=../crates/sage-apps/src/permissions");
-    println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed=../crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs");
-
-    if let Err(err) = sage_apps::generate_docs() {
-        panic!("failed to generate Sage app docs: {err}");
-    }
-
     tauri_build::build();
 }
diff --git a/src-tauri/tauri.android.conf.json b/src-tauri/tauri.android.conf.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..01b2bb381
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/tauri.android.conf.json
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+{
+  "build": {
+    "beforeBuildCommand": "pnpm run build:frontend"
+  },
+  "bundle": {
+    "resources": []
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src-tauri/tauri.ios.conf.json b/src-tauri/tauri.ios.conf.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..01b2bb381
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src-tauri/tauri.ios.conf.json
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+{
+  "build": {
+    "beforeBuildCommand": "pnpm run build:frontend"
+  },
+  "bundle": {
+    "resources": []
+  }
+}

From 2a5a89182329a003db6f4392d2827f0c55a2d353 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Thu, 2 Jul 2026 05:20:09 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 454/471] Add OS-specific feature gating for storage logic and
 streamline conditional imports

---
 crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs                  |  1 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs    | 13 +++++++-----
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs        | 22 +++++++++++---------
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs |  1 +
 4 files changed, 22 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
index 72dac1c52..a29d9bc4b 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lib.rs
@@ -57,6 +57,7 @@ pub(crate) use lifecycle::*;
 pub(crate) use runtime::*;
 pub(crate) use sandbox::*;
 pub(crate) use security::*;
+#[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios", target_os = "windows"))]
 pub(crate) use storage::*;
 pub(crate) use system_apps::*;
 pub(crate) use types::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
index 5acd5cf91..3386372d7 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
@@ -4,16 +4,19 @@ use anyhow::Result as AnyResult;
 #[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios"))]
 use anyhow::anyhow;
 use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State, command};
+#[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios", target_os = "windows"))]
 use uuid::Uuid;
 #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
 use {anyhow::Context, std::fs};
 
 #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
 use crate::data_directory_for;
+#[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios"))]
+use crate::parse_data_store_id;
 use crate::{
     AppMutationManager, AppsHostState, CreateInstalledRuntimeArgs, OriginCleanupRuntimeTarget,
     ResolvedStoppedApp, SageAppStorage, SharedSageApp, find_runtime_by_app_id_optional,
-    fresh_origin_id, parse_data_store_id, resolve_stopped_app, run_origin_cleanup, start_user_app,
+    fresh_origin_id, resolve_stopped_app, run_origin_cleanup, start_user_app,
 };
 
 pub(crate) struct RegisteredSageAppStorage {
@@ -176,20 +179,20 @@ pub async fn process_pending_storage_cleanup(app: &AppHandle, _base_path: &Path)
 }
 
 pub async fn clear_app_storage_by_target(
-    app: &AppHandle,
+    _app: &AppHandle,
     target: &SageAppStorage,
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
     match target {
         #[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios"))]
         SageAppStorage::AppleDataStore { identifier_hex } => {
             let target_id = parse_data_store_id(identifier_hex)?;
-            let existing_ids = app
+            let existing_ids = _app
                 .fetch_data_store_identifiers()
                 .await
                 .map_err(|e| format!("failed to fetch data store identifiers: {e}"))?;
 
             if existing_ids.contains(&target_id) {
-                app.remove_data_store(target_id)
+                _app.remove_data_store(target_id)
                     .await
                     .map_err(|e| format!("failed to remove data store: {e}"))?;
             }
@@ -197,7 +200,7 @@ pub async fn clear_app_storage_by_target(
 
         #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
         SageAppStorage::WindowsProfile { directory_name } => {
-            let app_data_dir = app
+            let app_data_dir = _app
                 .path()
                 .app_data_dir()
                 .map_err(|e| format!("failed to resolve app data dir: {e}"))?;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
index 020bd2379..21df9f2fc 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
@@ -6,15 +6,17 @@ use tauri::{AppHandle, LogicalPosition, LogicalSize, State, WebviewBuilder, Webv
 
 #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
 use crate::data_directory_for;
+#[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios"))]
+use crate::parse_data_store_id;
 use crate::{
     AppMutationManager, AppPresentation, AppsHostState, CreateInstalledRuntimeArgs,
     OriginCleanupRuntimeTarget, ResolvedApp, RuntimeChangeSet, SageAppRuntimeMode,
     SageAppRuntimeRecord, SageAppRuntimeRecordView, SageAppRuntimeVisibility, SageAppStorage,
     SharedRuntime, SharedSageApp, build_entry_src, close_runtime_internal,
     emit_runtime_manager_runtimes_changed, focus_taskbar_runtime, get_sage_window,
-    get_webview_in_sage_window, is_allowed_app_url, parse_data_store_id,
-    remove_runtime_by_runtime_id, remove_runtime_id_by_app_id, resolve_app,
-    rotate_app_storage_and_origin, sandbox, sync_modal_runtime_visibility, write_runtime,
+    get_webview_in_sage_window, is_allowed_app_url, remove_runtime_by_runtime_id,
+    remove_runtime_id_by_app_id, resolve_app, rotate_app_storage_and_origin, sandbox,
+    sync_modal_runtime_visibility, write_runtime,
 };
 
 #[derive(Debug, Type)]
@@ -300,28 +302,28 @@ fn build_storage(
 }
 
 fn build_persistent_storage_target(
-    mut builder: WebviewBuilder<Wry>,
+    builder: WebviewBuilder<Wry>,
     app: &SharedSageApp,
 ) -> Result<WebviewBuilder<Wry>, String> {
     let storage = app.with(|app| app.storage().clone());
 
-    match storage {
+    let builder = match storage {
         #[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios"))]
         SageAppStorage::AppleDataStore { identifier_hex } => {
             let identifier = parse_data_store_id(&identifier_hex)?;
-            builder = builder.data_store_identifier(identifier);
+            builder.data_store_identifier(identifier)
         }
 
         #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
         SageAppStorage::WindowsProfile { directory_name } => {
-            builder = builder.data_directory(data_directory_for(directory_name));
+            builder.data_directory(data_directory_for(directory_name))
         }
 
-        SageAppStorage::Unmanaged => {}
+        SageAppStorage::Unmanaged => builder,
 
         #[allow(unreachable_patterns)]
-        _ => {}
-    }
+        _ => builder,
+    };
 
     Ok(builder)
 }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
index 5e2480f0a..ff3cacbf1 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ use std::path::Path;
 use std::{fs, path::PathBuf};
 
 use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult};
+#[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios"))]
 use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
 
 use crate::{

From 583716872ec0e332932a060085b32c68687406c1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Thu, 2 Jul 2026 05:21:15 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 455/471] Prettier

---
 .../src/runtime/origin-cleanup/index.html     |  18 +-
 .../runtime/origin-cleanup/sage-manifest.json |   1 -
 .../src/sandbox-test/_shared/index.html       |  20 +-
 .../network-allow-a/sage-manifest.json        |   4 +-
 .../sage-manifest.incognito.json              |   1 -
 .../sage-manifest.persistent.json             |   1 -
 .../src/system/apps/app-install/index.html    |  21 +-
 .../app-install/src/components/ErrorState.tsx |   5 +-
 .../src/components/LoadingState.tsx           |   5 +-
 .../system/apps/app-install/src/styles.css    |  12 +-
 .../src/system/apps/app-install/src/types.ts  |   1 -
 .../src/system/apps/app-update/index.html     |  21 +-
 .../src/system/apps/app-update/src/styles.css |  12 +-
 .../system/apps/bridge-approval/index.html    |  18 +-
 .../src/approval/SendXchApprovalCard.tsx      |   5 +-
 .../apps/bridge-approval/src/styles.css       |  12 +-
 .../src/system/apps/donation/index.html       |  18 +-
 .../src/system/apps/donation/src/styles.css   |  12 +-
 .../src/system/apps/sandbox-tests/index.html  |  18 +-
 .../system/apps/sandbox-tests/src/styles.css  |  12 +-
 .../src/system/apps/task-manager/index.html   |  18 +-
 .../system/apps/task-manager/src/styles.css   |   6 +-
 .../apps/task-manager/src/taskManagerApi.ts   |   8 +-
 docs/apps_readme.md                           |   4 +-
 docs/generated/system-bridge-capabilities.md  | 313 +++++++++--------
 docs/generated/system-bridge-methods.md       |  93 +++--
 docs/generated/user-bridge-capabilities.md    | 327 +++++++++---------
 docs/generated/user-bridge-methods.md         |  97 +++---
 .../sage-app-sdk/cli/finalize-manifest.mjs    | 297 ++++++++--------
 packages/sage-app-sdk/src/bridge/core.ts      |   8 +-
 packages/sage-app-sdk/src/global.d.ts         |  10 +-
 packages/sage-app-sdk/src/index.ts            |   5 +-
 .../sage-app-sdk/src/runtime/create-client.ts |   2 +-
 packages/sage-app-sdk/src/theme/theme.css     |  20 +-
 .../sage-app-ui/src/components/AppIcon.tsx    |  48 ++-
 .../PermissionsEditor/permissionEntries.ts    |   6 +-
 packages/sage-app-ui/tsup.config.ts           |   2 +-
 packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/global.d.ts  |   8 +-
 packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/types.ts     |   4 +-
 pnpm-workspace.yaml                           |   4 +-
 scripts/generate-bridge-types.mjs             |  12 +-
 src-tauri/capabilities/apps.json              |   5 +-
 src-tauri/capabilities/system-apps.json       |   1 -
 src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx            |  17 +-
 src/components/apps/AppsLaunchpad.tsx         |  11 +-
 src/pages/Apps.tsx                            |   8 +-
 46 files changed, 774 insertions(+), 777 deletions(-)

diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/runtime/origin-cleanup/index.html b/builtin-apps/src/runtime/origin-cleanup/index.html
index 20a67c6eb..1039bb288 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/runtime/origin-cleanup/index.html
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/runtime/origin-cleanup/index.html
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 <!doctype html>
 <html>
-<head>
-  <meta charset="utf-8" />
-  <title>Origin Cleanup</title>
-  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
-</head>
-<body>
-<script type="module" src="./app.js"></script>
-</body>
-</html>
\ No newline at end of file
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8" />
+    <title>Origin Cleanup</title>
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <script type="module" src="./app.js"></script>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/runtime/origin-cleanup/sage-manifest.json b/builtin-apps/src/runtime/origin-cleanup/sage-manifest.json
index e5699dcb6..f860ece78 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/runtime/origin-cleanup/sage-manifest.json
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/runtime/origin-cleanup/sage-manifest.json
@@ -20,4 +20,3 @@
   "files": [],
   "entry": "index.html"
 }
-
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/sandbox-test/_shared/index.html b/builtin-apps/src/sandbox-test/_shared/index.html
index b73c6619b..cdcbb716a 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/sandbox-test/_shared/index.html
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/sandbox-test/_shared/index.html
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 <!doctype html>
 <html>
-<head>
-  <meta charset="utf-8" />
-  <title>Sage Builtin Test App</title>
-  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
-</head>
-<body>
-<script src="debug-tools.js"></script>
-<script type="module" src="./app.js"></script>
-</body>
-</html>
\ No newline at end of file
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8" />
+    <title>Sage Builtin Test App</title>
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <script src="debug-tools.js"></script>
+    <script type="module" src="./app.js"></script>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/sandbox-test/network-allow-a/sage-manifest.json b/builtin-apps/src/sandbox-test/network-allow-a/sage-manifest.json
index ea554a0ed..6c562925b 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/sandbox-test/network-allow-a/sage-manifest.json
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/sandbox-test/network-allow-a/sage-manifest.json
@@ -10,9 +10,7 @@
   "permissions": {
     "network": {
       "whitelist": {
-        "required": [
-          "https://example.com"
-        ]
+        "required": ["https://example.com"]
       }
     },
     "capabilities": {
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/sandbox-test/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.incognito.json b/builtin-apps/src/sandbox-test/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.incognito.json
index c50a494cc..22d121a12 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/sandbox-test/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.incognito.json
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/sandbox-test/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.incognito.json
@@ -15,4 +15,3 @@
   },
   "files": []
 }
-
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/sandbox-test/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.persistent.json b/builtin-apps/src/sandbox-test/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.persistent.json
index a4cfdb8fb..d70a18d50 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/sandbox-test/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.persistent.json
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/sandbox-test/sage-storage-isolation/sage-manifest.persistent.json
@@ -15,4 +15,3 @@
   },
   "files": []
 }
-
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/index.html b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/index.html
index ccd273c36..81e3e4991 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/index.html
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/index.html
@@ -1,15 +1,12 @@
 <!doctype html>
 <html lang="en">
-<head>
-  <meta charset="UTF-8" />
-  <meta
-    name="viewport"
-    content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"
-  />
-  <title>Sage Update Review</title>
-</head>
-<body>
-<div id="root"></div>
-<script type="module" src="/src/main.tsx"></script>
-</body>
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="UTF-8" />
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
+    <title>Sage Update Review</title>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <div id="root"></div>
+    <script type="module" src="/src/main.tsx"></script>
+  </body>
 </html>
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/ErrorState.tsx b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/ErrorState.tsx
index e78078aff..ba27d9364 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/ErrorState.tsx
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/ErrorState.tsx
@@ -2,10 +2,7 @@ import { AppModalShell } from '@sage-app/ui';
 
 export function ErrorState({ error }: { error: string }) {
   return (
-    <AppModalShell
-      appName='Sage'
-      title='Install app failed'
-    >
+    <AppModalShell appName='Sage' title='Install app failed'>
       <div className='rounded-xl border border-destructive/30 bg-destructive/10 p-3 text-sm text-destructive'>
         {error}
       </div>
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/LoadingState.tsx b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/LoadingState.tsx
index c743fe244..a09920f69 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/LoadingState.tsx
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/components/LoadingState.tsx
@@ -2,10 +2,7 @@ import { AppModalShell } from '@sage-app/ui';
 
 export function LoadingState() {
   return (
-    <AppModalShell
-      appName='Sage'
-      title='Install app'
-    >
+    <AppModalShell appName='Sage' title='Install app'>
       <div className='text-sm text-muted-foreground'>Loading installer…</div>
     </AppModalShell>
   );
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/styles.css b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/styles.css
index ad480ae12..ba5d45908 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/styles.css
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/styles.css
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-@import "@sage-app/sdk/theme.css";
+@import '@sage-app/sdk/theme.css';
 @config "../tailwind.config.js";
 
 @tailwind base;
@@ -8,12 +8,12 @@
 html,
 body,
 #root {
-    width: 100%;
-    height: 100%;
-    margin: 0;
+  width: 100%;
+  height: 100%;
+  margin: 0;
 }
 
 body {
-    overflow: hidden;
-    background: transparent;
+  overflow: hidden;
+  background: transparent;
 }
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/types.ts b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/types.ts
index 8dd55ef4c..0be3e72f1 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/types.ts
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-install/src/types.ts
@@ -17,4 +17,3 @@ export type LoadState =
       source: InstallSource;
     }
   | { kind: 'error'; error: string };
-
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/index.html b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/index.html
index ccd273c36..81e3e4991 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/index.html
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/index.html
@@ -1,15 +1,12 @@
 <!doctype html>
 <html lang="en">
-<head>
-  <meta charset="UTF-8" />
-  <meta
-    name="viewport"
-    content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"
-  />
-  <title>Sage Update Review</title>
-</head>
-<body>
-<div id="root"></div>
-<script type="module" src="/src/main.tsx"></script>
-</body>
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="UTF-8" />
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
+    <title>Sage Update Review</title>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <div id="root"></div>
+    <script type="module" src="/src/main.tsx"></script>
+  </body>
 </html>
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/styles.css b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/styles.css
index ad480ae12..ba5d45908 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/styles.css
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/styles.css
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-@import "@sage-app/sdk/theme.css";
+@import '@sage-app/sdk/theme.css';
 @config "../tailwind.config.js";
 
 @tailwind base;
@@ -8,12 +8,12 @@
 html,
 body,
 #root {
-    width: 100%;
-    height: 100%;
-    margin: 0;
+  width: 100%;
+  height: 100%;
+  margin: 0;
 }
 
 body {
-    overflow: hidden;
-    background: transparent;
+  overflow: hidden;
+  background: transparent;
 }
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/index.html b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/index.html
index 02397c5e0..bf71a152d 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/index.html
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/index.html
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 <!doctype html>
 <html lang="en">
-<head>
-  <meta charset="UTF-8" />
-  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
-  <title>Bridge Approval</title>
-</head>
-<body>
-<div id="root"></div>
-<script type="module" src="./src/main.tsx"></script>
-</body>
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="UTF-8" />
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
+    <title>Bridge Approval</title>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <div id="root"></div>
+    <script type="module" src="./src/main.tsx"></script>
+  </body>
 </html>
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/src/approval/SendXchApprovalCard.tsx b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/src/approval/SendXchApprovalCard.tsx
index 2153bbd23..f23e10df3 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/src/approval/SendXchApprovalCard.tsx
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/src/approval/SendXchApprovalCard.tsx
@@ -66,10 +66,7 @@ export function SendXchApprovalCard({ approval, appName, expanded }: Props) {
         <ApprovalDetailRow label='To' value={summary.address} mono breakAll />
         {hasFee ? <ApprovalDetailRow label='Fee' value={summary.fee} /> : null}
         {hasMemos ? (
-          <ApprovalDetailRow
-            label='Memos'
-            value={`${memos.length} attached`}
-          />
+          <ApprovalDetailRow label='Memos' value={`${memos.length} attached`} />
         ) : null}
       </div>
 
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/src/styles.css b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/src/styles.css
index ad480ae12..ba5d45908 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/src/styles.css
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/bridge-approval/src/styles.css
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-@import "@sage-app/sdk/theme.css";
+@import '@sage-app/sdk/theme.css';
 @config "../tailwind.config.js";
 
 @tailwind base;
@@ -8,12 +8,12 @@
 html,
 body,
 #root {
-    width: 100%;
-    height: 100%;
-    margin: 0;
+  width: 100%;
+  height: 100%;
+  margin: 0;
 }
 
 body {
-    overflow: hidden;
-    background: transparent;
+  overflow: hidden;
+  background: transparent;
 }
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/donation/index.html b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/donation/index.html
index 1ad69eba6..8dda8285f 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/donation/index.html
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/donation/index.html
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 <!doctype html>
 <html lang="en">
-<head>
-  <meta charset="UTF-8" />
-  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
-  <title>Donation</title>
-</head>
-<body>
-<div id="root"></div>
-<script type="module" src="./src/main.tsx"></script>
-</body>
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="UTF-8" />
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
+    <title>Donation</title>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <div id="root"></div>
+    <script type="module" src="./src/main.tsx"></script>
+  </body>
 </html>
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/donation/src/styles.css b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/donation/src/styles.css
index ad480ae12..ba5d45908 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/donation/src/styles.css
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/donation/src/styles.css
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-@import "@sage-app/sdk/theme.css";
+@import '@sage-app/sdk/theme.css';
 @config "../tailwind.config.js";
 
 @tailwind base;
@@ -8,12 +8,12 @@
 html,
 body,
 #root {
-    width: 100%;
-    height: 100%;
-    margin: 0;
+  width: 100%;
+  height: 100%;
+  margin: 0;
 }
 
 body {
-    overflow: hidden;
-    background: transparent;
+  overflow: hidden;
+  background: transparent;
 }
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/sandbox-tests/index.html b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/sandbox-tests/index.html
index 2d6a74f26..4fa772c4e 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/sandbox-tests/index.html
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/sandbox-tests/index.html
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 <!doctype html>
 <html lang="en">
-<head>
-  <meta charset="UTF-8" />
-  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
-  <title>Sandbox Tests</title>
-</head>
-<body>
-<div id="root"></div>
-<script type="module" src="./src/main.tsx"></script>
-</body>
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="UTF-8" />
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
+    <title>Sandbox Tests</title>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <div id="root"></div>
+    <script type="module" src="./src/main.tsx"></script>
+  </body>
 </html>
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/sandbox-tests/src/styles.css b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/sandbox-tests/src/styles.css
index ad480ae12..ba5d45908 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/sandbox-tests/src/styles.css
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/sandbox-tests/src/styles.css
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-@import "@sage-app/sdk/theme.css";
+@import '@sage-app/sdk/theme.css';
 @config "../tailwind.config.js";
 
 @tailwind base;
@@ -8,12 +8,12 @@
 html,
 body,
 #root {
-    width: 100%;
-    height: 100%;
-    margin: 0;
+  width: 100%;
+  height: 100%;
+  margin: 0;
 }
 
 body {
-    overflow: hidden;
-    background: transparent;
+  overflow: hidden;
+  background: transparent;
 }
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/task-manager/index.html b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/task-manager/index.html
index fe053d619..326a6058c 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/task-manager/index.html
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/task-manager/index.html
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 <!doctype html>
 <html>
-<head>
-  <meta charset="UTF-8" />
-  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
-  <title>Task Manager</title>
-</head>
-<body>
-<div id="root"></div>
-<script type="module" src="./src/main.tsx"></script>
-</body>
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="UTF-8" />
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
+    <title>Task Manager</title>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <div id="root"></div>
+    <script type="module" src="./src/main.tsx"></script>
+  </body>
 </html>
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/task-manager/src/styles.css b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/task-manager/src/styles.css
index 614527a13..44d34a339 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/task-manager/src/styles.css
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/task-manager/src/styles.css
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-@import "@sage-app/sdk/theme.css";
+@import '@sage-app/sdk/theme.css';
 @config "../tailwind.config.js";
 
 @tailwind base;
@@ -8,9 +8,9 @@
 html,
 body,
 #root {
-    min-height: 100%;
+  min-height: 100%;
 }
 
 body {
-    margin: 0;
+  margin: 0;
 }
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/task-manager/src/taskManagerApi.ts b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/task-manager/src/taskManagerApi.ts
index 615b92e6b..877c8f5d0 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/task-manager/src/taskManagerApi.ts
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/task-manager/src/taskManagerApi.ts
@@ -20,13 +20,17 @@ export async function listRuntimes(): Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecordView[]> {
   return await client.runtimeManager.listRuntimes();
 }
 
-export async function focusRuntime(appId: string): Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecordView> {
+export async function focusRuntime(
+  appId: string,
+): Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecordView> {
   return await client.runtimeManager.focusRuntime({
     appId,
   } satisfies RuntimeTargetParams);
 }
 
-export async function hideRuntime(appId: string): Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecordView> {
+export async function hideRuntime(
+  appId: string,
+): Promise<SageAppRuntimeRecordView> {
   return await client.runtimeManager.hideRuntime({
     appId,
   } satisfies RuntimeTargetParams);
diff --git a/docs/apps_readme.md b/docs/apps_readme.md
index d91bcf8fa..1dc2e500d 100644
--- a/docs/apps_readme.md
+++ b/docs/apps_readme.md
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@ sage-manifest.json
 ```
 
 Edit:
+
 - app name
 - permissions (capabilities)
 - entry point
@@ -93,6 +94,7 @@ Available capabilities and bridge methods:
 - `docs/generated/user-*.md`
 
 These define:
+
 - what your app can request
 - what the bridge allows you to do
 
@@ -109,4 +111,4 @@ https://github.com/Hadamcik/sage-permission-probe
 ## Feedback
 
 This is early — if something is confusing, missing, or breaks:
-open an issue or reach out.
\ No newline at end of file
+open an issue or reach out.
diff --git a/docs/generated/system-bridge-capabilities.md b/docs/generated/system-bridge-capabilities.md
index daea9e572..0e598bb31 100644
--- a/docs/generated/system-bridge-capabilities.md
+++ b/docs/generated/system-bridge-capabilities.md
@@ -6,12 +6,12 @@
 
 Allows the system app to inspect running Sage app runtimes.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `false` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `false` |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `runtime_manager.focus_taskbar_runtime`
@@ -20,12 +20,12 @@ Allows the system app to inspect running Sage app runtimes.
 
 Allows the system app to focus running Sage taskbar app runtime.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `false` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `false` |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `runtime_manager.hide_runtime`
@@ -34,12 +34,12 @@ Allows the system app to focus running Sage taskbar app runtime.
 
 Allows the system app to hide running Sage app runtime.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `false` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `false` |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `runtime_manager.kill_runtime`
@@ -48,12 +48,12 @@ Allows the system app to hide running Sage app runtime.
 
 Allows the system app to stop running Sage app runtime.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `false` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `false` |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `runtime_manager.get_active_taskbar_runtime`
@@ -62,12 +62,12 @@ Allows the system app to stop running Sage app runtime.
 
 Allows the system app to retrieve the currently active Sage app runtime.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `false` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `false` |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `runtime_manager.listen_runtimes_changed`
@@ -76,12 +76,12 @@ Allows the system app to retrieve the currently active Sage app runtime.
 
 Allows the system app to receive events when Sage app runtimes change.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `false` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `false` |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `runtime_manager.listen_active_runtime_changed`
@@ -90,12 +90,12 @@ Allows the system app to receive events when Sage app runtimes change.
 
 Allows the system app to receive events when the active Sage app runtime changes.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `false` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `false` |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `runtime_manager.hide_self`
@@ -104,12 +104,12 @@ Allows the system app to receive events when the active Sage app runtime changes
 
 Allows the system app to hide its own runtime.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `false` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `false` |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `runtime_manager.close_self`
@@ -118,12 +118,12 @@ Allows the system app to hide its own runtime.
 
 Allows the system app to close its own runtime.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `false` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `false` |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `capability_definitions.read`
@@ -132,12 +132,12 @@ Allows the system app to close its own runtime.
 
 Allows the system app to read Sage capability definitions.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `false` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `false` |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `app_permissions.read`
@@ -146,12 +146,12 @@ Allows the system app to read Sage capability definitions.
 
 Allows the system app to read app permissions for review.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `false` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `false` |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `app_permissions.apply`
@@ -160,12 +160,12 @@ Allows the system app to read app permissions for review.
 
 Allows the system app to apply reviewed app permission changes.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `false` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `false` |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `app_install.preview`
@@ -174,12 +174,12 @@ Allows the system app to apply reviewed app permission changes.
 
 Allows the system app to preview URL and ZIP app installations.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `false` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `false` |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `app_install.apply`
@@ -188,12 +188,12 @@ Allows the system app to preview URL and ZIP app installations.
 
 Allows the system app to install Sage apps after review.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `false` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `false` |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `app_update.read`
@@ -202,12 +202,12 @@ Allows the system app to install Sage apps after review.
 
 Allows the system app to read update information for installed Sage apps.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `false` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `false` |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `app_update.apply`
@@ -216,12 +216,12 @@ Allows the system app to read update information for installed Sage apps.
 
 Allows the system app to download and apply approved Sage app updates.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `false` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `false` |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `app_registry.listen_listed_apps_changed`
@@ -230,12 +230,12 @@ Allows the system app to download and apply approved Sage app updates.
 
 Allows the system app to receive events when installed/listed Sage apps change.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `false` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `false` |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `file_system.select_file`
@@ -244,12 +244,12 @@ Allows the system app to receive events when installed/listed Sage apps change.
 
 Allows the system app to ask the user to select a local file.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `false` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `false` |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `bridge_approval.list`
@@ -258,12 +258,12 @@ Allows the system app to ask the user to select a local file.
 
 Allows the system app to list pending bridge approvals.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `false` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `false` |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `bridge_approval.resolve`
@@ -272,12 +272,12 @@ Allows the system app to list pending bridge approvals.
 
 Allows the system app to resolve a pending bridge approval.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `false` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `false` |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `bridge_approval.listen_changed`
@@ -286,12 +286,12 @@ Allows the system app to resolve a pending bridge approval.
 
 Allows the system app to listen for changes in pending bridge approvals.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `false` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `false` |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `donation.get_details`
@@ -300,12 +300,12 @@ Allows the system app to listen for changes in pending bridge approvals.
 
 Allows the system app to retrieve details to send donation.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `false` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `false` |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `sandbox.get_state`
@@ -314,12 +314,12 @@ Allows the system app to retrieve details to send donation.
 
 Allows the system app to read Sage app sandbox test state.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `false` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `false` |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `sandbox.rerun_tests`
@@ -328,12 +328,12 @@ Allows the system app to read Sage app sandbox test state.
 
 Allows the system app to re-run Sage app sandbox tests.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `false` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `false` |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `sandbox.listen_state_changed`
@@ -342,12 +342,12 @@ Allows the system app to re-run Sage app sandbox tests.
 
 Allows the system app to receive events when sandbox test state changes.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `false` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `false` |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `wallet.list_wallets`
@@ -356,11 +356,10 @@ Allows the system app to receive events when sandbox test state changes.
 
 Allows the system app to list wallets available in Sage.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `false` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `false` |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
-
diff --git a/docs/generated/system-bridge-methods.md b/docs/generated/system-bridge-methods.md
index cd1613f48..30b9a3f15 100644
--- a/docs/generated/system-bridge-methods.md
+++ b/docs/generated/system-bridge-methods.md
@@ -2,139 +2,138 @@
 
 ## `appInstall.installUrl`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value               |
+| ---------- | ------------------- |
 | Capability | `app_install.apply` |
 
 ## `appInstall.installZip`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value               |
+| ---------- | ------------------- |
 | Capability | `app_install.apply` |
 
 ## `appInstall.previewUrl`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value                 |
+| ---------- | --------------------- |
 | Capability | `app_install.preview` |
 
 ## `appInstall.previewZip`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value                 |
+| ---------- | --------------------- |
 | Capability | `app_install.preview` |
 
 ## `appPermissions.applyPermissions`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value                   |
+| ---------- | ----------------------- |
 | Capability | `app_permissions.apply` |
 
 ## `appPermissions.getReviewContext`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value                  |
+| ---------- | ---------------------- |
 | Capability | `app_permissions.read` |
 
 ## `appUpdate.applyUpdate`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value              |
+| ---------- | ------------------ |
 | Capability | `app_update.apply` |
 
 ## `appUpdate.getReviewContext`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value             |
+| ---------- | ----------------- |
 | Capability | `app_update.read` |
 
 ## `bridgeApprovals.listPending`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value                  |
+| ---------- | ---------------------- |
 | Capability | `bridge_approval.list` |
 
 ## `bridgeApprovals.resolve`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value                     |
+| ---------- | ------------------------- |
 | Capability | `bridge_approval.resolve` |
 
 ## `capabilities.listUserDefinitions`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value                         |
+| ---------- | ----------------------------- |
 | Capability | `capability_definitions.read` |
 
 ## `donations.getDetails`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value                  |
+| ---------- | ---------------------- |
 | Capability | `donation.get_details` |
 
 ## `fileSystem.selectFile`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value                     |
+| ---------- | ------------------------- |
 | Capability | `file_system.select_file` |
 
 ## `runtimeManager.closeSelf`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value                        |
+| ---------- | ---------------------------- |
 | Capability | `runtime_manager.close_self` |
 
 ## `runtimeManager.focusTaskbarRuntime`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value                                   |
+| ---------- | --------------------------------------- |
 | Capability | `runtime_manager.focus_taskbar_runtime` |
 
 ## `runtimeManager.getActiveTaskbarRuntime`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value                                        |
+| ---------- | -------------------------------------------- |
 | Capability | `runtime_manager.get_active_taskbar_runtime` |
 
 ## `runtimeManager.hideRuntime`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value                          |
+| ---------- | ------------------------------ |
 | Capability | `runtime_manager.hide_runtime` |
 
 ## `runtimeManager.hideSelf`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value                       |
+| ---------- | --------------------------- |
 | Capability | `runtime_manager.hide_self` |
 
 ## `runtimeManager.killRuntime`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value                          |
+| ---------- | ------------------------------ |
 | Capability | `runtime_manager.kill_runtime` |
 
 ## `runtimeManager.listRuntimes`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value                           |
+| ---------- | ------------------------------- |
 | Capability | `runtime_manager.list_runtimes` |
 
 ## `sandbox.getState`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value               |
+| ---------- | ------------------- |
 | Capability | `sandbox.get_state` |
 
 ## `sandbox.rerunTests`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value                 |
+| ---------- | --------------------- |
 | Capability | `sandbox.rerun_tests` |
 
 ## `wallet.listWallets`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value                 |
+| ---------- | --------------------- |
 | Capability | `wallet.list_wallets` |
-
diff --git a/docs/generated/user-bridge-capabilities.md b/docs/generated/user-bridge-capabilities.md
index c8ebfbf4b..867463c3c 100644
--- a/docs/generated/user-bridge-capabilities.md
+++ b/docs/generated/user-bridge-capabilities.md
@@ -6,12 +6,12 @@
 
 Allows the app to send messages through the Sage bridge. (Only for sandbox tests)
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `false` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `false` |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `app.get_info`
@@ -20,12 +20,12 @@ Allows the app to send messages through the Sage bridge. (Only for sandbox tests
 
 Allows the app to read its Sage app identity and permission information.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `false` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `false` |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `app.lifecycle.ready_to_stop`
@@ -34,12 +34,12 @@ Allows the app to read its Sage app identity and permission information.
 
 Allows the app to acknowledge that it is ready to stop after a lifecycle request.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `false` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `false` |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `app.lifecycle.set_before_stop_listener`
@@ -48,12 +48,12 @@ Allows the app to acknowledge that it is ready to stop after a lifecycle request
 
 Allows the app to register a before-stop lifecycle listener.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `false` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `false` |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `app.get_capabilities`
@@ -62,12 +62,12 @@ Allows the app to register a before-stop lifecycle listener.
 
 Allows the app to read the capabilities currently visible to it.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `false` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `false` |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `app.request_capability_grant`
@@ -76,12 +76,12 @@ Allows the app to read the capabilities currently visible to it.
 
 Allows the app to request a capability grant after installation.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `false` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `false` |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `app.request_network_whitelist_grant`
@@ -90,12 +90,12 @@ Allows the app to request a capability grant after installation.
 
 Allows the app to request access to an additional network target after installation.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `false` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `false` |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `wallet.get_key`
@@ -104,12 +104,12 @@ Allows the app to request access to an additional network target after installat
 
 Allows the app to read public information about a wallet key.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `true` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `true`  |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `wallet.get_secret_key`
@@ -118,13 +118,13 @@ Allows the app to read public information about a wallet key.
 
 Allows the app to read wallet secrets, including the mnemonic or private key when available.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `true` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
-| Accesses sensitive secret | `true` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `true`  |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
+| Accesses sensitive secret | `true`  |
 
 ## `wallet.send_xch`
 
@@ -132,12 +132,12 @@ Allows the app to read wallet secrets, including the mnemonic or private key whe
 
 Allows the app to request XCH transactions from your wallet.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `true` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `true` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `true`  |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `true`  |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `wallet.send_xch_auto_submit`
@@ -146,12 +146,12 @@ Allows the app to request XCH transactions from your wallet.
 
 Allows the app to submit XCH transactions without asking for per-transaction approval.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `false` |
-| User grantable | `true` |
-| Shared with app | `false` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `false` |
+| User grantable            | `true`  |
+| Shared with app           | `false` |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `wallet.get_sync_status`
@@ -160,12 +160,12 @@ Allows the app to submit XCH transactions without asking for per-transaction app
 
 Allows the app to read wallet sync status and current wallet balance summary.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `true` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `true`  |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `wallet.get_version`
@@ -174,12 +174,12 @@ Allows the app to read wallet sync status and current wallet balance summary.
 
 Allows the app to read the current Sage wallet version.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `true` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `true`  |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `wallet.get_xch_usd_price`
@@ -188,12 +188,12 @@ Allows the app to read the current Sage wallet version.
 
 Allows the app to read the current estimated XCH price in USD.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `false` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `false` |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `wallet.check_address`
@@ -202,12 +202,12 @@ Allows the app to read the current estimated XCH price in USD.
 
 Allows the app to validate whether an address belongs to this wallet.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `true` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `true`  |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `wallet.get_derivations`
@@ -216,12 +216,12 @@ Allows the app to validate whether an address belongs to this wallet.
 
 Allows the app to read wallet derivation records and addresses.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `true` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `true`  |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `wallet.get_spendable_coin_count`
@@ -230,12 +230,12 @@ Allows the app to read wallet derivation records and addresses.
 
 Allows the app to read the number of spendable coins in the wallet.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `true` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `true`  |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `wallet.get_coins_by_ids`
@@ -244,12 +244,12 @@ Allows the app to read the number of spendable coins in the wallet.
 
 Allows the app to read specific wallet coin records by coin ID.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `true` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `true`  |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `wallet.get_coins`
@@ -258,12 +258,12 @@ Allows the app to read specific wallet coin records by coin ID.
 
 Allows the app to list wallet coins.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `true` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `true`  |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `wallet.get_pending_transactions`
@@ -272,12 +272,12 @@ Allows the app to list wallet coins.
 
 Allows the app to read pending wallet transactions.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `true` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `true`  |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `wallet.get_transaction`
@@ -286,12 +286,12 @@ Allows the app to read pending wallet transactions.
 
 Allows the app to read a wallet transaction by height.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `true` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `true`  |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `wallet.get_transactions`
@@ -300,12 +300,12 @@ Allows the app to read a wallet transaction by height.
 
 Allows the app to list wallet transactions.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `true` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `true`  |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `environment.theme.get_current`
@@ -314,12 +314,12 @@ Allows the app to list wallet transactions.
 
 Allows the app to read Sage's current theme.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `false` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `false` |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `environment.theme.css_vars`
@@ -328,12 +328,12 @@ Allows the app to read Sage's current theme.
 
 Allows Sage to inject current theme CSS variables into the app runtime.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `false` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `false` |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `environment.theme.listen_changed`
@@ -342,12 +342,12 @@ Allows Sage to inject current theme CSS variables into the app runtime.
 
 Allows the app to receive events when Sage's theme changes.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `false` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `false` |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `environment.get_network`
@@ -356,12 +356,12 @@ Allows the app to receive events when Sage's theme changes.
 
 Allows the app to read Sage's currently active network information.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `false` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `false` |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `storage.persistent_webview`
@@ -370,11 +370,10 @@ Allows the app to read Sage's currently active network information.
 
 Allows the app to store data on this device between sessions.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `true` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `true`  |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
-
diff --git a/docs/generated/user-bridge-methods.md b/docs/generated/user-bridge-methods.md
index e79061097..93a878c5a 100644
--- a/docs/generated/user-bridge-methods.md
+++ b/docs/generated/user-bridge-methods.md
@@ -2,145 +2,144 @@
 
 ## `app.getCapabilities`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value                  |
+| ---------- | ---------------------- |
 | Capability | `app.get_capabilities` |
 
 ## `app.getInfo`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value          |
+| ---------- | -------------- |
 | Capability | `app.get_info` |
 
 ## `app.lifecycle.readyToStop`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value                         |
+| ---------- | ----------------------------- |
 | Capability | `app.lifecycle.ready_to_stop` |
 
 ## `app.lifecycle.setBeforeStopListener`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value                                    |
+| ---------- | ---------------------------------------- |
 | Capability | `app.lifecycle.set_before_stop_listener` |
 
 ## `app.requestCapabilityGrant`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value                          |
+| ---------- | ------------------------------ |
 | Capability | `app.request_capability_grant` |
 
 ## `app.requestNetworkWhitelistGrant`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value                                 |
+| ---------- | ------------------------------------- |
 | Capability | `app.request_network_whitelist_grant` |
 
 ## `bridge.ping`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value     |
+| ---------- | --------- |
 | Capability | `ungated` |
 
 ## `bridge.send`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value         |
+| ---------- | ------------- |
 | Capability | `bridge.send` |
 
 ## `environment.getNetwork`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value                     |
+| ---------- | ------------------------- |
 | Capability | `environment.get_network` |
 
 ## `environment.theme.getCurrent`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value                           |
+| ---------- | ------------------------------- |
 | Capability | `environment.theme.get_current` |
 
 ## `wallet.checkAddress`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value                  |
+| ---------- | ---------------------- |
 | Capability | `wallet.check_address` |
 
 ## `wallet.getCoins`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value              |
+| ---------- | ------------------ |
 | Capability | `wallet.get_coins` |
 
 ## `wallet.getCoinsByIds`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value                     |
+| ---------- | ------------------------- |
 | Capability | `wallet.get_coins_by_ids` |
 
 ## `wallet.getDerivations`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value                    |
+| ---------- | ------------------------ |
 | Capability | `wallet.get_derivations` |
 
 ## `wallet.getKey`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value            |
+| ---------- | ---------------- |
 | Capability | `wallet.get_key` |
 
 ## `wallet.getPendingTransactions`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value                             |
+| ---------- | --------------------------------- |
 | Capability | `wallet.get_pending_transactions` |
 
 ## `wallet.getSecretKey`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value                   |
+| ---------- | ----------------------- |
 | Capability | `wallet.get_secret_key` |
 
 ## `wallet.getSpendableCoinCount`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value                             |
+| ---------- | --------------------------------- |
 | Capability | `wallet.get_spendable_coin_count` |
 
 ## `wallet.getSyncStatus`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value                    |
+| ---------- | ------------------------ |
 | Capability | `wallet.get_sync_status` |
 
 ## `wallet.getTransaction`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value                    |
+| ---------- | ------------------------ |
 | Capability | `wallet.get_transaction` |
 
 ## `wallet.getTransactions`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value                     |
+| ---------- | ------------------------- |
 | Capability | `wallet.get_transactions` |
 
 ## `wallet.getVersion`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value                |
+| ---------- | -------------------- |
 | Capability | `wallet.get_version` |
 
 ## `wallet.getXchUsdPrice`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value                      |
+| ---------- | -------------------------- |
 | Capability | `wallet.get_xch_usd_price` |
 
 ## `wallet.sendXch`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value             |
+| ---------- | ----------------- |
 | Capability | `wallet.send_xch` |
-
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/cli/finalize-manifest.mjs b/packages/sage-app-sdk/cli/finalize-manifest.mjs
index f30550c74..2b6538a6a 100755
--- a/packages/sage-app-sdk/cli/finalize-manifest.mjs
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/cli/finalize-manifest.mjs
@@ -9,195 +9,198 @@ const MAX_FILE_COUNT = 2000;
 const MAX_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES = 50 * 1024 * 1024;
 
 function fail(message) {
-    console.error(`Error: ${message}`);
-    process.exit(1);
+  console.error(`Error: ${message}`);
+  process.exit(1);
 }
 
 function printHelp() {
-    console.log(`
+  console.log(
+    `
 Usage:
   sage-app finalize-manifest --source ./sage-manifest.json --dist ./dist [--out ./dist/sage-manifest.json]
 
 Commands:
   finalize-manifest   Generate final sage-manifest.json from source manifest and built dist files
-`.trim());
+`.trim(),
+  );
 }
 
 function parseArgs(argv) {
-    if (argv.length === 0) {
-        printHelp();
-        process.exit(1);
-    }
-
-    const command = argv[0];
-    const rest = argv.slice(1);
-
-    if (command !== 'finalize-manifest') {
-        fail(`Unknown command: ${command}`);
-    }
-
-    const args = {
-        source: null,
-        dist: null,
-        out: null,
-    };
-
-    for (let i = 0; i < rest.length; i += 1) {
-        const arg = rest[i];
-
-        if (arg === '--source') {
-            args.source = rest[++i] ?? null;
-        } else if (arg === '--dist') {
-            args.dist = rest[++i] ?? null;
-        } else if (arg === '--out') {
-            args.out = rest[++i] ?? null;
-        } else if (arg === '--help' || arg === '-h') {
-            printHelp();
-            process.exit(0);
-        } else {
-            fail(`Unknown argument: ${arg}`);
-        }
-    }
-
-    if (!args.source) {
-        fail('Missing --source');
-    }
-
-    if (!args.dist) {
-        fail('Missing --dist');
-    }
-
-    if (!args.out) {
-        args.out = path.join(args.dist, 'sage-manifest.json');
-    }
-
-    return args;
+  if (argv.length === 0) {
+    printHelp();
+    process.exit(1);
+  }
+
+  const command = argv[0];
+  const rest = argv.slice(1);
+
+  if (command !== 'finalize-manifest') {
+    fail(`Unknown command: ${command}`);
+  }
+
+  const args = {
+    source: null,
+    dist: null,
+    out: null,
+  };
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < rest.length; i += 1) {
+    const arg = rest[i];
+
+    if (arg === '--source') {
+      args.source = rest[++i] ?? null;
+    } else if (arg === '--dist') {
+      args.dist = rest[++i] ?? null;
+    } else if (arg === '--out') {
+      args.out = rest[++i] ?? null;
+    } else if (arg === '--help' || arg === '-h') {
+      printHelp();
+      process.exit(0);
+    } else {
+      fail(`Unknown argument: ${arg}`);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (!args.source) {
+    fail('Missing --source');
+  }
+
+  if (!args.dist) {
+    fail('Missing --dist');
+  }
+
+  if (!args.out) {
+    args.out = path.join(args.dist, 'sage-manifest.json');
+  }
+
+  return args;
 }
 
 function sha256File(filePath) {
-    const hash = crypto.createHash('sha256');
-    const data = fs.readFileSync(filePath);
-    hash.update(data);
-    return hash.digest('hex');
+  const hash = crypto.createHash('sha256');
+  const data = fs.readFileSync(filePath);
+  hash.update(data);
+  return hash.digest('hex');
 }
 
 function walkFiles(rootDir, currentDir = rootDir) {
-    const out = [];
-    const entries = fs.readdirSync(currentDir, { withFileTypes: true });
-
-    for (const entry of entries) {
-        const abs = path.join(currentDir, entry.name);
-
-        if (entry.isDirectory()) {
-            out.push(...walkFiles(rootDir, abs));
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        if (!entry.isFile()) {
-            continue;
-        }
+  const out = [];
+  const entries = fs.readdirSync(currentDir, { withFileTypes: true });
 
-        const rel = path.relative(rootDir, abs).split(path.sep).join('/');
+  for (const entry of entries) {
+    const abs = path.join(currentDir, entry.name);
 
-        if (rel === 'manifest.json' || rel === 'sage-manifest.json') {
-            continue;
-        }
+    if (entry.isDirectory()) {
+      out.push(...walkFiles(rootDir, abs));
+      continue;
+    }
 
-        out.push({
-            abs,
-            rel,
-        });
+    if (!entry.isFile()) {
+      continue;
     }
 
-    return out;
-}
+    const rel = path.relative(rootDir, abs).split(path.sep).join('/');
 
-function validateSourceManifest(manifest) {
-    if (!manifest || typeof manifest !== 'object' || Array.isArray(manifest)) {
-        fail('Source manifest must be an object');
+    if (rel === 'manifest.json' || rel === 'sage-manifest.json') {
+      continue;
     }
 
-    if (typeof manifest.name !== 'string' || manifest.name.trim() === '') {
-        fail('Source manifest name must be a non-empty string');
-    }
+    out.push({
+      abs,
+      rel,
+    });
+  }
 
-    if (typeof manifest.version !== 'string' || manifest.version.trim() === '') {
-        fail('Source manifest version must be a non-empty string');
-    }
+  return out;
+}
 
-    if (
-        manifest.permissions != null &&
-        (typeof manifest.permissions !== 'object' || Array.isArray(manifest.permissions))
-    ) {
-        fail('Source manifest permissions must be an object if provided');
-    }
+function validateSourceManifest(manifest) {
+  if (!manifest || typeof manifest !== 'object' || Array.isArray(manifest)) {
+    fail('Source manifest must be an object');
+  }
+
+  if (typeof manifest.name !== 'string' || manifest.name.trim() === '') {
+    fail('Source manifest name must be a non-empty string');
+  }
+
+  if (typeof manifest.version !== 'string' || manifest.version.trim() === '') {
+    fail('Source manifest version must be a non-empty string');
+  }
+
+  if (
+    manifest.permissions != null &&
+    (typeof manifest.permissions !== 'object' ||
+      Array.isArray(manifest.permissions))
+  ) {
+    fail('Source manifest permissions must be an object if provided');
+  }
 }
 
 function main() {
-    const args = parseArgs(process.argv.slice(2));
-
-    const sourcePath = path.resolve(args.source);
-    const distDir = path.resolve(args.dist);
-    const outPath = path.resolve(args.out);
+  const args = parseArgs(process.argv.slice(2));
 
-    if (!fs.existsSync(sourcePath)) {
-        fail(`Source manifest not found: ${sourcePath}`);
-    }
+  const sourcePath = path.resolve(args.source);
+  const distDir = path.resolve(args.dist);
+  const outPath = path.resolve(args.out);
 
-    if (!fs.existsSync(distDir) || !fs.statSync(distDir).isDirectory()) {
-        fail(`Dist directory not found: ${distDir}`);
-    }
+  if (!fs.existsSync(sourcePath)) {
+    fail(`Source manifest not found: ${sourcePath}`);
+  }
 
-    const sourceStat = fs.statSync(sourcePath);
-    if (sourceStat.size > MAX_MANIFEST_SIZE_BYTES) {
-        fail(`Source manifest exceeds ${MAX_MANIFEST_SIZE_BYTES} bytes`);
-    }
+  if (!fs.existsSync(distDir) || !fs.statSync(distDir).isDirectory()) {
+    fail(`Dist directory not found: ${distDir}`);
+  }
 
-    const sourceManifest = JSON.parse(fs.readFileSync(sourcePath, 'utf8'));
-    validateSourceManifest(sourceManifest);
+  const sourceStat = fs.statSync(sourcePath);
+  if (sourceStat.size > MAX_MANIFEST_SIZE_BYTES) {
+    fail(`Source manifest exceeds ${MAX_MANIFEST_SIZE_BYTES} bytes`);
+  }
 
-    const walked = walkFiles(distDir).sort((a, b) => a.rel.localeCompare(b.rel));
-
-    if (walked.length === 0) {
-        fail(`No files found in dist directory: ${distDir}`);
-    }
+  const sourceManifest = JSON.parse(fs.readFileSync(sourcePath, 'utf8'));
+  validateSourceManifest(sourceManifest);
 
-    if (walked.length > MAX_FILE_COUNT) {
-        fail(`File count ${walked.length} exceeds limit of ${MAX_FILE_COUNT}`);
-    }
+  const walked = walkFiles(distDir).sort((a, b) => a.rel.localeCompare(b.rel));
 
-    let totalSize = 0;
+  if (walked.length === 0) {
+    fail(`No files found in dist directory: ${distDir}`);
+  }
 
-    const files = walked.map(({ abs, rel }) => {
-        const stat = fs.statSync(abs);
-        const size = stat.size;
-        totalSize += size;
+  if (walked.length > MAX_FILE_COUNT) {
+    fail(`File count ${walked.length} exceeds limit of ${MAX_FILE_COUNT}`);
+  }
 
-        return {
-            path: rel,
-            sha256: sha256File(abs),
-            size,
-        };
-    });
+  let totalSize = 0;
 
-    if (totalSize > MAX_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES) {
-        fail(
-            `Total snapshot size ${totalSize} exceeds limit of ${MAX_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES} bytes`,
-        );
-    }
+  const files = walked.map(({ abs, rel }) => {
+    const stat = fs.statSync(abs);
+    const size = stat.size;
+    totalSize += size;
 
-    const finalManifest = {
-        ...sourceManifest,
-        permissions: sourceManifest.permissions ?? {},
-        files,
+    return {
+      path: rel,
+      sha256: sha256File(abs),
+      size,
     };
-
-    fs.mkdirSync(path.dirname(outPath), { recursive: true });
-    fs.writeFileSync(outPath, JSON.stringify(finalManifest, null, 2) + '\n');
-
-    console.log(`Wrote ${outPath}`);
-    console.log(`Included ${files.length} files`);
-    console.log(`Total size ${totalSize} bytes`);
+  });
+
+  if (totalSize > MAX_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES) {
+    fail(
+      `Total snapshot size ${totalSize} exceeds limit of ${MAX_TOTAL_SIZE_BYTES} bytes`,
+    );
+  }
+
+  const finalManifest = {
+    ...sourceManifest,
+    permissions: sourceManifest.permissions ?? {},
+    files,
+  };
+
+  fs.mkdirSync(path.dirname(outPath), { recursive: true });
+  fs.writeFileSync(outPath, JSON.stringify(finalManifest, null, 2) + '\n');
+
+  console.log(`Wrote ${outPath}`);
+  console.log(`Included ${files.length} files`);
+  console.log(`Total size ${totalSize} bytes`);
 }
 
 main();
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/bridge/core.ts b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/bridge/core.ts
index 1440ec1a3..0529d9b94 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/bridge/core.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/bridge/core.ts
@@ -189,12 +189,8 @@ export function createBridgeRuntimeCore(
                 result,
               );
               resolve(response.result as T);
-            }
-            else {
-              const response = toSdkBridgeErrorResponse(
-                config.version,
-                result,
-              );
+            } else {
+              const response = toSdkBridgeErrorResponse(config.version, result);
               reject(new Error(response.error.message));
             }
           }
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/global.d.ts b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/global.d.ts
index 79f0933bb..48f0be47f 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/global.d.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/global.d.ts
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 import type { SageAppInfo, SageClient } from './types';
 
 declare global {
-    interface Window {
-        __SAGE__?: SageClient;
-        __SAGE_APP_INFO__?: SageAppInfo;
-        __SAGE_RUNTIME_BRIDGE_INITIALIZED__?: boolean;
-    }
+  interface Window {
+    __SAGE__?: SageClient;
+    __SAGE_APP_INFO__?: SageAppInfo;
+    __SAGE_RUNTIME_BRIDGE_INITIALIZED__?: boolean;
+  }
 }
 
 export {};
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/index.ts b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/index.ts
index bccfd560d..3d210c4f3 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/index.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/index.ts
@@ -9,10 +9,7 @@ export {
   hasSageBridge,
 } from './client';
 
-export {
-  createBridgeRuntimeCore,
-  parseJsonOrNull,
-} from './bridge/core';
+export { createBridgeRuntimeCore, parseJsonOrNull } from './bridge/core';
 
 export * from './types';
 export * from './hooks';
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime/create-client.ts b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime/create-client.ts
index d29f7fb1f..e4211a1e0 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime/create-client.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/runtime/create-client.ts
@@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ export function createSageClient(core: BridgeRuntimeCore): SageClient {
         return callHost<Generated.EnvironmentGetNetworkResult>(
           'environment.getNetwork',
         );
-      }
+      },
     },
   };
 }
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/theme/theme.css b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/theme/theme.css
index 4ef7ed38e..e7f68f0cb 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/theme/theme.css
+++ b/packages/sage-app-sdk/src/theme/theme.css
@@ -1,21 +1,21 @@
 html,
 body,
 #root {
-    background: transparent;
+  background: transparent;
 }
 
 body {
-    margin: 0;
-    color: hsl(var(--foreground));
+  margin: 0;
+  color: hsl(var(--foreground));
 }
 
 @layer base {
-    * {
-        border-color: hsl(var(--border));
-    }
+  * {
+    border-color: hsl(var(--border));
+  }
 
-    body {
-        background: transparent;
-        color: hsl(var(--foreground));
-    }
+  body {
+    background: transparent;
+    color: hsl(var(--foreground));
+  }
 }
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/AppIcon.tsx b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/AppIcon.tsx
index e54460c9e..7515eea42 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/AppIcon.tsx
+++ b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/AppIcon.tsx
@@ -10,29 +10,45 @@ export type AppIconBytes = {
   mime: string;
 };
 
-export function AppIcon({ appName, appIcon }: { appName: string, appIcon: AppIcon | null }) {
+export function AppIcon({
+  appName,
+  appIcon,
+}: {
+  appName: string;
+  appIcon: AppIcon | null;
+}) {
   if (!appIcon) {
-    return <AppIconFallback name={appName} className='h-full w-full' />
+    return <AppIconFallback name={appName} className='h-full w-full' />;
   }
   if (appIcon.kind === 'url') {
-    return <AppIconFromUrl
-      name={appName}
-      iconUrl={appIcon.iconUrl}
-      className='h-full w-full'
-    />
+    return (
+      <AppIconFromUrl
+        name={appName}
+        iconUrl={appIcon.iconUrl}
+        className='h-full w-full'
+      />
+    );
   }
   if (appIcon.kind === 'bytes') {
-    return <AppIconFromBytes
-      name={appName}
-      icon={appIcon.icon}
-      className='h-full w-full'
-    />
+    return (
+      <AppIconFromBytes
+        name={appName}
+        icon={appIcon.icon}
+        className='h-full w-full'
+      />
+    );
   }
 
   return <AppIconFallback name={appName} className='h-full w-full' />;
 }
 
-export function AppIconFallback({ name, className }: { name: string; className?: string }) {
+export function AppIconFallback({
+  name,
+  className,
+}: {
+  name: string;
+  className?: string;
+}) {
   return (
     <div className={['flex items-center justify-center', className].join(' ')}>
       {name.trim().charAt(0).toUpperCase() || 'A'}
@@ -88,7 +104,11 @@ export function AppIconFromBytes({
   return <AppIconFromUrl name={name} iconUrl={iconUrl} className={className} />;
 }
 
-export function AppIconFromCommonView({ common }: { common: SageAppCommonView }) {
+export function AppIconFromCommonView({
+  common,
+}: {
+  common: SageAppCommonView;
+}) {
   const icon = common.icon;
 
   if (!icon) {
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/permissionEntries.ts b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/permissionEntries.ts
index f5ac1c8b0..022d3552f 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/permissionEntries.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-app-ui/src/components/PermissionsEditor/permissionEntries.ts
@@ -3,7 +3,11 @@ import type {
   SageNetworkWhitelistEntry,
   UserBridgeCapability,
 } from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
-import type { NetworkPermissionScheme, NetworkPermissionSchemeState, PermissionEntry, } from './types';
+import type {
+  NetworkPermissionScheme,
+  NetworkPermissionSchemeState,
+  PermissionEntry,
+} from './types';
 import { formatCapabilityLeafLabel, networkKey } from './utils';
 
 export function capabilitySensitivityRank(key: string): number {
diff --git a/packages/sage-app-ui/tsup.config.ts b/packages/sage-app-ui/tsup.config.ts
index 6e1e981c2..541a8295e 100644
--- a/packages/sage-app-ui/tsup.config.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-app-ui/tsup.config.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import { defineConfig } from 'tsup';
 
 export default defineConfig({
   entry: {
-    index: 'src/index.ts'
+    index: 'src/index.ts',
   },
   format: ['esm'],
   dts: true,
diff --git a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/global.d.ts b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/global.d.ts
index 7f9cdb8f6..11c57332b 100644
--- a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/global.d.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/global.d.ts
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 import type { SageSystemClient } from './types';
 
 declare global {
-    interface Window {
-        __SAGE_SYSTEM__?: SageSystemClient;
-        __SAGE_SYSTEM_RUNTIME_BRIDGE_INITIALIZED__?: boolean;
-    }
+  interface Window {
+    __SAGE_SYSTEM__?: SageSystemClient;
+    __SAGE_SYSTEM_RUNTIME_BRIDGE_INITIALIZED__?: boolean;
+  }
 }
 
 export {};
diff --git a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/types.ts b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/types.ts
index 4e28f86ea..9286f3e47 100644
--- a/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/types.ts
+++ b/packages/sage-system-app-sdk/src/types.ts
@@ -23,7 +23,9 @@ export type SageSystemRuntimeManagerClient = {
     handler: (event: Generated.RuntimeManagerRuntimesChangedEvent) => void,
   ): () => void;
   onActiveTaskbarRuntimeChanged(
-    handler: (event: Generated.RuntimeManagerActiveTaskbarRuntimeChangedEvent) => void,
+    handler: (
+      event: Generated.RuntimeManagerActiveTaskbarRuntimeChangedEvent,
+    ) => void,
   ): () => void;
   hideSelf(): Promise<void>;
   closeSelf(): Promise<void>;
diff --git a/pnpm-workspace.yaml b/pnpm-workspace.yaml
index 891d86051..1a8dd3d9a 100644
--- a/pnpm-workspace.yaml
+++ b/pnpm-workspace.yaml
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 packages:
-  - "packages/*"
-  - "builtin-apps/src/system"
+  - 'packages/*'
+  - 'builtin-apps/src/system'
diff --git a/scripts/generate-bridge-types.mjs b/scripts/generate-bridge-types.mjs
index a27a55ab5..f8430363c 100644
--- a/scripts/generate-bridge-types.mjs
+++ b/scripts/generate-bridge-types.mjs
@@ -3,7 +3,11 @@ import { resolve } from 'node:path';
 
 const repoRoot = resolve(import.meta.dirname, '..');
 
-execFileSync('cargo', ['run', '-p', 'sage-apps', '--bin', 'export_bridge_types'], {
-  cwd: repoRoot,
-  stdio: ['ignore', 'ignore', 'inherit'],
-});
+execFileSync(
+  'cargo',
+  ['run', '-p', 'sage-apps', '--bin', 'export_bridge_types'],
+  {
+    cwd: repoRoot,
+    stdio: ['ignore', 'ignore', 'inherit'],
+  },
+);
diff --git a/src-tauri/capabilities/apps.json b/src-tauri/capabilities/apps.json
index 4a223fa66..bd360371b 100644
--- a/src-tauri/capabilities/apps.json
+++ b/src-tauri/capabilities/apps.json
@@ -3,8 +3,5 @@
   "identifier": "app-webview",
   "description": "Minimal IPC for installed app windows and embedded user app webviews",
   "webviews": ["app-*"],
-  "permissions": [
-    "core:event:allow-listen",
-    "allow-apps-invoke-bridge"
-  ]
+  "permissions": ["core:event:allow-listen", "allow-apps-invoke-bridge"]
 }
diff --git a/src-tauri/capabilities/system-apps.json b/src-tauri/capabilities/system-apps.json
index 4c40d65ca..1c89755da 100644
--- a/src-tauri/capabilities/system-apps.json
+++ b/src-tauri/capabilities/system-apps.json
@@ -9,4 +9,3 @@
     "allow-apps-invoke-system-bridge"
   ]
 }
-
diff --git a/src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx b/src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx
index f123a0fc4..adba5754c 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/AppTaskBar.tsx
@@ -70,11 +70,16 @@ export function AppTaskBar({
   const [previewOrder, setPreviewOrder] = useState<string[] | null>(null);
   const [tabsViewportWidthPx, setTabsViewportWidthPx] = useState(0);
 
-  const baseOrder = useMemo(() => tabs.map((tab) => tab.app.common.identity.id), [tabs]);
+  const baseOrder = useMemo(
+    () => tabs.map((tab) => tab.app.common.identity.id),
+    [tabs],
+  );
   const activeOrder = previewOrder ?? baseOrder;
 
   const tabsById = useMemo(() => {
-    return new Map(tabs.map((tab) => [tab.app.common.identity.id, tab] as const));
+    return new Map(
+      tabs.map((tab) => [tab.app.common.identity.id, tab] as const),
+    );
   }, [tabs]);
 
   const orderedTabs = useMemo<AppTaskBarTab[]>(() => {
@@ -230,13 +235,7 @@ export function AppTaskBar({
     }
 
     setPreviewOrder(reorderIds(activeOrder, currentIndex, nextIndex));
-  }, [
-    dragState,
-    activeOrder,
-    tabWidthPx,
-    slotSpanPx,
-    totalStripWidthPx,
-  ]);
+  }, [dragState, activeOrder, tabWidthPx, slotSpanPx, totalStripWidthPx]);
 
   return (
     <div className='flex h-12 shrink-0 items-end gap-1 border-b bg-muted/30 px-2 pt-2 md:px-3'>
diff --git a/src/components/apps/AppsLaunchpad.tsx b/src/components/apps/AppsLaunchpad.tsx
index f6dadb36a..3054658c7 100644
--- a/src/components/apps/AppsLaunchpad.tsx
+++ b/src/components/apps/AppsLaunchpad.tsx
@@ -15,9 +15,7 @@ import { AppsPageActionsMenu } from '@/components/apps/AppsPageActionsMenu';
 import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react';
 import { AppTile } from '@/components/apps/AppTile';
 import { formatAppError } from '@/lib/apps/formatAppError.ts';
-import {
-  openAppPermissionsReview,
-} from '@/lib/apps/openAppUpdate.ts';
+import { openAppPermissionsReview } from '@/lib/apps/openAppUpdate.ts';
 
 type UserInstalledEntry = { kind: 'user' } & UserSageAppView;
 type SystemInstalledEntry = { kind: 'system' } & SystemSageAppView;
@@ -139,10 +137,9 @@ export function AppsLaunchpad() {
     ? (busyAppIds[contextMenuAppId] ?? false)
     : false;
 
-  const contextMenuCheckState =
-    contextMenuAppId
-      ? (updateCheckStateByAppId[contextMenuAppId] ?? 'idle')
-      : 'idle';
+  const contextMenuCheckState = contextMenuAppId
+    ? (updateCheckStateByAppId[contextMenuAppId] ?? 'idle')
+    : 'idle';
 
   const contextMenuAppIsRunning = contextMenuAppId
     ? runningAppIds.has(contextMenuAppId)
diff --git a/src/pages/Apps.tsx b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
index e17a3a352..908d0349c 100644
--- a/src/pages/Apps.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/Apps.tsx
@@ -128,9 +128,7 @@ export function Apps() {
     ? (pendingUpdates[activeAppId] ?? { kind: 'none' as const })
     : { kind: 'none' as const };
 
-  const activeBusy = activeAppId
-    ? (busyAppIds[activeAppId] ?? false)
-    : false;
+  const activeBusy = activeAppId ? (busyAppIds[activeAppId] ?? false) : false;
 
   const activeManifest = activeApp?.common.activeSnapshot.manifest;
 
@@ -252,8 +250,8 @@ export function Apps() {
               }}
             >
               {activePendingUpdate.kind === 'requiresReview'
-                  ? 'Review update'
-                  : 'Apply update'}
+                ? 'Review update'
+                : 'Apply update'}
             </Button>
           </AlertDescription>
         </Alert>

From 750758ee7d1304569040f799df86b0886a8d607f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Thu, 2 Jul 2026 14:59:02 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 456/471] Refactor storage logic with OS-specific feature
 gating and streamline function signatures

---
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs | 49 ++++++++++++++++-------
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs     | 43 +++++++++++++++-----
 2 files changed, 69 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
index 3386372d7..9ef89c91f 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/storage.rs
@@ -64,7 +64,15 @@ pub(crate) async fn allocate_new_storage(
     host_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     base_path: &Path,
 ) -> AnyResult<RegisteredSageAppStorage> {
+    #[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios"))]
     let storage = allocate_new_os_storage(app, base_path).await?;
+
+    #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
+    let storage = allocate_new_os_storage(app, base_path)?;
+
+    #[cfg(not(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios", target_os = "windows")))]
+    let storage = allocate_new_os_storage(app, base_path);
+
     let storage_id = host_state.db.register_storage(&storage).await?;
 
     Ok(RegisteredSageAppStorage {
@@ -94,10 +102,7 @@ pub async fn allocate_new_os_storage(
 }
 
 #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
-pub async fn allocate_new_os_storage(
-    _app: &AppHandle,
-    base_path: &Path,
-) -> AnyResult<SageAppStorage> {
+pub fn allocate_new_os_storage(_app: &AppHandle, base_path: &Path) -> AnyResult<SageAppStorage> {
     let profiles_root = base_path.join("profiles");
     fs::create_dir_all(&profiles_root).with_context(|| {
         format!(
@@ -117,11 +122,8 @@ pub async fn allocate_new_os_storage(
 }
 
 #[cfg(not(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios", target_os = "windows")))]
-pub async fn allocate_new_os_storage(
-    _app: &AppHandle,
-    _base_path: &Path,
-) -> AnyResult<SageAppStorage> {
-    Ok(SageAppStorage::Unmanaged)
+pub fn allocate_new_os_storage(_app: &AppHandle, _base_path: &Path) -> SageAppStorage {
+    SageAppStorage::Unmanaged
 }
 
 pub async fn process_pending_storage_cleanup(app: &AppHandle, _base_path: &Path) -> AnyResult<()> {
@@ -157,9 +159,16 @@ pub async fn process_pending_storage_cleanup(app: &AppHandle, _base_path: &Path)
             }
 
             _ => {
+                #[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios"))]
                 clear_app_storage_by_target(app, &target.storage)
                     .await
                     .map_err(anyhow::Error::msg)?;
+
+                #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
+                clear_app_storage_by_target(app, &target.storage).map_err(anyhow::Error::msg)?;
+
+                #[cfg(not(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios", target_os = "windows")))]
+                clear_app_storage_by_target(app, &target.storage);
             }
         }
         tracing::info!(storage_id = target.storage_id, "origin cleanup completed");
@@ -178,12 +187,12 @@ pub async fn process_pending_storage_cleanup(app: &AppHandle, _base_path: &Path)
     Ok(())
 }
 
+#[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios"))]
 pub async fn clear_app_storage_by_target(
     _app: &AppHandle,
     target: &SageAppStorage,
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
     match target {
-        #[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios"))]
         SageAppStorage::AppleDataStore { identifier_hex } => {
             let target_id = parse_data_store_id(identifier_hex)?;
             let existing_ids = _app
@@ -198,6 +207,18 @@ pub async fn clear_app_storage_by_target(
             }
         }
 
+        SageAppStorage::WindowsProfile { .. } | SageAppStorage::Unmanaged => {}
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
+pub fn clear_app_storage_by_target(
+    _app: &AppHandle,
+    target: &SageAppStorage,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    match target {
         #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
         SageAppStorage::WindowsProfile { directory_name } => {
             let app_data_dir = _app
@@ -219,15 +240,15 @@ pub async fn clear_app_storage_by_target(
             }
         }
 
-        SageAppStorage::Unmanaged => {}
-
-        #[allow(unreachable_patterns)]
-        _ => {}
+        SageAppStorage::AppleDataStore { .. } | SageAppStorage::Unmanaged => {}
     }
 
     Ok(())
 }
 
+#[cfg(not(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios", target_os = "windows")))]
+pub fn clear_app_storage_by_target(_app: &AppHandle, _target: &SageAppStorage) {}
+
 pub async fn rotate_stopped_app_storage_and_origin(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
index 21df9f2fc..d01d2ba37 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
@@ -189,8 +189,13 @@ async fn create_runtime_for_app(
     .on_new_window(move |_url, _features| NewWindowResponse::Deny);
 
     let builder = build_initialization_script(builder);
+
+    #[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios"))]
     let builder = build_storage(builder, &app)?;
 
+    #[cfg(not(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios")))]
+    let builder = build_storage(builder, &app);
+
     let (x, y, width, height) = if args.debug_layout {
         debug_layout_for_app(&app.id())
     } else {
@@ -290,6 +295,7 @@ async fn rotate_incognito_app_storage_and_origin_if_needed(
     rotate_app_storage_and_origin(app_handle, apps_state, app).await
 }
 
+#[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios"))]
 fn build_storage(
     builder: WebviewBuilder<Wry>,
     app: &SharedSageApp,
@@ -301,31 +307,50 @@ fn build_storage(
     build_persistent_storage_target(builder, app)
 }
 
+#[cfg(not(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios")))]
+fn build_storage(builder: WebviewBuilder<Wry>, app: &SharedSageApp) -> WebviewBuilder<Wry> {
+    if !app.with(|app| app.common().has_persistent_webview_storage()) {
+        return builder.incognito(true);
+    }
+
+    build_persistent_storage_target(builder, app)
+}
+
+#[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios"))]
 fn build_persistent_storage_target(
     builder: WebviewBuilder<Wry>,
     app: &SharedSageApp,
 ) -> Result<WebviewBuilder<Wry>, String> {
     let storage = app.with(|app| app.storage().clone());
 
-    let builder = match storage {
-        #[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios"))]
+    match storage {
         SageAppStorage::AppleDataStore { identifier_hex } => {
             let identifier = parse_data_store_id(&identifier_hex)?;
-            builder.data_store_identifier(identifier)
+            Ok(builder.data_store_identifier(identifier))
         }
 
+        SageAppStorage::WindowsProfile { .. } | SageAppStorage::Unmanaged => Ok(builder),
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios")))]
+fn build_persistent_storage_target(
+    builder: WebviewBuilder<Wry>,
+    app: &SharedSageApp,
+) -> WebviewBuilder<Wry> {
+    let storage = app.with(|app| app.storage().clone());
+
+    match storage {
         #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
         SageAppStorage::WindowsProfile { directory_name } => {
             builder.data_directory(data_directory_for(directory_name))
         }
 
-        SageAppStorage::Unmanaged => builder,
+        #[cfg(not(target_os = "windows"))]
+        SageAppStorage::WindowsProfile { .. } => builder,
 
-        #[allow(unreachable_patterns)]
-        _ => builder,
-    };
-
-    Ok(builder)
+        SageAppStorage::AppleDataStore { .. } | SageAppStorage::Unmanaged => builder,
+    }
 }
 
 fn build_initialization_script(mut builder: WebviewBuilder<Wry>) -> WebviewBuilder<Wry> {

From 4c57fcc4d24ee2290a82d9d6ad14ddacc98628e3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Thu, 2 Jul 2026 15:20:24 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 457/471] Keep builtin-apps build dist empty dir in git

---
 .gitignore                       | 5 ++++-
 builtin-apps/build/dist/.gitkeep | 1 +
 2 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 create mode 100644 builtin-apps/build/dist/.gitkeep

diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 345d1e575..c52a91498 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -28,4 +28,7 @@ target
 .env
 /test.sqlite*
 
-/builtin-apps/build/
+/builtin-apps/build/*
+!/builtin-apps/build/dist/
+/builtin-apps/build/dist/*
+!/builtin-apps/build/dist/.gitkeep
diff --git a/builtin-apps/build/dist/.gitkeep b/builtin-apps/build/dist/.gitkeep
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8b1378917
--- /dev/null
+++ b/builtin-apps/build/dist/.gitkeep
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+

From 2e8e24c655a18fe990083d98a9f8b683e4fc47b9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Thu, 2 Jul 2026 16:17:26 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 458/471] Add warning for missing built-in system apps root in
 `list_builtin_system_apps`

---
 crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs | 10 ++++++++++
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
index 827ab5536..fb67ad33c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/system_apps.rs
@@ -271,6 +271,16 @@ pub fn build_builtin_system_app(app_id: &str) -> Result<Option<SageApp>, AppBuil
 }
 
 pub fn list_builtin_system_apps() -> AnyResult<Vec<SageApp>> {
+    let system_apps_root = builtin_system_apps_root();
+
+    if !system_apps_root.is_dir() {
+        tracing::warn!(
+            "[list_builtin_system_apps] builtin system apps root is missing: {}",
+            system_apps_root.display()
+        );
+        return Ok(Vec::new());
+    }
+
     let mut out = Vec::new();
 
     for spec in BUILTIN_SYSTEM_APPS {

From c60a2bb8a3e838f1b87fd5dc9c08f672e5a40d1f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Thu, 2 Jul 2026 17:47:45 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 459/471] Remove unused dependencies across multiple crates

---
 Cargo.lock                    | 10 ----------
 crates/sage-apps/Cargo.toml   |  1 -
 crates/sage-assets/Cargo.toml |  1 -
 src-tauri/Cargo.toml          |  8 --------
 4 files changed, 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index c83c506c0..e7762a5cc 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -6367,7 +6367,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "sqlx",
  "tauri",
  "tauri-plugin-dialog",
- "tauri-specta",
  "tempfile",
  "tokio",
  "tracing",
@@ -6380,7 +6379,6 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "sage-assets"
 version = "0.12.11"
 dependencies = [
- "anyhow",
  "base64 0.22.1",
  "chia-wallet-sdk",
  "futures-lite",
@@ -6504,13 +6502,9 @@ name = "sage-tauri"
 version = "0.12.11"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
- "async-trait",
  "aws-lc-rs",
  "chia-wallet-sdk",
- "futures",
  "glob",
- "hex",
- "mime_guess",
  "reqwest 0.12.24",
  "rustls",
  "sage",
@@ -6522,7 +6516,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "sage-wallet",
  "serde",
  "serde_json",
- "sha2",
  "specta",
  "specta-typescript",
  "tauri",
@@ -6542,9 +6535,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "tempfile",
  "tokio",
  "tracing",
- "url",
- "uuid",
- "zip",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/Cargo.toml b/crates/sage-apps/Cargo.toml
index f896ccfbf..617e87997 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/Cargo.toml
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ sage-api = { workspace = true, features = ["tauri"] }
 serde = { workspace = true, features = ["derive"] }
 serde_json = { workspace = true }
 specta = { workspace = true, features = ["derive", "function", "url"] }
-tauri-specta = { workspace = true, features = ["derive"] }
 specta-typescript = { workspace = true }
 tauri = { workspace = true, features = ["macos-private-api"] }
 tauri-plugin-dialog = "2.7.1"
diff --git a/crates/sage-assets/Cargo.toml b/crates/sage-assets/Cargo.toml
index d9d2166db..b6c7fab93 100644
--- a/crates/sage-assets/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/sage-assets/Cargo.toml
@@ -29,4 +29,3 @@ image = { workspace = true }
 webp = { workspace = true }
 tokio = { workspace = true, features = ["sync"] }
 base64 = { workspace = true }
-anyhow = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/src-tauri/Cargo.toml b/src-tauri/Cargo.toml
index f85299317..d75f950f4 100644
--- a/src-tauri/Cargo.toml
+++ b/src-tauri/Cargo.toml
@@ -36,19 +36,11 @@ tracing = { workspace = true }
 anyhow = { workspace = true }
 rustls = { workspace = true }
 reqwest = { workspace = true }
-zip = "8.5.1"
-mime_guess = "2"
-url = "2"
 
 # This is to ensure that the bindgen feature is enabled for the aws-lc-rs crate.
 # https://aws.github.io/aws-lc-rs/platform_support.html#tested-platforms
 aws-lc-rs = { version = "1", features = ["bindgen"] }
 tauri-plugin-sharesheet = "0.0.1"
-futures = "0.3.32"
-uuid = { version = "1.19.0", features = ["v4"] }
-sha2 = "0.10.9"
-hex = { workspace = true }
-async-trait = "0.1.89"
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 tempfile = "3"

From 83ea20537630191a98235d1d892b1435f21ad507 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sun, 5 Jul 2026 01:13:08 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 460/471] Standardize table formatting in auto-generated app
 and system bridge documentation.

---
 docs/generated/system-bridge-capabilities.md | 313 +++++++++---------
 docs/generated/system-bridge-methods.md      |  93 +++---
 docs/generated/user-bridge-capabilities.md   | 327 ++++++++++---------
 docs/generated/user-bridge-methods.md        |  97 +++---
 4 files changed, 417 insertions(+), 413 deletions(-)

diff --git a/docs/generated/system-bridge-capabilities.md b/docs/generated/system-bridge-capabilities.md
index 0e598bb31..daea9e572 100644
--- a/docs/generated/system-bridge-capabilities.md
+++ b/docs/generated/system-bridge-capabilities.md
@@ -6,12 +6,12 @@
 
 Allows the system app to inspect running Sage app runtimes.
 
-| Flag                      | Value   |
-| ------------------------- | ------- |
-| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
-| User grantable            | `false` |
-| Shared with app           | `true`  |
-| Externally observable     | `false` |
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `false` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `runtime_manager.focus_taskbar_runtime`
@@ -20,12 +20,12 @@ Allows the system app to inspect running Sage app runtimes.
 
 Allows the system app to focus running Sage taskbar app runtime.
 
-| Flag                      | Value   |
-| ------------------------- | ------- |
-| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
-| User grantable            | `false` |
-| Shared with app           | `true`  |
-| Externally observable     | `false` |
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `false` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `runtime_manager.hide_runtime`
@@ -34,12 +34,12 @@ Allows the system app to focus running Sage taskbar app runtime.
 
 Allows the system app to hide running Sage app runtime.
 
-| Flag                      | Value   |
-| ------------------------- | ------- |
-| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
-| User grantable            | `false` |
-| Shared with app           | `true`  |
-| Externally observable     | `false` |
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `false` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `runtime_manager.kill_runtime`
@@ -48,12 +48,12 @@ Allows the system app to hide running Sage app runtime.
 
 Allows the system app to stop running Sage app runtime.
 
-| Flag                      | Value   |
-| ------------------------- | ------- |
-| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
-| User grantable            | `false` |
-| Shared with app           | `true`  |
-| Externally observable     | `false` |
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `false` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `runtime_manager.get_active_taskbar_runtime`
@@ -62,12 +62,12 @@ Allows the system app to stop running Sage app runtime.
 
 Allows the system app to retrieve the currently active Sage app runtime.
 
-| Flag                      | Value   |
-| ------------------------- | ------- |
-| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
-| User grantable            | `false` |
-| Shared with app           | `true`  |
-| Externally observable     | `false` |
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `false` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `runtime_manager.listen_runtimes_changed`
@@ -76,12 +76,12 @@ Allows the system app to retrieve the currently active Sage app runtime.
 
 Allows the system app to receive events when Sage app runtimes change.
 
-| Flag                      | Value   |
-| ------------------------- | ------- |
-| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
-| User grantable            | `false` |
-| Shared with app           | `true`  |
-| Externally observable     | `false` |
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `false` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `runtime_manager.listen_active_runtime_changed`
@@ -90,12 +90,12 @@ Allows the system app to receive events when Sage app runtimes change.
 
 Allows the system app to receive events when the active Sage app runtime changes.
 
-| Flag                      | Value   |
-| ------------------------- | ------- |
-| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
-| User grantable            | `false` |
-| Shared with app           | `true`  |
-| Externally observable     | `false` |
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `false` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `runtime_manager.hide_self`
@@ -104,12 +104,12 @@ Allows the system app to receive events when the active Sage app runtime changes
 
 Allows the system app to hide its own runtime.
 
-| Flag                      | Value   |
-| ------------------------- | ------- |
-| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
-| User grantable            | `false` |
-| Shared with app           | `true`  |
-| Externally observable     | `false` |
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `false` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `runtime_manager.close_self`
@@ -118,12 +118,12 @@ Allows the system app to hide its own runtime.
 
 Allows the system app to close its own runtime.
 
-| Flag                      | Value   |
-| ------------------------- | ------- |
-| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
-| User grantable            | `false` |
-| Shared with app           | `true`  |
-| Externally observable     | `false` |
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `false` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `capability_definitions.read`
@@ -132,12 +132,12 @@ Allows the system app to close its own runtime.
 
 Allows the system app to read Sage capability definitions.
 
-| Flag                      | Value   |
-| ------------------------- | ------- |
-| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
-| User grantable            | `false` |
-| Shared with app           | `true`  |
-| Externally observable     | `false` |
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `false` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `app_permissions.read`
@@ -146,12 +146,12 @@ Allows the system app to read Sage capability definitions.
 
 Allows the system app to read app permissions for review.
 
-| Flag                      | Value   |
-| ------------------------- | ------- |
-| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
-| User grantable            | `false` |
-| Shared with app           | `true`  |
-| Externally observable     | `false` |
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `false` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `app_permissions.apply`
@@ -160,12 +160,12 @@ Allows the system app to read app permissions for review.
 
 Allows the system app to apply reviewed app permission changes.
 
-| Flag                      | Value   |
-| ------------------------- | ------- |
-| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
-| User grantable            | `false` |
-| Shared with app           | `true`  |
-| Externally observable     | `false` |
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `false` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `app_install.preview`
@@ -174,12 +174,12 @@ Allows the system app to apply reviewed app permission changes.
 
 Allows the system app to preview URL and ZIP app installations.
 
-| Flag                      | Value   |
-| ------------------------- | ------- |
-| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
-| User grantable            | `false` |
-| Shared with app           | `true`  |
-| Externally observable     | `false` |
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `false` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `app_install.apply`
@@ -188,12 +188,12 @@ Allows the system app to preview URL and ZIP app installations.
 
 Allows the system app to install Sage apps after review.
 
-| Flag                      | Value   |
-| ------------------------- | ------- |
-| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
-| User grantable            | `false` |
-| Shared with app           | `true`  |
-| Externally observable     | `false` |
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `false` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `app_update.read`
@@ -202,12 +202,12 @@ Allows the system app to install Sage apps after review.
 
 Allows the system app to read update information for installed Sage apps.
 
-| Flag                      | Value   |
-| ------------------------- | ------- |
-| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
-| User grantable            | `false` |
-| Shared with app           | `true`  |
-| Externally observable     | `false` |
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `false` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `app_update.apply`
@@ -216,12 +216,12 @@ Allows the system app to read update information for installed Sage apps.
 
 Allows the system app to download and apply approved Sage app updates.
 
-| Flag                      | Value   |
-| ------------------------- | ------- |
-| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
-| User grantable            | `false` |
-| Shared with app           | `true`  |
-| Externally observable     | `false` |
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `false` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `app_registry.listen_listed_apps_changed`
@@ -230,12 +230,12 @@ Allows the system app to download and apply approved Sage app updates.
 
 Allows the system app to receive events when installed/listed Sage apps change.
 
-| Flag                      | Value   |
-| ------------------------- | ------- |
-| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
-| User grantable            | `false` |
-| Shared with app           | `true`  |
-| Externally observable     | `false` |
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `false` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `file_system.select_file`
@@ -244,12 +244,12 @@ Allows the system app to receive events when installed/listed Sage apps change.
 
 Allows the system app to ask the user to select a local file.
 
-| Flag                      | Value   |
-| ------------------------- | ------- |
-| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
-| User grantable            | `false` |
-| Shared with app           | `true`  |
-| Externally observable     | `false` |
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `false` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `bridge_approval.list`
@@ -258,12 +258,12 @@ Allows the system app to ask the user to select a local file.
 
 Allows the system app to list pending bridge approvals.
 
-| Flag                      | Value   |
-| ------------------------- | ------- |
-| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
-| User grantable            | `false` |
-| Shared with app           | `true`  |
-| Externally observable     | `false` |
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `false` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `bridge_approval.resolve`
@@ -272,12 +272,12 @@ Allows the system app to list pending bridge approvals.
 
 Allows the system app to resolve a pending bridge approval.
 
-| Flag                      | Value   |
-| ------------------------- | ------- |
-| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
-| User grantable            | `false` |
-| Shared with app           | `true`  |
-| Externally observable     | `false` |
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `false` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `bridge_approval.listen_changed`
@@ -286,12 +286,12 @@ Allows the system app to resolve a pending bridge approval.
 
 Allows the system app to listen for changes in pending bridge approvals.
 
-| Flag                      | Value   |
-| ------------------------- | ------- |
-| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
-| User grantable            | `false` |
-| Shared with app           | `true`  |
-| Externally observable     | `false` |
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `false` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `donation.get_details`
@@ -300,12 +300,12 @@ Allows the system app to listen for changes in pending bridge approvals.
 
 Allows the system app to retrieve details to send donation.
 
-| Flag                      | Value   |
-| ------------------------- | ------- |
-| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
-| User grantable            | `false` |
-| Shared with app           | `true`  |
-| Externally observable     | `false` |
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `false` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `sandbox.get_state`
@@ -314,12 +314,12 @@ Allows the system app to retrieve details to send donation.
 
 Allows the system app to read Sage app sandbox test state.
 
-| Flag                      | Value   |
-| ------------------------- | ------- |
-| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
-| User grantable            | `false` |
-| Shared with app           | `true`  |
-| Externally observable     | `false` |
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `false` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `sandbox.rerun_tests`
@@ -328,12 +328,12 @@ Allows the system app to read Sage app sandbox test state.
 
 Allows the system app to re-run Sage app sandbox tests.
 
-| Flag                      | Value   |
-| ------------------------- | ------- |
-| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
-| User grantable            | `false` |
-| Shared with app           | `true`  |
-| Externally observable     | `false` |
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `false` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `sandbox.listen_state_changed`
@@ -342,12 +342,12 @@ Allows the system app to re-run Sage app sandbox tests.
 
 Allows the system app to receive events when sandbox test state changes.
 
-| Flag                      | Value   |
-| ------------------------- | ------- |
-| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
-| User grantable            | `false` |
-| Shared with app           | `true`  |
-| Externally observable     | `false` |
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `false` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `wallet.list_wallets`
@@ -356,10 +356,11 @@ Allows the system app to receive events when sandbox test state changes.
 
 Allows the system app to list wallets available in Sage.
 
-| Flag                      | Value   |
-| ------------------------- | ------- |
-| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
-| User grantable            | `false` |
-| Shared with app           | `true`  |
-| Externally observable     | `false` |
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `false` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
+
diff --git a/docs/generated/system-bridge-methods.md b/docs/generated/system-bridge-methods.md
index 30b9a3f15..cd1613f48 100644
--- a/docs/generated/system-bridge-methods.md
+++ b/docs/generated/system-bridge-methods.md
@@ -2,138 +2,139 @@
 
 ## `appInstall.installUrl`
 
-| Field      | Value               |
-| ---------- | ------------------- |
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
 | Capability | `app_install.apply` |
 
 ## `appInstall.installZip`
 
-| Field      | Value               |
-| ---------- | ------------------- |
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
 | Capability | `app_install.apply` |
 
 ## `appInstall.previewUrl`
 
-| Field      | Value                 |
-| ---------- | --------------------- |
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
 | Capability | `app_install.preview` |
 
 ## `appInstall.previewZip`
 
-| Field      | Value                 |
-| ---------- | --------------------- |
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
 | Capability | `app_install.preview` |
 
 ## `appPermissions.applyPermissions`
 
-| Field      | Value                   |
-| ---------- | ----------------------- |
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
 | Capability | `app_permissions.apply` |
 
 ## `appPermissions.getReviewContext`
 
-| Field      | Value                  |
-| ---------- | ---------------------- |
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
 | Capability | `app_permissions.read` |
 
 ## `appUpdate.applyUpdate`
 
-| Field      | Value              |
-| ---------- | ------------------ |
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
 | Capability | `app_update.apply` |
 
 ## `appUpdate.getReviewContext`
 
-| Field      | Value             |
-| ---------- | ----------------- |
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
 | Capability | `app_update.read` |
 
 ## `bridgeApprovals.listPending`
 
-| Field      | Value                  |
-| ---------- | ---------------------- |
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
 | Capability | `bridge_approval.list` |
 
 ## `bridgeApprovals.resolve`
 
-| Field      | Value                     |
-| ---------- | ------------------------- |
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
 | Capability | `bridge_approval.resolve` |
 
 ## `capabilities.listUserDefinitions`
 
-| Field      | Value                         |
-| ---------- | ----------------------------- |
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
 | Capability | `capability_definitions.read` |
 
 ## `donations.getDetails`
 
-| Field      | Value                  |
-| ---------- | ---------------------- |
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
 | Capability | `donation.get_details` |
 
 ## `fileSystem.selectFile`
 
-| Field      | Value                     |
-| ---------- | ------------------------- |
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
 | Capability | `file_system.select_file` |
 
 ## `runtimeManager.closeSelf`
 
-| Field      | Value                        |
-| ---------- | ---------------------------- |
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
 | Capability | `runtime_manager.close_self` |
 
 ## `runtimeManager.focusTaskbarRuntime`
 
-| Field      | Value                                   |
-| ---------- | --------------------------------------- |
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
 | Capability | `runtime_manager.focus_taskbar_runtime` |
 
 ## `runtimeManager.getActiveTaskbarRuntime`
 
-| Field      | Value                                        |
-| ---------- | -------------------------------------------- |
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
 | Capability | `runtime_manager.get_active_taskbar_runtime` |
 
 ## `runtimeManager.hideRuntime`
 
-| Field      | Value                          |
-| ---------- | ------------------------------ |
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
 | Capability | `runtime_manager.hide_runtime` |
 
 ## `runtimeManager.hideSelf`
 
-| Field      | Value                       |
-| ---------- | --------------------------- |
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
 | Capability | `runtime_manager.hide_self` |
 
 ## `runtimeManager.killRuntime`
 
-| Field      | Value                          |
-| ---------- | ------------------------------ |
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
 | Capability | `runtime_manager.kill_runtime` |
 
 ## `runtimeManager.listRuntimes`
 
-| Field      | Value                           |
-| ---------- | ------------------------------- |
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
 | Capability | `runtime_manager.list_runtimes` |
 
 ## `sandbox.getState`
 
-| Field      | Value               |
-| ---------- | ------------------- |
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
 | Capability | `sandbox.get_state` |
 
 ## `sandbox.rerunTests`
 
-| Field      | Value                 |
-| ---------- | --------------------- |
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
 | Capability | `sandbox.rerun_tests` |
 
 ## `wallet.listWallets`
 
-| Field      | Value                 |
-| ---------- | --------------------- |
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
 | Capability | `wallet.list_wallets` |
+
diff --git a/docs/generated/user-bridge-capabilities.md b/docs/generated/user-bridge-capabilities.md
index 867463c3c..c8ebfbf4b 100644
--- a/docs/generated/user-bridge-capabilities.md
+++ b/docs/generated/user-bridge-capabilities.md
@@ -6,12 +6,12 @@
 
 Allows the app to send messages through the Sage bridge. (Only for sandbox tests)
 
-| Flag                      | Value   |
-| ------------------------- | ------- |
-| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
-| User grantable            | `false` |
-| Shared with app           | `true`  |
-| Externally observable     | `false` |
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `false` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `app.get_info`
@@ -20,12 +20,12 @@ Allows the app to send messages through the Sage bridge. (Only for sandbox tests
 
 Allows the app to read its Sage app identity and permission information.
 
-| Flag                      | Value   |
-| ------------------------- | ------- |
-| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
-| User grantable            | `false` |
-| Shared with app           | `true`  |
-| Externally observable     | `false` |
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `false` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `app.lifecycle.ready_to_stop`
@@ -34,12 +34,12 @@ Allows the app to read its Sage app identity and permission information.
 
 Allows the app to acknowledge that it is ready to stop after a lifecycle request.
 
-| Flag                      | Value   |
-| ------------------------- | ------- |
-| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
-| User grantable            | `false` |
-| Shared with app           | `true`  |
-| Externally observable     | `false` |
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `false` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `app.lifecycle.set_before_stop_listener`
@@ -48,12 +48,12 @@ Allows the app to acknowledge that it is ready to stop after a lifecycle request
 
 Allows the app to register a before-stop lifecycle listener.
 
-| Flag                      | Value   |
-| ------------------------- | ------- |
-| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
-| User grantable            | `false` |
-| Shared with app           | `true`  |
-| Externally observable     | `false` |
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `false` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `app.get_capabilities`
@@ -62,12 +62,12 @@ Allows the app to register a before-stop lifecycle listener.
 
 Allows the app to read the capabilities currently visible to it.
 
-| Flag                      | Value   |
-| ------------------------- | ------- |
-| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
-| User grantable            | `false` |
-| Shared with app           | `true`  |
-| Externally observable     | `false` |
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `false` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `app.request_capability_grant`
@@ -76,12 +76,12 @@ Allows the app to read the capabilities currently visible to it.
 
 Allows the app to request a capability grant after installation.
 
-| Flag                      | Value   |
-| ------------------------- | ------- |
-| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
-| User grantable            | `false` |
-| Shared with app           | `true`  |
-| Externally observable     | `false` |
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `false` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `app.request_network_whitelist_grant`
@@ -90,12 +90,12 @@ Allows the app to request a capability grant after installation.
 
 Allows the app to request access to an additional network target after installation.
 
-| Flag                      | Value   |
-| ------------------------- | ------- |
-| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
-| User grantable            | `false` |
-| Shared with app           | `true`  |
-| Externally observable     | `false` |
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `false` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `wallet.get_key`
@@ -104,12 +104,12 @@ Allows the app to request access to an additional network target after installat
 
 Allows the app to read public information about a wallet key.
 
-| Flag                      | Value   |
-| ------------------------- | ------- |
-| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
-| User grantable            | `true`  |
-| Shared with app           | `true`  |
-| Externally observable     | `false` |
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `true` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `wallet.get_secret_key`
@@ -118,13 +118,13 @@ Allows the app to read public information about a wallet key.
 
 Allows the app to read wallet secrets, including the mnemonic or private key when available.
 
-| Flag                      | Value   |
-| ------------------------- | ------- |
-| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
-| User grantable            | `true`  |
-| Shared with app           | `true`  |
-| Externally observable     | `false` |
-| Accesses sensitive secret | `true`  |
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `true` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Accesses sensitive secret | `true` |
 
 ## `wallet.send_xch`
 
@@ -132,12 +132,12 @@ Allows the app to read wallet secrets, including the mnemonic or private key whe
 
 Allows the app to request XCH transactions from your wallet.
 
-| Flag                      | Value   |
-| ------------------------- | ------- |
-| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
-| User grantable            | `true`  |
-| Shared with app           | `true`  |
-| Externally observable     | `true`  |
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `true` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `true` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `wallet.send_xch_auto_submit`
@@ -146,12 +146,12 @@ Allows the app to request XCH transactions from your wallet.
 
 Allows the app to submit XCH transactions without asking for per-transaction approval.
 
-| Flag                      | Value   |
-| ------------------------- | ------- |
-| Requestable by app        | `false` |
-| User grantable            | `true`  |
-| Shared with app           | `false` |
-| Externally observable     | `false` |
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `false` |
+| User grantable | `true` |
+| Shared with app | `false` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `wallet.get_sync_status`
@@ -160,12 +160,12 @@ Allows the app to submit XCH transactions without asking for per-transaction app
 
 Allows the app to read wallet sync status and current wallet balance summary.
 
-| Flag                      | Value   |
-| ------------------------- | ------- |
-| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
-| User grantable            | `true`  |
-| Shared with app           | `true`  |
-| Externally observable     | `false` |
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `true` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `wallet.get_version`
@@ -174,12 +174,12 @@ Allows the app to read wallet sync status and current wallet balance summary.
 
 Allows the app to read the current Sage wallet version.
 
-| Flag                      | Value   |
-| ------------------------- | ------- |
-| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
-| User grantable            | `true`  |
-| Shared with app           | `true`  |
-| Externally observable     | `false` |
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `true` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `wallet.get_xch_usd_price`
@@ -188,12 +188,12 @@ Allows the app to read the current Sage wallet version.
 
 Allows the app to read the current estimated XCH price in USD.
 
-| Flag                      | Value   |
-| ------------------------- | ------- |
-| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
-| User grantable            | `false` |
-| Shared with app           | `true`  |
-| Externally observable     | `false` |
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `false` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `wallet.check_address`
@@ -202,12 +202,12 @@ Allows the app to read the current estimated XCH price in USD.
 
 Allows the app to validate whether an address belongs to this wallet.
 
-| Flag                      | Value   |
-| ------------------------- | ------- |
-| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
-| User grantable            | `true`  |
-| Shared with app           | `true`  |
-| Externally observable     | `false` |
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `true` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `wallet.get_derivations`
@@ -216,12 +216,12 @@ Allows the app to validate whether an address belongs to this wallet.
 
 Allows the app to read wallet derivation records and addresses.
 
-| Flag                      | Value   |
-| ------------------------- | ------- |
-| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
-| User grantable            | `true`  |
-| Shared with app           | `true`  |
-| Externally observable     | `false` |
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `true` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `wallet.get_spendable_coin_count`
@@ -230,12 +230,12 @@ Allows the app to read wallet derivation records and addresses.
 
 Allows the app to read the number of spendable coins in the wallet.
 
-| Flag                      | Value   |
-| ------------------------- | ------- |
-| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
-| User grantable            | `true`  |
-| Shared with app           | `true`  |
-| Externally observable     | `false` |
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `true` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `wallet.get_coins_by_ids`
@@ -244,12 +244,12 @@ Allows the app to read the number of spendable coins in the wallet.
 
 Allows the app to read specific wallet coin records by coin ID.
 
-| Flag                      | Value   |
-| ------------------------- | ------- |
-| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
-| User grantable            | `true`  |
-| Shared with app           | `true`  |
-| Externally observable     | `false` |
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `true` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `wallet.get_coins`
@@ -258,12 +258,12 @@ Allows the app to read specific wallet coin records by coin ID.
 
 Allows the app to list wallet coins.
 
-| Flag                      | Value   |
-| ------------------------- | ------- |
-| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
-| User grantable            | `true`  |
-| Shared with app           | `true`  |
-| Externally observable     | `false` |
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `true` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `wallet.get_pending_transactions`
@@ -272,12 +272,12 @@ Allows the app to list wallet coins.
 
 Allows the app to read pending wallet transactions.
 
-| Flag                      | Value   |
-| ------------------------- | ------- |
-| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
-| User grantable            | `true`  |
-| Shared with app           | `true`  |
-| Externally observable     | `false` |
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `true` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `wallet.get_transaction`
@@ -286,12 +286,12 @@ Allows the app to read pending wallet transactions.
 
 Allows the app to read a wallet transaction by height.
 
-| Flag                      | Value   |
-| ------------------------- | ------- |
-| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
-| User grantable            | `true`  |
-| Shared with app           | `true`  |
-| Externally observable     | `false` |
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `true` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `wallet.get_transactions`
@@ -300,12 +300,12 @@ Allows the app to read a wallet transaction by height.
 
 Allows the app to list wallet transactions.
 
-| Flag                      | Value   |
-| ------------------------- | ------- |
-| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
-| User grantable            | `true`  |
-| Shared with app           | `true`  |
-| Externally observable     | `false` |
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `true` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `environment.theme.get_current`
@@ -314,12 +314,12 @@ Allows the app to list wallet transactions.
 
 Allows the app to read Sage's current theme.
 
-| Flag                      | Value   |
-| ------------------------- | ------- |
-| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
-| User grantable            | `false` |
-| Shared with app           | `true`  |
-| Externally observable     | `false` |
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `false` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `environment.theme.css_vars`
@@ -328,12 +328,12 @@ Allows the app to read Sage's current theme.
 
 Allows Sage to inject current theme CSS variables into the app runtime.
 
-| Flag                      | Value   |
-| ------------------------- | ------- |
-| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
-| User grantable            | `false` |
-| Shared with app           | `true`  |
-| Externally observable     | `false` |
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `false` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `environment.theme.listen_changed`
@@ -342,12 +342,12 @@ Allows Sage to inject current theme CSS variables into the app runtime.
 
 Allows the app to receive events when Sage's theme changes.
 
-| Flag                      | Value   |
-| ------------------------- | ------- |
-| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
-| User grantable            | `false` |
-| Shared with app           | `true`  |
-| Externally observable     | `false` |
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `false` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `environment.get_network`
@@ -356,12 +356,12 @@ Allows the app to receive events when Sage's theme changes.
 
 Allows the app to read Sage's currently active network information.
 
-| Flag                      | Value   |
-| ------------------------- | ------- |
-| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
-| User grantable            | `false` |
-| Shared with app           | `true`  |
-| Externally observable     | `false` |
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `false` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `storage.persistent_webview`
@@ -370,10 +370,11 @@ Allows the app to read Sage's currently active network information.
 
 Allows the app to store data on this device between sessions.
 
-| Flag                      | Value   |
-| ------------------------- | ------- |
-| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
-| User grantable            | `true`  |
-| Shared with app           | `true`  |
-| Externally observable     | `false` |
+| Flag | Value |
+|---|---|
+| Requestable by app | `true` |
+| User grantable | `true` |
+| Shared with app | `true` |
+| Externally observable | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
+
diff --git a/docs/generated/user-bridge-methods.md b/docs/generated/user-bridge-methods.md
index 93a878c5a..e79061097 100644
--- a/docs/generated/user-bridge-methods.md
+++ b/docs/generated/user-bridge-methods.md
@@ -2,144 +2,145 @@
 
 ## `app.getCapabilities`
 
-| Field      | Value                  |
-| ---------- | ---------------------- |
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
 | Capability | `app.get_capabilities` |
 
 ## `app.getInfo`
 
-| Field      | Value          |
-| ---------- | -------------- |
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
 | Capability | `app.get_info` |
 
 ## `app.lifecycle.readyToStop`
 
-| Field      | Value                         |
-| ---------- | ----------------------------- |
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
 | Capability | `app.lifecycle.ready_to_stop` |
 
 ## `app.lifecycle.setBeforeStopListener`
 
-| Field      | Value                                    |
-| ---------- | ---------------------------------------- |
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
 | Capability | `app.lifecycle.set_before_stop_listener` |
 
 ## `app.requestCapabilityGrant`
 
-| Field      | Value                          |
-| ---------- | ------------------------------ |
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
 | Capability | `app.request_capability_grant` |
 
 ## `app.requestNetworkWhitelistGrant`
 
-| Field      | Value                                 |
-| ---------- | ------------------------------------- |
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
 | Capability | `app.request_network_whitelist_grant` |
 
 ## `bridge.ping`
 
-| Field      | Value     |
-| ---------- | --------- |
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
 | Capability | `ungated` |
 
 ## `bridge.send`
 
-| Field      | Value         |
-| ---------- | ------------- |
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
 | Capability | `bridge.send` |
 
 ## `environment.getNetwork`
 
-| Field      | Value                     |
-| ---------- | ------------------------- |
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
 | Capability | `environment.get_network` |
 
 ## `environment.theme.getCurrent`
 
-| Field      | Value                           |
-| ---------- | ------------------------------- |
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
 | Capability | `environment.theme.get_current` |
 
 ## `wallet.checkAddress`
 
-| Field      | Value                  |
-| ---------- | ---------------------- |
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
 | Capability | `wallet.check_address` |
 
 ## `wallet.getCoins`
 
-| Field      | Value              |
-| ---------- | ------------------ |
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
 | Capability | `wallet.get_coins` |
 
 ## `wallet.getCoinsByIds`
 
-| Field      | Value                     |
-| ---------- | ------------------------- |
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
 | Capability | `wallet.get_coins_by_ids` |
 
 ## `wallet.getDerivations`
 
-| Field      | Value                    |
-| ---------- | ------------------------ |
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
 | Capability | `wallet.get_derivations` |
 
 ## `wallet.getKey`
 
-| Field      | Value            |
-| ---------- | ---------------- |
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
 | Capability | `wallet.get_key` |
 
 ## `wallet.getPendingTransactions`
 
-| Field      | Value                             |
-| ---------- | --------------------------------- |
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
 | Capability | `wallet.get_pending_transactions` |
 
 ## `wallet.getSecretKey`
 
-| Field      | Value                   |
-| ---------- | ----------------------- |
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
 | Capability | `wallet.get_secret_key` |
 
 ## `wallet.getSpendableCoinCount`
 
-| Field      | Value                             |
-| ---------- | --------------------------------- |
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
 | Capability | `wallet.get_spendable_coin_count` |
 
 ## `wallet.getSyncStatus`
 
-| Field      | Value                    |
-| ---------- | ------------------------ |
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
 | Capability | `wallet.get_sync_status` |
 
 ## `wallet.getTransaction`
 
-| Field      | Value                    |
-| ---------- | ------------------------ |
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
 | Capability | `wallet.get_transaction` |
 
 ## `wallet.getTransactions`
 
-| Field      | Value                     |
-| ---------- | ------------------------- |
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
 | Capability | `wallet.get_transactions` |
 
 ## `wallet.getVersion`
 
-| Field      | Value                |
-| ---------- | -------------------- |
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
 | Capability | `wallet.get_version` |
 
 ## `wallet.getXchUsdPrice`
 
-| Field      | Value                      |
-| ---------- | -------------------------- |
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
 | Capability | `wallet.get_xch_usd_price` |
 
 ## `wallet.sendXch`
 
-| Field      | Value             |
-| ---------- | ----------------- |
+| Field | Value |
+|---|---|
 | Capability | `wallet.send_xch` |
+

From 4ce4f6a437e097d267ce0f870e5792fdcb0b1151 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Rigidity <me@rigidnetwork.com>
Date: Fri, 3 Jul 2026 18:41:52 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 461/471] Scope app bridge responses and runtime events to
 their webview

Bridge responses and per-app runtime events were delivered with
`Emitter::emit`, which in Tauri broadcasts to every webview that has a
JS listener for the event name rather than only the intended one. Since
`wallet.getSecretKey` (and other approval-gated) results are delivered
over the `sage-bridge:response` rail, a second user app running
concurrently could subscribe to that event and capture another app's
secret key material and bridge results.

Deliver `sage-bridge:response` and the user/system runtime event rails
with `emit_to(<app webview label>, ...)` so each payload reaches only the
originating app's webview. The broadcast to the trusted main Sage webview
(`apps:runtime-event`) is unchanged and documented.
---
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs | 11 ++++++++---
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs
index bf4d76e65..4f5bebd9d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/event_emit.rs
@@ -227,8 +227,9 @@ pub(crate) async fn emit_bridge_response_to_app(
     app: &SharedSageApp,
     response: &RustBridgeResponse,
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
-    get_webview_in_sage_window(app_handle, &app.webview_label())?
-        .emit("sage-bridge:response", response)
+    let webview_label = app.webview_label();
+    get_webview_in_sage_window(app_handle, &webview_label)?
+        .emit_to(webview_label.as_str(), "sage-bridge:response", response)
         .map_err(|err| format!("failed to emit bridge response: {err}"))
 }
 
@@ -261,6 +262,10 @@ where
     );
 
     get_webview_in_sage_window(app_handle, &webview_label)?
-        .emit(rail.event_name(), runtime_event(event_type, event))
+        .emit_to(
+            webview_label.as_str(),
+            rail.event_name(),
+            runtime_event(event_type, event),
+        )
         .map_err(|err| format!("failed to emit runtime event: {err}"))
 }

From 821de3f3ad8760b0fd28582bddf97feb1350de8e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Sun, 5 Jul 2026 01:33:27 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 462/471] Add `approved_fingerprint` field and refactor pending
 approval handling logic.

---
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs | 86 +++++++++++++++----
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/state.rs          | 27 +++---
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs          |  1 +
 3 files changed, 81 insertions(+), 33 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
index b3c42f4ca..0cf59aa54 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
@@ -3,13 +3,15 @@ use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State, Webview};
 use crate::{
     AppState, AppsHostState, BridgeApprovalsChangedEvent, BridgeCapability, BridgeContext,
     BridgeMethod, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeOrigin, BridgeRegistry, BridgeRegistryKind,
-    BridgeTools, ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs, RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeInvokeResult,
-    RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse, SharedSageApp, SystemBridgeCapability,
+    BridgeTools, PendingBridgeApproval, ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs, RustBridgeApprovalBody,
+    RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeInvokeResult, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse,
+    SharedSageApp, SystemBridgeCapability,
     UserBridgeCapability, assert_bridge_origin, emit_bridge_response_to_app,
     emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners, ensure_app_is_enabled_for_scope,
-    ensure_approval_expiry_loop, get_pending_approval, get_system_capability_definition,
-    get_user_capability_definition, list_pending_approvals, remove_pending_approval, resolve_app,
-    start_bridge_approval_runtime, sync_bridge_approval_runtime, write_pending_approval,
+    ensure_approval_expiry_loop, get_system_capability_definition,
+    get_user_capability_definition, list_pending_approvals, resolve_app,
+    start_bridge_approval_runtime, sync_bridge_approval_runtime, take_pending_approval,
+    unix_timestamp_ms, write_pending_approval,
 };
 
 pub(crate) async fn process(
@@ -85,8 +87,9 @@ pub(crate) async fn process_after_approval(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     args: ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs,
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
-    let pending = get_pending_approval(apps_state, &args.approval_id).await?;
-    remove_pending_approval(apps_state, &args.approval_id).await;
+    let pending = take_pending_approval(apps_state, &args.approval_id)
+        .await
+        .ok_or_else(|| format!("No pending approval with id {}", args.approval_id))?;
 
     sync_bridge_approval_runtime(app_handle, apps_state).await?;
 
@@ -102,7 +105,26 @@ pub(crate) async fn process_after_approval(
     let origin =
         assert_bridge_origin(app_handle, &app.with_app(SharedSageApp::webview_label)).await?;
 
-    let invoke_result = if args.approved {
+    let invoke_result = if !args.approved {
+        RustBridgeInvokeResult::error(
+            &pending.request.id,
+            "user_denied",
+            args.reason
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| "User denied the request".to_string()),
+        )
+    } else if unix_timestamp_ms() as u64 > pending.expires_at_ms {
+        RustBridgeInvokeResult::error(
+            &pending.request.id,
+            "approval_timeout",
+            "Approval expired before it was resolved".to_string(),
+        )
+    } else if wallet_binding_violated(app_state, &pending).await {
+        RustBridgeInvokeResult::error(
+            &pending.request.id,
+            "wallet_changed",
+            "Active wallet changed since the approval was requested".to_string(),
+        )
+    } else {
         process_shared(
             app_handle,
             app_state,
@@ -112,13 +134,6 @@ pub(crate) async fn process_after_approval(
             true,
         )
         .await?
-    } else {
-        RustBridgeInvokeResult::error(
-            &pending.request.id,
-            "user_denied",
-            args.reason
-                .unwrap_or_else(|| "User denied the request".to_string()),
-        )
     };
 
     emit_bridge_response_to_app(app_handle, &origin.app, &invoke_result.try_into()?).await?;
@@ -168,7 +183,15 @@ async fn process_shared(
 
     match method.approval_request(BridgeContext { app }, request) {
         Ok(Some(approval)) => {
-            request_approval(app_handle, app.id(), registry_kind, approval, request).await?;
+            request_approval(
+                app_handle,
+                app_state,
+                app.id(),
+                registry_kind,
+                approval,
+                request,
+            )
+            .await?;
             Ok(RustBridgeInvokeResult::Pending {})
         }
         Ok(None) => {
@@ -222,20 +245,51 @@ async fn execute_bridge_request(
     }
 }
 
+async fn active_wallet_fingerprint(app_state: &State<'_, AppState>) -> Option<u32> {
+    app_state
+        .lock()
+        .await
+        .wallet()
+        .map(|wallet| wallet.fingerprint)
+        .ok()
+}
+
+async fn wallet_binding_violated(
+    app_state: &State<'_, AppState>,
+    pending: &PendingBridgeApproval,
+) -> bool {
+    let requires_wallet_binding =
+        matches!(pending.approval.body, RustBridgeApprovalBody::SendXch { .. });
+
+    if !requires_wallet_binding {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    let Some(approved_fingerprint) = pending.approved_fingerprint else {
+        return true;
+    };
+
+    active_wallet_fingerprint(app_state).await != Some(approved_fingerprint)
+}
+
 async fn request_approval(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
+    app_state: &State<'_, AppState>,
     app_id: String,
     registry_kind: BridgeRegistryKind,
     approval: RustBridgeApprovalRequest,
     request: &RustBridgeRequest,
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
     let apps_state = app_handle.state::<AppsHostState>();
+    let approved_fingerprint = active_wallet_fingerprint(app_state).await;
+
     write_pending_approval(
         &apps_state,
         app_id.clone(),
         registry_kind,
         &approval,
         request,
+        approved_fingerprint,
     )
     .await;
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/state.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/state.rs
index de89c9306..f0d49462d 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/state.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/state.rs
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn write_pending_approval(
     registry_kind: BridgeRegistryKind,
     approval: &RustBridgeApprovalRequest,
     request: &RustBridgeRequest,
+    approved_fingerprint: Option<u32>,
 ) -> String {
     let approval_id = Uuid::new_v4().to_string();
     let now = unix_timestamp_ms() as u64;
@@ -40,29 +41,13 @@ pub(crate) async fn write_pending_approval(
             request: request.clone(),
             created_at_ms: now,
             expires_at_ms: now + BRIDGE_APPROVAL_TIMEOUT_MS,
+            approved_fingerprint,
         },
     );
 
     approval_id
 }
 
-pub(crate) async fn find_pending_approval(
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    approval_id: &str,
-) -> Option<PendingBridgeApproval> {
-    let pending = apps_state.bridge.pending_approvals.lock().await;
-    pending.get(approval_id).cloned()
-}
-
-pub(crate) async fn get_pending_approval(
-    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
-    approval_id: &str,
-) -> Result<PendingBridgeApproval, String> {
-    find_pending_approval(apps_state, approval_id)
-        .await
-        .ok_or_else(|| format!("No pending approval with id {approval_id}"))
-}
-
 pub(crate) async fn list_pending_approvals(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
 ) -> Vec<PendingBridgeApproval> {
@@ -79,6 +64,14 @@ pub(crate) async fn remove_pending_approval(
     pending.remove(approval_id);
 }
 
+pub(crate) async fn take_pending_approval(
+    apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
+    approval_id: &str,
+) -> Option<PendingBridgeApproval> {
+    let mut pending = apps_state.bridge.pending_approvals.lock().await;
+    pending.remove(approval_id)
+}
+
 pub(crate) async fn pending_approval_app_ids(apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>) -> Vec<String> {
     use std::collections::BTreeSet;
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs
index bcb81fd80..f2de23021 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/types.rs
@@ -105,6 +105,7 @@ pub(crate) struct PendingBridgeApproval {
     pub request: RustBridgeRequest,
     pub created_at_ms: u64,
     pub expires_at_ms: u64,
+    pub approved_fingerprint: Option<u32>,
 }
 
 impl RustBridgeInvokeResult {

From 054dbd8a693f7c463dfe01676786b94f72caa14c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Wed, 22 Jul 2026 16:56:29 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 463/471] Refactor storage isolation logic to enhance error
 handling, improve IndexedDB seeding, and validate storage probe data.
 Integrate host isolation seeding into tests.

---
 .../sage-storage-isolation/app.js             |  64 +++---
 .../sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/isolation.rs | 182 +++++++++++++++++-
 2 files changed, 217 insertions(+), 29 deletions(-)

diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/sandbox-test/sage-storage-isolation/app.js b/builtin-apps/src/sandbox-test/sage-storage-isolation/app.js
index 795eb29fe..c62d04c58 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/sandbox-test/sage-storage-isolation/app.js
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/sandbox-test/sage-storage-isolation/app.js
@@ -24,25 +24,34 @@ const log = (...args) => window.__SAGE_TEST__?.log?.(...args);
   const STORE_NAME = 'probe_store';
   const DB_KEY = 'sage_probe_key';
 
-  async function readIndexedDbProbe() {
-    try {
-      return await new Promise((resolve) => {
+  async function readIndexedDbProbe(expectedValue) {
+    return await new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+      let db = null;
+
+      try {
         const open = indexedDB.open(DB_NAME);
 
-        open.onerror = () => resolve(false);
+        open.onerror = () =>
+          reject(open.error ?? new Error('IndexedDB open failed'));
+        open.onblocked = () => reject(new Error('IndexedDB open was blocked'));
 
         open.onupgradeneeded = () => {
           try {
-            const db = open.result;
-            if (!db.objectStoreNames.contains(STORE_NAME)) {
-              db.createObjectStore(STORE_NAME);
+            const upgradeDb = open.result;
+            if (!upgradeDb.objectStoreNames.contains(STORE_NAME)) {
+              upgradeDb.createObjectStore(STORE_NAME);
             }
-          } catch {}
+          } catch (error) {
+            try {
+              open.transaction?.abort();
+            } catch {}
+            reject(error);
+          }
         };
 
         open.onsuccess = () => {
           try {
-            const db = open.result;
+            db = open.result;
 
             if (!db.objectStoreNames.contains(STORE_NAME)) {
               db.close();
@@ -56,21 +65,27 @@ const log = (...args) => window.__SAGE_TEST__?.log?.(...args);
 
             req.onerror = () => {
               db.close();
-              resolve(false);
+              reject(req.error ?? new Error('IndexedDB probe read failed'));
             };
 
             req.onsuccess = () => {
               db.close();
-              resolve(typeof req.result === 'string' && req.result.length > 0);
+              resolve(req.result === expectedValue);
             };
-          } catch {
-            resolve(false);
+          } catch (error) {
+            try {
+              db?.close();
+            } catch {}
+            reject(error);
           }
         };
-      });
-    } catch {
-      return false;
-    }
+      } catch (error) {
+        try {
+          db?.close();
+        } catch {}
+        reject(error);
+      }
+    });
   }
 
   async function report(data) {
@@ -90,16 +105,11 @@ const log = (...args) => window.__SAGE_TEST__?.log?.(...args);
   let error = null;
 
   try {
-    try {
-      const value = localStorage.getItem(LOCAL_STORAGE_KEY);
-      localStorageVisible = typeof value === 'string' && value.length > 0;
-      log('localStorageVisible', localStorageVisible);
-    } catch {
-      localStorageVisible = false;
-      log('localStorage read failed');
-    }
-
-    indexedDbVisible = await readIndexedDbProbe();
+    const value = localStorage.getItem(LOCAL_STORAGE_KEY);
+    localStorageVisible = value === runId;
+    log('localStorageVisible', localStorageVisible);
+
+    indexedDbVisible = await readIndexedDbProbe(runId);
     log('indexedDbVisible', indexedDbVisible);
   } catch (err) {
     error = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err);
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/isolation.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/isolation.rs
index 33b63794d..7e9d14ef7 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/isolation.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/isolation.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,184 @@
-use tauri::{AppHandle, State};
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+use serde::Deserialize;
+use tauri::{AppHandle, Listener, State};
+use tokio::sync::oneshot;
+use tokio::time::timeout;
 
 use super::super::runtime::{start_test_app, stop_test_apps, unique_run_id};
 use super::poll::poll_isolation;
 use crate::{
     AppsHostState, BUILTIN_STORAGE_ISOLATION_INCOGNITO_ID, BUILTIN_STORAGE_ISOLATION_PERSISTENT_ID,
+    get_sage_webview,
 };
 
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+struct HostIsolationSeedResult {
+    run_id: String,
+    local_storage_seeded: bool,
+    indexed_db_seeded: bool,
+    error: Option<String>,
+}
+
+async fn seed_host_isolation_probe(app: &AppHandle, run_id: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let webview = get_sage_webview(app)?;
+    let event_name = format!("sage:sandbox-host-seed:{run_id}");
+    let event_name_json = serde_json::to_string(&event_name)
+        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to encode isolation seed event name: {err}"))?;
+    let run_id_json = serde_json::to_string(run_id)
+        .map_err(|err| format!("failed to encode isolation probe value: {err}"))?;
+
+    let (sender, receiver) = oneshot::channel();
+    let listener_id = webview.once(event_name.clone(), move |event| {
+        let _ = sender.send(event.payload().to_string());
+    });
+
+    let script = format!(
+        r#"(async function () {{
+  const eventName = {event_name_json};
+  const runId = {run_id_json};
+  const result = {{
+    runId,
+    localStorageSeeded: false,
+    indexedDbSeeded: false,
+    error: null,
+  }};
+
+  function errorMessage(error) {{
+    return error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error);
+  }}
+
+  function seedIndexedDb() {{
+    return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {{
+      let db = null;
+      let settled = false;
+
+      function closeDb() {{
+        try {{ db?.close(); }} catch {{}}
+      }}
+
+      function fail(error) {{
+        if (settled) return;
+        settled = true;
+        closeDb();
+        reject(error);
+      }}
+
+      function succeed(value) {{
+        if (settled) return;
+        settled = true;
+        closeDb();
+        resolve(value);
+      }}
+
+      let open;
+      try {{
+        open = indexedDB.open('sage_probe_db', 1);
+      }} catch (error) {{
+        fail(error);
+        return;
+      }}
+
+      open.onerror = () => fail(open.error ?? new Error('IndexedDB open failed'));
+      open.onblocked = () => fail(new Error('IndexedDB open was blocked'));
+      open.onupgradeneeded = () => {{
+        try {{
+          const upgradeDb = open.result;
+          if (!upgradeDb.objectStoreNames.contains('probe_store')) {{
+            upgradeDb.createObjectStore('probe_store');
+          }}
+        }} catch (error) {{
+          try {{ open.transaction?.abort(); }} catch {{}}
+          fail(error);
+        }}
+      }};
+      open.onsuccess = () => {{
+        try {{
+          db = open.result;
+          if (!db.objectStoreNames.contains('probe_store')) {{
+            fail(new Error('IndexedDB probe store is missing'));
+            return;
+          }}
+
+          const writeTx = db.transaction('probe_store', 'readwrite');
+          writeTx.objectStore('probe_store').put(runId, 'sage_probe_key');
+          writeTx.onerror = () =>
+            fail(writeTx.error ?? new Error('IndexedDB probe write failed'));
+          writeTx.onabort = () =>
+            fail(writeTx.error ?? new Error('IndexedDB probe write was aborted'));
+          writeTx.oncomplete = () => {{
+            try {{
+              const readTx = db.transaction('probe_store', 'readonly');
+              const read = readTx.objectStore('probe_store').get('sage_probe_key');
+              read.onerror = () =>
+                fail(read.error ?? new Error('IndexedDB probe verification failed'));
+              read.onsuccess = () => succeed(read.result === runId);
+            }} catch (error) {{
+              fail(error);
+            }}
+          }};
+        }} catch (error) {{
+          fail(error);
+        }}
+      }};
+    }});
+  }}
+
+  try {{
+    localStorage.setItem('sage_probe_local_storage', runId);
+    result.localStorageSeeded =
+      localStorage.getItem('sage_probe_local_storage') === runId;
+    if (!result.localStorageSeeded) {{
+      throw new Error('localStorage probe verification failed');
+    }}
+
+    result.indexedDbSeeded = await seedIndexedDb();
+    if (!result.indexedDbSeeded) {{
+      throw new Error('IndexedDB probe verification failed');
+    }}
+  }} catch (error) {{
+    result.error = errorMessage(error);
+  }}
+
+  await window.__TAURI__.event.emit(eventName, result);
+}})();"#
+    );
+
+    if let Err(err) = webview.eval(script) {
+        webview.unlisten(listener_id);
+        return Err(format!("failed to seed host isolation probe data: {err}"));
+    }
+
+    let payload = match timeout(Duration::from_secs(5), receiver).await {
+        Ok(Ok(payload)) => payload,
+        Ok(Err(_)) => {
+            return Err("host isolation seed acknowledgement channel closed".into());
+        }
+        Err(_) => {
+            webview.unlisten(listener_id);
+            return Err("timed out waiting for host isolation seed acknowledgement".into());
+        }
+    };
+
+    let result: HostIsolationSeedResult = serde_json::from_str(&payload)
+        .map_err(|err| format!("invalid host isolation seed acknowledgement: {err}"))?;
+
+    if result.run_id != run_id {
+        return Err("host isolation seed acknowledgement had the wrong run ID".into());
+    }
+
+    if let Some(error) = result.error {
+        return Err(format!("failed to seed host isolation probe data: {error}"));
+    }
+
+    if !result.local_storage_seeded || !result.indexed_db_seeded {
+        return Err("host isolation probe data could not be verified".into());
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
 pub(in crate::sandbox) async fn run_isolation_test(
     app: &AppHandle,
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
@@ -18,6 +191,8 @@ pub(in crate::sandbox) async fn run_isolation_test(
 
     stop_test_apps(app, apps_state, &app_ids).await;
 
+    seed_host_isolation_probe(app, &run_id).await?;
+
     start_test_app(
         app,
         apps_state,
@@ -76,6 +251,9 @@ pub(in crate::sandbox) async fn run_isolation_test(
 
     Ok((
         true,
-        Some("Both sandbox probe modes were unable to observe Sage probe data.".into()),
+        Some(
+            "Both sandbox probe modes were unable to observe the seeded Sage host probe data."
+                .into(),
+        ),
     ))
 }

From e80e7cb13b3faeec5439b9734bad34da569b80d6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Wed, 22 Jul 2026 17:05:12 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 464/471] Standardize table formatting in auto-generated bridge
 capabilities and methods documentation.

---
 docs/generated/system-bridge-capabilities.md | 313 +++++++++---------
 docs/generated/system-bridge-methods.md      |  93 +++---
 docs/generated/user-bridge-capabilities.md   | 327 +++++++++----------
 docs/generated/user-bridge-methods.md        |  97 +++---
 4 files changed, 413 insertions(+), 417 deletions(-)

diff --git a/docs/generated/system-bridge-capabilities.md b/docs/generated/system-bridge-capabilities.md
index daea9e572..0e598bb31 100644
--- a/docs/generated/system-bridge-capabilities.md
+++ b/docs/generated/system-bridge-capabilities.md
@@ -6,12 +6,12 @@
 
 Allows the system app to inspect running Sage app runtimes.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `false` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `false` |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `runtime_manager.focus_taskbar_runtime`
@@ -20,12 +20,12 @@ Allows the system app to inspect running Sage app runtimes.
 
 Allows the system app to focus running Sage taskbar app runtime.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `false` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `false` |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `runtime_manager.hide_runtime`
@@ -34,12 +34,12 @@ Allows the system app to focus running Sage taskbar app runtime.
 
 Allows the system app to hide running Sage app runtime.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `false` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `false` |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `runtime_manager.kill_runtime`
@@ -48,12 +48,12 @@ Allows the system app to hide running Sage app runtime.
 
 Allows the system app to stop running Sage app runtime.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `false` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `false` |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `runtime_manager.get_active_taskbar_runtime`
@@ -62,12 +62,12 @@ Allows the system app to stop running Sage app runtime.
 
 Allows the system app to retrieve the currently active Sage app runtime.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `false` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `false` |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `runtime_manager.listen_runtimes_changed`
@@ -76,12 +76,12 @@ Allows the system app to retrieve the currently active Sage app runtime.
 
 Allows the system app to receive events when Sage app runtimes change.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `false` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `false` |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `runtime_manager.listen_active_runtime_changed`
@@ -90,12 +90,12 @@ Allows the system app to receive events when Sage app runtimes change.
 
 Allows the system app to receive events when the active Sage app runtime changes.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `false` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `false` |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `runtime_manager.hide_self`
@@ -104,12 +104,12 @@ Allows the system app to receive events when the active Sage app runtime changes
 
 Allows the system app to hide its own runtime.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `false` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `false` |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `runtime_manager.close_self`
@@ -118,12 +118,12 @@ Allows the system app to hide its own runtime.
 
 Allows the system app to close its own runtime.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `false` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `false` |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `capability_definitions.read`
@@ -132,12 +132,12 @@ Allows the system app to close its own runtime.
 
 Allows the system app to read Sage capability definitions.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `false` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `false` |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `app_permissions.read`
@@ -146,12 +146,12 @@ Allows the system app to read Sage capability definitions.
 
 Allows the system app to read app permissions for review.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `false` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `false` |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `app_permissions.apply`
@@ -160,12 +160,12 @@ Allows the system app to read app permissions for review.
 
 Allows the system app to apply reviewed app permission changes.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `false` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `false` |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `app_install.preview`
@@ -174,12 +174,12 @@ Allows the system app to apply reviewed app permission changes.
 
 Allows the system app to preview URL and ZIP app installations.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `false` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `false` |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `app_install.apply`
@@ -188,12 +188,12 @@ Allows the system app to preview URL and ZIP app installations.
 
 Allows the system app to install Sage apps after review.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `false` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `false` |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `app_update.read`
@@ -202,12 +202,12 @@ Allows the system app to install Sage apps after review.
 
 Allows the system app to read update information for installed Sage apps.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `false` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `false` |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `app_update.apply`
@@ -216,12 +216,12 @@ Allows the system app to read update information for installed Sage apps.
 
 Allows the system app to download and apply approved Sage app updates.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `false` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `false` |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `app_registry.listen_listed_apps_changed`
@@ -230,12 +230,12 @@ Allows the system app to download and apply approved Sage app updates.
 
 Allows the system app to receive events when installed/listed Sage apps change.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `false` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `false` |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `file_system.select_file`
@@ -244,12 +244,12 @@ Allows the system app to receive events when installed/listed Sage apps change.
 
 Allows the system app to ask the user to select a local file.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `false` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `false` |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `bridge_approval.list`
@@ -258,12 +258,12 @@ Allows the system app to ask the user to select a local file.
 
 Allows the system app to list pending bridge approvals.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `false` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `false` |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `bridge_approval.resolve`
@@ -272,12 +272,12 @@ Allows the system app to list pending bridge approvals.
 
 Allows the system app to resolve a pending bridge approval.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `false` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `false` |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `bridge_approval.listen_changed`
@@ -286,12 +286,12 @@ Allows the system app to resolve a pending bridge approval.
 
 Allows the system app to listen for changes in pending bridge approvals.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `false` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `false` |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `donation.get_details`
@@ -300,12 +300,12 @@ Allows the system app to listen for changes in pending bridge approvals.
 
 Allows the system app to retrieve details to send donation.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `false` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `false` |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `sandbox.get_state`
@@ -314,12 +314,12 @@ Allows the system app to retrieve details to send donation.
 
 Allows the system app to read Sage app sandbox test state.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `false` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `false` |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `sandbox.rerun_tests`
@@ -328,12 +328,12 @@ Allows the system app to read Sage app sandbox test state.
 
 Allows the system app to re-run Sage app sandbox tests.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `false` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `false` |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `sandbox.listen_state_changed`
@@ -342,12 +342,12 @@ Allows the system app to re-run Sage app sandbox tests.
 
 Allows the system app to receive events when sandbox test state changes.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `false` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `false` |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `wallet.list_wallets`
@@ -356,11 +356,10 @@ Allows the system app to receive events when sandbox test state changes.
 
 Allows the system app to list wallets available in Sage.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `false` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `false` |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
-
diff --git a/docs/generated/system-bridge-methods.md b/docs/generated/system-bridge-methods.md
index cd1613f48..30b9a3f15 100644
--- a/docs/generated/system-bridge-methods.md
+++ b/docs/generated/system-bridge-methods.md
@@ -2,139 +2,138 @@
 
 ## `appInstall.installUrl`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value               |
+| ---------- | ------------------- |
 | Capability | `app_install.apply` |
 
 ## `appInstall.installZip`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value               |
+| ---------- | ------------------- |
 | Capability | `app_install.apply` |
 
 ## `appInstall.previewUrl`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value                 |
+| ---------- | --------------------- |
 | Capability | `app_install.preview` |
 
 ## `appInstall.previewZip`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value                 |
+| ---------- | --------------------- |
 | Capability | `app_install.preview` |
 
 ## `appPermissions.applyPermissions`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value                   |
+| ---------- | ----------------------- |
 | Capability | `app_permissions.apply` |
 
 ## `appPermissions.getReviewContext`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value                  |
+| ---------- | ---------------------- |
 | Capability | `app_permissions.read` |
 
 ## `appUpdate.applyUpdate`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value              |
+| ---------- | ------------------ |
 | Capability | `app_update.apply` |
 
 ## `appUpdate.getReviewContext`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value             |
+| ---------- | ----------------- |
 | Capability | `app_update.read` |
 
 ## `bridgeApprovals.listPending`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value                  |
+| ---------- | ---------------------- |
 | Capability | `bridge_approval.list` |
 
 ## `bridgeApprovals.resolve`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value                     |
+| ---------- | ------------------------- |
 | Capability | `bridge_approval.resolve` |
 
 ## `capabilities.listUserDefinitions`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value                         |
+| ---------- | ----------------------------- |
 | Capability | `capability_definitions.read` |
 
 ## `donations.getDetails`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value                  |
+| ---------- | ---------------------- |
 | Capability | `donation.get_details` |
 
 ## `fileSystem.selectFile`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value                     |
+| ---------- | ------------------------- |
 | Capability | `file_system.select_file` |
 
 ## `runtimeManager.closeSelf`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value                        |
+| ---------- | ---------------------------- |
 | Capability | `runtime_manager.close_self` |
 
 ## `runtimeManager.focusTaskbarRuntime`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value                                   |
+| ---------- | --------------------------------------- |
 | Capability | `runtime_manager.focus_taskbar_runtime` |
 
 ## `runtimeManager.getActiveTaskbarRuntime`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value                                        |
+| ---------- | -------------------------------------------- |
 | Capability | `runtime_manager.get_active_taskbar_runtime` |
 
 ## `runtimeManager.hideRuntime`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value                          |
+| ---------- | ------------------------------ |
 | Capability | `runtime_manager.hide_runtime` |
 
 ## `runtimeManager.hideSelf`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value                       |
+| ---------- | --------------------------- |
 | Capability | `runtime_manager.hide_self` |
 
 ## `runtimeManager.killRuntime`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value                          |
+| ---------- | ------------------------------ |
 | Capability | `runtime_manager.kill_runtime` |
 
 ## `runtimeManager.listRuntimes`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value                           |
+| ---------- | ------------------------------- |
 | Capability | `runtime_manager.list_runtimes` |
 
 ## `sandbox.getState`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value               |
+| ---------- | ------------------- |
 | Capability | `sandbox.get_state` |
 
 ## `sandbox.rerunTests`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value                 |
+| ---------- | --------------------- |
 | Capability | `sandbox.rerun_tests` |
 
 ## `wallet.listWallets`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value                 |
+| ---------- | --------------------- |
 | Capability | `wallet.list_wallets` |
-
diff --git a/docs/generated/user-bridge-capabilities.md b/docs/generated/user-bridge-capabilities.md
index c8ebfbf4b..867463c3c 100644
--- a/docs/generated/user-bridge-capabilities.md
+++ b/docs/generated/user-bridge-capabilities.md
@@ -6,12 +6,12 @@
 
 Allows the app to send messages through the Sage bridge. (Only for sandbox tests)
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `false` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `false` |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `app.get_info`
@@ -20,12 +20,12 @@ Allows the app to send messages through the Sage bridge. (Only for sandbox tests
 
 Allows the app to read its Sage app identity and permission information.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `false` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `false` |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `app.lifecycle.ready_to_stop`
@@ -34,12 +34,12 @@ Allows the app to read its Sage app identity and permission information.
 
 Allows the app to acknowledge that it is ready to stop after a lifecycle request.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `false` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `false` |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `app.lifecycle.set_before_stop_listener`
@@ -48,12 +48,12 @@ Allows the app to acknowledge that it is ready to stop after a lifecycle request
 
 Allows the app to register a before-stop lifecycle listener.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `false` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `false` |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `app.get_capabilities`
@@ -62,12 +62,12 @@ Allows the app to register a before-stop lifecycle listener.
 
 Allows the app to read the capabilities currently visible to it.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `false` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `false` |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `app.request_capability_grant`
@@ -76,12 +76,12 @@ Allows the app to read the capabilities currently visible to it.
 
 Allows the app to request a capability grant after installation.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `false` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `false` |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `app.request_network_whitelist_grant`
@@ -90,12 +90,12 @@ Allows the app to request a capability grant after installation.
 
 Allows the app to request access to an additional network target after installation.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `false` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `false` |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `wallet.get_key`
@@ -104,12 +104,12 @@ Allows the app to request access to an additional network target after installat
 
 Allows the app to read public information about a wallet key.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `true` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `true`  |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `wallet.get_secret_key`
@@ -118,13 +118,13 @@ Allows the app to read public information about a wallet key.
 
 Allows the app to read wallet secrets, including the mnemonic or private key when available.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `true` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
-| Accesses sensitive secret | `true` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `true`  |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
+| Accesses sensitive secret | `true`  |
 
 ## `wallet.send_xch`
 
@@ -132,12 +132,12 @@ Allows the app to read wallet secrets, including the mnemonic or private key whe
 
 Allows the app to request XCH transactions from your wallet.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `true` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `true` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `true`  |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `true`  |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `wallet.send_xch_auto_submit`
@@ -146,12 +146,12 @@ Allows the app to request XCH transactions from your wallet.
 
 Allows the app to submit XCH transactions without asking for per-transaction approval.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `false` |
-| User grantable | `true` |
-| Shared with app | `false` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `false` |
+| User grantable            | `true`  |
+| Shared with app           | `false` |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `wallet.get_sync_status`
@@ -160,12 +160,12 @@ Allows the app to submit XCH transactions without asking for per-transaction app
 
 Allows the app to read wallet sync status and current wallet balance summary.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `true` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `true`  |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `wallet.get_version`
@@ -174,12 +174,12 @@ Allows the app to read wallet sync status and current wallet balance summary.
 
 Allows the app to read the current Sage wallet version.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `true` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `true`  |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `wallet.get_xch_usd_price`
@@ -188,12 +188,12 @@ Allows the app to read the current Sage wallet version.
 
 Allows the app to read the current estimated XCH price in USD.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `false` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `false` |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `wallet.check_address`
@@ -202,12 +202,12 @@ Allows the app to read the current estimated XCH price in USD.
 
 Allows the app to validate whether an address belongs to this wallet.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `true` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `true`  |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `wallet.get_derivations`
@@ -216,12 +216,12 @@ Allows the app to validate whether an address belongs to this wallet.
 
 Allows the app to read wallet derivation records and addresses.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `true` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `true`  |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `wallet.get_spendable_coin_count`
@@ -230,12 +230,12 @@ Allows the app to read wallet derivation records and addresses.
 
 Allows the app to read the number of spendable coins in the wallet.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `true` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `true`  |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `wallet.get_coins_by_ids`
@@ -244,12 +244,12 @@ Allows the app to read the number of spendable coins in the wallet.
 
 Allows the app to read specific wallet coin records by coin ID.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `true` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `true`  |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `wallet.get_coins`
@@ -258,12 +258,12 @@ Allows the app to read specific wallet coin records by coin ID.
 
 Allows the app to list wallet coins.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `true` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `true`  |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `wallet.get_pending_transactions`
@@ -272,12 +272,12 @@ Allows the app to list wallet coins.
 
 Allows the app to read pending wallet transactions.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `true` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `true`  |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `wallet.get_transaction`
@@ -286,12 +286,12 @@ Allows the app to read pending wallet transactions.
 
 Allows the app to read a wallet transaction by height.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `true` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `true`  |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `wallet.get_transactions`
@@ -300,12 +300,12 @@ Allows the app to read a wallet transaction by height.
 
 Allows the app to list wallet transactions.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `true` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `true`  |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `environment.theme.get_current`
@@ -314,12 +314,12 @@ Allows the app to list wallet transactions.
 
 Allows the app to read Sage's current theme.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `false` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `false` |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `environment.theme.css_vars`
@@ -328,12 +328,12 @@ Allows the app to read Sage's current theme.
 
 Allows Sage to inject current theme CSS variables into the app runtime.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `false` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `false` |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `environment.theme.listen_changed`
@@ -342,12 +342,12 @@ Allows Sage to inject current theme CSS variables into the app runtime.
 
 Allows the app to receive events when Sage's theme changes.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `false` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `false` |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `environment.get_network`
@@ -356,12 +356,12 @@ Allows the app to receive events when Sage's theme changes.
 
 Allows the app to read Sage's currently active network information.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `false` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `false` |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
 
 ## `storage.persistent_webview`
@@ -370,11 +370,10 @@ Allows the app to read Sage's currently active network information.
 
 Allows the app to store data on this device between sessions.
 
-| Flag | Value |
-|---|---|
-| Requestable by app | `true` |
-| User grantable | `true` |
-| Shared with app | `true` |
-| Externally observable | `false` |
+| Flag                      | Value   |
+| ------------------------- | ------- |
+| Requestable by app        | `true`  |
+| User grantable            | `true`  |
+| Shared with app           | `true`  |
+| Externally observable     | `false` |
 | Accesses sensitive secret | `false` |
-
diff --git a/docs/generated/user-bridge-methods.md b/docs/generated/user-bridge-methods.md
index e79061097..93a878c5a 100644
--- a/docs/generated/user-bridge-methods.md
+++ b/docs/generated/user-bridge-methods.md
@@ -2,145 +2,144 @@
 
 ## `app.getCapabilities`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value                  |
+| ---------- | ---------------------- |
 | Capability | `app.get_capabilities` |
 
 ## `app.getInfo`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value          |
+| ---------- | -------------- |
 | Capability | `app.get_info` |
 
 ## `app.lifecycle.readyToStop`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value                         |
+| ---------- | ----------------------------- |
 | Capability | `app.lifecycle.ready_to_stop` |
 
 ## `app.lifecycle.setBeforeStopListener`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value                                    |
+| ---------- | ---------------------------------------- |
 | Capability | `app.lifecycle.set_before_stop_listener` |
 
 ## `app.requestCapabilityGrant`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value                          |
+| ---------- | ------------------------------ |
 | Capability | `app.request_capability_grant` |
 
 ## `app.requestNetworkWhitelistGrant`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value                                 |
+| ---------- | ------------------------------------- |
 | Capability | `app.request_network_whitelist_grant` |
 
 ## `bridge.ping`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value     |
+| ---------- | --------- |
 | Capability | `ungated` |
 
 ## `bridge.send`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value         |
+| ---------- | ------------- |
 | Capability | `bridge.send` |
 
 ## `environment.getNetwork`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value                     |
+| ---------- | ------------------------- |
 | Capability | `environment.get_network` |
 
 ## `environment.theme.getCurrent`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value                           |
+| ---------- | ------------------------------- |
 | Capability | `environment.theme.get_current` |
 
 ## `wallet.checkAddress`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value                  |
+| ---------- | ---------------------- |
 | Capability | `wallet.check_address` |
 
 ## `wallet.getCoins`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value              |
+| ---------- | ------------------ |
 | Capability | `wallet.get_coins` |
 
 ## `wallet.getCoinsByIds`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value                     |
+| ---------- | ------------------------- |
 | Capability | `wallet.get_coins_by_ids` |
 
 ## `wallet.getDerivations`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value                    |
+| ---------- | ------------------------ |
 | Capability | `wallet.get_derivations` |
 
 ## `wallet.getKey`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value            |
+| ---------- | ---------------- |
 | Capability | `wallet.get_key` |
 
 ## `wallet.getPendingTransactions`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value                             |
+| ---------- | --------------------------------- |
 | Capability | `wallet.get_pending_transactions` |
 
 ## `wallet.getSecretKey`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value                   |
+| ---------- | ----------------------- |
 | Capability | `wallet.get_secret_key` |
 
 ## `wallet.getSpendableCoinCount`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value                             |
+| ---------- | --------------------------------- |
 | Capability | `wallet.get_spendable_coin_count` |
 
 ## `wallet.getSyncStatus`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value                    |
+| ---------- | ------------------------ |
 | Capability | `wallet.get_sync_status` |
 
 ## `wallet.getTransaction`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value                    |
+| ---------- | ------------------------ |
 | Capability | `wallet.get_transaction` |
 
 ## `wallet.getTransactions`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value                     |
+| ---------- | ------------------------- |
 | Capability | `wallet.get_transactions` |
 
 ## `wallet.getVersion`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value                |
+| ---------- | -------------------- |
 | Capability | `wallet.get_version` |
 
 ## `wallet.getXchUsdPrice`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value                      |
+| ---------- | -------------------------- |
 | Capability | `wallet.get_xch_usd_price` |
 
 ## `wallet.sendXch`
 
-| Field | Value |
-|---|---|
+| Field      | Value             |
+| ---------- | ----------------- |
 | Capability | `wallet.send_xch` |
-

From 4f4fc7f7358ebcd78bd9aa393bd3bdbebab8066f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Wed, 22 Jul 2026 17:56:33 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 465/471] Refactor package extraction logic to enforce
 decompression limits, improve error handling, and optimize staging process.

---
 crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs |  13 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs     | 195 +++++++++++++++++-
 .../sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/isolation.rs |   4 +-
 3 files changed, 193 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
index 0cf59aa54..8422a0fc4 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/bridge_request.rs
@@ -5,10 +5,9 @@ use crate::{
     BridgeMethod, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeOrigin, BridgeRegistry, BridgeRegistryKind,
     BridgeTools, PendingBridgeApproval, ResolveBridgeApprovalArgs, RustBridgeApprovalBody,
     RustBridgeApprovalRequest, RustBridgeInvokeResult, RustBridgeRequest, RustBridgeResponse,
-    SharedSageApp, SystemBridgeCapability,
-    UserBridgeCapability, assert_bridge_origin, emit_bridge_response_to_app,
-    emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners, ensure_app_is_enabled_for_scope,
-    ensure_approval_expiry_loop, get_system_capability_definition,
+    SharedSageApp, SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability, assert_bridge_origin,
+    emit_bridge_response_to_app, emit_system_runtime_event_to_listeners,
+    ensure_app_is_enabled_for_scope, ensure_approval_expiry_loop, get_system_capability_definition,
     get_user_capability_definition, list_pending_approvals, resolve_app,
     start_bridge_approval_runtime, sync_bridge_approval_runtime, take_pending_approval,
     unix_timestamp_ms, write_pending_approval,
@@ -258,8 +257,10 @@ async fn wallet_binding_violated(
     app_state: &State<'_, AppState>,
     pending: &PendingBridgeApproval,
 ) -> bool {
-    let requires_wallet_binding =
-        matches!(pending.approval.body, RustBridgeApprovalBody::SendXch { .. });
+    let requires_wallet_binding = matches!(
+        pending.approval.body,
+        RustBridgeApprovalBody::SendXch { .. }
+    );
 
     if !requires_wallet_binding {
         return false;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs
index 7b138df7b..3fe4e6fb1 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/package.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 use std::{
     collections::BTreeSet,
-    fs, io,
+    fs,
+    io::{self, Read},
     path::{Component, Path, PathBuf},
 };
 
@@ -15,6 +16,20 @@ const MAX_ZIP_SINGLE_FILE_BYTES: u64 = 50 * 1024 * 1024;
 const MAX_ZIP_COMPRESSION_RATIO: u64 = 100;
 
 pub fn unzip_to_dir(zip_path: &Path, out_dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<()> {
+    unzip_to_dir_with_limits(
+        zip_path,
+        out_dir,
+        MAX_ZIP_TOTAL_UNCOMPRESSED_BYTES,
+        MAX_ZIP_SINGLE_FILE_BYTES,
+    )
+}
+
+fn unzip_to_dir_with_limits(
+    zip_path: &Path,
+    out_dir: &Path,
+    max_total_uncompressed_bytes: u64,
+    max_single_file_bytes: u64,
+) -> AnyResult<()> {
     let file = fs::File::open(zip_path)
         .with_context(|| format!("failed to open zip {}", zip_path.display()))?;
     let mut archive = ZipArchive::new(file).context("failed to read zip archive")?;
@@ -23,17 +38,56 @@ pub fn unzip_to_dir(zip_path: &Path, out_dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<()> {
         anyhow::bail!("zip archive contains too many entries");
     }
 
+    let parent = out_dir
+        .parent()
+        .context("output dir has no parent directory")?;
+    fs::create_dir_all(parent)
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to create directory {}", parent.display()))?;
+
+    let out_name = out_dir.file_name().map_or_else(
+        || "package".to_string(),
+        |name| name.to_string_lossy().into_owned(),
+    );
+    let staging_prefix = format!(".{out_name}.staging-");
+    let staging = tempfile::Builder::new()
+        .prefix(&staging_prefix)
+        .tempdir_in(parent)
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to create staging directory in {}", parent.display()))?;
+
+    extract_archive_into(
+        &mut archive,
+        staging.path(),
+        max_total_uncompressed_bytes,
+        max_single_file_bytes,
+    )?;
+
     if out_dir.exists() {
-        fs::remove_dir_all(out_dir)?;
+        fs::remove_dir_all(out_dir)
+            .with_context(|| format!("failed to remove output dir {}", out_dir.display()))?;
     }
 
-    fs::create_dir_all(out_dir)?;
+    fs::rename(staging.path(), out_dir).with_context(|| {
+        format!(
+            "failed to move extracted package into {}",
+            out_dir.display()
+        )
+    })?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
 
-    let root = out_dir
+fn extract_archive_into(
+    archive: &mut ZipArchive<fs::File>,
+    staging: &Path,
+    max_total_uncompressed_bytes: u64,
+    max_single_file_bytes: u64,
+) -> AnyResult<()> {
+    let root = staging
         .canonicalize()
-        .with_context(|| format!("failed to canonicalize output dir {}", out_dir.display()))?;
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to canonicalize staging dir {}", staging.display()))?;
 
-    let mut total_uncompressed = 0u64;
+    let mut declared_total = 0u64;
+    let mut total_written = 0u64;
 
     for index in 0..archive.len() {
         let mut entry = archive
@@ -47,7 +101,10 @@ pub fn unzip_to_dir(zip_path: &Path, out_dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<()> {
         let uncompressed_size = entry.size();
         let compressed_size = entry.compressed_size();
 
-        if uncompressed_size > MAX_ZIP_SINGLE_FILE_BYTES {
+        // Header sizes are attacker-controlled, so these checks are only a
+        // cheap fast path. The authoritative limits are enforced against the
+        // actual decompressed byte count below.
+        if uncompressed_size > max_single_file_bytes {
             anyhow::bail!("zip entry is too large: {}", entry.name());
         }
 
@@ -55,11 +112,11 @@ pub fn unzip_to_dir(zip_path: &Path, out_dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<()> {
             anyhow::bail!("zip entry compression ratio is too high: {}", entry.name());
         }
 
-        total_uncompressed = total_uncompressed
+        declared_total = declared_total
             .checked_add(uncompressed_size)
             .context("zip uncompressed size overflow")?;
 
-        if total_uncompressed > MAX_ZIP_TOTAL_UNCOMPRESSED_BYTES {
+        if declared_total > max_total_uncompressed_bytes {
             anyhow::bail!("zip archive exceeds maximum extracted size");
         }
 
@@ -90,8 +147,24 @@ pub fn unzip_to_dir(zip_path: &Path, out_dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<()> {
         let mut out = fs::File::create(&target)
             .with_context(|| format!("failed to create file {}", target.display()))?;
 
-        io::copy(&mut entry, &mut out)
-            .with_context(|| format!("failed to extract zip entry {}", entry.name()))?;
+        let remaining_total = max_total_uncompressed_bytes.saturating_sub(total_written);
+        let stream_limit = remaining_total.min(max_single_file_bytes);
+        let entry_name = entry.name().to_string();
+        let mut limited = (&mut entry).take(stream_limit + 1);
+        let written = io::copy(&mut limited, &mut out)
+            .with_context(|| format!("failed to extract zip entry {entry_name}"))?;
+
+        if written > max_single_file_bytes {
+            anyhow::bail!("zip entry is too large: {entry_name}");
+        }
+
+        total_written = total_written
+            .checked_add(written)
+            .context("zip uncompressed size overflow")?;
+
+        if total_written > max_total_uncompressed_bytes {
+            anyhow::bail!("zip archive exceeds maximum extracted size");
+        }
     }
 
     Ok(())
@@ -278,6 +351,39 @@ mod tests {
         zip.finish().unwrap();
     }
 
+    fn understate_uncompressed_sizes(path: &Path, declared_size: u32) {
+        const LOCAL_FILE_HEADER: [u8; 4] = [0x50, 0x4b, 0x03, 0x04];
+        const CENTRAL_DIRECTORY_HEADER: [u8; 4] = [0x50, 0x4b, 0x01, 0x02];
+
+        let mut bytes = fs::read(path).unwrap();
+        let mut local_headers = 0;
+        let mut central_headers = 0;
+
+        for index in 0..bytes.len().saturating_sub(3) {
+            if bytes[index..index + 4] == LOCAL_FILE_HEADER {
+                bytes[index + 22..index + 26].copy_from_slice(&declared_size.to_le_bytes());
+                local_headers += 1;
+            } else if bytes[index..index + 4] == CENTRAL_DIRECTORY_HEADER {
+                bytes[index + 24..index + 28].copy_from_slice(&declared_size.to_le_bytes());
+                central_headers += 1;
+            }
+        }
+
+        assert!(local_headers > 0);
+        assert_eq!(local_headers, central_headers);
+        fs::write(path, bytes).unwrap();
+    }
+
+    fn staging_dir_count(parent: &Path, out_name: &str) -> usize {
+        let prefix = format!(".{out_name}.staging-");
+
+        fs::read_dir(parent)
+            .unwrap()
+            .filter_map(Result::ok)
+            .filter(|entry| entry.file_name().to_string_lossy().starts_with(&prefix))
+            .count()
+    }
+
     fn sample_manifest_file(path: &str, bytes: &[u8]) -> SageAppManifestFile {
         SageAppManifestFile::new(path, bytes_sha256_hex(bytes), bytes.len() as u64).unwrap()
     }
@@ -324,6 +430,26 @@ mod tests {
             fs::read_to_string(out_dir.join("nested/index.html")).unwrap(),
             "<html></html>"
         );
+        assert_eq!(staging_dir_count(dir.path(), "out"), 0);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn unzip_to_dir_preserves_existing_output_on_rejection() {
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let zip_path = dir.path().join("evil.zip");
+        let out_dir = dir.path().join("out");
+        fs::create_dir(&out_dir).unwrap();
+        fs::write(out_dir.join("existing.txt"), b"keep me").unwrap();
+
+        write_zip(&zip_path, &[("../evil.txt", b"owned")]);
+
+        unzip_to_dir(&zip_path, &out_dir).unwrap_err();
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            fs::read_to_string(out_dir.join("existing.txt")).unwrap(),
+            "keep me"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(staging_dir_count(dir.path(), "out"), 0);
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -344,6 +470,8 @@ mod tests {
         );
 
         assert!(!dir.path().join("evil.txt").exists());
+        assert!(!out_dir.exists());
+        assert_eq!(staging_dir_count(dir.path(), "out"), 0);
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -388,6 +516,51 @@ mod tests {
             err.to_string().contains("too large"),
             "unexpected error: {err}"
         );
+        assert!(!out_dir.exists());
+        assert_eq!(staging_dir_count(dir.path(), "out"), 0);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn unzip_to_dir_enforces_actual_single_file_size() {
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let zip_path = dir.path().join("understated.zip");
+        let out_dir = dir.path().join("out");
+        let contents = vec![b'x'; 64];
+
+        write_zip(&zip_path, &[("large.bin", &contents)]);
+        understate_uncompressed_sizes(&zip_path, 1);
+
+        let err = unzip_to_dir_with_limits(&zip_path, &out_dir, 256, 32)
+            .expect_err("actual decompressed size must enforce the per-file limit");
+
+        assert!(
+            err.to_string().contains("too large"),
+            "unexpected error: {err}"
+        );
+        assert!(!out_dir.exists());
+        assert_eq!(staging_dir_count(dir.path(), "out"), 0);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn unzip_to_dir_enforces_actual_total_size() {
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let zip_path = dir.path().join("understated-total.zip");
+        let out_dir = dir.path().join("out");
+        let first = vec![b'a'; 24];
+        let second = vec![b'b'; 24];
+
+        write_zip(&zip_path, &[("first.bin", &first), ("second.bin", &second)]);
+        understate_uncompressed_sizes(&zip_path, 1);
+
+        let err = unzip_to_dir_with_limits(&zip_path, &out_dir, 40, 32)
+            .expect_err("actual decompressed size must enforce the archive limit");
+
+        assert!(
+            err.to_string().contains("maximum extracted size"),
+            "unexpected error: {err}"
+        );
+        assert!(!out_dir.exists());
+        assert_eq!(staging_dir_count(dir.path(), "out"), 0);
     }
 
     #[test]
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/isolation.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/isolation.rs
index 7e9d14ef7..fe741d517 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/isolation.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/probes/isolation.rs
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ async fn seed_host_isolation_probe(app: &AppHandle, run_id: &str) -> Result<(),
     });
 
     let script = format!(
-        r#"(async function () {{
+        r"(async function () {{
   const eventName = {event_name_json};
   const runId = {run_id_json};
   const result = {{
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ async fn seed_host_isolation_probe(app: &AppHandle, run_id: &str) -> Result<(),
   }}
 
   await window.__TAURI__.event.emit(eventName, result);
-}})();"#
+}})();"
     );
 
     if let Err(err) = webview.eval(script) {

From cc9c3de1bb3bf8e5305298b1da649be9dd5936bc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Wed, 22 Jul 2026 18:28:30 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 466/471] Enforce pending update validation by matching
 reviewed manifest hash before applying updates; add tests and update related
 function signatures.

---
 .../src/components/UpdateReviewBody.tsx       |  1 +
 .../methods/system/app_update/apply_update.rs |  4 ++
 .../sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/apply.rs   | 45 ++++++++++++++++++-
 .../src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs          |  2 +-
 4 files changed, 50 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/components/UpdateReviewBody.tsx b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/components/UpdateReviewBody.tsx
index 668fb76cf..6c1f9cc09 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/components/UpdateReviewBody.tsx
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/components/UpdateReviewBody.tsx
@@ -57,6 +57,7 @@ export function UpdateReviewBody({ state, onReload }: any) {
       await client.appUpdate.applyUpdate({
         appId: state.app.common.identity.id,
         additionalGrantedPermissions,
+        reviewedManifestHash: state.app.pendingUpdate?.manifestHash ?? '',
       });
 
       await close();
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/apply_update.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/apply_update.rs
index ecc3cd44a..f00eafe08 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/apply_update.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/bridge/methods/system/app_update/apply_update.rs
@@ -14,6 +14,9 @@ use crate::{
 pub struct AppUpdateApplyUpdateParams {
     pub app_id: String,
     pub additional_granted_permissions: SageGrantedPermissionsInput,
+    /// Manifest hash of the pending update the user reviewed. Apply is rejected
+    /// if the pending update no longer matches this hash.
+    pub reviewed_manifest_hash: String,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Type)]
@@ -56,6 +59,7 @@ impl BridgeMethod for AppUpdateApplyUpdate {
             tools.host_state,
             &params.app_id,
             Some(params.additional_granted_permissions),
+            Some(&params.reviewed_manifest_hash),
         )
         .await
         .map_err(|err| {
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/apply.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/apply.rs
index a1e6e97ea..2d3ca9240 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/apply.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/apply.rs
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn apply_app_update_inner(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: &str,
     additional_granted_permissions_input: Option<SageGrantedPermissionsInput>,
+    expected_manifest_hash: Option<&str>,
 ) -> Result<SageAppView> {
     let _update_guard = apps_state
         .try_begin_app_update(app_id)
@@ -40,6 +41,12 @@ pub(crate) async fn apply_app_update_inner(
         return Ok(resolved.with_app(|app| app.into()));
     }
 
+    ensure_pending_update_matches_review(
+        app_id,
+        preflight.pending.manifest_hash(),
+        expected_manifest_hash,
+    )?;
+
     let reopen_after_update = ReopenAfterUpdate::capture(app_handle, apps_state, app_id).await?;
 
     let app = execute_app_update(
@@ -110,11 +117,28 @@ pub(crate) async fn try_auto_apply_pending_update(
         return Ok(false);
     }
 
-    apply_app_update_inner(app_handle, apps_state, app_id, None).await?;
+    apply_app_update_inner(app_handle, apps_state, app_id, None, None).await?;
 
     Ok(true)
 }
 
+fn ensure_pending_update_matches_review(
+    app_id: &str,
+    pending_manifest_hash: &str,
+    expected_manifest_hash: Option<&str>,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    if let Some(expected) = expected_manifest_hash
+        && pending_manifest_hash != expected
+    {
+        return Err(io::Error::other(format!(
+            "pending update for {app_id} changed since it was reviewed; re-check the update before applying"
+        ))
+        .into());
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
 async fn execute_app_update(
     app_handle: &AppHandle,
     app_id: &str,
@@ -309,3 +333,22 @@ impl ReopenAfterUpdate {
         })
     }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::ensure_pending_update_matches_review;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn reviewed_manifest_hash_must_match_pending_update() {
+        ensure_pending_update_matches_review("app.test", "current", None).unwrap();
+        ensure_pending_update_matches_review("app.test", "current", Some("current")).unwrap();
+
+        let err = ensure_pending_update_matches_review("app.test", "current", Some("reviewed"))
+            .expect_err("a stale review must not authorize a different pending update");
+
+        assert!(
+            err.to_string().contains("changed since it was reviewed"),
+            "unexpected error: {err}"
+        );
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
index 356cd6061..316d9874a 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/update/commands.rs
@@ -22,5 +22,5 @@ pub async fn apps_apply_app_update(
     apps_state: State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     app_id: String,
 ) -> Result<SageAppView> {
-    apply_app_update_inner(&app_handle, &apps_state, &app_id, None).await
+    apply_app_update_inner(&app_handle, &apps_state, &app_id, None, None).await
 }

From 4ad0fb00515194ca90794cd59b9a0516a429f855 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Wed, 22 Jul 2026 20:20:54 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 467/471] Improve update handling with manifest hash
 validation, pending update state rechecks, and reload mechanisms; standardize
 table formatting in generated documentation.

---
 .../src/system/apps/app-update/src/App.tsx    |   8 +-
 .../src/components/UpdateReviewBody.tsx       |  43 ++++++-
 .../apps/app-update/src/hooks/useLoadState.ts | 110 +++++++++---------
 3 files changed, 100 insertions(+), 61 deletions(-)

diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/App.tsx b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/App.tsx
index 47d2bccbc..1941e1aa2 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/App.tsx
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/App.tsx
@@ -28,5 +28,11 @@ export function App() {
     return <PermissionsReviewBody state={state} />;
   }
 
-  return <UpdateReviewBody state={state} onReload={reload} />;
+  return (
+    <UpdateReviewBody
+      key={state.app.pendingUpdate?.manifestHash ?? 'no-pending-update'}
+      state={state}
+      onReload={reload}
+    />
+  );
 }
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/components/UpdateReviewBody.tsx b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/components/UpdateReviewBody.tsx
index 6c1f9cc09..cc32bbb59 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/components/UpdateReviewBody.tsx
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/components/UpdateReviewBody.tsx
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ import { PartialUpdateBody } from './PartialUpdateBody';
 export function UpdateReviewBody({ state, onReload }: any) {
   const [submitting, setSubmitting] = useState(false);
   const [error, setError] = useState<string | null>(null);
+  const [needsReload, setNeedsReload] = useState(false);
   const [permissionsViewed, setPermissionsViewed] = useState(false);
 
   const preview = state.updateContext?.preview ?? null;
@@ -52,17 +53,26 @@ export function UpdateReviewBody({ state, onReload }: any) {
     setError(null);
 
     try {
+      const reviewedManifestHash = state.app.pendingUpdate?.manifestHash;
+
+      if (!reviewedManifestHash) {
+        throw new Error(
+          'The pending update changed before it could be applied. Review the latest update and try again.',
+        );
+      }
+
       const client = await getSageSystemClient();
 
       await client.appUpdate.applyUpdate({
         appId: state.app.common.identity.id,
         additionalGrantedPermissions,
-        reviewedManifestHash: state.app.pendingUpdate?.manifestHash ?? '',
+        reviewedManifestHash,
       });
 
       await close();
     } catch (err) {
       setError(formatSageError(err));
+      setNeedsReload(true);
     } finally {
       setSubmitting(false);
     }
@@ -101,6 +111,25 @@ export function UpdateReviewBody({ state, onReload }: any) {
     );
   }
 
+  if (!state.app.pendingUpdate) {
+    return (
+      <AppModalShell
+        title='Review app update'
+        appIcon={appIconFromCommonView(state.app.common)}
+        appName={state.app.common.activeSnapshot.manifest.name}
+        footer={<UpdateIssueFooter onReload={onReload} onClose={close} />}
+      >
+        <div className='space-y-2'>
+          <h1 className='text-lg font-semibold'>Review needs refreshing</h1>
+          <p className='text-sm text-muted-foreground'>
+            The pending update changed while this review was loading. Re-check
+            the update to review the latest version and permissions.
+          </p>
+        </div>
+      </AppModalShell>
+    );
+  }
+
   return (
     <AppModalShell
       title='Review app update'
@@ -120,7 +149,7 @@ export function UpdateReviewBody({ state, onReload }: any) {
 
           <button
             className='rounded-md bg-primary px-4 py-2 text-sm text-primary-foreground'
-            disabled={submitting || !permissionsViewed}
+            disabled={submitting || needsReload || !permissionsViewed}
             onClick={submit}
           >
             {submitting ? 'Updating…' : 'Confirm update'}
@@ -135,8 +164,14 @@ export function UpdateReviewBody({ state, onReload }: any) {
         />
 
         {error && (
-          <div className='rounded-xl border border-destructive/30 bg-destructive/10 p-3 text-sm text-destructive'>
-            {error}
+          <div className='space-y-3 rounded-xl border border-destructive/30 bg-destructive/10 p-3 text-sm text-destructive'>
+            <p>{error}</p>
+            <button
+              className='rounded-md border border-destructive/40 px-3 py-2 font-medium transition-colors hover:bg-destructive/10'
+              onClick={() => void onReload()}
+            >
+              Review latest update
+            </button>
           </div>
         )}
       </div>
diff --git a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/hooks/useLoadState.ts b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/hooks/useLoadState.ts
index bbad62159..af8025e46 100644
--- a/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/hooks/useLoadState.ts
+++ b/builtin-apps/src/system/apps/app-update/src/hooks/useLoadState.ts
@@ -1,82 +1,80 @@
-import { useCallback, useEffect, useState } from 'react';
+import { useCallback, useEffect, useRef, useState } from 'react';
 import { formatSageError, useSageSystemClient } from '@sage-system-app/sdk';
 import type { LoadState, Mode } from '../types';
 
 export function useLoadState() {
   const [state, setState] = useState<LoadState>({ kind: 'loading' });
   const sage = useSageSystemClient();
+  const latestLoad = useRef(0);
 
-  const reload = useCallback(() => {
-    let cancelled = false;
+  const reload = useCallback(async () => {
+    const loadId = latestLoad.current + 1;
+    latestLoad.current = loadId;
+    setState({ kind: 'loading' });
 
-    async function load() {
-      setState({ kind: 'loading' });
+    try {
+      const params = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);
+      const appId = params.get('appId');
+      const mode = (params.get('mode') ?? 'review-update') as Mode;
 
-      try {
-        const params = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);
-        const appId = params.get('appId');
-        const mode = (params.get('mode') ?? 'review-update') as Mode;
-
-        if (!appId) {
+      if (!appId) {
+        if (latestLoad.current === loadId) {
           setState({ kind: 'error', error: 'Missing appId' });
-          return;
         }
+        return;
+      }
 
-        const [definitions, walletsResult] = await Promise.all([
-          sage.capabilities.listUserDefinitions(),
-          sage.wallet.listWallets(),
-        ]);
+      const [definitions, walletsResult] = await Promise.all([
+        sage.capabilities.listUserDefinitions(),
+        sage.wallet.listWallets(),
+      ]);
 
-        if (mode === 'review-permissions') {
-          const permissionsContext = await sage.appPermissions.getReviewContext(
-            {
-              appId,
-            },
-          );
+      if (mode === 'review-permissions') {
+        const permissionsContext = await sage.appPermissions.getReviewContext({
+          appId,
+        });
 
-          if (!cancelled) {
-            setState({
-              kind: 'ready',
-              mode,
-              app: permissionsContext.app,
-              permissionsContext,
-              updateContext: null,
-              definitions,
-              wallets: walletsResult.wallets,
-            });
-          }
+        if (latestLoad.current !== loadId) return;
 
-          return;
-        }
+        setState({
+          kind: 'ready',
+          mode,
+          app: permissionsContext.app,
+          permissionsContext,
+          updateContext: null,
+          definitions,
+          wallets: walletsResult.wallets,
+        });
+        return;
+      }
 
-        const updateContext = await sage.appUpdate.getReviewContext({ appId });
+      const updateContext = await sage.appUpdate.getReviewContext({ appId });
 
-        if (!cancelled) {
-          setState({
-            kind: 'ready',
-            mode: 'review-update',
-            app: updateContext.app,
-            updateContext,
-            permissionsContext: null,
-            definitions,
-            wallets: walletsResult.wallets,
-          });
-        }
-      } catch (err) {
-        if (!cancelled) {
-          setState({ kind: 'error', error: formatSageError(err) });
-        }
+      if (latestLoad.current !== loadId) return;
+
+      setState({
+        kind: 'ready',
+        mode: 'review-update',
+        app: updateContext.app,
+        updateContext,
+        permissionsContext: null,
+        definitions,
+        wallets: walletsResult.wallets,
+      });
+    } catch (err) {
+      if (latestLoad.current === loadId) {
+        setState({ kind: 'error', error: formatSageError(err) });
       }
     }
+  }, [sage]);
 
-    void load();
+  useEffect(() => {
+    void reload();
 
     return () => {
-      cancelled = true;
+      latestLoad.current += 1;
     };
-  }, [sage]);
-
-  useEffect(() => reload(), [reload]);
+  }, [reload]);
 
   return { state, reload };
 }

From a4e4834b971794b54e2d0332b7077d31ce7aa920 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Wed, 22 Jul 2026 21:04:44 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 468/471] Refactor capabilities documentation generation:
 consolidate table rendering logic, add tests, and improve markdown
 formatting.

---
 crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs | 201 ++++++++++++++++-------------
 1 file changed, 113 insertions(+), 88 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs
index 5cc67f768..8131b632c 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/build/docs.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use std::fmt::Write;
 use std::{fs, path::PathBuf};
 
 use crate::{
-    BridgeCapability, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeRegistry, BridgeRegistryKind,
+    BridgeCapability, BridgeMethodCapability, BridgeRegistry, BridgeRegistryKind, CapabilityFlags,
     SystemBridgeCapability, UserBridgeCapability, get_system_capability_definition,
     get_user_capability_definition,
 };
@@ -48,6 +48,73 @@ fn method_capability_cell(capability: BridgeMethodCapability) -> String {
     }
 }
 
+fn push_markdown_table(out: &mut String, headers: (&str, &str), rows: &[(&str, String)]) {
+    let first_width = rows
+        .iter()
+        .map(|(first, _)| first.len())
+        .chain([headers.0.len()])
+        .max()
+        .unwrap_or(3)
+        .max(3);
+    let second_width = rows
+        .iter()
+        .map(|(_, second)| second.len())
+        .chain([headers.1.len()])
+        .max()
+        .unwrap_or(3)
+        .max(3);
+
+    writeln!(
+        out,
+        "| {:first_width$} | {:second_width$} |",
+        headers.0, headers.1
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+    writeln!(
+        out,
+        "| {} | {} |",
+        "-".repeat(first_width),
+        "-".repeat(second_width)
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+
+    for (first, second) in rows {
+        writeln!(out, "| {first:first_width$} | {second:second_width$} |").unwrap();
+    }
+}
+
+fn finish_markdown(mut out: String) -> String {
+    let content_len = out.trim_end_matches('\n').len();
+    out.truncate(content_len);
+    out.push('\n');
+    out
+}
+
+fn capability_flag_rows(flags: CapabilityFlags) -> [(&'static str, String); 5] {
+    [
+        (
+            "Requestable by app",
+            bool_cell(flags.requestable_by_app()).to_string(),
+        ),
+        (
+            "User grantable",
+            bool_cell(flags.user_grantable()).to_string(),
+        ),
+        (
+            "Shared with app",
+            bool_cell(flags.shared_with_app()).to_string(),
+        ),
+        (
+            "Externally observable",
+            bool_cell(flags.externally_observable()).to_string(),
+        ),
+        (
+            "Accesses sensitive secret",
+            bool_cell(flags.accesses_sensitive_secret()).to_string(),
+        ),
+    ]
+}
+
 pub fn user_capabilities_markdown() -> String {
     let mut out = String::from("# User bridge capabilities\n\n");
 
@@ -58,46 +125,15 @@ pub fn user_capabilities_markdown() -> String {
         writeln!(out, "**{}**\n", definition.label()).unwrap();
         writeln!(out, "{}\n", definition.description()).unwrap();
 
-        out.push_str("| Flag | Value |\n");
-        out.push_str("|---|---|\n");
-
-        writeln!(
-            out,
-            "| Requestable by app | {} |",
-            bool_cell(definition.flags().requestable_by_app())
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-
-        writeln!(
-            out,
-            "| User grantable | {} |",
-            bool_cell(definition.flags().user_grantable())
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-
-        writeln!(
-            out,
-            "| Shared with app | {} |",
-            bool_cell(definition.flags().shared_with_app())
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-
-        writeln!(
-            out,
-            "| Externally observable | {} |",
-            bool_cell(definition.flags().externally_observable())
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-
-        writeln!(
-            out,
-            "| Accesses sensitive secret | {} |\n",
-            bool_cell(definition.flags().accesses_sensitive_secret())
-        )
-        .unwrap();
+        push_markdown_table(
+            &mut out,
+            ("Flag", "Value"),
+            &capability_flag_rows(definition.flags()),
+        );
+        out.push('\n');
     }
 
-    out
+    finish_markdown(out)
 }
 
 pub fn system_capabilities_markdown() -> String {
@@ -110,46 +146,15 @@ pub fn system_capabilities_markdown() -> String {
         writeln!(out, "**{}**\n", definition.label()).unwrap();
         writeln!(out, "{}\n", definition.description()).unwrap();
 
-        out.push_str("| Flag | Value |\n");
-        out.push_str("|---|---|\n");
-
-        writeln!(
-            out,
-            "| Requestable by app | {} |",
-            bool_cell(definition.flags().requestable_by_app())
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-
-        writeln!(
-            out,
-            "| User grantable | {} |",
-            bool_cell(definition.flags().user_grantable())
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-
-        writeln!(
-            out,
-            "| Shared with app | {} |",
-            bool_cell(definition.flags().shared_with_app())
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-
-        writeln!(
-            out,
-            "| Externally observable | {} |",
-            bool_cell(definition.flags().externally_observable())
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-
-        writeln!(
-            out,
-            "| Accesses sensitive secret | {} |\n",
-            bool_cell(definition.flags().accesses_sensitive_secret())
-        )
-        .unwrap();
+        push_markdown_table(
+            &mut out,
+            ("Flag", "Value"),
+            &capability_flag_rows(definition.flags()),
+        );
+        out.push('\n');
     }
 
-    out
+    finish_markdown(out)
 }
 
 pub(crate) fn bridge_methods_markdown(kind: BridgeRegistryKind) -> String {
@@ -167,20 +172,15 @@ pub(crate) fn bridge_methods_markdown(kind: BridgeRegistryKind) -> String {
     for (name, method) in methods {
         writeln!(out, "## `{name}`\n").unwrap();
 
-        out.push_str("| Field | Value |\n");
-        out.push_str("|---|---|\n");
-
-        writeln!(
-            out,
-            "| Capability | {} |",
-            method_capability_cell(method.capability())
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-
+        push_markdown_table(
+            &mut out,
+            ("Field", "Value"),
+            &[("Capability", method_capability_cell(method.capability()))],
+        );
         out.push('\n');
     }
 
-    out
+    finish_markdown(out)
 }
 
 pub fn generate_docs() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
@@ -208,3 +208,28 @@ pub fn generate_docs() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
 
     Ok(())
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::{finish_markdown, push_markdown_table};
+
+    #[test]
+    fn markdown_table_matches_prettier_alignment() {
+        let mut output = String::new();
+        push_markdown_table(
+            &mut output,
+            ("Field", "Value"),
+            &[("Capability", "`app_update.apply`".to_string())],
+        );
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            output,
+            "| Field      | Value              |\n| ---------- | ------------------ |\n| Capability | `app_update.apply` |\n"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn markdown_has_exactly_one_trailing_newline() {
+        assert_eq!(finish_markdown("content\n\n".to_string()), "content\n");
+    }
+}

From 817e90293cab5ab1606cd689626173f81e5acecb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Wed, 22 Jul 2026 21:17:55 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 469/471] Add `into_app_and_guard` method and refactor runtime
 creation to maintain operation locks until initialization completes; include
 tests for guard behavior.

---
 crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs       | 20 +++++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs | 73 +++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 90 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
index d01d2ba37..b46664e10 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/runtime/start.rs
@@ -122,6 +122,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn start_origin_cleanup_runtime(
             query,
         },
         false,
+        None,
     )
     .await
 }
@@ -131,15 +132,25 @@ async fn create_runtime(
     apps_state: &State<'_, AppsHostState>,
     args: CreateRuntimeArgs,
 ) -> Result<SharedRuntime, String> {
-    let app = match resolve_app(app_handle, &args.app_id)
+    // Keep the per-app operation lock until the runtime and its webview are both
+    // ready, so another start cannot observe the same app as stopped.
+    let (app, operation_guard) = match resolve_app(app_handle, &args.app_id)
         .await
         .map_err(|e| e.to_string())?
     {
         ResolvedApp::Running(running) => return Ok(running.runtime()),
-        ResolvedApp::Stopped(stopped) => stopped.into_app(),
+        ResolvedApp::Stopped(stopped) => stopped.into_app_and_guard(),
     };
 
-    create_runtime_for_app(app_handle, apps_state, app, args, true).await
+    create_runtime_for_app(
+        app_handle,
+        apps_state,
+        app,
+        args,
+        true,
+        Some(operation_guard),
+    )
+    .await
 }
 
 async fn create_runtime_for_app(
@@ -148,6 +159,7 @@ async fn create_runtime_for_app(
     app: SharedSageApp,
     args: CreateRuntimeArgs,
     apply_user_lifecycle: bool,
+    operation_guard: Option<tokio::sync::OwnedMutexGuard<()>>,
 ) -> Result<SharedRuntime, String> {
     let is_internal = app.with(|app| app.common().is_sandbox_test())
         || app.id() == sandbox::BUILTIN_ORIGIN_CLEANUP_RUNTIME_ID;
@@ -223,6 +235,8 @@ async fn create_runtime_for_app(
             .map_err(|err| format!("{err}"))?;
     }
 
+    drop(operation_guard);
+
     Ok(shared_runtime)
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs
index 10b9b2cab..657b95f71 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/user_apps.rs
@@ -35,6 +35,11 @@ impl ResolvedStoppedApp {
     pub fn into_app(self) -> SharedSageApp {
         self.app
     }
+
+    /// Returns the app without releasing its per-app operation lock.
+    pub fn into_app_and_guard(self) -> (SharedSageApp, OwnedMutexGuard<()>) {
+        (self.app, self._guard)
+    }
 }
 
 impl ResolvedRunningApp {
@@ -489,3 +494,71 @@ impl UserSageAppSource {
         Ok(Self::Url { app_url })
     }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+    use std::fs;
+    use std::sync::Arc;
+
+    use tempfile::{TempDir, tempdir};
+    use tokio::sync::Mutex;
+
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::{
+        SageAppIdentity, SageAppManifestFile, SageAppManifestSageVersion, SageAppManifestVersion,
+        SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestParts, SageAppWalletScope,
+    };
+
+    fn test_app() -> (SharedSageApp, TempDir) {
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+        fs::write(dir.path().join("index.html"), "x").unwrap();
+
+        let requested_permissions = SageRequestedPermissions::default();
+        let manifest = SageAppPackageManifest::try_from(SageAppPackageManifestParts {
+            manifest_version: SageAppManifestVersion(0),
+            name: "test app".to_string(),
+            icon: None,
+            sage_version: SageAppManifestSageVersion {
+                min: "0.0.0".to_string(),
+                tested_max: None,
+            },
+            version: "1.0.0".to_string(),
+            permissions: requested_permissions.clone(),
+            files: vec![SageAppManifestFile::new("index.html", "a".repeat(64), 1).unwrap()],
+            entry: Some("index.html".to_string()),
+            author: None,
+            donation: None,
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+        let granted_permissions =
+            SageGrantedPermissions::new(&requested_permissions, [], [], BTreeMap::new()).unwrap();
+        let snapshot =
+            SageAppSnapshot::new("hash", dir.path().to_string_lossy(), manifest).unwrap();
+        let common = SageAppCommon::new(
+            SageAppIdentity::new("app-id", "origin-id", dir.path().to_string_lossy()).unwrap(),
+            granted_permissions,
+            SageAppStorage::Unmanaged,
+            snapshot,
+            SageAppWalletScope::AllWallets,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        let app = UserSageApp::new_installed(common, UserSageAppSource::Zip);
+
+        (SharedSageApp::new(app.into_sage_app()), dir)
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn stopped_app_guard_can_be_held_after_extracting_app() {
+        let lock = Arc::new(Mutex::new(()));
+        let guard = lock.clone().lock_owned().await;
+        let (app, _dir) = test_app();
+        let resolved = ResolvedStoppedApp::new(app, guard);
+
+        let (_app, guard) = resolved.into_app_and_guard();
+
+        assert!(lock.clone().try_lock_owned().is_err());
+        drop(guard);
+        assert!(lock.try_lock_owned().is_ok());
+    }
+}

From 8c4cfa476ee6afe36a48cd4f3c410c125f96e25e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Wed, 22 Jul 2026 23:02:11 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 470/471] Add SSRF-protected HTTP client for secure app
 downloads and update URL resolution logic; include loopback and private
 network restrictions with tests.

---
 crates/sage-apps/Cargo.toml                   |   2 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/snapshot.rs    |   6 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/security.rs              |   2 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/security/net.rs          | 299 ++++++++++++++++++
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/common.rs |   3 +-
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/network.rs         |  41 ++-
 6 files changed, 346 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 crates/sage-apps/src/security/net.rs

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/Cargo.toml b/crates/sage-apps/Cargo.toml
index 617e87997..d084526e9 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/Cargo.toml
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ specta = { workspace = true, features = ["derive", "function", "url"] }
 specta-typescript = { workspace = true }
 tauri = { workspace = true, features = ["macos-private-api"] }
 tauri-plugin-dialog = "2.7.1"
-tokio = { workspace = true }
+tokio = { workspace = true, features = ["net"] }
 tracing = { workspace = true }
 reqwest = { workspace = true, features = ["json", "rustls-tls"] }
 anyhow = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/snapshot.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/snapshot.rs
index 16c41f29b..127eb43e1 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/snapshot.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/snapshot.rs
@@ -7,12 +7,12 @@ use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult, anyhow};
 
 use crate::{
     MANIFEST_FILE_NAME, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppUrl, bytes_sha256_hex,
+    security::get_with_ssrf_guard,
 };
 
 pub(crate) async fn download_bytes_with_limit(url: &str, max_bytes: u64) -> AnyResult<Vec<u8>> {
-    let response = reqwest::get(url)
-        .await
-        .with_context(|| format!("failed to GET {url}"))?
+    let response = get_with_ssrf_guard(url)
+        .await?
         .error_for_status()
         .with_context(|| format!("request failed for {url}"))?;
 
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/security.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/security.rs
index 4c8585849..2c820e0f7 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/security.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/security.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
 mod bridge;
 mod csp;
+mod net;
 mod protocol;
 
 pub use csp::*;
 pub use protocol::*;
 
 pub(crate) use bridge::*;
+pub(crate) use net::*;
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/security/net.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/net.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..10e1ab64a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/security/net.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,299 @@
+//! SSRF-guarded HTTP fetching for app installs and updates.
+//!
+//! App URLs are user-supplied, so downloads must not reach local or otherwise
+//! non-public infrastructure. Each request resolves and vets its destination,
+//! pins the connection to the vetted addresses, and validates redirect hops.
+
+use std::net::{IpAddr, Ipv4Addr, Ipv6Addr, SocketAddr};
+
+use anyhow::{Context, Result as AnyResult};
+use url::{Host, Url};
+
+const MAX_DOWNLOAD_REDIRECTS: usize = 5;
+
+/// Fetches an app-related URL while validating every destination and redirect.
+/// Status handling is deliberately left to the caller.
+pub(crate) async fn get_with_ssrf_guard(url: &str) -> AnyResult<reqwest::Response> {
+    let mut current = Url::parse(url).with_context(|| format!("invalid download URL {url}"))?;
+    let initial_is_loopback = is_explicit_loopback_host(&current);
+
+    for redirects in 0..=MAX_DOWNLOAD_REDIRECTS {
+        // A public app must never gain permission to target loopback merely by
+        // redirecting there or embedding a loopback asset URL. Local development
+        // apps retain that permission for explicit loopback destinations.
+        let allow_loopback = allows_loopback_target(initial_is_loopback, &current);
+        let response = send_validated_get(&current, allow_loopback).await?;
+        if !response.status().is_redirection() {
+            return Ok(response);
+        }
+
+        if redirects == MAX_DOWNLOAD_REDIRECTS {
+            anyhow::bail!("too many redirects while downloading {url}");
+        }
+
+        let location = response
+            .headers()
+            .get(reqwest::header::LOCATION)
+            .and_then(|value| value.to_str().ok())
+            .with_context(|| format!("redirect from {current} is missing a location header"))?;
+
+        current = current
+            .join(location)
+            .with_context(|| format!("invalid redirect location from {current}"))?;
+    }
+
+    unreachable!("redirect loop is bounded above")
+}
+
+async fn send_validated_get(url: &Url, allow_loopback: bool) -> AnyResult<reqwest::Response> {
+    let pinned_addrs = validate_download_target(url, allow_loopback).await?;
+    let mut builder = reqwest::Client::builder()
+        .redirect(reqwest::redirect::Policy::none())
+        // A proxy receives the hostname rather than the vetted socket address,
+        // so it would defeat DNS pinning and could reintroduce SSRF.
+        .no_proxy();
+
+    if let (Some(domain), Some(addrs)) = (url.domain(), pinned_addrs.as_deref()) {
+        builder = builder.resolve_to_addrs(domain, addrs);
+    }
+
+    let client = builder.build().context("failed to build download client")?;
+    client
+        .get(url.clone())
+        .send()
+        .await
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to GET {url}"))
+}
+
+/// Validates a URL and, for domains, returns the resolved addresses to pin.
+async fn validate_download_target(
+    url: &Url,
+    allow_loopback: bool,
+) -> AnyResult<Option<Vec<SocketAddr>>> {
+    match url.scheme() {
+        "https" => {}
+        "http" if allow_loopback => {}
+        scheme => anyhow::bail!("refusing to download {url}: unsupported scheme '{scheme}'"),
+    }
+
+    match url
+        .host()
+        .with_context(|| format!("download URL {url} must include a host"))?
+    {
+        Host::Ipv4(ip) => {
+            ensure_ip_allowed(IpAddr::V4(ip), allow_loopback, url)?;
+            Ok(None)
+        }
+        Host::Ipv6(ip) => {
+            ensure_ip_allowed(IpAddr::V6(ip), allow_loopback, url)?;
+            Ok(None)
+        }
+        Host::Domain(domain) => {
+            let port = url.port_or_known_default().unwrap_or(443);
+            let addrs: Vec<SocketAddr> = tokio::net::lookup_host((domain, port))
+                .await
+                .with_context(|| format!("failed to resolve download host {domain}"))?
+                .collect();
+
+            if addrs.is_empty() {
+                anyhow::bail!("download host {domain} did not resolve to any address");
+            }
+
+            for addr in &addrs {
+                ensure_ip_allowed(addr.ip(), allow_loopback, url)?;
+            }
+
+            Ok(Some(addrs))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn is_explicit_loopback_host(url: &Url) -> bool {
+    match url.host() {
+        Some(Host::Domain(domain)) => domain.eq_ignore_ascii_case("localhost"),
+        Some(Host::Ipv4(ip)) => ip.is_loopback(),
+        Some(Host::Ipv6(ip)) => ip.is_loopback(),
+        None => false,
+    }
+}
+
+fn allows_loopback_target(allow_loopback_source: bool, url: &Url) -> bool {
+    allow_loopback_source && is_explicit_loopback_host(url)
+}
+
+fn ensure_ip_allowed(ip: IpAddr, allow_loopback: bool, url: &Url) -> AnyResult<()> {
+    if is_forbidden_ip(ip, allow_loopback) {
+        anyhow::bail!("refusing to download {url}: host resolves to disallowed address {ip}");
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn is_forbidden_ip(ip: IpAddr, allow_loopback: bool) -> bool {
+    match ip {
+        IpAddr::V4(ip) => is_forbidden_ipv4(ip, allow_loopback),
+        IpAddr::V6(ip) => {
+            if let Some(mapped) = ip.to_ipv4_mapped() {
+                return is_forbidden_ipv4(mapped, allow_loopback);
+            }
+
+            is_forbidden_ipv6(ip, allow_loopback)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn is_forbidden_ipv4(ip: Ipv4Addr, allow_loopback: bool) -> bool {
+    if ip.is_loopback() {
+        return !allow_loopback;
+    }
+
+    let [first, second, third, _] = ip.octets();
+    ip.is_private()
+        || ip.is_link_local()
+        || ip.is_unspecified()
+        || ip.is_broadcast()
+        || ip.is_documentation()
+        || ip.is_multicast()
+        // "This network" (0.0.0.0/8), CGNAT (100.64.0.0/10), IETF protocol
+        // assignments (192.0.0.0/24), deprecated 6to4 relay (192.88.99.0/24),
+        // benchmark testing (198.18.0.0/15), and reserved space (240.0.0.0/4).
+        || first == 0
+        || (first == 100 && (second & 0xc0) == 64)
+        || (first == 192 && second == 0 && third == 0)
+        || (first == 192 && second == 88 && third == 99)
+        || (first == 198 && matches!(second, 18 | 19))
+        || first >= 240
+}
+
+fn is_forbidden_ipv6(ip: Ipv6Addr, allow_loopback: bool) -> bool {
+    if ip.is_loopback() {
+        return !allow_loopback;
+    }
+
+    let segments = ip.segments();
+    let first = segments[0];
+
+    ip.is_unspecified()
+        || ip.is_multicast()
+        // IPv4-compatible addresses (::/96) are not public IPv6 destinations.
+        || segments[..6].iter().all(|segment| *segment == 0)
+        // Unique-local (fc00::/7), link-local (fe80::/10), and deprecated
+        // site-local (fec0::/10) addresses.
+        || (first & 0xfe00) == 0xfc00
+        || (first & 0xffc0) == 0xfe80
+        || (first & 0xffc0) == 0xfec0
+        // Discard-only (100::/64), Teredo (2001::/32), ORCHIDv2
+        // (2001:20::/28), documentation (2001:db8::/32), and 6to4 (2002::/16).
+        || (first == 0x0100
+            && segments[1] == 0
+            && segments[2] == 0
+            && segments[3] == 0)
+        || (first == 0x2001 && segments[1] == 0)
+        || (first == 0x2001 && (segments[1] & 0xfff0) == 0x0020)
+        || (first == 0x2001 && segments[1] == 0x0db8)
+        || first == 0x2002
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    fn forbidden(host: &str) -> bool {
+        is_forbidden_ip(host.parse().unwrap(), false)
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rejects_non_public_addresses() {
+        for host in [
+            "0.1.2.3",
+            "10.0.0.1",
+            "100.64.0.1",
+            "127.0.0.1",
+            "169.254.169.254",
+            "172.16.0.1",
+            "192.0.0.1",
+            "192.88.99.1",
+            "192.168.1.1",
+            "198.18.0.1",
+            "203.0.113.1",
+            "240.0.0.1",
+            "::",
+            "::1",
+            "::10.0.0.1",
+            "::ffff:10.0.0.1",
+            "fc00::1",
+            "fe80::1",
+            "fec0::1",
+            "100::1",
+            "2001::1",
+            "2001:20::1",
+            "2001:db8::1",
+            "2002:c0a8:1::",
+        ] {
+            assert!(forbidden(host), "expected {host} to be rejected");
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn accepts_public_addresses() {
+        for host in ["1.1.1.1", "8.8.8.8", "104.16.0.1", "2606:4700::1111"] {
+            assert!(!forbidden(host), "expected {host} to be accepted");
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn loopback_requires_an_explicit_loopback_url() {
+        assert!(is_forbidden_ip("127.0.0.1".parse().unwrap(), false));
+        assert!(!is_forbidden_ip("127.0.0.1".parse().unwrap(), true));
+        assert!(is_forbidden_ip("::1".parse().unwrap(), false));
+        assert!(!is_forbidden_ip("::1".parse().unwrap(), true));
+
+        assert!(is_forbidden_ip("10.0.0.1".parse().unwrap(), true));
+        assert!(is_forbidden_ip("169.254.169.254".parse().unwrap(), true));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn identifies_explicit_loopback_hosts() {
+        for url in [
+            "http://localhost:4173/app/",
+            "http://127.0.0.1:4173/app/",
+            "http://[::1]:4173/app/",
+        ] {
+            assert!(is_explicit_loopback_host(&Url::parse(url).unwrap()));
+        }
+
+        for url in ["https://example.com/app/", "https://10.0.0.1/app/"] {
+            assert!(!is_explicit_loopback_host(&Url::parse(url).unwrap()));
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn rejects_private_ip_literal_downloads() {
+        let url = Url::parse("https://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/").unwrap();
+        let err = validate_download_target(&url, false).await.unwrap_err();
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("disallowed address"));
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn only_an_explicit_local_install_can_fetch_loopback() {
+        let local_install = Url::parse("http://127.0.0.1:4173/app/").unwrap();
+        assert!(allows_loopback_target(
+            is_explicit_loopback_host(&local_install),
+            &local_install
+        ));
+        validate_download_target(&local_install, true)
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let public_install = Url::parse("https://example.com/app/").unwrap();
+        let redirect_target = Url::parse("https://127.0.0.1:4173/app/").unwrap();
+        assert!(!allows_loopback_target(
+            is_explicit_loopback_host(&public_install),
+            &redirect_target
+        ));
+        let err = validate_download_target(&redirect_target, false)
+            .await
+            .unwrap_err();
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("disallowed address"));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/common.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/common.rs
index 9096e5068..e38bc9d88 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/common.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/app/view/common.rs
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ use url::Url;
 use crate::{
     SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppPackageManifestPreview,
     SageAppSnapshotView, SageAppUrl, SageAppWalletScope, SageGrantedPermissionsView,
+    security::get_with_ssrf_guard,
 };
 
 const MAX_REMOTE_ICON_BYTES: u64 = 1024 * 1024;
@@ -113,7 +114,7 @@ impl SageAppIconView {
         let base_url = Url::parse(base.as_str()).ok()?;
         let resolved = base_url.join(icon_path).ok()?;
 
-        let resp = reqwest::get(resolved).await.ok()?;
+        let resp = get_with_ssrf_guard(resolved.as_str()).await.ok()?;
         if !resp.status().is_success() {
             return None;
         }
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/network.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/network.rs
index 506c394ad..924524e09 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/network.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/network.rs
@@ -73,10 +73,30 @@ impl SageNetworkWhitelistEntry {
     }
 
     fn is_csp_safe_host(host: &str) -> bool {
-        !host.is_empty()
-            && host.chars().all(|c| {
+        if host.is_empty()
+            || !host.chars().all(|c| {
                 c.is_ascii_alphanumeric() || matches!(c, '.' | '-' | '*' | ':' | '[' | ']')
             })
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // A wildcard is only allowed as a single leading label ("*.example.com").
+        // A bare "*" (or forms like "*:443" / "a*.example.com") matches every
+        // host in CSP, which would turn the whitelist into an open connect-src.
+        if host.contains('*') {
+            let Some(rest) = host.strip_prefix("*.") else {
+                return false;
+            };
+            let hostname = rest.split_once(':').map_or(rest, |(hostname, _)| hostname);
+
+            if hostname.is_empty() || rest.contains('*') {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Require at least one real label character so "*." and "." are rejected.
+        host.chars().any(char::is_alphanumeric)
     }
 
     #[cfg(test)]
@@ -171,4 +191,21 @@ mod tests {
             );
         }
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn network_entry_rejects_match_all_wildcards() {
+        for host in [
+            "*",
+            "*:443",
+            "*.",
+            "*.:443",
+            "a*.example.com",
+            "*.*.example.com",
+        ] {
+            assert!(
+                SageNetworkWhitelistEntry::new("https", host).is_err(),
+                "expected wildcard host {host:?} to be rejected"
+            );
+        }
+    }
 }

From 3f9e87846dd22aa9020c804d415ada16fdbf9765 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jakub=20Hadam=C4=8D=C3=ADk?= <jakub@hadamcik.cz>
Date: Wed, 22 Jul 2026 23:13:40 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 471/471] Validate Windows profile directory names and enforce
 reserved app ID restrictions; add corresponding tests.

---
 crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs    | 50 ++++++++++-
 crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs |  1 +
 crates/sage-apps/src/types/storage.rs        | 89 +++++++++++++++++++-
 3 files changed, 133 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs
index 4b61e4392..7965f86c5 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/lifecycle/install.rs
@@ -17,10 +17,10 @@ use tauri::{AppHandle, Manager, State};
 use uuid::Uuid;
 
 use crate::{
-    AppsHostState, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity, SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot,
-    SageAppStorage, SageAppWalletScope, SageGrantedPermissionsInput, UserSageApp,
-    UserSageAppSource, allocate_new_storage, apps_root, emit_listed_apps_changed,
-    fresh_snapshot_dir, write_snapshot_manifest,
+    AppsHostState, RUNTIME_ID_PREFIX, SANDBOX_TEST_ID_PREFIX, SageAppCommon, SageAppIdentity,
+    SageAppPackageManifest, SageAppSnapshot, SageAppStorage, SageAppWalletScope,
+    SageGrantedPermissionsInput, UserSageApp, UserSageAppSource, allocate_new_storage, apps_root,
+    builtin_system_app_spec, emit_listed_apps_changed, fresh_snapshot_dir, write_snapshot_manifest,
 };
 
 #[async_trait]
@@ -99,6 +99,7 @@ where
     let prepared_artifact = source.prepare().await?;
 
     let (app_id, app_dir) = source.resolve_target(&root, base_path, &prepared_artifact)?;
+    ensure_installable_app_id(&app_id)?;
 
     if host_state.db.app_exists(&app_id).await? {
         anyhow::bail!("App is already installed");
@@ -225,6 +226,19 @@ pub fn fresh_origin_id(app_id: &str) -> String {
     format!("{}.{}", Uuid::new_v4(), app_id)
 }
 
+/// Rejects app IDs reserved for Sage's internal apps and runtimes.
+fn ensure_installable_app_id(app_id: &str) -> AnyResult<()> {
+    if app_id.starts_with(SANDBOX_TEST_ID_PREFIX) || app_id.starts_with(RUNTIME_ID_PREFIX) {
+        anyhow::bail!("app id uses a reserved prefix: {app_id}");
+    }
+
+    if builtin_system_app_spec(app_id).is_some() {
+        anyhow::bail!("app id collides with a builtin system app: {app_id}");
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
 pub fn create_app_dir(app_dir: &Path) -> AnyResult<()> {
     if app_dir.exists() {
         anyhow::bail!("app directory already exists, cannot create");
@@ -351,6 +365,34 @@ mod tests {
         Uuid::parse_str(prefix).unwrap();
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn ensure_installable_app_id_rejects_reserved_ids() {
+        for app_id in [
+            "__sage_test_storage_isolation_persistent",
+            "__sage_runtime_origin_cleanup",
+            "task-manager",
+            "app-update",
+            "bridge-approval",
+        ] {
+            assert!(
+                ensure_installable_app_id(app_id).is_err(),
+                "expected app id {app_id:?} to be rejected"
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn ensure_installable_app_id_accepts_generated_ids() {
+        for app_id in [
+            "my-app-8c8532e1-14d8-4d5f-b652-4ff29fc35a19",
+            "url-my-app-0123456789abcdef",
+            "task-manager-8c8532e1-14d8-4d5f-b652-4ff29fc35a19",
+        ] {
+            ensure_installable_app_id(app_id)
+                .unwrap_or_else(|err| panic!("expected app id {app_id:?} to be accepted: {err}"));
+        }
+    }
+
     #[tokio::test]
     async fn materialize_installed_app_builds_installed_app() {
         let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
index ff3cacbf1..97c70ee48 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/sandbox/builtin_apps.rs
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ macro_rules! runtime_id_prefix {
 }
 
 pub const SANDBOX_TEST_ID_PREFIX: &str = sandbox_test_id_prefix!();
+pub const RUNTIME_ID_PREFIX: &str = runtime_id_prefix!();
 
 pub const BUILTIN_STORAGE_ISOLATION_PERSISTENT_ID: &str =
     concat!(sandbox_test_id_prefix!(), "storage_isolation_persistent");
diff --git a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/storage.rs b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/storage.rs
index 86c7eb9ad..cac910203 100644
--- a/crates/sage-apps/src/types/storage.rs
+++ b/crates/sage-apps/src/types/storage.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,93 @@
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize};
 use specta::Type;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Type, PartialEq, Eq)]
 #[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub enum SageAppStorage {
-    AppleDataStore { identifier_hex: String },
-    WindowsProfile { directory_name: String },
+    AppleDataStore {
+        identifier_hex: String,
+    },
+    WindowsProfile {
+        #[serde(deserialize_with = "deserialize_profile_directory_name")]
+        directory_name: String,
+    },
     Unmanaged,
 }
+
+/// Validates a persisted Windows profile directory name before it is joined
+/// onto Sage's app-data directory or passed to storage cleanup.
+pub(crate) fn validate_profile_directory_name(name: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
+    if name.is_empty() {
+        return Err("profile directory name must not be empty".to_string());
+    }
+
+    if !name
+        .chars()
+        .all(|c| c.is_ascii_alphanumeric() || matches!(c, '-' | '_'))
+    {
+        return Err(format!("invalid profile directory name: {name}"));
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn deserialize_profile_directory_name<'de, D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<String, D::Error>
+where
+    D: Deserializer<'de>,
+{
+    let name = String::deserialize(deserializer)?;
+    validate_profile_directory_name(&name).map_err(serde::de::Error::custom)?;
+    Ok(name)
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    fn windows_profile_json(directory_name: &str) -> String {
+        let serialized = serde_json::to_string(&SageAppStorage::WindowsProfile {
+            directory_name: "PLACEHOLDER".to_string(),
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+        let encoded_name = serde_json::to_string(directory_name).unwrap();
+
+        serialized.replace("\"PLACEHOLDER\"", &encoded_name)
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn windows_profile_accepts_expected_directory_names() {
+        for name in [
+            "profile-8c8532e1-14d8-4d5f-b652-4ff29fc35a19",
+            "builtin-profile-__sage_test_storage_isolation_persistent",
+        ] {
+            let storage: SageAppStorage =
+                serde_json::from_str(&windows_profile_json(name)).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(
+                storage,
+                SageAppStorage::WindowsProfile {
+                    directory_name: name.to_string()
+                }
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn windows_profile_rejects_traversal_and_separator_directory_names() {
+        for name in [
+            "..",
+            "../evil",
+            "..\\evil",
+            "C:\\evil",
+            "profiles/../..",
+            "a/b",
+            ".",
+            "profile-abc.def",
+            "",
+        ] {
+            assert!(
+                serde_json::from_str::<SageAppStorage>(&windows_profile_json(name)).is_err(),
+                "expected directory name {name:?} to be rejected"
+            );
+        }
+    }
+}